eritrian swatantryayuddha

eritrian swatantryayuddha heey swatantryasathiche yuddh hote, jeey eritrian swatantryasainikanni 1 september 1961 teey 24 meey 1991 yaa kalavadhit salag ethiopian sarkaranviruddha ladhale.
iritriya hii 1880 pasoon 1941 madhye aanee mahayuddhachya mitrapakshankadun italianancha parabhav hoiparyant eka italian vasahat hotee, iritriya nantar 1951 paryant thodya kalasathi british sanrakshit rajya banale. sanyukt rashtranchya sarvasadharan sabhene eritriyachya bhavitavyabaddal eka baithak ghetali, jyamadhye bahusankhya pratinidhinni ethiopia asalelya iritriyachya mahasanghala matdan kele aanee iritriya 1952 madhye ethiopia aanee iritriyachya mahasanghache ghatak rajya banale. mahasangh daha varshe tikanar hota jyamadhye eritrian lock sansad aanee kahee swayattatesarkhe lahan sarvbhoum nirnay gheu shakat hote, parantu pudhil lokansathi ethiopian mukutakhali. yaa prakriyevar dekhrekh thevanyasathi vidhansabhene aayukt anzio matienzo yanchi niyuktihi kelee. dahavya sanyukt rashtranantar eritrian lokanni eritriyala swatantra sarvbhoum rajya mhanoon ghoshit karane apekshit hote. tathapi, eritriyachi ghatati svayatta aanee ethiopian rajvatibaddalcha vadhata asantosh yamule 1961 madhye eritrian liberation front (elph) chya netrutvakhali swatantrya chalval suru jhaali. hameed idris avetne 1 september 1961 roji nairutya eritriyatil agordat shaharajavalil adal dongravar swatantryasathi eritrian sashastr sangharsh adhikrutpane suru keela. pudhil varshi ethiopiane eritriyacha samavesh keela.
1974 madheel ethiopian krantinantar dargane ethiopian samrajya radd kele aanee marksvadi-leninist samyavadi rajyachi sthapana kelee. durgla eritriyansaviruddhachya ladhyat soviet union aanee itar samyavadi rashtrancha pathimba midala. elfala vividh deshanni, visheshtah peaples republic auph chayana rajnaitik aanee lashkari pathbal dile hote, jyanni 1972 paryant elfala shastre aanee prashikshan puravale, jevha ethiopiane beijingla chinache vaidh sarkar mhanoon manyata dilee.
1977 madhye eritrian peaples liberation front (eae. pii. ell. eff.) haah mukhya mukti gut banala, jyane eritriyatun elfala baher kadhale, nantar ethiopiachya virodhat yuddh suru karnyasathi ogaden yuddhacha fayda ghetala. ethiopiachya kamgar pakshachya netrutvakhalil ethiopian sarkarne 1980 chya dashakachya akheris soviet pathimba gamavala aanee ethiopian sarkarvirodhi gatanni bharavun takale, jyamule ii. pii. ell. eff. laa meey 1991 madhye eritriyatil ethiopian shaktincha parabhav karanyachi mubha midali.
ethiopian peaples revolutionary democratic frontney (eae. pii. aar. dii. eff.), eae. pii. ell. eff. chya madatine, peaples democratic republic auph ethiopiacha (pii. dii. aar. eae.) parabhav keela, jevha tyanni eka mahinyanantar rajdhani aadis ababavar taba midavala. april 1993 madhye, eritrian lokanni eritrian swatantrya sarvamatat swatantryachya bajoone jawaljawal ekmatane matdan kele, tyach varshi swatantra, sarvbhoum eritriyala aupcharik aantarrashtriy manyata dilee.
parshvabhoomi.
1882 madhye italian lokanni eritriyachi vasahat kelee aanee 1941 paryant tyavar rajya kele. 1936 madhye, italine ethiopiavar aakraman kele aanee tyala tyanchya vasahatvadi samrajyacha bhag ghoshit kele, jyala tyanni italian purv africa mhatale. italian somaliland aanee eritriya dekhil tyaa sansthecha bhag hote, jyavar governor-general kinwa viceroyche rajya hote.
1941 madhye mitrarashtranni jinkalelya italichya purv aafrikechi up-vibhagani jhaali. ethiopiane 1941 madhye purvichya italian tabyat asalelya jaminila mukt kele. italian somaliland italian rajvatikhali rahila, parantu sanyukt rashtranche sanrakshit rajya mhanoon vasahat mhanoon nahee, 1960 paryant jevha too british somalilandshi ekatra aala, tevha somaliyache swatantra rajya tayar jhaale.
dusare mahayuddha sampalyapasun 1951 paryant eritriyala british sanrakshit rajya karnyat aale. tathapi, britishanni baher padlyanantar eritriyache kaay jhaale pahije yavar vaad hota. sanyukt rashtranmadhil british shishtamandalane prastavit kele qee eritriyache khrishchanansah ethiopia aanee muslimansah sudanmadhye dharmik aadharavar vibhajan kele jaave. 1952 madhye, sanyukt rashtranni sarvbhaumatvachya ethiopian davyanmadhye aanee swatantryasathi irritrian aakankshanmadhye samet karnyachya aashene ethiopiashi eritriyache ekikaran karnyacha nirnay ghetala. sumare nauu varshannantar, ethiopian samrat halley selasine mahasangh visarjit keela aanee eritriya tabyat ghetala, jyamule eritriyamadhye tees varshancha sashastr sangharsh suru jhaala.
kranti.
1960 chya dashakat, eritrian swatantryaladhyache netrutva eritrian liberation frontney (elph) kele hote. italian lokanni pradesh sodalyanantar sodalyanantar kalanantar ethiopiachya eritriyachya vilinikaranala pratikar mhanoon swatantryaladhyala yogyaritya samajoo shakato. yavyatirikt, eritrian sarkarmadhil muslimanviruddhchya ethiopian rajeshahichya krutee krantimadhye yogdan denara ghatak mhanoon vicharat gheta yeil. suruvatila, yaa gatane vanshik aanee bhaugolik aadharavar mukti chalvaliche gatikaran kele. elfchya suruvatichya chaar vibhagiy aadesh serve sakhal bhag aanee pramukhyane muslim hote. muslim varchasvachya bhitine kahee khristi suruvatila sanghatanet sameel jhaale.
ethiopian vyavasayamule vadhatya matadhikarapasun vanchit rahilyanantar, dongral khrishchananni elfmadhye sameel honyas suruvat kelee. khrishchan svayamsevakanchya yaa vadhatya oghamule pachvya (dongral khrishchan) kamandache udghatan jhaale. elph kamandmadhil antargat sangharsh aanee vividh vibhagiy gatanmadhil sampradayik hinsacharane sanstheche vibhajan kele.
1 september 1961 roji adalchya ladhaine yuddh suru jhaale, jevha hameed idris aanee tyachya sathidaranni kabja kelele ethiopian sainya aanee polisanshi ladha deela. 1962 madhye samrat halley selasine ektarfi federation aanee eritrian sansad visarjit kelee aanee desh tabyat ghetala.
yuddh (1961-1991).
1960 chya dashakat.
1961 madhye nirvasit kahee mubalak eritriensani eritrian liberation frontchi (elph) sthapana kelee aanee tyaa prantatil paramparik darodekhoranchya paddhatine shahee sarkarviruddha chhapamar mohima suru kelya. 1966 paryant, paschim aanee kinarpattivaril eritriyatil bahutansh napik sakhal bhagat tyala mokali jaaga midali hotee. yaa chalvaliche serve nete musalman asalyamule yaa chalvalila vividh arab deshankadun lashkari madat midali. tathapi, elfche netrutva anekada ayogya hote aanee firnare chhapamar gut aanee nirvasit nete yanchyatil sanvad turalak hota. tathapi, teey sudan aanee laal samudra samudra lahan shastranmadhye ghuskhori karoo shakale aanee prashikshanarthinna parat aanoo shakale aanee eritriyatil shahee sainyala tras deu shakale. elph haah bahutek wagh, saho aanee naara yasarkhya muslim jamatincha banalela hota.
iritriya yethe sthit asalela dusra vibhag asalelya shahee ethiopian sainyane grameen bhagat veloveli zep ghetali. israyali prashikshit commando police sainyapeksha adhik karyaksham hote. parantu mahattvachya aasthapananche sanrakshn karnyasathi aanee bandkhorancha pathlag karnyasathi commando polisanchi sankhya khoop qamee hotee. aanee aanee vibhagala eritrian lokanni tivra virodh keela aanee too farsa prabhavi navhata. gave jaalane, sanshayitanna atak karane aanee pashudhan nasht karane hii tyanchi samanya yukti hotee-matbhedanna paramparik ethiopian pratikriya.
1970 chey dashak.
1970 madhye elfchya sadasyanche matbhed jhaale aanee anek vegvegale gut gatatoon vegale jhaale. yaa kalat, elph aanee nantar eritrian peaples liberation front (eae. pii. ell. eff.) tayar karnyasathi sameel jhalelya gatanni eka kadve gruhyuddha ladhale. 1975 madhye lokpriy ichchhene donhi sanghatananna samet karnyas bhag padale gele aanee tyanni drushtivaishamyaviruddha sanyukt mohimanmadhye bhag ghetala.
1974 madhye, samrat halley selasila eka uthavadvare padchyut karnyat aale. durg navache naveen ethiopian sarkar, eka marksvadi lashkari junta hote, jeey akheris strongman mengistu haile mariyamdware niyantrit kele gele. naveen durg vyavasthela ethiopia, eritriya aanee somaliyachya kahee bhaganvar sampoorn niyantran midvinyasathi atirikt teen teey chaar varshe lagali. sarkarchya yaa badalanantar, aantarrashtriy manyata midalyanantar, ethiopiane soviet unionsobat dhoranatmak yutee suru kelee.
elfpasoon vibhakt jhalele anek gut 1977 madhye sameel jhaale aanee tyanni eae. pii. ell. eff. chee sthapana kelee. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, eae. pii. ell. eff. haah ethiopian sarkarviruddha ladhanara pramukh sashastr eritrian gut banala hota. chhatra sanghatanecha neta eae. pii. ell. eff. ramjan mohammed noorcha sarchitanis hota, tarr sahayyak sarchitanis isayas afewarki hote.
yaa kalat, durg keval baljabarine loksankhyevar niyantran thevu shakala nahee. tyachya sainyadalanna purak mhanoon, loksankhyet bheeti nirman karnyasathi sainyane mohima pathavalya, jyat shib, hirgigo, elabared aanee ome hajer shaharasah iritriyachya pramukhyane muslim bhaganmadhye jhalelya hatyakandancha samavesh hota; pramukhyane khrishchan bhagatahi hatyakand jhaale. vansh, dharm kinwa vargachi parva naan karata nagarikanchya yaa kroor hatyanche aagman heey yuddhat sahbhagi nasalelya anek eritriyansasathi antim pendha hote aanee yaa kshani anekjan ektar desh sodoon paloon gele kinwa aaghadichya ranget gele.
1975 teey 1977 yaa kalat, elph aanee eae. pii. ell. eff. neey ethiopian sainyala mage takale aanee asmara, masava aanee barentu vagalata serve eritriyala mukt kele. 1977 paryant, ethiopian lashkari sansadhanancha gairavapar karnyasathi ogadenmadhil somaliyane purvekadoon ekach velee lashkari aakraman karoon ethiopian lokanna eritriyatun baher kadhanyasathi eae. pii. ell. eff. tayar hote. parantu natyamay badalat, mukhyatve soviet shastranchya mothya havai vahatukimule durg somali ghuskhoricha pratikar karnyat yashasvi jhaala. tyanantar, somali mohimetoon upalabdh asalele lakshaniy manushyabal aanee lashkari sadhansamagricha vapar karoon, ethiopian sainyane pudhakar parat midavala aanee eae. pii. ell. eff. laa maghar ghenyas bhag padale. barentuchya vedhyat aanee masavachya pahilya ladhait heey sarvat ullekhaneey hote.
meey 1978 madhye, shejarchya tigremadhil mekelmadhil navyane purn jhalelya havai kshetracha vapar karoon, ethiopian havai dalane elph aanee eae. pii. ell. eff. chya tabyat asalelya eritriyatil sthananvar saturation bombsfot karanyachi moheem suru kelee. anek lakshya lashkari hote, tarr bombsfotakanni shahare, gave aanee pranyanchya kalpanvarhi halle kele. julaimadhye jaminivaril aakraman suru jhaale aanee kahee aathvadyant dakshin aanee madhya eritriyamadhye elph aanee ii. ell. eff. neey tabyat ghetaleli serve shahare tabyat ghetali. dusare aakraman november 1978 madhye suru jhaale, jyacha uddesh masavacha dilasa aanee keren punha tabyat ghene haah hota. mothya tukdyansah aanakhi mothe sainya tainat karnyat aale hote. novembermadhye, 'eae. pii. ell. eff.' barobar done divasanchi mothee ladhai jhaali, jee anirnitpane sampali. tathapi, eae. pii. ell. eff. varr white parinam jhaala aanee tyane keren aanee jawalpaschi shahare sodoon sahelchya dongarankade parat jaanyacha nirnay ghetala, jithe shevatcha mukkam karnyasathi bhoobhag yogya hota. yala "dhoranatmak maghar" asey mhatale gele."pahilya aakramanacha fatka basalelya elfane navyane mukt jhalelya bhagatoon baher padnyas nakar deela. mage hatnyaivaji ethiopian sainyashi satat guntun rahoon, elfane tyacha lashkari parabhav sunishchit keela.
tisra hallah janewari-februwari 1979 madhye jhaala aanee tyat sahel jilhyache mukhyalay asalelya nakfa yaa thikani trikoni hallah jhaala, jithe eae. pii. ell. eff. neey aapala "mukt kshetra" ubharala hota aanee bachavatmak resha tayar karnyas suruvat kelee hotee. hallyachya parshvabhumivar adhik bhag rikame karnyat aale aanee eae. pii. ell. eff. adhik paddhatshirpane payabhoot suvidha nasht aanee kadhoon taknyat saksham hote.
chautha hallah march 1979 madhye nafkakade suru karnyat aala, tyanantar pachva hallah julaimadhye suru karnyat aala. lashkarpramukhanni sampoorn vijayachi apeksha karat eka vruttapatratil lekh lihila, jyache shirshak hoteh "zudupanmadhye lapoon basalelya futiratavadi darodekhoranche avashesh asalele divas mojale gele."yaa hallyanmadhye mothya pramanat shastrastransaha 50,000 hoon adhik sainik tainat karnyat aale hote. bahutansh halle tyanchya lakshyachya agadi qamee velet nasht karnyat aale. 14 teey 22 julai darmyan sainyane andaje 6,000 sainik gamavale
marle gele tarr chhapamaranni sumare 2,500 gamavale.
december 1979 madhye nakfakade suru karnyat aalelya aanakhi eka hallyacha shevat sarkari dalanchya vinash aanee parabhavat jhaala. eae. pii. ell. eff. pratyuttarat hallah karoo shakale aanee lashkarala afabetmadhil mukhyalayaparyant mage dhakalu shakale.
1980 chey dashak.
december 1980 madhye sarkarne tulanene eka lahan hallah keela, joou donhi bajunna lashkari laabh naan gheta jhaala. 1981 heey varsh mothya lashkari hallyashivay paar padale.
1975 pasoon astitvat asaleli eae. pii. ell. eff. aanee elph yanchyatil yutee tutu lagali aanee tee patkan aparivartaniy vibhajan mhanoon vikasit jhaali. udaharanarth august 1980 madhye yaa gatanmadhye kahee sashastr sangharsh jhaale, parantu elfchya lashkari kamkuvatpanamule mothya pramanat gruhyuddha kahee pramanat talhale gele. tigrayan peaples liberation frontney (tii. pii. ell. eff.) eae. pii. ell. eff. laa tyachya elfchya sthananvaril hallyanmadhye madat kelee. bahutek elph ladhvayye sudanmadhye mage hutley, jithe tyanna sudani sarkarne tabyat ghetale aanee nihshastra kele. shevatcha motha gut 1981 madhye purv sudanmadhil karakon yethe aala.
1980-81 chya tulanatmak shantatenantar, 1982 heey eritriyatil aataparyantche sarvat white varsh tharale, jyamadhye sarkarne eae. pii. ell. eff. laa chiradanyacha sarvatopari prayatna keela. madhyapurvetil niyojit us "brite starr" saravachya pratisadat yala reed starr moheem asey naav denyat aale. tyanantar mengistu haile mariam swatah aakramanavar dekhrekh thevanyasathi asmarala gela. reed starr mohimemadhye eritriyamadhye tainat kelelya sarvat mothya sankhyene sainikancha samavesh hota-120,000 hoon adhik lock eae. pii. ell. eff. talavaril hallyanmadhye sahbhagi hote. ethiopian shrenitil baljabarine bharati kelelya sainikancha vapar nakfachya sabhovatalachya eae. pii. ell. eff. sthananvar mothya pramanat hallyansathi keela jaat asey, yaa aashene qee sankhyecha nivval bhaar bandkhoranchya reshanvar maat karel. yaa hallyat havai shakti aanee vishari vayucha abhootpurv vapar karnyat aala. eae. pii. ell. eff. laa aaplya ladhvayyanna gharguti gass mukhavate susajj karave lagale. eae. pii. ell. eff. varr vinashkari jivitahani hounahi, ethiopian bandkhoranchya reshet yash aananyat ayashasvi tharale. reed starr aakramak ayashasvi jhaala. meey 1982 paryant, teey nafka tabyat ghenyat ayashasvi tharale hote aanee 20 juuna roji teey anadhikrutpane sodoon denyat aale. eae. pii. ell. eff. pratiaakraman karnyas aanee sarkari reshanna mage dhakalanyas dekhil saksham hote. mothya prasiddhisaha suru karnyat aalelya yaa hallyacha sarkari madhyamankadun purn shantata sadhanyat aala.
1983 madhye sarkarne kerenchya uttarela halhal aaghadivar morcha kadhoon aakraman suru kele. tyachya sabhovatalachya prasiddhichya abhavamule 'gupt aakraman' mhanoon olakhale jaanare sarkari sainya eae. pii. ell. eff. resha olandanyat yashasvi jhaale, parantu bandkhoranna lakshaniy parabhav midvoon denyat teey yashasvi jhaale naheet.
1984 chya suruvatila, eae. pii. ell. eff. aakramak jhaale aanee kahee lakshaniy laabh midavale. sarkarne havai bombsfotanchya aanakhi eka feridware aanee 27 aktoobar roji suru kelelya aakramanadvare pratyuttar dile, jyamule eritriyansvar mothya pramanat jivitahani jhaali aanee tyanna tyanchya mool reshet parat jaanyas bhag padale.
padale unhalyat, eae. pii. ell. eff. neey punha aakramak pavitra ghetala aanee barentu shaharatoon ethiopian lokanna hakaloon dile. tyanantar dargane navyane bharati kelelya bharatidaranna pathavale aanee tyanna barentumadhun baher kadhanyasathi tyanna khilavun thevalelya eritriyansvar fekale, parinami ethiopiansathi eka mahagada vijay hota kaaran teey eritriensana baher dhakalanyas saksham hote parantu lakshaniy jivitahanibaddal bolalyanantar nahee.
1986 madhye dargane "laal samudravaril aakraman" suru kele aanee vyapak havai pathbal aanee sahelmadhye havai sainyacha vapar karoonahi, nafka tabyat ghenyachya uddeshane eae. pii. ell. eff. chya aaghadichya reshanvar hallah keela. tigray, volo aanee ethiopiachya itar bhaganmadhye bandkhori vadhu lagali, tyamule sarkarkade eritriyamadhye mothya pramanat halle karnyasathi sansadhane navhati aanee itar pradeshanvarhi laksh kendrit karave lagale.
1988 madhye, afabetachya yuddhanantar, eae. pii. ell. eff. neey afabet aanee tyacha parisar, tyanantar ishanya eritriyatil ethiopian sainyache mukhyalay tabyat ghetale, jyamule ethiopian sainyala tesseny, barentu aanee agordat yetheel tyachya chhavanitun maghar ghenyas pravrutt kele aanee sampoorn paschim aanee uttarekadil eritriya eae. pii. ell. eff. chya haatee deela. tyanantar ii. pii. ell. eff. ladhvayye eritriyache dusare sarvat mothe shahar asalelya kerenchya aaspas sthayik jhaali.
1990 chey dashak.
soviet unionne mengistoola kalavale qee teey aaplya sanrakshn aanee sahkarya kararache nutanikaran karnar naheet. soviet pathimba aanee puravatha thambavalyane, ethiopian sainyache manobal ghasarale aanee ii. pii. ell. eff., itar ethiopian bandkhor sainyasah, ethiopian sthananvar pudhe jaau lagale.
februwari 1990 madhye, ii. pii. ell. eff. neey massava shahar tabyat ghenyasathi operation fenkil suru kele. ethiopian chhavanine suruvatila tivra pratikar keela, joparyant eae. pii. ell. eff. neey ethiopiananna fatkarnyasathi naudalachya tukadyancha vapar keela nahee. eritrian lock ethiopian sanrakshanavar maat karoo shakale aanee shahar tabyat gheu shakale. eae. pii. ell. eff. neey masava tabyat ghetalyanantar sarkarne cluster bombcha vapar karoon shaharavar vinashkari havai hallah keela, jyat shekado nagrik thaar jhaale.
1991 madhye, ethiopian peaples revolutionary democratic frontney (eae. pii. aar. dii. eff.) rajdhanichya dishene vatchal karnyas suruvat kelee hotee, jyamule mengistu haile mariamla desh sodoon paloon jaanyas bhag padale gele hote. meey 1991 paryant bandkhoranni adis ababa tabyat ghetale aanee sarkar ulthoon takale. tyach sumaras, asamaramadhil ethiopian chhavanine eae. pii. ell. eff. ladhvayyanna shaharat pravesh karanyachi parvanagi mage ghetali. shevatchi ladhai 25 meey roji asab yethe jhaali, jevha eae. pii. ell. eff. neey sarkarchya nishthavantanchya shevatchya avasheshancha parabhav keela.
shantata charcha.
amerikeche majee rashtradhyaksh jimmi carter, kahee yu. chya madatine.ess. september 1989 madhye georgiachya atalanta yetheel carter presidential centerne aayojit kelelya eae. pii. ell. eff. sobat shantata charchet madhyasthi karnyacha prayatna sarkari adhikari aanee sanyukt rashtranchya rashtranchya keela. peaples democratic republic auph ethiopiache (pii. dii. aar. eae.) upapantpradhan ashagre yigaletu yanni vataghati karnyas madat kelee aanee november 1989 madhye jimmi carter aanee all-ameen mohammed seed yanchyasah nairobimadhil eae. pii. ell. eff. sobat shantata kararavar kararavar kelya. matra, kararavar kararavar jhalyanantar lagechach shatrutva punha suru jhaale. november 1989 madhye tii. pii. ell. eff. nete meles zenavi yanchyashi aanee march 1990 madhye rommadhye jhalelya shantata charchet yigaletoone ethiopian sarkari shishtamandalanche netrutva kele. washington, dii. yethe eae. pii. ell. eff. barobar shantata charchet tyanni punha ethiopian pratinidhi mandalache netrutva karnyacha prayatna keela.see. march 1991 paryant.
manyata.
shityuddha sampalyanantar, americene washington, dii. yethe jhalelya shantata charchet sulabh bhoomika bajavali.see. meey 1991 madhye mengistu rajvatichya patanaparyantchya mahinyant. meey mahinyachya madhyat, mengistune ethiopian sarkarchya pramukhpadacha rajinama deela aanee zimbabwemadhye haddapar houn aadis ababamadhye eka kaljivahu sarkar sodale. uchch stariy yuu.ess. 1 teey 5 julai 1991 yaa kalavadhit jhalelya parishadesathi adis ababamadhye shishtmandal upasthit hote, jyane ethiopiamadhye sankramankalin sarkar sthapan kele. eritriyamadhye ethiopian shaktincha parabhav kelyanantar, eae. pii. ell. eff. nirikshak mhanoon upasthit rahile aanee eritriyachya ethiopiashi asalelya sambandhambabat naveen sankramankalin sarkarshi charcha kelee. tyaa charchecha parinam assa jhaala qee, ethiopian lokanni swatantryavar sarvmat ghenyachya eritriencechya adhikarala manyata dilee. april 1993 madhye sarvmat ghenyat aale aanee eritrian lokanni swatantryachya bajoone jawaljawal ekmatane matdan kele, eritriyatil sarvmat padtalnyasathi yuu. aine. nirikshak mishandware sarvmatatil akhandatechi padtalani kelee gelee. 28 meey 1993 roji sanyukt rashtranni eritriyala aupcharikpane tyachya sadasyatvasathi sweekarle. janmat chachaniche nikal khalee dile aaheth

