
zuma

zuma (сумая, сумая) heey spainchya uttarela basqa deshatil eka chhote shahar aahe.
shaharat done kinare (itzurun aanee santiago) aahet, jeey bhoogarbhshastradnyansathi swarasyapoorn aahet kaaran teey jagatil satatchya khadakanchya sarvat lamb sanchamadhye sthit aahet. yaa rachananna flyesh mhanatat aanee tyaa madhya-critasius kalavadhipasun teey sadhyachya kalaparyant, 10 kotee varshanhun adhik kalavadhichya aahet. keey-tii seema itzurun samudrakinanyavar aahe aanee visheshtah amonitesche jivashma aadhalu shakatat. haah star deba aanee gatariyachya samudrakinanyanmadhye sumare 8 kiimii antaravar pasarlela aahe, zumaya madhyabhagi aahe.
heey shahar chitrakar ignacio zuloaga yanche ghar-sangrahalay dekhil aahe. pradarshanat ell grico, rivera, zurbaran aanee goya yanchya kamancha samavesh aahe. rastyachya palikade hastakala aanee layachya hatane tayar kelelya utpadananche sangrahalay aahe. shaharachya madhyabhagi, sann pedroche basqa-shailiche gothick church aadhalu shakate. yethe juan dii antzietta yanni lihilele bhavya reredo asalele eka mandir aahe, jeey gippuzkoamadhye sapadalelya yaa basqa shilpkarache ekmev kaam aahe.
urula aanee narondo nadya ekatra yetat tyaa thikani zuma sthit aahe. shaharachya pracheen mathatoon shaharache mool shodhata yete. madhyayugat, sehatz khonyat rahana lokanna samudri chachyanche aanee lutaryanche satatche halle sahan karave lagale, tyamule shaharala balkati midali. church aaj tyachya bachavatmak swarupache avashesh rakhoon thevate.
vyutpatti.
zumache naav 'zuma' kinwa 'zume' yaa shabdavarun aale aahe, joou vikarsathicha mool shabd aahe, eka vanaspati jee tyaa bhagat varvar pahata bharpur hotee, asey vyapakpane siddha kele gele aahe. aanee vilasanachya sandarbhat, eka siddhant aahe joou tyaa kalat sadaharit okchya mubalak zadanni tayar kelelya 'grana' mhanje 'biyane' shhee sambandhit asanyachi shakyata sangato.
itihas.
sthapana.
zumachya utpattibabat kahee pailunmadhye matbhed asoonahi, serve itihaskar sahmat aahet qee santa mariyachya mathachya bhovati villa udayas aala. pahilya sanrakshit charmpatranusar, jyamadhye "jumaya" yaa jaagecha ullekh aahe, santa mariyacha math haah navarrechya sancho vhichya visheshadhikarane 1292 madhye ronsevals conventla daan karnyat aala hota.
mathachya sthanantaranababat vegvegale nishkarsh asoonahi, santa maria mathache bhikshu, yaa vhilachya janmache thet sakshidar, sehatzchya khonyatoon vikhuralelya rahivashanni satat honare halle sampavanyacha nirnay ghetalyanantar aanee bhinti asalela aanee majboot kelela villa ubharanyacha nirnay ghetala, jithun teey shatrupasoon gatane bachav karoo shaktil. tyachi vyapti, tyache mokyache sthan aanee samudrashi tyacha thet sampark yamule, nivadalele thikan zuma heey hote. tathapi, 1347 paryant vhilachi kayadeshir sthapana jhaali navhati, jevha castillechya alphonso XI neey tyachya nagarikanna "villagrana dii zumaya villa" chey nagarpalika sanad pradan kele, jyala sann sebastianche adhikarkshetra denyat aale.
16 vya shatkat, zuma 136 gharanvar avalambun hotee, tyapaiki 70 bhintimadhye astitvat asalelya sahaa rastyanmadhye vibhagali gelee hotee aanee urvarit teen parisaranni vikhurali hotee jee bhintibaher rahat hotee. ekoon 108 shejari aadananve hotee, tyapaiki 53 nambhrashtanchya patratesah. aajkal killyachya ubharanicha konatahi purava nahee qee keval sauragruhe aanee manonyanchya unchivar vyatyay aala hota jeey bhintipramane sanrakshn karnyache samaan karya karoo shakat hote. pravesh sabhagruhanmadhye vhilache mukhya pravesh sabhagruh aanee tyanchya adhyakshatekhalil mahan vadhastambh yancha samavesh hota. 18vya shatkachya madhyat shaharacha parisar swachchh karnyasathi tyancha naash karnyat aala. ekmev naisargik darvaja haah samudratil barpaiki eka hota, joou varvar pahata sarvat sulabh honyasathi sarvat dhokadayak hota.
16vya shatkapasoon parishchya ghanta anek vela vitalalya gelya aahet. 1578 madhye mahapouranni tyanna salag teen vela phone karnyache aadesh dile jenekarun nagrik sushikshit asateel aanee phaar purvi nivrutt jhalelya regimentchya baithakanmadhye adhik tatparatene yeteel. shivay, darr 18 varshanni vhilamadhye, prantachya sachivanna indhan-lakud aanee kolasa denyasathi sajra kelya jaananya sarvasadharan sabhanchya purvasandhyela done oka kapale gele. yapaiki eka satrat, 27 december 1620 roji, jyaa divashi gipuzkoache snrakshak sant loyolache ignatius yanchi nivad karnyat aalee, tyach divashi shaharachya snrakshak santala kumari merichi shuddha sankalpana asey naav denyat aale.
aarthik badal aanee vikas.
shatkanushatke, keval 1584 madhye lihilelya purvichya nagarpalika adhyadeshanmadhyech navhe tarr shahari vikasat tasech nagarikanchya pratha aanee jivanshailimadhyehi tarkikdrushtya anek badal ghadavun aanale aahet. tathapi, vhilachya payabharanipasun teey aajchya divasaparyantchya vikasakade laksh denyachi sarvottam killi mhanje pratyek yugatil aarthik pramukh kriyakalap. vhilache bahutek pahile rahivasi shetisathi samarpit hote, jaree tyach thikani gatbaddh kelyane kahee vyavsayik aanee audhyogik upkramanche swaroop vadhale. 14vya shatkachya akheris, nadeet jahaje bandhali gelee. loksankhyechi eka mothee takkewari masemari aanee naukanayanasathi samarpit hotee. tevha nadee khoop samruddha hotee aanee salmon, trout, shelfish aanee eel yasarkhya anek prajati masemarisathi vaparta yet hotya. anek jann kinarpattivaril masemariche shetishi samet karat hote. toparyant cementche utpadan dekhil eka sambandhit upkram banala hota, jyasathi teey aajubajuchya trutiyak kshetranchya babincha fayda ghet hote. bandaratoon teey netherlandschya dishene maal pathvat hote tasech utpadit utpadane aayat kelee jaat hotee. kahee itihaskar assa dawa dekhil karatat qee, santiyagochya aashramasah vhilamadhye sameel hott asalele pravasi jahaj-santiago dii compostellakade jaananya yatrekarunchya savayipramane nivassthan, heey dekhil 16 vya shatkatil zumayachya mahasulache sarvat pramukh srot hote.
tyanantarchi shatake, 17weey shatak aanee 18weey shatak, heey kahee utavil kaal navhate. zumayamadhye shetimadhye, visheshtah gahoo, makaa aanee shengdanyanchya utpadanat anek kamatarata kayam asoonahi, jameen hii shejanyanchi pramukh aarthik kriya rahili; 1766 madhye konatyahi shejanyakade tyanchya dekhbhalisathi aavashyak asalelya dhanyapeksha jaast dhanya aahe qee nahee heey tapasanyasathi serve gharanna manyata denyat aalee. 1610 madhye kofradiya dii marientes dii sann telmo, mhanje sann telmochya sagari vahatukichi sangad nirman jhalyapasun, pramukhyane loh yaa donhi prakarchya vastoonchya sagari aanee jaminivaril vahatukisathi samarpit nagarikahi hote aanee masemariche kaam chaloo thevanyat aale aanee tyat vadhahi karnyat aalee.
yach kalat 16vya shatkachya akheris sthalantar suru jhaale (1616 madhye zumayane 935 rahivashanna samavoon ghetale) aanee done shatkannantar aarthik punragman hoiparyant teey thambale nahee.
17 vya shatkat paristhiti atishay vegane sudharu lagali, itar karanansah, kaaran daldalichya sukanyamule purvichya nalyanchya talyanchi lagwad shakya jhaali aanee parinami, krishi utpadanat vaadh jhaali, visheshtah makyache. parantu yaa punaragamanasathi itar kahee ghatak karanibhoot hote, kaaran 19 vya shatkat cementche karkhane vhilachya arthvyavastheche engine banale, jyamule bandarachya vyavsayik kriyakalapanna chalana midali. yaa kalat sthaliy vahatukimadhyehi sudharana jhaali, kaaran 1882 teey 1885 yaa kalat zumayala gateriashi jodanara rasta tayar karnyat aala, joou aadhich sann sebastianshi jodala gela hota, 1900 madhye eka railwaygady disali jee zumayala zarautzshee jodanar hotee aanee 1926 madhye eurolachya railwaymargache udghatan karnyat aale, jee aajkal aadhich kadhoon taknyat aalee aahe. matra, dalanvalan sudharlyane bedua bandarache nuksan jhaale, jyache vyavsayik vyavhar urola nadichya pulamule jahajancha varchya dishene jaanara marg adavalyamule kalbahya houu lagale.
20vya shatkachya suruvatila cement udhyogat ghasaran houu lagali, tyach velee naudal udyog punha jordarpane udayas yeu lagla aanee lavkarach engine udhyogahi. zumayamadhye ghadaleli eka manoranjak vastusthiti mhanje sampoorn spanish rajyache pahile dizzell engine yethe sthapit kele gele hote, tantotant yeregui hermanos yaa udhyogat. yaa audhyogik vadhimule pramukhyane sthalantaramule loksankhyet tarkikdrushtya lakshaniy vaadh jhaali.
zumachya arthvyavasthela chalana denanya vividh upkramanchya takkevarit 20vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant lakshaniy badal jhaala hota. 1950 madhye, loksankhyetil 56.1% lock audhyogik kshetrat kaam karat hote, tarr keval 17 takke lock shetila samarpit hote. kahee varshannantar, zumayamadhyehi aarthik sankat aale, jeey karmchanyanchya ferniogenane aanee toparyant pratikatmak asalelya kahee mothya karyashala bund jhalyanantarhi kshananmule tivra jhaale. aaj, pannas varshannantar, aanakhi anek samanya kampanya tayar jhalya aahet, jyaa dekhil bajarpethechya naveen aarthik kalanshi adhik susangat aahet.
pakakala.
aktopas.
aktopas aanee zuma heey shahar nirman jhalyapasun ekatra aahet. yaa pranyacha aanee jyaa shaharat anya gave, geteria, zarautz kinwa deba (jee teey zumayapasun 5,10 aanee 16 kiimii antaravar aahet), kadhihi ghadaleli naheet, tyaa shaharacha vishesh sambandh rahila aahe. zumachya kinarpattivar aktopas pakadanyachi parampara atishay vaishishtyapurn rahili aahe aanee aktopas heey shaharachya sanskratiche aanee parampareche saar banale aahe.
masemari.
zumayamadhye teen mukhya thikane aahet jithe lock aktopas pakadatatah itzurun samudrakinanyache khadak, inpernup aanee zumayiya aanee deba darmyanchi kinarpatti. jevha bharati jaast nasate, too aadarsh kshan asato. tyanna pakadanyasathi drishyaman khadak asane aavashyak aahe, kaaran aktopas heey samanyatah khadakanmadhye asalelya chhidranmadhye lapalele asatat. tyamule jitke jaast khadak disatat, titke tyanna pakadanyachi shakyata jaast asate. aktopas pakadanyasathi shikarasathi mashanchya hukchi aavashyakta asate. parantu, vegvegali tantre aahet aanee tee thikananusar badaltatah
1-chhidranchya praveshdvaravar khekade aanee itar lahan samudri pranyanche avashesh pahane (tyamule, aktopas tyaa chhidrachya aat aahe asey sanket aahet) aanee tyanna hukne pakadane.
2-aktopas aakarshit karnyasathi chaara jhakalelya kathicha vapar karane aanee jevha tee disatat, jevha chaara nasel tarr teey chhidra sodat naheet, tevha hukne tyanna pakada.
zumayamadhye masemari aktopas hii parampara rahili aahe. pann, serve lock tyanna sahajpane pakadu shakat naheet. kahee kutumbe ashee aahet jithe parampara majboot aahe. kahee lokanni eka divasat 100 pakadale hote. pann, teey itar kaal hote, jevha aajchya tulanet anek aktopas hote. pradushan, masemarichi jahaje aanee aktopas masemarichi maryada nasaleli varshe hii kinarpattisathi atishay purvgrahyukt aahet. yamule, sarkarne eka vyakti kitee pramanat pakadu shakate (eka aktopas aanee 750 grampeksha jaast vajanacha) yache niyaman kele aahe.
darvarshi jevha mothya bharati yetat tevha barech lock sahasa octopusasathi samudrakinanyavar masemarisathi jaatat aanee tyanchyapaiki kahinna anubhav yeto, teey eka divasat 20 peksha jaast aktopas masemari karatat. aajkal, divasatoon ekapeksha jaast maase pakadane bekaydeshir aahe, parantu kahee lock (visheshtah vruddha lock jeey ayushyabhar masemari karat aahet) ajunahi tyapaiki barech maase pakadatat. aktopas pakadalyanantar too khalla jaau shakat nahee. tyavar upchar karave lagatat, parantu tyavar upchar karnyache vegvegale marg aahet. aanee, teey kase shijavale jaate heey masemarinantar konavar upchar kele jaatat yavar avalambun asate.
taje aktopas maans kadak asate, tyamule teey mauu honyasathi kiman eka aathvada taree gothvave lagate.
jarr aktopas taje asel aanee khoop fatake marlyanantar teey komat kele asel tarr teey tomato, "laa gallega" kinwa mirpud aanee kandyasah shijavale jaate. parantu, tyaa swayampak pakakruti asturia kinwa galicia sarkhya itar thikani khoop samanya aahet, jithe masemari aanee aktopas shijavanyachi parampara aahe. asha prakare swayampak karane nehamiche hote aanee aajahi aahe. parantu, eka pakakruti aahe, jyasathi koradya octopuschi aavashyakta asate, tee keval zumayapasun aahe. jhumayajavalachya itar shaharanmadhye hii parampara nahee.
korade karane.
kinarpattivaril loksankhyevar hii eka asamanya pratha asoonahi aktopas korade karane hii zumayamadhye eka vaishishtyapurn parampara aahe. tyat aktopas ekada melyavar saaf karane, 3 teey 5 divas badalit korade karane aanee 7 teey 8 divas katheet thevane samavisht aahe. mool vajanachya 80 takkyanparyant vajan qamee houu shakate aanee antim parinam tivra gandh utsarjit karato.
aay. yu. jee. ess. bhuvaidnyanik varsa sthal.
heey thikan 'jagatil khol sagari galanchya sarvat changlya ughad, sarvat nirantar aanee uchch abhyas kelelya baher padananya bhaganpaiki eka' asalyachya sandarbhat, aantarrashtriy bhoogarbhiy vidnyan sanghatnene (aay. yuu. jee.) aktoobar 2022 madhye prakashit kelelya yadeet jagbharatil 100 'bhoogarbhiy varsa sthalanchya' sankalanat 'zumacha cretaceous-paleogen starilekhan vibhag' samavisht keela hota. sansthene 'aayag varsa bhoogarbhiy sthal' chee vyakhya 'bhoogarbhiy ghatak aanee/kinwa aantarrashtriy vaidnyanik prasangikatechya prakriyansah eka pramukh sthan' mhanoon kelee aahe, jyacha sandarbh mhanoon vapar keela jaato aanee/kinwa itihasadvare bhoogarbhiy vidnyananchya vikasat lakshaniy yogdan dile aahe.'