
mozambikche lock prajasattak

mozambikche lock prajasattak (portugijah "republica popular dii mosambic") heey 1975 teey 1990 paryant sadhyachya mozambikmadhye astitvat asalele eka samajvadi rajya hote.
juuna 1975 madhye jevha deshala portugalpasoon swatantrya midale aanee mosambican liberation frontney ("frelimo") samora machelchya netrutvakhali eka-pakshiy samajvadi rajyachi sthapana kelee tevha mozambikche lock prajasattak sthapan jhaale. rajyane soviet unionshi jawalche rajkiy aanee lashkari sambandh anubhavale, jeey navodit frelimo sarkarla rajnaitik manyata aanee aarthik sahayya pradan karananya pahilya rashtranpaiki eka hote. tyachya itihasachya kalavadhiparyant, mozambikche lock prajasattak aarthik drushtine tasech ann suraksha, indhan aanee itar mahattvachya aarthik garajanchya sandarbhat soviet madativar mothya pramanat avalambun rahile. 1977 teey 1992 yaa kalat, eka pranghatak yadavi yuddhane desh uddhvast jhaala, jyane shejaril rhodesia aanee dakshin aafrikechya pathimbyane, samyavadvirodhi mosambic rashtriy pratikar (renamo) bandkhoriviruddha sashastr dalanna ubhe kele.
mozambikchya janvadi prajasattakache, tyaa velee samajvadi rajye asalelya, angola, kyuba aanee german lokshahi prajasattak (purv germany) yanchyashi ghanisht sambandh hote. mozambikche lock prajasattak heey samyavadi rajyanchi aarthik sanghatana asalelya comeconche (paraspar aarthik sahayya parishad) nirikshak dekhil hote. mozambikne 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila aupcharikpane comeconmadhye sadasya rajya mhanoon sameel honyasathi boolii lavali, parantu purv german prayojakatv aanee samarthan asoonahi tyala nakar denyat aala. 1980 chya dashakat soviet aanee comecon aarthik prabhav qamee jhalyanantar, mozambikchya peaples ripablikane samora matchelchya mrutyunantar aanee jokim chisanochya netrutvakhali aarthik sudharananchya prarambhanantar united states auph america, aantarrashtriy vittiy nidhi aanee german federal republicashy salokha sadhanyacha prayatna keela.
bhaugolikdrushtya mozambikche lock prajasattak heey aafrikechya aagney kinanyavar sthit sadhyachya mozambikchya prajasattakasarkhech aahe. tyachya seema dakshinela swaziland, nairutyela dakshin africa, paschimela rhodesia (nantar zimbabwe), vayvyes zambia aanee malavi aanee uttarela tanzania yaa aahet.
itihas.
parshvabhoomi.
portugalne mozambikmadhye 1964 teey 1974 yaa kalat, vasahativirodhi african rashtravadi chalval, frent dii libertacao dii mosambic (frelimo) viruddha eka pradirgh aanee kadoo bandkhorivirodhi moheem ladhali, jee suruvatila shejarchya tanzaniyamadhil bahya abhayaranyanmadhun chalavali jaat hotee. 1963 chya suruvatiparyant frelimone portugij rajvaticha pratikar karnyasathi eka chhapamar sainya sthapan karnyas suruvat kelee hotee, bahutek bandkhoranna algeriamadhye prashikshan dile jaat hote aanee soviet union aanee peaples republic auph chayana yaa donhikadun tyanna shastre puravali jaat hotee. soviet unionne frelimola lahan shastre, indhan, ann, vahtook vahane aanee varshik $85,000 teey $100,000 paryantchya aarthik yogdanacha puravatha keela, tarr ektya 1971 madhye chiinii sarkarne frelimola 10,000 tanpeksha jaast shastrastre puravali. frelimola lavkarach african ekata sanghatanekadun (oo. oo. yuu.) pathimba aanee manyata midvanyavar maktedari midali, jyane aarthik sahayya tasech sahanubhootishil tanzanian sarkardware chalavalelya shastranni tyachi amalbajavani kelee. frelimo bandkhorila pratisad mhanoon, portugijanni vietnam yuddhat americene rabavalelya dhoranatmak vastya karyakramachya namunyanusar eka graminkaran moheem haatee ghetali, bandkhoranna tyanchya lokpriy aadharastambhanpasun vegale karnyachya prayatnat hajaro mosambican nagarikanna tatbandichya vasahatinmadhye bandist kele. tyane franlimoche tanzaniyamadhye ghuskhoriche marg bund karnyasathi samanya halle dekhil suru kele aanee adhik swadeshi bandkhorivirodhi tukadyanchi bharati kelee. yaa upayayojanantarhi, 1973chya suruvatiparyant portugijanni deshachya vishal bhaganvar niyantran gamavale hote. frelimoche keval uttarekadil mozambikchya bahutansh bhagavar niyantran navhate, tarr pradeshachya madhya aanee dakshin prantanmadhye aanee agadi pramukh shaharanchya parighanmadhyehi tyache pravesh lakshaniy hote.
april 1974 chya carnation krantine portugalache ujavya vicharsaraniche sarkar ulthoon takale aanee sashastr dalanchya chalvalidware (emm. eff. aii.) vyavasthapit eka juntachi suruvat kelee. emm. eff. aii. neey lavkarach ghoshana kelee qee teey deshachya urvarit vasahatinmadhun swatahla vegale kartil aanee mahagadi vasahatvadi yuddhe sampavatil. frelimone uttar dile qee teey keval khaleel atinvar shantata vataghati suru thevelah mosambican lokanche ekmev vaidh pratinidhi mhanoon frelimochi portugij manyata, deshachya "sampoorn swatantryachya" adhikarachi manyata aanee frelimola tatkal satta hastantaran. septemberparyant emm. eff. aii. neey pushti kelee hotee qee teey yaa atinche palan kartil aanee sthanik janmat kinwa nivadnukanshivay thet frelimokade satteche sankraman kartil. yamule portugalache pashchatya mitra, dakshin africa aanee rodeshiyatil samyavadvirodhi pandhare alpasankhyak shasson aanee mozambikmadhil pandhare vasahati lokanchi lakshaniy loksankhya dhokyat aalee. emm. eff. aii. chya ghoshanemule ujavya vicharsaranichya pandhya mosambican lokanni uthav karnyacha prayatna keela, jyala portugij sainyane jabardastine chiradale. tethil amerikechya vanijya dutavasane dilelya ahavalat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee, "swatantryanantar frelimodware chalavalya jaananya mozambikavar soviet aanee chiinii lokancha motha prabhav asel yaat aamchya manat konatihi shanka nahee". dakshin aafrikechya aanee rhodesian sarkaranna bheeti hotee qee mozambikmadhil sahanubhootishil frelimo shasson kadachit african rashtravadi bandkhoranna tyanchya swatachya deshanmadhye chhape taknyasathi eka marg pradan karel. udaharanarth, tyaa velee dakshin aafrikechya lashkari guptachar ahavalat assa dawa karnyat aala hota qee deshantargat bandkhoranna "adhik mothya pramanat halchalinche swatantrya milel...mosambicala adhik pratyaksh aanee apratyaksh naitik aanee bhautik pathbal milel...jyaa velenusar ghatana ghadatil tyanusar pramukhyane yu. ess. ess. aar. aanee chindware paribhashit kele jailah jyaa done shaktinna dakshin aafriket tanav nirman karnyasathi aanee hatalanyasathi sarvat jaast protsahan aahe.
7 september roji frelimo aanee portugal yanni lusaka kararavar swakshya kelya, jyamule deshache swatantryayuddha sampushtat aale. lusaka kararane aupcharik swatantryachi tarikh nishchit keleeh 25 juuna 1975. portugij prashasak, nagri sevak aanee lashkari karmchari nighun gelyane tyane mozambikmadhye frelimo prabhavi rajkiy varchasva dekhil dile. frelimone lavkarach aaplya rajkiy virodhkanvar karvai suru keleeh frelimo pakshantar karnare aanee pratispardhi rashtravadi paksh 'partido dii koligakao national' (pii. see. aine.) chya sadasyanna ekatra karoon punarvikas shibiranmadhye pathvanyat aale. nirvasanat rahana pakshantar karnanyanna rajkiy maafee milanyachi aashvasne deuun gharee paratanyache patvoon denyat aale, parantu frelimo suraksha adhikaanyaanee tyanna vimantalavar atak kelee. gharee paratanyas nakar denanya majee vidyarthi aanee dahashatvadyansaha mothya sankhyene frelimo pakshantarkartyanni keniyamadhye aashray ghetala hota. swatantryayuddha sampalyanantar, nirvasitansathichya sanyukt rashtranchya uchchayuktanni (aii. aine. see. aar.) tyancha nirvasit darja kadhoon ghetala aanee tyanna anaichhikpane parat pathvanyachi shifaras kelee. teey paratalyanantar frelimo sudbuddhichya bhitine, pakshantar karnanyanni nairobimadhil aaa. aine. see. aar. karyalayambaher nidarshane kelee, jyamule keeniyan sarkarla tyanchya prakaranacha aadhava ghenyas aanee tyanna tyaa deshat rahanyachi parvanagi denyas pravrutt kele.
swatantrya aanee vasahatvadanantarche prarambhik yug.
mozambikche lock prajasattak swatantryanantar 25 juuna 1975 roji eka vistrut samarambhat ghoshit karnyat aale. prarambhik swatantrya deane samarambh estadio daa machava yethe aayojit karnyat aale hote; navyane niyukt jhalele adhyaksh aanee frelimo pakshache adhyaksh samora matchell yanni mosambic olandun eka pratikatmak pravas karoon heey pudhe nele, jyachi suruvat uttarela jhaali, jithe frelimone pahilyanda aapala sashastr sangharsh suru keela hota aanee dakshinekadil prantanmadhye tyacha samarop jhaala hota. 20 junparyant purn jhalelya aanee swatantryanantar lagechach lagoo jhalelya peaples republickchya naveen sanvidhanane kamgar aanee shetkanyanmadhye, "frelimo aanee lokanchya sattechya avayavandvare ekjoot aanee netrutva kelele" sampoorn adhikar nihit kele. rajyaghatanene frelimo heey "rajya aanee samajache shasak ball" asalyache ghoshit karoon frelimoche varchasva eka pakshiy samajvadi rajyat prasthapit kele...frelimo rajyachya moolbhut drushtikonachi ruparesha dete aanee lokanchya hitasathi rajya dhoranache palan sunishchit karnyasathi rajya avyavanchya krutiche nirdesh aanee paryavekshan karate. jaree rajyaghatanene vaiyaktik malmattechya sanmanasathi tartud kelee asali taree eka niyojit arthvyavastha dekhil sthapan kelee. bhedbhav kinwa rajyane samajik salokha dhokyat aanalela manalya jaananya konatyahi krutisarkhya samajvirodhi pratha kayadyanusar dandaniy gunhe banavanyat aalya.
karyakari, vidhimandal aanee nyaypalikeche adhikar sattadhari pakshakade nihit hote. frelimochya pakshachya adhyakshanna pradesh adhyaksh, deshachya nyayalayanche mukhya nyayadhish, sashastr dalanche pramukh senapati aanee sansadeche adhyaksh ashee bhoomikahi denyat aalee hotee. rashtriy vidhimandalala lock sabha mhanoon olakhale jaat asey aanee varshatoon donada chaar divasiy adhiveshananche aayojan kele jaat asey. frelimochya rajkiy netrutvane pratyek jagevar niyukt kelelya 210 anirvachit pratinidhinni teey tayar kele hote. vidhimandalachi varshatoon fakt ekdach baithak hott asalyane, bahutek kayade prastavit kele gele aanee pratyakshat karyakari shakhene purvaniyojitpane tyanchi amalbajavani kelee; loksabhene keval adhyakshanchya baithakichya nirnayala manyata dilee. yamule peaples republickchya adhyakshanna moolatah hukumadware rajya karanyachi parvanagi midali. nyaypalikechya sandarbhat, sarkarne serve khajgi kayadyachya practicever bandee ghatali aanee nyayalayat asalelyansathi sarvajanik bachavkarte puravanyasathi rashtriy kayadeshir sallamasalatichi magani kelee. 1986 paryant pratyakshat konatihi rashtriy kayadeshir sallagar sanstha sthapan karnyat aalee navhati, mhanje nyayalayat khatala chalavalya jaananya lokanna kayadeshir sallagaracha konatahi avalamb navhata. kayadeshir sallamasalat sthapan hoiparyant, frelimo yanni nirnay deela qee rajyachya avyavanna nyayalayin vyavasthecha vapar naan karata "lokancha nyay" kinwa anyatha nyayalayin aanee anekada manmani nirnay ghenyache adhikar aahet.
samora matchell yanchya adhyakshapadachya pahilya mahinyant anek vyapak sudharana jhalyah naveen sarkarne aarogyaseva, shikshan aanee jaminiche rashtriyikaran kele. tyanantar lavkarach serve prakarchya utpadan aanee kirkol udhyoganche rashtriyikaran karnyat aale. serve prasaran seva ekach sarkari malkichya prasaran jaalyachya niyantranakhali aanalya pahijet, asehi frelimo yanni aadesh dile aanee prasarmadhyamanvar kadak sarkari niyantran sthapit kele. jaree assa aarop swikaranyas nakar denanyanna jabardastine karane aanee asha ichchela virodh karnanyanna dadapun takane assa tyacha arth asala taree", shetkari aanee kamgaranchya bahusankhyanchi ichcha ladane hii rajyachi jababdari asalyache matchell yanni jaheer kele. mosambican buddijivkanvarhi halle karnyat aale. jaree swatantryapurvi samanyatah agadi purogami aanee muktamatvadi asale, taree bauddhik aanee shaikshanik sanghatananchi dekhil dirghakalin lokshahi parampara hotee, mukt vadavivadala protsahan dile gele aanee vividh rajkiy kalpanansathi khule hote, yaa serve goshtinna naveen rajkiy aasthapanene sanshayane pahile hote. sensorshipcha eka vyapak prakar ladanyat aala; matchellne jaheer kele qee "burjuva vargachya avikasit upasanskratichi serve abhivyakti aanee prabhav shuddha kele jaatil". udaharanarth, pashchatya popp sanskruti aanee sangitachya ghatkanvar tyanchya "swayam-spasht abhijat vargasathi" bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee. 
frelimo yanni janarajanikaranachi moheem suru keleeh tyanni loksankhyechya pratyek ghatkala sthanik pakshachya eka shakhet sanghatit karnyacha prayatna keela, jee kamachya thikani eka sangh mhanoonahi kaam karat hotee. mahila, shaley mule, shikshak, patrakar, lekhak aanee kamgaransathi sanghatana tayar karnyat aalya. serve kamachya thikani aanee pratyek nivasi bhagat party seela sthapan karnyat aale. shaharanchi samudayik prabhaganmadhye vibhagani karnyat aalee, jeey pratyeki daha kutumbanchya gatanni banalelya gatanmadhye vibhagale gele. tyaa prabhagatil pratyek gatavar rajkaran karnyasathi frelimo adhikadhyanchi niyukti karnyat aalee hotee, jyacha arth pratyek rahivasi sthanik frelimo kakshat nondanikrut asalyachi khatri karane aanee tyanche sambandhit utpann, jivanshaili aanee dainandin kriyakalapanvar dekhrekh thevane assa hota. kautumbik ghatakanni atithi aanee abhyagatanna tyanchya gatasathi jababdar asalelya adhikaonyakade kalavane aavashyak hote. tyanchya halchalinvar mothya pramanat nirbandh hote; sampradayik prabhag aanee gut vyavastheche palan sunishchit karnyasathi, keval nondanikrut vyaktinna rugnalaye, davakhane, shaala aanee dukane vaparanyachi parvanagi hotee. gut nondani dekhil rahivashanna shidhapatrikecha haqq dete, jyashivay tyanna ann kharedi karnyas manai hotee. aekhadyachya nivasi kshetrabaher pravas karnyasathi frelimone dilela antargat parpatra aavashyak hota. 
portugijanni maghar ghetalyanantar, anek grameen mosambican yuddhakalin graminkaranachya karyakramacha bhag mhanoon sthapan kelelya tatbandi asalelya vasahatinpasun baher padale aanee tyanchya purvajanchya vasahatinmadhye paratale. tathapi, frelimo yanni graminkaran mohimela punarujjivit kele aanee shetkanyanmadhil mothya ghatkala jabardastine samoohik krishi sahkari sansthanmadhye aanale. yaa mothya samoohik vasahatinmadhye grameen loksankhyeche laksh kendrit karoon, frelimo yanni shetkyanna moolbhut seva aanee vaicharik bodh adhik changlya prakare pradan karoo shakato assa aagrah dharala.
tyanchya rajkiyaran mohimecha eka bhag mhanoon, frelimo selane mosambican lokanna satatyane aathvan karoon dilee qee rajyache kayamche shatru vasahatvad, samrajyavad aanee bhandavalshahi yaa amoort sankalpana hotya. tathapi, pakshachya vichardharenusar, gharachya jawalche shatru satat sthanik patalivar olakhale jaat hote aanee olakhale jaat hote aanee tyamule teey bahudha sarvatra hote. asha shatrunchi vyakhya asha lokanmadhye kelee jaat asey, jyanni sarkarmadhye adthala aananyachya uddeshane asamajik vartan kele. grameen bhagatil shahare aanee samoohik gavanmadhil samoohik gatanchya niyojit vastavanpasun agadi lahanse vichalan dekhil adthala kinwa pratikar yache lakshan mhanoon decode kele jaau shakate. rajyache sambhavya shatru olakhanyasathi, suraksha sevanni mahitee denanyanche adhikrut jaale sthapan kele, jeey akheris maputo bhagat 17,000 aanee deshbharat 150,000 paryant vadhale. shejanyanna ekmekanchi mahitee denyasathi aanee naveen samajachya shatrumbaddal sakaratmak bolanakyambaddal ahwal denyasathi protsahit kele gele.
hawaman.
mozambikchya lokasattakat done hangamansah ushnakatibandhiy hawaman hote, aktoobar teey march haah olsar hangam aanee april teey september haah korada hangam. havamanachi paristhiti unchinusar badalate. kinarpattivar paus samanyatah musaldhar hota aanee uttar aanee dakshinela qamee jhaala. pradeshanusar varshik parjanyaman 500 teey 900 miimii (19.7 teey 35.4 inch) itake hote, sarasari 590 miimii (23.2 inch). olya hangamat chakrivadale yene samanya hote. maputomadhil sarasari tapman julaimadhye 13 teey 24°seey. (55.4 teey 75.2°phai.) aanee februvarimadhye 22 teey 31°seey. (71.6 teey 87.8°phai.) hote.
mozambikchya janvadi prajasattakane havamanatil asankhya tivra ghatanancha anubhav ghetala, sarvat ullekhaneey mhanje 1984 madheel ushnakatibandhiy vadal domoina aanee 1985 teey 1987 paryantcha vyapak dushkal aanee dushkal.
paradeshi sambandh.
mozambikchya peaples republickche tyachya sankshipt itihasat, visheshtah soviet union aanee kyuba yaa comeconchya sadasya deshanshi, jawalche lashkari, rajkiy aanee aarthik sambandh hote. mozambikchya (eff. pii. ell. emm.) muktatesathi lokanchya sainyala sallah denyasathi, prashikshan denyasathi aanee susajj karnyasathi donhi deshanni yadavi yuddhadarmyan mozambikmadhye lashkari mohima tainat kelya. 1978 saalee, deshat soviet aanee kyubache 1,000 paryant lashkari karmchari tainat hote. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat 600 cuban aanee 650 soviet tantradnya, khankam aanee railwaychya payabhoot suvidha aanee matsyavyavasay vikasit karnyasathi kaam karat asatana, mothya nagri tantrik tukadya dekhil tainat karnyat aalya hotya. donhi deshanni mosambican nagarikanna vyavsayik prashikshan aanee vidyapith shishyavrutti dekhil visheshtah udar atinvar pradan kelya. udaharanarth, 1987 madhye 4,000 mosambican lokanna kyubamadhye abhyas karnyasathi shishyavrutti midali aanee 800 lock tethe vyavsayik shikshan ghet hote. 1977 teey 1990 darmyan, soviet unionne mosambicala 10.5 kotee dollarschee aarthik madat dilee. 1980 chya dashakat, mozambikchya aayat kelelya vastooncha aanee tyachya serve telacha mothya pramanat karjavar puravatha karnara too deshacha sarvat motha paradeshi vyapari bhagidar hota. mozambikchya shetkari shetkyanni utpadit kelelya krishi vastunsathi soviet aayatipaiki anek thet devanghevan kelee jaat hotee.
mozambikche lock prajasattak aanee dakshin aafrikeche spasht samyavadvirodhi rashtriy paksh sarkar yanchyatil thund rajnaitik sambandh asoonahi, aarthik vastavane nishchit kele qee kahee vyavharik sambandh nehmich kayam thewale gele. sampoorn yadavi yuddhadarmyan, mozambikne kahora basavaril jalvidhyut sankulatoon dakshin africela veej vikali aanee dakshin aafrikechya guntavanukdarancha deshachya bandar suvidhanmadhye nehmich ullekhaneey vaataa hota.
1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, soviet aarthik prabhav qamee hott asatana, mozambikchya peaples ripablikane aantarrashtriy vittiy nidhishi (aay. emm. eff.) aapala pahila motha karar keela, lome conventionmadhye sameel jhaale aanee soviet gatabaheril anek rajyanshi rajnaitik sambandh ughadale, mhanje paschim germany.
sashastr seena.
1975 madhye swatantryanantar frelimochya chhapamar sainyane mozambikchya muktatesathichya loksainyachi (forces populares dii libertacao dii mosambic-eff. pii. ell. emm.) mozambikchya sashastr dalanmadhye punarrachana kelee gelee, jyache adhikrut naav 'forces armadas dii mosambic-eff. pii. ell. emm.' hote."
heey kutumb suruvatila tyachya purvavartinchya dhartivar aayojit kele gele hote, sahkari sainikanni yaa padavar nivadoon dilelya 'commandant' chya pranalivyatirikt konatihi aupcharik shreni navhati. swatantryayuddhadaramya tyanchya jawalchya sambandhanmule frelimo aanee pham/eff. pii. ell. emm. heey ekmekanpasun aksharshah vegale houu shakale naheet. december 1975 madhye laurenco markesmadhye (maputo) jhalelya eka nishfal bandachya dhakkyane mosambic hadarla, jevha nishthavan police, sainya aanee nagarikankadun parat yenyas bhag padnyapurvi kutumbachya 400 sainikanni machavamadhil mokyachya sthananvar kabja keela. lashkar aanee pakshatil bhrashtacharavar karvai aanee shuddhila pratisad mhanoon hii bandkhori jhaali.
shikshan.
sarvajanik shalanmadhye moolbhut purvathyacha abhav hota aanee sanyukt rajyanmadhil mosambic shaikshanik nidhisarkhya gatanni nidhi ubharaniche prayatna suru kele.