
kwas

kwas heey thode dhagal disanare, halakya tapkiri rangache aanee god-aambat chav asalele aambavalele annadhanyavar aadharit qamee alcohole asalele pey aahe.
kwasacha ugam ishanya europemadhye hoto, jithe bearche dainandin pey honyasathi dhanya utpadan apurate manale jaate. 996 madhye vladimir daad gretchya baptismyachya utsavache varnan karananya "prathamik itihas" madhye kwasacha pahila lekhee ullekh aadhalato. paramparik paddhatine, raee bread kinwa raee peeth aanee garam panyat bhijavalelya maltpasoon midavalelya mashpasoon kwas tayar keela jaato, sakhar aanee bread yeast kinwa bekarchya yeastchya madatine sadharan tapmanat sumare 12 taas aambavun. audhyogik paddhatinmadhye, vividh dhanya mishranansah ektrit kelelya valvant sandratepasun kwas tayar keela jaato. russia, ukraine, polland, baltic desh, finland, sweeden aanee chinmadhil kahee bhaganmadhye heey eka lokpriy pey aahe.
shabdavali.
kwas' haah shabd shevati proto-indo-european aadhar * 'kwh2et-' ('aambat hone') pasoon aala aahe. ingerjit 1553 chya sumaras eka majkurat tyacha pratham ullekh 'kwas' mhanoon karnyat aala hota. aajkal, pey bahutek bhashanmadhye jawaljawal sarkhech aaheh belarusi bhasheta, ','; russianh, '; ukraineanh,; polishah' (, 'kwas' pasoon vegale karnyasathi, 'aaml', moolatah 'kwasni', 'aambat' pasoon); latvianah '; romanianh'; hungarianh '; serbianh'; chinih; purv finishah '. naun-cognetsmadhye estonian ', finnish', latvian '(), latgalian dzyra (, lithuanian' gira 'sarkhe), lithuanian' (, latvian 'sarkhe) aanee swedish' () yancha samavesh hoto.
utpadan.
paramparik paddhatimadhye ektar valalelya raichya bhakaricha kinwa raiche peeth aanee raee maltche mishran vaparale jaate. valalelya raichya bhakari garam panyane kadhalya jaatat aanee samanya tapmanat 12 taas ubavalya jaatat, tyanantar breadche yeast aanee sakhar arkat misalali jaate aanee 12 taas aambavali jaate. vaikalpikaritya, raiche peeth ukalale jaate, raee malt, bread yeast, sakhar aanee bekarchya yeastmadhye misalale jaate aanee nantar 12 taas aambavale jaate.
sarvat sopee audhyogik paddhat vasarachya sandratetun kwas tayar karate. sandrata garam kelee jaate aanee paanee aanee sakharechya dravanat misalali jaate aanee 5-7% chya sakharechya sandratesah vaas tayar kelee jaate aanee tee sthir karnyasathi pasteurize kelee jaate. tyanantar, vasar eka kinwan takimadhye pump keela jaato, jithe bekarche yeast aanee lactic acid bacteria culture jodale jaate aanee dravan 12-24 tasansathi kinvit kele jaate. keval 1 takke ark ethanol, carbon dioxide aanee lactic aesidmadhye aambavala jaato. tyanantar, kwas thund keela jaato, ektar galan kinwa kendrapasaranadware spasht keela jaato aanee aavashyak asalyas sakharechya pramanasathi samayojit keela jaato.
suruvatila, teey mothya containermadhye bharale jaat hote, jyatoon kawas rastyanvar vikala jaat asey, parantu aata, audhyogikdrushtya utpadit kavascha bahusankhya bhag 1-3 litter plasticchya batalyanmadhye bharala aanee vikala jaato aanee tyachi shelf life 4-6 aathvade aahe.
keey. vhee. aii. ess. heey samanyatah vajananusar 0.5-1.0% alcohole asate, parantu kahivela teey 2% itake jaast asoo shakate.
itihas.
kwaschi nemki utpatti aspasht aahe aanee tyacha shodh slavic lokanni lavala hota qee itar konatyahi purv european vanshiktene lavala hota heey adnyat aahe, jaree kahee polish strotancha dawa aahe qee kwasacha shodh slavanni lavala hota. europechya ishanya bhagat kwas astitvat aahe, jithe bear heey dainandin pey honyasathi dhanya utpadan apurate asalyache manale jaate. 10vya shatkapasoon suruvatichya gulamanmadhye heey olakhale jaate. keevan rasmadhye shodhala gelela aanee kiman 10vya shatkapasoon tithe olakhala jaanara kwas haah purv slavic pakakrutinche eka prateek banala aahe. kwasacha pahila lekhee ullekh "prathamik itihas" madhye aadhalato, jyamadhye 996 madhye vladimir daad gretchya baptismyachya utsavache varnan kele aahe, jevha kwas maans aanee annasah kyivchya nagarikanna denyat aale hote. 19vya shatkaparyant kwas banavane haah dainandin gharguti vyavasay rahila.
19vya shatkachya uttaradhat, lashkari sahbhag, vadhatya audhyogikikaran aanee trans-cyberian railwaychya bandhkamasarkhya mothya prakalpanmule, mothya sankhyene lokanna dirgh kalavadhisathi annapadarth puravanyachi vadhati garaj nirman jhaali, russian samrajyat vyavsayik kwas utpadak disu lagale. tyapaiki anek vegvegalya kachchya ghatakanchya vaparat tadnya aahet aanee safarchand, nashpati, pudina, limbu, chikori, raspberry aanee cherry kwas yasarkhya 150 hoon adhik kwaschya jaatinchi nond kelee aahe. vyavsayik kwas utpadakanni teey rastyavar barrelmadhe vikanyas suruvat kelee, tyamule deshantargat kwaschi nirmiti qamee houu lagali. udaharanarth, 30 juuna 1912 roji sampalelya varshat livoniachya governoratemadhye ekoon 437,255 gallen kwasache utpadan karnare 17 karkhane hote.
1890 chya dashakat, kwaschya utpadanache pahile vaidnyanik abhyas kivmadhye karnyat aale aanee 1960 chya dashakat, moscomadhil rasayanshastradnyanni kwasache vyavsayik vastuman utpadan tantradnyan pudhe vikasit kele.
deshanusar.
russia.
yu. ess. ess. aar. chya patananantar koka-koola aanee pepsy yasarkhya pashchimatya shitpeyanchya prachand puramule rashiyatil kwasacha bajaratil vaataa lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaala asala taree, alikadchya varshant, tyane tyachi mool lokpriyata parat midavali aahe, jee anekada rashtriy sheetpey kinwa prasiddha koka-koola peyala paryay mhanoon "deshbhaktipar" mhanoon vikali jaate. udaharanarth, russian company nikola hiney 'collisationvirodhi' yaa jahirat mohimesah tyachya kwaschya brandla protsahan dile aahe."mosco-aadharit vyavasay vishleshanane 2008 madhye nondavale qee 2005 pasoon batliband kwaschi vikri tippat jhaali aahe aanee 2008 madhye russiamadhye dardoi kwasacha vapar teen litarparyant pohochel assa andaj aahe. 2005 teey 2007 darmyan, mosco sheetpey bajarat kolacha vaataa 37 takkyanvarun 32 takkyanparyant ghasarala. darmyan, yach kalavadhit kwasacha vaataa duppat jhaala, 2007 madhye too 16 takkyanparyant pohochala. pratisad mhanoon, koka-kolane meey 2008 madhye kwasacha swatacha brand suru keela. russian kwas bajarat paradeshi companyne prashansaneey pravesh karanyachi hii pahilich vel aahe. pepsine vitaran pratinidhi mhanoon kaam karnyasathi russian kwas utpadkashi karar keela aahe. sathavan aanee vitaranasathi naveen tantradnyanachya vikasamule aanee mothya jahiratinmule lokpriyatet hii vaadh jhaali aahe; 2004 pasoon teen naveen pramukh brand sadar karnyat aale aahet.
rashiyache bajaratil sambhag (2014)
bellaroos.
belarusmadhye kwasache utpadan karnare anek madyanirmiti karkhane aaheth elevaria madyanirmiti, aanee. yethe vividh prakarche kwas chav aanee karamanook mahotsav dekhil aahet. sarvat motha karyakram lida shaharat hoto.
polland.
kwas polandmadhye 10vya shatkachya suruvatilach disu lagla asava, tyachya utpadanachya sopya aanee swast paddhatimule tasech tyachya tahan-shaman aanee pachan-sahayak gunanmule teey patkan eka aadhunik pey banale. dusya jagilochya rajvatichya kalaparyant kwas sarvatrik hota. suruvatila deshachya purvekadil bhagatil shetkari heey samanyatah peet asat, parantu akheris heey pey slachtamadhye pasarale. yache eka udaharan mhanje "kwas klebovi sepizinsky kodensky", haah eka juna prakarcha polish kwas aahe joou ajunahi samkalin brand mhanoon vikala jaato. polandachya rajane dilelya jaminivar coden shaharachi sthapana kelee tevha 1500 chya dashakat tyachi utpatti shodhali jaau shakate. tyanantar tyanni giranya aanee aaspaschya bhagatil 24 gave tyanchya aadhichya jamindarankadun vikat ghetali. tyanantar, kwaschi chav polish szlachtamadhye prasiddha jhaali, jyanni tyacha vapar tyachya upcharatmak gunansathi keela. 19vya shatkat, kwas heey russiachya shahee congress polandmadhye aanee austriyan galiciamadhye, visheshtah grameen bhagatil rahivashanmadhye rahana dhruvanmadhye lokpriy rahile. 19vya shatkaparyant, kwaschya sthanik prakaransathichya pakakruti kutumbe, dharmik vyavastha aanee mathanchi guptata changlya prakare sanrakshit hotya.
polandmadhil audhyogik staravar peyanche utpadan alikadil aantaryuddh kalapasoon shodhale jaau shakate, jevha polland rajyane dusare polandache prajasattak mhanoon swatantrya parat midavale. aantaryuddh polandmadhye, varsovian madyavikri haberbush aay shile kinwa "karpinsky" kampanisarkhya polish peye bajaratil shrimantanni kwas mothya sankhyene tayar aanee vikale hote. purv polandmadhye kwas visheshtah lokpriy rahila. tathapi, dusya mahayuddhadarmyan anek yuddhapoorv vyavasay aanee bahutek polish udyog kosalalyane, yuddhanantar kwaschi lokpriyata qamee jhaali. 20 vya shatkat mothya pramanat utpadit sheetpeye aanee carbonated paanee polish bajarat aanalyanantar haloohaloo tyachi pasantihi gelee. 21vya shatkachya suruvatila kwasne nirogi aahar, naisargik utpadane aanee paramparanmadhil vadhiv swarsyamule polandmadhye punarujjivan anubhavale.
kwas kahee supermarket aanee kirana dukananmadhye aadhalu shakato jithe too polishmadhye "kwas klebovi" () mhanoon olakhala jaato. peyanchya vyavsayik batliband aavrutya haah sarvat samanya prakar aahe, kaaran kahee kampanya yaa peyachya adhik aadhunik aavruttichya nirmitimadhye tadnya aahet (kahee prakar polandmadhye tayar kele jaatat tarr itar tyachya shejaril deshanmadhun aayat kele jaatat, lithuania aanee ukraine heey sarvat lokpriy srot aahet). tathapi, kwaschya paramparik aavruttisathi junya pakakruti astitvat aahet; tyapaiki kahee purv polandmadhun udbhavtat, itaranmadhye adhik madhya pradeshatil swadasathi madh ghalane samavisht aahe. jaree vyavsayik kwas polish dukananmadhye shodhane khoop sope asale taree, kwaschya adhik naisargik aanee nirogi prakaranche polish utpadak deshachya simechya aat aanee baher donhi bajunni adhikadhik lokpriy jhaale aahet. kwas concentrate vaparoon drut swarupacha eka qamee aarogyadayi paryay dekhil dukananmadhye kharedi keela jaau shakato. kwas klebovi" chey eka bolki polish naav "viejaska oranzada" ("grameen aurenjade") aahe. jhalava aanee tyachya aaspaschya kahee polish gavanmadhye, paramparikpane pratyek shetat kwasache utpadan kele jaat asey.
latvia.
latvianmadhye, kwasla "diserses" asehi mhatale jaat asey. 1991 madhye soviet union visarjit jhalyanantar, rastyavarchya vikrivar bandee ghalana naveen aarogya kayadyanmule rastyavaril vikrete latvhiyachya rastyanvarun gayab jhaale. aarthik adthalyamule anek kwas karkhane bund karave lagale. koka-koola company pudhe aalee aanee shitpeyachya bajarat vegane varchasva gajavoo lagali. 1998 madhye, sthanik sheetpey udhyogane batliband kwaschi vikri karoon aanee aakramak vipanan mohima suru karoon sweekarle. koka-kolachya jawalpas nimmya kimmatila kwas vikala gelyane vikritil hii vaadh uttejit jhaali. keval teen varshant, latviyatil sheetpey bajarpethet kwasacha vaataa 30 takkyanitka hota, tarr koka-kolacha bajaratil vaataa 65 takkyanvarun 44 takkyanparyant ghasarala. koka-koola companyla 1999 aanee 2000 madhye laviamadhye sumare 10 laakh dollarsche nuksan jhaale. koka-kolane kwas utpadak kharedi karoon aanee tyanchya swatachya sheetpey prakalpanmadhye kwasache utpadan karoon pratisad deela.
30 september 2010 roji, saymane kwassathi gunavatta aanee vargikaran aavashyakta swikarlya, tyachi vyakhya ashee kelee qee "sukshmajiv sanvardhanachya yeasts kwas vatachya mishranala aambavun midavalele pey jyamadhye sakhar aanee itar ann srot aanee ann padarth jodalele asatat kinwa jodalele nasatat", jastit jaast 1.2 takke aii. bii. vhee. saha, aanee dhanya utpadan ark, paanee, chav, snrakshak aanee itar ghatakanchya aambavalelya alcohole nasalelya mishranapasun vegale karane, jyala "kwas (malt) pey" mhanoon niyukt kele aahe.
2014 madhye mosco yethe jhalelya russian pey pradarshanat latvian kwas utpadakanni saat padake jinkley, jyat ilgezimchya porter tanheiser kwasne done suvarnapadake jinkley. 2019 madhye, "izyusima kwas" sarvat aavadatya latvian pey brand topmadhye dusya kramankavar aahe aanee tyanantarchya 2020 chya topmadhye pahilya kramankavar aahe.
lithuania.
lithuaniamadhye, kwasla "gira" mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee too batalyanmadhye aanee masudyanmadhye mothya pramanat upalabdh aahe. lithuaniatil kwas aanee kwas pakakrutinchya pahilya lekhee nondi 16 vya shatkat disu lagalya. vilniyasmadhil anek upahargruhe tyanchi swatachi 'kwas' tayar karatat, jee teey parisarat vikatat. mothya pramanat utpadit lithuanian kwasache kahee brand dekhil polish bajarat vikale jaatat. katekorpane sangayache tarr, 'jiira' aambavata yenyajogya konatyahi padarthapasun tayar keela jaau shakato-jase qee karve chaha, beetcha rus kinwa berries-parantu too pramukhyane kalya bread kinwa barley kinwa raee maltpasoon tayar keela jaato.
estonia.
estoniyamadhye, kwasla "kaalee" mhanoon olakhale jaate. suruvatila, heey ektar madyanirmatene kharch kelelya dhanyapasun kinwa bund containermadhye aambavanyasathi thevalelya vatitoon tayar kele jaat hote, parantu nantar vishesh kwas bread ("kaljaleb") kinwa audhyogikdrushtya utpadit malt concentrate vapar suru karnyat aala. aajkal, samanyatah pasteurization, preservatives aanee krutrim carbonationcha vapar karoon "kaalee" audhyogikdrushtya tayar kele jaate.
finland.
finlandmadhye, raiche peeth aanee raee maltchya mishranapasun banavalele aambavalele pey purv finlandchya kahee bhaganmadhye sarvatra hote aanee ovhanmadhye garam kele jaat asey. tyala 'kalja' (jeey lahan biarsathi dekhil vaparale jaau shakate) kinwa 'vasa' (purvekadil finishmadhye) asey mhatale jaat hote, tarr aajkal heey pey anekada 'kotikalja' () mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee anek kamachya cantin, gass station aanee qamee darjachya restaurantmadhye upalabdh aahe.
paramparikaritya, 'kalja' sahasa aathvadyatun ekada malted aanee unmalted raichya danyanchya mishranatoon gharanmadhye banavala jaat asey. oats kinwa barley yasarkhya itar dhanyancha dekhil kadhikadhi vapar keela jaat asey; kadhikadhi, uralele batate kinwa bhakariche tukade jodale jaat asat. dhatuchya bhandyat kinwa matichya bhandyat serve kahee panyat misalale gele aanee mishran gadad aanee god honyasathi ovhanmadhye kinwa stovdware kiman sahaa taas garam thewale gele. kadhikadhi, dhanya ghanpadarth lotteringdware filter kele jaat asat. purv finlandmadhye, heey mishran mothya bhakarimadhye tayar kele gele aanee kavach tapkiri honyasathi kahee kaal shijavale gele. malt breadche lapshi kinwa tukade lakadachya dabbyat panyat misalale jaat asat aanee purvichya tukadisah, aambat starters, aapoaap kinwa alikadchya kalat vyavsayik bekarchya yeasts eka kinwa done divas aambavale jaat asat. 20vya shatkachya suruvatila, sakhar adhik sahaj upalabdh hott asatana, tee malting prakriyechi jaaga gheu lagali aanee aadhunik 'kalja' gadad raee malt, sakhar aanee bekarchya yeastpasoon tayar keela jaato.
sweeden.
kwas sweedenmadhyehi tayar keela gela, jithe too '()' mhanoon olakhala jaat asey. tathapi, tee bahudha keval tyaa bhagapurati maryadit hotee jithe kurkurit bhakarichya tulanet raichi bhakari hii manak bhakari hotee, jee paschim sweedenmadhye adhik samanya hotee aanee shitheel navhati. '1935 paryant 'ajunahi olaindchya shetanmadhye banavale jaat hote.
chean.
19vya shatkachya madhyat, kwaschi zinjiangmadhye suruvat jhaali, jithe too "kawas" () mhanoon olakhala jaau lagla aanee akheris too yaa pradeshatil eka vishisht pey banala. heey sahasa barbecues thandit khalle jaate. 1900 saalee russian vyapari ivan churinane harbinmadhye harbin churin khadyapadarth (kiulin) sthapan kele, jyat kwas aanee itar vaishishtye hotee aanee 2009 paryant company aadhich sthanik bajarpethetil 90 takke bhag banavat varshala 5,000 tunn kwasache utpadan karat hotee. 2011 madhye, tyane aapala kwas karkhana tianzin yethe halavala, pahilya varshi tyachi vikri 20,000 tanparyant vadhali.
itaratra.
2004 saalee european sanghachya vistaramule brittenmadhye sthalantaritanchya yenyane purv europemadhil pakakruti aanee peye vikanari anek dukane sthapan karnyat aalee, jyapaiki anek kwasacha satha karatat. 2019 madhye, united kingadammadhe kwasache deshantargat utpadan suru jhaale. alikadachya varshant, sarbiyamadhye kwas dekhil adhik lokpriy jhaala aahe.
2017 madhye, californiamadhye utpadak jaivik aambyanni gajar kinwa beetpasoon kwaschi eka aavrutti vikasit kelee aahe.
poshan rachana.
naisargikaritya aambavalelya kwasmadhye 5.9% ± 0.02 karbodke asatat, jyapaiki 5.7% ± 0.02 sakhar (mukhytah fructose, glucose aanee maltose), tasech 0.71 ± 0.09,1.28 ± 0.12, aanee 18.14 ± 0.08 migra/100 gramm thyamine, riboflavin aanee niacin anukrame asatat. yavyatirikt, naisargikaritya aambavalelya kwasmadhye 19 vegvegalya sugandhi asthir sanyuge dekhil olakhali gelee aahet, visheshtah 4-penten-2-oel (10.05 × 107 pau), jyamadhye falacha gandh asato, carvon (2.28 × 107 pau) raichya breadmadhye ghatak mhanoon vaparlya jaanarya careway falanpasoon udbhavate aanee ethyl octanoate (1.03 × 107 pau), jyamadhye fale aanee charbicha gandh asato.
raichya sampoorn bhakaripasun banavalelya paramparik kwasmadhye, sarasari, aaharatil tantunche praman duppat, 60 takke jaast antioxidant kriyakalap (bhakarimadhye karamel aanee citric aesidchya jodanimule) aanee audhyogikdrushtya utpadit kwaspeksha teen patine qamee sakhar asalyache aadhalun aale aahe.
aitihasikdrushtya, kwaschya aakarmananusar (aii. bii. vhee.) alcohole ghatak, sukshmajiv vanaspati, tasech tapman aanee kinwan lambi yavar avalambun badalate, parantu aajkal teey sahasa 1.5 takkyanpeksha jaast nasate. serve vayogatatil mulansah kwaschi vyapak upalabdhata aanee sevan, labelver aanee jahiratinmadhye kwassathi abvche abhav sanket, purvichya soviet unionmadhil dirghakalin madyapanasathi sambhavya yogdankarta mhanoon naav dile gele aahe.
vapara.
madyapanavyatirikt, kutumbandware (visheshtah garib lock) anek padarthansathi aadhar mhanoon kwasacha vapar keela jaato. okroska, botwinya aanee turia yasarkhya russian pakakrutinche paramparik thund unhalyatil suup heey kwaswar aadharit aahet.
sanskrutik sandarbh.
norse pauranik kathanmadhil eka shahana prani kwasirche naav bahudha kwasashi sambandhit aahe.
eka russian abhivyakti aahe 'περεβιvAThsя с χλεBA να κασ' (shabdasha 'bhakaripasun kavasparyant chadhane'), jyacha arth 'hatatoon tondaparyant jagane' kinwa 'scrap karoon' assa hoto, joou garib shetkanyanmadhye raichya bhakarichya shijalelya bachtipasoon kawas banavanyachya mitvyayichya prathecha sandarbh deto. russianmadhil aanakhi eka kwas-sambandhit sandnya mhanje "(kwasnoy patriotism) russian kavee pyotra vyazemsky yanni 1823 madhye lihilelya patratil aahe, jyanni tyachi vyakhya" tumchya swatachya pratyek goshtichi ayogya stutee "ashee kelee aahe.
polish bhashet, 'kwas klebovi' chaa sandarbh denari anek paramparik vachane astitvat aahet. eka june polish lock prasbaddh gaane dekhil aahe. heey deshatil kwasacha itihas darshavite qee too sjlachtamadhye aushadhi pey mhanoon lokpriy honyachya khoop aadhi, kapanichya hangamat kathor parishramachya kalat vaparale jaanare tahan-shaman pey mhanoon polish kapani karnanyanchya pidhyanni pyayale hote. ganyache shabd pudhilpramane aaheth
jhalava yaa polish gavat, "wolcan" ("jwalamukhi") mhanoon olakhala jaanara eka paramparik khel aahe joou peypadarthanshi sambandhit aahe. sakhareche kinwan kelyane kwas kinchit carbonated hote, tyamule jevha halavale jaate kinwa garam kele jaate, tevha teey drav ughadya patratoon achanak aanee vegane baher padoo shakate. wolcan" khelanyat kavaschi batali dusya konakade denyapurvi jordarpane halavane samavisht asate, jee tee pinar aahe; batali ughadananya vyaktivar peyatoon achanak "golibar" karane haah jhalavatil tarunansathi manoranjanacha srot aahe aanee pradeshik utsavandarmyan eka suprasiddha vinod aahe.
tolstoychya 'yuddh aanee shantata' madhye, french sainikanna moscomadhye pravesh kelyavar kwaschi jaaniv asate, teey tyacha anand ghetat parantu tyala 'dukkarche limbuyukt paanee' asey sambodhatat. sholem alichemchya 'motal, pesi daad cantercha mulga' yaa pustakat, dialuted kwas haah motalchya mothya bhavachya jalad-shrimant honyachya yojananpaiki eka aahe.