
gamma-reey sphot sanshodhanacha itihas

gamma-recha itihas 2 julai 1967 roji yuu. dwara gamma-reey burst (jee. aar. bii.) chya aakasmik shodhapasun suru jhaala.ess. vela upgrah. yaa upgrahanni itar pandhra grabs shodhalyanantar, losses alamos rashtriy prayogshalechya reey claybasedalene yaa vishayavar pahila pepper prakashit keela, "vaishvik utpattichya gamma-reey sphotanche nirikshan". yaa rahasyamay ghatananvar adhikadhik sanshodhan hott asatana, tyanchi utpatti spasht karnyachya prayatnat shekado namune vikasit karnyat aale.
shodh.
gamma-reey sphot 1960 chya dashakachya uttaradhat yuu. neey shodhale.ess. vela anoo chachani shodh upgrah. antaralat aanvik shastranchya chachanyandvare utsarjit honanya gamma kiranotsargachya spandanancha shodh ghenyasathi velas bandhanyat aale hote. 1963 madhye aanvik chachani bandee kararavar swakshari kelyanantar yuu. ess. ess. aar. gupt aanvik chachanya karnyacha prayatna karoo shakel assa sanshay americene vyakt keela. bahutek upgrah pruthvichya prushthbhagapasun sumare 500 mail unchivar pradakshina ghalat asatana, vela upgrah 65,000 mail unchivar pradakshina ghalat hote. yaa unchivar, upgrah vanne elen kiranotsargachya pattyachya varr pradakshina ghalat hote, jyamule sanvedkatil aavaj qamee jhaala. atirikt unchicha arth assa dekhil hota qee upgrah chandrachya mage sphot shodhu shakatat, jyaa thikani soviet union anvastra chachanya lapavanyacha prayatna karel assa sanshay united states sarkarla hota. vela pranalimadhye samanyatah konatyahi velee chaar upgrah karyarat hote jenekarun gamma-reey signal anek thikani shodhala jaau shakato. yamule sanket strotache sthan tulanene sankshipt jaaget sthanikikaran karane shakya jhaale. aanvik shastrancha shodh ghenyasathi hii vaishishtye vela pranalimadhye samavisht kelee gelee hotee, parantu yach vaishishtyanmule upgrah gamma-reey sphot shodhanyat saksham jhaale.
2 julai 1967 roji, 14:19 utc yethe, vela 4 aanee vela 3 upgrahanni gamma kiranotsargacha eka zot shodhala joou konatyahi dnyat anvastranchya swakshanyanpeksha vegala hota. anubomb eka sekandachya daha lakhanhun qamee kalavadhit gamma kiranancha atishay sankshipt, tivra sphot nirman karatat. asthir kendrak kshay hott asatana kiranotsarg nantar sthirpane qamee hoto. vela upgrahanni shodhalelya sanketache tivra prarambhik chamak kinwa haloohaloo lupt hone asey kahee navhate, parantu tyaeivaji prakash vakrareshet done bhinn shikhare hotee. saur jwala aanee naveen supernova hii yaa ghatanechi itar done sambhavya karane hotee, parantu tyaa divashi donhipaiki ekahi ghadali navhati. kaay ghadale yabaddal aspasht, parantu yaa prakaranacha visheshtah tatadicha vichar naan karata, losses alamoschya vaidnyanik prayogshaletil reey claybasdelchya netrutvakhalil chamoone nantarchya tapasasathi deta dakhal keela.
vela 5 heey 23 meey 1969 roji prakshepit karnyat aale. kaaran yaa upgrahanvaril sanvedansheelata aanee veleche sankalp heey vela 4 vareel upkarananpeksha lakshaniyaritya adhik achook hote, losses alamoschya chamoola yaa naveen upgrahanni adhik gamma-reey sphot shodhanyachi apeksha hotee. naveen shodhakanni prachand pramanat parshvabhoomi sanket ghetale asale taree, sanshodhan pathkala baaraa ghatana sapadalya jyaa konatyahi saur jwala kinwa supernovajshi julat navhatya. kahee naveen shodhanmadhye vella 4 neey pahilela samaan duheri shikhar namuna dekhil disun aala.
jaree tyanchya upkarananni vela 5 vareel upkarananpeksha konatihi sudharana kelee nasali taree, gama kirane konatya dishene yet aahet heey tharvanyachya uddeshane vela 6 upgrah 8 april 1970 roji prakshepit karnyat aale. vela 6 upgrahansathichya kakshanchi nivad vela 5 pasoon shakya titke door, samanyatah 10000 kilometres antaravar karnyasathi karnyat aalee hotee. yaa pruthakkaranamule, prakashachya vegane gama kirane pravas karat asoonahi, vegvegalya upgrahandvare thoda vegala vel signal shodhala jaeel. aagman veleche vishleshan karoon, claybaysadel aanee tyachya chamoone sola gamma-reey sphotancha yashasviritya shodh lavala. aakashat sphotanchya yadruchchik vitaranane heey spasht jhaale qee sphot aaplya saur mandalatil surya, chandra kinwa itar grahanmadhun yet navhate.
1973 madhye, california losses alamos vaidnyanik prayogshaletil california vidyapithachya reey claybasedale, roy olson aanee ian strong yanni gamma-rechya purvichya naan spasht kelelya nirikshanansathi eka vaishvik srot olakhoon, "vaishvik utpattichya gamma-reey sphotanchi nirikshane" prakashit kelee. tyanantar thodyach velat, clabsdalene american astronomical societychya 140 vya baithakit aapale nishkarsh sadar kele. keval 'rashtriy chaukashikartyane' tyanchi mulakhat ghetali asali taree yaa shodhachi batami vaidnyanik samudayat vegane pasarali. 1973 teey 2001 yaa kalat 5300 hoon adhik shodhanibandh grabswar prakashit jhaale.
prarambhik sanshodhan mohima.
gamma-reey sphotanchya shodhanantar lagechach, khagolshastriy samudayamadhye eka samanya ekmat nirman jhaale qee tyanche kaaran kaay aahe heey nirdharit karnyasathi, tyanna itar tarangalambivaril khagolshastriy vastoonsah, visheshtah drishyaman prakashasah olakhale pahije, kaaran haah drushtikon redio ksh-kiran khagolshastrachya kshetranmadhye yashasviritya lagoo karnyat aala hota. yaa paddhatisathi vela pranali deu shakate tyapeksha anek gamma-reey sphotanchya adhik achook sthananchi aavashyakta asel. adhik achukatesathi detector adhik antarane vegale karane aavashyak hote. keval pruthvichya kakshet upgrah prakshepit karnyaivaji, shodhak sampoorn saur mandalat pasaravane aavashyak manale gele.
1978chya akheris, pahile aantargrahiy jaale (aay. pii. aine.) purn jhaale hote. vela upgrahanvyatirikt, aay. pii. aine. madhye 5 naveen antaral shodhak samavisht hoteh russian prognose 7, pruthvibhovati kakshet, german helios 2, suryabhovati lambvartulakar kakshet aanee nasache agraganya shukra aurbitar, venera 11 aanee venera 12, jyapaiki pratyekane shukrala pradakshina ghatali. mosco yetheel russian institute phaur space risarchmadhil kevin hurley yanchya netrutvakhalil sanshodhan pathak, aay. pii. aine. dware gola kelelya mahiticha vapar karoon kahee minitanchya kamanichya achookatesah gamma-reey sphotanchi sthitee achookpane nirdharit karoo shakale. tathapi, upalabdh asalelya sarvat shaktishali durbinicha vapar kartana dekhil, nirdharit pradeshanmadhye swarasyapoorn kahihi sapadale nahee.
gamma-reey sphotanche astitva spasht karnyasathi, anek anumanatmak siddhant pragat hote, jyapaiki bahutekanni jawalchya aakashgangeche srot mandale. tathapi, 1991 madhye compton gamma reey vedhshala aanee tyache atyant sanvedanshil gamma-reey detector, burst andd transient soars explorer (batts) upkaran prakshepit hoiparyant farshi pragati jhaali nahee. yaa upkaranane mahattvapoorn mahitee pradan kelee jee darshavate qee grabs samasthanik aahet (aakashgangechya pratal kinwa aakashgangechya kendrakade asha antaralatil konatyahi vishisht dishene pakshapati naheet). kaaran dudhachya aakashgangechi rachana atishay sapat asate, jarr gamma-reey sphot dudhachya margane udbhavale tarr teey aakashat samprabhavi paddhatine vitarit kele jaanar naheet, tarr tyaeivaji dudhachya samatalat kendrit kele jaatil. jaree fatake chamakatana asey soochit jhaale qee teey dudhachya margane udbhavale asavet, parantu vitaranane yaulat khoop majboot purave dile.
batschya aakadevarivarun asehi disun aale aahe qee grab done vegvegalya shreninmadhye yetatah alpakalin, haard-spectrum burst ("short burst") aanee dirghakalin, soft-spectrum burst ("long burst"). lahan sphot samanyatah done sekandanpeksha qamee kalavadhiche asatat aanee uchch-urja photonche varchasva asate; lamb sphot samanyatah done sekandanpeksha jaast kalavadhiche asatat aanee qamee-urja photonche varchasva asate. pruthakkaran paripoorn nahee aanee loksankhya nirikshanatmakapane parasparvirodhi aahe, parantu haah farak purvajanche done bhinn varg soochit karato. tathapi, kahincha assa vishvas aahe qee grabscha tisra prakar aahe. teen prakarchya grab teen bhinn utpatti pratibimbit karnyasathi gruheet dharale jaatatah neutron taara pranalinche vilinikaran, pandhare butke aanee neutron taare yanchyatil vilinikaran aanee prachand tanyanche patan.
grabschya shodhanantar anek dashake, khagolshastradnyanni samkaksh shodhalah alikadech pahilelya sphotasah sthitigat sanyogat konatihi khagolshastriy vastoo. khagolshastradnyanni pandhare butke, pulsers, supernova, golakar samooh, kwasar, seifert aakashganga aanee bii. ell. laakh vastoonsah anek bhinn vastooncha vichar keela. sanshodhakanni visheshtah gamma-reey sphotanshi sambandhit asoo shakananya asamanya gunadharm asalelya vastooncha shodh ghetalah uchch yogya gatee, dhruvikaran, kakshiy chamak modulation, jalad vel scale flickering, atyant rung, utsarjan resha kinwa asamanya aakar. 1980 chya dashakat grabschya shodhapasun, grab 790305bii hii ekmev ghatana hotee jee umedvar srot vastusah olakhali geleeh mothya magellanic dhagatil nebula aine 49. upalabdh shodhakanchya kharab resolutionmule itar serve prayatna ayashasvi jhaale. sarvat changli aasha mhanje, sphotanantarach, eka mand, lupt, dirgh tarangalambiche utsarjan, grbchi 'afterglo' shodhane.
1980 salapasoon rome vidyapithatil livio scarsey yanchya netrutvakhalil eka sanshodhan gatane ksh-kiran khagolshastra sanshodhan upgrah 'satellite parr astronomia ex' varr kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. haah prakalp italian antaral sanstha aanee netherlands agency phaur aerospace programs yanchyatil sahkaryat vikasit jhaala. jaree yaa upgrahacha mool uddesh ksh-kiranancha abhyas karnyacha hota, taree istituto dii astrophysica spazialchya enrico kostane asey suchavale qee upgrahache chaar snrakshak kavach sahajpane gamma-reey burst detector mhanoon kaam karoo shakatat. 10 varshanchya vilambanantar aanee andaje $35 kotichya antim kharchanantar, giuseppe ochiyalinichya sanmanarth bepposax asey naav denyat aalela upgrah 30 april 1996 roji prakshepit karnyat aala.
1983 madhye, stann voosale, donn lamb, edd fenimore, kevin hurley aanee george ricker yanchya chamoone uchch urja kshanik shodhak (hete) yaa naveen jee. aar. bii. sanshodhan upgrahachya yojanambaddal charcha karnyas suruvat kelee. jaree anek upgrah aadhich jee. aar. bii. varr mahitee puravat asale, taree hete haah purnapane jee. aar. bii. sanshodhanasathi samarpit pahila upgrah asel. batts detectorpeksha adhik achookatene gamma-reey sphotanche sthanikikaran karane heey heteche uddisht hote. yaa chamoone 1986 madhye nasala eka prastav sadar keela, jyaantargat upgrahala drishyaman aanee atinil prakash shodhanyasathi chaar gamma reey detector, eka ksh-kiran camera aanee chaar electronic camerey susajj kele jaatil. yaa prakalpasathi $14.5 laakh kharch yenar hote aanee moolatah 1994 chya unhalyasathi prakshepanache niyojan karnyat aale hote. 4 november 1996 roji hete prakshepit kelelya pegasus xl rocketne tyache done upgrah sodale naheet, mhanoon hete aanee sack-bii, eka argentinacha sanshodhan upgrah dekhil jahajavar hota, mohima reocketshee jodalya gelya hotya aanee tyanchya saur patalanna suryakade nirdeshit karnyat asamarth hotya aanee prakshepanachya eka divasat upgrahanshi serve redio sampark gamavala gela. mohimecha antim uttaradhikari, hete 2,9 aktoobar 2000 roji yashasviritya prakshepit karnyat aala. 13 februwari 2001 roji tyane tyacha pahila grab pahila.
nirikshan aanee vishleshan.
bepposaxne 20 julai 1996 roji done wide philled cameanpaiki (doubleu. eff. see.) ekachya ksh-kiran sphotatoon tyacha pahila gamma-reey sphot jee. aar. bii. 960720 shodhala, parantu too keval sahaa aathvadyannantar detamadhye sapadala, dutch kartavya shastradnyane tyach dishene batts-triggerschya velee doubleu. eff. see.-sphotanchi paddhatshirpane tapasani kelee. dele frailchya khoop mothya shrenisah pathpurava redio nirikshane vikrutikrut detamadhun vyutpann sthiteet afterglo shodhu shakali naheet, parantu beposax gamma-reey sphot shodhanyasathi eka niyamit prakriya sthapit kelee jaau shakate. yamule 11 janewari 1997 roji gamma-reey sphot aadhalun aala aanee tyachya eka vistrut kshetra camealahi tyach kshani batt-triggerchya velee ksh-kiran aadhalale. beposaxchya doubleu. eff. see. sathee dutch prakalp shastradnya johnn hays yanni goddard space flight centermadhil dutch majee gamma-reey spectroscopist jeane inn tii zhand yanni softwarecha vapar karoon doubleu. eff. see. madheel deta twarit vikasit keela aanee 24 tasanpeksha qamee kalavadhit sumare 10 aark minitanchya achookatesah aakashachi sthitee tayar kelee. jaree yaa patalichya achookatela aantargrahiy jaalyanni aadhich paar kele asale, taree teey shakya titkya lavkar mahitee tayar karoo shakale naheet. tyanantarchya divasant, dell frylne, khoop mothya arres kaam kartana, error boxmadhye ekach lupt honara redio srot, eka bii. ell. laakh object shodhala. nisarg' sathee eka lekh lihila gela hota, jyamadhye asey mhatale hote qee yaa ghatanene heey siddha kele aahe qee grabs sakriy aakashgangetun udbhavale aahet. tathapi, jeane inn tii zandane 3 aark minitanchya achookatesah sthitee tayar karnyasathi doubleu. eff. see. deconvolution software punha lihile aanee bii. ell. lack object aata qamee kelelya truti chaukatit navhata. beposaxne ksh-kiran aanee jee. aar. bii. donhi pahile aanee tyach divashi sthitee dnyat asoonahi, sphot honyache kaaran olakhale gele nahee.
beposax sanghala februwari 1997 madhye, teey suru houn eka varshapeksha qamee kalavadhit yash midale. beposax doubleu. eff. see. laa gamma-reey sphot (jee. aar. bii. 970228) aadhalun aala aanee jevha beposaxveril ksh-kiran cameala jyaa dishene sphot jhaala tyaa dishene nirdesh karnyat aale, tevha tyala ksh-kiran utsarjan qamee hott asalyache aadhalale. jaminivaril durbini nantar lupt hott chalalela prakashik pratirup dekhil olakhoo shakalya. yaa ghataneche sthan olakhale gelyanantar, ekada jee. aar. bii. lupt jhaale qee, sakhol pratima jee. aar. bii. chya sthanavaril eka ksheen, atishay durchi yazman aakashganga olakhoo shakali. keval kahee aathvadyantach antarachya pramanavishayicha pradirgh vaad sampalah grabs yaa prachand antaravar asalelya mand aakashganganmadhye udbhavananya bahya aakashgangechya ghatana hotya. shevati antar praman sthapit karoon, jyaa vatavaranat grab udbhavtat tyache vaishishtya darshavoon aanee nirikshanatmak aanee saiddhantik asha donhi prakare grabver eka naveen vindo pradan karoon, yaa shodhane grabchya abhyasat kranti ghadavun aanali.
beposax, jee. aar. bii. 970508 neey nondavalelya pudhil ghatanesah done pramukh pragati dekhil ghadalya. yaa ghatanecha shodh laglyanantar 4 tasanchya aat tyache sthanikikaran karnyat aale, jyamule sanshodhan sanghanna mageel konatyahi sphotapeksha khoop lavkar nirikshane suru karata aalee. 8 meey aanee 9 meey roji (ghatanechya divashi aanee dusya divashi) ghetalelya truti chaukatichya chhayachitranchi tulana karoon, eka vastuchi chamak vadhali asalyache aadhalun aale. 10 meey teey meey darmyan, charles steadlene doubleu pasoon chull vastuche varnapat nondavale. emm. keek vedhshala. marqa metzgerne varnpatanche vishleshan kele aanee zed = 0.835 chey laal badal nishchit kele, jyamule sphot andaje 6 abj prakashvarshanchya antaravar jhaala. grabchya antarache heey pahile achook nirdharan hote aanee heey pudhe siddha jhaale qee grab atyant durchya aakashganganmadhye aadhaltat.
jee. aar. bii. 970228 chya sthanikikaranapurvi, jee. aar. bii. shodhanyayogya redio lahari utsarjit kartil qee nahee yabaddal matey vegvegali hotee. bohdan pazinsky aanee james rods yanni 1993 madhye redio afterglocha andaj lavnara eka lekh prakashit keela, parantu martin rees aanee pieter mezaros yanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee, grabs aanee pruthvimadhil prachand antaramule, utpadit honanya konatyahi redio lahari shodhane khoop kamkuvat asel. jaree jee. aar. bii. 970228 madhye optical afterglo hota, taree khoop motha arrey kinwa westerbork sanshleshan redio durbini redio afterglo shodhu shakali nahee. tathapi, jee. aar. bii. 970508 nantar paach divasanni, nyu meksikomadhil khoop mothya rachnesah kaam kartana, dell frylene 3.5 semee, 6 semee aanee 21 semichya tarangalambivar afterglomadhun redio laharinche nirikshan kele. ekoon prakash tasaganik mothya pramanat badalat asey, parantu serve tarangalambimadhye ekach velee nahee. prinston vidyapithachya jeremi goodmanne aniyamit chadhautar heey pruthvichya vatavaranatil compananmule honanya chamkanyacha parinam asalyache spasht kele, jeey srot 3 micro-aarksekandanpeksha motha spasht aakar asatana udbhavat nahee. anek aathvadyannantar, prakashatil chadhautar qamee jhaale hote. yaa mahiticha aanee ghataneche antar vaparoon, redio laharincha srot jawaljawal prakashachya vegane vistarla hota heey nishchit kele gele. gamma-reey sphot sphotachya bhautik vaishishtyanvishayi yapurvi kadhihi achook mahitee prapt jhaali navhati.
tasech, jee. aar. bii. 970508 heey anek vegvegalya tarangalambivar pahile gele hote, tyamule yaa ghatanesathi eka atishay sampoorn varnapat tayar karane shakya hote. ralf vigers aanee titus gallamane sphotatil ekoon urjeche praman aanee aaspaschya madhyamachi ghanata yasah sphotatil vividh bhautik gunadharmanchi ganana karnyacha prayatna keela. samikaranachya vistrut pranalicha vapar karoon, teey hii moolye anukrame 3 × 1052 aii. aar. jee. aanee 30,000 kann prati ghanmeter mhanoon moju shakale. jaree nirikshan mahitee tyanchya parinamanna visheshtah vishvasarh mananyaitaki achook nasali, taree vigers aanee gallamane heey dakhavun dile qee, tattvatah, tyanchya varnpatavar aadharit grabschee bhautik varn nishchit karane shakya hoil.
tyachya laal badalanchi ganana karnyasathi pudhil sphot haah jee. aar. bii. 971214 hota, jyacha laal badal 3.42 hota, joou pruthvipasoon andaje 12 abj prakashvarshanche antar hota. batts aanee beposax yaa doghanni kelelya redshift aanee achook chamak mojamapancha vapar karoon, srinivas kulkarni, jyanni doubleu varr redshift reecord kele hote. emm. keek vedhshalene, ardhya minitat sphotane sodalya gelelya urjeche praman 3 × 1053 aii. aar. jee. asey mojale, jeey 10 abj varshant suryane sodalya jaananya urjepeksha kityekashe putt jaast aahe. haah sphot mahavisfotanantar jhalela sarvat shaktishali sphot asalyache ghoshit karnyat aale, jyamule tyala 'mahavisfot 2' asey topananav midale. yaa sphotane jee. aar. bii. siddhantkaransathi eka duvidha nirman keleeh ektar yaa sphotane sadhyachya konatyahi pratimanadvare spasht kelyapeksha jaast urja nirman kelee, kinwa sphotane serve dishanni urja utsarjit kelee nahee, parantu tyaeivaji agadi arund kirananmadhye jee thet pruthvikade nirdeshit karat hotee. jaree prakashmay spashtikaranamule kulkarnichya gananechya agadi chhotya anshaparyant ekoon urja utpadan qamee hoil, tarr heey dekhil soochit karate qee pruthvivar aadhalanaya pratyek sphotasathi, shekado asey udbhavtat jeey tyanche kiran pruthvikade nirdeshit naslyamule disun yet naheet.
november 2019 madhye, khagolshastradnyanni jee. aar. bii. 190114see navachya eka ullekhaneey gamma kiran sphotabaddal nond kelee, joou suruvatila janewari 2019 madhye aadhalala, jyamadhye aataparyant, asha vaishvik ghatanesathi aataparyant pahileli 1 terra electron volts (tii. eae. vhee.) hii sarvadhik urja asalyache nishchit kele gele aahe.
vartaman mission.
conus-pawan 'pawan' antaral yanavar udavala jaato. 1 november 1994 roji tyache prakshepan karnyat aale. prayogat antaral yanachya viruddha thikani basavalele done samaan gamma reey spectrometer asatat jenekarun serve aakash nirikshanat yete.
avibhajya, european antaral sansthechi aantarrashtriy gamma-reey khagolbhautiki prayogshala, 17 aktoobar 2002 roji prakshepit karnyat aalee. gamma kiran, ksh-kiran aanee drishyaman tarangalambivaril vastunche ekach velee nirikshan karnyas saksham asaleli hii pahili vedhshala aahe.
november 2004 madhye prakshepit karnyat aalela nasacha vegwan upgrah. too eka sanvedanshil gamma-reey detectorla ekatra aanato, jyamadhye sphot aadhalalyanantar eka minitapeksha qamee kalavadhit naveen sphotakade boat thevanyachya kshamtesah ex-reey aanee optical durbini aahet. swiftchya shodhanmadhye, jee. aar. bii. chey gamma-reey utsarjan thambanyapurvich, tyanchya utkrantichya suruvatichya tappyanvar, laghu sphotanantarchya prakashanchi pahili nirikshane aanee jee. aar. bii. nantarchya prakashanchya vartanabaddal mothya pramanat mahitee samavisht aahe. yaa mohimet grab sampalyanantar kahee minitant teey kahee divasant mothya ksh-kiran jwala dekhil disu lagalya aahet.
11 juuna 2008 roji nasacha gamma-reey large eriya space telescope (glast), jyala nantar fermi gamma-reey space telescope asey punarnamit karnyat aale, tyache prakshepan karnyat aale. mohimechya uddishtanmadhye gamma-reey sphot mhanoon olakhalya jaananya aashcharyakarak shaktishali sphotanchya rahasyanna todane samavisht aahe."
aanakhi eka gamma-reey burst nirikshan moheem mhanje chapal. gamma-reey burst coordinates networkdware shodhale jaat asatana grabsche shodh lavale jaatat jenekarun sanshodhak tyanchya upkarananna twarit sphotanchya strotashi nigadit karoon nantarchya prakashache nirikshan karoo shaktil.