
madhyam pranalinchi tulana

madhyam pranalinchi tulanah madhyam aanee rajkaranache teen namune (2004), daniele see. hollin aanee paolo mancini haah aantarrashtriy tulanatmak madhyam pranali sanshodhan kshetratil eka moolbhut abhyas aahe. abhyasat uttar europatil nauu desh (austriya, belgium, denmark, finland, germany, netherlands, norwey, sweeden aanee switzerland), dakshin europatil paach desh (france, greece, itali, portugal aanee spain) aanee chaar atlantic desh (canada, gret britton, ireland aanee united states) yasah 18 pashchatya lokshahichya madhyam pranalinchi tulana kelee aahe.
yaa abhyasat vikasit keleli sankalpanatmak chaukat tulanatmak madhyam pranali sanshodhanachya kshetrat eka mahattvache yogdan tharali kaaran tee madhyam aanee rajkaran yanchyatil sambandhanmadhil farak aanee samanateche vishleshan karnyasathi paddhatshir aanee lagoo honara drushtikon pradan karate.
2004 madhye hallin aanee mancini yanchya pustakachya prakashanapasun, visheshtah vividh sanskrutik, samajik aanee/kinwa rajkiy sandarbhanmadhye sthit asalelya jagbharatil vividh pranalinmadhil farak samajoon ghenyasathi tyanni suchavalelya chaukatichya paryaptatebabat eka spasht shaikshanik charcha jhaali aahe (pahaa). parinami, tulanatmak madhyam pranali sanshodhanachya kshetrat bharbharatichi pragati namood kelee jaau shakate.
sandarbhatmak.
tulanatmak madhyam pranali sanshodhan.
tulanatmak madhyam pranali sanshodhanachya kshetrat 1956 pasoon seabert, pieterson aanee scram yanni kelelya 'presachya chaar siddhant' abhyasaparyant pohochanyachi eka pradirgh parampara aahe. heey pustak madhyam pranalinchi tulana aanee vargikaran karnyavar shaikshanik vadache mool hote, tarr teey samanyapane pakshapati hote aanee shityuddhachya kalatil vichardharanni jordar prabhavit hote. jaree yaa drushtikonavar anekada teeka jhaali aahe (udaa.jee. tyachya vanshik kendrikaranamule, visangat rachana, sanshayaspad prakaranmule kinwa vishleshanacha tyacha alp anubhavjanya aadhar), too manak madhyam siddhantanche anusaran karnyasathi aanee kshetrachya vikasasathi eka prarambhik bindu hota.
tulanatmak madhyam pranali sanshodhan tyachya sthapanepasun anek badalanchya adheen aahe. madhyam pranalinche varnan karnyasathichya shreninchi sankhya vadhali aanee drushtikon adhik guntaguntiche jhaale. aanakhi eka cull assa aahe qee sanshodhak rajkiy pranalinmadhye madhyam pranalinche spashtikaran aanee tulana karnyasathi adhik sakholpane ghatak karatat. adhik moolbhut vikas mhanje pramanak paddhatinpasun anubhavjanya paddhatinpekshache parivartan.
vividh deshanmadhye ajunahi tulanatmak madhyam abhyasachya samasya aahet, jyanna tond dyavech lagel. prakarananchi vishisht rashtriy vaishishtye purn karnyasathi tulanechya vyaptichi pureshi vyakhya aanee tulanesathi aadhar mhanoon puresha nirdeshakanchi vyakhya yaa vyatirikt, desh namuna prakriyechi vaidhata hii eka samasya aahe. yavyatirikt, vikasit models ajunahi tulanene sthir aahet, jeey badalanche purese varnan karoo shakat naheet aanee 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun tyanche mahatva vadhat asale taree online madhyamankade mothya pramanat durlaksh kele gele aahe.
tathapi, tulanatmak madhyam pranali abhyas heey abhyasat asalelya samkalin sanvadachya ghatanansathi eka mahattvache sadhan aahe. tulanatmak rachana haah madhyam pranali aanee naveen madhyame tasech jagatikikaranachya drushtikonancha paramparik aanee rashtra-kendrit abhyas yanchyatil eka pool aahe. jakuboviz sangatat qee samkalin tulanatmak madhyam pranali vishleshanakade madhyamanchya jagatikikaranachya prakriya samajoon ghenyacha pramukh drushtikon mhanoon pahile jaate.
drushtikonache paddhatshir vargikaran.
jagbharatil aantarrashtriy aanee seema olandanyachya dalanvalan prakriyancha abhyas karnyasathi tulanatmak madhyam pranali sanshodhan haah eka sambhavya drushtikon aahe. aantarrashtriy aanee seema olandanyachya sampreshanachya vishal kshetrache eka atishay upayukt aanee sanshodhanatmak paddhatshirkaran wesler aanee brugman (2012) (vishleshanache pariman dekhil pahaa) pasoon yete. yaa shodhanibandhanusar, hallin aanee mancinicha drushtikon vishleshanachya yaa teen aayamansah ghatakanche eka vishisht sanyojan mhanoon olakhala aanee sthanikikaran kele jaau shakate. tyancha vishleshanacha drushtikon pashchatya lokshahitil madhyam pranalinchya paddhatshir tulanavar kendrit aahe. parinami, tyanchya vishleshanacha star rashtriy rajyanchya sandarbhat madhyam pranalinvar kendrit aahe. tyanchi mukhya uddishte pramukhyane sanrachanechya patalivaril madhyam-rajkiy sambandh aahet, parantu tyavyatirikt, yaa sambandhanchi vyapak samaj midvanyasathi teey vishleshanachya serve uddishtancha vichar karatat.
uddishte.
hallin aanee mancinesathi madhyam pranalinchi tulana karnyasathi eka ekikrut sankalpanatmak chaukat vikasit karane aavashyak hote. tyanni siddhantanchi chachani karnyaivaji siddhant nirmitivar laksh kendrit kele, kaaran tatkalin prachalit 'presache chaar siddhant' aanee tyanantarchya manak badalanmadhye sadhyachya madhyam pranalinche purese vishleshan karnyat kamatarata disun aalee. parinami, hallin aanee mancini yanni yaa pranalinna amoort aadarsh mhanoon navhe tarr vishisht aitihasik paristhitit vikasit jhalelya thos samajik rachana mhanoon vicharat gheuun anubhavjanya 'varr laksh kendrit kele."
hallin aanee mancini yanni suruvatila eka "sarvat samaan pranali" nivadali-rachana-mhanje, pratyek pranalichi vishisht vaishishtye shodhanyasathi teey ekmekanpasun konatya pailunmadhye bhinn aahet heey samajoon ghenyasathi tyanchya sanrachanenusar aanee karyapaddhatinusar agadi samaan asalelya pranalinchi tulana karane. yaa rachaneche anusaran karoon, tyanni abhyasat asalelya 18 deshanmadhil samanata aanee farkanche vishleshan karnyasathi vishisht chull asalelya parimananchi sankalpana kelee. tyanchya namunyanmadhye qamee-adhik pramanat susangat namune shodhane haah tyancha uddesh hota, jeey kadachit kamal vebarchya aadarsh prakaranchya sankalpanechya drushtine aadarsh prakaranmadhye sankshipt kele jaau shakatat. pariman aanee parinami tayar jhalelya pratimanmadhye visheshtah pashchimatya jagachya madhyam-rajkiy sambandhancha samavesh asalyane, hallin aanee mancini tyanchya chaukatichya sarvatrik vaidhatecha dawa karat naheet. tyamule pashchimatya jagachya palikade prasarmadhyame-rajkiy sambandhanchya vishisht atinchi purtata karnyasathi tyachi punarrachana karane aavashyak aahe.
hollin aanee mancinichi chaukat.
hallin aanee mancini yanchya sankalpanatmak chaukatit "prasarmadhyamanchya bajarpethechi rachana", "rajkiy samantarta", "patrakariteche vyavsayikaran" aanee prasarmadhyamanchya vyavastheshi sambandhit "rajyachi bhoomika" aanee "rajyachi bhoomika", "lokshahicha prakar" (ekmat viruddha lokshahi) yancha samavesh aahe. bahusankhyavadi), "bahulatavadacha prakar" (vaiyaktik viruddha. sanghatit), "tarksangat-kayadeshir adhikarachi patali" aanee "bahulvadachi patali" (madhyam viruddha. dhruvikrut) madhyam vyavasthechya rajkiy sandarbhanchya sandarbhat. yaa parimananmadhil chalanchya vishisht nakshatrannusar, hallin aanee mancini yanni madhyam aanee rajkaran yaa teen namunyanchi sankalpana mandali.
parimanah madhyam pranali.
madhyam bajarpethechi rachana.
prasarmadhyamanchya bajarpethechi rachana hii maas presachya vikasashi sambandhit aahe. lekhak anek chalanvar prakash taktat, jyancha vapar press pranalinchya vaishishtyanche varnan karnyasathi keela jaau shakatoh 
rajkiy samantarta.
rajkiy samantarvad mhanje "kahee deshantil madhyamanchi rajkiy drushti vegali asate, tarr itar deshantil madhyamanchi nahee.rajkiy samantartechya vyaptiche moolyankan karnyasathi lekhakanni 5 ghatak kinwa nirdeshak sthapit keleh
patrakariteche vyavsayikaran.
vyavsayikaran mhanje swatantra teey sadhansampann patrakaritecha satatyah
rajyachi bhoomika.
haah aayam madhyam vyavasthechi rachana aanee karyapaddhati aakar denyat rajkiy vyavasthechya samarthyavar bharr deto. parantu rajya hastakshepachya vyaptimadhye tasech teey kitee swaroop dharan karate yaat lakshaniy farak aahet.hallin aanee mancini heey chauthe pariman samavisht karnyasathi khaleel chull vapartatah
shevati, yaa chaar parimananche parasparsambandh guntaguntiche aahet. abhyasat asalelya pratyek naveen prakaranasathi tyanche anubhavjanya moolyankan karave lagel. parinami, teey ekmekanvar mahattvachya marganni prabhav padu shakatat, parantu swatantrapane dekhil badaltat."
parimanah rajkiy sandarbh.
pudhchya tappyat, hallin aanee mancini yanni madhyam vyavasthechya rajkiy sandarbhanche moolyankan karnyasathi paach mukhya pailu olakhale. prasarmadhyamanchya vikasavaril rajkiy prabhavanchi adhik changli samaj midvanyasathi tyanni tulanatmak rajkaran aanee rajkiy samajshastravaril sahityatun sambandhit sankalpana ghetalya. parinami pariman dwibhajan mhanoon sadar kele jaatat, parantu teey keval akhandatevaril dhruv aahet.
pahila aayam mhanje rajyachi bhoomika. udarmatvadi lokshahi" aanee "kalyankari rajya lokshahi" yanchyatil farkadvare tyachi sankalpana kelee jaate. yaa done shreninmadhil mukhya farak mhanje rajyacha hastakshepatmak upkram (udaa.jee. nidhi viruddha. mukt bajar). haah farak rajkiy vyavasthetil khajgi vyavasay kinwa samajik sansthanchya sapeksh mahattvanusar aakar gheto.
aanakhi eka mahattvacha dwaipakshik pariman mhanje ekmat viruddha. bahusankhyavadi lokshahi. bahusankhyavadi lokshahi vyavasthemadhye done varchasva asalele paksh asatat aanee bahusankhya matdan pranalimule, jinkanara paksh pratyakshat rajkiy shaktivar laksh kendrit karato jenekarun sarkar aanee virodhi paksh yanchyat spasht farak asel. shivay, mantrimandal pramukhyane rajkiy nirnay prakriyevar prabhav takte. yaulat, sarvasamaveshak rajkiy modelmadhye bahupakshiy pranali samavisht aahe jee pramanbaddh pratinidhitvanusar sattechya vatpachya tattvavar aadharit aahe jenekarun virodhi shaktinmadhil tadjod aanee sahkarya kendrasthani asel. yavyatirikt, vidhimandal aanee karyakari yanchyat adhikaranche vibhajan aahe.
tisra aayam mhanje vaiyaktik aanee sanghatit bahulvadatil farak. udarmatvad aanee corporatewad. vaiyaktik bahulatavadachi vyakhya rajkiy pratinidhitvachi sanghatana ashee kelee jaate, "prashasakeey sanstha aanee vaiyaktik nagarikanmadhil sambandhanchya drushtine, spardhatmak 'vishesh hitsambandhanchya' bahuvidhatesah". dusarikade, sanghatit samajik gatanvar laksh kendrit karane heey sanghatit bahulatavad vyavasthemadhye adhik mahattvache aahe. asha prakare, nigmikaranamadhye "rajkiy prakriyet samajik gatanche aupcharik ektrikaran" samavisht aahe.
hallin aanee mancini heey tarksangat-kayadeshir adhikar aanee grahakvad yanchyatil farak aanakhi eka mahattvapoorn pariman mhanoon olakhatat. max vebarchya nantar, hallin aanee mancini heey tarksangat-kayadeshir pradhikaran yaa shabdacha vapar tyachya arthamadhye prashasanacha eka prakar mhanoon karatat, jyacha mukhya prabhav aupcharik aanee sarvatrik prakriyechya niyamandware rakhala jaato, mhanje.eae. rajkiy aanee aarthik hitsambandh kinwa labivadane prabhavit naan jhaleli swatantra aanee swayatt prashasakeey yantrana. heey upkaran karyaksham tarksangat-kayadeshir pranalichi mukhya sanstha aahe. yaulat, grahakvad pranalimadhye samaan hitsambandhanvaril abhimukhata khoopach kamkuvat aahe kaaran vaiyaktik hitsambandh aanee khajgi sambandh yaa samajik sansthechi dekhbhal karananya mukhya shakti aahet. parinami, "samajik sansadhanancha vapar haah aashraydatyandvare niyantrit keela jaato aanee aadar aanee vividh prakarchya pathimbyachya badalyat grahakanna deela jaato".
madhyam aanee dhruvikrut bahulatavadatil farkadvare antim pariman sankalpit kele jaate. qamee ekmat, rajkiy sanghatana kinwa vyavasthechi aavhanatmak vaidhata aanee rajkiy paridrushyatil khol phoot hii dhruvikrut bahulatavadachi mukhya vaishishtye aahet. eka mahattvacha soochak mhanje pranalivirodhi paksh aanee gatanche astitva. yachya tulanet, madhyam bahulatavadache vaishishtya pramukhyane kendrakade adhik drudh cull, rajkiy pakshanmadhil qamee vaicharik matbhed, rajkiy vyavasthechi adhik sweekruti aanee rajkiy vivadanchya velee ekmat honyachi adhik changli shakyata aahe.
madhyam aanee rajkaran heey teen namune.
vareel parimanancha vapar karoon, hallin aanee mancini yanni madhyam-rajkaran sambandhanchya teen aadarsh pratimancha (max vebarnusar 'aadarsh') andaj lavala aanee tyanchi sankalpana kelee. hollin aanee mancini bhaugolik pradeshannusar vishisht namune olakhoo shakat hote jeey vaiyaktik namunyanna label karnyasathi mahattvapoorn hoteh
nirbandh.
hollin aanee mancini tyanchya teen modelschya nirbandhankade nirdesh karatat, jyancha tyanchya vaidhatevar aanee mahattvavar atimulyan houu naye mhanoon vichar keela pahije. sarvapratham, teey rashtriy rajyanvar laksh kendrit karatat aanee vishleshanachya yaa patalimule madhyam-rajkiy sambandhanvar vishisht drushtikon miloo shakato parantu mahattvachya itar ghatana chukatat (udaa.jee. europemadhil madhyam bajarpethancha aantarrashtriy vikas). aanakhi eka chinta ashee aahe qee ekach pratimananmadhye saranshit keleli prakarane prachand pramanat badaltat (visheshtah udarmatvadi pratimanamadhye). parinami, models anek prakarchya keses dakhavtat, jyamule tyancha farak aspasht houu shakato. shivay, vishleshan kelelya deshanmadhil madhyam pranali eksandh nastil (udaa.jee. germanytil mudran pranali aanee prasaran pranalimadhil sanrachanatmak farak). deshanmadhil matbhed aanee tyanchyamadhil hastakshepamule, vishleshan kelelya 18 deshanna ekte prakaran mhanoon hatalane katheen aahe, kaaran teey ekmekanvar avalambun aahet aanee ekmekanvar prabhav padatat. antim muddah mhanje madhyam pranalinchi gatishilata kaaran tyaa sthir ghatak mhanoon gruheet dharalya jaau shakat naheet. tyamule, madhyam pranali nehmich pragati kartil aanee tyaa vikasit hott asalelya prakriyanmule nehmich badal hotil, jenekarun kalantarane namood kelelya pratimanchya vaishishtyancha punarvichar karane aavashyak hoil.
parinami, hallin aanee mancini yanni tyanantarchya charchemadhye nidarshanas aanoon dile qee tyanchi pratikruti hii sarvatrik prakaranchi nasatat jee itar prakarananmadhye yantrikaritya lagoo kelee jaau shakatat. tyaeivaji, itar madhyam pranalinche purese vishleshan karnyasathi pariman aanee tyanchi upayuktata aanee anukulan yavar laksh kendrit karanyachi teey soochana karatat-udaa.jee. purv europeey madhyam pranalimbabat, yaa pranali yogya prakare samajoon ghenyasathi rajyachya bhoomikes aanee visheshtah nagri samajachya bhoomikes adhik mahatva denyacha tyancha prastav aahe.
abhisaran-thesis.
tyanchya pustakachya shevati, hallin aanee mancini yanni abhisaran-kinwa samarupata-thisisvar charcha kelee aahe. tyanchya yuktivadacha aadhar mhanje visheshtah europemadhye honanya anek parivartan prakriyanche tyanche nirikshan. rajkiy tasech madhyamanchya sandarbhat (udaa.jee. european madhyam kayade), paramparik rajkiy janpakshanchi ghasaran, patrakaritechya vyavsayikaranavar amerikecha prabhav aanee shevati europemadhil madhyam bajarpethanche vyaparikaran. european deshanna "udarmatvadi pratiman" kadey dhakalale jaau shakate assa nishkarsh hallin aanee mancini yanni qaa kadhala yachee hii mukhya karane aahet. teey eka paul pudhe jaaun asey gruheet dharatat qee tyaa samarupikaranachya kinwa abhisaran prakriyechya mukhya shakti jagachya itar bhagansathi vaidh asoo shakatat. tathapi, teey asey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee yaa prakriyechya maryada dekhil asoo shakatat kaaran prakriyeche ghatak jagbharatil rajkiy vyavasthanmadhil sanrachanatmak farkanmadhye adakale aahet.
alikadil ghadamodi.
yaa vibhagat, alikadache kahee mudde aanee vishayancha ullekh keela aahe kaaran teey hallin aanee mancinichya chaukatichya itar, visheshtah bigger-pashchatya deshanna lagoo honyababat suru asalelya vidwan charchetoon udbhavale aaheth
hii spasht charcha hallin aanee mancini yanchya drushtikonachi sthitee pratibimbit karate, kaaran sadhya tee "madhyam aanee rajkiy vyavasthanmadhil sambandh samajoon ghenyasathi aataparyantchi sarvat vikasit vishleshanatmak chaukat aahe.parinami, asey anek abhyas aahet jeey abhyasat asalelya tyanchya prakaranansathi aarakhada lagoo karatat aanee julavun ghetat.
udaharanarth, dobeck-ostrovska aanee tyanchya sahakanyanni sampadit khand 'tulanatmak madhyam pranali' prakashit kelya. european aanee jaagtik pariprekshya eae (2010) jyamadhye madhya aanee purv europechya madhyam pranalinsathi hallin aanee mancinichya sanrachanecha sandarbh denare kinwa tyacha vapar karnare tulanatmak abhyas aahet. hollin aanee mancini yanni 'pashchimatya jagachya palikade madhyam pranalinchi tulana' (2012) haah sampadit khand prakashit keela, joou adhik jaagtik drushtikonatun sarvasamaveshak vihangavalokan deto. israyal, polland, baltic rajye, brazil, dakshin africa, russia, chean aanee arab jagatatil madhyam pranalinmadhil prakaran abhyasanchi charcha yogdankartyandware kelee jaate aanee pashchimatya nasalelya madhyam pranalinchya sandarbhat hollin aanee mancinichya sanrachaneche paddhatshir pratibimb jodale jaate.
jonathan hardy yanni pudhil sanshodhan kele, jyanni samkalin madhyam pranalinna aakar denanya parivartan prakriyanchya parinamanche vishleshan kele. hallin aanee mancini yanni kelyapramane, hardy pashchimatya lokshahitil (pratyakshat 18 desh) madhyam pranalinvar laksh kendrit karato aanee too mudran aanee prasaranavar (visheshtah durdarshan) laksh kendrit kartana tyanchya abhisaran prabandhala sanlagn karato. prasarmadhyame aanee rajkaran, prasarmadhyame aanee dhoran, prasarmadhyamanchi malki aanee aantarrashtriyikaran prakriya yanchyatil sambandhanche parikshan karnyasathi vishleshanatmak chaukat mhanoon tyanni chaar pratiman (udaa. udarmatvadi lokshahi siddhant, navudarvad, swatantryavad aanee gambhir rajkiy arthvyavastha) nivadle.
yavyatirikt, rogger blumcha drushtikon (2005) haah hollin aanee mancinichya modelscha vistar aanee purn karnyacha prayatna aahe, jyamadhye parimananchi bharr ghaloon aanee tyat badal karoon (tyanni chaar parimanaivaji nauu vikasit kele), tyanche udarmatvadi, niyantrit kinwa yaa done dhruvandarmyanache mhanoon vargikaran kele aahe. blum madhyam pranalinche sahaa namune olakhato, parantu too "tyane namune kase tayar kele aanee tapashilanche itar konatehi sanyojan qaa aavashyak nahee heey spasht karat nahee", mhanoon blumchya chaukatila ajunahi anubhavjanya pathimbyachi aavashyakta aahe.
itar abhyas hallin aanee mancinichya sanrachanechya ekach pailuvar laksh kendrit karatat aanee tyache tapshilvar vishleshan karatat. udaharanarth, karran aanee tyache sahkari (2009) bajar-chalit madhyamanchya dishene chalvaliche parinam abhyasatat aanee "bajar-aadharit pranali" (bajar-aadharit pranali) yaa gruhitkanchi chachani gheuun vegvegalya madhyam pranalinmadhil batmyanmadhil majkoor aanee sarvajanik vyavharanchya sarvajanik dnyanachi tulana karatat...) mahitipurn nagrikatvacha vapar karnyat adthala aanane."
hollin aanee mancinichya sanrachanemule anek parishadahi suru jhalya; udaharanarth, vroclau vidyapithatil (april 23-25,2007) dalanvalan aanee patrakarita vibhagane aayojit keleli 'aantarrashtriy madhyam aanee dalanvalan parishad' madhyam pranalinchi tulana karateh paschim purvela milate ', jithe 100 hoon adhik sanshodhakanni 2007 madhye perugiyamadhye aanee 2009 madhye sann diegomadhye hollin aanee mancini yanni swatah kelelya parishadanna prapt kele kinwa prarambh keela.
tulanatmak madhyam pranali sanshodhan heey madhyasthi kelelya seemapar sampreshanache eka utsahavardhak aanee mahattvache upkshetra aahe. aanee hallin aanee mancinichi chaukat tyachya ektrikaranat aanee pragatimadhye yogdan dett aahe.