tiin

tiin haah rasayanik ghatak aahe jyache chinh ess. aine. () aanee anukramank 50 aahe. eka chandi rangacha dhatoo, tiin itake mauu asate qee qamee takdine kapale jaau shakate aanee tinchi patti thodya prayatnane hatane vakavata yete. jevha vakate, tevha tathakathit 'tiin radane' heey tinchya sfatikanmadhye julya honyacha parinam mhanoon aikoo yete; heey vaishishtya indium, cademium, jast aanee paaraa yanchya ghan sthiteet samayik kele jaate.
ghatt kelyanantar shuddha tiin bahutek dhatunsarkhech aarshasarkhe swaroop sadar karate. bahutek tiin mishradhatunmadhye (udaa.jee. piootar) dhatucha rung fikat rakhadi rangane ghatt hoto.
tiin haah ghatakanchya aavart saranichya 14 vya gatatil sankramananantarcha dhatoo aahe. heey pramukhyane khanij casiteritemadhun prapt hote, jyamadhye stanic auxide asato. tiin heey tyachya 14 vya gatatil, germanium aanee shise yaa donhi shejari deshanshi rasayanik samya darshavate aanee tyachya done mukhya auxidation avastha aahet, + 2 aanee kinchit adhik sthir + 4. tiin haah pruthvivaril 49 vaa sarvat mubalak ghatak aahe aanee 10 sthir samasthanikansah, tyachya protonchya jadui sankhyemule, niyatkalik saranimadhye sthir samasthanikanchi sarvat mothee sankhya aahe.
tyat done mukhya allotrope asatatah samanya tapmanat, sthir allotrope haah β-tiin asato, joou eka chandicha-pandhara, lavchik dhatoo asato; qamee tapmanat too qamee daat rakhadi α-tiin asato, jyamadhye α-tinmadhye ghan rachana asate. dhatuche tiin sahajpane havah aanee panyat auxidise hott nahee.
mothya pramanavar vaparale jaanare pahile tiin mishradhatu kansya hote, jeey ii. sha. puu. 3000 pasoon tiin aanee tambyapasoon tayar kele gele hote. ii. sha. puu. 600 nantar shuddha dhatuche tiin tayar kele gele. pivter, jeey 85-90% tinche mishradhatu aahe aanee urvarit samanyatah tambe, pratidravya, bismuth aanee kadhikadhi shise aanee chandiche asate, teey kansyayugapasun flatwaresathi vaparale jaat aahe. aadhunik kalat, tincha vapar anek mishradhatunmadhye keela jaato, visheshtah tiin-lead soft soulder, jeey samanyatah 60 takke kinwa tyahoon adhik tiin asatat aanee optoelectronic anuprayoganmadhye indium tiin oxidechya pardarshak, vidyut vahak chitrapatanchya nirmitimadhye. aanakhi eka motha vapar mhanje steelche ganj-pratirodhak tiin plating. ajaivik tinchi visharita qamee asalyamule, tiin-plated steelcha vapar annapadarthanchya packagingsathi "tinche dabe" mhanoon mothya pramanat keela jaato. kahee organotine sanyuge atyant vishari asoo shakatat.
vaishishtye.
sharirik.
tiin haah eka mauu, lavchik, lavchik aanee atyant sfatikeey chandicha-pandhara dhatoo aahe. jevha tinchi patti vakate tevha sfatikanchya julya aavajatoon 'tiin kray' mhanoon olakhala jaanara eka karkash aavaj aikoo yeto. tiin sumare 14 vya gatatil sarvat qamee pramanat vitalate. vitalanyacha bindu aanakhi qamee karoon 11 nm kanansathi keela jaato.
beeta-tiin, jyala 'pandhare tiin' asehi mhanatat, heey moolbhut tinche allotrope (sanrachanatmak swaroop) aahe jeey kholichya tapmanavar aanee tyahoon adhik sthir asate. teey dhatuche aanee lavchik aahe aanee shareer-kendrit chatushkoniy sphatik rachana aahe. α-tiin kinwa "grey tiin" heey adhatu swaroop aahe. too khalee sthir aahe aanee thisul aahe. hira aanee siliconpramanech α-tinmadhye α-tinmadhye ghan sphatik rachana asate. α-tinmadhye dhatuche gunadharm nasatat kaaran tyache anoo sahsanyojak rachana tayar karatat jyamadhye electron muktapane halchal karoo shakat naheet. α-tiin hii eka nistej-rakhadi choornyukt samagri aahe jyacha vishesh ardhchalak anuprayoganvyatirikt itar konatahi samanya vapar nahee. γ-tiin aanee σ-tiin heey varche tapman aanee anek jee. pii. aii. peksha jaast dabavar astitvat asatat.
thandit beeta-tinche aapoaap α-tinmadhye rupantar hote, hii ghatana 'tiin keetak' kinwa 'tiin rog' mhanoon olakhali jaate. kahee padtalani naan karata yenyajogya strotanche asehi mhanane aahe qee, 1812 chya nepoliyanchya russian mohimedarmyan tapman itake thund jhaale qee sainikanchya ganveshavaril tinchi batane kalantarane vighatit jhaali, jyamule grand armi yaa kayamswarupi aakhyayikechya parabhavas hatbhar lagla.
α-β parivartan tapman aahe, parantu ashuddhata (eae.jee. all, zdn, ityadi.) teey khalee changle khalee qaraa. pratidravya kinwa bismathchya jodanimule parivartan ajibat houu shakat nahee, jyamule tikaupana vadhato.
asvachchata mhanoon upasthit asalelya bismuth, pratidravya, shise aanee chandichya chhotya pramananchya pratibandhatmak prabhavamule tinchya vyavsayik shreni (99.8% tiin samagri) parivartanacha pratikar karatat. tambe, antimony, bismuth, cademium aanee chandi yasarkhe mishra ghatak tinchi kadakpana vadhavtat. tiin sahajpane katheen, thisul aantar-dhatuche tappe tayar karate jeey samanyatah avanchhaniy asatat. bahutek dhatoo aanee ghatkansah teey dravanat misalat nahee, tyamule tinmadhye jaast ghanata nasate. tiin bismuth, gallium, shise, thallium aanee jastmadhye changle misalate, jyamule sadhya eutectic pranali tayar hotat.
tiin 3.72 keey peksha qamee unchicha superconductor banato aanee abhyasalya jodalya pahilya superconductorspacky eka hota. superconductors vaishishtyapurn vaishishtyanpaiki eka asalela mesner prabhav, superconducting tiin chrystalsmadhye pratham aadhalala.
rasayanik.
tiin panyatil ganjala pratikar karate, parantu aaml aanee alkalidware tyacha naash keela jaau shakato. tiin atyant polish kele jaau shakate aanee itar dhatunsathi snrakshak aavaran mhanoon vaparale jaate, snrakshak auxide (nishkriyata) thurr pudhil auxidation rokhato. tiin auxigen asalelya dravanachi rasayanik pratikriya suru karnara utprerak mhanoon kaam karate aanee parinami jivanavar rasayanik pratikriyecha veg vadhavanyas madat karate.
isotope.
tinmadhye daha sthir samasthanike asatat, jee konatyahi ghatakachi sarvat mothee sankhya aahe. tinchya samasthanikanche anoo dravyaman 112,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,122 aanee 124 aahe. 120sn heey serve tinpaiki jawaljawal eka trutiyansh aahe; 118sn aanee 116sn heey dekhil samanya aahet, tarr 115sn heey sarvat qamee samanya sthir samasthanik aahe. summ vastuman sankhya asalelya samasthanikanna anoo firki nasate, tarr visham vastuman sankhya asalelya samasthanikanna ardha bhag firki asate. aine. emm. aar. spectroscopidware shodhanyasathi aanee vishleshan karnyasathi tiin heey sarvat sope ghatak aahe jeey aanvik vajanavar avalambun asate aanee tyachya rasayanik badalancha sandarbh tyachya viruddha deela jaato. sthir samasthanikanchi mothee sankhya haah anoo kramank 50 asalelya tincha, anoo bhautikshastratil "jaaduchi sankhya" yacha thet parinam asalyache manale jaate. sthir samasthanikanpaiki tiin-115 madhye 30 kotharanmadhye vegwan neutron urjesathi uchch capture cross section aahe. itar done samasthanik tiin-117 heey 2.3 kotharanchya cross sections sections kramankavar aahet, tarr samasthanik tiin-119 madhye 2.20 kotharancha thoda lahan cross section aahe. heey cross section sarvashrut honyapurvi, qamee vitalanyacha bindu asalyamule vegwan anubhattisathi anubhatti shitalak mhanoon tiin-lead soulder vaparnyacha prastav hota. sadhyache abhyas shise kinwa shise-bismuth anubhatti shitalkansathi aahet kaaran donhi judd dhatoo atishay qamee capture cross sections jalad neutronsathi jawaljawal pardarshak asatat. tiin kinwa tiin-lead shitalak vaparnyasathi tinla pratham isotope vegale karoon 115,117 aanee 119 isotope kadhoon takave lagtil. yaa teen samasthanikanchya ektritpane naisargik tinchya sampoorn vastumanachya sumare 17 takke bhag tayar hoto parantu jawaljawal serve capture cross sectionche pratinidhitva karato. urvarit saat samasthanikanpaiki tiin-112 madhye 1 kothar asalela capture cross section aahe. serve tinche 82.7% 82.7% itar sahaa samasthanikanmadhye 0.3 kinwa tyapeksha qamee kotharanche cross section asatat, jyamule teey shise aanee bismuth sarkhya neutronsathi prabhavipane pardarshak banatat.
tinmadhye 31 asthir samasthanike asatat, jyanche vastuman 99 teey 139 paryant asate. asthir tiin samasthanikanche ardhayushya eka varshapeksha qamee asate, 126 ess. aine. vagalata, jyache ardhayushya 230,000 varshe aahe. 
100sn aanee 132sn heey "duppat jaadoo" kendrak asalelya kahee nuclidespacky done aahet, jeey asthir asoonahi, tyanche neutron-proton gunottar khoop asman asalyamule, antim bindu aahet, jyachya palikade tinche samasthanik 100sn peksha halake aanee 132sn peksha judd aahet, jeey khoopach qamee sthir aahet. 111 aanee 131 darmyanchya tinchya samasthanikansathi aanakhi 30 metastable samasthanikanchi olakh patavanyat aalee aahe, tyapaiki sarvat sthir 121 emm. ess. aine. aahe, jyache ardhayushya 43.9 varshe aahe.
taranchya nucleosynthesis darmyan teey kase tayar hotat yavarun tinchya sthir samasthanikanchya sankhyetil sapeksh farak spasht keela jaau shakato. bahutek asalelya 116sn teey 120sn heey 's'-prakriyet (santh neutron capture) tayar hotat jyamule teey sarvat samanya tiin samasthanik banatat, tarr 122sn aanee 124sn heey supernovamadhil 'r'-prakriyet (jalad neutron capture) tayar hotat aanee qamee samanya asatat. tiin samasthanike 117sn teey 120sn dekhil "r"-prakriyet tayar kelee jaatat. 112sn, 114sn aanee 115sn, heey 's'-kinwa 'r'-prakriyanmadhye lakshaniy pramanat kele jaau shakat naheet aanee jyaa pii-nucleusmadhye mool aahe teey changlya prakare samajale jaat nahee. tyanchya nirmitibaddalachya kahee kalpananmadhye proton capture aanee photodicintation samavesh aahe, 115sn heey anshatah 's'-prakriyet thet aanee dirghkal jagalelya 115in chee mulgi mhanoon tayar kele jaau shakate.
vyutpatti.
tiin' haah shabd german bhashanmadhye samayik keela jaato aanee too punarnirmit proto-germanmadhye shodhala jaau shakato; sandnyanatmak shabdanmadhye german, swedish aanee dutch yancha samavesh hoto. german (udaa.jee., ingrajimadhun ayrish).
tinchya lattin navacha arth moolatah chandi aanee shiseche mishradhatu assa hota aanee chauthya shatkat 'tiin' assa arth aala-tyacha purvicha lattin shabd 'pandhara shise' hota. french, spanish, italian aanee ayrish yasarkhya 'tiin' sathee pranayramya aanee celtic sandnyanche mool asalelya purvichya (mhanje samaan padarth) shabdatoon heey varvar pahata aale aahe. / chey mool adnyat aahe; teey purv-indo-european asoo shakate.
tyaeivaji suchavalele teey cornishmadhun aale aanee ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkatil cornwall haah tincha mukhya srot hota yacha purava aahe.
itihas.
tinche utkhanan aanee vapar haah kansya yugachya suruvaticha sumare ii. sha. puu. 3000 paryant asoo shakato, jevha asey disun aale qee vegvegalya dhatuyukt dhatuyukt bahuvidh dhatuyukt dhatunpasun tayar jhalelya tambyachya vastunche bhautik gunadharm vegvegale hote. sarvat junya kansya vastunmadhye tiin kinwa aarsenikche praman 2 takkyanpeksha qamee hote aanee teey tambe dhatumadhil dhatuche praman lakshat aalyane anavdhanane mishradhatu tayar jhalyamule jhaale asalyache manale jaate. tambyamadhye dusra dhatoo jodalyane tyachi kadakpana vadhate, vitalanyache tapman qamee hote aanee adhik drav vitaloon, jeey thund houn ghan, qamee spanjyukt dhatoo banate, tee tayar karoon casting prakriya sudharate. haah eka mahattvacha navonmesh hota jyamule kansyayugachya bund sachanmadhye takalelya adhik jatil aakaranna parvanagi midali. arsenical kansya vastoo sarvat aadhi purvekadil bhagat disatat, jithe samanyatah tambyachya dhatumadhye arsenic aadhalate, parantu aarogyasathiche dhoke lavkar lakshat aale aanee kansyayugachya suruvatilach qamee dhokadayak tiin dhatunchya strotancha shodh suru jhaala. yamule durmil tiin dhatuchi magani nirman jhaali aanee eka vyapar jaale tayar jhaale jyane tinchya durchya strotanna kansya yugatil sanskratinchya bajarpetheshi jodale.
tinche auxide swaroop casiterite () bahudha tincha mool srot hota. itar tiin dhatoo heey stanitesarkhe qamee samanya sulphide aahet jyasathi adhik guntalelya vitalanyachya prakriyechi aavashyakta asate. casiterite anekada gaal vahinyanmadhye placer deposit mhanoon jamaa hote kaaran teey sobat asalelya granitepeksha katheen, judd aanee adhik rasayanikdrushtya pratirodhak asate. casiteritecha rung sahasa kaala kinwa gadad asato aanee heey sathe nadichya kathavar sahajpane disu shakatat. yogayogane, galyukt (placer) sathe sonyachya paningsarkhya paddhatinni gola kele aanee vegale kele gele asavet.
sanyuge aanee rasayanshastra.
tyachya bahutansh sanyuganmadhye, tinchi auxidation sthitee II kinwa IV asate. dvigunit tiin asalelya sanyuganna mhanatat tarr tetravalent tiin asalelya sanyuganna mhanatat.
ajaivik sanyuge.
hallide sanyuge donhi auxidation avasthansathi olakhali jaatat. ess. aine. (4) sathee, serve chaar halides suprasiddha aaheth ess. aine. eff. 4, ess. aine. see. ell. 4, ess. aine. bii. aar. 4 aanee ess. aine. aay. 4. teen judd sadasya asthir aanvik sanyuge aahet, tarr tetrafluoride polymeric aahe. charahi halides ess. aine. (2) sathee dekhil olakhale jaatatah ess. aine. eff. 2, ess. aine. bii. aar. 2 aanee ess. aine. aay. 2. serve polymeric ghan aahet. yaa aath sanyuganpaiki keval iodide rangeet asatat.
tiin (2) chloride (jyala stanus chloride asehi mhanatat) heey sarvat mahattvache vyavsayik tiin hallide aahe. asha sanyuganche marg spasht kartana, chlorine tiin dhatushi pratikriya karoon ess. aine. see. ell. 4 dete, tarr hydrochloric aaml aanee tinchi pratikriya hydrogen vayoo tayar karate. paryayipane ess. aine. see. ell. 4 aanee ess. aine. heey comproportion navachya prakriyedvare stanus chloridemadhye ekatra yetatah
tiin anek auxides, sulphides aanee itar chalcogenide derivatives tayar karoo shakate. jevha havechya upasthitit tiin garam kele jaate tevha dioxide (casiterite) tayar hoto. teey amphoteric aahe, jyacha arth assa aahe qee teey amleey aanee moolbhut asha donhi dravnanmadhye virghalate. jaree mukt stanic aaml [] adnyat asale taree, rachana [] 2−, jase qee [], asalele stannet dekhil dnyat aahet.
tinche sulphide + 2 aanee + 4 yaa donhi auxidation avasthanmadhye astitvat aaheth tiin (2) sulphide aanee tiin (4) sulphide (mosack goaled).
hydride.
+ 4 auxidation sthiteet tiin asalele stannen () asthir aahe. organotine hydrides matra suprasiddha aahet, udaa.jee. tributiltin hydride (ess. aine. (see. (see. 9) 9). heey sanyug kshanik tributile tiin radicals sodatat, jeey tinchya sanyuganchi durmil udaharane aahet (3).
organotine sanyuge.
organotine sanyuge, jyanna kadhikadhi stannence mhanatat, tee tiin-carbon bandh asaleli rasayanik sanyuge asatat. tiin sanyuganpaiki sendriya vyutpann vyavsayikdrushtya sarvat upayukt aahet. kahee organotine sanyuge atyant vishari asatat aanee biosides mhanoon vaparali jaatat. 1849 madhye edward franklandne nondavalele diethyltine diodide diodide ((see2etch5) heey nondavalele pahile organotin sanyug hote.
bahutek organotine sanyuge rangheen drav kinwa ghan asatat jee havah aanee panyasathi sthir asatat. teey chatushkoniy bhoomiti swikartat. tetralkil-aanee tetraryltin sanyuge grignard abhikarmakancha vapar karoon tayar kelee jaau shakatatah
tetrorgano derivativespeksha adhik samanya aanee vyavsayikdrushtya adhik mahattvache asalele mishra hallide-alkyles, punarvitaran pratikriyandware tayar kele jaatatah
jaree sambandhit divalent organogermanium aanee organosylican sanyuganpeksha adhik samanya asale taree divalent organotin sanyuge asamanya aahet. ess. aine. (2) laa laa adhik sthirikaranache shrey 'nishkriy jodee prabhav' laa dile jaate. organotine (2) sanyuganmadhye stanilyn (sutrah (sutrah, singlet karbinsathi pahilyapramane) aanee dystanylene dystanylene yaa donhicha samavesh hoto, jeey andaje alkinchya samatulya asatat. donhi varg asamanya pratikriya darshavtat.
ghatana.
qamee teey madhyam vastuman asalelya asalelya (suryachya 0.6 teey 10 putt vastumanasaha) aanee shevati indiumchya judd samasthanikanchya beeta kshayadvare lamb 'ess'-prakriyedvare tiin tayar kele jaate.
tiin haah pruthvichya kavchatil 49 vaa sarvat mubalak ghatak aahe, joou zinksathi 75 ppm, tambesathi 50 ppm aanee shisesathi 14 ppmchya tulanet 2 ppm darshavito.
tiin mool ghatak mhanoon yet nahee parantu vividh dhatunmadhun kadhale jaane aavashyak aahe. casiterite () haah tincha ekmev vyavsayikdrushtya mahattvacha srot aahe, jaree stanite, cylindrite, frankite, canfieldite aanee tealite yasarkhya jatil sulfidemadhun qamee pramanat tiin punarprapt kele jaate. tiin asaleli khanije jawaljawal nehmich granite khadkasobat sambandhit asatat, samanyatah 1 takke tiin oxidechya pramanat.
tiin dye oxideche uchch vishisht gurutvakarshan asalyamule, sumare 80 takke khaneet takalele tiin prathamik pattyanmadhun khalchya dishene dishene duyyam sathyanmadhun yete. purvi khalchya dishene dhutalelya danyanmadhun anekada tiin parat midavale jaate aanee teey teey kinwa samudrat jamaa kele jaate. tiin khankam karnyache sarvat kifayatshir marg mhanje gaal kadhane, hydraulicing kinwa khule khadde. jagatil bahutansh tiin placerchya sathyanmadhun tayar kele jaate, jyamadhye 0.015% tiin itake qamee asoo shakate.
2011 madhye sumare 2 laakh 53 hazar tunn tinche utkhanan karnyat aale, jyat bahutansh chean (1,10,000 tunn), indoneshiya (51,000 tunn), peru (34,600 tunn), bolivia (20,700 tunn) aanee brazil (12,000 tunn) madhye hote. tiin utpadanache andaj aitihasikdrushtya bajar aanee khaan tantradnyananusar bhinn aahet. assa andaj aahe qee, sadhyachya vapar darr aanee tantradnyananusar, 40 varshant pruthvivar khanikarita saksham asalele tiin sampel. 2 takke varshik vadhichya puranmatvadi andajanchya aadhare 20 varshant tiin sampu shakate asey 2006 madhye lester braunane suchavale.
scrap tiin haah dhatucha eka mahattvacha srot aahe. punarvaparadvare tinchi punarprapti zapatyane vadhat aahe. americene (1993 pasoon) tinche utkhanan kelele nahee kinwa (1989 pasoon) vitalalele nahee, tarr 2006 madhye sumare 14,000 tunn punarvapar karoon too sarvat motha duyyam utpadak hota.
mangoliyamadhye naveen sathe nondavale gele aahet aanee 2009 madhye, kolambiyamadhye tinche naveen sathe sapadale.
utpadan.
carbon kinwa koksah auxide dhatuchya carbothermic qamee karoon tiin tayar kele jaate. prativartak bhatti aanee vidyut bhatti donhi vaparali jaau shakatatah
udyog.
daha sarvat mothya kampanyanni 2007 madhye jagatil bahutansh tinche utpadan kele.
jagatil bahutansh tincha vyapar ell. emm. eae. varr, 8 deshantil, 17 brandchya antargat keela jaato.
1947 madhye tinchya kimmativar niyantran thevanyasathi aantarrashtriy tiin parishadechi sthapana karnyat aalee. 1985 madhye teey kosalale. 1984 madhye, austreliya, bolivia, indoneshiya, maleshiya, nigeria, thayaland aanee zair sadasya mhanoon 'tiin utpadak deshancha sangh' tayar karnyat aala.
kimmat aanee vinimay.
1921 salapasoonche utpadak desh aanee grahak deshanmadhil guntaguntiche karar yamule khanij vastunmadhye tiin adviteey aahe. purviche karar kahise anaupacharik hote aanee 1956 madhye 'pahila aantarrashtriy tiin karar' jhaala, joou 1985 madhye prabhavipane kosalalelya maliketil pahila hota. yaa kararandware, aantarrashtriy tiin parishadecha (aay. tii. see.) tinchya kimmatinvar lakshaniy parinam jhaala. itcne qamee kimmatichya kalat tyachya buffer sathyasathi tiin kharedi karoon tinchya kimmatila pathimba deela aanee sathyatoon vikri karoon uchch kimmatichya kalat kimmat niyantrit karnyat saksham hote. haah mukt-bajarvirodhi drushtikon hota, jyachi rachana grahak deshanna tincha puresa pravah aanee utpadak deshanna napha sunishchit karnyasathi karnyat aalee hotee. tathapi, buffer satha puresa motha navhata aanee tyaa 29 varshanpaiki bahutansh kalat tinchya kimmati kadhikadhi zapatyane vadhalya, visheshtah 1973 teey 1980 paryant jevha prachand chalanvadhine anek jaagtik arthvyavasthanna grassley.
1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila, yuu.ess. aitihasikdrushtya uchch asalelya tinchya kimmatincha fayda ghenyasathi anshatah, tyane tyachya rannitiyukt tincha satha qamee keela. 1981-82 mandimule tiin udhyogache nuksan jhaale. tincha vapar lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaala. itc tyachya buffer sathyasathi vegwan kharedidware kharokhar tivra ghasaran talhanyat saksham hote; yaa upkramasathi vyapak karj ghene aavashyak hote. itcne itcne uttaradhaparyant karj ghene suru thewale, jevha tee tyachya patt maryadeparyant pohochali. lagechach, eka mothe 'tiin sankat' nirman jhaale-sumare teen varshe london dhatoo vinimayavaril vyaparapasoon tinchi yadee kadhoon taknyat aalee. tyanantar lagechach itc visarjit jhaala aanee aata mukt bajarpethechya vatavaranat asalelya tinchi kimmat prati paund 4 dollarparyant ghasarali aanee 1990 chya dashakat tee tyaa patalichya aaspas rahili. 2010 paryant, aarthik sankatanantar, punha sathavan aanee satatchya vadhisah, vaparamadhye paratava aalyane kimmatit punha vaadh jhaali.
london metal exchange (ell. emm. eae.) heey tinche pramukh vyapari thikan aahe. kuala lampur tiin market (keey. ell. tii. emm.) aanee indoneshiya tiin exchange (inatin) hii tinchya itar kantrati bajarpetha aahet.
2021 chya jaagtik puravatha sakhali sankatat samavisht asalelya ghatakanmule, 2020-21 darmyan tinchya kimmati jawaljawal duppat jhalya aanee 30 varshanhun adhik kalatil tyanchi sarvat mothee varshik vaadh jhaali aahe. aantarrashtriy tiin sanghatnene andaj vartavala aahe qee covid-19 mahamarine jaagtik utpadan udhyoganna adthala aanalyamule 2020 madhye 1.6 takke nuksan jhalyanantar, 2021 madhye jaagtik parishkrut tincha vapar 7.2 takkyanni vadhel.
anuprayog.
2018 madhye utpadit jhalelya serve tinpaiki keval nimmya bhagacha vapar soldermadhye karnyat aala. urvarit tiin plating, tiin rasayne, pital aanee kansya mishradhatu aanee vishisht vaparanmadhye vibhagale gele hote.
soulder.
5 teey 70 takke doubleu/doubleuchya pramanat, soulder mhanoon shise asalelya mishradhatunmadhye tincha vapar vapar kalapasoon keela jaat aahe. shises tiin 183°seey. (361.4 phph.) glass) tapmanasah, 61.9% tiin aanee 38.1% sisechya (anoo pramanah 73.9% tiin aanee 26.1% seese) vajanachya pramanat eutectic mishran tayar karate. asha solderscha vapar pramukhyane jodalya jodalya pipes kinwa vidyut paripathansathi keela jaato. european union kachara vidyut aanee electronic upkaran nirdesh (vee. eae. eae. nirdesh) aanee dhokadayak padarthanchya nirdeshanvar nirbandh 1 julai 2006 roji lagoo jhalyapasun, asha mishradhatunmadhil shiseche praman qamee jhaale aahe. shisechya samparkat yene heey gambhir aarogya samasyanshi sambandhit asale taree, shise-mukt soulder heey tyachya aavhananshivay nahee, jyat uchch vitalanyacha bindu aanee vijechya samasyanna karanibhoot asalelya tinchya munchhanchi nirmiti samavisht aahe. tinchi keetak shise-mukt soldermadhye udbhavu shakate, jyamule soulder kelele sandhe nasht hotat. badali mishradhatu shodhale jaat aahet, parantu sandhyanchya akhandatechya samasya kayam aahet. 99 takke tiin, 0.7 takke tambe aanee 0.3 takke chandi heey samanya shise-mukt mishradhatu aahet.
tiin plating.
tinche bandh sahajpane lohapasoon tayar hotat aanee ganj talhanyasathi shise, jast aanee poladachya lepasathi vaparale jaatat. tiin-plated (kinwa tinning) steel containercha vapar ann sanvardhanasathi mothya pramanat keela jaato aanee haah dhatuchya tinchya bajarpethecha motha bhag aahe. ann sathavanyasathi tinplatechi dabba pahilyanda 1812 madhye londonmadhye tayar karnyat aalee. british ingraji bolanare asha containerna 'dabe' mhanatat, tarr yuu bolanare.ess. ingraji tyanna 'dabe' kinwa 'tiin dabe' mhanatat. asha vaparachi eka vyutpatti mhanje austreliyatil 'tinny' kinwa 'tinny' hii apshabd sandnya, jyacha arth 'bearcha dabba' assa hoto. tinchi shitty mhanoon olakhali jaate kaaran tee pratham tiin-plated steelmadhye mothya pramanat tayar kelee jaat asey. 
tambyachya svayampakasathichya bhandi, jase qee sospan aanee talanyache bhandi, vidyutaropanadvare kinwa paramparik rasayanik paddhatindware, anekada tinchya patal lepane gundalalya jaatat, kaaran tambyachya svayampakasathichya bhandi aanee aamleey padarthancha vapar karane vishari asoo shakate.
vishesh mishradhatu.
tiin itar ghatakanchya sanyogane vividh prakarche upayukt mishradhatu tayar karate. tiin samanyatah tambyachya mishradhatunsaha mishra kele jaate. piootar heey 85-99% tiin aahe; dhatoo dharan dantchikitsa dhatumadhye dekhil tinchi takkewari jaast asate. kansya heey mukhytah 12 takke tiin asalele tambe asate, tarr phosphoruschya jodanimule phosphor kansya milate. ghanta dhatoo heey dekhil tambyachya-tinche mishradhatu aahe, jyamadhye 22 takke tiin asate. tincha vapar kadhikadhi nanyanmadhye keela jaato; ekekali american aanee canadian nanyanchya eka-ankee takkevarit (sahasa paach takke kinwa tyapeksha qamee) tee tayar jhaali. asha nanyanmadhye tambe haah bahutekda pramukh dhatoo asalyane, kahivela jastasah, hyanna kansya kinwa pital mishradhatu mhatale jaau shakate.
neobium-tiin sanyug aine. bii. 3. ess. aine. vyavsayikdrushtya atichalak chumbakanchya gundalyanmadhye tyachya uchch gambhir tapmanasathi (18 keey) aanee gambhir chumbakeey kshetrasathi (25 tii) vaparale jaate. done kiloogram vajnaitke qamee vajanache atichalak chumbak tunn vajanachya paramparik vidyutchumbakache chumbakeey kshetra tayar karnyas saksham aahe.
anoo indhanachya aavaranasathi gyrconium mishradhatunmadhye tinchi eka chhoti takkewari jodali jaate.
paipchya avayavat bahutek dhatuchya pipe heey tiin/shisechya mishradhatuche asatat, jyat 50/50 hii sarvat samanya rachana asate. nalatil tinche praman paipcha toone paribhashit karate, kaaran tinmadhye vanchhaniy tonal anunad asato. jevha tiin/seesa mishradhatu thund hoto, tevha seesa tappa pratham ghatt hoto, nantar jevha eutectic tapman gathale jaate, tevha urvarit drav tharyukt tiin/seesa eutectic rachana tayar karate, jee chamakdar asate; seesa tappyachya ulat eka thipkedar kinwa thipkedar parinam nirman karato. yaa dhatuchya mishradhatula thipkedar dhatoo mhanatat. pipesasathi tiin vaparnyachya pramukh fayadhyanmadhye tyache swaroop, karyakshamta aanee ganj pratikar yancha samavesh hoto.
optoelectronics.
indium aanee tinche auxides vidyut pravahak aanee pardarshak asatat aanee drav sphatik pradarshanasarkhya optoelectronics upkarnanmadhye vaparasah pardarshak vidyut pravahit chitrapat tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaatat.
itar anuprayog.
punched tiin-plated steel, jyala pearced tiin dekhil mhanatat, heey madhya europemadhye karyarat aanee sajavatichya gharguti vastoo tayar karnyasathi ugam pavalele eka karagir tantra aahe. sthanik parampara aanee karagiranvar aadharit sajavatichya bhedak rachana vividh prakarat astitvat aahet. panchad tinche kandil haah yaa karagir tantracha sarvat samanya vapar aahe. chhidrit rachnetoon rachnetoon menbatticha prakash too jithe basato tyaa kholeet sajavaticha prakash namuna tayar karato. naveen jagaat suruvatichya european vasahatipasun kandil aanee itar mushtya thokalelya tinchya vastoo tayar kelya gelya. eka suprasiddha udaharan mhanje paal reverchya navavarun thevalela rever kandil.
aadhunik yugachya aadhi, alpschya kahee bhagat, bhagat kinwa mendhiche shing tikshna kele jaat asey aanee eka teey nauu paryantchya varnamala aanee sankhyancha vapar karoon tinchya patalavar mukka marla jaat asey. heey shikshan sadhan yogyaritya 'tiin horn' mhanoon olakhale jaat hote. aadhunik punarutpadananna hriday aanee tulipsasarkhya rupanni sajavale jaate.
americet, shitkaranachya aadhichya divasant paee sepha aanee food sefcha vapar keela jaat hota. heey vividh shaili aanee aakaranche lakadi kapat hote-ektar jaminivar ubhe rahane kinwa latkavalele kapat mhanje keetak aanee kitakanna paravrutt karane aanee nashwant khadyapadarthanpasun dhool rokhane. yaa kaibinetmadhye darvajanmadhye aanee kadhikadhi bajunna tinplate antarbhut kele jaat asey, masha vagalatana haveche sanchalan houu denyasathi gharmalak, kaibinetamekar kinwa tinsmith yanni vegvegalya designsmadhye mukka marla. yaa lekhanchi aadhunik punarutpadan uttar americet lokpriy aahe.
khidkyancha kaach bahutek vela vitalalelya tinver (float glass) glass) vitalalelya kachadvare tayar keela jaato, parinami sapat aanee dosharahit prushthbhag tayar hoto. yala 'pilkington prakriya' asehi mhanatat.
pragat lii-aayan batterymadhye nakaratmak electrode mhanoon tincha vapar keela jaato. tyacha vapar kahee pramanat maryadit aahe kaaran kahee tinche prushthbhag lii-aayan batterymadhye vaparlya jaanarya carbonate-aadharit electrolytes vighatanala utprerit karatat.
tiin (2) fluoride heey dantchikitsa dantchikitsa kahee utpadananmadhye stanus fluoride (ess. aine. eff. 2) mhanoon misalale jaate. tiin (2) fluoride heey calciumchya apgharshak padarthanmadhye misalale jaau shakate, tarr adhik samanya soodiyam fluoride heey calcium sanyuganchya upasthitit haloohaloo jaivikdrushtya nishkriy hote. gingivitis niyantrit karnyasathi soodiyam fluoridepeksha heey adhik prabhavi asalyache dekhil disun aale aahe.
atyant atinil shilalekhansathi prakashacha srot mhanoon kaam karnare lesar-prerit plazma tayar karnyasathi tincha vapar lakshya mhanoon keela jaato.
organotine sanyuge.
organotine sanyuge sarvadhik vaparali jaatat. jagbharatil audhyogik utpadan bahudha 50,000 tananpeksha jaast aahe.
pii. vhee. see. stabilisers.
organotine sanyugancha pramukh vyavsayik vapar pii. vhee. see. plasticchya sthirikaranat aahe. asha sthirikaranachya anupasthitit, pii. vhee. see. ushnata, prakash aanee vatavaraniy oxygenchya antargat vegane qamee hoil, parinami rangheen, thisul utpadane tayar hotil. tinchya malapasoon asthir chloride aayan (see. ell.-) tayar hotat, jeey anyatha plasticchya samagritoon etch. see. ell. kadhoon taktat. vishisht tiin sanyuge dialetoretsarkhya diabutyltine dichlorideche carboxylic acid derivative asatat.
jaivanashke.
kahee organotine sanyuge fayade aanee samasya yaa donhisah tulanene vishari asatat. burshinashke, kitakanashake, algacides, lakud snrakshak aanee dooshit virodhi ghatak mhanoon tyancha vapar jaivasahaj gunadharmansathi keela jaato. tributyltine oxidecha vapar lakadache snrakshak mhanoon keela jaato. kagadi girnyanmadhil chikhal niyantran aanee parisanchari audhyogik thund panyache nirjantukikaran yasarkhya vividh audhyogik hetunsathi dekhil tributiltincha vapar keela jaato. jahajanvaril dooshit jivanchi vaadh rokhanyasathi jahajavaril rangasathi tributiltincha vapar yojak mhanoon keela jaat asey, kahee sagari jivansathi (udaharanarth, dogg vluck) organotin sanyuge uchch visharipana asalele satatche sendriya pradushak mhanoon olakhale gelyanantar tyacha vapar qamee hott gela. european unionne 2003 madhye organotine sanyuganchya vaparavar bandee ghatali, tarr yaa sanyuganchya sagari jivanasathi visharipana aanee kahee sagari prajatinchya punarutpadan aanee vadhila jivanavar hanibaddalachya chintemule (kahee ahavalanmadhye prati litter 1 nanoe gramchya sandratesah sagari jivanavar jivanavar jaivik parinamanche varnan kele aahe) aantarrashtriy sagari sanghatnene jagbharat bandee ghatali aahe. anek desh aata organotine sanyugancha vapar dirghkalapeksha jaast vahinyanparyant maryadit karatat. jalchar vatavaranat tributiltinchi tikav hii parisansthechya swarupavar avalambun asate. yaa satatyamule aanee jahajavaril rangamadhye eka padarth mhanoon tyacha vapar kelyamule, naudalachya bandarajaval asalelya sagari galanmadhye tributiltinchi uchch sandrata aadhalali aahe. kiman 82 dnyat prajatinsah, tributiltincha vapar neogastropodsmadhye impexasathi biomarker mhanoon keela gela aahe. sthanik kinarpattichya bhagat tii. bii. tii. chee uchch patali asalyane, nauvahan kriyakalapanmule, shelfishcha pratikool parinam jhaala. impexex mhanje mahilanchya namunyanvar purush laingik vaishishtye ladane jethe teey shishna vadhavtat aanee pallial vaas deference vadhavtat. tii. bii. tii. chee uchch patali sastan pranyanchya antahsravi granthi, punarutpadak aanee kendriya majjasanstha, hadanchi rachana aanee jatharantra margala haanee pohochavu shakate. tributiltin keval sastan pranyanvarach parinam karat nahee tarr tyacha parinam sagari jalchar prani, vell, dolphin aanee manavanvarhi hoto.
sendriya rasayanshastra.
kahee tiin abhikarmak sendriya rasayanshastrat upayukt aahet. sarvat mothya vaparamadhye, nitro aanee auxim gatanna amainmadhye rupantarit karnyasathi stanus chloride haah eka samanya qamee karnara ghatak aahe. still abhikriyemule organotine sanyuge sendriya halides kinwa seudohalides jodali jaatat.
lii-aayan battery.
tiin lithiyam dhatusah anek aantar-dhatuche tappe tayar karate, jyamule tee batterychya vaparasathi sambhavya aakarshak samagri banate. lithiums mishradhatu tayar kelyavar tincha motha aakarman vistar aanee qamee vidyutarasayanik kshamatevar tiin-sendriya electrolyte interfacechi asthirata hii vyavsayik peshinmadhil rojgarasathi sarvat mothee aavhane aahet. cobalt aanee carbons tinche aantar-dhatoo sanyug soneene 2000 chya dashakachya uttaradhat sodalelya tyachya nexelian peshinmadhye lagoo kele hote. sakriy samagrichi rachana andaje sn0.3co0.4c0.3 aahe. sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee tetragonal (beeta) snche keval kahee sfatikeey pailu avanchhit vidyutarasayanik kriyakalapansathi jababdar aahet.
khabardari.
tiin dhatoo, tyache auxides aanee tyachya ksharanmule vishbadha jhalyachi prakarane jawaljawal adnyat aahet. dusarikade, kahee organotine sanyuge sinidetakich vishari asatat.
kamachya thikani tinchya samparkat yene heey shwas aat ghene, tvachecha sampark aanee dolhyancha sampark yamule houu shakate. yuu. ess. occupational sefty andd health administration (osha) kamachya thikani 8 tasanchya kamachya divasat 2 mii. gra./emm. 3 mhanoon tinchya samparkat yenyasathi parvanagi asaleli maryada nishchit kelee aahe. national institute phaur occupational sefty andd healthney (aine. aay. ess. etch.) 8 tasanchya kamachya divasamadhye 2 mii. gra./emm. 3 chee shifaras keleli exposure maryada (aar. ell.) nishchit kelee. 100 mii. gra./ghanmeetarchya patalivar, tiin heey jivanasathi aanee aarogyasathi lagech dhokadayak asate.

