
lycurgus (kayada denara)

lycurgus (; ii. sha. puu. 820) haah spartacha suprasiddha kayada denara hota. delphi yetheel apolochya daivadnyanachya anusar sparton samajachi lashkari-kendrit sudharana sthapan karnyache shrey tyanna dile jaate. tyachya serve sudharananni samanata (nagarikanmadhye), lashkari tandurusti aanee tapashcharya yaa teen sparton gunanna protsahan dile.
pracheen itihaskar aanee tatvadnya herodotus, zenophone, plato, polybius, plutarch aanee epictuts yanni tyacha ullekh keela aahe. lycurgus haah eka vastavik aitihasik vyakti hota qee nahee heey spasht nahee; tathapi, anek pracheen itihaskarancha assa vishvas hota qee tyane sampradayik aanee lashkari sudharananchi sthapana kelee-visheshtah gret retra-jyane sparton samajache parivartan kele.
charitra.
aitihasikta.
laikargasavishayichi bahutek mahitee plutarkchya 'likergschya jeevana' ('samantar jivanacha' bhag) madhoon yete, joou vastavik charitrapeksha upakhyanatmak sangrah aahe. plutarch swatah tippani karato qee laikurgasabaddal nishchitpane kahihi mahitee nahee, kaaran vividh lekhak tyachyabaddal jawaljawal pratyek goshtichi vegvegali nond detat. vastavik vyakti lycurgus astitvat asoo shakate kinwa naselahi-heey shakya aahe qee "lycurgos" heey dev apoloche eka visheshan hote kaaran tyachi agadi suruvatichya spartamadhye pooja kelee jaat hotee aanee nantarchya dantkathene devachya yaa pailooche eka shahan manvi kayada denaonyat rupantar kele-parantu sparton rajyacha eka pratikatmak sansthapak mhanoon tyachyakade tyachya anek samajik aanee rajkiy sansthancha aarambhakarta mhanoon pahile gele; mhanoon, plutarkchya khatyacha barachsa sambandh samkalin sparton paddhatinche "mool" shodhanyashi aahe.
lycurgus kadhee jagala yabaddal vividh tarkha denyat aalya aahet; tyaa ii. sha. puu. 10vya shatkachya suruvatichya aanee ii. sha. puu. 6vya shatkachya uttaradhatil aahet. kahee vidvananna vatate qee sarvat vajvi tarikh thucidides yanni darshavili aahe, jyanni mhatale aahe qee tyanchya kalat sparton sanvidhan charshe varshanhun adhik june hote. yacha arth laikargasasathi kinwa kiman tyala shrey dilelya sudharanansathi, ii. sha. puu. 9vya shatkachya shevatchya timahichi tarikh asel.
kahee lokancha assa vishvas hota qee lycurgus elisachya ephitosechya kalatach jiwant hota aanee tyane 776 ii. sha. puu. madhye tyachyasobat olympic khel punha suru kele. too homarchya kalatach rahat hota aanee teey ekmekanna vaiyaktikaritya olakhat hote asehi manale jaat hote. tathapi, haah lycurgus navacha aanakhi eka manus asoo shakala asata joou vidhimandalachya aadhi rahila hota.
prarambhik jeevan.
asey mhatale jaate qee tyacha motha bhau raja maran pavala tevha lycurgus sattevar aala. tyache vadil maran pavale, tyanna simhasana denyat aale. matra, lycurguschya bhavacha garbhavati patnisobat mrutyu jhaala hota. jevha yaa mulacha janm jhaala, tevha lycurgusney mulache naav charylos ("lokancha anand") thewale aanee tyache rajya balakade hastantarit kele. tyanantar, nyayachya sanmanarth sarvoch shakti sahajpane deu shakanara manus mhanoon tyachi pratishtha lakshat gheta, too tyacha putanya charyloscha palak mhanoon spartansvar rajya karoo shakala. tarun rajachi aaee aanee tiche natevaik likurgscha matsar karayache aanee tyacha dvesh karayache. tyachi badnami karnyat aalee aanee tyachyavar chariloschya mrutyucha cutt rachalyacha aarop karnyat aala.
pravas.
akheris, lickergsney tharavale qee mulala kahee jhaale tarr dosh talhanyacha ekmev marg mhanje charylos motha hoiparyant pravas karane aanee uttaradhikar midvanyasathi mulala janm dene. tyamule, lycurgusney aapala serve adhikar sodoon deela aanee eka prasiddha, jaree nihsanshaypane pauranik, pravasala nighala. tyache pahile gantvyasthan krete hote, sparta yaa dorian bhoomipramane, jithe tyane minochya niyamancha abhyas keela. yaa kalat teey thales navachya sangitkarala bhetale, jyache sangeet janatela shant karoo shakat hote, aanee tyachya shrotyanna changle lock bananyasathi prerit karoo shakat hote. sparton aanee crayton sansthanmadhye kharokharach samaan vaishishtye hotee, parantu jaree kahee thet karj ghetale gele asale taree, ashee samanata samanyatah sparta aanee kretchya samanya dorian varshamule asanyachi shakyata jaast aahe, tyaeivaji lycurgus sarkhya kahee vyaktine sparta yethe crayton pratha aayat kelya aahet. tyanantar ionian greek lokanchi matrubhoomi asalelya ashiya minorla pravas kartana, ionian lokanchya parishkrut aanee vilasi jivanshailichi tulana dorianchya kathor aanee shistabaddh sanskratishi karane tyanna shikavanare vatale. kahijan mhanatat qee tyanantar lycurgusney egypt, spain aanee bharataparyant pravas keela. aayaniyamadhe, likergsney homarchya kamancha shodh lavala. lycurgusney homarche vikhurlele tukade sankalit kele aanee homarchya mahakavyanmadhil rajkaushal aanee naitikateche dhade mothya pramanat dnyat hotil yachee khatri kelee. plutarkchya matey, egyptian lokancha assa dawa aahe qee lycurgusney tyannahi bhet dilee aanee tyala egyptianankadun lashkarala alp kamgaranpasun vegale karanyachi kalpana midali, asha prakare nantarchya sparton samajala parishkrut kele, jyamadhye spartenla hatane hastakala karanyachi parvanagi navhati.
sparta kadey parat jaa.
kahee kaal lycurgus anupasthit rahilyanantar, spartnani tyala patra lihile aanee parat yenyachi vinavani kelee. tyanni kabool kelyapramane, jaree itaranni mukut paridhan keela aanee padvicha dawa keela, taree keval lycurgus haah tyanchya hrudayat kharokharach raja hota. tyachyakade sarvbhaumatvacha kharaa paya hotah rajya karnyasathi janmalela swabhav aanee aadnyadharanesathi preranadayi pratibha. sparton rajannahi lycurgus parat yayacha hota kaaran teey tyachyakade lokanpasoon tyanche sanrakshn karoo shakanara mhanoon pahat hote.
lycurgusney aadhich tharavale hote qee spartamadhye kahee moolbhut badal karave lagtil. jevha too parat aala, tevha tyane keval kayadyanmadhye badal keela nahee, tarr vadhiv badalachi amalbajavani karnyasathi sarvat sudnya efforcechya udaharanache palan kele.
tyane tyachya jawalchya mitranpasoon suruvat kelee, nantar yaa mitranni tyanchya swatachya mitranna aanoon cutt adhik vyapak keela. jevha goshti krutisathi tayar jhalya, tevha tyapaiki tees pahate bajarat disu lagalya, yuddhasathi purnapane sashastr. suruvatila, charilosla vatale qee tyanna tyala thaar marayache aahe, aanee too eka mandirat abhayaranyasathi dhawla, parantu akheris jevha tyala kalale qee tyanna fakt likargasachya manat asalelya sudharananna virodh honar nahee yachee khatri karayachi aahe tevha too katkaryanmadhye sameel jhaala.
lycurgus aanee daad oracle auph delphi.
sparton samajat, margadarshan aanee andajansathi delphichya daivdnyanacha anekada sallah ghetala jaat asey. crayton kayada sanhitecha abhyas karoon kretchya pravasatoon paratalyanantar, lycurgusney sparton samajat naveen badal ghadavun aananyapurvi margdarshanasathi delphichya daivadnyancha sallah ghenyache tharavale. lycurgusla maheet hote qee jarr tyala daivadnyanachi sweekruti midali tarr tyala adhik adhikar midatil kaaran delphichya daivadnyala pratishtha aahe. oraclene lycurgusla sangitale qee "tyachya prathna aikalya gelya aahet aanee jeey rajya lycurguschya niyamanche palan karate teey jagatil sarvat prasiddha rajya hoil". asha samarthanasah, lycurgus spartachya pramukh purushankade gela aanee tyancha pathimba nondavala. lycurgusney aanalele kayade swikaranyasathi daivadnyachi mahattvachi bhoomika raheel.
mrutyu.
plutarkchya 'jeevan' aanee itar strotannusar, jevha lycurgusla tyachya sudharananvar vishvas basala, tevha tyane jaheer kele qee too apolola balee denyasathi delphi yetheel daivadnyakade jaeel. tathapi, delphila jaanyapurvi tyane spartachya lokanchi eka sabha bolavali aanee raja aanee gerosias sarvanna too parat yeiparyant tyache kayade palanyasathi bandhankarak karanyachi shapath ghetali. tyane delphicha pravas keela aanee oraclecha sallah ghetala, jyane tyala sangitale qee tyache kayade utkrusht aahet aanee teey tyachya lokanna prasiddha kartil. tyanantar too itihasatoon gayab jhaala. eka spashtikaran asey hote qee yamule samadhani houn tyane gharee paratanyaivaji upashi rahoon aatmahatya kelee, jyamule spartachya nagarikanna tyache kayade anishchit kalasathi palanyachi shapath ghenyas bhag padale. nantar tyala spartamadhye nayak panth labhala aanee spartonne tyachyabaddal khoop aadar kayam thewala.
lycurguschya sudharit sanstha.
deshachya sattevar yenyasathi avibhajya asalelya anek sparton sansthanchya sthapaneche shrey lycurgusla dile jaate, parantu tyahunahi mahattvache mhanje tyachya nagarikanchya spartaprati sampoorn aanee avibhajit nishtha, jee tyachya sarkarchya swarupat amalat aanali gelee.
lycurgus haah sparton 'homoi', 'samatulya', nagarikancha (helot nahee) sambandh asalelya nagarikankade sampatti nasalele nagrik yancha janak asalyache mhatale jaate. yaa aamulagra jivanshailine sparton lokanna punha ekada tyanchya kalatil itar greek lokanpeksha vegale kele.
lycurgusney mahan retrala lihoon thevanyas manai kelee. lokanni palave yasathi niyam lihoon thevanyaivaji, tyanche kayade spartonmadhye tyanchya charitryacha eka bhag mhanoon antarbhut karave ashee tyanchi ichcha hotee, jyamule tyanchyashi adhik mothe bandh nirman hotil. yamule kayadyanmadhye lavchikta dekhil yeil jenekarun teey thampane lihilelya niyamancha sandarbh denyaeivaji garajechya velee badaloo shaktil aanee vikasit houu shaktil.
lock aanee raje yanchyat eka naveen parishad.
lycurgusney sthapan kelelya pahilya sudharananmadhye, done rajanni sadasyatva tisparyant vadhavun, gerosia navachya aththavis balkat jyeshthanchi (saath varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayache sparton) parishad sthapan karane samavisht hote. lokanna mahattvachya prashnanvar matdan karnyacha adhikar hota, parantu gorosiane matdan kevha kele jaau shakate heey tharvile. plutarch mhanato tyapramane, eka gorosia "shahee karyalayachya agnimay pratibhela shant karate aanee patra tharate" aanee rashtrakulala kahee pramanat sthirata aanee surakshitata dete, jase jahajatil bhaar. yapurvi, lokshahi aanee juloom, arajakta aanee hukumshahi yaa tokachya darmyan sparta dolan karat hota. donhi atirekanna virodh karananya goroshiachya jodanimule sarkar sthir jhaale aanee lock aanee tyanche shasak ekmekancha aadar karat hote.
jameen sudharana.
hii samanata sadhya karnyasathi, plutarkne tyachya 'lycurguschya jeevanat', lycurgus yaa sampoorn bhusudhar, loksankhyemadhye jameen aanee sampattichi punarniyojan aanee barobari, yaa naveen bhuvibhajanala pathimba denyasathi, laykurgasache shrey dile aahe, asey mhatale jaate qee lycurgus yanni laconia 30,000 samaan bhaganmadhye vibhagala hota aanee sparta shaharashi jodalela bhag visheshtah 9,000 madhye jodala hota; serve bhag spartonmadhye vitarit kele gele hote. helot (laconiatil tyanchya yuddhanmadhye sparton lokanni tabyat ghetalelya pradeshanchi loksankhya) jaminishi jodali gelee hotee, vaiyaktik malkanshi nahee; mhanoon, serve gulam rajyachi malmatta hotee.
chalan.
lycurgusney spartachya sanvidhanat sone, chandi kinwa itar maulyavan dhatunchya vyaparasathichya vyavharanche sadhan mhanoon tyanchya parisancharanavar aanee tyanchya tabyat thevanyavar bandee ghalanari tartud jodali, tyanchya jaagi lokhandi chalan (vividh prakare disk kinwa barchya swarupat asalyache nondavale jaate). pellanner mhanoon olakhale jaanare plutarkne lihile qee naveen chalan lohapasoon tayar kele gele hote jeey laal ushnatemadhye uthavalyanantar vinegarchya snanamadhye vizavale gele hote, jyamule teey sadhane banavanyasathi vaparnyasathi khoop thisul hote. naveen lokhandi paisa, aantarikpane nirupayogi asanyavyatirikt, avjad aanee vahtook karane katheen hote. plutarkne yaa krutikade bahya vyaparapasoon spartala vegale karnyacha eka marg mhanoon pahile, jyamule tyachya antargat qalaa aanee hastakalechya vikasala chalana midali jenekarun paradeshi prabhav aanee bajarpethecha hasad rokhata yeil. heey guntavoon thevalele chalan pratyek gunhyapasoon mukt karate jyamadhye katheen chalanachi choree karane haah uddesh hota.
samanya mess holl.
samanata nirman karnyacha aanakhi eka marg mhanje cicitiachi sparton sanstha (), hii pratha jyamadhye serve sparton purushanni samayik mess hallmadhye ekatra khane aavashyak hote. mess-holl tayar kelyane, pratyekane samaan ann khalle, jyamule samanatechi bhavna nirman jhaali. plutarch yaa sanstheche varnan sumare pandhra purushanchya companyancha ('cicitia' kinwa 'ekatra khanare' gut) samavesh asalelya sanstheshi karate, jeey pratyek mahinyala eka bushel jevan, aath gallen wine, paach paund cheej, adich paund anjir aanee maans kinwa maase kharedi karnyasathi thodya pramanat paise aanatat aanee yogdan detat. jevha konatahi sadasya devatanna vaiyaktik yadnya karat asey, tevha too kahee bhag shishyat pathvat asey aanee jevha konatahi sadasya shikar karat asey, tevha tyane marlelya pranyacha kahee bhag too tyachya sangitinna denyasathi pathvat asey. asha prakarche vaiyaktik balee aanee shikar hii ekmev karane hotee jyamule mansala mess hollaivaji (seasition) swatachya gharee khanyache samarthan karata aaleh anyatha, purushanni tyanchya seasition sathidaransah darroj khane apekshit hote. rajannihi mess hallmadhye bhag ghene apekshit hote aanee tyanni tyanchya patninsah gharee khajgi jevan karoo naye. sparton striya varvar pahata ekatra khaat asat aanee tyancha bahutansh vel ekmekansobat ghalvat asat, aanee tyanche patee kinwa saat varshanpeksha mothee mule (agrabhagavar khalee pahaa).
mulanche shikshan.
tyala 'agage' () chya vikasache shrey dekhil dile gele. yaa prathene serve saat varshanchya mulanna tyanchya vadilanchya dekharekhitun kadhoon tyanna kathor lashkari regimentmadhye thewale. lycurgusney mulanna vaiyaktikaritya shikshit karoon purvagrah suru keela. tethoon tyane tyanchi sainyat vibhagani kelee aanee yuddhat sarvottam nirnay ghenanya aanee kshamata asalelya mulanna karnadharpad dile. itar mulanna aadnyadharakpana shikavanyasathi aanee tyanna sharirik aanee manasikdrushtya kathor karnyasathi tyanchya karnadharankadun soochana dilya jaatil, tasech shiksha kelee jaeel. yaa kadak aadnyapalanabarobarach, mulanna eksaman doke thevayala aanee ladhaya kasha jinkayachya heey shikavale jaat asey. vadildhari mule tyanchi kalji ghet asat, tyanchya ladhanyachya kshamatecha nyayniwada karnyasathi tyanna ekmekanshi ladhanyas protsahit karat asat. pratyek mulala varshbhar tiknyasathi eka eka poshakh denyat aala. tyanna aanghol ghalanyachi parvanagi navhati aanee tyanna jawalchya nadyanchya nalyanpasun swatache khate tayar karave lagat hote.
yuddh.
lycurgus tyach virodhkanviruddha satatchya yuddhavar bandee ghalato jenekarun teey sparton lashkari davpechanshi julavun gheu shaktil aanee tyanchyavar fayda midvu shaktil. 
7vya shatkachya aaspas helotchya bandanantarchya tyachya kamasathi lycurgus prasiddha aahe. helot krantidarmyan, spartacha barachsa bhag nasht jhaala aanee aanakhi eka uthav rokhanyasathi naveen badalachi aavashyakta hotee. asey manale jaate qee pracheen spartamadhye lycurgusney sattechya done vibhaganchi kalpana vicharat ghetali hotee, heey done shasak raje aanee vadildhanyanchya parishadesah (gerosia) aanee dusare eka sabha (epela) hote. 
sparton mahilanvar.
majboot sparton tayar karnyasathi sparton mahilanna sharirik vyayamat bhag ghyava lagato hii kalpana raja laikurgaskadun aalee. gulam mahilanche shram heey kapade puravanyasathi purese aahet asey lycurgusla vatale. matrutva heey muktapane janmalelya striche sarvat mahattvache karya aahe asey tyanche mutt hote. mhanoon, prathamatah, tyane strisathi purush lingapeksha qamee nasananya sharirik prashikshanavar bharr dilah shivay, tyane purushanpramanech mahila spardhkansathi sharyati aanee shaktichya chachanya suru kelya, assa vishvas thevun qee jarr donhi palak majboot asateel tarr teey adhik utsahi santati nirman karatat. pracheen spartamadhil striya dhavane aanee kusti yasarkhya upkramanmadhye sahbhagi hott; nantarchya granthanmadhye bhalafek aanee chaddi fekane, mushtiyuddha aanee pancretionchahi ullekh aahe. tyane striyanna sharirik halchalinmadhye sahbhagi karoon ghetale jenekarun balanna majboot shariratoon janm gheta yeil aanee teey balantpan aaramat sahan karoo shaktil. lahanpanapasunach mahilanna tarun purushansah nagnapane utsavanmadhye sahbhagi karoon denyat aale. kadhikadhi teey mulanna sudharananchi garaj asalelya kshetranvar rachnatmak teeka karat asat kinwa sarvottam kamgiri karananya mulambaddal ganee gaat asat, jyamule spardha aanee adhik majboot honyachya ichcha nirman hott asat.
vivah.
jevha ekhadi stree balantpanasathichya mukhya vayat pohochat asey, tevha teela tichya varasathi vaat pahanyasathi eka andharya kholeet aananyapurvi, eka navavadhu tiche doke mundan karoon tichyabarobar purushasarkhe kapade ghalayacha, joou ratrichya andharat lapoon basayacha aanee tichyabarobar zopayacha. heey sanyam shikavanyasathi aanee satat prem karnyamule honara thakwa talhanyasathi kele gele asey mhatale jaate.
jeey purush barach kaal lagnapasoon door rahile hote tyanna vyayamshalet jaanyas bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee, door thewale gele hote aanee hivalyat vartulat nachavale gele hote, tyanchya kartvyapasun door rahilyamule tyanna laaj vatanare gaane gayale gele hote.
itar upay.
hallah jhaala tarihi swatah lycurgus saumya, saumya, kshamashil aanee swabhavane shant asalyache mhatale jaat asey; too asadharanpane shant aanee atyant mehanati hota asey manale jaat hote, itar greek lock spartonmadhye jyaa serve gunanche kautuk karatat; yaa arthane too nantarchya kalatil samkalin spartandware pradarshit kelelya prashansaneey gunancha 'sansthapak' dekhil hota.
nantar sansthanmadhye badal kele jaatat.
lycurgus nantar sparton sanvidhanatil aanakhi kahee sudharana jhalya. asey disun aale qee kadhikadhi sarvajanik vakte prastavanchya bhavnela vikrut karatat aanee asha prakare lokanna murkhpane matdan karnyas pravrutt karatat, mhanoon jarr tyanna heey ghadatana disale tarr gorosiane vidhansabha visarjit karnyacha adhikar rakhoon thewala.
lycurguschya mrutyunantar ekashe tees varshanni paach ephoranchya mandalane rajankadoon karyakari satta ghetali. jevha raja theopompus, jyachya karkirdit efforcechi sthapana jhaali hotee, tyachya patnine tyachya mulala varshane midalelya rajvatipeksha qamee rajvatichi satta dilyabaddal tyala fatkarle, tevha tyane uttar dileh "nahee, teey mothe aahe, kaaran teey jaast kaal tickel."tyanchi nirnay ghenyachi shakti qamee jhalyamule, sparton raje lokanchya matsarapasoon mukt jhaale. jawalchya messin aanee aargosmadhye jeey ghadale tyatoon teey kadhich gele naheet, jithe rajanni pratyek shevatchya tappyaparyant satta itaki ghatt dharoon thewali hotee qee shevati teey serve kahee gamavatil.
prabhav.
plutarkchya matey, lycurgusney aapali rajyaghatna tayar karnyapurvi krete, ashiya minor aanee bahudha egyptcha pravas keela.
crayton sanvidhanane spartasathi lycurguschya sanvidhanavar prabhav padala asey mhatale jaate. 
tyachya sanvidhanavar aanakhi eka prabhav mhanje tyachya ionian jivanshailiche palan, jyamule anandala adhik mahatva midale aanee tyane tyachyakade eka nakaratmak udaharan mhanoon pahile. 
plutarch yaa kalpanela kahee pramanat vishvasahi deto qee lycurgusney egyptala bhet dilee aanee sainikanna sharirik shram karananyanpasoon vegale karnyachya tyanchya paddhaticha tyachyavar prabhav padala. 
chitre.
braselsmadhil palace dii justicemadhye lycurgusche chitran kele aahe.
tyache chitran anek yuu madhye dekhil kele aahe.ess. kayada denara mhanoon tyancha varsa asalyamule sarkari imarati. yoochya kakshatil sangamarvari bases-releafmadhye chitrit kelelya 23 kayada denanyanpaiki lycurgus haah eka aahe.ess. united states capitolmadhil pratinidhi sabhagruh. bases-releaf carl paul jenveen yanni shilp kele hote. yoochya dakshin bhintivaril chitrafitavar dekhil lycurgusche chitran kele aahe.ess. sarvoch nyayalayachi imarat.