
lukovmadhil jyoo lokancha itihas

polandmadhil luko yetheel jyoo lokancha itihas 15vya teey 20vya shatkaparyant pasarlela aahe. 1659 madhye polish jyoo lokanna denyat aalelya kahee visheshadhikaranchya pushtinantar, 18vya-20vya shatkachya suruvatipasun yaa samudayachi bharbharat jhaali. yaa samudayachi swatachi sabhasthane, yeshiv, bett midrash, mikweh, shaala aanee samudayik kendra hote. 19vya shatkaparyant, lukochi bahusankhya samanya loksankhya jyoo hotee, anek lock padatrananchya karkhanyat kaam karat hote. samajatil sadasyanni hasidic judevad, samajvad, kamgar chalvali aanee zionisms vividh chalvalinche anusaran kele. lukochya bahusankhya jyoo samudayachi hatyakandat hatya karnyat aalee. ekoon keval 150 jann jiwant rahile hote, jyapaiki bahutansh soviet unionla ravana jhaale hote.
prarambhik itihas (15 weey-17 weey shatak).
15vya shatkachya suruvatila jyoo lock luko yethe sthayik houu lagale. kahee strotancha dawa aahe qee jyoo 13 vya shatkachya madhyat lavkar aale. 16vya shatkaparyant, eka sanghatit jyoo samuday astitvat hota. shaharatil pahile sabhasthan 16 vya shatkat bandhale gele hote, jaree teey nantar aagit jaloon khaq jhaale. 1648 madhye, bohdan khamelanitskichya netrutvakhalil kosyak uthavancha eka bhag mhanoon khamelnitsky uthavamule, lukochya jyoo samudayavar halle jhaale aanee mothya pramanat nuksan jhaale, jyat sainyane asankhya morche kadhale aanee thambehi kadhale. 1655 madhye, jyoo samudayane eka narsamhar anubhavala, joou muscoviteanni aayojit keela hota aanee polandachya anek bhaganvar tyacha parinam jhaala hota. lukochya sthanik samudayat 1000 mrutyu jhaale. naveen sabhasthanala aag lavnyat aalee aanee anek jyoo kutumbehi uddhvast karnyat aalee. tyanantar polland aanee sweeden yanchyatil yuddhadarmyan swedish puur (1657) aala, jyamadhye raja carl gustav aanee tyacha transylvaniatil mitra, rakosi rajkumarane aadesh dilelya aakramanancha samavesh hota. yaa kalane shaharavar jivghene parinam kele. april 1657 madhye, swedish aanee transylvanians sainyachya aakramanamule heey shahar purnapane uddhvast jhaale aanee sumare 1000 jyoo lokanni aapala jeev gamavala.
visheshadhikar aanee punarrachana (17 weey-18 weey shatak).
1659 madhye, raja zaan casemiers vaja yane polandachya jyoo lokanna kahee visheshadhikar dile. yamadhye sthavar malmatta sampadan karnyacha, vyavasay karnyacha aanee madyarkyukt peye tayar karnyacha aanee vikanyacha adhikar samavisht hota. yaa kayadyanmule shaharacha vikas sulabh honyas madat jhaali aanee 1676 paryant, luko haah yaa pradeshatil sarvat mothya jyoo samudayanpaiki eka hota.
1760-1770 chya dashakat, lukochya jyoo samudayane shaharachya punarbandhanivar laksh kendrit kele. 1765 madhye 543 jyoo lock (137 kutumbe) lukomadhye rahat hote. 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat, lukone aarthik bharbharat anubhavali. jyoo lock samanyatah bajarachya chaukat aanee kozia rastyavar rahat asat, tarr kahee lock broverna rastyavar rahat asat. kahinni juridica yethe teen vihirya bhadyane ghetalya, jee eka shahee shaharachya baherchi vasahat hotee. yahudi jivanache kendra lukovmadhye brazeska, koshielna aanee trazebiska rastyanchya darmyan aadhalale. done naveen sabhasthane bandhanyat aalee, eka staropizarska aanee bozinza rastyanchya kopyat sthit hotee. eka beat midrash aanee mikweh dekhil trazebiska rastyavar hote.
19 weey shatak.
19vya shatkaparyant jyoo loksankhyet vaadh jhaali. 1827 paryant jyoo lokanchi sankhya 2,023 paryant vadhali (jee shaharachya loksankhyechya 60 takke hotee). 1857 madhye, 2,114 jyoo lock (shaharachya loksankhyechya 68 takke) hote. 19vya shatkachya madhyaparyant, jyoo samudayakade eka sabhasthan, eka vitancha beat midrash, eka lakadi mikwa (staropizarska rastyavar sthit) aanee done kholyancha lakadi niwara hota.
yaa kalat, yahoodi samajat hasid yahoodi dharm khoop lokpriy hota. shaharat kahee 'shtiblekh' hote, jeey kook, razien podlaski, elexandrovzky aanee gora kalvariyachya samarthkansathi baithakichi thikane hotee.
1897 paryant, 4,799 jyoo lock (shaharachya loksankhyechya 55 takke) hote.
20vya shatkachya suruvatila.
1901 madhye, szamuel szlomi braun shaharacha rabbi banala. tyane shaharat eka lokpriy yeshiv chalavala.
1905 madhye, russian kranticha lukochya anek jyoo lokanvar kholvar parinam jhaala, jyapaiki bahutek garib hote. darji, padatrane banavnare, bekar aanee kulupachalak heey samanya vyavasay hote. schloyme rubinshtenchya vruttannusar, shaharatil kahee sadasya samajvadi aanee kamgar karyakarte banale. yakov (moshe kivicha mulga), luterman bandhu aanee bhagini aanee itaranni eka 'baandh' tayar keela. tathapi, zarchya adhikadhyanchya dadapshahichya davpechanmule bandhatil anek sadasya akheris americet paloon gele.
1906 teey 1907 yaa kalat anek karkhane ughadale gelyane shaharachi aarthik vaadh jhaali. 1906 madhye, gastmancha padatrane karkhana, moolcha warsaucha, luko yethe sthalantarit jhaala. yamule shaharache aarthik punarujjivan honyas madat jhaali aanee tyamule shaharatil shekado rahivashanna rojgar midala. joseph mendell hochmanane eka lahansa padatrane karkhana ughadala aanee miir libermanne eka album karkhana ughadala. yaa done karkhanyanmadhye dazanbhar kamgar kaam karat hote.
1906 madhye, lukovmadhye, mhatara mendell morgenstern (cockcha zadiq) hersch morgansternsathi eka haveli bandhanyat aalee.
yaa kalat, zionist chalval lukomadhye adhikadhik lokpriy jhaali. hershell eisenbergchya netrutvakhali rahivashanna israyal aanee zayonizambaddal dhade shikavale gele. asey karane kayadeshir nasale taree eka granthalay dekhil sthapan karnyat aale. 1912 madhye, granthalayane hillel zitalinala bolanyasathi aanale. nantar, ruben brenindekhil bolanyasathi aanale gele. 1914 madhye, shaharatil pahili sarvajanik maifili aayojit karnyat aalee hotee, jyat jyoo loksangeet hote aanee tee 'dome ludovi' (samudayik kendra) yethe jhaali. gatala kayadeshir granthalay sthapan karanyachi aasha hotee, parantu zarvadi adhikaanyaanee hii vinanti nakarli.
doubleu. doubleu. aay.
doubleu. doubleu. aay. chya udrekasah, bahutek lahan vyavasayanni lukomadhye kaam karane bund kele. gastmancha padatrane karkhana keval ardhvel chalato. parinami, anek jyoo kutumbanche utpann gele. 1915 madhye, polandavar austriyan sainyacha taba hota, jyala jyoo lokanni samanyatah kozakpeksha (tyanchya narsamharamule) pradhanya dile. austriyan sainya nantar nighun gele aanee german sainyane tyanchi jaaga ghetali. german lokanni yahudhyanna vegane baher kadhale aanee tyanna lukovs itar shaharanmadhye vikhurale. shaharat aalelya naveen beghar jyoo lokanna ann aanee niwara puravanyasathi svayamsevak karyakram ubharanyat aale. vishamajvarachi mahamari pasarali aanee german adhikaanyaanee shaharala rugnalay bandhanyachi parvanagi dilee.
lukochya rahivashanna german vyapachi aanee yuddh punha suru honyapurvi tyanchya purvichya aayushyache avasheshanchi savay houu lagali. 1916 madhye, rajkiy paksh ugavoo lagale, jyachi suruvat 'bund' aanee 'bund'-'tsukumpht' (bhavishya) yaa yuva gatapasoon jhaali. tyanni warsauchya vividh vyakhyananna bolanyasathi aamantrit kele. lokpaksh' ('jyoo lokancha paksh') dekhil sthapan karnyat aala. itar gut heey 'happoel' creeda clubs 'polei zion rait' hote. itar gut samanya zionist aanee "hashomer hatzair" hote, jyanni vyakhyane aanee anek jyoo yuva upkram aayojit kele.
1918 madhye, doubleu. doubleu. aay. chaa ant jhaala aanee polland eka swatantra rajya banale.
aantaryuddh kaal.
wwy nantar, lukochya jyoo samudayala american jyoo samudayakadun aarthik pathbal denyache vachan denare patra midale. paise kase vitarit karave yavar charcha karnyasathi bund bhetale. shaharatil garib loksankhyela vastoonchya madhyamatoon paise vitarit karnyas tyanni bahusankhyanni sahmati darshavali. agudat israyal" aanee samanya zionist vagalata bahutek rajkiy gatanni yaa upayala pathimba deela. yaa kalat, lukomadhye vividh samajvadi, samyavadi aanee kamgar gatanmadhye ullekhaneey rajkiy sanghatana hotee. schloyme rubinshtenne aathvan karoon dilyapramane, tyaa kalatil baithakivar charcha kartana, "laal zende udavale. bhashane polish aanee yiddish bhashet dilee gelee hotee. teey eka aashcharyakarak chitra hote. sarvansathi satya aanee nyayache eka naveen yug aale aahe, assa pratyekacha vishvas hota."
yaa kalat itar rajkiy gatanchihi bharbharat jhaali. kahee sarvat sakriy lokanmadhye general zionist party, poel zion rait, mizraki, focuspartei aanee aguda yancha samavesh hota. davya vicharsaranichya zionist sanghatananmadhye tsukumpht, haah-shomer haah-zair, hehalutz aanee betar yancha samavesh hota. sarvat prabhavshali gut aguda hota, joou rudhivadi jyoo hota aanee 1931 paryant jawaljawal keval jyoo samudayachya sahkarivar niyantran thevat hota.
aantaryuddh kalane lukochya jyoo lokansathi samruddhi vadhavali. 1921 saalee, 6,145 jyoo lock luko yethe rahat hote, jeey ekoon rahivashanchya 49 takke hote. tyanni 530 sthanik audhyogik aanee vyavsayik kampanyanpaiki 85 takke kampanya chalavalya aanee 30 sanghatana sthapan kelya. jyoo samudayane 'doss lucour wart' heey saptahik prakashan jaaree kele aanee 'lukovar nayes' chey anek ank 1931 madhye prakashit jhaale.
shikshanachya babatit, shaharane chaar khajgi chederim, talmud torahsathi kiman done shaala aanee chauthya iyatteparyant (jee mizraki pakshadvare chalavali jaat hotee) jaanari eka khajgi shaala deu kelee. 1923 madhye hii shaala sarvajanik rajya shaala bunley. 1928 teey 1930 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon, eka prathamik shaala (chauthya iyatteparyant) dekhil shaharat sakriy hotee aanee tee tsisho (madhyavarti yiddish shaala sanghatana) dware chalavali jaat hotee.
jyoo tarunansathi aarthik shakyata anekada lukomadhye maryadit hotya. eka majee rahivasi asalelya schloyme rubinshtenne aathvan karoon dilee qee, shaharat mulansathi aanee mulinsathi done uchch madhyamik shaala hotya, parantu jyoo uchch madhyamik shaletil vidyarthyanna botanvar mojane shakya hote-pratham, uchch shikshanamule aanee dusare, yahudivirodhi bhedbhavamule. udaharanarth, mallah eka hyschoolcha vidyarthi, riven fluman aathavato. tyachya vadilanche padatrananche dukan hote aanee tyanni serve kahee kele aahe jenekarun tyacha mulga, 'jalat asalela doke' asalela mulga 'manus' banel.'tyala shalet khoop white vaganuk dilee gelee aanee tyala done varshe ekach vargat basave lagale aanee tyala gambhir marhan jhalyanantar tyala tithe tyache shikshan thambavave lagale... vyavasayacha abhyas karane hii sopee baab navhati.'lukomadhye abhyas karane kaay shakya hote? - shivankam aanee boot banavane. yapaiki eka vyavasayacha abhyas karnyasathi tyanna anek varshe vachanbaddha rahave lagale aanee mallah vatate qee dukan malkala paise dene aavashyak hote. mulinsathi paristhiti adhik white hotee kaaran tyanna shivankamavyatirikt dusare kahihi shikata yet navhate... yaa paristhitimule tarun purush aanee striya nokarichya shodhat warsaula nighun gele. byavachada teey upashi rahoon firat asat aanee gharee paratanyachi tyanna laaj vatat asey... teey chitrapatgruhe, chitrapatgruhe aanee jithe teey jevat asat tyaa upahargruhambaddal badbad karat asat, parantu teey satya sangu shakat navhate qee tyapaiki doghe ekach antharunavar zopale hote aanee kahee vela tyanchyakade ann kharedi karnyasathi paise navhate.yuddhandarmyancha kaal vadhatya yahudivirodhi krutee aanee vyavsayik bahishkaranni chinhankit keela gela. 1920 madhye eka narsamhar jhaala. augustmadhye, jevha polandache sainya bolshevikanviruddhchya yuddhat pratiaakraman karat hote, tevha leukochya shejari sainikanni konatyahi khatalyashivay 12 jyoo lokanna fashi dilee. shaharatach done divas narsamhar suru hota. adhikaanyaanee teey thambavanyacha prayatna keela nahee, sainikanna dukane lutanyachi aanee jyoo rahivashanna maranyachi parvanagi dilee.
1930 chya dashakat mahamandichya aagamanane heey shahar katheen kalatoon jaau lagale. kahee audhyogik karkhane bund padale aanee berojgari vadhali. yahudivirodhi vruttihi vadhu lagali aanee polish rashtravadyanni jyoo vyavasay aanee karyashalanvar bahishkar taknyasathi morcha kadhala. tyaveli kahee vyavasay uddhvast jhaale hote. yaa kalat lukocha shevatcha rabbih aaron neuta fradgeberg dekhil hota.
dusare mahayuddha.
19 september 1939 roji nazi germanychya lashkari dalanni aakraman karoon heey shahar tabyat ghetale. kahee jyoo lokanni shaharache rakshan karnyacha prayatna keela. german sainyane anek jyoo lokanna thaar marle aanee pratyuttar mhanoon 25 jyoo ghare jaalali. kahee divasannantar, soviet sainyane shaharat pravesh keela. aktoobar 1939 madhye soviet sainyane maghar ghetali, jyamule 500 jyoo shahar sodoon paloon gele.
dusya mahayuddhamule luko madheel jyoo samudayacha sampoorn naash jhaala. heey ghadanyapurvi, shejarchya gavanmadhun, anek polish shaharanmadhun aanee agadi itar deshanmadhunahi yenanya hajaro jyoo lokansathi gass chamberschya margavar heey shahar thambe hote. november aanee december 1939 darmyan, serock, nasilsk aanee suvalki yetheel 2,500 hoon adhik jyoo lock luko yethe visthapit jhaale. eka varshanantar, tyanantar mlava yetheel jawaljawal 1000 jyoo aanee meey 1942 madhye slovakiyatil 2,000 hoon adhik jyoo aale.
leuko jyoo lokanchya pahilya samoohik fashichi karvai march 1942 madhye suru jhaali. tyaveli german lokanni 47 lokanna golya ghatalya. unhalyat jyoo lokanna shahar sodanyas manai hotee. 5 aktoobar 1942 roji jyoo samudayachya parisamaptichi niyamit karvai suru jhaali. tyaa divashi sumare 4,000 lokanna treblinka nirmulan shibirat nenyat aale aanee sumare 500 lokanna shaharat fashi denyat aalee (samajatil shevatcha rabbi, aaron note freeberg, tyanpaiki eka hota). 8 aktoobar 1942 roji aanakhi 2,000 lokanna treblinkala nenyat aale. yaa karvainantar, ghettoche kshetra qamee jhaale aanee kook, vojizkov, adamo, stannin, tuchoviz, trazebizov aanee ulan yasarkhya shejarchya shahare aanee gavanmadhil jyoo lokanna luko yethe yenyas bhag padale gele. tyanantar, 26-27 aktoobar darmyan aanee 7-11 november darmyan, aanakhi 4,000 lokanna trablinkamadhye nenyat aale. aanakhi kahishe jyoo lokanna luko dandadhikanyachya darbarat aanee jyoo smashanbhumit fashi denyat aalee. vachalelya jyoo lokanna decemberchya suruvatila ghettomadhye bund karnyat aale aanee tyanna niyamitpane fashi dilee jaat asey. akheris 2 meey 1943 roji heey ghetto bund karnyat aale, jevha ess. ess. chya sainyane sumare 4,000 lokanna treblinkala haddapar kele.
thodakyat, 1942 aanee 1943 pasoon, luko ghetto aanee shejarchya gave aanee gavanmadhil sumare 14,000 jyoo lokanna treblinka yetheel gass chambersmadhye pathvanyat aale aanee shaharat andaje 2,000 jyoo lokanna fashi denyat aalee. asha prakare luko madheel jyoo samuday sampala.
vachalele.
tisya mahayuddhanantar, assa andaj vartavanyat aala qee luko yetheel sumare 150 jyoo lock bachavale. bahusankhya lock soviet unionla ravana jhaale hote. yuddhanantar, anekjan syllasiamadhye sthayik jhaale aanee nantar paschim europe, israyal kinwa americet sthalantarit jhaale. 1950 madhye, lukomadhye fakt sahaa jyoo rahat hote. 1968 madhye, israyalachya tail avivhmadhye 'daad book auph lukoh dedicated too aaa distrusted community' heey eka smarak pustak prakashit jhaale, jyat shaharachya majee rahivashanchya aathvanincha samavesh hota.