
apratyaksh aag

apratyaksh golibar mhanje thet golibarapramane, bandook aanee tyache lakshya yanchyatil thet drushti reshevar avalambun naan rahoon prakshepkala lakshya karane aanee golibar karane. azimuth aanee cull mojoon lakshya kele jaate aanee tyat fatka padanyache nirikshan karoon aanee naveen coone mojoon uddisht sudharanecha samavesh asoo shakato.
varnan.
apratyaksh golibar samanyatah maidani tofkhana aanee tofkhanyandware vaparla jaato (jaree maidani tofkhana heey moolatah aanee pahilya mahayuddhanantarparyant thet golibar karnare shastra hote, mhanoon prasiddha emm. 1897 75 miimii sarkhya bandukanchya dabyanmadhye bullet-shiild basavale jaatat). kshepanastre, howitzer, rockett tofkhana, anek rockett prakshepak, cruze kshepanastre, ballistic kshepanastre, kinanyavaril lakshyanviruddh naudal banduka, kadhikadhi machinegans aanee tank aanee anty-tank guns aanee vimanvirodhi bandukansah prushthbhagavaril lakshyanviruddh dekhil yacha vapar keela jaato. 
shastrala lakshya karnyat done parimane asatatah
prakshepya prakshepavkravar vatavaraniy paristhiti, prakshepakacha veg, agniban aanee lakshya yanchyatil unchitil farak aanee itar ghatakancha parinam hoto. pratyaksh aag lagnyachya thikani yapaiki kahee goshtinchi bharpai karnyasathichya yantranancha samavesh asoo shakato. hatbomb aanee rifles, machine gunn, anty-tank gunn, tank maine gunn, anek prakarche margdarshit naan kelele rockett aanee vimanat basavalelya banduka hii pramukhyane thet golibarasathi tayar kelelya shastranchi udaharane aahet.
natone apratyaksh agnichi vyakhya ashee kelee aahe qee, "lakshya gathana vyaktila naan disanari agni lakshya gathanyasathi dilee jaate."yacha arth assa aahe qee azimuth aanee/kinwa 'lakshyikaran' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'heey' lakshya 'heey' lakshya 'heey' heey 'lakshya' heey 'lakshya' heey 'heey' lakshya 'heey' heey 'lakshya' heey 'heey' lakshya 'heey' heey 'lakshya' heey 'heey' heey 'lakshya' heey 'heey' lakshya 'heey' heey 'heey' lakshya  tyamule apratyaksh agni mhanje azimuth aanee unchivaril drushyanvar 'firing deta' lagoo karane aanee hii drushye thevane. jevha lakshya golibar karnyachya sthanavarun disate tevha apratyaksh agnicha vapar keela jaau shakato. tathapi, jevha lakshya lamb pallyachya antaravar asate aanee bhupradeshamule teey firrerla adrushya asate tevha tyacha vapar keela jaato. lamb pallyacha vapar uchch prakshepavkrasathi keela jaato aanee siddhantanusar kamal vyapti 45 anshanchya unchichya konatoon prapt kelee jaate.
apratyaksh golibar karnyacha mool uddesh 'jhakalelya sthan' varoon golibar karane haah hota, jithe bandukdhari tyanchya shatrundware pahile jaau shakat naheet aanee guntavale jaau shakat naheet (aanee tofkhanyanchi vyapti vadhalyamule, lakshya pahane ashakya hote). lapavanyacha pailu mahattvacha aahe, parantu pahilya mahayuddhapasun anek tofkhanyanchya batterinchi aag ekach lakshyavar kinwa lakshyanchya sanchavar kendrit karanyachi kshamata titakich mahattvachi hotee. tofkhanyanchi vyapti vadhat gelee, jyamule pratyek batteryla prabhavache kshetra adhikadhik mothe houu lagale, parantu aagiche ekagrataran saksham karnyasathi aadesh aanee niyantran vyavasthechi aavashyakta hotee. ballisticschya bhautik niyamancha arth assa aahe qee mothya aanee judd prakshepakanni golibar karananya banduka tyanna halakya tofanni golibar karananya lahan-caliber bandukanpeksha adhik door pathvu shakatat. 20vya shatkachya akheris, sarvat samanya bandukanchi kamal kamal shreni pahilya mahayuddhatil sumare 8 kimivaroon sumare 24 teey 30 kiimii hotee.
pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan, aachchhadit sthitee adhik mage sarkali aanee firers halavalyashivay, maryadetil konatyahi binduvar, "firepower mobility" varr hallah karnyas parvanagi denyasathi apratyaksh aag vikasit jhaali. jarr lakshya bandukichya sthanavarun pahile jaau shakat nasel, tarr lakshya olakhanyache aanee golichya padzadinusar lakshya durust karnyache sadhan asale pahije. kahee lakshyanchi sthitee mukhyalayadvare mahitichya vividh strotankadun (shodhak) olakhali jaau shakateh jaminivar, vimanat kinwa nirikshan fugyanmadhye nirikshak. vidyut sampreshanacha vikas atyant sulabh ahwal, aanee anek mothya pramanat vikhuralelya firersna tyancha aag ekach lakshyavar kendrit karnyas saksham kele.
smart shastrastrancha vapar hoiparyant, ekada prakshepit jhalyanantar prakshepakacha marg badalata aala nahee.
itihas.
tirandajankadun apratyaksh banancha vapar samanyatah pracheen sainyat keela jaat asey. tyacha vapar ladhai aanee vedha yaa donhi velee keela jaat asey.
anek shatkanpasun saha-shinge mortar apratyakshapane udavale jaat hote kaaran tyanchi nishchit unchi mhanje shreni hii pranodak choornanchya pramananusar nirdharit kelee jaat asey. haah dekhil vajvi andaj aahe qee jarr heey tofgole killyachya aateel bhagatoon vaparale gele asate tarr tyanchi uddishte tyanna adrushya asoo shakatat aanee tyamule apratyaksh agnichi vyakhya purn jhaali asel.
16 vya shatkat nikolo tartagliane kelelya 'gunner quadrant' chya shodhamule (clinometer pahaa) apratyaksh phayar ganacha parichay jhaala kaaran yamule drushtikonachya resheaivaji upkaranadvare gunleing shakya jhaale. heey vadya mulat sutarancha sanch chauras hota, jyat unchi mojanyasathi eka graduated kamani aanee tondat thevalele plumb-bobb hote. 1561 madhye prakashit jhalelya aanee march 1908 chya 'review dii artillery' madhye punarutpadit kelelya 'livare dii canonary' madheel eka vruttavar aadharit, asha soochana aahet qee 16 vya shatkat bergandian lock apratyaksh agnicha vapar karat hote. russian lokanni 1759 madhye paltzig yethe asech kahitari vaparale hote asey disate, jithe tyanni zadanvar golibar keela hota aanee tyaa kalatil tyanchya soochana soochit karatat qee hii eka samanya pratha hotee. yaa paddhatinmadhye bahudha lakshyachya anushangane thevalela lakshya bindu samavisht asato. nirikshakane samayojit kelelya apratyaksh aagiche sarvat june udaharan waterloochya ladhait haugaumontchya sanrakshanadarmyan asalyache disate, jithe royal horse artillerychya eka battryne french sainyachya pudhe jaanyachya virodhat, commanderne dilelya sudharanancha vapar karoon apratyakshapane golibaracha maaraa keela.
aadhunik apratyaksh aag 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aahe. 1882 madhye eka russian, ell. tii. cole keey. jee. gukane, 'aachchhadit sthananvarun maidani tofkhana golibar' prakashit keela jyamadhye apratyakshapane thevanyachya changlya paddhatiche varnan kele aahe (lakshyachya anushangane lakshya bindu karnyaivaji). thodakyat, heey lakshyachya sapeksh konatyahi dishene asoo shakananya lakshya bindunsathi coone vaparanyachi bhoomiti hotee. samasya hii hotee qee teey saksham karnyasathi azimuth vadyacha abhav hota; unchisathi clinometer aadhich astitvat hote. german lokanni sumare 1890 madhye astar-vimanacha shodh lavoon hii samasya sodavali. hii eka banduk-aarohit firavata yenyajogi khulee drushti hotee, jee boarchya sanrekhanat basavaleli hotee aanee tyatoon mothe coone mojanyas saksham hotee. samanyatah purn vartulat coone mojanyas saksham asha samaan rachana pudhil dashakat mothya pramanat swikarlya gelya. 1900 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant khulya drushtichi jaaga kadhikadhi durbinine ghetali aanee ingrajimadhye 'astar-samtal' yaa shabdachi jaaga 'goniometer' yaa shabdane ghetali.
astar-viman drushye nasali taree, gupt paddhatincha vapar karoon yuddhat apratyaksh golibar karnyacha pahila nirvivad, dastaivajikaran kelela vapar, 26 aktoobar 1899 roji dusya boar yuddhadarmyan british gunnerdware karnyat aala. jaree donhi bajunni sangharshachya suruvatilach dakhavun dile qee teey yaa tantracha prabhavipane vapar karoo shakatat, tarihi tyanantarchya anek ladhayanmadhye british senapatinni tofkhana qamee ghabarnara bananyache aanee tyanchya banduka sodoon denyababatchya sainikanchya chinteche nirakaran karnyasathi pudhe jaanyache aadesh dile. britishanni howitzers sudharit bandukichya kamanancha vapar keela; boers tyanchya german aanee french bandukansah vaparat asalelya pahanyachi vyavastha aspasht aahe.
suruvatichya goneometric upkarananna yaa samasyecha samna karava lagla qee tharala (gunn omarror) drushtitun pahanyasathi firave lagat hote. jarr lakshya bindu samore nasata, visheshtah mothya bandukanvar, tarr heey khoop asamadhankarak hote. upay eka pardarshak vihangam drushya hota, jyat mage ips aanee tharachya dokyachya unchichya varr drushtisamor firavata yenyajoga varcha bhag hota. german gortz 1906 chee rachana british aanee russian doghannihi nivadali hotee. britishanni yaa upkaranasathi 'dial site' heey naav sweekarle; americene 'panoramic telescope' vaparla; russia vaparat hota.
aadvya pratalavarun ubha coone mojanyasathi spirit patalicha vapar karnare upkaran asalelya clinometerdware unchi mojali jaat asey. hii boarchya akshala samantar prushthbhagavar thevaleli swatantra upkarane asoo shakatat kinwa bhautikdrushtya ekhadya prakarchya drushti mountmadhye ektrit kelee jaau shakatat. kahee bandukanmadhye konanaivaji antaranusar clinometer hote. clinometerla 'gunnerchi patali', 'rainz scale', 'elevation drum' aanee 'gunnercha chaturthansh' aanee anek bhinn sanrachanansah itar anek nave hotee. shreneet padvi midavanare bandukichya prakarasathi vishisht hote.
hii vyavastha 20 vya shatkachya bahutansh kaal tikali, joparyant majboot, vishvasarh aanee kifayatsheerpane achook gyroscope konatyahi aavashyak azimuth aanee unchivar bandook kinwa prakshepak nirdeshit karnyache sadhan pradan karat hote, jyamule bahya lakshya bindu naan vaparta apratyaksh aag saksham hote. hii upkarane vartaman unchi, azimuth aanee trunian jhukane nirdharit karnyasathi tinhi akshanmadhye gyrocha vapar karatat.
sambandhit mudde.
bandook kinwa prakshepak lakshya karnyapurvi, too dnyat azimuthchya dishene kinwa kiman lakshya kshetrakade nirdeshit asane aavashyak aahe. suruvatila, lakshya bindu aanee lakshya kshetramadhil coone mojala jaato kinwa andaj lavala jaato aanee azimuth drushyavar seet keela jaato. pratyek bandook nantar lakshya binduvar thewali jaate, yaa konatoon tyanna andaje ekmekanna samantar thevanyasathi. tathapi, tofkhanyasathi aanakhi eka vadya, jyala ektar sanchalak (united kingdam) kinwa lakshya vartul (united states) mhanatat, teey vyapak jhaale aanee akheris bahutek sainyanmadhye banduka nirdeshit karanyachi prathamik paddhat jhaali, jaree serve sainyanmadhye nahee. bandukila nirdeshit kelyanantar aanee aavashyak dishene nirdeshit kelyanantar, eka kinwa adhik lakshya binduche coone nondavale jaatat. asey suruvatiche sanchalak nantarchya samanya vargatil sanchalakanche purvaj hote.
apratyaksh golibarasathi lakshyanna banduka vatap karnyasathi aanee tyanchya golibarala nirdeshit karnyasathi aadesh aanee niyantran vyavasthechi aavashyakta asate. nantarchya madhye jaminivaril kinwa havetil nirikshakancha kinwa tantrik upkarane aanee pranalincha samavesh asoo shakato. lakshya durust karnyasathi, nirikshake kuthe golya padatat yacha ahwal detat. pahilya mahayuddhat vimanansathi-havepeksha judd kinwa phuge donhi-eka mahattvache kaam tofkhana shodhane hote. naudalachya vaparat anek jahaje ekach lakshyavar golibar karat asoo shakatat, jyamule vishisht jahajatoon fatka basalela olakhane katheen hote; pratyek jahajasathi vegvegalya rangache rung anekada shodhanyat madat karnyasathi vaparale jaat asat.
aag "samayojit" kinwa "andajit" kelee jaau shakate. samayojan (moolatah "ranging") mhanje lakshyavar fatka padane durust karnyasathi kahee prakarche nirikshan vaparale jaate; heey anek sambhavya karanansathi aavashyak asoo shakateh
purvanumey aag, jyala mulat 'mapp shooting' mhanatat, tee pahilya mahayuddhat suru karnyat aalee hotee. yacha arth assa qee sadhyachya paristhitimadhye sudharana karnyasathi firing detachi ganana kelee jaate. tyasathi bandukichya sthanachya tulanet lakshya sthan achookpane mahit asane aavashyak aahe.
samayojit aanee andajit aag paraspar ananya nahee, pahili andajit mahitee vaparu shakate aanee nantarchya kahee paristhitinmadhye samayojan karanyachi aavashyakta asoo shakate.
azimuthkade jaanyasathi done marg aahet jeey apratyaksh golibarasathi batterychya bandukanna disha detat. moolatah 'shoonya' mhanje 6400 miilii, 360 ansh kinwa tyanchya samatulya, tee bandukichya dishene nirdeshit kelee jaat hotee. firing deta haah yaa shunyatoon vikshepan kinwa switch hota.
dusari paddhat mhanje pratyaksh greed bearingwar drushya seet karane jyamadhye bandook kendrit hotee aanee golibar deta haah lakshyacha vastavik bearing hota. nantarchya prakaramule chukanche srot qamee hotat aanee banduka yogyaritya takalya gelya aahet qee nahee heey tapasane sope hote. 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, bahutek sainyanni berring paddhat sweekarli hotee, apavad mhanoon united states haah apavad ullekhaneey hota.