
julius ashkin

julius ashkin (23 august 1920-4 juuna 1982) heey prayogik aanee saiddhantik bhautikshastratil eka nete hote, jeey anoo bhautikshastratun kann bhautikshastrachya utkrantisathi olakhale jaatat. eka saiddhantik bhautikshastradnya mhanoon tyanni sankhyikeey yantriki, ghan avastha bhautikshastra, anoo bhautikshastra aanee prathamik kann bhautikshastra yaa kshetranmadhye yogdan dile. eka prayogik bhautikshastradnya mhanoon, tyanche mukhya yogdan ghan padarthatoon vishisht kanancha (paee-messions kinwa pions) marg aanee tyanantarchya kshayarogashi sambandhit hote. tyanchya sanshodhan aanee shikshanachya gunvattesathi tyanna manyata midali.
prarambhik jeevan aanee kutumb.
julius ashkincha janm 23 august 1920 roji brooklin, newyork yethe jhaala. tyache ivadil isador aanee eenaa ashkin hote. tyala done lahan bhawande hotee, eka bhau arther, joou eka bhautikshastradnya dekhil hota aanee eka baheen, rooth. eka motha bhau, gertrude, lahan asatana maran pavala. kautumbik ghar brooklin, newyork yethe 983 eae 27 streetwar hote. isador vayachya 19 vya varshi ukrainechya odesahoon americet sthalantarit jhaali hotee. paach varshanni lahan asaleli annah dekhil yukrenmadhun aalee hotee (tichya babatit galicia). newyorkmadhye utarlyanantar eka dashakachya aat, isador haah yuu.ess. nagrik aanee manhattenmadhil 139 delancy streetwar dant prayogshala chalvat hota. ashkinche topananav jyuli hote. too kalakar michael ashkincha kaka aahe. 
shikshan.
ashkinne brooklinchya james maddison highschoolmadhye shikshan ghetale, 1936 madhye padvi prapt kelee, parantu tyachya 16 vya vadhadivsachya kahee aathvade baakee asatana. tyanchya varishtha varshat tyanna sanman aanee puraskar midale. tyanna kolambiya vidyapithat jaanyasathi shishyavrutti denyat aalee, jithe tyanni 1936 teey 1940 yaa kalat padvipurv mhanoon chaar varshe aanee 1940 teey 1943 yaa kalat teen varshe padvidharak mhanoon abhyas keela.
tyaa varshant kolambiyachya pradhyapkanvar kaam karananya bhautikshastradnyanmadhye pradhyapak enrico fermi, isidor isaq raabee, hans bethe (bhet), edward teller (bhet) aanee prashikshak arnold nordiac, hyoog paxton aanee villis lamb yancha samavesh hota. yaa serve purushanna tyanchya pidhitil sarvottam purushanpaiki eka mhanoon olakhale jaat hote aanee tyapaiki chaar-fermi, raabee, bethe aanee kokra-yanna nobel puraskar pradan keela jaanar hota.
padvidharak mhanoon, ashkinla manad ganeet sansthet sameel honyasathi aamantrit karnyat aale aanee tyanna puraskar midale. tyanni sahayyak vyakhyate mhanoon sharad rututil satrat pravesh keela aanee padvyuttar padvichya dishene kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. eka varshanantar, tee padvi midalyanantar, tyanni ph. chya dishene kaam karnyas suruvat kelee.dii. villis lambchya dekharekhikhali. padvidhar vidyarthi mhanoon, ashkinne khagolbhautikichya eka peparmadhye yogdan dile. aanee sankhyikeey yantrikimadhil done shodhanibandh tyanni sankhyikeey yantrikivaril done abhyasanibandhanpaiki pahila aanee dusra lekh lihinyat vaktya yanchyasobat miloon lihila. haah dusra pepper, 'chaar ghatkansah dvimiteey jaalichi aakadevari' tevhapasoon varanvar uddhrut keela gela aahe. tyala ph.dii. 1943 madhye bhautikshastrat.
manhatton prakalp.
kolambiya vidyapithatil manhatton prakalpache prarambhik tappe.
1942 chya uttaradhat, ph. dii. purn karnyapurvi.dii. nokri karat asatana, ashkinne manhatton prakalpat kaam karnyacha prastav swikarla. anubombchya vikasache suruvatiche kaam kolambiya yethe sahaa varshanchya kalavadhit jhaale hote, ashkin tethe padvipurv aanee padvidhar vidyarthi hota. 1938 madhye jevha anuvibhajak prakriyecha shodh lagla, tevha europe aanee americetil anek thikanchya shastradnyanni hii ghatana samajoon ghenyasathi aanee tyavar niyantran thevanyasathi sakhol kaam suru kele. kolambiya aanee jawalchya prinston vidyapithatil sanshodhak yaa kamat aaghadivar hote. tyachya karkirdichya yaa suruvatichya tappyat, ashkin yaa prayatnat kitee, jarr ajibat sahbhagi hota, yabaddal konatihi mahitee nahee, parantu heey nishchit aahe qee kolambiya bhautikshastra vibhag haah shastradnyansathi kamacha bhag hota, jeey eka naveen aanee vilakshan shaktishali shastrachya gupt vikasasathi samarpit hote. yaa purushanmadhye aadhich namood kelelya purushancha samavesh hota-fermi, raabee, teller aanee bethe-tasech lio syllard (jyanni farmisobat aanvik pratikriya shakya asalyache darshavinyasathi kaam kele), herbert ell. anderson (tevha, kolambiyacha padvidhar vidyarthi asalelya ashkinpramane), johnn aar. dunning (kolambiyatil eka sahyogi pradhyapak, jyane 1930 chya dashakachya madhyat eka lahan cyclotron tayar kele hote), walter ziin (eka kolambiya pradhyapak, jyane nirantar sakhali pratikriyechi shakyata darshavinyasathi kolambiya cyclotronsobat kaam kele), george bii. pegram (kolambiyachya rajyashastra, tattvadnyan aanee shuddha vidnyan shakhanche adhishthata, jyanni fermila americet aananyas madat kelee aanee tyala yuu. ess. chya pratinidhinsaha ekatra aanale.ess. anubombchya pahilya charchesathi naudal vibhag) aanee harrold yoori (rasayanshastrache sahyogi pradhyapak jyanchya samasthanikanchya pruthakkaranavaril karyamule deuteriumcha shodh lagla). yavyatirikt, kolambiyachya sahkanyanshi samanvay sadhananya prinston vidyapithatil shastradnyankadun kolambiyala bhetee midalya. yamadhye johnn wheeler, edward cretz aanee robbert aar. yancha samavesh hota. willson.
dhatushastra prayogshala.
jevha ashkinne manhatton prakalpat sameel honyache aamantran sweekarle tevha too ajunahi tyachya ph.dii. 1942chey shevatche kahee mahine tyanni shikago vidyapithatil dhatushastra prayogshalet ghalavale aanee nantar 1943chya madhyapasoon 1945chya madhaparyant losses alamos prayogshalet kaam kele. dhatushastra prayogshaletil shastradnyanni, kinwa jyala mett labb mhanatat, jagatil pahili niyantrit sakhali pratikriya tayar karnyasathi shikago pile navachya anubhatticha vapar keela. tyanni vidyapithachya junya football stadiumchya stagg fieldchya bleacherkhali vaparat nasalelya squash courtmadhye anubhatti bandhali. shikago vidyapithat bhautikshastrache pradhyapak asalelya arther comptonne tyanna kolambiya aanee prinston yethoon ekatra aanale hote. mett labmadhye done vibhag hote. fermi, anderson, ziin, creutz aanee syllard heey bhautikshastra vibhagache pramukh sadasya hote; bethe aanee saiddhantik vibhaganiche vakte.
jaree ashkinchi aavad, anubhav aanee kaushalya tyanna saiddhantik vibhaganimadhye sthan dett asale, taree tyanni bhautikshastra vibhagat 'anoo bhautikshastra-prayogik' navachya gatat kaam kele."yaa gatatil tyachya sthanavarun asey soochit hote qee ashkinla kolambiya yethe vidyarthi asatana anoo prayog karnyacha purvicha anubhav hota. gatatil itar sadasyansah-felled, syllard, robbert eff. christy, herbert eae. kubitshek aanee ess. bernstein (naan shodhalele)-ashkinne anuvibhajanachya saiddhantik pailoonvar anek tantrik ahwal tayar kele. felds, tyanni "veej prakalpatil vishbadha aanee utpadan" yavar eka vyavharik ahwal dekhil tayar keela jyamadhye satatchya anoo pratikriyanchi urja kshamata tasech kiranotsargachi vishbadha aanee tyanchyasobat asalelya itar dhokyancha vichar keela gela. heey serve ahwal sadar kartana gupt hote aanee tevhapasoon teey sarvajanik kele gele aanee prasiddha kele gele aahet.
losses alamos.
losses alamos yethe ashkin yanna bethe yanchya netrutvakhalil saiddhantik vibhagat kaam karanyachi jababdari denyat aalee hotee. yaa vibhagat paach gut hote aanee eshkinla gut 4, prasar samasyansathi niyukt karnyat aale hote. tyanchya jababdanyanmule, sthoolpane, tyanna padvidhar vidyarthi mhanoon aanee mett labmadhye tyanchya mahinyant kelelya kamanvar bharr ghalata aala. tii-4 chaa gut neta richard fenman hota; ashkin paryayi neta hota. richard ehrich aanee fredrick rains heey suruvatiche sadasya hote. 1944 chya vasant rutuchya suruvatila tyat sameel jhaale. anuvichedanadarmyan bombchya sphotak gabhanyatun neutron kitee pramanat pasartil yacha andaj lavane heey yaa gatache mukhya kaam hote. kahise saumyapane fenmanne nantar dawa keela qee losses alamos yethe kelele kaam mukhytah abhiyantrikiche hote, vidnyan nahee. tathapi, veltanane gatache pradirgh katheen taas, uchch utsah aanee ekatmata yabaddal sangitale aanee sangitale qee tyanni saiddhantik bhautikshastrat kahee utkrusht yash midavale aahe. tyanchya kamasathi mothya sankhyene ganiteey ganananchi aavashyakta hotee, jeey veltonla aathavate, tyanni karya prakalp prashasana ganeet saranya aanee mothya kooch karananya yantrik ganakyantrancha vapar karoon sadar kele. kharey tarr, tyancha sahayyak, murre peshkin navachya eka nondanikrut vyaktila, gananechi avirat garaj asalyache yaa gatala aathavate. jyaa velee tyanchi bharati jhaali tyaa velee bhautikshastrat measures padvidharak, tyanna aathvan karoon dilyapramane, 'bombchya kendrakachya anek adnyat gunadharmambaddal vividh gruhitkannusar bombchya gambhir vastumanacha andaj lavnyasathi aavashyak asaleli vibhedak samikarane sodavanyasathi' thewale gele."
losses alamos yetheel suraksha tyaa kalatil mankannusar khoop kadak hotee. heey thikan nirjan valvantatil thikan hote (purvi eka khajgi shaala) jyachya parighala kumpan lavale gele hote, praveshdvaranvar paharekari hote. shastradnyanna suvidhechya baher jaanyachi parvanagi hotee parantu tethe vahtook upalabdh navhati. (teey lashkarache sadasya naslyamule, tyanna lashkari guptatechya aadeshanche palan karnyache aadesh dile jaau shakat navhate aanee tyaeivaji swechhene tyanche palan karnyas sahmati darshavali.) jaree aashkinsarkhe shahari-vadhalele shastradnya shaharanna parvadananya manoranjanapasun door hote, taree tyanna manoranjak goshti shodhanyat yash aale. yamule kahee vivahitanna tyanchya patninna losses alamos shaharat rahnyasathi aanane shakya jhaale aanee asha prakare purush aanee striyanche paksh samajik karyansathi ekatra yeu shakale. yamadhye aaspaschya valvantatil donger aanee khonyanmadhil chadhanasarkhya goshtincha samavesh aahe. losses alamos yethe asatana ashkin bahudha maidani sanghik khel khelala asava. prayogshaletil eka sahkanyala tyachyabarobar touch football khelalyache aathavate aanee too shikago vidyapithat midway navachya khulya jaaget khelato.
saumya khelansah kathor parishram vadhavanyat fenman visheshtah parangat hota. tyachi pratibha titakich khelkar hotee titakich gambhir hotee. mail sensorschee fasavanuk karnyacha, gupt files sathavalelya surakshit vastoonchya sanyogacha andaj lavnyacha, daranche kuloop uchalanyacha aanee rakshakanchi chhedchhad karnyacha (too mukhya darvajapasun nighun jaeel, parighbhovati firoon kumpanatil eka chhidraparyant jaeel, punha pravesh karel aanee nantar punha getmadhun baher padel, jyamule gondhal aanee aswasthata nirman hoil.) tyala tyache bongo drum vajavayala dekhil aavadat asey, hii eka ashee pratha hotee jyamule shravanshaktichya shrenitil lock daat ghatt karatat parantu jyacha tyala vishvas hota qee tyaa thikani purvi rahana bharatiyanchya aatmyanchya samparkat yeto. bhautikshastradnya heey tyanchya sangitachya, visheshtah shastriy sangitachya premasathi aanee teey vajavanyachya tyanchya kshamatesathi olakhale jaatat. fenman yanna dholvadyachya aavadit asamanya kahee navhate, parantu tyanchya sangeet shailinchi nivad vilakshan hotee, tasech dholvadak mhanoon tyanchya kaushalyacha abhav hota. asey disate qee tyachya mitranni tayar kelelya sangeetane tyala jitke dukhavale titkech tyachya avirat aavajane tyanna dukhavale. jevha ashkinne dhvanimudrak vajavale, tevha fenmanne sangitale qee too 'eka narkat lokpriy asaleli lakadi nalee' vaparat hota... kagadachya tukadyavar kalya thipkyanshi eka-eka sanvad asalele aavaj karnyasathi-sangitache anukaran karnyasathi."
1946 madhye, losses alamos yetheel shastradnya vikhuranyapurvi, eka alp kalavadhi hota, jyamadhye tyanni jyaa vishayanmadhye tyanna kaushalya hote, tyaa vishayanvar vyakhyane dilee. yaa karyakramachi shaili 'losses alamos vidyapith' ashee hotee aanee prayogshaletil karmchanyanchya kahee kanishth sadasyanna tyanna upasthit rahanyache mahavidhyalayin shrey midale. ashkins heey saiddhantik yantrikivar hote. abhyaskramache varnan asey sangate qee tyat vector vishleshan, kann gatishilata, lagrangechi samikarane aanee hamiltonchi samikarane vaparoon kann, kathor vastoo, lavchik madhyam aanee dravpadarthanchi gatishilata samavisht aahe.
fenman sanghachya itar sadasyansah, ashkinne losses alamos yethe asatana tantrik ahwal tayar kele. tyaa velee tyanche vargikaran karnyat aale hote, parantu tyanantar teey sarvajanik karnyat aale aahet. eka udaharanamule gatane kelelya karyachi kalpana yete. fenman, aar. yanni lihilele heey 'neutron urjechya vitaranachya parinamansah gambhir vastumanachi ganana' aahe.pii.; welton, tii.aaa.; eshkin, jeey.; erlich, aar.; peshkin, emm.; aanee rains, eff. ahwal laa-524 (dell.) 21 janewari 1947 (amurtmadhun arkah "anant tampersney vedhalelya golakar, sakriy korchya gambhir aakar aanee gunakar darachya gananesathi soyiskar andaje paddhati vikasit kelya aahet. vegvegalya vegachya neutronche vegvegale gunadharm aahet yaa vastusthitimule udbhavananya samasyankade vishesh laksh dile jaate. yaa paddhatinmadhye moolatah pratyek vegasathi moolbhut mode aakarandvare pratyek vegavaril neutron ghanatecha andaj lavane samavisht aahe.")
16 julai 1945 roji, ashkin alamogordo yetheel trimurthy chachani sthalavar anubombchya pahilya sphotat upasthit hota. anek shastradnyanpaiki mojkyach shastradnyanna tyanchya karyachi hii avarnaniy natyamay parakashtha pahanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. mett labmadhye suru jhalelya aanee nantarhi suru asalelya kiranotsargachya vishbadhevaril tyachya kamamule ashkin kadachit tithe hota.
1950 madhye asey ughad jhaale qee losses alamos yetheel shastradnyanpaiki eka, clouse fooks, soviet guptachar vibhag, aine. keey. jee. bii. laa bomb sanshodhanabaddal gupt mahitee puravat hota. 1943 teey 1946 darmyan, futch yanni kolambiya aanee losses alamos yaa donhi thikani kaam kele. jevha eff. bii. aay. neey losses alamos yethe asatana fyuchsobatchya tyanchya sambandhambaddal bethe aanee fenman yanchi mulakhat ghetali, tevha fenman mhanala qee futch shant hote, rakheev hote aanee kamachya baherchya itar shastradnyanshi misalanyas ichchuk navhate. tyane asehi mhatale qee, tyacha assa vishvas aahe qee futch heey ashkinshee qamee matbhed asalele hote aanee tyachyashi maitripurna disat hote.
shaikshanik padey.
rochester vidyapith.
1946 madhye losses alamos sodalyanantar ashkinne rochester vidyapithat sahayyak pradhyapak mhanoon padd prapt kele aanee 1950 madhye teey karnegi institute auph technologymadhe (nantar karnegi melon vidyapith) gele. pradhyapak mhanoon aanee kahee kaal bhautikshastra vibhagache pramukh mhanoon kaam karat teey urvarit ayushya see. emm. yuu. madhye rahile. robbert marshak yanni 1946 madhye rochester vidyapithat ashkin yanna aanale. sahayyak pradhyapak mhanoon tyanni yantriki aanee ushmagatiki aanee saiddhantik bhautikshastra shikavale aanee neutron-proton, proton-proton aanee nuclean-nuclean scatteringwar agraganya prayog kele.
rochestermadhye asatana, fenman aakrutiche mahatva aupcharikpane olakhanare ashkin heey pahile shastradnya hote. fenmanne 1948 madhye upaparmanvik kananchya vartanavar niyantran thevana ganiteey abhivyaktinche sadhe drushya pradan karnyasathi aakruti tayar kelee. jaree aakruti aanee tichya shakhankade nantar atyant mahatvachi sadhane mhanoon pahile gele asale, taree fenmanne tyanna saiddhantik chaukat dilee nahee kinwa tyanni tyancha vapar kassa karava assa prastav kassa mandala heey tyanni spasht kele nahee. bhautikshastradnyanna tyanche karya samajoon ghenyat adchan yet hotee, tyanchya sadhepanavar avishvas hota aanee tyanna aupcharik manyata denyas teey nakhush hote. fenmanne nantar sangitale qee bhautikshastradnyanna aakrutichi shakti kalali nahee aanee teey julien shwingerne tayar keleli adhik jatil paddhat vaparnar aahet. teey mhanale qee, yaa paddhaticha bhang karnare ashkin heey pahile hoteh "teey kasehi kinwa itar teey karoo shakale naheet. tyavar vishvas thevanyasathi tyanna yaa [schwinger paddhati] madhoon jaave lagale. pann teey theek aahe. nahee ashee ekmev vyakti, pahila kagad jithe too thet vaparla gela hota-joou mea shodhat hoto, too baher yetach mea pratyaksh punaravalokanatun ulatat rahile-too ashkin hota. tyane kahee prayogansathi kahee ganana kelee hotee aanee too mhanala, 'aamhi fenmanchya niyamancha vapar karoon yachee ganana kelee aahe.'bloop! tithe teey lekhee hote! mug haloohaloo adhikadhik lokanni teey kele."
rochester vidyapithat shikavat asatana, ashkinne tyach vidyapithat shikananya clyer ruderman yaa jivashastradnyashi lagn kele. yaa jodpyala beth aanee laura yaa done mulee hotya.
karnegi melon vidyapith.
1950 madhye ashkin karnegi melon vidyapithachya (tevha karnegi institute auph technology) bhautikshastra vibhagat ruju jhaale, jithe edward cruitz heey vibhagache pramukh aanee naveen 450 mave proton synchrocyclotrone sanchalak hote, jeey sitne jawalchya saxonberg, pensylvania yethe bandhale hote. linken wolfenstein aanee sergio dii benedetti yaa sahkari shastradnyansobat, yaa velee ashkinne pramukhyane saiddhantik kamatoon pramukhyane prayogik karyakade sankraman karnyas suruvat kelee. cyclotron 1970 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant saxonberg anoo sanshodhan kendrat vaparat rahila, jevha too nasht karnyat aala aanee tyacha vapar karoon, ashkin tyache kahee sarvat prasiddha prayogik parinam tayar karoo shakala.
1953 madhye, losses alamosmadhil tyanche saiddhantik karyache majee sanchalak bethe yanchyasobat, ashkin yanni tyanni kelelya karyashi jawalun sambandhit eka lekh prakashit keela. yaa lekhat, "padarthatoon honanya kiranotsargancha marg", kann aanee kiranotsargache parinam, teey ghan padarthanmadhun jaat asatana, saranshit kele aahet. kalantarane bhautikshastratil prayogkartyansathi too eka manak sandarbh banala. siit cyclotroncha vapar karane aanee bethe aanee robbert eae yanni kelelya kamache anusaran karane. marshak, eshkin yanni alpakalin kann-paee-messon kinwa pionechi vaishishtye nirdharit karnyasathi prayog kele-jeey uchch urja cosmic reey proton aanee itar cosmic reey ghatak pruthvichya vatavaranatil padarthanshi sanvad sadhatat tevha tayar hote. 1961 teey 1972 darmyan ashkin yanni bhautikshastra vibhagache adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. tyanchya nidhananantar, see. emm. yuu. yanni tyanchya sanmanarth 'julius ashkin shikshan puraskar' tayar keela.
sern yethe vishranti.
1991 madhye, eshakinane jineva, switzerland, serren, anoo sanshodhanasathi european sanstha yethe vishrantiche varsh ghalavanyasathi phorda foundation anudan jinkale. tethe, tyaa sanstheche naveen 600 mave synchrocyclotron vaparnare teey shastradnyanchya pahilya gatache sadasya banale. yaa kann pravegkacha vapar karoon tyane eka mahattvapoorn shodh lavnyas madat kelee jyane kamkuvat parasparsanvadachya vhee-aii siddhantachya pailuchi pushti kelee. guggenheim foundationchya anudanane samarthit, 1968 madhye tyanni oxfordchya aul soles collegemadhye sahkari mhanoon eka varsh dekhil ghalavale.
pradirgh aajaranantar 4 juuna 1982 roji penslilvania yetheel pitsberg yetheel montefiore rugnalayat ashkin yanche nidhan jhaale.