dolhyasathi dolha

"dolhyasathi dolha" (,) hii nirgaman 21:23-27 yaa pustakat aadhalanari eka aadnya aahe jee mojamapasathi paraspar nyay mojamapache tattva vyakt karate. yaa tattvacha sarvat juna dnyat vapar hammurabichya sanhitet disun yeto, joou ibri baybalachya aadhicha aahe.
achook badala ghenyachya kayadyat () tech tattva aahe qee jyaa vyaktine torahmadhye vyaktila jakhami kele aahe tyala jakhami pakshakadoon tyach pramanat dand thothavala pahije. saumya arthanmadhye, yacha arth piditala nuksanbharpai mhanoon dukhapatiche [andajit] moolya milate. nukasanichya mulyanusar nuksanbharpai "maryadit" karane haah yaa tattvamagil hetu hota.
vyakhya aanee paddhati.
lakes taleonis' haah shabd nehmich aanee keval dolhyansamorchya nyaysanhitecha sandarbh dett nahee (tyaeivaji shiksheche pratibimb pahaa) parantu kayadeshir vyavasthanchya vyapak vargala lagoo hoto, jeey vishisht gunhyansathi visheshtah dand tayar karatat, jeey tyanchya tivratemadhye yogya asalyache manale jaate. kahijan asey suchavatat qee yacha kahee bhag taree suud suud khajgi pakshachya kinwa rajyachya hatoon milanari atee shiksha rokhanyacha hota. lakes taleonischi sarvat samanya abhivyakti mhanje 'dolhyasathi dolha', parantu itar arth dekhil dile gele aahet. lakes taleonis" yaa tattvache palan samarthan kayadeshir sanhitanmadhye eka gosht samaan aaheh gunhyasathi 'yogya' pratidand vihit keela aahe. sarvat sope udaharan mhanje 'dolhyasathi dolha' heey tattva. tyaa prakaranat, niyam assa hota qee shiksha agadi gunhyaitakich asali pahije.
babylonian kayadyanusar.
hammurabichya kayadeshir sanhitet, achook parasparsanvadache tattva atishay spashtapane vaparale jaate. udaharanarth, jarr ekhadya vyaktine torahmadhye vyakticha mrutyu ghadavun aanala tarr tarr fashi dilee jaeel.
yaa kayadyachya utpattibabat vividh kalpana astitvat aahet, parantu eka samanya gosht mhanje suruvatichya sanskratinmadhye vaadh hott gelee aanee chuka, kalah aanee sudbuddhichya badalachi qamee susthapit pranali, jyamule samajik sanrachanela dhoka nirman jhaala. kayadeshir siddhantachya naveen paddhatinni badalale gele asale taree, "lakes taleonis" pranalinni samajik vyavasthanchya vikasat eka mahattvapoorn uddesh sadhya keela-jyacha uddesh sudbuddhi lagoo karane aanee hii ekmev shiksha aahe yachee khatri karane haah hota. hii sanstha tyachya suruvatichya swarupanpaiki eka rajya hotee. heey tattva purvichya mesopotemiyachya kayadyachya sanketanmadhye aadhalu shakate, jase qee urchya urr-nammu aanee iseenchya lipit-istar.
heey tattva babylonian kayadyat aadhalate. jarr asey gruheet dharale gele qee kayadyachya rajvatine bandhalele nasalelya samajat, jarr ekhadya vyaktila dukhapat jhaali asel tarr jakhami vyakti (kinwa tyanche natevaik) dukhapat jhalelya vyaktivar suud ugavel. dand haah gunhyapeksha, kadachit mrutyuparyantahi white asoo shakato. joparyant pidit aanee gunhegaranna samajat samaan darja aahe, toparyant dand haah gunhyapeksha white nasava, yasathi babylonian kayadyane asha krutinvar maryada ghatali aahe. ishwaraninda kinwa lez-majestay (dev kinwa raja yanchyaviruddhache gunhe) pramanech, aekhadyachya samajik sudharananviruddhachya gunhyanna adhik kathor shiksha dilee jaat asey.
pracheen greek kayadyat.
payathagorasache shikshak anaximandarh "badala ghenyachya badalache chakr lagoo karnyasathi nisargachya bhavya aavartananchi kalpana kelee jaate."socreties yanni haah kayada nakarla.
ibri kayadyat.
ibri kayadyanusar, "dolhyasathi dolha" mhanje nukasanichya mulyachi bharpai "maryadit karane". tyamule 'eka dolhyasathi fakt eka dolha' heey vachane adhik changle tharel. nirgaman aanee leviticsmadhil baybalmadhil vakpracharatmak vakyansh 'dolhyasathi dolha' (, ayin tachat aayin) yacha shabdasha arth 'dolhyakhali/(tyaa jaagi) dolha' assa hoto, tarr thodya vegalya vakyanshamadhye (Âiinan bhügÂin се shahan βhséh shahan, shabdasha 'dolhyasathi dolha; datasathi daat') torahmadhye bhagat (deuteronomy) ayashasvi khotya sakshidaransathi sambhavya paraspar nyayalayin vakyanchya sandarbhat vaparla jaato. leviticsmadhil parichhed mhanato, "aanee joou manus tyachya deshi purushanna jakhami karato, tyane kele aahe, mhanoon tyala [mhanje,] fracturekhali/fracturesathi, dolhyakhali/dolhyasathi, datakhali/datasathi fracture kele jaeel. jyapramane torahmadhye vyaktila tyachyakadun dukhapat jhaali aahe, tyachpramane tee tyala dilee jaeel."(lave. 24:19-21). tyachya 'khalee' yaa niyamit arthane vaparlya kelya udaharanasathi, 'lave' pahaa. bail, mendhya kinwa bakaricha janm jhalyavar tee tyachya aaikhali aanee aathvya divasapasun raheel..."
baybalmadhye 'cofer' laa (aarthik rakkam) hatya vagalata konatyahi gunhyasathi sharirik shikshechi jaaga ghenyachi parvanagi aahe. sharirik shikshechya jaagi 'cofer' nivadanyacha adhikar piditela, aaropila kinwa nyayadhishala hota qaa heey nirdisht kelele nahee.
nirgaman 21:22-24 mhanate keeh jarr purush prayatna karat asateel aanee ekhadya garbhavati strila dukhavat asateel, jenekarun tichi fale tichyapasoon nighun jaatil, aanee tarihi konatahi upadrav honar naheeh tarr stricha patee tyachyavar jyapramane vagel tyanusar tyala nakkich shiksha hoil; aanee nyayadhishanni tharavalyapramane too paise deil. aanee jarr kahee upadrav jhaala, tarr tumhi aayushyabharasathi jeevan dyal, dolhyasathi dolha, datasathi daat, hatasathi haat, payasathi paay.
judevad.
isaq kalimi mhanale qee, 'dolhyasathi dolha' mhanje vajvi aarthik nuksan bharpai assa arth arth rabbi lokanni 'lakes taleonis' chey 'manavikaran' kele hote. babylonian 'lakes taleonis' chya babatit, naitik judevad aanee manvi jyoo nyayshastra likhit torahchya 'peshat' (shabdik arth) chee jaaga ghete. passachoff aanee litman heey lakes taleonischya punarvyakhyanache udaharan mhanoon faricic judismchya "badalatya samajik aanee bauddhik kalpananshi julavun ghenyachya" kshamateche udaharan detat."
talmud.
talmudmadhye 'dolhyasathi dolha' yaa vakyancha aanee atyachar prakarananmadhye aarthik nuksanbharpai anivarya karnyasarkhya samaan abhivyaktincha arth lavala aahe aanee baybalmadhil shlokanmadhye sharirik sudbuddhicha ullekh keela aahe, assa yuktivad karoon, assa yuktivad karoon, qee assa arth lavane andh kinwa dolhe nasalelya gunhegaranna lagoo honar nahee, assa yuktivad keela aahe. torahmadhye dand sarvatrikpane lagoo hone aavashyak asalyane, yaa vakyanshacha arth asha prakare lavala jaau shakat nahee.
tathapi, torahmadhye thet paraspar nyayachya eka prakaravar dekhil charcha kelee aahe, jithe 'ayin tachat ayin' haah vakyansh aanakhi eka roop dharan karato. yethe, torahmadhye torahmadhye vyaktiviruddha saksh denyacha cutt cutt khotya sakshidaranchi charcha kelee jaate. torahmadhye nyayalayala "tyane tyachya bhavashi tase karnyacha cutt rachala hota tase tyachyasobat karave" asey mhatale aahe. kahee tantrik nikashanchi purtata (udaharanarth, jyaa aaropila adyap shiksha jhaleli nahee asha aaropichi shiksha) gruheet dharoon, jithe jithe katkaryanna tyanni tyanchya sathidarala ija pohochavanyacha vichar keela hota tyach shikshechi shiksha karane shakya aahe, tithe nyayalay haah thet paraspar nyay karate (jevha shikshet fashichi shiksha asate). anyatha, gunhegaranna chabook marlya jaatat.
toramadhye konatyahi prakarchi shiksha naslyamule, jyat gunhegarala apangatva (dandatmak angachhedan) denyachi magani kelee jaate, asha konatyahi prakaranat, shadyantrakari khotya sakshidarala nyayalayakadun tyachya dolhyala, datala, hatala kinwa payala dukhapat jhalyane shiksha houu shakate. eka prakaran aahe jithe torah sangato "...aanee tumhi ticha haat kapoon takal..."talmudchya hrishinna yaa shlokacha shabdasha arth samajala, too eka prakaranacha sandarbh dett hota, jyamadhye stree sambhavya pranghatak paddhatine purushavar hallah karat hotee. heey shlok shikavate qee, jaree piditela vachavanyasathi hastakshep karane aavashyak asale taree, ghatak nasalelya dukhapatidware tyaa hallekhorala nishprabhavi karane shakya asalyas ghatak hallekhorala konihi maroo shakat nahee. kahihi jhaale taree, asey konatehi shlok nahee jeey dolha, daat kinwa payala dukhapat karane anivarya karate.
kramank 35:9-30 heey nyayalayadvare thet naan kelya kelya durastha paraspar nyayachya ekmev prakaravar charcha karatat, jithe atishay maryadit paristhitit, nishkaljipanachya manavahasasathi doshi aadhalalelya ekhadyala mrut vyaktichya natevaikadvare marle jaau shakate, joou 'raktachya muktidata' chee bhoomika bajavato. asha prakarananmadhye, nyayalayane doshi pakshala nidisht aashray shaharat paloon jaane aavashyak aahe. doshi paksh tithe asatana, 'raktacha vimochak' kadachit tyala maroo shakanar nahee. tathapi, jarr doshi paksh bekaydeshirpane tyacha haddapar sodoon dett asel, tarr nyayalayacha sahayak mhanoon 'raktacha vimochak' doshi pakshakarala thaar maroo shakato.
paramparik jyoo kayadyanusar, yaa kayadyanchya amalbajavanisathi bayabaldware niyukt kelelya aashraysthananchi upasthiti aanee dekhbhal aavashyak aahe, tasech torah aanee talmudne varnan kelyapramane 23 nyayadhishanchya patra nyayalayat doshasiddhi aavashyak aahe. nantarchi aut konatyahi fashichya shikshesathi dekhil lagoo hote. hii paristhiti sumare 2000 varshanpasun astitvat nahee.
jyoodvadatil paraspar nyayache uddisht.
daivi amalbajavani kelelya nyayachya sandarbhat, tolmud, nyay yaa sankalpanevar mojmap-darr-upay badala ("madhya qa 'negad madhya") mhanoon charcha karato. nyayalayakadun paraspar nyay milanyachya sandarbhat, matra, torahmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee shiksha samajatoon dhokadayak ghatak kadhoon takanyache kaam karate ("...aanee tumhi tumchya madhun dusht goshti door karal) aanee sambhavya gunhegaranna kayadyache ullanghan karnyapasoon rokhanyasathi (aanee bakiche aikatil aanee ghabaratil aanee teey yapudhe tumchya darmyan asey konatehi white krutya karnar naheet). yavyatirikt, atyachar prakarananmadhye paraspar nyay piditela bharpai denyasathi kaam karato (varr pahaa).
piditeche dukkh shant karnyasathi suud ghenyacha aadarsh, nyayalayin nyayachya torahchya sankalpanet konatihi bhoomika bajavat nahee, kaaran piditanna jyanni tyanna dukhavale aahe tyancha dvesh karnyaviruddha kinwa dvesh karnyaviruddha savadh kele jaate. dvesh kinwa dvesh yaa sambhavya uddeshala nyay midala aahe qee nahee yaat torah konatahi farak karat nahee aanee serve lokanna tyanchya saha israyali lokanvar prem karnyas shikavale jaate.
samajik padanukram aanee paraspar nyay.
nirgaman 21 madhye, hammurabichya sanhitapramane, paraspar nyayachi sankalpana samajik samananna lagoo hote; paraspar nyayache vidhan 'aayushyabharasathi jeevan, dolhyasathi dolha, datasathi daat, hatasathi haat, payasathi paay, jalanyasathi jalane, jakhamesathi jakham, pattyasathi patte' heey vegalya kayadyache udaharan aaheh jarr gulam-malak dolha aandhala karato kinwa gulamache daat thothavato, tarr gulam mukt hoto parantu malak itar konatahi parinam dett nahee. dusarikade, gulam malkachya dolhyala dukhapat jhalyamule kadachit gulamachi hatya kelee jaeel.
tathapi, paraspar nyay samajik simanchya palikade lagoo hotoh 'dolhyasathi dolha' yaa tattvache thet anusaran 'paradeshi aanee nagarikasathi ekach kayada asava' yaa ghoshanedvare kele jaate."heey samajik nyayasathi adhik arthpurn tattva darshavate, jyamadhye samajatil upekshitanna samajik sanrachanekhali samaan adhikar denyat aale hote. yaa sandarbhat, maykal kooganchya matey, aadarsh karyasheel vatavaranat paraspar nyay, lokanna kayada swatachya hatat ghenyapasun rokhanyasathi aanee tyanchyaviruddha kelelya gunhyansathi asman suud ghenyasathi."
roman kayadyat.
prativadi drushtikonache samarthan samarthan shastriy granthanmadhye ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat lihilelya siserochya 'dii legibus' chaa samavesh aahe.
roman kayada sudbuddhila paryay mhanoon aarthik nukasanbharpaichya dishene gela. hallyachya prakarananmadhye, vividh jakhmansathi nishchit dand nishchit kele gele hote, jaree eka vyaktiche dusare anga tutalyas 'tallio' laa ajunahi parvanagi hotee.
islami kayadyat.
kuranat () 'dolhyasathi dolha' hii sankalpana israyalachya mulansathi nishchit kelee gelee aahe asey namood kele aahe. islammadhil lakes talionische tattva mhanje 'kisa' (arabih قاصاس), jyat namood kele aaheh 'heey jyanni vishvas thewala aahe, tumchyasathi tharavalela kayadeshir badala (' kisa ') hatya hatya aahe-muktansathi vinamulya, gulamasathi gulam aanee strisathi stree. pann joou konee tyachya bhavakadun konatyahi goshtikade durlaksh karato, tevha tyala yogya pathpurava aanee changlya vartanasah paise dile pahijet. haah tumchya prabhukadoon milanara dilasa aanee dayaa aahe. pann tyanantar joou konee ullanghan karel tyala vednadayak shiksha hoil."iran kinwa saudi arabiasarkhya islami" "shariya" "kayada "kayada muslim deshanmadhye aksharshah" "dolhyasathi dolha" "haah niyam lagoo hoto".
2017 madhye, aaml hallyat jakhami jhalelya irani mahilela tichya hallekhorala shariya kayadyanusar aamlane aandhale karanyachi sandhee denyat aalee.
lakshaniy teeka.
koretta scott kingne vanshik hinsacharachya sandarbhat haah vakyansh vaparlah "dolhyasathi dolha haah juna niyam pratyekala aandhala sodato."

