
khanijashastracha itihas

khanijashastravaril, visheshtah ratnanvaril prarambhik lekhan pracheen babylonia, pracheen grico-roman jug, pracheen aanee madhyayugeen chean aanee pracheen bharatatil sanskrut granthanmadhun aale aahe. yaa vishayavaril pustakanmadhye pliny daad eldercha naturalis hysteria samavisht hota, jyamadhye keval anek vegvegalya khanijanche varnan kele gele nahee tarr tyanche anek gunadharm dekhil spasht kele gele. german punarujjivan tadnya georgious agricola yanni 'dii reey metallica' ('dhatunvar', 1556) aanee 'dii natura fossilium' ('khadakanchya swarupavar', 1546) yasarkhi kaame lihili, jyane yaa vishayakade vaidnyanik drushtikon suru keela. punarujjivanantarchya europemadhye khanije aanee khadakancha paddhatshir vaidnyanik abhyas vikasit jhaala. khanijashastracha aadhunik abhyas 17 vya shatkat sukshmadarshakachya shodhasah sfatikalekhan aanee khadak vibhaganchya sookshm abhyasachya tattvanvar aadharit hota.
europe aanee madhya purv.
pracheen greek lekhak aristotal (384-322 bii. see.) aanee theophrasts (370-285 bii. see.) heey pashchimatya paramparetil pahile lekhak hote jyanni khanije aanee tyanche gunadharm tasech tyanchyasathi aadhyatmik spashtikaran lihile. greek tatvadnyani aristotal yane tyacha 'havamanshastra' lihila aanee tyat asey siddha kele qee serve dnyat padarth koradepana, olava, ushnata aanee thandichya gunadharmansah paanee, havah, pruthvi aanee agnine banalele aahet. greek tatvadnyani aanee vanaspatishastradnya theophrastsne tyacha 'dii mineralibus' lihila, jyane aristotleche mutt sweekarle aanee khanijanche done shreninmadhye vibhajan keleh ushnatene prabhavit aanee olsaratene prabhavit.
aristotalchya aadhyatmik ugam aanee shwas baher kadhanyachya ("anathumiasis") siddhantat khanijashastrasaha pruthvi vidnyanavaril prarambhik anumanancha samavesh hota. tyachya siddhantanusar, olsar shvasadvare dhatoo ekatra kele jaane apekshit hote, tarr koradya vayutoon shwas baher kadhane (neumatodestera) heey pruthvichya matimadhye aadhalanaya khanijanche karyaksham bhautik kaaran hote. tyanni pruthvichya prushthbhagavaril aadratechi udaharane vaparoon yaa kalpana mandalya (eka olsar waf 'sambhavyatah panyasarkhi'), tarr dusari pruthvivarunach hotee, jee garam, koradi, dhulichi aanee atyant jwalansheel ('sambhavyatah agnisarkhi') vaishishtyanshi sambandhit hotee. itihaskar berthelotne namood kelyapramane, pracheen kalapasoonchya aristotalchya aadhyatmik siddhantacha nantarchya madhyayugeen europemadhye aadhalanaya samaan siddhantavar vyapak prabhav padalah
khanijanchi pracheen greek shabdavali dekhil yuganuyuge adakali aahe aanee aadhunik kalat tyacha vyapak vapar hott aahe. udaharanarth, greek shabd esbestos (jyacha arth 'naan vizavata yenyajoga' kinwa 'naan vizavata yenyajoga'), aaj dnyat asalelya tantumay sanrachanesah asalelya asamanya khanijasathi aahe. pracheen itihaskar strabo (ii. sha. puu. 63-ii. sha. puu. 19) aanee pliny daad elder (ii. sha. puu. 1) yaa doghannihi esbestos, tyache guna aanee tyachya utpattibaddal lihile, yaa helenwadi vishvasasah qee too eka prakarcha bhajipala hota. pliny daad elderne yala bharatat samanya khanij mhanoon soochibaddha kele, tarr chinchya itihaskar yu huan (239-265 edee) neey yaa 'agnirodhak kapadyala' pracheen rome kinwa arabiache (chinih dakin) utpadan mhanoon soochibaddha kele. pracheen kalatil yaa khanijanche dastaivajikaran aadhunik vaidnyanik vargikaranachya paddhatishi julat nasale taree, suruvatichya khanijashastravar vyapak lekhee karya hote.
pliny daad elder.
udaharanarth, pliny tyachya naturalis historiya (ii. sha. 77) yaa granthache paach sampoorn khand 'pruthvi, dhatoo, dagad aanee ratne' yaa vargikaranasathi samarpit kele. too keval theophrastusla maheet nasalelya anek khanijanche varnan karat nahee tarr tyanche upayog aanee gunadharmanvar charcha karato. udaharanarth, kahee namunyanmadhye adakalelya kitkanchya nirikshanatun vruksh ralatil jivashma avashesh mhanoon, ambarche mool yogyaritya olakhanare teey pahile aahet. tyanni sfatikanchya savayivar, visheshtah hinyachya ashtatal aakaravar charcha karoon sphatikalekhanala aadhar deela. khankam paddhatinchi tyanchi charcha pracheen jagaat atulaneey aahe aanee udaharanarth, uttar spainmadhil sonyachya khankamabaddalche pratyakshadarshi vrutt samavisht aahe, jyaa vruttala aadhunik sanshodhanane purnapane pushti dilee aahe.
tathapi, 16 vya shatkatil khanijashastravaril adhik nishchit payabhoot kamanchya aadhi, pracheen lokanni yadee aanee varnan karnyasathi andaje 350 peksha jaast khanijanna manyata dilee nahee.
jabir aanee evisena.
islami rasayanshastradnyanni dhatuncha sulfur-mercurie siddhant pudhe nela, joou siddhant pratham tynachya 'siir all-khalika' ('nirmitiche rahasy', see. 750-850) aanee arabi likhanat jabir ibn hayan (see. 850-950). atharavya shatkaparyant dhatuchya rachanechya serve siddhantancha too aadhar rahila.
proclus sarkhya tattvadnyansah, madhyayugat neoplatonismcha siddhant islami jagatahi pasarla, jyamule madhyayugeen madhyapurvetil khanijashastravaril aadhyatmik kalpananna aadhar midala. madhyayugeen islamik shastradnyanni dekhil yavar vistar keela, jyat pertian shastradnya ibn siina (abaule siina/puraseena) (980-1037 edd), jyala "evisena" mhanoonahi olakhale jaate, jyane rasayanshastra aanee dhatoo aanee itar ghatakanche ekmekanmadhye rupantar kele jaau shakate yaa greek tattvamimansachi purvichi kalpana nakarli. tathapi, khanijashastravaril pracheen greek aanee madhyayugeen aadhyatmik kalpananmadhye jeey barechase achook hote teey mhanje pruthvichya kavchatil rachneteel santh rasayanik badal.
georgious agricola, 'khanijashastrache janak'.
ii. sha. 16vya shatkachya suruvatila, german shastradnya george baur, 'georgious agricola' (1494-1555 edd) yaa topananavane lihilelya tyanchya 'bermanus, seave dii reey metallica dialogus' (1530) yaa lekhamadhye tyachya abhyasachya aadhunik arthane khanijashastrachi adhikrut sthapana manali jaate. tyanni shaharatil vaidya mhanoon kaam karat asatana aanee tyaveli khankam aanee dhatuvishayak vitalanyache udyog asalele kendra asalelya joakimsthal yethe nirikshane kartana haah grunth lihila. 1544 madhye, tyanni tyanche likhit karya 'dii aurtu ett cossis subterenorum' prakashit kele, jeey aadhunik bhautik bhoogarbhashastrache moolbhut karya manale jaate. tyat (agadi ibn sinapramanech) tyane aristotalsarkhya pracheen greek lokanni mandalelya siddhantanvar jordar teeka kelee. khanijashastra aanee dhatushastravaril tyanche kaam 1546 madhye 'dii veterbus ett novis metalys' chya prakashanasah suru rahile aanee 1556 chya 'dii rii metallica' yaa tyanchya sarvat prasiddha karyanmadhye tyacha shevat jhaala. dhatoo padarthanchya bhoogarbhshastra, sarvekshan, khaan bandhkam aanee vayuvijan yavar charcha karnyabarobarach khankam, shuddhikaran aanee dhatoo vitalavane yanchya anuprayoganchi ruparesha aakhanare heey eka prabhavi kaam hote. too pliny daad elderche tyachya agraganya karya naturalis historiya sathee kautuk karato aanee khanije aanee khaan paddhatinvaril tyachya charchecha vistrut sandarbh deto. pudhil done shatake heey likhit karya europemadhil khankamavaril adhikrut grunth rahile.
anubhavjanya nirikshanavar aadharit khanijashastravar krushigolamadhye anek vividh siddhant hote, jyat aaspaschya khadakanchya sathavnukinantar jaminikhalil panyachya ('sukee') parisancharanamule tayar jhalelya dhatoo vahinyanchya sankalpanechi samaj samavisht hotee. khalee namood kelyapramane, madhyayugeen chiinii lokanna dekhil yapurvi hyachya kalpana hotya.
tyanchya kamansathi, agricola maranottar 'khanijashastrache janak' mhanoon olakhale jaatat.
agricolane lihilelya moolbhut karyanantar, vaidnyanik samudayakadun heey mothya pramanavar manya kele jaate qee brajesachya encelmus dii budt (1550-1632) chey "jemmaram ett lapidum historiya" heey aadhunik khanijashastrache pahile nishchit karya aahe. german khaan rasayanshastradnya jeey.eff. henkelane 1760chaa tyacha 'vanaspati saternisions' lihila, joou bhoo-vanaspati khanije hatalanara europemadhil pahila grunth hota, jaree 1421 aanee 1664 chya aadhichya granthanmadhye chiinii lokanni yacha ullekh keela hota. yavyatirikt, chiinii lekhak du vaan yanni 1546 chya agricolachya kamachya khoop aadhi, 1133 chya 'yun lyne shhee puu' madhye hawaman aanee dhoop prakriyecha spasht sandarbh deela.
chean aanee sudur purv.
pracheen chinmadhye, khanijanchi sarvat junie sahityik yadee kiman ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkatil aahe, jyapaiki 'jee nee zee' pustakat chauvis samavisht aahet. aadhyatmik khanijashastrachya chiinii kalpana kiman pracheen hahn rajvanshachya (ii. sha. puu. 202-ii. sha. puu. 220) kalaparyantchya aahet. ii. sha. puu. 2yyaa shatkatil "huai naan zee" yaa majkuratoon, chiinii lokanni havamanshastra, parjanyaman, vividh prakarchi khanije, dhatushastra aanee rasayanache varnan karnyasathi vaicharik taovadi sandnya vaparlya. jaree hahn kalatil yaa sankalpananchi samaj hii taovadi swarupachi asali, taree prastavit siddhant khanijashastriy shvasochavasachya aristotelian siddhantasarkhech hote (varr namood kelele). ii. sha. puu. 122 paryant, chiinii lokanni asha prakare khanijanchya rupantarasathi siddhant tayar keela hota, jaree doubs sarkhya itihaskaranni nondavale aahe qee rasayanik-khanijashastriy chiinii siddhantanchi parampara tatvadnya zau yaan (ii. sha. puu. 305-240) yanchya netrutvakhalil nisargvadyanchya shalepasoon suru jhaali aahe. khadak aanee dagad (shhee) aanee dhatoo aanee mishradhatu (jiin) yaa vyapak shreninmadhye, hanchya kalaparyant chiinii lokankade shekado (hajaro nahee tarr) soochibaddha prakarche dagad aanee khanije hotee, tasech teey kase tayar jhaale hyachya siddhantansah.
ii. sha. chya 5vya shatkat, lioo song rajvanshacha rajkumar kian ping wang yane 'taee-ping yu laan' yaa vishvakoshat lihile (ii. sha. 444 chya sumaras, 'diane shhoo' kinwa 'serve tantranche vyavasthapan' yaa haravalelya pustakatoon):
"jagatil sarvat maulyavan vastoo sarvanchya aateel bhagat sathavalya jaatat. udaharanarth, orpement aahe. eka hazar varshannantar teey realgarmadhye badalate. aanakhi eka hazar varshannantar realgarche pivalya sonyat rupantar hote."
pracheen aanee madhyayugeen chinmadhye, khanijashastra aushadhanirman aanee aushadhashastratil anubhavjanya nirikshananshi ghattapane jodalele hote. udaharanarth, geet rajvanshache prasiddha horologist aanee mechanical engineer suu song (1020-1101 edee) yanni (960-1279 edee) 1070 chya tyanchya 'baine kaao tuu jing' madhye khanijashastra aanee aushadhshastrabaddal lihile. tyat tyanni vividh khanije aanee aushadhi mishrananmadhye tyancha vapar, jase qee abhrakachya serve dnyat prakar, jeey pachankriyedware vividh aajaar barey karnyasathi vaparale jaau shakatat, tyanchi yadee karnyasathi eka paddhatshir drushtikon tayar keela. suu songne sthanik sinabarchya subconcoidal fracture, dhatuchya khaata aanee sphatik swarupache varnan dekhil lihile aahe. german shastradnya agricola yachyabarobar varr namood kelelya bhujal parisancharanamule tayar jhalelya dhatoo vahinyanpramanech, suu songne tambe carbonetbaddal samaan vidhane kelee, jase qee tambe sulfates ii. sha. 970 chya purvichya "rii hua baine kaao" madhye kele hote.
yuan rajvanshache shastradnya zhang see-ziao (ii. sha. 1332 madhye mrutyu pavale) yanni georgious agricola ashach nishkarshavar yenyachya done shatake aadhi, bhujal aanee khadakanchya fatyanchya parisancharanatun dhatuchya talachya sankalpanevar eka abhootpurv grunth pradan keela. tyanchya 'suo-naan wein jee' madhye, tyanni dhatoo vahinyanmadhil bhujal bashpibhavnadvare (kinwa tyateel) parjanyamanadvare khanijanchya sathyache varnan kartana haah siddhant lagoo keela aahe.
varr mandalelya rasayanshastriy siddhantavyatirikt, ming rajvanshache vaidya lii shizen (1518-1593 edd) yanchyasarkhya nantarchya chiinii lekhakanni khanijshastrabaddal aristotalchya aadhyatmik siddhantachya samaan drushtine lihile, jase qee aristotalne tyachya aushadhavishayak grunth 'benko gangmu' (πνχ ′ ′, 'samagri medikacha sangrah', 1596) madhye lihile hote. ming yugatil aanakhi eka vyakti, prasiddha bhoogolshastradnya jhu ziac (1587-1641) yanni tyanchya granthat khanij khaata aanee abhrak shistsabaddal lihile aahe. tathapi, khanijashastravaril european sahitya vyapak aanee vaividhyapurn jhaale asale taree, ming aanee king rajvanshachya lekhakanni yaa vishayacha farsa ullekh keela nahee (agadi aadhichya ganyachya kalatil chiinii bhashechya tulanet). yaa done kalkhandatil keval ullekhaneey kaame mhanje 1617 madheel yu junchi "shhee piin" (dagadanchi padanukram), 1665 madheel "guii shhee luu" (vichitra khadak) aanee 1668 madheel "gwan shhee luu" (dagadankade pahatana). tathapi, ganyachya kalatil eka aakruti jee sarvanpeksha ullekhaneey aahe tee mhanje shhein kuo.
shhein kuoche siddhant.
madhyayugeen chiinii geet rajvanshache rajkarani aanee shastradnya shhein kuo (1031-1095 edee) yanni khanijashastrachya sankalpanancha samavesh asalelya tyanchya jameen nirmiti siddhantabaddal lihile. tyachya 'meng zee bii taan' (swapna pool nibandh, 1088) madhye, shinane bhunirmitichya prakriyesathi eka gruhitak tayar kele (bhoo-aakrutishastra); prashant mahasagarapasun shekado mail antaravar asalelya taihang parvatanmadhil bhoogarbhiy staratil sagari jivashma kavchanchya nirikshanavar aadharit. tyane assa andaj lavala qee parvatanchi dhoop houn aanee gaal sathun jameen tayar jhaali aahe aanee matichi dhoop, gaal aanee utthan yanche varnan kele. tyachya aadhichya eka pustakat (sumare 1080), tyane samudra-kendrit jivanachya eka vichitra jivashmabaddal lihile jeey khoop antariyal bhagat sapadale. heey dekhil lakshat ghenyasarkhe aahe qee 'zii chee kang yu' chya samkalin lekhakane samudrakhalil vishisht thikananchya kalpaneche shrey eka wang ginchenla dile aahe jithe saap aanee khekade ghabarale hote. shhein kuo yanni jivashmanchya shodhabaddal lihilyanantar, tyanni kalantarane bhaugolik havamanat badal ghadavun aananyasathi eka gruhitak tayar kele. uttar chinchya koradya havamanat jaminikhali sapadalelya shekado petrified bambumule heey ghadale, ekada nadichya kathavar jhalelya prachand bhuskhalanamule teey ughad jhaale. purv-aitihasik kalat, dakshin chinpramane, jethe bamboo vadhanyas yogya aahet, yanzouche hawaman atishay pavsalyache aanee damat asave, asey shinane siddha kele.
ashach prakare, itihaskar joseph needham yane kombadichya vruttantanchi tulana scottish shastradnya rodrick merchison (1792-1871) yanchyashi kelee, jyala bhuvaidnyanik honyasathi eka providential bhuskhalanache nirikshan kelyanantar prerana midali. yavyatirikt, kombadiche galyukt sathavaninche varnan james huttonchya aadhiche aahe, jyane 1802 madhye (aadhunik bhoogarbhashastracha paya manla jaanara) tyache abhootpurv karya lihile. prabhavshali tatvadnya jhu zee (1130-1200) yane jivashmanchya yaa vichitra naisargik ghatanambaddal dekhil lihile aanee shhein kuo yanchi kaame vachalyache dnyat hote. tyaa tulanet, pashchimet sapadalelya jivashmancha pahila ullekh sumare done shatkannantar ii. sha. 1253 madhye francechya lui ikesney keela, jyane sagari pranyanche jivashma shodhale (joinvilchya ii. sha. 1309 chya nondinmadhye nondavalyapramane).
america.
19vya aanee 20vya shatkatil kadachit sarvat prabhavshali khanijashastra grunth mhanje james dwite daana, yell pradhyapak, yanni 1848madhye pahilyanda prakashit kelele 'khanijashastra pustika'. chauthya aavruttiche shirshak 'khanijashastra aanee shilalekhanche pustika' (aavrutti. 4, 1887). too eka pramanit mahavidhyalayin majkoor banala aanee doubleu. saha anek sampadakanni tyat satatyane sudharana aanee adyayavat kele aahe. eae. phorda (13vya-14vya aavrutti., 1912-1929), cornelius ess. hurlbut (15vya-21vya aavrutti., 1941-1999), aanee 22 vya pasoon cornellis klenane suruvat kelee. 23 vee aavrutti aata 'khanij vidnyanachi niyamavali (khanijashastrachi niyamavali)' (2007) yaa shirshakakhali chhapali jaat aahe, jee cornellis clain aanee barbara deutro yanni sudharit kelee aahe.
1837 madhye pahilyanda prakashit jhaleli dananchi "khanijashastra pranali" titakich prabhavshali hotee, jee satatyane adyayavat aanee sudharit kelee gelee aahe. sahavi aavrutti (1892) tyacha mulga edward salisbury daana yane sampadit kelee. 7 vee aavrutti 1944 madhye prakashit jhaali aanee 8 vee aavrutti 1997 madhye 'dananche naveen khanijashastrah james dwite daana aanee edward salisbury daana yanchya khanijashastrachi pranali' yaa shirshakakhali prakashit jhaali, jyache sampadan aar. vhee. laabh 'aanee itar."