william nasau dii zuilestein, rotchfordcha chautha earl

william heinry nasau dii zuilestein, rotchfordcha chautha earl, keey. jee., peesi (17 september 1717 oo.ess. 29 september 1781) haah anglo-dutch vanshacha british darbari, mutsaddi aanee rajkarani hota. tyanni madrid aanee parris yethe varishtha rajdoot padanvar kaam kele aanee uttar aanee dakshin asha donhi vibhaganmadhye rajya sachiv mhanoon kaam kele. 1754 madhye englandmadhye lombardy popplercha sarvat aadhi parichay karoon denyache shrey tyala dile jaate.
abhineta david garric, kadambarikar laurence stern aanee french natakkar beaumarches yasarkhya pramukh sanskrutik vyaktincha too vaiyaktik mitra hota. george tisra yane 1770 chya dashakachya suruvatila pararashtra vyavharanvaril tyacha tadnya sallagar aanee eka nishthavan aanee mehanati cabinet mantri mhanoon rotchfordla mahatva dile. 1760 teey 1778 darmyan rotchford heey ekmev british pararashtramantri hote, jeey karkirditil mutsaddi hote.
spenberoberchya manila khandani vataghatimadhye (1763-66), french corsicache adhigrahan (1768), fockland betanche sankat, 1772 chya swedish krantinantarche sankat aanee 1772 chya shahee vivah kayadyanantarche sankat yaat rotchfordne mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali. pararashtra sachiv mhanoon tyanchya karyabarobarach, 1770 chya dashakachya suruvatila tyanni deshantargat deshantargat, visheshtah ayrish vyavharancha motha boja uchalala. amerikechya swatantryaladhyachya suruvatichya tappyat teey uttar prashasanache pramukh sadasya hote. aajarpan aanee rajkiy ghotalyamule november 1775 madhye tyanna padavarun payutar vhave lagale.
charitra.
prarambhik jeevan.
william heinry nassau vanne zuilesteincha janm 1717 madhye jhaala, too fredrick nassau vanne zuilesteincha motha mulga, rotchfordcha tisra earl aanee tyachi patni elizabeth ('besi') savage, chauthya earl nadyanchi mulgi. tyache purvaj anglo-dutch hote, teey vilyam daad silentcha mulga fredrick heinry (1584-1647), prince auph aurenjachya bekaydeshir vanshatoon aale hote. rotchfordche aajoba aanee panjoba yaa doghannahi ingraji bayka hotya, vilyam II aanee vilyam III chya darbarat pratikshet asalelya striya. tyache aajoba william tisra yanche jawalche sahkari hote, jeey 1688-9 chya gauravshali krantimadhye tyachyasobat englandla gele aanee nantar tyanna rotchfordchya earldamne sanmanit karnyat aale.
eaton mahavidhyalayat (1725-32) viscount tunbridge mhanoon shikshan ghetalelya rotchfordchya shaletil mitranmadhye bhavishyatil teen rajya sachiv, konave, halifax aanee sandwich yancha samavesh hota. tathapi, tyane pantpradhanancha mulga, prabhavshali lekhak horace wallpole hyala dekhil aayushyabharacha shatru banavale. vidyapithat jaanyaivaji, rotchfordla jineva yetheel akadamimadhye pathvanyat aale, jithe too pradhyapak antoin mauris yanchya kutumbasamvet rahila. jinevhamadhun too dutch aanee ingrajimadhye asalyane frenchmadhye askhalitpane bolata yenyas suruvat kelee aanee 1738 madhye vayachya 21 vya varshi rotchfordcha chautha earl mhanoon tyachya vadilanchya jaagi aala.
darbari.
1739 madhye rotchfordla george dusra yachya shayankakshatil sajjan mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale (vishesh shahee krupeche chinh) aanee 1749 paryant tyane yaa bhoomiket kaam kele. tyala majboot wig tattve varshane midali aanee too hannovarian protestant uttaradhikaracha nishthavan samarthak hota, parantu surr robbert wallpolchya shantatapurn pararashtra dhoranachehi tyane kautuk kele. kele jacobite bandachya velee tyane eka regiment ubharanyacha prastav deela, parantu tyachi garaj navhati. sarkarchya hitasathi teey bahishkarachya rajkaranat sakriy hote, parantu teey vakte navhate aanee tyanni haus auph lordsver chhap sodali nahee. 1748 madhye tyala essexcha vice-edmiral mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. jaree uchch rajkiy padasathi mahatvakankshi asala taree tyane gut talhale aanee rajacha mulga, duke auph comberland yala aapala aashraydata mhanoon vikasit kele. austriyan uttaradhikarachya yuddhachya shevati rotchfordla rajnaitik padd denyasathi comberlandne yashasviritya lobbing kele aanee janewari 1749 madhye tyala turincha doot mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale.
turin yetheel doot.
rotchford 9 september 1749 roji turin yethe pohochala. british pararashtra dhoranasathi ajunahi hii italian nyayalaye sarvat mahattvachi hotee aanee tyane rajdoot mhanoon suruvat kelee, joou british mutsaddi sevetil rajdutapeksha qamee darjacha, asadharan aanee purn shaktishali doot hota. tathapi, tyanni prashikshan kalavadhisathi samanya dutache vetan swikaranyas sahmati darshavali hotee aanee yamule tyanna utsah dakhavanyasathi aanee purnapane vyavsayik mutsaddi honyasathi jordar protsahan midale. ingraji khaan kamgaranchya eka companychya vatine aanee piedmont alpschya protestant vadois samudayanchya vatine jhalelya tyanchya pahilya vataghati purnapane yashasvi jhalya aanee tyanantar tyanna tyancha purn pagar midala. pahatechya shikarichya pravasavar tyachyasobat jaaun tyane tisra carlo-emmanuel yaa rajashi swatahla jodalele. rotchfordla darbarat upayukt mitra midale aanee turin yetheel rajnaitik dalakadun tyala khoop aadar midala. aranjuezchya tahasathichya guntaguntichya vataghatimadhye (1752) tyane eka kirkol parantu upayukt bhoomika bajavali. tyane 1753 madhye italicha daura keela aanee rome yetheel tarun dhong dhong darbarabaddal mahitee midvanyasathi eka guptaherala vaparale. tyanni yaa pradeshatil british vanijyadutancha vyaparvishayak baabee aanee corsicamadhye french sahbhagabaddal mahitee midvinyasathi purn vapar keela, tyanna villafranca yetheel british nauvahanavaril shulk kadhoon takanyache bakshis dile.
essexcha laurd leftnunt.
saat varshanchya yuddhachya kalavadhisathi (1755-63) turinkadoon aathvan karoon denyat aalelya rotchfordne, george dusra yane bedchambercha pahila swami aanee stoll kelelya, atyant pratishthit padancha varr mhanoon niyukt kelela darbari mhanoon aapali karkird punha suru kelee. 1755 madhye tyanchi prevy councilche sadasya mhanoonahi niyukti karnyat aalee. meey 1756 pasoon essexche laurd leftnunt mhanoon, rotchford heey miliciachya essex regimentchya sthapanet jawalun sahbhagi hote, november 1759 madhye teey tyache curnell banale. 1760 madhye george II chya mrutyunantar rotchford yanni tyanchi fayadeshir nyayalayin padey gamavali, parantu tyanna udar nivruttivetan denyat aale. tyanni 1760 chya dashakachya suruvatila sthanik essex rajkaranat guntun ghalavale aanee tyanchya seent osith estatemadhil udyanat 'sudharana' kelee, jyat eka aupcharik dutch baag aanee eka bhoolbhulaiya jodalya. tathapi, arlasathi tyache jaminivaril utpann qamee hote aanee mutsaddegirikade paratane hii aarthik garaj bunley. 18 juuna 1763 roji tyala spainmadhye rajdoot mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale.
spainmadhil rajdoot.
rotchfordchya madrid dutavasasathichya gupt soochana pramukhyane raja, carlos tisra, yachyavaril french prabhavacha pratikar karnyashi aanee saat varshanchya yuddhat tichya usheera aanee vinashkari praveshanantar spainchya naudal punarrachanecha ahwal denyashi sambandhit hotya. tyachya pahilya mothya vataghaticha parinam spenne hondurasmadhil yukatan dweepkalpatun british lakud katarchi hakalpatti kelyamule jhaala. granvilchya prashasanachya bhakkam pathimbyane, rotchfordchya naudal dalachya dhamkyanni spanishanna mage hatvale, parantu tyala borbanvirodhi mhanoon pratishtha midali. vadgrast manila khandani bharnyasathi spenla bhag padanyache tyache prayatna qamee yashasvi jhaale, jeey french pararashtra mantryanni madhyasthisathi sadar karave asey suchavale. rotchfordchya satarkatemule british naudalachya godila aag lavnyacha french cutt ughad jhaala, hii yojana 1770 paryant pudhe dhakalanyat aalee. madrid yetheel british mahavyavasthapak stanier porten (itihaskar edward gibbon yanche kaka) yanchyashi asalelya tyachya maitrimule vyapar prakarananmadhye tyachi ruchi vadhali aanee tyane spainchya naudalachya punarbandhanibaddal achook mahitee midvinyasathi mahavyavasthapak tasech pagarachya guptaherancha vapar keela. madridmadhye asatana tyane tarun french natakkar beaumarchayasashi maitri kelee, jyachya spainmadhil anubhavanmule nantar tyachya 'daad marage auph figaro' yaa natakacha aadhar banala. tyachya dutavasachya bund honyachya jawal, rotchford rotchford madrid dangalicha pratyakshadarshi hota.
francemadhil rajdoot.
rotchfordchi parisla niyukti anpekshit hotee aanee too itakya ghaeet madrid sodoon gela qee tyala tyache karj fednyasathi tyachi thalee girvi ghyavi lagali. apavadatmak kshamatechya portenla parisla tyacha dutavas sachiv mhanoon nenyacha tyane aagrah dharala. fockland betancha tyag kelyabaddal manila khandanisathi brittoncha dawa radd karnyachya yojnet nivadkartyane lagechach rotchfordla adakavale, parantu purvicha rajdoot laurd hertford yacha chukicha ahwal aanee rajya sachiv laurd shelburn yanchya ananubhavipanamule haah vyavhar uddhvast jhaala. choisul santapt jhaala aanee tyane rotchfordla anyaykarakpane doshi tharavale. parismadhil mutsaddi dalatil rotchford haah jawaljawal ekmev sadasya hota, joou nivadkartyachya gundgirila tond denyasathi puresa shoor hota aanee dunkirk, canada bile aanee east india companycha bharatatil yuddhakalin kharchachya nuksanbharpaicha dawa yasarkhya babinvar tyanchi vataghati anekada kathor asayachya. rotchfordne purnapane tayari kelee aanee tapashilanvar prabhutva midavale, tinhi muddyanvar nivadkartyakadun dveshpurn savalati jinkalya.
choisoolcha sarvat motha uthav (aanee rotchfordcha sarvat motha apayash) 1768 madhye francechya genoa prajasattakakadun guptapane korsikachya adhigrahanas sambandhit hota. jaree rotchfordne sambhavya atincha aagau ishara deela aanee masuda kararachi prat midvanyasathi herala paise dile, laurd graftonchya netrutvakhalil british mantrimandal londonmadhye dangli karnyat khoop vyagra hote aanee parismadhil tyanchya rajdutala pathimba denyat ayashasvi tharale. sankatachya shikharavar asatana eka pandharvadyasathi gambhir aajari padanyachehi rotchfordche durdaiv hote, jyamule nivadkanna genoashi karar karnyas saksham kele. tyanantar brittonche nishedh parinamkarak tharale naheet aanee santapt rotchford aaplya dutavasacha rajinama denyasathi londonla paratala. tyaeivaji, tyanna mantrimandalachya jaagechi aupher denyat aalee, jee tyanni porten heey tyanche avar sachiv vhave yaa ativar 21 aktoobar 1768 roji sweekarli.
uttar sachiv.
edmond berk aanee anamik patra-lekhak 'junious' yanchyasarkhya samkalin nirikshakanna heey vichitra vatale qee rotchfordla dakshinekadil nyayalayanmadhye asatana uttar sachiv mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale hote, parantu laurd waymouth yanni dakshinekadil vibhagala sachivpadanmadhye adhik mahattvache mhanoon ghenyacha aagrah dharala hota. hota corsican apayshala dhanyavad, british pararashtra dhoran aanee europemadhil brittonchi pratishtha, atharavya shatkatil sarvat khalchya patalivar gelee hotee, parantu rotchfordchya tyachya naveen khatyachya vastavadi aanee saksham hatalanimule british pararashtra dhoran anek prakare majboot jhaale. paradeshat asalelya british mutsadyanna mutsaddegiricha vyavasay maheet asalelya pararashtra mantryashi vyavhar kartana dilasa midala aanee teey tyanna niyamitpane mahitee dett asat. hammish scotney asey suchavale aahe qee rotchfordne 'jawaljawal ekte' europemadhil brittonchya pratishthesathi pratishthesathi jahaj durghatanela talhale.
yaa velee brittonche mukhya uddisht rashiyashi yuticha taha hota, parantu samradnyi catherine dusari aanee tiche pararashtra mantri panin yanni mothya anudanavar bharr deela, jeey rotchfordne nakarle. tyaeivaji tyane george tisra yala rashiyache samarthan karnyasathi aanee french prabhav qamee karnyasathi, gupt seveche paise swedish rajkaranat otanyasathi patvoon dile. stockholmmadhil brittonche doot surr johnn gudrick yanni yaa paishacha kushalatene vapar keela aanee sweedenchi udarmatvadi sanvidhan rakhanyas madat kelee. michael robertschya matey, rotchford haah swedish vyavhar hataltana nivadkapeksha adhik vyavharik aanee vastavadi hota.
focklandsche sankat.
meey 1770 madhye spenne fockland betanvarun british sainyadlala haddapar kelyane eka mothe rajnaitik sankat nirman jhaale jyamule europe yuddhachya umbarathyavar aala. aataparyantchya itihaskaranni yaa sankatachya nirakaranasathi british pantpradhan laurd north yanni dilelya 'gupt vachan' laa jababdar dharale aahe qee jarr spanish lokanni tyanchya tyanchya nakar denyas aanee killa brittenla parat denyas sahmati darshavali tarr britton bhavishyatil konatyahi tarkhela shantpane bete rikami karel. paradeshi rajnaitik sangrahanmadhil alikadil sanshodhan yaa sankatachya british bajubaddal purnapane vegala drushtikon suchavate. sankat sodavanyapurate door, uttarekadil 'gupt vachan' neey naudalachya dhokyachya pathimbyane drudh pratisad denyache manya kelele dhoran jawaljawal nasht kele. george tisra yachya pathimbyane heey rotchfordche dhoran hote. 1770 madhye jaree teey uttar sachiv asale taree madrid aanee parisache majee rajdoot mhanoon rotchford yanni mantrimandalala dilela sallah nirnayak hota. vemauthacha aalas aanee varanvar anupasthitimule tyacha dakshinekadil vibhag rotchfordsathi tasech tyachya swatachya vyavasthapanasathi sodoon gela. rotchfordne naudlala yuddhasathi tafa tayar karnyache aadesh dile aanee madridala nakar aanee paratfedichi sadhee magani pathavali. yuddh jhalyas spaincha pratisad nirnayakpane french pathimbyavar avalambun hota aanee francene tafa tayar karnyas suruvat kelee, parantu december 1770 madhye french rajane nivadkala barkhast kelyane tee shakyata door jhaali aanee madridmadhun british rajdoot harrisla parat bolavalyane asey disun aale qee britton ajunahi yuddhala jaanyas tayar hota. december 1770 madhye vemauthanehi rajinama deela aanee 19 december 1770 roji rotchfordne tyanchi jaaga dakshinekadil sachiv mhanoon ghetali.
dakshin sachiv.
rotchfordne aadhich focklands vataghaticha karyabhar swikarla hota aanee aata tyala tyachya magnyanchi spanish sweekruti midali. pudhil kahee mahinyant nihshastrikaran vataghati anekada vadali hotya, tathapi, april 1771 paryant yuddhacha dhoka hota, jevha rotchfordne prastavit kelyapramane serve bajunni ekach velee nihshastrata aanali. sandwichla naudalacha pahila swami mhanoon naav dilyanantar, rotchfordcha uttar sachiv mhanoon uttaradhikari laurd safolk hota, jyane londonmadhil paradeshi mutsadyanshi sanvad sadhanyasathi eka varsh aapale french sudharanyat ghalavale. darmyan, rotchford heey vastavik pararashtra mantri hote, 1772 paryant brittonche serve rajnaitik patravyavahar hatalat hote. 1782 madhye swatantra gruh aanee pararashtra karyalaye tayar honyapurvi, dakshin sachiv irelandchya dekharekhisah deshantargat deshantargat motha bhaar uchalat hote. ayrish patravyavahar jawaljawal rotchfordchya urvarit deshantargat patravyavaharanchya 1771-5 chya barobaricha hota.
dakshinekadil sachiv mhanoon rotchfordche pahile yash mhanje naveen french pararashtra mantri duke dii 'iguillan yanna canadachya dirghakalin bilanchya vadache nirakaran karnyasathi patvoon dene aanee bharatatil tyanchi ksheen jhaleli malmatta balkat karnyacha french prayatna rokhane. 1772 madhye george tisra yane tyachi badnam baheen, queen carolinla pathimba denyasathi denmarkmadhye kelelya anakalaneey hastakshepanantar, august 1772 madhye gustavas tisra yane kelelya ghatanatmak uthavanantar, dakshinekadil sachiv mhanoon rotchfordche pahile mothe aavhan mhanje 1772-3 chey swedish sankat hote. yaa sankatane europela punha yuddhachya kathavar aanale, kaaran russiane sweedenwar aakraman karanyachi dhamki dilee aanee francene gustavasla pathimba denyasathi baltikmadhye tafa pathvanyachi dhamki dilee. russianna savadhgiricha sallah dett aanee brittenhee baltikala eka tafa pathvel assa ishara dett, yaa sankatat rotchfordne mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali. akheris paninne aakraman naan karnyacha nirnay ghetala aanee frenchanni tyanchi naudal shastre breastmadhun tollonmadhe badalalyane sankat qamee jhaale.
rotchfordne namood kelyapramane, 1772 madheel polandachya pahilya falanimule, 'europechi pranali purnapane badalali', jyamule russia aanee rashiyacha hinsak naveen shakti mhanoon uday disun aala. george tisra yachya protsahanamule, 'purvekadil shaktincha' pratikar mhanoon sagari vasahatvadi shaktinchi sanrakshanatmak yutee sthapan karnyachya dirghakalin uddishtasaha, rotchfordne franceshee gupt maitriche eka dhokadayak naveen dhoran suru kele hote. swedish sankatane haah upkram uddhvast keela aanee tyanantar rockfordne kautumbik kararat 'faata ghalanyachya' prayatnat spenshee maitri vadhavanyas suruvat kelee. donhi borban shaktinshi asalele sambandh 1763 pasoonchya tulanet 1775 paryant adhik sauhardpurn hote, parantu american vasahatinna francechya gupt pathimbyamule yaa dhoranacha eka tappa adhikadhik nakarla gela.
1766 madhye horace wallpolchi bhachi maria waldegrave hichyashi guptapane lagn kelelya duke auph glocester yaa tyachya bhavasobat meey 1773 madhye jhalelya vednadayak vataghatimadhye george tisra yachya vatine kaam karane heey rotchfordche dakshinekadil sachiv mhanoon sarvat katheen gharguti kartavya hote. tee aata garbhavati hotee aanee glocesterla tyachya kutumbasathi aarthik pathimbyache aashvasan havey hote. 1772 chya shahee vivah kayadyachya parshvabhumivar, george tisra yane yaa batmila tyachya sarvat vishvasoo bhavandane kelela vishvasaghat manale aanee suruvatila konatehi uttar denyas nakar dett, too khoop dukkhi jhaala. rotchford haah ekmev cabinet sadasya hota joou madhyasth mhanoon kaam karnyas tayar hota. horace wallpola rotchfordbaddalchi napasanti aata tivra dveshat badalali. tyane rockfordchi ninda kelee kaaran too ughadpane rajala badnam karoo shakala nahee.
nivrutti.
kharab aarogya aanee george tisra yache apaharan karnyachya cutt rachalyachya sanshayavarun londonmadhye american banker stephen sayar yala atak jhalyane, 11 november 1775 roji rotchfordla udar nivruttivetan aanee 'nilya fiti' (gartercha shoor) chya vachanasah nivruttila pravrutt kele. 1776 madhye tyanna donada irelandchya fayadeshir viceroilitychi aupher denyat aalee hotee aanee teey eka aadarsh umedvar jhaale asate, parantu tyanni aarogyachya karanastav nakar deela. 12 juuna 1776 roji rotchford heey deepgruh, vaimanik aanee navikanchya kalyanasathi jababdar asalelya triek sanstheche pramukh mhanoon nivadle gele. george tisra yachya vatine tyane beaumarchaisashi gupt charcha dekhil kelee aanee french sarkarla american bandkhoranna madat pathvane thambavanyasathi patvoon denyacha prayatna karnyasathi tyane parisla eka gupt daura keela, assa nishkarsh kadhala qee france ughad yuddh jaheer karnar aahe. 1779 madhye too gartercha shoorvir banala. french aakramanacha dhoka sampushtat aalyanantarhi tyachi shevatchi varshe essex miliciasathi samarpit hotee. 29 september 1781 roji seent osith yethe tyanche nidhan jhaale. tyanchya jaagi tyancha kunwara putanya aala, jyachya 1830 madhye mrutyunantar rotchford hii padvi namshesh jhaali.
vaiyaktik jeevan.
meey 1742 madhye rotchfordne wiltshiremadheel dernfordchya edward yangchi mulgi lucie yangshi lagn kele, parantu yaa vivahamule konatihi mule jhaali naheet. tarun vivahit manus mhanoon rotchford abhineta david garrickcha jawalcha vaiyaktik mitra banala aanee teey tees varshanhun adhik kaal ghatt mitra rahile. rockford aanee lucie pahilyanda easton yethe suffock yethe rahat hote, jee malmatta tyache kaka heinry nasau yanchyakadun varshane midali hotee aanee 1746 madhye rockfordchya aaichya mrutyunantar teey keval esexmadhil seent ausith yetheel kautumbik aasanat rahayala gele. rockfordne londonmadhye 48 berkley chaukat eka tauun haus dekhil vikat ghetale, jyachi malki 1777 paryant tyachi hotee. rockfordne tyanchya vaiyaktik jeevanat pratyek lakshaniy swatantrya dile, agadi atharavya shatkatil kulinanchya agadi shithil mankannusar, aanee lucie rockford tichya asankhya preminsathi kukhyat hotee, jyat duke auph comberland aanee prince auph hese yancha samavesh hota. rotchfordchya turin yethe malkin hotya, jyapaiki eka, signora banti navachya aupera-nartakanni tyachya magomag londonla dhaav ghetali, parantu tyane kadhihi tichya mulanna swatache mhanoon sweekarle nahee. lucine yaa mahagadya malkinala aakshep ghetala aanee jarr lucine ticha sadhyacha priyakar laurd thanetla dekhil sodale tarr rotchford teela sodanyas tayar jhaala. tine uttar dile qee too tyanchya aarthik aarthik navhata, tarr agadi ulat hota.
rotchfordchi pudhchi malkin, martha harrisonne tyala maria nasau hii mulgi dilee, jicha lucine tichi surrogate mulgi mhanoon dattak ghetala. maria tyanchyasobat parismadhye aanee tyanantar seent osith yethe rahat hotee. rotchfordche parismadhye choisulchya markis dii laborde aanee mea latornail yaa done mitranchya patninsobat affairs hote. dusari malkin, aine labby johnson, tyachya magomag londonla gelee aanee tyala eka mulga aanee mulgi jhaali. 1773 madhye leucichya mrutyunantar rotchfordne aine aanee mulanna seent osith yethe tyachyasobat rahnyasathi aanale. tyachya ichchhene teela tyachya malmattecha ekmev karyakari banavala aanee tichya 'maitri aanee sneh' laa shraddhanjali vahili.
tyachya tarunyatach rotchford eka kushal ghodeswar aanee eka kushal yotsman hota, joou ekada harvich teey londonparyant tyachya yotmadhye richard rigichya viruddha sharyat khelat hota aanee suruvatichya essex crickett samnyanmadhyehi sahbhagi hota. tyane tyachya naukecha vapar hollandchya utrect prantatil zuilestein yetheel tyachya vasahatinna bhet denyasathi keela. 1750 chya dashakat turinchya darbarat tyanchi lokpriyata vadhavat, too ingraji deshi nrutyacha utsahi hota. rangbhumi, sangeet aanee natak heey (tyachya vividh malkinanvyatirikt) tyache sarvat mothe prem hote. (too barok gitar vajavat asey.) swatahla 'vanaspatinsathi atishay utsuk' asalyache kabool karat, tyane 1751 madhye swis alpschya bhetivar seent osithala gharee pathvanyasathi namune gola kele. sarvat prasiddha mhanje, 1754 madhye tyachya gadichya madhya-dhruvavar bandhalele eka rope gharee aanat dakshin englandmadhye lombardy popplerchi pahili prasiddha olakh karoon denyache shrey tyala dile jaate.
varsa aanee mahatva.
tyachya navavar konatehi netradipak vijay kinwa mothe karar naslyamule aanee tyaa velee adnyat asalelya tyachya sarvat mahattvachya gupt vataghatimule, rotchford tyachya mrutyunantar lavkarach visarla gela. horace wallpolchya hatoonahi tyachya pratishthela dhakka basala, jyane rotchfordla qamee lekhanyachi sandhee kadhihi gamavali nahee. king george tisra yachya karkirdichya aatmacharitranmadhye' wallpollne rockfordche varnan 'kamachya nityakramavyatirikt, kshamata nasalela aanee titka qamee dnyan asalela manus' asey kele aahe. tarihi itaratra wallpollne rotchfordcha pramanikpana aanee lavchikta olakhali hotee. rotchfordchi vaiyaktik kagadpatre gayab honyacha arth (1971 madhye tyachya turin niyuktishi sambandhit kagadpatre punha shodhali jaiparyant) assa hota qee itihaskarankade tyachya vaiyaktik jivanachi punarrachana karnyasathi phaar qamee hotee, parantu tyachi anek patre tyanchya praptakartyanchya sangrahat, visheshtah garric aanee denbigchya patranmadhye tikoon rahili aahet.
british aanee paradeshi rajnaitik sangrahanmadhil tapshilvar sanshodhanane rotchfordchya sarvajanik karkirdichya chauthya earlche adhik achook moolyankan saksham kele aahe. eka mutsaddi mhanoon, haushi yaa padvichya yugat teey purnapane vyavsayik hote. teey vyavsayasarkhe aanee paddhatshir hote, guntaguntichya vataghatichya tapashilavar prabhutva midvat hote aanee eka kathor vataghati karnara aanee pramanik dalal mhanoon tyancha mothya pramanat aadar keela jaat asey. jevha teey pararashtramantri jhaale tevha tyancha rajnaitik anubhav amoolya tharala aanee amerikechya swatantryaladhyachya udrekaparyant tyanni british pararashtra dhoran kitee changlya prakare hatalale heey paradeshi abhilekhanvarun spasht hote. teey apavadatmakaritya sushikshit hote aanee europemadhil yuddh rokhanyachya tyanchya aprakashit yojnemule (1775) teey eka dhoranatmak vicharvant aanee brittonchya atharavya shatkatil rajya sachivanpaiki sarvat kalpanashil asalyache disun yete.
george tisra yane ekada rotchfordchya 'anek sauhardpurn gunanvar' bhashya kele aanee mhatale qee tyacha 'utsah tyala ghaeet takto'. rajane stanier portenla asehi sangitale qee 1770 chya dashakachya suruvatichya uttar mantrimandalatil itar konapekshahi rotchford 'adhik sakriy aanee adhik chaitanyavan' hota. hammish scotney rotchfordche varnan 'shantatechya pahilya dashakat (1763 nantar) pararashtra dhoranavar niyantran thevanara sarvat saksham manus, guptachar, samaj aanee lakshaniy upayogacha rajkarani' asey kele aahe.
franceshee asalelya kautumbik kararapasoon spenla vegale karnyacha prayatna karnyache tyache dhoran heey rotchfordcha pramukh rajnaitik varsa hota. tyanchya karyakalatil shevatchya varshi, rotchford yanni spanish mantryanna aashvasan dile hote qee tyanni tatasth rahave aanee teey aadhi hallah karnar naheet, asey brittenla vatate. tyanni spanish lokanna assa ishara dekhil deela qee madhya aanee dakshin americetil tyanchya vasahati bandkhor uttar american vasahatinchya udaharanache anusaran karnyacha moh houu shakato. yaa vicharancha arth assa hota qee spain 1778 madhye samudratil khulya yuddhat svayamchalitapane franceshee sameel jhaala nahee, parantu aanakhi eka varsh vilambit jhaala. americetil british senapatinni asha prakare midavalela vel vaya ghalavala haah rotchfordcha dosh navhata. itihaskar aata sahmat aahet qee american bandkhoranni yuddh jinkale kaaran pramukhyane brittonchi naudal sansadhane borban shaktinchya sahbhagamule khoop qamee vadhali hotee.
shastre.
rockfordchya earlsney khaleel shastrancha vapar keela, jeey tyanchya kutumbache sansthapak fredrick auph nasau, zuilesteincha swami, fredrick heinrycha bekaydeshir mulga, narangicha rajkumar yanchyadvare varshane midale.

