
bhupradesh-praman sanwardhan

nisarg-praman sanwardhan haah nisargprasang vyavasthapanasathi eka sarvangin drushtikon aahe, jyacha uddesh nisarg sanwardhan aanee aarthik upkramanchya spardhatmak uddishtanmadhye samanvay sadhane haah aahe. hawaman badalamule kahivela bhupradesh-praman sanvardhanacha prayatna keela jaau shakato. tyakade sthal aadharit sanvardhanacha paryay mhanoon pahile jaau shakate.
garibi, ann suraksha, hawaman badal, panyachi tanchai, jangaltod aanee jaivavividhateche nuksan yasarkhya anek jaagtik samasya ekmekanshi jodalelya aahet. udaharanarth, lokanna daridryatun baher kadhalyas upbhog vadhu shakato aanee hawaman badalala chalana miloo shakate. sheticha vistar kelyane panyachi tanchai vadhu shakate aanee adhivasache nuksan houu shakate. landscape vyavasthapanache samarthak assa yuktivad karatat qee yaa samasya ekmekanshi jodalelya asalyane, landscape anek fayade kase nirman karoo shakatat yavar laksh kendrit karoon tyanche nirakaran karnyasathi samanvit drushtikonachi aavashyakta aahe. udaharanarth, nadiche khore shaharansathi aanee shetisathi paanee, lock aanee udhyogansathi lakud aanee annadhanya pike aanee jaivavividhatesathi adhivas puravu shakate aanee yaa pratyek vaparkartyacha itaranvar parinam houu shakato.
aantarsarkari sanstha, sarkari upkram aanee sanshodhan sansthanni bhupradeshanna sanvardhanasathiche mahattvache ghatak mhanoon manyata dilee aahe.
yaa drushtikonatil samasyanmadhye dekhrekh karnyatil adachani aanee tyachyashi sambandhit vyakhya aanee atincha prasar yancha samavesh hoto.
vyakhya.
anek parasparvirodhi sandnya aanee vyakhya aahet, parantu anek sandnyanche arth sarkhech aahet. udaharanarth, shashvat bhupradesh, bhavee pidhyanchya swatachya garja purn karnyachya kshamateshi tadjod naan karata "sadhyachya garja purn karato."
bhupradeshanchya madhyamatoon sanvardhanakade vatchal karane hii eka sankalpanatmak chaukat mhanoon pahili jaau shakate, jyamadhye bhupradeshatil bhagdharkanche uddisht spardhatmak samajik, aarthik aanee paryavaraniy uddishtanmadhye samet ghadavun aanane heey asate. jaminichya ekach vaparavar laksh kendrit karnyaivaji, vividh bhagdharkanche hitsambandh purn hotil heey sunishchit karane heey tyache uddisht aahe.
serve bhupradesh-praman sanwardhan yojanancha prarambhik bindu bhupradeshachya swarupachi samaj asane aavashyak aahe. landscape patra saundaryachya palikade jaate. samuday, sanskrutik varsa aanee vikas, arthvyavastha, tasech parisaratil vanyajeev aanee naisargik sansadhananna aadhar denyasathi bhupradesh kase karya karate heey samajoon ghene yaat samavisht aahe. sweekrut paddhatinnusar bhupradeshachya swarupache kaljipurvak moolyankan karane aavashyak aahe. landscape charitra moolyankan konatya landscapemadhe konate praman yogya aahe heey nirdharit karnyat yogdan deil. "landscape scale" mhanje keval mothya pramanavar karya karane assa naheeh yacha arth sanwardhan yogya pramanat kele jaate aanee tyat bhudrushyatil bhootkalatil aanee vartamanatil manvi ghatak vicharat ghetale jaatat.
itihas.
ingrajimadhye 'landscape' haah shabd dutch 'landshap' pasoon 1660 chya dashakat aanala gela aanee moolatah tyacha arth chitrakala assa aahe. 1886 madhye 'jaminicha vegala bhag aanee tyachi vaishishtye' assa arth tyatoon aala. tyanantar 1916 paryant haah kriyapad mhanoon vaparla gela.
german bhoogolshastradnya carl troll yanni 1939 madhye 'landshaftsocology' hii german sandnya tayar kelee-mhanje 'landscape ecology'. tyanni yaa kamacha bhag mhanoon hii shabdavali aanee landscape ecologychya anek prarambhik sankalpana vikasit kelya, jyat paryavaran, shetee aanee vanaspati yanchyatil parasparsanvadachya abhyasasathi havai chhayachitranche spashtikaran lagoo karane samavisht hote.
brittenmadhye bhupradeshanche sanwardhan 1945 madhye 'ingland aanee velsmadhil rashtriy udyananvaril sarkarla ahwal' prakashit karoon suru jhaale asey mhatale jaau shakate. rashtriy udyane aanee grameen bhaganmadhye pravesh kayada 1949 neey utkrusht naisargik saundaryachya nirmiti kshetransathi (aii. oo. aine. bii.) kayada aanala. suyogya jameen (aine. aay.) kayada 1965 swikarlyanantar uttar irelandmadhye teech pranali aahe. yapaiki pahilya aii. oo. aine. bii. chee vyakhya 1956 madhye karnyat aalee hotee, tarr shevatchi rachana 1995 madhye karnyat aalee hotee.
grameen bhupradeshachya abhyasasathi 1957 madhye kayamswarupi european parishadechi sthapana karnyat aalee. european landscape adhiveshan 1994 madhye europe parishadechya (clrey) pradeshik aanee sthanik adhikadhyanchya congressne suru kele hote, 2000 madhye europe parishadechya mantryanchya samiteene sweekarle hote aanee 2004 madhye lagoo jhaale.
1980 chya dashakat sanwardhan samudayane landscape ecologychya vidnyanachi dakhal ghenyas suruvat kelee.
jaivavividhata sanvardhanasah aantarrashtriy samajik aanee aarthik vikasala eksandh karananya bhupradesh vyavasthapanachya sankalpana vikasit karnyache prayatna 1992 madhye suru jhaale.
landscape vyavasthapan aata anek punaravruttimadhye aanee panlot vyavasthapan, landscape ecology aanee sanskrutik landscape yasarkhya itar sankalpnansah astitvat aahe.
aantarrashtriy.
2015 madhye sanyukt rashtranchya paryavaran karyakramane mhatale hote qee bhupradesh drushtikon parisanstha vyavasthapanacha samavesh karato. unep utpadak bhupradesh prakalpachya parisanstha vyavasthapanasah drushtikon vaparte. jaivik vividhatevaril adhiveshanachi vaidnyanik samitee jaivavividhatecha shashvat vapar sudharanyasathi bhupradeshacha drushtikon haah sarvat mahattvacha mapdand manato. bhupradeshavar jaagtik munch aahet. upajivikechya aanee bhupradesh dhorananchya karyakramadarmyan, nisarg sanvardhanasathichya aantarrashtriy sanghatnene 23 vegvegalya deshantil 27 bhupradeshanmadhye jagbharatil thikani haah drushtikon lagoo keela.
bhupradesh drushtikonachi udaharane jaagtik kinwa khandiy asoo shakatat, udaharanarth africa, oshiniya aanee lattin americet. grameen vikasasathicha european krishi nidhi europemadhil bhupradesh sanvardhanasathi nidhi puravanyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavate.
aantarrashtriy vachanbaddhatanshi susangatata.
kahijan assa yuktivad karatat qee bhupradesh vyavasthapan shashvat vikas uddishte sadhya karoo shakate. yapaiki anek uddishtanmadhye sambhavya samanvay kinwa paraspar vinimay asatoh tyamule kahijan assa yuktivad karatat qee yaa uddishtanna vaiyaktikaritya sambodhit karane prabhavi asoo shakat nahee aanee landscape drushtikon tyanna vyavasthapit karnyasathi sambhavya chaukat pradan karatat. udaharanarth, upasamar sampavanyasathi sinchit shetjaminichya vadhatya kshetracha jaminivaril parisansthanvar kinwa shashvat jalvyavasthapananvar pratikool parinam houu shakato. landscape drushtikonancha uddesh vividh kshetrancha samavesh karane aanee asha prakare shashvat vikas uddishtanchi anek uddishte sadhya karane-udaharanarth, krishi utpadakta, puur sanrakshn, jaivavividhata aanee carbon sathavan vadhavanyasathi nadichya panlot kshetrat kaam karane.
hawaman badal aanee shetee ekmekanshi jodalele aahet, tyamule annadhanyache utpadan aanee hawaman shaman haah bhupradesh vyavasthapanacha eka bhag asoo shakato. manavjanya utsarjanat krishi kshetracha vaataa sumare 24 takke aahe. haritgruh vayoo utsarjit karananya itar kshetranpramane, krishi aanee vanikaranamadhye haritgruh vayoo utsarjan qamee karoon kinwa kadhoon hawaman badal qamee karanyachi kshamata aahe, udaharanarth, punarvanikaran aanee bhupradesh punarsanchayit karane. landscape vyavasthapanache samarthak assa yuktivad karatat qee 'hawaman-smart shetee' aanee 'reed +' landscape vyavasthapnavar bharr deu shakatat.
pradeshik.
germany.
kaaran manvi kriyakalapanmule bhupradeshat badal jhalyanantar germanychya jaivavividhatecha motha bhag dakshin aanee purvekadoon aakraman karoo shakala, asha krutrim bhupradeshanchi dekhbhal karane haah nisarg sanvardhanacha avibhajya bhag aahe. germanytil mukhya nisarg sanwardhan kayadyache purn naav, 'bundesnatourschutzes', asey mhanoon tyache sampoorn shirshak 'gessetz uber natureschutz und landshaftsplays' asey aahe, jyacha shabdasha anuvad 'landscape maintenance' assa hoto (adhik sandarbh pahaa). sambandhit sankalpana mhanje, "bhupradesh sanrakshn/sanwardhan" aanee, "nisarg sanrakshn" kinwa shabdasha (kayadeshiraritya) "sanrakshit bhupradesh kshetra". daad "hii mukhya sanstha aahe jee germanytil bhupradeshanche sanrakshn karate. hii eka chhatra sanstha aahe jee vividh german rajyanchya pradeshik bhupradesh sanrakshn sanghatananna samanvayit karate. shastriyadrushtya, bhupradeshache sanwardhan karnyasathi chaar paddhati kelya jaau shakatatah dekhbhal, sudharana, sanrakshn aanee punarvikas. alpine kuranatil maans kinwa paramparik 'struobstvees' madheel safarchand rus yasarkhya utpadananche vipanan dekhil sanvardhanamadhye eka mahattvacha ghatak asoo shakato. bhudrushya teen paddhatinni rakhale jaateh jaivik-jase qee pashudhanadvare charavane, hatane (jaree heey shramachya uchch kharchamule durmil asale taree) aanee samanyatah yantrikdrushtya.
netherlands.
"dutch sarkari vann seva, 'statsbosbaher', tyanchya jamini vyavasthapit karnyasathi bhupradesh vyavasthapan haah eka mahattvacha bhag manato. hii eka chhatra sanstha aahe jee vividh prantiy bhupradesh vyavasthapan sanghatananchya hitsambandhanna protsahan dete aanee nidhi puravanyat madat karate, jyamadhye 75,000 svayamsevak aanee 110,000 hector sanrakshit nisarg rakheev kshetrancha samavesh aahe. netherlandsmadhye shashvat bhupradesh vyavasthapnavar sanshodhan kele jaat aahe.
peru.
bahu-karyatmak bhupradesh vyavasthapit karananya utpadak chalvaliche eka udaharan mhanje peru yetheel pisak yetheel batata udyan, jithe sthanik samuday 12,000 hector bhupradeshachya paryavaraniy aanee sanskrutik vividhateche sanrakshn karatat.
sweeden.
sweedenmadhye, swedish rashtriy varsa mandal kinwa 'recessanticoveriambate' heey bhupradesh sanvardhanasathi jababdar aahe. gothenberg vidyapithachya sanskrutik sanwardhan vibhagat (aii. tii.), swedish aanee ingraji yaa donhi bhashanmadhye bhudrushya sanvardhanacha abhyas keela jaau shakato.
thayaland.
atishay bhinn ghatakanmadhil sahkaryache eka udaharan mhanje vayavya thayalandmadhil doee maee salong panlot kshetra, shahee thaee sashastr dalanchya niyantranakhalil lashkari rakheev kshetra. vanaropan upkramanmule sthanik dongral jamatinshi tanav nirman jhaala. tyala pratisad mhanoon, jaminiche haqq aanee rakheev kshetrachya vividh bhaganchya vaparavar tyanchyashi karar karnyat aala.
united kingdam.
utkrusht naisargik saundaryachi kshetre (aii. oo. aine. bii.) hii brittonchya bhupradeshachya praman sanvardhanachya agraganya ghatakanpaiki aahet. brittenmadhye 49 aii. oo. aine. bii. aahet. nisarg sanvardhanasathichya aantarrashtriy sanghatnene yaa pradeshanche vargikaran 'shreni 5 sanrakshit kshetre' mhanoon kele aahe aanee 2005 madhye dawa keela aahe qee aay. yuu. see. aine. neey 'sanrakshit bhupradesh drushtikon' tayar keela aahe tyacha vapar karoon aii. oo. aine. bii. chey prashasana kele jaate. scotlandmadhye rashtriy nisargaramya bhaganchi ashich eka pranali aahe.
yooke jaivavividhata krutee yojana itar adhivasansah ardh-naisargik gavatal pradeshanche sanrakshn karate, jeey qamee tivratechya charaidware rakhale jaanare bhupradesh tayar karatat. nondanikrut shetjaminivar heey adhivas rakhanyasathi krishi paryavaran yojana shetkari aanee jameen vyavasthapkanna aarthik bakshis detat. charpaiki pratyek
brittenmadhil deshanchi swatachi vaiyaktik yojana aahe.
adhivasanchya vistrut shrenicha vichar karoon sampoorn brittenmadhye abhyas karnyat aale aahet. velsmadhye, pamlumon vishal kshetra sanwardhan prakalp haah alpabhudharak shetee aanee vanikaran yaa kshetrantil uchch bhoomi sanvardhanavar laksh kendrit karato. uttar somerset patali aanee moors prakalp panthal bhaganna sambodhit karato.
itar.
udaharanarth, grater maycong upkshetra prakalp aanee indoneshiyachya hawaman badal vachanbaddhatemadhye aanee jaagtik bhupradesh manchache aayojan karananya aantarrashtriy vanasamvardhan sanshodhan kendrasarkhya aantarrashtriy sanshodhan sansthanni bhudrushya drushtikon sarkaranni haatee ghetale aahet.
kailas parvat pradeshamadhyech indu nadee, karnali nadee (ganga nadichi pramukh upanadi), brahmaputra nadee aanee satlaj nadee pranalicha ugam hoto. ekatmik parvatiy vikasasathichya aantarrashtriy kendrachya madatine, aajubajuchya teen deshanni (chean, bharat aanee nepal) yaa bhupradeshatil vividh sanwardhan aanee vikasachya samasyansathi ekatmik vyavasthapan drushtikon vikasit keela.
paschim aafriketil volta nadichya khoyatil sahaa desh 'manvi kalyanasathi parisansthechya sevanche manchitran' sadhansamagricha vapar karoon, jalsambandhi parisanstha sevanche sanwardhan aanee rashtriy ess. dii. jee. vachanbaddhata purn karane yasarkhe jameen-vapar nirnay ghenyasathi nadipatratil sanrakshanasathi paryayi paristhitiche landscape modelling vapartat.
vividhata.
paryavaran shetee.
2001 madhye saara jeey. yanni prakashit kelelya lekhat. shher aanee jeffrey mcneilly yanni lavkarach eka pustakat vistar keela, shher aanee mcneilly yanni paryavaranala pudhe nett grameen vikasachya tyanchya drushtikonache varnan karnyasathi 'paryavaran shetee' haah shabd sadar keela, assa dawa keela qee shetee haah vanya prajati aanee adhivasanvar pramukh prabhav aahe aanee tyanni alikade aanee bhavishyatil anek sambhavya ghadamodinkade nirdesh kele jeey tyanni jaminichya vaparachi fayadeshir udaharane mhanoon olakhale. tyanni naa-napha paryavaran krishi bhagidarancha samavesh keela. 2004 madhye yaa drushtikonacha prachar karnyasathi, sherer adhyaksh aanee mukhya karyakari adhikari mhanoon aanee mcneilly swatantra prashasakeey mandalacha sadasya mhanoon. shher aanee mcneilly yanni 2007 madhye dusare pustak sampadit kele. 2003 madhye paryavaran shetiche teen ghatak hote.
ekatmik bhupradesh vyavasthapan.
2012 madhye sherne keval shet kinwa bhukhandachya staravar navhe tarr sampoorn pradeshanchya vikasasathichya tichya kalpananche varnan karnyasathi ekatmik bhudrushya vyavasthapan (ilm) yaa naveen shabdacha shodh lavala. ekatmik bhupradesh vyavasthapan haah vividh bhoo-vaparachya uddishtansah anek bhagdharkanna ekatra aanoon shashvat bhupradesh vyavasthapit karnyacha eka marg aahe. kahee samaan sansadhananchi aavashyakta asoonahi, jaminichya vaparkartyanvar ekmekanpasun swatantrapane laksh kendrit karananya itar drushtikonanchya palikade jaanyacha dawa ekatmik drushtikon karato. nisarg sanwardhan aine. jee. oo. chaa jaagtik nisarg nidhi, jaagtik chhatra karyakram, nisarg sanwardhan, shashvat vyapar upkram aanee paryavaran krishi bhagidaranni yala protsahan dile aahe. ekatmik bhupradesh vyavasthapan heey paraspar avalambun shashvat vikas uddishtanchya sandarbhat niyojan, dhoran vikas aanee krutimadhye jastit jaast sahkarya karel assa pravartakancha dawa aahe. 2013 madhye tyachi vyakhya chaar ghatkandware karnyat aalee hotih
2016 paryant tyat paach ghatak hote, teey mhanjeh
parisansthecha drushtikon.
jaivik vividhatevaril adhiveshanane protsahan dilela parisanstha drushtikon, heey sanwardhan aanee shashvatatesathi jameen, paanee aanee jiwant sansadhananchya ekatmik parisanstha vyavasthapanasathiche dhoran aahe.
daha tattve.
yaa drushtikonat satat shikane aanee anukool vyavasthapan samavisht aaheh dekhrekh, krutee anek pramanat hotat aanee bhupradesh bahuuddeshiy aahet (udaa.jee. lakud aanee ann yasarkhya donhi vastoo aanee paanee aanee jaivavividhata sanrakshn yasarkhya sevancha puravatha karane). anek bhagdharak aahet aanee asey gruheet dharale jaate qee tyanna bhupradeshabaddal samaan chinta aahe, ekmekanshi badalasathi vataghati karatat aanee tyanche adhikar aanee jababdanya spasht aahet kinwa spasht hotil.
teeka.
sahitya punaravalokanat khalilpramane paach mukhya adthale olakhale geleh