
badala ghenyachya ladhait

1793 teey 1796 yaa kalat french krantidarmyan francechya wendy pradeshat 'daad warr inn daad wendy' hii prati-kranti hotee. vendi haah eka kinarpatticha pradesh aahe, joou paschim francemadhil loar nadichya agadi dakshines sthit aahe. suruvatila, haah uthav 14 vya shatkatil jackwary shetkari uthavasarkhach hota, parantu haah sudkhor lavkarach prati-krantikari aanee rajgharanyatil banala. navyane sthapan jhalelya catholic aanee shahee sainyachya netrutvakhalil bund heey loarchya uttarekadil bhagat jhalelya chaunerishi tulana karata yete.
francemadhye itaratra, francechya viruddha bund dadapale gele, tarr itihaskaranni jyala 'daad' mhatale aahe, too eka bandkhor pradesh, lloyer-inferiorchya (britney) dakshines, maine-ett-lloyerchya (anjou) nairutyela, vendichya uttarela aanee dukes-saverschya (poitou) vayvyes tayar jhaala. haloohaloo 'vendines' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya bandkhoranni eprilmadhye 'catholic aanee shahee sainya' sthapan kele, jyane 1793 chya vasant rutoo aanee unhalyat salag vijay midavala. fontene-leey-comte, thaur, saumur aanee raganchi shahare kahee kalasathi parabhoot jhaali, parantu vendines nanteschya aadhi ayashasvi jhaale.
sharad rututil kalat, mainzchya sainyachya aagamanane sainyabal mhanoon prajasattak chhavanicha fayda punha bahal keela, jyane octobermadhye vendineschya niyantranakhalil sarvat mahatvache shahar, chollet tabyat ghetale. yaa parabhavanantar, mothya pramanat parkeey sainyane loar olandun british aanee britishanchi madat midvanyasathi bandar ghenyacha tivra prayatna karat normandikade kooch kele. granvilla parat dhakalanyat aalelya, vendi sainyacha akheris decembermadhye mans andd sevne yethe naash karnyat aala.
1793chya hivalyapasun teey 1794chya vasant rutuparyant, dahashatichya kalat, prajasattak sainyane hinsak dadapshahi kelee. shaharanmadhye, aanee visheshtah nante aanee santaptanmadhye, krantikari lashkari aayoganchya aadeshanusar sumare 15,000 lokanna golya ghaloon budavanyat aale kinwa tyanna shiksha karnyat aalee, tarr grameen bhagat sumare 20,000 teey 50,000 nagarikanchi narkat asalelya tukadyanni kattal kelee, jyanni anek shahare aanee gavanna aag lavali.
matra, dadapshahimule bandkhoriche punarutthan jhaale aanee december 1794 madhye prajasattakanni vataghati suru kelya, jyamule februwari teey meey 1795 darmyan vividh parkeey netyanshi shantata kararanvar swakshya jhalya, jyamule 'pahilya parkeey yuddhacha' ant jhaala. 
quiberon moheem suru jhalyanantar, juuna 1795 madhye, thodyach kalanantar, 'dusare sudayuddha' suru jhaale. tathapi, uthav lavkar sampala aanee shevatchya wendy netyanni janewari teey julai 1796 darmyan sharanagati patkarali kinwa tyanna fashi denyat aalee.
1799 madhye tisya yuddhasah, 1815 madhye chauthya aanee 1832 madhye pachvya yuddhasah, vendine ajunahi shevatchya aanee sankshipt uthavancha anubhav ghetala, parantu teey khoopach lahan pramanat hote.
mrutanchi sankhya andaje 2,00,000 asalyacha andaj aahe, jyat lashkari vendichya rahivashansathi andaje 170,000 samavisht aahet.eae. bandkhor pradeshachya loksankhyechya 20 teey 25 takke.
parshvabhoomi.
grameen vendimadhye, sthanik kullinverg francechya itar bhaganpeksha adhik kayamswarupi sattet asalyache disate. francechya alexes dii tokevilne namood kele qee 1789 paryant bahutek french kuleen lock shaharanmadhye rahat hote. eka hetuchya sarvekshanat asey disun aale qee jyaa kahee bhagat kuleen ajunahi shetkyansobat rahat hote tyapaiki eka bhag haah venee hota. yaa visheshtah vilag jhalelya saranjamdaranchya balekillyat, parris aanee francechya itar bhaganmadhye kranti ghadavun aanananya varg sangharshala catholic charchchya sansthatmak samarthyane kuleen vargabarobarchya yutimule aanakhi dadapun takale. dnyanodayvirodhi lekhak francois mignet yanni assa yuktivad keela qee krantikarakanchi charchcha prabhav qamee karanyachi ichcha hotee, jeey kahee wendy pradeshatil lokanna akalpaneey vatale.
1791 madhye, missionvaril done pratinidhinni rashtriy vidhansabhela mahitee dilee qee lokshahichya virodhat suud ugavala jaat aahe aanee yaa batminantar markis dii laa rurine aayojit kelelya rajgharanyachya katala twarit tond futale. french sarkarviruddhacha haah cutt haah dahashatvadala (1793 teey 1794 darmyancha kaal, jethe hajaro bandkhorancha shirachhed gilotinane keela gela), padrinchya nagri sanvidhanachya (1790) aanee februwari 1793 madhye rashtriy adhiveshanane tharavalelya sampoorn francever 300,000 curr lagoo karnyachya virodhat hota, assa yuktivad vendichya pakshakarancha aahe.
padrinchya nagri sanvidhananusar serve maulavyanni tyanchi nishtha rajeshahi, kuleen varg aanee saranjamshahi yanchyapasun sanvidhanakade aanee vistarane, vadhatya padrivirodhi rashtriy sanvidhan sabhekade hastantarit karane aavashyak hote. 160 paiki saat bishop vagalata sarvanni shapath ghenyas nakar deela, tasech sumare nimmya parrish pujanyannihi. saranjami padrinchya sudharananmule aanee nagarikanchya dharmnirpekshatemule sudbuddhichi ladhai suru jhaali; aanakhi eka kaaran mhanje prajasattak sainyat saktichi bharati. march 1793 madhye, parakrami sainikanna tyanchya jilhyacha ekoon 300,000 chaa kota bharnyachi sakti karananya bharatimule, prabhu, padri aanee tyanchya loksankhyela raag aala, jyanni tyaeivaji 'catholic sainya' mhanoon shastre uchalali, nantar 'shahee' mhanoon jodale gele aanee 'sarvat mahattvache mhanje tyanchya majee padrinsah tyanchi parrish church punha ughadanyasathi' ladha deela."
jaree shaharvasi yaa krantila vendimadhye pathimba denyachi shakyata jaast hotee, taree grameen shetkanyanmadhye krantila pathimba hota. anekjan mathanchya malmattanvar rahat hote aanee prajasattak sarkarne yaa jamini tabyat ghetalyanantar aanee tyanchyat punarvitaran kelyanantar tyanni kranticha mothya pramanat sweekar keela. 
samantvadane pramukhyane shetkanyanche sanrakshn kele assa yuktivad dnyanodayvirodhi pakshakar karatat. french prajasattakasathichya 100 varshanchya sangharshat shevati burjuva heey prathamik labharthi hote, yaa vastusthiticha teey ullekh karatat. charchchya jaminiche jawaljawal serve kharedidar burjuva hote; vikricha fayda phaar qamee shetkyanna jhaala.
bandkhoricha udrek.
februwari 1793 madhye jevha pradeshanni sainyala sainya mhanoon purushancha masuda tayar karnyas suruvat kelee tevha francemadhye itar love dangli jhalya. marchchya suruvatila vayvyekadil pratikriya visheshtah mothya pramanat dangli houn bandkhorichi suruvat jhaali. aprilchya suruvatiparyant, loarchya uttarekadil bhagat, krantikari sarkarne suvyavastha purvavat kelee hotee, parantu loarchya dakshines chaar vibhaganmadhye, jeey 'wendy miiliitary' mhanoon olakhale gele, bandkhoranvar niyantran thevanyasathi kahee sainya hote aanee dangal mhanoon jeey suru jhaale hote, teey lagech pujari aanee sthanik kulinanchya netrutvakhalil sampoorn bandkhoriche roop dharan kele.
kahee aathvadyantach rajgharanyatil sainyane done hazar aniyamit ghodadal aanee kahee tabyat ghetalelya tofkhanyanchya tukadyanchya pathimbyane eka mothe, apure susajj, sainya, 'shahee aanee catholic sainya' tayar kele hote. bandkhoranchya sthanik dnyan aanee samajik jaalyanchya pathimbyane, rajgharanyatil mukhya sainya khoopach lahan pramanat, chhapamar davpech vaparoon kaam karat hote.
bhaugolik vyapti.
bhaugolikdrushtya, haah uthav andaje rund asalelya eka khadbadit chatushkoni bhagat jhaala. yaa pradeshane 1790chya punarvitaranchya atinmadhye varnanala virodh keela, kinwa 'pracheen shasson' madhye vaparlya jaanarya varnakanshi swatahla sanrekhit kele nahee; chalvaliche kendrabindu jangalanmadhye hote, tyachya madhyabhagi, anjouchya junya kauntichya jangali jilhyanmadhye, montaigu aanee samudradarmyanchya breton daldalichya pradeshat. tyat junya poettier aanee tourche kahee bhag, maine-ett-loar, wendy aanee dukes saversche prasthan yancha samavesh hota, parantu teey kadhihi purnapane rajgharanyachya niyantranakhali aale naheet. jitaki pudhe jameen parispasoon (krantikari satteche kendra) hotee, titakich adhik prati-krantikari yuddh jhaale.
lashkari pratyuttar.
samoohik bharaticha aadesh nakarun march 1793 madhye bund suru jhaale. februvarimadhye, rashtriy adhiveshanane teen laakh purushanchya karala manjuri denyasathi matdan kele hote, jeey pratyek samudayatil avivahit purushanmadhye lotdware nivadle jayache. asha prakare, bharati karnanyanchya aagamanane sthanikanna rajeshahichya paddhatinchi aathvan karoon dilee, grameen bhagat pratikar nirman jhaala aanee deshdrohachi pahili gambhir chinhe suru jhaali. haah barachsa virodh patkan shant jhaala, parantu khalchya bhagat, vendian bokejmadhye aanee paristhiti adhik gambhir aanee adhik pradirgh hotee. done pradeshanchya simevaril kapadanche mothe shahar asalelya choletchya sabhovatalachya samudayatil tarunanni shaharavar aakraman kele aanee 'deshbhakt' (kranti samarthak) utpadak asalelya national gardchya senapatila thaar marle. eka aathvadyachya aat, breton daldalichya pradeshat hinsachar pasarla hota; 11 march roji shetkyanni machekol shaharavar kabja keela aanee shekado prajasattak nagarikanchi kattal karnyat aalee. jacks cathelino aanee jeane-nicolaus stauflet yanchya netrutvakhali shetkyanchya eka mothya gatane 12 march roji seent-florent-leey-vhiel tabyat ghetale. marchchya madhyaparyant, saktichya bharativiruddhachya kirkol bandache purn uthavat rupantar jhaale hote.
prajasattakane twarit pratyuttar dile aanee 45,000 hoon adhik sainik yaa bhagat pathavale. pahili ladhai 19 marchchya ratri jhaali. laa roshelpasoon nanteskade jaananya samanyapane 2,000chya prajasattak stambhala, leey pettit-leey nadivaril gravero pulajaval (seent-vincent-sterilanges) chantonnechya uttares adavanyat aale. sahaa tasanchya ladhainantar, bandkhoranche sainya aale aanee tyanni prajasattak sainyala parabhoot kele. uttarela, 22 march roji, aanakhi eka prajasattak sainya chalon-suur-loyarjaval parabhoot jhaale.
tyanantar anek chakmaki aanee sashastr sampark jhaleh
braceurchi ladhai.
3 meey 1793 roji, braceur heiner dii laa rochejakvelinchya netrutvakhalil vendine sainyachya tabyat gela.
tuaanyanchi ladhai.
5 meey 1793 roji, mukhya sangharsh 'pont dii vrayan' varr jhaala, joou thorchya dishene jaananya pulavar hota. lui merrie dii lescure (tyachya pahilya ladhait ladhanara) yane shatruchya golibarat pulavar swatahla ekte dakhavale aanee tyachya manasanna tyachya mage yenyas protsahit kele, jeey tyanni kele, toparyant vendines sahaa taas pool gheu shakale naheet. charles dii bonchampschya netrutvakhali ghodadalane tethil prajasattakanna magoon nele, jyanni eka tatbandivar nadee olandali hotee. sainyabal yeunahi, prajasattakanna parabhoot karoon shaharachya dishene maghari pathvanyat aale. heinry deey laa rochejakvelinchya netrutvakhalil bandkhoranni balacha taba ghetala aanee shaharat ghusun prajasattak sainyane twarit aatmasamarpan kele. vendinsani mothya pramanat shastre aanee barud japt kele, parantu tabyat ghetalelya prajasattak dalanna baher padanyachi parvanagi dilee, tyanni vendimadhye yapudhe naan ladhanyachi shapath ghetali aanee tyanche cases mundan kele jenekarun teey olakhale jaau shaktil jenekarun teey tyanchya shabdavar parat jaau shaktil aanee tyanna punha tabyat ghetale jaeel.
fontene-leey-comtechi ladhai.
25 meey 1793 roji catholic aanee rajgharanyachya sainyane fontene-leey-comte tabyat ghetale. raja dirghayushya prapt curr' assa oradatana, lescurene aaplya manasanna shatruchya golibarat dhadsipane pakadale.'aanee tofancha ladha, jyamule tyala konatihi haanee jhaali nahee. tyachpramane laa rochejakvelinane tyache vishisht teen laal rumal tyachya dokyavar, kambarevar aanee manevar ghatale hote, jaree prajasattak sainyatil bandukdhari tyanna lakshya karat hote. vijayanantar tyachya mitranni tyachi nakkal karnyacha nirnay ghetala aanee sarvanni teen laal rumalahi ghalanyacha nirnay ghetala jenekarun bhavishyat shatru laa rochejakvelinmadhye farak karoo shakanar nahee. yanantar prajasattakchya niyantranat uraleli ekmev vendi shahare nantes aanee leesa sables dii 'olone hotee.
saumurchi ladhai.
9 juuna 1793 roji, jacks kathelinochya netrutvakhalil sudkhor bandkhoranni lui-aleksandre berthier yethoon saumur shahar tabyat ghetale. yaa vijayamule bandkhoranna 50 tofansah shastrancha motha puravatha jhaala. haah bandkhoricha sarvoch bindu hota. vendinsani itake mothe shahar tabyat ghenyacha yapurvi kadhihi prayatna keela navhata aanee tyanni teey ekach divasat tabyat ghetale, jyamule tyachya prajasattak bachavkartyanche mothe nuksan jhaale. anek kaidi nele gele, jyapaiki kahee sudbuddhichya hetune gele, tarr anek nagrik firanyasathi paloon gele.
nantesachi ladhai.
24 juuna 1793 roji, catholic aanee rajgharanyachya sainyachya senapatinni nantesche mahapour, baco day laa chappell yanna shaharala sharan yenyasathi eka antim ishara jaaree keela anyatha teey chhavanichi kattal kartil. 29 juuna roji tyanni 40,000 sainyasah hallah suru keela. shaharachya aat aaspaschya grameen bhagatil prajasattak hote jeey surakshesathi nantes yethe paloon gele hote, bandkhoranni tyanna tabyat ghenyat yashasvi jhalelya shaharanvar kelelya bhayanak kathanni bachavkartyanna balkat kele. tyachya payala dukhapat jhaali asali taree, lokanna aagrah karnyasathi, jyaa gadila too 'vijayacha ruth' mhanato, tyaa dustcartwar 'baco day laa chappell' ubha hota. cigaret, bonchamps, cathelino aanee lyrote yanchya netrutvakhalil chaar wendy sainyatil kharab samanvayamule hallyat adthala aala aanee kathelinochya sainyane prajasattak batalianshi nadichya kathavar ladhoon tyanchya tainatis vilamb keela. cathelino swatah tyachya sainyachya dokyavar golee zadali gelee, jyamule tyachya manasanna dheer gamvava lagla aanee maghar ghyavi lagali; shevati, wendy shahar tabyat gheu shakale naheet. aktoobar 1793 madhye, nantesachya vedhyat ayashasvi tharalyanantar ghetalelya weddy kaidyanna shiksha karnyasathi, jeane-baptist vahakane tyanna samuhikpane golya ghalanyache aadesh dile. jevha heey avyavharya tharale, tevha tyane kaidyanna pakadale aanee sapalyachya daranni susajj asalelya botitoon nadichya lorivar baher kadhale; jevha tyaa ughadalya tevha piditanna budnyasathi sodale gele. yaa prasangi ashee afava pasarali hotee qee mahila kaidyanna tyanchya mrutyus pathavanyapurvi, tathakathit prajasattak vivah, tyanche kapade kadhoon purushanshi bandhale gele hote. nantarche kahee itihaskar yaa kathevar prati-krantikari mithak mhanoon aakshep ghetat.
chattillanchi pahili ladhai.
5 julai 1793 roji, chattillanchi pahili ladhai moleonchya samudayajaval chattillan-suur-sevre yethe jhaali. tyaa karvait, 20,000 vendian rajgharanyache netrutva karananya markis dii laa rochejakvelinane general francois joseph westerman yanchya netrutvakhalil french prajasattak sainyavar hallah keela. vendian rajgharanyatil lock vijayi jhaale, tyanni 5,000 french prajasattakanna thaar marle aanee jakhami kele. yaa ladhait thaar jhalelyanmadhye french prajasattak general chambonhi hota.
vhayarchi ladhai.
18 julai 1793 roji vhayarchya ladhait vendinsne santerechya netrutvakhalil krantikari sainyavar vijay midavala.
leusonchi ladhai.
leukonchi ladhai hii pratyakshat chaar aathvadyanparyant ladhali geleli teen ladhayanchi malika hotee, pahili 15 julai roji aanee shevatchi 14 august 1793 roji, augustein tanak aanee vendian sainyachya netrutvakhalil prajasattak sainyat. 14 august roji leukon shaharajaval jhalelya ladhatimadhye pratyakshat mauris dii 'elbiche vendian bandkhor aanee prajasattak sainya yanchyatil teen ladhatincha nishkarsh hota. 15 julai roji, claude sandoz aanee 800 chya chhavanine dii 'elbeechya netrutvakhalil 5,000 bandkhoranna mage hatvale; 28 julai roji, tunecune dusra prayatna keela; done aathvadyannantar, tunecue aanee tyachya 5,000 lokanni francois dii sigaretchya vaiyaktik netrutvakhali 30,000 bandkhoranna parabhoot kele.
montaiguchi ladhai.
montaiguchi ladhai 21 september 1793 roji jhaali jevha vendinsani general jeane-michel besarchya french prajasattak vibhagavar hallah keela. aashcharyachakit houn, yaa tukadine pratyuttar dile, parantu pakadalya gelelya anekansah 400 sainik gamavale. yapaiki kahee kaidyanna vendinsani thodakyat fashi dilee aanee tyanche mrutdeh nantar jeane-baptist claberchya netrutvakhalil sainikanna killyachya vihirinmadhye sapadale.
tifagechi dusari ladhai.
19 september 1793 roji jeane-baptist clayber aanee canclocks yanchya netrutvakhalil prajasattak sainyachya virodhat shahee lashkari netyanmadhye tiffagchi ladhai jhaali.
chattillanchi dusari ladhai.
11 aktoobar 1793 roji, chattillanchi dusari ladhai moleonchya samudayajaval chattillan-suur-sevre yethe jhaali. tyaa karvait, lui merrie dii lescure aanee charles dii bonchamps yanchya netrutvakhalil eka vendian rajgharanyatil sainyane laa rochelle sainyachya kinanyavaril french prajasattak sainikanchya tukadishi chakmak kelee. alexes chalboschya netrutvakhalil prajasattak sainyala vendian rajgharanyatil lokanni parabhoot kele. tyach divashi sandhyakali, francois joseph westermanne prajasattak dalavar hallah karananya pakshache netrutva kele aanee bandkhor ladhvayyanche aanee bigger ladhvayyanche nuksan karananya sudkhor chhavanivar hallah keela. dusya divashi weddy rajgharane mortagne-suur-sevrechya dishene mage hutley.
trembleyachi ladhai.
trembleyachi ladhai (15 aktoobar 1793) yuddhadarmyan cholletjaval vendimadhye jhaali aanee too vendinsvar prajasattak vijay hota. yaa ladhait vendine leader lescure gambhir jakhami jhaala.
parabhav (aktoobar-december 1793).
1 august 1793 roji, sarvajanik suraksha samiteene jeane-baptist vahkala sampoorn bhautik naash karoon pradeshache "shantata" sadhanyache aadesh dile. heey aadesh tatadine amalat aanale gele naheet, parantu sampoorn vinashachya magnyancha eka sthir pravah kayam rahila.
leevi aine maas' chya pahilya sainikancha aanee menzchya balkaticha fayda ghet, prajasattak sainyala balkati denyat aalee. 17 aktoobar roji choletchya ladhait sudbuddhichya sainyacha pahila gambhir parabhav jhaala; bandkhoransathi tyahoon white mhanje tyanche sainya vibhajit jhaale. aktoobar 1793 madhye heinry dii laa rochejakvelinchya netrutvakhalil aanee sumare 25,000 (serve vayogatatil hajaro nagarikanantar) asalelya mukhya sainyane loar olandun granville bandarakade kooch kele, jithe tyanche british tafa aanee nirvasit french kulinanche sainya swagat karel ashee apeksha hotee. granville yethe pohochalyavar tyanna prajasattak sainyane vedhalele shahar aadhalale, jithe ekahi british jahaj disale nahee. shahar tabyat ghenyache tyanche prayatna ayashasvi tharale. maghar ghetana, vistarit stambh prajasattak sainyachya balee padale; upasamar aanee aajarpanane grast asalele teey hajaro lock maran pavale. 23 december roji jhalelya shevatchya, nirnayak ladhait sainyacha parabhav jhaala. dusya divashi fashi denyat aalelyanmadhye leftnunt-general jacks alexes dii vertiool hote, parantu kahee itihaskarancha dawa aahe qee, sevanechya yuddhanantarhi bund suru hote.
sevane' chya yuddhanantar (december 1793), jyachya satyatevar vaad aahe asha eka dastaivajat, general westermanne adhiveshanat aaplya rajkiy gurujananna sangitaleh 'veda aata rahila nahee... tumchya aadeshanusar, mea tyanchya mulanna aamchya ghodyanchya payakhali chiradale aahe; mea tyanchya striyanchi kattal kelee aahe, jenekarun teey yapudhe sainikanna janm denar naheet. majhi ninda karnyasathi majhyakade ekahi kaidi nahee. mea tyaa sarvancha naash keela aahe."nagarikanchi ashee hatya heey westermanla dilelya adhiveshanachya aadeshanche spasht ullanghan jhaale asate.
aanee jevha heey patra lihile gele asey manale jaat hote, tevha anek hazar jiwant wendy kaidi westermanchya sainyane tabyat ghetale hote.
pahilya yuddhanantar aanee nantarchya bandannantar.
sevane' chya nirnayak ladhait (december 1793) jabardastine sthalantarit karnyache aupcharik aadesh aale; tasech, 'jalaleli maatee' dhoran suru karnyat aaleh shete nasht jhaali, pike aanee jangale jaalali gelee aanee gave uddhvast jhaali. ladhvayyanchi sthitee, rajkiy sambandh, vay kinwa ling kahihi asso, asha anek atyachar aanee samoohik hatyanchi moheem sarvavyapipane vendichya rahivashanna lakshya karoon karnyat aalee hotee. eka vishisht lakshya yaa bhagatil mahila hotya. teey eka prakare, krantivirodhi balanna janm dett asalyache tyanna disale, tyamule tyanchyakade prathamik lakshya mhanoon pahile jaat hote.
janewari teey meey 1794 paryant, general louis merrie tureuchya 'colonus infernals' ('narak stambh') dware 20,000 teey 50,000 wendy nagarikanchi kattal karnyat aalee.
sangharshachya shevati thaar jhalelyanmadhye dhanya gilam repin aanee itar 98 dharmik vyakti hotya, jyapaiki anekanna nantar catholic charchane poojya kele.
nicolaus hentz aanee merrie piyare adrian frankastel yanni digdarshit kelelya anjoumadhye, prajasattakanni 11,000 teey 15,000 vendines pakadale, 6,500 teey 7,000 lokanna golya ghaloon kinwa gilotin kele aanee 2,000 teey 2,200 kaidi aajarane maran pavale.
februwari 1794 madhye sarvajanik suraksha samitichya aadeshanusar, prajasattak dalanni tyancha antim 'shantata' prayatna suru keela (jyala 'vendi-venj' kinwa 'vendi revenged' asey naav denyat aale): lui merrie turo yanchya netrutvakhali baaraa narak stambh, vendimadhun kooch karat. general turo yanni "bandkhor pradeshat mallah jyaa striya aanee mulancha samna karava lagel tyanchya bhavitavyabaddal" chaukashi kelee, asey mhanat qee, jarr tyaa sarvanna talvarine paar karane aavashyak asel tarr tyala aadeshachi aavashyakta asel. pratisadat, sarvajanik suraksha samiteene tyala "shevatchya mansaparyant brigade kadhoon takanyache aadesh dile, tumche kartavya aahe..."
adhiveshanane tadjod karnari ghoshana jaaree kelee jyamule parke lokanna upasaneche swatantrya aanee tyanchya malmattechi hummy dilee gelee. general hoche yanni heey upay mothya yashasah lagoo kele. tyane tyanchya guranna shetkyanna parat dile jyanni "purohitanna kahee mukut deu dya" asey vachan dile aanee 20 julai 1795 roji englandmadhye susajj asalelya aanee penthievar aanee quiberon killa tabyat ghetalelya "immigra" mohimecha naash keela. laa jaunay (15 februwari 1795) aanee laa mabili yethe karar jhaale aanee vendinsani tyanche byanpaiki changle palan kele; konatahi adthala urala nahee, parantu wendinsche kamkuvat aanee vikhurlele avashesh ajunahi shastrakhali aanee chauvan. 16 julai 1796 roji nirdeshikene yuddhacha adhikrut shevat ghoshit keela. 30 julai roji pashchimekadil vibhaganna vedha ghalanyachi sthitee nirman jhaali.
sudbuddhichya sangharshat donhi bajunni thaar jhalelyancha andaj sumare 800,000 loksankhyepaiki 117,000 teey 450,000 darmyan aahe.
shambhar divas.
theodor aaa. nusar. tathapi, vendimadhil yuddh 1793 teey 1799 paryant tivratene chalale, jevha teey dadapale gele, parantu nantar visheshtah 1813,1814 aanee 1815 madhye teey tivratene petale. 1815 madhye nepoliyanchya shambhar divasanchya kalat, vendichi kahee loksankhya lui xviiishhee eknishth rahili, jyamule napoleanla-jyala waterloo mohimeshi ladhanyasathi sainyachi kamatarata hotee-jeane maximilian lamarkchya netrutvakhali 10,000 chey sainya pathvanyas bhag padale gele.
itihaslekhan.
french itihasatil yaa tulanene sankshipt prakaranane french rajkaranavar lakshaniy thase sodale aahet, jase qee narsamharavaril sadhyacha yuktivad suchavato, tarihi haah prasang pahane vajvi aahe, charles tillyne dawa keela aahe, qee adhik saumya prakashatah
 paschimela ulat kranti yaa pradeshat eka vishisht prakarchi thet satta sthapan karnyachya krantikari adhikadhyanchya prayatnanmadhun thet vadhalih eka assa niyam jyane kuleen aanee pujari yanna tyanchya padanvarun anshatah swayatt madhyasth mhanoon aksharshah kadhoon takale, jyamule rajyachya curr, manushyabal aanee aadarasathichya maganya vaiyaktik samuday, shejari aanee kutumbanchya patalivar aanalya, jyamule yaa pradeshachi burjuva rajkiy shakti tyanni yapurvi kadhihi vaparali navhati. pratyek parisarat rajyachi satta vistarnyachya prayatnat aanee tyaa rajvatichya serve shatrunna hatavanyachya prayatnat, french krantikarkanni eka prakriya suru kelee jee panchvis varshe thambali nahee.
badalakhoriche bund heey kranti aanee pratikranti yanchyatil sangharshache tatkal prateek banale aanee teey naan udhalalelya hinsacharache srot banale. pradesh aanee tyachi shahare kadhoon taknyat aalee; agadi 'wendy' yaa vibhagachya navache navahi 'wenz' asey badalanyat aale. gave aanee shetanmadhye, shaharanche aanee shaharanchehi naav badalanyat aale, parantu kendrasthani, junie nave tashich rahili. narsamharachya vadgrast vyakhyanchya palikade, itar itihaskar yaa bandala saktichya bharativiruddhache bund mhanoon manatat, jyat itar takrarincha samavesh hoto. anek mahinyanchya kalavadhisathi, parisachya krantikarkanchya hatatoon vendiche niyantran ghasarale. tyanni yaa bandala rajgharanyachya kalpananchya punarutthanala jababdar dharleh jevha lokanchya krantiviruddha lokanchya bandala tond dyave lagale, tevha teey tyakade "eka kuleen cutt" mhanoon pahoo shakale naheet. moona ozof aanee francois furate mhanatat qee teey navhate. sampoorn pradesh, tyateel konatahi pradesh 'pracheen rajvati' chya ekach kalpanekhali eksandh jhalela navhata, too pradesh naitikdrushtya deshachya urvarit bhaganshi kadhihi visangat navhata. junya rajvatichya patnane lokanna krantiviruddha jagrut kele nahee, tarr sthanik patalivar asvikarya tattve aanee swarupanmadhye naveen rajvatiche bandhkam keleh jilhe aanee vibhagancha naveen nakasha, prashasakeey hukumshahi aanee sarvat mahattvache mhanje gair-juring pujari. august 1792 madhye bund pahilyanda petale hote, parantu teey lagech dadapun taknyat aale hote. rajhatyene dekhil bandkhorila chalana dilee nahee. jeey kele teey mhanje saktichi bharati. jaree vendinsani haah shabd shithilpane vaparnyasathi, tyanchya zendyanvar dev aanee raja mothya aksharat lihile asale, taree tyanni tyanchya paramparechi tee chinhe haravalelya rajvatibaddal khed vyakt karnyavyatirikt itar kahitari guntavali.
narsamhar vivad.
vendimadhil yuddhachya lokpriy itihaslekhanamadhye french itihaslekhanchya vividh shalanmadhil sangharshanmadhye kholvar mule aahet aanee parinami, bandavarche lekhan samanyatah atyant pakshapati aahe, jeey krantikari sarkar kinwa vendine rajgharanyachya samarthanarth jordarpane khalee yet aahe. haah sangharsh 19 vya shatkat itihaskaranchya done gatanmadhye, 'blues' madhye ugam pavala, jyanna prajasattakanchya samarthanamule naav denyat aale, jyanni tyanche nishkarsh 'blanks' madheel abhilekhanvar aadharit kele, jyanna rajeshahi aanee catholic charchmadhil sadasyatva aanee samarthanabaddal naav denyat aale, jeey tyanche nishkarsh 'sthanik maukhik itihas' varr aadharit hote. blues' samanyatah assa yuktivad karatat qee, haah wendy haah lokpriy uthav navhata, tarr too shetkyanchya udatt aanee maulavigat hatalanicha parinam hota. yaa itihasachya shakhechya netyanpaiki eka charles-louis chassinne yaa bhoomikeche samarthan karnari patre, sangrah aanee itar sahitya yanche akra khand prakashit kele. rikt", samanyatah majee kuleen varg aanee swatah padrivarg, assa yuktivad karatat (chassin sarkhyach kahee kagadpatrancha vapar karoon, parantu samkalin maukhik itihasatoon dekhil ghetalele) qee shetkari kuleen lokambaddalachya "khyan prem" aanee catholic churchche sanrakshn karnyachya ichchhene vagale hote.
navudarvadi kalatil puranmatvadi ingraji bhashik jagaat, french itihaskar reynold sechar yanchya 1986 chya 'aaa french genocide daad wendy' saha, prati-bodh vyakhya lokpriy jhaali. secharne assa yuktivad keela qee yuddhadarmyan french prajasattak sarkarchi krutee hii pahili aadhunik narsamhar hotee. secharchya davyanmule francemadhye aadhunik french itihasachya vidvananmadhye kirkol gadarol jhaala, kaaran tyaa kalatil anek mukhya pravahatil adhikaanyaanee-french aanee paradeshi-secharche dave nakarnare lekh prakashit kele. claude langlois (french krantichya itihas sanstheche) secharchya davyanchi "ardh-pauranik" mhanoon khilli udavatat. california vidyapithachya timothi tacketne yaa prakaranacha saransh assa deela aaheh "pratyakshat... sudbuddhi heey donhi bajunni kelelya antaheen bhitidayak goshtinsah eka dukkhad gruhyuddha hote-kharey tarr bandkhoranni swatach suruvat kelee hotee. prajasattakanpeksha vendines adhik nirdosh navhate. narsamhar yaa shabdacha vapar purnapane chukicha aanee ayogya aahe."hyoog guff (university college doublinmadhil itihasache pradhyapak) yanni secharchya pustakala aitihasik punarikshanvadacha konatahi kayamswarupi parinam honyachi shakyata nahee asey mhatale. pieter mcfee yanchyasarkhya kahinni secharvar jordar teeka kelee, jyat prajasattak sarkar aanee samyavadi hukumshahi yanchyatil samanatechya davyacha samavesh aahe, itihaskar piyare chaunu yanni secharchya matansathi pathimba vyakt keela, yaa ghatananche varnan pahile 'vaicharik narsamhar' asey kele.
secharchya prabandhavaril tikakaranna tyachi karyapaddhati sadosh asalyache vatate. mcfeeney thampane sangitale qee yaa chuka pudhilpramane aaheth (1) yuddh samanyatah vendines viruddha navhe tarr shahee vendines viruddha ladhale gele; sarkar prajasattak vendineschya pathimbyavar avalambun hote. (2) rajgharanyachya sainyacha spashtapane parabhav jhalyanantar adhiveshanane moheem sampavali-jarr uddesh narsamhar asata, tarr tyanni pudhe chaloo thewale asate aanee loksankhyecha sahajpane naash keela asata. (3) rajgharanyane prajasattakanvar kelelya atyacharanchi mahitee too vachkala denyat ayashasvi tharato. (4) too aata lokkatha mhanoon olakhalya jaananya kathanchi punaravrutti karato, kaaran (5) too donhi bajunni jhalelya mrutyunchya andajanchya vistrut shrenicha sandarbh dett nahee aanee mrutyu "ektarfi" navhate; aanee barech kahee.
pieter mcfee mhanatat qee, vendiche shantatapurnakaran heey sanyukt rashtranchya see. pii. pii. see. jee. chya narsamharachya vyakhyeshi julat nahee kaaran yaa ghatana gruhyuddhadarmyan ghadalya hotya. teey mhanatat qee, vendimadhil yuddh heey ektarfi samoohik hatya navhate aanee sarvajanik suraksha samiticha vendichya sampoorn loksankhyecha naash karnyacha hetu navhata; loksankhyeche kahee bhag krantikari sarkarshi sanlagn hote.
yaa vadabaddal, french krantiche tadnya michel wowell yanni tippani keleeh 'french-french narsamharavar eka sampoorn sahitya tayar hott aahe, jyachi suruvat vendian yuddhanmadhil mrutanchya jokhamichya andajapasun hote... yaa vishayat tadnya nasatanahi, piyare chunoo sarkhya itihaskaranni tyanchya mahan naitik adhikarache serve vajan heey eka nindaniy pravachan vikasit karnyamage thewale aahe aanee yaa vishayakade vajavipane pahanyacha konatahi prayatna fetalala aahe."
2007 madhye, jevha nauu pratinidhinni prajasattakchya kruteela narsamhar mhanoon adhikrutpane manyata denyasathi rashtriy vidhansabhet eka upay sadar keela, tevha parkeey uthawala vaishishtyikrut karnyavar charcha navyane suru jhaali. rajkiy atirekipanache samarthan karnyasathi itihasacha vapar karnyacha prayatna mhanoon davya french itihaskaranchya eka gatane yaa upkramacha tivra nishedh keela.
2017 chya suruvatila jacks willemanne prakashit kele [wendy, 1793-1794: yuddh gunhe? manavteviruddhacha gunha? narsamhar? eka nyayik abhyas], jeey tyane hegmadhil aantarrashtriy nyayalayanchya drushtikonatun (jase qee majee yugoslaviasathi aantarrashtriy faujdari nyayadhikaran aanee ravandasathi aantarrashtriy faujdari nyayadhikaran) pratishodh yuddhache vishleshan kele aahe. jacks willeman heey french mutsaddi aahet aanee sadhya oo. eae. dii. madhye franceche pratinidhi aahet aanee aantarrashtriy nyayalayat franceche pratinidhitva karat aahet. too sadhyachya aantarrashtriy kayadyavar aadharit sudbuddhichya yuddhavar kayadeshir abhyas sadar karato, tyanantar aantarrashtriy nyayalayanmadhye ravanda narsamhar aanee srebrenica hatyakand yasarkhya narsamhar prakarananvaril aadhunik nishkarshannusar, march 1793 madhye french prajasattakane yuddh gunhe kele, april teey julai 1793 paryant manavteviruddha gunhe aanee 1 august 1793 teey 1794 chya madhyaparyant narsamhar kele.
karyapaddhatila aavhan dene.
aadhunik vadachya kendrasthani secharcha purava aahe, jyache charles tillyne 1990 madhye vishleshan kele. suruvatila, secharne nantesjaval asalelya tyachya swatachya gaav, laa chappell-basses-mermadhil krantikari anubhavabaddal vicharshil prabandh-shailicha prabandh purn keela. tyanchya prabandhanchya prakashit aavruttit, tyanni tileeche swatache kahee yuktivad samavisht keleh samudayanmadhil sangharsh grameen bhagatil krantivirodhi bahusankhyanchya pradesh-vyapi sangharshat samanya jhaale, jyaa shaharanmadhye vishesh samarthya asalelya krantivadi samarthak alpasankhyakanshi hote. padrinchya nagri sanvidhanachya vaparasah aanee tyala pathimba denyachya shapathane tayar jhaleli phoot, 1790-1792 madhye. tevhapasoon, juring aanee gair-juring pujari yanchyatil nivadivarun sthanik sangharsh adhik tivratene paribhashit jhaale. march 1793chya saktichya bharatimule, prajasattak adhikari aanee rashtriy rakshak sadasyanna sanshayaspad suut midalyane, krantivirodhi aaghadicha vistar jhaala aanee tarunanna krutimadhye aanale.
sampoorn pradeshasathi pramanit yuktivadanchya samanyikaranasaha, reynold secharchya prabandhane suruvat kelee. jaree laa chappell-basses-merne tyala sandarbh bindu mhanoon varanvar kaam dile asale, taree secharne sandarbhanchi vyapak chaukat sthapit karnyasathi rashtriy aanee pradeshik sangrahanmadhun vistrut uddharanansah tyache yuktivad spasht kele. yavyatirikt, tyane 19 vya shatkatil chhayachitrit vruttant rekhatale, jeey vikretyachya itihaskaranna mothya pramanat dnyat aaheth vahak budane aanee "turroche narak stambh". tathapi, sarvat mahattvache mhanje, secharne kiman puravyanchya aadhare, dhobal davyanchya aadhare, qee purv-krantikari suud urvarit francepeksha adhik samruddha hota (yuddh aanee dadapshahichya vidhvansavar adhik jore denyasathi) asey thampane sangoon paramparik mulyankane modali. loksankhyeche nuksan aanee mrutyu, tyaa pradeshatil lokanchi sankhya vadhavna sankhyikeey prakriya, gharanchi sankhya aanee moolya aanee tyaa pradeshatil aarthik nuksan heey siddha karnyasathi tyanni sanshayaspad sankhyikeey paddhatincha vapar keela. secharchi sankhyikeey prakriya teen anyaykarak gruhitkanvar avalambun hotee. pratham, sechar prati hazar loksankhyemage sumare 37 chaa sthir janmadar gruheet dharato, jevha pratyakshat, tilly mhanato, loksankhya qamee hott hotee. dusare mhanje, sechar nivval sthalantar karat nahee asey gruheet dharato; hajaro lock yaa pradeshatoon paloon gele kinwa kiman teey tyaa pradeshat jithe rahat hote tithe sthalantarit jhaale asey tileeche mhanane aahe. shevati, secharne sangharshachya shevati upasthit asalelya loksankhyela 1794 aivaji 1802 madhye sampavoon qamee lekhale.
teeka hounahi, anek vidwan narsamhar asalyacha dawa karat aahet. sechar aanee chaunu vyatirikt, curt jonasone aanee phrank khadoo dekhil yala narsamharache prakaran manatat. narsamharah eka sarvasamaveshak parichay' yaa 'parkeey uthav' chya saranshamadhye lihilelya 'aadam johns' kadoon aanakhi pathimba midato, jyane haah narsamhar hota yaa drushtikonache samarthan keleh 'parkeey uthav heey samoohik hatya mohimeche eka ullekhaneey udaharan aahe jyachi sankalpana alikadech' parkeey narsamhar 'mhanoon kelee gelee aahe aanee heey padnam sarvatrikpane samayik kele jaat nasale taree... eka niyukt gatachya (vendian nagri loksankhya) mothya pramanat jhalelya hatyechya prakashat heey yogya disate."piyare chunoo yache varnan pahili" "vaicharik narsamhar" "asey karate". narsamhar abhyasat tadnya asalele itihaskar marqa leven, yaa vendila "aadhunik narsamharacha eka aadarsh prakar" manatat. yaa hatyakandanna narsamhar manana itar vidvananmadhye aar. jeey. rammel, jeane tullard aanee anthany james joou.
2020 madhye, david belane narsamhar siddhantache khandan karnyasathi 'journal auph genocide research' madhye eka pepper prakashit keela.
chitrapat.
francemadhil thikani chitrit kelele, 'daad hiddon ribble' heey daniele rabordine nirmit aanee digdarshit eka dastaivaj-natak, rajgharanyatil lokanchya dev aanee deshavaril dhairya aanee premache udaharan mhanoon bund sadar karate. 2017 remi chitrapat puraskar vijete, heey eae. doubleu. tii. aine. varr prasarit jhaale aahe aanee dii. vhee. dii. varr kharedisathi upalabdh aahe.
vendimadhil uthav haah naudalachya chitranvaril swatantra chitrapatancha vishay dekhil hota. "jiim moralino yanni lihilelya aanee digdarshit kelelya 'daad warr auph daad wendy' (2012) yaa chitrapatane 'tarun prekshakansathi sarvotkrusht chitrapat' (mirabil dictu aantarrashtriy catholic chitrapat mahotsav, ett daad vatican) aanee 'sarvotkrusht digdarshak' (johnn paul II aantarrashtriy chitrapat mahotsav, miyami, eff. ell.) yasathi puraskar jinkale.
valentine gautier' (2002) yaa shirshak asalelya bii. bii. see. chya 'daad scarlett pimpernail' (durchitravani malika) maliketil ekachi mandani hii 'daad wendy rebolt' hotee.
hornblooar' yaa durchitravani karyakramacha eka bhag asalelya 'bedook aanee lobster' sathee dekhil wendy bund heey eka thikan hote. french krantikari yuddhanchya kalat ghadavalela haah chitrapat agadi dhobalpane see madheel tyach navachya adhyayavar aadharit aahe. ess. vanpalanchi kadambari, "shree. midshipman hornblooar aanee 1795 chya khyan durdaivi quiberon mohimevar.
vyarth oo maurir', 'frasia', 2022 haah chitrapat