
satya

satya haah vastusthiti kinwa vastavashi julavun ghenyacha gunadharm aahe. dainandin bhashet, satya samanyatah asha goshtinna dile jaate jyanche uddisht vastav darshavine kinwa anyatha tyachyashi sambandhit asane hoy, jase qee vishvas, prastav aanee ghoshanatmak vakye.
satya heey sahasa khotyachya viruddha manale jaate. tattvadnyan, qalaa, dharamshastra aanee vidnyan yasah vividh sandarbhat satyachya sankalpanevar charcha aanee vadavivad keela jaato. bahutek manvi kriyakalap sankalpanevar avalambun asatat, jithe eka sankalpana mhanoon tiche swaroop charchecha vishay bananyaivaji gruheet dharale jaate; yamadhye bahutek vidnyan, kayada, patrakarita aanee dainandin jivanacha samavesh hoto. kahee tatvadnya satyachi sankalpana moolbhut mhanoon pahatat aanee satyachya sankalpanepeksha adhik sahajpane samajalya jaananya konatyahi sandnyanmadhye spasht kele jaau shakat naheet. sarvat samanyatah, satyakade bhasha kinwa vicharancha munn-swatantra jagashi sanvad mhanoon pahile jaate. yala satyacha patravyavahar siddhant mhanatat.
satyavishayiche vividh siddhant aanee drushtikon yavar vidwan, tatvadnya aanee dharmashastradnyanmadhye satat vadavivad suru aahet. satyachya swarupabaddal anek vegvegale prashna aahet jeey ajunahi samkalin vadavivadancha vishay aahet, jase keeh satyachi vyakhya karnyacha prashna. satyachi mahitipurn vyakhya dene shakya asel tarr. goshti olakhane heey satyavahak asatat aanee tyamule teey kharey kinwa khote honyas saksham asatat. jarr satya aanee asatya heey dwaitpurn asateel kinwa itar satya moolye asateel tarr. satyache nikash olakhane jyamule aaplyala teey olakhata yete aanee teey khotepanapasun vegale karata yete. dnyanachya nirmitimadhye satyachi bhoomika. aanee jarr satya nehmich paripoorn asel, kinwa teey aekhadyachya drushtikonashi sambandhit asoo shakate.
vyakhya aanee vyutpatti.
ingraji shabd 'satya' haah junya ingraji 'triuth, triuth, triuth', 'madhya ingraji' truthe ', junya uchch german' triuvida ', junya norse' triagge 'pasoon aala aahe. troth' pramane, heey 'true' (june ingraji 'treoway') yaa visheshananche '-th' namnirdeshan aahe.
ingraji shabd 'kharey' haah junya ingraji (west saxon) '(ge) trivey,' trave ',' cognet too old saxon '(jee) trui,' old hye german '(gaa) trayuvu' (aadhunik german 'treu' 'vishvasoo'), juna norse 'trigger', 'gothick' triggers ', serve proto-germanic' * truves '-' changla vishvas asane ', kadachit shevati' paee * dru-'zadapasun', 'oka mhanoon sthir' (eae.jee., sanskrut "daru" (lakadacha tukada).
juna norse', 'vishvas, sanmanacha shabd; dharmik vishvas, vishvas' (pracheen ingraji 'troth' 'nishtha, pramanikpana, sadbhavna', tulana ').
asha prakare, 'satya' madhye 'vishvasarhata, nishtha, nishtha, pramanikpana, satyata' aanee 'vastusthiti kinwa vastavashi sahmati' yaa donhicha samavesh hoto, jeey 'soth' (aadhunik ingraji 'sooth') dware vyakt kele jaate.
ingraji vyatirikt serve german bhashanni satya 'nishtha' aanee satya 'tathyatmakata' yanchyatil shabdavalitil farak sadar keela aahe. vastusthiti" vyakt karnyasathi, uttar germanyne thampane sanganyasathi, pushti karnyasathi "" sannah "pasoon vyutpann sandnya nivadalya, tarr khandiy paschim germanyne (german aanee dutch)" "vaara" "vishvas, vishvas, karar" (slavic "" vera "" (dharmik) vishvasasathi olakh), parantu lattin "" verus "" dware prabhavit) yaa sandnyanchi nivad kelee ". pranay bhashanmadhye lattin 'veritas' nantarchya sandnya vaparlya jaatat, tarr greek 'alethia', russian 'pravada', dakshin slavic 'istina' aanee sanskrut 'sath' (ingraji 'soth' aanee uttar german 'sannah' shhee sambandhit) yanchi swatantra vyutpatti aahe.
kahee aadhunik sandarbhanmadhye, 'satya' haah shabd mool kinwa mankala nishtha darshavinyasathi vaparla jaato. pramanikpane vagnyachya arthane 'swatashi kharey' asanyachya sandarbhatahi yacha vapar keela jaau shakato.
pramukh siddhant.
shabd, chinhe, kalpana aanee vishvas kase yogyaritya kharey manale jaau shakatat heey tharvanyasathi yogya aadhar konata aahe, mug teey eka vyakti asso kinwa sampoorn samaj, khalee soochibaddha kelelya satyachya paach sarvat prachalit mool siddhantandware hatalale jaate. prakashit vidvananni mothya pramanat samayik kelele pratyek drushtikon sadar karatat.
sarvat prachalit mool siddhantanvyatirikt itar siddhantanvar dekhil charcha kelee jaate. november 2009 madhye vyavsayik tattvadnya aanee itaranchya tyanchya tatvik matanvaril sarvekshananusar (323 pratisadkartyanni, jyat 1803 tatvadnyan pradhyapak sadasya aanee/kinwa ph. dii. aanee 829 tattvadnyan padvidhar vidyarthyancha samavesh aahe) 45 takke pratisadkartyanni patravyavahar siddhant sweekarle kinwa tyakade cull keela, 21 takke lokanni apasfitikaran siddhant sweekarle kinwa tyakade cull keela aanee 14 takke dnyanshastriy siddhant.
thos.
patravyavahar.
patravyavahar siddhant yavar jore detat qee khyan shraddha aanee kharee vidhane pratyaksh paristhitishi sambandhit aahet. yaa prakarcha siddhant ekikade vichar kinwa vidhane aanee dusarikade goshti kinwa vastoo yanchyatil sambandhavar jore deto. heey eka paramparik model aahe, jyache mool socretis, plato aanee aristotal yansarkhya pracheen greek tattvadnyankade aahe. siddhantanchya yaa vargache asey mutt aahe qee ekhadya sadarikaranache satya kinwa khotepana heey tattvatah purnapane tyaa "goshtinche" achook varnan karate qee nahee yavar aadharit aahe qee nahee. patravyavahar siddhantache eka utkrusht udaharan mhanje teravya shatkatil tatvadnyani aanee dharamshastradnya thomas aquinas yanche vidhanah "veritas est edequeshio reey ett intellects" ("satya mhanje goshti aanee buddhiche paryaptata"), jyache shrey navvya shatkatil neoplatonist isaq israyaleela dile jaate. aquinas yanni yaa siddhantacha punaruchchar dekhil kelah "jevha nikal bahya vastavashi julato tevha too kharaa asalyache mhatale jaate".
patravyavahar siddhant haah yaa gruhitkavar mothya pramanat kendrit aahe qee satya hii 'vastunishtha vastav' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya goshtichi achook nakkal karanyachi aanee nantar vichar, shabd aanee itar chinhanmadhye tyache pratinidhitva karanyachi baab aahe. anek aadhunik siddhantkaranni asey mhatale aahe qee atirikt ghatakanche vishleshan kelyashivay haah aadarsh sadhya keela jaau shakat nahee. udaharanarth, itar bhashanmadhye aksharshah anirdharit asalelya sankalpananche pratinidhitva karnyasathi serve bhashanmadhye shabd asatat, yaat bhasha bhoomika bajavate. german shabd "zeitjist" heey asech eka udaharan aaheh joou bhasha bolato kinwa samajoon gheto tyala tyacha arth "mahit" asoo shakato, parantu shabdacha konatahi anuvad tyacha purn arth achookpane midvanyat spashtapane apayashi tharato (hii anek amoort shabdanchi samasya aahe, visheshtah jeey ektrit bhashanmadhye vyutpann aahet). asha prakare, kahee shabd achook satya vidheykachya nirmitimadhye atirikt mapdand jodatat. yaa samasyecha samna karananya tattvadnyanmadhye alfried tarsky yancha samavesh aahe, jyancha shabdarth siddhant pudhe saranshit keela aahe.
khaleel anek siddhantanchya samarthakanni heey thampane sangitale aahe qee, aantarvaiyaktik shakti sangharsh, samudayik parasparsanvad, vaiyaktik pakshapat aanee satya mhanoon kaay pahile jaate heey tharvanyat guntalele itar ghatak yasarkhe vishleshanasathi aanakhi kahee mudde aavashyak aahet.
susangatata.
sarvasadharanpane susangatatechya siddhantansathi, satyasathi sampoorn pranalitil ghatakanche yogya julane aavashyak asate. tathapi, byavachada, susangatata hii sadhya tarkik susangatatepeksha kahitari adhik soochit karnyasathi ghetali jaate; byavachada ashee magani asate qee susangat pranalitil prastav ekmekanna paraspar anumanit samarthan detat. mhanoon, udaharanarth, susangat pranalichi vaidhata aanee upayuktata tharvanyasathi moolbhut sankalpananchya sanchachi purnata aanee sarvasamaveshakata haah eka mahattvapoorn ghatak aahe. susangatata siddhantancha eka vyapak siddhant mhanje satya haah pramukhyane prastavanchya sampoorn pranalincha eka gunadharm aahe aanee keval tyanchya sampoorn susangatatenusar vaiyaktik prastavanna shrey dile jaau shakate. samanyatah susangatata siddhant mhanoon olakhalya jaananya drushtikonanchya vargikaranamadhye, susangatatemadhye anek sambhavya khyan vichar pranalincha samavesh aahe qee keval ekach paripoorn pranali yaa prashnavar siddhantkar bhinn aahet.
susangatata siddhantachya kahee prakaranmadhye tarkshastra aanee ganitatil aupcharik pranalinchya aavashyak aanee aantarik gunadharmanche varnan asalyacha dawa keela jaato. tathapi, aupcharik tark karnare svayamsiddhapane swatantra aanee kadhikadhi paraspar virodhi pranalincha, udaharanarth, vividh paryayi bhoomiticha, vichar karnyat samadhani asatat. ekandarit, susangatata siddhant satyachya itar kshetranmadhye, visheshtah naisargik jagabaddalachya davyanchya sandarbhat, sarvasadharanpane anubhavjanya mahitee, manasshastra aanee samajachya vyavharik babimbaddalachya davyanchya sandarbhat, visheshtah satyachya itar pramukh siddhantanchya pathimbyashivay vaparale jaat asatana, tyanchya vaparat samarthanacha abhav asalyamule nakarle gele aahet.
susangatata siddhant, visheshtah baruk spinoza, goatfried wilheim libniz aanee george wilheim friedrich hegel yanchya vicharanmadhye, tasech british tatvadnya eff. etch. bradley. tyanna tarkik pratyakshavadachya anek samarthkanmadhye, visheshtah oto neurath aanee carl hempelmadhye punarutthan dekhil aadhalale aahe.
vyavharik.
20 vya shatkachya akheris charles sanders piercey, william james aanee johnn davie yanni 'satyachya vyavharik siddhanta' chey teen sarvat prabhavshali prakar sadar kele. jaree hya aanee vyavharik siddhantachya itar samarthkanmadhye drushtikonat vyapak farak asale taree, teey samanpane manatat qee aekhadyachya sankalpana pratyakshat aananyachya parinamandware satyachi padtalani aanee pushti hote.
pears satyala khalilpramane paribhashit karatoh "satya mhanje jyaa aadarsh maryadechya dishene antaheen tapas vaidnyanik vishvas aanel tyaa aadarsh maryadesah amoort vidhanachi susangatata, jeey amoort vidhan tyachya ashuddhatechya aanee ektarfipanachya kabulijababamule asoo shakate aanee hii kabulijbab haah satyacha eka aavashyak ghatak aahe."heey vidhan pearschya drushtikonavar bharr dete qee andaje, apurnata aanee pakshapat yaa kalpana, jyache teey anyatra" "apbhranshvad" "aanee" "bhavishyacha sandarbh" "asey varnan karatat, tyaa satyachya yogya sankalpanesathi aavashyak aahet". jaree pears vyavharik sanket sambandhachya eka pailooche varnan karnyasathi 'samanvay' aanee 'patravyavahar' yasarkhe shabd vaparat asale, taree teey asehi spashtapane sangatat qee keval patravyavharavar aadharit satyachya vyakhya 'nammatra' vyakhyanpeksha jaast naheet, jyaa teey 'vastavik' vyakhyanpeksha qamee darja detat.
william jameschya vyavharik siddhantachi aavrutti, jaree guntaguntichi asali taree, anekada tyachya vidhanadvare saranshit kelee jaate qee 'satya' heey aaplya vichar karnyachya paddhatimadhye keval fayadeshir aahe, jyapramane 'adhikar' heey aaplya vagnyachya paddhatimadhye keval fayadeshir aahe."hyamule, jamescha arth assa hota qee satya haah eka" "guna" "aahe, jyache moolya sankalpana saravat lagoo kartana tyachya parinamkaraktedware pushti hote (asha prakare," "vyavharik" ")".
jamespeksha qamee vyapak parantu piyarspeksha adhik vyapakpane johnn deway yanni asey mutt vyakt kele qee, vaidnyanik, tantrik, samajik, tatvik kinwa sanskrutik chaukashi, kalantarane swayam-sudharatmak aahe, jarr chaukashikartyanchya samudayadvare chachanisathi ughadpane sadar kelee gelee tarr prastavit satye spasht karnyasathi, nyayya tharvanyasathi, parishkrut karnyasathi aanee/kinwa nakarnyasathi.
jaree vyapakpane dnyat nasale taree, vyavharik siddhantacha eka naveen badal 20 vya shatkapasoon yashasviritya paribhashit aanee karyanvit karnyat aala. william ernest hocking paribhashit aanee naav dilele heey rupantar 'nakaratmak vyavharikta' mhanoon olakhale jaate. moolatah, jeey karya karate teey kharey asoo shakate kinwa nasoo shakate, parantu jeey ayashasvi hote teey kharey asoo shakat nahee kaaran satya nehmich karya karate. richard fenmanne dekhil yala shrey dileh "aapan kadhihi nishchitpane barobar nasato, aapan fakt khatrine sangu shakato qee aapan chukiche aahot."yaa drushtikonat peers, james aanee deway yanchya anek kalpana samavisht aahet. pirsasathi, kalpana "... antaheen tapasamule vaidnyanik vishvas nirman hoil..."nakaratmak vyavharikta yaa arthane julate qee nakaratmak vyavhariktavadi chachani kadhihi thambavat nahee. fenmanne namood kelyapramane, eka kalpana kinwa siddhant... teey kadhihi barobar siddha houu shakat nahee, kaaran udyacha prayog tumhala jeey yogya vatale teey chukiche siddha karnyat yashasvi houu shakato."tyachpramane, james aanee davie yanchya kalpana dekhil satyacha ullekh varanvar chachanishi karatat, jee kalantarane" "swayam-sudharatmak" "asate".
vyavharikta aanee nakaratmak vyavharikta heey dekhil satyachya susangatatechya siddhantashi jawalun julalele aahet, jyamadhye konatihi chachani vegali nasavi, tarr serve manvi prayatna aanee anubhavanmadhun dnyan samavisht kele pahije. vishva hii eka sampoorn aanee ekatmik pranali aahe aanee chachanine tyachya vividhatela manyata dilee pahije aanee tyacha hishob keela pahije. fenman mhanala, "... jarr teey prayogashi asahmat asel tarr teey chukiche aahe."
rachnatmak.
samajik rachnatmakta asey manate qee satya samajik prakriyandvare tayar hote, aitihasik aanee sanskratikdrushtya vishisht aahe aanee teey kahee pramanat samudayatil sattechya sangharshandvare aakarle jaate. rachnatmakta aaplya serve dnyanakade 'nirmit' mhanoon pahate, kaaran teey konatyahi bahya 'divya' vastavikateche pratibimb ghalat nahee (shuddha patravyavahar siddhantanusar). tyaeivaji, satyachya samajutikade parampara, manvi dharana aanee samajik anubhav yavar avalambun asalyache manale jaate. vansh, laingikta aanee ling yasah sharirik aanee jaivik vastavikateche pratinidhitva samajikdrushtya tayar kele jaate asey rachanatmakvadyanche mutt aahe.
itihas aanee sanskruti manavnirmit asalyacha dawa karananya pratham lokanpaiki giambatista viko haah eka hota. vikochi dnyanmimansachi abhimukhata sarvat vaividhyapurn kirane gola karate aanee eka svayamsiddha sutrat ughad hote-'verum ipsum factum'-'satya swatach tayar kele jaate'. hegel aanee marks heey satya samajikdrushtya tayar kele jaate kinwa kele jaau shakate yaa aadharavaril itar suruvatichya samarthakanpaiki hote. tyanantar aalelya anek samikshak siddhantkaranpramanech marksney vastunishtha satyache astitva nakarle nahee, tarr satta kinwa vichardharedvare vikrut kelele kharey dnyan aanee dnyan yaat farak keela. marksasathi, vaidnyanik aanee kharey dnyan heey "itihasachya dvandvatmak samajutinusar" aahe aanee vaicharik dnyan heey "dilelya aarthik vyavasthetil bhautik shaktinchya sambandhanchi eka alaukik abhivyakti aahe".
ekmat.
sarvasanmaticha siddhant asey manato qee satya mhanje jeey kahee manya kele jaate, kinwa kahee aavrutyanmadhye, kahee vishisht gatadware manya kele jaau shakate. asha gatat serve manav kinwa ekapeksha jaast vyaktincha samavesh asalelya upasanchacha samavesh asoo shakato.
satya' yaa sankalpanecha upayukt hishob mhanoon ekmat siddhantachya sadhyachya samarthakanpaiki eka tatvadnyani jurgen habermass aahet. habermassche mhanane aahe qee, bolanyachya aadarsh paristhitit satyavar sahmati hoil. ekmat siddhantachya sadhyachya jordar tikakaranpaiki eka mhanje tatvadnyani nicolaus resher.
kiman.
apasfitikaran.
tattvadnyan kshetratil aadhunik ghadamodinmule eka naveen prabandhala chalana midali aaheh 'satya' haah shabd vakye kinwa prastavancha vastavik gunadharm darshavat nahee. haah prabandh kahee pramanat 'satya bhavishyavani' chya samanya vaparas pratisad aahe (udaa.jee., tee kahee khas gosht...heey kharey aahe") jeey 20 vya shatkachya purvardhat satyavaril tatvik pravachanat visheshtah prachalit hote. yaa drushtikonatun, '2 + 2 = 4' heey kharey aahe 'assa dawa karane tarkikdrushtya' 2 + 2 = 4 'assa dawa karnyaitakech aahe aanee' kharey aahe 'haah vakyansh yaa aanee itar pratyek sandarbhat purnapane dispensable aahe. samanya bhashet, satyache andaj samanyatah aikale jaat naheet aanee kahitari satya aahe asey thampane sangtana dainandin sambhashanat satya andaj vaparanyachi ekhadi vyakti asel tarr tee eka asamanya ghatana mhanoon arth lavala jaeel. hii visangati lakshat gheuun aanee samanya sanvadat pratyakshat vaparlya jaananya vakyanchya sanrachanansah kaam karananya naveen drushtikonanche vistrut varnan kele jaau shakateh
konatihi sandnya vaparali gelee taree, apasfitikaran siddhantanna samaan asey mhatale jaau shakate qee '[tii] too' kharey 'asey bhakit karato, hii eka abhivyakti suvidha aahe, sakhol vishleshanachi aavashyakta asalelya malmatteche naav nahee."ekada aapan satya bhavishyavanichi aupcharik vaishishtye aanee upayuktata olakhali qee, apasfitivadyancha yuktivad aahe qee, satyabaddal sangnyasarkhe serve kahee aapan sangitale aahe. yaa drushtikonanchya saiddhantik chintanpaiki eka mhanje tyaa vishesh prakarananche spashtikaran dene jethe satyachya sankalpanet vichitra aanee manoranjak gunadharm asalyache 'disate'. (pahaa, eae.jee., shabdarth virodhabhas, aanee khalee.)
kharey aahe" yaa vidheykachya asha aupcharik pailoonvar prakash taknyavyatirikt, kahee apasfitivadi asey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee hii sankalpana aaplyala asha goshti vyakt karnyas saksham karate jyasathi anyatha anant lamb vakyanchi aavashyakta asoo shakate. udaharanarth, antaheen vakyacha dawa karoon konee maykelchya achukatevar vishvas vyakt karoo shakat naheeh
haah dawa "michael jeey mhanato teey kharey aahe" asey sangoon dekhil sankshiptapane vyakt keela jaau shakato.
karyatmak.
pii. laa shrey dile jaate. eff. strosson haah satyacha karyaksham siddhant aahe, joou asey manato qee 'burf pandhara aahe' heey kharey aahe 'mhanje burf pandhara aahe yaa davyashi aekhadyachya sahmatila sanket denari bhashan krutee karane (agadi sahmatine aapale doke halavanyasarkhe). kahee vidhane hii sanvadatmak vidhananpeksha adhik krutee aahet hii kalpana vatate titaki vichitra nahee. udaharanarth, jevha lagn jodape lagnat yogya velee 'mea karato' asey mhanate, tevha teey dusyalaaa tyancha kayadeshir vivahit jodidar mhanoon ghenyachi krutee karat asatat. teey swatahla dusaryala ghet asalyache "varnan" karat naheet, tarr pratyakshat tase "karat aahet" (kadachit asha "vaktrutvirodhi krutyanche" sarvat sakhol vishleshan jeey aahe. ell. austin, "shabdanni goshti kasha karayachya").
strossonche asey mutt aahe qee, asech vishleshan serve bhashan kayadyanna lagoo hote, keval vaktrutvatmak krutyanna naheeh "vidhan kharey aahe asey mhanane mhanje vidhanabaddal vidhan karane navhe, tarr vidhanashi sahmat, sweekar kinwa samarthan karanyachi krutee karane. jevha konee 'paus padat aahe heey kharey aahe' asey mhanato, tevha 'paus padat aahe' yapeksha jaast konee thampane sangat nahee.'[vidhanache] karya' heey kharey aahe...'paus padat aahe' yaa vidhanashi sahmat hone, swikarane kinwa samarthan karane.'"
anavashyakta aanee sambandhit.
satyachya anavashyak siddhantanusar, vidhan kharey aahe asey thampane sangane heey vidhan swatach thampane sangnyaitakech aahe. udaharanarth, 'burf pandhara aahe' heey kharey aahe asey mhanane 'burf pandhara aahe' asey sangnyaitakech aahe. yaa aadharavarun anavashyak siddhantkar assa nishkarsh kadhatat qee satya hii eka anavashyak sankalpana aahe; mhanje, haah keval eka shabd aahe joou paramparikpane sambhashanat kinwa likhanat vaparla jaato, samanyatah bharr denyasathi, parantu pratyakshat konatyahi goshtishi barobari karnara shabd nahee. yaa siddhantache shrey samanyatah phrank pii. laa dile jaate. ramsey, jyanni asey manale qee "tathya" aanee "satya" yasarkhya shabdancha vapar haah prastav mandanyacha eka goal marg aahe aanee yaa shabdanna nirnayapasun vegale rahoon vegalya samasya mhanoon hatalane haah keval eka "bhashik gondhal" aahe.
redundancy thearycha eka prakar mhanje visangati siddhant joou tarskeechya yojanecha sudharit prakar vapartoho 'pii' kharey aahe asey mhanane mhanje pii. yaa siddhantachya eka aavruttiche samarthan see. yanni kele. jeey. eff. vilyamsane tyachya 'satya mhanje kaay?' yaa pustakat mhatale aahe."apasfitivadachi aanakhi eka aavrutti mhanje satyacha parangat siddhant, joou pratham dorothy grover, joseph camp aanee nuel belnap yanni ramsechya davyanche vistar mhanoon vikasit keela. teey assa yuktivad karatat qee "teey kharey aahe", jevha "paus padat aahe" yaa uttarat mhatale jaate, tevha tee vakye, abhivyakti aahet jee keval itar abhivyaktinchya majkurachi punaravrutti karatat. jyaa prakare 'too' mhanje 'majha kutra bhukela hota, mhanoon mea tyala khayala ghatale' yaa vakyatil 'too' mhanje 'paus padat aahe' assa arth asava-jarr konee dusra mhanato aanee dusra mhanato tarr pahila mhanato. heey badal satya haah 'malmatta' nahee asey thampane sangtana ramseche anusaran karat naheet, parantu udaharanarth, 'pii' yaa davyat eka lakshaniy satya asoo shakate asey mhananyasathi samajoon ghetale jaau shakate aanee yaa prakaranatil siddhantkar keval qamee kareet aahet.
deflationary tattve vakyanshi samaan nasalelya pratinidhitvanna lagoo hott naheet aanee samanyatah kharey kinwa anyatha asalyache tharvalya jaananya itar anek goshtinna dekhil lagoo hott naheet.
tatvik sanshayvad.
tatvik sanshayvad mhanje samanyatah dnyan kinwa shraddhechya eka kinwa adhik babimbaddal konatihi prashnachinhatmak vrutti kinwa shanka jee tyanchya davyanna aanee prastavanna satyacha shrey dete. tatvik sanshayache prathamik lakshya dnyanmimansache aahe, parantu teey alaukik, naitikta (naitik sanshayvad) aanee dharm (devachya astitvabaddal sanshayvad) yasarkhya konatyahi kshetrala lagoo kele jaau shakate.
tatvik sanshayvad vividh swarupat yeto. sanshayache kattarpanthi prakar heey dnyan kinwa tarkshuddha vishvas shakya aahe heey nakartat aanee anek kinwa serve vadgrast babinvar satyachya varnanasambandhicha nirnay sthagit karnyas aaplyala aagrah karatat. sanshayvadache adhik madhyam swaroop keval assa dawa karatat qee kahihi nishchitpane dnyat kele jaau shakat nahee, kinwa jivanatil "mothya prashnambaddal" aaplyala qamee kinwa kahich mahitee nahee, jase qee dev astitvat aahe qee maranottar jeevan aahe qee nahee. dharmik sanshayvad mhanje "moolbhut dharmik tattvambaddal shanka (jase qee amaratva, prapti aanee prakatikaran)". vaidnyanik sanshayvad vishvasarhatesathi vishvasanchi chachani ghenyashi sambandhit aahe, tyanchyasathi anubhavjanya purave shodhanyasathi vaidnyanik paddhaticha vapar karoon tyanna paddhatshir tapasanichya adheen karoon.
bahusanskrutik.
satyachya anek pramukh siddhantanmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee eka vishisht gunadharm aahe jyache asane vishvas kinwa prastavala kharey banavate. satyache bahulvadi siddhant asey thampane sangatat qee prastavanna kharey tharvanare ekapeksha jaast gunadharm asoo shakatatah naitik prastav susangatatemule kharey asoo shakatat. bhautik jagavishayiche prastav teey jyaa vastoo aanee gunadharmanshi sambandhit aahet tyadvare kharey asoo shakatat.
charles piercey aanee william james yanchya kahee vyavharik siddhantanmadhye patravyavahar, susangatata aanee rachnatmak siddhantanche pailu samavisht hote. chrispin rait yanni tyanchya 1992 chya 'satya aanee vastunishthata' yaa pustakat assa yuktivad keela aahe qee satyavishayichya kahee tarkanna santusht karnare konatehi anuman satya vidhey mhanoon patra aahet. kahee pravachananmadhye, rait yanni yuktivad keela qee, satya vidheyakachi bhoomika atipramananiyatechya kalpanene bajavali jaau shakate. maykal linchane 2009 saalee 'trooth aij vann andd menee' yaa pustakat assa yuktivad keela hota qee, aapan satyakade eka karyatmak gunadharm mhanoon pahile pahije, jeey patravyavahar kinwa susangatata yasarkhya vishisht gunadharmanmadhye gunakar karnyas saksham aahe.
aupcharik siddhant.
tarkshastra.
tarkshastra heey tarkatil namunyanshi sambandhit aahe jeey prastav kharaa aahe qee nahee heey sanganyas madat karoo shakate. tarkshastradnya jyaa satyanshi sambandhit aahet teey vyakt karnyasathi aupcharik bhasha vapartat aanee asha prakare kahee tarkik pranalimadhye kahee arth kinwa satyakhali keval satya asate.
tarkik satya (jyala vishleshanatmak satya kinwa aavashyak satya asehi mhanatat) heey asey vidhan aahe jeey serve sambhavya jagaat kinwa serve sambhavya arthghatanannusar kharey aahe, jeey 'tathya' chya (jyala 'krutrim dawa' kinwa 'aakasmikta' dekhil mhanatat) viruddha aahe, jeey keval yaa jagaat kharey aahe kaaran teey aitihasikdrushtya ughad jhaale aahe. jarr p aanee q, tarr p" yasarkhya prastavala tarkik satya manale jaate kaaran tyateel chinhe aanee shabdanchya arthamule aanee konatyahi vishisht jagachya konatyahi tathyamule nahee. teey asey aahet qee teey khote asoo shakat naheet.
dwaipakshik tarkshastra (kinwa dwaipakshik tarkshastra), teen-moolya yuktivad aanee maryadit-moolya yuktivadanchya itar prakaranpramanech, done kinwa adhik swatantra mulyancha vapar karoon tarkshastratil satyache praman darshavile jaau shakate. fuzzy logic aanee anant-moolya yuktivadachya itar prakaranpramanech, tarkshastratil satya heey satat shreni asalelya sankhyancha vapar karoon darshavile jaau shakate, samanyatah 0 aanee 1 darmyan. sarvasadharanpane, donpeksha jaast mulyancha vapar karoon satyache pratinidhitva karanyachi sankalpana bahu-moolya yuktivad mhanoon olakhali jaate.
ganeet.
ganitat satyachya dishene done mukhya marg aahet. teey 'satyacha aadarsh siddhant' aanee 'satyacha purava siddhant' aahet.
aitihasikdrushtya, ekonisavya shatkat booliyan bijganitachya vikasabarobar tarkshastrachya ganiteey pratimanni 'satya' laa, jyala 'tii' kinwa '1' asehi sambodhale jaate, eka aniyantrit sthirank mhanoon mananyas suruvat kelee. "khotepana" haah dekhil eka aniyantrit sthirank aahe, joou "" f "" kinwa "" 0 "" mhanoon darshavila jaau shakato ". prastavanatmak tarkshastrat, hii chinhe svayamsiddhanchya sanchanusar aanee nishkarshanchya niyamannusar hatalali jaau shakatat, jee anekada satya sarnyanchya swarupat dilee jaatat.
yavyatirikt, visavya shatkachya uttaradhat hilbertchya karyakramachya kalapasoon teey godelchya apurnata prameyancha purava aanee tyaa shatkachya suruvatichya bhagat church-turing prabandh vikasit honyavar, ganitatil kharee vidhane samanyatah tee vidhane manali jaat hotee jee aupcharik svayamsiddha pranalimadhye siddha houu shakatat.
curt godel, alaan turing aanee itaranchya kamanni heey anuman hadaravun takale, jyaa vidhane kharee aahet parantu pranalimadhye siddha houu shakat naheet. nantarchi done udaharane hilbertchya samasyanmadhye aadhalu shakatat. hilbertchya 10vya samasyevar kelelya kamamule visavya shatkachya uttaradhat vishisht diophantine samikarananchya nirmitila chalana midali, jyasathi tyanchyakade upay aahe qee nahee heey anishchit aahe, kinwa jaree tyanchyakade aahe, tyanchyakade maryadit kinwa anant sankhyene upay aahet qee nahee. adhik moolbhootpane, hilbertchi pahili samasya satatya gruhitkavar hotee. godel aanee paul cohain yanni dakhavun dile qee heey gruhitak sanch siddhantachya manak svayamsiddhancha vapar karoon siddha kinwa nakarle jaau shakat nahee. kahinchya matey, tarr, ektar satatya gruhitak kinwa tyache nishedh heey naveen sootra mhanoon ghene titkech vajvi aahe.
ganiteey kinwa tarkik prastavache satya samajoon ghenyachi kshamata hii antardnyanachi baab aahe, asey godelane manale, tyanni manya keleli kshamata hii shevati tarkshastra kinwa ganitachya aupcharik siddhantachya vyaptichya palikade asoo shakate aanee kadachit manvi aaklan aanee sanvadachya kshetrat sarvottam manali jaau shakate, parantu tippani keleeh
tarskyche shabdarth.
satyachya shabdarth siddhantat dilelya bhashesathi tyache samanya udaharan aaheh
jethe 'pii' haah vakyacha (vakyache naav) sandarbh deto aanee pii heey fakt vakya aahe.
aupcharik tarkshastrasarkhya aupcharik bhashansathi (alfried tarskeechya navavarun) tarskeecha satyacha siddhant vikasit karnyat aala. yethe tyanni tyavar asha prakare nirbandh ghataleh konatyahi bhashet swatache satya vidhey asoo shakat nahee, mhanje 'kharey aahe' hii abhivyakti keval itar konatyahi bhashetil vakyanna lagoo houu shakate. nantarchya bhashela tyanni 'object langways' mhatale, jyaa bhashebaddal bolali jaat aahe. (tyaa badalyat, tyat satya bhavishyavani asoo shakate jee aanakhi eka bhashetil vakyanna lagoo kelee jaau shakate.) tyachya nirbandhanche kaaran asey hote qee jyaa bhashanmadhye tyanche swatache satya vidhey asel, tyamadhye 'heey vakya kharey nahee' yasarkhi virodhabhasi vakye asateel. parinami, arthshastriy siddhant ingrajisarkhya konatyahi naisargik bhashela lagoo keela jaau shakat nahee, kaaran tyat tyanche swatache satya andaj asatat, asey tarskyche mutt hote. donald devidsonne tyacha vapar tyachya satya-sashart shabdarthshastracha paya mhanoon keela aanee tyala susangatatechya swarupat aamulagra vyakhyeshi jodale.
bertrand russell yanna tyanchya kalatil ganitachya sarvottam pratikatmak rachnanmadhyehi, visheshtah tyanchya navavarun jyaa virodhabhasala naav denyat aale, raselcha virodhabhas, asha virodhabhasanche astitva lakshat ghenyache shrey dile jaate. russell aanee whitehead yanni "principia mathematica" madhye yaa samasyanche nirakaran karnyacha prayatna prakaranchya padanukramat vidhane ghaloon keela, jyamadhye vidhan swatach sandarbhit karoo shakat nahee, parantu keval padanukramat khalchya vidhanansathi. yamule, prakaranche achook swaroop aanee sankalpanatmakdrushtya sambhavya prakarchya pranalinchya sanrachanebabat adchanichya naveen kramankade neuun gele, jyanche nirakaran adyap jhalele nahee.
kripkeche shabdarth.
kripkechya satyachya siddhantat (saul kripkechya navavarun) assa yuktivad keela aahe qee, naisargik bhashet virodhabhas nirman naan karata pratyakshat swatache satya bhavishya asoo shakate. tyane khalilpramane eka kase bandhayache teey dakhavaleh
heey vakya khote aahe" yasarkhya vakyansathi satya kadhihi paribhashit kele jaat nahee, kaaran teey mool upasanchat navhate aanee mool kinwa tyanantarchya konatyahi sanchatil konatyahi vakyache satya darshavat nahee. kripkechya drushtine, heey 'aadharhin' aahet."hii prakriya jaree anant pramanat paar padali taree hii vakye kadhihi satya kinwa khote asey niyukt kelee jaat naslyamule, kripkecha siddhant soochit karato qee kahee vakye kharee kinwa khotee nasatat. heey dvigunatechya tattvachya viruddha aaheh pratyek vakya ektar kharey kinwa khote asale pahije. khote virodhabhas midvinyasathi heey tattva eka pramukh aadhar asalyane, virodhabhas visarjit hoto.
tathapi, godelane heey dakhavun dile aahe qee swa-sandarbh nishkapatapane talhala jaau shakat nahee, kaaran asambandhit vatananya vastumbaddalachya prastavanna anaupacharik swa-sandarbhatmak arth asoo shakato; godelchya karyat, yaa vastoo purnank sankhya aahet aanee prastavambaddal tyancha anaupacharik arth aahe. kharey tarr, hii kalpana-karn lemma dware prakat-heey satya satatyane paribhashit kele jaau shakat nahee yaa tarskeechya prameyasathi aadhar aahe.
asha prakare assa dawa keela gela aahe qee kripkechi pranali kharokharach virodhabhasakade netatah jaree tyache satya bhavishyavani keval aanshik asali taree, tee taraskichya puravyat bandhalelya prastavanna satya moolya (kharey/khote) dete aanee tyamule visangat aahe. pratyek samaan aanshik satya pranalimadhye tarskeecha purava lagoo keela jaau shakato qee nahee yavar ajunahi vadavivad suru aahe, parantu ganiteey tarkshastrat vaparlya jaanarya sweekarya paddhatindware konihi susangat asalyache disun aalele nahee.
kripkeche shabdarth heey ganiteey tarkshastrachya abhyasat topoi aanee shreni siddhantatil itar sankalpananchya vaparashi sambandhit aahet. teey antardnyani tarkshastrasathi aupcharik shabdarthshastrachi nivad pradan karatat.
lokvishvas.
pii' heey kharey aahe 'yaa satyala manvi bhashet mothe vyavharik moolya aahe, jyamule itaranni kelelya davyanna' karyaksham 'samarthan kinwa mahabhiyog karata yeto, vidhanachya satyavar kinwa khotyavar jore deta yeto kinwa vividh apratyaksh (grissian) sambhashanatmak parinam saksham karata yetat. khotepana rokhanyasathi vyakti kinwa sanstha kadhikadhi "khotya" vidhananna shiksha kartil; sarvat juna astitvat asalela kayadyacha majkoor, urr-nammu sanhita, jadutona kinwa vyabhichar yaa khotya aaropansathi tasech nyayalayat khotee saksh dilyabaddal dandanchi yadee dete. chaar varshanchi mulehi sadhya 'khotya vishvas' chachanyanmadhye uttirn houu shakatat aanee dusya vyakticha vishvas vastavikatepasun vishisht margane vegala aahe yache yashasviritya moolyankan karoo shakatat; praudhatvaparyant 'satya' baddal majboot antardnyan aahe jeey satyacha 'lock siddhant' tayar karate. yaa antardnyananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
anek loksiddhantanpramanech, satyacha lock siddhant dainandin jeevanat upayukt aahe, parantu sakhol vishleshan kelyavar, tantrikdrushtya swa-virodhabhasi asalyache disun yete; visheshtah, konatihi aupcharik pranali jee satyachya shabdarthanche (jyala 'tii-yojana' asehi mhanatat) purnapane palan karate aanee jee shastriy tarkshastracha dekhil aadar karate, tee siddha karata yeil tashee visangat aahe aanee khotya virodhabhasala kinwa tatsam virodhabhasala balee padate.
ullekhaneey drushye.
pracheen greek tattvadnyan.
kahijan socreties, pleto aanee aristotal yanchya satyavishayichya kalpanankade patravyavahar siddhantashi susangat asalyache manatat. tyachya 'tattvamimansa' madhye, aristotalne mhatale aaheh 'jeey aahe teey nahee kinwa jeey nahee teey khote aahe, tarr jeey aahe teey khote aahe aanee jeey nahee teey kharey aahe. stanford encyclopedia auph philosophy pudhe aristotalbaddal mhanate keeh
[...] aristotal heey 'shrenin' (12b11,14b14) madheel khyan patravyavahar siddhantkarasarkhe adhik dhwani, jethe teey 'antarnihit goshtin' baddal bolatat jyaa vidhane kharee tharavatat aanee soochit karatat qee yaa 'goshti' (vyavharik) tarkikdrushtya sanrachit paristhiti kinwa tathye aahet (udaa., tyachi baithak, tyachi baithak nahee). vichar heey goshtinche 'pratirup' (samvichhedan) aahet assa tyancha 'dii interpretation' (16a3) madheel dawa sarvat prabhavi aahe. jaree too kuthehi ekhadya goshtishi kinwa vastusthitishi vicharanchya samaikatechya drushtine satyachi vyakhya karat nasla taree ashee vyakhya tyachya manachya ekoon tattvadnyanat changlya prakare basel heey spasht aahe. [...]
ashich vidhane platochya sanvadanmadhye ("cratillus" 385bii2 ", sophist" 263bii) dekhil aadhalu shakatat.
kahee greek tattvadnyanni asey mhatale qee satya ektar manushyala upalabdh nahee kinwa khoop maryadit praveshyogya aahe, jyamule prarambhik tatvik sanshayvad nirman jhaala. yapaiki zenophanes, democritus aanee pyronismche sansthapak pyro heey hote, jyanni assa yuktivad keela qee satyacha konatahi nikash nahee.
epicurionscha assa vishvas hota qee serve indriyanchya dharana khyan aahet aanee aapan tyaa bhavanancha nyay kassa karato yaat truti udbhavtat.
sandnyanatmak aakalanadvare chhapanmadhun satya sulabh asalyache stoixney gruheet dharale.
madhyayugeen tattvadnyan.
evisena (980-1037).
suruvatichya islamik tattvadnyanat, avicenna (ibn siina) yanni tyanchya 'kitab all-shifa' yaa pustakat 'daad book auph healing' yaa pustakat, pahilya, adhyay 8 madhye satyachi vyakhya ashee kelee aaheh
evisennane nantarchya pustak VIII, adhyay 6 madhye satyachi vyakhya tapshilvar sangitalih
tathapi, hii vyakhya keval simone vanne raitchya kamache madhyayugeen lattin bhashantar aahe. mool arabi granthacha aadhunik anuvad mhanatoh
equina (1225-1274).
evisena aanee augustein aanee aristotal yanche punarmulyankan kartana thomas aquinas yanni tyanchya 'satyavaril vadgrast prashnanmadhye' mhatale aaheh
asha prakare, manvi buddhiche (tarkik satya) satya heey goshtinmadhil satyavar (antological satya) aadharit aahe. yanantar, tyane tyachya summa i.16.1 madhye aristotalchya drushtikonacha eka mohak punaruchchar lihilah
 equinassne asehi mhatale aahe qee vastavik goshti, astitva, buddhimatta aanee satya asalelya srushtikarta devachya asanyachya krutimadhye sahbhagi hotat. asha prakare, yaa pranyanmadhye samajutala prakash aahe aanee teey jaananyajoge aahet. yaa goshti (prani; vastav) manvi manat aadhalanaya satyacha paya aahet, jevha teey goshtinche dnyan prapt karate, pratham indriyandware, nantar samaj aanee tarkadvare kelelya nirnayadvare. manvi buddhimattemadhye ('intus', aat aanee 'lejer', vachanyasathi) goshtinche saar aanee astitva gathanyachi kshamata asate kaaran tyat eka gair-bhautik, aadhyatmik ghatak asato, jaree kahee naitik, shaikshanik aanee itar ghatak tyachya kshamatet hastakshep karoo shakatat.
madhyayugat satyachya badalatya sankalpana.
richard firth greenne tyachya 'satyache sankat' yaa tyachya madhyayugatil satyachya sankalpaneche parikshan kele aanee nishkarsh kadhala qee andaje englandchya richard II chya karkirdit yaa sankalpanecha arthach badalato. pranayachi kalpana, jee udaharanarth pranay sahityacha bhag aanee ansh hotee, tee vyaktinishth sankalpanepasun adhik vastunishtha sankalpanet badalate (derek piercelchya saranshat). jevha satya (surr gaven aanee green niteche 'trouth') heey pratham 'eka naitik satya hote jyamadhye satya vyaktinmadhye rahate asey samajale jaate', tarr richardian englandmadhye teey 'badalate...jyaa rajkiy satyamadhye satya dastaivajanmadhye rahate asey samajate.
aadhunik tattvadnyan.
kaant (1724-1804).
emmanuel kaant satyachya patravyavahar siddhantachya dhartivar satyachya vyakhyela samarthan deto. kaant 'shuddha karanachi teeka' madhye lihitatah 'satyachi nammatra vyakhya, mhanje tee tyachya uddeshashi janivshakticha karar aahe, tee yethe manjur aanee purvanishchit kelee aahe. tathapi, kaant heey nakartat qee satyachi hii patravyavahar vyakhya aaplyala konate nirnay kharey aahet heey sthapit karnyasathi chachani kinwa nikash pradan karate. kaant tyachya tarkshastratil vyakhyananmadhye mhanatoh
[...] asey mhatale jaate qee, satyacha samavesh tyachya uddeshashi janivpurvak kararamadhye hoto. yaa keval nammatra vyakhyecha parinam mhanoon, majhi jaaniv, satya mhanoon ganali gelee tarr, tyachya uddeshashi sahmat asavi. aata mea tyaa vastuchi tulana majhya aakalanshaktishi karoo shakato, matra, keval 'tee olakhoon'. mhanoon majhi jaaniv swatahla pushti deil asey manale jaate, jeey satyasathi purese asanyapeksha khoopach qamee aahe. kaaran vastoo majhya baher asalyane, majhyatil aaklan, mea kadhihi nirnay gheu shakato qee vastuchi majhi aaklan majhya vastoochya aakalanashi sahmat aahe qee nahee.
pracheen lock asha vartulala spashtikaranat 'dialelon' mhanat asat. aanee kharey tarr tarkshastradnyanna nehmich yaa chukichi ninda sanshayavadyanni kelee, jyanni asey nirikshan kele qee satyachya yaa vyakhyesah jevha konee nyayalayasamor vidhan karate aanee asey kartana jyaa sakshidarashi konihi parichit nahee asha sakshidarala apeal karate, parantu jyane tyala sakshidar mhanoon bolavila too eka pramanik manus aahe asey sangoon tyachi vishvasarhata sthapit karoo ichchit aahe. aaropahi niradhar hota. keval soochit samasyeche nirakaran patrateshivay aanee pratyek purushasathi ashakya aahe. [...]
haah parichhed tyachya nammatra aanee vastavik vyakhyanmadhil farkacha vapar karato. nammatra vyakhya bhashik abhivyakticha arth spasht karate. vastavik vyakhya vishisht vastoonchya saranche varnan karate aanee konatihi vastoo vyakhyemadhye yete qee nahee heey nirdharit karnyas aaplyala saksham karate. kantche asey mutt aahe qee satyachi vyakhya keval nammatra aahe aanee mhanoon, konate nirnay kharey aahet heey sthapit karnyasathi aapan tyacha vapar karoo shakat nahee. kantachya matey, pracheen sanshayvadi heey keval satyachya nammatra vyakhyedvare konate nirnay kharey aahet heey sthapit karoo shakatat asey manlyabaddal tarkshastradnyanvar teeka karat hote. teey asey kahitari karnyacha prayatna karat hote jeey "patrateshivay aanee pratyek purushasathi ashakya aahe".
hegel (1770-1831).
george hegel yanni aapale tattvadnyan manashastrapasun door thevun, satyala aantarik, vyaktinishth vicharanshi sambandhit honyaeivaji bahya swa-gatishil vastoo mhanoon sadar kele. hegelache satya tyachya swatachya aateel shaktichya prabhavakhali gatishil asalelya bhautik vastoochya yantrikishi samaan aahe. "satya mhanje tyachya swatachya aatali swatachi chaal."teleological satya swatahla dvandvatmak trikatechya teen-charananchya swarupat paripoorn, antim, paripoorn satyachya antim dhyeyachya dishene netat. hegelchya matey, tatvik satyachi pragati mhanje bhootkalatil virodhakancha paripoorn satyachya adhikadhik achook andajanmadhye todga aahe. hegelchya dvandvatmak tripalateche varnan karnyasathi calibosne 'prabandh', 'virodhabhas' aanee 'sanshleshan' yaa sandnya vaparlya. prabandh' madhye apoorn aitihasik chalvalicha samavesh aahe. apurnateche nirakaran karnyasathi, eka 'virodhabhas' udbhavato joou 'prabandh' laa virodh karato."tyaa badalyat, jevha" "prabandh" "aanee" "virodhabhas" "yanche samet hotat aanee satyachi uchch patali prapt hote tevha" "sanshleshan" "disun yete". tyamule haah 'sanshleshan' eka 'prabandh' banato, jyasathi punha 'virodhabhas' aavashyak asel, karananchya aitihasik halchalicha parinam mhanoon antim sthitiparyant pohocheparyant naveen 'sanshleshan' aavashyak asel. itihas mhanje ekhadya dhyeyachya dishene vatchal karnara paripoorn aatma. jevha sampoorn aatmyala itihasachya agadi shevati swatacha anant aatma samjel tevha hii aitihasik pragati shevati sampel. tevha param aatma hii anant devachi sampoorn abhivyakti asel.
shopenhower (1788-1860).
arther shopenhoarsathi, nirnay mhanje done kinwa adhik sankalpananche sanyojan kinwa vibhajan hoy. jarr ekhada nirnay dnyanachi abhivyakti asel tarr tyala purese kaaran kinwa aadhar asane aavashyak aahe jyadvare nirnay kharaa mhatale jaau shakato. "satya mhanje swatapeksha vegalya ekhadya nirnayacha sandarbh joou tyache purese kaaran (aadhar) aahe". nirnayanmadhye bhautik, aupcharik, divya kinwa dhatushastriy satya asoo shakate. jarr nirnayatil sankalpana sanvedananmadhun nirman jhalelya antardnyani aakalananvar aadharit asateel tarr tyat "bhautik" satya asate. jarr ekhadya nirnayache kaaran dusya nirnayat asel (aadhar), tarr tyachya satyala tarkik kinwa "aupcharik" mhanatat. udaharanarth, shuddha ganeet kinwa shuddha vidnyanacha nirnay jarr antardnyani, anubhavjanya dnyanachya rupanvar (avkash, vel, karyakaran) aadharit asel, tarr nirnayat "divya" satya aahe.
kirkegard (1813-1855).
jevha soren kirkegard, tyache patra "johannes climacus" mhanoon, tyache lekhan sampavatoh "majha prabandh hota, vyaktinishthata, hrudayasparshi satya aahe", tevha too vyaktinishthateche tyachya atyant tivra swarupat samarthan karat nahee (kahitari kharey aahe haah siddhant keval ekhadyala asey vatate mhanoon), parantu tyaeivaji vaiyaktik satyachya babinkade vastunishtha drushtikon vyaktichya jivanasathi sarvat aavashyak asalelya goshtinvar prakash takoo shakat nahee. vastunishtha satye hii vyaktichya astitvachya tathyanshi sambandhit asatat, tarr vyaktinishth satye hii vyaktichya astitvachya paddhatishi sambandhit asatat. ganeet, vidnyan aanee itihas yasarkhya vishayanchya abhyasasathi vastunishtha satye prasangik aanee aavashyak aahet heey kirkegard sahmat aahet, parantu vastunishtha satye vyaktichya astitvashi asalelya antargat sambandhavar konatahi prakash takat naheet assa yuktivad karatat. sarvottam, hii satye keval gambhirpane sankuchit drushtikon pradan karoo shakatat jyacha aekhadyachya jivanachya vastavik anubhavashi farsa sambandh nahee.
vastunishtha satye antim aanee sthir asali taree, vyaktinishth satye nirantar aanee gatishil asatat. aekhadyachya astitvache satya mhanje eka jiwant, antargat aanee vyaktinishth anubhav joou nehmich bananyachya prakriyet asato. tyaa vishvasanchya vastunishtha satyanche astitva nakarat nasatanahi, ekhadi vyakti swikaranari moolye, naitikta aanee aadhyatmik drushtikon, jevha teey vyaktinishth anubhavadvare antargatpane sweekarle jaatat tevhach kharokhar dnyat houu shakatat. asha prakare, kirkegard serve paddhatshir tattvadnyananvar teeka karato jeey siddhant aanee vastavabaddal vastunishtha dnyanadvare jeevan kinwa astitvache satya jaanun ghenyacha prayatna karatat. kirkegardne dawa kelyapramane, manvi satya hii eka ashee gosht aahe jee satat ghadat rahate aanee manushyala swatachya astitvatil vyaktinishth anubhavapasun vegale satya sapadu shakat nahee, jeey aekhadyachya jivanshailivar aadharit moolye aanee moolbhut saradvare paribhashit kele jaate.
nitshe (1844-1900).
friedrich nitshecha assa vishvas hota qee satyacha shodh kinwa 'satyachi ichcha' haah tatvadnyanachya 'sattechya ichchecha' parinam hota. joparyant satyane jeevan aanee "sattechi ichchhashakti" vadhavali aahe toparyant tyacha vapar keela pahije asey tyanna vatale aanee jarr tyacha parinam mhanoon jeevanat hii vaadh jhaali tarr satyapeksha asatya changle aahe asey tyanna vatale. changlya aanee vaitanchya palikade" asey tyanni lihile aahe, qee ekhadya nirnayache khotepana haah aaplyasathi ekhadya nirnayala aakshep asane aavashyak nahee... prashna assa aahe qee heey kitee pramanat jeevan-pragat, jeevan-sanrakshn, prajati-sanrakshn, kadachit prajati-prajnan aahe..."(sootra 4). tyanni 'sattechi ichcha' heey satya mhanoon prastavit kele kaaran tyanchya matey, too sarvat jeevan-pushti denara aanee pramanik drushtikon hota.
robbert wicks yanni nitshechya satyachya moolbhut drushtikonachi pudhilpramane charcha keleeh
[...] kahee vidwan nitshechya 1873 chya aprakashit nibandhala, "anaitik arthane satya aanee khote" ("über Waharheit und lüge im aubermoralishen sinn") tyachya vicharancha eka kanaa manatat. yaa nibandhat, nitshene sarvatrik sthirankanchi kalpana nakarli aahe aanee dawa keela aahe qee jyala aapan 'satya' mhanato teey keval 'roopak, shabdasha aanee manavvanshavadache eka gatishil sainya aahe."sadhya tyanche mutt asey aahe qee manvi anubhavamadhye manmani purnapane prachalit aaheh sankalpana majjatantuchya uttejananchya pratimanmadhye atishay kalatmak hastantaranadvare udbhavtat;" "satya" "heey keval vyavharik hetunsathi, visheshtah vishranti, suraksha aanee sthiratechya nishchit paramparanchya shodhapeksha adhik kahee nahee". [...]
nitzney swatantrapane suchavale qee satyachya devatvavaril pracheen, aadhyatmik vishvas haah tyachya kendrasthani aahe aanee tyane tyanantarchya sampoorn pashchatya bauddhik paramparecha paya mhanoon kaam kele aaheh "parantu mea jeey midvat aahe teey tumhi gola kele asel, mhanje, too ajunahi eka aadhyatmik vishvas aahe jyavar vidnyanavaril aapala vishvas aahe-qee aajchya aaplyala mahit aahe, aapan devheen tattvamimansa-virodhi ajunahi hajaro varshanchya junya vishvasane prajvalit kelelya jwaletun, khristi vishvasatoon, joou playtocha vishvas dekhil hota, too dev satya aahe; teey satya 'daivi' aahe..."
shivay, satya hii manvi nirmiti aahe aanee vyavharik uddishte sadhya karate assa yuktivad karoon nitshe vastunishtha satyachya kalpanela aavhan deto. tyanni lihile, "satya heey bhram aahet jyanchi tee aahet heey visaroon geleli aahet."too assa yuktivad karato qee satya haah eka manvi shodh aahe, joou majjatantuchya uttejananchya pratimanmadhye kalatmak hastantaranatun udbhavato, vishranti, suraksha aanee susangatata yasarkhya vyavharik hetunsathi kaam karato; samajik parampara aanee vismrutit gelelya mooladvare aakar dilelya roopak aanee alankarik upkarnandware tayar hotoh" tarr mug, satya mhanje kaay? roopak, shabdasha aanee manavvanshavadachi eka gatishil seena-thodakyat, manvi sambandhanchi berries jee kavyatmak aanee alankarikdrushtya vadhavali gelee aahe, rupantarit kelee gelee aahe aanee sushobhit kelee gelee aahe..."
nitshe assa yuktivad karatat qee satya nehmich vaiyaktik drushtikonatun filter kele jaate aanee vividh swarasya aanee pakshapatadvare aakar dile jaate. naitikatechya vanshavalivar", teey thampane sangatat, "tathye naheet, keval arth lavtat."teey suchavatat qee satyacha satat punarvyakhyan aanee badal hoto, badalana sanskrutik aanee aitihasik sandarbhanmule prabhavit houn, jase teey" "asha prakare bolale jaanare jarthustra" "madhye lihitat qee" "mea tumhala sangatoh eka nrutya taryala janm denyasathi aekhadyamadhye ajunahi gondhal asane aavashyak aahe"."tyach pustakat, jarthustra ghoshit karato," satye mhanje bhram aahet jeey aapan visaralo aahot teey bhram aahet; teey roopak aahet jeey jeern jhaale aahet aanee kamuk shaktine vahoon gele aahet, nanee jee tyanche ubhari gamavali aahet aanee aata dhatoo manali jaatat aanee aata nanee mhanoon nahee."
hedgar (1889-1976).
itar tatvadnya haah samanya arth duyyam aanee vyutpann manatat. martin hydeggerchya matey, pracheen greesmadheel satyacha mool arth aanee saar mhanje satyasathichya mool greek shabdane soochit kelyapramane, 'alethia' heey, jeey purvi ughadpane lapavale gele hote teey ughad karane kinwa ughad karane heey hote. yaa drushtikonatun, satya hii shuddhata hii sankalpana yaa sankalpanechya mool saratoon nantar vyutpann jhaali aahe, eka vikas hedegger lattin shabd 'veritas' pasoon shodhato. hedgarchya tattvadnyanatil sattavidnyanala pradhanya asalyamule, tyanni heey satya swatachya astitvatach asalyache manale aanee aadhich 'astitva aanee kaal' (1927) madhye satyala 'astitva-satya' kinwa 'astitvatil satya' aanee anshatah 'decine' chya paddhatishi sambandhit dnyanmimansat swatamadhil kantian goshtishi olakhale hote.
sartre (1905-1980).
astitva aanee shoonya" (1943) madhye, anshatah hydeggerche anusaran kartana, jeane-paul sartre yanni aaplya satyachya dnyanala swatamadhil aanee swatahsathi asalelya natesambandh mhanoon olakhale-tarihi ekach velee yaa raktavahinimadhye bhautik vyaktimatvasathi, shariratil, jagashi aanee itaranshi sanvad sadhatana ekhadya vyaktichya mahitishi jawalun jodalele-sartrechya varnanasah qee "jug manushya aahe" jyamule too serve satyala, aatm-chetanene "kahitari aatm-chetana" mhanoon katekorpane "samajoon" ghetale aahe, eka drushtikon, jyachya aadhi heinry bergsonne "vel aanee mukt ichcha" (1889) madhye dekhil tyache vachan kele hote, jyache shrey sartre yanni tattvadnyanatil tyachya swarsyache dile hote. sartrechya 'satya aanee astitva' (1948) yaa nibandhat adhik purnapane mandanyat aalela haah pahila astitvavadi siddhant, joou aadhich 'astitva aanee shoonya' yaa sankalpanechya pradhanyavar bharr detana, satyachya nirmititil tyachya bhoomiketil purv saar mhanoon astitvachya kalpanevar bharr detana, hedegarpasoon adhik moolbhootpane vegale asalyache darshavito, tarihi pleto aanee aristotalmadhil pracheen greek tattvadnyanasarkhya adhik paramparik aadarshavadi dnyanshastranpasun vegale honyachya babatit bhautikvadiaivaji aadarshavadi mhanoon tyache samikshatmak parikshan kele gele aahe aanee hedegger cantpramanech rahile aahe.
nantar, 'eka paddhaticha shodh' (1957) madhye, jyamadhye sartre yanni astitvavad aanee marksvadache ekikaran kele, jeey nantar 'dvandvatmak karananchya tiket' (1960) tayar kele, sartre yanni, aitihasiktechya hegelian ekunikaranavar vadhatya bharr deuun, satyachi sankalpana ajunahi tyala bhautik arth denanya containershee sambandhit prakriyedvare paribhashit kelee, parantu yaa vyapak ekunikaranatil bhoomikechya vishisht sandarbhasah, kaaran 'vyaktinishthata heey sarvkahi nahee kinwa kahich nahee; teey vastunishtha prakriyetil eka kshanache pratinidhitva karate (jyamadhye bahyata antargat aahe), aanee haah kshan kayamswarupi keval shashvat punarjanmasathich nasht keela jaato': aamchyasathi, satya heey asey kahitari aahe jeey hote, aahe aanee hoil. heey eka totalization aahe jeey kayamche totalize kele jaat aahe. vishisht tathye kahihi soochit karat naheet; joparyant tyaa vividh aanshik ekunanchya madhyasthidvare, prakriyetil ekunateshi sambandhit naheet toparyant tyaa khyan kinwa khotya nasatat."sartre yache varnan markschya kalpananmadhun vikasit kelele, parantu asha vikasasah, sampoorn kamachya sankalpanepramanech, keval astitvavadi prakashat shakya asalele, eka" "vastavadi" dnyanmimansa mhanoon karatat ". 1960 chya done khandanchya pradirgh "tikatmak" chya suruvatichya bhagat, sartre yanni satyache varnan 'marksvadi itihaskar' dware arth lavnyasathi 'sampoorn' itihasache satya 'asey karane suru thewale, tarr hedgarchya dnyanmimansashi asalelya tyanchya visangatila, khyan marksvadi dnyanmimansache saar mhanoon,' astitva aanee satya 'yaa parasparvirodhi disana kalpananchya varnanat antim roop dile gele aahe.
camus (1913-1960).
suprasiddha french tatvadnyani albert camus yanni tyanchya 'daad myth auph seafige' (1942) yaa prasiddha nibandhat lihile aahe qee, 'satya aahe pann satya nahee', jeey nitshechya drushtikonashi moolbhut sahmati darshavate aanee 'konatehi satya paripoorn nasate kinwa swatamadhye ashakya asalele astitva samadhankarak deu shakat nahee' asey pratipadan kartana kirkergadcha anukulpane ullekh karatat. nantar, 'bandkhor' (1951) madhye, tyanni 'satyache sarvat nimn swaroop' heey 'itihasache satya' aahe, asey jaheer kele, parantu tyachya gairavaparachya sandarbhat aanee 'kirkargad' pramane 'nishkarshatil avaidnyanik postscript' madhye tyanni hegelvar aitihasik drushtikon thevalyabaddal teeka kelee aahe, jyat asey mhatale aaheh 'heey satya aahe, jeey aaplyala chukiche vatate, parantu jeey achookpane kharey aahe kaaran teey chukiche aahe. puravyasathi, too 'mea' navhe, tarr itihas, tyachya shevati, too sadar karel.'"
pandhare doke (1861-1947).
american tatvadnyani banalele british ganitshastradnya alfried north whitehead mhanaleh "sampoorn satya nasate; serve satye ardh-satya asatat. tyanna saitanachi bhoomika bajavanare sampoorn satya mhanoon vagavanyacha prayatna keela jaat aahe.
yaa vichardharechi tarkik pragati kinwa sambandh assa nishkarsh kadhane aahe qee satya khote bolu shakate, kaaran ardh-satye fasavi asatat aanee chukichya nishkarshakade neuu shakatat.
pears (1839-1914).
see. sarkhe vyavhariktavadi. ess. pears satyala manvi paddhatinshi kahee pramanat aavashyak sambandh mhanoon satyala tapasanyasathi aanee satya shodhanyasathi ghetat, peers swatah asey manatat qee manvi chaukashitun satya shodhun kadhale jaeel, jarr aapali chaukashichi paddhat jitka fayadeshir tharoo shakel titka ghetala gela tarah "jeey mutt shevati tapas karnanyandware manya kele jaane bhagyache aahe, tech satya mhanje aaplyala mhanayache aahe..."
nishida (1870-1945).
kitaro nishida yanchya matey, "jagatil goshtinche dnyan ekatma chetanechya dnyan aanee dnyat yaa bhinnatepasun suru hote aanee swatamadhye aanee goshti punha eka honyaparyant sampate. asey ekikaran keval jaanun ghenyatach navhe tarr dnyan nirdeshit karananya (satyachya) moolyat, krutee nirdeshit karananya ichchashaktimadhye aanee samvedan nirdeshit karananya bhavna kinwa bhavnik pohochit dekhil aakar ghete."
fraum (1900-1980).
erich fromela asey aadhalale aahe qee satyachi charcha 'paripoorn satya' mhanoon karnyacha prayatna karane nirjantuk aahe aanee 'ishtatam satya' varr bharr deela pahije. too satyala aekhadyache vatavaran sharirik aanee bauddhikdrushtya samajoon ghenyachya astitva apariharyatetun udbhavnare manato, jyadvare lahan mule sahajpane satyacha shodh ghetat jenekarun teey swatahla eka vichitra aanee shaktishali jagaat valavoo shaktil. tyamule tyanchya satyachya andajechya achukateche thet parinam tyanchya vatavaranashi samna karnyachya kshamatevar hotil. vastavikateche karyatmak andaj mhanoon satyachi vyakhya karnyasathi fraum samajoon ghetale jaau shakate. mann phaur selfah aine inquiree inn daad cycology auph ethics' (1947) madhye tyachya ishtatam satyachya drushtikonache anshatah varnan kele aahe, jyatoon utare khalee samavisht kele aahet.
faucault (1926-1984).
michel faucault mhanatat, jevha satyakade "vastunishtha" guna mhanoon pahanyacha konatahi prayatna keela jaato tevha satya samasyapradhan asate. too swatah satya haah shabd vaparane pasant karat nahee tarr 'satyachi sarkare' vaparane pasant karato. tyachya aitihasik tapasanit tyala satya heey asey kahitari asalyache aadhalale jeey swatah eka dilelya shakti sanrachanecha eka bhag hote kinwa tyat antarbhut hote. tyamule focoche mutt nitshechya sankalpananshi barech samya aahe. faucaultche satya dekhil sampoorn itihasat vividh patranmadhun badalate.
badrillard (1929-2007).
jeane bodrillardne satyala mothya pramanat anukaran kelele manale, mhanje kahitari asalyache bhasavane, kahitari nasalyachi dhong karane, visangatila virodh karane. tyane murtipujakankadun tyacha sanket ghetala, jyancha too dawa karato qee tyanna maheet hote qee devachya pratimanni darshavile qee dev astitvat nahee. bodrillardne 'precession auph daad simulakramadhye' lihileh
bodrillardne uddhrut kelelya simulakrachi kahee udaharane ashee hotih qee turung samaj mukt aahe yaa "satyache" anukaran karatat; ghotale (udaa.jee., watergate) bhrashtachar durust keela aahe asey anukaran qaraa; disney yuche anukaran karate.ess. swatah eka praudh thikan aahe. ashee udaharane jaree atyant tivra vatat asali taree ashee tokachi bajoo haah bodrillardchya siddhantacha eka mahattvacha bhag aahe. qamee tokachya udaharanasathi, chitrapat sahasa vaitanna shiksha, upman kinwa anyatha ayashasvi jhalyane sampatat, asha prakare prekshakanna changlya shevtala anandadayi aanee vitala dukkhdayak ashee sankalpana patvoon detat, eka katha jee soochit karate qee yathasthiti aanee sthapit sattechi rachana mothya pramanat vaidh aahe.
itar samkalin padey.
satyanirmata siddhant hii "tattvamimansachi shakha aahe jee kaay satya aahe aanee kaay astitvat aahe yanchyatil sambandhancha shodh ghete". satya mhanje kaay yachee vyakhya dene heey tyache uddisht nahee yaa arthane teey satyachya mool siddhantanpeksha vegale aahe. tyaeivaji, satya astitvavar kase avalambun aahe heey "nirdharit" karnyache tyache dhyey aahe.
dharmik matey.
hindu dharm.
hindu dharmat, satyachi vyakhya 'aparivartaniy', 'jyala konatahi vikrutee nahee', 'jee vel, jaaga aanee vyakti yaa farkachya palikade aahe', 'jee vishvat tyachya serve sthiratemadhye vyapaleli aahe' ashee kelee jaate. udaharanarth, manvi shareer heey kalantarane badalat asalyane teey purnapane kharey nahee. hindu hrishinni satyache anek sandarbh, gunadharm aanee spashtikaran dile aahet, jeey satyachya vividh pailunche spashtikaran detat, jase qee bharatache rashtriy bodhvakyah 'satyamev jayate' (keval satyacha vijay), tasech 'satyam mukte' (satya mukt hote), 'satya' mhanje 'parahitartham' v 'unnanaso yatharthavam' satyam '(satya mhanje shabdancha paropkari vapar aanee itaranchya kalyanasathi munn kinwa dusya shabdant jababdanya dekhil satya asatat),' jevha ekhadi vyakti satya bolanyat drudhpane prasthapit hote, tevha krutichi fale tyachya adheen hotat (patanjali yogasutra, sootra kramank 2.36), satyacha chehara sonyachya bhandyane jhakalela asato. "heey pusan (surya), tyache anavaran qaraa, jenekarun jyache satya heey majhe kartavya aahe (satyadharm) tyala teey disel!"(bruhdaranyak 15 1-4 aanee sankshipt aisa upanishad 15-18), satya heey maun (manusmruti) ii. peksha shreshth aahe. itar shabdansah, satya heey 'ultra' kinwa 'sarvoch' kinwa adhik shabdasha 'satya' asey, 'shuddhata aanee utkrushtata' darshavinare, eka parivartak mhanoon karya karate. udaharanarth, satyalok haah 'sarvoch swarg' aahe aanee satyayug haah 'suvarnayug' kinwa hindu dharmatil chaar chakriy vaishvik yuganpaiki sarvottam aahe. bhagwan vishnucha 9 vaa avtar asalelya buddhane asey uddhrut kele aahe-teen goshti dirghkal lapavata yet nahitah surya, chandra aanee satya.
bauddha dharm.
bauddha dharmat, visheshtah mahayan paramparet, satyachi kalpana anekada done satya siddhantanmadhye vibhagali jaate, jyat sapeksh kinwa paramparik satya aanee antim satya asate. pahila mhanje samanya lokanmadhil samanya samajavar aadharit aanee uchch satyanchya sampreshanasathi vyavharik aadhar mhanoon sweekarle jaanare satya. antim satya heey samanya anubhavachya kshetrat tarkshastrachya palikade jaane aavashyak aahe aanee asha ghatananna bhram mhanoon olakhate. konatyahi shikavaniche satyachya donhi vibhagani karoon vishleshan kele jaau shakate, assa dawa madhyamak tattvadnyan karate. pushti aanee nakar heey anukrame sapeksh aanee paripoorn satyache aahet. rajkiy kayada sapeksh manla jaato, tarr dharmik kayada nirpeksh asato.
khrishchan dharm.
khrishchan dharmala satyacha soteriological drushtikon aahe. bayabalanusar, yeshune mhatale aahe qee, "mea marg, satya aanee jeevan aaheh konihi pityakade yet nahee, parantu majhyadvare".