varnamala

varnamala haah moolbhut likhit graphimscha (akshare mhanatat) pramanit sanch aahe joou vishisht bolalya bolalya bhashanchya dhwani, shabdanmadhye farak karnare dhwani ekak darshavito. serve lekhan pranali asha prakare bhasheche pratinidhitva karat naheet; shabdakoshachya pratyek aksharamadhye eka akshar asate aanee logographic pranali shabd, rupankane kinwa itar shabdarth ekak darshavinyasathi varn vapartat.
egyptian lokanni tantrik arthane pahili varnamala tayar kelee aahe. laghu ekasattak chinhe, logogramsathi uchcharan margdarshak kinwa shabd kinwa morphimche pratinidhitva karnare varn lihinyasathi aanee nantar, paradeshi shabd lihinyasathi vaparali jaatat. ii. sha. sha shatkaparyant yacha vapar keela jaat hota. pahili purnapane dhvanyatmak lipi, jee phoenician varnamalamadhye vikasit jhaali tee proto-synatic lipi, hii pahili varnamala manali jaate aanee arabi, cyrillic, greek, hibru, lattin aanee bahudha brahms bahutek aadhunik varnamala, abzad aanee abugidaschi purvaj aahe. aadhunik egyptmadhil sinai dweepkalpatil semitic bhashik kamgar aanee gulamanni cannan bhashanchya shabdarth mulyanchya viruddha dhvaninche varnan karnyasathi tyanchya egyptian parisarat samanyatah samanyatah chitralipinchi eka chhoti sankhya nivadoon heey tayar kele hote.
pieter tii. danielles, abugida, haah graphimscha eka sanch aahe joou vyanjan aadhar aksharanche pratinidhitva karato, jyamadhye dicritic swaranche pratinidhitva karnyasathi badal karatat, jase qee devnagari aanee itar dakshin ashiyai lipi, eka abzad, jyamadhye akshare pramukhyane kinwa keval mool phoenician, hibru kinwa arabi yasarkhya vyanjananche pratinidhitva karatat aanee eka varnamala, jee varnamala aanee swar yaa donhinche pratinidhitva karate. yaa shabdachya yaa sankuchit arthane, pahili kharee varnamala greek varnamala hotee, jee purvichya phoenician abjadvar aadharit hotee.
varnamala samanyatah aksharanchya manak kramashi sambandhit asatat. yamule teey sankalanachya uddeshane upayukt hotat, jyamule shabdanna vishisht kramane kramvari lavta yete, jyala samanyatah varnanukram mhanoon olakhale jaate. yacha arth assa dekhil aahe qee tyanchi akshare kramankit yadya aanee sankhya niyojan yasarkhya sandarbhat, kramvarit asalelya vastoonna "kramankan" denyachi paryayi paddhat mhanoon vaparali jaau shakatat. kahee bhashanmadhye aksharansathi nave dekhil aahet. yala acrophony mhanatat; greeksarkhya kahee aadhunik lipit aanee arabi, hibru aanee siriyaksarkhya anek semitic lipit heey aadhalate. finiciansarkhya kahee pracheen varnamalanmadhye yacha vapar keela jaat asey. tathapi, hii pranali serve bhashanmadhye astitvat nahee, udaharanarth lattin varnamala, jee pratyek aksharasathi varnannantar swar jodate. kahee pranalinmadhye hii pranali dekhil hotee parantu nantar siriliksarkhya lattinsarkhya pranalisathi tee sodoon dilee.
vyutpatti.
ingraji shabd 'varnamala' haah madhya ingrajimadhye lattin shabd 'varnamala' pasoon aala, jyacha ugam greek bhashet jhaala, ἀλφάβητος ('alphabetos'); too greek varnamalachya pahilya done aksharanpasun tayar jhaala hota, 'alfa' (α) aanee 'beeta' (β). greek aksharanchi nave, tyaa badalyat, phoenician varnamalechya pahilya done aksharanmadhun aalih 'alef', 'bail' sathicha shabd aanee 'bett', 'ghar' sathicha shabd.
itihas.
purvekadil pracheen varnamala.
pracheen egyptian lekhan pranalimadhye sumare 24 chitralipincha sanch hota jyala ekankika mhanatat, jeey eka dhwani pradan karnare gliff aahet. yaa gliffscha vapar logogramsathi, vyakaranatmak pratibimb lihinyasathi aanee nantar, karj shabd aanee paradeshi nave lipyantar karnyasathi uchcharan margdarshak mhanoon keela jaat asey. ii. sha. chya chauthya shatkat hii lipi vajvi pramanat vaparali gelee. tathapi, murtipujak mandire bund jhalyanantar, 5 vya shatkat gulabachya dagadacha shodh yeiparyant tee visarali gelee. tithe cuniform lipihi hotee. anek pracheen bhasha lihinyasathi yaa lipicha vapar keela jaat asey. tathapi, tyacha vapar pramukhyane sumerian lihinyasathi keela jaat asey. cuniform lipicha shevatcha dnyat vapar ii. sha. 75 madhye jhaala, jyanantar lipicha vapar bund jhaala.
madhya kansyayugat, ii. sha. puu. puu shatkatil sinai dweepkalpatil egyptian firoza khaninmadhye, jee varvar pahata cannon kamgaranni sodali hotee, proto-synatic lipi mhanoon olakhali jaanari eka varvar pahata varnamala pranali disun aalee. 1999 madhye, american egyptologist johnn aanee deborah darnell yanni egyptmadhil vaadee all-hole all-hole yaa pahilya varnamalechi purvichi aavrutti shodhali. ii. sha. puu. 1800 salchi lipi aanee ii. sha. puu. 2000 salchya egyptian chitralipinchya vishisht prakaranpasoon sweekarle gelyache purave darshavate, jeey thampane soochit karate qee pahili varnamala tyaa kalat vikasit jhaali hotee. hii patkatha aksharanchya swarupavar aanee navanvar aadharit hotee, jee egyptian chitralipinvar aadharit asalyache manale jaate. yaa lipit swaranche pratinidhitva karnari konatihi varn navhati. mulat, tee kadachit eka shabdansh hotee-eka lipi jithe aksharansah aksharanche pratinidhitva kele jaate-jyaa chinhanna kadhoon takanyachi aavashyakta navhati. kansya yugatil sarvottam pramanit varnamala ugaritic aahe, jee isavi sunpoorv 15 vya shatkapurvi yugaritmadhye (siriya) shodhali gelee hotee. hii varnamalachi eka cuniform lipi hotee, jyat 30 chinhe hotee, jyat teen pudhil swar darshavtat. ii. sha. puu. 1178 madhye ugaritchya nashanantar hii lipi vaparali gelee nahee.proto-synatic lipi akheris phoenician varnamalemadhye vikasit jhaali, jyala paramparikpane ii. sha. puu. 1050 purvi "proto-kanani" mhatale jaate. phoenician lipitil sarvat juna grunth ii. sha. puu. 1000 madhye raja ahiramchya shavpetivar lihilela aahe. hii lipi serve pashchatya varnamalanchi mool lipi aahe. ii. sha. puu. dahavya shatkaparyant, cananite aanee arami yaa done itar rupanni swatahla vegale kele. arami lokanni ibri lipila janm deela.
dakshin arabi varnamala, phoenician varnamalechi bhagini lipi, hii tee lipi aahe jithun gez varnamala, eka abugida, eka lekhan pranali aahe jithe vyanjan-swar kram ekak mhanoon lihile jaatat, jeey aafrikechya shingajaval vaparale jaat hote. swarheen varnamalanna abzad mhanatat, jyache udaharan sadhya arabi, hibru aanee syriac yasarkhya itaranmadhye dile jaate. pavitra granthanchya jatan karnyachya garjemule swar vagalane haah nehmich samadhankarak upay navhata. "swar darshavinyasathi 'kamkuvat' vyanjan vaparale jaatat. yaa aksharanche duheri karya aahe kaaran teey shuddha vyanjan mhanoon dekhil vaparale jaau shakatat.
tyaa velee mothya pramanavar vaparlya bolalya itar lekhan pranalinchya ulat, shabdansathi anek bhinn chinhe vaparnyaivaji, maryadit sankhyene chinhe asaleli, proto-synatic lipi aanee ugaritic lipi hii pahili lipi hotee, cuniform, egyptian hyroglyphes aanee resheey buub. phoenician lipi hii bahudha pahili dhvanyatmak lipi hotee aanee tyat keval done dozen bhinn akshare hotee, jyamule tee tee shikanyasathi pureshi sopee lipi bunley. phoenician varnamalecha aanakhi eka fayda mhanje too vegvegalya bhasha lihu shakat hota kaaran tyat shabd dhvanyatmak paddhatine nondavale jaat asat.
phoenician lipicha prasar sampoorn bhoomadhyasagarat phoenician lokanni keela hota. greek varnamala hii pahili varnamala hotee jyamadhye swaranchi swatantra akshar rupe vyanjanapeksha vegali asatat. greek lokanni swaranche pratinidhitva karnyasathi finicianmadhye astitvat nasalelya dhvaninche pratinidhitva karnari akshare nivadali. ii. sha. puu. puu shatkapasoon mycenian greek lokanni vaparleli akshar rekheey buub hii lipi, paach swaransah 87 chinhansah hotee. tyachya suruvatichya varshant, greek varnamaleche anek prakar hote, jyamule tyatoon anek bhinn varnamala vikasit jhalya.
european varnamala.
greek varnamala, euboyan swarupat, greek vasahati italian dweepkalpat isapoorv 600 madhye gheuun gele, jyamule itallic bhasha lihinyasathi vaparlya jaanarya anek vegvegalya varnamalanna janm deela, jase qee etruscan varnamala. yapaiki eka lattin varnamala bunley, jee roman lokanni tyanchya prajasattakacha vistar karat asatana sampoorn europemadhye pasarali. pashchatya roman samrajyachya patananantar, varnamala bauddhik aanee dharmik karyanmadhye tikoon rahili. lattinchya (pranay bhasha) vanshaj bhashansathi aanee paschim aanee madhya europemadhil itar bahutek bhashansathi yacha vapar houu lagla. aaj, hii jagaat sarvadhik vaparali jaanari lipi aahe.
etruscan varnamala kityek shambhar varshe jawaljawal aparivartit rahili. jevha etruscan bhasha swatamadhye badalali tevhach tee vikasit jhaali. astitvat nasalelya dhvanimudransathi vaparleli akshare kadhoon taknyat aalee. matra, nantar varnamalet anek badal jhaale. etruscanchya antim shastriy swarupat 20 akshare hotee. tyapaiki chaar swar (aaa, eae, aay aanee yuu) aahet. aadhichya formpeksha sahaa qamee akshare. hii lipi tyachya shastriy swarupat ii. sha. sha shatkaparyant vaparali jaat hotee. etruscan bhasha swatach shahee rommadhye vaparali jaat navhati, parantu tee lipi dharmik granthansathi vaparali jaat hotee.
lattin varnamalechya kahee rupantaranmadhye bandhane asatat, done aksharanche sanyojan eka banavate, jase qee danish aanee icelandicmadhye α aanee algonquianmadhye ′; itar varnamalanmadhun ghetalele karj, jase qee junya ingrajitil konta θ aanee icelandic, jeey foothark runsmadhun aale; aanee junya ingraji aanee icelandicchya eth δ sarkhya vidyaman aksharanmadhye badal kele, jeey sudharit "dii" aahe. itar varnamalanmadhye keval lattin varnamalancha upasanch vaparla jaato, jase qee hawaiyan aanee italian, jyamadhye "jeey, keey, ex, vaay" aanee "doubleu" hii akshare keval paradeshi shabdanmadhye vaparali jaatat.
aanakhi eka ullekhaneey lipi mhanje elder foothark, jee junya itallic varnamalanpaiki ekapasoon vikasit jhaali aahe asey manale jaate. jyeshth footharkne itar varnamala nirman kelya jyanna ektritpane runik varnamala mhanoon olakhale jaate. jaree haad aanee lakadavar aadhalanare shilalekh adhunmadhun disatat, taree roman varnamala ii. sha. 100 teey madhyayugachya uttaradhaparyant german bhashansathi vaparlya jaat hotya, jyaa dagad aanee daginyanvar koralya jaat hotya. tevhapasoon yaa varnamalanchya jaagi lattin varnamala aalee aahe. apavad sajavatichya vaparasathi hota, jithe 20 vya shatkaparyant runes vaparat hote.
hungarian lokanchi lekhanpaddhati hii junie hungarian lipi hotee. hangerichya sampoorn itihasat jaree adhikrut lekhan pranali mhanoon nahee taree tee vaparali jaat hotee. hotee shatkapasoon too punha ekada adhikadhik lokpriy hott gela.
glagolitic varnamala hii dharmik bhashetil junya church slavonicchi prarambhik lipi hotee aanee greek uncial lipisah, cyrillic lipicha aadhar bunley. cyrillic hii sarvat mothya pramanavar vaparlya jaanarya aadhunik varnamala lipinpaiki eka aahe aanee slavic bhashanmadhye aanee purvichya soviet unionmadhil itar bhashansathi dekhil tichya vaparasathi ullekhaneey aahe. cyrillic varnamalanmadhye serbian, macedonian, bulgarian, russian, belarusi aanee ukrainean yancha samavesh aahe. glagolitic varnamala santanchya siril aanee methodiusne tayar kelee asey manale jaate, tarr cyrillic varnamala tyanchya shishya ohridchya clementdware tayar kelee gelee hotee. tyat greek aanee hibrukadoon udhar ghetaleli kinwa tyancha prabhav asaleli anek patre aahet.
ashiyai varnamala.
chiinii lekhanachya logographicchya palikade, ashiyamadhye anek dhvanyatmak lipi astitvat aahet. arabi varnamala, hibru varnamala, syriac varnamala aanee madhya purvetil itar abzad heey arami varnamalache vikas aahet.
bharat aanee purv aashiyatil bahutek varnamala lipi brahmi lipitoon utaratat, jee arami lipichi vanshaj manali jaate.
hangul.
koriyamadhye, sejong daad gretney ii. sha. 1443 madhye hangul varnamala tayar kelee. hangul hii eka adviteey varnamala aaheh tee eka vishisht varnamala aahe, jyamadhye anek aksharanchi rachana dhvanichya uchchar sthanavarun yete, jase qee pii rund tondasarkhe disate aanee ell jibhesarkhe disate. hangulchya nirmitiche niyojan tatkalin sarkarne kele hote aanee tee chiinii varnanpramanech samaan parimanansah shabdasamuhanmadhye swatantra akshare thevate. haah badal mishra-lipi lekhanasathi parvanagi deto, jithe eka shabdansh nehmi eka prakarchi jaaga gheto, mug too eka dhwani-khand tayar karnyasathi kitihi akshare sathavali gelee taree.
zuyin.
zuyin, jyala kadhikadhi "bopomopho" mhanoon sambodhale jaate, heey ardh-akshar aahe. teey chean prajasattakat dhvanyatmakdrushtya mandarinache lipyantar karate. nantar peaples republic auph chayanachya sthapanenantar aanee tyane hanyu pinayinacha sweekar kelyanantar, aaj zuyincha vapar maryadit aahe. tathapi, too ajunahi taivanmadhye mothya pramanat vaparla jaato. zuyin 1900 chya dashakachya suruvatila chiinii varnanvar aadharit chiinii laghulipichya eka rupatoon vikasit jhaale aanee tyat varnamala aanee shabdansh yaa donhinche ghatak aahet. varnamalapramane, aksharanchya aadyaksharanche dhwani heey vaiyaktik chinhandware darshavile jaatat, parantu aksharanpramane, aksharanchya antim dhwani nasatat; pratyek sambhavya antim (madhyavarti glide vagalata) chey swatache varn asatat, eka udaharan mhanje 'luan' heey 'laal-yu-aine' mhanoon lihile jaate. shevatche chinh sampoorn antim "-an" mhanoon yete. zuyin hii mukhya pravahatil lekhan pranali nasali taree, tee ajunahi anekada romankaran pranalipramanech, uchcharas madat karnyasathi aanee sanganak aanee selphonevaril chiinii varnansathi input paddhat mhanoon vaparali jaate.
romankaran.
european varnamala, visheshtah lattin aanee cyrillic, aashiyatil anek bhashansathi swikarlya gelya aahet. arabi bhashecha vapar dekhil mothya pramanavar keela jaato, kadhikadhi urdu aanee parshiyanpramanech, aanee kadhikadhi kurdish aanee uigurpramanech sampoorn varnamala mhanoon.
prakar.
varnamala" haah shabd bhashashastradnya aanee puratatvashastradnya vyapak aanee sankuchit asha donhi arthane vapartat. vyapak arthane, varnamala hii dhwani patalivaril eka "vibhagiy" lipi aahe-mhanje, tyat shabdansh kinwa shabdansarkhya mothya ekkansathi navhe tarr vaiyaktik dhvaninsathi swatantra gliff asatat. sankuchit arthane, kahee vidwan 'kharey' varnamala aanee abzad aanee abugidas yaa done prakarchya vibhagiy lipimadhye farak karatat. swaranna teey kase vagavatat yaat heey tighe bhinn aahet. abajadanmadhye vyanjanansathi akshare asatat aanee bahutek swar aprakat rahatat. abugidas heey dekhil vyanjan-aadharit asatat parantu teey swaranche dicritics, mhanje vyanjananche paddhatshir graphik badal darshavtat. yaa arthane vaparnyat yenari sarvat junie dnyat varnamala mhanje vaadee all-hole lipi, jee abzad manali jaate. tyacha uttaradhikari, phoenician haah aadhunik varnamalancha purvaj aahe, jyat arabi, greek, lattin (junya italian varnamaladvare), cyrillic (greek varnamaladvare) aanee hibru (aramidware) yancha samavesh aahe.
sadhyachya abajadanchi udaharane mhanje arabi aanee hibru lipi; jaate varnamalanmadhye lattin, cyrillic aanee corian hangul yancha samavesh aahe; aanee abugidas, jeey tigrinya, amharik, hindi aanee thaee lihinyasathi vaparale jaatat. canadian aadivasi shabdansh dekhil shabdkoshanaivaji abugida aahet, kaaran tyanchya navavarun soochit hoil, kaaran pratyek gliff eka vyanjan darshavite aanee khaleel swar darshavinyasathi firvoon sudharit kelee jaate. jaate shabdakoshat, pratyek vyanjan-swar sanyojan vegalya aksharanni darshavile jaate.
tinhi prakaranna shabdansh gliffs vadhavale jaau shakate. udaharanarth, ugaritic haah moolatah eka abzad aahe parantu tyat shabdansh akshare aahet, kaaran hya keval swar darshavilya jaatat. koptikkade eka patra aahe. kahee parampara asha swaransathi graphik aadhar mhanoon aaa haah shoonya vyanjan mhanoon vaparat asalya taree, devanagari haah samanyatah prarambhik swaransathi samarpit aksharansah vardhit kelela abugida asato.
teen prakarchya vibhagiy lipyanmadhil seema nehmich spasht nasatat. udaharanarth, sorani kurdish arabi lipit lihili jaate, jee itar bhashansathi vaparali jaate tevha too eka abzad asato. kurdishmadhye, swar lihine anivarya aahe aanee sampoorn akshare vaparali jaatat, tyamule lipi hii kharee varnamala aahe. itar bhasha saktichya swaranchya dvishabdansaha semitic abzad vaparu shakatat, jyamule teey prabhavipane abugidas banatat. dusarikade, mangol samrajyachi fagspa lipi tibeti abugida varr agadi jawalun aadharit hotee, parantu swarchinhe hii dvibhashi chinhe mhanoon lihinyaeivaji aadhichya vyanjananantar lihili jaatat. jaree 'aaa' heey lahan lihile jaat nasale taree, indic abugidaspramane, 'abugida' yaa shabdacha srot, mhanje aata amharik aanee tigreeniyasathi vaparla jaanara geey 'aiz abugida, tyanchya vyanjan badalanmadhye aatmasat jhaala aahe. tee aata paddhatshir rahileli nahee aanee vibhagiy lipiaivaji eka shabdansh mhanoon shikali gelee pahije. aanakhi tivratene, pahalvi abzad akheris logographic banala.
asha prakare varnamalanche prathamik vargikaran teey swaranna kase vagavatat heey pratibimbit karate. swar bhashansathi, pudhil vargikaran tyanchya swarprakriya yavar aadharit asoo shakate. jaree vividh prakaranmadhye farak karnyasathi nave adyap astitvat naheet. kahee varnamala swarakade purnapane durlaksh karatat, visheshtah jevha tyat somali aanee africa aanee amerikechya itar anek bhashanpramane, bharee karyatmak bhaar nasato. sarvat samanyatah, swar heey dicreticdware darshavile jaatat, jyaa prakare swaranna abugidasmadhye manale jaate, jeey vhietnami (eka kharee varnamala) aanee thaee (eka abugida) chya babatit aahe. thaimadhye, swar pramukhyane vyanjanadvare nirdharit keela jaato, jyat dvidhabhavasathi dvidha manahsthiti asate. pollard lipit, eka abugida, swar heey dicreticdware darshavile jaatat. swar darshavinyasathi vyanjanashi sambandhit dicriticche sthan sudharit kele jaate. agadi kvachitach, lipit swaransathi swatantra akshare asoo shakatat, jase qee hmong aanee zuangchya babatit aahe. aksharancha kinwa dvibhashi shabdancha vapar keela jaato qee nahee yachee parva naan karata, bahutekansathi, sarvat samanya swar chinhankit keela jaat nahee, jase sarvat samanya swar indic abugidasmadhye chinhankit kelela nahee. zuyinmadhye, keval eka chinhankit naan kelela swar nahee; tarr dhvanicha abhav darshavinyasathi eka daya critic aahe, jase qee indicchya virama.
varnanukram.
varnamala tyapasoondaa tyanchya aksharanchya manak kramashi sambandhit asatat; heey sankalanasathi aahe-mhanje, shabd aanee itar vastoonna "varnanukram" madhye soochibaddha karnyasathi.
lattin varnamala.
lattin varnamalecha moolbhut kram (a b c d e f g h i j k l m o p q r s tu v x y z), joou vayavya semitic "abgad" kramatoon aala aahe, too aadhich changlya prakare sthapit aahe. tathapi, yaa varnamalacha vapar vapar bhashanmadhye sudharit akshare (udaharanarth french "é", "á" aanee "ö") aanee aksharanchya kahee sanyogansathi (bahulekhan) tyanchya upcharansathi bhinn parampara aahet. frenchmadhye, hii sankalanasathi atirikt akshare manali jaat naheet. tathapi, icelandicmadhye, "aaa", "ii" aanee "oo" yasarkhi uchcharanachi akshare tyanchya asambaddh samkakshanni darshavalelya dhvaninpasun vegvegalya swar dhvaninche pratinidhitva karnari vegali akshare manali jaatat. spanishmadhye, 'aine' heey eka vegale akshar manale jaate, parantu 'aii' aanee 'aii' sarkhya uchcharit swaranna asey manale jaat nahee. ll" aanee "ch" hii dekhil purvi ekach akshare manali jaat hotee aanee "l" aanee "c" nantar swatantrapane kramvari lavali jaat hotee, parantu 1994 madhye, spanish bhasha akadamichya sanghatanechya dahavya congressne sanyojan kram badalala jenekarun "ll" shabdakoshatil "lk" aanee "lm" darmyan kramvari lavali jaau lagali aanee "ch" shabdakoshat "cg" aanee "ci" darmyan kramvari lavali jaau lagali; tyaa degraphsna ajunahi aupcharikpane akshare mhanoon niyukt kele jaat hote, parantu 2010 madhye vastavik shaikshanik spanola neey teey badalale, tyamule tyanna aata akshare ajibat manale jaat naheet.
germanmadhye, "ess. etch.-" (jeey german dhvaniche shabdalekhan karatat) pasoon suru honare shabd prarambhik "ess. zed." nantar disanyaivaji prarambhik "skye-" aanee "saay-" (serve yogayogane karj dilele shabd) asalelya shabdanmadhye samavisht kele jaatat, janoo teey ekach akshar aahe, jeey albeniyansarkhya anek bhashanshi virodhabhas karate, jyamadhye "dii. etch.-", "aii-", "jee. jeey.-", "ell. ell.-", "aar. aar.-", "tha-", ex. etch.-"aanee" zh-", jeey serve dhvaniche pratinidhitva karatat aanee swatantra ekach akshare manale jaatat, teey anukrame" dii "," eae "," jee "," ell "," aine "," aar "," tii "," ex "aanee zarian", tasech hungarian aanee zales yaa aksharanche anusaran kartil. pudhe, turkey bhashetil 'umlout' chya ulat, jyane 'graphims' aanee 'yu' sweekarle aanee shabdakoshat 'tuz' nantar 'tufek' sarkha shabd yeil, asha umlautchya ulat, umlouts german shabd ekatra kele jaatat. german durdhvani nirdeshika yala apavad aahe, jithe umloutschee kramvari "ā" = "ae" ashee kelee jaate, kaaran "jegger" sarkhi nave dekhil "jegger" yaa aksharanshi disatat aanee bolalya bolalya bhashet vegali nasatat.
danish aanee norwegian varnamalancha shevat 'α'-'ω'-'ā' assa hoto, tarr swedish paramparenusar shevati 'ā'-'ā'-'ö' asey thevatat. tathapi, α dhvanyatmakdrushtya α shhee sambandhit aahe, jase qee ω aanee "ö."
suruvatiche varnamala.
sarvat suruvatichya varnamalanmadhye eka paribhashit kram hota qee nahee heey adnyat aahe. aaj kahee varnamala, jase qee hanuno lipi, eka velee eka akshar, konatyahi vishisht kramane shikali jaat naheet aanee jethe nishchit kramachi aavashyakta aahe tethe sankalanasathi vaparali jaat naheet. tathapi, ii. sha. puu. chaudavya shatkatil eka dozen ugaritic golya varnamala done kramanmadhye jatan karatat. eka, nantar finicianmadhye vaparlela "aii. bii. see. dii. eae" kram, hibru, greek, armeniyan, gothick, cyrillic aanee lattinmadhye kirkol badalansah chaloo rahila aahe; dusra, "etch. emm. etch. ell. see.", dakshin arabiat vaparla jaat hota aanee aaj ithiopikmadhye jatan keela gela aahe. tyamule donhi aurder kiman 3000 varshanpasun sthir aahet.
runikne eka asambandhit foothark kram vaparla, joou nantar saralikrut jhaala. arabi vapar sahasa tyacha kram vapartat, jaree arabimadhye paramparik abzadi kram kayam aahe, joou sankhyansathi vaparla jaato.
bharatat vaparlya jaanarya varnamalanche brahman kutumb dhvanyatmaktevar aadharit eka adviteey kram vaparteh tondat aavaj kase aanee kuthe nirman hotat tyanusar akshare vyavasthit kelee jaatat. hii sanstha aagney ashiya, tibet, corian hangul aanee agadi japani kaana yethehi astitvat aahe, jee varnamala nahee.
acrophony.
finicianmadhye, pratyek akshar tyaa dhvanipasoon suru suru shabdashi sambandhit hote. yala acrophony mhanatat aanee samaritan, arami, syriac, hibru, greek aanee arabi bhashet satat vegvegalya pramanat vaparale jaate.
lattinmadhye acrophonycha tyag jhaala. too vyanjanachya aadhi kinwa nantar swar (sahasa "eae", kadhikadhi "aaa" kinwa "yuu") jodoon aksharancha sandarbh deto. done apavad hote, vaay aanee zed, jeey etruscanaivaji greek varnamaletun ghetale gele hote. tyanna 'vaay greka' 'greek vaay' aanee 'zeta' (greekmadhun) mhanoon olakhale jaat hote-hii visangati anek european bhashanna varshane midali hotee, jase qee american ingraji vagalata ingrajichya serve prakaranmadhye 'zed' yaa shabdamadhye zedsathi. kalantarane nave kadhikadhi badalali kinwa jodali gelee, jase qee doubleusathi 'double yuu' kinwa frenchmadhye 'double vhee', vayasathi ingraji naav aanee zedsathi american 'zee'. ingraji aanee frenchmadhye tyanchi tulana kelyane mahan swar badalache spasht pratibimb disateh aaa, buub, see aanee dii heey aajchya ingrajimadhye uchcharale jaatat, parantu samkalin frenchmadhye teey uchcharale jaatat. french nave (jyatoon ingraji nave aalee aahet) mahan swar badalnyapurvi ingraji swaranche guna jatan karatat. yaulat, donhi bhashanmadhye f, l, m, n aanee s () hii nave sarkhich aahet kaaran 'lahan' swaranvar yaa badalamule farsa parinam jhaala navhata.
sirilikmadhye, moolatah, acrophony slavic shabdancha vapar karoon astitvat hotee. pahile teen shabd jaat aahet, ajh, bucky, vede, cyrillic collation orders, aaa, bii, vhee. tathapi, nantar lattinsarkhya pranalichya bajoone heey sodoon denyat aale.
varnalekhan aanee uchcharan.
jevha varnamala ekhadya dilelya bhasheche pratinidhitva karnyasathi sweekarli jaate kinwa vikasit kelee jaate, tevha varnamala samanyatah astitvat yete, jyamadhye varnamala jyaa tattvavar aadharit aahe tyaa tattvavar aadharit shabdalekhanasathi niyam pradan kele jaatat. heey niyam varnamalatil aksharancha bolalya bolalya bhashechya dhwanimudranshi nakasha tayar kartil. paripoorn dhvanyatmak varnalekhanamadhye, akshare aanee dhvanyatmak shabdanmadhye eka-eka susangat patravyavahar asel jenekarun lekhak ekhadya shabdachya uchcharanusar tyachya varnamalacha andaj lavu shakel aanee vaktyala nehmi shabdacha uchchar tyachya varnamalapramane kalel aanee tyaulat. tathapi, haah aadarsh sahasa vyavharat kadhich sadhya keela jaat nahee. spanish aanee finnishsarkhya bhasha yachya jawal yeu shakatat. itar, udaharanarth ingraji, tyapasoon tyapasoon mothya pramanat vichalit hotat.
ekhadya bhashecha uchchar anekada tyachya lekhan paddhatipasun swatantrapane vikasit hoto. jyaa bhashancha vapar suruvatila keela gela navhata, tyaa bhashansathi lekhan paddhati udhar ghenyat aalya aahet. varnamalatil akshare bhashechya dhwanishi kitee pramanat julatat heey badalate.
akshare aanee dhwani yanchyatil paraspar sanvad anek marganpaiki konatyahi prakare sadhya karnyat bhasha ayashasvi houu shakatatah
rashtriy bhasha kadhikadhi varnamala rashtriy mankanshi jodoon bolibhashanchya samasyeche nirakaran karnyasathi nivadatat. finnish, armeniyan, turkey, russian, serbian-croatian (serbian, croatian aanee bosnian) aanee bulgarian yasarkhya kahee rashtriy bhashanmadhye akshare aanee dhvanimmadhil jawaljawal eka-eka sanvadasah atishay niyamit akshararachana pranali aahe. tyachpramane, 'spell (out)', 'compitair' shhee sambandhit italian kriyapad anek italian lokanna adnyat aahe kaaran spelling sahasa kshullak asate, kaaran italian spelling atyant dhvanyatmak asate. manak spanishmadhye, ekhada vyakti shabdacha uchchar tyachya aksharvinyasatun sangu shakato, parantu yachya ulat nahee, kaaran dhwani kadhikadhi ekapeksha jaast prakare darshavile jaau shakatat, parantu dilele akshar satatyane uchcharale jaate. mook akshare, anunasik swar aanee shabdbhransh yancha vapar vapar frenchmadhye, shabdalekhan aanee uchcharan yanchyat farsa sanvad nasalyache disun yete. tathapi, uchcharavaril tyache niyam jaree guntaguntiche asale taree, susangat aahet aanee yogya pramanat achookatesah andaj lavnyayogya aahet.
aahet tokala ingrajisarkhya bhasha aahet, jithe uchchar bahudha lakshat thevayala lagatat kaaran teey shabdalekhanshi susangat nasatat. ingrajisathi, yache kaaran asey qee, akshararachana sthapit jhalyanantar mahan swar badal jhaala aanee ingrajine vegvegalya velee mothya sankhyene karj dilele shabd midavale aahet, tyanche mool aksharlekhan vegvegalya staravar kayam thewale aahe. tathapi, ingrajimadhyehi samanya, jaree guntaguntiche asale taree, niyam aahet jeey shabdalekhanatun uchchar andaj lavtat. asey niyam sahasa yashasvi hotat. tathapi, uchcharatun shabdalekhan andaj lavnyachya niyamanmadhye apayashacha darr jaast asato.
kadhikadhi, samkalin bolalya bolalya bhasheshi lekhan punha sanrekhit karnyasathi deshanmadhye likhit bhashemadhye vartani sudharana kelee jaate. hya sadhya aksharvinyasatil badal aanee shabdanchya prakaranpasoon teey sampoorn lekhan pranali badalnyaparyant asoo shakatat. udaharanarth, turkeyne arabi varnamaletun lattin-aadharit turkey varnamalekade valale aanee jevha soviet sanghachya prabhavamule kazakh arabi lipitoon cyrillic lipit badalale aanee 2021 madhye, tyane turkipramanech lattin varnamalekade sankraman kele. uzbekistan aanee turkmenistanmadhye serve lattin varnamalekade valanyapurvi cyrillic lipi adhikrut hotee, jyat uzbekistancha samavesh aahe, jyat varnamalet sudharana karoon apastrophy aanee degraph asalelya aksharanvar dicriticcha vapar keela jaat aahe.
bhashavidanni konatyahi bhashet dhwani darshavinyasathi, varnalekhanapasun swatantrapane vaparlelya chinhanchya manak pranalila aantarrashtriy dhvanyatmak varnamala mhanatat.

