feratachya madhyamatoon

aii vhaya ferata (italianmadhye 'loh marg', bahuvachan 'vhay ferrett' kinwa ingerjit 'vhaya ferratas') haah alps aanee itar kahee alpine thikani aadhalanara eka sanrakshit chadhai marg aahe. sanrakshanachya kakshet konatyahi padanyacha parinam rokhanyasathi kebal aanee railing yasarkhya steelchya jodyancha samavesh hoto, jeey giryarohak ektar dharoon thevu shakato kinwa chadhai sanrakshn vaparun kapoon thevu shakato. feratadvare kahee steelchya jodya dekhil samavisht karoo shakatat jyaa steelchya shidya aanee steelchya steelchya payyansah adthalyanvar maat karnyat madat karatat. vhaya ferata" haah shabd bahutek deshanmadhye aanee bhashanmadhye vaparla jaato, visheshtah german bhashik pradesh vagalata, jeey "caterstig"-"climbing paath" (bahuvachan "caterstig") vapartat.
varnan.
aii vhaya ferta haah dongaranmadhil chadhanyacha marg aahe jyamadhye steelchya cables, aanee kinwa shidya vaparlya jaatat, jyaa khadkavar giryarohak done pattyanni eka jaali lavtat, jyamule giryarohakanna dhatuchya jodaniparyant swatahla surakshit thevanyas aanee konatyahi padnyala maryadit karnyas madat hote. kebal aanee itar jodya, jase qee lokhandi aanee (dande), khande, koralelya aanee aanee shidya aanee pool, donhi aanee aanee haat dharoon thevatat. yamule asurakshit chadh-utaar aanee chadhaicha dhoka kinwa chadhanyasathi tantrik upkarananchi aavashyakta naan hota dhokadayak marganvar chadhai karata yete. teey khadkal chadhai aanee parvatarohanala paryay mhanoon katheen shikharanvar pohochanyachya sandhee vadhavtat, yaa doghansathi uchch kaushalye aanee adhik vishesh upkarananchi aavashyakta asate.
ferratamarge eka tasapeksha qamee vel vel chhotya marganpasoon teey lambparyant lambi badaloo shakate, lakshaniy antar aanee unchi (kinwa chadhanapeksha jaast) jaast) alpine marganchi magani aanee purn honyasathi aath kinwa adhik taas lagoo shakatat. brenta dolomitessarkhya kahee bhagat, feratadvare ekatra jodane, dongral aashraysthananmadhye ratrabhar rahane aanee tyamule unchavar anek divasanchya vyapak chadhaichya sahali ghene shakya aahe. katheen paristhitit, ferratamarge, jaree natyamay aanee ughad paristhitinmadhye, marganpeksha thode adhik asalelya marganpasoon teey atishay khadkal aanee katheen marganparyant, kahee bhaganmadhye latakalele, gambhir rock climbingchya samarthyachi magani karnare, jaree tantra nasel tarr-asoo shakate. samanyatah, feratandware chadhan kelee jaate, jaree tyanna khalee utaravane shakya aahe.
vhaya feratachi utpatti ekonisavya shatkat jhaali aahe, parantu teey anekada pahilya mahayuddhashi sambandhit aahet jevha anek sainyachya halchalinna madat karnyasathi italichya dolomite parvatiy pradeshat bandhale gele hote. europeey alps parvataranganmadhye sadhya feratadvare 1000 hoon adhik astitvat aahet. bahutansh itali aanee austriyamadhye aadhaltat. itar anek european deshanmadhye aanee itaratra kahee thikani aadhaltat. feratadvare paramparikaritya chunkhadichya parvatiy pradeshanshi, visheshtah dolomite aanee uttarekadil chunkhadichya alpsshee sambandhit aahe, kaaran bhupradeshache unch swaroop kahee prakarchya sanrakshit marganchi garaj nirman karate, tarr kadya aanee naisargik kamkuvatpanachi upasthiti mhanje tulanene sope parantu fayadeshir marg tayar kele jaau shakatat. tathapi, teey aata vegvegalya bhubhaganmadhye aadhaltat.
itihas.
mool.
dongarranganmadhye, shidya aanee moolbhut sanrakshn sadhanansah, sadhe sanrakshit marg kadachit shatkanushatke astitvat aahet, jyamule gavanna tyanchya unch kurananshi jodanyas madat hote. feratadvare aadhunikateche agradoot mhanoon pahile jaau shakanare bandhkam ekonisavya shatkatil alpine anveshan aanee paryatanachya vadhipasoon suru hote. 1843 madhye, duchsteinver eka marg friedrich simonichya dishene bandhanyat aala; tyat lokhandi piin, hatanche hook, koralele payathyashi aanee doransah chadhaichya sadhananchi eka shreni samavisht hotee. 1869 madhye grossglocknerchya shikharanchya darmyan eka dori nishchit karnyat aalee aanee 1873 madhye zagaspitzwar nishchit sanrakshn basavanyat aale. pyreneemadhye, 1880 madhye pick du middy dii 'osauvar aanee 1881 madhye ordesamadhye lokhandi chadhaichi sadhane basavanyat aalee. uttarekadil chunkhadichya aalpsmadhye feratasdware aajahi pahile marg vaparale jaat asalyache disaleh german aulgau aalpsmadhil helbroner marg 1899 madhye bandhala gela, tyanantar lavkarach austriyatil wilder kaisarmadhye eggerstig (1903) aanee wildorstig (1911). dolomitemadhye, mermoladachya paschim parvatarangela chadhanyacha marg (germanh mermolata) 1903 madhye sthapit karnyat aala aanee sella gatatil pizz selva paryantcha posnekar marg pahilya mahayuddhachya aadhi purn jhaala.
1910 madhye, gustav zaan aanee august sepal, eka viennes master locksmith, yanni purv austriyachya raxchya preiner bhintimadhye (1.783 meater) hans vonn haid stegg bandhale.
pahile mahayuddhah dolomites.
1914 madhye dolomite heey pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan kendriya shaktincha bhag asalelya austro-hungarian samrajyacha bhag hote. 1915 madhye itali britton, france aanee russiachya yutimadhye sameel jhaala aanee kendriya shaktinviruddha yuddh ghoshit kele. austro-hungarian sainya russiamadhye mothya pramanat karyarat hote aanee teey lagechach dolomitemadhun chalavalya sanrakshanatmak reshekade mage hutley. suruvatichya kalat kamkuvat asalelya austro-hungarian sainikanna sthanik vruddha aanee atishay tarun purushanni (standshootzen) jordar pathimba deela hota, jyanni aakraman aakraman italian lokansathi sanrakshanasathi atishay majboot resheche anukaran kele. tyanantarach kaisarjegar aanee kaisarshutzen yansarkhya sthanik uchchabhru sainikanna purvekadil aaghaditun italichya dishene sthalantarit kele jaau shakale. 1917 chya sharad rututil flish-tolman aakraman (caporatochi ladhai) hoiparyant, austro-hungarian (dakshin germanychya sainyane samarthit) aanee italian lock dolomitechya parvatanmadhye eka bhayankar yuddh ladhale; keval ekmekanviruddhach navhe tarr pratikool paristhitiviruddhahi. donhi bajunni nirikshan chaukya aanee maidani banduka thevanyasathi shikharanvar niyantran midvanyacha prayatna keela. atishay katheen paristhitit sainikanna unch unchivar firanyas madat karnyasathi, khadakanchya kadela kayamswarupi resha basavanyat aalya aanee shidya basavanyat aalya jenekarun sainya unch kadela chadhu shakel. tyanni tethoon hallah karnyasathi shikharanchya khalee bogade tayar karnyacha aanee tyanchyavar niyantran thevanyacha prayatna keela (italian aaghadivaril khanee pahaa). pahilya mahayuddhache khadde, khodkam aanee itar avashesh feratadvare anekanchya bajula aadhalu shakatat. dhokadayak darugola shillak asalyane aanee aajahi asach kahisa satha aadhalato, tyamule purvichya mukhya yuddh reshechya bhagat dhatuche june bhag khodoon ghenyachya aanee uchalanyachya virodhat ishara deela jaato. 5 torivar aanee lagazuoichya aaspas eka vistrut khule sangrahalay aahe, jithe khoop jordar ladhai jhaali hotee. aahet mahayuddhanantar jaree faratanchya madhyamatoon yuddhakalin jaalyachi punarsthapana jhaali nasali tareeh steelchya taranni doranchi jaaga ghetali aahe aanee khadakat nisardelya lokhandi shidya aanee dhatuchya payaryanni sainyane vaparlelya najuk lakadi sanrachananchi jaaga ghetali aahe. yapaiki bahutansh marganchi dekhbhal aata club alpino italiano (kaee; italian alpine club) aanee south tyrol alpine club (aii. vhee. ess.) karatat.
dele bochetdwareh feratadvare abhijat.
1930 chya dashakat, societita degli alpinisty tridendini (sat) neey kaisah krutrim sadhane aanee sanrakshn sthapit karoon, brenta dolomitemadhil chadhai marg qamee karnyasathi aanee sudharanyasathi kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. khadkatil naisargik resha aanee marg jodale gele aanee marganchi eka pranali vikasit houu lagali, aahet mahayuddhanantar kaam suru rahile. vhaya dele bochettacha shodh dongravar dongravar lavala aanee haloohaloo tyachya swatachya adhikarat eka abhijat pratishtha midavali, jee pratishtha tee ajunahi rakhoon thevate. dele bochettachya madhyamatoon vikasit kartana, eka vishisht naitikta palali gelee-chadhaisathichi sadhane kiman thewali gelee aanee marg jaanunbujun konatyahi shikharavar pohochat naheet, eka assa marg jyache kadhikadhi parantu nehmich aadhunik feritadvare anusaran kele jaat nahee. daad vhaya dele bochettane shikharanvar kinwa chadhaisathi pravesh karnyaivaji feratadvare tyanchya swatachya adhikarat karanyachi kalpana sthapit karnyas madat kelee.
alikadil ghadamodi.
1970 aanee 80 chya dashakat vikas paramparik kshetranvar (dolomite aanee uttarekadil chunkhadiche alps) kendrit rahila. bahutek vela sambandhit alpine klabpaiki ekachya sakriy sahbhagane (jaree kahee atirikt marganna adhunmadhun vaad aanee virodh hota) chadhai samudayane marg vikasit kele hote. 1990 aanee 2000 chya dashakat, vikas adhik vyavsayik jhaala aanee tyat adhik sanstha samavisht jhalyah feratadvare paryatanala protsahan denyasathi aanee abhyagatansathi upalabdh asalelya upkramanchi shreni vadhavanyasathi eka upayukt marg mhanoon pahile jaau lagale aanee tyamule sthanik samuday, bahya kriyakalap kendre, kebal qaar kampanya, parvatiy aashraysthane aanee itar, tasech alpine clubcha satat sahbhag yamule marg vikasit jhaale. ferataschya madhyamatoon jhalelya yaa parvatacha vikas tyachya mool bhagatoon urvarit alps aanee tyapalikade pasarla aahe. francemadhil pahila vhaya ferata 1988 madhye bandhala gela (ferata day laa grand falise, freesinires, grading see/dii dware) tarr feratasdware unch parvat vikasit hott rahila aahe, aadhunik yugat adhik "creeda" margancha uday jhaala aahe, kadhikadhi kadhikadhi jawal aanee anekada nisargat adhik aavhanatmak, gambhirpane ubhya vibhagansah aanee uchch shaktichi aavashyakta asate. dhabdhabyanchya bajula kinwa sabhovatalachya natyamay thikani marg bandhanyat aale aahet. itar marganmadhye taranche pool aanee agadi zip taransarkhya vaishishtyancha samavesh aahe, jyaa abhyagatanna tyanche aakarshan vadhavanyasathi tayar kelya aahet. ferratamarge chadhai karane haah swatachya margdarshakpustake, upkarane, shrenikaran pranali aanee utsahi lokansah, aata ferratamarge chadhai karnyasathi upalabdh asalelya thikananchya vadhatya sankhyes, swatahun eka vaidh parvatiy upkram mhanoon olakhala jaau lagla aahe.
shrenikaran.
feratasathi vividh shrenikaran pranali astitvat aahet. bahutek lock sarvat katheen margachya adchanichya patalivar laksh kendrit karatat aanee 5 kinwa 6-bindu scale vapartat. girani kamgar 1 teey 5 shreni vapartat. curt shaul margdarshak ("klettersteig-atlas" malika) pramukhyane a teey f 6-bindu scale vapartat aanee 5 madhyavarti shreni dekhil vaparlya jaatat (udaa.jee. qa/daad). sanketsthal doubleu. doubleu.klettersteig.jaree too shaal pranalivar aadharit asala taree too 1 teey 6 shreni vaparato. francemadhye, 6 abhijat alpine shreni vaparlya jaatatah eff-sulabh; peedi-piyu deficile; edd-essays deficile; dii-deficylah teady-trace deficylah edd-extreament deficile (jaree yaa shreni tyanchya alpine samkakshanshi tulana karat nasalya taree). 5-stariy shrenikaran pranalichi ruparesha khalee dilee aahe, parantu spashtapane vaiyaktik margdarshak pustakanchya shreni tyanchya swatachya vyakhyannusar tapasalya pahijet.
yaa shrenikaran pranalivar eka teeka ashee aahe qee teey adchaninchi tivrata aanee lambikade durlaksh karatat-shreni deechya vistrut margansah eka lamb, unch parvatiy marg haah qamee qamee margapeksha khoop vegala aahe, jyala shreni dii dekhil aahe, parantu keval eka sankshipt katheen vibhag aahe. yavar maat karnyasathi, margachya gambhiryavar atirikt manankan anekada dile jaate-curt shaul margdarshak paach-stariy visheshan scale vapartat; smith aanee fletcher teen-bindu scale aii-see vapartat. junya hoffler/verner margdarshakpustakanmadhye aii-jee pramanavaril ekach samanya shreni vaparali jaate. bahutek margdarshakpustake margachya swarupache moolyankan karnyat madat karnyasathi kahee adhik mahitee pradan karatat, udaharanarth margachi lambi, kamal unchi gathane aanee sanrakshanachya gunvattesathi eka shreni dekhil.
upkarane.
parshvabhoomi.
anek varshe, feratadvare sadhya upkaranancha vapar karoon chadhai kelee jaat asey-carabiners qamee lambichya dorkhandavar kinwa chhatichya (kinwa basanyachya) jaalila jodalelya gulalanvar basavale jaat asat, jyachya aadhare ekhadi vyakti phaar door padnar nahee. tathapi, haloohaloo heey spasht jhaale qee yaa pranalinni gambhir dukhapati rokhalya naheet. padanyachi urja shoshun ghenyasathi keval qamee lambichya dorkhandamule, joou khoop lamb asoo shakato, padanyacha ghatak (joou samanyatah donger chadhanit donpeksha jaast nasato) jaast asoo shakato. heey uchch ghatak lakshaniy shakti nirman karatat jyaa manvi shareer, tasech chadhaichya upkarananchya bahutek vastoo sahan karoo shakat naheet, jyamule gambhir dukhapat aanee upkarane ayashasvi hotat. yache nirakaran karnyasathi, shock absorber kinwa progressive break mhanoon kaam karnyasathi anek upkarane vikasit kelee gelee aahet. dorkhandachya chhotya lambipeksha dhabdhabyachi urja adhik prabhavipane nasht karane aanee tyamule giryarohak aanee upkarane abadhit thevane heey tyanche uddisht aahe.
tathapi, yaa upkarananchya vikasanantarhi aanee feratadvare rock klaimbingpeksha adhik surakshit aanee surakshit asalyache samaj asoonahi, lock padalyas swatahla jakhami honyachi shakyata jaast asate, anshatah yaa unch padnyachya ghatakanmule aanee anshatah kaaran anekada aanee aanee aanee aahet jyavar utaranyasathi. august 2012 madhye feratachya apghatamule jhalelya pranghatak apghatanantar, jethe vhaya ferata sanchatil urja-shoshak pranalinvaril (sope) lavchik lanyard ayashasvi jhaale, aantarrashtriy parvatarohan aanee chadhai mahasanghane (yuu. aay. aii. aii.) nirmatyansah sahaj pranaliche anek model olakhanyasathi aanee aathavanyasathi kaam kele.
european aarthik kshetrat, ferta chadhaidware vaparnyasathi urja shoshak pranalinche vaiyaktik sanrakshanatmak upkarane (ppe) mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate aanee tyaa ppe niyaman (eu) 2016/425 chya suraksha aavashyakta aanee anurupata moolyankan prakriyechya adheen aahet. niyaman aavashyaktanna european susangat manak, aine 958 dware samarthan dile jaate. 2012 chya apghatatil apayashancha prakar talhanyasathi anek punarnirmit chachanyancha samavesh karnyasathi yaa mankamadhye 2017 madhye sudharana karnyat aalee hotee.
ferta sanchadvare.
aii vhaya ferta sanchamadhye eka lanyard aanee done carabiners asatat. lanyardmadhye urja shoshak pranali, done haat asatat jeey keballa carabiners jodatat aanee harnesshee jodanyache sadhan asate. aadhunik lanyards "vaay" tape sanrachana vapartat, joou sadhya yu. aay. aii. aii. neey manjur kelela ekmev prakar aahe, kaaran too vaparnyas sopa aanee surakshit aahe aanee ayogyaritya vaparane katheen aahe. vaay lanyardcha vapar karoon, donhi haat steelchya reshela jodalele asavet, jaree keval eka kapale asalyas pranali ajunahi karya karate. tathapi, purvichya kahee lanyardsmadhye 'vhee' sanrachana vaparali jaate. heey vikasit honare pahile hote parantu eka mothya maryadecha tras hoto-kebalvar eka velee fakt eka haat kapane aavashyak aahe. donhi haat kapale gele tarr urja shoshak karya karnar nahee. kahee lanyardsna tisra hatahi lahan asato jyamule giryarohkala unch bhaganvar vishranti gheta yete. vyavsayikdrushtya upalabdh asalelya kahee prakarchya lanyardsna margapasoon door thevanyasathi mage gheta yenyajogi shastre asatat.
urja shoshak.
aaj vaparat asalela urja shoshak mukhya prakar mhanje fadanari urja shoshak. yamadhye padalyas haloohaloo fadane shakya vhave yasathi visheshtah ekatra shivalelya jaalichi lambi asate. gambhir padane rokhanyasathi ashee upkarane fakt ekdach vaparali jaau shakatat aanee nantar drishyaman nuksan darshavel. yaa prakarchya shoshakache fayade mhanje teey sankshipt aahe aanee padlyanantar tyacha punha vapar keela jaat nahee yachee sahajpane padtalani kelee jaau shakate (visheshtah bhadyachya upkarananchya babatit maulyavan); tota assa aahe qee too fakt ekdach vaparla jaau shakato, jyamule aahet padnyachya babatit giryarohak asurakshit rahato.
urja shoshakcha dusra prakar mhanje dhatuche breaking upkaran jyamadhye eka dori tyatoon jaate aanee jodine jodali jaate. purvi lokpriy asalele heey 2012 chya apghatanantar jhalelya ferata surakshechya madhyamatoon punarmulyankan kelyanantar mothya pramanat mage ghetale gele aahet.
ullekhaneey marg.
austriya.
2009 paryant 550 peksha jaast 'catersteise' saha austriya haah assa desh aahe jyane feratadvare sarvat utsahane sweekarle aahe-feratadvare nisargacha anubhav ghenyacha marg mhanoon aanee ov (austriyan alpine club) chya pradeshik vibhagansah feratadvare tyanchya anek katheen chalinvar aadharit. 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila uttarekadil chunkhadichya alps parvataranganmadhye marg sthapan kele jaat asalyane austriyatil feratasdware marganna eka dirgh itihas aahe. anek varshanpasun yaa bhagat margachya vikasavar laksh kendrit kele gele aahe aanee alikadech austriyan alpswar feratadvare bandhale gele aahe. vyapak samanyikaran mhanoon, austreliyatil marg dolomiteche lamb parvatiy marg aanee francechya lahan creeda marganchya darmyan kuthetari yetat. asey mhatale jaate qee, sadhya tantrikdrushtya jagatil sarvat katheen manale jaanare vhaya ferta (2012) austriyamadhye aaheh styriatil burjeralm-panorama-claterstigcha "arena" prakar.
uttar chunkhadichi alps, jee vienna jawalun swees simeparyant jaate, tee austriyan clatersteigchya madhyabhagi rahate, jyache marg pramukh parvat gatanmadhye kendrit aaheth racks (jethe feratadvare kahee sarvat june aahet), hohe dand, toats gabirge, datchstein, wilder kaisar, carvendale. visheshtah styriamadhil daxtein parvat heey feratasdware anek ullekhaneey thikan aahet, jyat ramsore claterstig, jubilomscalatorstig aanee daxteinchya uttarekadil bajula, seawand claterstig, joou austriyatil sarvat katheen lamb marganpaiki eka aahe. tathapi, kadachit thalak aakarshan mhanje alikadech teen marg jodoon tayar kelele lamb aanee katheen datchstein super ferta aanee bahudha austriyatil feratadvare ekoon sarvat aavhanatmak. uttarekadil chunkhadichya aalpsmadhil itar ullekhaneey marg mhanje carvendelmadhil insbrucker claterstig aanee purvekadil mimminger sakhalitil tajikante claterstig (donhi marg insbrukjavalil tirolmadhye aahet).
madhya purvekadil aalpsmadhye alikadacha vikas disun aala aahe, otztle aanee stubai aalpsmadhye mothya sankhyene marg aahet aanee hohe tornchya donhi bajunna aahet. atyant mandhan asalele marg mhanje stubaimadheel sclicker claterstig aanee ilmspitz claterstig, otztlemadhil tylor veg aanee carinthiatil hohe tornchya dakshin bajula belah vista claterstig. yaa bhagatil feratandware itar 3000 meterchya shikharanvar chadhatat. carinthia aanee purv tirolmadhil dakshinekadil chunkhadichi alps hii feratasdware jaanyasathi adhik paramparik maidane aahet. anek marg italian simejaval (carnic aalpsmadhye) aahet, jyane pahilya mahayuddhat aaghadichi resha tayar kelee aanee kahee feratasdware sangharshatun kille bandhale gele, jyat veg dair 26er samavisht aahe, jeey hohe varte yaa parvatarangechya sarvoch shikharavar chadhate.
itali.
italimadhye feratadvare 400 hoon adhik aahet, tyapaiki nimmyahoon adhik dolomitesmadhye aahet.
dolomites.
pahilya mahayuddhachya killyanvar aadharit feratadvare aitihasik tasech dolomite heey visheshtah feratadvare tyanchya natyamay unch dongarasathi prasiddha aahet. yapaiki anek shrenitil kahee shikharanvar pohochanyache aavhanatmak marg pradan karatat. adhik ullekhaneey marganpaiki khaleel marg aaheth
ferratamarge bahudha sarvat asamanya mhanje vhaya ferrat lagazui bogade. pahilya mahayuddhat lagazui parvatachya niyantranasathi niyantranasathi austriyan aanee italian sainyane parvatanmadhun bogdyanchi malika bandhali. shatruchya jawal bogda ubharane aanee tyanchi kille nasht karnyasathi sphotake fodane haah uddesh hota. aata aii vhaya ferta yaa bogdyancha vapar karato, jyamule dongarat aanee tyatoon khalee utaranyas anumati milate.
dolomitemadhye feratadvare itar anek marg aahet, jyat ferrat aeveraudvare sope kinwa ferrat dell canalondware katheen asey anek lahan marg aahet. dolomitechya sabhovatalachya sabhovatalachya feratadvare aahet, jase qee mezokoronajavalachya ferrat barron geovanellidware, eshchatalmadhye (valle dii 'adige) jeey dareet chadhate.
brenta
mukhya dolomitechya paschimes, aii22/eae45 rastyachya aahet bajula, lahan brenta dolomite aahet, jeey sankshipt parantu natyamay aahet aanee madona dii campiglio shaharachya varr aahet. brentamadhye vhaya feratasche ghandat jaale asate, jyacha gabha vhaya dele bochet pranali aahe, jyamadhye centiero bochet alte aanee centiero dele bochet centralis anek vibhag asatat. parvataranganchya uttarekadil tokala madona dii campiglio yethoon liftdware pohochata yete aanee dongral zopadyanmadhye rahoon feratanchya jaalyavar unch unchivar anek divas ghalavane shakya aahe. tathapi, yaa pradeshatil giryarohakanchya ichchhenusar, marg konatyahi mothya shikharanvar pohochat naheet.
itar.
dolomitechya baher italimadhye feratadvare 150 hoon adhik aahet, tyapaiki bahutek alikadech bandhale gele aahet. garada talavachya uttarekadil tokavar, aosta pavitra, komo talavachya purvekadil parvatanmadhye aanee freuli pradeshat, carnic aanee julien aalpsmadhye vibhagalelya lakshaniy sandrata aahet.
kahee adhik ullekhaneey marg pudhilpramane aaheth
france.
francene 1988 madhye ferratamarge pahila pahila-ecrincemadhil freesiniarmadhye laa grand falise. tyanantar lavkarach uttarekadil leesa vigneo yetheel vhaya ferratas (sopa marg, laa voy du colombier, francemadhye darvarshi 15,000 giryarohkansah sarvat lokpriy aahe) aanee thode pudhe uttares asalele iguillet du lousette (ferratamarge adhik paramparik unch parvat) aale. francemadhye aata sumare 200 vhaya ferratas aahet, jeey sampoorn french aalpsmadhye sthit aahet aanee vastuman madhya, pyreni aanee agadi corsicamadhye dekhil kahee marg aahet. teey sahaa french shreneet changlya prakare vitareet kele jaatat, jyat eff aanee edd pratyeki mojkech aahet, jeey chaar madhyam vargikarananmadhye yetat. feratadvare deshbharat vikasit jhalyanusar, kahinni eka vegali "french shaili olakhali aahe, jyat dhatuchya pythya ashakya overhangmadhye chalavalya jaatat", wire pulanni masaledar aanee romanch shodhanyavar bharr deela aahe-jaree kahijan french marganvar lokhandi chadhaichya sadhananchi jaasti asalyache teeka karatat. natyamay vaishishtye anek adhik ullekhaneey marganna aadhar detatah lamb latkanare pool (ferata deey laa grande fistoir marge 59 meater), taranche 'makad' pool (ferata deey laa chaldware); chaldware); aanee tyapalikade jaanare marg (ferata gorge deey laa durencedware 'netradipak'); dhabdhabyanchya varr aanee aaspasche marg (ferata deey laa edretdwareh laa pasereldware) kinwa fakt atee latkanare aanee katheen (farata deey landretdware shejarih leey buruj).
itar marg aitihasik sthalanna bhet denyas madat karatat. houts alps vibhagatil laa grave gavajavalil leesa mines du grand cloat giryarohkala eka nivval khadkavar gheuun jaato jithe 1807 teey 1925 darmyan eka aaghadichi khaan alp yashasah chalavali jaat hotee. haah marg ingraji aanee frenchmadhil chinh falkansah chitrit keela aahe joou atishay katheen paristhitit qamee pramanat dhatoo kadhanyachya sangharshachi katha sangato. izer vibhagatil lumbinjavalil dusra marg, vire days lavandiers, 1943 madhye bandhalele aanee aahet mahayuddhadarmyan pratikar ladhvayyandvare vaparale jaanare eshel days mcvisords navachya margacha eka juna bhag paar karato.
francemadhil feratadvare dekhbhal karanyachi jababdari jyaa samudayat vhaya aahe tyaa samudayakade aahe. thikananusar dekhbhal mahag asoo shakate, aanee hivalyachya mahinyant burf aanee barfamule unchavaril kshetranche nuksan hote. kahee samudayanni pravesh shulk aakarun yaa dekhbhalisathi nidhi ubharanyacha nirnay ghetala aahe, parantu heey phaar qamee vhayasana lagoo hote aanee bahutek vinamulya rahatat.
spain.
spainmadhil pahila vhaya ferata 1954 madhye bandhala gela (kalwa dell palmo, hyuska, grading dii). tyanantar, 1993 madhye kataloniyatil montserrat yethe eka sporty marg tayar honyas adhik vel lagla. aaj spainmadhye feratadvare sumare 200 asoo shakatat. tyapaiki bahutek catalonia, aragon aanee andalusia (ronda aanee malagachya aaspas) yethe sthit aahet. havamanamule, teey bahudha varshbhar vaparale jaau shakatat. keval kahee marg shikharavar pohochatat. feratadvare jagatil sarvat katheen cannery betanvar aahe (ferrat extraplomics, gran canaria, adviteey grading jee dware). panyashivayachya kalvyanmadhun jaanare marg heey eka vaishishtyapurn marg aahet (udaa.jee. canal dii laas damas, kolbato, grading dii).
switzerland.
aalpsmadhye tyache madhyavarti sthan asoonahi, feratasdware switzerlandmadhye pohochanyasathi barach vel lagla. 1993 paryantach ferratamarge (aanee ajunahi sarvottam manali jaanari) pahili kharee swees, tally caterstig, earner aalpsmadhil gadder fluechya nivval dakshinekadil dakshinekadil tayar karnyat aalee hotee. tarihi anek varshe pudhe farse kahee ghadale nahee, parantu yaa shatkat aata 150 hoon adhik soochibaddha asalelya feratanchya madhyamatoon vegane vikas jhaala aahe. rother margdarshakanusar, feratamargeche swees heey samanyatah francemadhil feratamargechya "khela" sarkhech asatat; tathapi, teey sahasa krutrim pattyansah udarpane tayar kele jaat naheet jenekarun giryarohakanna khadkashi sampark sadhava lagel aanee pudhil payathyashi kuthe aahe yacha vichar karava lagel.
feratandware aata sampoorn switzerlandmadhye pasarale aahet, parantu visheshtah madhya aanee paschim bhagat. 32 marg asalele burnies oberland aanee 39 marg asalele valley heey vhaya ferratas mothya sankhyene asalele kshetra aahet. madhya switzerlandmadhye lucern talavachya bhovati, earner aanee whearwaldstatter alps (anukrame 15 aanee 17 marg) madhye anek marg aahet, jyamadhye engelberg feratasathi eka ullekhaneey kendra mhanoon vikasit hott aahe-yethe, furenwand-claterstigla "sarvat netradipak" manale jaate.
marganchi shreni vaividhyapurn aaheh "krutee-bharalele" dareet marg (saas shulkat alpine daree, zermatjavalache gorner daree); 3000 meterchya shikharanvarache panoramic marg (jeggisteig [jegihorn] aanee mittaghorn clatersteig, donhi saas shulkachya jawal); uchch alpine aavhane (andermatjavalache salbit-kettenweg); aanee magani asalele ethletic marg (luganojavalachya ferata sann salvatordware). rother margdarshak asey manatat qee drushye aanee shrenikaranachya sandarbhat sarvat utkrusht marg mhanje glarasachya purv swis cantonmadhil ferratamarge brownwalder aanee valaymadhil lyukarbadjavalachya ferratamarge dobbenhorn. lukerbadder caterstig (1 aanee 2) mhanoonahi olakhale jaanare, dusare switzerlandmadhil ferratamarge sarvat lamb aahe.
germany.
germanymadhye feratadvare sumare 180 aahet, jyapaiki sarvat sopa vishesh upkarnanshivay sampark sadhala jaau shakato.
anek austriyan simejaval germanychya dakshinekadil bhagat aahet.
itar bhagat feratadvare dekhil anek aahet-visheshtah saxon switzerlandmadhye. dolomitemadhil feratanchya ulat, anek marg aadhunik kalat bandhale gele hote aanee tyanche eka creeda swaroop aahe aanee teey dolomitemadhil abhijatanpeksha lahan aanee barech katheen asoo shakatat.
urvarit europe.
andora.
yaa chhotya deshat 15 viae ferrett aahet.
bosnia aanee herzegovina.
2019 madhye bosnia aanee herzegovina yanna pahile ferrita aun velezdware midale.
bulgaria.
balgeriyamadhye kiman 7 via ferratas aahet. sarvat lokpriyanpaiki eka 2010 madhye malyovitsa zopadijaval bandhanyat aale hote. rodopsmadhye 4 vhaya ferratas dekhil aahet-smolian, rakitovo aanee trigrad jawal.
check prajasattak.
decine shaharat vhaya ferta pranali aahe. yaat eka sopa samayik prarambhik vibhag aahe jyachya shevati tumhi vividh adchaninsah anek bhinn marg nivadu shakata.
ardhmadhye vio ferata dekhil aahe jyala vodnee brana (panyache praveshdwar) mhanatat.
feratadvare bund paripath tayar karnari teenchi aanakhi eka pranali gavchya viar aanee tyach navachya dharanajaval aahe.
hangeri.
hangerimadhye kiman 4 vire ferata aahet.
kosovo.
peja jawal rugova parvatanmadhye feratadvare anek aahet. feratachya madhyamatoon aarechi kalpana 2012 madhye karnyat aalee hotee aanee italian aanee kosovar alpine clubchya sahkaryane tee bandhanyat aalee hotee. vhaya ferata berim zubin potokjaval aahe aanee balkanmadhye sarvat lamb aanee sarvat unch aahe.
norwey.
ferratas () dware anek norweymadhye aadhaltat, jyanna samanyatah tyanchya norwegian shabd clattrestine naav dile jaate jyacha arth sadharanpane 'chadhaicha marg' assa hoto. alikadachya varshant anek naveen bandhani jhalya aahet-feratadvare dakshin europechya tulanet norweymadhye parampara qamee aahe.
norwechya jalvidhyut aanee udyog sangrahalayapasun suru houn aanee atishay unch jalvidhyut pipelinevarun chadhatana, tysadelmadhye vhaya ferta "tyso" aahe. kirkjewegen (charchchi bhint) acrafzordenchya fjordmadhil fjera yethe aahe. kirkjevegencha marg 500 meater unchivar aahe. hemsedalmadhyehi eka aahe. sarvat prasiddha mhanje vhaya ferata loen inn striin. 2012 madhye too ughadala gela. yaa margavar nataki latakata pool aahe, jolmunnebrua. munken dongaravaril trandhemsfjordchya samore traundheim heey vhaya feratavar garvit karate, jyadvare shaharache drushya disate. 2015 pasoon setesdalmadhil stromsphagel heey ferratamarge uttar europemadhil sarvat lamb aahe. lommadhil eka 380 emm. ess. ell. pasoon suru houn 1524 emm. ess. ell. madhye sampate, haah norweymadheel ubhya metermadhye aanee sarvoch antim bindusathicha vikram aahe. 2017 madhye andlesnessmadhye feratadvare aanakhi eka ughadale gele.
romania.
2022 paryant, romaniyamadhye ferata margansah kiman baaraa kshetre aahet. alikadchya varshant ughadale gelele bahutek marg 'creeda' kendrit aahet, jyache shreni aaa teey eae paryant badaltat. gorge kauntichya bayaa dii phayar communemadhye pestera muirilarjaval ekvis margancha samooh aahe, jithe december 2021 madhye navintam marg purn jhaala hota. december 2021 madhye bayaa dii firela romaniyatil ferratamarge acrobaticchya sarvat mothya samoohasathi rashtriy vikram midala. paach marganchya aanakhi eka samoohala 'astraglus' (astraglus vanaspatinchya prajatinche naav) asey mhanatat aanee teey sugau nadijaval (beekaz) aadhalu shakatat-heey marg vasant rutoo 2017 madhye ughadale gele hote aanee shulk aakarle jaate. bihar prantatil parvatiy bachav sevene vadoo krisuluijaval done marg aanee apuseni parvatanmadhye erizeni samudayajaval pietrail negremadhye eka marg bandhala. harghita countymadhil parvatiy bachav sevene 2016 madhye laal talavajaval 'wilde ferenk' navacha marg bandhala.
slovakia.
ferata marge anek marg slovakiamadhye vikhurlele aahet, jyat sarvat jaast sandrata skimadhye aanee kremnika shaharajavalil skalkamadhil ferata kshetradvare aahe. skalkamadhye done saha-sthit, mofat sarvajanik up-kshetre aahet. ekala ferata komindware mhatale jaate, jyamadhye eka eae rated (60 meater), eka dii rated, eka see rated, eka bii rated, done aii/bii rated aanee eka aii rated ferratas aanee anek dagad aahet. aahet bhagat, ferata jaminidware, eka eff rated (45 meater), eka eae rated, eka dii rated, teen bii rated aanee eka aii rated ferratta aahet. feratamargeche itar marg martinske hole (bii andd see), kissel kinwa liptovmadhye aadhalu shakatat, jethe ferratamarge ways (3 marg-bii, see aanee see/dii) aahe.
slovenia.
sloveniamadhye ferata marg kinwa marg vibhagandvare anek marg aahet, jaree konatihi nishchit yadee nahee. paschim bhagat (julien alps), kahiche mool dolomitemadhil yuddhakalin moodasarkhech aahe, urvarit serve nasuchit kinwa nantarchya bandhkamache aahet. atishay katheen" shrenitil shrenitil sanrakshn jodale gelyane marg vikasit jhaale aahet-adchan adhik badaloo shakate aanee itaratra feratadvare bandhalelya uddeshapeksha sanrakshn qamee satatyapurn asate. vrata vrata (prag marg, tomisek marg aanee bamberg marg) triglavparyantche marg, presankparyantcha kopisar "khidakitoon" marg aanee mangartparyantcha slovenian marg heey ullekhaneey marg aahet.
2010 madhye winska gorajaval bandhanyat aalela ferata vasdvare pahila khel, jyala 'gonjarjewa pech', adchan dii/eae mhanatat. alikadchya varshant itar jodale gele, udaa.jee., liska (serje), adchan bii/see (sarvat varcha bhag dii/eae), mojastrana (granciese) aanee češk Koča (jezersko).
sweeden.
sweedenmadhye ferratamarge kiman saat marg aahet. eka purvekadil margavar kebnekaisachya shikharavar, eka funasdalenmadhye, eka kitelfajelmadhye aanee chaar unch kinarpattichya bhagat 'schoolabergate' varr.
united kingdam.
lake jeelhyat, honister vhaya ferata heey eka junya khaan kamgarane pikes tafyachya ubhya ubhya magova ghenyavar aadharit aahe.
yorkshire delsmadhye, 2009 madhye ferratamarge stein gorge kase bandhale gele aanee tyat nadivar sthir beam aanee shidya tasech khadakachya prushthbhagache vibhag samavisht kele gele.
ellie gavachya paschimes, fife county, scotlandmadhye, ellie cheen walk hii kadachit kinloclaven yethe nuktyach nirmiti hoiparyant skotlandla vhaya ferratala sarvat jawalchi gosht hotee. ellie cheen walkmadhye eka margavar aath sakhali asatat jyaa unch samudra kadyanvarun jaatat aanee ferata upkarnandware (lanyards, helmet, harness) nehmi vaparlya jaat naheet. machchimaranna tyanchya jaalyaparyant pohochavanyat madat karnyasathi pratham sthapit karnyat aale hote asey manale jaate, aata tyachi dekhbhal sthanik parishadedvare kelee jaate aanee alikadech tyache nutanikaran karnyat aale. heey sumare 10 varshe aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya lokansathi (dekharekhikhali) yogya aahe; adakalelya asanyachi shakyata asalyamule uchch bharatichya velee yachee shifaras kelee jaat nahee.
alikadech skotlandne tyache pahile vhaya ferrat purn kele. vhaya ferata scoatland heey phorta william aanee glenkojavalil kinloclaven yethe aahe. heey scotlandmadhil scotlandmadhil sarvat mothya dhabdhabyachya bajula jaate, rakhadi ghodyachi shepati, tee sthapit kelee gelee hotee aanee ubhya utaratidvare chalavali jaate.
kendall chadhaichya bhintimadhye ferratamarge eka antargehi aahe, joou steelchya shidya aanee aaninvarr chadhaichya bhagachya bhovati marg kadhato.
"penrine aanee falmauthjavalil halvaso yetheel "vhaya ferta cornwall" haah bhag eka khaneet aahe aanee tyat dhatuche payare, shidya, latkanare pool aanee zip taar aahet.
portugal.
portugalmadhye ferata marge anek marg aahet, tyapaiki sarvat lamb 2190 meater lambiche 'ferata daas talhadandware' aahet.
bakiche jug.
canada.
canadamadhye feratadvare chalavale jaanare anek aahet, jeey mukhytah khajgiritya chalavale jaatat. 2002 madhye, mounton guide francois gaay thiviergene canadamadhye, cubec shaharajavalachya canyon seent enee yethe zip lines feratasdware pahile done sthapit kele. 2003 madhye, thiviergene seent simonpasoon 170 kiimii uttarela leesa paliceds dii charlevoxmadhye feratasdware (2 zip reshansah) aanakhi 2 vikasit kele. eka kuvebekmadhil wall-days-montsmadheel arbrasca laflechmadhye aanee dusare kuvebekmadhil roddenmadhil arbrasca roddenmadhye aahe.
paschim canadamadhye aath marg aahet. canadatil sarvat mothe vhaya ferta emm. tii. varr aadhalu shakate. british kolambiyachya percell parvatanmadhil nimbus. canadachya dongral suttyandware chalavalya chalavalya donpaiki eka, ferratamarge keval helicopterdware pohochata yete. british kolambiyatil dusare ferrita marge suvarnajaval ghodyachya dongral resortla laath marane, samudrapasun aakashaparyantchya gondola squamishjaval aanee shittyavar aahet.
ferratamarge paschim canadache pahile sarvajanik emm. tii. varr aahe. khadkal parvatanmadhil nordeg aanee barfakshetra udyanmargachya madhomadh, albertamadhil stellfox; cline nadichya purvekadil parkingchya thikani trailhead uchalale jaau shakate. chadhai sumare 180 meater (600 phoot) lamb aahe aanee parkingchya thikani parat yenyasathi sumare 2 taas lagatat. dusare albertamadhil feratasdware mount ernest ross aanee emm. tii. varr aahet. norquay.
chean.
alikadchya varshant, yuhua junning navachya vyavsayik ferata bandhkam companycha cheencha uday, companycha sangh mukhytah lenee sangh aanee irata vyavsayik prashikshanadvare aahe aanee tyache swatache ferata ghatak utpadan marg aanee sanshodhan aanee vikas sanstha aahet. tyanchya chamoone hainan, guizou, sichuan, chongking, henan, shandong, zhejiang, giangxi, beijing aanee itar thikani 20 hoon adhik feratanchi bandhani kelee aahe. adhik prasiddha resha ziushui county, giangxi prant aanee purv huhai nisargaramya bhagat aahet.
chinmadhil zianjaval asalelya hua parvatache ferata marge kiman done chhote marg aahet. beijing, guizou, chongking, giangxi, yunnan aanee shanxisah chinmadhye 10 hoon adhik ferrat bandhanyat aale aahet. ferata development andd services kampanidware tyachya chiinii bhagidar bijingdware prism. limitedne beijing, shanxi aanee yunnanmadhye 3 ferata bandhale. jaree sthanik kampanyanni bandhaleli vhaya ferratchi suraksha manke prism kinwa itar european bandhkam vyavsayikansarkhi nasali taree kahee sthanik kampanyanni ferratadwarehi bandhkam suru kele aahe.
japan.
japanchya madhya aalpsmadhil hoken parvatavar feratadvare madhya-patali aahet. 2900 meetarpeksha jaast unchivar teey 300 meterchya nivval thembanvarun jaatat. yaa margavar anek lokancha mrutyu jhaala aahe aanee vhaya ferratas anpekshitpane barfane bharoon jaau shakatat.
keeniya.
julai 2012 madhye keeniyan vanyajeev sevanni (kws) vikasit kelela aii vhaya ferta, kenya parvatavar ughadala gela, joou point lenana (austriyan zopadidware), tasech dakshin bajoone (shipton) vayavya dishene surakshit marg pradan karato. olonana' asey naav dilele, feratachya madhyamatoon jagatil sarvat unch hote.
laos.
2011 madhye green discovery laosne vikasit kelelya vhaya ferratala trii top explorercha bhag mhanoon ughadanyat aale. hii eka madhyavarti adchan aahe. jaagtik paryatan sanghatana (untoo) aanee nisarg sanvardhanasathi aantarrashtriy sangh (aay. yuu. see. aine., netherlands) yanchya paryavaranpurak drushtikonasathi aanee sthanik samudayanchya sahbhagasathi samarthit, yaa prakalpache uddisht laoschya paryatan vaividhyikaranala chalana dene heey dekhil aahe. tyache udghatan jhalyapasun feratadvare itar anek sampoorn laosmadhye ughadale gele aahet.
maleshiya.
maleshiyatil vhaya ferata heey sabahmadhil kinabalu parvatavar aahe. 3, 776 meater unchivar, ginness world recordware feratadvare jagatil sarvat unch mhanoon yachee padtalani karnyat aalee.
mexico.
lattin americetil sarvat mothya monterry shaharapasun 30 minitanchya antaravar asalelya huesteca pavitra mexicomadhye alikadech vhaya ferta aahe. tyachi adchan patali madhyavarti aahe.
nepal.
"vhaya ferata draulambou aais fauls", bandhkam varsh 2017-2019,5000 teey 5400 meater unchivar rolling pavitra sthit aahe, himalayatil pahila aanee jagatil sarvat unch. sarvat prasiddha kumbu pavitra jaanyasathi aanee himalayatil sarvoch aashraysthanavar chadhane surakshit karnyasathi explora nunat internationalne feratachya madhyamatoon yachee rachana aanee nirmiti kelee hotee.
newzealand.
queenstown tekadichya paschim bajula vhaya ferata aahe. yaat 300 anulamb meetarpeksha jaast lambiche 12 marg aahet.
vanakamadhil aii vhaya ferata heey khajgiritya wildwire vanaka navachya kampanidware chalavale jaate. vhaya feratamadhye 60 meater unchivaril dhabdhabyacha samavesh aahe aanee ferratamarge jaanara haah jagatil sarvat unch dhabdhaba aahe.
oman.
omanmadhye paach marg aahet; teen paryatan mantralayadvare chalavale jaatat; jabal shaam, vaadee baanee awaf (sarp khore) aanee bandar khairan (paschim bett) jeey 2012 pasoon bund aahet.
sadhya keval donach karyarat aahet; jeey khajgiritya alila jabal akhdar chalavatat-eka star 2 aahe aanee dusra star 5 aahe, jyamadhye gumphechya mukhavarun latakalelya pulachya chalanyacha (22 meater) samavesh aahe.
peru.
kuzko aanee olantitambo killyachya darmyan, inkasachya pavitra pavitra (2,650 meater) sthit aahe. vhaya ferta 300 meterchya ubhya unchiparyant pohochate, jyat 250 meterchya latakatya pulacha samavesh aahe aanee tyachi ekoon lambi 700 meater aahe. khajgi marg. madhyavarti star. 100 meater rappledware baher padane shakya aahe.
sanyukt arab amirati.
sanyukt arab amiratimadhye eka marg aahe, joou raas all khaimahchya amiratimadhye sthit aahe. haah marg jebel jaisachya bajoone jaato aanee tyachi ekoon lambi eka kilometer aahe, 3 zip-resha margacha bhag aahet.
united states.
eka prakashanane united statesmadhil feratasdware 'sarvottam' asey uddhrut keleh waterfall canyon, utah; torrent fauls, reed river gorge, kentki; nelson rocks, west virginia; jackson hole mounton resort, vyoming; telluride, colorado; auray, colorado aanee ferta, paliceds taho, california marge taho. itar marganmadhye koloradochya canon shaharatil shahee dareet pool; arizonachya pikacho shikhar rajya udyanatil pikacho shikhar; aanee dakshin utahmadhil amangiri resort yancha samavesh aahe. koloradomadhil arapaho besin skii resortney uttar americetil ferratamarge shikharakade jaanara sarvat unch marg asalyacha dawa keela.

