
punaravrutticha abhyas

lakes calpernia dii repetandis ("malmattechya vasulisathi calperniuscha kayada") haah ii. sha. puu. 149 madhye pleebs lucius calpernius pisochya nyayadhikaranane prayojit kelela roman kayada hota. prantanmadhye roman governoranni kelelya gunhyanchya vadhatya sankhyela samore jaanyasathi, tyane roman itihasatil pahile kayamswarupi faujdari nyayalay sthapan kele. lakes calpernia' haah roman kayada aanee rajkaran yaa donhimadhil eka mailacha dagad hota.
lakes calpernia" purvi, faujdari prakarananchi chaukashi ekhadya vidhansabhesamor tatpuratya nyayalayandware kelee jaat asey, jee bhavna aanee alankarik sadhananchya adheen hotee. tyaeivaji, yaa kayadyadvare tayar kelelya kayamswarupi nyayalayache adhyakshapad sinetarsachya nirnayak mandalasah pretorchya adhyakshatekhali hote, jyanna tyanchya samvayaskancha nyayniwada karava lagat asey. asey disate qee vyapti aanee dand khoop maryadit hota, kaaran adhikadhyanvar keval khandanisathi khatala bharala jaau shakat hota aanee atirikt nuksanbharpaishivay, tyanni jeey chorale hote teey parat denyas tyanna bhag padale jaau shakat hote. shivay, prantiy davedaranche pratinidhitva nyayalayat roman aashraydatyane karave lagat asey. lakes calpernia" chey nirbandh aanee tyacha lekhak puranmatvadi hota yaa vastusthiticha vichar karata, asey suchavale gele aahe qee piso pratyakshat vidhansabha aanee lokmatanchya nyayadhikarananvar sinetche adhikar balkat karoo ichchit hota.
tathapi, 'lakes calpernia' haah senator gatanmadhil rajkiy shastra mhanoon vaparla jaau lagla. ii. sha. puu. 130chya done prasiddha khatalyanvarun heey kharokharach disun yete qee metellus macedonicus aanee sipiyo emilionus yansarkhya pramukh rajkarnyanni tyanchya shatrunvar khandani nyayalayachya madhyamatoon khatala chalavala. rajkiy hitsambandhanmule nantar visheshtah dand vadhavun aanee panchanchya rachnet badal karoon, 'lakes calpernia' madhye punaravrutti sudharana jhalya. taridekhil kayadyacha kanaa roman samrajyat changlya sthiteet rahila.
parshvabhoomi.
pahilya done punic yuddhannantar, roman prajasattakacha italichya baher cicilly, sardiniya aanee coursica, sisalpine gaull aanee hyspania citerior aanee ulteriormadhye zapatyane vistar jhaala. roman rajyapalanchi yaa prantanmadhye anekada atyachari vaganuk hotee, jyala teey sampatti aanee pratishthecha jalad srot manatat. rajyapalankadun jhalelya anek dushkrutyanchi mahitee aahe; tyanchyavar ektar diwani prakriyedvare kinwa tatpuratya nyayalayadvare ekatra aalelya lokansamor khatala chalavala jaat asey, jeey anekada ayashasvi tharale. udaharanarth, 171 madhye majee vanijyadut marcus popilius lenus yanchyavar statellets, eka ligurian lock, gulamgirit vikalyabaddal khatala chalavanyat aala, parantu tapasasathi niyukt kelelya preterne prakaran mage gheiparyant vilamb keela. parinami, gunhegari governor jyaa prakare doshasiddhipasun vachoo shakatat tyabaddal sarvasadharan asantosh hota.
150 madhye, servius sulpicious galba haah hyspania citeriormadhye propretor hota aanee tyane lucitanianschya virodhat moheem rabavali. tyane vishvasghatane yuddh sampavaleh tyane lucitanian lokanna udar shantatecha prastav deela, parantu tyanni aatmasamarpan kelyanantar bahutekanchi kattal kelee aanee gulam kele. galbachya vishvasghatamule santapt jhalelya lucius scribonius libochya 149 chya janahit yachikechya nyayadhikaranane galbavar khatala dakhal karnyasathi tatpurte nyayalay sthapan karnyasathi vidheyakacha masuda tayar keela. scriboniusla catoo daad sensorcha pathimba hota, jyane bahudha spainmadhil tyachya grahakanchya colla uttar dile (catoche spanish prantanmadhye eka pramukh aashray network hote). romla paratalyavar, galbane sarvmatsabhesamor scriboniuschya vidheykachya virodhat bhashya kele, jithe yaa vishayavar charcha jhaali. galba eka utkrusht vakta hota aanee tyane aaplya mulanna manchavar aanoon aanee dayechi vinavani karat ashru otoon gardichya bhavnanvar khel keela; tyachya bachavane prabhavit houn, jamalelya lokanni scriboniusche biil nakarle.
149 chya yachiketil aanakhi eka nyayadhikaran, lucius calpernius piso fruggy, roman adhikaanyaanche nyayniwada karnyasathi kayamswarupi faujdari nyayalay sthapan karoon galbachya prakaranane upasthit keleli samasya sodavu ichchit hote. katopramanech, piso dekhil spainmadhye eka mahattvacha aashraydata hota, kaaran tyache kaka gayas calpernius piso yanni 186 madhye tethe pretor mhanoon kaam kele. piso yanni aapala kayada janamatadvare manjur keela.
kayada.
lakes calpernia" neey pahile kayamswarupi nyayalay (latt.: 'questio pertua') darvarshi satrat bolavale jaate, jeey roman kayadyachya itihasatil sarvat mahattvachya navkalpananpaiki eka aahe. tyache adhyakshapad peregreen preterne bhushavale hote-joou gair-roman nagarikanshi (latt) sambandhit baabee hatalanara pretter hota. "peregrinus": paradeshi). yaa naveen jababdarimule tyala tyachya karyalayachya kalat rommadhye rahnyas bhag padale gele, tyamule peregreen pretter 'dii facto' haah shahari pretersarkhach eka shahar pretor banala. lakes calpernia" neey eka panchmandali dekhil tayar kelee, roman kayadeshir vyavasthetil aanakhi eka navkalpana; piso kadachit rodsasarkhya greesmadheel samaan nyayadhish mandal nyayalayanpasun prerit hota. nyayadhishanna keval sinetmadhunach nivadave lagat asey. nyayadhishanchi nivad karanyachi prakriya adnyat aahe; tyanna peregreen pretordware muktapane nivadle jaau shakate kinwa nivadak yaditoon nivadle jaau shakate. nyayalay keval sinetarsavar khatala chalvu shakat hote.
kayadyachya tapashilanvar, visheshtah tyachya karyavahivar aanee kona tyacha vapar karoo shakel yabaddal phaar qamee mahitee aahe. eka mukhya samasya ashee aahe qee keval roman nagarikach nyayalayasamor aarop karoo shakatat. prantiy ajunahi majee adhikadhyanvar khatala kassa dakhal karoo shakatat heey spasht karnyasathi aadhunik vidvananni anek siddhant tayar kele aahet. michael crofford suchavatat qee khatalyachya velee prantanna tatpurte nagrikatva dile jaau shakate, parantu bahutek aadhunik vidvananna asey vatate qee tyanche pratinidhitva tyanchya vatine kaam karananya roman aashraydatyanni kele pahije. kayadyachi vyapti tyavyatirikt khoop maryadit hotee, kaaran tee keval malmattechya vasulishi sambandhit hotee. gulamgiri kinwa hatyakandaviruddha konatihi tartud karnyat aalee navhati, jase 150 madhye galbane lucitanian lokanviruddha kele hote. shivay, doshi adhikanyanna tyanni kelele nuksan parat karnyasathi shiksha houu shakat hotee; konatihi dandatmak shiksha ghoshit kelee jaau shakat navhati.
lakes calpernia" chya saumyateche spashtikaran denyasathi, erich gruen yanni suchavale aahe qee piso yanna lokmat aanee lokpriy sabhechya nyayadhikarananvar sinetche adhikar majboot karayache hote. kharey tarr, aadhichya tatpuratya nyayalayanpramanech, 'lakes calpernia' antargat suru jhalelya faujdari khatalyala janahit yachikechya nyayadhikaranadvare nakaradhikar deela jaau shakala nahee aanee tyachya nirnayavar apeal kele jaau shakale nahee, jyamule sinetcha prabhav mothya pramanat vadhala.
chachanya.
lakes calpernia' chaa samavesh asaleli konatihi chachani, tee dattak ghetalyanantar nauu varshanparyant dnyat nahee. pahila nondavalela 'dii repeatendis' khatala decimus junious silanus manlionus viruddha hota, joou 141 madhye macedoniamadhye pretor hota. pudhchya varshi, macedonian dutavasane tyachyavar synetsamore vividh prakarchya karvaicha aarop keela, parantu sylanusche naisargik vadil-titus manalius torquets-yanni pratham khajgiritya tyacha nyay karnyacha adhikar magitala. torquets haah gambhiratechi pratishtha asalela majee vanijyadut hota aanee kathor naitik sanhita asalelya kutumbatoon aala hota, tyamule tyachi vinanti synet aanee macedonianne sweekarli. gharat donhi pakshanche mhanane aikalyanantar, torquetsla silanus doshi aadhalala aanee tyane tyala tyachya najaretoon hakaloon dile, jyamule silanus aatmahatya karnyas pravrutt jhaala. davedaranna bharpai denyasathi syllanuschya aatmahatyenantar khatala suru rahila asava.
syllanuschya khatalyachya sunavanimule kadachit rommadhye swarasya nirman jhaale aanee anek rajkiy gatanni 'lakes calpernia' madhye virodhkanviruddha vaparnyasathi eka shaktishali shastra pahile. 138 madhye, chaar majee vanijyadutanche, quints cecilius metalius macedonicus (144 madhye vanijyadutanche) aanee tyacha bhau lucius metellus calvus (142 madhye vanijyadutanche), tasech gnaeus aanee quints cervillius capio (141 aanee 140 madhye vanijyadutanche), yanchyavar 141 aanee 140 madhye hyspania citeriormadhil quints pompeus, vanijyadutanche aanee proconsal yanchyavar khandanicha khatala dakhal karnyat aala. meteli aanee sapions yanchyatil kautumbik sambandhanmule heey sunishchit hote qee tyanni eka gut tayar keela aanee tyanche aarop spanish prantanchya kalyanapeksha pompiyasaviruddhachya tyanchya shatrupasoon adhik prerit hote. pompeus haah eka 'homo novas' hota, jyachya vegwan vadhine anek cinetersna aswasth kele hote, parantu tyachya shatrunchi prabhavi vanshaval asoonahi tyachi nirdosh muktata karnyat aalee. cicero sangato qee aaropinchya pratishthemule nyayadhishanna ekhadya vyakticha nishedh karayacha navhata.
meteline rajkiy shastra mhanoon khandanichya nyayalayachya yaa vaparamule sipiyo emilionus yala tyacha eka shatru, lucius aurelius kotta yachya virodhatahi asech karnyas pravrutt kele. yaa prakaranat, rajkiy hetu aanakhi spasht aahe, kaaran kotta 144 madhye vanijya doot hota aanee tyane eka prantat kaam kele navhate. sipiyo tyachyavar yapurvi khatala dakhal karoo shakala asata, parantu khandani nyayalay "antargat synet yuddhasathi yuddhabhoomi" banlyanantarach tyane asey kele. yaveli, metellus macedonicus haah kotachya prativadinpaiki eka hota; sipiyoshi asalela tyacha vair changlya prakare nondavala gela aahe. saat vela sthagiti dilyanantar, shevati kotachi nirdosh muktata karnyat aalee. mageel prakaranapramane, juriechi rachana karananya cinetersna rajkiy bhandanacha bhag vhayache navhate, asey shakya aahe, jaree epian sangato qee kotane jurina laach dilee hotee.
137 madhye, sipiyone lokmat lucius cassius longinus ravillachya nyayadhikaranane tayar kelelya vidheykala pathimba deela, jyane lokpriy sabhemadhye aanalelya faujdari prakarananmadhye (uchch deshdroh vagalata) gupt matpatrakancha vapar karane anivarya kele. khandani nyayalay tyachya apekshepramane kaam karoo shakale nahee, tyamule sipiyola vatale qee tyachya virodhakanna doshi tharvanyasathi adhik lavchik lokpriy nyaymandal adhik yogya tharel. yashivay, 136 madhye, sipiyocha shatru marcus emilius lapidus porsinavar khatala chalavanyat aala aanee lokpriy sabhemadhye tyacha nishedh karnyat aala.
sudharana.
roman prajasattakachya shevatchya shatkat manjur jhalelya khandani kayadyanchya dirgh maliketil 'lakes calpernia' haah pahila hota, jyaa darmyan nyayadhishanchi rachana haah eka vibhajankari rajkiy vishay banala. lakes calpernia" madhye sudharana karnara pahila kayada mhanje 126 kinwa 123 salcha aspasht "lakes junia" hota aanee too ektar marcus junious silanus kinwa marcus junious kangsashi sambandhit hota. lakes junia" kadachit jyurimadhye "equits"-roman abhijat vargatil dusra star-jodala asel.
122 madhye, geyas gracksney pudhe aanalelya sudharananchya vishal karyakramacha eka bhag mhanoon, pleebs manius acelius glabriochya nyayadhikaranane "lakes acelia repetundarum" paas kele. yamule nyaymandal keval 'samvayask' pasoon tayar jhaale; tyamule senators yapudhe tyanchya samvayaskancha nyayniwada karoo shakat navhate aanee parinami abhiyojan pakshachya yashache praman vadhale. yavyatirikt, bigger-nagrik roman adhikadhyanvar khatala chalvu shakat hote aanee jarr tyancha aarop yashasvi jhaala tarr tyanna roman nagrikatva dile jaat asey. lakes acelia" neey shevati khandanisathi dand duppat keela, kadachit prarambhik "lakes calpernia" tyachya sopya bharpaisah khoop saumya asalyache manale gele hote. 106 madhye juriechi rachana punha badalanyat aalee, jevha consul quints cervillius capiochya kayadyat asey mhatale gele qee ardhe jurie senators asavet. lakes servillia cponis" 104 kinwa 101 madhye lokmat gayus cervillius glauciachya lokpriy nyayadhikaranane "lakes servillia glaucia" saha parat kele, jyane jurieche sampoorn niyantran "equits" laa parat dile aanee doshi adhikanyanna nagrikatva gamavoon shiksha kelee. 81 madhye, puranmatvadi hukumshaha sullane tyachya 'lakes cornelia dii mastate' neey serve samvayaskanna darbaratoon kadhoon takale. 59 madhye, vanijyadut mhanoon julius seasurene atyant gambhir 'lakes yulia dii repetandis' parit keela, jyamule doshi adhikanyanna haddapar karave lagale aanee sullachya kayadyachi jaaga ghetali.
akheris, ii. sha. puu. 4 madhye, augustusne roman adhikadhyandvare khandani ghenyachya prakriyechi punarparibhashit karnara "senates consultum calvicianum" manjur keela; khandanicha nirnay aataparyant sinetarsachya jyuridware ghetala jaat hota aanee hii manjuri eka sadhee paratfed hotee. tyamule, jawaljawal 150 varshanchya pudhe aanee mage asalelya kayadyannantar, augustus 'lakes calpernia' chya prarambhik swabhavakade paratala.
kayamswarupi khandani nyayalay nirman jhalyamule tyanantar anek kayamswarupi nyayalaye sthapan jhaali, jyapaiki pratyek nyayalay deshdroh ('majestas'), lachkhori ('umbitus'), vishbadha ('veneficia'), marekari aanee gund ('sikari'), rajdroh ('vis') ityadi vishisht gunhyanshi sambandhit hotee.