
bairtowalf auph mercia

bearthtulf (, mhanje "chamakdar landga"; jyala "birthtoolf" asehi mhatale jaate; 852 saalee maran pavala) haah 839 kinwa 840 teey 852 yaa kalat anglo-saxon englandchya mercia yaa rajyacha raja hota. jaree tyacha sambandh 820 chya dashakat merciavar rajya karananya bearnwolfshee asala taree tyache purvaj adnyat aahet. bairtwolfcha purvavarti, wiglaf yane jawaljawal konatihi nanee jaaree kelee navhati, parantu bairtwolfney tyachya karkirdichya suruvatila eka vyapari nanee punha suru kelee, suruvatila vesexchya ethelwolfchya nanyanshi majboot samya hote aanee nantar swatantra rachnesah. bairtwolfchya rajyarohanantar eka kinwa done varshanchya aat vikingsney hallah kelah 841 madhye lindsay prantavar chhapa taknyat aala aanee pudhchya varshi mertian vyaparache pramukh kendra asalelya londonver hallah karnyat aala. 851 madhye londonver jhalelya aanakhi eka viking hallyamule, 'anglo-saxon chronicle' nusar, 'beartuvalfala udanyas lavale'; tyanantar wikingscha ethelvalphane parabhav keela. yaa chhapyacha markiyavar lakshaniy aarthik parinam jhaala asava, kaaran 851 nantar londonchya nanyanche praman khoopach qamee jhaale aahe.
bairtoovalfchya karkirdit berkshire heey marasiyanpasun paschim saxon niyantranakade gelyache disate. bearthtulfchya mrutyunantar lagechach, choralelya bearthtalfchya uttaradhikanyaviruddha velsionay bund kelyachi nond aahe, jeey soochit karate qee bearthtulf haah tyancha adhipati hota. bearthwolfchya karkirditil sanade charchashi tanavpurn sambandh darshavtat, kaaran bearthwolfney jameen tabyat ghetali aanee nantar tee parat kelee.
bairhtwolf aanee tyachi patni sethrith yanna bairhtfreeth aanee bairhtrick ashee done mule asoo shakatat. bearthrick heey tyachya vadilanchya sanadeche sakshidar mhanoon olakhale jaate, parantu bearthwolfchya rajvatichya samaptipurvi tyane tase karane bund kele. beorhatfreeth nantarchya strotanmadhye aadhalato jyat wigstanchya vidhva aaee elfledshee lagn karnyachya beorhatfrithchya yojnevaril vadat vigfafcha natoo vigstanchya tyachya hatyeche varnan kele aahe. bearthtulfcha mrutyu konatyahi jiwant strotanmadhye nondavala gelela nahee, parantu too 852 madhye maran pavala asey manale jaate.
parshvabhoomi aanee srot.
8vya shatkachya bahutansh kalasathi, mercia heey pramukh anglo-saxon rajya hote. kent, purv anglia aanee essex yaa aagney rajyanmadhil merchian prabhav 820 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant coenwolf auph merciachya antargat suru rahila. tathapi, 821 madheel coenwolfchya mrutyune asha kalachi suruvat kelee jyamadhye merciala vanshavad aanee lashkari parabhavancha samna karava lagla jyamule englandcha rajkiy nakasha punha tayar jhaala. chaar vegvegalya natevaik gatanpaiki chaar (bahudha paach) rajanni pudhil sahaa varshe merciaver rajya kele. yaa rajambaddalchi vanshavalichi mahitee farach qamee rahili aahe, parantu anglo-saxon navanmadhye bahutekda kutumbatil bahutek kinwa serve sadasyansathi samanya prarambhik ghatak samavisht asalyane, itihaskaranni asey suchavale aahe qee yaa kalatil natevaik-gatanchi punarbandhani tyanchya navanchya samanatechya aadhare kelee jaau shakate. teen pratispardhi natevaik gut tyaa kalatil sanade aanee rajvatichya yadyanmadhye olakhata yetatah 'see', 'wig' aanee 'bii' gut. see" gut, jyamadhye kentche coothread, aanee seolwolf pahila yaa bhavancha samavesh hota, 796 madhye merciacha aupha aanee tyacha mulga ecgfrith yanchya mrutyunantarchya kalat prabhavi hota. seolwolfla 823 madhye bernwolfney padchyut kele, kadachit "bii" gatatil pahila, joou 826 madhye purv anglian lokanviruddha ladhatana marla gela. tyachya nantar ludeka aala, joou teen gatanpaiki konashihi sambandhit navhata, joou pudhchya varshi ladhait marla gela. ludekachya mrutyunantar, 'wig' kutumbatil pahila vyakti sattet aalah 839 kinwa 840 madhye maran pavalela wiglaf. tyaa varshi sinhasanavar basalela bairtowalf, 'bii' gatatoon aala asanyachi shakyata aahe, jyamadhye kadachit 757 madhye raja ethelbaldchya hatyenantar thodya kalasathi [satta] dharan kelelya aanee dukkhi jhalelya] durdaivi vyaktichahi samavesh asava.
marian uttaradhikarasathi eka paryayi model mhanje anek natevaik gatanni uttaradhikarasathi spardha kelee asel. hwiss, tomsite aanee adnyat genny hii up-rajye asha shakti-aadharanchi udaharane aahet. vivah sambandhannihi eka bhoomika bajavali asatee. pratispardhi dhanadhyanni-jyanna sanademadhye 'ducks' kinwa 'prinsups' (mhanje nete) mhanatat-kadachit rajanna sattevar aanale asel. yaa pratimanat, marisian raje pramukh kuleen lokanpeksha thode adhik aahet.
anglo-saxon chronicle' haah tyaa kalatil eka mahattvacha srot aahe, joou anglo-saxoncha itihas sanganara junya ingrajimadhil vruttantancha sangrah aahe. tathapi, 'chronicle' hii west saxonchi nirmiti hotee aanee kadhikadhi vesexchya bajoone pakshapati asalyache manale jaate. bairtwolfchya karkirditil sanade tikoon aahet; hii kagadpatre hotee jee anuyayanna kinwa charchchya lokanna jameen dett hotee aanee jyaa rajanna jameen denyacha adhikar hota tyanni tyaa sakshidar kelya hotya. sanad anudanat jodalelya sakshidar yadeet vishay raja aanee tyacha adhipati yaa doghanchi nave nondavu shakate. udaharanarth, asha sakshidaranchi yadee ismir diploma varr pahili jaau shakate, jithe echvhisichya raja osharecha mulga ethelrickche varnan merciachya ethelbaldche "subregulus" kinwa subking mhanoon kele jaate.
pravesh aanee nanee.
836 madhye wiglafchya sandala sakshidar tharalelya bairtwhalfsarkhich vyakti bairtwhulf asanyachi shakyata aahe. tase asalyas, aitihasik nondinmadhye bairtwhulfcha haah pahilach dekhava aahe. tyacha marshiyachya sinhasanavar chadhaicha kaal sadharanpane sumare 840 madhye aala asey manale jaate. konatyahi prathamik strotanmadhye thet tarikh dileli nahee, parantu rajvatichya yaditoon heey dnyat hote qee too raja mhanoon wiglafcha uttaradhikari jhaala. itihaskar dii. pii. kirbi suchavato qee wiglafcha mrutyu 839 madhye jhaala, hii tarikh pudhil done mertian raje, bairtwolf aanee choranchya karkirdichya dnyat kalkramanusar aadharit aahe. viglafacha mulga wigmund haah viglaf aanee bairtoovalfchya darmyan kahee kaal raja hota, ashee shakyata aahe. yaa shakyatecha purava keval vigmandacha mulga vigastan yachyabaddalachya nantarchya paramparetoon yeto, tyamule tyane pratyakshat tase kele qee nahee heey anishchit aahe.
830 chya dashakapasun jawaljawal konatihi mercian nanee dnyat naheet, jevha viglafane vesexchya egbertkadoon marasia parat midavali. bairtwalfne tyachya karkirdichya suruvatilach eka vyapari nanee punha suru kelee aanee 830chya dashkatil vistarit antaramule asey suchavale gele aahe qee wiglafche dusare rajyakal heey igbertcha grahak raja mhanoon, swatachya nanyanchi tankan karanyachi parvanagi naan gheta hote. tyanantar bearthtulfchi nanee tyachya marshiyachya swatantryache sanket deteel. tathapi, viglafane jabardastine mercia parat ghetali asey adhik vela manale jaate. viking hallyanchya parshvabhumivar aarthik punarujjivanachya yojanecha too eka bhag hota, heey bearthwolfchya nanyanchya punarujjivanache paryayi spashtikaran aahe. viking dhoka haah mertia aanee wessex yanchyatil chalanachya babinmadhye spasht sahkaryasathi dekhil karanibhoot asoo shakato, joou bairtwolfchya karkirdit suru jhaala aanee 880 chya aaspaschya varshant raja seolwolf II chya mrutyunantar swatantra mertian samrajyachya shevataparyant tikala.
bairtwolfchi sarvat junie nanee 841-842 madhye jaaree karnyat aalee hotee aanee tee rochester dye-katarche kaam mhanoon olakhali jaau shakate, jyane vesexchya ethelwolfchya karkirdichya suruvatila nanee dekhil tayar kelee hotee. daha varshannantar konatyahi nanyanshivay, beartuvalfala kushal dye-cutter shodhanyasathi merciachya baher jaave lagale asate aanee rochester haah sarvat jawalcha pudina hota. tyamule rochestershee asalela duva kadachit heey soochit karat nahee qee nanee tethech tayar karnyat aalee hotee; bahudha tee londonmadhye tayar kelee gelee hotee, jee damananchya niyantranakhali hotee. tyanantarchi bearthwolfchi nanee ethelwolfshee khoop samya asaleli aahet. eka nanyat ulat bajus beratwolfche chitra aanee samoril bajus ethelwolfne vaparlelya rachaneche sanyojan aahe; yacha arth assa keela gela aahe qee heey done rajyanmadhil yutee darshavate, parantu heey ekhadya banavat kinwa ashikshit dhanadhyache kaam asanyachi shakyata aahe jeey ethelavalfachya nanyachya rachanecha punha vapar karat hote. nantar 840 chya dashakat eka vegali nanee disu lagali aanee bahudha 850-851 chya viking hallyanmule tee sampali. chitranshivay nanee dekhil aahet jee bairtwolfchya rajvatichya agadi shevati tayar kelee gelee asanyachi shakyata aahe.
rajya karato.
bearthtulfchya rajvatichi suruvat utsfurtapane jhaali. catill kinwa cypheliogchya ladhait tyane gwenadcha raja merphin frike marla aanee nantarchya strotanvarun asey soochit hote qee, tyanantar too uttarekadil velshala parabhoot karoo shakala.
tathapi, 'anglo-saxon chronicle' madhye 841 madhye aadhunik linkenver kendrit asalelya lindsechya mertian prantasah brittonchya dakshin aanee purv kinarpattivar vhayaking chhapyanchi nond aahe. pudhil varshi, marshiyachya vyaparache mukhya kendra asalelya london shaharavar hallah karnyat aala. chronicle' madhye asey mhatale aahe qee londonmadhye 'mothee kattal' jhaali hotee aanee tyaveli shaharat mothya nanyanche sathe purale gele hote.
berkshire heey 840 chya dashakachya uttaradhat kahee kalane marsiyananchya hatatoon nighun gele aanee wessex samrajyacha eka bhag banale asey disate. 844 madhye, leicesterchya bishapane, berkshiremadhil pangburn yethe bairtwalfla eka malmatta dilee, tyamule tyaa divashi haah parisar ajunahi damananchya hatat hota. eserne sumare 893 madhye lihile qee, raja alfried daad gretcha janm 847 teey 849 darmyan berkshiremadhye abhavat jhaala hota. yacha arth assa aahe qee berkshire purvi vesexchya niyantranakhali aale hote, jaree heey kshetra done rajyanmadhye vibhagale gele asave, kadachit bairtwhalfchya praveshachya aadhi dekhil. badalache swaroop kahihi asso, too kassa jhaala yachee konatihi nond nahee. asey disate qee, nantar, eka shantatapurn sankraman soochit karnara, mercian elderman ethelwolf haah padavar rahila.
853 madhye, bairtwolfchya mrutyunantar thodyach velat, velsionay choranviruddha bund kele aanee chor aanee ethelwolf yanchyatil yutimule tyanna parabhoot kele gele.
sanad.
836 madhye vigalafane aayojit keleli croft yetheel dharamsabha, jyala bairtowalf upasthit rahila asava, hii mercian rajane ekatra bolavaleli ashee shevatchi parishad hotee. bairtwolfchya karkirdit aanee tyanantar, canterberrychya aarchbishapchya marsiaapeksha vesexchya rajyacha adhik prabhav hota. 840 chaa sanad charchashi asalelya bearthwolfchya sambandhanshi sambandhit eka vegalya prakarcha purava pradan karato. sanadecha sambandh tyaa jaminishi aahe jyaa moolatah aufane warcestershiremadheel breadon mathala dilya hotya. jameen versestermadhil charchchya niyantranakhali aalee hotee, parantu bairtwalfne punha jameen tabyat ghetali hotee. chartermadhye bairtwolf charchcha jaminivaril adhikar manya karato, parantu tyaa badalyat bishapkadoon eka sunder bhet denyas bhag padatoh "chaar agadi pasantiche ghode aanee 30 mankschee eka angathi aanee teen paundanchi kushalatene banavaleli dish aanee chaar paundanchi done chandichi shinge... [aanee]... done changle ghode aanee done paundanche done gole aanee done paundancha eka sonyacha cup."heey eka vegale prakaran nahee; itar sanad aahet jyat tyaa kalatil marki rajanni charchashi malmattevar vaad kelyache dakhavale aahe, jase qee 849 chya sanad jyamadhye bairtwalfla warcesterchya bishapkadoon jaminivaril bhadepatti midali hotee aanee tyaa badalyat tyane vachan dile hote qee too" "bishop aanee tyachya samudayacha adhik drudh mitra asel" "aanee itihaskar patrick wormaldchya shabdat, bhavishyat tyanna lutanar nahee". mathanna itaki jameen denyat aalee asalyane jaminichya malmatta shodhane katheen hott chalale hote yaa vastusthitivarun yaa nirdayi vartanache spashtikaran dile jaau shakate, asey krumijanya suchavate. yaa samasyecha ullekh bede yanni eka shatkapurvi keela hota, jyanni yorkche archbishop egbert yanna lihilelya patrat, "kuleen aanee anubhavi thagnanchya mulanna malmatta miloo shakel asha thikanancha sampoorn abhav" asalyachi takrar kelee hotee. bearthtulfne kelelya chukichya kamachi savalat asey soochit karate qee asha asahmatimadhye tyala pathimba denyasathi too tyachya kulinanvar avalambun rahoo shakat navhata aanee sinhasanavar tyachi pakad asurakshit hotee heey soochit karoo shakate.
jaree suut miloo shakat asali taree, jaminiche dharak rajachya gharanyache bharanposhan karnyache rajavar bandhan hote. 840 chya uttaradhatil sanadene dongaravaril breeden mathala, 'shahee baaj, shikari, ghode aanee tyanchya sevkansah' bairtwolfchya sevakanna aanee sandeshavahakansathi ann aanee rahanyachi garaj bhasali nahee. yaa savalatisathi mothee rakkam kharch jhaali aanee mathala pratyek ozetun mukt kele nahee; shejaril rajyanmadhil kinwa paradeshatil sandeshavahakanche poshan karnyache bandhan yaa savalatitun vagalanyat aale hote.
shevat.
851 madhye, eka wiking sainya thanet yethe utarale, jeey nantar ajunahi eka bett hote aanee tethe jastichi thandi padali. 350 jahajanchya dusya wiking dalane canterbury aanee londonver hallah kelyache aanee 'merciacha raja bearthtulfla tyachya sainyasah udavoon dilyache' 'anglo-saxon chronicle' neey nondavale aahe. vickingscha ethelwolf aanee tyache mulge ethelstan aanee ethelbald yanni parabhav keela, parantu aarthik parinam lakshaniy asalyache disate, kaaran 851 nantar londonmadhil vyapari nanyanche utpadan khoop maryadit hote.
konatyahi jiwant samkalin strotatoon bairthwolfchya mrutyuchi nond nahee, parantu "anglo-saxon chronicle" nusar, tyacha uttaradhikari choroon, bavis varshe rajya keela aanee 874 madhye tyachya sinhasanatun tyala hakaloon denyat aale, yacha arth assa qee bairthwolf 852 madhye maran pavala. bearadchya sanadevarun asey soochit hote qee tyache rajya 25 julai 852 purvi suru jhaale. asey suchavale gele aahe qee enred navachya adnyat rajane bairthwalf aanee bergard darmyan sankshipt kalasathi rajya kele asave; yachya puravyanmadhye eka chandicha paisa korala aahe, jyamadhye "enred rakes" asey lihile aahe, jeey bairthwalf aanee ethelavalfachya kahee nanyanshi samya aahe aanee mhanoon 850 nantar tayar kele gele asey manale jaate. keval uttarela rajane rajya kele asey nondavale gele aahe aanee asey manale gele aahe qee, uttarela eka paryayi rajancha mrutyu jhaala asata, parantu yaa kalkramat eka paryayi rajancha mrutyu jhaala asata, asey manale jaate. samanyatah haah paisa 'dakshinekadil rajyachya adnyat shasakacha' manla jaato aanee assa andaj lavala jaau shakat nahee qee eka unrade uttaradhikari bairtwolf jhaala.
kutumb.
bearthwolfche lagn sethrithashi jhaale hote, varvar pahata tee tichya swatachya adhikarat kahishi mahattvachi vyakti hotee kaaran tine 840 teey 849 darmyan tyachya serve sanade pahile hote, jyanantar tee nonditoon gayab hote. bearthtulfla bearthfreeth aanee bearthrick heey done mulge hote asey mhatale jaate. bearthrick heey tyachya vadilanchya sanadeche sakshidar mhanoon olakhale jaate, parantu bearthwolfchya rajvatichya samaptipurvi tyane tase karane bund kele.
bearthtulfchya dusya dnyat mulachi, bearthfrithchi katha 'passio senkti wigstani' madhye sangitali gelee aahe, jyat 9 vya shatkachya uttaradhatil strotatil samagri samavisht asoo shakate, johnn auph warcesterchya itihasatil kahee pushtisah. raja seolwolfchi mulgi, viglafchya mulachi vidhva aanee vigastanchi aaee, shahee varasdar elflade hichyashi vivah karanyachi beorhatfrithchi ichcha hotee. wigstonne lagnala parvanagi denyas nakar deela, kaaran bearthfreeth haah vigmandacha natevaik hota aanee wigstoncha godfather dekhil hota. badala ghenyasathi, bearthfreethne vigastanchi hatya kelee, jyala nantar sant mhanoon poojale gele. hii katha jaree usheera ugam pavali asali taree aadhunik itihaskaranna tee vajvi vatate.
sandarbh.
prathamik srot
duyyam srot