nitration

sendriya rasayanshastrat, nitration haah sendriya sanyugamadhye nitro gut () samavisht karnyasathi rasayanik prakriyancha eka samanya varg aahe. alcohole aanee nitrick acid darmyan nitrate ester () tayar karnyachya vegvegalya prakriyes dekhil hii sandnya chukichya paddhatine lagoo kelee jaate (nitroglycerine sanshleshanat ghadate tase). nitro sanyuge aanee nitrateschya parinami aanvik sanrachananmadhil farak mhanje nitro sanyuganmadhil nitrogen anoo thet naun-auxigen anooshi (samanyatah carbon kinwa itar nitrogen anoo) jodalela asato, tarr nitrate estermadhye (jyala sendriya nitrates dekhil mhanatat), nitrogen auxigen anooshi jodalela asato joou sahasa carbon anooshi (nitrito gut) jodalela asato. 
nitrationche anek pramukh audhyogik upayog kathor arthane aahet; nitrobenzinsarkhya nitroeromatic sanyuganchya utpadanasathi aakarmananusar sarvat mahatvache aahet. 
nitration pratikriya visheshtah sphotakanchya nirmitisathi vaparlya jaatat, udaharanarth gwanidineche nitrogunidinemadhye rupantar aanee toluinche trinitrotoluinmadhye (tii. aine. tii.) rupantaran. tathapi, rasayanik madhyasth aanee purvavarti mhanoon tyanche mothe mahatva aahe. darvarshi lakho tunn nitroeromaticsche utpadan hote.
sugandhit nitration.
vishisht nitration sanshleshan tathakathit "mishra aaml" lagoo karatat, jeey kendrit nitrick aaml aanee sulfuric aamlanche mishran aahe. heey mishran nitronium aayan (kramank 2 +) tayar karate, jee sugandhi nitrationmadhye sakriy prajati aahe. nitronium tetrafluoroboretchya babatit vegala keela jaau shakanara haah sakriy ghatak, mishra aamlachya garjeshivay nitrationvar dekhil parinam karato. mishra-aaml sanshleshanamadhye sulfuric aaml vaparale jaat nahee aanee tyamule teey utprerak tasech panyasathi shoshak mhanoon karya karate. benzinchya nitrationchya babatit, pratikriya 50°seey. peksha jaast nasalelya ubdar tapmanat kelee jaate. hii prakriya electrophilic sugandhi paryayache eka udaharan aahe, jyamadhye electron-samruddha benzin ringdware hallah hotoh
paryayi yantrana dekhil prastavit karnyat aalya aahet, jyat eka electron hastantaran (sanch) samavisht aahe.
acetyl nitratecha vapar nitration agent mhanoonahi keela jaat asey.
vyapti.
nitrationsmadhye nivadakta heey eka aavhan asoo shakate kaaran eka niyam mhanoon ekapeksha jaast sanyugancha parinam houu shakato parantu fakt eka ichchit aahe, mhanoon paryayi utpadane dooshit padarth mhanoon karya karatat kinwa fakt vaya jaatat. tyanusar, yogya nivadaktesah sanshleshanachi rachana karane isht aahe; udaharanarth, pratikriyechya paristhitivar niyantran thevun, fluorenon nivadakpane trinimit kinwa tetranitrated kele jaau shakate.
sugandhi ringjavareel paryay yaa electrophilic sugandhi paryayachya daravar parinam karatat. itar nitro gatansarkhya nishkriy nishkriy gatancha electron-kadhanyacha parinam asato. asey gut pratikriya nishkriy (mand) karatat aanee electrophilic nitronium ionla sugandhit meta sthitivar hallah karnyasathi nirdeshit karatat. nishkriy nishkriy meta-nirdeshit paryayanmadhye sulphonyl, sayano gut, keto, ester aanee carboxylates yancha samavesh hoto. amino, hydroxy aanee methyl gut, tasech emides aanee eather sarkhya gatanna sakriy karoon nitrationla gatee dilee jaau shakate, parinami parra aanee ortho isomers tayar hotat.
eka strotachya matey, nitrick aaml aanee sulfuric aamlasah anilynche thet nitration, "parra"-aanee "meta"-nitroanylene isomersche 50/50 mishran hote. yaa abhikriyemadhye jalad-pratikriya denari aanee sakriy karnari anilyn (aii. aar. aine. etch. 2) adhik mubalak parantu qamee pratikriyashil (nishkriy) anaelinium aayan (aii. aar. aine. etch. 3 +) saha samatolat astitvat asate, jee yaa abhikriyechya utpadanache vitaran spasht karoo shakate. dusarya strotachya matey, anilynche adhik niyantrit nitration heey acetic enhydrides pratikriya karoon acetanylidechya nirmitipasoon suru hote aanee tyanantar vastavik nitration hote. kaaran emide haah niyamit sakriy gut asalyane tayar jhaleli utpadane parra aanee ortho isomers aahet. abhikriyeche mishran garam karane heey amideche nitrated anilynmadhye hydrolyse karnyasathi purese aahe.
wolfenstein-botterschya abhikriyemadhye, benzin nitrick aaml aanee paaraa (2) nitrates abhikriya karoon picrick aaml dete.
ipso nitration.
eril chlorides, triflates aanee nonflates, ipso nitration dekhil houu shakate. ipso nitration haah shabd pratham perin aanee skiiner yanni 1971 madhye chloroenisol nitrationchya tapasat vaparla hota. eka protocolmadhye, 4-chloro-"aine"-beautilbenzinla 0.5 moll% pii. dii. 2 (dii. bii. aii.) 3, byrilfosphine legand aanee 4-nitro-"aine"-beautilbenzin pradan karnyasathi fages-transfer utprerak yanchya upasthitit "tii"-beautanolmadhe soodiyam nitrites pratikriya dilee jaate.

