crayton bund (1866-1869)

crayton bund heey 1866-1869 () kinwa gret crayton kranti () heey ottoman rajvativiruddha cratemadhil teen varshanche bund hote, jeey 1830 madheel greek swatantryaladhyacha shevat aanee 1898 madhye swatantra crayton rajyachi sthapana darmyanchya crayton bandanchya maliketil tisare aanee sarvat mothe hote.
parshvabhoomi.
1821 chya greek krantimadhye khrishchan craytons urvarit griesberober ekatra aale hote, parantu grameen bhagat yash midalyanantarhi, uttar uttar chaar tatbandi asalelya shaharanmadhye (chania, rethimno, iracleo aanee agios nicolaos) ottoman hote aanee akheris 1828 paryant bett punha jinkale gele, aanee egyptcha prant banala (muhammad alicha egypt, jaree nammatrapane ottoman samrajyacha jagirdar asala taree, too tyachya swatachya adhikarat eka pradeshik shakti hota). 1840 madhye, crate thet ottoman rajvatikade parat aala, tyanantar swatantra greesmadheel ektechya samarthanarth 1841 madhye ayashasvi uthav jhaala. 1858 madheel aanakhi eka uthavamule shastra balganyacha adhikar, khrishchan aanee muslim upasanechi samanata aanee shikshan aanee pratha aanee kautumbik kayadyavar adhikarkshetra asalelya jyeshthanchya khrishchan parishadanchi sthapana yasarkhe kahee visheshadhikar midale. yaa savalatinvar crayton muslimanni naraji vyakt kelee, jaree khrishchananni griesberober ekjutiche antim uddisht kayam thevat adhik magani kelee.
bandkhori.
betavar tanav vadhat asatana aanee sultanakade kelelya anek yachikanche uttar naan midalyane, sashastr band tayar jhaale aanee 21 august 1866 roji bandkhorichi adhikrut ghoshana karnyat aalee. yaa bandamule greesmadhye, parantu europemadhil itaratrahi tatkal sahanubhooti nirman jhaali. bandkhoranna suruvatila bahutansh antardeshiy bhagavar niyantran midvanyat yash aale, jaree nehmipramane uttar kinarpattivaril chaar tatbandi asaleli shahare aanee irapetrache dakshinekadil shahar heey ottomanchya hatat rahile.
rahile shatkachya madhyaparyant, crayton bandkhoranni varanvar raktaranjit uthav karoonahi, crate heey veneshiyanankadun tabyat ghetale gelyapasoon ottoman lokanni 220 varshanhun adhik kaal cratever rajya kele hote. greek swatantryachya yuddhadarmyan cretan lock ottomanchya tabyat jaanyachya virodhat ubhe rahile, tarr 1830 chya london protocolne heey bett naveen greek rajyacha bhag houu shakat nahee asey tharavale.
30 march 1856 roji parisachya tahane sultanala 'hutty-homayun' lagoo karnyas bhag padale, jyamule khrishchan aanee muslimanna nagri aanee dharmik samanatechi hummy midali. cratemadhil ottoman adhikari konatyahi sudharana amalat aananyas nakhush hote. bahusankhya muslim dharmantar honyapurvi (bahutansh majee khrishchananni islammadhye dharmantar kele hote aanee nantar maghar ghetali hotee), samrajyane vivek swatantryavar maghar ghenyacha prayatna keela. naveen karanchi sthapana aanee sancharbandine dekhil asantoshat bharr ghatali. april 1858 madhye, cretan botsonaria yethe bhetale. akheris 7 julai 1858 roji eka shahee aadeshane tyanna dharmik, nyayik aanee aarthik babinmadhye visheshadhikaranchi hummy dilee. 1866 chya bandachya pramukh prerananpaiki eka mhanje 'hutty-homayun' chaa bhang.
1866 chya bandache dusare kaaran mhanje creten mathanchya sanghatanebaddalachya antargat bhandanat kretechya valee hekim ismel pashacha hastakshep. mathatil vastoo jyeshthanchya parishadechya niyantranakhali yavyat aanee tyancha vapar shaala tayar karnyasathi karava, ashee shifaras anek samanya lokanni kelee, parantu bishapanni tyanna virodh keela. ismel pasha yanni hastakshep keela aanee vishay tharvanyasathi anek lokanna niyukt kele aanee "avanchhit" sadasyanchi nivad radd kelee, jyaa samitichya sadasyanna kulgurunsamor vishay sadar kelyabaddal constantinopulkade jaanyacha aarop karnyat aala hota tyanna turungat takale. yaa hastakshepamule kretchya khrishchan loksankhyekadun hinsak pratikriya umatat hotya.
arkadi.
eka vishisht ghatanemule paschim europechya udarmatvadi mandalanmadhye tivra pratikriya nirman jhalya, mhanje "arkadicha narsamhar". hii ghatana november 1866 madhye ghadali, jevha eka mothya ottoman sainyane arcadi mathala vedha ghatala, jeey bandkhoriche mukhyalay mhanoon kaam karat hote. tyachya 259 bachavkartyanvyatirikt, 700 hoon adhik mahila aanee mulanni mathat aashray ghetala hota. kahee divasanchya kathor ladhainantar, ottoman lokanni mathat pravesh keela. tyaa velee, mathachya mathadhishane mathachya kotharanmadhye sathavalelya darugolyala aag lavali, jyamule bahutek bandkhorancha mrutyu jhaala aanee tethe aashray ghetalelya mahila aanee mulancha mrutyu jhaala. american lekhak aanee vanijyadut william stillman aanee itaranni alikadech sadar kelelya taradvare dilelya vruttanusar, yaa ghatanemule urvarit europe aanee uttar americet prachand dhakka basala aanee ottoman rajvatichi manyata qamee jhaali.
sandarbh.
sandarbh vasant rutumadhye anek gavanmadhye baithka jhalya. 14 meey roji chaniyajavalachya boutsonaria yetheel aghiya kiriyaki mathat eka sabha aayojit karnyat aalee hotee. tyanni sultan aanee chaniyatil mothya shaktinchya dutanna yachika pathavali. krantikari samityanchya pahilya baithakanchya velee, pratinidhi prantanusar nivadle jaat asat aanee rethimno pradeshache pratinidhi arkadi, gabriel marinakijache hegumen hote.
yaa namankananchya ghoshanevar ismel pashane rethimnoche bishop, kalinikos nicoletakis yanchya madhyamatoon dharmagurula sandesh pathavala. yaa patrat magani karnyat aalee hotee qee, higuemenne krantikari sabha visarjit karavi kinwa math ottoman sainyane nasht karava. julai 1866 madhye ismel pashane bandkhoranna pakadanyasathi aapale sainya pathavale, parantu tyache sainya yenyapurvich samitiche sadasya paloon gele. mathat sapadalelya moorti aanee itar pavitra vastoo nasht kelyanantar ottoman punha nighun gele.
septembermadhye, ismel pashane, jarr sabha haar manali nahee tarr math nasht karanyachi navee dhamki dharmagurula pathavali. sabhene mathasathi sanrakshn pranali lagoo karnyacha nirnay ghetala. 24 september roji, panos coronaios krete yethe aala aanee baalee yethe utarala. tyane arkadikade kooch kele, jithe tyala rethimno pradeshasathi bandkhoricha pramukh senapati banavanyat aale. eka vyavsayik lashkari manus, coronayosacha assa vishvas hota qee math sanrakshanatmak navhata. hegumen aanee bhikshu asahmat jhaale aanee coronayosne tyanna teey manya kele, parantu astabal nasht karnyacha sallah deela jenekarun teey ottoman lock vaparu shakanar naheet. yaa yojnekade durlaksh karnyat aale. mathachya chhavanichya senapatipadavar ionis demacopolosche naav dilyanantar coronaios nighun gela. tyachya jaanyapurvi, asankhya sthanik rahivashanni, mukhytah mahila aanee mulanni, tyanna ottomanpasoon vachavanyachya aashene tyanchya maulyavan vastoo gheuun mathat aashray ghetala. 7 november 1866 paryant, mathane 964 lokanna aashray dilah 325 purush, jyapaiki 259 sashastr hote, urvarit mahila aanee mule.
ottoman lokanche aagman.
octoberchya madhyapasoon mustafa pashachya sainyane wefswar vijay midavalyapasun, bahutansh ottoman sainya apocoronas yethe tainat hote aanee visheshtah saudachya upasagarachya aaspaschya killyanmadhye kendrit hote. mathane sharan yenyas nakar deela, mhanoon mustafa pashane aaplya sainyachi arkadivar kooch kelee. pratham, tyane thambun epscopy gaav lutale. episcopytun mustafane arkadi yetheel krantikari samitila eka naveen patra pathavale, jyat tyanna sharan yenyache aadesh dile aanee tyanna sangitale qee too pudhil kahee divasant mathat pohochel. tyanantar ottoman sainya raustikakade valale, jithe mustafane preshit elichya mathat ratra ghalavali, tarr tyache sainya raustika aanee aghios constantinos yaa gavanmadhye tall thokale. mustafa 5 november roji rethimno yethe pohochala, jithe tyala ottoman aanee egyptian sainyabal midale. 7-8 novemberchya ratri ottoman sainya mathat pohochale. mustafa jaree tyachya sainyasah tulanene jawalchya thikani gela asala taree tyane tyachya tyachya messie gavat tall thokala hota.
egyptian hastakshep.
1866 chya uttaradhat ismayil pasha (egyptche khedive) yane bandadarmyan ottoman samrajyala madat karnyasathi eka egyptian lashkari tukadi pathavali, jee amirliwa (mejar-general) ismayil shaheen pasha yanchya netrutvakhali 16,000 payadal sainikanni banaleli hotee aanee jithe egyptian naudalane sagari vahtook aanee sanrakshn kele hote. ottoman naudalachya vedha yojanechya akaryakshamatemule, banduka aanee upkarane sahajpane samudramarge greesmadhun crayton bandkhorankade taskari karoon nenyat aalee, jyamule nantar crayton rajdhanila vedha ghalanyacha kalavadhi aanee egyptchya bajoone anpekshit jivitahanicha kaal vadhala. 1867 chya madhyat, khediv ismayil pashane shaheen pashala egyptian sainyachya aadeshavarun kadhoon takale aanee tyachya jaagi adhik anubhavi adhikari, emerliva ismayil sadiq pashane tyachi jaaga ghetali, jyane shaheen pashapeksha tyache adhikaritva kaushalya aanee vyavsayikta siddha kelee, jithe 6 aktoobar 1867 roji too crayton bandkhoranna tyanchya rajdhanit yashasviritya parabhoot karoo shakala.
hallah.
8 november 1866 chya sakali suleimanchya digdarshanakhalil ottoman sainikanche sainya aanee 30 tofancha fauj mathachya tekdyanvar pohochali, tarr mustafa pasha mesimadhye vaat pahat hota. mathachya uttares korechya tekadivar tainat asalelya suleimanne sharanagatisathi shevatchi vinanti pathavali. tyala pratyuttarat fakt golya lagalya.
haah hallah ottoman sainyane suru keela. paschim bajus asalelya mathache mukhya dwar heey tyanche prathamik uddisht hote. automan lokanni imaratit ghuskhori naan karata hii ladhai divasbhar chalali. vedha ghatalelya lokanni darala adavanuk kelee hotee aanee suruvatipasunach teey ghene katheen hote. mathatil bhintinni kretananna tulanene sanrakshit kele hote, tarr bandkhoranchya golibarala balee balee ottoman lokanna asankhya nuksan sosave lagale. mathatil pavanchakkimadhye saat kretananni aapale sthan midavale. hii imarat automan lokanni twarit tabyat ghetali, jyanni teela aag lavali aanee aatalya crayton yoddhyanna thaar kele.
ratra paloon ladhai thambali. ottoman lokanna rethimonokadun done judd tofa midalya, jyapaiki ekala 'kautsahila' asey mhatale jaat asey. tyanni tyanna tabelyanmadhye thewale. bandkhoranchya bajoone, eka yuddh parishadene panos coronaios aanee amarimadhil itar crayton netyankadun madat magnyacha nirnay ghetala. khidkyantun dorkhandane sodoon gelelya aanee muslimanchya veshat aalelya done kretananni ottoman resha olandalya. serve praveshmarg ottoman lokanni bund kelyamule aata atirikt sainya velevar pohochane ashakya aahe, ashee batami gheuun sandeshvahak ratri ushira paratale.
9 novemberchya sandhyakali punha ladhai suru jhaali. tofanni darvaje nasht kele aanee automan lokanni teey imaratit ghusavale, jithe tyanna adhik gambhir nuksan sosave lagale. tyach velee, kretanankade darugola sampat hota aanee tyapaiki anekanna keval beyonet kinwa itar dhardar vastunshi ladhanyas bhag padale gele. automan lokanna fayda jhaala.
vidhvans.
mathatil mahila aanee mule powder roommadhye lapoon basali hotee. shevatchya crayton ladhvayyancha akheris parabhav jhaala aanee teey mathat lapoon rahile. chhattis bandkhoranna darugolyajavalachya refectorymadhye aashray midala. ottoman lokanni shodhun kadhale, jyanni daar jabardastine ughadale, tyanchi kattal karnyat aalee.
bahutek mahila aanee mule jithe lapoon basali tyaa powder roommadhye constantinos giaboudakisne shejarchya kholyanmadhye lapalelya lokanna ekatra jamvale. jevha ottoman lock powder roomchya daravar pohochale, tevha giyaboudakinni pavdarchya barrelna aag lavali aanee parinami jhalelya sphotat asankhya ottoman sainikancha mrutyu jhaala.
mathatil mathatil kholeet, jyat puresha pramanat choorn baryl hote, bandkhorannihi teech havbhav kelee. parantu tee puud damat hotee aanee keval anshatach phutali, tyamule tyane kholichya vayavya bhinticha keval kahee bhag nasht keela.
hallyachya suruvatila upasthit asalelya 964 lokanpaiki 864 jann ladhait kinwa sphotachya velee marle gele. 114 purush aanee mahilanna pakadanyat aale, parantu teen kinwa chaar jann paloon jaanyat yashasvi jhaale, jyat eka sandeshvahak joou atirikt sainyala gheuun gela hota. piditanmadhye hegumen gabrielcha samavesh hota. too pavdarchya barrelchya sphotat thaar jhalelyanmadhye hota, asey paramparenusar manale jaate, parantu too ladhaichya pahilya divashi marla gelyachi shakyata jaast aahe. automanchya nukasanicha andaj 1500 itka hota. tyanche mrutdeh smarkanshivay purale gele aanee kahinna shejarchya dareet fekale gele. asankhya crayton khrishchananche avashesh gola karoon pavanchakkimadhye thevanyat aale, jeey arkadichya rakshakanna shraddhanjali mhanoon eka avashesh banavale gele. ottoman sainyat, mathabaheril tekdyanvar coptic egyptianancha eka gut sapadala. yaa khrishchananni itar khrishchananna thaar marnyas nakar deela hota. tyanna ottoman sainyane fashi dilee aanee tyanchi darugola prakarane mage sodali.
sumare 114 vachalelyanna kaidi banavoon rethimnokade nenyat aale, jithe tyanchya vahatukisathi jababdar asalelya asalelya, parantu shaharat pravesh kelyavar dagadfek aanee upman karnyasathi aalelya muslim loksankhyedvare dekhil tyanna asankhya apmananna samore jaave lagale. mahila aanee mulanna charchmadhye eka aathvada turungat thevanyat aale hote. yaa purushanna katheen paristhitit eka varsh turungat dambanyat aale. russian vanijya dutavasala moolbhut swachchh paristhiti rakhanyasathi aanee kaidyanna kapade puravanyasathi mustafa pashachi aavashyakta bhasanyasathi hastakshep karava lagla. eka varshanantar kaidyanchi sutka karnyat aalee.
aantarrashtriy pratikriya.
turkstanchya lokanni arkadicha motha vijay ghenyacha vichar keela aanee too tofane sajra keela. tathapi, arkadi yetheel ghatananmule kretananmadhye, parantu greesmadhye aanee paradeshat dekhil santap nirman jhaala. arkadichya shokantikene sangharshabaddalache jaagtik mutt badalale. yaa ghatanene misolongichya misolongichya vedhyachi aathvan karoon dilee aanee jagatil asankhya filhellenist kretchya bajoone hote. serbia, hangeri aanee itali yethoon svayamsevak betavar aale. college dii franceche shikshak gustav florence yanni 1866 chya akheris nondani kelee aanee teey crate yethe aale. tyanni eka ingraji, eka american, eka italian aanee eka hungarian asha itar teen french lokansah filhelenistscha eka lahan gut tayar keela. yaa gatane "daad kweshchan auph daad orient andd daad crayton renesses" yaa vishayavar eka mahitipatrak prakashit kele, french rajkarnyanshi sampark sadhala aanee france aanee ethansmadhye parishadanche aayojan kele. cretainsney tyala vidhansabhet upaniyukt mhanoon niyukt kele, parantu tyane padd nakarle.
giuseppe garibaldi yanni tyanchya patranmadhye cratenschya deshbhaktichi aanee tyanche swatantrya midvanyachya tyanchya ichchhechi prashansa kelee. utkat filhelenismule prabhavit jhalele asankhya garibaldian, kretmadhye aale aanee tyanni anek ladhayanmadhye bhag ghetala. victor hugone lihileli patre triastemadhil 'cleo' yaa vartmanpatrat prakashit jhaali, jyamule jagbharatil pratikriya nirman jhalya. yaa patranni cretainsna protsahan dile aanee tyanna sangitale qee tyanche dhyey yashasvi hoil. tyane yavar bharr deela qee arkadiche natak saryacha naash aanee misolongichya misolongichya vedhyapeksha vegale navhate. tyane arkadichya shokantikeche varnan keleh
mothya europeey shaktinkadun aavashyak todga naan sapadlyanantar, cretainsney amerikechi madat magitali. yaveli, americansani bhoomadhya samudrat upasthiti sthapit karnyacha prayatna keela aanee cretla pathimba darshavila. teey bhoomadhyasagaramadhil bandar shodhat asatana aanee itarambarobarach, milo bett kinwa bandar bett vikat ghenyacha vichar karat asatana heey sambandh vadhale. american janata sahanubhootishil hotee. american filhellins crayton swatantryachya kalpaneche samarthan karnyasathi aale aanee 1868 madhye, swatantra kretchya manyatechya prashnala pratinidhi sabhagruhat sambodhit karnyat aale, parantu ottoman vyavharanmadhye hastakshep naan karnyachya dhoranache palan karnyasathi matadvare nirnay ghenyat aala.
arkadi nantarche parinam.
kaaran crateche nuksan heey balkanmadhil ottoman pradeshachya adhik gambhir hanichi purvatayari asoo shakate, automan grand wazier, allie pasha, aktoobar 1867 madhye betavar aala aanee chaar mahine tethe rahila. jilhyadvare betacha punarvigrah karoon, tyanantar sampoorn betavar blockhouses kinwa sthanik killyanche bandhkam karoon, eka nimn darjacha jilha tayar karnyache kaam suru aahe. 1896-1898 chya antim sankataparyant heey ottoman lashkari rajvaticha aadhar hote.
sarvat mahattvache mhanje, tyane eka sendriya kayada tayar keela jyane crayton khrishchananna sthanik prashasanavar samaan (vyavharat, tyanchya uchch sankhyemule, bahusankhya) niyantran dile. asha prakare 1869 chya suruvatiparyant betavar niyantran rakhanyasathi aavashyak asalele kiman rajkiy sahkarya tyane midavale aanee jawaljawal serve bandkhor netyanni ottoman rajvatila sharanagati patkarali hotee, jaree kahee, visheshtah russia samarthak hajimikelis, greesmadhye haddapar rahile.
kalpanaramya.
bund suru asatana lihilelya jewels vernchya 'vees hazar leag under daad see' yaa kadambarimadhye crayton bandacha sandarbh deela gela aahe. verncha capton nemo tyachya panbudicha "nautilus" vapar karoon "4,000 paund" puravato asey namood kele aahe. bandkhoranna sonyache vajan. haah parichhed bandkhoranchya hetubaddal vernchi sahanubhooti spashtapane darshavito.
nicos kazantzakischya 'friedam andd death' yaa kadambarimadhye yaa bandacha ullekh aahe. yaa granthat, mathacha sphot haah kadambaricha nayak capton michaelis yachya eka natevaikane kelelya krutishi sambandhit aahe.

