estonia

estonia, aupcharikpane estonia prajasattak, haah uttar europemadhil baltic samudrajavalacha eka desh aahe. yachya uttarela finlandchya palikade finlandche aakhat, paschimela sweedenchya palikade samudra, dakshinela lavia aanee purvela peapus sarovar aanee russia aahet. estoniachya pradeshat mukhya bhoomi, sarema aanee hiamiyachi mothee bete aanee baltic samudrachya purv uttar 2,200 hoon adhik itar bete aanee lahan betancha samavesh aahe, jyanche ekoon kshetrafal 2,200 kiimii aahe. rajdhaniche shahar tallinn aanee tartoo heey deshatil done sarvat mothe shahari bhag aahet. estonian bhasha hii estoniachi sthanik aanee adhikrut bhasha aahe; tee bahusankhya loksankhyechi pahili bhasha aahe, tasech jagatil dusari sarvadhik bolali jaanari finnick bhasha aahe.
aata aadhunik estonia asalelya pradeshat kiman ii. sha. puu. 9,000 pasoon homo sapiens lock rahatat. 13 vya shatkat pope-manjur livonian dharmayuddhanantar khrishchan dharm curr europemadhil shevatchya murtipujak sanskratinpaiki estoniachi madhyayugeen sthanik loksankhya eka hotee. tutonic kram, denmark, sweeden aanee russian samrajyachya shatkanushatke salag rajya kelyanantar, 19 vya shatkachya madhyat eka vegali estonian rashtriy olakh udayas yeu lagali. yacha shevat 24 februwari 1918 roji tatkalin yuddharat russian aanee german samrajyanpasun estonian swatantryachya ghoshanevar jhaala. aantaryuddh kalat bahutansh lokshahi asalelya estonia aanee mahayuddhachya aarambhaveli tatasthata ghoshit kelee, parantu desh varanvar ladhala, aakraman kele aanee vyapala gela, pratham 1940 madhye soviet unionne, nantar 1941 madhye nazi germanyne, aanee shevati 1944 madhye yu. ess. ess. aar. neey prashasakeey upghatak (estonian ess. ess. aar.) mhanoon punha kabja keela aanee tyat jodala gela. soviet sanghachya sampoorn tabyat asatana, estoniachi 'dii jeur' rajya satatya mutsaddi pratinidhi aanee nirvasit sarkardware jatan kele gele. 1988-1990 chya raktaheen estonian "gayan kranti" nantar, 20 august 1991 roji soviet unionpasoon deshache "vastavik" swatantrya punarsanchayit karnyat aale.
estonia haah eka vikasit desh aahe, jyachi uchch utpann asaleli pragat arthvyavastha aahe, joou manav vikas nirdeshankat khoop uchch (191 paiki 31 vaa) kramankavar aahe. estonia sarvbhoum rajya heey eka lokshahi ekatmak sansadiy prajasattak aahe, jeey prashaskiyadrushtya 15 'makond' (parganyanmadhye) upavibhajit aahe. 13 lakhanhun adhik loksankhya asalela haah desh european union, eurozone, oo. ii. see. dii., shengen kshetra aanee natochya sarvat qamee loksankhyechya sadasyanpaiki eka aahe. jivanmanachi gunavatta, shikshan, vruttpatra swatantrya, sarvajanik sevanche digitalikaran aanee tantradnyan companyanchya prasarasathi aantarrashtriy kramvarit estoniala satatyane uchch sthan midale aahe.
naav.
estonia" () heey naav "esty" yaa lokanshi jodale gele aahe, jyacha ullekh ii. sha. 98 chya sumaras pracheen roman itihaskar tacitus yanni pahilyanda keela hota. kahee aadhunik itihaskaranche asey mutt aahe qee too baltscha sandarbh dett hota (i.eae. estonian lokanche finnick bhashik purvaj) naheet, tarr itaranni asey prastavit kele aahe qee heey naav nantar sampoorn purv baltic samudra pradeshala lagoo hote. scandinavian katha aanee 'eastland' chaa sandarbh denare wiking dhavpali heey sarvat june dnyat srot aahet jeey naav tyachya aadhunik bhaugolik arthat nishchitpane vapartat. junya norsemadhun heey topanem itar german sthanik bhashanmadhye pasarale aanee 12 vya shatkachya akheris sahityik lattinparyant pohochale jevha itihaskar saxo vyakaranane tyachya 'gesta danorum' yaa pustakat aata jeey estonia aahe tyache kshetra 'hestia' kinwa 'estia' aanee tethil lokancha 'estonum' assa ullekh keela. heinrycha livonian itihas (see. aii. madhye lihilela. 1229) yach kshetrasathi 'estonia' heey naav dekhil vaparale.
itihas.
pragaitihasik aanee wiking yug.
shevatchya himyugacha burf vitalala tevha, 000 varshanpurvi estoniyamadhye manvi vasahat shakya jhaali. estoniyamadhil sarvat junie dnyat vasahat mhanje pulli vasahat, jee nairutya estoniatil sindijaval, parnoo nadichya kathavar hotee. redio carbon dettingnusar, teey sumare 11,000 varshanpurvi sthayik jhaale hote.
madhyapashan kalatil sarvat pracheen manvi vastee kund sanskratishi jodaleli aahe. tyaveli desh jangalanni vyapalela hota aanee lock jalashayanjaval ardh-bhatkya samudayanmadhye rahat hote. upajivikechya upkramanmadhye shikar, gola karane aanee masemari yancha samavesh hota. ii. sha. puu. 4900 chya sumaras, navpashan kalatil matiche sahitya disate, jyala narva sanskruti mhanatat. ii. sha. puu. 3200 chya sumaras dorkhandyukt vastoo sanskruti udayas aalee; yaat adim shetee aanee pashupalan yasarkhya naveen upkramancha samavesh hota.
kansya yug ii. sha. puu. 1800 chya sumaras suru jhaale aanee pahilya dongral killyachya vasahatinchi sthapana jhaali. shikari-machchimaranchya udarnirvahatun ekeri shetee-aadharit vasahatikade sankraman ii. sha. puu. 1000 chya sumaras suru jhaale aanee lohyugachya suruvatiparyant ii. sha. puu. 500 chya sumaras purn jhaale. mothya pramanat kansya vastoo scandinavian aanee german jamatinshi sakriy sanvadache astitva darshavtat.
madhya lohyugane vegvegalya dishanni disanare dhoke nirman kele. anek scandinavian kathanmadhye estonian lokanshi jhalelya mothya sangharshancha ullekh keela gela aahe, visheshtah jevha jevha shatkachya suruvatila 'estonian wikings' neey sweedencha raja ingvar yacha parabhav keela aanee tyala thaar marle. purvekadehi asech dhoke disu lagale, jethe purvekadil slavic rajye paschimekade vistarat hotee. ii. sha. 1030 madhye yaroslav daad vejchya netrutvakhalil keevan raschya sainyane estonian lokanna parabhoot kele aanee aadhunik kalatil taratumadhye eka killa sthapan keela. hii payathyashi kadachit ii. sha. 1061 paryant tikali asel, jevha estonian jamati, sosolsane tee nasht kelee, tyanantar tyanni pscover chhapa takala. 11 vya shatkachya aaspas, baltic samudrachya sabhovatalachya scandinavian wiking yuganantar baltic wiking yug aale, jyat curonian aanee iseliyan mhanoon olakhalya vaparlya sarema betavaril estonian yanni sagari chhape takale. 1187 madhye estonian (ocelian), curonian kinwa/aanee kareliyan yanni sigtuna lutale, jeey tyaa velee sweedenche eka pramukh shahar hote.
estonia done mukhya sanskrutik kshetranmadhye vibhajan kele jaau shakate. uttar aanee paschim estoniachya kinarpattichya bhaganche scandinavia aanee finlandshee jawalche paradeshi sampark hote, tarr antardeshiy dakshin estonia balt aanee pskovshi adhik sampark hote. pracheen estoniachya bhupradeshat asankhya dongral kille hote. saremachya pramukhyane pragaitihasik kinwa madhyayugeen bandar sthale sapadali aahet. estoniyamadhye wiking yugatil vaiyaktik aanee samoohik asha anek kabari aahet, jyat shastre aanee dagine aahet, jyat uttar europe aanee scandinaviamadhye samanyatah aadhalanare prakar aahet.
ii. sha. chya suruvatichya shatkanmadhye, estoniyamadhye rajkiy aanee prashasakeey upavibhag udayas yeu lagale. done mothe upavibhag disu lagaleh parrish (estonianh "kihelkond") aanee county (estonianh "makond"), jyat anek parrish hote. eka parishche netrutva netrutva kele hote aanee too dongral killyavar kendrit hota; kahee durmil prakarananmadhye parishmadhye anek kille hote. vakte) shatkaparyant, estoniyamadhye aath pramukh parganyancha samavesh hotah harjuma, jarwama, lanema, rewala, sarema, sakala, ugandi aanee viruma; aanee sahaa kirkol, eka-parrish parganyah alempois, jogentagana, mohu, nurmekund, sopulits aanee vaiga. parganya yaa swatantra sanstha hotya aanee paradeshi dhokyanviruddha keval shithil sahkaryat guntalelya hotya.
khrishchanikaranapurvi madhyayugeen estoniyanchya aadhyatmik aanee dharmik prathambaddal phaar qamee mahitee aahe. livoniachya henarichya itihasamadhye 'tharpita' chaa ullekh sarema ('ocelian') chya tatkalin rahivashanchi shreshth devata mhanoon keela aahe. pavitra upavananvishayi, visheshtah oka vrukshanchya upavananvishayi, kahee aitihasik purave aahet, jeey 'murtipujak' upasanechi thikane mhanoon kaam karat hote.
dharmayuddha aanee catholic yug.
1199 madhye pope nirdosh tisra yane "livoniachya khrishchananche rakshan karnyasathi" dharmayuddha ghoshit kele. 1206 madhye, jevha danish raja waldemar dusra yane sarema varr ayashasvi hallah keela, tevha ladhai estoniyaparyant pohochali. purvi livonian, latgallion aanee selonian yanna parabhoot kelelya german livonian bandhunni 1208 madhye estonian lokanviruddha moheem suru kelee aanee pudhil kahee varshant donhi bajunni asankhya chhape aanee prati-chhape takale. esconian pratikarshakticha eka pramukh neta lembitu hota, joou sakala kaunticha eka vadildhari hota, parantu 1217 madhye sentchya ladhait estonian lokanna lakshaniy parabhav patkarava lagla. mathuse day, jithe lembitu marla gela. 1219 madhye, dusra waldemar lindanis yethe utarala, lindanischya ladhait estoniancha parabhav keela aanee uttar estonia jinkanyas suruvat kelee. pudhchya varshi, sweedenne paschim estoniavar aakraman kele, parantu ocelian lokanni tyanna mage hatvale. 1223 madhye, eka mothya bandane rival vagalata sampoorn estoniatun german aanee danes yanna baher kadhale, parantu dharmayuddhaviranni lavkarach tyanche aakraman punha suru kele aanee 1227 madhye, sarema haah aatmasamarpan karnara shevatcha "makond" (county) hota.
dharmayuddhanantar, sadhyachya dakshin estonia aanee laviachya pradeshala terra mariana asey naav denyat aale, parantu nantar teey fakt livonia mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale. uttar estonia haah estoniacha danish duchy banala, tarr urvarit bhag talwar bandhu aanee dorpat aanee osel-vikche rajkumar-bishop yanchyat vibhagala gela. 1236 madhye, motha parabhav sahan kelyanantar, talwar bandhu heey livonian aurder banoon tutonic ordermadhye villin jhaale. pudhil dashakanmadhye saremamadhye tutonic shaskanviruddha anek uthav jhaale. 1343 madhye, seent mhanoon olakhali jaanari eka mothee bandkhori suru jhaali. georgechya ratrichya uthavane uttar estonia aanee saremacha sampoorn parisar vyapala. 1345 madhye tutonic orderne bund dadapun takane sampavale aanee pudhchya varshi danish rajane estoniyamadhil aapali malmatta orderla vikali. yaa ayashasvi bandamule uchchavargiy german alpasankhyakansathi satta ektrikaran jhaale. tyanantarchya shatkanparyant estonian shahare aanee grameen bhag yaa donhi thikani loow german hii sattadhari abhijat vargachi bhasha rahili.
lindnicechya thikani sthapan jhalelya dennish estoniachi rajdhani revel (tallin) neey lubeck kayada swikarla aanee 1248 madhye tyala sampoorn shahar haqq midale. hansiatic leegne baltic samudravaril vyapar niyantrit keela aanee ekoon chaar sarvat mothee shahare estonia sadasya banalih revel, dorpat (tartu), parnau (parnoo) aanee fellin (viljandi). revelne novgorod aanee pashchimekadil hansiyatik shaharanmadhil vyapar madhyasth mhanoon kaam kele, tarr dorpatne teech bhoomika pskovne bharali. yaa kalat anek karagir aanee vyapari sanghanchi sthapana jhaali. tyanchya dagadi bhinti aanee hansatil sadasyatvane sanrakshit, rewal aanee dorpat sarkhya samruddha shaharanni madhyayugeen livoniachya itar rajyakartyanna varanvar virodh keela. 1410 madhye grunwaldchya ladhait jhalelya parabhavanantar tutonic ordercha ordercha jhalyanantar aanee 1 september 1435 roji swientachya ladhait livonian ordercha parabhav jhalyanantar, 4 december 1435 roji livonian federation kararavar kararavar karnyat aalya.
sudharanannantarche yug.
1517 madhye madhya europemadhye sudharananna suruvat jhaali aanee livonian orderne kahee virodh keela asala taree lavkarach uttarekade livoniyaparyant pasarali. 1520 chya dashakat protestantvad swikaranari shahare hii pahili hotee aanee 1530 chya dashkaparyant bahutansh jamindar aanee grameen loksankhyene dekhil lutheranism swikarla hota. charchchya seva aata sthanik bhashet aayojit kelya jaat hotya, jyacha suruvatila arth qamee german assa hota, parantu 1530 chya dashakapasun niyamit dharmik seva dekhil estonian bhashet aayojit kelya jaat hotya.
hotya shatkat, mosco, sweeden aanee polland-lithuania vistarvadi rajeshahine satta ektrit kelee, jyamule vikendrikrut livoniala vadhata dhoka nirman jhaala, jeey shahare, kuleen varg, bishop aanee vyavastha yanchyatil vadanmule kamkuvat jhaale.
1558 madhye, rashiyacha bhayankar zaar ivan (maskovi) yane livoniavar aakraman kele aanee livonian yuddh suru kele. 1560 madhye livonian ordercha nirnayak parabhav jhaala, jyamule livonian gatanna paradeshi sanrakshn milanyas pravrutt kele gele. bahutek livonia polish rajya sweekarle, tarr revel aanee uttar estoniachya kulinanni swedish rajashi nishtha balganyachi shapath ghetali aanee osel-vikchya bishapane tyachi jameen danish rajala vikali. russian sainyane haloohaloo livoniatil bahutansh bhag jinkla, parantu 1570 chya dashakachya uttaradhat polish-lithuanian aanee swedish sainyane swatache aakraman suru kele aanee akheris 1583 madhye russian parabhavasah raktaranjit yuddh sampale. yuddhacha parinam mhanoon, uttar estonia haah estoniacha swedish duchy banala, dakshin estonia haah livoniacha polish duchy jhaala aanee sarema haah danish niyantranakhali rahila.
1600 madhye, polland-swedish yuddh suru jhaale, jyamule aanakhi vidhvans jhaala. 1629 madhye sweedenne dakshin estonia aanee uttar laviachya pradeshansah livonia midavalyane pradirgh yuddh sampale. 1645 madhye danish sarema sweedenla hastantarit karnyat aale. yuddhanni 16 vya shatkachya madhyat sumare 250-270,000 lokanpasoon 1630 chya dashakat 115-120,000 paryant estoniachi loksankhya ardhi kelee hotee.
swedish rajvatit anek shetkari gulamgirichya sthiteet rahile, kayadeshir sudharananmule gulam aanee mukt bhadekaru sthanik jameen vapar aanee varshache haqq donhi balkat jhaale-mhanoon yaa kalala lokanchya aitihasik smaranat 'changla juna swedish kaal' ashee pratishtha midali. swedish raja gustaf dusra edolph yane revel aanee dorpatmadhye vyayamshala sthapan kelya; nantarche 1632 madhye tartu vidyapithat upgraded karnyat aale. donhi shaharanmadhye mudranalay dekhil sthapan karnyat aale. 1680 chya dashakat, mukhytah bengt goatfried forceliuschya prayatnanmule, estonian prathamik shikshanachi suruvat jhaali, jyane likhit estonianmadhye varnanatmak sudharana dekhil suru kelya. 60-70-varshachya kalavadhisathi, sumare 20 takke loksankhyechya sumare, sumare 2000 lock mrutyumukhi padalya tyaa 1695-97 chya mothya dushkalaparyant, estoniachi loksankhya zapatyane vadhali.
1700-1721 mahan uttarekadil yuddhadarmyan, russiachya (maskovi) tsardamne 1710 paryant sampoorn estonia jinkla. yuddhane punha estoniachi loksankhya uddhvast kelee, 1712 chee loksankhya fakt 150,000-170,000 itaki hotee. 1721 madhye, estonia done prantanmadhye vibhagali geleeh estonia prant, jyat tallin aanee estoniacha uttarekadil bhag samavisht hota aanee livonia dakshin prant, jeey laviachya uttarekade vistarle hote. russian prashasanane baltic german lokanche serve rajkiy aanee jamindharak adhikar punarsanchayit kele. 18 vya shatkat shetee sambandhanvar gulamgiriche purnapane varchasva asalyane sthanik sthanik haqq tyanchya sarvat khalchya tappyavar pohochale. 1816-1819 madhye gulamgiri aupcharikpane radd karnyat aalee, parantu suruvatila yacha vyavharik parinam farach qamee jhaala; 19 vya shatkachya madhyat sudharanansah jameen-malkichya hakkanmadhye mothya sudharana suru jhalya.
rashtriy jagruti.
1850 chya dashakat anek pramukh vyaktinni samanya lokanmadhye estonian rashtriy asmitela protsahan denyas suruvat kelee tevha estonian rashtriy jagrutila suruvat jhaali. estonian lokanni kelelya vyapak shet kharedi aanee parinami vegane vegane jameen-malkichya jameen-malkichya vargane yaa naveen "estonian olakh" chya nirmitisathi aarthik aadhar pradan keela. 1857 madhye johann voldemer jansonne estonian bhashetil pahile dainik vruttpatra prakashit karnyas suruvat kelee aanee swatahla "eastlane" (estonian) mhanoon lokpriy karnyas suruvat kelee. shaleche shikshak carl robbert jacobson aanee padri jakob heart heey rashtriy chalvalitil pramukh vyakti banale, jyamule estonian estonian tyanchya vanshik estonian olakhicha abhiman balganyas protsahit kele. estonian bhasha alekzandar shaala sthapan karanyachi moheem, estonian sakshar aanee estonian vidyarthi samajachi sthapana aanee 1869 madhye tartu yethe aayojit pahila rashtriy geet mahotsav yasarkhya pahilya rashtravyapi chalvali sthapan jhalya. bhashik sudharananmule estonian bhasha vikasit honyas madat jhaali. rashtriy mahakavya 'calevipoeg' 1862 madhye prakashit jhaale aanee 1870 madhye estonian rangbhumiche pahile sadarikaran jhaale. 1878 madhye rashtriy chalvalit mothee phoot padali. dukhapatichya netrutvakhalil madhyampanthiy shakhene sanskruti aanee estonian shikshanachya vikasavar laksh kendrit kele, tarr jacobsonchya netrutvakhalil kattarpanthi shakhene vadhiv rajkiy aanee aarthik hakkanchi magani karnyas suruvat kelee.
hotya shatkachya akheris, kendra sarkarne baltic prantanna samrajyashi adhik jawalun jodanyasathi vividh prashasakeey aanee sanskrutik upayayojana suru kelya, tyamule rushfication suru jhaale. bahutek madhyamik shaala aanee vidyapithanmadhye german aanee estonianchi jaaga russian bhashene ghetali aanee sthanik bhashanmadhil anek samajik aanee sanskrutik upkram dadapun taknyat aale. tarihi, baltic german sansthanchi shakti qamee karnyachya uddeshane kahee prashasakeey badal estonian lokansathi upayukt tharale. 1890 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, zaan tonnison aanee constantin pats sarkhya pramukh vyaktinchya udayasah rashtravadachi eka naveen laat aalee. aahet shatkachya suruvatila, estonian lokanni germanankadun shaharanmadhil sthanik sarkaranvar niyantran midvanyas suruvat kelee.
1905 chya krantidarmyan, pahilya kayadeshir estonian rajkiy pakshanchi sthapana jhaali. eka estonian rashtriy congress bolavali gelee aanee estonian bhaganche ekach swayatt pradeshat ekikaran aanee rashiyache ekikaran sampavanyachi magani kelee gelee. ashantatesobat shantatapurn rajkiy nidarshane aanee hinsak dangli, tasech tollinchya vyavsayik jeelhyat aanee estonian grameen bhagatil anek shrimant jamindaranchya gharanmadhye lootmar jhaali. zaar sarkarne kroor karvai karoon pratyuttar dile; sumare 500 lokanna fashi denyat aalee aanee shekado lokanna turungat taknyat aale kinwa cyberiala haddapar karnyat aale.
swatantrya.
1917 madhye, februwari krantinantar, russian tatpuratya sarkarne livoniatil estonian bhashik bhagancha samavesh karnyasathi estoniachya prantacha vistar keela aanee tyala svayatta denyat aalee, jyamule estonian prantiy sabhechi sthapana jhaali. november 1917 madhye bolshevikanni estoniyamadhye satta kabij kelee aanee prantiy vidhansabha visarjit kelee. tathapi, prantiy sabhene moksh samitichi sthapana kelee aanee russian maghar aanee german aagman yanchyatil chhotya antaradarmyan, samiteene 24 februwari 1918 roji estonia swatantrya ghoshit kele aanee estonian tatpurte sarkar sthapan kele. tyanantar lagechach germanancha taba ghetala gela, parantu pahilya mahayuddhatil parabhavanantar germananna 19 november 1918 roji tatpuratya sarkarkade satta sopavinyas bhag padale gele.
28 november 1918 roji soviet russiane aakraman kele aanee estonian swatantryayuddha suru kele. laal sainya tollinchya 30 kimichya aat aale, parantu janewari 1919 madhye, johann leonerchya netrutvakhalil estonian sainyane pratiaakraman kele, kahee mahinyantach estoniahoon bolshevik sainya baher kadhale. navyane soviet aakraman ayashasvi jhaale aanee vasant rutumadhye, estonian sainya, aahe russian sainyachya sahkaryane, russia aanee laviamadhye pudhe gele. juuna 1919 madhye, estonia laviavar varchasva gajavanyacha prayatna niryat-nirman german landeswehercha parabhav keela, aanee tethil carlis ulmanisachya sarkarla satta punarsanchayit kelee. aahe russian sainyachya patananantar, laal sainyane 1919 chya uttaradhat narvaviruddha mothe aakraman suru kele, parantu tyat yash midvanyat teey apayashi tharale. 2 februwari 1920 roji, estonia aanee soviet russiane tartu shantata kararavar kararavar kelya, nantarchya deshanni estoniyavaril serve sarvbhoum dave kayamche sodanyache vachan dile.
april 1919 madhye, estonian sanvidhan sabhechi nivad jhaali. sanvidhan sabhene mothya malmattancha padav karoon vyapak bhusudharana manjur kelee aanee estoniachi sansadiy lokshahi mhanoon sthapana karnari naveen atyant udarmatvadi sanvidhan sweekarli. 1924 madhye soviet unionne samyavadi uthav karnyacha prayatna aayojit keela, joou patkan ayashasvi jhaala. 1925 madhye swikaranyat aalela vanshik alpasankhyakansathicha estoniacha sanskrutik-svayatta kayada, tyaa velee jagatil sarvat udarmatvadi mhanoon mothya pramanavar olakhala jaato. mahamandine estoniachya rajkiy vyavasthevar motha dabav aanala aanee 1933 madhye ujavya vicharsaranichya waps chalvaline eka majboot adhyakshapad sthapan niryat-nirman ghatanatmak sudharananche netrutva kele. 12 march 1934 roji, rajya karyavahak pramukh constantin pats yanni, waps chalval sattapalat karanyachi yojana aakhat hotee yaa bahanyane aanibanichi sthitee ghoshit kelee. pats, general johann leonar aanee karel enpalu yanchyabarobar, "maunachya yugat" eka hukumshahi shasson sthapan kele, jevha sansadechi punha baithak jhaali nahee aanee navyane sthapan jhaleli deshbhaktipar leag hii sadhyachi ekmev kayadeshir rajkiy chalval bunley. sarvamatat eka naveen sanvidhan swikaranyat aale aanee 1938 madhye nivadanuka ghenyat aalya. sarkar samarthak aanee virodhi umedvaranna sahbhagi honyachi parvanagi hotee, parantu keval apaksh mhanoon, kaaran serve rajkiy paksh satat aanibanichya sthiteet nilambit rahile. aantaryuddh europemadhil itar hukumshahi rajyanchya tulanet pats shasson tulanene saumya hote aanee rajyane kadhihi rajkiy virodhkanviruddha hinsacharacha vapar keela nahee.
1921 madhye estonia rashtranchya sanghatanet sameel jhaala. finland, polland aanee lavia yanchyasobat eka mothee yutee sthapan karnyache prayatna ayashasvi jhaale, 1923 madhye laviashi keval paraspar-sanrakshn kararavar kararavar karnyat aalya aanee nantar 1934 chya baltic kararasah pudhe gele. 1930 chya dashakat, estonia finlandshee gupt lashkari sahkaryahi karat hota. 1932 madhye soviet unionsobat aanee 1939 madhye germanysobat gair-aakramakapana kararanvar kararavar karnyat aalya. 1939 madhye estonia tatasthata ghoshit kelee, parantu aanee mahayuddhat heey vyarth tharale.
dusare mahayuddha.
dusare mahayuddha suru honyachya eka aathvada aadhi, 23 august 1939 roji nazi germany aanee stallinwadi soviet unionne molotov-rebentrop kararavar kararavar kelya. kararachya gupt niyamavalinusar polland, lithuania, latvia, estonia aanee finland heey yu. ess. ess. aar. aanee germanymadhye 'prabhavachya kshetranmadhye' vibhagale gele hote, jyat estonia soviet 'kshetra' laa niyukt karnyat aala hota. 24 september 1939 roji, soviet unionne eka antim ishara sadar keela, jyamadhye estonia "paraspar sahayyachya" kararavar swakshari karavi ashee magani kelee, jyamule soviet unionla deshat lashkari tall sthapan karanyachi parvanagi milel. estanian sarkarla vatale qee tyache palan karnyashivay tyanchyakade konatahi paryay nahee aanee 28 september 1939 roji soviet-estanian paraspar sahayya kararavar kararavar karnyat aalya. meey 1940 madhye, talanvar laal sainya tainat karnyat aale aanee 14 juuna roji, soviet unionne estoniyavar sampoorn naudal aanee havai nakabandi suru kelee. tyach divashi, soviet havai dalane viman kaleva padale. 16 juuna roji, yu. ess. ess. aar. neey laal sainyala estoniyamadhye purnapane muktapane pathvanyachi aanee soviet samarthak sarkarchi sthapana karanyachi magani karnara antim ishara sadar keela. pratikar nirashajanak aahe asey vatoon, estonian sarkarne tyache palan kele aanee aanee divashi sampoorn desh vyapala gela. 6 august 1940 roji, soviet unionne estonian ess. ess. aar. mhanoon estoniacha taba ghetala.
yu. ess. ess. aar. neey tabyat ghetalelya estoniyamadhye yuddhakalin dadapshahiche shasson sthapan kele. deshatil anek uchch padasth nagri aanee lashkari adhikari, buddhiman aanee udhyogpatinna atak karnyat aalee. 14 juuna 1941 roji sumare 11,000 lokanna rashiyat mothya pramanat haddapar karoon soviet dadapshahicha shevat jhaala. 22 juuna 1941 roji 'unhali yuddh' chya swarupat soviet yuniyanviruddha operation barbarosa ('vann bandhu' mhanoon olakhalya vaparlya estonian chhapamar sainikansah) suru jhaale tevha sumare 34,000 tarun estonian purushanna jabardastine laal sainyat bharati karnyat aale, jyapaiki 30 takkyanhun qamee yuddhatoon bachavale. soviet vidhvans tukadyanni jalalele pruthvi dhoran suru kele. jyanna baher kadhane shakya navhate asha rajkiy kaidyanna aine. keey. vhee. dii. neey fashi dilee. anek estonian jangalat gele aanee tyanni sovhietvirodhi chhapamar moheem suru kelee. julaimadhye german veharmach dakshin estoniala pohochala. yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey augustchya uttaradhat mothya pramanat nuksanasah tallinla baher kadhale aanee octobermadhye german sainyane estonian bete tabyat ghene purn kele.
suruvatila, anek estonian lokanna aasha hotee qee germany estonia swatantrya punarsanchayit karnyas madat karel, parantu heey lavkarach vyarth tharale. keval eka kathputali sahyogvadi prashasana sthapan karnyat aale aanee vyapalelya estonia richscomisaria austlandmadhye vilinikaran karnyat aale, aanee tyachi arthvyavastha purnapane german lashkari garajanchya adheen karnyat aalee. 1941 madhye jawaljawal eka hazar estonian jyoo jeey baher padnyas yashasvi jhaale navhate, teey jawaljawal serve lavkar marle gele. asankhya saktichya kamgar shibire sthapan karnyat aalee jyat hajaro estonian, paradeshi jyoo, roman aanee soviet yuddhakaidi maran pavale. german adhibhog soviet lahan svayamsevak tukadyanmadhye purushanchi bharati karnyas suruvat kelee, parantu yaa prayatnanche parinam qamee jhaale aanee lashkari paristhiti bighadali, 1943 madhye saktichi bharati suru karnyat aalee, jyamule akheris estonian waffen-ess. ess. vibhagachi sthapana jhaali. german sainyat ladhu naan ichchinare hajaro estonian guptapane finlandla paloon gele, jithe anekanni soviet viruddha fins ekatra ladhanyasathi swechhene pudhakar ghetala.
laal sainya 1944 chya suruvatila punha estonian simevar pohochale, parantu estoniatil tyachi pragati, anek estonian tukdyansah german sainyane narvajaval sahaa mahine jordar ladhait thambavali. marchmadhye, soviet havai dalane tallin aanee itar estonian shaharanvar jordar bombsfot kele. julaimadhye, soviet sanghane dakshinekadun eka mothe aakraman suru kele, jyamule germananna septembermadhye mukhya bhoomi estonia sodoon denyas bhag padale gele, aanee novembermadhye estonian bete sodoon denyat aalee. german sainya tallinmadhun maghar ghet asatana, yuddhapoorv shevatcha pantpradhan jurie uluts yane estonia swatantrya punarsanchayit karnyachya ayashasvi prayatnat oto tiffchya netrutvakhalil sarkarchi niyukti kelee. naveen soviet kabja talhanyasathi bahutek estonian sweedens hajaro lock paschimekade paloon gele.
ekoon, aanee mahayuddhat mrutyu, nirvasana aanee nirvasananmule estonia aapali sumare 25 takke loksankhya gamavali. estoniatil kahee aparivartaniy pradeshik nuksan dekhil jhaale, kaaran soviet unionne estonian ess. ess. aar. pasoon russian ess. eff. ess. aar. kadey estonian yuddhapoorv pradeshachya sumare 5 takke seema bhag hastantarit keela.
dusra soviet vyavasay.
aanee soviet tabyat virodh karnare hajaro estonian 'vann bandhu' mhanoon olakhalya vaparlya chhapamar chalvalit sameel jhaale. yuddhanantarchya pahilya kahee varshant sashastr pratikar sarvat jaast hota, parantu soviet soviet haloohaloo too sangharshatun qamee keela aanee 1950 chya dashakachya madhyat pratikar prabhavipane bund jhaala. soviet sanghane samuhikateche dhoran suru kele, parantu shetkari tyala virodh karat rahilyane dahashatvadachi moheem suru karnyat aalee. march 1949 madhye sumare 20,000 estonian lokanna cyberiala haddapar karnyat aale. tyanantar lavkarach samuhikikaran purnapane purn jhaale.
soviet unionchya antargat russian varchasva asalelya adhibhog soviet rashiyankaran suru kele, shekado hajaro vanshik russian aanee itar "soviet lokanna" vyapalelya estoniyamadhye sthayik honyasathi pravrutt kele gele, jyaa prakriyet akheris sthanik estonian lokanna tyanchya swatachya mool bhoomimadhye alpasankhyak banvinyachi dhamki dilee gelee. 1945 madhye estonian lock loksankhyechya 97 takke hote, parantu 1989 paryant tyancha loksankhyetil vaataa 62 takkyanparyant khalee aala hota. kabja kelelya soviet vanshik shuddhikaran, sthanik loksankhyeche mothya pramanavar nirvasana aanee russian vasahatindvare mothya pramanavar vasahatvadachya mohima rabavalya jyamule estoniachi mool loksankhya 3 takke gamavali. march 1949 paryant, 60,000 lokanna estoniahoon aanee 50,000 lokanna laviahoon cyberiamadhil gulam kamgar shibiranmadhye haddapar karnyat aale, jithe mrutyuche praman 30 takke hote. kabja kelelya rajvatine estonian communist pakshachi sthapana kelee, jithe pakshache sadasyatva rashiyatil bahusankhya hote. aarthikdrushtya, avjad udhyoganna jordar pradhanya denyat aale hote, parantu yamule sthanik loksankhyeche kalyan sudharle nahee aanee pradushanamule paryavaranache mothya pramanat nuksan jhaale. sovhietchya tabyat asalele jivanman jawalchya swatantra finlandchya aanakhi mage padat gele. 2 takke bhoobhag vyapoon bund lashkari kshetransah deshache mothya pramanat lashkarikaran karnyat aale hote. bete aanee bahutek kinarpattiche bhag pratibandhit simakshetrat rupantarit karnyat aale hote, jyat praveshasathi vishesh parvanagichi aavashyakta hotee. mhanunach 1960 chya uttaradhaparyant estonia agadi bund hota, jevha haloohaloo estonian lokanni deshachya uttarekadil bhagat changlya signal renjamule finish television pahoo lagale, asha prakare lokhandi padadyamagil jivanshailiche changle chitra midale. finish durdarshan pahane anadhikrut hote, parantu tarihi yaa uddeshane banavalelya vishesh upkaranane teey pahile gele.
america, united kingdam, france, germany aanee itar bahutansh pashchatya deshanni soviet unionne estonia vilinikaran bekaydeshir manale. nirvasit sarkar aanee estonian mutsaddi pratinidhinchya madhyamatoon estonian rajyachi kayadeshir satatya rakhali gelee, jyanna pashchatya sarkare manyata dett rahili.
swatantrya punarsanchayit jhaale.
1987 madhye soviet sanghachya kendra sarkarne perestroica suru kelyane estoniyamadhye punha khule rajkiy upkram shakya jhaale, jyamule swatantrya punarsanchayit karanyachi prakriya suru jhaali, jee nantar 'laulev revolution' ('gayan kranti') mhanoon olakhali gelee. paryavaraniy "phosphoridisoda" ("phosphorite yuddh") moheem hii kendra sarkarchya virodhat pahili mothee nishedh chalval bunley. 1988 madhye, naveen rajkiy chalvali udayala aalya, jase qee estoniacha lokpriy morcha, joou swatantrya chalvalit madhyam pankhache pratinidhitva karnyasathi aala aanee adhik kattarpanthi estonian rashtriy swatantrya paksh, joou soviet unionmadhil pahila bigger-samyavadi paksh hota aanee swatantryachi sampoorn punarsthapana karanyachi magani karat hota. 16 november 1988 roji, ardhya shatkatil pahilya gair-sattebaaj bahu-umedvar nivadanukanantar, soviet-niyantrit estoniachya sansadene sarvbhaumatva ghoshana jaaree kelee, jyat soviet sanghachya kayadyanvar estonian kayadyanna pradhanya dile gele. pudhil done varshant, yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya itar anek prashasakeey bhaganni (kinwa "prajasattak") estonian udaharanache anusaran kele aanee ashach ghoshana jaaree kelya. 23 august 1989 roji, sumare 20 laakh estonian, lavian aanee lithuanian lokanni samoohik pratyakshikat bhag ghetala, jyamule teen deshanmadhye baltic paddhatine manvi sakhali tayar jhaali. februwari 1990 madhye, estonian nagarikanchi eka naveen sansad, congress auph estonia sthapan karnyasathi nivadanuka ghenyat aalya. march 1991 madhye, eka sarvmat ghenyat aale jethe 78.4% matdaranni purn swatantryala pathimba deela. moscomadhye jhalelya uthav prayatnandarmyan, estonia 20 august 1991 roji swatantrya punarsanchayit karanyachi ghoshana kelee.
soviet soviet 6 september 1991 roji estonian swatantryala manyata dilee aanee 17 september roji estoniala sanyukt rashtranmadhye pravesh denyat aala. russian sainyachya shevatchya tukadyanni 1994 madhye estonia sodale.
1992 madhye bajar arthvyavasthekade valanyasathi khasgikaran aanee chalan sudharanansah aamulagra aarthik sudharana suru karnyat aalya. 13 november 1999 pasoon estonia haah doubleu. tii. oo. chaa sadasya aahe.
1991 madhye swatantrya parat midalyapasun, estonian pararashtra dhoran itar pashchatya lokshahishi susangat aahe aanee 2004 madhye estonia european union aanee nato yaa donhi deshanmadhye sameel jhaala. 9 december 2010 roji, estonia oo. eae. see. dii. chaa sadasya banala. 1 janewari 2011 roji, estonia yurokshetrat sameel jhaala aanee europeey mahasanghache ekmev chalan euro sweekarle. estonia hii sanyukt rashtranchya suraksha parishadechi sadasya hotee.
bhoogol.
estonia uttar europemadhye, baltic samudrachya purv pramukhyane, purv european maidanavar 57°30′ aanee 59°49′n aanee 21°46′ aanee 28°13′e darmyan sthit aahe. yachya uttarela finlandchya palikade finlandche aakhat, paschimela sweedenchya palikade samudra, dakshinela latvia aanee purvela pipasi talav aanee russia aahet. estonian pradesh vyapato, jyapaiki antargat panyache praman 4.6% aahe. pradeshik samudracha samavesh kartana, estonian seema vyapate.
estoniala eka lamb kinarpatti aahe, jee uttar uttar chunkhadichya kadyansathi aanee sarvat mothya betansathi ullekhaneey aahe. antargat panyasah estonian betanchi ekoon sankhya 2,355 aahe, jyapaiki 2,222 baltic samudrat aahet. sarema aanee hiamiya hii sarvat mothee bete aahet. 1560 hoon adhik naisargik talav aahet, tyapaiki sarvat mothe russiachya simevaril pipasi sarovar aanee madhya estoniatil vortsjarv sarovar aahe. yavyatirikt mothya sankhyene krutrim jalsathe aahet. estoniyamadhye 7000 hoon adhik nadya, pravah aanee kalve aahet. bahutek lahan asatat, fakt 15 jaast lamb asatat. khadde aanee khadde jaminicha 23.2% bhag vyapatat. samanyatah bhupradesh sapat asato, samudraspatipasun sarasari unchi sumare asate. deshachya bhupradeshacha keval 10 takke bhag unchipeksha motha aahe, jyamadhye hanjachya unch pradeshamadhye sarvat unch shikhar, suur munmagi aahe.
hawaman.
estonia samshitoshna hawaman kshetrat vasalela aahe aanee sagari aanee ubdar unhale aanee vanshikdrushtya saumya hiwala yanchya darmyanchya sankraman kshetrat aahe. baltic samudramule prathamik sthanik farak hotat, joou hivalyat kinarpattichya bhaganna garam karato aanee vasant rutumadhye tyanna thund karato. sarasari tapman julai, sarvat ubdar mahinyapasoon teey februwari, sarvat thund mahinyaparyant asate, jyat varshik sarasari asate. sarvadhik nond kelele tapman 1992 pasoon aahe aanee sarvat qamee 1940 pasoon aahe. varshik sarasari parjanyaman aahe, dainandin nond aahe. vegvegalya varshanmadhye barfache aachchadan lakshaniyaritya badalate. sadhyache vaare paschim, nairutya aanee dakshinekade aahet, aahet sarasari veg antargat 3-5 mea/seey aanee pramukhyane 5-7 mea/seey aahe. sarasari masik suryaprakashacha kalavadhi augustmadhye 290 tasanpasoon teey decembermadhye 21 tasanparyant asato.
jaivavividhata.
vividh hawaman aanee matichi paristhiti aanee samudra aanee antargat panyachya vipulatemule, samaan akshanshavaril samaan aakarachya pradeshanpaiki estonia haah sarvat jaivavividh pradeshanpaiki eka aahe. itar bahutek european deshanmadhye namshesh jhalelya anek prajati ajunahi estoniyamadhye aadhalu shakatat.
nond kelelya prajatinmadhye 64 sastan prani, 11 ubhaychar aanee 5 sarpatanare prani yancha samavesh aahe. estoniyamadhye upasthit asalelya mothya sastan pranyanmadhye rakhadi landga, links, tapkiri aswal, laal kolha, badger, jangali dukkar, moose, roow dier, beaver, ood, rakhadi seal aanee ringed seal yancha samavesh hoto. gambhirpane luptapray european mink hiamiya betavar yashasviritya punha sadar karnyat aala aahe aanee durmil cyberian udanari gilhari purv estoniyamadhye aahe. ekada nasht jhalyanantar laal harran dekhil yashasviritya punha sadar kele gele aahe. aanee shatkachya suruvatila, paschim estoniyamadhye, tyanchya purvichya dnyat shrenipeksha uttarekade, european sasechya ektya loksankhyechi pushti jhaali. estoniachya kinarpattichya bhagat colhey yanchi sankhya zapatyane vadhali aahe aanee teey matsalu rashtriy udyanat aadhalu shakatat. parichay jhalelya sastan pranyanmadhye sika harran, paleet asalele harran, racoon kutra, muscrat aanee american mink yancha samavesh aahe. 
aahe shepaticha garud, qamee thipke asalela garud, soneri garud, western capercally, kaala aanee pandhara saras, ghubad, panbude, huns aanee itar anek prajatinsah 300 hoon adhik pakshyanchya prajati estoniyamadhye aadhalalya aahet. kothar gilane haah estoniacha rashtriy pakshi aahe.
vanaspatibhaugolikdrushtya, boriyal samrajyatil parighiy pradeshachya madhya european aanee purv european prantanmadhye estonia samayik keela jaato. doubleu. doubleu. eff. nusar, estoniacha pradesh cermatic mishra jangalanchya paryavaraniy pradeshashi sambandhit aahe. estoniyamadhye fulanchya gatanchi samruddha rachana aahe, jyat andaje 6000 (3461 olakhale gelele) burshi, 3000 (2500 olakhale gelele) shaiwal aanee cyanobacteria, 850 (786 olakhale gelele) liken aanee 600 (507 olakhale gelele) bryophytes aahet. deshachya sumare nimmya bhagavar jangale aahet. 87 sthanik aanee 500 hoon adhik parichit vruksh aanee zudupanchya prajati olakhalya gelya aahet, jyat sarvat prachalit vruksh prajati devdar (41 takke), berch (28 takke) aanee spruce (23 takke) aahet. 1969 pasoon cornflower ('centauria cyanus') heey estonia rashtriy phool aahe. 
sanrakshit kshetranmadhye estonian jaminicha 19.4% bhag aanee pradeshik samudrasah tyachya ekoon kshetrafalachya 23 takke bhagacha samavesh aahe. ekoon 3,883 sanrakshit naisargik vastoo aahet, jyat 6 rashtriy udyane, 233 nisarg sanwardhan kshetre aanee 154 bhupradesh rakheev aahet.
rajkaran.
estonia heey eksandh sansadiy prajasattak aahe. eksadaniy sansad rijikogu vidhimandal mhanoon aanee sarkar karyakari mhanoon kaam karate.
estonian sansad rijikogu 18 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya nagarikankadun pramanbaddh pratinidhitvadvare chaar varshanchya karyakalasathi nivadali jaate aanee tyache 101 sadasya aahet. rigikogoochya rigikogoochya rashtriy sarkarla manyata aanee sanrakshn, kayadeshir kayade parit karane, rajya arthsankalp manjur karane aanee sansadiy dekhrekh karane yancha samavesh aahe. rashtrapatinchya prastavavar rigikogu sarvoch nyayalayache mukhya nyayadhish, banq auph estoniachya mandalache adhyaksh, mahalekha parikshak, kayadeshir kulpati aanee sanrakshn dalanche pramukh commander yanchi niyukti karatat.
estonia sarkar rashtradhyakshanchya shifarshinusar estoniachya pantpradhanandware sthapan kele jaate aanee rijikogoone tyala manyata dilee aahe. pantpradhananchya netrutvakhalil sarkar deshachya rajkiy netrutvache pratinidhitva karate aanee deshantargat aanee pararashtra dhoran rabavate. mantri mantralayanche pramukh asatat aanee sarkarmadhil tyanchya hitsambandhanche pratinidhitva karatat. kadhikadhi jyaa mantryanchi sambandhit mantralay nasate, tyanchi niyukti kelee jaate, jyanna "khatyashivay mantri" mhanoon olakhale jaate. konatyahi pakshala sansadet purn bahumat miloo shakalele naslyamule estoniachi satta yutee sarkaranni chalavali aahe.
rajyache pramukh heey rashtrapati asatat, jyanchi pramukhyane pratinidhi aanee aupcharik bhoomika asate. rashtrapatinchya nivadivar konatehi janmat nahee, parantu rashtrapati rigikogudware kinwa vishesh nivadanuk mandaladvare nivadle jaatat. rashtrapati rigikogumadhye manjur kelele kayade ghoshit karatat aanee tyanna ghoshana nakarnyacha aanee naveen charcha aanee nirnayasathi sambandhit kayada parat karnyacha adhikar aahe. jarr rijikogoone kayada naan karata manjur keela, tarr rashtrapatinna haah kayada asanvaidhanik ghoshit karnyasathi sarvoch nyayalayat prastav thevanyacha adhikar aahe. rashtrapati aantarrashtriy sambandhanmadhyehi deshache pratinidhitva karatat.
estoniachya sanvidhanane sarvmatadvare thet lokshahichi shakyata dekhil pradan kelee aahe, jaree 1992 madhye sanvidhan swikarlyapasun 2003 madhye european unionchya sadasyatvavaril sarvmat haah ekmev sarvmat aahe.
99 takke sarvajanik seva 24 taas webwar upalabdh asalyane estonia eae-governmentchya vikasacha pathpurava keela aahe. 2005 madhye estonia haah 2005 chya sthanik nivadnukanmadhye deshvyapi bandhankarak internet matdan suru karnara jagatil pahila desh tharala. 2023 chya sansadiy nivadnukanmadhye ekoon matanpaiki 51 takke matey internetvar padali, hii pahili vel hotee jevha nimmyahoon adhik matey online padali.
2023 chya sarvat alikadil sansadiy nivadnukanmadhye, rigikogu yethe sahaa pakshanna jaaga midalya. sudharana pakshache pramukh, kaja kallas yanni estonia 200 aanee soshal democratic parties ekatra sarkar sthapan kele, tarr conservative peaples party, center party aanee isama heey virodhi paksh banale.
kayada.
estoniachi rachana haah moolbhut kayada aahe, joou manvi pratishtha, lokshahi, kayadyache rajya, samajik rajya aanee estonian olakh yaa paach tattvanvar aadharit ghatanatmak vyavastha sthapit karato. estoniyamadhye german kayadeshir pratimanavar aadharit nagri kayada kayadeshir pranali aahe. nyayalayin vyavasthechi teen staranchi rachana aahe. pahili udaharan mhanje serve faujdari aanee diwani prakarane hatalanari county nyayalaye aanee sarkari aanee sthanik sthanik takrari aanee itar sarvajanik vivadanchi sunavani karnari prashasakeey nyayalaye. dusare udaharan mhanje jilha nyayalaye jee pahilya nirnayababatchya apeal hatalatat. sarvoch nyayalay heey nyayalay aahe, jeey ghatanatmak punaravalokan karate aanee tyat 19 sadasya aahet. nyaypalika swatantra asate, nyayadhishanchi niyukti aajivan kelee jaate aanee nyayalayakadun faujdari gunhyasathi doshi tharvalyavarach tyanna padavarun hatvale jaau shakate. eae. yuu. nyay scoreboardware estonian nyay pranalila european unionmadhil sarvat karyaksham manankan denyat aale aahe.
juuna 2023 paryant, samalingi nondanikrut bhagidar aanee vivahit samalingi jodpyanna estoniyamadhye mule dattak ghenyacha adhikar aahe. 20 juuna 2023 paryant samalingi jodpyanna estoniyamadhye lagnacha adhikar aahe. samalingi vivahala tyachya simepalikade kayadeshir manyata denare estonia heey majee soviet prajasattakanpaiki pahile aahe.
paradeshi sambandh.
22 september 1921 pasoon estonia haah rashtranchya sanghatanecha sadasya hota aanee 17 september 1991 roji sanyukt rashtrancha sadasya jhaala. swatantrya punarsanchayit jhalyapasun estonia pashchimatya deshanshi jawalche sambandh prasthapit kele aahet aanee 29 march 2004 pasoon natocha, tasech 1 meey 2004 pasoon european unioncha sadasya aahe. 2007 madhye, estonia shengen kshetrat aanee 2011 madhye eurozonemadhye sameel jhaala. mothya pramanavar aay. tii. pranalinsathichi european union agency tallinn yethe sthit aahe, jine 2012 chya akheris kaam suru kele. estonia 2017 chya uttaradhat european unionchya parishadeche adhyakshapad bhushavale.
1990 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun, estonia latvia aanee lithuania sakriy tripakshiy baltic rajyanchya sahkaryat aanee nordic deshanchya nordic-baltic sahkaryat guntalela aahe. estonia hii aantarsansad baltic vidhansabha, aantarshaskiy baltic mantrimandal aanee baltic sagari rajyanchya parishadechi sadasya aahe. estonia nordic deshanshi, visheshtah finland aanee sweedenshee jawalche sambandh prasthapit kele aahet aanee too nordic-baltic aathcha (aine. bii.-8) sadasya aahe, joou nordic aanee baltic deshanna ekatra aanato. sanyukt nordic-baltic prakalpanmadhye nordplus haah shaikshanik karyakram aanee vyavasay aanee udhyogasathi aanee sarvajanik prashasanasathi gatishilata karyakram yancha samavesh aahe. nordic mantrimandalala talinnmadhye karyalay asoon tartoo aanee narva yethe sahayyak karyalaye aahet. baltic rajye european unionchya nordic yuddh gatache sadasya aahet aanee 2011 madhye tyanna nivadak upkramanmadhye nordic sanrakshn sahkaryala sahkarya karnyasathi aamantrit karnyat aale hote.
estoniyala 'nordic' mhanoon punarvyakhyayit karnyachya prayatnachi suruvat december 1999 madhye disun aalee, jevha tatkalin estonian pararashtra mantri (aanee 2006 teey 2016 paryant estonia adhyaksh) tomus hendrick ilves yanni swedish institute phaur international affairsla 'estonia aiz aaa nordic country' yaa shirshakache bhashan dile, yamagil sambhavya rajkiy ganana mhanje estoniyala tyachya adhik haloohaloo pragatishil asalelya dakshin dakshin vegale karanyachi ichcha hotee, jyamule estoniasathi european unionchya vistarat lavkar sahbhag pudhe dhakalala jaau shakala asata. 2005 madhye andrus casecampane assa yuktivad keela qee baltic rajyanmadhil olakh charchechi prasangikta european union aanee natomadhye ekatra pravesh kelyane qamee jhaali, parantu bhavishyat baltic rajyanmadhye nordic olakhiche aakarshan vadhel aanee akheris, paach nordic rajye aanee teen baltic rajye ekach ekkat badaltil assa andaj vartavala.
estonian aantarrashtriy sanghatanechya itar sadasyatvanmadhye oo. ii. dii., oo. ess. see., doubleu. tii. oo., aay. emm. eff., baltic sagari rajyanchi parishad yancha samavesh aahe aanee 7 juuna 2019 roji, 1 janewari 2020 roji suru jhalelya done varshanchya karyakalasathi sanyukt rashtranchya suraksha parishadecha kayamswarupi sadasya mhanoon nivadala gela.
darmyan vyavharik sahkarya jhaale asale taree, soviet kalapasoon rashiyashi asalele sambandh samanyatah thund rahatat. 24 februwari 2022 pasoon, russiane ukrainvar aakraman kele tevha rashiyashi asalele sambandh aanakhi bighadale aahet. estonia yuddhadarmyan ukrainla khoop sakriyapane pathimba deela aahe, tyachya sakal deshantargat utpadanachya tulanet sarvadhik pathimba deela aahe.
lashkari.
estonian sanrakshn dalanmadhye bhudal, naudal aanee havai dall yancha samavesh asato. sadhyachi rashtriy lashkari seva 18 teey 28 vayogatatil nirogi purushansathi anivarya aahe, jyat anivaryapane 8 kinwa 11 mahinyanchya kartavya kartavya seva denare sainik, tyanche shikshan aanee sanrakshn dalanni pradan kelelya sthananusar aahet. estonian sanrakshn dalancha shantikalcha aakar sumare 6,000 lokancha aahe, jyapaiki ardhe saktiche aahet. sanrakshn dalancha niyojit yuddhakalin aakar 60,000 karmchari aahe, jyat 21,000 jawan uchch sajjata rakheev aahet. 2015 pasoon estonian sanrakshn arthsankalp gdpchya 2 takkyanhun adhik aahe, jeey tyachya natto sanrakshn kharchache dayitva purn karate.
estonian defence leag hii sanrakshn mantralayachya vyavasthapanakhalil eka swayamsevi rashtriy sanrakshn sanstha aahe. heey lashkari tattvanvar aadharit aayojit kele jaate, tyachi swatachi lashkari upkarane aahet aanee tyachya sadasyanna chhapamarichya davpechansah vividh prakarche lashkari prashikshan pradan karate. defence leagueche 17,000 sadasya aahet, tyanchya sanlagn sansthanmadhye atirikt 11,000 svayamsevak aahet.
estonia anek tripakshiy baltic sanrakshn sahkarya upkramanmadhye latvia aanee lithuaniala sahkarya karate. baltic havai palat thevanyachya jaalyacha (baltnet) eka bhag mhanoon teen desh baltic havai kshetra niyantran kendrache vyavasthapan karatat, baltic bataliyanne (baltbatt) nato pratisad dalat bhag ghetala aahe aanee sanyukt lashkari shaikshanik sanstha baltic sanrakshn mahavidhyalay tartoo yethe aahe.
estonia 2004 madhye natomadhye sameel jhaala. 2008 madhye tallinmadhye nato sahkari cyber sanrakshn utkrushtata kendrachi sthapana karnyat aalee. yukrenmadhil russian yuddhala pratisad mhanoon, 2017 pasoon natone vadhavalela agrasthani asalelya bataliyancha ladhau gut tap lashkari talavar sthit aahe. 2014 pasoon aamari havai talavar natto baltic havai polis tainat karnyacha eka bhag aahe. european unionmadhye estonia nordic yuddhagat aanee kayamswarupi sanrachit sahkaryat sahbhagi hoto.
1995 pasoon estonia afghanistan, iraq, lebnon, kosovo aanee maalee yasah anek aantarrashtriy suraksha aanee shantata mohimanmadhye bhag ghetala aahe. 2009 madhye afaganistanmadhye estonian sainyachi kamal sankhya 289 hotee. afghanistan aanee iraqchya mohimanmadhye 11 estonian sainik marle gele aahet.
prashasakeey vibhag.
estonia haah eka stariy sthanik shasson pranali asalela ekatmik desh aahe. sthanik vyavhar sthanik sarkarandware swayattapane vyavasthapit kele jaatat. 2017 madhye prashasakeey sudharanannantar, 15 shahare aanee 64 grameen nagarpalikansah ekoon 79 sthanik sarkare aahet. serve nagarpalikanna samaan kayadeshir darja aahe aanee tyaa 'makond' (county) chaa bhag aahet, jee rajyachi prashasakeey upghatak aahe. sthanik sthanik pratinidhi sanstha mhanje nagarpalika parishad, jee chaar varshanchya karyakalasathi thet sarvatrik nivadnukanmadhye nivadali jaate. mahapouranchya adhyakshatekhalil sthanik sarkarchi niyukti parishad karate. atirikt vikendrikaranasathi sthanik adhikari maryadit adhikaransah nagarpalika jilhe tayar karoo shakatat, jeey sadhya tollin aanee hiyamamadhye tayar kele gele aahet.
prashasakeey ekkanpasoon vegale, gaav, lahan baroo, baroo aanee shahar ashee vasahatihi aahet. sadharanpane, gavanmadhye 300 peksha qamee, lahan nagaranmadhye 300 teey 1000 darmyan, nagar aanee shaharanmadhye 1000 peksha jaast rahivasi asatat.
arthvyavastha.
european union aanee oo. see. dii. chaa sadasya mhanoon, estoniyala jaagtik bankene uchch utpann asaleli arthvyavastha manale aahe. aantarrashtriy chalan nidhinusar 2023 madhye 40 vya kramankavar asalela deshacha dardoi jee. dii. pii. (pii. pii. pii.) 46,385 dollar hota.
jivanmanachi gunavatta, shikshan, vruttpatra swatantrya, sarvajanik sevanche digitalikaran aanee tantradnyan companyanchya prasarasathi aantarrashtriy kramvarit estonia sthan uchch aahe.
tyachya vegwan vadhimule, estonia varnan anekada lithuania aanee laviachya bajula baltic wagh mhanoon kele gele aahe. 1 janewari 2011 pasoon, estonia euro swikarla aanee euro kshetracha 17 vaa sadasya desh banala.
eurostatnusar, jhaali akheris eae. yuu. deshanmadhye sarkari karjache jee. dii. pii. chya tulanet estonia praman sarvat qamee 6.7% hote.
santulit arthsankalp, jawaljawal astitvat nasalele sarvajanik karj, sapat daratil aaykar, mukt vyapar vyavastha, spardhatmak vyavsayik banking kshetra, navinyapurn eae-seva aanee agadi bhramandhvani-aadharit seva hii serve estoniachya bajar arthvyavasthechi vaishishtye aahet.
estonia tyachya vaparlya vaparlya vijepaiki sumare 75 takke veej nirman karate. 2011 madhye, tyateel sumare 85 takke utpadan sthanik patalivar utkhanit teel sheldware jhaale hote. lakud, piit aanee biomass yasarkhe paryayi urja srot prathamik urja utpadanat andaje 9 takke vaataa ghetat. 2009 madhye akshay pawan urja ekoon vaparachya sumare 6 takke hotee. estonia paschim europe aanee rashiyatoon petroleum utpadane aayat karate. estonia tyachya naisargik vayuchi 100% rashiyatoon aayat karato. teel shale urja, dursanchar, vastrodyog, rasayanik utpadane, banking, seva, ann aanee masemari, lakud, jahajbandhani, electronics aanee vahtook hii arthvyavasthechi pramukh kshetre aahet. tallinjavalil mugache barfmukt bandar hii eka aadhunik suvidha aahe jyat uttam parivahan kshamata, uchch kshamatechi dhanya lift, thund/gothavaleli sathavan aanee naveen teel tanker auph-loading kshamata aahet. paschim, russia aanee itar thikanandarmyancha marg mhanoon railway seva puravate.
2007 saalee suru jhalelya jaagtik aarthik mandimule, keela aanee timahit estoniacha jee. dii. pii. 1.4 takkyanni, keela jagatil timahit 3 takkyanni aanee keela chauthya timahit 9 takkyanhun adhik qamee jhaala. estonian sarkarne purak nakaratmak arthsankalp tayar keela, joou rijikogoone manjur keela. keela arthsankalpatil mahasulat 6.1 abj euro aanee kharchat 3.2 abj eurochi ghat jhaali. 2010 madhye aarthik paristhiti sthir jhaali aanee majboot niryativar aadharit vikasala suruvat jhaali. jhaali chauthya timahit, estonian audhyogik utpadanat mageel varshachya tulanet 23 takkyanni vaadh jhaali. tevhapasoon desh aarthik vikas anubhavat aahe.
eurostatchya aakadevarinusar, 2008 madhye eae. yuu. chya sarasarichya 67 takke dardoi eae. ess. pii. ess. jee. dii. pii. hota. 2017 madhye, eae. ess. tii. madheel sarasari masik ekoon pagar 1221 euro hota.
tathapi, estoniachya vividh bhaganmadhye jee. dii. pii. madhye prachand vishamata aahe; sadhya, deshatil nimmyahoon adhik jee. dii. pii. tallinmadhye tayar hote. 2008 saalee, tallincha dardoi jee. dii. pii. haah estonian sarasarichya 172% hota, jyamule tallincha dardoi jee. dii. pii. haah european unionchya sarasarichya 115% itka jaast hoto, joou itar parganyanchya sarasari patalipeksha jaast aahe.
march 2016 madhye berojgaricha darr 6.40% hota, joou europeey mahasanghachya sarasaripeksha qamee aahe, tarr 2011 madhye vastavik jee. dii. pii. vaadh 8.0% hotee, jee euro-kshetrachya sarasarichya paach putt hotee. 2012 madhye, andajpatrak adhishesh asalela estonia haah ekmev euro sadasya rahila aanee keval 6 takke rashtriy karjasah, too europemadhil sarvat qamee karjabajari deshanpaiki eka aahe.
aarthik nirdeshak.
estoniachya arthvyavasthela pardarshak sarkar aanee uchch pataliche aarthik swatantrya tikavoon tikavoon dhoranancha laabh milat aahe, jee jaagtik staravar 6 vya aanee europemadhye 2 vya kramankavar aahe. kayadyache rajya majbootpane samarthit aahe aanee swatantra aanee karyaksham nyayik vyavasthedvare tyachi amalbajavani kelee jaate. sapat darr aanee qamee apratyaksh karpranali, parkeey guntavanukisathi khulepana aanee udarmatvadi vyapar vyavasthene lavchik aanee changlya prakare karyarat arthvyavasthela pathimba deela aahe. jaagtik banq samoohane dilelya vyavasay sulabhata nirdeshankat desh jagaat 16 vya kramankavar aahe. eae-estonia karyakramachya madhyamatoon mahitee tantradnyan kshetravar bharr dilyane, udaharanarth, curr vivaranpatra bharnyas paach minitanpeksha qamee vel lagato aanee 98 takke banking vyavhar internetdware kele jaatat, asha jalad, sopya aanee karyaksham sarvajanik seva upalabdh jhalya aahet. trace matricksonusar, estoniala jagatil 13 vya kramankacha sarvat qamee vyavsayik lachkhoricha dhoka aahe.
estonia haah pragat, uchch utpann asaleli arthvyavastha asalela eka vikasit desh aahe, joou 2004 madhye pravesh kelyapasoon european unionmadhye sarvat vegane vegane arthvyavasthanpaiki eka hota. desh manav vikas nirdeshankat khoop varr aahe aanee aarthik swatantrya, nagri swatantrya, shikshan aanee vruttpatra swatantrya yaa upayayojananmadhye tyachi tulana changli aahe. estonian nagarikanna sarvatrik aarogya seva, mofat shikshan aanee oo. see. dii. madheel sarvat jaast pagarachi prasooti raja milate. jagatil sarvat digital-pragat samajanpaiki eka,
2005 madhye estonia heey internetvar nivadanuka ghenare pahile rajya banale aanee 2014 madhye eae-nivas pradan karnare pahile rajya tharale.
aitihasik vikas.
1928 madhye, 'croon' heey sthir chalan sthapit karnyat aale. tee deshatil madhyavarti banq, banq auph istoniyadvare jaaree kelee jaate. crone" (, "mukut") haah shabd itar nordic chalananshi (jase qee swedish crona aanee danish aanee norwegian crone) sambandhit aahe. croon 1928 madhye chinhavar yashasvi jhaala aanee 1940 paryant vaparla gela. estonia tyache swatantrya parat midvalyanantar, 1992 madhye croon punha sadar karnyat aala.
purn swatantrya punarsanchayit kelyanantar, 1990 chya dashakat, estonia swatahla "purv aanee paschim yanchyatil praveshdwar" mhanoon olakhale aanee aakramakpane aarthik sudharana aanee pashchimeshi punarsanyojanacha pathpurava keela. 1994 madhye, milton friedmanchya aarthik siddhantancha vapar karoon, vaiyaktik utpannachi parva naan karata 26 takke eksaman darasah sapat curr curr pahilya deshanpaiki estonia haah eka desh tharala. tevhapasoon haah darr anek vela qamee karnyat aala aahe, udaa.jee.2005 madhye 24 takke, 2006 madhye 23 takke aanee 2008 madhye 21 takke. estonia sarkarne 2004 chya uttaradhat estonian euro nanyanchya rachanela antim roop dile aanee 1 janewari 2011 roji eurola deshache chalan mhanoon sweekarle, kaaran satat uchch chalanvadhimule niyojit velepeksha ushira. jameen moolya curr aakarla jaato joou sthanik nagarpalikanchya nidhisathi vaparla jaato. haah rajyastariy curr aahe, parantu mahasulacha 100% sthanik parishadanna nidhi puravanyasathi vaparla jaato. sthanik parishadedvare 0.1-2.5% chya maryadet darr nishchit keela jaato. nagarpalikansathichya nidhichya sarvat mahattvachya strotanpaiki haah eka aahe. jaminichya kimmativar keval sudharana aanee imaratincha vichar naan karata jameen moolya curr aakarla jaato. jameen moolya karavar phaar qamee savalati vicharat ghetalya jaatat aanee sarvajanik sanstha dekhil karpatra asatat. karamule estoniyamadhye malak-vyapalelya nivassthananchya uchch daramadhye (~90%) yogdan midale aahe, tarr united statesmadhil 67.4% chya darachya tulanet.
1999 saalee, 1991 saalee swatantrya parat midalyanantar, mukhyatve mukhyatve russian aarthik sankatachya parinamamule, estonia aarthikdrushtya sarvat white varsh anubhavale. european union, jaagtik banq aanee nordic guntavanuk bankechya madatine, 2002 chya akheris european unionchya sadasyatvasathi bahutek tayari estonia purn kelee aanee aata european unionchya naveen sadasya deshanchya sarvat majboot arthvyavasthanpaiki eka aahe. estonia 2010 madhye oo. eae. dii. madhye sameel jhaala.
vahtook.
malvahatuk aanee pravasi vahtook yaa donhi baabee lakshat gheuun, tallin bandar heey baltic samudratil sarvat mothya bandar udhyoganpaiki eka aahe. 2018 madhye haah udyog tallin stock exchangemadhye soochibaddha jhaala. sumare 20 varshant pahilyandach estoniyamadhye sarkari malkichi company sarvajanik jhaali. kirkol guntavanukdaranchya sahbhagachya sankhyenusar nasdack tallinmadhil haah dusra sarvat motha ipo hota. estonia prajasattak haah sarvat motha bhagdharak aahe aanee companycha 67 takke hissa tyanchyakade aahe.
esty radichya malkichi, estoniyamadhye anek mahattvapoorn railway jodani aahet, jase qee tallin-narva railway, jee sentala dirgh mukhya jodani aahe. pietersberg. dusarikade, estoniyamadhil sarvat mahattvachya mahamarganmadhye narva mahamarg (eae20), tartoo mahamarg (eae263) aanee parnoo mahamarg (eae67) yancha samavesh aahe.
tallinmadhil lenart merrie tallin vimantal haah estoniyamadhil sarvat motha vimantal aahe aanee rashtriy viman company nordicache kendra mhanoon tasech airbaltic aanee lott polish viman companyanche duyyam kendra mhanoon kaam karato. 1998 pasoon vimantal vaparnare ekoon pravasi sarasarine 14.2% neey vadhalele aahet. 16 november 2012 roji tallin vimantal tyachya itihasat prathamach 20 laakh pravashanchya lakshaniy maryadeparyant pohochala aahe.
sansadhane.
jaree estonia sarvasadharanpane sansadhan-garib asala taree, hii jameen ajunahi lahan sansadhananchi mothee vividhata dete. deshat telache mothe shale aanee chunkhadiche sathe aahet. oil shale aanee chunkhadi vyatirikt, estoniyamadhye phosphorite, pitchblend aanee graniteche mothe sathe dekhil aahet, jeey sadhya utkhanan kelele naheet kinwa mothya pramanat utkhanan kelele naheet.
silame yetheel 50 varshanchya uranium dhatoo, shale aanee loparite khankamatun jamaa jhalelya shenanmadhye durmil-pruthvi oxidesche lakshaniy praman aadhalate. durmil matichya vadhatya kimmatinmule, yaa oxidesche nishkarshan aarthikdrushtya vyavharya jhaale aahe. desh sadhya darvarshi sumare 3000 tunn niryat karato, joou jaagtik utpadanachya sumare 2 takke aahe.
2008 pasoon, 2016 paryant jarr nerve veej prakalpanchi punarrachana kelee gelee nahee tarr, nerve veej prakalpanmadhil june unit bund kelyanantar urja utpadan surakshit karnyasathi estonia anuurja prakalp bandhava qee nahee yavar sarvajanik vadavivad jhaala aahe.
estoniyamadhye 48 takke jameen vyapaleli jangale hotee. tathapi, alikadachya varshant lagvadimadhye lakshaniy vaadh jhaali aahe aanee keval khajgi jaminitach navhe tarr sanrakshit rashtriy udyananmadhyehi lagvadiche prakar deshbharat ghadatat. jaivavividhata tikavoon thevanyasathi aanee deshache carbon pruthakkaran uddisht purn karnyasathi estoniala lakshaniyaritya qamee jungle kapanyachi aavashyakta aahe, parantu teey vadhat aahe aanee 2022 madhye vanikaranasathi jababdar asalelya sarkari mantralayane, aar. emm. keey. neey 1.4 abj eurocha vikrami napha nondavala.
udyog aanee paryavaran.
ann, bandhkam aanee electronic udyog sadhya estoniachya udhyogachya sarvat mahattvachya shakhanpaiki aahet. 2007 saalee bandhkam udhyogane 80,000 hoon adhik lokanna rojgar deela, jeey sampoorn deshachya ekoon kamgaranchya sumare 12 takke hote. aanakhi eka mahattvache audhyogik kshetra mhanje yantrasamagri aanee rasayanik udyog, jeey pramukhyane ida-viru countymadhye aanee tallinchya aaspas aahe.
teel shale-aadharit khaan udyog, joou purv estoniyamadhye dekhil kendrit aahe, too sampoorn deshachya sumare 90 takke vijeche utpadan karato. karato dashakapasun utsarjit utpadit pradushakanchi sankhya qamee hott asali taree, taree dashakachya suruvatila soviet unionne vegane vikasit kelelya khaan udhyogatoon sulfur dioxidene havah ajunahi dooshit aahe. kahee bhagat, kinarpattivaril samudrache paanee pradushit aahe, pramukhyane silame audhyogik sankulachya aaspas.
estonia urjesathi itar deshanvar avalambun aahe. alikadachya varshant, anek sthanik aanee paradeshi kampanya akshay urja strotanmadhye guntavanuk karat aahet. estoniyamadhye pawan urja satatyane vadhat aahe aanee aanee utpadit utpadit urjeche ekoon praman sumare 60 megawatt aahe; sadhya andaje 399 megawatt kimatiche aanakhi prakalp vikasit kele jaat aahet aanee lake pepus kshetra aanee hiyamyachya kinarpattichya bhagat 2800 megavatapeksha jaast prastavit kele jaat aahet.
sadhya, narva veej prakalpanchya kahee junya unitche nutanikaran, naveen veej kendre sthapan karane aanee teel shale-aadharit urja utpadanat uchch karyakshamta pradan karnyachya yojana aahet. april 2010 madhye estonia aaplya veej bajarpethetil 35 takke udarikaran kele; 2013 paryant sampoorn veej bajarpeth udarikrut honar hotee.
lithuania, polland aanee lavia yanchyabarobar, deshane ignalina anuurja prakalpachya jaagi lithuaniamadhye visaginus anuurja prakalp ubharanyat sahbhagi honyacha vichar keela. tathapi, prakalpachya mand gatine aanee anukshetrachya samasyanmule (fukushima aapatti aanee olkiluoto prakalpache white udaharan), esty energine aapale mukhya laksh shale teel utpadanavar kendrit kele, jeey adhik fayadeshir manale jaate.
estonian veej jaale haah nord pool spott jaalecha eka bhag aahe.
1990 chya dashakachya madhyat haatee ghetalelya tigrihoop prakalpamule anshatah estoniyamadhye eka majboot mahitee tantradnyan kshetra aahe aanee estoniachya eae-governmentchya babatit europemadhil sarvat "wired" aanee pragat desh mhanoon tyacha ullekh keela gela aahe. 2014 chya eae-residency karyakramane estoniatil anivasi lokanna tyaa seva denyas suruvat kelee.
skype heey estonia-aadharit vikasak ahti henla, priit keselu aanee zaan tallin yanni lihile hote, jyanni moolatah kaza dekhil vikasit keela hota. estoniyapasun udbhavalelya itar ullekhaneey startupsmadhye boult, grabcade, fortumo aanee wise (purvi transferwise mhanoon olakhale jaanare) yancha samavesh hoto. asey nondavale gele aahe qee, prati vyakti pramananusar estoniyamadhye sarvat jaast startups aahet. janewari 2022 paryant, estoniatil 1,291 startups aahet, jyapaiki saat unicorn aahet, jeey prati 1,000 estonianschya jawalpas 1 startupchya barobariche aahet.
vyapar.
1990 chya dashakachya shevatapasun estoniachi bajarpeth arthvyavastha aahe aanee purv europemadhil dardoi utpannachya sarvoch patalinpaiki eka aahe. scandinavian aanee finnish bajarpethechi jawalik, purv aanee paschim darmyanche tyache sthan, spardhatmak kharch rachana aanee atyant kushal kamgar shakti heey 2000 chya dashakachya suruvatila (dashak) estonian tulanatmak fayade aahet. sarvat mothe shahar mhanoon, tallin heey eka aarthik kendra mhanoon udayas aale aahe aanee tallin stock exchange alikadech oo. emm. ex. pranalimadhye sameel jhaale aahe. coinmetro sarkhya anek cryptocurrency vyapar manchanna sarkarkadoon adhikrut manyata midali aahe. sadhyachya sarkarne kadak vittiy dhorane avalambali aahet, parinami santulit andajpatrak aanee qamee sarvajanik karj aahe.
tathapi, 2007 madhye, chaloo khatyatil mothee toot aanee vadhati chalanwadh yamule euroshi nigadit asalelya estoniachya chalanavar dabav aala, jyamule niryat-nirman niryat-nirman udhyoganmadhil vadhichi garaj adhorekhit jhaali.
estonia pramukhyane yantrasamagri aanee upkarane, lakud aanee kagad, vastrodyog, ann utpadane, furniture aanee dhatoo aanee rasayanik utpadananchi niryat karate. estonia darvarshi 1.562 abj kilowatt taas veej niryat karate. tyach velee estonia yantrasamagri aanee upkarane, rasayanik utpadane, vastrodyog, ann utpadane aanee vahtook upkarane aayat karate. estonia darvarshi 20 kotee kilowatt taas veej aayat karate.
2007 aanee 2013 darmyan, estoniala thet aadhar mhanoon vividh european union sanrachanatmak nidhitun 53.3 abj crone (3.4 abj euro) midale, jyamule estoniyamadhye sarvat mothee paradeshi guntavanuk jhaali. europeey sanghachi bahutansh aarthik madat urja arthvyavastha, udhyojakta, prashasakeey kshamata, shikshan, mahitee samaj, paryavaran sanrakshn, pradeshik aanee sthanik vikas, sanshodhan aanee vikas upkram, aarogyaseva aanee kalyan, vahtook aanee kamgar bajarpeth yaa kshetranmadhye guntavili jaeel. sweeden aanee finland (48.3%) heey estoniyamadhye thet parkeey guntavanukiche mukhya srot aahet.
loksankhyashastra.
aanee mahayuddhapurvi, vanshik estonian loksankhya 88 takke hotee, tarr rashtriy alpasankhyak urvarit 12 takke hote. 1934 madheel sarvat mothe alpasankhyak gut russian, german, sweeden, lavian, jyoo, pole aanee finn hote.
hotya shatkachya akheris jhalelya samanya rusikaranamule aanee aahet shatkat jhalelya estoniachya swatantryachya parshvabhumivar germanyla sthalantarit jhalyamule, baltic germanancha estoniyamadhil vaataa vaataa 5.3% (~ 46,700) varoon varoon 1.3% (16,346) paryant khalee aala hota.
1945 aanee 1989 darmyan, sadhya nirdharit kelelya estoniachya simanmadhye simanmadhye loksankhyetil vanshik estonian lokancha vaataa 61 takkyanparyant khalee aala, joou pramukhyane soviet vyavasay aanee russia, ukraine aanee bellaroos yethoon shahari audhyogik kamgaranchya mothya pramanat sthalantaras protsahan protsahan karyakramamule, tasech yuddhakalin sthalantar aanee joseph stallinchya mothya nirvasana aanee fashimule jhaala. 1989 paryant, alpasankhyak loksankhya loksankhyechya eka trutiyanshpeksha jaast hotee, kaaran bigger-estonian lokanchi sankhya jawaljawal paach patine vadhali hotee.
1980 chya dashakachya shevati, estonian lokanni tyanchya loksankhyetil badalala rashtriy aapatti mhanoon pahile. estoniyala rusikaran karnyachya uddeshane soviet rashtriyikaran karyakramasathi aavashyak asalelya sthalantar dhoranancha haah parinam hota-ussrmadhun bigger-estonian lokanche prashasakeey aanee lashkari sthalantar aanee estonian lokanna ussrmadhe haddapar karane. swatantryachya punarrachanenantarchya dashakat, vanshik russian lokanche mothya pramanat sthalantar aanee 1994 madhye russian lashkari tall hatavalyamule 2006 madhye estoniatil vanshik estonian lokanche praman 61 takkyanvarun 69 takkyanparyant vadhale.
aadhunik estonia haah vanshikdrushtya vanshikdrushtya eksandh desh aahe, parantu hii aitihasik eksandhata deshatil 15 paiki 13 "makond" (parganya) chey vaishishtya aahe. mukhytah russian bhashik sthalantarit loksankhya shahari bhagat kendrit aahe jee prashaskiyadrushtya done parganyanshi sambandhit aahe. asha prakare estoniachya 15 paiki 13 parganyanmadhye 80 takkyanhun adhik vanshik estonian aahet, sarvat eksandh hayiyama aahe, jithe estonian lock loksankhyechya 98.4% aahet. tathapi, harju (rajdhanichya tallin shaharasah) aanee ida-viru yaa parganyanmadhye, vanshik estonian anukrame 60 takke aanee 20 takke loksankhya aahet. vanshik russian sthalantarit alpasankhyak aata deshachya ekoon loksankhyechya sumare 24 takke aahet, parantu harju countymadhil loksankhyechya 35 takke aanee ida-viru countymadhil sumare 70 takke bahusankhya aahet.
1925 madhye manjur jhalela estonian sanskrutik svayatta kayada tyaa velee europemadhye adviteey hota. estonia prajasattakashi dirghakalin sambandh asalelya 3,000 hoon adhik lokanna sanskrutik svayatta dilee jaau shakate. sovhietchya tabyat yenyapurvi, german aanee jyoo alpasankhyak sanskrutik parishad nivadanyat yashasvi jhaale. rashtriy alpasankhyakansathi sanskrutik svayattatevaril kayada 1993 madhye punarsanchayit karnyat aala. aitihasikdrushtya, estoniachya vayavya vayavya aanee betancha motha bhag 'rannarutslessed' ('coastal sweeden') chya sthanik vanshik gatane vasala aahe.
1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila jhalelya malmatta sudharananmule, 2008 madhye sumare 500 lokanchi sankhya vadhoon, alikadchya varshant estoniatil swedish rahivashanchi sankhya punha vadhali aahe. 2004 madhye, estoniyamadhil ingriyan finish alpasankhyakanni sanskrutik parishad nivadali aanee tyanna sanskrutik svayatta denyat aalee. issie tarah 2007 madhye estonian sweedenchya alpasankhyakanna sanskrutik svayatta midali.
2022 chya ruso-ukrainean yuddhadarmyan, hajaro ukrainean nirvasit estoniyamadhye aale aahet.
estoniyamadhye eka roma samuday dekhil aahe. andaje roma 1,000-1,500 estoniyamadhye rahatat.
samaj.
samyavadanantarchya rajyanmadhye, estonia haah sarvat pashchimatya deshanpaiki eka aahe aanee 1991 madhye deshane purn swatantrya punarsanchayit kelyapasoon estonian samajat lakshaniy badal jhaale aahet. kautumbik utpannachya starikaran aanee vitaranachya staravar kahee adhik ullekhaneey badal lagoo jhaale aahet. giinii gunank jaree spashtapane qamee jhaala asala taree too european unionchya sarasaripeksha (2009 madhye 31) satatyane jaast rahila aahe. janewari 2021 madhye nondanikrut berojgaricha darr 6.9% hota.
2000 saalee jhalelya aadhichya jangananetil aakadevarinusar, estonia haah eka bahurashtriy desh aahe, jyamadhye shambharahun adhik bhasha bolalya jaatat. 2000 saalee deshatil praudh loksankhyepaiki 67.3% hii tyanchi pahili bhasha mhanoon bolali gelee, tarr 30 takkyanhun adhik loksankhya sthanik staravar itar bhasha bolali. , estonian rahivashanpaiki 84.1% heey estonian nagrik aahet, 8.6% itar deshanche nagrik aahet aanee 7.3% heey "anirdharit nagrikatva asalele nagrik" aahet. 1992 pasoon, andaje 1,40,000 lokanni naisargik pariksha uttirn karoon estonian nagrikatva prapt kele aahe. 2015 madhye european unionchya sadasya deshanni manya kelelya sthalantarit yojneantargat estonia kota nirvasitanna dekhil sweekarle aahe.
estoniyamadhil vanshik vitaran heey county staravar atishay eksandh aahe; bahutek parganyanmadhye 90 takkyanhun adhik rahivasi vanshik estonian aahet. yaulat, rajdhani shahar tallin aanee ida-viru kauntichya shahari bhagat (jeey shejari russia aahe) vanshik estonian loksankhya sumare 60 takke aahe aanee urvarit bahutek russian aanee ukrainean sthalantarit aahet, jeey bahutek soviet vyaparachya kalat (1944-1991) estoniyamadhye aale hote, tathapi aata yukrenmadhun 30,000 hoon adhik (ekoon loksankhyechya sumare 3 takke) yuddh nirvasitancha dekhil samavesh aahe jeey 2022 madhye estoniyamadhye sthayik jhaale aahet.
2008 chya sanyukt rashtra manavadhikar parishadechya ahavalat estoniachya nagrikatva dhoranache varnan 'atyant vishvasarh' asalyache mhatale aahe. sarvekshananusar, russian samudayatil keval 5 takke lokanni najikchya bhavishyat russiala paratanyacha vichar keela aahe. estonian russiananni tyanchi swatachi olakh vikasit kelee aahe-ardhyahun adhik pratisadkartyanni heey olakhale qee estonian russian rashiyatil rashiyananpeksha lakshaniyaritya vegale aahet. aahet sarvekshanatil nikalanchya tulanet, rashiyatil lokanchi bhavishyabaddal adhik sakaratmak drushtikon hota.
aktoobar 2014 madhye manjur jhalelya kayadyasah samalingi jodpyansathi nagri sanghatananna kayadeshir manyata denare estonia heey pahile majee soviet prajasattak hote. rajkiy matbhedanmule aavashyak amalbajavani kayade swikaranyas vilamb jhaala aanee samalingi jodapi 1 janewari 2016 paryant sahvas kararanvar swakshari karoo shakali naheet.
shaharikaran.
tollin hii estoniachi rajdhani aanee sarvat mothe shahar aahe aanee finlandchya aakhatala lagoon estoniachya uttar pramukhyane aahe. deshat 33 shahare aanee anek shahar-parrish shahare aahet. ekoon 47 'lyne' aaa aahet, ingrajimadhye 'lyne' mhanje 'shahare' aanee 'gave' asey donhi arth aahet. 70 takkyanhun adhik loksankhya shaharanmadhye rahate.
dharm.
estoniyala vaividhyapurn dharmik itihas aahe, parantu alikadchya varshant too adhikadhik dharmnirpeksh hott chalala aahe, alikadil jangananemadhye bahusankhya kinwa bahusankhya loksankhyene swatahla aaa-dharmik ghoshit kele aahe, tyanantar jeey dharmikdrushtya "aghoshit" mhanoon olakhatat. sarvat mothe alpasankhyak gut vividh khrishchan sampraday aahet, pramukhyane lutheran aanee orthodox khrishchan, jyanche gair-khrishchan dharmanmadhye, mhanje juda, islam aanee bauddha dharmat khoop qamee anuyayi aahet. itar sarvekshanannusar, desh mothya pramanat khrishchan aanee aaa-dharmik/dharmik aghoshit lokanmadhye vibhagalela aahe.
pracheen estoniyamadhye, khristikaranachya aadhi aanee henrichya livonian itihasanusar, tharpeeta hii ocelian lokansathi pramukh devata hotee.
13 vya shatkat catholic tutonic shooranni estoniala khristi kele. protestant sudharananmule 1686 madhye lutheran charchchi sthapana jhaali. aanee mahayuddhapurvi, estonia andaje 80 takke protestant, mothya pramanat lutheran, tyanantar calvinvad aanee itar protestant shakha hotya. hotya shatkat dharm german saranjamdar rajvatishi sambandhit hota mhanoon anek estoni lock visheshtah dharmik nasalyache sangatat. aitihasikdrushtya tartu countymadhil lake pepus kshetrajaval russian junya-vishvasanaryanchi eka chhoti parantu lakshaniy alpasankhyak aahe.
aaj, estoniachi rajyaghatna dharmik swatantrya, church aanee rajya vegale karane aanee shraddha aanee dharmachya gopaniyatechya vaiyaktik adhikaranchi hummy dete. dentsue communication institute inkchya matey, estonia haah jagatil sarvat qamee dharmik deshanpaiki eka aahe, jithe 75.7% loksankhya adharmik asalyacha dawa karate. euroberometer sarvekshan 2005 madhye asey aadhalun aale qee keval 16 takke estonian lock devavar vishvas thevatat, joou abhyas kelelya serve deshanmadhil sarvat qamee vishvas aahe. 2009 chya gallup sarvekshanat asech parinam aadhalale, keval 16 takke estonian lokanni tyanchya dainandin jeevanat dharm "mahattvacha" asalyache varnan kele, jyamule estonia heey sarvekshan kelelya rashtranpaiki sarvat adharmik banale.
euro barometerdware 2012 madhye european unionmadhil dharmikatevishayichya naveen sarvekshanat asey aadhalun aale qee khrishchan dharm haah estoniatil sarvat motha dharm aahe, joou estoniatil 45 takke aahe. eastern orthodox haah estoniatil sarvat motha khrishchan gut aahe, joou estoniachya nagarikanpaiki 17 takke aahe, tarr protestant 6 takke aahet aanee itar khrishchan 22 takke aahet. avishvas/adnyeyavadi yanche praman 22 takke, nastikanche praman 15 takke aanee aghoshitanche praman 15 takke aahe.
sarvat alikadil pyu sanshodhan kendrala asey aadhalale qee 2015 madhye, estoniachya loksankhyepaiki 51 takke lokanni swatahla khrishchan, 45 takke lokanni dharmikdrushtya sanlagn nasalyache ghoshit kele-eka shreni jyamadhye nastik, adnyeyavadi aanee jeey tyanchya dharmache varnan 'vishesh kahee nahee' asey karatat, tarr 2 takke itar dharmanche aahet. khrishchan 25 takke purvekadil rudhivadi, 20 takke lutheran, 5 takke itar khrishchan aanee 1 takke catholic yanchyat vibhagale gele. tarr dharmikdrushtya sanlagn nasalelya 9 takke nastik, 1 takke adnyeyavadi aanee 35 takke visheshtah kahihi mhanoon vibhagale gele.
paramparikpane, deshatil sarvat motha dharmik sampraday lutheranism hota, jyache palan 2000 chya jangananenusar 160,000 estoniyanni (kinwa loksankhyechya 13 takke) kele hote, pramukhyane vanshik estoniy. lutheran jaagtik mahasanghanusar, aitihasik lutheran panthache 180,000 nondanikrut sadasya aahet. world council auph charchsarkhya itar sanstha, sumare 265,700 estonian lutherance aahet asey sangatat. yavyatirikt, paradeshat 8,000 teey 9,000 sadasya aahet. 
tathapi, 2011 chya jangananenene asey soochit kele qee purvekadil rudhivadane luthernismla mage takale aahe, jeey loksankhyechya (176,773 lock) lock) aahe.
purvekadil rudhivadi pratha pramukhyane russian alpasankhyak lock palatat. russian orthodox charchashi sanlagn asalele estonian orthodox church haah prathamik orthodox sampraday aahe. greek-orthodox acumenical pitrusattakanchya antargat asalelya estonian apostolic orthodox charchane aanakhi 20,000 sadasyancha dawa keela aahe.
estoniyamadhye catholic heey alpasankhyak aahet. teey estoniachya lattin apostolic prashasanakhali aanee done greek catholic parrish antargat sanghatit kele jaatat.
2000 chya jangananenusar (ujavikadil taktyatil mahitee), estoniyamadhye taara dharmache kinwa mauskache sumare 1,000 anuyayi hote (mavalla koda pahaa). jyoo samudayachi andaje loksankhya sumare 1,900 aahe (estoniatil jyoo lokancha itihas pahaa) aanee muslim samudayachi sankhya 1,400 peksha thodi jaast aahe. sumare 68,000 lock swatahla nastik manatat.
bhasha.
adhikrut bhasha, estonian hii eka finnick bhasha aahe aanee paramparikpane euralic bhasha kutumbatil sadasya mhanoon vargikrut kelee jaate. estoniancha finnishashi jawalcha sambandh aahe aanee tee indo-european mool nasalelya europechya mojkya bhashanpaiki eka aahe. estonian aanee finnishchya ulat, tyanchya sarvat jawalchya bhaugolik shejaril deshanchya bhasha, swedish, latvian aanee russian yaa serve indo-european bhasha aahet.
jaree estonian aanee german bhasha vegvegalya moolchya asalya taree, estonian aanee germanmadhye anek samaan shabd olakhale jaau shakatat. yache pramukhyane kaaran mhanje estonian bhashene tyachya shabdasangrahatil jawaljawal eka trutiyansh shabd german bhashanmadhun, pramukhyane loow saxon (madhya loow german) aanee uchch german (manak germans) pasoon ghetale aahet. qamee saxon aanee uchch german karj shabdanchi takkewari 22-25 takke asalyacha andaj lavala jaau shakato, jyamadhye qamee saxon sumare 15 takke aahe.
dakshin estonian bhasha 100,000 lock bolatat aanee tyat vharo aanee setochya bolibhashancha samavesh aahe. yaa bhasha aagney estoniyamadhye bolalya jaatat, vanshavalinusar uttar estonianpeksha vegalya aaheth parantu paramparikaritya aanee adhikrutpane bolibhasha aanee "estonian bhasheche pradeshik prakar" mhanoon manalya jaatat, vegalya bhasha (bhasha) mhanoon nahee.
russian hii deshatil sarvadhik bolali jaanari alpasankhyak bhasha aahe. estoniyamadhye russian bhashikanchi mothee sankhya asaleli shahare aahet aanee ashee kahee shahare aahet jithe estonian bhashik alpasankhyak aahet (visheshtah ishanyekade, udaa.jee. narva). chalis teey sattar varshe vayachya estonian vanshik lokankadoon russian hii duyyam bhasha mhanoon bolali jaate, kaaran 1944 teey 1990 yaa kalat russian hii estonian ess. ess. aar. chee anadhikrut bhasha hotee aanee soviet yugat tee anivarya dusari bhasha mhanoon shikavali jaat hotee. 1990 teey 1995 yaa kalavadhit, russian bhashela estonian bhasha kayadyannusar adhikrut vishesh darja denyat aala. 1995 madhye tyane aapala adhikrut darja gamavala. 1998 madhye, purvichya soviet unionmadhil (pramukhyane russian ess. eff. ess. aar.) bahutek pahilya aanee aanee pidhitil audhyogik sthalantaritanna estonian bolata yet navhate. tathapi, 2010 paryant, gair-vanshik estonian lokanpaiki 64.1% estonian bolat hote. nantarche, mukhytah russian bhashik vanshik alpasankhyak, pramukhyane rajdhanichya tollin shaharat aanee ida-viru countymadhil audhyogik shahari bhagat rahatat.
vakte) teey aahet shatkaparyant, estoniyamadhye, visheshtah kinarpattichya bhagat aanee betanvar (udaa.jee.baltic samudrajavalil, humia, vormsey, ruhnu; sweedishmadhye, jyala anukrame dago, ormso, runo mhanoon olakhale jaate), aaj jawaljawal gayab jhalele samuday. 
1918 teey 1940 paryant, jevha estonia swatantra hota, tevha lahan swedish samudayala changli vaganuk dilee jaat hotee. pramukhyane pramukhyane kinanyavar swedish bahusankhya asalelya nagarpalikanni swedish bhashecha prashasakeey bhasha mhanoon vapar keela aanee swedish-estonian sanskratit vaadh jhaali. tathapi, 1944 madhye soviet sainyane estoniavar aakraman karnyapurvi, dusare mahayuddha sampanyapurvi bahutek swedish bhashik lock sweedenla paloon gele. fakt mojkech june bhashik shillak aahet. 
itar anek kshetranvyatirikt, lann kauntichya noarutsi parishmadhye sweedishcha prabhav vegala aahe, jithe dvibhashik estonian kinwa swedish nave aanee rastyanchi chinhe asaleli anek gave aahet.
estonian vidyarthi vidyarthi sarvat samanya paradeshi bhasha ingraji, russian, german aanee french aahet. itar lokpriy bhashanmadhye finnish, spanish aanee swedish yancha samavesh aahe.
estoniatil alpasankhyak roma lock lotfitka romani bolatat.
shikshan aanee vidnyan.
estoniatil aupcharik shikshanacha itihas vakte) aanee aanee shatkat suru hoto, jevha pahilya math aanee cathedral shaala sthapan jhalya. estonian bhashetil pahila prathamik abhyaskram 1575 madhye prakashit jhaala. sarvat june vidyapith mhanje 1632 madhye swedish raja gustav dusra edolph yane sthapan kelele tartu vidyapith. 1919 madhye, vidyapithache abhyaskram pratham estonian bhashet shikavale gele.
estoniyamadhil aajche shikshan samanya, vyavsayik aanee chhand asha vibhaganmadhye vibhagale gele aahe. shikshan vyavastha chaar staranvar aadharit aaheh purv-shaley, moolbhut, madhyamik aanee uchch shikshan. shalanche aanee sahayyak shaikshanik sansthanche eka vistrut jaale sthapan karnyat aale aahe. estonian shikshan vyavasthemadhye rajya, nagarpalika, sarvajanik aanee khajgi sanstha aahet. estoniyamadhye sadhya 589 shaala aahet.
estonia aaplya serve shalanna internetshee jodanyas agadi lavkar suruvat kelee. tigrihoop (vaghanchya zepasathi estonian) haah rajyane estoniyatil sanganak aanee jaale payabhoot suvidhanchya vikas aanee vistarat mothya pramanat guntavanuk karnyasathi haatee ghetalela eka prakalp hota, jyamadhye shikshanavar vishesh bharr denyat aala hota.
aantarrashtriy vidyarthi moolyankan (peesa) ahavalasathi 2018 chya karyakramat, estonia vidyarthi europemadhye pratham kramankavar aahet. jagaat, estonia vidyarthi vachanat vachanat, ganitat ganitat aanee vidnyanat vidnyanat kramankavar aahet. yavyatirikt, 25-64 vayogatatil sumare 89 takke estonian praudhanni uchch madhyamik padvichya barobarichi padvi midavali aahe, jee audhyogikrut jagatil sarvoch daranpaiki eka aahe.
estoniyamadhil shaikshanik uchch shikshan teen staranmadhye vibhagale gele aaheh padvi, padvyuttar aanee doctorate abhyas. kahee visheshtanmadhye (moolbhut vaidyakeey abhyas, pashuvaidhyakiy, farmacy, dantchikitsa, vastuvisharad-abhiyanta aanee vargatil shikshak karyakram) padvi aanee padvyuttar star ekach vibhagat ektrit kele jaatat. estonian sarvajanik vidyapithanna lagoo uchch shikshan sansthanpeksha lakshaniyaritya adhik svayatta aahe. vidyapithache shaikshanik jeevan sanghatit karnyavyatirikt, vidyapithe naveen abhyaskram tayar karoo shakatat, pravesh atty aanee sharti sthapit karoo shakatat, arthsankalp manjur karoo shakatat, vikas yojanela manyata deu shakatat, kulgurunchi nivad karoo shakatat aanee malmatteshi sambandhit babinmadhye maryadit nirnay gheu shakatat. estoniyamadhye sarvajanik aanee khajgi vidyapithanchi sankhya madhyam aahe. sarvat mothee sarvajanik vidyapithe mhanje tartu vidyapith, tallin tantradnyan vidyapith, tallin vidyapith, estonian jeevan vidnyan vidyapith, estonian qalaa akadami; estonian business school heey sarvat mothe khajgi vidyapith aahe.
estonian academy auph sciences hii rashtriy vidnyan academy aahe. moolbhut aanee upayojit sanshodhan karnari sarvat majboot sarvajanik naa-napha sanshodhan sanstha mhanje rashtriy rasayanik bhautikshastra aanee jaivbhautiki sanstha (aine. aay. see. pii. bii.; estonian keey. bii. eff. aay.). 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat tartu aanee tallin yethe pahili sanganak kendre sthapan karnyat aalee. 1980 chya dashakat soviet sanghachya mantralayansathi software abhiyantriki manakanchya vikasat estonian tadnyanni yogdan dile. eae. yuu. chya sarasari 2 takkyanchya tulanet, estonia tyachya jee. dii. pii. chya sumare 1.5 takke sanshodhan aanee vikasavar kharch karate. 2022 madhye jaagtik navonmesh nirdeshankat estonia 18 vya kramankavar hota.
astroniyabarobar sambandhit kahee prasiddha shastradnyanmadhye khagolshastradnya friedrich george wilheim wonn struve, ernst opic aanee zaan inasto, jivashastradnya carl ernst wonn bayer, jacob wonn qxcule, rasayanshastradnya wilheim ostwald aanee carl schmitt, arthshastradnya ragnar nurksey, ganitshastradnya edgar cran, vaidyakeey sanshodhak ludwig pusep aanee nikole pirogov, bhautikshastradnya thomas johann seabeck, rajkiy shastradnya reine tagpera, manasshastradnya endell toolving aanee risto natenen, semiotician jurie lotman yancha samavesh aahe.
naveen shastradnya" chya matey, rajya prayojit vaiyaktik anuvanshik mahitee seva pradan karnara estonia haah pahila desh asel. jyanche januke tyanna praudh-prarambhi madhumeh aanee hriday v raktavahinyasambandhi rogasarkhya paristhitila adhik pravrutt karatat tyanchyasathi bhavishyatil aajaar qamee karane aanee rokhane heey tyanche uddisht aahe. 13 lakhanpaiki 1,00,000 nagarikanna dnaver aadharit jivanshailicha sallah denyachi sarkarchi yojana aahe.
sanskruti.
estoniachya sanskratit, estonian bhasha aanee saunadvare darshavilyapramane, sthanik varshacha samavesh aahe, jyat mukhya pravahatil nordic aanee european sanskrutik pailu aahet. tyachya itihasamule aanee bhoogolamule, estoniachya sanskrativar shejarchya bhagatil vividh finnick, baltic, slavic aanee german lokanchya paramparancha tasech majee prabal shaktintil germany, sweeden aanee rashiyatil sanskrutik vikasacha prabhav padala aahe, yaa karanastav tyala nordic rajya mananyachi adhik ichcha aahe.
aaj, estonian samaj maryadit sarkarchya aadarshanshi lokpriy bandhilkisah, kendrikrut satta aanee bhrashtacharala nirutsahit karoon swatantrya aanee udarmatvadala protsahan deto. protestant karyaneeti haah eka mahattvapoorn sanskrutik mukhya ghatak aahe aanee mofat shikshan hii eka atyant maulyavan sanstha aahe. nordic deshanmadhil mukhya pravahatil sanskruti mhanoon, estonian sanskruti hii sannyasi paryavaraniy vastav aanee paramparik upajivikevar, vyavharik karananmule tulanene vyapak samatavadacha varsa (pahah pratyekacha adhikar aanee sarvatrik matadhikar) aanee nisargashi jawalik aanee svayampurnateche aadarsh (pahah unhali kuteer) yavar aadharit asalyache pahile jaau shakate.
estonian qalaa akadami (estonianh "esty kunstiyakadimiya", eka) qalaa, rachana, vastukala, madhyam, qalaa itihas aanee sanwardhan yaa vishayanmadhye uchch shikshan puravat aahe, tarr tartoo viljandi sanskruti akadami vidyapithacha sthanik bandhkam, sthanik lohar, sthanik kapad rachana, paramparik hastakala aanee paramparik sangeet, parantu jazz aanee church sangeet yasarkhya abhyaskramandware sthanik sanskruti lokpriy karnyacha drushtikon aahe. 2010 madhye, estoniyamadhye 245 sangrahalaye hotee jyanche ektrit sangrah 1 kotihoon adhik vastoo aahet.
sangeet.
estonian gayanacha sarvat juna ullekh saxo vyakaran "gesta danorum" () pasoon aahe. saxo, ladhaichi vaat pahat ratri gaat asalelya estonian yoddhyambaddal sangato. junya lokgitanna 'regilaulud' asehi mhanatat, jee serve baltic findware samayik kelelya paramparik 'regievers' kavyatmak chhandatil ganee aahet. 18 vya shatkaparyant estonian lokanmadhye runik gayan vyapak hote, jevha tyanchi jaaga laybaddh lokgite gheu lagali.
mendhpalanni vaparlelya paramparik pawan vadyanpasoon tayar keleli vadye ekekali vyapak hotee aanee aata punha ekada adhik samanyapane vajavali jaat aahet. polka kinwa itar nrutya sangeet vajavanyasathi vayali, zeather, concertina aanee accordian yasah itar vadye vaparali jaatat. canell heey eka mool vadya aahe jeey punha estoniyamadhye adhik lokpriy hott aahe. viljandi yethe 2008 madhye eka sthanik sangeet sanwardhan kendra ughadanyat aale.
1869 madhye estonian rashtriy jagrutichya shikharavar asatana estonian geet mahotsavanchi ('laulupidu') parampara suru jhaali. aaj, haah jagatil sarvat mothya haushi samooh karyakramanpaiki eka aahe. 2004 madhye sumare 1,00,000 lokanni yaa geet mahotsavat bhag ghetala. 1928 pasoon, tallin geet mahotsavachya maidanavar ('lauluwaljak') darr paach varshanni julaimadhye haah karyakram aayojit keela jaato. shevatcha mahotsav julai 2019 madhye jhaala. yavyatirikt, darr chaar kinwa paach varshanni yuva geet mahotsav dekhil aayojit kele jaatat, sarvat alikadacha 2017 madhye hoto.
alekzandar edward thomson, rudolph tobias, miina harma, mart saar, artur cap, juhann aavik, elexander kunilid, artur lemba aanee heno eller yasarkhe vyavsayik estonian sangitkar aanee sangitkar 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhat udayas aale. sadhya, aarvo part, edward tubin aanee veljo tormis heey sarvat prasiddha estonian sangitkar aahet. 2014 madhye, arvo poort haah salag chauthya varshi jagatil sarvat jaast kamgiri karnara jiwant sangitkar hota.
1950 chya dashakat, estonian baritone george auts heey aupera gayak mhanoon jagbharat prasiddha jhaale.
lokpriy sangitamadhye, estonian kalakar kerali cove europemadhye lokpriy jhaala aahe, aanee uttar ameriketahi lokpriyata midvat aahe. tine 2010 madheel disney chitrapat 'ellis inn wonderland' aanee americetil 'smallville' yaa durchitravani malikela sangeet dile.
2001 madhye tannel padar aanee dave benton yanni sadar kelelya 'everyville' yaa ganyane estonia eurovision ganyachi spardha jinkley. 2002 madhye, estonia yaa karyakramache aayojan kele. marja-liss ilas yanni 1996 aanee 1997 madhye estoniasathi spardha kelee, tarr eda-ines etty, koit tooma aanee evaline samuel yanni tyanchya lokpriyateche anshatah shrey ganyachya spardhes dile aahe. leena kurmala europemadhye tichya vanilla ninja bands sadarikaran kartana manyata midali. "shahari symphanyche 'randajad' heey britton, belgium aanee switzerlandmadhye chart kelele estonianmadhil pahile gaane hote.
estonian country gitar vadak laur joemetsne 2017 madhye country gayak stergill simpsons grammy puraskar jinkla, joou varshatil sarvotkrusht country reecord, eka navik pruthvisathi margdarshak aahe. 
sahitya.
estonian sahitya mhanje estonian bhashet lihilele sahitya (see. aii. 1 dashalaksh vakte). vakte) shatkapasoon shatkapasoon germany, sweeden aanee russiachya uttarekadil dharmayuddhannantar estoniachya varchasvamule, estonian bhashet kahee prarambhik sahityik kaame lihili gelee. likhit estonian nondi 13 vya shatkatil aahet. "heinry auph livoniachya itihasatil "originates livonia" madhye estonian thikananchi nave, shabd aanee vakyanche tukade aahet. lieber sensus dania' (1241) madhye estonian thikan aanee kautumbik nave aahet. anek lokkatha aajahi sangitalya jaatat aanee kahee katha aantarrashtriy vachakanna upalabdh vhavi yasathi lihilya aanee anuvadit kelya jaatat. "oto wilheim messingche estonian bhashetil varnamala pustak "abd ehak lugemis-ramat lastele" 1795 madhye prakashit jhaale.
estonianchya sanskrutik starala moolatah shabdansh pramanavar aadharit lokkavya mothya pramanat gitatmak swarupane darshavile gele hote. kahee apavad vagalata, jaree ullekhaneey asale taree, haah pracheen prakar nantarchya kalat mothya pramanat vaparla gela nahee. yaa kshetratil sarvat ullekhaneey kamgiri mhanje rashtriy mahakavya 'kalevipoeg'. vyavsayik staravar, 20 vya shatkachya shevatchya timahit, pramukhyane sangitkar veljo tormis yanchya kamamule, paramparik lokgite tyachya naveen shikharavar pohochali.
auskar luts heey suruvatichya estonian sahityatil sarvat pramukh gadya lekhak hote aanee aajahi mothya pramanat vachale jaatat, visheshtah tyanchi gitatmak shaley kadambari "kevade" (vasant). aaa. etch. tamsare yanche samajik mahakavya aanee manasshastriy vastavadi dnyanshastra, 'satya aanee nyay', heey garib shetkari samudayatoon swatantra rashtrat astronian samajachi utkranti darshavate. aadhunik kalat, zaan cross aanee zaan kaplinsky heey estonia sarvat prasiddha aanee sarvadhik anuvadit lekhak aahet. aahet shatkachya uttaradhat aanee aanee shatkachya suruvatichya kalatil sarvat lokpriy lekhakanmadhye tono enepalu aanee andrus kiverahk heey aahet, jeey estonian lokkatha aanee pauranik kathanchya ghatakancha vapar karatat, tyanna moorkh aanee vichitra banavtat.
madhyam.
1908 madhye swedish raja gustav wii. chya tallinchya bhetibaddalchya vruttachitranchya nirmitisah estoniachya chitrapatanchi suruvat jhaali. estoniyamadhye julai 1955 madhye pahile sarvajanik durchitravani prasaran jhaale. niyamit, thet redio prasaran december 1926 madhye suru jhaale. electronic madhyamanchya kshetratil niyantranmuktimule 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatichya tulanet aamulagra badal jhaale aahet. khajgi durchitravani prasarkansathi pahile parvane 1992 madhye jaaree karnyat aale. pahile khajgi redio station 1990 madhye prasarit jhaale.
sarvat aantarrashtriy staravar prasiddha asalelya estonian chitrapatanmadhye 'tee junie prempatre', 'aswalache hriday', 'sangamarvari nave', 'gayan kranti', 'sharad rututil chendu', '1944', 'talwarbaaz' aanee 'november' yancha samavesh aahe. aantarrashtriy staravar prasiddha asalelya estonian chitrapat abhinetyanmadhye lembit ulfsak, zaan taate aanee elmo nugnen yancha samavesh aahe, jyanna chitrapat digdarshak mhanoonahi olakhale jaate. 
estonian madhyam kshetrat mothya sankhyene saptahik vruttapatre aanee masike aahet aanee estonian lokankade 9 deshantargat durchitravani vahinya aanee anek redio kendre aahet. 2012 chya vruttpatra swatantrya nirdeshankat simevina patrakaranni patrakaranni kramank midavalyamule, estoniala tyachya uchch pramanatil vruttpatra swatantryasathi aantarrashtriy staravar manyata midali aahe.
estoniyamadhye done vruttasansthe aahet. 1990 madhye sthapan jhaleli baltic vrutt seva (bii. aine. ess.) hii estonia, latvia aanee lithuania yancha samavesh karnari eka khajgi pradeshik vrutt sanstha aahe. eae. tii. vhee. 24 hii "easty rahwusringhaling" chya malkichi eka sanstha aahe, jee sarvajanikaritya nidhi puravaleli redio aanee durdarshan sanstha aahe, jee 30 juuna 2007 roji purvichya vegalya easty redio aanee easty televisionchi karye eastonian rashtriy prasaran kayadyachya atinnusar swikaranyasathi tayar karnyat aalee.
abhivyakti swatantrya.
simevina aantarrashtriy sansthechya patrakaranchya manankananusar, 2013 madhye, abhivyakti swatantryachya babatit estonia jagatil jagatil sthanavarun 11 vya sthanavar ghasarala. american bigger-sarkari sanstha friedam hausache estoniatil uchch patalichya abhivyakti swatantryabaddal asech mutt aahe.
russian regnum vruttasansthene juuna 2010 madhye prakashit kelelya eka lekhat, agencinusar, estoniyatil patrakaranvaril satatchya dabavachi saksh denari anek vidhane sadar karnyat aalee.
march 2011 madhye, european sansadene estonias anek european union deshanmadhye prasarmadhyamanchya bahulatavadabaddal aanee swatantryabaddal gambhir chinta vyakt karnara tharav manjur keela. tyach mahinyat, estonian center partyche nete aanee estonianche majee pantpradhan edgar sevisar (jyanni sanyukt rashiyashi sahkarya karar keela aanee nantar tyanchyavar bhrashtacharacha khatala chalavala gela) yanni sangitale qee estonian madhyame rashiyapeksha qamee mukt aahet. sevisarchya matey, tyaveli estonia pantpradhan asalele andrus unsip yanni mahitee kshetrasah aapali satta balkat kelee, jee rashiyache adhyaksh vladimir puteen yanchyapeksha khoop jaast hotee. 2008 madhye, estonian patrakar sanghatnene encipla estoniyamadhil abhivyakti swatantryacha mukhya virodhak mhanoon naav dile.
vastukala.
estoniacha sthapatya itihas pramukhyane uttar europemadhil tyachya samkalin vikasache pratibimb aahe. unescochya jaagtik varsa yadeet asalelya madhyayugeen junya tallin shaharachi rachana karnare sthapatyakaleche samooh visheshtah ullekhaneey aahe. yavyatirikt, deshat purv-khrishchan kalatil anek adviteey, qamee-adhik pramanat sanrakshit dongral kille aahet, mothya sankhyene ajunahi abadhit madhyayugeen kille aanee church aahet, tarr grameen bhag ajunahi purvichya shatkanpasun mothya sankhyene lakadi haveli asalelya gharanchya upasthitine aakarlela aahe.
sutty.
estonian rashtriy deane haah 24 februwari roji sajra keela jaanara swatantrya deane aahe, jyaa divashi estonian swatantryachi ghoshana jaaree karnyat aalee hotee. darvarshi 12 sarvajanik suttya (jyaa eka divasasah yetat) aanee 12 rashtriy suttya sajari kelya jaatat.
pakakala.
aitihasikdrushtya, estoniachi pakakruti hangam aanee sthanik shete aanee samudratil sadhya annavar avalambun rahili aahe. aaj tyat anek 'jaagtik' khadyapadarthanchahi samavesh aahe. kaala bread, dukarache maans, batate aanee dugdhajanya padarth heey aadhunik estoniyamadhil sarvat vaishishtyapurn padarth aahet. paramparikpane unhala aanee vasant rutumadhye, estonian lokanna pratyek gosht taji khayala aavadate-berries, aushadhi vanaspati, bhajya aanee bagetoon thet thet serve goshti. sadhya shikar aanee masemari heey mukhytah chhand mhanoon ghetale jaat asale taree shikar aanee masemari dekhil khoop samanya aahe. aaj unhalyat baher grill karane dekhil khoop lokpriy aahe.
badamachi pest 'vietlakukkel' asaleli velchi-masalyachi bread roll hii eka paramparik estonian god roll aahe, jee visheshtah khrisamaspasun easterparyant lokpriy aahe.
paramparikpane hivalyat, jaali, jatan aanee lonache tablower aanale jaatat. hivalyat fale, mashroom aanee bhajya gola karane aanee jatan karane nehmich lokpriy rahile aahe, parantu aaj serve kahee dukananmadhun kharedi karata yete mhanoon gola karane aanee jatan karane qamee samanya hott aahe. tathapi, hivalyasathi ann tayar karane grameen bhagat ajunahi khoop lokpriy aahe.
creeda.
creeda unhali olympicmadhye estonia pahilyanda swatantra rashtra mhanoon bhag ghetala. 1940 madhye desh soviet unionne vyapala aanee jodalela asalyane, estonian kheladunni soviet dhwajakhali jhalelya 1952-1988 olympic khelanmadhye bhag ghetala. 1980 unhali olympic naukanayan regata rajdhani shahar tallin yethe aayojit karnyat aala hota. 1991 madhye swatantrya parat midalyanantar, estonia serve olympicmadhye bhag ghetala aahe. estonia ethletics, wetlifting, kusti aanee cross-country skiingmadhye bahutek padake jinkley aahet. talwari jinkalelya padakanchya babatit olympicmadhil sarvat yashasvi deshanpaiki eka estonia aahe. aahe unhali olympicmadhil ekoon padakanchya yadeet yadeet aanee aanee hiwali olympicmadhye olympicmadhye sthan midvane heey estonia sarvottam parinam hote.
estoniyamadhye vividh creeda shakhanna samarpit anek antargehi aanee bahya suvidha aahet.
keeking haah tulanene naveen khel 1993 madhye estoniyatil edo koskane shodhala hota. keykingmadhye eka sudharit swing samavisht asate jyamadhye swingcha swar 360 anshanchya aaspas jaanyacha prayatna karato.

