akshar (varnamala)

akshar heey dhvanyatmak lekhan pranaliche vibhagiy prateek aahe. serve aksharanchi yadee varnamala tayar karate. jaree akshare aanee dhvanimadhye kvachitach susangat aanee achook sanvad asato, taree akshare bhashechya bolalya vaparlya dhwanishi mothya pramanat julatat.
later' haah shabd junya frenchmadhun ghetala gela asoon, ii. sha. 1200 chya sumaras tyane madhya ingerjit pravesh keela, akheris junya ingraji shabdache (bookstaff) sthanantar kele. "akshar" heey lattinmadhun aale aahe, jeey kadachit greekmadhun aale asave "(, lekhan tablet), etruscandware.
vyakhya aanee vapar.
akshar haah eka prakarcha graphim aahe, joou lekhan pranalitil eka karyatmak ekak aaheh eka akshar (kinwa aksharancha samooh) drushyamanpane dhvaniche (dhvaniche eka ekak jeey eka vishisht bhashet eka shabdapasoon shabdapasoon shabdacha farak karoo shakate) pratinidhitva karate. jyapramane dhwani ekatra karoon bolanare shabd tayar kele jaatat, tyach prakare akshare ekatra karoon likhit shabd tayar kele jaatat. dhvaniche pratinidhitva pratinidhitva graphimschya kramala bahulekhan kinwa bahulekh mhanatat. degraph heey done graphimsche banalele polygraphche prakaran aahe. ingrajimadhil degraphchya udaharananmadhye 'chaa', 'shh' aanee 'tha' yancha samavesh hoto. kahee dhwani teen aksharanni darshavilya jaatat, jyanna germanmadhye trigraph mhanatat.
ekach aksharroop vegvegalya varnamalanmadhye vaparale jaau shakate parantu tyanche aavaj vegvegale asatat. akshare, aanee tee eksarkhi disatat, parantu anukrame lattin etch, greek etaa aanee cyrillic aine aahet; yaulat yaa varnamalanmadhil akshare, (sigma) aanee (ess (cyrillic)) pratyek (andaje) samaan [shabd] darshavtat. moolbhut lattin varnamala jagbharatil shekado bhashanmadhye vaparali jaate, parantu itar anek varnamala aahet.vishisht nave aksharanshi sambandhit asatat, jee bhasha, bolibhasha aanee itihasanusar bhinn asoo shakatat. "udaharanarth, zedala samanyatah america vagalata serve ingraji bhashik deshanmadhye" "zed" "mhanatat, jithe tyala" "zee" "asey naav dile jaate". varnamalanche ghatak mhanoon, aksharanni kram nishchit kele aahet, jaree heey dekhil bhashenusar badaloo shakate. udaharanarth, spanishmadhye eka vegale akshar aahe, jeey yapasoon vegale kramvarit aaheh haah farak sahasa ingraji shabdakoshanmadhye olakhala jaat nahee. (sanganak pranalinmadhye, pratyekacha swatacha adviteey code point aahe, aanee, anukrame.)
aksharanche sankhyatmak kinwa parimanatmak moolya dekhil asoo shakate. heey roman ankanvar aanee itar lekhan paddhatinchya aksharanvar lagoo hote. ingrajimadhye, arabi ankancha vapar samanyatah aksharanaivaji keela jaato. greek aanee lattin aksharancha ganeet, vidnyan aanee abhiyantrikimadhye vividh aadhunik vapar aahe.
kahivela lock aanee vastoonna aksharannusar nave dilee jaatat, yapaiki eka karanasathih
varnamala lekhanacha itihas.
varnamala, dhwanimudrika, dhwanichi graphik chinhe vaparnyapurvi. dhvanyatmak dhvanyatmak varnanche teen prakar hoteh maukhik, sampoorn shabdansathi chitre, shabdansh, joou shabdanchya abhivyaktisathi asato aanee varnamala, jee chinhe kinwa akshare darshavate. jyanchi sarvat junie udaharane pracheen egypt aanee pracheen chinmadhil aahet, jee ii. sha. puu. 3,000 chya aaspaschi aahet. pahila vyanjan varnamala ii. sha. puu. 1800 chya sumaras udayas aala, jee egyptmadhil finician, semitic kamgaranche pratinidhitva karate. tyanchi patkatha mulat ujavikadoon davikade lihili aanee vachali gelee hotee. finician varnamaletun etruscan aanee greek varnamala aalya. tethoon, aaj sarvat jaast vaparali jaanari varnamala, lattin, udayas aalee, jee davikadoon ujavikade lihili aanee vachali jaate.
phoenician varnamalamadhye 22 akshare hotee, jyapaiki ekonis lattin varnamalemadhye vaparali gelee hotee aanee ii. sha. puu. 900 chya sumaras swikarlya gelelya greek varnamalane phoenician yadeet chaar akshare jodali. keval vyanjan dhvanilach navhe tarr swarannahi akshare niyukt karnari hii greek varnamala pahili hotee.
roman samrajyane lattin varnamala ii. sha. puu. 500 chya sumaras vikasit aanee parishkrut kelee. pachvya aanee sahavya shatkat, roman likhanat lahan aksharancha vikas houu lagla. yaa tappyavar, parichhed, mothya akshare aanee lahan akshare aanee vakye aanee kalamanchi sankalpana adyap udayas aaleli navhati; vikasache heey antim bhag 7 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 8 vya shatkachya suruvatila udayas aale.
shevati, pashchimatya jagaat vaparlya vaparlya samanya varnamalamadhye anek kirkol aksharanchi bharr padali aanee thembahi padale. konta' (θ), 'wiin' (′) aanee 'eth' (δ) yasarkhi kahee akshare kadhoon takane yasarkhe kirkol badal karnyat aale.
patranche prakar.
mothe aanee lahan.
hastalekhan kinwa chhapaichya shailitil farkashi sambandhit patrache anek prakar kinwa allograph asoo shakatat. kahee lekhan paddhatinmadhye pratyek aksharasathi done pramukh prakarche allograph asatatah eka 'mothe akshar' swaroop (jyala 'mothe akshar' kinwa 'mothe akshar' asehi mhanatat) aanee eka 'lahan akshar' swaroop (jyala 'lahan akshar' dekhil mhanatat). mothee aanee lahan akshare samaan dhwani darshavtat, parantu lekhee swarupat vegvegali karye karatat. mothya aksharancha vapar bahutekda vakyachya suruvatila, yogya naav kinwa shirshakache pahile akshar mhanoon kinwa shirshake kinwa shilalekhanmadhye keela jaato. teey itar karye dekhil karoo shakatat, jase qee german bhashet jethe serve sandnya mothya aksharanni suru hotat. 
mothe akshar' aanee 'lahan akshar' yaa sandnyancha ugam mudran yantransathichya handset prakarachya kalat jhaala. eka prakarchya prakaranat, pratyek aksharanche thokale, darachya vishisht dabyanmadhye thewale jaat asat. mothya aksharanna varchya dorachya kinwa mothya aksharanchya aakadyat sathavale jaat asey.
diacritic.
bahutek varnamalatmak lipinmadhye, dicritic (kinwa uchchar) niyamitpane vaparale jaatat. itar bhashanmadhil kinwa vaiyaktik navanmadhil (udaharanarth, "navv, bronte") shabdancha vapar vagalata ingrajicha vapar naan karane asamanya aahe. yaa vaparachi sarvavyapita sanganak pranalinmadhye vaparnyasathi purv-rachana kelelya varnanchya astitvadvare darshavili jaate (udaharanarth,,,,,,.)
lekhan paddhatinmadhil patranchi udaharane.
pudhil taktyat, jagbharat vaparlya vaparlya vividh aksharanche pradarshan karnyasathi, anek vegvegalya lekhan pranalinmadhil akshare darshavili aahet.

