quartz

quartz heey silikane (silicon dioxide) banalele eka katheen, sfatikeey khanij aahe. heey anoo anoo silicon-auxigen tetrahedrachya satatchya chaukatit jodalele aahet, pratyek auxigen done tetrahedramadhye samayik keela jaato, jyamule glass chey ekoon rasayanik sootra milate. feldsparchya mage quartz heey pruthvichya khandiy kavchatil dusare sarvat mubalak khanij aahe.
quartz done swarupat astitvat aahe, samanya α-quartz aanee uchch-tapman β-quartz, jeey donhi kieral aahet. α-quartzpasoon β-quartzmadhye honare parivartan achanak yethe hote. yaa parivartanasobat aakarmanat lakshaniy badal hott asalyane, teey yaa tapmanachya maryadetoon olakhalya matichya dhatunche kinwa khadakanche sookshm vighatan sahajpane prerit karoo shakate.
quartzche anek vegvegale prakar aahet, jyapaiki anek ratna mhanoon vargikrut kele aahet. pracheen kalapasoon, visheshtah eurasiamadhye, dagine aanee kadak dagadi korivkam karnyasathi quartzche prakar hii sarvat jaast vaparali jaanari khanije aahet.
quartz heey khanij aahe jeey kathoratechya mohs scalever 7 chey moolya paribhashit karate, hii gharshanasathi samagrichi kathorata nirdharit karnyasathi eka gunatmak scratch paddhat aahe.
vyutpatti.
quartz haah shabd german shabd 'quarz' pasoon aala aahe, jyache 14 vya shatkachya purvardhat madhya uchch german aanee purv madhya germanmadhye samaan swaroop hote aanee joou polish bolibhasha shabd 'quardy' pasoon aala aahe, joou check shabd 'twardy' ('haard') shhee sambandhit aahe.
pracheen greek lock quartzla κρύσταλος ("crustallos") mhanoon sambodhatat, jeey pracheen greek "κρύος" ("cruos") mhanje "barfal thandi" pasoon vyutpann jhaale aahe, kaaran kahee tatvadnyanna (theophrasts) heey samajale hote qee khanij heey atiushna barfache eka roop aahe. aaj, 'rock chrystal' haah shabd kadhikadhi pardarshak khadbadit sfatikeey quartjasathi paryayi naav mhanoon vaparla jaato.
sphatik savay aanee rachana.
quartz heey samanya tapmanat trikoni sphatik pranalishi sambandhit aahe aanee vareel shatkon sphatik pranalishi sambandhit aahe. sphatikancha aadarsh aakar mhanje sahaa bajuncha prism joou pratyek tokala sahaa bajunchya pyramids samapt hoto. nisargat quartz chrystals bahutekda julya asatat (ujavya hatachya aanee davya hatachya quartz chrystals), vikrut asatat kinwa quartz kinwa itar khanijanchya shejarchya chrystals itake ekmekanmadhye vadhatat qee keval yaa aakaracha kahee bhag darshavtat kinwa sfatikanchya spasht spasht purnapane abhav asato aanee teey prachand disatat. susthitit asalele sphatik samanyatah eka druce (rikt astar asalelya sphatikancha thurr) mhanoon tayar hotat, jyapaiki quartz geods hii visheshtah uttam udaharane aahet. sphatik heey vedhalelya khadkala eka tokala jodalele asatat aanee keval eka samaptiche pyramid asate. tathapi, duppat samapt sphatik tethe udbhavtat jethe teey jodanishivay muktapane vikasit hotat, udaharanarth, jipsammadhye.
α-quartz trikoniya sphatik pranalimadhye sfatikikaran hote, avkash gut "pii" 3121 kinwa "pii" 3221 (avkash gut 152 kinwa 154 resp.) kyralitiver avalambun asate. varr, "pii" 3121 madheel α-quartz adhik samamiteey shatkon "pii" 6422 (avkash gut 181) banate aanee "pii" 3221 madheel α-quartz avkash gut "pii" 6222 madhye jaate (nahee. 180). heey avkash gut kharokharach kieral aahet (teey pratyek 11 ananciomorphus jodyanshi sambandhit aahet). α-quartz aanee β-quartz hii donhi kieral chrystal sanrachananchi udaharane aahet jee akiral building blocks (sadhyachya prakaranat sayao 4 tetrahedra) neey banaleli aahet. α-aanee β-quartzmadhil parivartanat, teey jodalelya paddhatit konatahi badal naan karata, ekmekanchya sandarbhat tetrahedrache tulanene kirkol paribhraman samavisht asate. tathapi, yaa sankramanadarmyan aakarmanat lakshaniy badal hoto aanee yamule matichya bhandyanmadhye aanee pruthvichya kavchatil khadakanmadhye lakshaniy sookshm fracturing houu shakate.
prakar (sookshm sanrachanenusar).
jaree anek vaividhyapurn nave aitihasikdrushtya khanijachya rangavarun udbhavali asali, taree sadhyachya vaidnyanik namkaran yojana pramukhyane khanijachya sookshm sanrachanecha sandarbh detat. jaree too macrocrystalline prakaransathi prathamik olakhakarta asala taree rung haah cryptocrystalline khanijansathi duyyam olakhakarta aahe.
prakar (ranganusar).
paramparikpane rock chrystal kinwa clear quartz mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya shuddha quartzcha rangheen aanee pardarshak kinwa ardhpardarshak asato aanee anekada lothair kristalsarkhya katheen dagadi koreev kamansathi vaparla jaato. samanya ranganchya prakaranmadhye citrine, gulab quartz, amethist, smokey quartz, dudhache quartz aanee itarancha samavesh hoto. heey rangbhed, aanvik kakshanmadhye badal karya ashuddhatechya upasthitimule udbhavtat, jyamule drishyaman varnapatat kahee electronic sankraman houn rung nirman hotat.
quartzchya prakaranmadhil sarvat mahattvacha farak mhanje 'macrocrystalline' (dolhyala naan disanari vaiyaktik chrystals) aanee microcrystalline kinwa cryptocrystalline prakar (keval uchch aavardhan antargat antargat chrystalsche sanch). cryptocrystalline prakar ektar ardhpardarshak kinwa bahutekda apardarshak asatat, tarr pardarshak prakar macrocrystalline asatat. calcedoni haah silikyacha eka cryptocrystalline prakar aahe jyamadhye quartz aanee tyachya monoclinic polymorph moganite yaa donhichya bareek aantarvikasancha samavesh asato. quartzche itar apardarshak ratnanche prakar, kinwa quartzs mishra khadak, jyat anekada bhinn pattya kinwa rangachya namunyancha samavesh asato, teey egget, carnelian kinwa saard, onyx, heliotrope aanee jasper aahet.
amethist.
amethist haah quartzcha eka prakar aahe joou chamakdar ujal jambhalya rangapasoon gadad kinwa nistej lavenderchya savalit asato. amethistache jagatil sarvat mothe sathe brazil, mexico, urugue, russia, france, namibia aanee morokko yethe aadhaltat. kadhikadhi amethist aanee citrine ekach sfatikat vadhatana aadhaltat. tyanantar tyala ametrin mhanatat. amethistacha rung tyachya sanrachanet asalelya lokhandi khunyanvarun midato.
nila quartz.
nilya quartzmadhye tantumay magneshio-rebeckite kinwa crosidolite samavesh asato.
dumortearite quartz.
quartzchya tukadyanmadhye khanij dumortearite samavesh kelyane anekada nilya rangasah reshami disanare themb padatat. kadhikadhi jambhalya kinwa rakhadi rangachya chhata dekhil asatat. "dumortearite quartz" (kadhikadhi yala "nila quartz" mhanatat) madhye kadhikadhi sampoorn samgrimadhye bhinn prakash aanee gadad ranganche kshetra asate. "nila quartz" haah eka lahan ratna aahe.
citrine.
citrine haah quartzcha eka prakar aahe jyacha rung colloidal ferrick hydroxide ashuddhatechya submicroscopic vitaranamule fikat pivalya teey tapkiri asato. naisargik citrin durmil asatat; bahutek vyavsayik citrin heey ushnatevar upchar kelele amethist kinwa dhuliche quartz asatat. tathapi, naisargik citrinechya dhagal kinwa dhulichya swarupachya ulat, ushnatevar upchar kelelya amethistmadhye sfatikamadhye lahan resha asateel. katalelya citrine aanee pivalya rangachya pujazmadhye drishyaman farak karane jawaljawal ashakya aahe, parantu teey kathoratemadhye bhinn aahet. brazil haah citrinecha pramukh utpadak aahe, tyache bahutek utpadan reo grande doo sul yaa rajyatoon yete. heey naav lattin shabd 'citrina' pasoon aale aahe jyacha arth 'pivala' assa hoto aanee 'citron' yaa shabdacha ugam dekhil aahe. kadhikadhi citrine aanee amethist ekach sfatikat ekatra aadhalu shakatat, jyala nantar ametrin mhanoon sambodhale jaate. citrinla citrinla dagad' kinwa 'paishacha dagad' asey sambodhale gele aahe, kaaran teey samruddhi aanel yaa andhashraddhemule.
greesmadhye, isavi sunpoorv 300 teey 150 darmyan, helenwadi yugat, suvarn-pivala ratna mhanoon citrineche pratham kautuk kele gele. tyapurvi dagine aanee sadhane sajavanyasathi pivalya rangacha quartz vaparla jaat asey, parantu tyachi farshi magani navhati.
dudhacha quartz.
dudhacha quartz kinwa dudhacha quartz haah sfatikeey quartzcha sarvat samanya prakar aahe. sphatik nirmitidarmyan adakalelya vayoo, drav kinwa donhichya sookshm drav samaveshamule pandhara rung hoto, jyamule optical aanee darjedar ratnanchya anuprayogansathi tyache moolya qamee hote.
gulab quartz.
gulab quartz haah quartzcha eka prakar aahe joou fikat gulabi teey gulabi laal rung darshavito. rung samanyatah samgrimadhye titanium, loh kinwa manganeejchya thodya pramanat asalyamule manla jaato. kahee gulab quartzmadhye sookshm rutyle suya asatat jyaa prasarit prakashat tarankan nirman karatat. alikadil ksh-kiran vivartan abhyas asey suchavatat qee rung haah quartzmadhil kadachit dumorterite patal sookshm tantunmule aahe.
yavyatirikt, phosphet kinwa aluminiumchya alp pramanat ranganmule udbhavato asey manale jaanare gulabi quartzcha eka durmil prakar (jyala anekada sfatikeey gulab quartz dekhil mhanatat) aahe. sphatikanmadhil rung varvar pahata prakashsanvedanshil asato aanee lupt honyachya adheen asato. pahile sphatik rumford, mene, us aanee minas gerais, brazil yethe sapadalelya pegmatitemadhye sapadale. phosphet aanee aluminiumchya ashuddhatemule aadhalanare sphatik adhik pardarshak aanee euhedral asatat, jyamule sfatikeey gulab quartz tayar hote, loh aanee sookshm dumortearite tantunpeksha vegale jeey gulab quartz tayar karatat.
dhundyukt quartz.
smokey quartz hii quartzchee rakhadi, ardhpardarshak aavrutti aahe. jawaljawal sampoorn pardarshaktepasun teey jawaljawal apardarshak asalelya tapkiri-rakhadi sfatikaparyant heey spasht aahe. kahee kaale dekhil asoo shakatat. sphatik sanrachanetil aluminiumchya sookshm khunanvar karya karya naisargik vikiranamule ardhpardarshakta udbhavate.
prez.
prez haah quartzcha eka hirwa prakar aahe. hirwa rung emphibolchya samaveshamule hoto.
praciolite.
praciolite, jyala 'vermarine' asehi mhanatat, haah quartzcha eka prakar aahe joou hiravya rangacha asato. hirwa rung haah phii aayanmule hoto. heey nisargatil eka durmil khanij aahe aanee samanyatah amethists aadhalate; bahutek "praciolite" naisargik nasate-teey amethist garam karoon krutrimaritya tayar kele gele aahe. jawaljawal serve naisargik praciolite brazilchya eka chhotya khanitoon aale aahe, parantu teey polandmadhil khalchya syllasiamadhye dekhil disun yete. naisargikaritya aadhalanare praciolite canadachya gadgadat upasagari bhagat dekhil aadhalate.
krutrim aanee krutrim upchar.
quartzche serve prakar naisargikaritya aadhalat naheet. kahee spasht quartz sfatikanvar ushnata kinwa gamma-kiranotsargacha vapar karoon rung prerit karnyasathi upchar kele jaau shakatat jethe teey naisargikaritya ghadale nasate. asha upcharanchi sanvedansheelata quartzche utkhanan konatya thikanahun karnyat aale yavar avalambun asate.
praciolite, eka olive rangacha padarth, ushnatechya upcharadvare tayar keela jaato; polandmadhil khalchya cylasiamadhye dekhil naisargik praciolite disun aale aahe. jaree citrine naisargikaritya udbhavat asale, taree bahutansh ushma-upchar karnare amethist kinwa dhulichya quartzcha parinam aahe. pragaitihasik kalapasoon tyacha rung adhik khol karnyasathi karneliyanavar ushnatevar upchar kele jaat aahet.
naisargik quartz bahutekda julya asatat, tyamule udhyogat vaparasathi krutrim quartz tayar kele jaate. mothya, dosharahit, ekeri sphatikanche, hydrothermal prakriyedvare autoclavemadhye sanshleshan kele jaate.
itar sphatikanpramanech, quartzla aakarshak chamak denyasathi dhatuchya vaphene aachchhadit kele jaau shakate.
ghatana.
quartz haah granite aanee itar felsic agnishilancha eka paribhashit ghatak aahe. valukashma aanee shale sarkhya galyukt khadakanmadhye heey khoop samanya aahe. heey shist, nice, quartzite aanee itar rupantarit khadakanche eka samanya ghatak aahe. goldic vighatan maliket quartzmadhye hawaman badalanyachi sarvat qamee kshamata asate aanee parinami pravahatil gaal aanee avashisht mateet avashisht khanij mhanoon teey khoop samanya aahe. samanyatah quartzchee uchch upasthiti eka 'paripakv' khadak soochit karate, kaaran teey soochit karate qee khadkavar mothya pramanat punarbandhani karnyat aalee aahe aanee quartz heey prathamik khanij hote jyane judd hawaman sahan kele.
bahutek quartz vitalalelya magmapasoon sfatikikaran hote, tarr quartz dekhil rasayanikdrushtya garam hydrothermal vensmadhun gangue mhanoon, kadhikadhi sone, chandi aanee tambe yasarkhya dhatoo khanijesah avkshepit hote. sphatikanche mothe sphatik heey chumbakeey pegmatitesmadhye aadhaltat. susthitit asalelya sphatikanchi lambi anek meetarparyant pohochu shakate aanee tyanche vajan shekado kiloogram asoo shakate.
moolbhut ashuddhata samavisht karane quartzwar prakriya karnyachya aanee vaparnyachya kshamatevar jordar prabhav takte. ardhchalak udhyogat silicon wafers vadhavanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya crucible aanee itar upkaranansathi aavashyak asalele atyant uchch shuddhateche naisargikaritya aadhalanare quartz sphatik mahagade aanee durmil aahet. yaa uchch-shuddhatechya quartzmadhye 50 ppmpeksha qamee ashuddha ghatak asatat. uchch shuddhatechya kwartjasathiche eka pramukh khankam thikan mhanje americetil uttar carolina yetheel spruce pine yetheel spruce pine ratnanchi khaan. quartz spainmadhil esturiyamadhye caldovero shikharavar dekhil aadhalu shakato.
quartzcha sarvat motha dastaivajikrut ekal sphatik brazilmadhil goyaz yethe itapurjaval sapadala; tyache mojmap andaje 39,916 kiloogram hote.
khankam.
khulya khandak khaninmadhun quartz kadhale jaate. quartzche khol khadde ughad karnyasathi khaan kamgar adhunmadhun sphotakancha vapar karatat. adhik vela, bulldoser aanee backhoecha vapar maatee aanee chikanmati kadhanyasathi aanee quartz vence ughad karnyasathi keela jaato, jeey nantar hatanchya sadhanancha vapar karoon kaam kele jaatat. tapmanat honare achanak honare badal, jyamule sphatikanche nuksan houu shakate, teey talhanyasathi kalji ghene aavashyak aahe.
quartz sphatikasathi (pramukhyane electronicsmadhye vaparali jaanari) jawaljawal serve audhyogik magani hydrothermal prakriyedvare utpadit krutrim quartzdware purn kelee jaate. tathapi, ratne mhanoon vaparnyasathi krutrim sphatikanchi kimmat qamee aahe. sphatik upcharanchya lokpriyatemule naisargik quartz sphatikanchi magani vadhali aahe, jeey aata vikasansheel deshanmadhye anekada pracheen khaan paddhati vaparoon utkhanan kele jaatat, jyat kadhikadhi balmajuricha samavesh asato.
sambandhit silika khanije.
tridimite aanee christobalite heey uchch-silika jwalamukhiy khadakanmadhye aadhalanare glassacheeii uchch-tapman bahuroop aahet. coesite haah glass chaa eka ghanatapurn bahuroop aahe joou kahee ulkapindanchya prabhavachya thikani aanee pruthvichya kavchapeksha jaast dabane tayar jhalelya rupantarshil khadakanmadhye aadhalato. steashowite haah kahee ulkapindanchya prabhavachya thikani aadhalanara aadhalanara ajoon daat aanee uchch daab asalela bahuroop aahe. lecatelliarite haah eka aakarheen silika glass glass aahe joou quartz valumadhye vijechya dhakkyanmule tayar hoto.
surakshitata.
quartz haah silikyacha eka prakar asalyane, vividh kamachya thikani too chintecha vishay tharoo shakato. naisargik aanee utpadit dagad utpadananna kapane, dalane, chipping, sanding, drilling aanee pollishing karane, yamule kamgar shwas shwas havet atishay lahan, sfatikeey silika dhoolichya kananchi dhokadayak patali sodu shakate. shvasochchhavas karnyayogya aakaracha sfatikeey silika haah eka manyataprapt manvi carcinogen aahe aanee yamule silicosis aanee pulmonary fibrosissarkhe fuffusanche itar rog houu shakatat.
itihas.
quartz haah shabd german bhashetil slavic moolchya shabdavarun aala aahe (check khaan kamgaranni tyala 'cremen' mhatale). itar srot yaa shabdachi utpatti saxon shabd "quarcluftertz" pasoon asalyache sangatat, jyacha arth "cross-vein or" assa hoto.
quartz hii austreliyan aadivasi pauranik kathanmadhye goodh padarth mubbon mhanoon olakhali jaanari sarvat samanya samagri aahe. irelandmadhil newgrange kinwa caromorsarkhya dafanbhumichya sandarbhat europemadhil marg thadgyanchya smashanbhumit too niyamitpane aadhalato. kwartjasathicha ayrish shabd 'greancloach' aahe, jyacha arth 'suryakilla' assa hoto. pragaitihasik irelandmadhye tasech itar anek deshanmadhyehi sphatikancha vapar dagadi sadhanansathi keela jaat asey; pragaitihasik lokanchya lithic tantradnyanacha bhag mhanoon raktavahinya sphatik aanee rock chrystal yaa donhicha vapar keela jaat asey.
purv ashiya aanee purv-columbian americet koreev kamansathi jaid haah suruvatichya kalapasoon sarvat maulyavan ardh-maulyavan dagad asala taree europe aanee madhya purvet quartzche vividh prakar vividh prakarchya daginyansathi aanee koralelya ratne aanee camio ratne, rock chrystal fuldanya aanee udhalpattichi bhandi yasah hardstone koreev kamansathi sarvat jaast vaparale jaat hote. hote shatkachya madhyaparyant, jevha daginyanvyatirikt fashionmadhun tee mothya pramanat ghasarali, tevha atishay maulyavan asalelya vastunchi nirmiti karanyachi parampara suru rahili. camio tantra heey gomed aanee itar prakaranmadhye ranganchya pattyancha vapar karate.
roman nisargshastradnya pliny daad eldercha assa vishvas hota qee quartz haah panyacha burf aahe, joou joou kalanantar kayamswarupi gothala aahe. ('chrystal' haah shabd greek shabd 'κρύσταλος', 'burf' pasoon aala aahe.) tyanni yaa kalpanela pathimba dett asey mhatale qee quartz heey aalpsmadhil himanadyanjaval aadhalate, parantu jwalamukhichya parvatanvar nahee aanee haat thund karnyasathi mothya quartz sphatikanchi golyanmadhye rachana kelee gelee. hii kalpana kiman 17 vya shatkaparyant tikoon rahili. prakashala varnapatat vibhajit karnyachya quartzchya kshamatebaddalhi tyanna mahitee hotee.
17 vya shatkat, nicolas stenochya quartzchya abhyasane aadhunik sphatikshastrasathi marg mokala keela. tyala asey aadhalale qee quartz sphatik aakar kinwa aakar kahihi asso, tyache lamb prism chehare nehmich paripoorn 60° konat jodale jaatat.
quartzche piezoelectric gunadharm 1880 madhye jacks aanee pier curie yanni shodhale. quartz ausilator kinwa resonator pahilyanda 1921 madhye walter goyton cadine vikasit kele. george washington pears yanni 1923 madhye quartz chrystal ausilatorchi rachana aanee paytant kele. warren marrison yanni 1927 madhye caddy aanee piercechya kamavar aadharit pahile quartz ausilator ghadyal tayar kele.
quartz sanshleshanache prayatna ekonisavya shatkachya madhyat suru jhaale kaaran shastradnyanni prayogshaletil paristhitit khanije tayar karnyacha prayatna keela jyamadhye khanije nisargat tayar jhalelya paristhitichi nakkal kelee geleeh german bhuvaidnyanik carl emil wonn shaftall (1803-1890) 1845 madhye jevha tyane pressure kukarmadhye sookshm quartz chrystals tayar kele tevha quartz sanshleshit karnari pahili vyakti hotee. tathapi, yaa suruvatichya prayatnandvare tayar jhalelya sphatikanchi gunavatta aanee aakar kharab hota.
1930 chya dashkaparyant, electronics udyog quartz sfatikanvar avalambun hota. yogya sphatikancha ekmev srot brazil hota; tathapi, tathapi mahayuddhane brazilmadhun puravatha khandit keela, mhanoon rashtranni vyavsayik staravar quartzche sanshleshan karnyacha prayatna keela. german khanijashastradnya richard nacken (1884-1971) yanni 1930 aanee 1940 chya dashakat kahee pramanat yash midavale. yuddhanantar, anek prayogshalanni mothya quartz sphatikanchi vaadh karnyacha prayatna keela. americet, yuu.ess. armi signal corpsney bail prayogshalanshi aanee cleveland, ohayochya brush development companyshi nackenchya aaghadinantar chrystalsche sanshleshan karnyasathi karar keela. keela mahayuddhachya aadhi, brushchya vikasane reecord playersasathi piezoelectric chrystals tayar kele.) 1948 paryant, brushchya vikasat 1.5 inch (3.8 centimeter) vyasache sphatik vadhale hote, jeey tyaa kalatil sarvat mothe hote. 1950 chya dashkaparyant, jalvidhyut sanshleshan tantre audhyogik staravar krutrim quartz chrystals tayar karat hotee aanee aaj aadhunik electronics udhyogat vaparale jaanare aksharshah serve quartz chrystal krutrim aahet.
pesoelectricity.
quartz sfatikanmadhye piezoelectric gunadharm asatat; yantrik taana lagoo kelyavar teey vidyut kshamata vikasit karatat. quartz sfatikanchya yaa gunadharmancha prarambhik vapar phonograph pickupsmadhye keela jaat asey. sphatik ausilator mhanoon quartzcha aaj sarvat samanya piezoelectric vapar aahe. quartz ghadyal heey khanij vaparnyache eka parichit sadhan aahe. quartz chrystal ausilatorchi anunad varanvarta yantrikaritya loaded karoon badalali jaate aanee heey tattva quartz chrystal microbalancemadhil aanee patal-philm jaadi monetermadhil agadi lahan vastuman badalanchya agadi achook mojamapasathi vaparale jaate.

