
italicha umbarato I

pahila umberto (; 14 march 1844-29 julai 1900) haah 9 janewari 1878 pasoon 1900 madhye tyachya hatyeparyant italicha raja hota. tyachya karkirdit italicha aafrikechya shingat vistar jhaala, tasech itali, germany aanee austriya-hangeri yanchyat tiheri yutichi nirmiti jhaali.
vijete emmanuel dusra aanee austriyache edelide yancha mulga, umbertone shahee sardinian sainyacha senapati mhanoon italian swatantryayuddhanmadhye bhag ghetala. 1878 madhye aaplya vadilanchya mrutyunantar tyanni italian simhasana sweekarle. eka majboot lashkari, umbaratoone germany aanee austriya-hangeribarobarchya yuteela manjuri dilee, jee 1882 madhye aupcharik karnyat aalee. tyane italichya vasahatvadi prayatnanna dekhil protsahan dile aanee eritriya aanee somaliyacha italian samrajyat samavesh karnyache nirikshan kele, jaree 1896 madhye adavachya vinashkari yuddhanantar ethiopia vareel tyachya mahatvakanksha apoorn rahilya.
deshantargat patalivar, vadhatya samajik ashantata aanee gambhir aarthik adchaninna tond dyave lagale. italichya vasahatvadi yuddhanna janatecha virodh, samajvadi kalpanancha prasar aanee nagri swatantryanvar karvaimule tanav vadhala. tyanchya puranmatvadabaddal aanee milanmadhil bava bekaris hatyakandala tyanni dilelya pathimbyabaddal davya vartulat tyancha tivra tiraskar hota, jyamadhye vadhatya annadhanyachya kimmatinvaril nidarshananna lashkarane hinsakpane dadapun takale hote. tyachya karkirdichya pahilya varshat tyachi hatya karnyacha prayatna karananya italian arajaktavadi lokankadoon tyacha visheshtah dvesh keela jaat asey. 1900 madhye, bava bekaris hatyakandanantar done varshanni, monzamadhye italian-american arajaktavadi getano bracey yane umbertochi hatya kelee. tyacha mulga, vijeta emmanuel tisra, tyachya jaagi aala. 
tarun.
vijete emmanuel dusra aanee austriyache archdueches edelaid yancha mulga, umbertocha janm 14 march 1844 roji, tyachya vadilanchya 24 vya vadhadivashi, pyadmont-sardiniya rajyachi tatkalin rajdhani asalelya turinmadhye jhaala. tyache shikshan itarambarobarach masimo tapareli, markes dii 'azeglio aanee passquel stanislao mancini yanchyakade sopavanyat aale hote. yuvraj mhanoon, umbartovar tyachya vadilancha avishvas hota, jyanni tyala rajkaran kinwa ghatanatmak sarkarche konatehi prashikshan dile nahee aanee tyache sangopan prem kinwa prem naan balgata jhaale. tyaeivaji, umbertola aadnyadharak aanee nishthavan rahayala shikavale gele; jevha jevha tyache vadil kholeet pravesh karayache tevha laksh vedhoon ghyave lagat hote; aanee jevha tyachya vadilanshi bolayache tevha aadhi tyachya hatache chumban ghenyasathi gudghyavar basoon basave lagat hote. tyachya vadilanchya mrutyuparyant sarvajanik aanee khajgi asha donhi thikani bolanyachi parvanagi denyapurvi, umbartola tyachya vadilanchya hatache chumban ghyave lagale, yaa vastusthitimule doghanmadhil tanav vadhanyas khoop madat jhaali.
march 1858 pasoon, captonchya padapasoon suruvat karoon, shahee sardinian sainyat tyanchi lashkari karkird hotee. umbertone italian swatantryachya yuddhanmadhye bhag ghetalah too 1859 madhye solferinochya ladhait upasthit hota aanee 1866 madhye custoza yetheel italian parabhavanantar villafranca ladhait chaudavya vibhagache netrutva kele.
1859-60 madhye itar anek rajgharanyanmadhye (serve italian aanee tyanchyashi jawalche sambandh asalele, jase qee spain aanee franceche borbans) jhalelya ulthapalathimule, 1860 chya dashkatil rajgharanyanpaiki keval alpasankhyak rajgharanya navyane sthapan jhalelya italian rajgharanyashi sambandh prasthapit karnyas tayar hotya. raja vijeta emmanuel dusra (tyacha dhakata mulga amedio, umbertocha bhau, shevati eka piedmonties vyakti, systernachi rajkumari vitoriyashi vivahabaddha jhaala) yachya mulanpaiki konatyahi eka mulasathi konatihi shahee vadhoo shodhane katheen tharale. popshahishi asalelya tyanchya sangharshamule yaa babinna madat jhaali nahee. tarun umbertosathi anek patra catholic shahee vadhoo sahaj upalabdh navhatya.
suruvatila, umberto austriyachya archeedches mathildeshi lagn karnar hota, joou austriyan shahee gharanyachya durgam bajucha vanshaj hota; tathapi, vayachya 18 vya varshi eka apghatamule ticha mrutyu jhaala. 21 april 1868 roji, umbertone tyacha pahila chulat bhau, marjerita teresa geovanna, savoychi rajkumarishi lagn kele. tyancha ekulata eka mulga vijeta emmanuel, naplescha rajkumar hota. aadhunik itihaskarane 'eka rangheen aanee sharirikdrushtya prabhavahin, maryadit buddhicha manus' mhanoon 'umberto' chey varnan kele hote, tarr marjeritache swaroop, sanskrutik roochi aanee majboot vyaktimatva heey rajeshahichi lokpriyata vadhavanyasathi hote. umbertone anek malkinanna bajula thewale aanee tyachi aavadati malkin, duke litta viscontee-eresachi patni eugenia, ranee margeritala teela pratiksha karnari mahila mhanoon swikaranyas bhag padat asatana tyachi samanya-vidhee patni mhanoon tyachya darbarat rahat asey.
1876 madhye, jevha british pararashtra sachiv laurd salisbury yanni romla bhet dilee, tevha tyanni londonla sangitale qee raja vijeta emmanuel dusra aanee yuvraj umberto "ekmekanshi yuddhat aahet". mukut ghetalyanantar, umbaratone tyachya vadilanchya serve mitranna darbaratoon barkhast kele, tyachya vadilancha sharyatitil ghodyancha sangrah (jyachi sankhya 1,000 ghode hotee) vikala aanee vijete emmanuel dusra yanni bharaleli karje fednyasathi udhalpatti kelee. british itihaskar dennis mack smithne tippani kelee qee, sansadet madat naan magata, umbarato aaplya vadilanche karj fedanyat yashasvi jhaala heey 'haus auph savoy' chya mothya sampattiche lakshan hote. tyachya vadilanpramanech, umberto haah bauddhik kinwa kalatmak roochi nasalela eka sushikshit manus hota, kadhihi konatihi pustake vachala nahee aanee tyala lekhan heey khoop manasikdrushtya karpatra asalyache vatalyamule patra lihinyaeivaji aadnya dene pasant kele. tyala bhetalyanantar, ranee victoriane umbertoche varnan kele qee tyachya vadilanchi "kathor, achanak bolanyachi paddhat" hotee, parantu tyache "khadatar bhashan aanee shishtachar" navhate. yaulat, ranee margeritala european sahityatil serve abhijat sahityanmadhye mothya pramanat vachanyat aale, vicharvantancha eka saloon thevanyat aala aanee french hii tichi pahili bhasha asoonahi tichya patranmadhye aanee bolatana tichya sunder italian bhashesathi anekada prashansa kelee jaat asey.
rajya karato.
sinhasanavar basane aanee hatyecha pahila prayatna.
tyachya vadilanchya mrutyunantar (9 janewari 1878) sinhasanavar basalyavar, umbertone 'umberto IV' (savoycha) aivaji 'italicha umberto I' hii padvi sweekarli aanee tyachya vadilanche avashesh supargachya basilicachya shahee samadhiaivaji devmandiratil rome yethe daphan karavet, ashee sahmati darshavali. ranee marjerita aanee pantpradhan benedetto kairoli yanchyasamvet rajyachya dauyavar asatana, 17 november 1878 roji nepalsmadhye eka sanchalanadarmyan, eka arajaktavadi, jiovanni pasanantane tyachyavar khanjirne hallah keela. rajane tyachya sabarne haah fatka talhala, parantu caroley, tyacha bachav karnyachya prayatnat, mandivar gambhir jakhami jhaala. jaree kayadyane keval rajala thaar marlyasach fashichi shiksha houu dilee asali taree, sambhavya marekyala fashichi shiksha sunavanyat aalee. rajane hii shiksha aajivan dandatmak gulamgirit rupantarit kelee, jee keval unch kothadit, svachchateshivay aanee sakhalyansah dilee jaat asey. teen dashakannantar eka mansopchar sansthet pasanantcha mrutyu hoil.
pararashtra dhoran.
pararashtra dhoranat, pratham umbarato yane austriya-hangri aanee german samrajyasah tiheri yuteela manyata dilee, varanvar vienna aanee berlinla bhet dilee. matra, italine dawa kelelya bhaganvar ajunahi kabja kelelya tyanchya purvichya austriyan shatrunshi yutee karnyakade italitil anekanni shatrutvane pahile. eka majboot lashkari, umberto yanna prussian-german lashkarivad aavadat hota aanee germanychya dauyanmadhye prussian sainyacha aadhava ghene haah tyancha aavadata upkram hota aanee frankfurtchya baher maidani davpechanvar prussian husar regimentche netrutva karanyachi parvanagi midalyane tyanna khoop sanman midala. germanycha samrat wilheim dusra yane eka bhetidarmyan tyala sangitale qee tyane 'rigio acercito' laa itake balkat kele pahije qee too sansad radd karoo shakel aanee hukumshaha mhanoon italivar rajya karoo shakel. 
umbertone niyukt kelelya pantpradhananni rabavalelya dhorananvar eka mothee teeka mhanje 'mezogiorno' (dakshin itali) madhye sanghatit gunhegarichi nirantar shakti hotee, jyamadhye mafiyanche sisilivar varchasva hote aanee camorache campaniavar varchasva hote. mafiya aanee camorra heey donhi 'samantar rajye' mhanoon kaam karat hote, jyanche astitva aanee satta rommadhil salag sarkaranni sahan kelee hotee, kaaran mafiya aanee camorra heey doghehi nivadanukitil fasavanuk aanee matdaranna dhamkavanyat itake prabhavipane guntalele hote qee mafiya aanee camorra bossach nivadoon aale. sanghatit gunhegarichya pathimbyashivay 'mezogiorno' madhye nivadanuka jinkane ashakya asalyane, rajkarnyanni matansathi tyanchya gunhegari karvayanchya sahishnutechi devanghevan karnyasathi camora aanee mafiyanchya varishthanshi saude todale. mezogiorno' haah italicha sarvat magaslela pradesh hota, jithe garibi, sthalantar aanee 70 takke itka ashikshanacha darr asalyacha andaj aahe. mezogiorno" chey pratinidhi nehmich "mezogiorno" sathee adhik shalanchya virodhat matdan karatat, asha prakare dakshinekadil magasalepan aanee garibi kayam rahate kaaran mafiya aanee camorra doghehi konatyahi prakarchya samajik sudharananna virodh karat hote jyamule tyanchi satta dhokyat yeu shakate. tathapi, rajane samajik sudharananmadhye sahbhagi honyaeivaji mothya pramanat lashkari kharchala pradhanya dile aanee darvarshi, italian rajya shikshanapeksha sainyavar 10 putt jaast paise kharch karat asey. lashkari dhoranacha aakramak samarthak asalelya umbertone ekada mhatale hote qee lashkari arthsankalpatil kapat swikarane haah eka 'ghor ghotala' asel aanee aapan rajkaranhi purnapane sodoon deu shakato. lashkari arthsankalpat kapat karnyas umbartocha itka virodh qaa hota yache kiman eka kaaran mhanje tyane swatah samrat wilheim dusra yala vachan dile hote qee franceshee yuddh jhalyas itali 5 sainyadal germanyla pathvel, heey vachan jeey rajala tyachya pantpradhanansobat vatoon ghene yogya vatale nahee. 
1885 madhye eritriyatil masavachya tabyat gheuun suru jhalelya vasahatvadi vistarachya dhoranakadehi umbertocha anukulpane pathpurava karnyat aala. 1880 chya dashakat italicha somaliyamadhyehi vistar jhaala. mothya pramanavar sarvajanik virodh asoonahi, ethiopia jinkane haah italichya samasyanvaril umbertocha pasantiche upay hota aanee tyane atee-samrajyavadi pantpradhan francesco chrispy yanna pathimba deela, jyanni meey 1895 madhye sansadedvare shasson suru thevanyachya purnapane ashakyatebaddal sangitale."december 1893 madhye, banka romana ghotalyat sameel asalyamule aanee itar anek ghotalyanmule, jyanna raja swatah" "dusht" "mhanato, tyanchi" "kharab pratishtha" "asoonahi, umbarato yanni chapal pantpradhan mhanoon niyukti kelee". chrispy mothya pramanat karjat budalyamule, rajachya sallyanusar krispichya badalyat rajane guptapane tyache karj fednyas sahmati darshavali.
umberto yanni sansadela ughadpane eka 'white vinod' mhatale aanee banka romana ghotalyabaddal katheen prashnanna tond dyave lagoo naye mhanoon sansadechi punha baithak ghenyas nakar deela. chrispine keval tyachya sansadiy pratikarshaktimule aaroppatra talhale. jevha rajala ishara denyat aala qee tajasathi kurkurit asalelyasarkha konee aadhar dene dhokadayak aahe, tevha umbertone uttar dile qee "kurkurit dukkar aahe, parantu aavashyak dukkar aahe", jyala tyachya bhrashtacharanantarhi, "rashtriy hitasathi, jee ekmev gosht mahattvachi aahe", mhanoon sattet rahave lagale. rajachya pathimbyane, hukumshahi paddhatine chalavalelya, sansadene vidheyke manjur karnyaivaji rajala shahee aadesh jaaree karoon kayada manjur karnyas pradhanya dile. 25 juuna 1895 roji, pantpradhan mhanoon teey kayadyachya varr aahet kaaran tyanni "53 varshe italichi seva kelee aahe", asey mhanat, tyanni banq ghotalyachi sansadiy chaukashi karnyas nakar deela. pahilya umbertola ishanya aafriket eka vishal samrajya midvanyachi ichcha asalyacha sanshay hota, 1 march 1896 roji ethiopiatil adavachya vinashkari yuddhanantar tyachi lokpriyata kahishi qamee honyachi shakyata hotee. adavachya yuddhanantar, ethiopiashi jhalelya atyant apriy yuddhabaddal lokanchi nirasha samore aalee aanee rommadhye nidarshane suru jhaali aanee lock "rajala maran!" asey oradat hote."aanee" prajasattak dirghayushya prapt curr!". 
adva yethe parabhav hounahi, umbertone ajunahi ethiopiachya dishene samrajyavadi mahattvakanksha balgali, asey mhantah "mea jyala teey yuddhonmadi mhanatat aanee majhi vaiyaktik ichcha aahe qee minelicover hallah karoon aaplya parabhavacha badala ghein."1897 madhye, pantpradhan antonio starabba, marshes dii rudini yanni eritriya dharoon thevane khoop mahag aahe yaa karanastav belgiumla eritriya vikanyacha prayatna keela, parantu eritriya italianach rahava assa aagrah dharananya rajane tyala nakarle. rudini lashkari kharch qamee karnyacha prayatna keela, eka abhyasacha hawala dett asey darshavile qee 1861 pasoon lashkari kharch darvarshi ardhyahun adhik hota, parantu rajane punha tyala adavale. 1899 madhye, pararashtra mantri felis napolean canavaro yanni chinmadhye itar pashchatya samrajyavadi shaktinpramanech, chean sarkarne eka kinarpattiche shahar italian savalat mhanoon supurd karave, ashee magani karat, eka antim ishara dett, 'regia marina' squadran chinala pathavale. pantpradhan luigi pellox aanee tyanche sahkari cabinet mantri mhanale qee canavarone tyanna mahitee naan deta karvai kelee hotee aanee asey manale jaat hote qee canvarola chinmadhye savalat midvanyache aadesh rajach dett hota. chiinii sarkarne nakar dilyanantar, canavarone yuddhachi dhamki dilee, parantu chinashi rajnaitik sambandh todalyabaddal tyanna maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele aanee sthayik jhaale. 
1900chya unhalyat, italian sainya aath rashtranchya aaghadicha bhag hote, jyanni shahee chinmadhil mushtiyoddha bandalat bhag ghetala hota. umbertochya mrutyunantar swakshari kelelya mushtiyoddhachya niyamavalidvare, italichya rajyala tienseenmadhye savalat pradesh midala.
pavitra darshanabaddal umbertochi vrutti tadjod naan karnari hotee. 1886 chya tarat tyane romla 'asprushya' ghoshit kele aanee 'shashvat shahar' chya italian malkichya shashvatatechi pushti kelee.
gondhal.
pahilya umbaratoche rajyakal haah samajik ulthapalathicha kaal hota, jaree nantar too eka shant 'bele ikok' asalyacha dawa keela gela. done cicilly rajyanvar tulanene alikadacha kabja, samajvadi kalpanancha prasar, vividh sarkaranchya, visheshtah kripinchya vasahatvadi yojananprati sarvajanik shatrutva aanee nagri swatantryanvar asankhya dadapshahicha parinam mhanoon samajik tanav vadhala. nidarshakanmadhye tarun benito musolini, joou tevha samajvadi pakshacha sadasya hota, tyacha samavesh hota. 22 april 1897 roji, eka berojgar lokhandi kamgar, pitro acearito yane, jyane romjaval tyala chakoone bhosakanyacha prayatna keela, umberto aay varr punha hallah keela.
bava bekkaris hatyakand.
aafriketil vasahatvadi yuddhandarmyan, bhakarichya vadhatya kimmatinvar italimadhye mothya pramanavar nidarshane karnyat aalee aanee 7 meey 1898 roji, milan shaharala general fiorenzo bava bekarisne lashkari rajvatikhali aanale, jyane nidarshakanviruddha raifal-phayar aanee tofkhana karnyache aadesh dile. parinami, adhikadhyanchya mhananyanusar 82 lock marle gele, virodhi sutranni dawa keela qee mrutanchi sankhya 400 hotee aanee 2,000 jakhami jhaale. raja umbertone bava bekarisache suvyavastha purvavat jhalyabaddal abhinandan karnyasathi eka taar pathavali aanee nantar tyala lashkari suvyavasthechya mahan adhikadhyachya padakane sajavale, jyamule janmat mothya pramanat chidale.
hatya.
29 julai 1900 chya sandhyakali, italian-american arajaktavadi getano bracey yane monzamadhye umbertochi chaar vela golya ghaloon hatya kelee. meey 1898 chya dangli dadapun taktana milanmadhye thaar jhalelya lokancha suud ghyayacha asalyacha dawa bracine keela. 
9 august 1900 roji, umbertola tyache vadil vijete emmanuel dusra yanchya bajula, rommadhil devalat daphan karnyat aale. tethe daphan karnyat yenara too shevatcha buddhiman hota, kaaran tyacha mulga aanee uttaradhikari vijeta emmanuel tisra haddapar houn maran pavala aanee 2017 madhye tyache avashesh kyunojavalachya vicoforte yethe hastantarit hoiparyant tyala egyptmadhye daphan karnyat aale.
american arajaktavadi leone eff. zolgoz yanni assa dawa keela qee, september 1901 madhye rashtradhyaksh william mackinly yanna thaar marnyasathi pahili umbarato yanchi hatya hii tyanchi prerana hotee.