pahili mutai

mutai (maa; mhanje "aapatti") hii sandnya keniyachya maa-bhashik samudayandvare yuddhanchya kalavadhiche varnan karnyasathi vaparali jaate, jee samanyatah rog aanee/kinwa dushkalamule udbhavate aanee keniyachya darichya pradeshatil vyapak bhagavar parinam karate. samburu aanee masai lokkathannusar, mutaicha kaal ekonisavya shatkat aala.
purvatayari qaraa.
ekonisavya shatkachya pahilya mutaipurvi, keniyamadhil darichya kerioiilaw bahutansh bhagavar sirikwa samajancha kabja hota-jeey baithi pashupalak hote, jyanni sahashe varshanchya kalavadhit dhanya vadhavanyachya purak pashudhan vadhavun lohyugatil sanskruti vikasit kelee hotee. puratatviy aanee bhashik purave darshavtat qee teey dhanya, matichi bhandi aanee shastrastransarkhya vastunsathi sthanik patalivar vyapar karat asat, tarr purvekadil aantarrashtriy bajarpethanshi jodale jaat asat, bahudha hastidantanchya badalyat paradeshi vastooncha puravatha karat asat.
aahe shatkachya suruvatila, purvekadil nilotic bhashik samajanni ishanya ugandamadhil bindunpasoon natyamay vistar suru keela. tyanni purvi thevalelya jatipeksha adhik kadak asalelya zebu guranchya adhigrahanamule, purv aafriketil koradya bhaganche adhik antar paar karane aanee shoshan karane shakya jhaale, asey manale jaate.
aahe shatkachya akheris, yaa samajancha ateker bhashik, karmojong samooh sirikwa samajanchya paschim aanee vayavya simevar dabav aanat hota. yaa samudayanni jeechya deshatil tyanchya natevaikanshi vyavsayik sambandh kayam thewale hote, visheshtah paschim karmajongchya luo-bhashik kamgar loharanni banavalelya lokhandi vastoo aayat kelya hotya. teey yacha vapar bhale, chakoo aanee itar shastre tayar karnyasathi karat asat, jee samanyatah sirikwa samajanna upalabdh asalelyapeksha uchch darjachi asalyache manale jaate.
purvekadil neelotik bhashik samajanchya jaagtik drushtikonacha kendrabindu hii sankalpana hotee qee pruthvivaril serve gurade daivi denagi mhanoon tyanchi aahet. guredhore hii jeevan, abhiman aanee mrutyuchi pramukh srot mhanoon pahili jaat hotee aanee kahee pramanat aajahi aahet. asha prakare jarr jarr samudayachya malkichi lamb valalelee shinge asaleli changli poshit guredhore, dapalelya chamadyanchi guredhore, maan-phadake, datdar qaan ii.yaa sarvankade guranche saundarya vadhavanyachya drushtine pahile jaate, tarr tarun turk purush asha guranvar chhapa takanyachi shakyata aahe.
aahe shatkachya akheris, lokkathanmadhye 'ayoyet' mhanoon qaid jhalela dushkal-dirgh korada kaal-padala.
triggers.
ayoyate.
ioate dushkal haah eka tivra hawaman dushkal hota, jyane jyane shatkachya suruvatila keniyachya darichya bahutansh bhagavar parinam keela. lampher (1988) neey turkstanchya lokanmadhye ayoyetchya sandarbhat parampara nondavalya aanee tyanni namood kele qee turkstanchya vay-nirdharit pranalivar aadharit kalkramanusar gananet atharavya shatkachya uttaradhat kinwa ekonisavya shatkachya suruvatila tarikh suchavali gelee. teey namood karatat qee shejarchya samudayanchya kalkramanusar punarrachanemadhye suchavalelya ekach velee velee dushkalachya paramparanmule dushkalamule darichya bahutansh bhagavar parinam jhaala aahe.
niil puur tappyanchya nondi ii. sha. sha shatkatil aahet aanee puur namunyanchya vishleshan aanee lake chadmadhil panyachya patalichya tulanet vishuvavruttiy purv aafriketil uchch niil utsarg aanee jaast paus yanchyatil parasparsambandh ughad jhaala. nile puur tappyanche vishleshan 1800 teey 1830 yaa kalavadhisathi "kirkol nimn", tyapurvi 1725 teey 1800 yaa kalat "kirkol uchch" aanee tyanantar 1830 teey 1870 yaa kalat "kirkol uchch" asey soochit karate.
pankhurstney kelelya ethiopiachya abhyasane 1835 aanee 1829 madhye mothya dushkalanche sanket dile. heey abhyas mahattvapoorn aahet kaaran ethiopia desh sadhyachya turkana kauntichya simevar aahe. darmyan, samburu itihaskaranni thet aanee itaranni mulakhat ghetali. (2016) namood qaraa qee 1830 chya mutaichya parshvabhumivar samburu heey burkinezi navachya samajapasun vegale jhaale. teey yaa ghatanecha sambandh atyant upasamarichya kalavadhishi jodatat aanee lkipiku vay-setchya aarambhashi dekhil jodatat. fratkinne (2011) mulakhat dilelya samburu libonanusar, samburu 'ill kipkeku' vay-sanch c.1837-1851 yaa kalavadhit yoddhe hote.
asha prakare vividh varnane, nondi aanee ahwal 1800 pasoon suru suru dirgh koradya kalavadhikade nirdesh karatat, joou 1830 chya dashakachya madhyat atyant koradya velesah shikharavar pohochala hota. heey crapchya (1860) "1836 chya mothya dushkal" chya ullekhas anuroop asel.
malirisathi parinam.
turkestanshi sangharsh.
willsonne (1970) nondavalelya paramparannusar, maliri mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya samudayala tyanchya pradeshat ghuskhori karoon purvela koten parvatachya parisarat dhakalanyat aale. purvi maliri lokanni yugandamadhil jeey aajche jee aanee dodoth pradesh vyapale hote. jeecha eka bhag, toparyant swatahla turkana mhanato, nantar mukhya jee bodypasoon tutala aanee purvekade pudhe sarkala.
turkstanchya pragatimule koten yetheel malirivar prachand dabav aala jyamule too gut done bhagat vibhagala gela. eka bhag merrill mhanoon olakhala jaau lagla, tarr dusra swatahla pocotazek mhanoon sambodhat hota.
merrilchi sthapana.
1970 salaparyant, jeey merrill ajunahi karimojongsathi maliri mhanoon olakhale jaat hote, teey koten yetheel tyanchya vishrantichya thikanahun aanakhi purvekade sarkale aanee turkana escorpmentchya poorves kuthetari sthayik jhaale. yethe tyanche turkanashi punha samna jhaala jyamule teey uttarekade aanee purvekade sadhyachya turkana talavachya dishene gele jethe teey lokitung yethe sthayik jhaale. yethe punha, turkanni tyanna tras deela aanee tyanna dakshin ethiopiatil omo kerioiilaw tyanchya sadhyachya mayadeshi dhakalale.
pokotazekchi sthapana.
pocotazek dakshinekade sarkale, moroto parvatachya agadi uttares turkana escorpmentchya othavar asalelya nakiloro yethe pohochale, jithe teey aanakhi dakshinekade jaanyapurvi kahee kaal rahile, kemorongit aanee cherangani parvatanchya purvekadil bajukade pudhe sarkat shevati barringo talavachya dishene shakha padat gele.
turkanache parinam.
burkinejishi sangharsh.
lampierne (1988) nondavalelya turkan katha turkana aanee too coor mhanoon sambodhat asalelya samudayatil sangharshachya purvasuchanacha eka vyapak drushtikon pradan karatat, jyaa navane turkan aajahi samburu mhanatat.
deepahar nondavato qee tukana paramparanmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee tyanchyamadhye eka swapnadrashtachya najaret dongravar lokansobat rahnare vichitra prani disale. asha prakare turkan yoddhyanna yaa vichitra pranyanpaiki ekala pakadanyasathi pudhe pathvanyat aale, joou 'jirafsarkha disat hota, parantu tyanchya pathivar kubadya' asalyache swapna swapna vyaktine sangitale. tyamule tarunanni jaaun yaa pranyanpaiki ekala-turkana pahilele pahile unt-pakadale. vichitra pranyanchya malakanni turkana dekhil vichitrapane marla asalyache disate. turkana lock tyanna 'laal' lock mhanoon pahat asat, anshatah tyanchya halakya tvachemule aanee anshatah kaaran tyanni tyanche cases aanee shareer laal matine jhakale hote. tyamule tyanni tyanna 'coor' heey naav dile. lampier mhanate qee turkan parampara sahmat aahet qee coor khoop asankhya hote aanee 'rantale' aanee 'poran' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya itar done samudayanshi jawalche pashupalan sambandh thevat hote. heey sadhyachya rendill aanee boran samudayansarkhe aahet.
wonn honel (1894) yanchya matey, kahee dashakanpurvi burkinejinni talavachya paschimela asalele jilhe vyapale hote aanee nantar tyanna purvekade sadhyachya samburumadhye nele gele. nantar teey mhanatat qee, "sumare pannas varshanpurvi turkstanchya malkichya pashchimekadil jaminicha kahee bhag aata karamoyochya tabyat hota, tarr tyanchya jaminicha dakshinekadil bhag burkinejicha hota. karamoyone turkana aanakhi purvekade dhakalale aanee turkananni tyanchya badalyat burkinejila samburulandchya dishene dhakalale.
wonn honelchya bhetichya velee burkinezi aanee 'randle' heey purvi talavachya talavachya varanvar yet asat, parantu turkananchya varanvar hallyanmule teey tyaa velepramane thambale hote.
sayagarashi sangharsh.
lampiermadhye asey mhatale aahe qee turkan katha soochit karatat qee 'coor' shhee sanvad sadhatana turkan saigar navachya samudayachya aanakhi jawal hote. heey yaa samudayache karmoja naav hote aanee yaa samudayala samudayala alankaratoon teey aale hote. korsarkhya sigarkade 'laal' lock mhanoon pahile jaat hote, tyanna 'dakshin aanee purv nilotic-bhashik aanee kushitik bolibhasha bolibhasha vijatiy, bahubhashik mahasangh' mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaate. turkstanchya paramparenusar coor aanee tyanche mitra dakshinekadun yeuun tyanchyakadun gheiparyant sayagarne ekada sabhovatalacha bahutek desh tabyat ghetala hota. yaa prakriyet, coor aanee saigar kahee pramanat misalale hote.
lampaharchya vruttanusar, turkan parampara thet 'saigar' chya kosalanyashi ioyetshee sambandhit aahet. too namood karato qee;
pocotazek vistar.
berringo yethe oropomshi sangharsh.
willsonne nondavalelya paramparannusar, beringomadhye pokotazekchya ghuskhorimule oropomla tras jhaala, jeey beringochya aaspas sthayik jhaale hote, jyamule tyaa gatache vighatan jhaale jyamule vividh dishene sthalantar jhaale. kahee oropom turkvelchya darachya khalee aanee varr turkvelchya dishene gele, tarr itar kwasin gishu masaichya tabyat asalelya pradeshat gele. ajunahi itar lock kemorongit parvatankade gele jeey ajunahi oropom pradeshacha bhag hote, tasech tethil paschim aanee moroto parvatachya dakshinekadil kshetrakade gele.
beechane (1911) nondavalelya chok paramparanmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee, baringojavalil thikani jyaa samudayashi sangharsh jhaala hota, tyala sambur mhanoon olakhale jaat asey. chok haah pokotazekanni aatmasat kelela samuday hota, tyanchya paramparanmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee 'nehmich elgeo escorpmentver samudayanmadhye done mool suk jamati hotya'. teey pudhe sangatat qee 'elgeo escarfmentchya parvatanmadhye suk rashtra vikasit hott asatana kerio kerio samburcha kabja hota.
cherangani aanee elgan yethe oropomshee sangharsh.
pokotazekanna aadhalale qee teey aata baringochya uttar aanee paschimela eka prachand aadivasi gatala tond dett naheet, tyanni tyaa dishene vistar keela, itar oropomsla cherangani parvatanmadhun aanee pudhe paschimekade emm. tii. elgonchya utaranparyant baher kadhale, tyamule turkanachi dakshinekadil halchal maryadit jhaali.
willson namood karatat qee elgonmadhye navoditanni oropomla 'sirikwa' mhatale, parantu tyaveli tyanchi ghanata itaki hotee qee teey achal hote. teey namood karatat qee 'atharavya shatkachya suruvatila' turkvelmadhye samudayanmadhye oropomchya karmajong prasaranantar oropomchi olakh budaleli asel.
sebeihi sthapana.
elgan parvatavar, pokotazekcha eka bhag lokanmadhye tayar jhaala jyala aaj sebii mhanoon olakhale jaate. emm. tii. elgon yethe pohochalyanantar, sebii-pocotazecala moolatah karmojatil kadam parvatatil tapes lock nantar entpace (sadhyacha endbases) mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya thikani rahat asalyache aadhalale. pocotazek/turkana ghuskhoritun itakya sankhyene paloon olakhalya nirvasit oropomchya dabavakhali aadhich endbaseche heey tapes aale hote qee kahee tepsna kadamala parat jaanyas bhag padale gele.
karmajongsathi parinam.
kacheliba yethe oropomshi sangharsh.
turpinne (1948) 1916 madheel katha nondavalya jyat 1830 chya sumaras karmajong aanee oropom mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya samudayamadhye jhalelya sangharshache varnan kele aahe. tyachya mahitee mahitee matey, purvi 'debeshiyan (emm. tii. kadam), elgan aanee suk tekadya' darmyancha pradesh oropomne vyapala hota.
willsonne (1970) ishanya ugandamadhil karmajong samudayanmadhye samudayanmadhye oropomchya oropom paramparanchi nond kelee. teey mhanatat qee tyanchya likhanachya velee tumhi ajunahi purvichya oropomla karmajongpasun vegale karoo shakat hota. anek mulakhatinnantar, tyanche mutt hote qee tyanchya kosalanyachya velee, oropom (orupoi) haah eka ushiracha navpashan samaj hota jyacha vistar turkana aanee aaspaschya pradeshat tasech uganda aanee sudanmadhye pasarla hota. teey nirikshan karatat qee maukhik sahityachya sangrahane asey soochit kele aahe qee, tyachya shevatchya tokala, samaj "atyant vikasit sanskratichya falancha dirghkal anand ghetalyanantar, prabhavi jhaala hota". tyachya vruttat too karmajong-oropom sangharshababat tapasheel gola karato, jyacha too 'kacheliba yetheel ladhai' mhanoon ullekh karato. karmajong mahitee denare sangharshache varnan karatat. oropom aanee sangharshabaddal khaleel goshti sanga,
nandishi sangharsh.
turpinchya mahitidarachya matey, oropomshi jhalelya yuddhanantar karmajonganni "pudhe tyanche laksh nandikade valavale". tyaveli nandee lokanni uttarela zoyia nadichya strotanparyant desh vyapala hota. karmajongne nandivar donada chhapa takala, jyanantar nandine turkwell aanee kanyagareng nadyanchya sangmajavalil choo tekadivar aapala pashuchar charvat asalelya karmajongchya masinico kulavar motha chhapa takoon pratyuttar dile. masinikone matra pratiaakraman kele aanee nandila bajula sarle, jyamule nandee bajuche mothe nuksan jhaale. tyanantar karmajongne nandivar jordar hallah keela, parantu teey dakshinekade khoop door mage hatalyache aadhalale.
parinam.
1830 teey 1880 darmyan vividh loikop gatanmadhye yadavi yuddhanchi malika jhaali, tee eloicope yuddhe mhanoon olakhali jaau lagali aahet.
crapf (1846) neey asehi namood kele qee masai alikadech vakufishi tutale hote aanee chagga jawalil maidani bhagatoon tyanchi hakalpatti karnyat tyanche mothe yogdan hote. yamule masai haah sarvat shaktishali gut "maidani bhagat firnara" gut rahila, jithe eloikopchya itar gair-masai vibhagancha parabhav jhaala hota.
1870 chya dashakat laikipiyakcha parabhav aanee vikhuranyane eloicope yuddhe sampali. tathapi, masaine adhigrahit kelela naveen pradesh vishal hota aanee tyamule too prabhavipane vyapoo shakala nahee.

