
pamach

palmach (ibrih <unk>, 'plugot mahatz', 'strike kampanya') heey palestinesathi british aadeshachya kalat, yishuv (jyoo samuday) chey bhoomigat sainya, haganahche abhijat ladhau dall hote. pamchchi sthapana meey 1941 madhye jhaali. 1948 chya arab-israyali yuddhala suruvat jhaali tevha tyat teen ladhau brigade aanee sahayyak havai, naudal aanee guptachar vibhaganmadhye 2,000 hoon adhik purush aanee mahilancha samavesh hota. israyalache sainya tayar jhalyanantar teen pamach brigade visarjit karnyat aalya. yamule aanee rajkiy karananmule anek varishtha pamach adhikanyanna 1950 madhye rajinama denyas bhag padale.
israyali sanskruti aanee naitiktet, tyachya lashkari yogdanachya palikade, pamakne lakshaniy yogdan dile. tyache sadasya anek varshe israyal sanrakshn dalachya hayakmandcha kanaa banale aanee israyali rajkaran, sahitya aanee sanskratimadhye pramukh hote.
parshvabhoomi.
hagana hayakmandne meey 1941 madhye pamchchi sthapana kelee hotee. done sambhavya dhokyanpasun palestini jyoo samudayache rakshan karane haah tyacha uddesh hota. pratham, uttar aafriketil britishanvar vijay midavalyas palestinever akshane kabja karane. dusare mhanje, jarr british sainya palestinemadhun maghar ghet asel, tarr jyoo vasahatinvar arab loksankhyecha hallah houu shakato. yitzak sadeh yala pamach commander mhanoon naav denyat aale. suruvatila yaa gatat sumare shambhar purush hote. 1941chya unhalyachya suruvatila british lashkari adhikaanyaanee lebnon aanee syriamadhye vichee french sainyachya virodhat sanyukt mohima karnyas sahmati darshavali. pahili karvai mhanje libanonchya tripoli yetheel teel aasthapananvar vidhvansak moheem (operation boatwine). tevis pamak sadasya aanee eka british sampark adhikari samudramarge nighale parantu punha kadhihi tyanche naav aikale gele nahee. 8 juuna roji pamach aanee austreliyan mishra pathakanchya lebnon aanee syriamadhye kaam suru jhaale. yaa mohimanchya yashamule british jee. etch. kyu. neey mishmar hemec yethe teenshe purushansathi vidhvansak prashikshan shibirasathi nidhi deela. pamachmadhye vinavetan svayamsevak asalyane, tyaa nidhicha vapar duppat purushanchya garja bhagavanyasathi keela jaat asey. 1942 madhye all alamenchya dusya ladhait mitrapakshanchya vijayanantar jevha ingrajanni pamach padanyache aadesh dile, tevha hii sanghatana bhoomigat jhaali.
bhoomigat.
britishancha nidhi thambalyamule, kibbutz unionchya hakimbutz hamehudche pramukh yitzak tabenkin yanni suchavale qee pamkhadya tyachya sadasyanna kibbutzimmadhye kaam karoon swayam-nidhi asoo shakate. pratyek kibbutz pamcha pulton aayojit karel aanee tyanna ann, ghare aanee sansadhane purvel. tyaa badalyat pulton kibbutzche rakshan karel aanee shetisarkhi kaame karel. august 1942 madhye haah prastav swikaranyat aala, jevha pratyek mahinyat pamach sadasyanna aath prashikshan divas, 14 kamache divas aanee saat divasanchi sutty asel assa nirnayahi ghenyat aala. sanyukt lashkari prashikshan, krishi karya aanee zionist shikshanachya karyakramala 'hachshara megueset' haksarh megoist (mhanje 'masuda/bharati kelele prashikshan') asey mhatale jaat asey. nantar, zionist yuva chalvalinni 18-20 vayogatatil sadasyanna krishi vasahatisathi mukhya gatanmadhye (garin) sameel honyachi sandhee dilee, joou nahalcha aadhar banala.
moolbhut prashikshanat sharirik tandurusti, lahan haat, maili aanee kapap, moolbhut sagari prashikshan, sthalakruti, prathamik upchar aanee pathakachya karyancha samavesh hota. bahutek pamach sadasyanna khalilpaiki eka kinwa adhik kshetranmadhye pragat prashikshan midaleh vidhvansak aanee sphotake, tohee, sniping, dalanvalan aanee redio, halakya aanee madhyam machine gunn aanee 2 inch aanee 3 inch mortar chalvane. pulton prashikshanat lamb morcha, tofkhana sahayya aanee machinegan aanee mortars sanyukt thet golibar kavayati yancha samavesh hota.
pamach swatantra aanee vyapak vicharanchya philled kamandaranna prashikshan denyavar khoop bharr dett hote jeey pudhakar ghetil aanee tyanchya sainyasathi eka udaharan tayar kartil. tyane pathakache commander aanee companyche commander yanna prashikshit kele. pramukh senapati prashikshan abhyaskram pamachmadhye hota aanee anek hagna senapati pamachmadhye prashikshit honyasathi pathvanyat aale hote. pamach kamandarancha marg haah anek philled kamandaransathi srot hota, jeey hagana aanee nantar israyalachya sanrakshn dalancha kanaa hote.
yuddhanantarchi karye.
1944 madhye lehinni laurd moyanchya hatyenantar saat mahine, shimone avidanchya netrutvakhali pamche sadasya session kriyakalapanmadhye sahbhagi hote, jyamadhye tyanni irgan aanee lehinna chiradanyachya prayatnat britishanna sahkarya kele. tathapi, 1 aktoobar 1945 roji, britishanviruddha sashastr sangharsh suru karnyachya david baine-gurianchya nirnayamule, pamakne bandkhor gatanshi yutee kelee, jyala hibru pratikar chalval mhanatat. 10 aktoobar 1945 roji yitzak rabinchya netrutvakhalil sainyane 208 jyoo kaidyanchi sutka karoon turungavar chhapa takala. pahili sanyukt moheem 31 aktoobar 1945 roji jhaali jevha pamchane teen british gast boaty budavalya, 2 haifamadhye aanee eka jafamadhye aanee railway pranalichya pool aanee kalvyanvar 153 bomb hallyanmadhye sahbhagi hotya.
22 februwari 1946chya ratri, pamchanni shefa-amr yetheel polis teggart killyavar 200 paund vajanachya bombney hallah keela; tyanantarchya golibarat pamachache nuksan jhaale. juuna 1946 madhye palestinela tyachya shejaril deshanshi jodana akra pulanpaiki daha pool pamakne udavoon dile. achaziv pulavaril hallyat pamche chauda sadasya marle gele.
hii yutee kadhihi purnapane hagnahchya niyantranakhali navhati aanee iraganane aanakhi kroor hallyanchi malika suru kelee, jyacha shevat king david hottel bombsfotat jhaala. haah hallah 29 juuna 1946 roji suru jhalelya british dadapshahila, 'black sabbath' laa iraganane dilela pratisad hota. dadapshahi aanee raja david hallyatil jyoo nagri netrutvachya santapachya sanyogamule baine-gurianne pudhil pamack operations radd kelya.
pratikaratmak chhape.
daha mahinyanhun adhik kalanantar pamche kaam punha suru jhaale. jyaa shastrachi kamatarata navhati teey eka sthanik patalivar tayar kelele sphotake hote. 20 meey 1947 roji tyanni fajja yetheel eka coffey haus udavale, visheshtah jawalchya peta tikvamadhye done jyoo lokanchya hatyecha badala ghenyasathi. sanyukt rashtranchya falanichya tharavanantar hinsachar vadhalyanantar sudbuddhichya karvayanche praman vadhale.
18 december 1947 roji, pamach commander yigal allenne manjur kelelya eka mohimet, lebananchya simejavalil all-khisa yethe anek ghare udavoon denyat aalee; eka dozen nagrik marle gele. 31 december 1947 roji haifa telshuddhikaran prakalpat 47 jyoo lokanchya hatyecha badala ghenyasathi pamkhadichya 170 lokanni haifa yetheel balad all-shekhvar hallah keela. anek dazanbhar ghare uddhvast jhaali aanee 60-70 gavkari marle gele.
jafachya aaspas, pamkhadichya tukadyanni yazur aanee salamanmadhil ghare uddhvast kelee. 3 janewari 1948 roji dilelya aadeshat mhatale aahe qee, "uddisht aahe... salama gavachya uttarekadil bhagavar hallah karane... mrutyu ghadavun aanane, ghare udavane aanee shakya teey serve kahee jaalane."varchya galileymadhye, moshe kelmanchya netrutvakhalil pamchchya tisya tukadine 15 februwari roji sasavar hallah keela aanee daha ghare udavoon dilee, jyat 11 gavkari thaar jhaale. pudhe uttares, tyanni 16 march 1948 roji all-husseniyavar hallah keela, jaminichya khanicha badala ghenyasathi, tyanni paach ghare udavali aanee "30 arab praudh" marle. uttar negevhmadhye, 4 april 1948 roji, done bakhtarband gadyanmadhil pamach unitne eka jyoo gastavar jhalelya khaan hallyanantar "nauu bedouin leey-buy aanee eka matichi zopadi" nasht kelee.
yaa kalat, 35 janancha tafa mhanoon olakhalya jaananya yaa karyakramat, shekado arab sthanikanni aanee sainyane tyanchyavar hallah kelyanantar, pamachane 18 manse (itar 17 hagana ladhvayyansah) kafer etzion yetheel chhawani balkat karnyasathi jaat asatana gamavali. pamach aanee hagna yoddhanchya mrutdehanchi asha prakare vitambana karnyat aalee hotee qee tyanchyapaiki kahinna olakhale jaau shakat navhate.
uddishtanmadhye badal.
20 februwari 1948 roji pamchane tail avivhchya uttarela sizeriya yethe eka operation suru kele, jyamadhye tyanni 30 ghare padali, sphotakanchya kamataratemule sahaa ghare ubhi rahili. bekaydeshir sthalantaritanviruddhcha tall mhanoon british sainyane tyanchyavar kabja karane rokhane haah yamagcha uddesh hota. yitzak rabinane yaa hallyala virodh keela. jaree yaa imarati arabanchya tabyat asalya taree tyaa jyoo lokanchya malkichya hotya.
yojana dii aanee tyachya up-operationschya sakriyatesah, palestini aniyamit kinwa arab mukti sainya (alah) dware tall mhanoon tyancha vapar karnyapasoon rokhanyachya uddeshane gave padnyasathi pamach unitcha vapar karnyat aala.
operation nachshon.
jerusalemla jaanara rasta saaf karnyachya prayatnannantar, pamach unitony "all-kastan, kalinia, khuda hii gave qamee-adhik pramanat paddhatshirpane samtal kelee aanee mothya pramanat kinwa anshatah bett surik, bidu, shhu 'faat, bett ixa, bett mahseer aanee sheikh jarra (jerusalem) nasht kele".
9 april roji mortars pamach unitne dair yasinavaril irgan hallyat bhag ghetala.
mishmar hamek.
mishmar hamek yetheel hagna talavaril ayashasvi hallah aanee haganachya yuddhaviram prastavala nakar dilyanantar, hagna aanee pamach sainyane pratyuttar dile. 8 teey 14 april darmyan daha gave pamchchya tabyat aalee. done aathvadyant tyanchi patali vadhavanyat aalee.
operation yiftack aanee safadvar vijay.
2 meey roji, moshe kelmanchya netrutvakhalil pamach tisya bataliyanne, deane all-zitunvar davidka, done 3 inch mortar aanee aath 2 inch mortarne hallah keela. tyanantarchya done divasant pamach sappersney udavoon dile aanee serve ghare jaalali. yaa gavchya tukadicha commander kellman yane tabyat ghetalyanantar sattar kaidyanna fashi denyache aadesh dile.
6 meey roji pamkhanyane safadvar hallah keela. too killa tabyat ghenyat ayashasvi jhaala aanee pamkhada mage ghyava lagla. bachavkartyanni yuddhaviram deu keela, joou allenne nakarla. 9 meey roji dusra hallah karnyat aala. hyachya aadhi mortar aanee devidka vaparoon eka 'prachand kendrit barrage' hote. 11 meey roji safadacha rikama arab bhag vyapala gela. 12, 000 teey 15,000 nirvasitanchi nirmiti karnyat aalee hotee.
operation yifta darmyan pamach 69 thaar jhaale.
meey 1948 madhye pamachache 2,200 kayamswarupi sanghatit sadasya hote. eka vegala srot november 1947 chya akheris pamcha aakar 3,000 itka thevato aanee 3,000 rakheev gola kelya gelyanantar, meey 1948 paryant paach tukadya sthapan karnyat aalya, jyat 5,000 ladhvayye hotee, jyapaiki 1,200 mahila hotya.
1948chya arab-israyali yuddhat pamkhadichya tukadyanni motha bhag ghetala. yuddhachya suruvatila, arab sainyachya virodhat jyoo vasahati (jase qee gush etzion, cuffer darom aanee revivim) thevanyasathi pamach unit jababdar hote. sankhya aanee shastrastranmadhye jaree qamee asale taree, pamach sainikanni yahudi lokanna ekatra aananyas aanee yuddhachi tayari karnyas haganala parvanagi denyasathi puresa vel dharala.
israyali sainyachi nirmiti.
swatantra unit mhanoon pamchchi shevatchi karvai altalena prakaranatil irganchya virodhat hotee. 22 juuna 1948 roji iraganane shastranni bharaleli altalena, tail evivapasoon bandukit bund kelee. baine-gurianne pamkhadila shastre padane rokhanyache aadesh dile. yigal allonchya netrutvakhalil eka mohimet, yitzak rabinla tyacha sahayyak mhanoon gheuun, jahaj budavanyasathi tof vaparali gelee. pamcha eka sadasya aanee irganche chauda sadasya marle gele.
israyali sainyachya sthapanenantar, pamchchi teen aay. dii. eff. brigedmadhye punarrachana karnyat aalee-negev brigade, yiftouch brigade aanee harel brigade. negev aanee yifta brigade egyptchya sainya virodhat negevhmadhye ladhalya aanee tyanna thambavanyat yash aale aanee nantar teey ghaza patti aanee sinaimadhye paratavun denyat yashasvi jhaale. yifta brigade nantar uttarekade hastantarit karnyat aalee. herrell brigade jerusalemvar kendrit hotee. israyali sainyat pamcha vilinikaranat baine-guriansobat sattasangharshanchi malika samavisht hotee, jyala senapatinche bund mhanatat. 1949 madhye pamchchya anek varishtha sadasyanni sainyatoon rajinama deela.
swatantryaladhyadarmyan aanee israyalachya nirmitipurvichya varshanmadhye pamchane ekoon 1,187 ladhvayye gamavali.
jivitahani.
pamach smarak sthalavar meey 1941 teey meey 1945 darmyan pamach sadasyanchya 37 mrutyunchi nond aahe. karvait ektis marle gele, sahaa british sainyat seva kartana marle gele aanee sahaa british sarkarviruddhachya sangharshat marle gele.
meey 1945 teey november 1947 darmyan pamche aanakhi 39 sadasya maran pavale. ekvis jann karvait marle gele aanee eka jann ladhait marla gela, chauda jann pulanchya ratri achaziv pool udavanyachya prayatnat marle gele. ingrajanviruddhachya sangharshat aththavis janancha mrutyu jhaala.
december 1947chya suruvatipasun meey 1948chya akheris, jevha israyali sainya tayar jhaale, tevha 574 mrutyu nondavale gele aahet, jyapaiki 524 karvait kinwa ladhait marle gele; 77 tafyatil kartvyavar kinwa surakshit rastyanvar asatana; 59 yevusi mohimedarmyan, jyat nabii samuel yethe 34; operation nashon darmyan 20, serve all-kastal yethe; operation yiftak darmyan 68; mishmar hemec yethe 12. jilhabharat, jerusalem aanee aaspaschya bhagat pamkhadache 171 sadasya, gush etzion aanee tyachya aaspas 104, galileymadhye 103 aanee negevhmadhye 81 sadasya marle gele.
juuna 1948 teey december 1949 yaa kalat, pamach sainyat villin jhaale, 527 sadasya marle gele, 452 karvait kinwa ladhait marle gele; 101 operation danny darmyan marle gele, jyat 45 khirbet kurikur yethe; 53 operation yov darmyan; 44 operation horevhmadhye aanee 22 operation darmyan aakramankartyala mrutyu jhaala. jilhyaparyant 234 janancha negev aanee dakshin maidani pradeshat mrutyu jhaala; 62 jerusalem aanee tyachya aaspas; 44 latroonchya aaspas; 42 ghaza pattyat aanee 41 madhya maidani aanee kinarpattichya pattyat.
brigeddware, herrell brigedche 313 sadasya marle gele, negevche 312 aanee yiftackche 274. mrutanpaiki eka lechicha sadasya asalyachi nond aahe.
pamach smarak sthalamadhye 34 mahila sadasyancha mrutyu nondavala gela aahe, jyat satra mahila karvait kinwa ladhait thaar jhalya.
mrutanpaiki sumare 520 jann palestinemadhye janmale hote; tyapaiki 117 teel avivhmadhil, 97 jerusalemmadhil aanee 56 haifa yetheel hote. europe aanee russiamadhye 550 hoon adhik janmale hote; polandmadhun 181, germanytun 99 aanee romaniyatoon 95. mrutanpaiki aanakhi 131 jann arab aanee muslim deshantil hote; 32 jann turkeeche, 23 jann seeriyatil aanee 21 yemenche hote. urvarit 13 janancha janm americet jhaala hota.
mrutanpaiki 633 jann 18 teey 22 varshe vayogatatil, 302 jann 22 teey 25 vayogatatil, 138 jann 26 aanee tyahoon adhik vayache aanee 91 jann 18 varshankhalil hote.
lashkari sanghatana.
pamkhadi niyamit kampanya (1943 madhye sahaa) aanee paach kinwa sahaa vishesh tukadyanmadhye sanghatit kelee gelee.
pamchchya vishesh ghatakanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotah
pamakne prashikshan kshetra kamandaranvar (мегати стч) bharr deela aanee israyali sainyasathi aadhar tayar keela.
1948chya arab-israyali yuddhadarmyan, yigal allonchya netrutvakhali teen payadal tukadya tayar karnyasathi pamchacha vistar karnyat aalah
kamand bataliyanne naudal, havai aanee commando kampanyanvar niyantran thewale.
pamach senapaticha ladhau aardaorda hota "!aharee' ('ahrai'), jyacha shabdasha arth 'majhyanantar!' assa hoto."kinwa" majhya magomag yaa!". too aaplya sainikanna baher pathvanyaivaji aanee mage rahnyaivaji netrutva karnara senapati yacha sandarbh deto.
rajkaran aanee sanskruti.
pamach hii samajvadi pakshanshi sambandhit eka vyapak staravaril davya vicharsaranichi rashtravadi sanghatana hotee. tyachya sadasyanni kibbutzim prashikshan ghetale aanee teey rahat hote. yigal elon aanee yitzak sadeh yansarkhya tyanchya netyanchi rajkiy pravrutti, david baine-gurian aanee mapai sattadhari pakshachya virodhat asalelya davkhura paksh asalelya mapamkade hotee. 1944 madhye palestinechya jyoo samudayachya prabal paksh, david baine-gurian yanchya netrutvakhalil mapaimadhye mothee phoot padali hotee. mapavammadhye vikasit jhalela, vibhakt jhalela gut ahdut havoda, soviet unionmadhil stallinchya rajvatipasun prerit hota aanee kibbutz chalvalit tyache prabal anuyayi hote. pamche bahutek sadasya kibbutzimmadhun yet asalyane, mapamche varchasva pamchavar hote, tyache bahusankhya adhikari sadasya hote. 1948 nantar baine-gurian, pantpradhan aanee naveen rajyache sanrakshn mantri, hagna aanee pamchchya netyanshi sangharshachi malika hotee. baine-gurianne sainyache rajkaran radd karnyachya prakriyet, teen paam brigade visarjit karnyat aalya aanee 1950 madhye bahutek mapam adhikaanyaanee rajinama deela. jeey pamach sadasya mapammadhye hote aanee sainyat rahile hote tyanna anek varshe bajula rahoon sahan karave lagale. rajkiyikaranacha parinam assa jhaala qee serve varishtha lashkari padey mapai sadasya kinwa baine-gurian nishthavantanchya tabyat hotee. vimudrikaranantar pamkhadichya anek sadasyanni naveen kibbutzimchi sthapana kelee. 1949 madhye tyanni baar 'aam, bett gwrin, niir yitzak (yitzak sadehchya sanmanarth naav dile gele), pamchim, reey' iim, roash honeycra, reey 'iim aanee yironchi sthapana kelee. tathapi, pamach sadasya ekach vicharsaranicha eksandh, eksandh samooh navhata. israyal rajyachya suruvatichya varshant teey serve rajkiy pakshanmadhye aadhalu shakat hote.
anek lock pamach pidhiche pratinidhi manana igal allon heey, jaree ishkol yanche nidhan aanee 1969 madhye miir yanchi niyukti darmyan kahee divas pantpradhan rahile asale taree teey kadhihi rashtriy netrutvachya padavar pohochale naheet. 1980 madhye tyanche nidhan jhaale.
lashkari yogdanashivay, israyali "zabar" sanskrativar pamcha motha prabhav hota. pamach upkramanmadhye "kumzitz" (ratri aagibhovati basoon, khane, bolane aanee majaa karane), sarvajanik gayan aanee cross-country chalanyachya sahali yancha samavesh hota. heey anekada pauranik praman ghetalele aahet aanee israyalachya lokansathi aavadatya upkram banale aahet.
pamakne anek upakhyan, vinod, "chizbat" (chhotya majedar katha, bahutek vela atishayoktivar aadharit), ganee aanee agadi pustake aanee kathanchehi yogdan dile.
ullekhaneey pamach sanskrutik vyaktinmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
pamach gaane.
ganyacha purn majkurah
pamach sangrahalay.
eritz israyal sangrahalayajavalil tail avivhmadhil chem levanon rastyavar asalele pamach sangrahalay, vyakti aanee gatanchya kathandware pamach varshacha shodh ghete. sangrahalayatil abhyagat tyachya aasthapanetun bharati jhalelya pamchya tarunanchya gatat sameel hotat aanee 1948chya arab-israyali yuddhachya shevataparyant pamchya kathetoon pudhe jaatat.