
bandhpatracha aalekh

bandh aalekh heey bhautik gatishil pranaliche chitramay pratinidhitva aahe. heey pranaliche rajya-avkash pratinidhitvat rupantar karnyas anumati dete. heey block aakruti kinwa signal-flow grafsarkhech aahe, mukhya farak assa aahe qee bandh aalekhatil kamani bhautik urjechya dvi-dishatmak devanghevaniche pratinidhitva karatat, tarr block aakruti aanee signal-flow aalekhatil kamani mahitichya eka-dishatmak pravahache pratinidhitva karatat. bandh aalekh heey bahu-urja kshetra aahet (udaa.jee. yantrik, vidyut, jalchar ityadi.) aanee domain neutral. yacha arth assa qee bandh aalekh anek kshetrancha akhandapane samavesh karoo shakato.
bandhpatracha aalekh haah 'bandh' neey banalela asato, joou 'eka-poort', 'duheri-poort' aanee 'bahu-poort' ghatakanna ekatra jodato (tapashilansathi khalee pahaa). pratyek bandh urja () kinwa shakticha tatkal pravah darshavito. pratyek bandhatil pravah haah sanyugmit chalansarkha, jyala shakti chull mhanatat asha chalanchya jodidware darshavila jaato, jyache utpadan bandhchi tatkal shakti asate. shakti chull done bhaganmadhye vibhagalele aaheth "pravah" aanee "prayatna". udaharanarth, vidyut pranalichya bandhasathi, pravah haah pravah asato, tarr prayatna haah vidyutpravah asato. yaa udaharanat vidyutpravah aanee vidyutdab yancha gunakar karoon tumhi bandhanchi tatkal shakti midvu shakata.
bandhamadhye aanakhi done vaishishtye aahet jyanche yethe thodakyat varnan kele aahe aanee khalee adhik tapshilvar charcha kelee aahe. eka mhanje 'ardh-baana' chinh parampara. heey sakaratmak urja pravahachi gruheet disha paribhashit karate. vidyut paripath aakruti aanee mukt-shareer aakrutinpramanech, sakaratmak dishechi nivad manmani aahe, yaa chetavanisaha qee vishleshak nivadalelya vyakhyeshi susangat asane aavashyak aahe. dusare vaishishtya mhanje 'karyakaran'. hii bandhanachya keval eka tokala thevaleli eka ubhi patti aahe. teey manmani nahee. khalee varnan kelyapramane, dilelya bandarala yogya karyakaran niyukt karnyasathi niyam aahet aanee bandaranmadhye pradhanya denyasathi niyam aahet. karyakaranata prayatna aanee pravah yanchyatil ganiteey sambandh spasht karate. karyakarananchi sthitee darshavate qee shaktichya chalanpaiki konate avalambun aahet aanee konate swatantra aahet.
jarr bhautik pranalichi gatishilata mothya pramanat badalatya velechya pramananvar karya karat asel, tarr vegwan satat-velechya vartananche sankarit bandh aalekh vaparoon tatkal ghatana mhanoon pratirupan kele jaau shakate. bandhpatra aalekhancha shodh heinry penter yanni lavala hota.
bandhpatra aalekhasathichya pranali.
bandh aalekhamadhye vaparlya jaananya drushtine anek pranali vyakt kelya jaau shakatat. yaa atty khaleel taktyat vyakt kelya aahet.
khaleel taktyasathichya paramparah
itar pranalih
rajyacha tetrahedron.
avasthecha tetrahedron haah eka tetrahedron aahe joou prayatna aanee pravah yanchyatil rupantaran chitratmakpane darshavito. jawalchi pratima tetrahedronla tyachya samanyikrut swarupat darshavate. urja kshetranusar tetrahedronmadhye badal keela jaau shakato.
chatushkoniy avasthecha vapar karoon, chatushkoniy avasthetil konatyahi chalanmadhil ganiteey sambandh shodhata yeto. aakrutibhovati bananche anusaran karoon aanee vatet konatyahi sthirankancha gunakar karoon heey kele jaate. udaharanarth, jarr tumhala samanyikrut pravah aanee samanyikrut visthapan yanchyatil sambandh shodhayacha asel, tarr tumhi tyapasoon suruvat karal aanee nantar teey midvinyasathi samakalit karal. samikaranachi adhik udaharane khalee pahata yeteel.
samanyikrut visthapan aanee samanyikrut pravah yanchyatil sambandh.
sootra _ 9
samanyikrut pravah aanee samanyikrut prayatna yanchyatil sambandh.
sootra _ 10
samanyikrut pravah aanee samanyikrut gatee yanchyatil sambandh.
sootra _ 11
samanyikrut gatee aanee samanyikrut prayatna yanchyatil sambandh.
sootra _ 12
samanyikrut pravah aanee samanyikrut prayatna yanchyatil sambandh, jyamadhye sthirank see samavisht aahe.
sootra _ 13
urja kshetra badaltana serve ganiteey sambandh sarkhech rahatat, fakt chinhe badaltat. heey khaleel udaharanansah pahile jaau shakate.
visthapan aanee veg yanchyatil sambandh.
sootra _ 14
vidyutpravah aanee vidyutpravah yanchyatil sambandh, yala ohamcha niyam asehi mhanatat.
sootra _ 15
bull aanee visthapan yanchyatil sambandh, jyala hukcha niyam asehi mhanatat. yaa samikaranat nakaratmak chinh sodale jaate kaaran bandh aalekhamadhye baana jyaa prakare nirdeshit karat aahe tyamadhye chinh ghatak aahe.
sootra _ 16
urja pranalinsathi, anunad varanvarteche sootra khalilpramane aaheh
sootra _ 17
shakti ghanata pranalinsathi, anunad laharichya vegache sootra khalilpramane aaheh
sootra _ 18
ghatak.
jarr engine eka chakala shaftdware jodale gele asel tarr shakti firatya yantrik kshetrat prasarit kelee jaat aahe, mhanje prayatna aanee pravah anukrame torq (τ) aanee koneey veg (ω) aahet. shabd bandh aalekh heey bandh aalekhakade pahile paul aahe, jyamadhye shabd ghatak paribhashit karatat. shabd bandh aalekh mhanoon, hii pranali ashee diselah
sootra _ 19
ardh-baana chinh parampara pradan karnyasathi vaparla jaato, mhanoon jarr engine kaam karat asel jevha "τ" aanee "ω" sakaratmak asateel, tarr aakruti kadhali jailah
sootra _ 20
hii pranali adhik samanya paddhatine dekhil darshavili jaau shakate. yamadhye shabd vaparnyapasun, samaan vastunche pratinidhitva karananya chinhanmadhye badal karane samavisht aahe. varr spasht kelyapramane hii chinhe samanyikrut swarupavar aadharit aahet. engine chakavar torq lagoo karat asalyane, teey pranalisathi prayatnancha srot mhanoon darshavile jaeel. pranalivaril pratibadha dware chaak sadar kele jaau shakate. pudhe, torq aanee koneey veg chinhe takali jaatat aanee tyaeivaji prayatna aanee pravahasathi samanyikrut chinhe dilee jaatat. udaharanat aavashyak nasale taree, samikarananmadhye laksh thevanyasathi bandhanchi sankhya karane samanya aahe. sopee aakruti khalee pahata yeil.
sootra _ 21
prayatna haah nehmich bandhavaril pravahachya varr asato heey lakshat gheta, konatihi sambandhit mahitee naan gamavata prayatna aanee pravah chinhe purnapane sodoon dene dekhil shakya aahe. matra, rokhe kramank vagaloo naye. yache udaharan khalee pahata yeil.
sootra _ 22
bandh aalekhatun sthitee-avkash samikarananmadhye rupantarit kartana bandh kramank nantar mahattvacha tharel.
ghatakancha sangam.
malika sanghatana.
samaja ekhadya ghatakache vartan khalilpramane aaheh
sootra _ 23
jethe sootra _ 24 heey eka samanya karya aahe (teey tyache input dekhil vegale karoo shakate/samakalit karoo shakate) aanee sootra _ 25 heey ghatakache sthirank aahe. mug, samaja 1-junctionmadhye tumchyakade asha prakarche anek ghatak aahet. mug junctionveril ekoon voltage asey aaheh
sootra _ 26
samantar sanghatana.
samaja ekhadya ghatakache vartan khalilpramane aaheh
sootra _ 27
jethe sootra _ 24 heey eka samanya karya aahe (teey tyache input dekhil vegale karoo shakate/samakalit karoo shakate) aanee sootra _ 25 heey ghatakache sthirank aahe. mug, samaja 0-junctionmadhye tumchyakade asha prakarche anek ghatak aahet. mug teey vaidh aaheh
sootra _ 30
ekal-poort ghatak.
eka-poort ghatak heey bandh aalekhatil ghatak aahet jyat fakt eka poort asoo shakato.
srot aanee sink.
srot heey asey ghatak aahet jeey pranalisathi inputche pratinidhitva karatat. teey ektar prayatna kartil kinwa pranalimadhye pravahit hotil. prayatna kinwa pravahasathi anukrame 'eae' kinwa 'eff' yaa lahan aksharasah teey 'ess' yaa mothya aksharane darshavile jaatat. strotanmadhye nehmich baana ghatakapasun door nirdeshit asel. strotanchya udaharananmadhye motor (prayatnacha srot, torq), voltage srot (prayatnacha srot) aanee current srot (pravahacha srot) yancha samavesh hoto.
sootra _ 31
jethe "jeey" heey junction darshavate.
sink heey asey ghatak aahet jeey pranalisathiche utpadan darshavtat. teey strotanpramanech darshavile jaatat, parantu baana ghatakapasun door jaanyaivaji tyakade nirdeshit karato.
sootra _ 32
jadatva.
jadatva ghatak heey 'i' yaa mothya aksharane darshavile jaatat aanee tyanchyat nehmich shakti vahate. jadatva ghatak heey urja sathavnare ghatak aahet. samanyatah heey yantrik pranalinsathi vastuman aanee vidyut pranalinsathi prerak asatat.
sootra _ 33
pratikar.
pratikar ghatak heey 'aar' yaa mothya aksharane darshavile jaatat aanee tyanchyat nehmich shakti vahate. pratirodhak ghatak heey urja nasht karnare ghatak aahet. samanyatah heey yantrik pranalinsathi eka damper aanee vidyut pranalinsathi pratirodhak asatat.
sootra _ 34
palan.
anupalan ghatak heey 'see' yaa mothya aksharane darshavile jaatat aanee tyanchyat nehmich shakti vahate. anupalan ghatak heey sambhavya urja sathavnare ghatak aahet. samanyatah heey yantrik pranalinsathi springs aanee vidyut pranalinsathi capacitor asatat.
sootra _ 35
done-poort ghatak.
yaa ghatakanmadhye done bandare aahet. tyancha vapar pranalichya darmyan kinwa tyateel shakti badalanyasathi keela jaato. ekapasoon dusyakday rupantarit kartana, hastantaranadarmyan konatihi shakti gamavali jaat nahee. ghatakanmadhye eka sthirank asato joou tyachyasobat deela jaeel. konatya ghatakacha vapar keela jaat aahe tyanusar sthirankala transformer sthirank kinwa gyrator sthirank mhanatat. heey sthirank samanyatah ghatakachya khalee gunottar mhanoon pradarshit kele jaatil.
transformer.
eka transformer pravahatil pravah aanee prayatnanmadhil prayatna yanchyatil sambandh lagoo karato. udaharananmadhye aadarsh vidyut parivartak kinwa eka vidyutyantra samavisht aahe.
darshavile
sootra _ 36
jethe "aar" heey transformerche modulus darshavate. yacha arth assa
sootra _ 37
aanee
sootra _ 38
guirator.
eka guirator prayatnatil pravah aanee pravahatil prayatna yanchyatil sambandh lagoo karato. gyratorche udaharan mhanje dii. see. motor, jee vidyutdab (vidyut prayatna) koneey vegat (koneey yantrik pravah) rupantarit karate.
sootra _ 39
mhanje sootra _ 40 aanee sootra _ 41
bahu-poort ghatak.
itar ghatakanpramane, junctionmadhye aat kinwa baher kitihi poort asoo shakatat. junction tyanchya bandaranmadhye veej vibhagatat. 0-junction aanee 1-junction asey done vegale junction aahet jeey keval prayatna aanee pravah kassa paar keela jaato yavar bhinn aahet. maliketil samaan junction ekatra kele jaau shakate, parantu maliketil bhinn junction karoo shakat naheet.
0-jodya.
0-jodani asha prakare vagatat qee serve prayatna moolye (aanee tyanche vel avibhajya/vyutpann) bandhanmadhye samaan asatat, parantu pravah mulyanchi berries pravah mulyanchya berries kinwa samaan, serve pravahanchi berries shunyavar asate. vidyut paripathamadhye, 0-junction haah eka node asato aanee tyaa nodavareel serve ghatkandware samayik kelelya voltageche pratinidhitva karato. yantrik paripathamadhye, 0-junction haah ghatakanmadhil sandhe asato aanee tyachyashi jodalelya serve ghatkandware samayik kelelya shaktiche pratinidhitva karato.
sootra _ 42
sootra _ 43
eka udaharan khalee dile aahe.
sootra _ 44
parinami samikaraneh
sootra _ 45
sootra _ 46
1-jodya.
1-jodya 0-jodyanchya viruddha vagatat. 1-jodani ashee vagatat qee serve pravah moolye (aanee tyanche vel avibhajya/vyutpann) bandhanmadhye samaan asatat, parantu prayatnanchya mulyanchi berries hii prayatnanchya mulyanchya berries kinwa samaan, serve prayatnanchi berries shunyaitaki asate. vidyut paripathamadhye, 1 junction ghatakanmadhil malika jodani darshavite. yantrik paripathamadhye, 1-junction heey tyachyashi jodalelya serve ghatkandware samayik kelelya vegache pratinidhitva karate.
sootra _ 47
sootra _ 48
eka udaharan khalee dile aahe.
sootra _ 49
parinami samikaraneh
sootra _ 50
sootra _ 51
karanatmakata.
bandh aalekhamadhye karyakaranatechi kalpana asate, jee bandhanchi konati bajoo tatkal prayatna nirdharit karate aanee joou tatkal pravah nirdharit karato heey darshavate. pranaliche varnan karnari gatishil samikarane tayar kartana, karyakaranakta pratyek modelling ghatkasathi, konate chull avalambun aahe aanee konate swatantra aahe heey paribhashit karate. eka modelling ghatakapasun dusya modelling ghatakaparyant karanatmakpane prasar kelyane, mothya pramanavaril modelche vishleshan sope hote. bandh aalekh pratimanamadhye karanatmak karya purn kelyane, jethe bijganitiy loop astitvat aahe asha pratiman paristhiticha shodh gheta yeil; ashee paristhiti asate jevha chalala tyache karya mhanoon punaravruttipurvak paribhashit kele jaate.
karyakaranateche udaharan mhanoon, batteries maliketil capacitorcha vichar qaraa. capacitorla tatkal charge karane bhautikdrushtya shakya nahee, mhanoon capacitorla samantar jodalelya konatyahi goshtimadhye capacitorchya palikade samaan voltage (prayatna chull) asane aavashyak aahe. tyachpramane, inductor lagech fluxes badaloo shakat nahee aanee mhanoon inductors maliketil konatyahi ghatakacha pravah inductorsarkhach asane aavashyak aahe. capacitor aanee inductor hii nishkriy upkarane asalyamule, teey tyanche sambandhit voltage aanee pravah anishchit kalasathi rakhu shakat naheet-jyaa ghatkanshi teey jodalele aahet teey tyanchya sambandhit voltage aanee pravahavar parinam kartil, parantu keval apratyakshapane anukrame tyanchya current aanee voltagevar parinam kartil.
teepah karyakaranata haah eka samamiteey sambandh aahe. jevha eka bajoo prayatna karate, tarr dusari bajoo pravah nirman karate.
bandh aalekh sanketanmadhye, hii bajoo "pravah" paribhashit karat aahe heey darshavinyasathi shakti bandhchya eka tokala eka karanatmak aaghat jodala jaau shakato. parinami, aakasmik aaghatapasun viruddha bajoo "prayatna" niyantrit karate.
pravahache srot (sootra _ 52) pravah paribhashit karatat, tyamule teey karanatmak aaghatas yazman tharavatatah
sootra _ 53
prayatnanche srot (sootra _ 54) prayatnanchi vyakhya karatat, tyamule dusya tokala karanatmak aaghat hotoh 
sootra _ 55
eka sthir-toke motor chakr chalvat aahe yacha vichar qaraa, i.eae. prayatnancha srot (sootra _ 54). teey khalilpramane rekhatale jailah
sootra _ 57
samamitiyadrushtya, karanatmak aaghat asaleli bajoo (yaa prakaranat chaak) bandhasathi pravah paribhashit karate.
karananmule susangatatechya maryada nirman hotat. spashtapane shakti bandhcha keval eka toke prayatna paribhashit karoo shakato aanee mhanoon bandhchya keval eka tokala (dusya tokala) karanatmak aaghat houu shakato. yavyatirikt, vel-avalambun vartan asalele done nishkriy ghatak, sootra _ 58 aanee sootra _ 59, keval ekach prakarche kaaran asoo shakatatah sootra _ 58 ghatak pravah nirdharit karato; sootra _ 59 ghatak prayatna paribhashit karato. mhanoon, sootra _ 62 yaa junctionveroon, pradhanyane dilele karanatmak abhimukhata khalilpramane aaheh
sootra _ 63
sthitee samikarane midvinyasathi yaa samikarananmadhye ferfar keela jaau shakato. yaa udaharanasathi, tumhi sootra _ 76, sootra _ 77 aanee sootra _ 78 chya sandarbhat sootra _ 74 aanee sootra _ 75 shhee sambandhit samikarane shodhanyacha prayatna kareet aahat.
suruvatila tumhala chatushkonatun lakshat aale pahije qee sootra 79 heey samikaran 2 neey suru hote, tumhi tyachi punarrachana karoo shakata jenekarun sootra 80. sootra 81 heey samikaran 4 sathee badalale jaau shakate, tarr samikaran 4 madhye, sootra 82 heey samikaran 3 sathee sootra 83 dware badalale jaau shakate, jeey nantar samikaran 5 neey badalale jaau shakate. sootra 84 dekhil tyachpramane samikaran 7 vaparoon badalale jaau shakate, jyamadhye sootra 85 heey sootra 86 neey badalale jaau shakate jeey nantar samikaran 10 neey badalale jaau shakate. yaa badalalelya nantar pahile sthitee samikaran milate jeey khalee darshavile aahe.
sootra _ 87
dusare sthitee samikaran tyach prakare sodavale jaau shakate, teey sootra _ 88 aathavun. dusare sthitee samikaran khalee dakhavale aahe.
sootra _ 89
donhi samikarane pudhe matricks swarupat punha vyavasthit kelee jaau shakatat. jyacha parinam khalee deela aahe.
sootra _ 90
yaa tappyavar samikarane hii itar konatihi sthitee-jaaga pratinidhitva samasya mhanoon manali jaau shakatat.
bandhpatra aalekh modelingvaril aantarrashtriy parishada (eae. see. emm. ess. aanee aay. see. bii. jee. emm.).
bandh aalekh modelingvaril granthasuchi khaleel parishadanmadhun kadhali jaau shakateh