aakadevaricha gairavapar

aakadevari, jevha dishabhul naan paddhatine vaparali jaate, tevha aakasmik nirikshakala deta jeey dakhavato tyapeksha itar kashavar taree vishvas thevanyas pravrutt karoo shakate. mhanjech, jevha sankhyikeey yuktivad khote asalyacha dawa karato tevha sankhyikicha gairavapar hoto. kahee prakarananmadhye, gairavapar haah apghati asoo shakato. itaranmadhye, teey uddeshpurn aanee gunhegaranchya fayadhyasathi aahe. jevha tyat samavisht asalele sankhyikeey kaaran chukiche kinwa chukiche vaparale jaate, tevha heey sankhyikeey bhranti tharate.
mahitichya shodhasathi khotee aakadevaricha sapala khoopach hanikarak tharoo shakato. udaharanarth, vaidyakeey vidnyanat, khote durust karnyasathi anek dashake lagoo shakatat aanee tyamule jeev gamvave lagoo shakatat.
gairavapar sahajpane houu shakato. vyavsayik shastradnya, agadi ganitshastradnya aanee vyavsayik sankhyikishastradnya, jaree teey sarvkahi tapasanyasathi savadh asale tarihi kahee sopya paddhatinni dekhil moorkh banavoo shakatat. sambhavyata siddhantachya dnyanacha abhav aanee tyanchya chachanyanchya pramanikaranatil abhavamule shastradnya aakadevaridvare swatahla moorkh banavtat.
vyakhya, maryada aanee sandarbh.
eka upayukt vyakhya ashee aaheh "aakadevaricha gairavaparh sankhyancha asha prakare vapar karane qee-ektar hetune kinwa adnyan kinwa nishkaljipanadware-nishkarsh anyaykarak kinwa chukiche aahet."sankhyanmadhye" itaratra charcha kelelya dishabhul naan chitrancha samavesh aahe. sankhyiki granthanmadhye hii sandnya samanyatah aadhalat nahee aanee konatihi adhikrut vyakhya dnyat nahee. heey aakadevarisah khote bolanyache samanyikaran aahe jyache 60 varshanpurvichya sankhyikishastradnyanch udaharananni samruddhapane varnan kele hote.
yaa vyakhyemadhye kahee samasya aahet (kahee samasyanche nirakaran strotadvare kele jaate):
"aakadevarishi kase julavun ghyave" heey manya karate qee aakadevari "kayadesheerpane" anek rupe gheu shakate. aakadevarivarun asey disun yete qee ekhade utpadan "halake aanee kifayatshir" aahe qee "najuk aanee swast" yavar kitihi sankhya asso, vaad houu shakato. naitik netrutvasathi (udaharanarth) sankhyikeey achookatechya paryayanvar kahijan aakshep ghetat. durupyogasathi dosh dene anekada katheen asate kaaran shastradnya, sarvekshankarte, sankhyikishastradnya aanee patrakar heey anekada karmchari kinwa sallagar asatat.
eka kapati gairavapar (?) aakadevariche kaam shrote/nirikshak/prekshak/nyayadhish purn karatat. puravathadar sankhya kinwa chitra (kinwa chhayachitranpurvi/nantar) mhanoon "aakadevari" pradan karato, jyamule grahakala (kadachit anyaykarak kinwa chukiche) nishkarsh kadhanyachi parvanagi milate. sarvajanik sankhyiki saksharatechi kharab sthitee aanee manvi antardnyanache sankhyikeey nasalele swaroop spashtapane chukiche nishkarsh naan kadhata dishabhul karnyas anumati dete. sankhyikichya grahakachya jababdarivar hii vyakhya kamkuvat aahe.
eka itihaskarane samanyikaran aanee karanasah dazanbhar shreninmadhye 100 hoon adhik bhramanchi yadee kelee. kahee gairsamaj heey spashtapane kinwa sambhavyapane sankhyikeey aahet jyat namune, sankhyikeey murkhapana, sankhyikeey sambhavyata, chukiche bahya prakshepan, chukiche antarveshan aanee kapati samanyikaran yancha samavesh aahe. lagoo sambhavyatechya serve tantrik/ganiteey samasya sankhyikeey sambhavyatechya ekach soochibaddha bhramanmadhye basatil. anek bhrantya sankhyikeey vishleshanasah jodalya jaau shakatat, jyamule nirdosh sankhyikeey vishleshanatun khota nishkarsh nighanyachi shakyata nirman hote.
sankhyikicha vapar heey vaidyakeey sanshodhanachya vishleshanamadhye kele jaate. yaa prakriyet prayogik niyojan, prayogache sanchalan, mahitee vishleshan, tarkik nishkarsh kadhane aanee sadarikaran/ahwal yancha samavesh hoto. yaa ahavalacha saransh lokpriy prasarmadhyame aanee jahiratdarankadun deela jaato. aakadevaricha gairavapar prakriyechya konatyahi tappyatil samasyanmule houu shakato. vaidnyanik ahavalavar aadarshpane ladaleli sankhyikeey manke lokpriy prasarmadhyame aanee jahiratdaranvar ladalelya manakanpeksha khoop vegali aahet; tathapi, vidnyanachya veshat jahiratinchi prakarane astitvat aahet. sankhyiki ahavalanchya aavashyak paripurnatevar sankhyikichya gairavaparachi vyakhya kamkuvat aahe. vruttapatre kiman ahwal kelelya aakadevaricha srot taree puravatat asey mutt vyakt kele jaate.
sadhee karane.
aakadevaricha anek vela gairavapar hoto kaaran
gairavaparache prakar.
pratikool nirikshane sodoon dene.
tatasth (nirupayogi) utpadanacha prachar karnyasathi companyla fakt 95 takke aatmavishvas patali asalele 40 abhyas shodhane kinwa aayojit karane aavashyak aahe. jarr utpadan kharokharach nirupayogi asel tarr heey utpadan fayadeshir asalyache darshavinara sarasari eka abhyas tayar karel, eka abhyas too hanikarak asalyache darshavito aanee athatis anirnayak abhyas (38 mhanje 40 paiki 95 takke). heey tantra jitke adhik abhyas upalabdh hotil titke adhik prabhavi hoil. jeey sanstha teey karat asalela pratyek abhyas prakashit karat naheet, udaharanarth tambakhu kampanya dhoomrapan aanee karkarog yanchyatil sambandh nakartat, dhoomrapanvirodhi samarthan gut aanee dhoomrapan aanee vividh aajaranmadhil sambandh siddha karnyacha prayatna karnari prasarmadhyame kinwa chamatkarik golya vikrete, heey tantra vaparanyachi shakyata aahe.
ronald fisherne tyachya prasiddha mahila chahachya udaharan prayogat (tyachya 1935 chya pustakatil, 'prayoganchi rachana') yaa samasyecha vichar keela. varanvar durdhvanivarun prayogambaddal teey mhanale, "heey spashtapane bekaydeshir asel aanee jarr serve ayashasvi parinam khatyat aanale gele naheet tarr tyacha aadhar aaplya gananetoon hiravoon gheil."
yaa sankalpaneshi sambandhit aanakhi eka sandnya mhanje cherry picking.
mahattvachya vaishishtyankade durlaksh karane.
bahuvidh deta sanchanmadhye done kinwa adhik vaishishtye/parimane asatat. jarr yapaiki farach qamee vaishishtye vishleshanasathi nivadali gelee (udaharanarth, jarr fakt eka vaishishtya nivadle gele aanee ekadhik resheey pratigaman aivaji sadhe resheey pratigaman kele gele), tarr parinam dishabhul karnare asoo shakatat. yamule vishleshkala khalilpramane konatyahi vividh kinwa kahee (serve nahee) prakarananmadhye chukichya karananmule asurakshitata yete.
bharalele prashna.
sarvekshananchi uttare anekada prashnache shabdalekhan asha prakare karoon hatalali jaau shakatat qee pratisadkartyakadun vishisht uttarachya dishene prasar houu shakel. udaharanarth, yuddhasathichya matdan samarthanat, prashna aseh
jaree teey doghehi yuddhala pathimba denyababat matdan karat asale taree, parinami deta vegvegalya dishene valel. haah prashna mandanyacha eka changla marg assa asoo shakato qee, "tumhi paradeshat sadhyachya americi lashkari karvaila pathimba deta qaa?"haah prashna vicharanyacha aanakhi eka jawaljawal tatasth marg mhanje" paradeshat sadhya suru asalelya americi lashkari karvaibaddal tumche mutt kaay aahe?"muddah assa asava qee vicharlya olakhalya vyaktila prashnakartyala kaay aikayache aahe yacha shabdanmadhun andaj lavnyacha konatahi marg nahee.
heey karnyacha aanakhi eka marg mhanje 'ichchit' uttarala aadhar aadhar mahitidvare prashnachya aadhi jaane. udaharanarth, madhyamvargiy kutumbanvar karancha vadhata boja pahata, adhik lock yaa prashnache 'hoy' asey uttar deteel, tumhi aaykaratil kapatiche samarthan karata qaa?"vadhati sanghiy arthsankalpiy toot aanee adhik mahasulachi tivra garaj lakshat gheta, tumhi aaykaratil kapatiche samarthan karata qaa?"
prashnanche yogya swaroop atishay sookshm asoo shakate. done prashnanchi uttare tyanna vicharlelya kramanusar natakiyaritya badaloo shakatat. "sambhagachya malki' baddal vicharlelya sarvekshanat asey aadhalun aale qee bahutek texas pashupalakankade sambhag hote, jaree newyork sambhag bajarat jyaa prakarcha vyapar hott hota, kadachit tase navhate."
atee samanyikaran.
jevha ekhadya vishisht loksankhyebaddalchi aakadevari, jyaa gatachya sadasyanmadhye mool loksankhya pratinidhik namuna nahee, asha gatachya sadasyanmadhye asalyache sangitale jaate, tevha atee samanyikaran hii eka bhram aahe.
udaharanarth, samaja unhalyat safarchandanche 100% laal asalyache disun yete. serve safarchand laal aahet" haah dawa atee samanyikaranache eka udaharan asel kaaran mool aakadevari keval safarchandanchya vishisht upasanchasathi (unhalyat) kharee hotee, jee sampoorn safarchandanchya loksankhyeche pratinidhitva karanyachi apeksha nahee.
atee samanyikaranachya bhramache vastavik jagatatil udaharan aadhunik matdan tantrachi eka kalakruti mhanoon pahile jaau shakate, jeey durdhvanivarun durdhvanivarun rajkiy nivadanukansathi seela phonever coll karnyas pratibandhit karate. itar loksankhyashastriy gatanchya tulanet tarunanna paramparik 'landline' phone nasanyachi shakyata jaast asalyane, landline fonechya collche keval pratisad pratisad sarvekshan naan durdhvani sarvekshanamule, namunyachya yaa tiraskarachya drushtine itar konatihi upayayojana kelee gelee nahee tarr, matdan nikal tarunanchya matey adhorekhit karoo shakatat. asha prakare, heey tantra vaparoon tarunanchya matdanachya pradhanyanche parikshan karnare sarvekshan heey atisamanyikaran kelyashivay sampoorn tarunanchya matdanachya tulana pradhanyanche achook pratinidhitva nasoo shakate, kaaran vaparlelya namunyat keval seela phone phone tarunanna vagalale aahe, jyanna matdanachi pradhanye asoo shakatat kinwa nastil jee urvarit loksankhyepeksha vegali asateel.
jevha mahitee bigger-tantrik strotanmadhun, visheshtah janmadhyamanmadhun pathavali jaate tevha sahasa atee samanyikaran hote.
pakshapati namune.
sankhyikeey vishleshanasathi changli prayogik mahitee gola karane katheen aahe heey shastradnyanna mothya kimmatit kalale aahe. udaharaneh placebo prabhav (shariravar munn) khoop shaktishali aahe. vish ivy navachya chukichya nishkriy padarthachya samparkat aalyavar 100% vishayanmadhye pural vikasit jhaale, tarr kahinnach 'nirupadravi' vastuvar pural vikasit jhaale, jee kharokhar vish ivy hotee. sanshodhak duheri andh yadruchchik tulanatmak prayogandware yaa parinamacha samna karatat. sankhyikishastradnya samanyatah vishleshanapeksha mahitichya vaidhatebaddal adhik kalji karatat. prayoganchi rachana mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya sankhyikitil abhyasachya kshetrat heey pratibimbit hote.
sarvekshankartyanna mothya kimmatit kalale aahe qee sankhyikeey vishleshanasathi sarvekshanatil changli mahitee gola karane katheen aahe. mahitee sankalanavar cellular durdhvanicha nivadak parinam (atee samanyikaran vibhagat charcha keleli) heey eka sambhavya udaharan aahe; jarr paramparik durdhvani asalele tarun pratinidhi nastil, tarr namuna pakshapati asoo shakato. namune sarvekshanat anek truti aahet aanee amalbajavanimadhye khoop kalji ghene aavashyak aahe. 1000 uttare midvanyasathi eka prayatnat sumare 3000 durdhvani colchi aavashyakta hotee. loksankhyecha sopa yadruchchik namuna "sopa nahee aanee yadruchchik asoo shakat nahee."
andajit truticha chukicha ahwal dene kinwa gairsamaj karane.
jarr ekhadya sanshodhan pathkala ekhadya vishisht vishayabaddal 30 kotee lokanna kase vatate heey jaanun ghyayache asel tarr tyaa sarvanna vicharane avyavharya tharel. tathapi, jarr sanghane sumare 1000 lokancha yadruchchik namuna nivadala, tarr teey baryapaiki nishchit asoo shakatat qee yaa gatane dilele parinam, jarr tyaa sarvanna vicharale asate tarr mothya gatane kaay mhatale asate yache pratinidhitva karatat.
haah aatmavishvas pratyakshat kendriya maryada pramey aanee itar ganiteey nikalandware mojala jaau shakato. vishvas haah kharaa parinam (mothya gatasathi) andajachya vishisht shreneet (lahan gatasathi aakada) asanyachi sambhavyata mhanoon vyakt keela jaato. sankhyikeey sarvekshanansathi anekada uddhrut keleli hii "adhik kinwa vaja" aakruti aahe. aatmavishvas patalichya sambhavyatechya bhagacha sahasa ullekh keela jaat nahee; tase asalyas, tee 95 takke sarkhi manak sankhya asalyache manale jaate.
donhi sankhya parasparsambandhit aahet. jarr sarvekshanat 95 takke aatmavishvasasah ±5 takke truticha andaj asel, tarr tyat 99 takke aatmavishvasasah ± 6.6 takke truti dekhil aahe. 95 takke aatmavishvasasah ± sootra% heey nehmi samanyapane vitarit loksankhyesathi 99 takke aatmavishvasasah ± sootra% asate.
andajit truti jitaki lahan asel, aatmavishvas patalivaril aavashyak namuna titkach motha asel; udaharanarth, 95.4% aatmavishvasah
vishvasacha aakada vagalalyamule, kharaa parinam andajit trutimadhye aahe yachee 100% khatri aahe asey lock gruheet dharoo shakatat. heey ganitiyadrushtya yogya nahee.
namunyachi yadruchchikta khoop mahattvachi aahe heey kadachit anek lokanna lakshat yenar nahee. vyavharat, anek janmat sarvekshan durdhvanidware kele jaatat, jeey namunyache anek prakare vikrutikaran karatat, jyat durdhvani nasalelya lokanna vagalane, ekapeksha jaast durdhvani asalelya lokanchya samaveshas anukulata darshavane, durdhvani sarvekshanat sahbhagi honyas ichchuk asalelya lokanchya samaveshas anukulata darshavine, jyanni nakar deela aahe, ityadi samavisht aahet. yadruchchik nasalele namune ghetalyane andajit truti avishvasaniy banate.
dusarikade, lock asey samajoo shakatat qee aakadevari swabhavikpane avishvasaniy aahe kaaran pratyekala bolavale jaat nahee kinwa teey swatah kadhihi matdan karat naheet. lokanna asey vatel qee keval kahee hazar matdan karoon dazanbhar kotyavadhi lokanchya matanchi mahitee midvane ashakya aahe. heey dekhil chukiche aahe. paripoorn nihpakshapati namune aanee satyavadi uttare asalelya sarvekshanat ganitiyadrushtya trutiche antar nirdharit kele jaate, jeey keval matdan kelelya lokanchya sankhyevar avalambun asate.
tathapi, sarvekshanasathi anekada trutiche keval eka antar nondavale jaate. jevha loksankhyechya upasamuhansathi parinam nondavale jaatil, tevha trutiche mothe antar lagoo hoil, parantu heey kadachit spasht kele jaanar nahee. udaharanarth, 1000 lokanchya sarvekshanat vishisht vanshik kinwa aarthik gatatil 100 lock asoo shakatat. tyaa gatavar laksh kendrit karnare parinam sampoorn loksankhyechya nikalanpeksha khoopach qamee vishvasarh asateel. jarr sampoorn namunyasathi trutiche antar 4 takke asel, tarr samaja, asha upasamuhasathi trutiche antar sumare 13 takke asoo shakate.
loksankhyechya sarvekshanat mojamapachya itar anek samasya dekhil aahet.
varr namood kelelya samasya keval loksankhya sarvekshananna navhe tarr serve sankhyikeey prayoganna lagoo hotat.
khotee karanatmakata.
jevha sankhyikeey chachani aaa aanee buub yanchyatil parasparsambandh darshavate, tevha sahasa sahaa shakyata asatatah
sahavi shakyata sankhyikeey chachanyandvare mojali jaau shakate jee aadhalalela parasparsambandh yogayogane jitka motha asel titkach motha asanyachi sambhavyatechi ganana karoo shakate, jarr pratyakshat, chalanmadhye konatahi sambandh nasel. tathapi, jaree tyaa shakyatechi shakyata thodi asali taree, itar paach ajunahi aahet.
sankhyikiyadrushtya iscream kharedi naan lokanchi sankhya jarr sankhyikiyadrushtya sankhyikiyadrushtya budalelya lokanchya sankhyeshi sambandhit asel, tarr konihi assa dawa karnar nahee qee iscream budun jaate kaaran tase nahee heey spasht aahe. (yaa prakaranat, budane aanee iscream kharedi donhicha spashtapane spashtapane ghatkashi sambandh aaheh samudrakinaryavaril lokanchi sankhya).
udaharanarth, ekhadya rasayanachya samparkat aalyane karkarog hoto heey siddha karnyasathi yaa bhramacha vapar keela jaau shakato. iscream kharedi naan lokanchi sankhya" chya jaagi "rasayanik exchya samparkat aalelya lokanchi sankhya" aanee aanee lokanchi sankhya" chya jaagi "karkarog jhalelya lokanchi sankhya" ghala aanee barech lock tumchyavar vishvas thevatil. asha paristhitit, vastavik parinam nasla tarihi sankhyikeey parasparsambandh asoo shakato. udaharanarth, jarr ekhadya rasayanik jaagechi (jaree tee kharokhar nasali taree) malmatta dhokadayak aahe ashee dharana asel tarr tyaa bhagatil malmattechi kimmat qamee hoil, jyamule qamee utpann asalelya adhik kutumbanna tyaa bhagat sthalantarit honyasathi pravrutt kele jaeel. jarr qamee utpann asalelya kutumbanna uchch utpann asalelya kutumbanpeksha karkarog honyachi shakyata jaast asel (udaharanarth, kharab aaharamule kinwa vaidyakeey seva qamee midalyamule) tarr karkarogache praman vadhel, jaree teey rasayan swatach dhokadayak nasale taree. asey manale jaate qee vijechya taranpasooncha eae. emm. eff. (vidyutchumbakiy kshetre) aanee karkarog yanchyatil sambandh sambandh kahee suruvatichya abhyasanmadhye nemke hetch ghadale.
changlya prakare tayar kelelya abhyasanmadhye, kahee lokanna 'upchar gut' madhye aanee kahee lokanna yadruchchikpane 'niyantran gut' madhye niyukt karoon aanee upchar gatala upchar deuun aanee niyantran gatala upchar naan deuun chukichya karanatmakatecha parinam door keela jaau shakato. vareel udaharanat, sanshodhak lokanchya eka gatala rasayanik exshee sampark sadhu shakato aanee aanee gatala anavar thevu shakato. jarr pahilya gatat karkarogache praman jaast asel, tarr sanshodhkala mahit aahe qee ekhadya vyakticha sansarg jhaala qee nahee yavar konatahi tisra ghatak parinam karat nahee kaaran too kona ughad jhaala aahe qee nahee heey niyantrit karat hota aanee tyane lokanna yadruchchikpane ughad aanee ughad nasalelya gatanmadhye niyukt kele. tathapi, anek anuprayoganmadhye, pratyakshat asha prakare prayog karane ektar nishiddhapane mahagade, vyavharya, anaitik, bekaydeshir kinwa agadi ashakya aahe. udaharanarth, ekhadya vishari padarthachi chachani ghenyasathi lokanna dhokadayak padarthachya janivpurvak samparkat aananara prayog aay. aar. bii. sweekarel ashee shakyata phaar qamee aahe. asha prakarchya prayoganche spasht naitik parinam sanshodhakanchya anubhavjanya chachani karyakaran kshamata maryadit karatat.
null hypothesischa purava.
sankhyikeey chachanimadhye, puresha aakadevarine teey chukiche siddha hoiparyant null hypothesis (sootra _ 3) vaidh manale jaate. mug sootra _ 3 nakarle jaate aanee paryayi gruhitak (sootra _ 5) barobar asalyache siddha manale jaate. jaree sootra _ 3 kharey asale taree, sambhavyata darshavilelya sutrasah (mahatva patali) heey yogayogane ghadu shakate. yachee tulana nyayik prakriyeshi kelee jaau shakate, jithe aaropila nirdosh manale jaate (sootra _ 3) joparyant too doshi siddha hott nahee (sootra _ 5) vajvi sanshayachya palikade (sootra _ 7).
parantu jarr deta aaplyala teey sootra _ 3 nakarnyasathi puresa purava dett nasel, tarr heey aapoaap siddha karat nahee qee sootra _ 3 barobar aahe. udaharanarth, jarr tambakhu utpadkala aapali utpadane surakshit aahet heey dakhvayache asel, tarr teey dhoomrapan naan chhotya namunyasah aanee dhoomrapan naan naan chhotya namunyasah sahajpane chachani karoo shakate. tyanchyapaiki konalahi fuffusacha karkarog honyachi shakyata nahee (aanee jaree tyanni keela taree, sootra _ 3 nakarnyasathi gatanmadhil farak khoop motha asane aavashyak aahe). tyamule, dhoomrapan dhokadayak asale tarihi-aapali chachani sootra 3 nakarnar nahee. sootra 3 sweekarle gele tarr, dhoomrapan nirupadravi asalyache aapoaap siddha hott nahee. chachanimadhye sootra _ 3 nakaranyachi apuri shakti aahe, tyamule chachani nirupayogi aahe aanee sootra _ 3 chya "proof" chey moolya dekhil shoonya aahe.
vareel nyayik pratirup vaparoon yachee tulana tulana arthane doshi prativadishi kelee jaau shakate, jyala keval doshi nikalasathi purava puresa nahee mhanoon sodanyat aale aahe. heey prativadichi nirdoshata siddha karat nahee, parantu keval doshi nirnayasathi puresa purava nahee.
"...null hypothesis kadhihi siddha kinwa sthapit kele jaat nahee, parantu prayogadarmyan teey bahudha nakarle jaate. pratyek prayog astitvat asalyache keval tathyanna null hypothesis nakaranyachi sandhee denyasathi mhatale jaau shakate."(prayoganchya rachnemadhye machchimar) gondhalachi anek karane astitvat aahet, jyat machchimaranchya" "mahatva chachani" "chya (jethe null hypothesis kadhihi sweekarle jaat nahee)" "hypothesis chachani" "(jethe kahee hypothesis nehmich sweekarle jaate) madhye vilinikaran jhalyamule jhalyamule duheri nakaratmak tarkshastracha vapar aanee shabdavalicha samavesh aahe".
sankhyikeey mahatva aanee vyavharik mahatva yancha gondhal ghalane.
sankhyikeey mahatva heey sambhavyateche mojmap aahe; vyavharik mahatva heey parinamache mojmap aahe. jarr viral peach-faz samanyatah purvichya nakhalelya talhula zakat asel tarr takkal padnyavarcha upchar sankhyikiyadrushtya mahattvapoorn aahe. jevha thund havamanat topichi aavashyakta nasate aanee nhavi varche kitee kadhayche heey vicharato tevha upchar vyavharikdrushtya mahattvapoorn asato. takkal takkal vyaktila sankhyikeey aanee vyavharikdrushtya mahattvapoorn assa upchar havah asato; too kadachit kaam karel aanee jarr too jhaala tarr tyacha motha kesancha parinam hoil. vaidnyanik prakashanasathi anekada keval sankhyikeey mahatva aavashyak asate. yamule (gelya 50 varshanpasun) takrari jhalya aahet qee sankhyiki mahatva chachani haah sankhyikicha gairavapar aahe.
deta drejing.
deta drejing haah deta miningcha gairavapar aahe. deta drejingmadhye, parasparsambandh shodhanyasathi, chachanisathichya gruhitkanchya konatyahi purv-paribhashit nivadishivay, detachya mothya sankalananchi tapasani kelee jaate. done mapdandanmadhil sambandh prasthapit karnyasathi aavashyak aatmavishvas antaral samanyatah 95 takke mhanoon nivadle jaat asalyane (mhanje, heey sambandh yadruchchik sandhimule naan asanyachi 95 takke shakyata aahe), tyamule purnapane yadruchchik chalanchya konatyahi done sanchanmadhil parasparsambandh shodhanyachi 5 takke shakyata asate. heey lakshat gheta qee deta drejingche prayatna samanyatah anek chalansah mothya detasetche parikshan karatat aanee mhanunach mothya sankhyene chalanchya jodya, banavat parantu varvar pahata sankhyikiyadrushtya mahattvapoorn parinam asha konatyahi abhyasadvare sapadane jawaljawal nishchit aahe.
lakshat ghya qee deta drejing haah sambhavya gruhitak shodhanyacha eka vaidh marg aahe parantu tyaa gruhitkavar 'nantar mool drejingmadhye naan vaparlelya detasah chachani kelee jaane aavashyak aahe. jevha teey gruhitak pudhil pramanikaran naan karata tathya mhanoon sangitale jaate tevha gairavapar hoto.
"jyaa detane teey gruhitak pratham suchavale hote tyach detavar tumhi gruhitak kayadesheerpane tapasu shakat nahee. upay spasht aahe. ekada tumchyakade gruhitak aale qee, tumhala aata kaay parinam hott aahe asey vatate teey shodhanyasathi abhyasachi rachana qaraa. jarr yaa chachanicha nikal sankhyikiyadrushtya mahattvapoorn asel tarr shevati tumchyakade kharaa purava aahe."
deta manipulation.
anaupacharikpane 'detachi fasavanuk' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya yaa paddhatimadhye nivadak ahwal dene (prakashan pakshapat dekhil pahaa) aanee agadi fakt chukichi mahitee tayar karane samavisht aahe.
nivadak ahavalanchi udaharane bharpur aahet. sarvat sopya aanee sarvat samanya udaharananmadhye, itar parinamankade durlaksh kartana kinwa gruhitkala virodh naan "deta runn" kadey durlaksh kartana, pasantichya gruhitkanshi susangat asalelya namunyache anusaran karnara parinamancha gut nivadane samavisht aahe.
shastradnya, sarvasadharanpane, abhyasachya parinamanchya vaidhatevar prashnachinh upasthit karatat, jeey itar tapaskartyandvare punarutpadit kele jaau shakat naheet. tathapi, kahee shastradnya tyanchi mahitee aanee paddhati prakashit karnyas nakar detat.
sankhyikeey vishleshanatil sarvat pramanikpane, mahitimadhye ferfar karane haah eka gambhir muddah/vichar aahe. bahya, gahal deta aanee gair-samanyata yaa sarvancha sankhyikeey vishleshanachya vaidhatevar viparit parinam houu shakato. vishleshan suru honyapurvi mahiticha abhyas karane aanee vastavik samasya durust karane yogya aahe. "[i] konatyahi vikhuralelya aakrutimadhye kahee bindu dhaganchya mukhya bhagapasoon qamee-adhik pramanat vegale asatilah heey bindu keval karanasathi nakarle pahijet."
itar truti.
seudoreplication hii bhinnatechya vishleshanashi sambandhit eka tantrik truti aahe. ekach namunyavar (aine = 1) sankhyikeey vishleshanacha prayatna keela jaat aahe hii vastusthiti guntaguntichi lapavate. yaa apghatit prakaranasathi bhinnata mojali jaau shakat nahee (shoonyane vibhagani). aine (aine = 1) sanshodhkala nehmi hetu purvagrah aanee vastavik nishkarsh yanchyatil sarvoch sankhyikeey parasparsambandh deil.
jugaryacha bhram asey gruheet dharato qee jyaa ghatanesathi bhavishyatil shakyata mojali jaau shakate, tee ghatana ekdach ghadalyanantar ghadanyachi shakyata titakich hotee. asha prakare, jarr konee aadhich 9 nanee fekali asateel aanee pratyek naane varr aale asel, tarr lock asey gruheet dharatat qee dahavi nanefek dekhil 1023 teey 1 viruddha (jee pahile naane feknyapurvi hotee) asanyachi shakyata aahe, jevha kharey tarr dahavi naane fekanyachi shakyata 50 takke aahe (naane nihpakshapati aahe asey gruheet dharoon).
firyadicha bhram asey gruheet dharato qee varvar pahata gunhegari ghatana yadruchchik shakyata asanyachi sambhavyata sanshayit nirdosh asanyachi shakyata aahe. yuu. keey. madheel eka pramukh udaharan mhanje sally clarkla tichya done mulanchi hatya kelyabaddal chukichi shiksha, jyancha mrutyu achanak shishu mrutyu syndromene (sids) jhalyache disun aale. aata namshesh jhalele pradhyapak surr roy medo yanni aaplya tadnya sakshidarpanat dawa keela aahe qee sidchya durmilatemule, clark nirdosh asanyachi shakyata 73 dashalakshanpaiki 1 hotee. nantar shahee sankhyiki sansthene yavar prashnachinh upasthit kele; gavatal pradeshachi aakruti achook aahe asey gruheet dharoon, jyachya aadhare bahudha done mulancha aspasht mrutyu jhaala asava assa nishkarsh kadhanyasathi ekmekanna virodhatil serve sambhavya spashtikarananche tolmap karave lagel. upalabdh aakadevarivarun asey soochit hote qee nauu ghatakanchya duheri hatyechya tulanet duheri hatyechya bajoone shakyata asel. 73 dashalakshanpaiki 1 haah aakada dekhil dishabhul karnara hota kaaran eka shrimant, dhoomrapan naan naan kutumbatil balacha sidmule mrutyu honyachi aanee tyacha varg karoon tyachi shakyata shodhun tee gathali gelee hotih heey pratyek mrutyula sankhyikiyadrushtya swatantra manoon, asey gruheet dharoon, qee aanuvanshiktesarkhe konatehi ghatak naheet, jyamule done bhavandancha sidmule mrutyu honyachi shakyata jaast asate. heey paryavaraniy bhramache eka udaharan dekhil aahe kaaran teey asey gruheet dharate qee clarkchya kutumbatil sidchi sambhavyata serve shrimant, dhoomrapan naan naan kutumbanchya sarasariitakich hotee; samajik varg hii eka atyant jatil aanee bahuayami sankalpana aahe, jyamadhye shikshan, kamachi paddhat aanee itar anek badal aahet. ekhadya vyaktimadhye dilelya gatachya urvarit lokanpramanech samaan gunadharm asateel asey gruheet dharoon itar chalanchya parinamancha hishob karnyat ayashasvi tharatat jeey dishabhul karnare asoo shakatat. sally clarkchi shiksha akheris ulatavanyat aalee aanee vaidyakeey nonditoon kuranavar hallah karnyat aala.
hasyaspad bhram. sambhavyata sadhya pratimanvar aadharit asatat, jyaa vastavik (jarr durastha asateel tarr) shakyatankade durlaksh karatat. pokar kheladu assa vichar karat naheet qee pratispardhi kardaivaji bandook kadhu shakato. vimadharak (aanee sarkare) asey gruheet dharatat qee vima kampanya dravak rahtil, parantu tyanna atitatichi aanee paddhatshir jokhim disate.
itar prakarchya gairavapar.
itar gairavaparanmadhye safarchand aanee santri yanchi tulana karane, chukichya sarasaricha vapar karane, sarasarikade pratigaman aanee kachara, kachara baher takane yaa chhatra vakyanshacha samavesh hoto. kahee aakadevari keval ekhadya samasyeshi aprasangik asatat.
unscombchi chaukat haah eka tayar kelela dataset aahe joou sadhya varnanatmak aakadevarichya (aanee sankhyatmak vishleshanapurvi deta plottingche moolya) kamatarateche udaharan deto.

