
oto julius zobel

oto julius zobel (20 aktoobar 1887-janewari 1970) heey vidyut abhiyanta hote, jyanni 20vya shatkachya suruvatila american telephone andd telegraph companysathi (aii. tii. andd. tii.) kaam kele. filter designveril zobelche kaam krantikari hote aanee johnn aar. chya kamabarobarach tyache netrutva kele gele. carson, frequency-division multiplex (eff. dii. emm.) telephone transmission kshetrat aii. tii. andd. tii. sathee lakshaniy vyavsayik pragatisathi.
jaree zobelchya bahutek kamache sthan adhik aadhunik filter designsne ghetale asale, taree too filter siddhantacha aadhar aahe aanee tyachya kagadpatrancha aajahi sandarbh deela jaato. zobelne emm-vyutpann filtercha shodh lavala
aanee sthir-pratikar filter, joou vaparat aahe.
zobel aanee carson yanni vidyut paripathanmadhye aavajache swaroop sthapit karnyas madat kelee, assa nishkarsh kadhala qee-mukhya pravahatil shraddhechya ulat-dhwani purnapane filter karane saiddhantikdrushtya dekhil shakya nahee aanee too aavaj prasarit karane shakya aahe yaat nehmich eka maryadit ghatak asel. asha prakare, tyanni claude shannonchya nantarchya kamacha andaj vartavala, jyane vahinicha saiddhantik mahitee darr vahinichya aavajashi kassa sambandhit aahe heey dakhavale.
jeevan.
oto julius zobelcha janm 20 aktoobar 1887 roji wisconsinmadhil repon yethe jhaala. too auskar evald "herman" zobelcha mulga hota, joou 1860 madhye tyachya mool germanytun americet sthalantarit jhaala hota aanee tyachi patni ernestine, "nee" kahal. zobelala saat bhawande hotee. ripan highschoolmadhye shikshan ghetalyanantar, tyanni pahilyanda ripan mahavidhyalayat shikshan ghetale, jithe tyanni 1909 madhye 'electrical kandensarchya saiddhantik aanee prayogik upchar' yaa vishayavaril prabandhasah bii. aii. prapt kele. nantar tyanna reponkadoon pratishthit majee vidyarthi puraskar midala. tyanantar teey wisconsin vidyapithat gele aanee 1910 madhye bhautikshastrat emm. aii. saha padvi prapt kelee. zobel 1910 teey 1915 paryant bhautikshastra prashikshak mhanoon wisconsin vidyapithat rahile aanee 1914 madhye ph. dii. saha padvi prapt kelee; tyancha prabandh 'aushnik wahan aanee kiranotsarg' shhee sambandhit hota. tyanantar 1913 madhye tyanni bhubhautikiy ushmagatiki yaa vishayavar eka pustak saha-lihile. 1915 teey 1916 paryant tyanni minnesota vidyapithat bhautikshastra shikavale. maplewood, nyu jersey yethe sthayik jhalyanantar, teey 1916 madhye andd tii madhye sameel jhaale, jithe tyanni prasaran tantravar kaam kele. 1926 madhye, ajunahi companybarobar, teey newyorkla gele aanee 1934 madhye, tyanchi badali bail telephone labs (bail labs) yaa sanshodhan sansthet jhaali, jee kahee varshanpurvi aii. tii. andd. tii. aanee western electricne sanyuktapane tayar kelee hotee. 1952 madhye teey bail telephonemadhun nivrutt jhaale.
zobelchya petantchya vipul yadipaiki shevatchi 1950 chya dashakat bail labsathi aalee, toparyant too nyu jarsichya mauristaunmadhye rahat hota. teey american physical society aanee acoustical society auph amerikeche sadasya hote. janewari 1970 madhye hrudayavikarachya zatkyane tyanche nidhan jhaale. 28 meey 1949 roji tyanni irene stabshey lagn kele hote; jevha teey maran pavale tevha tee ajunahi jiwant hotee parantu tyanchya aadhi eka mulga maran pavala.
aushnik chaalan.
zobelche ushma vahanavaril suruvatiche kaam tyachya nantarchya karkirdit pudhe nele gele nahee. tathapi, kahee manoranjak sambandh aahet. laurd kelvinne pareshan reshevaril tyachya suruvatichya kamat vidyut resheche gunadharm ushnatechya vahanashi sadrushya karoon midavale. heey foriercha niyam aanee forier chaalan samikaranavar aadharit aahe. ingersaul aanee zobel yanni tyanchya pustakat kelvin aanee fourier yanchya karyache varnan kele aahe aanee parinami, sankraman karyanchya pratinidhitvaprati kelvincha drushtikon zobelala khoop parichit jhaala asata. tyamule yaat aashchary vatnyasarkhe kahee nahee qee vidyut lahari filtervaril zobelchya kagdavar filterchya pareshan karyasathi agadi samaan pratinidhitva aadhalate.
fourier samikaranache uttar fourier malikedware dile jaau shakate. ingersole aanee zobel mhanatat qee anek prakarananmadhye samavisht ganana vishleshanatmak madhyamandvare upay "jawaljawal ashakya" karate. aadhunik tantradnyanasaha ashee ganana karane kshullak aahe, parantu ingersole aanee zobel heey aajchya spectrum vishleshakanche yantrik pratirup asalelya harmonic vishleshakanchya vaparachi shifaras karatat. hii yantre vividh frequency, phages aanee amplitudechi yantrik dolananna, pratyek ausilatorsathi eka asha puli kinwa springschya sanchadvare ekatra karoon ekatra aanatat. karyasah yantra chalvane aanee output mhanoon forier ghatak mojane, ulat prakriya dekhil shakya aahe.
aii. tii. andd. tii. sanshodhanachi parshvabhoomi.
johnn aar. chya kamanantar. 1915 madhye carsonla heey spasht jhaale qee single sideband suppressed carrier (ess. ess. bii.) transmission vaparane bahustareey durdhvani prasaran mothya pramanat sudharle jaau shakate. moolbhut amplitude modulation (aii. emm.) chya tulanet ess. ess. bii. laa bandwidthcha ardha aanee shakticha eka ansh (eka bajuchya bandmadhye ekoon shaktichya 1/6 peksha jaast asoo shakat nahee aanee samanyatah khoopach qamee asel) yacha fayda aahe. frequency domenmadhye vishleshan kelele mea vahak aanee done sidebandcha samavesh aahe. aii. emm. madheel vahak laat hii sancharit shaktichya bahutansh bhagache pratinidhitva karate parantu tyat konatihi mahitee nasate. donhi bajuchya pattyanmadhye eksarkhich mahitee asate, tyamule kiman mahitichya prasarachya drushtikonatun taree fakt eka aavashyak aahe. aataparyant filtering heey sadhya tune kelelya circuitsdware kele jaat hote. tathapi, ess. ess. bii. laa vyaj asalelya bajuchya pattyavar sapat pratisad aanee doghanmadhil atishay tikshna sankramanasah dusya bajuchya pattyala jastit jaast nakar dene aavashyak hote. anavashyak sidebandmule rikamya jhalelya slotmadhye aanakhi eka (purnapane vegala) signal thevanyachi kalpana asalyane crosstock talhanyasathi tyache serve khuna kadhoon takane mahatvache hote. tyach velee kiman vikrutee (i.eae. sapat pratisad) haah bajucha patt kayam thevanyasathi nakkich vanchhaniy aahe. yaa garjemule vidyut lahari filterchya rachnet mothya pramanat sanshodhan prayatna jhaale.
george aii. campbelle aanee zobel yanni multiplexing telephone vahinyanmadhye vaparasathi amplitude-modulated sammishra laharitoon ekach sideband kadhanyachya yaa samasyevar aanee sankramanachya agadi shevati signal kadhanyachya (dii-multiplexing) sambandhit samasyevar kaam kele.
suruvatila, vaparlya jaanarya baseband pasachi shreni 200 heartz teey 2500 heartz hotee parantu nantar aantarrashtriy dursanchar sanghatnene 4 heartz antarasah 300 heartz teey 3.4 heartzche manak nishchit kele. tyamule 900 heartzchya jaaget purnapane thambeparyant purnapane paar karnyasathi galan karane aavashyak hote. durdhvanimadhil heey manak aajahi vaparat aahe aanee 1980 chya dashakapasun digital tantranni tyachi jaaga gheiparyant teey vyapak rahile hote.
campabelane yapurvi, sanyugmit ghatak prerak (loading coil) vaparoon pareshan reshancha varanvarta pratisad sudharanyasathi, hanirahit pareshanasathi oliver hevicidechya kamat sapadalelya sthiticha vapar keela hota. jevha campabelane 1910 pasoon vidyut lahari filter rachanecha shodh ghenyas suruvat kelee, tevha yaa aadhichya kamamule naisargikaritya tyala capacitor aanee inductorscha vapar karoon sheedy network topologycha vapar karoon filter karnyas pravrutt kele. loow-paas, hye-paas aanee band-paas filterchi rachana karnyat aalee hotee. konatyahi aniyantrit rachana tapashilasathi tikshna cutt-auph aanee uchch stopband nakar keval shidichya lambit vaadh karoon sadhya keela jaau shakato. jaree hii sandnya swatah campbelle vaparat nasali taree campabeldware vaparlya jaanarya filter designsche varnan zobelne sthir keey filter mhanoon kele hote.
navkalpana.
zobel yanni aii. tii. andd tii. chya abhiyantriki vibhagat aalyanantar tyanni vidyut lahari filterchi rachana aanakhi sudharanyasathi tyanchya ganiteey kaushalyacha vapar keela. carson aanee zobel yanni filterchya vartanache vishleshan karanyachi ganiteey paddhat vikasit kelee, jee aata pratima paddhat mhanoon olakhali jaate, jyamadhye pratyek vibhagacha pratibadha aanee prasaran mapdand, janoo too samaan vibhaganchya anant sakhalicha bhag aahe, asey mojale jaatat.
tarang filter.
zobelne 1920 madhye emm-vyutpann (kinwa emm-prakar) filter vibhagacha shodh lavala, yaa rachaneche vaishishtya mhanje filter cutt-auph frequencichya jawal kshinatecha dhruv. yaa rachanecha parinam mhanje filter pratisad joou cutt-auph frequencichya khoop vegane mage padato. eka kebalmadhye shakya titkya durdhvani vahinya bharavyasathi, passband aanee stopbandmadheel jalad sankraman hii prathamik garaj hotee.
emm-prakarchya vibhagacha eka gairsoy mhanje kshinatechya khambachya palikade varanvartevar, filtercha pratisad punha vadhu lagla, stopbandmadhye kuthetari shikharavar pohochala aanee nantar punha padala. sthirank keey aanee emm-prakarchya vibhaganchya mishranacha vapar karoon sankarit galakanchi rachana karoon zobelne hii samasya door kelee. yamule zobelala emm-prakarache jalad sankraman aanee sthirank kecha changla stopband nakar yaa donhinche fayade midale.
1921 paryant zobelne tyachya sammishra filterchya rachana aanakhi paripoorn kelya hotya. aata too tyachya sammishra filterchya shevati emm-prakarache ardhbhag vaparat hota, jenekarun filtercha srot aanee bhaar yanchyashi pratibadha julani sudharata yeil, heey eka tantra jyamadhye tyachyakade paytant hote. too jyaa adchaninvar maat karnyacha prayatna karat hota tee mhanje filter vibhaganchi rachana karnyasathi vaparlya jaananya pratima pratibadha tantranni keval ganiteey andajit pratisad deela jarr teey tyanchya sambandhit pratima pratibadha madhye samapt kele gele. tantrikdrushtya, heey filtermadhye karane sope hote kaaran heey nehmi vyavasthit kele jaau shakate qee shejarchya filter vibhaganmadhye julanare pratimeche pratibadha asateel (emm-prakarchya vibhaganchi eka vaishishtye mhanje emm-prakarchya vibhagachya eka bajula kinwa dusya bajula samatulya sthirank keey vibhagasarkha pratimecha pratibadha asel). tathapi, samaptiche pratibadha hii eka vegali katha aahe. heey samanyatah pratirodhak asane aavashyak asate parantu pratimecha pratibadha guntagunticha asel. tyahunahi white mhanje, swatantra ghatakanmadhun filter emage impedance tayar karane ganitiyadrushtya dekhil shakya nahee. pratibadha visangaticha parinam mhanje pratibimb aanee adhogati filter kamgiri. zobelala aadhalale qee shevatchya ardhya vibhagansathiche moolya, ganitiyadrushtya achook nasale taree, passbandmadhil pratirodhak samaptishi changle julate.
1923 chya sumaras, zobelchya filterchya rachana tyanchya guntaguntichya shikharavar pohochat hotya. aata tyachyakade eka filter vibhag hota jyavar tyane emm-vyutpatti prakriya duppat lagoo kelee hotee, parinami filter vibhag tayar jhaale jyala tyane 'emm. emm.-prakar' mhatale. yaat mageel emm-prakarache serve fayade hote, parantu tyahoon adhik. stopbandmadhye aanakhi jalad sankraman aanee passbandmadhye aanakhi sthir vaishishtyapurn pratibadha. tyach velee eka bajoo junya emm-prakarashi julel, jyapramane emm-prakar keey-prakarashi juloo shakato. kaaran aata done aniyantrit mapdand (emm aanee emm ') hote jeey filter designer samayojit karoo shakat hota, tyamule ardhya vibhaganshi julanare barech changle shevat design kele jaau shakat hote. yaa vibhagancha vapar karoon sammishra filter karane heey tyaa velee sadhya karata aale asate teey sarvat changle asate. tathapi, emm. emm. '-prakarche vibhag kadhihi itake vyapak jhaale naheet aanee emm-prakarche vibhag mhanoon prasiddha jhaale naheet, bahudha tyanchya adhik jatilatemule designersche laksh vichalit jhaale aahe. teey microwave tantradnyanadvare amalat aanane gairsoyiche tharale asate aanee ghatakanchi vadhati sankhya, visheshtah jakhamechya ghatakanmule, paramparik ell. see. tantradnyanadvare amalat aanane adhik mahag jhaale asate. nishchitach, tyanchya rachanecha samavesh asalele konatyahi kalkhandatil pathyapustak shodhane katheen aahe.
pareshan resheche anukaran.
zobelne 1920 chya dashakat tyache bahutansh prayatna pareshan marganche anukaran karoo shakanare jaale tayar karnyasathi nirdeshit kele. heey jaale filter vibhaganmadhun tayar kele gele hote, jeey swatah transmission line siddhantatun tayar kele gele hote aanee filter transmission line signalvar vaparale gele hote. tyaa badalyat, yaa krutrim reshancha vapar adhik changle filter vibhag vikasit karnyasathi aanee tyanchi chachani karnyasathi keela gela.
zobelne tyachya saiddhantik shodhavar aadharit eka rachana tantra vaparale qee filter sakhalichya shevati pahanara pratibadha vyavharikdrushtya anant sakhalichya saiddhantik pratibadhaevadhach (ghatak sahishnutechya maryadet) hota, joou fakt thodya sankhyene vibhag jodalyanantar hota. yaa "pratima" pratibadha keval swatantra ghatakanmadhun tayar karane ashakya asey ganiteey vaishishtyapurn aahet aanee keval andajit kele jaau shakatat. zobelala aadhalale qee lahan filter sakhalyanmadhun tayar kelelya yaa pratibadha mothya jaalyatil ghatak mhanoon vaparnyane tyala vastavadi resha simulator tayar karnyas anumati midali. heey konatyahi arthane kshetrat vyavharik filter mhanoon abhipret navhate, parantu tyaeivaji mailanchya kebalachi gairsoy naan hota, changle niyantrit karnyayogya line simulator tayar karnyacha hetu hota.
barobari karnare.
zobelne anek filtercha shodh lavala jyanche paribhashit vaishishtya mhanje input impedance mhanoon sthir pratikar hote. passband aanee stopbandware pratikar sthir rahila. yaa designs zobelne impedance matching samasya purnapane sodavali hotee. yaa vibhagancha mukhya vapar anavashyak frequency filter karnyasathi (keey-prakar aanee emm-prakar filter yasathi sarvottam rahile) itka nahee tarr passbandmadhil pratisad sapat pratisadasathi samaan karnyasathi aahe.
kadachit zobelchya sarvat aakarshak shodhanpaiki eka mhanje jaali filter vibhag. haah vibhag sthir pratikar aanee sapat pratisad, donhi, bandwar shoonya ksheenata, asey asale taree too inductors aanee capacitorspasoon tayar keela jaato. too badalnara ekmev signal parameter mhanje vegvegalya frequenciveril signalcha tappa.
pratibadha julani.
pratibadha julani haah zobelchya sampoorn karyatil eka samanya vishay aahe. filter designcha spasht drushtikon mhanje ichchit ksheenata vaishishtyansathi thet design karane. aadhunik sanganakeey samarthyasah, eka kroor shakticha drushtikon shakya aanee sopa aahe-mhanje, ichchit pratisad prapt hoiparyant punaravrutti prakriyet punha ganana kartana pratyek ghatkala fakt vadhiv samayojit karane. tathapi, zobelne adhik apratyakshapane hallah karanyachi eka resha vikasit kelee. tyala agadi lavkar samajale qee mell naan basananya pratibadha mhanje apariharyapane pratibimb aanee pratibimb mhanje sanket gamavane. pratibadha julani sudharlyane, ulatpakshi, filtercha passband pratisad aapoaap sudharel.
yaa pratibadha julani drushtikonamule keval changle filteruch tayar jhaale naheet tarr vikasit kelelya tantrancha vapar circuit tayar karnyasathi keela jaau shakato jyacha ekmev uddesh done bhinn pratibadha ekatra jodane haah hota. zobelne tyachya sampoorn karkirdit pratibadha julani jaalyancha shodh lavane suru thewale. dusya mahayuddhachya kalat tyanni navyane vikasit kelelya radar tantradnyanat vaparasathi waveguide filterkade valale. spasht karananmule yuddhadarmyan thode prakashit jhaale hote parantu 1950 chya dashkatil ghanta prayogshalanchya shevati, bhautikdrushtya bhinn waveguide aakaranshi julananya vibhagansathi zobel designs disatat. tathapi, jyaa circuitwar varr namood kele aahe, jyala aajahi zobelche naav aahe, sthir-pratikar jaale, heey pratibadha julanare circuit mhanoon pahile jaau shakate aanee yaa sandarbhat zobelche sarvottam yash aahe.
loudspeaker samatulyata.
zobelche naav, kadachit, laudaspikarsathichya pratibadha nuksan bharpai networkchya sandarbhat sarvat prasiddha aahe aanee tyachya designsche yaa kshetrat anuprayog aahet. tathapi, zobelche konatehi paytant kinwa lekh yaa vishayavar charcha kartana disat naheet. tyane kharokharach laudaspikarsathi kahee khas rachana kelee aahe qee nahee heey spasht nahee. aapan yachya sarvat jawal jaato, jithe too transducermadhye impedance julanyabaddal bolato, parantu yethe too panbudichya keballa samatulya karnyasathi eka circuitwar charcha karat aahe, kinwa dusarya udaharanamadhye jethe spashtapane tyachya manat hibrid transformer aahe joou fantum circuitvaryl telephone upkaranat jaananya reshela samapt karato.
aavaj.
karsanane saiddhantikdrushtya netrutva kele, tarr zobel haah pareshan pranalinvaril aavaj qamee karnyachya uddeshane filterchya rachnet sahbhagi hota.
parshvabhoomi.
1920 chya dashakachya suruvatila aanee 1930 chya dashkaparyant, dhvanivaril vicharanvar redio abhiyantyanchya bahya sthiratebaddalachya chinteche varchasva hote. aadhunik paribhashet, yaat yadruchchik (aushnik aanee shaut) aavaj samavisht asel parantu 1918 madhye shotkeyne shaut aavajavar prarambhik kagad asoonahi tyaa sankalpana tulanene adnyat hotya aanee tyaa velee phaar qamee samajalya gelya hotya. tyaa kalatil redio abhiyantyansathi, sthir mhanje bahyaritya nirman jhalela hastakshep. redio abhiyantyanchya aavajaviruddhachya hallyachya reshemadhye dishatmak antena vikasit karane aanee uchch varanvartekade jaane samavisht hote jithe samasya itaki gambhir nasalyache dnyat hote.
durdhvani abhiyantyansathi, jyala tevha "chadh-utaar karnara aavaj" mhatale jaat asey aanee aata tyache varnan yadruchchik aavaj mhanoon kele jaeel, i.eae. suruvatichya redio pranalinpeksha shaut aanee aushnik aavaj adhik lakshaniy hote. karsanane redio abhiyantyanchya signal-too-static gunottar yaa sankalpanecha adhik samanya signal-too-noise gunottaraparyant vistar keela aanee dhvanisathi gunavattecha aakada sadar keela.
aavaj radd karanyachi ashakyata.
redio abhiyantyanche sthiratemadhye vyast rahane aanee teey qamee karnyasathi vaparlya jaananya tantranmule ashee kalpana nirman jhaali qee, tyachi bharpai karoon kinwa radd karoon, aavaj kahee pramanat door keela jaau shakato. yaa drushtikonachi parakashtha edwin armstrongne 1928 chya eka peparmadhye vyakt kelee hotee. yamule karsanane tyanantarchya eka lekhat prasiddha pratyuttar dile, "garibansarkha aavaj nehmich aaplyasobat raheel". yaa devanghevanimadhye armstrong tantrikdrushtya chukiche hote, parantu 1933 madhye, vidambanatmak aanee virodhabhasipane, wideband fmcha shodh lagla, jyamule bandwidth "vadhavun" rediochya dhwani kamgirimadhye prachand sudharana jhaali.
1923 madhye carson aanee zobel yanni nirnayakpane dakhavun dile hote qee, filter kelyane aavaj tyach pramanat door houu shakat nahee, udaharanarth, dusya sthanakapasun hastakshep keela jaau shakato. heey karnyasathi tyanni frequency domenmadhil yadruchchik aavajache vishleshan kele hote aanee asey gruheet dharale hote qee tyat tyachya spectrummadhil serve frequency aahet. yadruchchik aavajache varnan karnyasathi forier vishleshanacha haah pahila vapar hota aanee mhanoon varanvartechya prasarachya drushtine tyache varnan kele. jyala aapan aata band-maryadit pandhara aavaj mhanoo, hii sankalpana yaa peparmadhye pratham prakashit jhaali. zobelsathi yacha arth assa hota qee prapt karananya filterchi vaishishtye pandhya aavajachya upasthitit gunavattechi aakruti purnapane nirdharit karatat aanee filterchi rachana ishtatam aavajachi kamgiri sadhya karnyasathi mahattvachi hotee.
carson aanee zobel yanche heey kaam jaree khoop lavkar jhaale asale, taree aavartanachya kshetrat asha prakare aavajache vishleshan kele jaau shakate heey sarvatrikpane sweekarle gele nahee. yaa karanastav, carson aanee armstrong yanchyatil varr namood keleli devanghevan anek varshannantarhi shakya hotee. yadruchchik dhvanisathi dhwani shakti aanee bandwidth yanchyatil achook ganiteey sambandh shevati 1928 madhye harry nayakvistane nishchit keela, jyamule galanadvare kaay sadhya kele jaau shakate yachee saiddhantik maryada midali.
dhvanivaril yaa kamamule sankalpana tayar jhaali aanee zobelala julalelya filterchya rachanecha pathpurava karnyas pravrutt kele. yaa sandarbhat 'julalela' mhanje vagalala jaau shakanara konatahi aavaj naan swikarta serve upalabdh signal swikaranyasathi signalchya vaishishtyanshi julanyasathi filter nivadle jaate. antarnihit antardrushti ashee aahe qee vagalala jaau shakanara konatahi aavaj swikarlyashivay jitke signal upalabdh aahe titke signal swikarlyane signal-too-noise gunottar jastit jaast hoil, jeey tyaa badalyat upkarananchya noise performancela anukool karate. resheey filterchya vaparadvare aavaj kadhoon taknyachya saiddhantik sanshodhanachi parakashtha haah nishkarsh hota. dusya mahayuddhadarmyan radarchya vikasat heey mahattvache tharale, jyamadhye zobelne bhoomika bajavali.
anuvanshik programming sanshodhanat kamacha vapar.
zobelchya karyala alikadech anuvanshik programingmadhil sanshodhanat eka anuprayog sapadala aahe. anuvanshik programingmadhun milanare parinam manvi kamgirishi tulanatmak aahet heey darshavinyacha prayatna karane haah yaa sanshodhanacha uddesh aahe. anuvanshik programingcha parinam manvi-spardhatmak aahe qee nahee heey nirdharit karnyasathi vaparale jaanare done upay aaheth
aanuvanshik karyakramasathi kaam mhanoon seet keleli ashee eka samasya mhanje woofer aanee tweeter laudaspikarsathi crossover filterchi rachana karane. outputchi rachana topologymadhye, transmission linever bahugunit qamee aanee uchch frequency vegale karnyasathi filtersathi zobelchya petantmadhye sapadalelya designsarkhich hotee. keval petantmulech navhe tarr uchch-paas aanee nimn-paas vibhag zobelchya rachanepramane vighatit jhaale hote, parantu karyakram mapdandanmadhye tase asane visheshtah aavashyak navhate, mhanoon heey manvi-tulanatmak asalyache tharavale gele. zobelchi filter rachana hye-phay pranalisathi changli tharel qee nahee haah aanakhi eka prashna aahe. rachana pratyakshat paar hott nahee, parantu tyaeivaji, done passbandmadhye antar asate jithe signal konatyahi outputmadhye prasarit keela jaat nahee. bahugunit karnyasathi aavashyak aahe, parantu dhwani punarutpadanasathi itake isht nahee.
nantarchya anuvanshik programming prayogane eka filter rachana tayar kelee jyat emm-prakarchya ardhya vibhagat samapt jhalelya sthir keey vibhaganchi sakhali hotee. heey zobelne paytant kelele design asalyache dekhil nishchit karnyat aale hote.