
bharatiy mahasagar vyapar

sampoorn itihasat purv-paschim devanghevanimadhye bharatiy mahasagar vyapar haah eka mahattvacha ghatak rahila aahe. dho aanee pro madheel lamb pallyachya vyaparamule pragaitihasik aanee suruvatichya aitihasik kalkhandat aagney aashiyapasun purv aanee aagney africa aanee paschimela purv bhoomadhyasagariyaparyant pasarlelya lock, sanskruti aanee sanskratinmadhil parasparsanvadache eka gatishil kshetra banale. hindi mahasagarachya kathavaril shahare aanee rajye samudra aanee jameen yaa donhivar laksh kendrit karat hotee.
prarambhik kaal.
madhya hadappa tappyapurvi (2600-1900 bii. see. eae.) hadappa aanee mesopotemiya sanskratinmadhye eka vyapak sagari vyapar jaale karyarat hote, jyat barachsa vyapar 'dilmunmadhil madhyasth vyapari' (pertian aakhatat sthit aadhunik bahrain aanee felaka) hatalat hote. vinalelya dhavpattyanchya kinwa kapadyanchya palala aadhar denanya ekach madhyavarti mastakapasoon susajj asalelya plank-nirmit jalvimananchya vikasamule assa lamb pallyacha sagari vyapar vyavharya jhaala.
paschim bharatatil lothals sotkajen-door (jivanichya uttares nadichya bajula), sokhta koh (pasanichya uttares nadichya bajula) aanee balakote (sonamiyanijaval) yasarkhya anek kinarpattivaril vasahati hadappa vyapari chaukya mhanoon tyanchya bhoomikechi saksh detat. samudrat jaananya nadyanchya nadimukhavar asalelya uthal bandaranmule mesopotemiyachya shaharanshi vegwan sagari vyapar houu shakala.
indo-bhoomadhya vyapar jaale.
alikadil puratatva abhyasane kansya yugatil egypt aanee bharat yanchyatil laal samudradvare thet sagari samparkanna samarthan denanya puravyancha vadhata sangrah adhorekhit keela aahe. gregory possel sarkhya vidvananni dekhil sindhu khoyatil sanskruti aanee purv africa yanchyatil sagari upkramancha prastav mandala aahe. purv bharatiy mahasagar vyapar jaalyatil sagari kriyakalap yayoi kalavadhichya suruvatilach (ii. sha. puu. 3raa shatak) japancha samavesh karnyasathi vistarle hote, jyacha purava indo-paisiphik manichya shodhatoon midato.
austronesian sagari vyapar jaale.
hind mahasagaratil sagari vyapar jaale aagney aashiyatil sagari austronesian lock chalvat asat. tyanni dakshin bharat aanee srilankebarobar vyapar marg sthapit kele, bhautik sanskratichi (jase qee katamaran, outrigger boaty, strad-lug aanee shivan-plank boaty aanee paan) aanee cultigenschi (jase qee naral, chandan, kelee aanee oos) devanghevan suru kelee; tasech bharat aanee chinchya bhautik sanskratinna jodale. visheshtah indonesian lock, purv africaberober masalyancha (pramukhyane dalchini aanee cassia) vyapar karat hote, jyat catamaran aanee outrigger botincha vapar keela jaat hota aanee bharatiy mahasagaratil pashchimekadil vanyanchya madatine naukanayan karat hote. heey vyapar jaale africa aanee arabi dweepkalpaparyant vistarle, parinami isavi sunn pahilya sahasrakachya purvardhat madgaskarche austronesian vasahatkaran jhaale. too aitihasik kalaparyant chaloo rahila, nantar too sagari resheem marg banala.
helenwadi aanee roman kaal.
bharat aanee greek tolemic samrajya yanchyatil vyapar ii. sha. puu. 130 madhye cyzicuschya eudoxasne suru keela hota. egyptmadhun, sampoorn bhoomadhyasagariy bandaranvar maal pathavala jaau shakat hota. rajyane laal samudra bandare ughadalyamule aanee hangami mansoonche dnyan vadhavalyamule vyaparat lakshaniy vaadh jhaali.
roman samrajyachya akhtyarit bhoomadhya khonyachya prashasanachya ektrikaranamule bharatashi thet sagari vyapar majboot jhaala aanee vividh jameen-aadharit vyapar marganchya madhyasthanni purvi kadhalele curr radd kele. roman samrat augustus (ii. sha. puu. 27-ii. sha. 14) yachya karkirdipasun suru jhalelya aanee antonine playgs samapt jhalelya shantata aanee samruddhimule sulabh jhalelya samanya yugachya pahilya done shatkanmadhye roman samrajya aanee bharat yanchyatil vyapar shikharavar pohochala.
strabochya mateh
romananni egyptche vilinikaran kelyanantar vyaparat jhalelya prachand vadhicha strabone kelela ullekh soochit karato qee mansoon tyachya kalat vyaparasathi olakhala jaat asey aanee tyacha vapar keela jaat asey. yaa vyaparasathi itake sone vaparale gele aanee kushan samrajyane (kushan) tyanchya swatachya nanyansathi tyacha punarnavinikaran kele, jyamule jyeshth (aine. etch. vi.101) yanni bharatat jaatichya nicharababat takrar keleeh
roman bandare.
purvekadil vyaparashi sambandhit teen mukhya roman bandare mhanje arcino, berenis aanee mayos harmon. arcino heey suruvatichya vyapari kendranpaiki eka hote, parantu lavkarach adhik sahaj upalabdh asalelya mayos samprerak aanee berinisamule teey jhakale gele.
arcino.
tolemic rajvanshane upkhandashi vyapar surakshit karnyasathi alexandriachya dhoranatmak sthiticha fayda ghetala. tevha purveshi vyapar karnyacha marg aadhi arsinochya bandaratoon, sadhyachya suezmadhun hota asey disate. purv aafrikechya vyaparatil vastoo arcino, berenis kinwa mayos harmon yaa teen mukhya roman bandaranpaiki eka bandaravar utaravalya gelya. roman lokanni laal samudravaril nailpasoon arsinochya bandar kendraparyantchya galyukt kalvyachi durusti aanee safsafai kelee. roman prashasanala jastit jaast vyapar sagari margankade valavanyasathi haatee ghetalelya anek prayatnanpaiki haah eka hota.
mayos samprerkanchya vadhatya mahattvamule arcino shevati jhakanakhali aala. suezchya aakhatatil uttarekadil vanyanmule mayos samprerkanchya tulanet arcino-clysma sarkhya uttarekadil bandarankade navigation karane katheen jhaale. yaa uttarekadil bandaranmadhye jaanyasathi, khadkal khadak, khadake aanee vishvasghataki pravah yasarkhya atirikt adachani nirman jhalya.
mayos samprerak aanee berenis.
mayos samprerak aanee berenis hii mahattvachi pracheen vyapari bandare asalyache disate, bahudha roman niyantranat yenyapurvi pracheen egyptchya farrow vyapari aanee tolemic rajvanshadvare vaparali jaat hotee.
belzoni (1818) shodhalyapasun, berenisachya jaagechi tulana dakshin egyptmadhil raas banasjavalachya avasheshanshi kelee jaate. tathapi, mayos samprerakanche achook sthan lattig aboo shaar aanee shastriy sahitya aanee upgrah pratimanmadhye dilelya vruttantanshi vadgrast aahe, jeey nayalvareel koptospasoon tatbandi asalelya rastyachya shevati kusir all-kadimashi sambhavya olakh darshavtat. margachya ardhya margavar asalelya all-zarka yetheel utkhananantar kusir all-quadim sthal pudhe mayos samprerkanshi sambandhit aahe, jyamule austraka ughad jhaala aahe jyamule assa nishkarsh nighala aahe qee yaa rastyachya shevati asalele bandar mayos samprerak asoo shakate.
dakshin ashiyai bandare.
sadhyachya bharatachya dakshin tokavaril barbaricum (aadhunik karachi), saunagoura (madhya bangladesh) barigaza, keralmadhil mujiris, korkai, kaveripattinam aanee arikamedu hii pradeshik bandare yaa vyaparachi mukhya kendre hotee, tasech kodumanal heey antardeshiy shahar hote. periplus maris erythreimadhye grico-roman vyapadhyanche varnan kele aahe, jeey "costus, beliyam, lysium, nard, firoza, lapis lazuli, reshimchi tvacha, sutee kapad, resheem dhaga aanee nila" yachya badalyat "patal kapade, aakarache tagache kapad, pukhar, coral, bhatti, kachechi bhandi, chandi aanee sonyachi plate aanee thodishi wine" vikatat. barigazamadhye teey gahoo, tandul, teel teel, kapus aanee kapad kharedi karayache.
barigaza.
indo-sythian paschim kshatrap nahapana ("nambanas") chya niyantranakhali asalelya barigazashi vyapar visheshtah bharbharatila yet hotah
mujiris.
mujiris heey bharatachya nairutya kinanyavaril eka haravalele bandar shahar aahe, jeey cher samrajya aanee roman samrajya yanchyatil pracheen tamil pradeshatil vyaparache pramukh kendra hote. tyache sthan samanyatah aadhunik kalatil crangnore (madhya keral) mhanoon olakhale jaate. pattanam shaharat (cranganorjaval) sapadalele nanyanche mothe sathe aanee amphorache asankhya tukade yamule yaa bandar shaharache sambhavya sthan shodhanyat alikadchya kalat puratatviy swarasya nirman jhaale aahe.
periplasachya matey, asankhya greek navikanni mujirisashi tivra vyapar vyavasthapit kelah
arikamedu.
periplus maris erythreimadhye poduk (chaa. 60), jee.doubleu.buub. aadhunik pandicherimadhil prarambhik chola vyaparache (aata ariyankuppamcha bhag) kendra asalelya tamilanadumadhil arikamedu mhanoon huntingfordchi olakh patali gelee. huntingford pudhe namood karato qee 1937 madhye erikamedu yethe roman matichi bhandi sapadali aanee 1944 teey 1949 darmyanchya puratatviy utkhananatun asey disun aale qee teey "eka vyapari kendra hote jithe isavi sunn 1lya shatkachya purvardhat roman utpadanachya vastoo aayat kelya jaat hotya".
patan aanee varsa.
roman-pertian yuddhannantar, roman byzantine samrajyachya akhtyarit asalele bhag pertian sassanian rajvanshachya khosro dusra yane tabyat ghetale, parantu byzantine samrat haracleusne teey punha jinkale (628). amr ibn all-aus yanchya netrutvakhali arabanni ii. sha. puu. 639 chya uttaradhat kinwa ii. sha. 640 chya suruvatila egyptmadhye pravesh keela. yaa pragatimule egyptvar islami vijay aanee alekzandriyasarkhya bandaranchya patanachi suruvat jhaali, jyacha vapar tolemic rajgharanyapasun roman jagadware upkhandashi vyapar surakshit karnyasathi keela jaat hota.
vyaparatil ghasaranimule pracheen tamil desh aantarrashtriy vyaparasathi aagney ashiyakade valala, jithe tyane romvar kelelya chhapanpeksha sthanik sanskrativar mothya pramanat prabhav padala.
grater india hindu-bauddha kaal.
satvahananni aagney ashiyamadhye nauvahan upkram vikasit kele.
8vya shatkatil lakadi duheri bahereel aanee pracheen javamadhil bodobudur jahajache chitran asey soochit karate qee indoneshiya aanee madgaskar aanee purv africa darmyan bharatiy mahasagarat pracheen vyapari duve hote jyanna kadhikadhi 'dalchini marg' mhanoon sambodhale jaate.'single kinwa double outrigger' heey samudraparyatan karananya austroneshiyanschya jahajanche eka vaishishtyapurn vaishishtya aahe aanee bahudha aagney ashiya, oshiniya aanee bharatiy mahasagarat tyanchya samudraparyatan aanee shodhasathi vaparale jaanare jahaj aahe. yaa kalat, 7vya teey 13vya shatkachya darmyan indonesian dweepsamuhat srivijay thalasocracy samrajyachi bharbharat jhaali, jeey aagney aashiyatil sagari vyapar jaalyavar rajya karate aanee bharat aanee chinala jodate.
chiinii pravas.
15 vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalat zheng hichya netrutvakhali chiinii naudalanni hind mahasagar olandla. mohima vyavsayik nasoon mutsaddi hotya, parantu bhetvastu aanee utpadananchi anek devanghevan jhaali.
japani vyapar.
16vya aanee 17vya shatkat japani jahajannihi laal shikkyachya jahajadware bharatiy mahasagarachya vyaparat pravesh keela 
pranali.
muslim kaal.
muslim kalat, jyat hind mahasagaratil vyaparavar muslimanche varchasva hote, gujarati kapadasarkhya utpadit vastoonchya badalyat molukkasmadhun masale tasech chinmadhun resheem aanat hote aanee nantar teey egyptian aanee arabanna vikat hote. yaa velee laal samudra aanee europemadhye bharatiy mirchya niryatiche kendra kalikat hote, jyat egypt aanee arab vyapari visheshtah sakriy hote.
muslim dharmpracharak aanee vyapanyanni 8vya shatkapasoon, jarr purvi nasel tarr, hind mahasagarachya paschim kinanyavar islamcha prasar karnyas suruvat kelee. keniyachya shanga yethe 8vya-15vya shatkatil eka swahili dagadi masheed sapadali aahe. bharatiy mahasagaratil vyaparane haloohaloo arabi lipi aanee purv aafriket tandul haah mukhya padarth mhanoon aanala. muslim vyapari 800 teey 1700 darmyan darvarshi andaje 1000 african gulamancha vyapar karat asat, hii sankhya 18 vya shatkat vadhoon 3700 jhaali. dutch 1600 chya sumaras tethe sthayik honyapurvi purv bharatiy mahasagarat gulamancha vyaparhi hott hota, parantu yaa vyaparache praman adnyat aahe.
madagaskarmadhil vyapari aanee gulam vyapari (shirazi pertian, omani arab, arabi jyoo, aagney aafriketil bantus) aanee aashiyatil (gujarati, malay, jawani, bugi) kadhikadhi sthanik malagasi kulanmadhye ektrit kele jaat asat, tyaa velee austreliyan sthalantaritanchya naveen laata kayamswarupi sanskrutik aanee anuvanshik varsa mage sodoon madagaskarmadhil aalya.
european vasahatvadi shodh kalavadhi.
portugij kaal.
vasco daa gamachya netrutvakhalil portugijanni aafrikechya dakshin tokatoon hind mahasagarakade jaanara naudal marg shodhala. suruvatila portugij pramukhyane kalikatmadhye sakriy hote, parantu gujaratcha uttarekadil pradesh vyaparasathi aanakhi mahattvacha hota aanee purv-paschim vyaparat eka aavashyak madhyasth hota.
16vya shatkachya suruvatila portugalne istado daa indiyachi sthapana kelee tevha bharatiy mahasagaratil european gulamancha vyapar suru jhaala. tevhapasoon 1830 chya dashkaparyant, mozambikmadhun darvarshi gulamanchi niryat kelee jaat hotee aanee iberian unionchya kalat (1580-1640) aashiyatun philipinesmadhye aanalelya gulamansathi ashach aakadyancha andaj vartavala gela aahe.
paramparik vyapar paddhati nasht jhalya aanee portugij europemadhil masalyanchya vyaparat venesian lokanna qamee vikri karnyas saksham jhaale, tyamule venesian hitsambandhanna thet dhoka nirman jhaala. venisne portugalshi rajnaitik sambandh todale aanee egyptchya darbarat rajdoot pathavun, hind mahasagaratil tyachya hastakshepala pratyuttar denyache marg shodhanyas suruvat kelee. portugijanshi spardha sulabh karnyasathi venisne egyptian shulk qamee karnyasathi vataghati kelya aanee portugijanviruddha "jalad aanee gupt upay" karave ashee soochana kelee. 1507 madhye mamlukanni amir hussen all-kurdichya netrutvakhali eka tafa pathavala, joou chaulachya ladhait ladhel.
1581 madhye allie bechya netrutvakhali portugijanchya virodhat naudal pathavun, ottoman lokanni pertian aakhati pradeshatil portugalchya varchaswala aavhan denyacha prayatna keela. yaa prayatnat tyanna maskat, gwadar aanee pasani yasarkhya anek sthanik sansthananchya aanee bandar shaharanchya pramukhanni pathimba deela. tathapi, portugijanni automan naudlala yashasviritya adavale aanee nasht kele. tyanantar, portugijanni macron kinanyavar gwadar aanee pasnivar hallah keela aanee shatrula madat aanee dilasa dilyabaddal badala mhanoon tyanna barkhast kele.
dutch aanee ingraji kaal.
16vya shatkat portugijanni pertian aakhatat tall ubharale hote. 1602 madhye imam-kulee khaan undiladzechya netrutvakhalil irani sainyane portugijanna baharinmadhun hakaloon denyat yash midavale. 1622 madhye, chaar ingraji jahajanchya madatine, abbasne ormuz tabyat ghenyasathi portugijankadun harmonage parat ghetala. tyane tyachi jaaga vyapari kendra mhanoon ghetali aanee mukhya bhoomijaval bandar abbas heey naveen bandar aanale, parantu teey itake yashasvi kadhich jhaale nahee.
17vya shatkachya suruvatila dutch east india companychya sthapanemule yaa pradeshatil gulamanchya vyaparachya pramanat zapatyane vaadh jhaali; 17vya aanee 18vya shatkat kadachit hind mahasagarat vividh dutch vasahatinmadhye gulamanparyant hote. udaharanarth, dutch sylonmadhye columbo killa bandhanyasathi sumare 4000 african gulamancha vapar karnyat aala. baalee aanee shejaril betanni pradeshik jaalyanmadhye gulamancha puravatha keela. bharatiy aanee chiinii gulamanche vyapari 17vya aanee 18vya shatkat dutch indoneshiyala kadachit gulamancha puravatha karat hote.
east india companychi (eae. aay. see.) sthapana yach kalat jhaali aanee 1622 madhye tyachya jahajanpaiki eka jahaj coromandal kinanyapasun dutch east indijparyant gulam gheuun gele. eae. aay. see. chaa vyapar mukhytah african gulamanmadhye hott asey, parantu kahee ashiyai gulamanni bharatiy, indonesian aanee chiinii gulamanchya vyapanyankadun kharedi kele. frenchanni 1721 madhye runion aanee mauritious betanvar vasahati sthapan kelya; 1735 paryant sumare 7,200 gulamanni muscaren betanvar vastee kelee, hii sankhya 1807 madhye pohochali hotee. britishanni 1810 madhye bete tabyat ghetali, tathapi, aanee 1807 madhye britishanni gulamanchya vyaparavar bandee ghatalyamule betanvaril french lagvadaranna gulam aananyasathi gupt gulamanchya vyaparachi pranali vikasit kelee; ekoon-gulamanna 1670 teey 1848 paryant muscaren betanvar haddapar karnyat aale.
ekoon, europeey vyapanyanna nirvasit karnyat aale-1500 teey 1850 darmyan hind mahasagaratil gulamanna aanee tyach kalat jawaljawal titakich rakkam hind mahasagaratun americet pathvanyat aalee. tathapi, atlantic mahasagaratun haddapar kelelya gulamanchya tulanet hind mahasagaratil gulamancha vyapar khoop maryadit hota.