jaaducha itihas

jaaducha itihas mhanje asha ghatanancha sampoorn itihas, jyaa konachya taree aakalananusar hone ashakya hote, tarr vastoo vyaktichya drushtikonatun (anekada jaadoo/jaaduchi yukti sadar karane, parantu bhavishyat jyaa lokanna vidnyan samajale aahe, tyaa lokancha dekhil sandarbh gheu shakato, jeey yaa ghatanansathi karanibhoot hote) eka tarkik spashtikaran aahe. alaukik, vidhee, bhram aanee kalee jaadoo aahe, jyala kahijan jadutona mhanatat.
pracheen practitioners.
mesopotemiya.
anek prakarche vidhee aanee vaidyakeey sutranmadhye aanee ashubh shakunancha pratikar karnyasathi jaaducha vapar keela jaat asey. mesopotemiyamadhil sanrakshanatmak kinwa vaidh jaadoo (akkadiyan bhashet "asiputu" kinwa "masmasutu") hii mantra aanee vidhee paddhati hotya jyaa vishisht vastavat badal ghadavun aananyachya uddeshane hotya. pracheen mesopotemiyachya lokancha assa vishvas hota qee rakshas, bhute aanee dusht jadugaranviruddha jaadoo haah ekmev vyavharya bachav aahe. jyanni anyay keela hota tyanchya aatmyanpasun swatacha bachav karnyasathi, teey tyanna shant karnyachya aashene tyaa vyaktichya thadgyat 'kispu' mhanoon olakhale jaanare arpan sodayache. jarr teey ayashasvi tharale, tarr teey kadhikadhi mrut vyaktichi moorti gheuun jaminivar puratat, devanni aatmyache uchchatan karave kinwa tyaa vyaktila ekte sodanyas bhag padave ashee magani karatat.
pracheen mesopotamian lock dusht jadugaranpasun swatache sanrakshn karnyachya hetune jaaducha vapar karat asat, jeey tyanchyavar shaap deu shakatat. pracheen mesopotemiyamadhye eka shreni mhanoon kalee jaadoo astitvat navhati aanee bekaydeshir jadupasoon swatacha bachav karnyasathi jaaducha kayadeshir vapar karnari vyakti agadi teech tantre vaparel. keval motha farak haah hota qee shaap guptapane lagoo kele jaat hote; tarr jadutonyaviruddha sanrakshn ughadpane, shakya asalyas prekshakansamor aayojit kele jaat hote. jadugarala shiksha karnyacha eka vidhee makalu kinwa "jaalane" mhanoon olakhala jaat asey. jadutonyane grast asalyache manale jaanare vyakti jadugaranche putale tayar karoon ratri tyachi chachani gheil. mug, ekada jadugaranchya gunhyanche swaroop nishchit jhaale qee, tee vyakti putale jaalate aanee tyadvare jadugaranche tyanchyavarche adhikar todun takte.
pracheen mesopotemiyache lock nakalat kelelya papanpasoon swatahla shuddha karnyasathi jaaduche vidhihi karat asat. asach eka vidhee surpu kinwa 'burning' mhanoon olakhala jaat asey, jyamadhye jaaducha dheeg tyanchya serve dushkrutyansathicha dosh khajurachi patti, kande aanee lokaricha eka tukada yasarkhya vividh vastunvar hastantarit karato. tyanantar tee vyakti vastoo jaalun takte aanee tyadvare tyanni nakalat kelelya serve papanpasoon swatahla shuddha karate. premachya mantrancha eka sampoorn prakar astitvat hota. asha mantranmule ekhadi vyakti vastoo vyaktichya premat padate, ksheen jhalele prem punarsthapit karate kinwa purush laingik jodidar jevha purvi asamarth hota tevha tyala erection tikavoon thevanyas saksham hote asey manale jaat hote. purush aanee tyachya snrakshak devacha samet karnyasathi kinwa tichyakade durlaksh jadutona patishi patnicha samet karnyasathi itar mantrancha vapar keela jaat asey.
pracheen mesopotamian lokanni tarkshuddha vidnyan aanee jaadoo yanchyat konatahi farak keela nahee. jevha ekhadi vyakti aajari padate, tevha doctor pathanasathi jaaduchi sutre tasech aushadhi upchar donhi lihoon dett asat. bahutek jadui vidhee jaduchya kalanmadhye tadnya asalelya "asipu" dware kele jayache hote. haah vyavasay samanyatah pidhyanpidhya pudhe sarkala jaat asey aanee tyala atyant uchch aadar deela jaat asey aanee anekada raje aanee mahan netyanche sallagar mhanoon kaam kele jaat asey. eka aashipune kadachit keval jadugar mhanunach navhe tarr eka vaidya, pujari, lekhak aanee vidwan mhanoonahi kaam kele.
sumerian dev enkey, joou nantar purv semitic dev eae. aii. shhee samanvayit jhaala, too jaadoo aanee mantranshi jawalun sambandhit hota; too 'baar' aanee 'asipu' chaa snrakshak dev hota aanee serve alaukik dnyanacha antim srot mhanoon vyapakpane manla jaat asey. pracheen mesopotemiyache lock dekhil shakunanvar vishvas thevayache, jeey jevha magitale jaate kinwa nako asate tevha yeu shakatat. teey kase aale yachee parva naan karata, shakun nehmi atyant gambhiryane ghetale jaat asey.
dushtatechi karane aanee tee kashee talhaychi yabaddal samayik gruhitakancha eka samanya sanch prarambhik sanrakshanatmak jaduchya swarupat aadhalato jyala mantra kinwa jaaduchi bhandi mhanatat. hii bhandi madhyapurvet, visheshtah varchya mesopotemiya aanee syriamadhye, jee aata iraq aanee iran aahe, tayar kelee jaat hotee aanee sahavya teey aathvya shatkat shatkat lokpriy hotee. hii bhandi samorasamor purali gelee hotee aanee bhute pakadanyasathi hotee. teey samanyatah umbarathyakhali, anganakhali, nuktyach mrutanchya gharanchya gharanchya aanee smashanbhumit thewale jaat asat.
egypt.
pracheen egyptmadhye (egyptian bhashet "kemet"), jaadoo (dev "heka" mhanoon moort roop) haah dharm aanee sanskraticha avibhajya bhag hota joou aaplyala egyptian paramparechi utpadane asalelya granthanchya mothya sangrahadvare dnyat aahe.
aadhunik egyptologysathy jaaduchi shreni vadgrast rahili asali taree pracheen paribhashetun tyachya lagoo honyala spasht samarthan aahe. coptic shabd "hick" haah faronic shabd "heka" chaa vanshaj aahe, jyacha, tyachya coptic pratirupachya vipareet, apavitrata kinwa bekaydeshirtecha konatahi arth navhata aanee junya rajyapasoon roman yugaparyant pramanit aahe. "heck" haah shabd naitikdrushtya tatasth manla jaat asey aanee paradeshi aanee egyptian yaa doghanchya pratha aanee vishvasanna samanpane lagoo keela jaat asey. mericarechya soochana aaplyala soochit karatat qee "heck" haah nirmatyane manavtela dilela eka laabh hota "... ghatanancha fatka talhanyasathi shastre honyasathi ".
sakshar pujari padanukram aanee nirakshar shetkari aanee pashupalak yaa doghandware jaaducha sarav keela jaat asey aanee 'heck' chey tattva mandiranmadhye aanee khajgi thikani serve vidhee kriyakalapanna aadhar dete.
heck' chey mukhya tattva goshti astitvat aananyasathi shabdanchya samarthyavar kendrit aahe. abhivyakt jug astitvat aananyasathi nirmatyane vaparlele prathamik sadhan mhanoon shabdanchi pramukh shakti aanee tyanchi mahattvapoorn astitvashastriy bhoomika karenga spasht karate. kaaran manavanna devatansobat daivi swabhav, 'ess. aine. aine. doubleu. aine. tii. aar.' (devachya pratima) samayik karane samajale hote, devankade asalelya shabdancha sarjansheelpane vapar karanyachi teech shakti manavanmadhye samayik kelee jaate.
jiwant aanee mrut asha donhi pracheen egyptian lokanmadhye tavij (meket) chaa vapar vyapak hota. tyancha vapar sanrakshanasathi aanee eka sadhan mhanoon keela jaat asey...vishvachya moolbhut nyayyatechi pushti karane ". aadhalanare sarvat june tabij heey rajvanshiy kalapurviche aahet aanee teey roman kalaparyant tikoon rahile.
"mrutanche pustak". "
mrutanche pustak hii pracheen egyptmadhye lihilelya granthanchi eka malika hotee jyat egyptchya lokanna maranottar jeevanat margadarshan karnyasathi vividh mantra hote.
egyptchya pachvya rajvanshacha antim raja, unaschya pyramidchya aateel bhinti jaminipasoon chhataparyant ubhya stambhanmadhye shekado jaduchya mantranni aanee shilalekhanni jhakalelya aahet. yaa shilalekhanna pyramid grunth mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee tyat maranottar jeevanat tikoon rahnyasathi farola aavashyak asaleli mantra aahet. pyramid grunth katekorpane keval rajgharanyakarta hote; mantra samanya lokanpasoon gupt thewale jaat hote aanee keval shahee kabarinmadhye lihile jaat hote. tathapi, pahilya madhyantarichya kalat gondhal aanee ashantatechya kalat, thadgyatil darodekhoranni pyramidmadhye ghusun jaaduche shilalekh pahile. samanya lock mantra shiku lagale aanee madhyam rajyachya suruvatiparyant, samanya lokanni tyanchya swatachya shavpetichya bajula ashach prakarche lekhan lihu lagale, ashee aasha balgat qee asey kelyane maranottar jeevanat tyanche swatache astitva sunishchit hoil. yaa likhananna shavpetiche grunth mhanatat.
ekhadya vyakticha mrutyu jhalyanantar, mrut vyaktiche shareer shakya titkya dirghkal tickel yachee khatri karnyasathi tyachya kinwa tichya mrutdehache shav shavavichedan kele jaate aanee tagachya pattyanmadhye gundalale jaate kaaran egyptian lokancha assa vishvas hota qee ekhadya vyakticha aatma keval maranottar jivanatach jagoo shakato joparyant tyache kinwa tiche bhautik shareer yethe pruthvivar tikoon aahe. ekhadya vyakticha mrutdeh thadgyat seal karnyapurvicha shevatcha samarambh tond ughadane mhanoon olakhala jaat asey. yaa vidhimadhye, pujari mrut vyaktichya sharirachya vividh bhaganna vividh jaduchya vadyanna sparsh karatat, jyamule mrut vyaktila maranottar jeevanat pahanyachi, aikanyachi, chav ghenyachi aanee vaas ghenyachi kshamata milate.
mantra.
mrutanche pustak' heey anek vaiyaktik grunth aanee tyanchya sobatchya chitranni banalele aahe. bahutek up-grunth 'roow' yaa shabdane suru hotat, jyacha arth 'tond', 'bhashan', 'vartanook', 'uchchar', 'mantra' kinwa 'pustakacha adhyay' assa houu shakato. hii sandigdhata egyptian vicharanmadhil vidhee bhashan aanee jaaduchi shakti yanchyatil samanata pratibimbit karate. mrutanchya pustakachya' sandarbhat, tyache samanyatah ektar 'adhyay' kinwa 'jaadoo' mhanoon bhashantar kele jaate. yaa lekhat 'spell' haah shabd vaparla aahe.
sadhya, sumare 192 mantra dnyat aahet, jaree konatyahi eka hastalikhitat tyaa sarvancha samavesh nahee. tyanni anek uddishte sadhya kelee. kahee mrutanna maranottar jeevanat goodh dnyan denyacha kinwa kadachit tyanna devanshi olakhanyacha hetu aaheh udaharanarth, 17 heey dev anooche aspasht aanee pradirgh varnan aahe. itar mantra heey mrut vyaktichya astitvache vividh ghatak jatan kele gele aanee punha ekatra kele gele yachee khatri karnyasathi aanee mrut vyaktila tyachya sabhovatalachya jagavar niyantran denyasathi aahet. ajunahi itar lock mrut vyaktila vividh shatru shaktinpasun vachavtat kinwa vividh adthalyanmadhun tyala adholokatun margadarshan karatat. prasiddhapane, done mantra heey hriday vidhichya vajanatil mrut vyaktichya nirnayashi dekhil sambandhit aahet.
26-30, aanee kadhikadhi 6 aanee 126 hii mantransarkhi mantran hrudayashi sambandhit asatat aanee scarbwer koraleli asatat.
mrutanchya pustakache' grunth aanee pratima jaduchya tasech dharmik hotya. jaadoo hii devatanchi prathna karnyaitakich vaidh krutee hotee, jaree jaaducha uddesh devanna niyantrit karane haah hota. kharey tarr, pracheen egyptian lokansathi jadui aanee dharmik prathanmadhye farsa farak navhata. jaaduchi sankalpana ("heck") dekhil bolalya olakhalya aanee lihilelya shabdashi jawalun jodaleli hotee. vidhee sootra bolanyachi krutee hii nirmitichi krutee hotee; eka bhavna aahe jyamadhye krutee aanee bhashan eka aanee samaan gosht hotee. shabdanchi jadui shakti likhit shabdaparyant vistarli gelee. chitralipi lipicha shodh devata thoth yane lavala hota asey manale jaate aanee chitralipi swatach shaktishali hotee. likhit shabd heey jaaduchi sampoorn shakti vyakt karatat. jevha majkoor sankshipt kinwa vagalanyat aala tevha heey agadi kharey hote, jase qee nantarchya 'book auph daad deed' scrollmadhye anekada ghadale, visheshtah jarr sobat asalelya pratima upasthit asateel. egyptian lokancha assa dekhil vishvas hota qee ekhadya goshtiche naav jaanun ghetalyane tyavar adhikar midato; asha prakare, 'mrutanche pustak' tyachya malkala maranottar jeevanat tyala tyala anek ghatakanchya goodh navanni susajj karate, jyamule tyala tyanchyavar adhikar midato.
mrutanchya pustakachya' mantranmadhye anek jaaduchi tantre vaparali gelee jee egyptian jivanachya itar kshetranmadhye dekhil pahili jaau shakatat. anek mantra heey jaduchya tabijansathi asatat, jeey mrut vyaktila haanee honyapasoon vachavatil. book auph daad deed' papirasvar darshavilya janyabarobarach, heey mantra mamichya aavaranat jakhaminchya tavijavar disu lagale. dainandin jadumadhye mothya sankhyene tavij vaparale jaat asey. thadgyatil sharirachya thet samparkat asalelya itar vastoo, jase qee headerests, hyannahi tagache moolya manale jaat asey. lalechya jadui upchar shaktibaddalachya egyptian vishvasancha dekhil anek mantranmadhye ullekh aahe.
judia.
"halkha" (jyoo dharmik kayada) bhavishyakathan aanee itar prakarchya vidhananna manai karato aanee talmudmadhye anek satatyapurn parantu nishedh kelelya daivi paddhatinchi yadee aahe. aitihasik jyoo dharmatil vyavharik kabbalah hii jyoo goodh paramparechi eka shakha aahe jee jaduchya vaparashi sambandhit aahe. tyachya abhyasakanni, abhijat vargasathi rakheev asalelya, jeey pavitra (kyu-dii-ess) aanee shuddha (tumah aanee uthra, "tvmh vithra") asha paristhitit sadar kelyas tyachya aadhyatmik strotala dushtatechya cliffoth kshetranpasun vegale karoo shakat hote, asha andyachya jaaduchi parvanagi asalyache manale jaat asey. jyoo dharmachya ashuddha jaduchya kadak pratibandhanna atiaaropan karnyachya chintene heey sunishchit kele qee tee jyoo itihasatil eka kirkol parampara rahili. tyachya shikavanukinmadhye tabij aanee mantransathi daivi aanee devdutanchya navancha vapar samavisht aahe. vyavharik kabbalacha bhag banalelya jyoo lock dharmachya yaa jadui pratha talmudi kalapasoon aahet. talmudmadhye upcharansathi aakarshan vaparnyacha ullekh aahe aanee rabbi lokanni vividh prakarchya jaduchya upcharanna manjuri dilee hotee. assa nirnay ghenyat aala hota qee pratyakshat upchar nirman jadutona konatyahi paddhatila andhavishvasane manale jaau naye aanee jyoo samajat kaal aanee bhoogolat aushadhi tavij aanee lock upcharanchi (segulot) vyapak pratha aahe.
jyoo kayada jadutonyachya prathekade murtipuja aanee/kinwa nishshoshanane bharalele asalyache pahato; donhi yahoodi dharmatil gambhir dharmik aanee vyavharik gunhe aahet. jaree maimonidesne jadutonyachya serve paddhatinchi parinamkarakta jordarpane nakarli aanee dawa keela qee tyavishayi baybalmadhil nirbandh heey israyali lokanna murtipujeshi sambandhit prathanpasun door thevanyasathi hote. jaadoo astitvat asali taree, tyat sahasa itar devanchi pooja samavisht asate yaa aadharavar tee karane nishiddha aahe heey manya kele jaate. talmudchya rabbini jaadune bhramavyatirikt kahitari nirman kele tevha tyacha nishedh keela, dogha mansanche udaharan dile jeey kakadi uchalanyasathi jaadoo vapartat. joou kakadi uchalanyacha bhram nirman karato, tyala doshi tharvu naye, keval joou jaadune kakadi pratyakshat uchalato.
ibri baybalmadhye levy kayadyane jadugarala nishiddha kele asale taree, vastoo mandir kalatil uttaradhat tee mothya pramanat vaparali jaat hotee aanee visheshtah ii. sha. chya chya, chauthya aanee pachvya shatkat mandirachya vidhvansanantarchya kalat tyachi changli nond kelee gelee. kahee rabbi swatah "jaadoo" karatat kinwa vishay shikavatat. udaharanarth, ravane (amora) eka golam tayar keela aanee too raav zirala pathavala aanee haninah aanee hoshay yanni pratyek shukravari ekatra abhyas keela aanee shabbatvar khanyasathi eka lahan vasar tayar kele. yaa prakarananmadhye, 'jaadoo' kadey daivi chamatkar mhanoon adhik pahile jaat asey (i.eae., jadutona mhanoon navhe tarr 'ashuddha' shaktinaivaji devakadun yet aahe.
mantravarodhachya bhandyanchi eka upashreni mhanje jyoo jaduchya saravat vaparali jaanari. arami mantravarohan pavalya haah jyoo jaduchya paddhatinvishayichya dnyanacha eka mahattvacha srot aahe.
jyoo dharm heey spasht karato qee jyoo lokanni jadutonyanchya margambaddal jaanun ghenyacha prayatna karoo naye aanee jadutonyanna thaar marave lagel. 1 samuel 28 madhye varnan kelyapramane, jude dharmatil madhyamacha sarvat prasiddha sandarbh nihsanshaypane endorchi jadutona aahe, jicha sallah saul gheto.
grico-roman vishva.
ingraji shabd jaaduchi utpatti pracheen greesmadhye jhaali aahe.
ii. sha. puu. sahavya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee pachvya shatkachya suruvatila, pertian 'magus' laa 'micro' aanee 'micro' yaa navane pracheen greek bhashet samavisht karnyat aale. asey kartana, nakaratmak arth midvat, arth badalala, 'mago' laa eka dhoort manale jaat hote, jyanchya vidhee paddhati fasavya, vichitra, aparamparik aanee dhokadayak hotya. daviesne namood kelyapramane, pracheen greek lokansathi-aanee tyanantar pracheen roman lokansathi-"jaadoo hii dharmapeksha vegali navhati, tarr tichi eka avanchhit, ayogya abhivyakti abhivyakti dharm". itihaskar richard gorden yanni suchavale qee pracheen greek lokansathi jaaducha sarav kelyacha aarop karane haah "apmanacha eka prakar" hota.
arthatil yaa badalacha greek shahar-rajye tyaveli pertian samrajyachya virodhat ladhalelya lashkari sangharshanmule prabhav padala. yaa sandarbhat, sophoclisacha 'odipus rakes', hippocrates 'dii morbo sacro' aanee gorjiyasacha 'encomium auph helen' asha astitvat asalelya majkurat hii sandnya disate. udaharanarth, sophoclisachya natkat, odipus heey patra tiraskarachya tyresiuscha apmanaspadpane "magos" mhanoon sandarbh dete-yaa sandarbhat yacha arth quack kinwa charlatansarkhe kahitari aahe-heey kase pratibimbit karate qee heey visheshan aata keval pertian lokansathi rakheev navhate.
ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkat, 'magos' chee greek sankalpana lattinmadhye sweekarli gelee aanee anek pracheen roman lekhakanni 'magus' aanee 'magia' mhanoon vaparali. yaa shabdacha sarvat juna dnyat lattin vapar vharjilachya eclogmadhye hota, joou ii. sha. puu. 40 chya sumaras lihila gela hota, joou 'jaaducha sandarbh deto... pavitra '(jaaduche sanskar). alaukik shaktinchya nakaratmak vaparasathi romanankade aadhich 'venephicus' aanee 'gatha' yasarkhya itar sandnya hotya. roman lokanni yaa shabdacha vapar haah greek lokansarkhach keela hota, parantu tyachya nyayik vaparavar adhik bharr deela. roman samrajyat, jaadoo manalya olakhalya goshtinna gunhegari tharvanare kayade aanale jaatil.
pracheen roman samajat, jaadoo samrajyachya purvekadil samajanshi sambandhit hotee; udaharanarth ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkatil lekhak pliny daad elderne assa dawa keela qee jaaduchi nirmiti irani tatvadnya zorosterne kelee hotee aanee nantar tee pertian raja zerksaschya lashkari mohimansobat asalelya jadugar osthanesane paschimekade greesmadhye aanali hotee.
jaadoo aanee dharmachya arthanchya khristikaran purvkalpanancha jawaljawal nishchitpane prabhav asalelya 20 vya shatkatil pracheen greek vidvattene aanee pashchatya tarkbuddhicha paya mhanoon greek sanskruti sthapit karnyachya ichchhene pracheen greek jaaducha siddhant pracheen aanee kshullak mhanoon vikasit keela aanee tyadvare moolatah homerick, sampradayik (polis) dharmapasoon vegala jhaala. tathapi, aadhunik aanee pracheen nirikshakankadun jaadoo mhanoon varnan kelelya 'katadesamoi' (bandhan mantra) sarkhya krutyanchi sarvatrata aanee aadar olakh patvoon, yaa shatkachya shevatchya dashakapasun vidvananna haah drushtikon sodoon denyas bhag padale gele aahe. greek shabd "maguo" (jaaducha sarav) haah shabdach "magos" yaa shabdavarun aala aahe, jeey moolatah fakt dharmache palan karnyasathi olakhalya olakhalya pertian jamatiche greek naav aahe. bigger-nagri goodh panthanchehi asech punarmulyankan kele gele aaheh
"katadesamoi" (lattinh "" defictions ""), menn kinwa shisechya falivar koralele aanee bhoomigat puralele shaap, greek samajatil serve starandvare varanvar amalat aanale jaat asat, kadhikadhi sampoorn polisanche sanrakshn karnyasathi ". greek shastriy kalanantar sarvajanik thikani kele jaanare jaatiy shaap qamee jhaale, parantu khajgi shaap prachinkalat samanya rahile. tyanchya vaiyaktik, vadya aanee dusht gunanmule teey jadugar mhanoon olakhale jaat hote. heey guna aanee swabhavikpane badaloo badaloo samanyatechya sanskrutik rachananpasun tyanche samajale jaanare vichalan, jyaa dharmik vidhincha teey bhag aahet tyaa pracheen jaaduche sarvat spashtapane varnan karatat.
greek, coptic aanee demotic bhashetil mothya sankhyene jadui papiri parat midvanyat aale aahet aanee tyanche bhashantar karnyat aale aahe. tyat khaleel prarambhik udaharane samavisht aaheth
roman jagachya uttaradhat jaduchya prathevar bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee aanee codex theodosianus (ii. sha. 438) mhanatoh jarr ekhada jadugar asel kinwa jaduchya dushitatene grast vyakti asel jyala lokanchya prathenusar jadugar mhatale jaate...majhya palanyat kinwa sizarmadhye pakadala gela pahije, too tyachya padachya sanrakshanadvare shiksha aanee chhalapasun vachanar nahee.
madhyayug.
ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkat, suruvatichya khrishchan lekhakanni jaaduchi greek-roman sankalpana aatmasat kelee aanee tee tyanchya vikasit karkirdivar khrishchan dharamshastrat samavisht kelee. yaa khrishchananni yaa shabdachi aadhich soochit keleli greek-roman nakaratmak dharana kayam thewali aanee jyoo vicharanmadhun, visheshtah jaadoo aanee chamatkarala virodh jadutona sankalpanatmak namunyancha samavesh karoon tyancha vistar keela. kahee suruvatichya khrishchan lekhakanni greek-roman vicharanche anusaran kele aanee jaduchya utpattiche shrey manvi kshetrala dile, pramukhyane zoroster aanee osthanesana. jaadoo hii babylonian, pertian kinwa egyptian lokanchi utpadane hotee, assa khrishchanancha drushtikon hota. jaree yaa doghanmadhil farak vegvegalya prakare darshavala gela asala, taree jaadoo hii yogya dharmapeksha kahitari vegali aahe, hii kalpana khrishchananni purvichya shastriy sanskratishi samayik kelee.
hippochya augusteensarkhya suruvatichya khrishchan lekhakansathi, jaadoo hii keval fasavya aanee anadhikrut vidhee paddhati navhati, tarr dharmachya agadi viruddha hotee kaaran tee saitanachya shishyanchya, bhutanchya sahkaryavar avalambun hotee. yamadhye, jaduchya khrishchan kalpana murtipujachya khrishchan shrenishi jawalun jodalelya hotya aanee jaadoo aanee murtipuja yaa donhi goshti 'andhavishvas' (andhavishvas) yaa vyapak shreneet samavisht asalyache manale jaat hote, hii aanakhi eka sandnya purv-khrishchan roman sanskratitun ghetali gelee hotee. changlya dharmashi parasparvirodhi kahitari mhanoon jaduchya antarnihit anaitiktevar aanee chukivar haah khrishchan bharr tyaa kalatil itar mothya ekeshvarvadi dharmanmadhil, judism aanee islamchya drushtikonapeksha khoopach kathor hota. udaharanarth, khrishchan lock bhute hii swabhavikpane white manatat, tarr musalmananni jiin-islamik pauranik kathanmadhil tulanatmak ghatak-yanna adhik sandigdha vyakti mhanoon pahile.
khristi vicharanmadhye jadugarache pratirup sayman magus (sayman daad magician) yanni pradan kele hote, eka vyakti jyane preshitanchya krutyanmadhye aanee pieterchya apramanik parantu prabhavshali krutyanmadhye sant pieterla virodh keela hota. itihaskar michael dii. beline mhatale qee madhyayugeen europemadhye jaadoo hii "tulanene vyapak aanee vyapak shreni" hotee. khristi dharmashastradnyancha assa vishvas hota qee jaaduche anek vegvegale prakar aahet, jyapaiki bahutansh bhavishyakathan prakar hote, udaharanarth, sevilechya isidorne jaadoo mhanoon manalya olakhalya goshtinchi eka soochi tayar kelee jyamadhye tyane chaar ghatkandware bhavishyakathan soochibaddha kele.eae. bhoo-drushyata, jaal-dravyata, vayuvyavasay aanee pyromyancy, tasech naisargik ghatananche nirikshan ii.jee. pakshyanche uddan aanee jyotish. tyane jaadoo aanee bandhane (rugnala bandhalelya jaduchya vastooncha vaidyakeey vapar) jaaduchi asalyache namood kele. madhyayugeen europemadhye dekhil jaaducha sambandh solomanchya junya karar aakrutishi jodala gela; vividh grimoiers kinwa jaduchya paddhatinchi ruparesha denari pustake lihili gelee hotee, jee solomanne lihili asalyacha dawa kelee hotee, visheshtah solomanchi gurukilli.
madhyayugeen europechya suruvatichya kalat, 'magia' hii ninda karanyachi sandnya hotee. madhyayugeen europemadhye, khrishchananna anekada muslim aanee jyoo lock jaduchya paddhatinmadhye guntalele asalyacha sanshay aala; kahee prakarananmadhye, yaa kathit jadui sanskaranmadhye-khrishchan mulanchya kathit jyoo balidanacha samavesh aahe-parinami khrishchananni yaa dharmik alpasankhyakanchi kattal kelee. khrishchan gatanni anekada itar, pratispardhi khrishchan gatanvar-jyanna teey vidharmi manatat-jaduchya karyat guntalele asalyacha aarop keela. madhyayugeen europemadhye 'melaficium' haah shabd haanee pohochavanyachya uddeshane chalavalya olakhalya jaduchya prakaranna lagoo hoto. nantarchya madhyayugat yaa hanikarak jaduchya krutyanchya abhyaskansathiche shabd vividh european bhashanmadhye disun aaleh frenchmadhye 'sorcier', germanmadhye 'hakes', italianmadhye 'strega' aanee spanishmadhye 'broja'. jaduchya dusht practitionersasathi ingraji sandnya, diane, purvichya junya ingraji shabd 'viche' pasoon vyutpann jhaali aahe.
aars jaadoo kinwa jaadoo haah eka pramukh ghatak aahe aanee aadhyatmik vishvas aanee saravasathi aanee anek prakarananmadhye, sampoorn madhyayugat sharirik upcharansathi sahayak yogdan aahe. anek aadhunik arthghatananmadhun udbhavalelya jadubaddalchya gairsamajancha eka marg aahe, joou dushtapana kinwa tyacha sarav jadutona dusht pranyanchya astitvabhovati astitvabhovati sarvat mothya goshtinpaiki eka aahe. heey chukiche arth prachinkalat kelelya asankhya krutye kinwa vidhinmadhun udbhavtat aanee samanya lokanchya drushtikonatun tyanchya vilakshantemule, vidhinmadhye aswasthata aanee padchyut karanyachi bhavna aanakhi tivra hote.
madhyayugeen jyoo drushtikonatun, kabbalahchya goodh aanee jadui ghatakanche vibhajan, tyache tyachya dhyanvishayak paramparansah anumanatmak dharmik kabbalah (kabbalah eunit) aanee theurgic vyavharik kabbalah (kabbalah mayasit) madhye vibhajan 14 vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant jhaale hote.
ekatma samanya lokanpeksha adhik shaktishali asalelya madhyayugeen samajik shakti, khrishchan charchane sampoorn jaadoo nakarli kaaran baybalmadhil dharmopadeshachya shlokanshi sambandhit alaukik paddhatine naisargik jagabarobar chhedchhad karnyache sadhan mhanoon tyachyakade pahile jaat hote. jaadoo yaa sandnyela vedhalele anek nakaratmak arth asoonahi, asey anek ghatak astitvat aahet jeey daivi kinwa pavitra prakashat disatat.
madhyayugeen jadumadhye vaparlya jaanarya vividh vadye kinwa vidhinmadhye samavisht aahe, parantu itakech maryadit naheeh vividh tavij, tavij, aushadh, tasech vishisht mantra, nrutye aanee prathna. yaa vidhimbarobarach, rakshasi sahbhagachya pratikool kalpana aahet jyaa tyanchyavar prabhav taktat. jaaduchi rachana, shikavan aanee kaam hii rakshasandvare kelee gelee hotee hii kalpana greek jaaduchi papiri kinwa sepher-haah-razim sepher-haah-razim konalahi vajvi vatali asatee aanee lokanna marnyachya, sampatti midvanyachya aanee vaiyaktik fayda midvanyachya vidhimbarobarach upcharanchi jaadoo disun aalee asey aadhalale asate. puratatvashastra heey gharat, shariravar aanee math aanee charchchya thikani kelya olakhalya vidhee paddhatinchi purn samaj nirman karnyat yogdan dett aahe.
jadubaddalchya islami pratikriyene sarvasadharanpane jaaducha nishedh keela nahee aanee aajarpan aanee taba barah karoo shakanari jaadoo aanee jadutona yaat farak keela. tyamule pahili hii devakadun midaleli eka vishesh denagi aahe, tarr dusari jinn aanee bhute yanchya madatine prapt hote. ibn all-nadimche asey mutt hote qee bhoot bhagavane heey devachya aadnyedvare tyanchi shakti midavatat, tarr jadugar aadnyabhang aanee balidanachya krutyandvare bhute prasann karatat aanee tyaa badalyat teey tyachyavar upkar karatat. ibn arabichya matey, all-hajjaj ibn yusuf all-shuberbuli tyachya dharmanishthemule panyavar chaloo shakat hota. kuran 2:102 nusar, bhoot aanee patit devdutandware jaadoo dekhil manavanna shikavali jaat asey.
aadhunik kalatil suruvatichya kalat, 'magia naturalis' (naisargik jaadoo) yaa sankalpanechya vikasadvare jaduchya sankalpaneche adhik sakaratmak punarmulyankan jhaale. hii sandnya done italian manavtavadi, marcelio ficino aanee jiovanni pico della mirandola yanni sadar aanee vikasit kelee hotee. tyanchyasathi, 'magia' kadey anek naisargik prakriyanmadhye pasarleli eka moolbhut shakti mhanoon pahile jaat asey aanee tyamule tee rakshasi jaduchya mukhya pravahatil khrishchan kalpanepeksha moolbhootpane vegali hotee. tyanchya kalpanancha nantarchya tatvadnya aanee lekhakanchya shrenivar prabhav padala, tyapaiki paracelsus, giordano bruno, johannes reuchlin aanee johannes trithemius yancha samavesh hota. itihaskar richard kikhefar yanchya matey, chaudavya aanee pandharavya shatkat 'magia naturalis' yaa sankalpnene 'european sanskratit drudh pakad' rakhali, jyamule abhijat, neoplatonist aanee hermatixists vividh saiddhantik drushtikonachya naisargik tattvadnyanchi ruchi aakarshit jhaali.
yaa sthitichya anuyayanni assa yuktivad keela qee "magia" changlya aanee white asha donhi swarupat disu shakate; 1625 madhye, french granthapal gabriel naude yanni "jaaducha khota sanshay asalelya serve dnyani vyaktinchi maafee magitali", jyamadhye tyanni "mosoacle jaadoo" chee olakh patavali-jyacha tyanni dawa keela qee tee devakadun aalee aanee tyat bhavishyavanya, chamatkar aanee bhashanmadhye bolane samavisht hote-bhutemule jhalelya "geotic" jadupasoon. magia naturalis' chya samarthakanni heey rakshasanvaril krutinvar avalambun nahee assa aagrah dharala, tarr tikakaranni asahmat houn assa yuktivad keela qee rakshasanni yaa jadugaranchi keval fasavanuk kelee aahe. sataravya shatkaparyant 'magia naturalis' hii sankalpana adhikadhik 'naisargik' dishene sarkali hotee, aanee tyateel aanee vidnyanatil farak aspasht jhaala hota. vishva samajoon ghenyasathi eka sankalpana mhanoon 'magia naturalis' chee vaidhata nantar atharavya shatkat dnyanachya yugat vadhatya tikela samore gelee.
sakaratmak arthane vaparasathi 'magia' haah shabd punha midvanyacha prayatna karoonahi, pashchimatya deshanmadhye jadubaddalchya paramparik drushtikonachi jaaga tyane ghetali nahee, jee mothya pramanat nakaratmak rahili. jyaa velee "magia naturalis" madhye rus hota aanee mothya pramanat sahan keela jaat hota, tyach velee europemadhye "melphicia" sathee doshi manalya olakhalya aaropi jadugarancha sakriy chhal jhaala. yaa shabdachya satatchya nakaratmak sambandhanche pratibimb, protestantanni anekada roman catholic sanskar aanee bhaktiprathanna dharmik nasoon jaaduche mhanoon badnam karnyacha prayatna keela. anek roman catholic yaa aaropamule chintit hote aanee anek shatkanpasun vividh roman catholic lekhakanni tyanchya pratha jaduaivaji dharmik aahet assa yuktivad karnyavar laksh kendrit kele. tyach velee, protestant anekada itar protestant gatanviruddha jaaducha aarop karat asat jyanchyashi teey spardha karat hote. asha prakare, dharmik shraddha aanee aacharan mhanoon kaay yogya aahe heey tharvanyasathi jaaduchi sankalpana vaparali gelee.
yaa kalat islami jagatahi asech dave kele jaat hote. udaharanarth, vahabivadache sansthapak, arabi dharmaguru muhammad ibn abd all-wahab yanni bhavishyakathan aanee aatmyanchi pooja yasarkhya anek pratha aanee prathancha nishedh keela, jyala 'sihar' mhatale, jyacha tyanni murtipujeche paap 'shirk' chaa eka prakar asalyacha dawa keela.
madhyayugeen europemadhil jadutona.
madhyayugatil suruvatichya kalat, asey lock hote jeey jadutonyachya virodhat bolale aanee jeey itaranvar jadutonyacha aarop karnyachya virodhat bolale (agadi). udaharanarth, german jamatinchya alemani mahasanghachya mahasanghachya shatkachya suruvatichya kayadyanchya sanhitet, "pactus legis alamannoram" madhye, jadutona haah vishprayogachya barobaricha dandaniy gunha mhanoon soochibaddha keela aahe. jarr ekhadya mukt purushane ekhadya mukt strivar jadutona kinwa vishprayog kelyacha aarop keela, tarr aaropila ektar baaraa lokanni tichya nirdoshatechi shapath gheuun kinwa tichya natevaikanpaiki ekane ladhaidware khatalyachya sunavanimadhye ticha bachav karoon doshmukt kele jaau shakate. yaa prakaranat, aaropkartyala dand bharava lagato ("pactus legis alamanorum" 13). yaulat, sharlmanne jadutona jadutona konalahi fashichi shiksha vihit kelee, jase tyane 789 madhye saxonychya lokanvar khrishchan dharm ladala tevha pahile aanee tyane ghoshit keleh
tyachpramane, 643 chaa lombard code mhanatoh
heey hippochya sant augusteinchya vicharanshi susangat aahe, jyanni shikavale qee jadutona astitvat navhata aanee tyavareel vishvas vidharmi hota.
jadutonyache aarop pakhandanshi sambandhit asalyas madhyayugachya uttaradhat jadutonyanchya khatalya adhik swikarlya jaau lagalya. tathapi, jadutona karnyache aarop rajkiy karanansathi dekhil asoo shakatat, jase qee 1425 madhye jevha desenischya veronica yanchyavar jadutona kelyacha aarop karnyat aala aanee tichi hatya karnyat aalee, jaree tichi nyayalayane nirdosh muktata kelee hotee kaaran tichya sasarchya vadilanna tine tyachya mulashi lagn karave asey vatat navhate. 1431 madheel johnn auph aarkchi chachani hii kadachit madhyayugatil sarvat prasiddha jadutona chachani asel aanee prarambhik aadhunik yugatil jadutona chachanyanchi suruvat mhanoon pahili jaau shakate. shambhar varshanchya yuddhat francela vijay midvoon tras eka tarun strila ingrajanna vikanyat aale aanee tichyavar pakhand kelyacha aarop karnyat aala kaaran teela asey vatat hote qee devane teela aaplya deshache aakramanapasun sanrakshn karnyasathi niyukt kele aahe. teela pakadane suruvatila rajkiy hote, parantu khatala patkan tichya daivi margdarshanachya davyanvar laksh kendrit karnyavar kendrit jhaala, jyamule tichya khatalyacha mukhya kendrabindu pakhand aanee jadutona hota. teela tichya daivi darshanancha tyag karnyacha aanee sainikache kapade ghalane thambavanyacha kinwa teela thaar marnyacha paryay denyat aala hota. tine tichya darshanancha tyag keela aanee sainikache kapade ghalane bund kele, parantu keval chaar divas. tine punha daivi margdarshanavar aapala vishvas vyakt keela hota aanee purushanche kapade ghalanyas suruvat kelee hotee, tyamule teela vidharmipanacha doshi tharvanyat aale aanee teela jiwant jaalanyat aale-hii shiksha tyaa velee keval jadugaransathich aavashyak hotee.
punarujjivan abhyasak.
punarjagaran jaadoo' haah shabd 16 vya shatkatil punarjagaran jadumadhye udbhavala aahe, joou vividh madhyayugeen aanee punarjagaran grimoirsmadhye aanee johannes hartleybasarkhya sangrahanmadhye varnan kelelya paddhatincha sandarbh deto. george pictor haah shabd 'goetia' chya samanarthi shabdane vaparato.
james sanfordne 1569 madhye heinrich cornelius agrippachya 1526 chya 'dii incertitudine ett vanitate scienteerum' chya anuvadat 'jossy aanee theurgy' yaa serve jaduchya bhagancha samavesh aahe. agrippasathi, aupcharik jaadoo hii naisargik jaduchya virodhat hotee. jyotishshastra, rasayanshastra aanee vanaspatishastrasarkhya naisargik vidnyanachya kshetrancha aaj aapan jyaa kshetranna vichar karoo, asha naisargik jadubaddal tyanna shanka hotya, taridekhil teey teey "naisargik tattvadnyanache sarvoch shikhar" mhanoon swikaranyas tayar hote. dusarikade, aupcharik jaadoo, jyat aatmyanshi serve prakarchya sanvadacha samavesh hota, jyat shavdah aanee jadutonyasaha, tyane sampurnatah devaprati adharmik aadnyabhang mhanoon nishedh keela.
keela aanee chhap shatkatil burjuva aanee kuleen asha doghannahi saat artage majesibaddal khoop aakarshan vatale, jyanni arabi, jyoo, roman aanee egyptian strotanchya varnanadvare eka vilakshan aakarshan nirman kele. vyarth andhavishvas, ishninda karnare jadutone aanee uttam vidvattapoorn dnyan kinwa pavitra vidhee yanchya paddhatinmadhye farak karnyat mothee anishchitata hotee. suruvatichya aadhunik jadutonyanchya vedepanat bauddhik aanee aadhyatmik tanav nirman jhaala, jyala protestant sudharananchya, visheshtah germany, ingland aanee scotlandmadhil, gondhalamule aanakhi balkati midali. yaa kalat lokanna aadhalale qee jaaduche astitva heey asey kahitari aahe jeey vidnyanadvare tyanna samajavun sangata naan aalelya prashnanchi uttare deu shakate. tyanna asey suchavale jaat hote qee vidnyan jaree kaaran spasht karoo shakel, tarr jaadoo "avivek" spasht karoo shakel.
punarujjivanachya manavtavadat, vidhipurvakchya jaduchya nava-platonic prakaranmadhye punarujjivan disun aale. dusarikade, punarujjivanachya kalat, vishvachya tolemic siddhantacha padav, jyotishshastrapasun khagolshastracha farak aanee rasayanapasun rasayanshastra yasarkhya rupanmadhye vidnyanacha uday jhaala.
hasidavadamadhye, pratyaksh jaduchya madhyamancha vapar karoon, sankalpanatmak aanee dhyanvishayak kaladware vyavharik kabbalyache visthapan karnyavar adhik bharr denyat aala, tarr tyach velee tyachya samajik goodhvadachya kendrasthani bhautik aashirvadansathi dhyanvishayak siddhant sthapit karnyat aala. hasidavadane daivikutchya (dewala chikatoon) manashastradvare aanee tzadikala (hasidiq rib) chikatoon kabbala antargat kele. hasid siddhantat, tzadik tyachya swatachya daivikut aanee aatm-nirmulanadware devachya ichchet badal karoon (eka sakhol gupt ichcha ughad karoon) tyachya anuyayanna daivi aadhyatmik aanee sharirik bakshis deto. mezericha dove bair haah tazadikchya daivi ichchecha badal aanee nirnay ghenyachya yaa siddhantala thet jadui prakriyepasoon vegale karnyasathi chintit aahe.
solavya shatkat, european samajanni jagbharatil itar khandanvar vijay midvanyas aanee vasahat sthapan karnyas suruvat kelee aanee tyanni tase kele mhanoon tyanni jyaa lokanna samore jaave lagale tyaa lokanmadhye dekhil paddhatinmadhye jaadoo aanee jadutona yaa european sankalpana lagoo kelya. sahasa, yaa europeey vasahatvadi sthanikanna adim aanee ranti manatat, jyanchya vishvas pranali dusht hotya aanee tyanche uchchatan karane aanee tyanchi jaaga khristi dharm ghene aavashyak hote. europeananmadhye samanyatah yaa bigger-european lokankade naitik aanee bauddhikdrushtya tyanchyapeksha qamee darjache lock mhanoon pahile jaat asalyane, asey apekshit hote qee asey samaj jaaducha sarav karnyas adhik pravrutt asateel. paramparik sanskar jadutona mahilanna europeey lock jadutona mhanoon sambodhat asat.
vividh prakarananmadhye, yaa aayat kelelya european sankalpana aanee sandnya swadeshi sankalpananmadhye villin jhalyamule naveen parivartan jhaale. udaharanarth, paschim aafriket, portugij pravashanni tyanchi 'feticaria' (anekada jadutona mhanoon anuvadit) aanee 'fetico' (jadutona) hii sandnya aanee sankalpana sthanik lokansamor mandali, jithe tiche rupantar fetishchya sankalpanet jhaale. nantar jevha europeey lokanna yaa paschim africi samajancha samna karava lagla, tevha tyancha assa chukicha vishvas hota qee 'fethe' haah purvichya aantarkhandiy chakmakicha parinam nasoon eka sthanik african shabd hota. kadhikadhi, vasahatvadi lokanni swatah tyanchya swatachya hetunsathi yaa european sankalpana swikarlya. ekonisavya shatkachya suruvatila, jeane-jacks mishtannanchya navyane swatantra jhalelya haiti sarkarne vodochi pratha dadpayla suruvat kelee aanee 1835 madhye haitian kayada-sanhitanni serve vodo paddhatinche vargikaran 'sortilage' (jadutona/jadutona) asey kele, asey suchavate qee heey serve hanikarak hetune kele gele hote, tarr vodo abhyaskanmadhil hanikarak sanskaranchya kamgirila aadhich eka swatantra aanee vishisht shreni denyat aalee hotee, jyala 'majee' mhanoon olakhale jaate.
madhyayugachya uttaradhapasun teey suruvatichya punarujjivanaparyant.
georgious jamists pletho.
georgious jamists pletho (/1360-1452/1454) haah eka greek vidwan aanee byzantine yugachya uttaradhatil sarvat prasiddha tattvadnyanpaiki eka hota. paschim europemadhye greek vidvattechya punarujjivanache teey pramukh pranete hote. tyachya shevatchya sahityik granthat, 'nomoi' kinwa 'kayadyache pustak', jeey tyane keval jawalchya mitranmadhye prasarit kele, tyat ughad kelyapramane, zoroster aanee 'maggy' varr aadharit pracheen shahanpanasah shastriy hellenic devanchya poojekade paratanyachya bajoone tyane khrishchan dharm nakarla. plaython haah fisinochya naisargik jaduchya orphic pranalicha srot dekhil asoo shakato.
marcelio ficino.
marcelio ficino (1433-1499) haah eka italian vidwan aanee catholic pujari hota, joou prarambhik italian punarujjivanachya sarvat prabhavshali manavtavadi tattvadnyanpaiki eka hota. too eka jyotishi hota, tyachya kalatil pramukh shikshakanchya samparkat asalela neoplatonismcha punarujjivankarta aanee platochya sampoorn vidyaman kamancha lattinmadhye pahila anuvadak hota. tyachya florentin akadameene, playtochya akadamiche punarujjivan karnyachya prayatnat, italian punarujjivan aanee european tattvadnyanachya vikasachya dishene aanee mudativar prabhav padala.
1474-1494 varshanuvarshe vistarleli ficinochi patre tikoon aahet aanee prakashit jhaali aahet. tyanni 1484 madhye 'daad amore' (premache) lihile. 'daad vita libri trace' (jivanavaril teen pustake) kinwa 'daad triplicy vita' (jivanache pustak), 1489 madhye prakashit, aarogya aanee jome rakhanyasathi, tasech jagachya aatmyabaddalchya neoplatonist drushtikonache samarthan karnyasathi aanee manvi aatmyashi tyache ektrikaran karnyasathi vaidyakeey aanee jyotishshastriy sallah bharpur pradan karateh
yaa ekatmik 'jivantata' chey eka roopak mhanje ficinoche jyotishshastra. jivanachya pustakat', too vartan aanee parinam yanchyatil parasparsambandhancha tapasheel deto. heey mansachya nashibavar prabhav prabhav goshtinchya yadibaddal sangate.
tyanchya vaidyakeey karyanni paracelsus sarkhya punarujjivan vaidyanvar lakshaniy prabhav padala, jyanchyabarobar tyanni sookshm aanee sthool-brahmandanchya ektebaddalchi dharana aanee sharirik aanee mansik abhivyaktindware tyanchya parasparsanvadachi mahitee samayik kelee, rog barey karnyasathi tyanchya tyanchya tapasanyachya uddeshane. tyaa velee khoop lokpriy asalelya tyaa granthanmadhye jyotish aanee rasayanik sankalpana hatalalya gelya. asha prakare ficino pakhandanchya sanshayakhali aala; visheshtah 1489 madhye tisare pustak prakashit jhalyanantar, jyat bhute aanee itar aatmyanchya jagaat nirogi jivanavaril vishisht soochana hotya.
jiovanni pico della mirandola.
jiovanni pico della mirandola (1463-1494) haah eka italian punarujjivanacha kuleen aanee tatvadnyani hota. teey 1486 chya ghatanansathi prasiddha aahet, jevha vayachya 23 vya varshi tyanni dharm, tattvadnyan, naisargik tattvadnyan aanee jaadoo yaa vishayanvaril 900 prabandhanche serve lokanviruddha sanrakshn karnyacha prastav mandala, jyasathi tyanni 'manushyachya pratishthevar bhashan' lihile, jyala 'punarujjivanacha jahirnama' mhatale gele aahe aanee punarujjivanachya manavtavadacha eka pramukh majkoor aanee jyala 'hermatic reformation' mhatale gele aahe. too khristi kabbalah paramparecha sansthapak hota, joou suruvatichya aadhunik pashchimatya goodhvadacha eka pramukh ghatak hota. 900 prabandh" heey charchane sarvatrikpane bandee ghatalele pahile mudrit pustak hote.
november 1484 madhye too kahee kaal florencemadhye sthayik jhaala aanee laurenzo dii medisi aanee marcelio ficino yanna bhetala. jyotishshastranusar haah eka shubh divas hota qee ficinone lorenzochya utsahi aashrayakhali greekmadhun lattinmadhye playtochya kamanchi tyanchi bhashantare prakashit karane nivadle hote. pikone donhi purushanna mantramugdha kele asey disate aanee fisinochya tatvik matbhed asoonahi, tyanna tyanchya shanipreminshi asalele naate aanee tyachya aagmanachya daivi praptichi khatri patali. 1492 madhye tyachya mrutyuparyant lorenzo picola pathimba aanee sanrakshn deil.
pikone perujia aanee jawalchya frattamadhye anek mahine ghalavale. tyanni ficinola lihilyanusar, "daivi prapti tethech hotee... yamule kahee pustake majhya hatat padali. tee kaldian pustake aahet... esdras, zoroster aanee melchiyarche, maggyche daivadnyane, jyat kaldi tattvadnyanacha sankshipt aanee korada arth aahe, parantu rahasyane bharalela aahe."perujiyamadhyech pikochi olakh goodh ibri" "kabbalah" "shhee jhaali, jyane tyala aakarshit kele, tasech hermis trismagists sarkhya swargiy shastriy hermatic lekhakanni kele". pikochya kalat 'kabbala' aanee 'hermatica' heey junya kararaitkech pracheen asalyache manale jaat hote.
pikoche kabbalamadhil shikshak rabbi johannan alemano (1435/8-see. 1510), jyane assa yuktivad keela qee jaaducha abhyas aanee prabhutva haah aekhadyachya bauddhik aanee aadhyatmik shikshanacha antim tappa manla jaava. jyoo goodh strotanmadhil khrishchan swarsyacha parinam mhanoon suru jhalelya yaa samparkacha parinam jyoo aanee khrishchan punarujjivan vicharanmadhil abhootpurv paraspar prabhavat jhaala. pikochya 900 prabandhanpaiki sarvat mool prabandh 'kabbalah' shhee sambandhit aahet. parinami, too khrishchan kabbalah mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya paramparecha sansthapak banala, jee pudhe aadhunik pashchimatya goodhvadacha madhyavarti bhag bunley.
vividh tattvadnyanambaddal pikocha drushtikon haah atyant samanvayavadacha hota, jyamule tyanna samantar thewale gele, assa dawa keela gela aahe, vikasachya itihasache varnan karnyacha prayatna karnyaivaji. pikone tyachya kalpana pramukhyane platover aadharit kelya, tasech tyache shikshak, marcelio ficino yanni dekhil, parantu aristotalbaddal sakhol aadar kayam thewala. jaree too 'studia humanitatis' chey utpadan asala, taree pico haah ghatanatmakdrushtya eka sargrahi hota aanee kahee babatint tyane shuddha manavtavadachya atishayoktiviruddha pratikriya darshavali, jyane 1485 madhye ermolo barbarola lihilelya prasiddha lamb patrat aristotalvar, evero aanee evisena sarkhya madhyayugeen aanee islami bhashyakaranpaiki jyala sarvottam manale jaate tyacha bachav keela.
pleto aanee aristotalchya shalanmadhye samet ghadavun aanane heey pikoche nehmich uddisht hote kaaran tyanna asey vatat hote qee teey samaan sankalpana vyakt karnyasathi vegvegale shabd vapartat. kadachit yach karanamule tyache mitra tyala 'prinsups concardia' kinwa 'prince auph harmony' (tyachya kutumbachya malkichya concardiachya rajkumaravar eka shlesh) mhanat hote. tyachpramane, pikocha assa vishvas hota qee sushikshit vyaktine ibri aanee talmudik strotancha aanee vanaushadhicha dekhil abhyas keela pahije, kaaran tyanna vatale qee tyaa junya kararat kararat devachya samaan sankalpaneche pratinidhitva karatat, parantu vegalya shabdat.
1490 madhye pikochi bhet johannes reuchlin (1455-1522) yanchyashi jhaali, joou tyachya kabalistik siddhantancha varas banala. pico nantar, reuchlinla kabbalamadhye eka sakhol dharamshastra sapadalyache disate jeey khristi dharmachya sanrakshanasathi aanee vishvasachya rahasyanshi vidnyanachya salokhyasathi sarvat mothee seva asoo shakate, jee tyaa kalatil eka samanya kalpana hotee. reuchlinchya goodh-cablistic kalpana aanee vastoo 'dii verbo mirifico' madhye aanee shevati 'dii arte cabalistica' (1517) madhye spasht kelya gelya.
suprasiddha doctor fostus.
johann george fost (see. 1480 kinwa 1466-ii. 1541) heey german pravasache rasayanshastradnya, jyotishi aanee german punarujjivanache jadugar hote. dantkatha aanee sahityatil eka vyaktimatva mhanoon tyanni dilelya suruvatichya vagnukimule, tyanchya jivanabaddalachya aitihasik tathye konatyahi nishchitatesah sthapit karane katheen aahe.
1506 salasathi, jelanhausenmadhye jaduchya yuktya aanee janmakundali sadar karnara prani mhanoon fost disalyachi nond aahe. pudhil 30 varshant, dakshin germanymadhye ashach prakarchya anek nondi pasarlya aahet. fost haah vaidya, tattvadnyanacha doctor, rasashastradnya, jadugar aanee jyotishi mhanoon disala aanee tyachyavar anekada fasavanuk kelyacha aarop keela gela. charchane tyala saitanashi nigadit ishwaraninda karnara mhanoon doshi tharavale.
23 februwari 1520 roji, fost bambergmadhye hota, bishop aanee shaharasathi kundali karat hota, jyasathi tyala 10 guldenchi rakkam midali. 1528 madhye fostney ingolstadtla bhet dilee, tethoon tyala thodyach velat haddapar karnyat aale.
1532 madhye tyane noornbergmadhye pravesh karnyacha prayatna kelyache disate, shaharachya kanishth mahapourane kelelya eka spasht kelelya nondinnusar, 'mahan nigromensor aanee sodomite doctor fostus' ('doctor fostus, dame grosen sodomitten und nigromantico inn fert glite ablenen') kadey mukt marg nakarnyasathi. nantarchya nondi adhik sakaratmak nirnay detat; asha prakare 1536 madhye tubingenche pradhyapak joachim camerarius yanni fostla eka aadaraniy jyotishi mhanoon olakhale aanee 1539 madhye kruminche vaidya phillip begardi yanni tyanchya vaidyakeey dnyanache kautuk kele. pranyanche shevatche thet pramanikaran 25 juuna 1535 roji jhaale, jevha anabaptist bandachya velee munstermadhye tyachi upasthiti nondavali gelee.
"1580 chya dashakat suru jhalelya chapbookmadhye prasarit jhalelya 'doctor fost' haah tyachya mrutyunantarchya dashakanmadhye lock aakhyayikecha vishay banala aanee khristofar marlone tyachya 'daad tragical histree auph daad life andd death auph doctor fostus' (1604) yaa natkat tyache vishesh rupantar kele. fostbuch" parampara aadhunik kalachya suruvatichya kalat tikoon rahili aanee hii aakhyayika punha johann wolfgang wonn goethechya 'fost' (1808) yaa chitrapatatil 'closset drama', hector berliozchi 'laa damination dii fost' (1846 madhye pratham pradarshit) aanee 1857 madhye franz lisztchya 'fost symphany' madhye rupantarit karnyat aalee.
fustshee sambandhit grimoiers kinwa jadui granthanchya anek chhapya aahet. tyapaiki kahee ektar '1540' kinwa '1501', '1510' ityadichya tyachya aayushyatil aahet., kahee agadi avastavpane suruvatichya tarakhanparyant, jase qee '1405' aanee '1469'. kharey tarr chhapil chhap chhap shatkachya uttaradhatil, ii. sha. pasoonchi aahe. 1580, aay.eae. volksbuch" paramparechya vikasacha toch kaal.
itar suruvatiche lekhak.
yaa kalat gupt kinwa jadui vishayanvaril itar lekhakanmadhye heey samavisht aaheh
punarujjivan aanee sudharana.
see. ess. levisne tyachya 1954 madheel 'solavya shatkatil ingraji sahitya, natak vagaloon' yaa pustakat, punarujjivanachya ulat madhyayugat prachalit asalelya jadutil charitryatil badal mhanoon too kaay gheto heey vegale karatoh
heinrich cornelius agrippa.
marcelio ficino (1433-1499) aanee geovanni pico della mirandola (1463-1494) yanni tayar keleli cablistic aanee hermatic jaadoo, uttar europemadhye, visheshtah englandmadhye, heinrich cornelius agrippa (1486-1535) yanni tyanchya 'dii aktalta philosophia libra trace' (1531-1533) dware lokpriy kelee hotee. agrippa yanchyakade jadui siddhant aanee karyapaddhatibaddal krantikari kalpana hotya jyaa punarjagaran kalat gupt tattvadnyanache dnyan dnyan mothya pramanat prasarit jhalya hotya.
kahee vidwan aanee vidyarthi agrippakade bauddhik preranecha srot mhanoon pahat asatana, itar anekansathi, tyanchya paddhati sanshayaspad hotya aanee tyanchya shraddha gambhir hotya. jaaduchi sankramanshil bajoo agrippachya 'daad auculta philosophia' madhye shodhali gelee aahe aanee kahee vela tee ashleel kelee jaate. tarihi ficino aanee pikomadhye aanee aapan jaduchya gambhir dharmik hetunkade kadhihi durlaksh karat naheeh jadugar nisargachya rahasyancha shodh gheto jenekarun devachya karyanvar aashchary vatel aanee nirmatyachi adhik utkat upasana aanee prem prerit hoil.
tathapi, jadutonyanchya khatalyachya shikharavar asatana, jadutona kinwa jadutona yanchyashi sambandhit honyacha eka vishisht dhoka hota aanee bahutek vidwan lekhakanni nishiddha kalanchya prathecha spashtapane tyag karnyasathi kasht ghetale. asha prakare, agrippa heey naisargik jaadoo heey naisargik tattvadnyanache sarvoch roop asalyache kabool karat asatana serve prakarchya aupcharik jaadoo (goeshiya kinwa necromency) nihsanshaypane nakartat.
paracelsus.
paracelsus (see. 1493-1541) heey swees vaidya, rasashastradnya, samanya dharamshastradnya aanee german punarujjivanache tatvadnya hote. 16 vya shatkachya suruvaticha eka vaidya mhanoon, paracelsuscha punarujjivanachya kendrasthani asalelya hermatic, neoplatonic aanee pythagorean tattvadnyananshi naisargik sambandh hota, jyache udaharan marcelio ficino aanee pico della mirandola yanni dile aahe.
jyotishshastra haah paracelsuschya aushadhacha eka atishay mahattvacha bhag hota aanee too eka sarav karnara jyotishi hota-tasech europemadhye tyaa velee kaam karnare vidyapith-prashikshit anek doctor hote. paracelsusne tyachya likhanatil anek vibhag rog barah karnyasathi jyotishshastriy tavijanchya nirmitisathi samarpit kele. tyane mukhyatve aristotal aanee gallenche tatvadnyan tasech vinodi siddhant nakarle. jaree tyanni chaar ghatakanchi sankalpana paanee, havah, agni aanee pruthvi mhanoon sweekarli asali taree tyanni tyakade keval itar malmattancha paya mhanoon pahile jyavar teey bandhayache. paracelsusne chaar moolbhut pranyanche varnan kele, pratyek chaar ghatakanpaiki ekashi sambandhit aaheh salamander, jeey agnishi sambandhit aahe; gronome, pruthvishi sambandhit aahe; panyashi sambandhit undine; aanee haveshi sambandhit sylph.
aakashatil havah aanee panyamadhye basalela aakash mhanoon too anekada agnikade pahat asey. paracelsus anekada ghatakanche varnan karnyat madat karnyasathi andyacha vapar karato. tyachya suruvatichya pratimet tyane lihile qee, andyachya kavchapramane havah jagala vedhat hotee. kavchakhalil andyacha pandhara bhag agnisarkha asato kaaran tyat eka prakarcha gondhal asato jyamule too pruthvi aanee paanee dharoon thevu shakato. pruthvi aanee paanee eka goal tayar karatat, jeey andyachya drushtine pivalsar asate. dii metoris' madhye paracelsusne lihile aahe qee aakash heey swarg aahe.
nasikabhraman.
nastradamus (1503-1566) haah eka french jyotishi, vaidya aanee namankit drashta hota, joou bhavishyatil ghatanancha kathit andaj lavnyasathi prasiddha aahe. lokpriy kalanusar, tyane 1550 madhye prathamach chhapil bhashet, tyachya nawala nostradamus asey lattinmadhye lihilele eka panchang lihile. panchangachya yashane teey itake protsahit jhaale qee tyanni darvarshi eka kinwa adhik lihinyache tharavale. ektritpane pahilyas, tyat kiman 6,338 bhavishyavanya, tasech kiman akra varshik dindarshika aahet, tyaa serve 1 janevaripasun suru hotat aanee kadhikadhi marchmadhye asey manale jaate tase nahee.
pramukhyane panchangachya pratisadatach durvarchya kuleen aanee itar pramukh vyaktinni lavkarach tyachyakadun kundali aanee mansik sallah magnyas suruvat kelee, jaree samanyatah tyachya grahakankadun tyanchi ganana karnyaivaji, jyaa janm taktevar teey aadharit asateel, teey pradan karave ashee apeksha tyane kelee hotee. tyaa divashi prakashit kelelya taktyanchya aadhare swatah prayatna karnyas bhag padale asata, too varanvar chuka karat asey aanee tyachya grahakanchya thikanasathi kinwa janmachya velesathi aakade julavun ghenyat apayashi tharale.
tyanantar tyanni tyanche pustak 'leesa prophetis' lihinyacha tyancha prakalp suru keela, 942 kavyatmak chaturthansh sangrah, jyasathi teey aaj sarvat prasiddha aahet asha mothya pramanat tarikh nasalelya bhavishyavanyancha samavesh aahe. dharmik karanastav virodhala balee padanyachi shakyata vatat asatana, tyane 'virgillion' vakyarachana, shabd khel aanee greek, italian, lattin aanee provencel yasarkhya itar bhashanche mishran vaparoon tyacha arth aspasht karanyachi eka paddhat tayar kelee. teen haptyanmadhye tyanchya prakashanashi sambandhit tantrik karananmule karananmule aanee shevatchya bhagache prakashak heey 'shatak' chya madhyat kinwa 100 shlokanchya pustakat teey suru karnyas tayar nasalyache disate), satvya 'shatak' chya shevatchya aththavis chaturthansh konatyahi vidyaman aavruttit tikoon rahile naheet.
"leesa profetices' prakashit jhalyavar tyala sammishra pratikriya midali. kahee lokanna vatale qee nasika haah dushtancha sevak, banavat kinwa veda aahe, tarr anek uchchabhru spashtapane vegala vichar karat hote. francecha raja heinry dusra yachee patni catherine dii medisi hii nasikachya sarvat mothya chahatyanpaiki eka hotee. 1555 madheel tyache panchang vachalyanantar, jyat rajgharanyala adnyat dhamkya dilya jaat asalyache sanket hote, tine tyala parisla bolavoon tyanna samajavun sangitale aanee tichya mulansathi kundali tayar kelee. tyaveli, tyacha shirachhed keela jaeel ashee tyala bheeti hotee, parantu 1566 madhye tyachya mrutyuchya veleparyant, ranee catherine tyala ticha mulga, francecha tarun raja charles Ix, yacha sallagar aanee vaidya-inn-orden banavale hote.
tyachya 'leesa prophetis' chya prakashanapasoonchya varshanmadhye, nastradamsne anek samarthakanna aakarshit kele aahe, jeey bahutek lokpriy vruttapatransaha, jagatil anek pramukh ghatanancha achook andaj vartavanyache shrey tyanna detat. nasikabhimukhamadhye konatihi kharee alaukik bhavishyasuchak kshamata hotee hii kalpana bahutek shaikshanik srot nakartat aanee jaagtik ghatana aanee nasikabhimukhanchya chatushkonanmadhye kelele sambandh heey chukiche arth lavane kinwa chukiche bhashantar (kadhikadhi janivpurvak) yacha parinam asalyache sangatat. yaa shikshakancha assa yuktivad aahe qee nasikabhimukhanche andaj vaishishtyapoornadrushtya aspasht aahet, mhanje teey aksharshah konatyahi goshtila lagoo kele jaau shakatat aanee tyanchya lekhakakade kahee vastavik bhavishyasuchak shakti aahet qee nahee heey nirdharit karnyasathi teey nirupayogi aahet.
johann wayer.
johann wayer (1515-1588) haah eka dutch vaidya, jadutona karnara aanee rakshasshastradnya aanee heinrich cornelius agrippacha shishya aanee anuyayi hota. jadugaranchya chhalaviruddha prakashit jadutona pahilya lokanpaiki too eka hota. tyache sarvat prabhavshali karya ('rakshasanche bhram aanee mantra aanee vish'; 1563) aahe.
khristi aanee nagri nagri jadutona aanee jadutona jadutona mahilanchya shikarivar teeka kelee; jadutona karnyacha aarop asalelya mahilanna soochit karnyasathi 'manasikdrushtya aajari' kinwa 'udas' haah shabd vaparnari tee pahili vyakti asalyache mhatale jaate. jadutonyanchya khatale aanee fashiche khatale nuktech samanya houu lagale asatana, tyane jadutona abhiyanashi sambandhit kayadyacha upman karnyacha prayatna keela. tyanni assa dawa keela qee keval jaaduchi udaharanech navhe tarr jadutona karnyacha gunha aksharshah ashakya hota, tyamule joou konee gunhyachi kabuli deil tyala kahee mansik aswasthata (pramukhyane nairashya, anek bhinn lakshane asaleli eka atishay lavchik shreni) sahan karavi lagel.
tyane saitanachi shakti hii 2013 madhye orthodox khrishchan charchani dawa kelyapramane majboot navhati yaa kalpanecha bachav keela, tarr tyane yaa kalpaneche dekhil samarthan kele qee bhute shakti hotee aanee jeey lock tyanna haak marat hote, teey bhram nirman karatat, parantu teey samanyatah jadugarancha sandarbh detat aanee jadugarancha nahee jeey bhram nirman karoo shakatat asha lokambaddal bolatana, teey asey mhanatat qee teey vidharmi aahet jeey saitanachya shakticha vapar kareet hote aanee jadugarambaddal bolatana tyane 'mansik aajari' haah shabd vaparla.
shivay, warene keval bhutanchi yadich lihili nahee, tarr tyanche varnan aanee kalpana dekhil dilya, jenekarun yogya velee aanee dev aanee trimurtichya navane tyanna aavahan kele jaau shakate, bhram nirman karnyasathi navhe tarr tyanna jadugaranchi ichcha purn karnyas bhag padnyasathi, tasech rakshas tyala aadnya dileli kinwa khote bolanara asel tarr kahee dhoke aanee yuktya kasha talhaychya yabaddal sallah deela. yavyatirikt, tyala jadutonyanvar khatala radd karayacha hota aanee jeey rakshasanna aavahan karatat (jyala too 'aatma' mhanato) tyanchyavar bolatana tyane 'bhoot fetalanara' haah shabd kaljipurvak vaparla.
warene saitanache aanee uchch aanee nimn kramatil itar rakshasanchya mothya sankhyeche astitva kadhihi nakarle nahee. tyache kaam itar jadutona aanee rakshasashastradnyansathi prerana hote, jyat eka anamik lekhakacha samavesh hota jyane (solomanchi chhoti killi) lihili. tyanchya pustakanchya anek aavrutya (lattinmadhye lihilelya), visheshtah, aanee reginald scotchya 'discovery auph whitcraft' (1584) saha ingrajimadhye anek rupantar hote.
jadutonyachya gunhyatil aaropinsathi kshamashilatechya veyarchya aavahanala nantar solavya shatkat swis vaidya thomas erastus, french kayadeshir siddhantkar jeane bodin aanee scotlandcha raja james sahava yanni virodh keela.
johnn dii aanee edward kelee.
johnn dii (1527-1608 kinwa 1609) heey eka ingraji ganitshastradnya, khagolshastradnya, jyotishi, shikshak, jadutona aanee rasayanshastradnya hote. too pahili elizabethcha darbari jyotishi aanee sallagar hota. marcelio fisinochya nava-platonismchya punarujjivanacha vidyarthi asalelya tyanni aapala barachsa vel rasayanshastra, bhavishyakathan aanee hermatic tattvadnyanavar ghalavala. eka puratatvashastradnya mhanoon, tyaa velee englandmadhil sarvat mothya granthalayanpaiki eka tyanchyakade hote. eka rajkiy sallagar mhanoon, tyanni naveen jagaat ingraji vasahatinchya sthapanesathi 'british samrajya' sthapan karnyache samarthan kele, yaa shabdache shrey tyanna dile jaate.
dii haah tivra khrishchan hota, parantu tyachya dharmiktevar punarujjivanachya kalat vyapak asalelya hermatic aanee platonic-pythagorean siddhantancha prabhav hota. tyancha assa vishvas hota qee sankhya haah serve goshtincha aadhar aanee dnyanachi gurukilli aahe. hermatismmadhun tyane assa vishvas vyakt keela qee mansamadhye daivi shaktichi kshamata aahe jee ganitachya madhyamatoon vaparali jaau shakate. roman catholic aanee protestant charchchya ullanghananvar upchar karoon aanee pracheen kalatil shuddha dharamshastra punha midvoon eka ekikrut jaagtik dharm pudhe aananyat madat karane heey tyache uddisht hote.
1564 madhye, dii yanni 'monus hyroglyphica' ('hyroglyphic monad') heey hermatic pustak lihile, jeey serve srushtichi goodh ekata vyakt karnyasathi tyanchya swatachya rachanechya gliffche eka sampoorn cablistic spashtikaran aahe. aashray midvanyachya prayatnat pavitra roman samrat maximilian dusra yala samarpit kelyanantar, deaney hangerichya sinhasanavar aarohan kartana tyala teey sadar karnyacha prayatna keela. deechya anek samkalinanni yaa kamacha aadar keela hota, parantu tyaa kalatil gupt maukhik paramparechya anupasthitit aaj tyacha arth lavala jaau shakat nahee.
1580 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, nisargachi rahasye shikanyachya tyachya pragatimule dii asamadhani hota. tyanantar tyane dnyan prapt karnyache sadhan mhanoon alaukikatekade utsahane valoo lagale. tyane 'scrier' kinwa chrystal-gezarchya vaparadvare aatmyanshi sampark sadhanyacha prayatna keela, jeey tyala vatale qee swatamadhye aanee devdutanmadhye madhyasth mhanoon kaam karel.
anek scriers deeche pahile prayatna samadhankarak navhate, parantu 1582 madhye too edward keleela (1555-1597/8) bhetala, nantar 'nanefek' kinwa banavatgiribaddalcha tyacha vishvas lapavanyasathi swatahla edward talboat mhanato, jyane tyala tyachya kshamatene khoop prabhavit kele. dii yanni keleela aaplya sevet ghetale aanee aapali serve shakti tyachya alaukik karyat samarpit karoo lagali. hii "aadhyatmik parishada" kinwa "krutee" tivra khristi dharmanishthene, nehmi shuddhikaran, prathna aanee upvasachya kalavadhinantar aayojit kelya jaat asat. teey manavjatila kaay fayade deu shakatat yachee dii yanna khatri hotee. kelichya charitryache moolyankan karane katheen aaheh kahincha assa nishkarsh aahe qee tyane dveshane vagale, parantu bhram kinwa aatm-fasavanuk nakarta yet nahee. keliche 'output' tyachya aakarman, guntagunt aanee chaitanyapurnatesathi ullekhaneey aahe. dii yanni assa dawa keela qee devdutanni tyanna asha prakare, kelichya madhyamatoon, kahee vishesh devdutanchya kinwa anochian bhashet, anek pustake kathor parishrampurvak nirdeshit kelee.
1583 madhye, dii garib parantu lokpriy polish kuleen albert laskila bhetala, jyane darbarat aapale swagat jaast kaal thambavalyanantar, deala tyachyabarobar polandala parat yenyache aamantran dile. kahinni 'devdutan' chya (punha kelidware) aanee darbaratil tyachi bighadat jaanari sthitee pahoon, deaney tase karnyacha nirnay ghetala. too, kelee aanee tyanchi kutumbe september 1583 madhye nighun gelee, parantu laski diwalkhor asalyache aanee tyachya swatachya deshat napsant asalyache siddha jhaale. dii aanee kelee yanni madhya europemadhye bhatkya jivanachi suruvat kelee, darmyan tyanchya aadhyatmik parishadanna pudhe nele, jyaa dii yanni tyanchya dindarshika aanee panchangat tapshilvar dilya aahet. prag killyat samrat rudolph dusra aanee polandachya king stephen bathrishi tyanche prekshak hote, jyanna tyanni devdutanchya samparkache mahatva patvoon denyacha prayatna keela.
1587 madhye, bohemiya yetheel eka aadhyatmik parishadet, keleene deala sangitale qee, doot urlne purushanna tyanchya patninsah tyanchi serve malmatta vatoon ghenyache aadesh dile hote. toparyant, keleene rasashastradnya mhanoon kahee pramanat prasiddhi midavali hotee aanee yaa sandarbhat dii. eae. peksha adhik magani hotih hii eka ashee kamachi malika hotee jyat gambhir aanee dirghakalin aarthik laabh honyachi shakyata hotee, visheshtah madhya europechya rajgharanyat. matra, devdutanshi sanvad sadhanyat dii yanna adhik rus hota, jyanna ganeet, prakashshastra, jyotishshastra, vidnyan aanee nauvahan yanchya madhyamatoon swargatil rahasye sodavanyas madat hoil asey tyanna vatat hote. kadachit keleela tyanchya vadhatya pradirgh, varanvar karkirdivar aadhyatmik parishadanmadhye dev mhanoon tyachyavarche deeche avalambitva sampavayache hote. patni-vatoon ghenyachya aadeshamule dukkh jhaale, parantu too kharaa hota yabaddal tyala shanka navhati aanee teey varvar pahata patni samayik karat hote. matra, tyanantar lagechach dii yanni parishada radd kelya. 1589 madhye too englandla paratala, tarr kelee samrat rudolph dusaracha rasashastradnya banala.
1590 paryant kelee europemadhye eka samruddha jivanshaili jagat hota, kulinanchya aashrayas anand ghet hotah tyala rosenbergkadun anek malmatta aanee mothya pramanat paise midale. darmyan, rudolph dusra yala too tyachya kamacha uddesh asalelya sonyache utpadan suru karnyas tayar aahe heey patvoon deiparyant tyane tyache rasayanasambandhi prayog chaloo thewale. rudolphane 23 februwari 1590 roji tyala imani aanee nyu lubenche surr edward kelee haah nayat deela (parantu heey 1589 madhye ghadale asave ashee shakyata aahe). meey 1591 madhye, rudolphane keleela atak kelee aanee pragchya baherchya crevoclate killyat qaid kele, asey manale jaate qee jurie hunkler navachya navachya dvandvayuddhat thaar marlyabaddal; kadachit tyane pratyakshat konatehi sone tayar karnyapurvi kelee paloon jaau naye ashee tyachi ichcha hotee. 1595 madhye, keleene sahkarya karnyas aanee tyachya rasayanashi sambandhit kamavar parat yenyas sahmati darshavali; tyala sodanyat aale aanee tyala tyachya purvichya sthiteet parat aanale gele. jevha too konatehi sone tayar karnyat ayashasvi jhaala, tevha tyala punha turungat taknyat aale, yaveli bahutek thikani tenevin killyat. tyachya patni aanee savatra muleene eka shahee sallagar niyukt karnyacha prayatna keela joou keleela turungatoon mukt karoo shakel, parantu 1597 chya uttaradhat/1598 chya suruvatila paloon jaanyacha prayatna kartana jhalelya jakhmanmule too kaidet maran pavala.
keliche kahee lekhan aaj astitvat aahe, jyat ingrajitil done rasayanik padya grunth aanee itar teen grunth aahet, jeey tyane turungatoon rudolph dusra yala samarpit kele hote. tyanna 'tractatus duo egregi dii lapid philosophorum una qama theatro astronomy' (1676) asey naav denyat aale hote. yaa granthanche bhashantar 'daad alchemically ritings auph edward kelee' (1893) asey karnyat aale aahe.
giordano bruno.
giordano bruno (1548-1600) haah eka italian dominican dharmaguru, tatvadnyani, ganitshastradnya, kavee, cosmological siddhantkar aanee hermatic jadutonashastradnya hota. teey tyanchya vishvashastriy siddhantansathi olakhale jaatat, jyanni tatkalin kadambari copernican modelcha sankalpanatmak vistar keela. tyanni prastavit kele qee taare tyanchya swatachya grahanni vedhalele durche surya aahet aanee tyanni ashee shakyata upasthit kelee qee heey grah tyanchya swatachya jivanas chalana deu shakatat, jee vaishvik bahulatavad mhanoon olakhali jaanari vishvashastriy sthitee aahe. tyanni assa aagrahi dharala qee vishva anant aahe aanee tyala konatehi "kendra" asoo shakat nahee.
brahmandshastravyatiryat, brunone smaranshaktichya kalevar dekhil vistratpane lihile, joou smaranshakti tantrancha aanee tattvancha eka shithil sanghatit gut aahe. itihaskar frances yets assa yuktivad karatat qee brunover islami jyotishshastra (visheshtah everoche tattvadnyan), neoplatonism, punarjagaran hermatism aanee egyptian dev thothchya sabhovatalachya utpattisarkhya dantkathancha kholvar prabhav hota. brunochya itar abhyasanni ganitachya tyachya gunatmak drushtikonavar aanee bhashemadhye bhoomitichya avkashiy sankalpananchya tyachya vaparavar laksh kendrit kele aahe.
1584 madhye, brunone done mahattvache tatvik sanvad ('laa seena dii leey seneri' aanee 'dii laal' infinito universo ett mondi ') prakashit kele jyat tyane grahanchya golanviruddha yuktivad keela (christophe rothmanne 1586 madhye tech kele jase 1587 madhye tyco brahene kele hote) aanee copernican tattwala dujora deela. visheshtah, koparnikasachya drushtikonache samarthan karane aanee jyachya aadhare vaara, dhag ityadinchya halchalidware pruthvichi gatee jaanavali jaeel tyaa aakshepala virodh karane., 'laa seena dii leey seneri' madhye bruno sapekshatechya tattvavar galileechya kahee yuktivadancha andaj lavto.
brunoche vishvashastra 'surya' jeey swatache prakash aanee ushnata nirman karatat aanee tyanchya bhovati itar vastoo firatat; aanee 'pruthvi' jeey suryachya bhovati firatat aanee tyanchyakadun prakash aanee ushnata prapt karatat, yaat farak karate. brunone suchavale qee shastriyadrushtya sthir taare mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya kahee vastoo, serve nastil taree, pratyakshat surya aahet. khagolbhautikshastradnya steven sootar yanchya matey, "taare heey tyanchya swatachya grahansah itar surya aahet" heey samajoon ghenare teey pahile vyakti hote."brunone lihile qee itar jaganmadhye" "aaplya pruthvipeksha qamee sadgun kinwa nisarg nahee" "aanee pruthvipramanech, prani aanee rahivasi aahet".
1588 madhye too pragla gela, jithe tyane rudolph dusra yachyakadun 300 taalar midavale, parantu shikshakache padd midale nahee. pudhe tyanni helmstedtmadhye pradhyapak mhanoon kahee kaal kaam kele, parantu jevha tyanna lutheransani bahishkrut kele tevha tyanna paloon jaave lagale. yaa kalat tyane tyacha mitra aanee sachiv girolamo besler yanna nirdeshit kelelya anek lattin granthanchi nirmiti kelee, jyat 'dii magia' ('jaduvar'), 'thessis dii magia' ('jaduvar prabandh') aanee 'dii vinculis inn jeenere' ('bandhanache samanya vruttant') yancha samavesh aahe. heey serve 1589 aanee 1590 darmyan besler (kinwa bisler) yanni lipyantarit kinwa nondavale hote. tyanni 'dii imaginum, signoram, ett idiyaram composition' (pratima, chinhe aanee kalpananchya rachnevar, 1591) dekhil prakashit kele.
1593 pasoon, shashvat shiksha, trimurthy, khristache devatva, mereeche kaumarya aanee transbstantiation yasah anek mukhya catholic siddhant nakarlyachya aaropanvar roman chaukashidware brunover pakhandasathi khatala chalavanyat aala. brunochya sarvadevadala charchane halkyat ghetale nahee, kinwa aatmyachya (punarjanm) sankramanachi tyachi shikavanahi ghetali nahee. chaukashit tyala doshi tharavale gele aanee 1600 madhye romchya campo dii 'fiorimadhye tyala jaalyat dambanyat aale. tyachya mrutyunantar, tyala lakshaniy prasiddhi midali, visheshtah 19 vya aanee 20 vya shatkachya suruvatichya tikakaranni tyala vidnyanasathi shaheed manale, jaree bahutek itihaskar sahmat aahet qee tyachya vidharmi khatalyachi sunavani tyachya vishvashastriy drushtikonancha pratisad navhata tarr tyachya dharmik aanee maranottar drushtikonancha pratisad hota. tathapi, kahee itihaskar assa yuktivad karatat qee brunochya mrutyuche mukhya kaaran kharokharach tyache vishvashastriy drushtikon hote. brunoche prakaran ajunahi mukt vichar aanee udayonmukh vidnyananchya itihasatil eka mahattvachi khoon manale jaate.
gambatista della porta.
giambattista della porta (1535-1615) haah eka italian vidwan, bahushrut aanee natakkar hota joou vaidnyanik kranti aanee sudharananchya velee nepalsmadhye rahat hota. 1558 madhye pahilyanda prakashit jhalelya tyachya sarvat prasiddha granthache shirshak 'magia naturalis' (naisargik jaadoo) aahe."yaa pustakat tyanni gupt tatvadnyan, jyotishshastra, rasayanshastra, ganeet, havamanshastra aanee naisargik tattvadnyan yasah vividh vishayancha samavesh keela aahe. tyanna 'gupitanche pradhyapak' asehi sambodhale jaat asey.
naisargik jaadoo" madhye, della porta "sahanubhooti telegraph" mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya kalpanik yantrache varnan karate. yaa upkaranat done golakar petty hotya, jyaa hokayantrapramanech hotya, pratyekamadhye chumbakeey suee hotee, jee tyach lodestondware chumbakeey kelee jaane apekshit hote. pratyek petivar nehamichya nirdeshanaivaji 26 aksharanni label lavale jayache. della porta asey gruheet dharat hota qee heey suyanche asha prakare samanvay sadhel qee jevha ekhade patra eka peteet dial kele jaeel, tevha vastoo petitil suee tyach aksharakade nirdesh karnyasathi zoolel, jyamule sanvad sadhanyas madat hoil.
1563 madhye, della porta yanni cryptographybaddalche eka kaam 'dii fertivis literrum notice' prakashit kele. tyat tyanni pahilya dnyat degraphic pratisthapan sayfarche varnan kele. charles jeey. mendelsohanne tippani keleeh
della porta yanni eka paddhat shodhun kadhali jyamule tyanna andyanchya aateel bhagat gupt sandesh lihita aale. spanish chaukashidarmyan, tyachya kahee mitranna turungat taknyat aale. turungachya praveshdvaravar undy vagalata serve kahee tapasale gele. della porta yanni vanaspatinche rangdravya aanee fitkaripasoon banavalelya mishranacha vapar karoon andyachya kavchavar sandesh lihile. shaee andyachya kavachat ghusali jee ardh-chhidrayukt aahe. andyache kavach korade jhalyavar tyane andey garam panyat ukalale aanee andyachya bahereel shaee vahoon gelee. turungatil praptakartyane jevha kavach solale, tevha andyachya andyachya bhagavar punha ekada sandesh ughad jhaala.
della porta heey 'ekedemiya secretorum natuary' (ekedemiya dei segreti) navachya vaidnyanik sanstheche sansthapak hote."haah gut samanyatah" "otiosi" "(vishrantiche purush) mhanoon olakhala jaat asey". asey" kahee kalapurvi sthapan jhalelya otiosi yaa europemadhil pahilya vaidnyanik sansthanpaiki eka hotya aanee tyancha uddesh "nisargachya rahasyancha" abhyas karane haah hota."sadasyatvasathi arj jadutona konatyahi vyaktila tyanni naisargik vidnyanat naveen shodh lavala aahe heey dakhavun dyave lagate.
jevha tyachya sadasyanna jadutona hatalalyacha sanshay aala tevha 'ekedemiya secretaram naturary' visarjit karnyas bhag padale gele. eka catholic, della portachi chaukashidware tapasani karnyat aalee aanee pope gregori sahavya yane romla bolavile. jaree teey vaiyaktikaritya baithakitun sukharoop baher padale asale taree tyanna tyanche 'academia secretariram natcher' visarjit karnyas bhag padale gele aanee 1592 madhye tyanchya tatvik karyanna charchane pudhil prakashan karnyas bandee ghatali. 1598 madhye hii bandee uthavanyat aalee.
hii ghatana ghadalyanantarhi, della porta dharmik bhakt rahila aanee eka samanya jesuit bhau banala. 1585 paryant dharmaday jesuit karyanmadhye sakriy sahbhag ghetalyamule itihaskaranna chaukashitil portacha sahbhag kodicha banala. yache sambhavya spashtikaran 1579 nantar phra paolo sarpishi portache vaiyaktik sambandh yaat aahe.
heinrich khunrath.
heinrich khunrath (ii. 1560-1605) heey eka german vaidya, hermatic tatvadnya aanee rasayanshastradnya hote. france yets tyala johnn deeche tattvadnyan aanee rosecrucianism yanchyatil duva manat asat. tyache naav, 'henriques kuneraht' yaa aksharanmadhye, baruk spinojachya 'tractates theologico-politics' chya 1670 chya prakashakache topananav mhanoon vaparale gele.
paracelsuscha shishya asalelya khurnathane dresden, magdeberg aanee hambergmadhye vaidyakshastracha sarav keela aanee leepzigmadhye pradhyapak mhanoon kaam kele asave. 1588 nantar tyane mothya pramanavar pravas keela, jyat goodh pravrutti asalela habsberg samrat rudolph dusra yache ghar asalelya pragmadhil shahee darbarat mukkam dekhil samavisht hota. pragla pohochanyapurvi too 27 meey 1589 roji johnn deala bremen yethe bhetala hota, jevha dii bohemiyahun englandla paratat hota. khunrathne tyachya nantarchya kamanmadhye deechi prashansa kelee. darbarat asatana, khunrathchi bhet rasashastradnya edward kelishi jhaali, joou too aanee dii yanni company sodalyanantar mage rahila hota. september 1591 madhye, trebonamadhye rosemberk mojanyasathi khunrathla darbari vaidya mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. rasayanavaril 'basilius valentinus' granthanchya suchavalelya lekhakanpaiki eka asalelya trebona yethe asatana tyanchi bahudha johann tholdeshy bhet jhaali asavi.
johnn dii aanee tholde aanee paracelsian vishvasansah khunrathchya brashmule tyala eka khristikrut naisargik jaadoo vikasit karnyas pravrutt kele, jee mansala shashvat shahanpanakade nenare gupt 'prathamik dravya' shodhanyacha prayatna kareet hotee. khunrathne joou khristi drushtikon ghetala too tyachya lutheran dharmashastraprati asalelya bandhilkibhovati tayar karnyat aala hota. naisargik tatvadnyanachyapramanech, vyavharik rasayanik sanshodhanasathi anubhav aanee nirikshan aavashyak aahe, asehi tyanche mutt hote.
rasayanavarache tyanche sarvat prasiddha karya mhanje 'amphitheatrum sapientia eterna' (shashvat buddhiche amphitheatre), jeey tyaa kalechya goodh pailoonvar aadharit aahe, jyamadhye 'mahan karyacha pahila tappa' shirshak asalele anekada disanare korivkam aahe, jeey 'rasayanachi prayogshala' mhanoon adhik prasiddha aahe. heey pustak pahilyanda 1595 madhye hamberg yethe prakashit jhaale, jyat chaar golakar vistrut, hatane rangavalelya, sone aanee chandine unch koralelya falakancha samavesh hota, jyaa khunrathne pollus vanne dair dertney rachalya aanee koralya hotya. tyanantar 1609 madhye hanau yethe maranottar prakashit jhalelya itar falakanchya jodanisah vistrut aavruttit heey pustak adhik vyapakpane upalabdh karoon denyat aale.
"amphitheatrum sapientia eterney' hii eka rasayanik abhijat aahe, jyat khristi dharm aanee jaadoo yaa donhincha samavesh aahe. tyat, khunrathne swatahla aadhyatmik rasvidhyet parangat asalyache dakhavun dile aanee aadhyatmik paripurnatesathicha anek tappyancha aanee guntagunticha marg spasht keela. khunerathche karya lutheran vartulat mahattvache hote. johnn varvik montgomeri yanni nidarshanas aanoon dile aahe qee, johann arndt (1555-1621), jeey leutheranchya 'petism andd bhakti' yaa pustakanche prabhavshali lekhak hote, tyanni 'amphitheatrum' varr bhashya kele. tyanchya kamanmadhil kahee kalpana kabalistik swarupachya aahet aanee rosecrucianismcha purvabhas detat.
itar punarjagaran lekhak aanee abhyasak.
yaa kalat gupt kinwa jadui vishayanvaril itar lekhak aanee abhyaskanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
barok practitioners.
yaa kalat gupt kinwa jadui vishayanvaril lekhak aanee abhyaskanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
aadhunikta.
ekonisavya shatkaparyant, european vicharvantanni aata papachya chaukatidware jaaduchi pratha pahili nahee aanee tyaeivaji jaduchya paddhati aanee vishvasanna "prabhavi sanskrutik tarkshastrachya viruddha vichar karanyachi eka visangat paddhat-mansik durbalateche lakshan aanee vanshik kinwa sanskrutik hinateche chinh" manale.
pashchatya samajantil sushikshit abhijat vargane jaduchya paddhatinchi parinamkarakta adhikadhik nakarat asatana, kayadeshir pranaline jaduchya krutyanchya vyavsayikanna sharmeela aanee jadutonyachya gunhyansathi shiksha deuun dhamkavane bund kele aanee tyaeivaji teey deu shakat nasalelya goshti denyache aashvasan deuun lokanchi fasavanuk karat asalyacha aarop karoon tyanna dhamkavale.
jagbharat european vasahatvadi sattechya yaa prasaramule jaaduchi sankalpana tayar karnyasathi shaikshanik kase yeteel yavar prabhav padala.
ekonisavya shatkat anek vidvananni jaaduchi paramparik, nakaratmak sankalpana sweekarli. tyanni asey karane apariharya navhate, kaaran tyaa velee sakriy asalelya helena blavatskisarkhya pramukh gudhshastradnyanni swikarlelya udaharanache teey anusaran karoo shakale asate, jyanni jaaduchi sandnya aanee sankalpana sakaratmak arthane vaparanyachi nivad kelee hotee.
vividh lekhakanni jaduchya sankalpanecha vapar dharmavar teeka karnyasathi keela aanee assa yuktivad keela qee dharm ajunahi pahilya dharmachi anek nakaratmak vaishishtye darshavato. yache eka udaharan mhanje american patrakar etch. ell. 1930 saalee 'devatanvaril grunth' yaa tyanchya vadgrast granthat, tyanni dharmachi tulana jadushi karoon, doghanmadhil vibhajan chukiche asalyacha yuktivad karoon tyachyavar teeka karnyacha prayatna keela. jaaduchi sankalpana manasshastrachya naveen kshetratil siddhantkartyanni dekhil sweekarli hotee, jithe tee anekada andhavishvasachya samanarthi vaparali jaat asey, jaree nantarchi sandnya suruvatichya manasshastriy granthanmadhye adhik samanya asalyache siddha jhaale.
ekonisavya aanee visavya shatkachya uttaradhat, lokkathakaranni jaduchya paddhatinchya shodhat europbharatil grameen samudayanchi tapasani kelee, jyaa tyaa velee tyanna samanyatah pracheen shraddha pranalinche astitva mhanoon samajalya jaat hotya. 1960 chya dashakatach jeane favorate-sadasarkhya manavvanshashastradnyanni purvi pashchimatya nasalelya sandarbhatil jaduchya tapasanivar laksh kendrit karoon european sandarbhatil jaduvar sakholpane laksh kendrit karnyas suruvat kelee. visavya shatkat, jaadoo haah sarriyalistsasathi dekhil swarasyapoorn vishay tharala, hii mukhytah europemadhye aadharit eka kalatmak chalval aahe; udaharanarth, sarriyalvad aanee breton yanni 1957 madhye 'ell' aart magic 'prakashit kele, jyat tyanni jaadoo aanee qalaa yanchyatil duve mhanoon kaay manale yavar charcha kelee.
konatyahi samajik-sanskrutik sandarbhat lagoo karata yenyajogi 'suee generis' shreni mhanoon jaaducha vidvattapoorn vapar pashchatya aanee bigger-pashchatya prekshakansathi aadhunikatechya pracharabarobar jodala gela hota.
jaadoo haah shabd lokpriy kalpanashakti aanee vakpracharat vyapak jhaala aahe.
samkalin sandarbhat, jaadoo haah shabd kadhikadhi "ekhadya prakarchya utsahache, aashcharyakarak kinwa achanak aanandache varnan karnyasathi" vaparla jaato aanee asha sandarbhat too "uchch stuticha shabd" asoo shakato. vidnyanashi aitihasik virodhabhas asoonahi, shastradnyanni jaaduche aaml, jaduchya golya aanee jaduchya coone yasarkhya vividh sankalpananchya vaparasathi dekhil hii sandnya sweekarli aahe.
aadhunik pashchatya jaadune samkalin dharm aanee adhyatmababatchya vyapakpane prachalit asalelya purvkalpananna aavhan dile aahe.
jadubaddalchya vadgrast pravachananni aadhunik jadugaranchya aatm-samajutivar prabhav padala, jyanchyapaiki anekanna-jase qee ellister crolley aanee julius evola-yaa vishayavaril shaikshanik sahityat parangat hote.
dharmache vidwan heinrich bogdan yanchya matey, jaadoo yaa shabdachi "vadatitpane sarvat prasiddha emic vyakhya" crolley yanni dilee hotee. jaduchyaivaji jaduchya shabdalekhanala manchavaril bhramvadapasun vegale karnyasathi anukool anukool crollyche mutt hote qee, 'jaadoo heey ichchhenusar badal ghadavun aananyache vidnyan aanee qalaa aahe. crollychya vyakhyecha tyanantarchya jadugaranchya vyakhyevar prabhav padala. udaharanarth, aantarik prakashachya bandhutvatil dione fortune mhatale aahe qee "jaadoo hii ichchhenusar chetana badalanyachi qalaa aahe". gardnerian vikkache sansthapak gerald gardner yanni mhatale qee jaadoo mhanje "sharirikdrushtya asamanya ghadavanyacha prayatna", tarr lavian saitanvadache sansthapak anton levy yanni jaaduche varnan "aekhadyachya ichchhenusar paristhiti kinwa ghatananmadhye honara badal, joou samanyatah swikararh paddhatincha vapar karoon aparivartaniy asel" asey kele."
20 vya shatkachya uttaradhat, itar gupt paramparanche pratikatmak, vidhivadi, dharmik kinwa anyatha sajavatiche pailu kadhoon taknyacha aanee jaaduchi moolbhut tantranchya sanchaparyant nisatanyacha prayatna mhanoon arajak jaaduchi chalval udayas aalee.
jaduchya yaa aadhunik pashchatya sankalpana vishvat pasarlelya adnyat jaduchya shaktishi sambandhit patravyavaharavaril vishvasavar avalambun aahet. hangraphne namood kelyapramane, heey jaduchya 'naveen' arthanusar karya karate, jeey kadachit purvichya kalat astitvat asoo shakat navhate, kaaran teey 'jagachya mohbhang' chya pratikriyemadhye tapshilvar varnan kele gele aahe."
anekansathi, aanee kadachit bahutek aadhunik pashchatya jadugaransathi, jaaduche dhyey vaiyaktik aadhyatmik vikas manale jaate.
aadhunik murtipujachya rupat aanee naveen yugachya ghatanemadhye jyaa prakare jaduchya paddhati swikarlya gelya aahet, tyamadhye swa-vikasacha eka prakar mhanoon jaaduchi dharana hii madhyavarti aahe.
aadhunik pashchatya jadui paddhatinmadhil eka mahattvapoorn vikas mhanje laingik jaadoo. pascal beverley randolfchya likhanat hii eka pratha hotee jyala protsahan denyat aale aanee tyanantar crolley aanee theoder ryus sarkhya jadugar jadugaranvar tivra swarasya dakhavale.
aadhunik jadutonyanni jaadoo haah shabd swikarane haah kahee prakarananmadhye pashchimatya samajatil tyaa kshetranna samarthan denyacha janivpurvak kelela prayatna asoo shakato, jeey paramparikaritya sattechya prabhavi pranalinna uddhvast karnyache sadhan mhanoon upekshit rahile aahet. udaharanarth, prabhavshali american wican aanee lekhak starhock yanni mhatale aahe qee, "jaadoo haah aanakhi eka shabd aahe joou lokanna aswasth karato, mhanoon mea too jaanunbujun vaparato, kaaran aaplyala soyiskar asalele shabd, swikararh, tarkshuddha, vaidnyanik aanee bauddhikdrushtya yogya vatanare shabd, teey visangatichi bhasha asalyamule tantotant soyiskar aahet."aajchya kalat, kahee virodhi sanskrutik upasamuhanmadhye label 'mast' manale jaate"."
papua nyu giinii kayadyatil jadutona hii eka kayadeshir sankalpana aahe, jee upchar aanee prajanankshamta yasarkhya kayadeshir changlya jaadoo aanee naan spasht jhalelya mrutyunsathi jababdar manalya olakhalya bekaydeshir kalee jaadoo yanchyat farak karate.
sankalpanatmak vikas.
manavvanshashastradnya edward ivan evance-prechard yanchya matey, aafriketil azande lokansarkhya kahee sanskratinmadhye jaadune shraddha aanee dnyanachi tarksangat chaukat tayar kelee. itihaskar owen daviesne mhatale aahe qee jaadoo haah shabd "sopya vyakhyebaher" hota aanee tyache "anek arth hote". tyachpramane, itihaskar michael dii. beline jaaduche varnan "eka sakhol pratispardhi shreni aanee eka atishay bharkat label" asey kele; eka shreni mhanoon, tyanni namood kele qee, yaa shabdachya vyakhya "kalantarane aanee sanskratinmadhye natakiyaritya badalat gelya aahet" heey lakshat gheta tee "atyant asthir" hotee. jaaduchi vyakhya kashee karayachi yabaddal vidwan vyapak vadavivadat guntalele aahet, asha vadavivadanmule tivra vaad nirman hotat. asha serve vadavivadanmadhye, vidvanancha samuday, dharmachya vyakhyevar teey kase sahmat jhaale naheet, tyach prakare jaduchya vyakhyevar sahmat honyas apayashi tharala aahe. dharmache vidwan michael stosberg yanchya matey, lock jaaduchi sankalpana swatahla aanee tyanchya swatachya pratha aanee vishvasanna sandarbhit karnyasathi lagoo karatat, hii ghatana pracheen kalapasoon khoop mage jaate. tathapi, itihasabharat jyanni swatache varnan jadugar mhanoon kele aahe, tyanchyamadhyehi jaadoo mhanje kaay yacha konatahi samaan aadhar nahee.
aafriket, jaadoo haah shabd keval shaktinche vyavasthapan darshavinara mhanoon samajala jaau shakato, joou eka kriyakalap mhanoon naitikdrushtya bharit keela jaat nahee aanee tyanusar jaduchya prathechya suruvatipasunach eka tatasth kriyakalap aahe, parantu jadugarachya ichchhenusar, changla kinwa white (white) darshavinara parinam banato aanee hoto asey manale jaate. pracheen african sanskratimadhye jaadoo aanee itar goshtincha eka samooh, jeey jaadoo nasoon, yaa goshti aushadh, bhavishyakathan, jadutona aanee jadutona yaa hotya, yateel farak nehmi samajoon ghenyachi pratha hotee. vikasachya sandarbhat dharm aanee jaaducha ekmekanshi kassa sambandh aahe kinwa jyapasoon teey vikasit jhaale, kahinna vatate qee teey samayik ugamsthanatun ekatra vikasit jhaale, kahinna vatate qee dharm jadutoon vikasit jhaala aanee kahinna vatate qee dharmatoon jaadoo.
jaaduche manavvanshashastriy aanee samajshastriy siddhant samanyatah dilelya samajatil itar, anyatha samaan paddhatinpasun kahee paddhatinche tivra seemankan karatat. belichya mateh "anek sanskratinmadhye aanee vividh aitihasik kalkhandat, jaduchya shreni anekada asankhya kinwa gupt ghatak kinwa shaktinchya sandarbhat samajik aanee sanskratikdrushtya swikararh krutinchya maryada paribhashit karatat aanee rakhatat. tyahunahi adhik, mulat, teey yogya shraddhechya kshetranche varnan karnyasathi kaam karatat."yamadhye tyanni namood kele qee" "heey bhed kadhane haah sattecha eka sarav aahe". yaa pravruttiche jaduchya abhyasavar parinam jhaale aahet, tyanchya karkirdivar karkirdivar parinamanmule shaikshanik tyanchya sanshodhanavar swayam-niyantran thevatat.
randle styresney namood kele qee jaaduchi vyakhya karnyacha prayatna karane heey 'simankanachi krutee' darshavate jyadvare tee dharm aanee vidnyanasarkhya 'itar samajik pratha aanee dnyan paddhatin' viruddha jodali jaate. itihaskar carren louis jolly yanni jaaduche varnan "bahishkarachi eka shreni, jee asvikarya vichar karnyachya paddhatichi vyakhya dharm kinwa vidnyanachya viruddha mhanoon karate" asey kele aahe.
aadhunik vidvattene jaduchya vividh vyakhya aanee siddhant tayar kele aahet. belichya matey, "hyanni samanyatah yaa kinwa tyahoon adhik sambandhat jaadoo tayar kelee aahe.
anekada dharm aanee vidnyan yapeksha vegale."dharm aanee samajik vidnyan abhyasachya udayapasoon, yaa shaikshanik shakhanmadhye karyarat asalelya vidvananni tayar keleli jaadoo hii" saiddhantik sahityatil madhyavarti sankalpana "rahili aahe. jaadoo hii dharmachya abhyasatil sarvat mothya siddhantbaddha sankalpananpaiki eka aahe aanee manavvanshashastratil prarambhik siddhantamadhye dekhil tine mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali aahe. shailikarancha assa vishvas hota qee samajik siddhantkaranna heey itake jordar aakarshan aahe kaaran teey "aadhunikateche swaroop aanee seema spasht karnyasathi aanee ladhanyasathi itake samruddha thikan pradan karate". vidvananni samanyatah dharmachya sankalpanesathi eka phayal mhanoon tyacha vapar keela aahe, jadula dharmache "bekaydeshir (aanee stritvaheen) bhawand" mhanoon sambodhale aahe. vaikalpikaritya, itaranni tyacha dharm aanee vidnyan yanchyatil madhyam shreni mhanoon vapar keela aahe.
jyaa sandarbhat vidvananni jaduchya tyanchya charcha ghadavalya tyaa sandarbhat aadhunik kalat european vasahatvadi shakticha jagbharat prasar jhaala.
jaaduchi vyakhya karnyachya yaa varanvarchya prayatnancha vyapak samajik chintanshi pratidhvani hoto aanee sankalpanechya lavchikatemule teey "eka vivadaspad aanee vaicharik sadhan mhanoon sahajpane julavun ghenyajoge" jhaale aahe. jeey lock jaduvar vishvas thevatat aanee jaaducha sarav karatat teey swatahvar rajya karnyas ayogya aahet aanee jaduvar vishvas thevanyaivaji vidnyan aanee/kinwa (khrishchan) dharmavar vishvas thevatat, asey tyanche shasson asave, asey mutt yaa pashchatya vasahatvadyanni vyakt kele, tyamule jaadoo aanee tyanche adim mhanoon varnan kelelya lokanmadhye asalele bandh european aanee euro-american samrajyavad aanee vasahatvadala kayadeshir manyata denyas madat jhaali. belichya shabdat, "kahee lokanchya (mug teey europeey nasalele asso kinwa garib, grameen europeey) jaduchya sangmane tyanna door thevanyasathi aanee tyanchyavar rajya rajya vegale karnyasathi aanee mothya pramanat tyaa niyamache samarthan karnyasathi madat jhaali."
jaree-hengraphachya matey-jaduchya anek vegvegalya vyakhya vidvananni deu kelya aahet, taree hya mothya pramanat prabhavshali asalelya thodya siddhantanchya bhinnata mhanoon samajalya jaau shakatat.
bauddhik drushtikon.
jaaduchi vyakhya karnyasathicha bauddhik drushtikon edward tylor aanee james jee. yaa done pramukh british manavvanshashastradnyanshi sambandhit aahe. fraser. yaa drushtikonatun jaadoo haah vidnyanacha saiddhantik viruddha drushtikon hota aanee yaa vishayavar manavvanshashastriy vicharanmadhye too khoop vyagra jhaala. haah drushtikon utkrantichya namunyanmadhye sthit hota, jyane hota shatkachya suruvatila samajik vidnyanatil vicharanna aadhar deela. utkrantichya vikasat dharmachya aadhi jaaduchi olakh nirman karnare pahile samajshastradnya herbert spensor hote; tyanchya 'krutrim tattvadnyanachya pranali' madhye tyanni sahanubhootipurn jaduchya sandarbhat jaadoo haah shabd vaparla. jaadoo aanee dharm yaa donhinchi mule vastunche swaroop aanee itar goshtinshi tyanche sambandh yabaddalachya khotya andajanmadhye aahet asey spensor manatat.
tilerchi jaaduchi samaj tyachya jivavadachya sankalpaneshi jodaleli hotee. 1871 madhye tylerne tyachya 'premitive culture' yaa pustakat jaaduche varnan 'vastavik sadrushyasathi aadarsh sadrushya chukun samajoon ghenyachya truti' varr aadharit shraddha asey kele aahe. tilerchya matey, "adim manushya, anubhavane jodalelya jyaa goshti pratyakshat jodalelya asalyache tyala aadhalale tyaa vicharanmadhye jodala gela, tyane hii krutee ulatavanyasathi chukun pudhe sarsavle aanee assa nishkarsh kadhala qee vicharatil sambandhanmadhye pratyakshat samaan sambandh asane aavashyak aahe. asha prakare tyane asha prakriyanchya madhyamatoon ghatana shodhanyacha, bhavishyavani karnyacha aanee ghadavanyacha prayatna keela, jyanna aata aapan keval eka aadarsh mahatva asalyache pahoo shakato. tylerne jaaduche khandan kele aanee tyache varnan "manavjatila kadhihi tras tras sarvat ghatak bhramanpaiki eka" asey kele. tilerchi matey atyant prabhavshali tharali aanee manavvanshashastriy sanshodhanacha eka pramukh vishay mhanoon jaadoo sthapit karnyas madat jhaali.
tilerchya kalpana james fraserne swikarlya aanee sopya kelya. tyane jaadoo yaa shabdacha arth sahanubhootipurn jaadoo assa keela, jadugaranchya vishvasavar avalambun asaleli eka pratha mhanoon tyache varnan kele, qee goshti gupt sahanubhootidvare ekmekanvar durvar karya karatat, jyache varnan tyane 'eka adrushya aakash' asey kele. pudhe tyanni yaa jaaduche 'homeopathy (anukaranatmak, anukaranatmak)' aanee 'sansargjanya' asha done prakaranmadhye vibhajan kele. pahili kalpana ashee hotee qee "sarkhe utpann karate", kinwa done vastunmadhil samanatemule eka eka prabhav padu shakate. done vastunmadhil samparkamule doghannahi ekmekanvar durvar prabhav padane suru thevata yete yaa kalpanevar nantarche aadharit hote. tellerpramanech, fraserne jadukade nakaratmak drushtikon thewala aanee tyache varnan 'vidnyanachi kamipanachi baheen' asey kele, jee 'eka mothya vinashkari bhraman' pasoon udbhavate.
jithe jaduvaril vishvas haah manavatechya sanskrutik vikasatil eka pramukh tappa asalyache darshavinyamadhye tylerpeksha bhinn hota, tithe tyache varnan tripakshiy vibhaganicha bhag mhanoon kele gele jyamadhye jaadoo pratham aalee, dharm dviteey aala aanee akheris vidnyan truteey kramankavar aale. suruvatichya kalat, serve samajanchi suruvat jaduvar vishvas thevanare mhanoon jhaali, tyapaiki kahee samaj hyapasoon door jaaun dharmakade valale. tyancha assa vishvas hota qee jaadoo aanee dharm yaa donhimadhye aatmyanvaril vishvas samavisht aahe parantu yaa aatmyanna tyanni jyaa prakare pratisad deela tyaa babatit teey bhinn aahet. yaa aatmyanna, jaduchya karanane, 'dadapshahi kinwa jabardasti' hote, tarr dharm 'tyanna sametit karane kinwa prasann karane' yavar laksh kendrit karato. tyanni kabool kele qee tyanchya samaan aadharamule vividh ghatananmadhye jadui aanee dharmik ghatakancha antarbhav jhaala; udaharanarth, tyanni assa dawa keela qee pavitra vivah haah eka prajnan vidhee hota jyamadhye donhi jaagtik drushtikonanmadhil ghatak ektrit kele gele.
kahee vidvananni frezardware vaparali jaanari utkranti aarakhada kayam thewala parantu tyachya tappyancha kram badalala; german vanshikshastradnya wilheim schmitt yanni assa yuktivad keela qee dharm-jyadvare tyancha arth ekeshwarvad hota-haah manvi shraddhecha pahila tappa hota, joou nantar jaadoo aanee bahudevvad yaa donhimadhye vikrut jhaala. itaranni utkranti aarakhada purnapane nakarla. utkrantichya chaukaticha bhag mhanoon jaadune dharmala marg deela aahe yaa fraserchya kalpanechi nantar lokkathakar aanee manavvanshashastradnya andrew lang yanni tyanchya 'jaadoo aanee dharm' yaa nibandhat punarbandhani kelee; fraserchi chaukat vishvasanchya vanshik vivarananche chukiche pratinidhitva karnyavar kashee avalambun hotee aanee tyachya jaduchya sankalpaneshi julanyasathi sthanik austreliyan lokanmadhye tyacha kassa sarav keela jaat hota heey adhorekhit karoon langane asey kele.
karyatmak drushtikon.
jaaduchi vyakhya karnyasathi karyatmak drushtikon french samajshastradnya marcel moss aanee emil dirkheim yanchyashi sambandhit aahe.
yaa drushtikonat, jaadoo hii dharmachya saiddhantik viruddha asalyache samajale jaate.
mausane 1902 chya 'aii general theary auph magic' yaa nibandhat jaaduchi aapali sankalpana mandali. mausane jaadoo haah shabd "sanghatit panthacha bhag nasalelya konatyahi vidhichya sandarbhat vaparlah eka vidhee joou khajgi, gupt, rahasyamay aanee shevati nishiddha asalelya vidhikade valato". yaulat, tyanni dharmala sanghatit panthashi jodale. jaadoo hii swabhavikpane gair-samajik hotee asey sangoon, maus yaa sankalpanechya paramparik khrishchan samajanni prabhavit jhaale hote. fraserne protsahan dilela bauddhik drushtikon mausane janivpurvak nakarla, assa vishvas thevun qee jaadoo haah shabd sahanubhootipurn jaduparyant maryadit thevane ayogya aahe, jase fraserne kele hote. tyanni asey mutt vyakt kele qee "asey keval jadui sanskar naheet jeey sahanubhootipurn nasatat, tarr sahanubhooti haah jaaducha visheshadhikarhi nahee, kaaran dharmat sahanubhootipurn pratha aahet".
mosschya kalpana durkhemne tyachya 1912 chya 'dharmik jivanache prathamik prakar' yaa pustakat swikarlya hotya. durkhemche mutt hote qee jaadoo aanee dharm donhi "pavitra goshtinshi sambandhit aahet, mhanje goshti vegalya aanee nishiddha aahet". jithe tyanni tyanna vegale mhanoon pahile, teey tyanchya samajik sanghatanet hote. durkhemne jaadoo yaa shabdacha vapar asha goshtinche varnan karnyasathi keela jeey swabhavikpane samajvirodhi hote, jeey tyanni church mhanoon sambodhalelya, samajik gatane samayik kelelya dharmik shraddhanchya ulat astitvat hote; tyanchya shabdat, "jaaduchi church nahee."durkhemne asey mutt vyakt kele qee" jadugaranchya yuktivadat swabhavikpane kahitari dharmik virodhi aahe "aanee jaduvar vishvas thevanyacha parinam" jeey tyache palan karatat tyanna ekatra bandhanyat kinwa tyanna samaan jeevan jeevan gatat ekatra aananyat hott nahee."durkhemchya vyakhyela asha paristhitinmadhye samasyancha samna karava lagato-jase qee vikkansdware kele jaanare sanskar-jyamadhye sampradayikpane kelelya krutyanna, ektar vyavsayik kinwa nirikshakanni, jaaduchi manali aahe.
jaadoo aanee dharm heey done bhinn, bhinn shreninmadhye vibhagale jaau shakatat yaa kalpanevar vidvananni teeka kelee aahe. samajik manavvanshashastradnya alfried radcliffe-braun yanni suchavale qee "jaadoo aanee dharm yanchyatil sadhee dwibhajan" nirupayogi aahe aanee tyamule donhi vidhichya vyapak shreneet samavisht kele pahijet. nantarchya anek manavvanshashastradnyanni tyache udaharan anusaran kele.
tathapi, haah farak ajunahi anekada yaa vishayavar charcha karnare vidwan karatat.
bhavnik drushtikon.
jadubaddalcha bhavnik drushtikon ingraji manavvanshashastradnya robbert ranulf marrett, austriyan sigmund fried aanee polish manavvanshashastradnya bronislav malinowski yanchyashi sambandhit aahe.
maretne jadukade tanavacha pratisad mhanoon pahile. 1904 chya eka lekhat, tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee jaadoo hii eka utkat kinwa uttejak pratha aahe jee tanavachya bhavna door karnyasathi tayar kelee gelee aahe. jasjase tyache vichar vikasit jhaale, tasatase tyane jaadoo aanee dharm yanchyatil vibhajanachi kalpana adhikadhik nakarli aanee doghanchya suruvatichya vikasache varnan karnyasathi 'jadutona-dharmik' haah shabd vaparnyas suruvat kelee. malinovskilahi maretla jaaduchi samaj hotee, 1925 chya lekhat haah muddah hatalala gela. pratyek samajat heey tighehi upasthit aahet assa yuktivad karat, tyanni, jaduchya nantar dharm aanee nantar vidnyan heey samajik vikasachya vegvegalya tappyanchi malika mhanoon hote, heey fraserche utkrantivadi gruhitak nakarle. tyanchya matey, jaadoo aanee dharm heey donhi 'bhavnik tanavachya paristhitit udbhavtat aanee karya karatat', jaree dharm pramukhyane abhivyaktishil asala taree jaadoo pramukhyane vyavharik aahe. mhanoon tyanni jaaduchi vyakhya ashee kelee qee "eka vyavharik qalaa jyamadhye asha krutee asatat jyaa nantar apekshit asalelya nishchit parinamache sadhan aahet". malinovskisathi, jaaduchi krutye eka vishisht uddeshasathi kelee jaat hotee, tarr dharmik krutye swatach shevat hotee. udaharanarth, tyancha assa vishvas hota qee prajnan vidhee heey jaaduche asatat kaaran teey vishisht garaj purn karnyachya uddeshane kele jaatat. tyachya karyatmak drushtikonacha eka bhag mhanoon, malinowskine jadukade atarkik mhanoon navhe tarr dilelya samajik aanee paryavaraniy sandarbhat sanvedanshil rahoon upayukt karya karnari gosht mhanoon pahile.
jaadoo haah shabd friedney udarpane vaparla hota. tyane jaadoo manvi bhavnanmadhun udbhavat asalyache dekhil pahile parantu tyacha arth maretpeksha khoop vegala lavala.
fried spasht karatat qee "jaaducha sambandhit siddhant keval jaadoo konatya margavarun pudhe jaate teey spasht karato; too tyache kharey saar spasht karat nahee, mhanje gairsamaj jyamule too nisargachya niyamanchi jaaga mansik niyamandware gheto". fried jore deto qee jyaa goshtimule adim purush jaadoo gheuun pudhe aale teey mhanje ichchhashaktih "tyachya ichchansah eka prerak aaveg, ichchhashakti asate, jee nantar tyachya ichcha purn karnyasathi pruthvicha sampoorn chehara badalanyasathi niyat kelee jaate. yaa motor aavegacha vapar suruvatila samadhankarak paristhitiche pratinidhitva asha prakare karnyasathi keela jaato qee jyache varnan motor matibhram mhanoon kele jaau shakate tyadvare samadhan anubhavane shakya hote. samadhankarak ichcheche asha prakarche pratinidhitva mulanchya khelashi agadi tulanatmak aahe, jeey tyanchya purvichya samadhanachya keval sanvedanatmak tantrala yashasvi karate. [...] jasjasa kaal jaato, tasatasa mansik uchchar jaduchya krutisathichya 'hetun' varoon jyaa 'upayanni' tee kelee jaate tyaa 'upayankade-mhanje krutikadech jaato. [...] asha prakare teey asey disate qee teey swatach eka jaaduchi krutee aahe, jee ichchit parinamashi tyachya samanatemule, keval tyaa parinamachi ghatana tharavate."
1960 chya dashakachya suruvatila, manavvanshashastradnya murre aanee rozali vacs yanni assa yuktivad mandala qee vidvananni dilelya samajachya jadui jaagtik drushtikonakade vaidnyanik dnyanavishayichya pashchatya kalpananchya drushtine tarkshuddha karnyacha prayatna karnyaivaji tyachya swatachya atinvar pahile pahije. tyanchya kalpananvar itar manavvanshashastradnyanni jordar teeka kelee, jyanni assa yuktivad keela qee tyanni gair-jadui pashchatya jaagtik drushtikon aanee jadui gair-pashchatya jaagtik drushtikon yanchyat khotee dwibhajan prasthapit kelee aahe. jadui jaagtik drushtikonachya sankalpanecha itihas, lokkathashastra, tattvadnyan, sanskrutik siddhant aanee manasshastrat vyapak vapar jhaala. vividh manasshastradnyannihi jadui vicharanchya kalpanecha vapar keela aahe. 1920 chya dashakat, manasshastradnya jeane piyaje yanni yaa sankalpanecha vapar tyanchya yuktivadacha bhag mhanoon keela qee mule mansik aanee sharirik yaat spashtapane farak karoo shakat naheet. yaa drushtikonatun, mule vayachya sahaa teey nauu varshanchya darmyan tyanche jadui vichar sodoon deu lagatat.
stanly tambiyahchya matey, jaadoo, vidnyan aanee dharm yaa sarvancha swatacha "tarkbuddhicha guna" aahe aanee rajkaran aanee vichardharecha tyanchyavar prabhav aahe. dharmachya ulat, tambia asey suchavatat qee manavjatiche ghatananvar adhik vaiyaktik niyantran aahe. tambiyahchya matey, vidnyan hii "vartanachi eka pranali aahe jyadvare manushya paryavaranavar prabhutva midvato."
vanshik kendravad.
utkrantivadi kalpananvar aadharit european samajat jaadoo-dharm-vidnyan trikon vikasit jhaala.eae. tee jaadoo dharmat vikasit jhaali, jee tyaa badalyat vidnyanat vikasit jhaali. tathapi, pashchimatya nasalelya sanskratinvar kinwa pashchimatya samajachya purv-aadhunik prakaranvar charcha kartana pashchimatya vishleshanatmak sadhanacha vapar kelyane samasya udbhavtat kaaran teey tyanchyavar parkeey pashchimatya varg ladoo shakatat. pashchatya samajachya itihasat jaadoo hii eka alaukik (antargat) sandnya rahili asali taree, bigger-pashchatya samajanna aanee agadi vishisht pashchatya samajanmadhyehi lagoo kelee tarr tee eka bahya (bahereel) sandnya rahate. yaa karanastav, michael dii. sarkhe shikshantadnya. bellie haah shabd shaikshanik shreni mhanoon purnapane sodoon denyacha sallah deto. visavya shatkat, ashiyai aanee african samajanvar laksh kendrit jadutona anek vidvananni jaadoo hii sandnya tasech jadutonyasarkhya sambandhit sankalpana, jujusarkhya yaa vishisht samajanmadhye astitvat asalelya adhik achook sandnya aanee sankalpananchya bajoone nakarlya. europemadhil purv-aadhunik samajancha abhyas jadutona anek vidvananni, udaharanarth shastriy prachinkal, ashach prakarcha drushtikon swikarla aahe, jyanna jaaduchi aadhunik sankalpana ayogya vatate aanee teey jyaa pracheen sanskratincha abhyas karat aahet tyanchya chaukatit ugam ugam adhik vishisht sandnyanna teey pasanti detat. vaikalpikaritya, hii sandnya soochit karate qee jaduchya serve shreni vanshik kendrit aahet aanee asha pashchatya purvakalpana vidvattapoorn sanshodhanacha eka apariharya ghatak aahet. yaa shatkat vidvanandvare emic vanshik abhyasakade cull disun aala aahe, jeey emic/etic vibhajan spashtapane shodhatat.
anek vidvananni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee shaikshanik shishyavruttimadhye vishleshanatmak sadhan mhanoon yaa shabdacha vapar purnapane nakarla pahije. dharmache vidwan jonathan zed. udaharanarth, smithne assa yuktivad keela qee vidvananni vaparavi ashee eka aadarsh sandnya mhanoon tyachi konatihi upayuktata nahee. dharmacha itihaskar watter hangraph yane yaa aadharavar sahmati darshavali qee tyacha vapar pashchatya shreshthatechya sankalpananmadhye aadharit aahe aanee aahe...gair-europeey lokanche durbhavanapurna andhavishvasanpasun dharmantar karnyasathi 'vaidnyanik' samarthan mhanoon kaam kele..."jaadoo haah shabd" "aitihasik sanshodhanacha eka mahattvacha uddesh aahe, parantu sanshodhan karnyasathi hetu nahee"."
beline namood kele qee, 21 vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, kahee vidvananni jaduchya bhavya vyakhya shodhalya, parantu tyaeivaji "vishisht sandarbhankade kaljipurvak laksh kendrit kele", jadusarkhya shabdacha dilelya samajasathi kaay arth aahe heey tapasat; yaa drushtikonatun, tyanni namood kele, "jaduchya kayadeshiratevar prashnachinh upasthit qaraa eka sarvatrik shreni mhanoon". burned-khrishchan oto aanee michael stosberg yaa dharmachya vidvananni asey suchavale qee pashchimatya sanskratit jaduchya sankalpanecha konatahi avalamb naan karata tabij, shaap, upchar paddhati aanee itar sanskrutik paddhatimbaddal bolane vidvananna purnapane shakya hoil. 1980 chya dashakat shastriy abhyas aanee baybalsambandhi abhyasakade jaanyapurvi, manavvanshashastrat vikasit keleli vishleshanatmak sandnya mhanoon jaadoo nakarli jaavi hii kalpana. 1990 chya dashakapasun, dharmachya vidvananmadhye yaa shabdacha vapar qamee jhaala aahe.
aadhunik vyavsayik.
francis barrett.
aupcharik jaduchya vividh strotanpaiki, 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhatil ingraj, francis barrett yanni swatahla rasayanshastra, tattvamimansa aanee naisargik jadutona tattvadnyanacha vidyarthi mhatale. jadutonyatil ruchi punha jagrut karnyasathi barrett utsahi hota aanee tyane 'daad magus' navache eka jadui pathyapustak prakashit kele. "daad magus' madhye vanaspati aanee dagadanchi naisargik jaadoo, chumbakatva, tavij jaadoo, rasayanshastra, ankashastra, ghatak aanee itihasatil prasiddha tadnyanche charitra hatalale gele. heey eka sankalan hote, jyat jawaljawal purnapane cornelius agrippa yanchya "teen jadutona tattvadnyanachya pustakan", agrippala shrey dilele "jadutona tattvadnyanache chauthe pustak" aanee robbert turner yanchya "heptameron auph pieter auph abano" chya 1655 chya anuvadatil nivadincha samavesh hota. barretne badal kele aanee shabdalekhan aanee vakyarachana aadhunik kelee. kadambarikar edward bulver-litanvar kadachit prabhav prabhav yaa pustakala, elephas levivar prabhav padlyashivay, itar farshi dakhal midali nahee.
elephas leevi.
elephas leevi (1810-1875) yane tyacha mitra bulver-litansobat jaduvar eka grunth lihinyachi kalpana kelee. 1855 madhye 'dogme ett rituel day laa haute maggy' yaa shirshakakhali heey prakashit jhaale aanee arther edward weit yanni 'divya jaadoo, tyacha siddhant aanee vidhee' mhanoon ingerjit anuvadit kele.
1861 madhye, tyane 'laa clayf days grands mysteres' ('mahan rahasyanchi gurukilli') haah pudhcha bhag prakashit keela. levhichya pudhil jaduchya kamanmadhye 'fables ett symbols' ('katha aanee pratima'), 1862 aanee 'laa science days aspirits' ('aatmyanche vidnyan'), 1865 yancha samavesh aahe. 1868 madhye, tyane 'leey grand arken, oyu laal' aucultism devoil '(' daad gret secret, kinwa aucultism unweld ') lihile; tathapi, heey keval 1898 madhye maranottar prakashit jhaale.
levichi jaaduchi aavrutti, visheshtah tyachya mrutyunantar, khoop yashasvi jhaali. 1850 chya dashakapasun atalantikchya donhi bajunna adhyatm lokpriy hote, jyamule tyachya yashat yogdan midale. jaree tyaa kahisha aspasht rahilya, taree tyanchya jaduchya shikavani spasht dharmandhatepasun mukt hotya; tyanchyakade vikanyasathi kahihi navhate aanee tyanni ekhadya pracheen kinwa kalpanik gupt samajachi suruvat asalyache dhong kele nahee. tyane aaplya jaduchya pranalimadhye tarro kardancha samavesh keela aanee parinami tarro haah pashchatya jadugaranchya sadhansamagricha eka mahattvacha bhag rahila aahe. suvarn prabhat aanee nantar ellister crollychya hermatic orderchya jaduvar tyacha kholvar prabhav padala aanee yaa prabhavamulech levy visavya shatkatil jaduchya punarujjivanachya pramukh sansthapakanpaiki eka mhanoon lakshat thewala jaato.
suvarn prabhatcha hermatic kram.
daad hermatic aurder auph daad golden donn (1888 madhye sthapan jhaleli) hii 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila gupt, tattvamimansa aanee adhisamanya kriyakalapanchya abhyasasathi aanee saravasathi samarpit eka gupt sanstha hotee. eka jadui kram mhanoon olakhali jaanari, suvarn prabhatatil hermatic kram gret brittenmadhye sakriy hotee aanee tichya paddhatinche laksh dharamshastra aanee aadhyatmik vikasavar kendrit hote. samkalin paramparanchya kendrasthani asalelya vidhee aanee jaduchya anek sadhyachya sankalpana, jase qee vikka aanee thelema, suvarn prabhatapasun prerit hotya, joou 20 vya shatkatil pashchimatya jadutonavar sarvat mothya prabhavanpaiki eka banala.
william robbert woodman, william wiin westcott aanee samuel lidel mathers heey teen sansthapak freemason hote. suvarn prabhat sthapan karnyamagil prarambhik prerak shakti westcott asalyache disate.
jaree yaa tinhi kramanpaiki 'suvarn prabhat' haah pahila hota, taree yaa tinhila anekada ektritpane 'suvarn prabhat' mhanoon sambodhale jaate. pahilya kramane chaar shastriy ghatakancha abhyas aanee jagrukta, tasech jyotishshastra, tarro bhavishyakathan aanee bhoomanyata yanchya moolbhut babindware, hermatic kabalahvar aadharit goodh tattvadnyan aanee vaiyaktik vikas shikavala. vastoo kinwa aateel kramane, daad, scrying, aparthiv pravas aanee rasayanasah jaadoo shikavali.
ellister crolley.
ingraji lekhak aanee jadutona karnare ellister crolley (1875-1947) yanni 'tharjee' ('uchch jaadoo') aanee 'goetia' ('qamee jaadoo') yasah jaduchya paddhati aanee siddhantabaddal lihile. kayadyache pustak" aanee "drushti aanee aavaj" madhye, arami jaaduche sootra "abrakadabra" badaloon "abrahadabra" karnyat aale, jyala tyanni horaschya eonche naveen sootra mhatale. jaduchya aekhadyachya vidnyanala tyachya serve banavat goshtinpasun vegale karnyasathi tyane jaaduchi 'jaadoo' mhanoon pracheen paddhatine prasiddhapane jodani kelee."tyanni asehi mhatale qee" goetiyatil aatma heey manvi menduche bhag aahet."
tyanche 'magic, lieber abah, book 4' heey pustak jaduvar eka pradirgh grunth aahe, jyamadhye tyanni yog, hermatism, madhyayugeen grimoiers, elephas leevi aanee helena blavatsky yanchyasarkhya lekhakanche samkalin jaaduche siddhant aanee tyanche swatache mool yogdan yasah anek strotanmadhun sanshleshit keleli pashchimatya jadutona prathechi swatachi pranali dekhil sadar kelee aahe. yaat chaar bhag aaheth goodhvad, jaadoo (prathamik siddhant), siddhant aanee aacharanatil jaadoo aanee θελημα-kayada (devancha vishuv). tyat anek vidhee aanee spashtikaranatmak kagadpatre sadar jadutona asankhya parishishtanchahi samavesh aahe.
bhagyavan.
dione fortune (1890-1946) heey eka velsh jadugar, aupcharik jadugar, kadambarikar aanee lekhak hote. tyaa 'bandhutva aantarik prakash' yaa eka gupt sansthechi saha-sansthapak hotya, jee tattvadnyanala protsahan denari sanstha hotee, jyacha dawa tine keela hota qee teela adhishthata guru mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya aadhyatmik ghatakankadun shikavale gele hote. eka vipul lekhika asalelya tine tichya gupt kalpananvar mothya sankhyene lekh aanee pustake lihili aanee saat teen dekhil lihilya, jyapaiki anek gupt vishayanche spashtikaran detat.
bhagya haah eka aupcharik jadugar hota. ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhat suvarn prabhat yaa hermatic kramvarit, ticha bandhutva jyaa jadui tattvanvar aadharit hota, tee sweekarli gelee, aanee itar prabhav heey brahmavidya aanee khrishchan vidnyanatun aale. bhagya bandhutvadvare paar padale jaanare jaaduche samarambh done prakarat vibhagale geleh diksha, jyamadhye umedvarachi jaduchya shaktinshi olakh karoon dilee gelee aanee ushkerani, jyamadhye yaa shaktinna dilelya uddeshasathi hatalale gele.
tyanchya bewater mandiratil bandhunche vidhee mand prakashat kele jaat hote, kaaran bhagya asey manat hote qee tejaswi prakash etheric shaktinna vikhurato. eka kholichya madhyabhagi eka vedi thevanyat aalee hotee, jyat vedi-kapadyache rung aanee vedivaril chinhe samarambhanusar badalat hotee. vedivar eka prakash thevanyat aala hota, tarr dhoop, samanyatah lonee, jaalanyat aala hota. varishtha adhikari kholichya purvekadil tokavar ranget basale hote, tarr adhikari-jeey vaishvik shaktinsathiche marg manale jaat hote-jaminivar vividh sthananvar tainat hote. bhintipramane eka mansik shakti nirman karnyachya uddeshane, vartulat jup karat kholibhovati firat lodge ughadanyat aale. pudhe, yaa ghatak sookshm swarupat prakat hotil aanee nivadalelya nivadalelya sanvad sadhatil assa sadasyancha vishvas asalelya vaishvik ghatakancha vapar keela jaeel.
bhagya visheshtah laingikatechya samasyeshi sambandhit hote. purush aanee striyanmadhil yaa kamuk aakarshanacha vapar jadumadhye keela jaau shakato assa ticha vishvas hota. tine aaplya anuyayanna jaaduche vidhee kartana tyanchya poshakhakhali nagna rahanyache aavahan kele, kaaran yamule upasthit purush aanee striyanmadhil sarjansheel laingik tanav vadhel. tichya teenanmadhye jaree laingik vaishishtye asali taree tyache varnan kadhihi chitratmak tapashilat kelele nahee. vidwan andreau radford yanni namood kele qee, 'pavitra laingikta' baddalchya bhagyachya 'pratikriyavadi aanee atyant bhinnadharmi' drushtikonakade, emmanuel sweedenberg aanee andreau jackson davis yanchya kalpanankade parat jaatana aanee pascal beverley randolph aanee ida craddock sarkhya jadutonyanchya karyat dekhil dekhil gupt pravahanmadhil vyapak paramparecha bhag mhanoon pahile pahije.
dharmik abhyasache vidwan hyoog urban yanni namood kele qee visavya shatkachya suruvatichya aupcharik jaadoo aanee vikacha vikasit honara murtipujak dharm yanchyatil 'bhagya haah eka pramukh duva' hota. tyachpramane, vikkanchi pramukh pujari vivian crolley hiney bhagyala "proto-murtipujak" mhanoon darshavile. vidwan aanee goodhvadi neville drury yanni mhatale aahe qee, bhagya "samkalin vikkamadhye strivadi kalpananchi anek prakare apeksha karat hote", visheshtah serve devi ekach mahan deviche prakatikaran aahet yaa tichya vishvasadvare. graphane hokar deela, pudhe sangitale qee fortunechya kamanna nantarchya strivadi vikkan starhockchya kamat aanee visheshtah nantarchya 1979 chya pustakamadhye, 'daad spiral dance' madhye 'pratidhvani' midala.
1980 chya dashakat london parisarat sakriy asalelya aupcharik jaduchya aadeshanche aanee itar goodh gatanche sanshodhan kartana, luharmanla aadhalale qee tyanchyat, fortunechya teenannaa 'kalpanik aadarsh' mhanoon manale jaat hote aanee jaadoo samajoon ghenyacha sarvottam marg mhanoon navoditanna tyanchi shifaras kelee jaat hotee. murtipujak abhyas abhyas abhyasak joenne pearson yanni pudhe sangitale qee, fortunechi pustake aanee visheshtah 'daad see prestace' aanee 'moone magic' yaa teen anek vikka aanee itar murtipujakanchya malkichya hotya. dharmik abhyasache vidwan greham harvey yanni 'daad see prestace' chee tulana vikkan gerald gardnerchya 1949 chya 'hye magic edd' yaa kadambarishi kelee, jyat asey mhatale aahe qee donhi 'mahan sahitya' asale taree teey 'nantarchya adhik upadeshatmak kamanpeksha murtipujakvadala adhik changle uttejit karatat.
marrian zimmer bradleychya 'daad mist auph evelon' chya patranvar fortunechya purohitancha prabhav hota aanee tichya kalpana punarsthapanechya matsya kramasathi aadhar mhanoon swikarlya gelya, bradleychya netrutvakhalil eka aupcharik jaadoo gut. tichya kamancha bradleychya sahyogi aanee sahkari sadasya dyna pacsonverhi prabhav padala. 2007 paryant, fortunechya nantarchya teen teen chhapil rahilya aanee tyanchya vachakanchi sankhya mothee hotee.
jacq parsons.
johnn whiteside parsons (1914-1952) heey eka american rockett abhiyanta, rasayanshastradnya aanee thalamite jadutonashastradnya hote. parsons thelema yaa ingraji jadutonashastradnya ellister crolley yanni sthapan kelelya naveen dharmik chalvalit rupantarit jhaale. tyachi pahili patni helen northrup hichyabarobar, parsons heey thalamite aurdo temply orientis (oo.tii.oo.) 1941 madhye. crollychya bolivar, parsonsney 1942 madhye wilfred talboat smithchi jaaga ghetali aanee aurange grove bullewardvaril tyachya havelitoon lodge chalavale.
parsonsney chaar adthale olakhale jeey manavanna tyanchi kharee ichcha sadhya karnyapasoon aanee tee paar padnyapasun rokhatat, jeey serve teey bhitishi jodale geleh akshamatachi bheeti, itaranchya matanchi bheeti, itaranna dukhavanyachi bheeti aanee asurakshitatechi bheeti. tyanni yavar maat karnyacha aagrah dharala aanee lihile qee, "ichchhashaktila tyachya bandhanatun mukt kele pahije. ichchhashaktila virodh jadutona varjanachi, guntaguntichi, nirashechi, napasantinchi, bhitichi aanee tiraskaranchi nirdayi tapasani aanee naash karane pragatisathi aavashyak aahe."
1945 madhye, tichi baheen sarasobat premsambandh rahilyanantar, jevha saara tyala ell. ell. sathee sodoon gelee tevha parsons helenpasoon vegale jhaale. ronn hubbard, parsons yanni babalonche kaam kele, pruthvivaril thelemic devi babalonla aavahan karnyachya uddeshane vidhinchi eka malika. bablon kaam hii janewari teey march 1946 paryant parsons aanee scientologyche sansthapak ell. ronn hubbard. haah vidhee moolatah bablon navachya pracheen daivi strilingicha vaiyaktik avtar prakat karnyasathi tayar karnyat aala hota. haah prakalp crollychya kalpananvar aanee tyachya 1917 chya 'moonchild' yaa kadambaritil ashach prakalpachya varnanavar aadharit hota.
jevha parsonsney ghoshit kele qee vidhinchya maliketil pahili purn aanee yashasvi jhaali, tevha too jawaljawal lagechach tyachya swatachya gharee marjori cameronla bhetala aanee teela tyane aanee hubbardney vidhidvare bolavalela moolbhut manla. lavkarach parsonsney yaa malikecha pudhcha tappa suru keela, joou laingik jaduchya karyadvare moolala janm denyacha prayatna hota. jaree konatihi mool janmala aalee nasali taree, tyacha tyaa veleparyant vidhichya parinamanvar parinam jhaala nahee. parson aanee cameron, jyanna parson aata lalsar stree manatat, 'bablon', jyala vidhidvare bolavile jaate, lavkarach lagn jhaale.
kelelya vidhee mukhytah crollyne varnan kelelya vidhee aanee laingik jaduvar aadharit hote. crolley heey bablonchya kamadarmyan parsonshee patravyavahar karat hote aanee tyane parsanchya kamachi itaranshi khilli udavat, tyach velee too karat asalelya jadubaddalchya tyachya sambhavya atireki pratikriyambaddal too parsonna ishara dett asey.
lieber 49' navacha eka sankshipt grunth, jyacha majkurat 'daad book auph bablon' mhanoon swa-sandarbh aahe, too jacq parsonsney devikadun kinwa 'bablon' navachya shaktikadoon prasarit mhanoon lihila hota, joou tyala bablonchya kamadarmyan midala hota. parsons yanni lihile qee 'lieber 49' haah thelemacha pavitra grunth asalelya crollychya 'lieber all well legis' (kayadyache pustak) chaa chautha adhyay aahe.
philis secler.
philis secler (1917-2004), jyala 'soror meral' asehi mhanatat, too aurdo temply orienticechya (oo.) nossischya sarvbhoum abhayaranyacha navva ansh (ix°) sadasya hota.tii.oo.), aanee a ≤ a ≤ paramparetil vanshadharak. tee swatah ellister crollychi vidyarthini asalelya jaine wolfchi vidyarthini hotee.
secler haah oo. chaa sadasya hota.tii.oo. agape lodge heey oo. chey ekmev karyarat lodge aahe.tii.oo. ellister crollychya mrutyuchya velee. 1950 chya dashakat, crollychya sahityik varshache mahattvache bhag jatan karnyat, tyachya 'kabulijbab' chey kahee bhag aanee 'drushti aanee aavaj' aanee 'ashrunvina jaadoo' yaa sampoorn granthanche lekhan karnyat seclerchi mahattvachi bhoomika hotee. oo punha sakriy karnyat seclerchahi mahattvapoorn vaataa hota.tii.oo. 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatila, kraulicha niyukt uttaradhikari carl germerchya mrutyunantar, grady louis mcmurtries.
seclerne 'college auph thelema' chee sthapana karoon (james aii. saha) 'aii. aii. aii. ′ saha tiche aajivan kaam chaloo thewale. ashelman) heey 'thelemache mandir' aanee nantar 'chandichya 'chandichya mandir' tayar karnyache aashvasan dete. thelemachya kayadyachi, visheshtah swatahbaddal aanee aekhadyachya jadui ichchhechi sakhol samaj samajoon ghenyasathi, tichya vidyarthyanna margadarshan karnyachya prayatnat, seclerne dvivarshik thelemic journal 'inn daad continume' prakashit kele jyat thelema aanee diksha yaa vishayavaril tiche nibandh tasech aaa. chya vidyarthyansathi nirdeshatmak lekh prakashit kele.:.aaa.:., chitre aanee nibandh jeey crollyche kahee vichar spasht karnyas madat karatat aanee lieber almadhye vyakt kelelya thelemic tattvanchya samajanyas madat karatat. 1976 teey 1996 yaa 20 varshanparyant chhapalelya 'inn daad continume' neey ellister crolley yanchya durmil kalakrutihi prakashit kelya jyaa tyaa velee chhapun gelya hotya kinwa sapadane katheen hote.
seclerne oo. chya 418 lodgecha master mhanoon kaam kele.tii.oo. 1979 madhye tyachya sthapanepasun tichya mrutyuparyant californiamadhye.
keneth anudan.
keneth grant (1924-2011) haah eka ingraji aupcharik jadugar aanee thelemic dharmacha samarthak hota. eka kavee, kadambarikar aanee lekhak asalelya tyane, tyachi patni stephi grants, typhonian aurdo temply orientis yaa swatachya thelemic sanghatanechi sthapana kelee-nantar tyache naav badaloon typhonian aurder asey thewale gele.
grant heey jadutona jadutona ellister crollychya karyane mohit jhaale, tyanni tyanchi anek pustake vachali. crollyla bhetanyasathi utsuk asalelya grantne crollychya prakashakanna patre lihili, jyat tyanni tyanchi patre swatah crollyla pathvanyachi vinanti kelee. akheris 1944 chya sharad rututil buckinghamshiremadhil bail inn yethe doghanmadhil pahili bhet jhaali. pudhil anek baithka aanee patranchya devanghevaninantar, anudanane crollysathi tyacha sachiv aanee vaiyaktik sahayyak mhanoon kaam karnyas sahmati darshavali. aata sapeksh garibeet jagat asatana, crollyla tyachya sevansathi paise deuun anudan dene ashakya hote, tyaeivaji tyala jadui shikshan dile jaat hote.
march 1945 madhye, grant heey netherwoodchya maidanatil eka lodge cottagemadhye rahayala gele, jeey eka susax boarding haus hote jithe crolley rahat hota. tyaa tyaa patravyavahar aanee garja hataltana too tithe anek mahine crollisobat rahat rahila. tyaa badalyat, tyala crollychya vyapak granthalayatun gupt vishayanvar vachanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee aanee tyachyasobat aupcharik jaaduchi kaame kelee, jyamule crollychya jaduchya gatatil, aurdo temply orienticecha (oo.tii.oo.). crollyne anudanakade oo. chaa sambhavya neta mhanoon pahile.tii.oo. brittenmadhye, tyachya diarymadhye lihito, "anudanache moolya. jarr mea melo kinwa americet gelo, tarr ingraji oo. chee kalji ghenyasathi eka prashikshit manus asane aavashyak aahe.tii.oo."
tyachya shikavanichya rachnemadhye vividh strotanvar anudanane nivadakpane laksh vedhale. jaree thelemamadhye aadharit asale taree, grantchya typhonian parampareche varnan goodhvad, nava-vedant, hindu tantra, pashchatya laingik jaadoo, ativastavad, euphology aanee lovecraftian dnyan yaa "bricollege" mhanoon kele gele aahe. dajurdjevikchya matey, grantchi lekhan shaili "maukhik aanee sankalpanatmak bhoolbhulaiyyansah" apardarshak asalyabaddal kukhyat aahe. dharmacha itihaskar mannon heidenberg whiteney namood kele qee "grantche lekhan paddhatshirkaranasathi sahajpane swatahla udhar deu naye". tee pudhe mhanali qee too "jaanunbujun gupt kinwa vartulakar yuktivad paddhati vaparato" aanee tyat tathya aanee kalpanaramya yanchyatil spasht seema naheet.
grantne jyala tyane jaduchya typhonian kinwa kathor paramparecha ullekh keela tyala protsahan dile aanee lihile qee thelema heey yaa vyapak parampareche keval alikadil prakatikaran aahe. aaplya pustakanmadhye, tyanni typhonian parampareche varnan jagatil sarvat junie aadhyatmik parampara mhanoon kele, jyat tyanni lihile qee tyachi mule pracheen aafriket aahet. dharmik abhyasache vidwan gorden jurdjevic yanni namood kele qee typhonian itihasababat grantche aitihasik dave "atyant jaast anumanatmak" hote aanee tyanchyakade konatyahi samarthanatmak puravyancha abhav hota, tathapi tyanni suchavale qee anudanane heey dave shabdasha ghenyacha hetu kadhich navhata.
grantne dharmachya itihasacha barmahi arth lavala. grants yanni lihile aahe qee tantra aanee yog yasarkhya bharatiy aadhyatmik paramparancha pashchatya goodh paramparanshi sambandh aahe aanee donhi mool, pracheen strotapasun udbhavtat, goodhvadyanchya paramparavadi shalene protsahan dilelya barmahi tattvadnyanat samanata aahet. tyancha assa vishvas hota qee jaduvar prabhutva midvoon, vyakti yaa bhramatmak vishvavar prabhutva midvate, vaiyaktik mukti midvate aanee keval aatmyache astitva aahe heey olakhate. anudananusar asey kelyane, aekhadyachya aekhadyachya ichchecha, mhanje thelemache kendrabindu, shodh lagato.
grantne pudhe lihile qee swakshetrala 'daad move zoan' mhanoon olakhale jaat hote aanee khol zopechya sthiteet asatana teey pohochata yete, jithe teey daldaliche pratikatmak swaroop aahe. tyancha assa vishvasahi hota qee chetaneche vastav, jyala teey ekmev kharey vastav manatat, teey nirakar hote aanee tyamule teey shoonya mhanoon sadar kele gele, jaree tyanni heey dekhil shikavale qee teey hindu devi kaalee aanee thelemic devi neut yanni prateek kele aahe.
laingik jadubaddal grantchya matanmadhye manavanmadhil laingik dvirupateche mahatva aanee tyanantarchya ling bhoomikanmadhil farak yavar mothya pramanat laksh vedhale gele. laingik jaaduche kharey rahasy sharirik srav hote, jyapaiki sarvat mahattvache mhanje striche masik paliche rakt heey hote, asey grant yanni shikavale. yamadhye too krolipeksha vegala hota, jyane viryakade sarvat mahattvacha jananendriyacha srav mhanoon pahile. anudan mhanje stree laingik sravanna 'cull' asey sambodhale jaate, hii sandnya sanskratmadhun sweekarli jaate. tyanna vatale qee striyanna qalaa asalyamule tyanchyat maukhik aanee durdarshi shakti aahet. grantchya likhanat stree jananendriyachya sravache jadui upayog haah eka varanvar yenara vishay aahe.
james lii.
james lease (22 august 1939-2015) haah eka ingraji jadugar hota, joou tyane ingraji kaballa navachya pranalicha shodh lavnyasathi olakhala jaat asey.
leejcha janm bolton, lancashire yethe jhaala. tyanni vishleshanatmak rasayanshastradnya mhanoon karkird sthapan kelee. satyachya shodhat tyanni manasshastrachahi abhyas keela. vidnyanakadun tyanna havee asaleli uttare naan midalyane, tyanni jyotishshastrachya abhyasakade valale, agadi eka bhayanak jyotishi mhanoon kahee kaal udarnirvahi keela.
aanakhi uttare shodhanyacha nirdhar karat asatana, leene kabbala aanee jivanachya vrukshacha abhyas karnyache tharavale. yethoon tyane 'solomanchi gurukilli' chya prathanansah prayog karnyas suruvat kelee. parinamanvar samadhan manoon, tyane 'abramelinchya pustakat' varnan kelele 18 mahinyanche kaam janmaheen vidhidvare kele. aaplya pavitra snrakshak devdutache yashasvipane aavahan kelyanantar, tyane jivanachya vrukshachya 'madhalya stambhavar' chadhanyakade aapale laksh valavale, jyachi parinati athang paar karane yaa anubhavane jhaali.
tyanantar, november 1976 madhye, leejane ingraji varnamalecha kram aanee moolya shodhun kadhale."yaa shodhanantar, leejane itaranna tyanchya swatachya aadhyatmik marganchya shodhat madat karnyasathi oo ω a ω a ω chee sthapana kelee. ingraji kaballa (eae. kyu.) mhanoon olakhala jaanara yaa pranalicha pahila sarvajanik ahwal reey shervinne 1979 madhye tyachya 'daad nyu equinox' yaa niyatkalikachya antim ankatil sampadakiyat prakashit keela hota. tyanantar leejane 'daad nyu equinox' chya prakashakachi bhoomika sweekarli aanee 1981 pasoon, niyatkalikachya paach ankanchya kalavadhit, 1982 paryant vistarat, eae. kyu. pranalibaddal atirikt sahitya prakashit kele.
1904 madhye, ellister crollyne tyachya jaagtik drushtikonachya moolbhut dastaivajacha majkoor lihila, jyala 'lieber all legis', 'daad book auph daad low' mhanoon olakhale jaate. yaa majkurat 2h55 yaa shlokat aadhalanara aadesh hota; "tumhala ingraji varnamalecha kram aanee moolya milel, tyanna shrey denyasathi tumhala naveen chinhe sapadtil" jee crollyla ingraji kabalacha sandarbh detana samajali hotee jee adyap vikasit kinwa ughad jhaleli nahee.
james lease yanni shodhalelya 'aurder andd value' madhye 'lieber all' chya hastalikhit prushthavar lavalelya greedver akshare thewali aahet, jyavar heey shlok (chaa. 3, vhee. 47) (adhyay 3 chey patrak 16) yete. yaa prushthavar eka karnaresha aanee eka golakar cross dekhil disat aahe. "daad book auph daad low" madhye asey mhatale aahe qee heey pustak keval crollychya hastalikhit aavruttisah chhapale jaave, asey suchavate qee crollychya hastalekhanachya "aksharanchya aakasmik aakarat aanee ekmekanchya sthitimadhye" rahasye aahet. varchya-davya teey khalchya-ujavya karnatil joou kahee vachala jaato, tyaa aksharancha jadui kram prapt hoto.
2011 madhye jeeck stratton-kentche pustak 'daad surpent lengah lieber 187' prakashit hoiparyant ingraji kaballavar thode adhik sahitya prakashit jhaale. tyanantar 2016 madhye cath thompson yanni 'daad magical langways auph daad book auph daad lauh aine inglish kaballa primer' prakashit kele. james lease aanee englandmadhil tyanchya gatachya sadasyanni 2010 paryant yaa pranalicha shodh, shodh aanee satat sanshodhan aanee vikas, tyanchya 2018 chya 'aul diss andd aaa book' yaa pustakat tapshilvar aahe.
nema andahadna.
nema andahadan (1939-2018) yanni tees varshanhun adhik kaal jaaducha (alastair crollyne paribhashit kelyapramane, jadui kaam) sarav keela aanee lihile. 1974 madhye tine " navache eka laghupat prakashit kele.
thelemic jaduchya tichya anubhavavarun tine 'matt magic' navachi swatachi jaaduchi pranali vikasit kelee jyache uddisht manavjatiche parivartan karane aahe. 1979 madhye tine horas-mutt lodgechi saha-sthapana kelee. lodge aanee tichya kalpana keneth grantchya likhanat darshavilya gelya aahet.
tiche lekhan 'sinasinati journal auph forminial magic', 'eoin' aanee 'starfire' yasah anek prakashananmadhye prakashit jhaale aahe. donald michael kregg yanchya mateh
jaaduchi jaadoo.
samanya lokansathi, bhramachi yashasvi krutye pracheen magoidware kelee jaau shakali asavi asha jaduchya kamgirisarkhich asalyache manale jaau shakate. bhram kinwa jaduchya jaduchya yuktya aanee asha krutyanchi pratyaksh karye aanee parinam yanna anekada 'jaadoo' aanee visheshtah jaduchya yuktya mhanoon sambodhale gele aahe.
jaaduchi rahasye spasht karnyasathi sarvat aadhi dnyat pustakanpaiki eka, 'daad discovery auph matchcraft', 1584 madhye prakashit jhaale. lokanna jadutonyasathi marle jaanyapasun rokhanyasathi reginald scotney teey tayar kele hote. hote shatkat jaduchya yuktyanche varnan karnari anek pustake prakashit jhaali. 18 vya shatkaparyant, jaaduche karyakram heey jatretil manoranjanache eka samanya srot hote. aadhunik karamanook jaaduche 'janak' jeane yujeen robbert-haudin hote, jyanche 1845 madhye parismadhye jaaduche natyagruh hote. johnn heinry anderson 1840 chya dashakat londonmadhye tyach sankramanache margdarshak hote. hota shatkachya akheris, mothya natyagruhanchya thikani kayamswarupi sadar kele jaanare mothe jaaduche karyakram heey sarvasamanya jhaale. manoranjanacha eka prakar mhanoon, jaadoo sahajpane natya sthalanpasun durchitravanichya jaduchya vishesh goshtinkade valali.
aadhunik nirikshak jyanna kalpana mhanoon olakhatil asha sadarikaranancha sarav sampoorn itihasat keela gela aahe. udaharanarth, teen cup aanee chendu asaleli yukti ii. sha. puu. 3 pasoon kelee jaat aahe. aanee aajahi manchavar aanee rastyavaril jaduchya karyakramanmadhye sadar kele jaate. anek nondavalelya shatkanpasun, jadugarancha sambandh saitan aanee jadutona yanchyashi hota. hota aanee henning shatkat, anek munch jadugaranni tyanchya jahiratinmadhye yaa kalpanecha fayda ghetala. trojan horsesarkhya prasiddha pracheen fasavanuk karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya chaturyachi teech patali manoranjanasathi kinwa kiman paishachya khelanmadhye fasavanuk karnyasathi dekhil vaparali gelee asatee. ashikshit lokanna aadnyadharak banavanyasathi kinwa tyanche anuyayi banavanyasathi pracheen kalapasoon vividh dharm aanee panthanche anuyayi tyancha vapar karat hote. tathapi, jadutona jadutona vyavasayala keval 18 vya shatkat ball midale aanee tevhapasoon tyane anek lokpriy vaktavyancha anand ghetala aahe.
jaduchya yuktya.
dilelya parinamache vargikaran kase karave yabaddal jadugaranmadhye matey vegvegali asatat, parantu anek shreni vikasit kelya gelya aahet. jadugar rikamya topitoon sassa odhu shakatat, kahitari nahise hott asalyache vatoo shakate kinwa laal resheem rumalche hiravya resheem rumalat rupantar karoo shakatat. jadugar ekhadi gosht nasht dekhil karoo shakatat, jase qee doke kapane aanee nantar tee "punarsanchayit karane", kahitari eka thikanahun vastoo thikani haltana disane, kinwa teey pratibandhatmak upkaranatun sutu shakatat. itar bhramanmadhye gurutvakarshanacha virodh karnari ekhadi vastoo disane, ekhadi ghan vastoo vastoo vastutoon jaat asalyache disane kinwa prekshakachya nivadicha andaj lavtana disane yancha samavesh hoto. anek jaduchya dincharye parinamanchya sanyogancha vapar karatat.
yaa vishayavaril sarvat suruvatichya pustakanpaiki eka mhanje gantzioniche 1489 madheel 'naisargik aanee anaisargik jaadoo', jeey junya kalatil yuktyanche varnan aanee spashtikaran dete. 1584 madhye, englishman reginald scotney 'daad discovery auph dynecraft' prakashit kele, jyacha eka bhag jadugaranni alaukik paddhati vaparlya aanee tyanchya 'jaduchya yuktya' pratyakshat kasha sadhya kelya heey dakhavanyasathi samarpit hota. charcha kelelya yuktyanpaiki dorkhand, kagad aanee nanyansah hatane chalanari chaal hotee. tyaa velee, jadutonyachi bheeti aanee vishvas vyapak hota aanee yaa bheeti chukichya thikani aahet heey dakhavanyacha yaa pustakane prayatna keela. 1603 madhye james pahila yachya rajyabhishekanantar serve upalabdh pratee jaloon khaq jhalya, assa lokpriy vishvas hota.
17 vya shatkat, ashach prakarchi anek pustake prakashit jhaali jyat 'daad aart auph consuring' (1614) aanee 'daad anatomy auph legardemenah daad aart auph juggling' (see. 1675).
18 vya shatkaparyant, jaaduche karyakram heey jatretil karamanukiche eka samanya srot hote, jithe pravas karnare kalakar jaduchya yuktya, tasech talwar gilane, hatoda karane aanee agni shvasochavasache paramparik chashma vaparoon lokanche manoranjan karayache. karayache shatkachya suruvatila, jadutonyavaril vishvas qamee hott asatana, hii qalaa adhikadhik aadaraniy hott gelee aanee shrimant khajgi aashraydatyansathi pradarshane aayojit kelee jaatil. yaa sankramanatil eka ullekhaneey vyakti mhanje isaq fox, haah inglish shoman hota, jyane 1720 chya dashakapasun jahiratinmadhye tyachya abhinayacha prachar karnyas suruvat kelee-tyane king george II sathee sadarikaran kelyacha dawa dekhil keela. foxchya jahiratinpaiki eka jahiratimadhye tyachya dincharyeche kahee tapshilvar varnan kele aaheh
1756 teey 1781 paryant, jacob filadelfiyane sampoorn europe aanee russiamadhye jaaduche parakram kele, kadhikadhi vaidnyanik pradarshananchya navakhali.
aadhunik rangmanch jaadoo.
aadhunik karamanook jaaduche 'janak' jeane yujeen robbert-haudin hote, jeey moolatah eka ghadyal nirmate hote, jyanni 1845 madhye parismadhye eka jaaduche natyagruh ughadale. tyanni tyanchya kaleche rupantar jatret sadar kelelya sadarikaranatun natakgruhat pahanyasathi janatela paise deuun kelelya sadarikaranat kele. tyache vaishishtya mhanje yantrik autometa tayar karane jeey haltana aanee jiwant asalyasarkhe karya kartana disat hote. robbert-houdinchya bhramasathichya anek yantrananvar tyachya sahayyakane pirate kele aanee teey tyache pratispardhi johnn heinry anderson aanee alekzandar herman yanchya sadarikaranat sampale.
johnn heinry anderson londonmadhye tyach sankramanacha margdarshak hota. 1840 madhye tyanni naveen strand theater ughadale, jithe tyanni 'uttarekadil mahan jadugar' mhanoon sadarikaran kele. tyachya karyakramanchya jahiratinmule aanee tyachya prekshakanna tadnya sadarikaranane aakarshit kelyane tyala yash midale. jaagtik khyaticha uchch star star sarvat suruvatichya jadugaranpaiki too eka banala. 1845 madhye tyanni glassgo yethe dusare natyagruh ughadale.
shatkachya akheris, mothya natyagruhanchya thikani kayamswarupi sadar kele jaanare mothe jaaduche karyakram heey sarvasamanya jhaale. british kalakar jeey. aine. maskleen aanee tyacha bhagidar cook yanchi sthapana 1873 madhye londonchya pikadili yetheel egyptian hallmadhye tyanche vyavasthapak william morton yanni kelee aanee teey 31 varshe tethe rahile. yaa karyakramat rangbhumivaril bhramancha samavesh hota aanee videshi (anekada prachya) pratimansah paramparik yuktya navyane shodhalya gelya. manchavaril kshamatecha vapar lapalelya yantrana aanee sahayyakansathi aanee prekshakanchya drushtikonavar teey deu karat asalelya niyantranacha keela gela.
maskleen aanee cook yanni aajahi sadar kelelya anek bhramancha shodh lavala-tyanchya sarvat prasiddha kalpananpaiki eka mhanje levitation.
vaishishtyapurn' jadugar disanyasathiche model-lahardar cases, varchi topi, bakri aanee telkote asalela manus-alekzandar herman (1844-1896) hota, jyala herman daad gret mhanoonahi olakhale jaate. herman haah eka french jadugar hota aanee herman kutumbatil navacha bhag hota jeey "jaaduche pahile kutumb" aahe."
palayanshastradnya aanee jadugar harry haudini (1874-1926) tyache manchavaril naav robbert-haudinavarun ghetale aanee rangbhumivaril jaduchya yuktyanchi eka shreni vikasit kelee, tyapaiki anek tyachya mrutyunantar palayanshastra mhanoon olakhalya gelelya goshtinvar aadharit aahet. haudini lockpicking aanee stratejacketpasoon sutka yasarkhya tantranmadhye kharokharach kushal hota, parantu tyane banavat upkarane aanee prekshakanmadhil vyaktinshi sangati yasah vividh prakarchya kalpana tantrancha dekhil purn vapar keela. haudinichi pradarshan-vyavasayatil samaj tyachya sadarikaran kaushalyaitakich uttam hotee. pensylvania scranton yethe tyanna samarpit eka haudini sangrahalay aahe.
rangbhumivaril jaduchya kalecha prachar aanee pragati karnyasathi 1905 madhye londonmadhye jaaduche vartul sthapan karnyat aale.
manoranjanacha eka prakar mhanoon, jaadoo sahajpane natya sthalanvarun durchitravani visheshankade sarkali, jyamule fasavanukichya naveen sandhee khulya jhalya aanee mothya prekshakanparyant rangmanchavaril jaadoo pohochali. 20 vya shatkatil prasiddha jadugaranmadhye okito, david devent, harry blackstone ess. aar. yancha samavesh hota., harry blackstone junier., howard thursten, theodor animan, cardini, joseph danner, daee vernon, fred collift, tommy vandara, siegfried andd roy aanee dug henning. henning aanee aanee shatkatil lokpriy jadugaranmadhye david copperfield, lance berton, james randy, paine andd teller, david blain, criss engel, hans clock, derren braun aanee dynamo yancha samavesh aahe. prasiddha mahila jadugaranmadhye dell oo 'dell aanee dorothy aahar samruddha yancha samavesh aahe. bahutek durchitravani jadugar thet prekshakansamor sadarikaran karatat, jeey durastha darshakanna aashvasan detat qee nirmitinantarchya drushya prabhavanmule bhram prapt hott naheet.
rangbhumivaril jaaduchi anek tattve junie aahet. eka abhivyakti aahe, "heey serve dhumada aanee aarshanni kele aahe", jeey kahitari gondhalat takanare spasht karnyasathi vaparale jaate, parantu pratishthapan karya aanee vahatukichya adchaninmule aaj prabhav kvachitach aarshancha vapar karatat. udaharanarth, prasiddha mirchyache bhoot, 19 vya shatkatil londonmadhye pahilyanda vaparlela eka rangbhumi bhram, yasathi vishesharitya bandhalelya natyagruhachi aavashyakta hotee. aadhunik kalakaranni itar prakarchya optical fasavanukicha vapar karoon tajmahal, swatantrya putala aanee space shatalsarkhya mothya vastoo nahisha kelya aahet.

