
italian punarujjivan shilp

italian punarujjivan shilpakala haah italian punarujjivanachya kalecha eka mahattvacha bhag hota, suruvatichya tappyat tee agraganya bajuche pratinidhitva karat hotee. shaili aanee jyaa shilpakalecha vapar keela gela tyaa donhi babatit pracheen roman shilpakaleche udaharan tyavar khoop mothya pramanat tanglele hote. chitrakalechya agadi ulat, italichya aaspas, sarvat mahattvache mhanje rommadhye, anek roman shilpe astitvat hotee aanee naveen shilpe nehmich khodali jaat hotee aanee kaljipurvak gola kelee jaat hotee. kahee mojkya pramukh vyaktinvyatirikt, visheshtah michel angelo aanee donatello, aaj italian punarujjivan chitrakalepeksha qamee prasiddha aahe, parantu tyaa velee asey navhate.
italian punarujjivan shilpkalevar uttarekade, sarvat mahattvache mhanje florenceche varchasva hote. heey visheshtah quatrocentomadhye (15 weey shatak) hote, jyanantar rome kendra mhanoon tyachya barobarine kinwa tyahoon adhik jhaale, jaree kahee shilpkar swatach tayar jhaale. dagadatil pramukh florentin shilpkaranmadhye (mrutyuchya tarkhansah, andaje kalkramanusar) orcagna (1368), naanee dii banko (1421), philippo brunelisi (1446), naanee dii bartolo (1451), lorenzo giberty (1455), donatello (1466), bernardo (1464) aanee tyacha bhau antonio roselino (1479), andrea dell verochio (1488), antonio delayo polayoolo (1498), michelangelo (1564) aanee jacopo sansovino (1570) yancha samavesh hota. itaratra lombardy pitro lombardo (1515) aanee tyachi mule geovanni antonio amadio (1522), andrea sansovino (1529), vincenzo danti (1576), leone leone (1590) aanee gambologna (1608, flandersmadhye janmalele) hyanche ciennies jacopo della quertia (1438) hote.
charchchya shilpakalene itar konatyahi strotanpeksha adhik mothe commission pradan karane suru thewale, tyanantar nagri smarke, yaa kalat shilpakalesathi itar anek mandani thalakpane disu lagalya kinwa vadhalya. dharmnirpeksh chitre purvi bahutek antyasanskar qalaa hotee aanee mothya thadgyanchi smarke lakshaniyaritya adhik vistrut jhaali. madat patalancha vapar anek sahitya aanee mandanimadhye keela jaat asey, kinwa kadhikadhi chitransarkhya portable vastoo mhanoon manale jaat asey. 15 vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun, samanyatah dharmnirpeksh vishayanche lahan kansya, adhikadhik mahattvache banale, tarr naveen prakaranmadhye, suruvatila bahutek vela ghatanaivaji lokanna sadar karnare padak aanee dhatuchya korivkamatil chhotya drushyasah plequet yancha samavesh hota.
shilpkar' haah shabd keval 15 vya shatkat vaparat aala; tyapurvi shilpkaranna dagadi koreev kaam, lakadi koreev kaam ityadi mhanoon olakhale jaat asey. "pratima" ("putala" aanee teey banavanyachi qalaa) haah aanakhi eka naveen italian shabd hota, joou madhyayugeen shabd "figura", "simulacrum" aanee "imago" hyanchi jaaga ghet hota, jyacha vapar rangavalelya pratimansathi dekhil keela jaato.
kalavadhi.
gothick vastukala aanee sarvasadharanpane gothick kalecha italimadhye maryadit pravesh hota, jeey usheera pohochale aanee visheshtah sudur uttar, venis aanee lombardiver parinam karat hote, bahutekda keval seema aanee rajdhanyanmadhye sajavatichi shaili mhanoon. shastriy parampara alpschya uttarekade jaanyaitaki kholvar rujalelya hotya, jyamule shastriy shailiche janivpurvak punarujjivan jhaale aanee tyat tivra badal jhaala nahee. tracentomadhye (14 weey shatak), shilpkaranna samanyatah gothick shailitil kinwa nasalelya imaratinvar kaam karnyas sangitale jaau shakate. kahee shilpkar tyanchya shaili kahee pramanat julavun gheu shakat hote, tarr itaranni nahee. yaa guntaguntichya paristhitimule punarujjivanachya shilpakalechi spasht prarambh tarikh dene ashakya nasale taree katheen hote.
italian punarujjivan chitrakalepramanech, shilpakala paramparikpane prarambhik punarujjivan, uchch punarujjivan, paddhatvadi aanee usheera punarujjivan kalkhandat vibhagali gelee aahe. soyiskarpane, 1400 aanee 1500 heey shailitil lakshaniy badal chinhankit karnyasathi tarakhanpramane baryapaiki changle kaam karatat, jyat 1400 chya uttaradhat ghoshit kelelya florence baptismyachya darvajansathichi rachana aanee 1499 madhye purn jhalelya michel angelochya 'pieta' aanee 1501 madhye suru jhalelya tyachya 'david' sathichi spardha heey pramukh valan hote. kadhikadhi 15 weey shatak 1450 chya aaspas (kinwa purvi) 'pahile punarujjivan' aanee 'dusare punarujjivan' madhye vibhagale jaate, kahee pramanat vasarinantar.
1520 chya sumaras paddhatshir shaili udayas yeu lagate, parantu 1527 madhye romchi luut, jyane mothya pramanat hadaravun takale aanee jeey agraganya kendra banale hote teey vikhurale, uchch punarujjivan tappyala samanyatah sweekarle jaanare shevat pradan karate; tyach varshi medicinna florencemadhun kadhoon taknyat aale, jyamule itar kalakar visthapit jhaale. jaree tyachya karyashaleche kaam tyachya shailit chaloo rahile asale, taree 1608 madhye giambolognacha mrutyu, jevha rommadhye barok shilpakala aadhich susthapit hotee, tyaa kalacha shevat mhanoon ghetale jaau shakate.
sahitya.
samanyatah, 'konatyahi darjache shilp' heey chitrakalechya samatulyapeksha adhik mahag hote aanee jevha kansyat hote tevha teey natyamay hote. andrea dell castagnone 1456 madhye rangavalelya "nikolo daa tolentinochya ashwarohi smarakachi" kimmat keval 24 florin asalyache disate, tarr anek varshanpurvi, donatellochya gatamelatachya ashwarohi kansyala 1,650 florincha "puranmatvadi andaj" vartavanyat aala aahe. cysteine chappelchya chhatavar rung rangvinyasathi michel angelola 3,000 florin dile gele, tarr gibertyne sangitale qee, eka shatkapurvi, florence baptismyasathichya tyachya pahilya darvajanchya sanchasathi 22,000 rupaye kharch aale hote, jyat kadachit eka chaturthansh bhag sahityachya kimmatiche pratinidhitva karato.
heey samajanyasarkhe aahe qee, shilpkaranni 'sarvat tikau samagri, dagad kinwa dhatumadhye sarvottam kaam tayar karnyacha' cull dakhavala; itar samgrimadhye barech jalad aanee swast kaam hote jeey bahutek kaal tikale navhate. shilpkaranni rekhachitrancha aanee nantar aavashyak asalyas lokhandi rodchya antargat sanrachanesah, matitil lahan aanee kadhikadhi purn aakarachya pratirupancha kinwa mcwetcha mothya pramanat vapar keela. parantu asha models kvachitach sodalya gelya aanee phaar qamee jann bachavale aahet. sphorza horse" sathee leonardo daa vinsicha prakalp heey eka udaharan aahe.
anek shilpkaranni anek samgrimadhye kaam kele; udaharanarth antonio dell polayolo yanni dagad, kansya, lakud aanee terrakota yanche tayar kelele kaam, tasech tempera, teel aanee bhittichitranmadhye chitrakala aanee eka mahattvapoorn koreev kaam kele. shastrastradhari aanee talvarisvaranchya sanghasathi donatelloche 'seent george' heey aursanmichel yethe sangamarvari aahe, parantu mulat tyanni kansya shirastran ghatale hote aanee talwar ghetali hotee. donatellone lakud, terrakota aanee plastermadhyehi kaam kele. visheshtah 15 vya shatkat, anek vastuvisharad prashikshanadvare shilpkar hote aanee anekanni tyanchya karkirdichya bahutansh kalat donhi mhanoon sarav keela.
dagad.
sangamarvari, sarvat mahattvache mhanje tuscanychya uttarekadil apuan aalpsmadhil shuddha pandhya 'pratima' darjache karara sangamarvari, hii sookshm shilpakalesathi sarvat lokpriy samagri hotee. anek tuscan shilpkar mothya kamansathi khaninmadhye gele, kahinni tyanna jawalchya pisa yethe purn kele, jyamule mothya thokalyanchya vahatukicha kharch vachala. lamb pallyachi vahtook sahasa naukedware, ektar samudradvare kinwa aarnovarun florenceparyant hott asey.
jaree italichya bahutek bhaganmadhye korivkam karata yenyajoga dagad hota, taree dusra sarvat aavadata dagad dekhil uttarela hota, adriaticoveril istriyapasun, aata croatiamadhye aanee anshatah sloveniamadhye. istriyan dagad haah "sangamaravarasarkha dagad aahe, joou polish kelele purnatva karnyas saksham aahe, parantu apuan pandhya sangamarvaripeksha pott aanee rangat khoop vaividhyapurn aahe". pietra serena mhanoon olakhala jaanara rakhadi tuscan valukashma pramukhyane bandhkam dagad mhanoon vaparla jaat asey, bahutekda pandhya sangamarvarichya viruddha, florence cathedralmadhye. parantu kadhikadhi tyacha vapar shilpakalesathi keela jaat asey, visheshtah lahan koreev kamanmadhye aanee imaratinvaril koreev drushyanmadhye.
dhatoo.
tevha kansya shilp heey sangamarvari shilpapeksha sumare dahapat mahag hote aanee mishradhatuchi sthapana karane kinwa tayar karane katheen hote, tasech casting haravalele menache tantra bahutek vela shilpkar aanee tyachya studiodware sadar kele jaat asey. yamadhye menane tayar kelele menn kinwa mativar menn banavane samavisht hote, jeey nantar casting darmyan nasht kele jaate; 'ghoda aanee swar' heey eka atishay durmil menache shilp aahe, kadachit eka meket jeey kadhihi cast kele gele nahee, jeey tikale aahe; itaranchi eka chhoti sankhya aahe, mukhytah lahan prathamik abhyas.
bahereel tadnyandvare kelya jaananya moolbhut castinganantar, prushthbhagachi safsafai, sparsh aanee pollishing karoon samapt karnyasathi shilpkarache barech kaam karayache hote. kahee prakarananmadhye haah tappa varshanuvarshe vistarla aanee tyat vegvegalya shilpkarancha vapar keela gela.
tyachi kimmat aanee adchan asoonahi, pliny daad elder sarkhya pracheen sahityatun dnyat asalelya shastriy ruchiche anusaran karoon aanee tevha dnyat asalelya phaar qamee pracheen udaharananche anusaran karoon, kansyala agadi lahan pramanat dekhil vishesh pratishtha labhali. madhyayugeen italichya uttaradhat, heey mukhytah bhavya cathedralchya darvajansathi vaparale jaat hote, jase qee venismadhil pisa aanee sann marco yethe, aanee suruvatichya punarujjivanachya kalat heey chaloo rahile, sarvat prasiddhapane florence baptismyat. orasanamichelasathi (1412) lorenzo gibertyche thodese purn-aakarache kansya "sant johnn daad baptist" abhootpurv hote.
kansya sonyane rangavalele asoo shakate. rajgharanyachya kinwa keval shrimant, aashraydatyanchya pratikruti padakanchya kastasathi aanee kadhikadhi placketsathi dhatuncha eka shreni vaparla jaat asey. kansya haah samanya dhatoo hota, parantu kahee sone kinwa chandimadhye, samaan kinwa uchch darjachya vyaktinna aanee kahee aaghadichya vyaktinna sadar karnyasathi takalya jaau shakatat. visheshtah sansthananmadhye, sarvat shrimant, millen, lahan cast figures aanee shaichya vihirinsarkhya shilp kelelya vastoo anekada sone aanee chandine banvilya jaat asat, parantu yapaiki jawaljawal serve kahee tyanchya sonyachya kimmatisathi kadhee naa kadhee vitalale gele aahet. 1543 madhye francechya pahilya francisasathi banavalela prasiddha goaled seleni sault seller, joou aata vienamadhye aahe, too sonyat jawaljawal ekmev jiwant aahe. aldobrandini tajhe navachya chandichya sonyachya 12 kapancha sanch 1603 purvi eka italian kutumbasathi banavala gela hota, parantu kadachit italian lokanni nahee. 1554chey ghisi dhaal heey laghupatatil chhotya drushyanche aanakhi eka udaharan aahe.
lakud.
alpschya uttarekadil lakadapeksha vegale, lakud hii eka pratishthit samagri navhati, parantu tyachya halakya vajanamule, bahudha havet kinwa charchmadhil bhintinvar tanglelya "vadhastambhavar khilalelya" aakrutyansathi tyacha vapar suru rahila, udaharanarth santa maria kadambaritil bruneleshi vadhastambh. itar apavadanmadhye venismadhil frari charchchya vedisathi donatellochya anek aakruti, tyachi 'pashchattap karnari magdallin' aanee 1410 chya sumaras tuscanymadhil francesco dii waldambrinochya kamancha samavesh hota. jevha lakud vaparale jaat asey, tevha teey sahasa chitrakar kinwa shilpkar kinwa tyachya karyashaledware rangavale jaat asey. furniture, panelling aanee itar vaparasathi lakadatil sajavatichya koreev kaam samanya hote. mothya charchmadhil gayakvrundanchya stallsmadhye anekada shilpakalecha changla satha asato; kadhikadhi yamadhye aakruti aanee kathatmak drushyancha samavesh asato. 15vya shatkachya suruvatila, siena madheel lakadi aakrutya "havbhav aanee chehnyavaril havbhavatil naveen vaktrutva" kadey valalya.
terrakota.
samanyatah naan vaparlelya modelisathi chikanmaticha vyapak vapar karnyavyatirikt, florencemadhil della robia kutumbatil teen pidhyanni tiin-chamakdar aanee chamakdar rangavalelya terrakota murtichi nirmiti karnari eka mothee karyashala chalavali, suruvatila bahutek imaratinchya bahereel bhagasathi dharmik koreev kaam, nantar khajgi chapples kinwa shayankakshansathi madonasarkhi lahan kaame. itar kalakaranni terracotache doke aanee chhatichi chitre tayar kelee. purn jhalelya smarak shilpakalechi anek kaame (namune kinwa abhyasapeksha) terrakota madhye banavali gelee hotee, bahutek rangavaleli hotee. heey bahutek dharmik hote; anek mothe gut hote jyat sahaa kinwa tyahoon adhik shoke karnare mrut khristachya bhovati 'khristachya vilap' madhye hote. heey sangamarvaripeksha khoopach swast hote aanee bolognamadhil charchsathi nikolo dell 'aarkacha sarvat prasiddha gut, dagadat karata naan aalelya udatya kapadyanche parinam sadhya karnyasathi terrakota vaparato. guido mazoni heey terakotachya mothya gatatil aanakhi eka tadnya hote.
itar sahitya.
kadhikadhi kansyasarkhe rangvinyasathi rangavalelya garancha vapar, mukhytah imarati sajavanyasathi keela jaat asey aanee karyashalanmadhye prasiddha shilpanchya lahan plaster pratikruti vikalya jaat asat, jyapaiki byavachsha tikalya naheet. kagadi-kavach aanee gond-kadak kapad yasarkhya jalad aanee swast samgrichya vistrut shrenitil tatpuratya shilpe utsav aanee vivahasarkhya utsavandarmyan sanchalanasathi sajavat mhanoon mothya pramanat tayar kelee jaat asat; 16 vya shatkat hii anekada chhapanmadhye nondavali jaatat. pope lio exchya florencemadhye vijayi praveshasathi (eka madhyayugeen aanee punarujjivan seet-peace auph pageantry) sajavat karnyasathi jacopo sansovinone tayar kelele eka madat puttle chikanmatimadhye asoonahi aanee "aakarane kadak kelele tagache" asoonahi tikoon aahe, heey serve lakadi pattyanvar basavalele aahe; heey sarvoch kalatmak gunvatteche kaam aahe. jakopo della quertia (aaa. 1438) yanni siena yetheel charchsathi 'lakud, okam aanee tooe' vaparoon ashwarohi thadge smarak banavale, jeey aashcharyakarakpane tikale nahee.
sakhar shilp haah bhavya utsavansathi tatpuratya shilpakalecha eka naveen aanee vishisht prakar hota. 15vya shatkachya madhyat europemadhye sakhar niyamitpane aayat kelee jaat asey, jevha madeira aanee cannery bete europemadhun sthayik jhaali aanee tethe sakhar pikavali jaat asey, jee mukhytah italimadhun aayat kelee jaat asey. yanantar sakharechi serve-upbhoganari aavad... jaree suruvatila teey khoop mahag asale taree teey adhik sahaj upalabdh hott asalyane teey samajatoon vahoon gele. vitaran kendranpaiki eka asalele genoa heey mishtannayukt falansathi olakhale jaau lagale, tarr venis heey pastery, mithai (mishtann) aanee sakharechya shilpanmadhye vishesh hote. tyanantar sakhar vaidyakiyadrushtya fayadeshir manali jaat asey. 
1457 madhye gaston dii foixney kelelya dauyanmadhye dilelya mejavanimadhye sakharechya shilpancha pahila tapshilvar ullekh samavisht aahe, kaaran antim ann aanale gele teey "sakharene koralele vanshparamparagat pranisangrah sinh, harane, makade... pratyekane hungarian rajache haat haat kinwa choch dharoon thewale hote (haah sann hungarian dutavasacha sanman karnyasathi hota). tyanantarchya dashakanmadhye lagnachya mejvanisarkhya itar nondavalelya bhavya mejavanimadhye ashach prakarchya mejwani samavisht hotya. 1473 madhye feraracha duke erkole ii dii 'este aanee 1491 madhye tyachi mulgi isabela dii' este yaa doghancha vivah shilpe gheuun miravnukinni paar padala. 1491 madhye 103 purushanni wagh, unicorn, busentor, kolha, landge, sinh yanna sobat nele... donger, dromedary...kille, sarasans... herculis dragonla thaar marto..."pratyek atithisathi varvar pahata sanukoolit;" "mantua, padua aanee venis yetheel shilpkaranna darbari chitrakaranchya aarakhadyanpasun teey banavanyasathi aanale gele".
mulat kahee shilpe jevanat khalle geleli disatat, parantu nantar tee keval table sajavat banatat, jyala sarvat vistrut 'triomphy' mhanatat. anek mahattvapoorn shilpkaranni teey tayar kele aahet asey olakhale jaate; kahee prakarananmadhye tyanchi prathamik rekhachitre tikoon aahet. suruvatiche tapkiri sakharemadhye hote, anshatah sachanmadhye koralele, antim sparsh koralele hote; nantar sonyache dagine kinwa rung jodale jaau shakatat. akheris, 18 vya shatkat, chiinii matichya bhandyachi moorti sakharechya shilpanche anukaran karnyacha kayamswarupi prakar mhanoon vikasit jhaali; suruvatila tee dekhil jevanachya tablajaval thewali jaat hotee.
rangeet shilp.
chitrakam, jeey aata bahutek vela teey patale jhalyanantar kadhoon takale jaate, teey lakud aanee terrakota varr nehamiche nasale taree samanya hote, parantu 15 vya shatkat dagad aanee dhatuvar aadhich asamanya hote. jevha yaa samagrivar tyacha vapar keela jaat asey tevha teey samanyatah viveki hote. leriyana banavalelya sangamarvari pratikratinpaiki kahee pratima tyanchya polychrom finishala kayam thevatat; itarankade ektar teey kadhich navhate kinwa tyanni tee kadhoon takali aahe. 1500 nantar rung fashionmadhun adhikadhik qamee hott gele; utkhananat kadhalelya shastriy shilpanmadhye teey navhate, jaree teey moolatah rangeet hote qaa haah dusra prashna aahe. keval rupane kalpana vyakt karnyasathi prushthbhagavaril aakarshane sodoon denanya' michelangelocha prabhav haah aanakhi eka ghatak hota.
settings.
church aanee kabare.
italimadhye, alpschya uttarekadil deshanchya ulat, charchmadhil shilpakala nehmich mothya pramanat imaratichya aat hotee. eka durmil italian apavad mhanje milan cathedral, jeey 1368 pasoon shekado putalyansathi mothya sankhyene jaaga aanee shikharansah bandhale gele hote, jeey bharnyasathi sampoorn kalavadhi lagla; bahutek shilpakala agadi spashtapane disanyasathi khoop unch hotee. aanakhi eka apavad mhanje jawalchya sertosa dii pavia, haah math, joou milanchya visconti dukesche rajvansh dafansthal mhanoon niyojit hota, alpschya uttarekadil asha itar sthalanche anukaran karat, 1396 madhye suru jhaala parantu eka shatkapeksha jaast kalanantar purn jhaala nahee.
florence cathedralmadhye, "porta della mandorla" chya sabhovatalachya mukhya darshani bhagavaril shilpe, jyanna naanee dii bankochya uchch ubharani timepanummadhil (1422 paryant) virgine mereechya bhovati badamachya aakarachya mandorla kinwa auriolche naav denyat aale aahe, tyancha eka klisht itihas aahe, jyat asankhya shilpkar aanee shailincha samavesh aahe. 1391 teey 1422 darmyan teen mohima jhalya, jyaa anek varshe chalalya aanee tyanantar anek badal jhaale, jyat 19 vya shatkatil shilpakalecha uchch staravar mothya pramanat vistar karnyat aala. praveshdvarajavalil sajavatichya pananmadhye nagna herculischa (dhairyachya sadgunache pratinidhitva karnara) eka lahansa uthav "suruvatichya punarujjivanachya kalat nagnatechya abhyasasathi eka mailacha dagad mhanoon byanch kalapasoon olakhala jaato"; shilpkar anishchit aahe. donatellochya pahilya sangamarvari aanee michelangelochya 'david' yaa donhi pratima moolatah cathedralchya chhatavaril reshesathi hotya, parantu pahilya cathedralla yogya prakare pahane khoop lahan asalyache lakshat aale, mhanoon nantarcha aakar motha hota, parantu heey tyaa sthanasathi khoop judd mhanoon purn jhalyavar olakhale gele aanee piazza della signoriamadhye donatellomadhe sameel jhaale.
charchchya aat, shrimantanchi thadgyanchi smarke adhikadhik mothee hott gelee, suruvatila mrutanchya putalyabhovati mothya parantu byanpaiki uthal chaukati hotya, jase florencemadhil antipope johnn xxiiii chya thadgyat hote, nantar 16 vya shatkat kadhikadhi shilpanchya khoop mothya gatanmadhye vistar jhaala, jyachi parakashtha 1505 teey 1545 darmyan kaam kelelya pope julius II chya michelangelochya thadgyat jhaali, parantu keval anshatah sakar jhaali. naveen sant pieterchya basilicamadhye popchya mothya kabarinni bharr padnyas suruvat jhaali, joou cull keval pudhil barok kalat vadhala. venis, santee jiovanni aii paolomadhye venismadhye 25 kutryanchya kabari aahet aanee florence prajasattakat santa cross church "akheris eka florentin prakarche westminster math banale", jyat pramukh vyaktinsathi mothya kabari aahet, jyat michelangelo aanee galileo yancha samavesh aahe, jyaa mothya pramanat sarkari kharchane banvilya gelya aahet.
suruvatila kabarinvaril mrutanchya aakruti nehamichya (parantu aparivartaniy nahee) paramparik namunyanusar, dolhe bund karoon padalelya 'recombent putalyache' anusaran karat hotya, parantu 15 vya shatkachya akheris tyaa jiwant asalyache darshavile jaau lagale. popanchya babatit, pahili pope nirdosh VIII (aaa. 1492), jethe antonio dell polaioloche khalee eka tirkas putale aanee varr aashirvad mhanoon haat unchavaleli eka basaleli aakruti asey donhi hote. seent pieter yethe halavalyanantar aata heey smarak asech disate, parantu mulat hii sthitee ulatali hotee. konatyahi aakruticha samavesh karnyasathi pudhil pope julius dusra yachee michel angelochi kabar hotee, jee tyachya aayushyat 1505 madhye suru jhaali. yaat pope tyachya bajula padala hota aanee tyache doke varr kele hote. pope lio exchya thadgyatoon (aaa. 1521) tyanantar, jevha konatihi aakruti samavisht kelee jaat asey tevha basalelya aakruti nehamichya hott gelya.
nagri abhiman.
sarvajanik thikani prasiddha shilpakaleche samooh thevun shaharanna tyanchi pratishtha vadhavayachi hotee aanee heey sadhya karnyasathi teey anekada mothya pramanat kharch karnyas tayar asat. sarvat ullekhaneey mhanje nihsanshaypane florencechya madhyabhagi, prajasattak sarkarchya palazzo vechio yaa aasanasamor asalelya piazza della signoriyamadhil asambandhit putalyancha samooh hota. loggia dei lanzi haah "piazza" varr eka khula arcade aahe, jyane utkrusht putalyancha sangrah tayar keela, mukhytah 16 vya shatkat, jevha benvenuto selene "medusachya dokyavar perseus" aanee giambolognane "sabin mahilanvar balatkar" yaa gatat sameel jhaale.
aursanmichel hii shilpakalechi aanakhi eka florentin nagri pradarshani hotee, jee eka imarat hotee jee sanghanchya malkichi hotee aanee vividh karanansathi vaparali jaat hotee. 1360 chya dashakat kalya mrutyuchya samaptisathi prayshah eka dharmik arpan mhanoon, orkagnadware aateel bhagala eka mothe nivassthan denyat aale hote. talmajla mulat khula hota aanee vyapari sabhagruh aanee baithakiche thikan mhanoon vaparla jaat hota, parantu 1380 paryant bahereel bhittistambhanmadhil jaaga bhinti bandhalya gelya hotya aanee talmajla haah sanghanche church hota (ajunahi varr karyalaye aahet, aata heey mool putalyansah sangrahalay aahe). pratyek sanghachi bhittifalkavar moorti thevanyachi yojana aadhich hotee, parantu toparyant fakt ekach kelee gelee hotee. yaa shatkachya akheris yaa yojaneche punarujjivan karnyat aale aanee aadhunik kalat pratindware badalalya jaiparyant astitvat asalelya putalyanpaiki sarvat june 1399, mhanje sarvat alikadache 1601 heey aahe. parantu 1411 teey 1429 darmyan tethe halchalincha sphot jhaala. eka vyast rastyavar asalelya thikananchi unchi, pravashanchya unchipasoon kahee footanvar hotee. haah vilamb sanghanchya vistaramule jhaala hota, parantu parinami tyaa kalatil aaghadichya shilpkaranchya kamanchi malika tayar jhaali aahe, jyat florentin shailicha vikas aanee visheshtah 1430 purvichya varshanmadhye tyateel cross-pravah utkrushtapane pradarshit kele gele aahet. bahutek moorti pratyek sanghatil snrakshak santanchya aahet. yethe 14 putale kinwa gut aahet, done donatellodware, done gibertydware aanee verochiodvare 'khrist aanee seent thomas' (purn see. 1480). gibertycha 'sant johnn baptist' (1412) haah kansyapadkatil sahaa paiki sarvat juna hota, joou ajunahi aantarrashtriy gothick shailit aahe.
karanje.
jyaa sarvajanik karanjetoon bahusankhya loksankhya gharguti vaparasathi paanee ghet asey, teey sthanik prashasanacha eka mahattvacha bhag hote, jyavar shahar sarkarancha nyayniwada keela jaat asey. mukhya chaurasanmadhye asalelyanna anek lokanna ekach velee paanee odhanyachi parvanagi dyavi lagat hotee; 16 vya shatkachya uttaradhaparyant ufalananya vimananchi apeksha navhati, parantu changlya panyacha satat puravatha karane sope hote. kahee mothya suruvatichya karanjyanmadhye, jase perujiyatil proto-renacence fontana magioar, nikolo pisano aanee itaranni (mukhytah 1270 chey dashak) aanee sienamadhil fonte gaiya, jakopo della quertia (1419, aata pratikrutinni badalalelya utkirnan) yanni, madat patalanni gundallele hote.
punarujjivanachya uttaradhatil udaharananmadhye nepchyunche karanje, gambolognache bologna (1566) aanee nepchyunche karanje, florence (bartolomeo ammanati aanee itar, 1574 madhye purn jhalele) yancha samavesh hoto. heey barok karanjyanchi vaat pahat aahet; pratyekavar devachi eka mothee moorti aahe. toparyant sarvat shrimant khajgi baganchya karanjyanna jawaljawal titakich udhalpattichi shilpakala dilee jaat hotee. aata londonmadhye asalele gambolognache 'samson slaying aaa philistine' heey medisi bagechya karanjyasathi tayar karnyat aale hote.
chitre.
shilpe keleli chitre bahutek kabarsthananpurati maryadit hotee, parantu tyaa kalat tee vividh aakar aanee samgrimadhye udayas aalee. italian lokanna roman vruttichi jaaniv jhaali qee swatacha sarvajanik putala asane heey jawaljawal pratishtha aanee pratishtheche sarvoch chinh aahe aanee asha moorti, pradhanyane stambhavar basavalelya, aadarsh shaharanchya chitranmadhye varanvar disatat, pratyakshat tyanni kadhihi kelyapeksha barech jaast vela. samkalin vyaktinchya ubhya asalelya pratikrutichya moorti yaa kalachya shevataparyant italimadhye khoop durmil hotya (eka apavad mhanje messina, 1572 madheel 'johnn auph austriya'), parantu spanish habsbergche darbari kalakar, leone leone aanee tyacha mulga pompeo yanni tyanchyasathi kansyat anek moorti banavalya.
ghodeswariche putale.
shasak aanee senapatinsathi rakheev asaleli pratishthechi antim abhivyakti, eka purn aakarachi ghodeswari moorti hotee; roman udaharane rommadhil "marcus aureliuschya ghodeswari putalyat" aanee pavhiyamadhil rejisolmadhye (aata nasht) tikoon rahili. veronamadhil scaliger kabarinmadhye sangamaravarat kadak gothick purvavarti hote aanee milanmadhil bonino daa campion (1363) dware banavalelya bernabo wiscontipacky eka hote. utsavansathi anek tatpuratya vastoo banavanyat aalya hotya, parantu punarujjivanachya kalat kansyat phaar qamee. florence cathedralmadhil bhittichitrat rangavalelya done kalpanik putalyandvare yaa swarupache aakarshan darshavile jaateh surr johnn hockwoodsathi (paolo yusello, 1436), nikolo daa tolentinosathi (andrea dell castagno 1456) tyachya pudhe aahe.
bhittichitranchya anukarananpramanech, pahile done vastavik kansya heey condotier kinwa bhadotri senapatinche hote, donatello (1453) yanni paduamadhil gatamelatachi ashwarohi moorti aanee 1480 chya dashakat andrea dell verochione suru keleli bartolomeo kolonichi ashwarohi moorti, parantu tyachya mrutyunantar dusyadvare purn jhaali. yaa kalavadhichya agadi shevati, vaidyakiyanni swatahla tuscanyche grand duke banavale aanee prajasattak bhavna puresha pramanat qamee jhaali asey manale gele, tyanantar gambolognane tyanchyasathi done kele, piazza della signoria varr cosimo aay dii medisi (1598) aanee 1608 paryant ferdinand aay.
punarujjivanachya apoorn prakalpanpaiki eka mhanje leonardo daa vinsicha "sphorza horse", joou milanche duke, tyacha mulga ludovico ill moro, hyasathi francesco aay sphorzache eka purn-aakarache ashwarohi chitra hote, jeey moolatah sangopan karnyacha hetu hote, parantu jevha heey khoop mahatvakankshi tharale, tevha "chalanyachya chaal" saha yojana aakhali. jyaveli coloney smarkasathi ghoda tayar keela jaat hota, tyaveli leonardone andrea dell verochiochya karyashalet prashikshan ghetale hote. tyala 1489 madhye haah prakalp sopavanyat aala hota aanee 1492-93 chya hivalyaparyant tyane eka purn-stariy chikanmatiche model purn kele hote, jeey milan cathedralmadhye bianca maria sphorza aanee pavitra roman samrat maximilian pahila yanchya lagnasathi mothya kautukasathi pradarshit karnyat aale hote. tyane kadachit sanche kinwa tyache kahee bhag banavale asateel, parantu 1494 chya uttaradhat ludovicone tharavale qee tyaeivaji too tofansathi putalyasathi gola kelelya mothya pramanat kansya aavashyak aahe, tyaa varshi suru jhalelya pahilya italian yuddhane ghetalelya valanala pahata. 1499 madhye jevha frenchanni shevati milanvar kabja keela, tevha french dhanurdhari tyacha lakshya mhanoon vapar karat asatana chikanmatichya pratikrutiche mothya pramanat nuksan jhaale. keval anek rekhachitre aanee anishchit lekhakache kahee lahan menache namune tikoon aahet.
khandyachya khandyala thosa.
khandyankhali kapoon takalele eka prakarche pratimachitra samore aale, varvar pahata kutumbachya tulanene khajgi settingsmadhye thevanyasathi "palazzo". yacha prabhav kahee madhyayugeen avashesh aanee tatpuratya antyasanskarachya putalyanchya aakaravar aanee kadachit roman 'vindo' madat thadgyachya chhayachitranvar padala asava, jase qee 1lya shatkatil ii. dii. madheel publius ideus aanee idea, hii mukt purush aanee vyapari vargasathi vaparali jaanari 'sthanik' shaili. tyane chitrakalechya udayonmukh swarupasarkhech drushya dakhavale, parantu aakarman aanee tri-aayamanmadhye. donatellone 1420 chya dashakat kansya santansathihi heey swaroop vaparale. sangamarvarimadhil sarvat june taranyogya pratikruti udaharan mhanje 1453 saalee piero dii cosimo dii medisichya mino daa physolne banavalela eka putala, joou 'kathor aanee tanavpurn aahe, jyachi apeksha aapan ekhadya tarun shilpkarakadun karoo shakato jyala kahitari aparichit karnyas sangitale gele hote', visheshtah florence prajasattakachya 'vastavik' shaskasathi. vasari mhanatat qee haah putala palazzo medisimadhil pierochya kholyanchya daravar thevanyat aala hota, jeey ajunahi nirmanadhin hote. tethe tyachi patni lucrezia tornabooniche julanare chitra hote, jee aata haravali aahe kinwa sapadaleli nahee.
minone ashach prakarche anek pratima tayar kele aanee antonio roselino aanee benedetto daa mayano yansarkhya kalakaranni heey roop sweekarle, nantarchya kalakarane kadachit menamadhye 'jeevan mukhavata' sanche ghetale. suruvatichya vishayanmadhye doctor aanee aushadhopachar, tasech uchchabhru varg yancha samavesh hota. eka prakaranat, banker philippo strozy daad elder (jyane palazzo strozichi rachana karnyasathi benedetola niyukt kele hote), terrakota model aanee adhik aadarsh sangamarvari moorti donhi tikoon aahet.
benedetto yanni heey swaroop purnapane polychromed terrakota madhye dekhil vaparale, jeey rajkarani nikolo daa uzano (aaa. 1431), bahudha maranottar, mrutyu mukhavata vaparoon banavala gela. yamule teey khoop lavkar hoil. pudhchya shatkat, kadachit tyachya mrutyunantarhi, rangavalele terrakota pratima laurenzo dii medisipasoon banavanyat aalya hotya. rajkiy vidhan mhanoon too junya paddhaticha aanee madhyamvargiy 'capuchio' shirastran paridhan kartana dakhavanyat aala aahe.
pitro torrigianone englandchya heinry VIII chaa eka putala banavala, joou bahudha mrutyu mukhavata ghaloon maranottar keela gela asel aanee englandmadhil vastavyadarmyan too kinwa mazoni haah anandi mulanpaiki eka bhavee heinry VIII manla jaato. francesco laurana, aanakhi eka vyapak pravas karnara shilpkar, yacha janm venesian dalmetiyamadhye jhaala hota, parantu tyachya karkirditil kahee anishchit kalkhandansah tyane bahutek vela naples, cicilly aanee dakshin francemadhye kaam kele. 1470 chya dashakat, tyanchya karkirdichya tulanene usheera, tyanni sangamaravarat, kahee polychromes, agadi samaan disana aanee kahee pramanat aadarsh mahilanchya khandyachya busts tayar karnyas suruvat kelee.
uchch punarujjivanaparyant khandyachya sapat-talachya putalyachi pasanti qamee jhaali hotee aanee talvyavar basalelya shastriy shailichya golakar talvyanna pradhanya denyat aale hote, jase qee rahile aahe.
padake.
kahee dashakanpurvichya kahee udaharanansah, punarjagaran pratikruti padak prabhavipane pisanello yanni shodhale hote. italichya sabhovatalachya darbaransathi eka agraganya chitrakar, heey tyachya shilpakaleche ekmev tukade asalyache disate. sarvat june kadachit tyache byzantine samrat johnn VIII paleologusche padak aahe, jyane 1438 madhye italila bhet dilee tevha pisanelone pahile. kansya, duheri bajuchya aanee tyaa palikade, heey lakshaniy vadhalelya nanyasarkhe aahe aanee eka parampara seet kelee aahe jyache anusaran samanyatah rectoche chitra aanee versover eka vegale drushya hote.
shabdachinhasah, versover vishayache 'impressa' kinwa vaiyaktik prateek asane hii nehmichi gosht jhaali. keval rajyakartyansathich navhe, tarr punarjagaran manavtavadi asalyacha dhong karananya konasathihi heey aavashyak jhaale hote, heey gut padake midvanyachi shakyata jaast hotee. basoon basananyachya olakhibaddal janivpurvak vidvattapoorn vidhan' mhanoon, praptakartyane vichar karnyasathi aadarshavakya adhikadhik amoort kodee banale. padake lahan aavrutyanmadhye tayar kelee jaat hotee aanee kadhikadhi bhinn darjachya praptakartyansathi bhinn dhatuncha vapar keela jaat asey (varr pahaa). teey udayonmukh jidnyasunchya mantrimandalasathi utsukatene gola kele gele aanee aashray midvu ichchinanya vicharvantansathi jahiratincha eka upayukt prakar banale. pisanelokade eka sahakanyane swatah tayar kelele padak hote aanee nantar padak vijete anekada swa-chhayachitransaha padake dett asat.
padakanchya modelingchya uchch gunavattemule nanyanchya kalatmak gunavattecha, visheshtah sarvat pratishthit sonyachya vastooncha star vadhala. madhyayugeen italimadhye (englandchya ulat) shasakache chitra samavisht karane nehamiche navhate, parantu punarujjivan kalat rajgharanyatil rajvatinchi pratima samanya jhaali, jyamule shahee roman shailiche punarujjivan jhaale. kalakar sahasa dhwanimudrit kele jaat naheet, parantu bahudha teey vegale kele gele asateel; benvenuto seleneechya aatmacharitrat tyanni florenceche duke alessandro dii medisi yanchyasathi tayar kelelya eka aatmacharitracha ullekh aahe, jeey olakhanyayogya aahe.
bahutek vela vyaktinaivaji ghatananche smaran karnari padake yaa kalavadhichya akheris aalee, parantu 1478 madhye vaidyakeey adhikadhyanviruddhachya pazzy katkarsthanyachya apayshasathi eka lagech tayar karnyat aalee; "tyachi varnanatmak samagri abhootpurv aahe". donhi bajoo aarshatil pratimanchya jawal aahet, done medisi bandhunche doke, paloon gelelya laurenzo aanee hatya jhalelya giuliano. teey cathedralchya gayakvrund patalavar varr chadhatat, jithe samoohik prathanechya velee marekyanni hallah keela.
lahan shilp.
madhyayugat kansya putale atishay durmil hote, aksharshah rajgharanyapurate maryadit hote, parantu sumare 1450 pasoon shrimant sangrahakanchya bajarpethet teey adhikadhik lokpriy jhaale. dharmnirpeksh lokanche sangrahak bahutek purush hote aanee vishay purushanchya aavadi pratibimbit karatat. ghode atyant lokpriy hote, jaltaranpatu, pauranik aakrutya kinwa murtaroop dekhil samanya hote; 16 vya shatkat donhi linganmadhye nagnata adhik samanya jhaali. visheshtah 16 vya shatkat, yaa kamansathiche vishay bahudha shilpkarane mothya shilpakalechya bahusankhyanpramane tayar karnyaivaji vikrisathi tayar karnyasathi nivadle hote. matra, bajarachi chav vicharat ghetali gelee asavi.
anek mothya rachananchya qamee aavrutya hotya. jevha sarvottam "kadhikadhi sangeet aikoon yenanya asha anaichhik prakarchya saundaryatmak uttejan detat", tevha sangrahak aanee tyanche mitra haat dharoon aanee haat valavoon tyanche kautuk karnyacha tyancha hetu hota, johnn shearman mhanatat, gambolognachya chhotya aakrutyambaddal bolat. aata bahutek sangrahalayanmadhye aahet asha prakarchi prashansa kvachitach shakya aahe aanee 'chav ulatoon' yaa 'sarvoch krutrim' vastoo mothya pramanat lokpriy jhalya naheet.
placketwaryl vishayahi bahudha kalakaranchi nivad hotee. jaree teey khoop lahan asale taree tyanni asha prakarchya guntaguntichya bahu-aakruti krutee rachananna parvanagi dilee jyanchi kamitakami aavashyakta hotee aanee jyaa kalakaranni usheera-roman shavpeti pahili hotee teey tyakade aakarshit jhaale hote. moorti aanee plackwait donhi samanyatah anek pratinchya lahan aavrutyanmadhye tayar kele jaat asat aanee kahee plackwait eka maliket tayar kele jaat asat, jyat katheche vegvegale bhag dakhavale jaat asat. anekancha aakar talwar aanee itar vastunsathi mount mhanoon vaparla jaau lagla hota aanee kahinni tyanchya rachana chhapyanmadhun udhar ghetalya hotya. kahee pramukh kalakaranni kinwa tyanchya karyashalanni plackets banavale, parantu anek kalakar mothya shilpakalet sahbhagi jhalele disat naheet.
yaa shailinmadhye, mothya shilpakalepramane florenceche varchasva navhate aanee sumare 1500 chya sumaras padua heey sarvat mothe kendra hote, jithe donatellochya kalapasoon kansya-castingchi majboot parampara hotee. pramukh paduan kalakaranmadhye donatellocha vidyarthi bartolomio belano aanee tyacha vidyarthi andrea richio yancha samavesh hota. antico' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya pier jacopo alari bonacolcy, mantuamadhye aadharit hotee, jee gonzaga kutumbasathi bahutek vela sonyachya rangane rangavalelya thalak vaishishtyansah bahutek mohak abhijat aakruti tayar karat hotee.
koralele ratna, katheen dagadi koreev kamacha eka lahan prakar, julius seasures pracheen roman lokansathi gola karnyasathi eka lokpriy vastoo hotee aanee anek pracheen udaharane lothearchya crossarkhya madhyayugeen ratnanchya vastunmadhye samavisht kelee gelee hotee. visheshtah, jemma augustia sarkhya shahee chitranchya camiochi prachand pratishtha hotee aanee punarujjivanachya abhijat vargala yaa swarupat tyanchi swatachi pratima havee hotee. kahee pattyanchi, visheshtah medisi sangrahatil, puratan koreev ratnanchi, kinwa tyapasoonahi, nakkal kelee jaate.
16 vya shatkat venesian shilpkaranni, anekada samruddha sajavatichya aakrutyancha samavesh asalelya, palakanchya rajwade aanee vhilansathi, "kansyat bhavya aakarachya gharguti vastooncha eka prakar vikasit keela". yamadhye menbattya, darvaja thothavanare aanee andiron yancha samavesh hota. andrea richio aanee nantar girolamo campagnachya karyashala yaa bhagat pramukh hotya, parantu anek vastunche nirmate aspasht aahet.
karyashala.
bahutek shilpkaranni byanpaiki lahan karyashalanmadhye (bottega) prashikshan dile aanee kaam kele, jyat bahutekda kutumbatil itar sadasyancha samavesh hota aanee teey gurunchya nivassthanachya talmajalyavar hote. mothya aayoganna anekada vegvegalya karyashalanmadhye sahkarya aanee kamachya thikani vistarit kalavadhisathi pravas karane aavashyak asate. 15 vya shatkatil sarvat mothee byanpaiki sthir karyashala bahudha gibertychi hotee, parantu donatellokade mothya sankhyene sahayyak hote, tyapaiki barech alp kalavadhisathi hote. 15 vya shatkachya uttaradhat, 'yaa tukadyachya amalbajavanisathi tasech rachnesathi jababdar asalelya ekaki ekal guruchi aakruti, jase aapan michelangelocha vichar karato, udbhavali nahee. anek mahattvapoorn shilpkaranni tyanchya karkirdit vegvegalya shaharanmadhye kaam kele; visheshtah rome aanee venis yanni tyanchya bahutek shilpkaranchi, kadhikadhi rome ekach kalakrutisathi aayat kelee.
shilpakalesathi paise denyacha eka samanya marg mhanje kaam jasjase pudhe jaat gele tastashi vishisht rakkam dene, parantu antim moolyankan "nihswarth truteey pakshanvar, samanyatah swatah kalakaranvar, jyanna karagirichya gunavattevar uchchar karnyas sangitale gele hote" aanee antim moolya shodhane. kahee katheen prasang asoonahi, heey "katekorpane kaam karnyasathi eka shaktishali protsahan" hote.
1472 madhye florencemadhye dagad korivkamasathi 54 karyashala aanee 44 sone aanee chandiche shilpkar hote, donhi 30 chitrakaranchya karyashalanpeksha jaast. shaharat kasaipeksha lakadavar koreev kaam karnare lock jaast hote. parantu heey shahar asamanya hote, kadachit italimadhye sarvadhik sandrata asalele, tevha keval venisashi spardha karnare; yaulat, naples aanee dakshinekadil italimadhye sarvasadharanpane thode kalakar hote. castell nuovo aanee porta capuanache vijayi praveshdwar yasarkhe nepalsmadhil mothe prakalp uttarekadil kalakaranni kinwa tyacha mool spain, 1442 teey 1458 paryant naplescha raja, aragoncha alphonso vhee yachya netrutvakhali tayar kele aanee amalat aanale.
anek shilpkaranni vastuvisharad mhanoonahi kaam kele, tevha too spashtapane paribhashit kelela vyavasay kinwa chitrakar navhata aanee suvarnakaranchi parshvabhoomi asalelyanni anekada tyaa vyavasayachya itar bhagancha pathpurava karane, dagine banavane aanee banker mhanoon kaam karane suru thewale. shilpkar, kalakaranchya kutumbatil nasale taree, anek, samanyatah madhyamvargiy shahari parshvabhoomitun aale hote. shikau umedvar honyasathi, visheshtah eka suvarnakar mhanoon, sahasa paise dene kinwa kautumbik jodani aavashyak asat. shilpakala haah 'dhoolyukt, ghanerada aanee sharirikdrushtya thakavanara' asalyamule shilpakala haah chitrakalepeksha qamee sabhya vyavasay manananyanpaiki eka hota. pann aarthikdrushtya teey kadachit samanyatah adhik fayadeshir hote. andrea pisanone kelelya korivkamat dakhavalyapramane, shilpkar basala asatana, kadachit tyaa tukadyanvar tirkas sthiteet aadhar deela jaat asey. too vaparat asalelya chhalivyatirikt, eka dishabhul, kavayati aanee eka pustak dakhavale jaate aanee too jyaa tukadyavar kaam karat aahe too shastriy shailitil nagna putala aahe.
mahila shilpkar.
chitrakaranchya tulanet, jaree anek mahila shilpkar durmilpane lupt hott aahet, jaree bahudha anek naan nondavalele asale, visheshtah menache modeller. boloniyatil propresia dii 'rossie (see. 1490-1530), 'punarujjivan italichi sangamarvari shilpkar asaleli ekmev mahila', stree mhanoon vilakshan manali jaat asey aanee tyanna 'vasari' chya jeevanat charitra midale. mahila kalakaransathi asamanyapane, notarichi mulgi mhanoon teela kalemadhye konatihi spasht kautumbik parshvabhoomi navhati. tee falanchya dagadanvar sarav karoon swatah shikali gelee hotee asey mhatale jaate, parantu nantar tine sangamarvari shilpakalechi vyavsayik karkird suru kelee. mantua yetheel dyna scultory (1547-1612) hii 'tichya chhapyanvar swakshari karnari solavya shatkatil ekmev mahila koreev kaam karnari' mhanoon olakhali jaate, parantu tine tichya vadilankade prashikshan ghetale, jeey eka mudrankar aanee shilpkar hote aanee tine shilpakalet kaam kele asave.
sangh.
bahutek shaharanmadhye shilpkaranna jyaa mandalanmadhye sameel hone aavashyak hote, teey anekada vaparlelya samgridvare vibhagale jaat asat, jyaa prakare kadhikadhi kalechya vikasat adthala nirman hott asey. jaree terrakota madhye anekada gildcha abhav asala, taree dagad koreev kaam karnare, suvarnakar, itar dhatunche kamgar aanee lakud koreev kaam karnare anekada vegvegalya gildche asat. francemadhye sangh visheshtah majboot aanee rajkiyadrushtya shaktishali hote, tarr rome, venis aanee lahan shaharanmadhye teey bahutek kamkuvat hote. yaa kalat tyancha prabhav lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaala. florencemadhye, dagad aanee lakadachya koreev kaam karnanyanni arte dei mastry dii pitra aii legnem ("dagad aanee lakadatil masterscha sangh", "arty mediane" kinwa madhyam darjachya gildpacky eka) samayik kele aanee akheris 16 vya shatkat chitrakaranna tyanchya compagnia dii sann lukamadhye sameel honyachi parvanagi denyat aalee, jee 1572 paryant gildaivaji katekorpane eka confraternity hotee. florentin dhatoo kamgar 'arte della seta', resheem shaktishali gildcha bhag hote, jeey 'arty magagajori' kinwa 'mejar gilled' paiki eka hote. jaree shaktishali asale taree, florencemadhil sangh itar shaharanmadhil "paradeshi" kalakaranchya anek lahan shaharanpeksha adhik swikararh hote, kadachit anek florentine masters swatah itaratra kaam karat asalyamule.
snrakshak.
kiman 15vya shatkachya uttaradhaparyant, florenceche sangh dekhil khoop mahatvache aashraydate hote, bahutekda charchmadhil naveen kamasathi paise dett asat, jase qee florence baptistache darvaje aanee cathedralche "porta della mandorla" (donhisathi khalee pahaa). khajgi commission dekhil anekada gilled sadasyansathi hote; sarvat shrimant gilled, banker ("") madhye anek medisi aanee strozzy yancha samavesh hota. bankeransathi, dharmik aanee nagri sansthanna udar yogdan deuun vaparache paap maaf karane haah eka atirikt hetu hota.
italichya anek rajeshahi sansthananmadhye shasak mukhya aashraydata hota aanee tyanni anekada swatache gaurav karnyasathi mothya pramanat kharch kelah milan, rimini, ferrara, arbino hii udaharane aahet, parantu 1531 madhye teey tuscanyche grand duke banalyanantar aanee tyanchya naveen darjala chalana denyachi ichcha jhalyanantar konihi medicishi julat navhate. 1376 madhye pope evinonchya bandivasatun paratalyanantar, popchya sanrakshanacha eka vishisht star nehmich hota, jarr fakt kabarinsathi asel, parantu heey vaiyaktik popchya babatit (rajkumaranchya babatitahi hote) lakshaniyaritya bhinn hote. spanish borgia kutumbatil done jann vagalata (shilpakaleche konatehi mothe aashraydata naheet), 1431 teey 1503 paryantche pope uttar italian kutumbatoon aale hote aanee tyanna samkalin shilpakalechi savay hotee yaat shanka nahee. 1450chya julai mahinyat rommadhye shahari nutanikaranacha karyakram suru jhaala, jyamadhye churchche adyayavat karane kinwa punarsthapana karane, tyanchya shilpasah, "biyane-khaata mhanoon jyabhovati shaharachya sampoorn bhagachi punarbandhani vikasit houu shakate".
pope julius dusra, lio ex aanee clement VII yanchya kalat 16 vya shatkat tyanchya rajwade aanee kabarinsathi pope shilpakalet prachand vaadh jhaali, tyateel shevatche done medisis hote. prati-sudharana vikasit hott asatana popcha aashray adhik badaloo lagla. cardinals heey bahutek vela rommadhye aanee tyachya aaspas bhavya aashraydate asat.
punarujjivanachya kalat abhijat vargatil qamee sadasyanchi chav aanee khise, abhijat vargatil, palak aanee shrimant banker aanee navintam shailinmadhil kaleche vyapari vikasit jhaale aanee samajik staravar aanakhi vistarle. 1500 chya sumaras, khandyachya busts (khalee pahaa) kadhikadhi "mrutyu mukhavatachya kastapasoon tayar keleli terracotapasun banavaleli swast smarke hotee, jee bholee chhati aanee khandyanvar adhik chadhati aakarman jodat asat".
shailicha vikas.
1400 paryant.
visheshtah 15 vya shatkat, golakar shilpakalechya ulat, shilpakaleche praman nantarchya tulanet barech mothe hote. tyamule aadhunik prekshak tulanene yaa swarupasathi naan vaparlele aahet aanee tyanchyakade durlaksh karnyas pravrutt aahet. 1506 madhye romchya madhyabhagi 'laokon gut' khodalya jaiparyant, dnyat roman shilpanmadhil sarvat natyamay aanee ethletic poses heey divangat roman shavpetivaril gardiche koreev kaam hote, tarr dnyat putale jawaljawal serve pratishthit parantu sthir ubhe asalele chhayachitra hote.
nikola pisano (sakriy ii. sha. 1240 teey 1278) haah irvin panofsky jyala 'abhijat proto-punarjagaran' mhanato tyacha agraganya shilpkar hota. tyachya pramukh kamanmadhye, visheshtah pisa (dinank 1260) yetheel baptismyachya mothya unch garavar aanee siena cathedralvaryl koreev kamancha sanch hota. tyancha mulga jiovanni pisanosah tyanchi eka mothee karyashala hotee aanee perujia yetheel mothya karanjyavaril (1277-1278) anek shilpe bahudha nikolane tayar kelee hotee, parantu bahutek tyanni koreev kelee hotee. tyachya mothya patalanvar gardichi drushye disatat, kahivela ekach rachneteel drushye ekatra karatat, udaharanarth pisa baptismyatil 'ghoshana' aanee 'khristache janm'; yaa kalatil bahutek chitranmadhye vegvegalya dabyanmadhye done drushye dakhavali gelee asatee. pavitra roman samrat fredrick dusra yane rajya kele aanee bahutek tethe rahat asatana, kaleteel roman punarujjivanas protsahan dett asatana, italichya sudur dakshinekadil tyachya mool apulia yetheel pisanoche tarunya gele. pracheen roman sarkofagichya abhyasacha pisanovar spashtapane prabhav aahe.
nikolacha mulga jiovanni pisano yane 1280 chya dashakat tyachya vadilanchi karyashala ghetali aanee too tyachya vadilanpeksha gothick shailila adhik swikaranara hota. pudhil shatkat gothick aanee shastriy prabhav anek mothya kamanmadhye ekatra aadhalale, kadhikadhi vadat. 1380 chya dashkaparyant, italichya anek bhaganmadhye eka jordar chalval udayala yet hotee, jyane pudhil shatkatil shailinsathi paya rachala. parantu 1390 chya dashakat aantarrashtriy gothick shailit 'gothick laharichya tuscanymadhye apojichi suruvat jhaali'; arte della laana kinwa lokar vinakaranchya gildware prayojit florence cathedralche mothe 'porta della mandorla', jyat anek shilpkaranni yogdan dile, heey jatil chitra darshavate.
1400 pasoon.
florence baptismyache darvaje.
1400-1401 chya hivalyat aart dii kalimala kinwa kapad vyapadhyanchya sanghane jaheer kele qee florence baptismyachya purv bajus (aata uttar bajula halavanyat aale aahe) kansya darvajanchya naveen jodisathi rachana karnyasathi spardha hoil, jyasathi teey paise dett hote. cathedralchya shilpkalevar hott asaleli pragati haah velecha eka ghatak asoo shakato, jyacha kharch pratispardhi sanghakadun keela jaat hota. spardha hone asamanya hote, parantu aayog atyant pramukh hota. anek anuprayoganmadhun, saat shilpkaranchi nivad karnyat aalee, serve turalak parantu serve florentin naheet. pratyek darvajavar done stambhanmadhye saat ranga asalelya kansyatil 28 lakshanik patalanche vaishishtyapurn swaroop darvaje asavet. shortlist kelelya lokanna puravalya gelelya quatrefoil framemadhe madat patalasathi models pradan karnyas sanganyat aale hote, jeey andrea pisanodware (1329 pasoon suru) vidyaman dakshin darvajanshi julatat. isakcha tyag' haah vishay hota (pratyakshat kadhihi vaparla gela nahee, kaaran keval naveen karar vishay dakhavanyasathi karyakram badalanyat aala hota). 34, 000 bahutansh kalakaranchi eka panchmandali hotee. atishay anpekshitpane, vijeta laurenzo giberty ghoshit karnyat aala, tevha too fakt 22 varshancha hota.
giberty aanee upavijeta philipo bruneleshi yanchya chachanitil done upaskruti, tyanchya 20 chya dashakachya suruvatichya kalatahi tikoon aahet. juriela tyanchyamadhye nirnay ghene khoop katheen vatale aanee tyanni doghannahi sahkarya karnyacha prastav deela, parantu bruneleshi yanni nakar deela aanee yaa parabhavanantar teey adhikadhik vastukalekade valale. haah nirnay tivra hota aanee haah vaad anek varshe white bhavna nirman karat rahila. donhi rachnanmadhye navintam florentin shaili, pracheen shilpakala aanee uttar aantarrashtriy gothickchi jagrukta pratibimbit jhaali; nivad konatyahi prakare naveen aanee junya shailinmadhye navhati. gibertychya aakrutya bhupradeshachya parshvabhoomishi adhik prabhavipane ektrit kelya aahet.
gibertymadhye bruneleshichya 'kathor, sthir arth' peksha 'manahsthiti khoop saumya aahe'. gibertyche isaq heey eka aadarsh nagna hote, jyat "naan samajanyajogya vinashala tond detana sparsh karnyayogya mook aanee mulansarkhya shauryachi soochana" hotee, jyache varnan "pahili khyan arthane punarujjivan nagna aakruti; tyat nisargvad aanee abhijatvad mishrit aahet aanee manushya kaay asoo shakato yachya naveen drushtikonatun udattikrut kele aahet".
gibertila eka payabharani sthapan karavi lagali aanee tyachya karyashalecha vistar karava lagla, jyat donatello, michelojo, paolo usello aanee masolino yanchyasah sumare 25 lokanchi sankhya aalee. 1424 paryant pahile darvaje tangle gele navhate aanee pudhchya varshi sanghane tyachyakadun aanakhi eka sanch, tathakathit 'swargatil darvaje' (michelangelochya tippaninantar) suru kele. yaveli spardha navhati, parantu kaam suru honyapurvi kahee varshanche antar hote; serve mukhya casting 1436 madhye jhaale asey disate, parantu teey 1452 paryant purn jhaale navhate. yaveli pratyek darvajavar fakt daha, mothe, mukhya puttle, paach unch aahet. teey chauras aahet aanee anshatah sonyane rangavalelyaivaji purnapane aahet. aakruti mothya naheet, parantu teey pratyaksh drushye kinwa shaharanchya drushyanmadhye mandanyat aale aahet. prekshakanchi najar sarvat mahattvachya ghatkanvar kendrit karnyasathi vividh staranvaril aaramdayi upayancha kushalpane vapar keela jaato.
dandharm.
15 vya shatkatil sarvat prabhavshali vaiyaktik kalakar donatello yanna sumare 1408 madhye, mukhytah sangamaravarat, lakshaniy commission miloo lagale aanee 1411 paryant tyanche 'sant chinh' aursanmichelsathi niyukt karnyat aale. pudhil ardhashatkaparyant too italitil sarvat mahattvacha aanee shodhak shilpkar hota, jyane punarujjivan shailila paripakvata midvoon dilee. tyanche kaam nehmich vividh prakarchya vegvegalya manahsthitinmadhye, bhavaneche atyant abhivyaktishil hote aanee tyanchya shevatchya varshanmadhye heey anekada adhik tivra valan ghete.
tyane atyant uthal aanee najuk koreev kamachi shaili vikasit kelee, jyala steasiato mhanatat, tarr aavhanatmak pahilya kansya ashvarohanasaha (varr pahaa) putalyanmadhye dekhil utkrusht kamgiri kelee. tyacha dusra, kansya, 'david' haah tyaa kalatil sarvat prasiddha shilpanpaiki eka aahe aanee punarjagaranatil pahila muktapane ubha asalela nagna putala aahe. baybalmadhil rakshas-marekari david heey fulanche prateek hote aanee verochioche kansya heey 1470 chya dashkatil aanakhi eka vaidyakeey karya hote, tyanantar pudhchya shatkachya suruvatila michelangelocha prasiddha sangamarvari putala hota.
donatellone rommadhye, tyachya tarunyat philipo bruneleshisobat aanee nantar tyachya tatkalin jodidar michelojosobat 1430-33 madhye vistarit kalavadhi ghalavala; doghehi aata architect mhanoon adhik olakhale jaatat. yamule tyanchi shastriy shailichi samaj adhik drudh jhaali. 1443 madhye tyane tyachya ghodeswarisathi (varr pahaa), paduvasathi florence sodale aanee tethe kansya-casting parampara sthapan kelee. too daha varshe door hota, jyaa darmyan tyachi kathor antim shaili vikasit houu lagali.
shatkachya madhyat.
sumare 1430 teey 1480 chya dashakat giberty, donatello aanee itaranni sthapit kelelya shailichya vaiyaktik badalanmadhye kaam karnare lakshaniy shilpkar hote. charles every yanni 'gibertychi' god-shaili 'aanee donatellochi kroor abhivyaktivad' yaa madhya shatkatil done bhinn shilp paddhati mhanoon varnan kele aahe, v heey lakshat gheuun qee verochio yaa doghanche mishran karnyas saksham hota.
florence cathedralmadhil (1431-38) mulanche shilpe asaleli gayan gallery kinwa 'cantoria' heey luka della robiache pahile dastaivajikaran kelele kaam aahe. donatello romahoon paratalyanantar tyala julanari eka (1433-40) karanyachi jababdari denyat aalee. robberta olsonchya matey, "lukachya paripoorn god, parishkrut aakruti eka aadarsh manahsthiti nirman karatat, tarr donatellochi muktapane abhivyakti karnari putti rebald asate. teey apramanik devadute aahet... yaulat, lukachya sanyamit aakruti... khyan mulanchi chitre asoo shakatat. pracheen kalabaddalche tyache sanket gupt aahet tarr donatelloche sanket ughad aahet.
1443 teey 1453 paryant paduamadhye donatello anupasthit asalyane, pudhil 25 varshe florentin shilpkalevar 'god shaili' chey varchasva hote, jyat june luka della robia, bernardo aanee antonio roselino heey bandhu nantar andrea dell verochio yanchyasamvet pramukh vyakti mhanoon sameel jhaale.
aadhich namood kelelya vyatirikt, deciderio daa setignano (aaa. 1464 madhye, tyachya tisachya dashakachya madhyat) heey qamee dnyat aahe, kaaran too khoop lahan vayat maran pavala aanee tyachya anek krutee tulanene lahan dharmik koreev kaam aahet, jyaa "swadisht" aanee "atyant sookshmata" dware chinhankit kelya aahet. tyane mulanchi anek chitrehi kadhali. eka vidyarthi kadachit sangamarvari madonacha adnyat guru hota, joou pudhchya pidhimadhye tyachya shailit chaloo rahila.
riminimadhil tempio maletestianochi rachana tyaa kalatil aaghadiche qalaa siddhantkar leone battista alberty yanni, popane sarvajanikaritya narkat pathavaleli ekmev jiwant vyakti honyapurvi (1460 madhye), pope sainyacha senapati asalelya sigismondo maletestasathi kelee hotee.
teey niyojit kelyapramane kadhihi purn jhaale nahee, parantu sthapatyakalechya drushtine atyant mahattvache aahe, tasech 1449 paryant, jevha pahile shilp jodale gele, tevha aateel bhagat 'konatyahi punarujjivan imaratichi sarvat shrimant shilpakala sajavat' aahe. anek prushthbhaganvar ubhya kinwa aadvya pattyanmadhye, shilpachya aateel aanee bahereel donhi bajunna, agadi qamee aakarat aahe. haah vishay kadhikadhi navinyapurn hota, aata 'khelanari mule', 'grah' aanee 'qalaa aanee vidnyan' yaa navanni olakhalya jaananya prathanasthalanna koreev kamanchya vishayanmadhun sambodhale jaate. mukhya karyashala jababdar hotee tee agostino dii dasiochi; dusaryane kadachit mattio dii 'pastyche kaam samayik kele asave.
1490 chya dashkatil sankat.
15vya shatkachya akheris shilpakalet, visheshtah florencemadhye kahitari sankat aale. sumare 1485 nantar, mothya dalaliche paramparik srot korade padat hote. shilpakala prakalp lahan jhaale, bahutekda ektya vyaktindvare, sarvat mahattvache mhanje vaidyakiyanni dile.
1494 madhye frenchanni italivar kelelya aakramanane itali asthir jhaala aanee 1559 paryant spanish aanee austriyan habsbergney deshavar varchasva gajavana yuddhanchi malika suru kelee. 1494 madhye medicinna florencemadhun hakaloon denyat aale, nantar parat yenyasathi aanee 1499 madhye milancha duke ludovico dekhil padala. anek kalakar ladhai talhanyasathi pudhe gele, jyat michelangelocha samavesh hota, jyane boloniamadhye eka varsh ghalavale. leonardocha 'sphorza horse' haah yaa varshant sodoon denyat aalelya mothya prakalpanpaiki keval eka hota. duke auph nemores (dii. 1512) jevha frenchanna milanmadhun hakaloon denyat aale tevha agostino bustila sodoon denyat aale. purn jhalelya aakruti aanee kahee koreev kaam milanmadhye aahet, aanee itar koreev kaam turinmadhye aahet, jyat londonmadhye bahutek bhaganchya rachana aanee castche rekhachitra aahe.
16 weey shatak.
michel angelo.
1490 chya dashakat michel angelocha eka apavadatmak pratibha mhanoon uday jhaala, jyachi parakashtha 1498 madhye suru jhalelya tyachya 'pieta' madhye jhaali. pudhchya shatkachya suruvatila tyane tyache 'david' suru kele. yamule 'michelangelo' chee pratishtha prasthapit jhaali... sampoorn italimadhye aanee agadi pudhehi, 'aanee teey tyache sarvat prasiddha shilp aahe. yanantar, mothya kamanchya shilpkaranna michelangelochya aakrutyanchya prachand shaktila pratisad dyava lagla. 1504 madhye michel angelola 'casinachya ladhaisathi' (kadhihi purn naan jhalelya) prachand chitrakala aayoganpaiki pahile midale, jeey tyala tyachya karkirdichya bahutansh kalasathi shilpakalepasun door gheuun jaanar hote aanee anek shilp prakalp apoorn thevanar hote. parantu haah eka janivpurvak kelela pradhanyakram hota, assa 'chukicha siddhant' asel tarr too eka samanya aahe; tyaeivaji too tyachya paripoornatavadamule, sahayyakanna sopavanyas nakar dilyane aanee tyachya shaktishali aashraydatyanchya anek magnyancha samna karnyat asamarthatemule jhaala hota. boloniyasathi pope julius dusra yanchi eka mothee kansya moorti dekhil 1511 madhye shaharane nasht kelee.
itar shilpkaranpramanech, serve bajunchya aakrutichya khadbadit parimananparyant sahayyakala nenyaeivaji, suruvatila thokalachya keval eka bajula korivkam karane heey michelangeloche putale korivkam karnyache adviteey tantra hote. jasjasa too pudhe sarkat gela aanee bajuchi drushye disu lagali, tasatase too chaukatichya bajunna koreev kaam karoo lagla. yaa tantrane tyala adyap pohochalelya serve bhaganchya "rupareshanchya aanee agadi sthananchya satat badal aanee punaravruttisathi" sandhee dilee. parantu tyasathi sampoorn korivkam prakriyet tyache purn laksh aavashyak hote aanee polishingsarkhya antim tappyanvyatirikt sahayyakancha vapar karane prabhavipane nakarle. tyachya anek apoorn shilpe heey tantra darshavtat, parantu tantrane tyachyavar ghatalelya atee magani dekhil darshavtat.
1505 madhye popane michelangelola pahilyanda 'pope julius dusarachi kabar' tayar karnyas sangitale aanee sangamarvari nivad karnyababat anek mahine ghetale. parantu 1508 teey 1512 yaa kalat tyala cysteine chappelchya chhatavar chitra kadhanyas pravrutt karnyat aale. mulat thadgyache niyojan anek aakrutinsah muktapane ubhe asalelya pyramidal rachana mhanoon kele gele hote, parantu 1513 madhye popchya mrutyunantar, too bhintila bhidato asey nirdisht karnara eka naveen karar karnyat aala. 1545 paryant kaam "asthirpane" chaloo rahile, jevha "mool yojanecha joou dayaneey tukada aamchyakade aahe", jyamadhye "moses" aanee tyachyadvare itar done putale hote, teey vinkolimadhil sann pietromadhye sthapit kele gele, kaaran seent pieter heey eka bandhkam sthal hote. itar bhag itaratra aahet, sarvat apoorn. tarun purush nagna 'vijay', jyala tyane florencemadhil tyachya studiomadhye sodale hote, too valanara 'figuera sarpentinata' hota, tethil tarun shilpkaranvar khoop prabhav padat hota. yaulat, tyachya chaar 'apoorn gulamanna', jeey aata lauvarmadhye aahet, 'tyanna aata jyaa atishayoktichya aadarane thewale jaat aahe, tyaa aadarane vagavale jaat navhate', parantu tyanna bobolichya baganmadhil gachchimadhye thevanyat aale.
1520 madhye pahilyanda niyojit kelelya tyachya medisi prathanagruhacha kahisa asach itihas hota, parantu akheris (1545 madhye tribolone) jeey sthapit kele gele teey eka adhik samadhankarak samooh banavate, jeey "jagatil shilpakalechya sarvat prasiddha sankulanpaiki eka aahe".
shailivadi aanee usheera punarjagaran shilp.
basarichya matey, thode mothe michel angelo aanee thode lahan seleni yaa doghanshi asalelya shatrutvamule vede jhalelya bassio bandinelli yanna, moolatah michel angelola niyukt kelelya sangamarvari rangachya eka tukadicha vapar karoon, piazza della signoriyatil "herculus aanee cacus" sathee atishay rajkiy aayog denyat aala hota. tyaa velee aanee tyanantar michel angeloche anukaran karnyacha ayashasvi prayatna mhanoon yakade pahile gele aahe; selene nayakachya sharirache varnan "kharbujanchya botit" sarkhe kele aanee shatrutvapurna shlokanchya lekhakanna turungat takale. tathapi, rommadhye michel angelochya anupasthitit, vaidyakeey adhikari tyachya pathishi adakale aanee kaame purn karanyachi kharab nond asoonahi (michel angelopramane) tyala anek dashake florencemadhye bahutek pramukh commission midale.
michelangelo aanee paddhatvadachya prabhavanmadhye samet ghadavun aananyacha prayatna karananya florentin shilpkaranmadhye nikolo tribolo aanee tyacha shishya pierino daa vincy (leonardocha putanya) yancha samavesh hota. tribolochi karkird shaharachya panipurvatha aanee itar abhiyantriki kamanchya vyavasthapanakade valali aanee nantarchya kalat tyanchi kahee sarvottam kaame mhanje medisi gardansasathiche karanje. pierino atyant pratibhavan hota, parantu vayachya 24 vya varshi maran pavala. tasech putalyansah, tyane eka atishay prabhavi paddhatshir madat shaili vikasit kelee, jee selinipasoon door hotee aanee jyamadhye tyache konatehi uttaradhikari navhate.
benvenuto selene florencemadhye suvarnakar mhanoon prashikshan ghetale aanee jaree sangamarvari koreev kaam khoop changle shikale asale taree bahutek dhatumadhye kaam kele. tyachya aatmacharitramule (jeey fakt 18 vya shatkat sapadale hote) aamhala tyaa kalatil itar konatyahi shilpkarapeksha tyachyabaddal adhik mahitee aahe. tyachi nihsanshay utkrusht krutee mhanje 'medusachya dokyavar asalela perseus', 1545-1554, kadachit nehmich loggia dei lanzimadhil tyachya sadhyachya pramukh sthanasathi aahe. tyat "mohak, sahajatene samtol aahe joou paddhatshir kaleche vaishishtya hota".
bartolomeo ammanati haah eka pratibhavan shilpkar hota, jyache sarvottam pratinidhitva tyachya sarvat pramukh kamadvare kele jaat navhate, nepchyoonchya karanjechi madhyavarti vyakti, florence, jithe tyane eka spardhenantar, bandinelline suru kelela block swikarla. nantarchya aayushyat, prati-sudharananchya prabhavakhali, tyanni sarvajanik shilpakaletil nagnateviruddha valale aanee kaam thambavale. nepchyoon' spardhetahi sahbhagi jhalelya vincenzo dantila, too florencemadhye giambolognashi spardha karoo shakat nasalyache aadhalun aale aanee too shahar vastuvisharad aanee naveen akadamimadhye pradhyapak mhanoon tyachya mool perugiyat paratala.
florentin jacopo sansovino suruvatila eka shilpkar hota. too rommadhye kaam karat hota, parantu 1528 madhye botit bharr padlyanantar too venisla nighun gela, jithe too rahila. tethil kalatil sarvat mahattvacha vastuvisharad mhanoon tyachi pramukhyane aathvan kadhali jaate aanee tyachya imaratinvaril shilpakalepaiki kitee tyane swatah kelee heey spasht nahee. tyane alessandro vittoriya yachyabarobar kaam kele, jyala venesian shilpkaranpaiki sarvat mahattvacha shilpkar manale jaate. tyachya agadi gambhir pratikrutiche pratikruti vinatian chavila sajese aahet.
gambologna.
flanders (aata francemadhye) yetheel duai yetheel gharee jeane dii bologne mhanoon olakhalya jaananya gambolognane italila gelelya sthanik shilpkarakade prashikshan ghetale. vayachya 21 vya varshi tyane rommadhye done varshe ghalavali aanee 1557 madhye uttarela paratatana florencemadhye eka aashraydata sapadala, jyane tyachi darbarat olakh karoon dilee. 1560 madhye florence nepchyoon spardhesathi tyacha pravesh yashasvi jhaala nahee, parantu bahudha bolonya yetheel adhikaanyaanee tyala nepchyooncha zara, bolonya karnyasathi aamantrit kele. 1566 madhye purn jhalele heey tyache aataparyantche sarvat mothe commission hote. 1565 madhye, vaidyakeey vivahachya tatpuratya sajavatisathi tyala boloniahoon thodya kalasathi parat bolavale gele. tyane 'florence vijaying over pisa' chey geso (plaster) madhye eka purn aakarache pratirup tayar kele, jeey lagnat pradarshit karnyat aale hote. sangamarvari aavrutti nantar, kadachit eka sahayyakane kelee hotee. yaa karyamule 'krutee gatamadhye done vyaktinchya ektrikaranachya samasye' madheel tyachya ruchichi olakh hote, jee nantarchya kalatahi anek kaame suru aahet.
jasjashi tyachi karkird vikasit hott gelee, tasatase too eka mothya karyashalecha eka saksham vyavasthapak aanee commissioncha eka karyaksham vyavasthapak mhanoon siddha jhaala, jyamule tyache mothe utpadan, mukhytah kansyapadakat houu shakale. tyanni nehmich 'modelli' madhoon kaam kele, jyachi tyanchi karyashala anekada vegvegalya aakaranmadhye punaravrutti karat asey. tyachya sangamarvari 'rape auph daad sabine' (1579-85, kaam sampalyanantar tyane swikarlele shirshak, eka mitrachya soochanevarun) madhye tyachya mohak valananya aakrutyancha parakashtha aahe, jeey tyachya purvichya 'paaraa' pramanech konatyahi konatoon titkech samadhankarakpane pahile jaau shakate, eka payavar santulit (chaar aavrutya aahet).
tyachya anek mothya moorti mulat bagansathi hotya, bahutekda karanjyacha kendrabindu mhanoon. vishal 'appenine colosus' (1580 chey dashak) villa dii pratolinochya baganmadhye aahe, jee shilpakala, grotose aanee autometa yanni bharaleli eka abhijat paddhatshir baag aahe, jyat abhyagatanvar paanee sachavun thevana bagancha samavesh aahe. anshatah khadakachya prushthbhagavar koralele, teey sangrahalayat halvinyasathi khoop mothe aahe, mhanoon teey tyaa jaagich rahate. itar kalakaranni, bomarzo rakshas, mukhytah aashcharyakarakpane koralelya khadakache naisargik avashesh aanee tivoli yetheel villa dii 'estechi udyane, lazio heey itar shailibaddha baag shilpakaleche pradarshan aahet, jeey urvarit villa dii pratolinopeksha barech changle jatan kele gele aahet.
paradeshat italian.
yaa kalavadhichya akheris punarutpadak mudran udhyogane sampoorn europemadhye italian kalakrutinchya mudrit pratima vitarit kelya; puratan vastoo aanee chitre heey sarvat lokpriy vishay hote, parantu anek punarujjivan shilpe nakkal kelee gelee. parantu 1530 chya aadhi italian kalakaranchya kinwa paradeshat kaam kelelya kalakrutinchya kinwa italila yenanya paradeshi abhyagatanchya sharirik halchalinmule italian punarujjivan kaleshi paradeshi lokancha sampark hota. anek paradeshi kalakar, visheshtah netherlandschya kalakaranni, sahasa tyanchya karkirdichya suruvatilach, italila vistarit bhetee dilya aanee tyanni shikalelya goshti tyanchya mool deshat parat gheuun gele. udaharanarth, gambolognache shikshak jacks du brouk yanni italimadhye sumare paach varshe ghalavali aanee ekada antwerpmadhye italian shaili sweekarli asey manale jaate. 1550 nantar europecha barachsa bhag habsbergchya akhtyarit aalyane, kalakar kinwa tyanchi rekhachitre, chhap aanee pattya, europbhar rachana pasarvat, itali haah nehmicha mool bindu asalyane, 'sajavatichya shailiche eka ullekhaneey aantarrashtriyatva' nirman jhaale.
italian lokanni paradeshat kaam kelelya kalkhandacha anekada bhet dilelya deshachya bhavishyatil shilpkalevar nirnayak parinam jhaala, jyamule sthanik kalakaranna aadarsh upalabdh jhaale; visheshtah francemadhye asey ghadale. 1494 madhye suru jhaleli italian yuddhe italisathi eka aapatti asali taree tyancha parinam europewer italian sanskrutik varchasvamadhye jhaala... jyane italichya rajkiy aanee lashkari adhinatesathi kalatmakaritya bharpai dilee. yaa kalachya akheris, italian kaleteel swarsyamule, visheshtah florence, venis aanee romasathi paryatan aadhich aarthikdrushtya mahattvapoorn hott hote.
padake aanee lahan kansya yasarkhya vahoon nenyajogya vastoo urvarit europemadhye pohochalya aanee tyanni sthanik anukarananna prerit kele. yaa kalachya shevati, gambolognache lahan kansya aanee tyachi karyashala (aanee tyache anukaran karnare) haah mothya pramanat niryatisathicha eka lahansa udyog hota. 16 vya shatkachya uttaradhatil aaghadiche shilpkar mhanoon swatah giambologna yanna paradeshi darbarat kaam karnyasathi anek aamantrane midali, jee vaidyakeey grand dukes tyanna swikaru denar naheet. pramukh kalakar kadhikadhi paradeshi aamantrane swikaranyas savadh asat, visheshtah habsbergmadhun, kaaran tyanna punha jaanyasathi sahasa shasakachi sammati aavashyak asate.
italichya baher kaam karnare torigiano aanee lariana yanche vistarit kalavadhi varr namood kele gele aahet. itar sthalantaritanpramanech, paradeshat asatana tyanni mukhytah nyayalayin mandalansathi pragat abhiruchisah kaam kele. tudor darbaratil kalakar bahutek netherlandmadhil hote, jaree pahile ingraji padak vijeta steven vanne harviksarkhe kahinni italimadhye kaam kele hote. kahee italian shilpkaranmadhye torigiano aanee bahudha terrakota tadnya guido mazoni yancha samavesh hota, jyanni 1495 nantar kahee varshe francemadhye ghalavali. ingraji sudharanannantar jawaljawal serve chhayachitrakar abhyagat hote, parantu englandchya merrie pahilyachya karkirdit habsbergche padak vijeta aanee dagine vyapari jakopo daa trezo yanni bhet dilee.
fontainblochi pahili shaala hii chitrakaranchya netrutvakhalil italian lokancha eka gut hota, jyala raja francois pahila yane francemadhye yenyasathi francela aamantrit kele hote, jithe tyanni 1530 chya dashakat jangalat aabhasi kalakaranchi vasahat tayar karoon vishal naveen shaito dii fontainablo sajavanyas suruvat kelee. kenneth clarkchya matey, anekada unch, patal, nagna mahilanche, tyanchya mothya sankhyene, stakkomadhil mohak shailitil koreev kaam, french uttarekadil shailivar atyant prabhavshali hote; kahee gatane tayar kelelya koreev kamanmadhye dakhavanyat aale hote.
benevnuto selene francemadhye 1540-45 kharch kele, jithe tyane tyache sonyache meeth (varr pahaa) aanee eka motha kansya koreev padarth 'nymph auph fontainblo' (1542, aata lauvar) tayar keela, joou 'french shaili' mhanoon olakhala jaat hota. too bahudha fontainblo stucosecha prabhav hota.
domenico fancelline (1469-1519) spanish rajgharane aanee mahattvachya mendoja kutumbasathi anek thadgyanchya putalyanchi nirmiti kelee, parantu kararamadhye kaam kele, "tyache kaam sthapit karnyasathi aanee naveen kararanvar swakshari karnyasathi" spenla thodya kalasathi bhet dilee. ashach prakare, habsbergsathi shahee pudina chalvanyasathi niyukt jhalyanantar leone leone milanmadhye rahila, parantu tyacha mulga pompeo spenla gela, jithe tyane tyachya vadilanchi mothee kaame purn kelee aanee sthapit kelee aanee swatachi nirmiti kelee.
andreya sansovinone 1491 teey 1501 paryantcha barachsa kaal portugalcha raja manuel pahila yachyakade kaam karnyat ghalavala. jacopo caraglio, jyane bahudha suvarnakar mhanoon prashikshan ghetale hote, too rosso fiorentino aanee itaranchya rachana karnyasathi roman paddhativadachya suruvatila eka mahattvapoorn koreev hota. 1527 madhye botit adkalyanantar rommadhun paloon gelelya anek kalakaranpaiki eka aanee kahee varshe venismadhye rahilyanantar, too 1539 paryant polish darbarat hota, jithe tyane aapali urvarit karkird darbari suvarnakar mhanoon ghalavali, jyat korivkam kelelya ratnanchi camio chitre aanee rajgharanyachi modelling padake yancha samavesh hota. jiovanni maria moskahi polandmadhye sthayik jhaali. gregario dii lorenzo navachya aspasht florentin shilpkarane 15 vya shatkachya uttaradhat darbarasathi kaam karnyasathi hangerila pravas keela. raja mathius corvinus (aar. 1464-1490) laa verochione lorenzo dii 'medicine rajnaitik bhet mhanoon done releaf pathavale hote. jiovanni dalmata dekhil 1481 madhye raja mathiyassathi kaam karayala gelee.