samanya kalyan (arthshastra)

arthshastrat samaik vastunchi (jyanna samayik-pool sansadhane dekhil mhanatat) vyakhya ashee kelee jaate qee tyaa pratispardhi aanee vagalanyayogya nasalelya vastoo aahet. asha prakare, nikashanvar aadharit teey chaar mukhya prakaranpaiki eka aaheth
samanya vastoo pratyekasathi upalabdh asalyane, tyanna atiaayogacha dhoka asato, jyamule lock tyanchya swatachya hitasathi krutee kelyas tyanchi upalabdhata qamee hote.
samanya vastunchi vaishishtye.
samanya-pool sansadhane itaki mothee aahet qee manyataprapt vaparkartyanchi vyakhya karane aanee itar vaparkartyanna purnapane vagalane katheen aahe, parantu ashakya nahee. nikashanchya aadhare, samanya vastoo pudhilpramane aaheth
samanya vastoo sanstha, suvidha, bandhkame kinwa nisarg asoo shakatat. joparyant too samajatil serve sadasyandvare vaparla jaau shakato aanee vishisht vyaktidvare kinwa samajatil serve bhagandware khajgi vastoo mhanoon khajgi vapar keela jaat nahee.
samanya vastoo astitvat rahnyasathi, bahutansh prakarananmadhye curr bharane aavashyak asate, kaaran samanya vastoo samajikdrushtya fayadeshir asatat aanee pratyekala kahee manalya manalya moolbhut garja purn karnyat rus asato. sarkar samanyatah samanya vastoo tayar karnyasathi kharch chalavanare pratinidhi asalyane, samuday tyaa badalyat rakkam deto.
samayik vastoonchya nirmitimadhye yashasvi honyasathi samajakade kahee ghatak asane aavashyak aahe. vikasit deshanmadhye samanyatah lokshahi asane aanee moolbhut adhikar aanee swatantrya asane, vahtook vyavastha, sanskrutik sanstha, police aanee sarvajanik suraksha, nyayvyavastha, nivadanuk vyavastha, sarvajanik shikshan, swachchh havah aanee paanee, surakshit aanee puresa ann puravatha aanee rashtriy sanrakshn yasarkhe ghatak asatat.
aaj samanya vastunchi eka samanya samasya mhanje tyache astitva sampoorn samajavar parinam karate, mhanoon aapan sarvanni samaan kalyan nirman karnyasathi tyag keela pahije. tyanantar samajala kahee lokanche heet kinwa sarvancha tyag yapaiki eka nivadave lagate.
eka samaan changle sadhya karnyasathi satatyane vaiyaktik tapashcharya aavashyak asate. aaj, pratyekachya fayadhyasathi mahattvachya tadjodi aanee nukasananmadhye niyamitpane curr bharane, vaiyaktik tras sahan karane kinwa kahee fayade aanee sanskrutik shraddha sodoon dene yancha samavesh hoto. kvachitach janivpurvak dile jaat asale taree, heey prayashchitt aanee tadjod samanyatah kayade aanee sarvajanik dhoranat jodali jaatat. sarvanchya fayadhyachi aanee tyaa purn karnyashi sambandhit tapashcharya karanyachi kahee atyadhunik udaharane pudhilpramane aaheth
itihas.
aadhunik samajat tyache vadhate mahatva asoonahi, samanya kalyanachi sankalpana pratham done hazar varshanpurvi pleto, aristotal aanee cicero yanchya likhanat namood kelee gelee hotee. aristotal' yaa kalkhandachi parva naan karata, samanya vastoonchya samasyeche achook varnan kele aaheh "anekansathi jee samanya aahe tyachi kamitakami kalji ghetali jaate, kaaran serve purushanna tyanchya swatachya goshtimbaddal itaranshi samaik asalelya goshtinpeksha jaast aadar asato.ii. sha. chya aahe shatkachya suruvatilach, catholic dharmik paramparene samaik kalyanachi vyakhya" samajik jivanachya tyaa atinchi berries ashee kelee aahe jee samajik gatanna aanee tyanchya vaiyaktik sadasyanna tyanchya swatachya purtatesathi tulanene sakhol aanee tayar pravesh dete."
nantarchya shatkanmadhye, tattvadnya, rajkarani aanee arthshastradnyanni jeane-jacks russo sarkhya samanya changlya sankalpanecha ullekh tyanchya 1762 chya 'daad soshal contract' yaa pustakat keela aahe. swees tatvadnyani, lekhak aanee rajkiy siddhantkar assa yuktivad karatat qee yashasvi samajat, lokanchi 'samanya ichcha' nehmich ektritpane manya kelelya samanya changlya sadhya karnyachya dishene nirdeshit kelee jaeel. russo sarvanchya ichchheshi-pratyek vyaktichya ekoon ichchheshi-samanya ichchheshi-"eka ichcha jee tyanchya samaan sanrakshn aanee samanya kalyanakade nirdeshit aahe" yachyashi virodhabhas karato.russo pudhe assa yuktivad karato qee rajkiy adhikar, kayadyachya swarupat, keval lokanchya samanya ichchhenusar lagoo keela gela aanee tyanchya samanya bhalyasathi nirdeshit keela gela tarach kayadeshir aanee amalbajavani karnyayogya mhanoon pahile jaatil.
edam smith yanni tyanchya 'rashtranchi sampatti' yaa pustakat samanya vastooncha dekhil ullekh keela aahe, kaaran vyakti tyanchya swatachya hitsambandhanchi purtata karnyasathi 'adrushya haat' dware halavalya jaatat aanee samanya kalyanacha uddesh sadhya karatat. samaan hitsambandh sadhya karnyasathi, samajane sarvat aarthikdrushtya vanchit vargache kalyan sunishchit karnyasathi samaan samaan swikarlya pahijet, asey tyanni sangitale.
haah drushtikon nantar american tatvadnyani johnn rollsney samayik keela, jyanni tyanchya 'nyay siddhant' yaa pustakat asey manale aahe qee sarvajanik kalyan haah nirogi naitik, aarthik aanee rajkiy vyavasthecha gabha aahe. rollsney samanya hitsambandhanchi vyakhya "kahee samanya atty jyaa aahet" ashee kelee aahe... pratyekachya fayadhyasathi samaan."
yaa prakaranat, moolbhut swatantrya aanee nyayya aarthik sandhee yasarkhya nagarikatvachya samaan vatpasathi samajik paristhitichya sanyojanasah samaan hitsambandhanchi tulana kelee jaate.
udaharane.
gardiche raste-raste ektar sarvajanik kinwa samanya sansadhane manale jaau shakatat. jevha gardi nasate tevha rasta haah sarvajanik kalyan asato, tyamule rastyachya vaparamule aahe konachya vaparavar parinam hott nahee. matra, jarr rasta gardicha asel tarr qaar qaar aanakhi eka vyaktimule rasta adhik gardicha hoto jyamule marg santh hoto. aahe shabdant, yamule nakaratmak bahyata nirman hote aanee rasta samanya changla banato.
swachchh paanee aanee havah-hawaman sthirata hii abhijat aadhunik udaharananshi sambandhit aahe. jaal aanee vayoo pradushan heey bajarpethetil nakaratmak bahyatemule hote. panyachya pravahacha vapar shashvatatechya palikade keela jaau shakato aanee havecha vapar anekada jwalan karnyasathi keela jaato, mug tee motar vahane, dhoomrapan karnare, karkhane, lakadachya aagidware asso. utpadan prakriyet hii sansadhane aanee itar ann, boot, khelani, furniture, qaar, ghare aanee durdarshan yasarkhya tayar utpadananmadhye badalali jaatat.
aantarrashtriy jalkshetratil mashancha satha-mahasagar heey sarvat qamee niyantrit samanya sansadhananpaiki eka aahet. keval tyanchya vyavsayik mulyasathi konatyahi maryada naan ladata maase panyatoon kadhoon ghetale jaatat, tevha nantarchya konatyahi machchimaransathi mashancha jiwant satha qamee honyachi shakyata asate. itaransathi maase sodanyachya konatyahi protsahanamule hii ghatana ghadate. jyaa paristhitit aarthik vaparkarte dirghakalin parinamancha vichar naan karata alpakalin laabh midvanyasathi sansadhane kadhoon ghetat, tyaa paristhitiche varnan karnyasathi 'tragedy auph daad commons' hii sandnya tayar karnyat aalee. udaharanarth, vann shoshanamule napik jameen nirman hote aanee jaast masemarimule ekoon mashancha satha qamee hoto, yaa donhimule akheris utpadan qamee houn veloveli mage ghetale jaate.
itar naisargik sansadhane-khajgi shoshanache aanakhi eka udaharan, jyanna akshay sansadhan manale jaate aanee samanyatah uddhrut kele jaate, teey mhanje nirnayak tappyatil zaade kinwa lakud, teel, khankam kelele dhatoo, pike kinwa muktapane upalabdh asalele charai.
shashvatatevishayichya charcha tatvik aanee vaidnyanik asha donhi asoo shakatat. tathapi, sudnya vaparasathi madat karnare, matsya satha, charaichi jameen ii. sarkhya, akshay sansadhanancha eka shoshaniy prakar asalelya samanya vastooncha vichar karatat.pudhil done prakarananmadhye tikau honyasathih
samanya lokanchi shokantika.
samanya shokantika hii arthshastratil eka samasya aahe jyamadhye pratyekjan itar pratyekachya kimmativar sansadhan vaparnyasathi protsahan deto, konihi teey sevan karnyapasoon rokhu shakat nahee. samanyatah, vicharadhin sansadhan praveshasathi adthale nasalele asate aanee tyachya purvathyapeksha jaast magani kelee jaate, jyamule sansadhan qamee hote.
udaharanadakhal.
udaharanarth, kalpana qaraa qee asey anek mendhpal aahet, jyanche pratyekiche swatache mendhare aahet, jyanna samudayik shetat pravesh aahe, jyacha teey sarvajan charaisathi vapar karatat. mendhya abadhit charatat, tyamule shetatil gavatancha ekoon satha qamee hoto aanee itar mendhyanna khanyasathi qamee asate. shokantika ashee aahe qee akheris heey shet napik hoil aanee konatyahi mendhpalanna tyacha upayog honar nahee.
sambhavya upay.
malmatteche haqq dene haah samasyevarcha eka sambhavya upay aahe. yamadhye moolatah jeey samayik-pool sansadhan hote tyache khajgi vastumadhye rupantar karane samavisht aahe. yamule, changlya vastoocha malak mhanoon (malak) ativapar kelyane, tyaa vastoocha satha nirogi patalivar thevanyasathi, tyanchya vaparache niyaman karnyasathi protsahan milel.
pudhcha upay mhanje sarkari hastakshep. jaminicha vapar karnyacha adhikar deela jaau shakato, pratyek kalpatil mendhyanchi sankhya niyantrit kelee jaau shakate kinwa mendhyanvar curr ladoon mendhyanni banavalelya bahyateche antargatkaran kele jaau shakate.
samasyeche nirakaran karnyasathi samoohik upay dekhil kele jaau shakatat. ingraji aavaran kayade lagoo honyapurvi, yaa samasyevar maat karnyasathi swami aanee grameen gavkari yanchyat karar jhaale hote. hangami charai aanee peak aavartan yasarkhya paddhati jaminichya vaparavar niyantran thevatat. jaminicha ativapar kelyane amalbajavani karnyayogya nirbandh lagoo jhaale.
samanya vastoo aanee samanya vastoo.
samanya vastoo mhanje asha vastoo jyaa grahakanche utpann vadhalyane maganit vaadh hote.. samanya vastuche maganiche karya khalchya dishene sarkane aahe, jyacha arth magani keleli kimmat aanee praman yanchyat vipareet sambandh aahe. aahe shabdant, maganichi kimmat lavchikta samanya vastunsathi nakaratmak asate. samanya vastooncha arth magani aanee kimmat viruddha dishene badaltat. jarr ekhadi vastoo samanya asel tarr grahakachi vastuchi magani aanee grahakachi utpannachi patali tyach dishene badalate. yaveli, paryay prabhav aanee utpannacha prabhav ekmekanna balkat kartil, tyamule kimmatitil badalamule maganitil badalachya viruddha dishene jaeel. mug vastoo hii eka samanya vastoo asali pahije, tyamule samanya vastoo hii eka samanya vastoo asali pahije.
itar vastoo.
samanya vastunvyatirikt, sarvajanik vastoo, khajgi vastoo aanee club vastoo yasah itar teen prakarchya aarthik vastoo aahet. vyapari jyaa samanya vastooncha vapar karato, tyamadhye aantarrashtriy matsya satha aanee itar vastooncha samavesh asoo shakato. bahutek aantarrashtriy masemari kshetranmadhye pakadalya jaau jaau mashanchya sankhyevar konatihi maryada nahee. tyamule konihi tyala awadel tase maase pakadu shakato, jyamule changlya goshti vagalalya jaat naheet. tathapi, nirbandh naslyas, itar machchimar nantar aalyavar mashancha satha qamee houu shakato. yacha arth mashanchi sankhya spardhatmak aahe. itar samanya vastunmadhye paanee aanee khelanare prani yancha samavesh hoto.
samanya lokanchi shokantika.
daad tragedy auph daad commonscha ullekh 1833 madhye victorian arthshastradnya william forster lloyd yanni keela hota, jeey royal societyche sadasya hote. tyanni samayik charaichya jaminichya kalpanik pradeshache udaharan dile, jyamadhye serve serve tyanchya gayinna yaa samanya charaichya thikani aanale, parinami atichori jhaali aanee sansadhananchi kamatarata jhaali (lloyd, 1833). jarr tyanni nivad kelee asel tarr samayik sansadhan qamee houu naye mhanoon vyakti saiddhantikdrushtya tyancha vapar maryadit karoo shakatat. matra, mofat chalkanmadhye eka samasya aahe. asha paristhitit jevha lock tyanchi utpadakta qamee karnyasathi itaranvar avalambun asatat. pratyekane yaa vyavasthecha fayda ghet tyacha jastit jaast fayda ghetalyane, ativaparachi paristhiti nirman hote.

