
tulanatmak paay aakarvidnyan

tulanatmak paay aakarvidnyanamadhye vividh sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanchya durvarchya avyavanchya sanrachanechya swarupachi tulana karane samavisht aahe. pratyek prakarchya jivansathi paay kaay bhoomika bajavato heey samajoon ghenyasathi shariracha prakar, payacha aakar, sanrachanechi vyavastha, bhaar bharnyachi sthitee aanee itar chalanmadhil farak vicharat ghene aavashyak aahe. tathapi, anek vegvegalya sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanchya payanmadhyehi samanata aahe. kutryache panj, ghodyache khurr, hattiche 'manu' (pudhil paay) aanee 'paces' (mageel paay) aanee manasache paay hii serve rachana, sanghatana aanee karye yanchi kahee samaan vaishishtye samayik karatat. tyanchya payanchya rachana bhaar-pareshan munch mhanoon karya karatat, jeey santulan, ubhe rahane aanee halchalinche prakar (jase qee chalane, chalane, dhavane aanee dhavane) yasathi aavashyak aahe.
jaiv-pratimanshastrachi shakha vividh sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanchya payanchya aakarshastrachi tulana manvi-abhiyantriki samasyanshi karoon midavalelya mahiticha vapar karate. udaharanarth, pathichya kanyachya dukhapatimule jhalelya ardhangvayumule bahya orthosis asalelya kinwa madhumehashi sambandhit paay kaplyanantar prosthesisacha vapar karananya lokanmadhye payacha bhaar sankraman badalane shakya hoil ashee antardrushti heey pradan karoo shakate. asha dnyanacha tantradnyanat samavesh keela jaau shakato jyamule ekhadya vyaktiche ubhe asatana santulan sudharate; tyanna adhik karyakshamatene chalanyas aanee vyayam karnyas saksham karate; kinwa anyatha tyanchi gatishilata sudharun tyanchya jivanacha darja vadhavate.
rachana.
pratinidhik sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanche avyav aanee paay sanrachanah
scaling aanee avyav samanvayatil parivartansheelata.
shareer aanee avyavanchya praman aanee pramanamadhye, tasech ubhe rahoon chalatana aanee chaupadari aanee dwipadari asha donhi darmyan, bhaar vahanyachya swarupat lakshaniy farak aahe. stanpayi charpat pranyanmadhye agravarti-pashchiy shareer dravyaman vitaran lakshaniyaritya badalate, jyamule avyavanchya bharnavar parinam hoto. ubhe asatana, anek sthaliy chaupat tyanchya mageel avayavanaivaji tyanchya pudhil avyavanvar tyanche vajan jaast aadhar detat; tathapi, jevha teey halatat tevha sharirache vastuman aanee avayavanche bharan yanche vitaran badalate. manavanche khalchya-avyavache vastuman tyanchya varchya-avyavanchya vastumanapeksha jaast asate. kutra aanee ghodyachya mageel avayavanche vastuman pudhil avayavanpeksha thode jaast asate, tarr hattiche avyav pramananusar lamb asatat. hattiche pudhil haat tyachya mageel hatanpeksha lamb asatat.
ghoda aanee kutryamadhye, mageel avyav prathamik pranodanamadhye mahattvachi bhoomika bajavtat. manavanchya payanchya halchalinmule samanyatah pratyek khalchya avayavala samaan bhaar midato. hattichi halchal (jee sarvat mothee sthaliy prushthavanshiy aahe) tyachya mageel payanvar aanee pudhil hatanvar samaan bhaar vitaran darshavate. chaupat aanee dvigunit chalanyachya aanee dhavnyachya halchali tyanchya pudhil aanee mageel avyavanchya halchalinchya sapeksh tappyat, tasech tyanchya ujavya bajuchya avyavanchya viruddha tyanchya davya bajuchya avyavanchya halchalinmadhye farak darshavtat. varr namood kelelya anek chalancha sambandh sharirachya aanee avyavanchya aakarmanatil farkanshi tasech avyavanchya samanvay aanee halchalinchya namunyanshi aahe. tathapi, vajan vadhavanyachya tappyat payachya karyatmak yogdanababat aanee tyachya sanrachanebaddal farse samajale jaat nahee. kahee pratinidhik sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanchya durvarchya avyavanchya aanee payanchya sanrachanechya tulanatmak aakarvidnyanamule kahee manoranjak samanata disun yetat.
anga sanrachananchi stambhakar rachana.
anek sthaliy prushthavanshiy prani dekhil avyavanchya parimanatil vistar, avayavancha samanvay aanee agrang-anganchya aakarmanatil farak darshavtat, kutra, ghoda aanee hattimadhye durchya agranganchi rachana durchya purvangasarkhich asate. manavanmadhye, hatachya rachana samanyatah payachya aakar aanee mandanisarkhya asatat. sthaliy prushthavanshiy chaupat aanee dvigunit samanyatah durvarchya avyavanchya aanee payanchya endoskeletonchya sanrachananmadhye asatat, jyaa maliket sanrekhit kelya jaatat, tulanene ubhya dishene mandalya jaatat aanee vistarit avayavat ardh-stambh paddhatine mandalya jaatat. kutra aanee ghodyamadhye, nikatvarti avayavanchi hadey ubhya dishene asatat, tarr ghotya aanee payachya durchya avyavanchya sanrachananmadhye koneey abhimukhata asate. manav aanee hattinmadhye, sambandhit hadanchya snayu-snayu ekkansathihi, hatapayanmadhil aanee payanmadhil hadanchi ubhya-stambhatil abhimukhata spasht disate. ghodyachya payat ardhvruttakar aakarachya parighavar kendrit bahya nakhe (khurr) asatat. antarnihit hadey ardh-anulamb dishene mandanyat aalee aahet. kutryachya panjamadhye ashach prakare ardh-anulamb dishene mandanyat aaleli hadey asatat.
manav aanee hattit, payanchya sankulachya stambh abhimukhatachi jaaga manavanmadhye vanaspati shreni abhimukhata aanee hattinmadhye mageel avyavachya payachya sanrachanechya ardh-vanaspati shreni sanrekhanane ghetali jaate. manav aanee hattinchya payanchya hadanmadhil aanee sandhyanmadhil abhimukhata haah farak tyanna bhupradeshatil badalanshi julavun ghenyas madat karato.
durchi gadee.
anek pratinidhik sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanchya payachya prushthbhagavar durchi gadee asate. kutryachya panjyat madhalya aanee durchya payavar kendrit anek visco-lavchik padd asatat. ghodyakade bedook mhanoon olakhala jaanara eka kendrikrut digital padd asato, joou payachya durchya bajula sthit asato aanee khurrane vedhalela asato. manavanmadhye charbiche eka kadak tantumay aanee lavchik padd asate jeey payachya mageel bhagachya tvachela aanee hadanna chikatoon asate.
hattichya payat kadachit prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhye aadhalanaya sarvat asamanya durastha ushinpaiki eka asate. agrapagachya ('manu') aanee prushthapagachya ('paces') madhye charbiche prachand padd asatat jeey sarvat mothya sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyane ladalelya mothya bharala tond denyasathi mojale jaatat. yavyatirikt, upasthi-sarkhe prakshepan (agrangamadhye prepolex aanee mageel avayavat prehalex) hattichya payachya hadanvar durchya usheela langada lavtana disate.
yaa serve jivanche (kutra, ghoda, manushya aanee hatti) durche ushee heey halchal kartana gatishil sanrachana aahet, jeey sampidan aanee vistarachya tappyanmadhye badaltat; asey suchavale gele aahe qee yaa sanrachananmule sangada pranalila anubhavanara bhaar qamee hoto.
sanghatana.
payanchya sanrachanechi mandanih
sharirache prakar, jaminivaril prushthavanshiy pranyanchya durchya avyavanchya scaling aanee aakarvidnyanatil vividhatemule, payanchya sanrachaneche swaroop aanee sanrachanebabat kahee pramanat vaad aahet. payanchi rachana samajoon ghenyasathicha eka sanghatanatmak drushtikon tyanchya pradeshik shareer rachanashastrasandarbhat farak karato. payanchya rachana nikatvarti teey durchya vibhaganmadhye vibhagalya jaatat aanee aakar, pariman aanee karyatil samanatenusar tyanche gut kele jaatat. yaa drushtikonatun, payache varnan teen vibhaganmadhye kele jaau shakateh mhanje mageel paay, madhya paay aanee pudhil paay.
magcha paay haah payacha sarvat jawalcha aanee pudhcha bhag aahe. karyatmakdrushtya, yaa pradeshat asalelya rachana samanyatah majboot asatat, jyat payachya itar sanrachananpeksha motha aakar aanee gher asato. paay jaminishi sampark sadhato tevha anganchya nikatvarti aanee durchya pailunmadhye mothya pramanat bhaar prasarit karnyasathi mageel payachya sanrachana sahasa swikarlya jaatat. heey manvi aanee hattichya payamadhye spasht aahe, jithe suruvatichya samparkat asatana mageel payala anek prakarchya halchalinmadhye jaast bhaar padato. hatti aanee manvi payachya tulanet kutra aanee ghodyachya magchya payachya rachana tulanene jawalchya sthit aahet.
madhyapunt haah magchya paay aanee pudhchya payamadhil payacha madhyavarti bhag aahe. yaa pradeshatil sanrachana aakarane madhyavarti aahet aanee samanyatah mageel payapasoon pudhchya payaparyant bhaar prasarit karatat. madhyapuncha manvi aadvya tarsal sandhyamule mageel payatil sabtalar sandhyatun pudhil payanchya sandhyanmadhye (metatarsophalengeal aanee interfalengeal) aanee sambandhit hadey (metatarsal aanee fallange) paryant shakti prasarit hote. kutra, ghoda aanee hatti yanchya madhyapunmadhye samaan madhyavarti rachana asatat, jyaa manvi madhyapunchya karyanpramanech asatat.
pudhil paay haah payacha sarvat durcha bhag darshavito. manav aanee hattinmadhye, yaa pradeshat asalelya hadanchya rachana samanyatah lamb aanee arund asatat. antim sthitee pranodan aanee bhaar hastantaranasathi laabh midvoon denyat pudhil payachya sanrachana bhoomika bajavtat.
karya.
pratinidhik sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhye payache bhaar sankramanah
kutryacha panja.
kutryachya panjala digitgrade abhimukhata asate. ardh-anulamb stambhiy abhimukhata madhye mandanyat aalelya durchya payanchya sanrachanansah spasht honari avyavanchya nikatvarti hadanchi anulamb stambhiy abhimukhata, jaminishi sangadyachya vajan-dharan karananya samparkat asatana bhaar prasarit karnyasathi changlya prakare sanrekhit kelee jaate. lamb metatarsal aanee ankanchi koneey abhimukhata snayu snayu ekkanmadhye yantrik urja sathavanyasathi aanee sodanyasathi upalabdh kshetra vadhavate, jee ghotyachya sandhyapasun jawalun udbhavate aanee payanchya hadanpasoon durchya bajus sampate. jevha snayu snayu ekake lamb hotat, tevha bhaar taana yantrik kriyakalap sulabh karato. snayu snayu ekak sanrachana halchal karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya shaktinchya jaminivaril-pratikriya sankramanat madat karnyasathi changlya prakare tayar kelya gelelya disatat. yavyatirikt, jaminishi panjanchya samparkachya darmyan shock shoshan vadhavun, durchya panjanche padd bhaar qamee karnyas anumati detat.
ghodyacha paay.
ghodyacha paay aaa-gligrade dishene asato. hadey aanee sanyoji uutinchi stambhakar abhimukhata, halchalinchya vajan-wahan tappyadarmyan bhaar prasarit karnyasathi samaan prakare susajj aahe. jaad keratinyukt aanee ardhvartulakar khurr loading aanee unloading darmyan aakar badalate. tyachpramane, khurchya mageel tokanvar madhyavarti sthit asalelya gadiyukt bedukavar bhaar taktana daab yeto aanee utaravalyavar vistar hoto. khoon aanee gadivar khilalelya bedkachya rachana ektritpane khoon capsules kaam karoon shock shoshan pradan karoo shakatat. ghodyache khurr dekhil bhaar kartana gatishilpane karya karate, jeey uchch bharapasoon endoskeletanla ushee deu shakate jeey anyatha gambhir vikrutee nirman karel.
hatticha paay.
hattiche magche anga aanee paay ardh-vanaspatimukhi asatat aanee manvi payachi rachana aanee karya yanchyashi jawalun julatat. manvi payapramanech kamaan tayar karnyasathi tarcels aanee metapodialschi vyavastha kelee jaate. hattichya pratyek payachi sahaa bote tvachechya lavchik aavaranat vedhaleli asatat. kutryachya panjapramanech, hattiche faulang khalchya dishene nirdeshit asatat. hattiche durche falanj thet jaminila sparsh karat naheet aanee teey sambandhit nakhe/khurala jodalele asatat. durchya ushee snayu snayu ekak aanee snayunmadhil asthibandhan yanchyatil jaaga mage paay, madhya paay aanee pudhil payanchya hadanmadhye talyachya prushthbhagavar vyapatat. durchi gadee sanvedi sanrachananni (messioners aanee passinian corpuscal) atyant aswasth hote, jyamule durcha paay hattichya sarvat sanvedanshil sanrachananpaiki eka banato (tyachya khodapeksha jaast). hattichya payachi ushee sankuchit kelyavar yantrik bhaar sathavun thevanyachya aanee shoshanyachya garjes pratisad detat aanee payanchya uutincha taana swikararh staravar thevanyasathi mothya bhagat halchalinche bhaar vitarit karatat. yavyatirikt, hattichi snayu-asthipanjaratil paay kamaan aanee ekmev gadee ghodyachya gadiyukt bedook aanee khurr aanee manvi payapramanech ekatra kaam karate. hattit, metatarsals aanee botanmadhil hadanchya ghatakanchya jawaljawal ardhya-kupula aakarachya rachnet manvi payanchya kamanichya sanrachaneshi manoranjak samya aahe.
alikadech, united kingadammadhil royal pashuvaidhyakiy mahavidhyalayatil shastradnyanna asey aadhalale aahe qee hatticha sahava khota paya, eka teel aahe, joou vishal pandyachya atirikt "angathya" sarkhach aahe. tyanna aadhalale qee haah sahava payacha paya hattiche vajan vadhavanyasathi aanee tyache vitaran karnyasathi kaam karato.
manvi paay.
manvi payachya adviteey vanaspatishreni sanrekhanamule durchya-avyavachi rachana hote jee vividh paristhitinshi julavun gheu shakate. qamee gatishil aanee adhik majboot tarsal hadey aakarane aanee sanrekhit kelee jaatat, jyamule sthitichya suruvatichya tappyanmadhye (chalanyachya suruvatichya sampark aanee bhaar pratisad tappyanmadhye aanee dhavtana nakalat tachanvar prahar) mothya bhaar swikarta yetat aanee prasarit hotat. madhyapunche tarcels, jeey magilpunche tarsalspeksha lahan aanee lahan asatat, teey magilpunche aanee pudhilpunche bhaar prasarit karnyasathi changlya prakare kendrit disatat; heey bhaar hastantaranasathi aanee paay sankulala usheera sthitichya tappyasathi kathor livermadhye lock karnyasathi aavashyak aahe. yaulat, madhyapunchi hadey aanee sandhe dekhil bhaar aanee aantar-sandhyanchya halchaliche sankraman karnyas anumati detat jeey paay ughadate aanee eka shithilpane bharaleli rachana tayar karate jyamule paay vividh prushthbhaganvar atyant susangat hoto. yaa sanrachanet, tachanchya praharadarmyan aanee lavkar vajan swikartana yenanya mothya bharala paay shoshun ghenyas aanee olava ghenyas saksham aahe. pudhecha paay, tyachya lamb metatarsal aanee tulanene lamb falangsah, sthitichya shevati loaded prasarit karato jyamule pudhe gatiche push-auph aanee hastantaran sulabh hote. ubhe rahoon udee martana santulan rakhanyasathi pudhil paay eka dhaar mhanoon dekhil kaam karato. yavyatirikt, magchya payala, madhalya payala aanee pudhchya payala pasarlelya payachya kamani, payala kathor angathyapasun lavchik vajan-swikaranaya sanrachanet rupantarit karnyachya swarupat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavtat.
dhavnyachya chalisah, paay-bhaar chadhavanyachi kramvari sahasa chalanyachya ulat asate. paay payanchya chendune jaminivar aadalato aanee nantar taach khalee padate. tachancha themb aakilis snayucha vistar lavchikpane karato; haah vistar push-auph darmyan ulatala jaato.
chikitsalayin parinam.
kutra, ghoda, hatti kinwa manushyachya payat vikrutee nirman hote tevha pashuvaidya kinwa manvi aarogyaseva vyavsayik anekada pratisad detat. teey samanyatah vaidyakeey upchar yojana tayar karnyasathi aanee amalat aananyasathi pathologyche swaroop samajoon ghenyasathi tapas karatat. udaharanarth, kutra aanee magcha paay yanche panje ekatra kaam karoon udee marnyacha aanee dhavanyacha dhakka shoshun ghetat aanee halchalinmadhye lavchikta aanatat. payavyatirikt itar bhagat kutryachya hadanchya sanrachaneshi tadjod kelyas, nuksan bharpai bharane payavar bhaar padoo shakato. saral kinwa sail khande, saral khande, sail nitamb aanee pudhil paay aanee mageel paay yanchyatil samtol nasane yasarkhya sanrachanatmak doshanmule chalanyatil vikrutee nirman houu shakatat, jyamule mageel paay aanee panjanna nuksan pohochate aanee tyanchya payachya sanrachanevar atibhar padato, kaaran teey sanrachanatmak doshanchi bharpai karatat.
ghodyachya khurat koradepana aalyane payanchya bahereel sanrachanevar kadakpana yeu shakato. kadak khuramule payachi bhaar qamee karanyachi kshamata qamee hote, jyamule ghoda durchya avyavanvar jaast vajan sahan karoo shakat nahee. manvi payamadhye samaan vaishishtyapurn vaishishtye 'paces cavus' sanrekhan vikrutichya swarupat udbhavtat, jee ghatt sanyojak uutinchya sanrachanandware aanee sandhyanchya susangatatedware tayar hote jyamule payanche kathor sankul tayar hote. paces cavus" asalelya vyakti qamee bhaar-ksheenata vaishishtye darshavtat aanee payachya jawalil itar sanrachana vadhiv bhaar hastantaranane bharpai karoo shakatat (mhanje.eae., gudghe, nitamb, lumb-shroni sandhe kinwa cutty kasherukanvar atee bhaar). bandist hattinmadhye payanche vikar samanya aahet. matra, yache kaaran farse samajale jaat nahee.