indo-greek samrajya

indo-greek rajya kinwa greek-bharatiy rajya, jyala aitihasikdrushtya yavan rajya (yavanrajya) asehi mhanatat, heey aadhunik afghanistan, pakistan aanee vayavya bharatachya vividh bhagancha samavesh asalele eka helenwadi kalatil greek rajya hote. heey rajya samanya yugachya suruvatipasun astitvat hote. 
tyachya astitvachya kalat yaa rajyavar salag 30 rajanni rajya kele. bharatiy-greek rajanmadhye sarvat prasiddha asalela menander pahila, kharokharach dusra bharatiy-greek raja hota, jyala menander dusra mhanoon olakhale jaate, tarihi tyala anekada fakt 'menander' mhanoon sambodhale jaate. menander pahila yachee rajdhani panjabmadhil (sadhyacha sialkote) sagala yethe hotee.
ii. sha. puu. 200 madhye grico-bactriyancha raja demetrius (aanee nantar eucretides) yane bactriyamadhun bharatavar aakraman kele tevha yaa rajyachi sthapana jhaali. bharatiy upkhandatil greek akheris bactriyavar (aata afghanistan aanee uzbekistanmadhil seema) kendrit asalelya grico-bactrienspasoon aanee sadhyachya uttar bharatiy upkhandatil indo-greekpasoon vibhagale gele.
indo-greek kingdam' hii abhivyakti anek rajvanshanchya rajyapaddhatinche shithil varnan karate, jee paramparikpane takshashila (aadhunik panjab), pushkalavati aanee sagla yasarkhya anek pradeshik rajdhanyanshi sambandhit aahet. itar sambhavya kendranvar keval sanket dile jaatat; udaharanarth, tolemicha "bhaugolik pradesh" aanee nantarchya rajanche namkaran asey soochit karate qee indo-greek prabhav kshetrachya dakshinekadil eka vishisht theophila dekhil ekekali satrapal kinwa shahee sthan asoo shakate.
tyanchya rajvatichya done shatkanmadhye, indo-greek rajanni tyanchya nanyanvar disalyapramane greek aanee bharatiy bhasha aanee chinhe ekatra kelee aanee puratatva avasheshanmadhye disalyapramane greek aanee bharatiy kalpana misalalya. indo-greek sanskratichya prasarache parinam aajahi jaanavtat, visheshtah greek-bauddha kalechya prabhavamule. indo-greek lokanchi vanshikta dekhil kahee pramanat sankarit asoo shakate. polybiuschya matey, euthidamus pahila haah magnesian greek hota. tyacha mulga, indo-greek samrajyacha sansthapak, demetrius pahila, mhanoon kiman tyachya vadilanni taree too greek vanshacha hota. tyach demetriusasathi celeucid shasak antiocus tisra yachya mulishi vivah karar karnyat aala. nantarchya indo-greek rajyakartyanchi vanshikta kadhikadhi qamee spasht asate. udaharanarth, artemidoros (ii. sha. puu. 80) haah indo-sythian vanshacha asava asey manale jaat hote, jaree aata tyachyakade eka niyamit indo-greek raja mhanoon pahile jaate. 
menanderchya mrutyunantar, tyache bahutek samrajya futale aanee indo-greek prabhav lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaala. ravee nadichya purvekadil anek naveen rajye aanee prajasattakanni lashkari vijay darshavinari naveen nanee tayar karnyas suruvat kelee. yaudhey prajasattak, arjunayan aanee audumbar heey sarvat pramukh ghatak banale. yaudhey aanee arjunayan yaa doghannihi 'talvarine vijay' midavala asey mhatale jaate. datt rajvansh aanee mitra rajvansh lavkarach mathuramadhye aale. indo-sythianschya aakramananantar ii. sha. 10 chya sumaras indo-greek shevati eka rajkiy astitva mhanoon gayab jhaale, jaree greek loksankhyeche bhag bahudha indo-parthian aanee kushananchya tyanantarchya rajvatit anek shatake rahile.
parshvabhoomi.
bharatiy upkhandat greek lokanchi prarambhik upasthiti.
pertian achemanid samrajyachya kalat greek lokanni bharatiy upkhandachya vayavya bhagat pratham sthayik honyas suruvat kelee. mahan deriusne haah pradesh jinkla, parantu tyachya uttaradhikaryansaha greek jagacha barachsa bhag jinkla, jyat tyaa velee sampoorn paschim anatolian dweepkalpacha samavesh hota. jevha greek gavanni pertian joochya antargat bund kele, tevha samrajyachya durchya bajula sthalantar karoon tyanna kadhikadhi vanshikdrushtya shuddha kele jaat asey. asha prakare pertian samrajyachya bharatiy bhaganmadhye anek greek samuday astitvat aale.
ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkat alekzandar daad gret yane pertian samrajyacha parabhav keela aanee tyavar vijay midavala. ii. sha. puu. 326 madhye, yaat bharatiy upkhandachya vayavya bhagacha, hyphasis nadiparyantcha samavesh hota. alekzandarne satrapi sthapan kele aanee busefalasah anek vasahati sthapan kelya; tyachya sainyane pudhe purvekade jaanyas nakar dilyavar too dakshinekade valala. panjabmadhil bharatiy kshatrapanna poras aanee taxilchya rajvativar sodale gele, jyanna ii. sha. puu. 321 madhye triparadisasachya tahadvare punha pushti midali aanee yaa kshatrapanmadhil urvarit greek sainya alekzandarchya general yudemasachya adhipatyakhali sodale gele. ii. sha. puu. 321 nantar yudemasne ii. sha. puu. 316 madhye bharat sodeparyant taxil padale. dakshinekade, aanakhi eka senapatine induschya greek vasahatinvar rajya keleh ii. sha. puu. 316 madhye babylonela jaanyaparyant, agenorcha mulga pethan.
ii. sha. puu. 322 chya sumaras, greek (bharatiy strotanmadhye yona kinwa yavan mhanoon varnan kelele) nantar itar gatansah, nand rajvanshachya virodhat chandragupta mauryachya uthavat sahbhagi jhaale asateel aanee nandankadun shahar tabyat ghenyasathi pataliputraparyant gele asateel. vishakhaduttacha mudrarakshas tasech jainanche karya parisishtaparvan heey chandraguptachya himalayin raja parvatkasobatchya yutibaddal bolatat, jyala anekada poras mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee yaa vruttannusar, yaa yutimule chandraguptala yavan (greek), kamboj, shaq (skythian), kirat (nepali), parjivi (pertian) aanee pahalika (jivanu) yanni banalele eka sammishra aanee shaktishali sainya midale, jyanni pataliputra ghetale.
ii. sha. puu. 305 madhye, pahila cellucus yane sainyache netrutva indusala kele, jithe tyacha chandraguptashi samna jhaala. haah sangharsh shantata karar aanee 'aantarvivah karar' (epigamia, greekah επιγαmiα), mhanje ektar rajvansh vivah kinwa bharatiy aanee greek yanchyatil aantarvivahasathicha karar, hyane sampala. tyanusar, selyukasane chandraguptala tyache vayavya pradesh, bahudha arakosiyaparyantche pradesh dile aanee tyala 500 yuddh hatti midale (jyanni ipsuschya ladhait selyukasachya vijayat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali):
vivah kararacha tapasheel maheet nahee, parantu selyukasavar upalabdh asalelya vyapak strotanmadhye bharatiy rajkumaricha ullekh naslyamule, asey manale jaate qee vaivahik yutee ulat jhaali, jyamadhye chandragupta swatah kinwa tyacha mulga bindusarne selyukid rajkumarishi vivah keela, samkalin greek prathannusar rajvansh yutee karnyasathi. bharatiy pauranik srot, bhavishya puranatil pratisharg parv, yane suruvatichya maurya vanshavaliche achook tapasheel denyapurvi, chandraguptachya selyukasachi mulgi asalelya greek (yavan) rajkumarishi jhalelya vivahache varnan kele aaheh
chandraguptane matra, tyachya aayushyachya akherparyant jaine dharmache palan kele. tyane celeucus nicketerchi mulgi berenis (suvarnanakshi) hichyashi lagn karnyasathi tyachya darbarat pravesh keela aanee asha prakare tyane bharatiy aanee greek lokanna misalale. woodcock aanee itar vidvananni suchavalyapramane, tyacha natoo ashoke, "pratyakshat ardha kinwa kiman eka chaturthansh greek asava."
itihaskar megasthaneej, tyanantar demacus aanee dianysius yansarkhya anek greek lokanna dekhil maurya darbarat rahnyasathi pathvanyat aale. donhi shaskanmadhye bhetvastunchi devanghevan suruch hotee. yaa samparkanchi tivrata greek (yavan) aanee pertian paradeshi lokansathi samarpit maurya rajya vibhag kinwa sampoorn uttar bharatat pattyanvar hellenistic matichya bhandyanche avashesh yanchya astitvadvare siddha hote.
yaa prasangi, greek loksankhya bharatiy upkhandachya vayvyes maurya rajvatikhali rahili. ashokchya shilalekhanmadhye ghoshit kelelya bauddha dharmat dharmantarit jhalelya chandraguptacha natoo ashoke, dagadat basalela, tyapaiki kahee greek bhashet lihilele, qee tyachya rajyatil greek lokanni dekhil bauddha dharm swikarla hotah
aaplya shilalekhanmadhye, ashokane ullekh keela aahe qee tyane bhoomadhyasagariparyant greek shasakanna bauddha doot pathavale hote (shilalekh kra. 13), aanee tyane tyanchya pradeshat manav aanee pranyanchya kalyanasathi vanaushadhi aushadh vikasit kele (aadesh kra. 2).
bharatatil greek lokanni bauddha dharmachya pracharat sakriy bhoomika bajavali aahe asey disate, kaaran dharmarakshit kinwa shikshak mahadharmarakshitasarkhya ashokachya kahee dutanche varnan paali strotanmadhye pramukh greek ("yona", mhanje.eae., ionian) bauddha bhikshu, bauddha dharmantarat sakriy (mahavansh, xii). asehi manale jaate qee greek lokanni ashokachya stambhanchya shilpkaryat aanee adhik samanyatah maurya kalechya baharat yogdan dile. kahee greekanni (yavan) ashokachya rajya kelelya pradeshanmadhye prashasakeey bhoomika bajavali aselah rudradamanchya junagarh shilalekhat nond aahe qee ashokachya rajvatit, tushar navacha yavan raja/rajyapal gujaratchya girnar bhagat prabhari hota, jyat jalashayachya bandhkamatil tyachya bhoomikecha ullekh aahe.
punha ii. sha. puu. 206 madhye, celeucid samrat antiocusne kabool kabool sainyache netrutva kele, jithe tyala sthanik raja sofagasenaskadun yuddh hatti aanee bhetvastu midalya.
bactriamadhye greek niyam.
alekzandarne shejarchya jivanumadhye dekhil anek vasahati sthapan kelya hotya, jase qee auxasvar alekzandriya (aadhunik aay-khanoom) aanee cocksusche alekzandriya (madhyayugeen kapisa, aadhunik bagram). ii. sha. puu. 323 madhye alekzandarchya mrutyunantar, bactria haah cellucus aay nicketerchya niyantranakhali aala, jyane selyukid samrajyachi sthapana kelee. grico-bactrian rajyachi sthapana ii. sha. puu. 250 chya sumaras jevha bactriyancha (aanee bahudha aaspasche prant) kshatrap diodotus pahila, celeucid samrajyapasun vegala jhaala tevha jhaali. jatan kelele pracheen srot (khalee pahaa) kahise parasparvirodhi aahet aanee jivanu swatantryachi achook tarikh nishchit keleli nahee. kahise sope, eka uchch kalkram aahe (see. ii. sha. puu. 255) aanee qamee kalkram (ii. sha. puu. ii. sha. puu. 246) diodotoschya aliptatesathi. uchch kalkramanusar, celeucid raja antiocus dusra yane bactriamadhye phaar qamee nanee qaa jaaree kelee heey spasht karnyacha fayda aahe, kaaran antioxchya karkirdichya suruvatila diodotos tethe swatantra jhaale asate. dusarikade, ii. sha. puu. 240 chya dashakachya madhyapasoonchya qamee kalkramanusar, diodotus I chya aliptatela puu syrian yuddhashi jodanyacha fayda aahe, joou celeucid samrajyasathi eka vinashkari sangharsh aahe.
atyant shaharikaran jhalele aanee purvekadil sarvat shrimant rajyanpaiki eka manale jaanare naveen rajya ("samruddha elude mille eurbium bactrianum imperium" "hazar shaharanche atyant samruddha bactrian samrajya" justine, ex. ell. aay., 1), adhik samarthyavan honar hote aanee purv aanee paschimela pradeshik vistarat sahbhagi honar hoteh
jevha shejarchya parthiyacha shasak, majee kshatrap aanee swaghoshit raja andragorus, haah dhanurvatanni nasht jhaala, tevha parthian samrajyachya udayane greek-bactriensana greek jagashi thet sampark sadhanyapasun rokhale. jaminivaril vyapar qamee darane suru rahila, tarr greek egypt aanee bactria yanchyatil sagari vyapar vikasit jhaala.
diodotus nantar tyacha mulga diodotus dusra aala, jyane dusra cellucus yachya viruddhachya ladhyat swatahla parthian arcesshee jodaleh
polybiuschya matey magnesian greek aanee bahudha sogdiyanacha kshatrap asalelya euthidamus yane ii. sha. puu. 230 chya sumaras diodotus dusra hyala ulthoon takale aanee swatacha rajvansh suru keela. alekzandar daad gretney farghanamadhye sthapan kelelya alekzandriya echet shaharachya palikade jaaun euthidemusche niyantran sogdiyanaparyant vistarleh
ii. sha. puu. 210 chya sumaras youthidemswar celeucid shasak antiocus tisra yane hallah keela. tyane 10,000 ghodeswaranche netrutva kele asale taree, euthidamus suruvatila eriyasvareel ladhai harla aanee tyala maghar ghyavi lagali. tyanantar tyane bactrachya tatbandi asalelya shaharat (aadhunik balkh) teen varshanchya vedhyacha yashasvi pratikar keela, tyanantar antiocusne shevati naveen shaskala manyata denyacha aanee tyachya mulinpaiki ekela ii. sha. puu. 206 chya sumaras euthidemuschya mulala demetriusla denyacha nirnay ghetala. shastriy nondi asehi sangatat qee euthidemusne mool bandkhor diodotuscha padav kelyabaddal shrey milanyas too patra aahe asey suchavoon antiocus III barobar shantata vataghati kelya aanee tyachya bachavatmak prayatnanmule too bhatkya aakramananpasun madhya aashiyala sanrakshn dett hotah
celeucid sainyachya jaanyanantar, bactrian samrajyacha vistar jhalyache disate. paschimes, ishanya iranmadhil bhag kadachit parthiyaparyant villin jhaale asavet, jyachya shasakacha antiocus daad gretney parabhav keela hota. heey pradesh bahudha tapuria aanee traxianchya jivanuyukt satrapeejsarkhech aahet.
uttarekade, euthidemusne sogdiana aanee farghana yanchyavarhi rajya kele aanee asey sanket aahet qee alexandriachya esketpasoon greek-bactriensani chiinii turkstanmadhil kashgar aanee uramkiparyant mohimanche netrutva kele asave, jyamule chean aanee paschim yanchyat ii. sha. puu. 220 chya sumaras pahila dnyat sampark jhaala. greek itihaskar strabo dekhil lihitatah
greek sainikanche anek putale aanee pratinidhitva chinchya daravar, tian shanchya uttares sapadale aahet aanee aaj teey urumaki (boardman) yetheel shinjiang sangrahalayat pradarshit kele aahet.
chiinii kalevar greek prabhav dekhil suchavala gela aahe (hirth, rostovtzef). gulabachi phule, bhaumitik resha aanee kachechya koralelya rachana, jeey hellenistic prabhavanche soochak aahet, tyaa kahee suruvatichya hahn rajvanshachya kansya aarshanvar aadhalu shakatat.
nanavidnyan asehi suchavate qee yaa prasangi kahee tantradnyanachi devanghevan jhaali aselah grico-bactrian heey kapro-nickel (75/25 gunottar) nanee jaaree karnare jagatil pahile hote, heey mishradhatu tantradnyan tyaveli fakt chiinii lokanna 'pandhare tambe' yaa navane olakhale jaat hote (yuddharat avasthechya kalatil kahee shastre tambe-nickel mishradhatumadhye hotee). vyaparasathi chiinii dhatoo, visheshtah loh niryat karanyachi pratha tyaa kalat pramanit hote. raja euthidamus, euthidamus dusra, agathocles aanee pantellion yanni ii. sha. puu. 170 chya sumaras heey naane jaaree kele aanee paryayipane asey suchavale gele aahe qee nickeliferous tambe dhatoo haah anarak yetheel khanincha srot hota. hota shatkaparyant nanee tayar karnyasathi tambe-nickel punha vaparale jaanar navhate.
bharatiy upkhandat pracheen kalapasoon chiinii lokanchi upasthiti 'mahabharat' aanee 'manu smrutee' madheel 'siina' chya vruttantantunahi soochit hote.
hahn rajvanshacha shodhak aanee rajdoot zhang kian yane ii. sha. puu. 126 madhye bactriyala bhet dilee aanee bactriyatil bajarpethanmadhye chiinii utpadananchya upasthitichi nond keleeh
paratalyavar, zhang kianne chiinii samrat hahn woodyla farghana, bactria aanee parthia yaa shahari sanskratinchya susanskratatechya patalichi mahitee dilee, jyanna tyanchyashi vyavsayik sambandh vikasit karnyat rus hotah
tyanantar anek chiinii rajdoot madhya aashiyat pathvanyat aale, jyamule ii. sha. puu. aanee shatkachya akheris resheem margacha vikas suru jhaala.
maurya rajvanshacha sansthapak, bharatiy samrat chandragupta yane alekzandar daad gretchya mrutyunantar ii. sha. puu. 322 chya sumaras vayavya bharat punha jinkla hota. tathapi, celeucid samrajyatil tyachya greek greek sampark thewala gela, eka rajvanshatmak yutee kinwa greek aanee bharatiyanmadhil aantarvivahala manyata (pracheen strotanmadhye epigamiacha karar mhanoon varnan kele gele) sthapan karnyat aalee aanee itihaskar megasthanijsarkhe anek greek maurya darbarat rahat hote. tyanantar, pratyek maurya samratachya darbarat eka greek rajdoot hota.
chandraguptacha natoo ashoke bauddha dharmat dharmantarit jhaala aanee thervad bauddha dharmachya paramparik paali siddhantanusar eka mahan dharmantarkarta banala, jyane ii. sha. puu. 250 chya aaspas bharatiy aanee helenwadi jagakade tyache prayatna nirdeshit kele. dagadat lihilelya ashokchya shilalekhannusar, tyapaiki kahee greek bhashet lihilelya aahet, tyane aashiyatil greek bhoomivar aanee bhoomadhyasagaraparyant bauddha doot pathavale. shilalekh tyaa kalatil helenwadi jagatil pratyek shasakachi nave detat.
vayavya bharatat rahilelya kahee greek loksankhyeche bauddha dharmat rupantar jhaleh
shivay, paali strotannusar, ashokache kahee doot greek bauddha bhikshu hote, jeey done sanskratinmadhil jawalche dharmik aadanpradan darshavtatah
grico-bactriensana bahudha heey bauddha doot midale asateel (kiman maharakhita, mhanje. "mahan vachavala gelela, jyala" yonachya deshat pathvanyat aale ") aanee kahee pramanat bauddha dharm sahan keela, jaree farsa purava shillak rahila nahee. ii. sha. chya kinwa shatkat, alexandriachya khrishchan siddhantvadi clementne jivanunmadhye (tyaa kalatil 'jivanu' mhanje 'prachya greek') bauddha shramananche astitva aanee greek vicharanvar tyancha prabhav dekhil olakhalah
shungancha uday (ii. sha. puu. 185).
bharatat, ii. sha. puu. 185 chya sumaras maurya rajvanshacha padav jhaala, jevha maurya samrajya sainyacha pramukh aanee brahman pushyamitra shung yane maurya samratanpaiki shevatchya bruhadrathachi hatya kelee. tyanantar pushyamitra shung sinhasanavar basala aanee shung samrajyachi sthapana kelee, jyane paschimekade panjabparyant aapale niyantran vadhavale.
ashokavadan' sarkhya bauddha strotanmadhye asey namood kele aahe qee pushyamitra bauddhambaddal vaimansyapurn hota aanee bauddha dharmacha kathitpane chhal karat hota. nalanda, bodhgaya, sarnath kinwa mathura yasarkhya thikani mothya sankhyene bauddha mathanche (vihar) hindu mandiranmadhye rupantar karnyat aale. yaa kalat hindu dharm aanee bauddha dharm yanchyat spardha hotee heey dharmnirpeksh strotankadun siddha jhaale asale taree, shunganni pahilyapeksha pahilyapeksha pradhanya dile, etien lamotte aanee romila thapar yanchyasarkhya itihaskarancha assa yuktivad aahe qee shunganni bauddhanvar kelelya chhalachya bauddha nondi mothya pramanat atishayoktipurna aahet. tathapi, kahee pauranik strotanmadhye maurya rajvanshachya nantar brahmanvadache punarutthan aanee 'bhavish puran' chya 'pratisharg parv' sarkhya lakho bauddhanchya hatyeche varnan kele aaheh
indo-greek rajyacha itihas.
strotanche swaroop aanee gunavatta.
bahutansh hellenistic jagasathi, kiman raje aanee yuddhansathi kahee varnanatmak itihas tikoon aahe; bharatat yacha abhav aahe. indo-greeksvaril mukhya greek-roman srot justine aahe, jyane roman itihaskar pompeous trogus hyapasoon tayar kelela eka sangrah lihila, jyane augustus seasurechya velee greek strotanmadhun lihile. yaa dazanbhar vakyanvyatirikt, bhoogolshastradnya strabo yanni eurasiachya aakarabaddal eratosthenis yanchyashi jhalelya pradirgh vadachya darmyan kahee vela bharatacha ullekh keela aahe. yapaiki bahutek nivval bhaugolik dave aahet, parantu teey namood karatat qee eratosthenischya strotanche mhanane aahe qee kahee greek rajanni alekzandarpeksha adhik jinkale; strabo yavar vishvas thevat nahee, kinwa euthidemuscha mulga menander aanee demetrius yanni alekzandarpeksha adhik jamati jinkalya yavar tyancha vishvas nahee, polybiuschya eka pustakat menanderbaddal ardhi katha aahe jee aaplyasamor akhandapane aaleli nahee.
milind panha, bauddha hrishee nagsen aanee bharatiyikrut nave yanchyatil sanvad, jeey menander pahila yasarkhya indo-greek rajanshi sambandhit asoo shakatat, asha bharatiy sahityik strotancha samavesh aahe. yaa strotanmadhil nave satatyane bharatiyikrut aahet aanee udaharanarth, 'dharmmitra' heey 'demetrius' chey pratinidhitva karate qee tyaa navacha bharatiy rajkumar aahe yavar kahee vaad aahe. mahan itihaskar aanee majee hanchya pustakat nondavalelya, nantarchya hanchya pustakat atirikt puravyansah, hanchya samrat voochya netrutvakhali chang-kianne bactriyavar keleli chiinii moheem dekhil hotee; chiinii bhashet pratilekhan karnyamagil thikane aanee lokanchi olakh patvane katheen aahe aanee anek paryayi arth prastavit kele gele aahet.
indo-greek lokanchya vyapak aanee dirgh prabhavache itar purave ii. sha. puu. sha shatkatil yavanrajya shilalekhat suchavale gele aahet. tyat yavanancha ullekh aahe, hii sandnya 'ionian' pasoon vyutpann jhaali aahe aanee jyacha bahudha tyaa velee arth 'indo-greek' assa hoto.
bharatat demetriuscha vistar.
euthidemuscha mulga demetrius pahila haah samanyatah greek-bactriyancha raja manla jaato, jyane bharatat greek vistar pahilyanda suru keela. tyamule too indo-greek samrajyacha sansthapak aahe. greek rajancha bharatavar kabja karnyacha kharaa hetu adnyat aahe, parantu asey manale jaate qee sangane maurya samrajyachya nirmulanamule yaa vistarala khoop protsahan midale. indo-greek, visheshtah 'milindpanh' madhye bauddha dharm swikarlyache mhatale jaanare 'menander pahila' yannahi bahudha bharatiy bauddhanchi madat midali asavi.
tyachya vadilanchya karkirditil eka shilalekh aahe, jyamadhye aadhich adhikrutpane demetriusla vijayi mhatale aahe. indo-greek itihasatil kahee paripoorn tarakhanpaiki eka tarikhahi tyachyakade aaheh tyachya vadilanni cree. puu. done varshansathi antiocus tisra bund thevalyanantar, 208-6 shantata kararat demetrius aanee antioxchya mulimadhil lagnacha prastav samavisht hota. pratham demetriuschi nanee aracosia aanee kabool kabool sapadali aahet; nantarchi greek lokanchi bharatat jhaleli pahili praveshika asel, jase tyanni tyachi vyakhya kelee aahe. seres aanee frinny yanchyaviruddha purvekade kelelya mohimeche sahityik purave dekhil aahet; parantu yaa vijayanchi kramvari aanee tarikh anishchit aahe.
pahila demetrius kabool khore, arachosia aanee kadachit gandhar jinkla asava asey disate; tyane konatihi bharatiy nanee chhapali naheet, mhanoon ektar tyache vijay bharatat itakya durparyant ghusale naheet kinwa teey ektrit honyapurvich tyacha mrutyu jhaala. tyachya nanyanvar, pahila demetrius nehmich alekzandarne paridhan kelele hattiche shirastran gheuun jaato, jeey tyachya bharatiy vijayanche prateek asalyache disate. boperachicha assa vishvas aahe qee hindu kushchya dakshinekadil vijayanantar demetriusla 'bharatacha raja' hii padvi midali. kadachit keval maranottar, taree tyala ("aniketos", lii.) hii padvi denyat aalee hotee. "ajey") hii eka panthasiddhi, alekzandarne gruheet dharaleli, nantarche indo-greek raje lycius, philoxenus aanee artemidorus yannihi tee ghetali. shevati, demetrius haah navyane shodhalelya yavan yugacha sansthapak asoo shakato, jyachi suruvat ii. sha. puu. 186/5 madhye jhaali.
pahili dvibhashik aanee bahudharmiy aarthik pranali.
demetriuschya mrutyunantar, bactrian raje pantellion aanee agathocles yanni tyanchya kalat takshashilaparyantchya poorves sapadalelya bharatiy shilalekhansah pahili dvibhashik nanee kadhali (ii. sha. 185-170 bii. see.) jivanuyukt rajyamadhye gandhar samavisht asalyache disate. yaa pahilya dvibhashik nanyanmadhye brahmi lipi vaparali jaat asey, tarr nantarche raje samanyatah kharoshthi vaparat asat. tyanni bharatiy devatancha samavesh karnyaparyant dekhil kaam kele, jyancha vegvegalya prakare hindu devata kinwa buddh mhanoon arth lavala gela. tyat vividh bharatiy upkarane (sinh, hatti, zebu bail) aanee chinhe dekhil samavisht hotee, tyapaiki kahee bauddha jase qee trii-inn-railing. hii chinhe maurya-nantarchya gandharchya nanyanmadhyehi disu shakatat.
aagathoklisachi hindu nanee qamee aahet parantu netradipak aahet. 1970 madhye aay-khanoom yethe sahaa bharatiy-manak chandiche drakma sapadale, jeey hindu devatanche chitran karatat. heey vishnuche suruvatiche avtar aaheth gadaa gadaa aanee nangar asalele vaishishtya asalele balram-shankarasana aanee shankh (nashpatichya aakaracha cases kinwa shankh) aanee shoodra chakr yaa vishnu gunadharmansah vasudev-krishna. bharatiy sanskraticha samavesh karnyache heey pahile prayatna nantarchya rajanni keval anshatah jatan keleh tyaa sarvanni dvibhashik nanee chhapane suru thewale, kadhikadhi etic nanyanvyatirikt, parantu greek devata prachalit rahilya. tathapi, hatti, bail kinwa sinh yasarkhya bharatiy pranyancha, bahudha dharmik bhav asalelya, tyanchya bharatiy-manak chauras nanyanmadhye mothya pramanat vapar keela jaat asey. bauddha chake (dharmchakra) ajunahi menander pahila aanee menander dusra yanchya nanyanmadhye disatat.
demetriuschya mrutyunantar anek jivanu rajanni pathpurava keela aanee tyanchyamadhil yadavi yuddhanmule pahila apollodotus (ii. sha. pasoon) shakya jhaala asava asey disate. 180/175 bii. see.) pahila yogya indo-greek raja (jyane bactriyapasun rajya kele nahee) mhanoon swatahla swatantra karane. tyachi nanee bharatat mothya sankhyene sapadali aahet aanee tyane gandhar tasech paschim panjabmadhye rajya kele asey disate. apollodotus pahila haah bahudha bactriyatil raja antimacus pahila yacha mulga asalelya antimacus dusra yane uttaradhikari mhanoon kinwa tyachyabarobar rajya kele.
menander I chaa niyam.
pudhil mahattvacha indo-greek raja menander pahila hota, joou indo-greek rajanpaiki sarvat yashasvi manla jaato aanee jyane tyachya vividh vijayanchya madhyamatoon rajyacha jastit jaast vistar keela. tyachya nanyanche shodh sarvadhik aahet aanee itar konatyahi indo-greek rajanpeksha sarvat mothya bhaugolik kshetrat aadhaltat. menanderchya pratirupane chhapaleli nanee purv panjabparyant 600 mail durparyant aadhalu shakatat. menanderne vijayanchi dusari laat suru kelee aahe asey disate aanee bahudha purvekadil vijay tyanech kele asavet asey disate. 
asha prakare ii. sha. puu. 165 pasoon ii. sha. puu. 130 madhye tyachya mrutyuparyant, menander pahila yane panjabvar rajya kele aanee tyachi rajdhani sagla hotee. tyanantar menanderne uttar bharatat mathurala moheem kelee, jithe yavanrajya shilalekhachi nond karnyat aalee. tathapi, heey eka sanlagn samrajya hote qee pramukh shahar kendrandware kinwa polisandware rajya kele gele heey mahit nahee. tyanantar lagechach, grico-bactrian rajyacha raja eucretides pahila yane vayavya simevar indo-greek lokanshi yuddh karnyas suruvat kelee.
strabone uddhrut kelelya artemitachya apollodoruschya matey, kahee kalasathi indo-greek pradeshat sindh aanee bahudha gujaratche bharatiy kinarpattiche prant samavisht hote. puratatviy paddhatinni, indo-greek pradeshachi pushti matra kabool kabool purv panjabparyantach karata yete, tyamule baher greek upasthiti kadachit alpakalin kinwa astitvat navhati.
kahee srot asehi dawa karatat qee indo-greek uttar bharatatil shung rajdhani pataliputraparyant pohochale asavet. matra, yaa mohimeche swaroop vadacha vishay aahe. yaa mohimebabatcha ekmev nondavalela prathamik ahwal yug puranat lihila gela hota, tathapi haah grunth aagami sangharshachi bhavishyavani mhanoon lihila gela hota. hii moheem paar padali qee yavan (indo-greek) yaa mohimet yashasvi jhaale heey maheet nahee.
tathapi, yavananni pataliputra dharan keela yaa davyala nanankiy kinwa aitihasik nondi samarthan dett naheet aanee kahee shilalekhandware dekhil tyacha virodh keela jaato. kalingacha raja kharvel yane tyachya chauthya varshachya rajvatit, hatiyunfa shilalekhat, nirash jhalelya indo-greek sainyala mathurala parat pathavalyachi nond aahe. tyaveli konatya indo-greek sainyache netrutva karat hote heey maheet nahee, tathapi too pahila menander kinwa kadachit nantarcha shasak asava asey manale jaate. tyanantar tyachya sattechya baravya varshat, kharvelane shung samrajyashi ladha deela aanee pushyamitra shung mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya samrat brahmapatimitrala parabhoot kele ashee nond aahe. tyanantar kharvelane rajdhani pataliputra lutale aanee kalingatoon lutoon pataliputrala nenyat aalelya jaine moorti aanee khajinya parat midavalya asey mhatale jaate. ii. sha. puu. sha shatkatil kalkram aanee tarkhechya aadhare, kharvelchya karkirdit menander haah indo-greek lokanche netrutva karnara hota asey gruheet dharale jaate.
ii. sha. puu. aanee shatkachya madhyat, mahattvapoorn jivanu raja ukretidesney indo-greek rajyavar hallah kelyache disate. justine dilelya vruttanusar, 'bharatiyancha raja' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya eka demetriusne chaar mahinyanchya vedhyat eucretidescha samna keela hota, parantu shevati too parabhoot jhaala.
haah demetrius kona hota aanee vedha kevha lagla heey anishchit aahe. kahee vidvananche asey mutt aahe qee too demetrius I hota."(demetrius I) bahudha demetrius hota jyane chaar mahine ukretidesla vedha ghatala hota", dii.doubleu. mack dawall, peepi. 201-202, "afghanistan, pracheen carrefour entrey laal 'ist ett laal' ust". heey vishleshan boperachichya virodhat jaate, jyane asey suchavale aahe qee eucretides sattevar yenyachya khoop aadhi demetrius pahila maran pavala.</konatyahi paristhitit, ukretidesney indasparyantcha pradesh, see. aii. chya darmyan vyapalela asalyache disate. ii. sha. puu. 170 aanee ii. sha. puu. 150. tyachya pragatila shevati indo-greek raja menander pahila yane punha midavale.
bauddha sahityatahi menanderche smaran kele jaate, jithe tyala milind mhanatat. milind panhamadhye tyache varnan bauddha dharmat dharmantarit mhanoon kele aahe aanee too eka arhat banala jyache avashesh buddhachi aathvan karoon bhet paddhatine pratishthapit kele gele hote. tyane eka naveen nanyacha prakar dekhil sadar keela, jyachya ulatya bajula ethena alchidemos ("lokanche rakshak") hote, joou purvekadil tyachya bahutek uttaradhikaryanni swikarla.
menanderchya mrutyunantar bharatat naveen rajye aanee prajasattak udayas aalyane tyache samrajya mothya pramanat qamee jhaale. maurya samrajyane tabyat ghetalelya lashkari mahasanghanmadhye yaudhey aanee arjunayan yaa sudharanansathi sarvat prakhyat sanstha hotya. yaa prajasattakanni lashkari vijayancha ullekh karnari naveen nanee tayar karnyas suruvat kelee, jee indo-greek prakarchya nanyanchi aathvan karoon denari hotee. mudrashastriy puravyansah, rudradamanchya junagarh sheela shilalekhat, tyanchya swatantryachi pushti karat, pashchimi kshatrapanchya shaq raja rudradaman pahila yachya yaudhey prajasattakavaril vijayancha tapasheel denyat aala aahe.
ii. sha. puu. aanee shatkachya madhyapasoon, chinchya simevarun dirgh sthalantar purn havbhav uazi lokanni pudhe dhakalalelya cythiansney uttarekadun bactriyavar aakraman karnyas suruvat kelee. ii. sha. puu. 130 chya sumaras shevatcha grico-bactrian raja heliocles bahudha aakramanadarmyan marla gela aanee grico-bactrian rajyache astitva sampushtat aale. bactrian samrajyachya patnat parthiyanannihi kadachit bhoomika bajavali aanee sayathiyanachi jaaga ghetali.
tathapi, ii. sha. puu. 130 chya sumaras menanderchya mrutyunantar indo-greek samrajyatil ghatananchi konatihi aitihasik nond nahee, kaaran indo-greek aata urvarit greco-roman jagapasoon khoop vegale jhaale hote. indo-greek rajyancha nantarcha itihas, joou ii. sha. puu./ii. sha. chya sabhovatalachya kalaparyant tikala, jawaljawal purnapane puratatviy aanee nanyanchya vishleshanatun tyachi punarbandhani karnyat aalee aahe.
pashchatya khaatee.
chandraguptane selyukaskadun pradesh sampadan karnyapurvipasun greek loksankhya rahat asalelya arakosiamadhye greek upasthiticha ullekh isidor auph caraxney keela aahe. too tethil greek shaharanche varnan karato, tyapaiki ekala demetrius mhanatat, bahudha vijeta demetriuschya sanmanarth.
pompeus trogsney apollodotus pahila (aanee menander pahila) yacha ullekh mahattvapoorn indo-greek raje mhanoon keela hota.
asey manale jaate qee greek pragati purv bharatatil shung rajdhani pataliputraparyant (aajche patana) tatpurati gelee. varishthanche asey mutt aahe qee heey vijay keval menandercha sandarbh deu shakatatah yachya virodhat, johnn michenar asey manatat qee greekanni demetriuschya kalat kadachit bharatiy rajdhani pataliputravar chhapa takala, jaree michenarache vishleshan nanyanchya puravyanvar aadharit nahee.
yaa hallyache gambhirya kahee pramanat sanshayachya sanshayachya aaheh bharatiy rajanchya netrutvakhalil ganget jhalelya chhapyat manander sameel jhaala asava, kaaran indo-greek upasthitichi pushti itakya durchya purvekade jhaleli nahee.
dakshinekade, greekanni sindh aanee gujaratchya bhaganvar kabja keela asava, jyat barigaza (bharuch) chey dhoranatmak bandar, indo-greek shasak apollodotus pahila aanee anek pracheen lekhak (strabo 11; erythrene samudracha periplus, adhyay) yanchya nanyandvare pramanit vijay dekhil samavisht aahet. 41/47):
periplus' madhye pudhe pracheen indo-greek rajvat aanee yaa pradeshatil indo-greek nanyanche satatche chalan spasht kele aaheh
narayan matra peripluscha vruttant "keval eka naukechi katha" mhanoon fetalun lavtat aanee asey manatat qee naane shodhane heey vyavasayache soochak asane aavashyak nahee. nanyanchya sathyanvarun pudhe asey soochit hote qee madhya bharatat malva kshetrahi jinkale gele asave.
mathuramadhye rajya qaraa.
nanyanchya, sahityik aanee shilalekh puravyanvarun asey disate qee ii. sha. puu. 185 teey ii. sha. puu. 85 darmyanchya kalat aanee visheshtah menander I (ii. sha. puu. 165-135) chya rajvatit indo-greek lokanche mathuravar niyantran hote. tolemyne namood kele qee menandercha shasak mathuraparyant (mydure) vistarla hota.
mathurachya thodyasha vayvyes, khokrakot (aadhunik rohtak) shaharat 14 vegvegalya indo-greek rajanchi asankhya indo-greek nanee sapadali, tasech naurangabadmadhil nanyanche sanche, ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat haryanacha indo-greek kabja asalyache soochit karatat.
1988 madhye sapadalelya mathuratil yavanrajya shilalekhat, "yavan varchasvachya (yavanrajya) 116 vya varshacha shevatcha divas" yacha ullekh aahe. yavanrajya" haah bahudha ii. sha. puu. 70-60 chya sumaras (yavan yugache varsh 116) mathuramadhil indo-greek lokanchya rajvaticha sandarbh deto. mathuramadhil indo-greek rajvatichi vyapti vadgrast aahe, parantu heey dekhil dnyat aahe qee mathuramadhye sung rajvatiche konatehi avashesh sapadale naheet aanee tyanche pradeshik niyantran keval uttar madhya bharatatil madhya ayodhya shaharaparyantach dhandev-ayodhya shilalekhadvare siddha jhaale aahe. cast-dye-strack nanyanchya puratatviy utkhananat ii. sha. puu. 150 teey ii. sha. puu. 20 darmyan mathuramadhye mitra rajvanshachi (nanee jaaree karnare jeey tyanchya nanyanvar swatache naav 'raje' thevat navhate) upasthiti dekhil ughad jhaali aahe. yavyatirikt, datt rajvanshachi nanihi mathuramadhye utkhananat sapadali aahet. yaa rajvanshanni swatantrapane rajya kele qee mothya rajyanche kshatrap mhanoon rajya kele heey adnyat aahe.
mathuramadhil paradeshi lokanchya moorti.
ii. sha. puu. puu teey aanee shatkaparyantchya mathura kalechya terrakota madhye paradeshi lokanchya anek aakrutya disatat, jyanche varnan ektar tyanchya paradeshi vaishishtyanmule fakt 'paradeshi' kinwa pertian kinwa irani mhanoon kele jaate. yaa kalat bharatiyanche paradeshi lokanshi jhalele vadhalele sampark yaa moorti pratibimbit karoo shakatat. yapaiki anek maurya kalat bharatala bhet bhet paradeshi sainikanche pratinidhitva karatat aanee tyanni tyanchya vishisht vanshik vaishishtyansah aanee ganveshane mathuratil modellersver prabhav padala asey disate. eka sainikache shirastran asalele doke, bahudha indo-greek, dekhil olakhale jaate aanee ii. sha. puu. sha shatkatil aahe, jeey aata mathura sangrahalayat aahe. samanyatah 'pertian kuleen' asey topananav asalelya aanee ii. sha. puu. aanee shatkatil terrakota putalyanpaiki ekane coat, scarf, payghol aanee pagadi ghataleli disate.
tyanantar mathuravar mitra rajgharanyane vijay midavala asava kinwa ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkat datt rajgharanyane swatantrapane rajya kele asave. konatyahi paristhitit, khristi yugachya pahilya shatkapasoon mathura indo-sythian uttarekadil kshatrapanchya niyantranakhali hota.
bharatiy srot.
yavan" haah shabd "ionian" chey lipyantaran asalyache manale jaate aanee tyat hellenistic greek (ashokchya shilalekhanpasun suruvat, jethe ashoke "yavan" raja antioksabaddal lihito) mhanoon olakhale jaate, parantu kadhikadhi itar paradeshi lokanchahi sandarbh ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkapasoon ghetala gela asava.
paninivaril vyakaranadnya aanee bhashyakar patanjali, ii. sha. puu. 150 chya sumaras, 'mahabharat' madhye, done udaharananmadhye, apoorn kaal sanskrut vaparoon kelelya aakramanache varnan karatat, jeey alikadchya kinwa chaloo asalelya ghatananche sanket deteh
yug puran" chya brahman granthat bhavishyavanichya swarupat ghatananche varnan kele aahe, jeey kadachit aitihasik asoo shakate, rajdhani pataliputravar indo-greek lokanchya hallyashi sambandhit aahe, megasthanijanusar 570 manore aanee 64 darvaje asalele eka bhavya tatbandi asalele shahar aanee shaharachya bhintinchya antim vinashache varnan karateh
madhya bharatatil greek aanee shung yanchyatil ladhayanche vruttant 'malavikagnimitram' yaa kalidaschya natkat dekhil aadhaltat, jyamadhye greek ghodadalachi tukadi aanee pushyamitracha natoo, vasmitra yanchyatil chakmakiche varnan kele aahe, jeey pushyamitrachya karkirdit, sindh nadee kinwa kaalee sindh nadijaval jhaale hote.
yug purananusar, antargat sangharshanantar yavan nantar maghar ghetilah
michenarchya matey, hathigumpha shilalekh ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkat mathuratil "taa" mhanoon soochibaddha kelelya shasakachya netrutvakhalil indo-greek lokanchi upasthiti darshavito. matra, rajache naav vagalanyat aale aahe aanee tyacha arth ulgadala gelela nahee. urvarit shabdansh [taa] vadgrast aahet. shasak demetriuscha sandarbh dett asalyacha yuktivad kalankadware keela gela aahe. tathapi, narayan sarkhya itar itihaskaranni yaa vyakhyevar aakshep ghetala aahe, jeey kalkramanusar visangati darshavtat aanee demetriusne panjabchya bhootkalat sahas kele nahee. tyaeivaji bahutek itihaskar aata too indo-greek shasak menander pahila kinwa kadachit mathuracha nantarcha yavan raja asalyache siddha karatat.
parantu yaa shilalekhacha arth, panjabvar vijay midavanara raja demetrius pahila hota, heey soochit karnara eka sanket mhanoon keela jaau shakato, tarihi heey kharey aahe qee tyane kadhihi bharatiy-manak nanee jaaree kelee naheet, keval hattinchya pratikansah asankhya nanee jaaree kelee aanee hathigumpha shilalekhat 'dee-mea-taa' yaa 'kharoshthi' madhye tyache naav punarsthapit kele gele aahe, yabaddal shanka vyakt kelee gelee aahe. dee" hii eka punarrachana aahe aanee heey lakshat ghetale jaau shakate qee aanakhi eka indo-greek rajache naav, amintas, kharoshthimadhye "aaa-mea-taa" asey lihile jaate aanee tyat basoo shakate.
tyamule, panjabchya purvekadil konatyahi pragatisathi menander haah sarvat aavadata umedvar aahe.
ektrikaran.
menander haah bahudha sarvat yashasvi indo-greek raja aanee sarvat mothya pradeshacha vijeta manla jaato. tyachya nanyanche shodh heey serve indo-greek rajanpaiki sarvat jaast aanee sarvat vyapak aahet. bauddha sahityatahi menanderche smaran kele jaate, jithe tyala milind mhanatat aanee milind panhamadhye tyache varnan bauddha dharmat dharmantarit mhanoon kele aaheh too eka arhat banala jyache avashesh buddhanchi aathvan karoon bhet paddhatine pratishthapit kele gele hote. tyane eka naveen nanyacha prakar dekhil sadar keela, jyachya ulatya bajula ethena alchidemos ("lokanche rakshak") hote, joou purvekadil tyachya bahutek uttaradhikaryanni swikarla.
jivanu padane aanee menandercha mrutyu.
ii. sha. puu. aanee shatkachya madhyapasoon, chinchya simevarun dirgh sthalantar purn havbhav uazi lokanni pudhe dhakalalelya cythiansney uttarekadun bactriyavar aakraman karnyas suruvat kelee. ii. sha. puu. 130 chya sumaras shevatcha grico-bactrian raja heliocles bahudha aakramanadarmyan marla gela aanee grico-bactrian rajyache astitva sampushtat aale. bactrian samrajyachya patnat parthian lokannihi kadachit bhoomika bajavali asavi.
bactriyanchya patananantar lagechach, bharatiy pradeshanchya paschim bhagatil menandercha uttaradhikari, indo-greek raja zylos pahila (ii. sha. puu. 1) yachya kansya nanyanni, vijay pushpaguchhamadhye, eka skythian-prakarchya dhanushya aanee lahan recurve dhanushyasah haraclecha samooh jodala, jeey kadachit eka tarr skythian (bhavishyatil indo-sythian) kinwa uazi (bhavishyatil kushan) jyanni grico-bactriyavar aakraman kele hote asha payathyapasun ugam pavalelya ghodyavar chadhalelya lokanshi sanvad darshavate. yaa dhanushachi tulana purv indo-greek ranee agathocleachya nanyanvar chitrit kelelya paramparik helenwadi lamb dhanushyashi kelee jaau shakate. aata heey dnyat jhaale aahe qee 50 varshannantar, indo-sythian maus heey takshashilatil indo-greek rajanshi yutee karat hote aanee tyapaiki eka raja, artemidoros aaplya nanyanvar dawa karato qee too mausacha mulga aahe, jaree heey aata vadgrast aahe.
indo-greek samrajyache sanrakshn.
indo-greek rajvatichi vyapti ajunahi anishchit aanee vadgrast aahe. menanderchya rajvanshachya sambhavya sadasyanmadhye sattadhari ranee agathoclea, ticha mulga strato pahila aanee nisiyas yancha samavesh aahe, jaree tyanni menandarnantar thet rajya kele qee nahee heey anishchit aahe.
itar raje udayas aale, sahasa indo-greek samrajyachya paschim bhagat, jase qee zylos pahila, lycius, antialcidas aanee philoxenos. heey shasak ektar ucreted kinwa euthidemid rajvanshache natevaik asoo shakatat. nantarchya rajanchi nave anekada naveen hotee (helenwadi rajvanshachya sadasyanna sahasa varshane kautumbik nave midali hotee) parantu nantarchya shasakanni junya ulatya aanee padavya varanvar dilya.
bactriyanchya patananantar lagechach, bharatiy pradeshanchya paschim bhagatil menandercha uttaradhikari, indo-greek raja zylos pahila (ii. sha. puu. 1) yachya kansya nanyanni, vijay pushpaguchhamadhye, eka skythian-prakarchya dhanushya aanee lahan recurve dhanushyasah haraclecha samooh jodala, jeey kadachit eka tarr skythian (bhavishyatil indo-sythian) kinwa uazi (bhavishyatil kushan) jyanni grico-bactriyavar aakraman kele hote asha payathyapasun ugam pavalelya ghodyavar chadhalelya lokanshi sanvad darshavate. yaa dhanushachi tulana purv indo-greek ranee agathocleachya nanyanvar chitrit kelelya paramparik helenwadi lamb dhanushyashi kelee jaau shakate. aata heey dnyat jhaale aahe qee 50 varshannantar, indo-sythian maus heey takshashilatil indo-greek rajanshi yutee karat hote aanee tyapaiki eka raja, artemidoros aaplya nanyanvar dawa karato qee too mausacha mulga aahe, jaree heey aata vadgrast aahe.
pahilya apollodotus nantarchya serve indo-greek rajanni pramukhyane tyanchya swatachya pradeshat dvibhashik (greek aanee kharoshthi) nanee jaaree kelee, tyapaiki anekanni durmil greek nanee dekhil chhapali jee bactriamadhye sapadali aahet. nantarchya rajanni kadachit hii nanee aata tethe rajya havbhav sythian kinwa uazi jamatinna kahee prakarchi deyake mhanoon kadhali, jaree bhadotri sainikansathi khandani kinwa dey rakkam adnyat aahe. bactriyanchya aakramananantar kahee dashakanpasun indo-greek aanee yaa tulanene helenyukt bhatkya jamatinmadhye sambandh shantatet asalyache disate.
bharatiy sanskruti aanee dharmanshi sanvad sadhane.
vidisha aanee sanchi (ii. sha. puu. 115) pradeshatil indo-greek.
yach sumaras, ii. sha. puu. 115 madhye, raja antiyalkidaspasun teey vidishatil raja bhagbhadra yachya darbaraparyant heliodoruschya rajdutachi nond aahe. sung rajdhanit, heliodorusne vasudewala samarpit heliodorus stambh sthapan keela. heey soochit karel qee indo-greek aanee sanganmadhil sambandh toparyant sudharle hote, lock done kshetranmadhye pravas karat hote aanee indo-greek lock sahajpane bharatiy dharmanche palan karat hote.
yach kalat, ii. sha. puu. 115 chya sumaras, vidishapasoon 6 qii. mea. antaravar asalelya jawalchya sanchi yethe vayvyekadil karagiranni prathamach sajavatichya koreev kamanchi suruvat kelee. yaa karagiranni sthanik brahmi lipichya ulat pramukhyane gandharchya aaspaschya bhagat vaparlya jaanarya kharoshthimadhye dagadi karagiranchya khuna sodalya. yacha arth assa hoto qee stupachya pattyanvar pattyanvar kahee suruvatichya rachana aanee aakrutinsathi heey paradeshi kamgar jababdar hote. sanchi yetheel (sanchi stoop kramank 2 chey) heey suruvatiche korivkam ii. sha. puu. 115 chey aahet, tarr adhik vyapak stambh korivkam ii. sha. puu. 80 chey aahe. yaa koreev kamanche varnan 'astitvat asaleli sarvat junie vistrut stoop sajavat' asey kele gele aahe. teey bharatatil jaatak chitranche mool manale jaatat. 
indo-greek aanee bharhut (100-75 ii. sha. puu.).
eka yoddha aakruti, bharhut yavan, sumare ii. sha. puu. 100 chya sumaras bharhutchya stupachya railingwar eka unch koreev kamavar thalakpane disali. yoddhyakade greek rajachi vahanari doke patti, hellenistic plates asalela uttarekadil angvastra, tyachya hatat draksh aahe aanee tyachya talvarivar bauddha triratanache chinh aahe. stupachya praveshdvaravar snrakshak asalelya dwarpalachi bhoomika tyachi aahe. yoddhyala greek mhanoon varnan kele gele aahe, kahinni asey suchavale aahe qee too raja menanderche pratinidhitva dekhil karoo shakato.
tyaa kalatahi, gandhar bhagatil karagir bharhut yethe bauddha torana praveshdvaranchya bandhkamat sahbhagi asalyache dnyat aahe, jeey ii. sha. puu. 1 madheel aaheh yache kaaran mhanje bharhut avasheshanchya anek ghatkanvar kharoshthimadhil rajmistrichi khuna sapadali aahe, jeey soochit karate qee kahee bandhkam vyavsayik kiman uttarekadun aale hote, visheshtah gandharatun jithe kharoshthi lipi vaparali jaat hotee. 
cunninghamne spasht kele qee praveshdvaranchya vastumudrananmadhye, parantu railingwar konihi nahee, jyaa sarvanvar bharatiy khuna hotya, saranshat asey qee kalatmakdrushtya adhik parishkrut asalele praveshdwar uttarekadil kalakaranni banavale asavet, tarr railing sthanik kalakaranni banavale asavet.
sanchi yavan (50-1 ii. sha. puu.).
punha sanchimadhye, parantu yaveli satvahan rajvatichya kalatil sumare ii. sha. puu. 1 madheel eka chitrafit pahili jaau shakate, jyat greek poshakhat bhakt sanchichya mahan stupala samarpan kartana disatat. sanchi yetheel adhikrut soochanet varnan kele aahe. purushanche chitran lahan kurale kesansah kele gele aahe, jeey sahasa greek nanyanvar samanyatah samanyatah prakarchya headbands ekatra dharale jaatat. kapade dekhil greek aahet, jyat angarkhe, zaga aanee padatrane aahet, jeey vishisht aahet. aulos navachya duheri basarisarkhi vadyehi atishay vaishishtyapurn aahet. karniksasarkhi shinge dekhil disatat. teey serve stupachya praveshdvaravar utsav sajra karat aahet. 
sanchichya bandhkamat yavan/yonancha (greek dengidar) pratyaksh sahbhag swaghoshit yavan dengidaranni kelelya teen shilalekhanvarun kalatoh
ghat.
raja philoxenus (ii. sha. puu. 1) yane alpakalasathi paropamisadepasun paschim panjabparyant sampoorn greek pradesh vyapala, tyanantar pradesh punha lahan indo-greek rajanmadhye vibhagale gele. ii. sha. puu. sha shatkat, indo-greeksney uttarottar purvekadil bharatiy aanee pashchimetil sythian, uazi aanee parthian lokansamor jameen gamavali. yaa kalat sumare 20 indo-greek raje olakhale jaatat, shevatche dnyat indo-greek shasak, strato II aanee strato III paryant, jyanni ii. sha. 10 paryant panjab pradeshat rajya kele.
hindu kush pradeshanche nuksan (ii. sha. puu. 70-).
sumare aath 'pashchatya' indo-greek raje olakhale jaatat; tyanchyapaiki bahutekanna shejarchya pradeshat prachalit asalelya chaukatichya nanyanchya jarikaranamule vegale kele jaate.
paropamisade (hindu kushcha bhag) madheel shevatchya mahattvachya rajanpaiki eka hermaeus hota, jyane ii. sha. puu. 80 paryant rajya kele; tyachya mrutyunantar lagechach uazi kinwa shakanni shejarchya jivanunpasun tyacha bhag tabyat ghetala. jevha hermiusche tyachya nanyanvar ghodyavar swar asalyache chitra dakhavale jaate, tevha tyala payathyashiche recurve dhanushya aanee dhanushya-kosh susajj asatat aanee aar. see. senior tyala anshatah bhatkya moolcha manato. matra, nantarcha raja hippostratesnehy paropamisademadhil pradesh tabyat ghetale asavet.
harmeyasachya mrutyunantar, uazi kinwa shaq bhatkya paropamisadeche naveen shasak banale aanee sumare ii. sha. 40 paryant, jevha teey kushan raja kujula kadafisesachya nanyanmadhye misalale, tevha tyanni harmeyasachya maranottar vastunche mothya pramanat mudran kele. pahila dastaivajikrut uazi rajkumar, suppedbise, yane ii. sha. puu. 20 chya sumaras rajya kele aanee greek bhashet aanee pashchatya indo-greek rajanpramanech shailit, bahudha greek tankshal aanee chillettersvar avalambun hota.
kendriya pradeshanche nuksan (48/47 bii. see.).
ii. sha. puu. 80 chya sumaras, indo-greek lokanni punha taba ghenyapurvi, maus navachya indo-sythian rajane, joou bahudha indo-greek lokanchya sevet eka senapati hota, vayavya bharatat kahee varshe rajya kele. tyacha vivah machen navachya indo-greek rajkumarishi jhalyache disate. raja hippostratus (ii. sha. puu. 2) haah indo-sythian aiz pahila yachyakadun parabhoot hoiparyant sarvat yashasvi indo-greek rajanpaiki eka hota asey disate, jyane ii. sha. puu. 1 madhye indo-sythian rajvanshachi sthapana kelee. indo-greek aanee skythian yanchyat kahee prakarchi yutee jhaali asavi asey vividh nanee suchavatat asey disate.
jaree indo-sythian lokanni spashtapane lashkari aanee rajkiyadrushtya rajya kele asale, taree teey greek aanee bharatiy sanskratincha aadar karat rahile. tyanchi nanee greek takyanmadhye tayar kelee gelee, yogya greek aanee kharoshthi aakhyayika vaparane suru thewale aanee tyat greek devatanchi, visheshtah ziyasachi chitre samavisht kelee gelee. mathuratil sinh rajdhani shilalekh heey pushti karato qee tyanni bauddha dharm swikarla, tasech tyanchya nanyanvar vitark mudra tayar havbhav devatanche chitran kele aahe. greek samuday, nasht honyachya palikade, bahudha indo-sythian rajvatit tikoon rahile. greek aanee indo-sythian yanchyat sangharshapeksha eka mishran ghadanyachi shakyata aaheh alikadech prakashit jhalelya nanyat, artemidorus swatahla 'mosscha mulga' mhanoon sadar karato (parantu aata heey vadgrast aahe), aanee bunner koreev kamanmadhye indo-greek aanee indo-sythian bauddha sandarbhat anand lutatana disatat.
aadhunik pakistanatil gandharchya bajour bhagatil raja theodamanchya navane ii. sha. sha shatkatil chinhankit ringvareel shilalekhadvare indo-greek shasakacha shevatcha dnyat ullekh suchavala jaato. tyachi konatihi nanee dnyat naheet, parantu signatorvar kharoshthi lipit 'suu theodamasa' haah shilalekh aahe, jyache sarvavyapi kushan shahee padvi 'shau' ('shaah', 'raja') chey greek lipyantaran mhanoon spashtikaran dile jaat aahe.
purvekadil pradeshanche nuksan (ii. sha. 10).
bharatiy-greek rajyanni ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkat menanderchya mrutyunantar tyanche bahutek purvekadil pradesh gamavale. arjunayan aanee yaudhey prajasattak tyanchya nanyanvar lashkari vijayancha ullekh karatat (arjunayanancha vijay, yaudheyancha vijay). pashchatya kshatrapancha shaq raja rudradaman pahila yane jinkalyashivay yaa sanstha swatantra rahilya.
gupt samrajyachya samudraguptane (350-375 ii. sha.) jinkalyashivay teey punha swatantrya midvatil aanee tyanantar lavkarach tyanche vighatan hoil. 
ii. sha. puu. sha shatkat, trikart, audumbar aanee shevati kunindannihi tyanchi swatachi nanee, sahasa indo-greek nanyanchi atyant aathvan karoon bhet shailit, tankan karnyas suruvat kelee.
yavananni pahilya menanderchya kalapasoon ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkachya madhyaparyant mathurachya kshetraparyant rajya kele asaveh mathura jawalil eka gavatil maghera shilalekhat, yavananchya karkirdichya solavya varshi vihirichya samarpanabaddal nond aahe, jeey ii. sha. puu. 70 chya sumaras aahe. tathapi, ii. sha. puu. sha shatkat tyanni eka tarr shung samrajyachya antargat mitra shaskankadun kinwa datt rajgharanyakadun mathuryacha bhag gamavala.
pashchimekadil shakanpasoon paloon gelelya indo-greek lokanni purv panjabmadhil eka pradeshavar rajya karane suru thewale. shevatchya indo-greek rajanche rajya, strato II aanee strato III, uttar kshatrap shaq shasak rajuvulane ii. sha. 10 chya sumaras jinkale.
nantarche yogdan.
kahee greek kendrak ii. sha. chya kinwa shatkaparyant tikoon rahile asavet. 
nahapanchya darbarat yavneshwar ("greekancha swami") navacha eka greek lekhak hota, jyane greekmadhun sanskratmadhye yavanjatak ("greekanche mhanane"), eka jyotishshastratil grunth aanee kundalitil bharatatil sarvat june sanskrut grunth anuvadit kele.
bauddha guha.
ii. sha. puu. puu shatak aanee ii. sha. sha shatak yaa darmyan bharatatil, visheshtah deshachya paschim bhagat, mothya sankhyene bauddha lenya kalatmakaritya koralya gelya hotya. anek dengidaranni yaa lenyanchya bandhkamasathi nidhi puravala aanee samanya lock, padrinche sadasya, sarkari sarkari dengidar shilalekh sodale. paradeshi, mukhytah swaghoshit 'yavan' heey serve shilalekhanpaiki sumare 8 takke pratinidhitva karatat.
jaree tyanni bauddha nave sweekarli asali, taree ii. sha. 120 madhye pashchimi kshatrap shasak nahpanane bandhalelya aanee samarpit kelelya carla lenyanchya mahan bauddha chaityatil sahaa sanrachanatmak stambhansathi dengidar mhanoon nasik pradeshatil yavanancha ullekh keela jaato. ekoon, mahan chaitya stambhanvaril dnyat samarpit shilalekhanpaiki jawaljawal ardhe yavan aahet. aajahi, naseek hii bharatachi madya rajdhani mhanoon olakhali jaate, jyat bahudha mool greekanni aayat kelelya drakshancha vapar keela jaato. 
shivneri guhanmadhye yavananche aanakhi done bauddha shilalekh sapadale. eka shilalekhat yavnane irila navachya talavache daan kelyacha ullekh aahe, tarr kinwa shilalekhat yavnane seet navachya eka nadipatrachi bhet sanghala dilyacha ullekh aahe. yaa kinwa shilalekhavar, triratna aanee swastik (ulat) chee bauddha chinhe pahilya shabd 'yavan' chya donhi bajunna aahet.
nashikjavalachya pandavaleni guha sankulatil bauddha lenyanpaiki eka (guha no.17) ii. sha. chya kinwa shatkat "dattamitracha uttarela asalela yavan dharmadevacha mulga indranidatt" yane bandhali aanee samarpit kelee. dattamitra' heey shahar arakosiyatil demetrianche shahar manale jaate, jyacha ullekh isidor auph charaxney keela aahe.
junnarjavalachya manmodi guhanmadhye, mukhya chaityanchya agrabhagavar, praveshdvarachya varr kamalachya madhyavarti sapat prushthbhagavar, eka yavan datyacha shilalekh disatoh tyat bauddha sanghasathi, chanda navachya yavan datyane sabhagruh-samore (agrabhag) ubharalyacha ullekh aaheh
heey shilalekh jethe tayar karnyat aale hote tyaa bhagavar rajya havbhav paschim kshatrap shasak nahpanala satvahan raja gautamiputra satkarnine parabhoot kele tevha heey yogdan sampalyache disate. ii. sha. 130. haah vijay gautamiputra satkarnine nahapanachi anek nanee punha ughadi padali aanee tyane shaq (paschim kshatrap), pahalav (indo-parthian) aanee yavan (indo-greek) yanchya mahasanghala parabhoot kelyacha dawa tyachya aaichya ranichya guha kra. 3 nashik lenyah
dakshin bharatatil nagarjunakonda bauddha sankulatil puu shatkatil (AD 210-325) shilalekhanmadhye punha ekada yavanancha bauddha dharmat sahbhag asalyacha ullekh aaheh eka mathatil (sthal no.38) eka shilalekhat tethil rahivashanche varnan 'kasmira, gamdhara, yavan, vanvas aanee tambapamnideep' yaa sanskratitil aacharya aanee theria asey kele aahe, jyanni kasmira, gamdhara, yavan aanee tambapamnideep yaa lokanchya hridayala prasann kele hote.
buddh shilpansathi yavan yug.
dinankit shilalekh asalelya anek gandhar buddh moorti aata yavan yugatil asalyache manale jaate (mool ii. sha. ii. sha. puu. 186). lorian tangai yetheel buddhachya putalyanpaiki eka murtivar 'varsh 318' chaa ullekh asalela shilalekh aahe. vicharadhin yug nirdisht kelele nahee, parantu bajaurchya avashesh shilalekhacha shodh aanee richard salomonchya soochanenantar, jyala vyapak manyata midali aahe, asey manale jaate qee too ii. sha. puu. 186 madhye suru jhalelya yavan yugatil aahe aanee see. chya buddh putalyachi tarikh dete. aii. dii. 143.
putalyachya payathyashi shilalekh aaheh
yamule, bimran tabudanantar (ii. sha. sha shatak) aanee tyach velee kanishkanchya bauddha nanyanpramanech, buddhanche sarvat june dnyat pratinidhitva hoil.
buddhanchi aanakhi eka moorti, hashtnagarcha buddh, bahudha yavan yugatil, 384 salapasoon korali gelee aahe, jee ii. sha. 209 salchi aahe asey manale jaate. british sangrahalayat keval peeth jatan kele aahe, moorti, jyat lorian tangai buddhapeksha adhik koreev kapadyanchya pattya aahet, tee gayab jhaali aahe.
vichardhara.
indo-greek rajanchya kalat bauddha dharmachi bharbharat jhaali aanee tyanche rajya, visheshtah menanderche rajya, paropkari mhanoon lakshat thewale gele aahe. asey suchavale gele aahe qee, jaree pratyaksh puravyancha abhav asala taree, tyanchya bharatavaril aakramanacha uddesh maurya samrajyala tyancha pathimba darshavine haah hota, jyacha vaivahik yutee, bhetvastunchi devanghevan, maitrichi pratyakshike, rajdutanchi devanghevan aanee greek lokambarobar dharmik mohimancha pradirgh itihas asoo shakato. itihaskar diodorusne asehi lihile aahe qee pataliputrachya rajala "greek lokambaddal khoop prem hote".
bharatiy pradeshat greek vistar karnyacha uddesh bharatatil greek loksankhyeche sanrakshn karane aanee bauddha dharmache shunganchya dharmik chhalapasun sanrakshn karane haah asoo shakato. demetriusne sthapan kelele sirkap shahar greek aanee bharatiy prabhavanna ekatra aanate aanee donhi sanskratinmadhye vegalepanachi chinhe naheet.
bharatat chhapanyat aaleli pahili greek nanee, menander pahila aanee apollodotus pahila yancha ullekh 'tarankarta raja' (βασιλεως σωτηρος) assa aahe, jee greek jagaat uchch moolya asaleli padvi aahe jee eka mahattvapoorn vichalansheel vijay darshavate. udaharanarth, tolemy pahila haah 'sootar' (tarankarta) hota kaaran tyane roadsna demetrius daad vedha vedha vachavanyat madat kelee hotee aanee antiocus pahila kaaran tyane ashiya minorla gallpasoon vachavale hote. tyanchya nanyanchya magchya bajula paali bhashetahi ('trataras') hii padvi korali gelee hotee. menander aanee apollodotus heey bharatat bharatat greek lokansathi aanee kahee bharatiyansathihi kharokharach taranhar rahile asateel.
tasech, bharatatil greek rajanchi bahutek nanee dvibhashik hotee, jee samore greek bhashet aanee mage paali bhashet lihileli hotee (kharoshthi lipit, jee purv brahmitoon ghetali gelee hotee, jee bactriyachya agathoklachya nanyanvar fakt ekdach vaparali jaat hotee), hii hellenic jagaat yapurvi kadhihi naan banavalelya dusarya sanskratisathi eka prachand savalat hotee. apollodotus II chya karkirdipasun, ii. sha. puu. sumare 80 chya sumaras, greek monogram aanee pudinachinhe yanchya sanyogane nanyanvar pudinachinhe mhanoon kharoshthi akshare vaparali jaau lagali, jyamule sthanik tantradnyancha tankshalanchya prakriyet sahbhag soochit jhaala. yogayogane, james prinsup (1835) aanee carl ludwig grotefend (1836) yanni kharoshthi lipicha arth kadhanyat indo-greek lokanchi hii dvibhashik nanee mahattvachi hotee. ii. sha. chya puu shatkachya sumaras kharoshthi namshesh jhaali.
bharatiy sahityat, indo-greek lokanche varnan yavan (sanskratmadhye) kinwa yone (palimadhye) asey kele jaate, donhihi 'ionian' chey lipyantaran manale jaatat. harivanshamadhye shaq, kamboj, pahalav aanee pardas yanchyasah 'yavan' indo-greek 'kshatriy-pungav' mhanoon patra aahet.eae. yoddha jaatee kinwa kshatriyanmadhye agraganya. mazima nikaya spasht karate qee yavan aanee kambojanchya pradeshat, asankhya bharatiy jaatinchya ulat, aary aanee daas (malak aanee gulam) heey keval done varg hote.
dharm.
greek devatanchya paramparik devatanchya pujevyatirikt tyanchya nanyanvar (zius, heracles, ethena, apolo) aadhaltat...), indo-greek lock sthanik dharmanshi, visheshtah bauddha dharmashi, parantu hindu dharm aanee parasi dharmat dekhil guntalele hote.
bauddha dharmashi sanvad sadhane.
maurya samrajyacha sansthapak chandragupta maurya yane alekzandarne sodalele greek kshatrap jinkale, jeey celeucid samrajyachya sylleucus pahila nicketerche hote. tyanantar maurya samrat ashoke aakramak vistaradvare bharatiy upkhandatil sarvat mothe samrajya sthapan karel. manavtavadi sudharananchya bajoone pudhil vijay sodoon vinashkari culling yuddhanantar ashokane bauddha dharm swikarla. ashokane aaplya sampoorn rajyamadhye bauddha dharm aanee 'dharmanishthatecha kayada' pasaravanyasathi ashokache shilalekh ubharale. aaplya eka shilalekhat, ashokane itarambarobar aaplya greek loksankhyeche bauddha dharmat dharmantar kelyacha dawa keela aahe.
maurya samrajyacha majee senapati kinwa "lashkari swami" aanee shung samrajyacha sansthapak pushyamitra shung yane shevatchya maurya samrat bruhadrathachi hatya kelee. maurya samrajyacha varsa aanakhi kadhoon taknyachya prayatnat, pushyamitrane brahmanvadachya bajoone bauddha dharmacha chhal kelyacha aarop aahe.
tithe bauddhanchya upasthitimule menander pahila sootar kinwa 'tarankarta raja', sakalachi rajdhani mhanoon nivad karoo shakato. minander pahila yane milind panhamadhye bauddha dharm swikarlyache mhatale jaate, jyamadhye minander aanee bauddha bhikshu nagsen yanchyatil sanvadachi nond aahe. menanderla arhat hii padvi midalyacha dawa keela jaato.
tyachya kahee nanyanvar tyane dakhavalele chaak bahudha bauddha dharmchakra hote.
aanakhi eka bharatiy grunth, kshemendrachya "stupavdan" madhye bhavishyavanichya swarupat ullekh aahe qee menander pataliputrat eka stoop bandhel.
plutarch menanderla paropkari rajvatiche udaharan mhanoon dekhil sadar karato aanee spasht karato qee tyachya mrutyunantar, tyache avashesh samayik karnyachya sanmanacha dawa tyachya rajvatitil vividh shaharanni keela hota aanee teey aitihasik buddhala samantar 'smarakanmadhye' (kadachit stoop) pratishthapit kele hoteh
ii. sha. puu. aanee shatkat indo-greek rajvatit hellenistic sthapatyakalechya sajavatichya jodanidware butkara stupache "smarak" karnyat aale. butkara stupachya kinwa sarvat junya staramadhye (jee. ess. tii. 2) menander pahilache eka naane sapadale jeey menanderchya karkirdit atirikt bandhkamancha kaal soochit karate. maurya samrajyachya kalat butkara stupachya suruvatichya bandhkamanantar, menander haah butkara stupachya kinwa sarvat junya tharacha nirmata hota asey manale jaate.
"dharmache anuyayi".
anek indo-greek raje 'dharmikas' hii padvi vapartat.eae. "tyanchya nanyanchya samore kharoshthi lipit "dharmacha anuyayi". greekmadheel sambandhit aakhyayika mhanje "dicayos" ("nyayi"), jeey greek nanyanvaril eka nehamiche vaishishtya aahe. dharmacha anuyayi' hii abhivyakti nishchitach bharatiy prajanshi jordarpane gumphaleli asel, jee pavitra rajandware vaparali jaat hotee, visheshtah ashokchya kalapasoon jyanni tyanchya shilalekhanmadhye dharmache samarthan kele hote. saat raje 'dharmkas' chaa vapar karatat, mhanje.eae. "dharmache anuyayi", heey ii. sha. puu. 150 chya sumaras, menander I chya karkirdinantarche, aanee pramukhyane gandhar kshetrashi sambandhit asalele, divangat indo-greek raje aaheth zoilos I (130-120 BC), strato (130-110 BC), heliocles II (95-80 BC), theophilos (130 kinwa 90 BC), menander II (90-85 BC), archabios (90-80 BC) aanee pucolos (C. ii. sha. puu. 90). eka shatkanantar, indo-sythian raja kharahostes yaa prasiddha bauddha dharmgurune, tyachya nanyanvar tyachya purvavarti raja ezchya gunanchi stutee karnyasathi, 'dharmika' chey vaishishtya punha vaparale.
aashirvadanche havbhav.
ii. sha. puu. 100 chya sumaras agathokleya aanee pahilya starachya kalapasoon, raja aanee devata aashirvad denare havbhav havbhav nanyanvar niyamitpane dakhavale jaatat, jeey anekada bauddha vitark mudresarkhe disatat. jasjashi shatake nighun jaatat, tasatase hatane ghetalelya achook aakaranche swaroop qamee spasht hote. hii aashirvadachi havbhavahi indo-sythian lokanni anekada sweekarli hotee. 
vaishnav.
heliodorus stambh haah eka dagadi stambh aahe joou madhya bharatatil aadhunik besnagarjavalachya vidishamadhye ii. sha. puu. 113 chya sumaras shung raja bhagbhadrachya darbaratil indo-greek raja antiolcidascha greek rajdoot heliodorus yane ubharala hota. yaa khambala mulat garudachya putalyacha aadhar hota. samarpanamadhye, indo-greek rajdoot spasht karato qee too "devancha dev vasudev" chaa bhakt aahe. aitihasikdrushtya, bharatatil bhagvat panthashi sambandhit haah pahila dnyat shilalekh aahe.
qalaa.
sarvasadharanpane, indo-greek lokanchya kaleche dastaivajikaran kharab aahe aanee kahee kalakrutinna (tyanchi nanee aanee kahee dagadi pattyanvyatirikt) thet tyanche shrey dile jaate. indo-greek lokanchi nanee matra samanyatah pracheen kalatil kalatmakdrushtya sarvat tejaswi manali jaatat. hellenistic varsa (aay-khanoom) aanee indo-greek jagachi kalatmak praveenata dekhil eka samruddha shilpakala parampara soochit karel, parantu paramparenusar farach qamee shilpakala avashesh tyanche aahet. yaulat, bahutek gandhar hellenistic kalakrutinche shrey samanyatah ii. sha. sha shatkatil bharatatil indo-greek lokanchya thet varasanna dile jaate, jase qee bhatkya indo-sythian, indo-parthian aanee aadhich ksheen avasthet, kushananchya sarvasadharanpane, gandhar shilpakalechi tarikh achookpane sangata yet nahee, jyamule achook kalkram spasht hoto.
indo-greek aanee grico-bauddha qalaa yanchyatil thet sambandh asanyachi shakyata alikadech punha pushti kelee gelee aahe kaaran indo-greek rajanchya rajvatichi tarikh ii. sha. sha shatkachya pahilya dashakanparyant, panjabmadhil kinwa starachya rajvatiparyant vadhavanyat aalee aahe. tasech, fouture, tarn aanee agadi alikade, boardman, busagali aanee messaville yanni asey mutt mandale aahe qee vayavya bharat aanee afaganistanmadhil kahee sarvat purnapane hellenistic karye, pratyakshat nantarchya shatkanshi sambandhit asoo shakatat aanee tyaeivaji eka kinwa done shatake purvichya kalatil, ii. sha. puu. puu shatkatil indo-greek lokanchya kalaparyantchya asoo shakatatah
visheshtah afaganistanatil haddah yetheel kahee purnapane helenwadi kamanchya babatit heey ghadate, jeey kshetra "indo-greek shailitil suruvatichya bauddha shilpakaleche janmasthan asoo shakate". haddamadhil buddh trikutanpaiki ekacha sandarbh detana, jyamadhye buddhala hiracles/vajrapani aanee tiche/haritichya atishay shastriy chitrananni bajoo dilee aahe, boardman spasht karato qee donhi aakruti "pahilya (aanee agadi kinwa) najaret, udaharanarth, ii. sha. puu. pahilya kinwa kinwa shatkatil ashiya minor kinwa syriapasoon (ii. sha. puu.) jaau shakatat...) yaa moolatah greek aakrutya aahet, jyaa shastriy shailichya bahya goshtinpeksha khoop jaast parichit asalelya kalakaranni amalat aanalya aahet.
vaikalpikaritya, asey suchavale gele aahe qee yaa kalakruti ii. sha. sha teey puu shatkaparyant pashchimekadil sagari samparkanchya kalat pravasi greek kalakaranni amalat aanalya asavyat.
greek shaili aanee shailitil ghatakanchya sarvyapitechya palikade, jee keval eka shashvat kalatmak parampara manali jaau shakate, tee gandharchi greek-bauddha qalaa, greek shastriy vastavadi shaili, drushtikon aanee fashionmadhye lokanchi asankhya chitre (chiton aanee himationsarkhe kapade, jeey ii. sha. puu. aanee shatkatil greek-bactriyatil aay-khanoomchya, kesharachana asalelya murtisarkhech aahet), greek sanskratiche vaishishtya asalelya (emphoras, "contaros" greek pinyachya cup), utsavapasun (jase qee bachaneliyan drushye) bauddha-bhaktipurna asha paristhitit dharan karatat.
kalnirdharanatil anishchitatemule, yaa kalakrutinmadhye ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkaparyantchya indo-greek rajvatichya kalatil greek lock kinwa ii. sha. sha aanee aanee shatkatil indo-parthian kinwa kushananchya rajvatikhalil urvarit greek samudayanche chitran kele aahe qee nahee heey spasht hott nahee. benjamin rolandla vatate qee indo-sythian kinwa kushananaivaji indo-greek heey gandharchya bodhisatva putalyanche aadarsh asoo shakatat
arthvyavastha.
jaree tee thodi chaitanyashil asali taree indo-greekanchya arthvyavasthebaddal farach qamee mahitee aahe.
nanee.
tyanchya nanyanchya vipulatemule, visheshtah hindu-kushchya dongral bhagat mothya pramanat khankam suru asalyache aanee eka mahattvachi aarthik arthvyavastha asalyache soochit hote. indo-greek lokanni greek "goal" manak aanee bharatiy "chauras" manak yaa donhi bhashanmadhye dvibhashik nanee chhapali, jeey soochit karate qee aarthik abhisaran samajachya serve bhaganmadhye pasarale hote. purvekadil kuninda aanee dakshinekadil satvahan yasarkhya shejaril rajyanni indo-greek aarthik karar swikarlyane asehi soochit hoil qee indo-greek nanee seemapar vyaparasathi mothya pramanat vaparali jaat hotee.
khandani.
indo-greek rajanni, visheshtah ekbhashik etic manak asaleli kahee nanee hindu-kushchya uttarekadil uazi jamatinna kahee pramanat khandani denyasathi vaparali gelee asateel asehi disate. heey uttar afaganistanatil kwunduz sathyachya nanivarun soochit hote, jyat hellenistic manak (greek vajan, greek bhasha) madhye bharatiy-greek nanee mothya pramanat sapadali aahet, jaree sathyat pratinidhitva kelelya konatyahi rajanni aataparyant uttarela rajya kele nahee. yaulat, yapaiki konatihi nanee hindu-kushchya dakshines kadhich sapadali nahee.
chinashi vyapar qaraa.
dakshin aashiyatil indo-greek rajanni 180 teey 170 ii. sha. puu. madheel euthidamus II aanee tyache lahan bhau pantellion aanee agathoclesus ii. sha. puu. 170 chya sumaras pahili dnyat kapro-nickle nanee jaaree kelee. tyaa velee keval chinach kapro-nickel tayar karoo shakat hota aanee mishradhatunche praman keval sarkhech asalyane, asey suchavale gele aahe qee dhatoo haah chean aanee jivanu yanchyatil devanghevanicha parinam hota.
ii. sha. puu. 128 chya sumaras bactriyala bhet bhet chiinii sanshodhak zhang kianchya apratyaksh sakshivarun asey soochit hote qee dakshin chinashi tivra vyapar uttar bharatatoon hott hota. zhang kian spasht karato qee tyala jivanu bajarat chiinii utpadane sapadali aanee tee vayavya bharatatoon jaat hotee, jyache too yogayogane jivanusarkhich sanskruti mhanoon varnan karatoh
ii. sha. puu. puu shatkatil cheencha pahila samrat kiin shhee huang yachya dafanbhumivaril alikadil utkhananat prasiddha terrakota sainyachya nirmitisah tethe sapadalelya kalakrutinmadhye greek prabhav asalyachehi soochit hote. greek kalakar tyaa velee sthanik karagiranna shilpe banavanyasathi prashikshan denyasathi chinmadhye aale asavet asehi suchavale jaate.
bharatiy mahasagar vyapar.
bharatiy mahasagaratil sagari sambandh ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat suru jhaale aanee indo-greek lokanchya kalat bharatachya paschim paschim tyanchya pradeshik vistarasah aanakhi vikasit jhaale. tolemy lokanni mayos harmon aanee berenikchi laal samudratil bandare bandhali, jyat indus delta, kathiawad dweepkalp kinwa mujiris heey gantvyasthan hote, tevha pahile sampark suru jhaale. ii. sha. puu. 130 chya sumaras, cyzicuscha eudoxus (strabo, "jiog") nondavala gela aahe."ii.3.4) bharatacha yashasvi pravas karoon attar aanee ratnancha maal gheuun paratale. indo-greek rajvat sampeparyant, darvarshi mayos harmonmadhun (strabo "jiyog") 120 jahaje bharatat jaat hotee."ii.5.12).
sashastr seena.
indo-greek lokanchi nanee tyanchya ganvesh aanee shastranvar samruddha sanket detat. vishisht hellenistic ganvesh chitrit kele aahet, jyat helmet ektar grico-bactrian shailit goal asatat kinwa macedonianschya sapat kausia (apollodotus I chee nanee) asatat.
lashkari tantradnyan.
tyanchi shastre bhale, talwari, lamb dhanushya (agathocleachya nanyanvar) aanee baana hotee. ii. sha. puu. 130 chya sumaras, zylos I chya nanyanvar tyachya goritos boxes maidananche madhya ashiyai recurve dhanush prathamach disu lagale, jeey ektar uazi kinwa sythian asha bhatkya lokanshi majboot parasparsanvad (aanee varvar pahata yutee) soochit karate. hermiuschya kahee nanyanvar disalyapramane, ii. sha. puu. 90 paryant recurve dhanushya heey indo-greek ghodeswaranche eka manak vaishishtya banale.
sadharanpane, indo-greek rajanche pratinidhitva anekada ii. sha. puu. 160 chya sumaras antimacus dusra yachya karkirdichya suruvatilach ghodyanvar swar houn kele jaate. ashvarohanachi parampara bahudha grico-bactrienceparyant jaate, jyanna ii. sha. puu. 210 madhye 10,000 ghodeswaransah nivadak aakramanala samore jaave lagale asey polybiusne mhatale aahe. jaree yuddhatil hattinche nanyanvar kadhihi pratinidhitva kele jaat nasale taree, ii. sha. puu. puu shatkatil eka harness plate (falera), aaj ashram sangrahalayat, bharatiy yuddh hattivar shirastran asalelya greek ladhvayyache chitran karate.
milind panha, nagsenane raja menanderla vicharlelya prashnanmadhye, tyaa kalatil lashkari paddhatinchi eka durmil zalak deteh
milind panha madhye menanderchya sainyachya sanrachaneche varnan dekhil kele aaheh
indo-greek sainyacha aakar.
indo-greekchya sashastr sainyane itar bharatiy rajyanshi ladhaya kelya. kalingacha shasak, raja kharwel haah hathigumpha shilalekhat sangato qee tyachya karkirdichya karkirdichya varshat tyane yavan rajachya dishene mothya sainyache netrutva kele aanee tyane tyanchya nirash sainyala mathurakade maghar ghenyas bhag padale.
yavan rajache naav spasht nahee, parantu tyat teen akshare aahet aanee madhale akshar 'maa' kinwa 'mea' mhanoon vachata yete. aar. dii. bannergy aanee keey.pii. jayaswalne yavan rajache naav "dimit" asey vachale aanee tyala jivanucha pratham demetrius mhanoon olakhale. tathapi, ramprasad chand yanchya matey, yaa olakhanyamule "kalkramanusar ashakyata" nirman hotat.
greek rajdoot megasthaneej yanni ii. sha. puu. puu shatkachya madhyat aaplya 'indica' madhye kalingachya lashkari samarthyachi vishesh dakhal ghetalih
roman lekhak justinechya eka vruttat indo-greek sainyachya aakaracha aanakhi eka sanket midato, jeey greek-bactrian eucretides aanee indo-greek demetrius II yanchyatil sangharshachya babatit, tyanchi sankhya 60,000 aahe (jaree teey kathitpane 300 greek-bactriankadoon parabhoot jhaale):
madhya aashiyatil bhatkya jamati indo-sythiansdware indo-greek sainyavar vijay midavala jaeel.
indo-greek lokancha varsa.
ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkapasoon, madhya ashiya aanee vayavya bharatiy upkhandatil greek samuday indo-parthian rajyavar alpakalin aakramanavyatirikt uazichya kushan shakhechya niyantranakhali rahat hote. kushananni kushan samrajyachi sthapana kelee, jeey anek shatake samruddha honar hote. dakshinet greek lock paschim kshatrapanchya adhipatyakhali hote. chitral chitral kalash jamati indo-greek lokanche vanshaj asalyacha dawa karatat; jaree heey vadgrast aahe.
greek lock bharatiy upkhandat kitee kaal vegale astitva rakhanyat yashasvi jhaale heey spasht nahee. tathapi, greek bhasha aanee dindarshika paddhatinchya vaparapasoon teey bharatiy upkhandachya nanyanchya ganitavaril prabhavaparyant, indo-greek lokancha varsa anek shatkanparyant jaanavala, joou chauthya shatkatil gupt samrajyachya kalaparyant aadhalato.
greek lokannihi tyanchya shaharanmadhye barach kaal upasthiti kayam thewali asel. ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkatil 'parthian sthanakanchya' pravasachya velapatrakat, isidorus auph caraxney alekzandriya aracosia manale jaanare 'alekzandriya mahanagar', jyache varnan kele aahe, jeey itakya usheera dekhil greek asalyache tyane mhatale aaheh
indo-greek lokancha dharmik staravarhi kahee prabhav padala asava, visheshtah mahayan bauddha dharmachya vikasachya sandarbhat. mahayan bauddha dharmache varnan asey kele gele aahe qee, "bauddha dharmache teey roop, jeey (nantarche tyache hindukaran kase jhaale yachee parva naan karata) bharatatil greek-bauddha samudayanmadhye greek lokshahivadi-shastravadi-pyronist paramparechya aanee suruvatichya bauddha dharmat aadhich astitvat asalelya moolbhut aanee anaupacharik anubhavjanya aanee sanshayatmak ghatakanchya sanyogatoon udbhavale aahe asey disate".
indo-greek rajeh tyanchi nanee, pradesh aanee kalkram.
aaj 36 indo-greek raje olakhale jaatat. tyapaiki anek pashchatya aanee bharatiy aitihasik strotanmadhyehi nondavale gele aahet, parantu bahusankhya keval nanankiy puravyandvare olakhale jaatat. tyanchya rajvaticha achook kalkram aanee kram ajunahi vidvattapoorn chaukashicha vishay aahe, naveen vishleshan aanee nanyanchya shodhansah niyamitpane samayojan kele jaat aahe (eka rajache rajache nanyanvar atiaakraman haah kalkramanusar kram sthapit karnyat sarvat mahattvacha ghatak aahe).
jawaljawal 3 shatkanchya kalavadhit pradesh aanee kalkhandat nanyanchya aakarachi (goal teey chauras) aanee sahityachi (sonyapasoon teey chandipasoon teey pitalaparyant) aanee greek prakarapasoon teey bharatiy prakaraparyantchi eka mahattvachi utkranti jhaali aahe. tasech, nanyanchya chitranachi gunavatta ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkaparyant qamee hote. nanee utkranti haah indo-greek itihasacha eka mahattvacha muddah aahe aanee pratyakshat sarvat mahattvacha muddah aahe kaaran yapaiki bahutek raje keval tyanchya nanyandvare olakhale jaatat aanee tyanche kalkram pramukhyane nanyanchya prakaranchya utkrantidvare sthapit kele jaatat.
yethe vaparleli pranali ausmond boperachipasun sweekarli gelee aahe, jee aar. see. varishtha aanee adhunmadhun itar itar matandware purak aahe.

