photomask

photomask hii pardarshak kshetra asaleli apardarshak plate aahe jee prakashala paribhashit namunyat chamkoo dete. photomask samanyatah photolithographymadhye samgrichya patal weferwar (samanyatah silicon) namuna tayar karnyasathi ekatmik paripath (aay. see. ess. kinwa "chips") tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaatat. anek mukhavate badalyat vaparale jaatat, pratyek eka purn kelelya rachanecha thurr punarutpadit karato aanee ektritpane mukhavata sanch mhanoon olakhala jaato.
itihas.
1960 chya dashakat aanee 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatila aay. see. nirmitisathi, pardarshak mylor sheetvar laminated eka apardarshak rubilith philm vaparali gelee. eka tharachi rachana rubilidmadhye kapali gelee, suruvatila hatane prakashit masuda tablever (nantar mashindware (plotterdware)) aanee avanchhit rubilid hatane solale gele, jyamule chipchya tyaa tharachi mukhya pratima tayar jhaali. adhikadhik guntaguntichya aanee asha prakare mothya chipsala mothya aanee mothya rubilitchi aavashyakta hotee, akheris kholichi bhint dekhil bharaychi. (shevati hii sampoorn prakriya mukhya pratima tayar karnyasathi optical pattern generatorne badalali). yaa tappyavar mukhya pratima retical navachya bahu-chip pratimet mandali jaau shakate. retical hii mulat chipchi 10x pratima hotee.
retical heey step-andd-repeater photolithographidware hote aanee antim chippramanech pratima-aakarasah photomask tayar karnyasathi korivkam kele jaat asey. photomask thet fabmadhye vaparla jaau shakato kinwa antim pratyaksh karyarat photomask tayar karnyasathi master-photomask mhanoon vaparla jaau shakato.
vaishishtyacha aakar qamee hott asalyane, pratima yogyaritya kendrit karnyacha ekmev marg mhanje tee vefarchya thet samparkat thevane. yaa sampark sanrekhankartyanni anekada kahee photoresist wefermadhun aanee photomascover uchalale aanee teey swachchh karave lagale kinwa fekoon dyave lagale. yamule ulat master photomaskacha (varr pahaa) avalamb keela gela, jyacha vapar (sampark photolithography aanee korivkamasaha) aavashyak asalelya anek pratyaksh karyarat photomask tayar karnyasathi keela jaat asey. nantar, prakshepan photo-lithographycha arth photomaskache ayushya anishchit hote. tyanantarhi thet-charan-varr-wafer 'stepper' photo-lithographyne reticalscha thet vapar keela aanee photomaskacha vapar sampavala.
photomask samagri kalantarane badalali. suruvatila sylver hallide apardarshaktesaha soda glasscha vapar keela jaat asey. nantar vistar niyantrit karnyasathi borosilicate aanee nantar silikache mishran kele gele aanee atinil prakashasathi adhik apardarshakta asalele chromium sadar kele gele. tevhapasoon mool namuna janitranchi jaaga electron beam lithography aanee lesar-chalit pranalinni ghetali aahe, jeey mool sanganakikrut rachnetoon thet reticals tayar karatat.
vihangavalokan.
lithographic photomask heey samanyatah pardarshak fuse kelele silika plates asatat jeey chromium (see. aar.) kinwa eff. eae. 2 oo. 3 dhatoo shoshak filmane paribhashit kelelya namunyane jhakalele asatat. photomask 365 nm, 248 nm aanee 193 nmchya tarangalambivar vaparale jaatat. 157 nm, 13.5 nm (yuu. yuu. vhee.), ksh-kiran, electron aanee aayan yasarkhya kiranotsargachya itar prakaransathi dekhil photomask vikasit kele gele aahet; parantu tyanna thurr aanee namuna filmsathi purnapane naveen samagrichi aavashyakta asate.
ekatmik paripath nirmitimadhye namuna thurr paribhashit paribhashit photomaskacha sanch, photolithography stepper kinwa scannermadhe deela jaato aanee exposuresathi vaiyaktikaritya nivadala jaato. bahu-pattern tantranmadhye, photomask haah thurr namunyachya upasanchashi sambandhit asel.
ekatmik paripath upkarananchya mothya pramanavar utpadanasathi prakashshilalekhat, adhik yogya sandnya sahasa prakashbhakshi kinwa fakt retical asate. photomaskchya babatit, mukhavata namuna aanee wafer namuna yanchyat eka-eka sanvad asato. 1: 1 mukhavata sanrekhankartyansathi heey manak hote, jyanantar qamee prakashshastrasaha steppers aanee scanner aale. steppers aanee scannermadhe vaparlyapramane, retikalmadhye samanyatah design kelelya vhee. ell. ess. aay. paripathatil fakt eka thurr asato. (tathapi, kahee prakashshilalekhan nirmiti ekach mukhavatachya bajula ekapeksha jaast thurr asalelya reticalscha vapar karatat). 
namuna prakshepit keela jaato aanee vefarchya prushthbhagavar chaar kinwa paach vela sankuchit keela jaato. sampoorn wafer coverage sadhya karnyasathi, purn exposure sadhya hoiparyant optical columkhali weferla varanvar eka sthanavarun kadaa sthanavar 'step' kele jaate.
150 nm kinwa tyapeksha qamee aakarachya vaishishtyansathi samanyatah pratimechi gunavatta swikararh mulyanparyant vadhavanyasathi tappyatappyane badal karane aavashyak asate. heey anek prakare sadhya kele jaau shakate. done sarvat samanya paddhati mhanje mukhavata varr qamee tivratechya shikharancha virodhabhas vadhavanyasathi kinwa ughadya quartzwar korivkam karnyasathi ksheen avasthetil badalanari parshvabhoomi philm vaparane jenekarun koralelya aanee naan koralelya bhaganmadhil kathacha vapar jawaljawal shoonya tivratechi pratima kadhanyasathi keela jaau shakato. kadaa prakaranat, anavashyak kadaa kadaa exposures kapoon kadhanyachi aavashyakta asel. pahili paddhat mhanje "ksheen avastha-sthanantaran", aanee bahutekda tee eka kamkuvat vaadh manali jaate, jyat sarvat jaast vadhisathi vishesh prakash aavashyak asato, tarr nantarchya paddhatila "paryayi-aperture avastha-sthanantaran" mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee heey sarvat lokpriy majboot vadhiche tantra aahe.
agra-dhaar ardhavahak vaishishtye sankuchit hott asalyane, 4x mothe asalele photomask vaishishtye dekhil apariharyapane sankuchit hone aavashyak aahe. yamule aavhane nirman houu shakatat kaaran shoshak philm patal hone aavashyak aahe aanee tyamule qamee apardarshak hoil.
aaymekne 2005 madhye kelelya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee patal shoshak pratima virodhabhas qamee karatat aanee mhanunach atyadhunik prakashshilalekhan sadhanancha vapar karoon reshechya kathavaril khadbaditpanamadhye yogdan detat.
eka shakyata mhanje shoshak purnapane kadhoon takane aanee imagingsathi keval tappya-badalavar avalambun rahoon 'rangheen' mukhavate vaparane.
visarjan lithographychya udayamule photomaskchya aavashyaktanvar motha parinam hoto. samanyatah vaparla jaanara ksheen jhalela tappa-badalnara mukhavata, namunabaddha patalatoon lamb optical marg asalyamule, hyper-naa lithographymadhye lagoo kelelya uchch aaptan konambaddal adhik sanvedanshil asato.
yu. yuu. vhee. lithography.
yuu. yuu. vhee. photomask prakash paravartit karoon kaam karatat, jeey molybdenum aanee siliconche anek paryayi thurr vaparoon sadhya kele jaate. 
mukhavata truti vaadh ghatak (meaf).
antim chip namunyanchya agra-dhaar photomask (purv-durust) pratima chaar patine vadhavalya jaatat. pratimetil trutimbabatchi rachana sanvedansheelata qamee karnyasathi haah aavardhan ghatak eka mahattvacha fayda aahe. tathapi, vaishishtye jasjashi qamee hott jaatat tasatase done cull amalat yetatah pahila mhanje mukhavata truti ghatak eka, mhanje eka peksha jaast houu lagato.eae., vefarvareel pariman truti mukhavatachya pariman trutichya 1/4 peksha jaast asoo shakate aanee dusare mhanje mukhavata vaishishtya lahan hott aahe aanee pariman sahishnuta kahee nanometerchya jawal yet aahe. udaharanarth, 25 nm vefarcha namuna 100 nm mukhavata namunyashi sambandhit asava, parantu wafer sahishnuta 1.25 nm (5 takke vishishtata) asoo shakate, jyacha photomascover 5 nmmadhye anuvad hoto. photomask namuna thet lihinyat electron beemchya vikhuranyache vaividhya sahajpane yapeksha jaast asoo shakate.
pelicals.
pelical' yaa shabdacha arth 'philm', 'thean philm' kinwa 'membrain' assa hoto."1960 chya dashakachya suruvatis, dhatuchya chaukativar pasarleli patal puttle, jyala" "pelical" "asehi mhanatat, optical upkaranansathi beam splitter mhanoon vaparali jaat asey". prakashachya chhotya jadimule prakashmargache parivartan naan karata prakashachya kiranala vibhajit karnyasathi anek upkarnanmadhye yacha vapar keela gela aahe. 1978 madhye, sheea aanee itar. aay. bii. emm. neey photomask kinwa reticalche sanrakshn karnyasathi 'pelical' laa dhool aavaran mhanoon vaparnyachya prakriyeche paytant ghetale. yaa nondichya sandarbhat, 'pelical' mhanje 'photomaskache sanrakshn karnyasathi patal philm dhool aavaran'.
ardhavahak nirmitimadhye kann pradushan hii eka mahattvachi samasya asoo shakate. photomaskchya eka bajula chikatalelya chaukativar pasarlelya pelikela patal pardarshak pataladvare photomask kananpasoon sanrakshit keela jaato. peticals mukhavatachya namunyanpasun barech door aahet jenekarun peticalsvar utarnare madhyam teey lahan aakarache kann chhapanyasathi khoop door asateel. jaree teey kananna door thevanyasathi tayar kele gele asale taree, pelicals imaging pranalicha eka bhag banatat aanee tyanche optical gunadharm vicharat ghene aavashyak aahe. pelicalschi samagri nitrocellulose asate aanee vividh sankraman tarangalambisathi tayar kelee jaate.
agraganya vyavsayik photomask utpadak.
jasus varshik parishad, photomask tantradnyan sematek mukhavata udyog mulyankanacha ahwal dete jyamadhye sadhyache udyog vishleshan aanee tyanchya varshik photomask utpadakanchya sarvekshanache parinam samavisht aahet.
khaleel kampanya tyanchya jaagtik bajarpethetil vatyachya kramane soochibaddha kelya aahet (2009 mahitee):
intell, globalfoundries, aay. bii. emm., aine. eae. see., tii. ess. emm. see., yuu. emm. see., samsung aanee micron tantradnyan yasarkhya pramukh chipnirmatyanchya swatachya mothya mukhavata banavanyachya suvidha kinwa vareel companyansobat sanyukt upkram aahet.
2012 madhye jagbharat photomaskchi bajarpeth andaje $3.2 abj aanee 2013 madhye $3.1 abj itaki hotee. jawaljawal ardhi bajarpeth bandee asalelya mukhavata dukananmadhun (pramukh chip nirmatyanchya antargat mukhavata dukananmadhun) hotee.
180 nm prakriyansathi naveen mukhavata dukan tayar karnyacha kharch 2005 madhye $4 kotee aanee 130 nmsathi-$10 kotinpeksha jaast assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota.
2006 madhye, eka uchch-stariy tappyatil-shift maskasathi photomaskchi kharedi kimmat $250 teey $100,000 paryant asoo shakate. sampoorn mukhavata sanch tayar karnyasathi 30 mukhavate (vegvegalya kimmatiche) aavashyak asoo shakatat.

