mapuche bhasha

mapuche (, mapuche aanee spanish, kinwa mapudungun; 'jameen' aanee 'bolane, bhashan' pasoon) hii dakshin-madhya chiilii aanee paschim-madhya argentinamadhye mapuche lock ('mapu' 'jameen' aanee 'chey' 'lock' pasoon) bolatat tyaa huilisheshy sambandhit eka araukeniyan bhasha aahe. tyache aksharlekhan mapuzhugun aanee mapudungu asehi kele jaate. heey purvi araukeniyan mhanoon olakhale jaat hote, spanish vasahativadacha avashesh mhanoon mapuche heey mapuchela dilele naav; mapuche heey talhtat.
mapudungun hii chiilii aanee argentine yaa deshanchi adhikrut bhasha nahee, teela tyachya sampoorn itihasat aksharshah konatahi sarkari pathimba milat nahee. tathapi, 2013 pasoon, chilichya anek samudayanpaiki eka asalelya galverinochya sthanik sarkarne spanishs mapuchne adhikrut bhashecha darja deela aahe. dakshin chilimadhil mapuche bhagat shikshan purn pramanat upalabdh karoon denyachya chiilii sarkarchya vachanbaddhatenantarhi konatyahi deshachya shaikshanik vyavasthet shikshanachi bhasha mhanoon tee vaparali jaat nahee. likhit mapudungunche manak varnamala mhanoon konati varnamala vaparavi yavar rajkiy vaad suru aahe.
1982 saalee, assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota qee chilimadhye 202,000 mapuche bhashik hote, jyat pehuenche aanee huiliche bolibhasha bolibhasha samavesh hota aanee 2000 salaparyant argentinamadhye aanakhi 100,000 bhashik hote. tathapi, 2002 chya abhyasanusar asey soochit hote qee mapuche mhanoon olakh asalelyanpaiki keval 16 takke lock hii bhasha bolatat (sakriy bhashik) aanee 18 takke lock tee (nishkriy bhashik) samajoo shakatat. yaa aakadevarivarun asey soochit hote qee sakriy vaktyanchi ekoon sankhya sumare 1,20,000 aahe aanee chilimadhye mapucheche thode adhik nishkriy vakte aahet. 2013 paryant shahari bhashikanpaiki keval 2.4 takke aanee grameen bhashikanpaiki 16 takke mulanshi bolatana mapudungun vapartat aanee chilichya (bhashecha balekilla) dakshinekadil 10-19 vayogatatil keval 3.8 takke bhashik yaa bhashet 'atyant saksham' aahet.
chillion spanish bolanare jeey mapudungun dekhil bolatat, teey spanish bolatana adhik avaiyaktik sarvanam vapartat. jyaa bhagat tee bolali jaate tyaa bhagatahi yaa bhashecha spanish shabdakoshavar prabhav padala aahe aanee tyat spanish aanee kwechua yaa donhi bhashanmadhil shabdancha samavesh dekhil karnyat aala aahe.
naav.
varnamalanusar dhvaniche akshar kinwa, aanee kinwa asey lihile jaate. tyaa bhashela ektar 'bhoomiche bhashan (') 'kinwa' lokanche bhashan (')' mhanatat. aaa heey done shabd jodu shakate. asha prakare bhasheche naav lihinyache anek marg aaheth
itihas.
pragaitihasik.
maulian "aanee itar."(2015) assa yuktivad karatat qee inka samrajyachya udayapurvich pukwina bhashecha mapuche bhashevar prabhav padala hota. pukwincha prabhav heey mapuche-aymara-kechua cognetschya astitvache kaaran asalyache manale jaate.khaleel purv-incan sandnyatmak goshti maulian aanee itaranni olakhalya aahet.": surya (,), chandra (,), yuddhaviram (,), meeth (,) aanee aaee (,). ii. sha. 1000 chya sumaras tiwanaku samrajyachya patananantar udbhavalelya sthalantarit latansah haah pradeshik bhashik prabhav aala asava.
inka samrajyashi sambandhit quetuan bhashancha ('pataka' 'shambhar', 'warangka' 'hazar') aanee spanish bhashancha aanakhi alikadil shabdik prabhav aahe.
inka rajvaticha parinam mhanoon, 1530 aanee 1540 chya dashakat spanish lokanchya aagmanachya velee ekonkagua ekonkagua mapuchinmadhye kahee pramanat mapudungun-samrajyavadi kwechua dvibhashikta hotee.
chilo dweepsamuhat anek chono topanimscha shodh, jithe mapudungunshi jawalun sambandhit asaleli bhasha huiliche prabhavi rahili aahe, asey soochit karate qee 16 vya shatkachya madhyat spanishchya aagmanapurvi mapudunganane tethe chono visthapit keela. itihaskar jose perez garciane mandalela eka siddhant asey manato qee, adhik uttarekadil huilichesachya dabavamule, jeey mapuchesdware visthapit hott hote, tyaa purv-hyspanic kalat kunkos chilo betavar sthayik jhaale.
ramirezchya matey "eka dozenhoon adhik mapuche-rapa nui cognetsche varnan kele gele aahe". yapaiki 'mapuche'/'rapa nui' heey 'tokee'/'tokee' 'tokee'/'tokee', 'kuree'/'yoori' (kaala) aanee 'patee'/'itee' (lahan) heey shabd aahet.
vasahatvadachya kalatil spanish-mapuche dvibhashikta.
dvibhashikta aanee hotee shatkatil madhya chiilii heey ukhadalelya sthanik lokansathi eka vitalanare bhande banat asatana, assa yuktivad keela jaato qee hotee shatkat mapuche, kwechua aanee spanish heey lakshaniy dvibhashavadasaha tethe sahastitvat hote. tathapi, chillion spanishwar sarvadhik prabhav taknari sthanik bhasha mhanje mapucheaivaji kwechua.
vasahatvadi kalat, anek spanish aanee mestizo mapuche bhasha bolat asat. udaharanarth, 17 vya shatkat valdivian killa pranalitil anek sainikankade mapuchechi kahishi kamaan hotee.
hotee aanee aanee shatkat chilo dweepsamuhatil bahutansh loksankhya dvibhashik hotee aanee johnn byronchya matey anek spanish lokanni sthanik huiliche bhasha vaparnyas pradhanya dile kaaran teey teela adhik sunder manat hote. tyach sumaras, governor narciso dii santa mariane takrar kelee qee betanvaril spanish vasahati spanish yogyaritya bolu shakat naheet, parantu veliche bolu shakatat aanee hii dusari bhasha adhik vaparali jaat hotee.
aanakhi ghat.
mapudungun hii ekekali madhya chilimadhye bolali jaanari mukhya bhasha hotee. mapuchechi samajik bhashik paristhiti zapatyane badalali aahe. aata, jawaljawal serve mapuche lock spanishmadhye dvibhashik kinwa ekbhashik aahet. dvibhashavadache praman samuday, chilichya samajatil sahbhag aanee paramparik kinwa aadhunik/shahari jivanshailichya dishene vyaktichya nivadivar avalambun asate.
vargikaran aanee mool.
mapuche aanee dakshin americetil itar sthanik bhashanmadhil sambandhambabat tadnyanmadhye ekmat nahee aanee tee eka vegali bhasha kinwa adhik puranmatvadi, eka vargikrut nasaleli bhasha mhanoon vargikrut kelee gelee aahe, tarr sanshodhak tee itar bhashanshi bhashanshi adhik nishchit puravyanchi pratiksha karat aahet.
mapucheche mool haah aitihasikdrushtya vadgrast vishay aahe aanee kalantarane gruhitak badalale aahet. 1970 chya eka prakashanat, mapuche heey mesoamericatil mayaa bhashanshi sambandhit aahe assa yuktivad keela. pudhchya varshi, hampney hetch gruhitak sweekarle. 1973 madhye nantar thampane assa yuktivad keela qee mapuche 'yucha' mhanoon olakhalya pradeshat bhashepasun aala aahe, jee mool-mayan bhashechi bhagini aahe aanee peruchya uttar uttar chimuan bhashanchi purvavarti aahe aanee uru-chipaya (urukvila aanee chipaya) bhasha, jyaa sadhya titikaka talavachya betanvar vibhagat lock aanee boliviatil oruro vibhagat vibhagat lock anukrame bolatat. heey gruhitak nantar tyach varshi campabelane nakarle.
merrie aar. yanni kelele sanshodhan. 1978 madhye keene mapuchecha chilichya itar bhashanshi sambandh asalyache manaleh visheshtah kavesar bhasha aanee yagan bhasha jee donhi jona austreliyatil bhatkya canoer samudayandvare bolalya jaat hotya aanee patagoniatil chonan bhashansah bolalya jaat hotya, jyapaiki kahee aata namshesh jhalya aahet. tathapi, keenusar, mapuche aanee bolivia aanee peru yetheel panoe-tuckenan bhashanmadhye ajunahi jawalcha sambandh aahe, 1973 madhye loosane dekhil eka sambandh nirman keela. keene assa yuktivad dekhil keela qee done bolivian bhashanshi eka sambandh aaheh mosetain aanee yurakere bhasha.
1987 madhye, americetil eka bhashashastradnya joseph greenberg yanni americetil anek sthanik bhashanchya vargikaranachi eka pranali prastavit kelee, jyamadhye dakshin american khandat khandat bahusankhya bhashancha samavesh asel, jyaa purvi vegvegalya kutumbanmadhye gatbaddh kelya gelya hotya. tyachya chaukatibaher padnari ekmev kutumbe eskimo-aloot bhasha aanee naa-denne bhasha hotee. yaa vargikarananusar, mapuche haah andean bhasha kutumbacha bhag manla jaeel, meridian upasamuhamadhye jyamadhye kavesar bhasha, puelche bhasha, tehuelche bhasha aanee yagan bhasha dekhil samavisht aahe. greenbergsathi, araukano hii eka vaiyaktik bhasha nahee, tarr chaar bhashanni banalela eka upasamuh aaheh araukano, mapuche, moloche aanee pehuenche. tathapi, greenbergney vaparlelya tulanatmak paddhati vadgrast aahet. 1994 madhye, vigas barros yanni greenbergchya gruhitak aanee keechya bhagacha thet virodh keela, assa yuktivad keela qee varr namood kelela marindonal upasamuh aanee mapuche bhasha yanchyatil sambandh astitvat nahee. sadhyachya bhashashastradnyanni paddhatshir chintanmule greenbergche nishkarsh nakarle aahet aanee tyaeivaji vargikaranachya adhik puranmatvadi paddhatinchi nivad kelee aahe. shivay, anek bhashashastradnya, yachee pushti karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya upalabdh mahitichya abhavamule, 'amerindia' bhasha kutumbache astitva swikarat naheet.
siil international sarkhya itar itar mapucheche vargikaran hulichesah tyaa araukana kutumbala tayar tayar done bhashanpaiki eka mhanoon kele aahe. tathapi, bahutek vidyaman bhashashastradnya adhik puranmatvadi bhoomika rakhoon, mapucheche vargikaran dakshin americetil itar sthanik bhashanpasun vegali asaleli bhasha mhanoon karatat, jevha qee tyanche farak aanee tyanchyashi asalele samya yancha abhyas keela jaat aahe.
bolibhasha.
bhashashastradnya robbert aii. croze mapudungunche aath bolishastriy upasamuhanmadhye (aay-VIII) vibhajan karato. upasamuh I haah arauko prantat kendrit aahe, upasamuh II hii angole, losses engels aanee madhya aanee khalchya bayo bayo nadichi boolii aahe. upasamuh III haah purenchya bhovati kendrit aahe. lonkvimechya aaspaschya bhagat, melipuco aanee elepen nadee boolii upasamuh IV bolali jaate. up-gut vhee haah araukaniya pradeshachya pradeshachya bolala jaato, jyamadhye rang, boody talav aanee tolton yancha samavesh aahe.
temuko haah aaj mapuche pradeshacha kendrabindu aahe. temuko, freer aanee gorabiyachya aaspas up-gut vi bolala jaato. gut VII haah valdivia prantat adhik pookon aanee curarehumadhye bolala jaato. shevatcha "boolii" upasamuh VIII aahe, jee dakshinekadil lago ranko aanee reo bueno yethoon bolali jaanari huyiliche bhasha aahe aanee itar bolibhashanshi paraspar samajanyayogya nahee.
uttar, madhya, dakshin-madhya aanee dakshin asha chaar boolii gatanmadhye tyanche vargikaran kele jaau shakate. heey pudhe aath upasamuhanmadhye vibhagale gele aaheth I aanee II (uttar), III-IV (madhya), V-VIII (dakshin-madhya) aanee VIII (dakshin). upasamuh III-VIII heey I-III aanee VIII peksha ekmekanshi adhik jawalche sambandhit aahet. krojala heey sambandh susangat aahet, parantu purava nahee, asey ricardo eae. yanni prastavit kelelya mapuchechya utpattichya siddhantasaha aadhalate. laccham.
nuquen aanee reo nigro yaa argentinachya prantanmadhye bolali jaanari mapudungun chilimadhil madhyavarti boolii gatashi samaan aahe, tarr laa pampa yaa argentinachya prantat bolali jaanari rankwell (rankulche) vividhata uttarekadil boolii gatachya jawal aahe.
vyakaran.
mapuche hii sandnya sanyojan aanee mool rachana asaleli eka bahusanshleshit bhasha aahe. sthoolpane sangayache tarr yacha arth assa aahe qee shabd heey shabdik ghatakanchya morphim ektrikaranadvare tayar hotat, jyaa maryadeparyant qee eka shabdala sampoorn vakya tayar tayar anuvadachi aavashyakta asoo shakate.
dhvanyatmakata.
prosody.
mapudungunmadhye anshatah andaj lavnyayogya, parasparvirodhi taana asato aanee dhvanyatmak swar nasato. tanalela shabdansh samanyatah shevatcha asato jarr too bund asel ('khel', 'meghagarjana') aanee shevatcha khula asel tarr ('ghar', 'doke') shevatcha asato. udaharanarth, jevha donhi shabdansh ughade asatat (swarat sampatat) kinwa donhi bund asatat (vyanjanat sampatat), tevha uchchar antim aksharavar padato. jarr doghanpaiki keval eka ughada asel tarr uchchar khulya aksharavar padato.
udaharan
jyaa shabdanmadhye donpeksha jaast shabdansh asatat aanee shevatche done ektar ughade kinwa bund asatat, assa uchchar upantya aksharavar yeto. jarr doghanpaiki keval eka bund asel tarr tyala uchchar midato.
udaharan
varnalekhan.
spanish yenyapurvi mapuchemadhye lekhan pranali navhati, parantu aata tee bhasha lattin lipine lihili jaate. jaree yaa lekhat vaparleli varnarachana 'alfabeto mapuche unificado' varr aadharit asali, taree chillion bhashashastradnya aanee itar lock yaa bhashetil anek prakashananmadhye vaparat asalelya pranalimadhye, pratispardhi ragilio, nevenh aanee azumchefi pranalinche serve samarthak aahet aanee adhikari, bhashashastradnya aanee mapuche samudayanmadhye ajunahi ekmat nahee. pratyek pranalimadhye ekach shabd khoop vegala disu shakato, udaharanarth, "sambhashan kinwa katha" haah shabd ektar "gvxam", "guitram" kinwa "engitram" assa lihila jaato.
microsoftcha khatala.
2006 chya uttaradhat, mapuchechya netyanni microsoftower khatala dakhal karanyachi dhamki dilee jevha microsoftney tyanchya windows operating systemche mapudungunmadhye bhashantar purn kele. tyanni assa dawa keela qee microsoftla tase karnyasathi parvanagichi aavashyakta aahe aanee tyanni tee magitali nahee. hii ghatana, mapuche lokanchi manak varnamala varnamala varnamalasandarbhat mothya rajkiy sangharshachya prakashat pahili jaau shakate.
aakarvidnyan.
pravisht qaraa' sarkhya akarmak kriyapadacha soochak vartaman namuna khalilpramane aaheh
kahee lekhakanni jyache varnan ulat pranali mhanoon kele aahe (algonquin bhashansathi varnan kelelya pranalipramanech) teey 'pahaa' sarkhya sankramanshil kriyapadachya rupanmadhun pahile jaau shakate. akarmak' swaroop khalilpramane aaheth
sankramanshil' rupe khalilpramane aahet (yethe fakt ekvachan rupe dilee aahet):
jevha tisari vyakti pahilya kinwa kinwa vyaktishi sanvad sadhate, tevha form thet ('-eae' shivay) kinwa ulat ('-eae' saha) asatat; vaktyakade konatahi paryay nasato. jevha done trutiyansh vyakti parasparsanvad sadhatat, tevha done bhinn rupe upalabdh asatatah jevha agent samyik asato (tyaa vishisht parichhedat madhyavarti aakruti) tevha thet form (') yogya asato. jevha rugna sthanik asato tevha ulat swaroop (') yogya asate. tyamule 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'purushane strila pahile' assa 'arth hoto. tathapi, tee eka nishkriy rachana nahee; nishkriy asel " manus disala; konitari manus pahila '. tyamule, 'purushala pahanari streech hotee' kinwa 'purushala pahanari streech hotee' haah eka changla anuvad asoo shakato.
bhasheche punarujjivan karnyache prayatna.
chilichya shikshan mantralayane 1996 madhye shikshanat sthanik bhashecha samavesh karnyachya prayatnat aantarsanskrutik dvibhashik shikshanache karyalay tayar kele. deshatil 50 takke mapuche loksankhya santiagochya parisarat aanee tyachya aaspas rahat asali taree, 2004 paryant santiagomadhil sarvajanik shalanmadhye adyap konatehi karyakram navhate. 30.4 takke mapuche vidyarthi aathviche shikshan kadhich ghet naheet aanee tyanche garibeeche praman jaast aahe. bahutek bhasheche punarujjivan karnyache prayatna grameen samudayanmadhye jhaale aahet aanee heey prayatna mapuche loksankhyene vegvegalya prakare sweekarle aaheth aurties mhanatat qee kahijananna asey vatate qee shalanmadhye mapudungu shikavalyane tyanchi mule itar chiliyanpeksha mage jaatil, jyamule heey ughad hote qee chilichya sarkarne tyanchya sanskratiche itake kaal avmoolyan kele aahe qee durdaivane, kahee mapuche lock tyanchi bhasha dekhil nirupayogi mhanoon pahoo lagale aahet, joou vasahatvadacha thet aanee chirsthayi parinam aahe.
sarvajanik shalanmadhye mapudungun shikavani nasatanahi, chilichya pontifical catholic vidyapithasarkhya nivadak chillion vidyapithanmadhye maryadit bhashetil abhyaskram upalabdh aahet.
abhyas.
junie kaame.
jesut pujari lui dii valdivia yanni 1606 madhye prakashit kelelya pahilya mapudungun vyakaranadvare ('arte vaay gramatica general day laa lengwa kyu korey aine todo ell reno dii chiilii') mapudungunche aupcharikaran aanee samanyikaran prabhavit jhaale. vyakaran aanee shabdakoshane banalele jesuit andress fabress (1765, lima) yanche 'arte dii laa lengua general dell reno dii chiilii' heey adhik mahattvache aahe. 1776 madhye german jesuit bernhard havestad yanni lattinmadhil teen khand westfelia (chilidugu seave race chillins) madhye prakashit kele.
1810 pasoon mapuche lokanni vyapalelya pradeshat pradeshat dharmpracharak dharmpracharak moolbhut tayari mhanoon fabrageche kaam vaparale jaat hote. eka durust keleli aavrutti 1846 madhye purn jhaali aanee saransh 1864 madhye shabdakoshavina purn jhaala.
1888 madhye italian octaviano dii niza yanni lihilele 'brave metodo della lingwa araukana vaay diseonario italo-araukano eae visversa' heey pustak fabress yanchya pustakavar aadharit aahe. 1928 madhye valdiviyamadhil convento dii sann francisco yethe lagalelya aagit teey nasht jhaale hote.
aadhunik kaame.
augusta (1903,1916) paryantchi kaame hii aataparyantchi sarvat vyapak kaame aahet. salas (1992,2006) hii bigger-tadnyansathi eka olakh aahe, jyat eka vanshik parichay aanee eka maulyavan majkoor sangrah dekhil aahe. zuniga (2006) madhye sampoorn vyakaran varnan, dvibhashik shabdakosh, kahee grunth aanee majkoor dhvanimudranasaha audio seedee (shaikshanik sahitya, eka paramparik lokkatha aanee sahaa samkalin kavita) samavisht aahe. smeets (1989) aanee zuniga (2000) heey keval tadnyansathi aahet. fernandez-gaare (2005) yaa chitrapatatun bhasha aanee sanskruti yaa donhincha parichay hoto. catrillio (1995) aanee hernandez aanee ramos yanche shabdakosh heey tribhashik (spanish, ingraji aanee mapudungun) aahet.

