
lattin america-sanyukt rajya sambandh

aitihasikdrushtya sangayache tarr, lattin america aanee united states auph america yaa vividh deshanmadhil dwipakshi sambandh bahuayami aanee guntaguntiche rahile aahet, kahee vela teey majboot pradeshik sahkaryane paribhashit kele gele aahet aanee itar aarthik aanee rajkiy tanav aanee shatrutvane bharalele aahet. jaree yuu darmyanche sambandh.ess. 1800 chya dashakachya uttaradhapurvi sarkar aanee bahutek lattin america maryadit hotee, gelya shatkatil bahutansh kaal, united statesney lattin amerikechya kahee bhaganna anadhikrutpane tyachya prabhavachya kshetrat manale aahe aanee shityuddhachya bahutansh kalasathi (1947-1991), paschim golardhatil prabhavasathi sakriyapane soviet unionshi spardha kelee.
aaj, america aanee bahutek lattin america yanchyatil sambandh samanyatah sauhardpurn aahet, parantu donhi bajunmadhye tanavachi kshetre aahet. lattin america haah amerikecha sarvat motha paradeshi teel puravathadar aahe aanee tyacha sarvat vegane vadhanara vyapari bhagidar aahe, tasech bekaydeshir aushadhe aanee sthalantar yancha sarvat motha srot aahe, donhi dastaivajikaran kelele aanee anyatha, jeey serve pradesh aanee desh yanchyatil satat vikasit hott asalelya sambandhanna adhorekhit karatat.
vihangavalokan.
19vya shatkachya akheriparyant, amerikeche visheshtah jawalche mexico aanee kyuba (madhya america, mexico aanee kyubachi spanish vasahat vagalata) yanchyashi jawalche sambandh hote, jeey mothya pramanat aarthikdrushtya brittenshee jodalele hote. jyaa prakriyedvare spanish vasahati tutalya aanee 1820 chya sumaras swatantra jhalya tyaa prakriyet amerikecha konatahi sahbhag navhata. brittonchya sahkaryane aanee tyachya madatine, americene 1823 madhye monro siddhant jaaree keela, lattin americet konatyahi atirikt european vasahatinchya sthapaneviruddha ishara deela.
amerikechya vasahatinni vasavalelya texasne 1836 madhye mexicopasoon swatantryasathi yashasvi yuddh ladhale. meksikone swatantrya manya karnyas nakar deela aanee ishara deela qee united stateschya vilinikaran mhanje yuddh. 1845 madhye vilinikaran jhaale aanee 1846 madhye mexican-american yuddh suru jhaale. american sainya sahajpane vijayi jhaale. yacha parinam mhanje santa phay dii nuevo mexico aanee alta californiache mexican samarpan. sumare 60,000 mexican lock yaa pradeshanmadhye rahile aanee amerikeche nagrik jhaale. dusya french hastakshepachya velee mexico tabyat ghenyasathi francene american yadavi yuddhacha (1861-65) fayda ghetala. europemadhil parabhavanmule, francene sainya mage ghetale, samrajyavadi aanee meksikochya maximilian pahila yanna benito jurezchya netrutvakhalil prajasattak (amerikecha pathimba) yanchya parabhwala samore jaave lagale.
1895 madhye gayana esekvibachya anglo-venezuelan seema vivadane prathamach adhik bahya disanare american pararashtra dhoran, visheshtah americet, amerikeche jaagtik shakti mhanoon chinhankit kele. monro siddhantantargat aadhunik hastakshepavadache heey sarvat june udaharan hote. ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhat amerikechya vegwan aarthik vadhimule lattin america adhikadhik trast jhaali. american nemanukikhali panne-american unionchi nirmiti karnyat aalee hotee, parantu tyacha parinam tyachya uttaradhikari american stateschya sanghatanepramane farsa jhaala nahee.
1890 chya dashakat kyubamadhye ashantata vadhali, tevha americene spenla sadhya karata naan aalelya sudharananchi magani kelee. parinami 1898chey spanish-american yuddh jhaale, jyamadhye americene puerto riko tabyat ghetala aanee 1901chya lashkari viniyog vidheyakacha bhag mhanoon manjur kelelya platt durusti niyamannusar kyubachya sanrakshanasathi eka rajya sthapan kele. panama kalvyachya bandhkamane 1903 pasoon amerikeche laksh vedhoon ghetale. americene eka bund ghadavun aanale jyamule panama kolambiyapasoon swatantra jhaala aanee panama kalwa kshetra american malkicha aanee sanchalit jilha mhanoon sthapan kele jeey shevati 1979 madhye panamala parat kele gele. kalwa 1914 madhye ughadala gela aanee jaagtik vyaparat eka pramukh ghatak tharala. germanychya dhokyansah panama kalvyakade lashkari drushtikonachya sanrakshanakade americene vishesh laksh dile. tyane varanvar anek deshanchya, visheshtah haiti aanee nikaraguachya aarthik sthitivar tatpurte niyantran midavale.
1910 madhye mexican kranti suru jhaali; yamule mexican khanee aanee relvemadhye guntavanuk kelelya american vyavsayik hitsambandhanna dhoka nirman jhaala. mexican krantimadhye amerikechya sahbhagamadhye sarvbhaumatvachya itar ullanghnanmadhye, bandkhorila rajdutanni pathimba dene aanee rashtradhyaksh francisco I yanchi hatya yancha samavesh aahe. madero aanee veracruzcha lashkari taba. yuddhagrast krantitoon mothya sankhyene mexican lock nairutya united statesmadhye paloon gele. darmyan, sampoorn lattin americet americene brittonchi jaaga pramukh vyapar bhagidar aanee vittapuravatha karnara mhanoon ghetali. 1930 chya dashakat americene 'changle shejari dhoran' sweekarle, jyacha arth rajkiy paristhiti kinwa hukumshahichi parva naan karata maitripurna vyapar sambandh suru rahtil. yaa dhoranane hastakshep naan karnyachya pradeshik ghoshanesathi dirghkalapasun asalelya lattin american mutsaddi dabawala, tasech madhya america aanee caribeanmadhil amerikechya vyavasayancha vadhata pratikar aanee kharch yanna pratisad deela. done mahayuddhancha eka parinam mhanje lattin americet europeey upasthititil ghat aanee amerikechi sthitee majboot hone. "1823 madhye abhimani asalelya europeey shaktinsathi golardh bund hota, ashee monro siddhantanchi ghoshana, kiman lashkari yutichya babatit, pahilya mahayuddhachya purvasandhyela prabhavi jhaali hotee", asey friedman aanee dirgh tippani. dusya mahayuddhat americene germany aanee japanviruddha mitra mhanoon pramukh deshanshi karar keela. tathapi, argentine, chiilii, equador, paraguay, urugue aanee venezuela yasarkhya kahee deshanni 1945 madhye keval aksh shaktinviruddha yuddh ghoshit kele (jaree bahutek deshanni yapurvi sambandh todale hote). 1945 madhye shityuddhachya tivratesah changlya shejari dhoranache yug sampale, kaaran americela vatale qee paschim golardhala soviet unionchya prabhavapasun aanee samyavadachya sambhavya udayapasoon vachavanyachi adhik garaj aahe. heey badal changlya shejari dhoranachya hastakshep naan karnyachya moolbhut tattvashi visangat hote aanee tyamule lattin american vyavharanmadhye aaplya sahbhagachi eka naveen laat aalee. "1950 chya dashakat, united states thet lashkari hastakshepachya purvichya paramparevarun prakarananmadhye gupt aanee paroksh hastakshepakade valale 
gwatemala (1954), kyuba (1961), gayana (1961-64), chiilii (1970-73) aanee nikaragua (1981-90), tasech dominican prajasattak (1965), grenada (1983) aanee panama (1989) varr thet lashkari aakramane."
shityuddhachya pahilya dashakat, jaree aarthik dhoranachya dishene matbhed asale, taree samyavadvirodhitevar kendrit asalele, aamhi aanee lattin american uchchabhru yanchyat sapeksh uchch patalivaril ekmat disun aale. shityuddhachya nantarchya dashakanmadhye sthanik, us-lattin american aanee jaagtik shityuddhachya parimananshi sangharshat hinsacharachi uchch patali disun aalee, jyala itihaskar tanya harmer yanni "aantar-american shityuddha" mhanoon sambodhale aahe."1959 nantar kyubamadhye soviet samyavadakade valalelya castrochya krantimule kyuba amerikepasoon door gela, jaree yaa krantibaddalachya pratikriya sampoorn lattin americet lakshaniyaritya bhinn hotya. aakraman karnyacha prayatna ayashasvi jhaala aanee 1962 madhye shityuddhachya shikharavar asatana, kyubachya kshepanastra sankatane mothya yuddhacha dhoka nirman keela kaaran soviet unionne american aakramanapasun sanrakshn karnyasathi kyubamadhye anvastre sthapit kelee. yaa sankatane lattin american deshanchya deshantargat rajkaranalahi dhakka basala, jithe sarkaranni suruvatila kyubabaddal farshi sahanubhooti darshavali nahee. konatehi aakraman jhaale nahee, parantu americene kyuba varr aarthik bahishkar ladala joou ajunahi lagoo aahe, tasech 2015 paryant tikalele rajnaitik sambandh todale. americene madhya americetil davya vicharsaranichya sarkarancha uday dhokyacha vishay mhanoon pahila aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, tyaveli davya vicharsaranichi kinwa tumchyasathi gair-maitripurna manali jaanari lokshahi paddhatine nivadoon aaleli sarkare ulthavoon takali.ess. swarasya. udaharananmadhye 1954 madheel gwatemalacha uthav, 1964 madheel brazilcha uthav, 1973 madheel chilicha uthav aanee nikaraguaamadhil virodhi bandkhorancha pathimba yancha samavesh aahe. 1960 nantar, lattin americene shrimant american bajarpethela bekaydeshir aushadhe, visheshtah ganja aanee kokencha puravatha vadhavala. eka parinam mhanje mexico aanee madhya amerikechya itar bhaganmadhye amali padarthanchya purvathyavar niyantran thevanyacha prayatna karananya hinsak amali padarthanchya tolichi vaadh. 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakat, americene lattin americetil hinsak samyavadvirodhi shaktinna bhakkam pathimba deela. 1989-92 madheel soviet samyavadachya patnane samyavadacha dhoka mothya pramanat sampushtat aala. uttar american mukt vyapar karar (nafta) 1994 madhye lagoo jhaala aanee mexico, america aanee canada yanchyatil vyaparache praman lakshaniyaritya vadhale. shityuddhanantarchya kalat, padri aanee dirghkal nondavale, "lokshahi aanee mukt vyapar ektrit jhalyache disate aanee asey disate qee united statesla vavatalitun baher padanyacha marg sapadala aahe. pann yaa shatkachya pahilya dashakacha shevat hotach, too andaj akali asalyache disate. lokshahi punha dhokyat aalee aahe, mukt vyapar thambla aahe aanee ulatya dishene jaanyacha dhoka aahe aanee vavatalitun baher padane titke spashtapane chinhankit kelele nahee."
21vya shatkachya suruvatila, gulabi bharati mhanoon olakhalya jaananya kalat lattin americet anek davya pakshanni nivadanukanchya madhyamatoon satta midavali. divangat hugo chavez aanee tyacha uttaradhikari nicolas maduro yanchya netrutvakhalil venezuela visheshtah uver teeka karat aala aahe.ess. pararashtra dhoran; nikaragua, bolivia aanee equadormadhye sadhya kahivela venezuelashi, tarr kyuba aanee yuu. ess. shhee sanrekhit asaleli sarkare aahet.ess. astitvat nasalele sambandh kayam thewa. yaa kalat brazil, peru, paraguay, argentine aanee urugue yasarkhya deshanmadhil davya vicharsaranichi sarkare lakshaniyaritya adhik madhyamargi aanee tatasth hotee.
yaa kalat, argentine, mexico, panama, chiilii aanee kolambiyamadhil kendra-ujavya sarkaranni amerikeshi jawalche sambandh prasthapit kele.ess., mexico yuu aahe.ess.'lattin americetil tyacha sarvat motha aarthik bhagidar aanee canada aanee chinanantarcha tisra sarvat motha ekoon vyapar bhagidar. 1994 madhye canada aanee mexicosobat jhalelya uttar american mukt vyapar kararadvare (nafta), sanyukt rajyanna mexicosobat aabhasi shulk-mukt vyapar labhato. 1994 pasoon, americene 2004 madhye chiilii, 2007 madhye peru aanee sarvat alikade 2011 madhye kolambiya aanee panama yanchyashi itar ullekhaneey mukt vyapar kararanvar swakshya kelya aahet. 2015 paryant, america aanee venezuela yanchyat sambandh tanavpurn hote.
20vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun lattin ameriketun americet mothya pramanat sthalantar vadhale. aaj yuu. ess. chya andaje 18 takke.ess. loksankhya latino american aahe, ekoon 5 kotinhoon adhik lock, mukhytah mexican aanee madhya american parshvabhumiche aahet. yavyatirikt, 1 kotihoon adhik bekaydeshir sthalantarit americet rahatat, tyapaiki bahutansh lattin moolche aahet. anek jann kutumbatil sadasyanna paise gharee parat pathavtat aanee tyanchya mool deshachya deshantargat arthvyavasthanmadhye lakshaniy yogdan detat. americet mothya pramanat sthalantar pramukhyane meksikomadhun jhaale. kyuba, ell salvador, dominican prajasattak, gwatemala aanee kolambiyamadhil sthalantaritanchi loksankhya qamee asali taree ajunahi lakshaniy aahe.
lattin amerikecha bahutansh bhag ajunahi american rajyanchya sanghatanecha bhag aahe aanee bolivia, kyuba, equador, nikaragua, mexico aanee venezuela vagalata, ardhgoliy sanrakshn pradan karananya reo karar mhanoon dekhil olakhalya jaananya paraspar sahayyachya aantar-american kararala bandhil aahe, jeey serve gelya dashakat kararatoon mage padale.
yavyatirikt, argentine haah amerikecha eka pramukh bigger-nato sahyogi aahe, 1990 chya dashakat rashtradhyaksh carlos menem yanchya netrutvakhalil punarjodani aanee bajar udarikaranachya dhoranacha parinam aahe, jyat desh aakhati yuddhat yuticha bhag mhanoon sainya pathvat asalyache aanee UN shantata mohimanmadhye jagatil sarvat mothya yogdankartyanpaiki eka banala. 2000 chya dashakachya uttaradhat christina kirchnerchya prashasanadarmyan bighadalele sambandh, madhya-ujavya vicharsaraniche adhyaksh mauricio macrey yanchya nivadimule vyapar aanee dwipakshi sambandh sudharanesathi donhi deshanmadhye navyane swarasya nirman jhaale aahe.
19vya shatkapasoon teey pahilya mahayuddhaparyant.
venezuelache swatantrya.
19 april 1810 chya krantichya ghatanannantar, joseph bonapartne venezuelachya karnadharpadachya senapativar rajya karnyasathi niyukt kelelya capton general vicent emparenla karakasmadhil vistarit nagarpalika sarkarne padchyut kele, jeey ferdinand VII ("laa suprema junta conservadora dii losses derecos dii fernando VII") chey adhikar jatan karnyasathi swatahla sarvoch junta mhanat hote. rajachya anupasthitit venezuelache vaidh sarkar mhanoon karakaschya sarvoch juntachi manyata midvanyasathi americet rajnaitik mission pathvane heey juntachya pahilya krutyanpaiki eka hote. juan vicente bolliver palacios, jose rafael revenga aanee telesphoro oreya yanni sarvoch sattapalatala pathimba denyasathi rashtradhyaksh james maddison yanchya sarkarche hitsambandh aakarshit karnyat yash midavale.
chiliche swatantrya.
1811 madhye, santiago dii chilimadhye joel roberts poinsetchya aagamanane yoochi suruvat jhaali.ess. chilichya swatantryasathi pathimba. 1809 madhye rashtradhyaksh james maddison yanni dakshin american spanish vasahatinmadhye vishesh pratinidhi mhanoon tyanna spainpasoon swatantrya midvanyasathichya tyanchya sangharshatil krantikarkanchya sambhavyatecha tapas karnyasathi pathavale hote.
monro siddhant.
1823chya monro siddhantane paschim golardhatil atirikt european vasahatvadala virodh keela. amerikechya rajkiy ghadamodinmadhye paradeshi shaktincha konatahi hastakshep haah amerikechya virodhat sambhavya vaimansyapurn krutee asalyache mutt tyat vyakt karnyat aale.ess. americene europeey vyavharanmadhye pravesh karane talhane aavashyak asalyache sangoon tyane washingtonchya algikaranvadachya dhoranalahi suruvat kelee. haah siddhant tumchyasathi kendrasthani hota.ess. 19vya aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalat pararashtra dhoran. tathapi, lattin american deshanmadhye kahee sankshipt european hastakshep hott rahile. yamadhye 1839 teey 1840 darmyan argentinachya bandaranvar french naudalachi nakabandi, 1845 teey 1850 darmyan nadichya pattyavar anglo-french nakabandi, 1861 teey 1865 darmyan dominican prajasattakavar ayashasvi jhalele spanish aakraman aanee 1862 teey 1865 darmyan mexicomadhye ayashasvi jhalele french hastakshep yancha samavesh aahe. yavyatirikt kayamswarupi hastkshepamadhye 1833 madhye fockland betanvar aanee nikaraguaamadhil dasanchya kinanyavar british niyantran punha sthapit karane samavisht hote.
anderson-gwalcha karar.
anderson-gwalcha karar haah 1824 saalee america aanee gran kolambiya (aatache venezuela, kolambiya, panama aanee equador heey aadhunik desh) yanchyatil karar hota. americene dusya american deshasobat kelela haah pahilach dwipakshi karar hota. donhi deshanni tyala manyata dilee aanee meey 1825 madhye tyachi amalbajavani suru jhaali. kararachya vyavsayik tartudinni paraspar sarvadhik pasantichya-rashtracha darja deela aanee 1830 madhye gran kolambiyache vighatan hounahi tee kayam thewali gelee. kararamadhye eka kalam hota jyamadhye mhatale hote qee donhi bajunni manyata dilyanantar too 12 varshansathi lagoo raheel; tyamule 1837 madhye karar sampushtat aala.
panamachi congress, 1826 madhye ayashasvi.
naveen jagaat aantarrashtriy sangharajyachi kalpana sarvapratham venezuelcha muktidata simone bolliverne mandali. 1826 chya panamachya congressmadhye tyanni serve american prajasattakanchya eka samaan sainya, paraspar sanrakshn karar aanee eka atirashtriy sansadiy sabha prastavit kelee. bolliverche lattin american ekteche swapna, americase bahya shaktinviruddha lattin american rashtranna ekatra aanane heey hote. gran kolambiya, peru, bolivia, madhya amerikechya sanyukt prantanche aanee meksikoche pratinidhi yaa baithakila upasthit hote. tathapi, 'sangharajya, sangharajya aanee shashvat mahasanghacha karar' yaa bhavya shirshak asalelya kararala shevati gran kolambiyanech manyata dilee. congressmadhil amerikechya pratinidhinna vilamb jhaala; eka panamachya margavar maran pavala aanee dusra (johnn sargent) congress sampalyanantar aala. darmyan, anek europeey deshanni amerikepeksha pudhe navyane swatantra jhalelya lattin american rashtranshi vyapar kararanvar vataghati karnyat yash midavale hote. gran kolambiyatil gruhyuddha, madhya amerikeche vighatan aanee naveen jagapeksha rashtriy drushtikonacha uday, navyane swatantra jhalelya american prajasattakanmadhye bolliverche swapna lavkarach prasthapit jhaale.
mexican-american yuddh aanee meksikomadhil dusra french hastakshep.
pramukhyane anglo-american lokanni sthayik kelelya texasne 1836 madhye meksikoviruddha yashasvi swatantryayuddha ladhale. meksikone swatantrya manya karnyas nakar deela aanee ishara deela qee united stateschya vilinikaran mhanje yuddh. texasche sanyukt rajyanche vilinikaran 1845 madhye jhaale; andajanusar, 1846 madhye yuddhanantar vilinikaran jhaale. eka hallyamule, american sainya vijayi jhaale. tyaa velee meksikoche rashtradhyaksh antonio lopez dii santa annah yanchya tabyat aalyane, navodit sanyukt rajya america nyu mexico, arizona, california aanee lagatche bhag kharedi karoo shakali. sumare 60,000 mexican naveen pradeshanmadhye rahile aanee amerikeche nagrik jhaale. 1862 madhye, napolean tisra yachya netrutvakhalil french sainyane mexicover aakraman kele aanee tyavar vijay midavala, jyane samrat maximilian pahila yala niyantran dile. washingtonne yacha nishedh keela qee teey monro siddhantanche ullanghan aahe, parantu american gruhyuddhamule teey hastakshep karoo shakale naheet. 1865 madhye, americene francechya jaanyachya maganivar jore denyasathi simevar eka mothe ladhau sainya tainat kele. francene maghar ghetali aanee mexican rashtravadyanni maximilianla fashi dilee.
jahirnama sadar qaraa.
1854 chaa ostend jahirnama haah american mutsadyanni prasarit kelela prastav hota, jyat americene spainkadoon kyuba kharedi karnyacha prastav mandala hota, tarr yu. ess. chaa assa arth hota.ess. spenne nakar dilyas tyane yuddh jaheer karave. tyatoon kahihi nishpann jhaale nahee. joparyant bett britton kinwa francesarkhya majboot shaktikade jaat nahee toparyant heey bett spanishchya hatat rahilyane america rajnaitikdrushtya samadhani hotee.
pacificche yuddh (1879-1883).
americene 1879 madhye prashant mahasagarachya yuddhala lavkar samapt karnyacha prayatna keela, pramukhyane perumadhil aamchya vyavsayik hitsambandhanmule, parantu british sarkar chilidware yaa pradeshavar aarthik niyantran gheil ashee american netyanna chinta hotee. jevha chilila jinkaleli jameen parat karanyachi aut aavashyak hotee tevha shantata vataghati ayashasvi jhalya. chilichya lokanna shanka hotee qee nyu us upkram haah peruvian samarthak purvgrahane dooshit aahe. parinami, chiilii aanee america yanchyatil sambandh bighadale.
bigg brother dhoran.
amerikeche pararashtramantri james jee. blainey yanni 1880 chya dashakat bigg brother dhoran tayar kele, jyache uddisht lattin american rashtranna aaplya netrutvamage ekatra aanane aanee lattin american bajarpetha tumchyasathi ughadane heey hote.ess. vyapari. blain yanni 1881 madhye rashtradhyaksh james garfield yanchya mantrimandalat aanee punha 1889 teey 1892 paryant rashtradhyaksh benjamin harrison yanchya mantrimandalat amerikeche pararashtramantri mhanoon kaam kele. dhoranacha eka bhag mhanoon, blainne 1889 madhye american rajyanchya pahilya aantarrashtriy parishadesathi pahile adhyaksh mhanoon vyavastha kelee aanee netrutva kele. blain tyanchya sambandhanmadhil yashanantar kahee varshe mexicomadhye rahila.
1895 chey venezuelache sankat.
1895chey venezuelache sankat, venezuelachya, united kingdambarobar, british gayana aanee venezuelacha bhag asalyacha dawa karananya esequibo aanee gwayana eseqviba yaa pradeshababatchya pradirgh vivadavarun nirman jhaale. haah vaad sankatat sapadat asatana, british sarkarne prastavit aantarrashtriy lavadat 'scomberguck reshe' chya purvekadil pradeshacha samavesh karnyas nakar dene haah mukhya muddah banala, joou eka sarvekshankartyane ardhya shatkapurvi venezuela aanee majee dutch pradesh surinam yanchyatil seema mhanoon kadhala hota. 17 december 1895 paryant, adhyaksh grover cleveland yanni united states congressmadhye bhashan kele aanee monro siddhant aanee vadatil tyachi prasangikta punha pushti kelee. yaa sankatamule shevati british pantpradhan laurd salisburyne sampoorn vadgrast pradeshachya lavadavar jabardastine dabav aananyasathi amerikecha hastakshep swikarla aanee monro siddhantantargat hastakshep karnyacha amerikecha adhikar maunane swikarla. 1898 madhye parismadhye yaa prakaranacha nirnay ghenyasathi nyayadhikaran bolavanyat aale aanee 1899 madhye, vadgrast pradeshacha motha bhag british gayanala denyat aala. prathamach, anglo-venezuelan seema vivadane, visheshtah americet, adhik bahya disanare american pararashtra dhoran adhorekhit kele, jyamule sanyukt rajya america hii jaagtik shakti mhanoon olakhali gelee.
spanish-american yuddh (1898).
1898 saalee spain aanee america yanchyat spanish-american yuddh haah sangharsh jhaala. havanah bandarat amerikeche 'maine' budalyanantar shatrutva suru jhaale, jyamule kyubachya swatantryayuddhat amerikecha hastakshep jhaala. yuu. ess. chey 'maine' budane 15 februwari roji ghadale, parinami 266 lokancha mrutyu jhaala aanee united statesney spenla dosh deela, kaaran jahaj yuu. ess. chya samudayachya sanrakshanasathi havanala pathvanyat aale hote.ess. tethil nagrik. americene spainchya prashant kshetrachya malmattechya adhigrahanamule phillipine krantimadhye aanee shevati phillipine-american yuddhat tyacha sahbhag jhaala.
1873 madheel virginius prakaranatun disun yete tyapramane kyubamadhye kahee varshanpasun spanish rajvativiruddha bund hott hote. 1890 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, patrakar joseph pulitzer aanee william randolph hurst yanni pivalya patrakaritecha, spanishvirodhi prachar, yu. laa aandolan karnyasathi vaparla.ess. janmat aanee yuddhala protsahan dene. tathapi, newyork shaharatil kamgar vargat agni aanee politzerchi kagadpatre prasarit jhaali aanee rashtriy prekshakanparyant pohochali naheet.
havanah bandarat americi naudalachi yuddhanauka rahasyamayaritya budalyanantar, lokshahi pakshachya rajkiy dabavamule prajasattak pakshache adhyaksh william mackinley yanche prashasana tyala talhayche hote asha yuddhat dhakalale gele. spenne varanvar aashvasan dile qee teey sudharana karel, parantu teey kadhich purn jhaale nahee. americene spenla kyubachya niyantranala sharanagati patkarnyachi magani karnara antim ishara pathavala. pratham madrid, nantar washingtonne aupcharikpane yuddh ghoshit kele.
kyubache swatantrya haah mukhya muddah asala taree, daha aathvadyanche yuddh caribean aanee paisiphik yaa donhi deshanmadhye ladhale gele. amerikechi naudal shakti nirnayak tharali, jyamule abhiyan dalanna kyubamadhye aadhich rashtravyapi cuban bandkhoranchya hallyancha samna karananya aanee pitjwarachya aanakhi apavyay jhalelya spanish chhavaniviruddha utaranyas parvanagi midali. kahee spanish payadal tukadyanchi changli kamgiri aanee sann juan hilsarkhya padansathi tivra ladhai hounahi, sankhyatmakdrushtya shreshth cuban, philipine aanee amerikechya sainyane santiago dii kyuba aanee manilache aatmasamarpan kele. done aprachalit spanish squadron santiago dii kyuba aanee manila bemadhye budale aanee tisra, adhik aadhunik tafa spanish kinarpattyanche sanrakshn karnyasathi gharee parat aala, madridne shantatesathi khatala dakhal keela.
tyacha parinam 1898 chaa parisacha taha hota, jyavar yu. ess. laa anukool asalelya atinvar vataghati jhalya.ess., jyane tatpuratya yula parvanagi dilee.ess. kyubache niyantran aanee puerto riko, guam aanee philipine betanchi malki sodaleli. philipineschya hastantaranat spainchya malkichya payabhoot suvidhancha samavesh karnyasathi americene spenla 2 kotee dollars (aajche $) dile.
mexican-american yuddh suru jhalyanantar barobar bavis varshanni yuddh suru jhaale. congressne aupcharikpane ghoshit kelelya baaraa paiki keval paach yu. ess. yuddhanpaiki (ekoon akra sarvbhoum rajyanviruddha) heey eka hote.
venezuelatil 1902-1903 chey sankat.
id1' chey venezuelatil sankat heey britton, germany aanee italine venezuelaviruddha ladalele naudal nakabandi hote aanee teey december 1902 teey februwari 1903 paryant chalale. heey nakabandi adhyaksh cipriyano castro yanni paradeshi karje bharnyas nakar dilyane aanee nuktyach jhalelya venezuelatil federal yuddhat european nagarikanna jhalelya nukasanimule jhaali hotee. castrone asey gruheet dharale qee amerikechya monro siddhantamule america european lashkari hastakshep rokhel. nakabandine venezuelache chhote naudal twarit aksham kele, parantu castrone haar mananyas nakar deela. tyaeivaji, tyanni kahee dave aantarrashtriy lavadakade sadar karnyas tatvatah sahmati darshavali, jeey tyanni purvi nakarle hote. germanyne suruvatila yala aakshep ghetala, visheshtah kaaran kahee dave venezuelane lavadashivay sweekarle pahijet asey tyanna vatale.
yuu.ess. rashtradhyaksh theodor roozvelt yanni admiral george deway yanchya netrutvakhali swatacha motha tafa pathavun aanee german utaralyas yuddhachi dhamki deuun adavanuk karananya rashtranna maghar ghenyas bhag padale. castro mage hatanyat ayashasvi jhalyane, yu vadhavale.ess. aanee british dabav aanee yaa prakarnavar american prasarmadhyamanchi pratikriya, adavana rashtranni tadjod karnyas sahmati darshavali. matra, tadjodichya tapashilanvar vataghatidarmyan nakabandi kayam rahili. 13 februwari 1903 roji washington protocol kararavar swakshya karnyat aalya. kararane nakabandi uthavali aanee venezuelala davyancha nipatara karnyasathi tyachya simashulkachya 30 takke shulk denyas bhag padale. jevha hegmadhil kayamswarupi lavad nyayalayane nantar itar rashtranchya davyanviruddha avarodhak adhikaranna pradhanya dile, tevha yuu.ess. yamule bhavishyatil european hastakshepala protsahan milel ashee bheeti hotee. hii ghatana ruzveltchya parinamacha aanee tyanantarchya yu. chaa eka pramukh chalak hota.ess. lattin americetil mothya kathiche dhoran aanee dollar mutsaddegiri.
platt durusti.
2 march 1901 roji, 1901 chya lashkari viniyog vidheyakacha bhag mhanoon pattyat durusti manjur karnyat aalee. tyane spanish-american yuddhachya shevati kyubamadhye uralelya amerikechya sainikanchya magharisathi saat atty aanee yaa saat atty swikarat kyuba kararavar swakshari karnyasathi aathvi aut nishchit kelee. yaa durustine cuban aanee yoochya atinchi vyakhya kelee.ess. sambandh moolatah asman asane, yuu saha.ess. kyuba varr varchasva. 25 december 1901 roji kyubane pattyachya durusticha majkoor samavisht karnyasathi aaplya sanvidhanat sudharana kelee. 22 meey 1903 roji, kyubane amerikeshi eka karar keela, jenekarun americene kyubachya vyavharanmadhye ektarfi hastakshep karoo shakel aanee betavaril naudal talansathi gwantanamo mhanoon jameen bhadyane denyachi pratidnya kelee jaeel.
panama kalwa.
1901 madhye amerikeche adhyaksh banalele theodor roozvelt yancha assa vishvas hota qee aaa.ess.-madhya americetil niyantrit kalwa haah amerikesathi eka mahattvapoorn dhoranatmak hitsambandh hota. 15 februwari 1898 roji kyubamadhye yuddhanaukecha naash jhalyanantar yaa kalpanela vyapak chalana midali. tichi jaaga ghenyasathi sann franciscomadhye tainat asaleli yuddhanauka pathvanyat aalee, parantu cape hornchya bhovatichya samudraparyatanala 67 divas lagale. tee jaree santiago khadichya ladhait sameel honyasathi velevar asali taree panamamarge pravasala fakt teen aathvade lagale asate. panama kinwa nikaraguaamadhil kalvyatoon pravas kelyas pravasacha vel 60-65% neey qamee jhaala asata aanee pravas qamee karoon 20-25 divas jhaala asata.
roozveltla nikragua kalvyachya bajoone walker aayogane ghetalela purvicha nirnay ulatavta aala aanee french panama kalvyachya adhigrahanasathi prayatna karnyas pudhe dhakalale gele. panama tevha kolambiyatil eka bhag hota, mhanoon roozveltne aavashyak parvanagi midvanyasathi kolambiyananshi vataghati suru kelya. 1903 chya suruvatila, donhi deshanni gavat-herron kararavar swakshya kelya, parantu columbian synet yaa kararala manyata denyat ayashasvi tharale.
vadgrastapane, roozveltne panamachya bandkhoranna soochit kele qee jarr tyanni bund kele tarr yuu.ess. naudal tyanchya swatantryachya karanasathi madat karel. panama 3 november 1903 roji aaplya swatantryachi ghoshana karnyas pudhe gela aanee sthanik jalkshetrane kolambiyatil konatyahi hastakshepat adthala aanala.
vijayi panamachya lokanni 23 februwari 1904 roji amerikeche panama kalwa kshetravaril niyantran us $10,000,000 sathee (18 november 1903 roji swakshari kelelya gavat-bunau-verilla kararat pradan kelyapramane) parvanagi deuun roozveltchi krupa parat kelee.
ruzveltcha parinam.
1902 madhye cipriyano castrochya netrutvakhalil venezuelache sarkar european bankeranchya maganya shant karoo shakale nahee, tevha britton, itali aanee germanychya naudal dalanni venezuelachya kinanyavar nakabandi kelee aanee kinarpattivaril killyanvar golibarhi keela.yuu.ess. germanykadoon yaa pradeshat ghuskhorichya dhokyabaddal rashtradhyaksh theodor roozvelt yanchi chinta aanee yaa prakarnavar vadhatya nakaratmak british aanee american prasarmadhyamanchya pratikriyanmule deshanchya tadjodichya kararavar tadjod jhaali. washington protocolveril karjachya punarvikasachya tapashilanvar vataghatidarmyan nakabandi kayam thevanyat aalee.
yuu.ess. tyanantar rashtradhyakshanni december 1904 madhye monro siddhantasathi roozveltcha parinam tayar keela, jyane lattin american rashtranchya vyavharanmadhye hastakshep karnyacha united statescha adhikar thaam keela.
ruzveltne 1904 madhye dominican prajasattakat karya karnyasathi pratham parinam vaparla, jeey tyaa velee gambhirpane runee hote aanee eka ayashasvi rajya banale hote.
taft aanee dollar mutsaddegiri.
1909 teey 1913 paryant, adhyaksh william howard taft aanee rajya sachiv philander see. noxney 'dollar mutsaddegiri' mhanoon darshavilelya pararashtra dhoranache anusaran kele."taftney nox (eka corporate vakeel jyane vishal samooh yuu chee sthapana kelee hotee) yanche mutt samayik kele.ess. polad) qee mutsaddegiriche uddisht paradeshat sthairya nirman karane aanee yaa sthairyachya madhyamatoon american vyavsayik hitsambandhanna protsahan dene heey asale pahije. aarthik sandhee sudharanyasathi mutsaddegiriche uddisht keval nahee tarr tumhala pudhe nenyasathi khajgi bhandavalacha vapar karane heey dekhil aahe asey noxla vatale.ess. paradeshat swarasya. "dollar mutsaddegiri' vyapak yuu madhye spasht hotee.ess. kyuba, madhya america aanee venezuelamadhil hastakshep, visheshtah united states sarkarne yaa pradeshatil american aarthik hitsambandhanche rakshan karnyasathi haatee ghetalelya upayayojananmadhye. juan vicente gomez yanchya adhyakshapadachya kalat, venezuelane tumchyasathi atishay anukool vatavaran pradan kele.ess. 1914 madhye maracaibo talavachya khonyat petroleumcha shodh laglyamule, gomez paradeshi teel companyanna savalati deuun venezuelache aashcharyakarak karj qamee karnyat yashasvi jhaala, jyamule tyala america aanee european shaktincha pathimba midala. deshantargat teel udhyogachya vadhimule yuu. ess. madheel aarthik sambandh majboot jhaale.ess. aanee venezuela.
mexican kranti (1910-1920).
meksikochya krantidarmyan americene meksikochya babatit visangat dhoran avalambale asey disate, parantu pratyakshat too yu. ess. sathee namuna hota.ess. mutsaddegiri. "1910 teey 1919 darmyanchya pratyek vijayi gatala sahanubhooti aanee bahutansh prakarananmadhye tumcha thet pathimba labhala.ess. satta midvanyasathichya sangharshat adhikari. pratyek babatit, washingtonmadhil prashasanane lavkarach tyanchya naveen mitranna, suruvatila tyanna pathimba detana vyakt kelelya takdipramanech, aakramak kele."yuu.ess. tyanni yuu viruddha dhoranancha pathpurava karnyas suruvat kelee tevha tyanni sthapit karnyas madat kelelya shasananchya virodhat valale.ess. rajnaitik aanee vyavsayik hitsambandh.
yuu.ess. march 1911 madhye jevha porpherio diazche shasson krantikari hinsacharavar niyantran thevu shakat nahee heey spasht jhaale tevha tyanni meksikochya simevar sainya pathavale. diazne rajinama deela, jyamule mukt nivadanukancha marg mokala jhaala jyamule francisco aay. madero november 1911 madhye adhyakshapadavar. yuu.ess. meksikoche rajdoot heinry laine willson yanni februwari 1913 madhye maderoche shasson ulthavoon taknyasathi virodhi dalansah cutt rachala, jyala daha dukkhad divas mhanoon olakhale jaate.
yuu.ess. vudro willsonchya adhyakshatekhali mexicomadhye donada hastakshep keela. 1914 madhye pahilyanda americene naudalane veracruzvar kabja keela. dusyanda, yuu.ess. nyu meksikochya kolambasvar hallah karananya uttarekadil krantikarkala pakadanyachya uddeshane, pancho villa mohimemadhye uttar mexicomadhye dandatmak karvai kelee.
kelyanchi yuddhe.
19vya shatkachya akheris aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatila, americene mothya kathichya dhoranachya tattvannusar anek lashkari hastakshep kele, jyala kelee yuddhe mhanoon olakhale gele. hastakshep aanee aamche vyavsayik hitsambandh jatan karane yanchyatil sambandhanvarun haah shabd udbhavala. yache eka udaharan mhanje united fruit corporation, jyacha caribean, madhya america aanee dakshin amerikechya uttarekadil bhagat kelee, tambakhu, oos aanee itar vividh krishi utpadananchya utpadanat lakshaniy aarthik vaataa hota. pahilya mahayuddhapurvichya kalat samrajyavadache samarthan karnare americi nagrik anekada assa yuktivad karat asat qee yaa sangharshanmule madhya aanee dakshin american lokanna sthairya rakhanyas madat hote. kahee samrajyavadyanni assa yuktivad keela qee yaa maryadit hastakshepanmule aamche hitsambandh purese supurd jhaale naheet aanee tyanni yaa pradeshat vistarit krutinsathi yuktivad keela. samrajyavadvirodhi lokanni assa yuktivad keela qee yaa krutee yaa pradeshatil vasahatvadakade sarkananya utaravarun pahile paul hote.
kahee aadhunik nirikshakancha assa yuktivad aahe qee jarr pahilya mahayuddhamule aantarrashtriy kriyakalapambaddalcha amerikecha utsah qamee jhaala nasata tarr yaa hastakshepanmule vistarit yoochi nirmiti jhaali asatee.ess. vasahatvadi samrajya, madhya american rajyansah ektar havaisarkhya rajyanchya darjat samavisht kele gele kinwa phillipines, puerto riko aanee guaamsarkhe american pradesh banale. tathapi, heey mutt khoop vadgrast aahe, visheshtah, pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan aanee nantar kriyakalapanmadhye ghat jhalyanantar, yuu.ess. vasahatvadi mahattvakanksha palalya jaat naheet asey punha sangat sarkarne 1920 chya dashakat punha hastakshep keela. 1933 saalee rashtradhyaksh franklin dii. yanchya changlya shejari dhoranamule kelyanchya yuddhancha ant jhaala. roozvelt; konatyahi adhikrut american vasahati tayar kelya gelya navhatya.
kelee yuddhat sahbhagi asalelya deshancha samavesh aaheh
jaree yaa pradeshatil itar anek deshanvar american kelee kinwa itar companyancha prabhav kinwa varchasva asale, taree yuu. ess. chaa konatahi itihas nahee.ess. yaa kalat tyaa deshanmadhye lashkari hastakshep.
1930 chey dashak.
mahamandimule paradeshatil lashkari mohima yu. ess. sathee khoop mahag jhalya.ess. janewari 1931 madhye tatkalin rajya sachiv heinry steamson yanni ghoshit kele qee aul yuu.ess. 1932 chya nivadanukinantar nikaraguaamadhil sainikanna maghari bolavanyat aale. changle shejari dhoran heey navyane nivadoon aalele american adhyaksh franklin roozvelt yanche lattin amerikechya deshanpratiche pararashtra dhoran hote. vadhatya aantarrashtriy sangharshachya kalat united statesla tyachya lattin american shejayanshi sambandh sudharanyachi ichcha hotee. alokpriy lashkari hastakshep sodoon, americene aapala prabhav kayam thevanyasathi panne-americanvadache dhoran lagoo kele. yaa dhoranamule majboot deshantargat nete, rashtriy rakshakanche prashikshan, aarthik aanee sanskrutik pravesh, niryat-aayat banq karj, aarthik dekhrekh aanee rajkiy vidhvans yanna pathimba midala. changlya shejari dhoranacha arth assa hota qee america lattin amerikevar adhik shantatapurn paddhatine laksh thewel. 4 march 1933 roji, roozveltne aaplya udghatanpar bhashanat mhatale keeh "jaagtik dhoran kshetrat mea yaa deshala changlya shejanyachya dhoranasathi samarpit karen-joou shejari drudhpane swatacha aadar karato aanee too asey karato, tyamule too itaranchya hakkancha aadar karato."december 1933 madhye montevideo yethe american rajyanchya parishadet roozveltche rajya sachiv cordell huul yanni yaa bhoomikechi pushti kelee. hulane yaa tharawala manyata dilee," konatyahi deshala dusyachya antargat kinwa bahya babinmadhye hastakshep karnyacha adhikar nahee."december 1933 madhye roozveltne mhatale," "united statesche nishchit dhoran aatapasoon sashastr hastakshepala virodh karnare aahe"."
dusare mahayuddha.
1939 nantar rashtradhyaksh roozvelt yanche dhoran lattin amerikevar vishesh laksh dene, german prabhav rokhanyasathi, yuddh prayatnanchya vatine eka sanyukt aaghadi tayar karane aanee nantar sanyukt rashtranna pathimba midvane heey hote. keval brazilne ladhanyasathi mothya sankhyene purushanche yogdan dile. british guptacharanna roozveltchya bhitibaddal mahitee hotee aanee 1941 madhye dakshin america tabyat ghenyachya german yojananche sanket denara banavat nakasha tayar karoon tyancha gairfayda ghetala. aantar-american vyavharanchya sanyojakachya naveen, changlya anudanit karyalayache pramukh mhanoon tarun nelson rockfeller yanchi roozveltne keleli niyukti urjavan netrutva pradan karate; vyavharat rockfellerne roozveltla ahwal deela aanee rajya vibhagakade mothya pramanat durlaksh kele. facistvirodhi prachar haah sampoorn lattin americet eka motha prakalp hota aanee rockfellerchya karyalayadvare chalavala jaat asey. mothya prekshakanparyant pohochanyachya aashene tyane redio prasaran aanee chitrapatanvar lakho kharch kele. maddison avenue tantranni mexicomadhye, visheshtah, jithe sushikshit sthanikanni american prabhawala virodh keela, tyaa thikani, mage dhakalale. tathapi, mexico haah yuddhatil eka maulyavan mitra hota. eka karar jhaala jyayoge united statesmadhye rahana 250,000 mexican nagarikanni american sainyat seva dilee; ladhait 1000 hoon adhik marle gele. pracharavyatirikt, aarthik pathbal aanee vikasasathi mothya rakmeche vatap karnyat aale. sampurnatah ruzvelt dhoranala rajkiy yash midale, keval argentine vagalata, jyane german prabhav sahan keela aanee yuddh vyavharikdrushtya sampeparyant washingtonchya netrutvakhali chalanyas nakar deela.
german lokanchi hakalpatti.
december 1941 madhye americene germanyviruddha yuddh jaheer kelyanantar, federal beuro auph investigation pandhra lattin american deshanmadhil german lokanchi yadee tayar kelee, jyat tyanna vidhvansak karyacha sanshay hota aanee tyanni tyanna yuu. ess. kadey bedkhal karanyachi magani kelee.ess. najarkaidet thevanyasathi. pratyuttarat, anek deshanni ekoon 4,058 german lokanna yuu. ess. madhye haddapar kele.ess. tyapaiki sumare 10 teey 15 takke nazi pakshache sadasya hote, jyat nazinchya paradeshi shakhesathi sumare dazanbhar bharati karnare aanee hergiricha sanshay asalelya aath lokancha samavesh hota. tyapaiki 81 jyoo german dekhil hote, jeey nuktech nazi germanytil chhalatun paloon gele hote. bahusankhya lock samanya german hote jeey lattin american rajyanmadhye anek varshe kinwa dashakanpasun rahivasi hote. kahee jananna haddapar karnyat aale kaaran bhrasht lattin american adhikaanyaanee tyanchi malmatta japt karanyachi sandhee ghetali kinwa samanya lattin american lock yu. ess. chya aarthik bakshisasathi mage padale.ess. guptacharanni dilelya mahitidatyanna. argentine, brazil, chiilii aanee mexico yanni yuu. ess. madhye bhag ghetala nahee.ess. nishkasana karyakram.
1940-1960 chey dashakah shityuddha aanee 'ardhgoliy sanrakshn' siddhant.
1947 madhye 'niyantran' dhoran siddha karananya truman siddhantasaha yachee adhikrut suruvat jhaali, shityuddhache lattin americet mahattvapoorn parinam jhaale. dusya mahayuddhachya samaptisah janmalelya purv gut aanee februwari 1945 madhye jhalelya yalta parishadechya ulat, lattin americela americene 'mukt jug' navachya pashchatya gatcha purn bhag manale hote. sashastr alpasankhyakanchya kinwa bahereel dabavanchya adhinatechya prayatnanna virodh karananya mukt lokanna pathimba denyasathi, heey 'amerikeche dhoran asale pahije', asey trumanne ghoshit kele."trumanne greek yadavi yuddhat hastakshep karnyasathi 40 kotee dollars kharch karnyasathi ekatra jamale, tarr see. aay. aii. (1947 chya rashtriy suraksha kayadyane tayar kelele) greesmadheel hastakshep haah tyachya balpanatil pahila krutee hota. greecela madat karoon, trumanne yusathi eka udaharan sthapit kele.ess. kitihi dadapshahi aanee bhrasht asoonahi, communistanshi ladhanyasathi madatichi vinanti karananya shasananna madat karane. washingtonne jagbharatil deshansobat sanrakshn kararanchya malikanvar swakshya karnyas suruvat kelee, jyat 1949 chaa uttar atlantic karar, jyane natochi nirmiti kelee aanee 1951 madhye anzus austreliya aanee newzealands. moscone nato aanee europemadhil marshal yojanela eka yojnesah pratisad deela jyamadhye comecon aarthik karar aanee warsau karar sanrakshn yutichi nirmiti, tasech tyachya prabhavachya kshetrat aalelya purv europechya deshanna ekatra karane samavisht hote. soviet unionne berlinver nakabandi kelyanantar, corian yuddh (1950-53) heey shityuddhachya pahilya sangharshanpaiki eka hote, tarr indochinmadhye vhiet-minhaviruddhachya prati-krantikari yuddhat americene francecha vijay midavala.
lattin ameriketach, americi sanrakshn karar haah 1947 chaa paraspar sahayyacha aantar-american karar (urf reo karar kinwa tiar) hota, jyala "ardhgoliy sanrakshn" karar mhanoon olakhale jaate. 1945 madhye mexico shaharat yuddh aanee shantatechya samasyanvaril aantar-american parishadet swikarlelya chapaltepek kayadyache heey aupcharikaran hote.yuu.ess. tyanni monro siddhantantargat ardhgoliy sanrakshn dhoran kayam thewale hote aanee 1930 chya dashakat, lattin american sarkaranshi lashkari sahkaryachya dishene aksheey prastavanmule, visheshtah panama kalvyachya virodhat spasht dhoranatmak dhokyanmule teey chintet hote. yuddhadarmyan, tatasth rahilelya urugue vagalata serve vaiyaktik sarkarankadun washingtonla mitrapakshancha pathimba midavata aala hota aanee tyaa vachanbaddhatela kayamswarupi thevayache hote. trinidad aanee tobago (1967), bellies (1981) aanee bahamas (1982) vagalata 1947 nantar swatantra jhalela konatahi desh yaa kararat sameel jhalela nahee.
april 1948 madhye, american rajyanchi sanghatana (oes) bogota yethe jhalelya american rajyanchya navvya aantarrashtriy parishadedarmyan tayar karnyat aalee aanee yuu. ess. chya netrutvakhali.ess. rajya sachiv george marshal. sadasya deshanni american khandatil samyavadashi ladhanyache vachan dile. ekvis american deshanni 30 april 1948 roji american stateschya sanghatanechya sanadevar swakshya kelya.
1954 madhye lokshahi paddhatine nivadoon aalelya gwatemalachya adhyakshala (jacobo urbanes guzmann) ulthavoon taknari operation pii. bii. ess. success hii shityuddhachya kalat lattin americet amerikechya hastakshepanchya dirgh maliketil pahili karvai hotee. 1953 madhye iranche pantpradhan mohammed mosadeg hyanna padchyut kelyanantar lagechach teey ghadale.
parshvabhoomih urbanes yanni utpannache vitaran aanee aarthik rashtravadavar laksh kendrit karananya mahatvakankshi samajik karyakramacha pathpurava keela. adhyaksh arbenz yanni gwatemalamadhye pahila aaykar tayar keela aanee sarkari spardha nirman karoon maktedari todanyacha prayatna keela. yamadhye krishi jameen sudharanancha samavesh hota, jyacha arth united fruit kampanikadoon (yuu. ess. sthit kelee utpadan company) 400,000 ekarhoon adhik jameen japt karane assa hota. gwatemala sarkarne nirdharit kele qee jaminiche aarthik moolya $1,185,000 aahe, tarr united fruit companyne jaminiche kharey moolya $19,355,000 asalyacha dawa karoon nishedh keela. gwatemala sarkarne jaminila jaast moolya dile nahee kaaran tyancha vapar lagech utpadanasathi keela jaat navhata yaa vastusthitivarun kendriya matbhed aala. united fruit companyne maticha thakwa talhanyasathi aanee vanaspatinchya rogacha prasar talhanyasathi lagwad vegali thevanyasathi tyanna atirikt ekar jameen havee asalyacha yuktivad karoon pratikar keela. yaa sangharshamule adhyaksh arbenz, united fruit company aanee american steet department yanchyat tanav aanee vaad vadhale. akheris, eisenhower prashasanane hondurasmadhye tainat asalelya kahee gwatemalachya bandkhor sainyacha vapar karoon arbenzla ulthavoon taknyachya gupt mohimela manyata deuun pratyuttar dile. yaa upayayojananchya yuktivadacha eka bhag mhanje prashasana arbenzkade samyavadi dhoka mhanoon pahat hote. kyuba, nikaragwa aanee itar lattin american rashtranshi sangharshat nantar jase ghadale, tasech lapalelya samyavadacha sambhavya dhoka hastakshepasathi purese samarthan hota. akheris, bandkhor sainyane arbenzla sattevarun kadhoon takale, tyachya sudharana radd kelya aanee ektrit falane tyanchya japt kelelya jamini parat midavalya.
tasech, aantar-american vikas bankechi sthapana 1959 madhye jhaali.
juuna 1960 madhye american stateschya manavadhikar aayogachya sanghatnene dominican prajasattakatil ullanghananvar eka kathor ahwal jaaree keela. yuu. ess. dware samarthit.ess. rajya vibhag, aayogane hukumshaha rafael trujilovar dominican republickchya nagarikanviruddha ughadpane aanee manavadhikaranchya asankhya ullanghanancha aarop keela. yaa ahavalache mukhya samarthak, venezuelache adhyaksh romulo betancourt yanna, hatyechya prayatnala sakriyapane pathimba deuun, trugilone pratyuttar dile. cutt ayashasvi jhaala aanee osa parishadechya (sanghatanechya sarvasadharan sabhechya) tapas samitichya ahavalat yaa katat trujilocha sahbhag sarvajanik jhaala. united states, argentine, mexico, panama aanee urugvemadhil pratinidhincha samavesh asalelya samiteene dominican sahbhagachi padtalani kelee aanee sarkarmadhil "uchch adhikadhyanvar" jababdari thewali. samoohik karvaichya venezuelchya aavahanala pratisad detana, 20 august 1960 roji, osa parishadene trugillo sarkarviruddha rajnaitik aanee aarthik nirbandhancha prastav manjur keela. chauda viruddha eka assa tharav manjur karnyat aala (brazil, argentine, gwatemala, haiti, paraguay aanee urugue yanni anupasthit rahoon dominican prajasattakane asahmati darshavali), jyadvare sanghatnene sadasya rashtraviruddha asha prakarchi karvai karanyachi hii pahilich vel hotee. pathimbyache pradarshan mhanoon, adhyaksh dwite dii. eisenhowerne dominican prajasattakabarobarche serve aarthik aanee rajnaitik sambandh sthagit kele.
antonio dii laa majha aanee antonio imbert barrera yanchya netrutvakhalil katkaryanchya eka chhotya gatane 31 meey 1961 roji trujilonchi hatya kelee. tyanantarcha uthav prayatna satta kabij karnyat ayashasvi jhaala aanee imbert vagalata serve katkarsthanyanna hukumshahacha mulga ramphis trugillo yane shodhun kadhale aanee tyala fashi dilee, joou sashastr dalancha senapati mhanoon tyachya padachya madhyamatoon pudhil sahaa mahine sarkarchya vastavik niyantranat rahila. trujiloche bhau, hector bienvenido aanee jose arizmendi trugillo, deshat paratale aanee tyanni lagechach adhyaksh balaguer yanchyavirodhat cutt rachanyas suruvat kelee. 18 november 1961 roji, eka niyojit uthav adhik spasht jhaala, yuu.ess. rajya sachiv deane rusk yanni ishara deela qee jarr trujilonni dominican prajasattakavar "hukumshahi varchasva punha prasthapit karnyacha" prayatna keela tarr america "rikami rahnar nahee". yaa ishayanantar aanee chauda jahajanche aagman.ess. santo domingo, ramphis aanee tyache kaka yanchya najaret nausena krutee dall 19 november roji dominican khajinyatoon 20 kotee dollars gheuun desh sodoon paloon gele.
1960 chey dashakah kyubachi kranti.
fidel castrochya netrutvakhalil 1959 chee cuban kranti hii lattin americetil amerikechya pararashtra dhoranachya pahilya parabhavanpaiki eka hotee. 1961 madhye kyuba navyane tayar jhalelya alipta chalvalicha sadasya banala, jee 1955 chya bandung parishadenantar yashasvi jhaali. kyubachya sarkarne kelelya sampoorn rashtriyikaranasaha anek aarthik sudharananchya amalbajavaninantar, americene kyubachya vyaparavar nirbandh vadhavale.yuu.ess. kyubachi sakhar aayat thambavali, jyavar kyubachi arthvyavastha sarvat jaast avalambun hotee. yavyatirikt, yuu.ess. tyachya purvichya vyapari bhagidarala atyant aavashyak teel puravanyas nakar dilyane betachya arthvyavasthevar vinashkari parinam jhaala. march 1960 madhye, havanah bandarat malavahu jahaj 'laa cobrey' chaa sphot jhaala, jyat 75 hoon adhik lock thaar jhaale, tevha tanav vadhala. fidel castrone americela doshi tharavale aanee yaa ghatanechi tulana 1898 madhye us "meine" budnyashi kelee, jyamule spanish-american yuddhala chalana midali; too tyachya aaropasathi konatahi purava deu shakala nahee. tyach mahinyat, adhyaksh dwite dii. eisenhower yanni see. aay. aii. laa castrocha padav karnyasathi eka chhapamar dall mhanoon cuban nirvasitanna sanghatit, prashikshit aanee susajj karnyasathi adhikrut kele, jyamule 1961 madhye adhyaksh johnn eff. yanni adhikrut kelelya dukaranchya upasagarachya aakramanas apayash aale. kenedi.
pratyek velee kyuba sarkarne amerikechya malmattanche rashtriyikaran kele, tevha americi sarkarne pratiuttar pavale uchalali, parinami 19 aktoobar 1960 roji kyubala honanya serve niryativar bandee ghalanyat aalee. parinami, kyubane soviet unionshi vyapari sambandh majboot karnyas suruvat kelee, jyamule americene urvarit serve adhikrut rajnaitik sambandh todale. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat, yuu.ess. mutsaddi edwin ell. sweet andd william jee. dahashatvadi krutyanna protsahan dene, aashray dene, vidhvansak prakashananna vittapuravatha karane aanee shastranchi taskari karane" yaa aaropakhali friedmanla atak karnyat aalee aanee betavarun hakaloon denyat aale.yuu.ess. kyubachya sarkarla asthir karnyachya uddeshane naveen yojana tayar karnyas suruvat jhaali, jyala ektritpane "kyuba prakalp" (urf "operation munguj") mhanoon olakhale jaate. guptachar karvayansah pramukh rajkiy netyanchya hatyeche prayatna yancha samavesh asalela haah rajkiy, mansik aanee lashkari vidhvansak karvayacha eka samanvit karyakram asanar hota. cuban prakalpane operation northwoods mhanoon olakhalya jaananya khotya dhvajachya hallyancha prastavahi mandala. aaa yuu.ess. sinetchya nivad guptachar samitichya ahavalat nantar 1960 teey 1965 darmyan castrola thaar marnyachya aath prayatnanchi pushti jhaali, tasech itar cuban netyanviruddha atirikt yojana tayar kelya gelya.
kyubachya babatit yaa aakramak dhoranavyatirikt, johnn eff. kenedine pragatisathi yutee lagoo karnyacha prayatna keela, eka aarthik madat karyakram jyavar august 1961 madhye urugvemadhye panta dell este yethe jhalelya aantar-american parishadet swakshari karnyat khoop laaj vatali.
venezuelamadhye, rashtradhyaksh romulo betancourt yanna atireki aanee bandkhor lashkari tukadyanchya drudh virodhala samore jaave lagale, tarihi tyanni aarthik aanee shaikshanik sudharanansathi jore dene suru thewale. eka ansh sarkari pakshapasoon, lokshahi krutitoon vibhakt jhaala aanee krantikari davya chalvalichi (miir) sthapana kelee. ell barcelonazo", "ell carupanazo", "ell portenazo") yaa kalat lashkari talanvar davkhura bandkhor ayashasvi jhaale hote. tyanantar davya pakshanchya ghatakanni lokshahi bettoncourt prashasana ulthavoon taknyasathi rashtriy muktisathi sashastr dall (phalan), eka samyavadi chhapamar sainya sthapan kele. yamule davya pakshanna bhoomigat kele gele, jithe teey grameen aanee shahari chhapamar karvayanmadhye guntalele hote, jyat teel pipeline todane, sears robak godamavar bombfake karane, american curnell michael smolanche apaharan karane, football starr alfredo dii stephanola tabyat ghene aanee karakasmadhil amerikechya dutavasavar bombfake karane yancha samavesh hota. grameen garibanna ekatra aananyat aanee 1963 chya rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukit vyatyay aananyat phalan apayashi tharale.
anek hallyanantar, miir aanee communist party auph venezuela (pii. see. vhee.) chya congresschya sadasyanna akher atak karnyat aalee. fidel castro bandkhoranna shastrasajj karat hota heey spasht jhaale, mhanoon venezuelane american stateschya sanghatanela (oes) virodh keela. tyach velee, yuu.ess. 1961 aanee 1963 madhye jeey. eff. keey. chya hatyedarmyan, argentine, dominican republic, equador, gwatemala, honduras aanee perusah anek hukumshahanshi aarthik aanee/kinwa rajnaitik sambandh sthagit kele. matra, heey nilamban keval teen aathvade teey sahaa mahinyanchya kalavadhisathi tatpurte ladanyat aale hote. tathapi, americene shevati amerikechya shalet lattin american sainyala bandkhorivirodhi davpechanmadhye prashikshit karane sarvottam tharvile. pratyakshat, pragatisathichya yutimadhye yuu. chaa samavesh hota.ess. 1959 teey 1964 yaa kalat kolambiyamadhil yojana lazosah samyavadacha samna karnyasathi lashkari aanee polis sahayya karyakram.
anvastranchya sharyatine donhi mahasattanna anvastra yuddhachya umbarathyavar aanale. 1962 madhye rashtradhyaksh johnn eff. kenedine kyubamadhye aanvik kshepanastranchya sthapanela naudal nakabandisah pratisad deela-eka shaktipradarshan jyane jagala aanvik yuddhachya jawal aanale. kyubachya kshepanastra sankatane dakhavun dile qee donhipaiki konatihi mahasatta dusyachya sudbuddhichya bhitimule aanee asha prakare paraspar khatrishir nashasathi anvastre vaparnyas tayar navhati. kyubachya kshepanastra sankatachya parinami, anushastrikaran aanee sambandh sudharanyasathiche pahile prayatna jhaale. (pamovsky)
brazilmadhil lashkari hukumshahi.
1964 paryant, rashtradhyaksh lindon johnson yanchya netrutvakhali, hukumshahi shasananviruddha bhedbhav karnyacha karyakram bund jhaala. march 1964 madhye, yuu.ess. davya vicharsaraniche adhyaksh joao gaulart hyanna ulthavoon brazilmadhye lashkari uthawala pathimba deela aanee operation antargat bolavale tarr madat karnyas tayar hota bhau samm. 1965 madhye, yuu.ess. operation power pack antargat sambhavya davya vicharsaranicha taba rokhanyasathi 24,000 sainik dominican prajasattakat pathavale. yapurvi oo. aii. ess. neey serve shatrutva sampavanyasathi ladhvayyanna aavahan karnara tharav jaaree keela. 5 meey roji osa shantata samitee santo domingo yethe pohochali aanee dusya nishchit yuddhabandi kararavar swakshya karnyat aalya, jyamule gruhyuddha mukhya tappyacha ant jhaala. santo domingo kayadyantargat, osala shantata kararachya amalbajavanivar dekhrekh thevanyache tasech rajdhanitun ann aanee aushadhanche vitaran karnyache kaam denyat aale hote. heey karar lahan-mothya pramanat honanya agnidanya aanee sniper phayar yasarkhe ullanghan purnapane rokhanyat ayashasvi tharale. eka divasanantar, oo. aii. ess. sadasyanni dominican prajasattakat shantata rakhanyasathi eka sanghatana mhanoon kaam karnyachya uddeshane aantar-american shantata dalachi (aay. aii. pii. eff.) sthapana kelee. iapfmadhe brazilian, paraguine, nikaraguan, costa rican, salvadoran aanee honduran sainyacha samavesh hota aanee tyache netrutva brazilian general hugo panasco alwim karat hote, bruce palmer tyacha upasenapati mhanoon karyarat hota.
26 meey roji yuu.ess. betavarun sainyane haloohaloo maghar ghenyas suruvat kelee. 1 julai 1966 roji, majee rashtradhyaksh juan emilio bosch gavino yanchyaviruddha, sudharavadi pakshache umedvar joaquin balaguer yanna ladhavat, yuddhanantarchya pahilya nivadanuka ghenyat aalya. salokyachya aashvasananvar aapali moheem ubharlyanantar balaguer nivadanukit vijayi jhaala. 21 september 1966 roji, sangharshatil paradeshi hastakshep sampushtat aanat, oo. aii. ess. chey shevatche shantirakshak betavarun maghar ghetali.
usadver avalambun asalelya aanee see. aay. aii. chya jawal asalelya sarvajanik suraksha karyalayachya madhyamatoon, usne lattin american suraksha dalanna madat kelee, tyanna chaukashichya paddhati, dangal niyantran aanee tyanna sahitya pathvanyache prashikshan dile. urugvemadhil danne mitrion tyachya atyacharanchya paddhatshir vaparasathi kukhyat jhaala.
1970 chey dashak.
1970 chya dashakat americene jyala 'communist vidhvansak' mhatale jaate tyacha prasar rokhanyasathi kaam kele, jyamule teey ujavya vicharsaranichya sarkaranna pathimba detat. tyanni lokshahi paddhatine nivadoon aalelya salvador elendeviruddha augusto pinochetchya 1973 chya chillion uthawala dekhil pathimba deela. 1970 chya dashakachya akheris, dakshin amerikechya bahutansh bhagavar lashkari hukumshahiche rajya hote, jyanna "juntas" mhanatat. paraguaymadhye, alfredo strosner 1954 pasoon sattet hota; brazilmadhye, davya vicharsaraniche adhyaksh joao gaulart yanna 1964 madhye amerikechya madatine lashkari uthavadvare ulthavoon taknyat aale, jyala operation brother samm mhanoon olakhale jaat hote; boliviamadhye, general hugo banzar yanni 1971 madhye davya vicharsaraniche general juan jose torres hyanna ulthavoon takale; dakshin amerikeche "switzerland" manale jaanare uruguemadhye, juan maria bordaberry yanni 27 juuna 1973 chya uthavat satta kabij kelee. perumadhye, 1968 pasoon sattevar asalele davya vicharsaraniche general velasco alvarado yanni pinochetist chilivar niyojit aakraman karoon chilichya sashastr dalanna parabhoot karnyasathi alikadech saksham kelelya peruvian sainyacha vapar karanyachi yojana aakhali. 1975 saalee suru jhalele sampoorn upkhandat 'ghanerade yuddh' suru jhaale, jyala operation condor mhanatat, haah dakshin shankuchya suraksha seva aanee itar dakshin american deshanmadhil nirvasit rajkiy virodhakancha dadapshahi aanee hatya karnyacha karar hota, jyala see. aay. aii. chaa pathimba hota. sashastr dalanni 1976 madhye argentinamadhil satta dekhil tabyat ghetali aanee tyanantar nikaraguamadhye 'contras' laa prashikshan denyapurvi boliviatil lui garasia meza tejadachya 1980 chya 'koken uthav' laa pathimba deela, jithe 1979 madhye daniele ortega yanchya netrutvakhalil sandinista rashtriy mukti aaghadine satta ghetali hotee, tasech gwatemala aanee ell salvadormadhil sainyanehi. salvadoran yadavi yuddhadarmyan aanee 1990 chya dashakat sampalelya gwatemalachya yadavi yuddhandarmyan americene ujavya vicharsaranichya sarkaranna mothya pramanat pathimba deela.
1977 madhye adhyaksh jimmi carter yanchya nivadinantar, americene lattin americetil hukumshahi shasananna alpakalasathi aapala pathimba qamee keela. yach varshat oo. aii. ess. chee sanstha, aantar-american manavadhikar nyayalay tayar karnyat aale. tyach velee, visheshtah 1976 madhye washington dii. madhye chiliche majee mantri aurlando latellier yanchya hatyenantar, americetil aavajanni pinoshechya manavadhikaranchya ullanghanacha nishedh karnyas suruvat kelee.see.
1980-1990 chey dashakah lokshahikaran aanee washingtonmadhil ekmat.
1981 madhye ronald reganchya udghatanacha arth lattin americetil ujavya vicharsaranichya hukumshahi shasanala navyane pathimba dene assa hota. 1980 chya dashakat, 1979 teey 1985 yaa kalat shityuddhache nutanikaran hounahi, dakshin amerikepramanech jagatahi paristhiti uttarottar vikasit jhaali, jyaa varshat mikhail gorbachevne constantin chernenko yanchi jaaga yu. ess. ess. aar. chey nete mhanoon ghetali aanee glasnost aanee perestroica lokshahi-prerit sudharananchi amalbajavani karnyas suruvat kelee. dakshin americet vividh rajye haloohaloo lokshahikade paratat asalyache disale. dakshin amerikechya yaa lokshahikaranala 1991 madhye oo. aii. ess. neey 1080 chaa tharav swikaranyat eka prateek aadhalale, jyamadhye sarchitanisanna konatyahi sadasya deshat sattapalat jhalyanantar daha divasanchya aat kayamswarupi parishad bolavane aavashyak aahe. tathapi, tyach velee, washingtonne aakramakpane "ammali padarthanviruddhache yuddh" suru kele, jyat 1989 madhye manuel noriegacha padav karnyasathi panamachya aakramanasah, joou amerikecha dirghkal mitra hota aanee jyane deshachya netyachya rupat tyachya karkirdipurvi see. aay. aii. sathee kaam kele hote. 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat plan colombia aanee mexico aanee madhya americet merida upkramachya madhyamatoon nantar 'amali padarthanviruddhache yuddh' vistarle gele.
1982 saalee argentine aanee united kingdam yanchyatil focklands yuddhat, done jawalche american mitra ekmekanshi lashkari sangharshat guntale hote. yaa sangharshat america adhikrutpane tatasth asatana, yuddhadarmyan british pantpradhan margaret thatcher yanna riganane gupt mahitee puravilyache aarop washington aanee buenos ires yanchyatil sambandh badalanyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavtat, kaaran lashkari sarkar sakriyapane riganla madat karat hote. argentinachi guptachar seva sandinista sarkarchya (operation charley) virodhat nikaraguan contrassla prashikshan aanee shastrastre dett hotee. udaharanarth, 601 guptachar tukadine, amerikeche rajdoot johnn negroponte yanchya dekharekhikhali, hondurasmadhil lepateric talavar prashikshan dilele pratirakshak. tarr yuu.ess. nikaragua viruddha ladhat hotee, jyamule 1986 madhye nikaragua viruddha. aantarrashtriy nyayalay, yuu. ess. kadey united states prakaran.ess. gwatemala aanee salvadormadhil hukumshahi shasananna pathimba deela. gwatemalachya yadavi yuddhadarmyan general reos montla dilela pathimba aanee salvadoran yadavi yuddhadarmyan jose napolean duartshee asaleli yutee shityuddhacha bhag mhanoon rigan prashasanane vaidh tharavali, jaree itar mitrapakshanni hukumshahila yaa madativar jordar teeka kelee (udaharanarth french samajvadi pakshachya 110 prastavanmadhye).
gupt yuu mule.ess. 1982 madhye focklands yuddhadarmyan, madhyasthishivay, kathitpane united kingdamla dilela pathimba, golardhatil sambandhanmadhye kholvar kamkuvat jhaala. brazilmadhye, heey shaikshanik aasthapanane "golardh sambandh" kase karya karatat yache spasht udaharan mhanoon ghetale, jyamule brazilchya aasthapanane pararashtra dhoran aanee aantarrashtriy sambandhanchya babinmadhye naveen drushtikon sweekarle. yapaiki kahee shikshantadnya, kharey tarr, assa yuktivad karatat qee yamule nishchitpane tearche mrut patrat rupantar jhaale aanee mexico sarkarne 2001 madhye focklandsche udaharan dett kararatoon maghar ghetali, jaree visheshtah argentine swatah ajunahi tear sadasya aahe.
2001 madhye, 11 septemberchya hallyanantar americene reo karar (tiar) lagoo keela, parantu 2003 chya iraq yuddhadarmyan keval kahee lattin american lokshahi "ichchukanchya yutimadhye" sameel hotil.
1973chya teel sankatamule kvachitach prabhavit jhalelya aarthik staravar, 1983madhye meksikone aaplya karjache vyaj bharnyas nakar dilyane lattin american karj sankat nirman jhaale aanee tyanantar bahutek deshanni aayat-paryay audhyogikikaran dhoranatoon niryat-kendrit audyogikikaranakade valale, jyala aantarrashtriy vittiy nidhi (aay. emm. eff.), jaagtik banq aanee jaagtik vyapar sanghatnene (doubleu. tii. oo.) protsahan dile. jagatikikaranache parinam sampoorn jagaat jaanvu lagale asatana, 1990 chya dashakat washingtonchya ekmatane varchasva gajavale, jyane lattin americet navudarvadi aarthik sudharananchi malika ladali. 1994 madhye miyami yethe jhalelya amerikechya pahilya shikhar parishadene 2005 paryant amerikeche mukt vyapar kshetra (alka, 'eriya dii libre commeracio dii laas americas') sthapan karnyacha sankalp keela. alka heey canada, america aanee mexico yanchyatil uttar american mukt vyapar kararache samanyikaran asave asey manale jaat hote, jeey 1994 madhye lagoo jhaale. nafta aanee alka yaa donhichya virodhala yaa kalat subcommendant marcoschya netrutvakhalil rashtriy mukti bandkhorichya zaptista sainyane prateek kele, jeey nafta lagoo jhaala tyaa divashi sakriy jhaale (1 janewari 1994) aanee swatahla jagatikikaran kinwa navaudarvadachya vichardharechya spasht virodhat ghoshit kele, jyache nafta prateek hote.
2000 chey dashakah gulabi bharati.
dakshin americetil anek deshanmadhye samajvadi sarkaranchya nivadnukansah 2000 chya dashakat rajkiy sandarbh punha vikasit jhaala. asha prakare yaa gulabi bharatimadhye venezuelamadhil hyugo chavez (1998), brazilmadhil lula (2002), argentinamadhil nester kirchner (2003), urugvetalya tabar wazquez (2004), boliviatil ivo morales (2005), chilimadhil michel bachelet (2006), nikaraguaamadhil daniele ortega (2006), equadormadhil rafael koria (2006), paraguaymadheel fernando lugo (2008), urugvemadhye jose mujika (2009), perumadhil olanta humala (2011), costa rikamadhil louismoiler solis (2014), salvadormadhil salvador, 2014 madheel manredo (2014) aanee manredo (2014) yaa nivadanuka jhalya. jaree heey nete washington, dii. yaa doghambaddalachya tyanchya dhorananmadhye aanee drushtikonat bhinn aahet.see. aanee navudarvad, teey jyaa rajyanvar rajya karatat, tyancha ajenda aanee dirghakalin aitihasik cull dekhil vegala asala taree, jyamule tyanchyat vair aanee ughad tiraskar houu shakato, teey alka nakarnyas aanee united stateschya prakriyevar dekhrekh naan karata pradeshik ekatmateche palan karnyas sahmat asalyache disate. visheshtah, chavez aanee morales ekatra yenyas adhik tayar asalyache disate, tarr brazilmadhil davya vicharsaranidvare teeka jhalelya kirchner aanee lula, jyat movimento doses same terra (mst) bhoomiheen shetkari chalvalicha samavesh aahe (jyanni matra, tyanchya dusya karyakalat tyanna matdan karnyache aavahan kele hote), tyanchyakade adhik kendrit mhanoon pahile jaate. bolivia rajyane brazil aanee chilishihi kahee pramanat sangharsh pahila aahe. newyork vidyapithatil arthshastrache pradhyapak nauriel raubini yanni meey 2006 madhye dilelya mulakhatit mhatleh "ekikade, tumchyakade anek prashasana aahet jeey aarthik sudharananna madhyam karnyasathi vachanbaddha aahet. dusarikade, tumhala washingtonchya ekmataviruddha (udarmatvadi aarthik dhoranancha eka sanch, jyache anusaran karnyache aavahan washingtonsthit sansthanni lattin american deshanna kele, jyat khajgikaran, vyapar udarikaran aanee vittiy shist yancha samavesh aahe) aanee kahee lokprimi netyanchya udayaviruddha kahee pramanat virodh jhaala aahe."tyach prakare, jaree chavezsarkhya netyane george doubleu. varr shabdik hallah keela. busch prashasanane jitka tyanchyavar hallah keela, aanee lokshahi samajvadi bolivarian krantiche anusaran karat asalyacha dawa keela, titkach 1970 chya dashakapasun bhoo-rajkiy sandarbh khoop badalala aahe. golardhiy vyavhar parishadeche sanchalak larry burns yanni asey mhatleh
laa paz gulabi bharatichya aarthik aanee rajkiy santhganthavar sapadala aahe, joou vichardharene caracashi jodalela aahe, parantu aarthikdrushtya brasilia aanee buenos ireshey jodalela aahe. matra, naitiktela eka gosht maheet hotee tee mhanje matdaranna dilelya tyanchya prachar mohimetil vachananna teey nakaru shakale naheet kinwa boliviala tatadine aavashyak asalelya mahasulapasun vanchit thevu shakale naheet.
2005 salchi sarchitanis nivadanuk heey yaa pradeshatil amerikechya dhakkyache eka lakshan hote. oo. eae. aii. chya itihasat prathamach, chilichya samajvadi pakshache sadasya aanee nantarchya deshache majee antargat mantri jose miguel insulza aanee conservative national action party (panne) chey sadasya aanee meksikoche majee pararashtra mantri louis ernesto durbays yanchyatil done gatirodhannantar, washingtonchya umedwarala bahusankhya deshanni nakar deela. derbezla america, canada, mexico, bellies, seent vincent aanee grenadines, bolivia (tevha carlos messa yanchya adhyakshatekhali), costa rika, ell salvador, honduras aanee nikaragua yanni spashtapane pathimba deela hota, tarr chiliche mantri jose insulzala serve dakshinekadil coone desh, tasech brazil, equador, venezuela aanee dominican ripablikane pathimba deela hota. jose insulza shevati tisya valanavar nivadoon aale aanee 26 meey 2005 roji tyanni padbhar swikarla.
mukt vyapar aanee itar pradeshik ekatmata.
amerikechya (aii. ell. see. aii.) mukt vyapar kshetrachi gatee 2005 chya amerikechya maar dell plata shikhar parishadenantar gamavali gelee, jyat sampoorn khandatil jagatikikaranvirodhi chalvalichya sadasyankadun yaa prastavavirodhat tivra nishedh disun aala, matra mukt vyapar karar sodoon denyat aale naheet. navaudarvadachya chinhakhali pradeshik aarthik ektrikaran chaloo rahileh busch prashasanakhali, lattin american deshanshi done mukt vyapar karar kelelya americene aanakhi aath kararanvar swakshya kelya, asha ekoon daha dwipakshi kararanvar (2003 madheel united states-chiilii mukt vyapar karar, 2006 madheel kolambiya vyapar protsahan karar ii. saha) pohochale.). 2006 madhye swakshya jhalelya peru-sanyukt rajyanchya mukt vyapar kararasah itar teen, american congresschya manyatechya pratikshet aahet.
tisya dakshin american shikhar parishadet kahee aathvadyanpurvi swakshari kelelya kuzko ghoshanene, vyapari desh aanee andian samuday yancha samooh asalelya dakshin american rashtranchya (unsul-unasur) sanghatanechya sthapanechi ghoshana kelee aanee jyache uddisht 2014 paryant sanvedanshil nasalelya utpadanansathi aanee 2019 paryant sanvedanshil utpadanansathiche darr kadhoon takane heey hote. dusarikade, costa rika vagalata serve deshanni cafta-dii. aar. mukt vyapar kararala (dominican prajasattak-madhya america mukt vyapar karar) manyata dilee. nantarchya deshache adhyaksh, auskar arias, rashtriy mukti pakshache sadasya aanee februwari 2006 madhye nivadoon aalelya, tyanni swatahla kararachya bajoone ghoshit kele. costa rikane nantar eka rashtriy sarvmat aayojit kele jyamadhye lokanni kaftala manyata denyasathi matdan kele, jeey nantar sansadene kele. costa rikashi mukt vyapar karar kelela canada, madhya american deshasobat asha prakarchya kararasathi vataghati karat aahe, jyala canada madhya american mukt vyapar karar mhanatat.
citizens action partyche sudharak louis gillermo solis 2014 madhye nivadoon aale. solis heey eka madhyamvargiy purogami pakshache aahet aanee tyancha door-davya pakshanshi konatahi sambandh navhata aanee amerikeshi maitripurna sambandhahi thewale, tarihi tyanchya vijayala washington-samarthit navudarvadi dhorananprati asalelya samanya tiraskaralahi shrey dile gele (udaharanarth, solis heey kaftache kattar virodhak hote). solis yanni tyanchya adhyakshapadachya kalat dakshin americetil kahee purogami sarkaranshi jawalche sambandh prasthapit kele, september 2016 madhye rausefchya mahabhiyogachya nishedharth michel temer yanchya bhashanadarmyan sanyukt rashtranchya kakshatoon baher padnyaitke. dusarikade, costa rican pararashtra mantralayane venezuelachya sarkarvar hukumshahi aanee lokshahivirodhi asalyacha aarop keela aahe.
markosur, argentine, brazil, paraguay aanee urugue yanchyatil vyapar karar (venezuela sadhya nilambit aahe) dekhil august 2010 madhye andian samuday, israyal aanee egypts ashach prakarchya kararanvar swakshya kelyanantar european unionshi vyapak mukt vyapar kararavar swakshya karnyasathi vataghati karat aahe. 2000 chya dashakat thambun rahilyanantar mercosure aanee european union yanchyatil yaa vataghati punha vegane pudhe jaat aahet.
dusarikade, chiilii, mexico aanee peru yasarkhya pacificmadhye sthit anek lattin american deshanni austreliya, brunei, canada, japan, maleshiya, newzealand, singapur aanee vietnams trans-paisiphik bhagidarivar swakshya kelya aahet. 4 februwari 2016 roji swakshya jhalelya yaa kararavar americene maghar ghetalyanantar punha vataghati kelya jaat aahet. urvarit akra sadasyanni 11 november 2017 roji aanshik karar keela.
dwaipakshik guntavanuk karar.
dwirashtriy mukt vyapar kararanvyatirikt, americene thet parkeey guntavanukichya atty prasthapit karoon lattin american deshansobat anek dwipakshi guntavanuk kararanvar (biit) swakshya kelya aahet. yaa kararanmadhye "nyayya aanee nyayya vaganuk", japtipasoon sanrakshn, sadhananche mukt hastantaran aanee sampoorn sanrakshn aanee surakshitata yancha samavesh aahe. tikakaranni asey nidarshanas aanoon dile aahe qee, aamhi vataghati karnare, vataghatichya mothya chaukatipeksha, vaiyaktik deshambarobarchya, dweepakshiy vataghaticha veg, aashay aanee disha adhik sahajpane niyantrit karoo shakato.
lattin american deshat kelelya kahee prakarchya guntavanukibabat bahurashtriy company aanee rajya yanchyat matbhed jhalyas, company guntavanuk vivadanchya nirakaranasathi aantarrashtriy kendrasamor (guntavanuk vivadanchya nirakaranasathi aantarrashtriy kendra) khatala dakhal karoo shakate, jeey jaagtik bankevar avalambun asalele aantarrashtriy nyayalay aahe. 2000 chya kochabamba aandolanadarmyan boliviatun hakalpatti kelyanantar americetil bahurashtriy company bechatelane assa khatala dakhal keela hota. bechatelane panyache kharab vyavasthapan kelyanantar jaagtik bankene vinanti kelelya jaal companychya khasgikaranaviruddha sthanik lokanni nidarshane kelee hotee. tyanantar, bechatelane bolivian rajyakadoon nukasanbharpaisathi $5 kotichi vinanti kelee. tathapi, aantarrashtriy nishedh mohimenantar 2006 madhye companyne shevati heey prakaran mage ghenyacha nirnay ghetala.
america aanee anek deshanmadhye (dilelya tarkhevar swakshari nahee tarr karar lagoo aahe) asha kahee baabee manjur karnyat aalyah argentine (1994), bolivia (2001), equador (1997), grenada (1989), honduras (2001), jamaik (1997), panama (1991,2001 madhye sudharit), trinidad aanee tobago (1996). itar jethe swakshari kelee gelee parantu manyata dilee gelee naheeh ell salvador (1999), haiti (1983-sarvat aadhi, panamachya aadhi), nikaragua (1995).
alba.
alkala uttar mhanoon, shavezne amerikasathi bolivarian yutee (alba) suru kelee. venezuela, kyuba aanee boliviane tii. see. pii. (kinwa lokancha vyapar karar) varr swakshya kelya, tarr naisargik vayoo aanee petroleumche mukhya utpadak venezuela (too oo. pii. eae. see. chaa sadasya aahe) yane nikaraguashi karar kele aahet, jithe sandinistascha majee neta daniele ortega 2006 madhye nivadoon aala hota-tathapi, ortegane tyachya samrajyavadvirodhi aanee samajvadi charchela aala ghatala aanee too tivra vadgrast aahe; ujavya vicharsaranivar aanee davya vicharsaranivar. 2005 madhye caribean samudayachya 15 paiki 12 sadasyanni swakshari keleli petrocarib yutee dekhil chavez yanni rabavali. jevha catrina chakrivadalane florida aanee louisianacha vidhvans keela, tevha chavez, jyane "yankvi samrajya" laa "pepper tiger" mhatale, tyane tyach varshi catrina chakrivadalanantar, petivesa yaa sarkari malkichya venezuelan petroleum companychi upakampani, jyachi 14,000 gass kendre aahet aanee jyachi americet aath teel shuddhikaran karkhane aahet, tyaa chitgodware americela "garibansathi teel" puravanyacha prastavahi mandala.
yuu.ess. irakmadhil lashkari yutee.
juuna 2003 madhye, dominican prajasattak, all salvador, honduras aanee nikaragua yetheel sumare 1,200 sainikanni spaniard sainyasah (1,300 sainik) irakmadhye plus ultra brigade tayar karnyasathi sainyat sameel jhaale. irakmadhun spainchya nivruttinantar april 2004 madhye brigade visarjit karnyat aalee aanee ell salvador vagalata serve lattin american deshanni tyanche sainya mage ghetale.
september 2005 madhye, tripple canopy, ink. heey ughad jhaale.irakmadhye upasthit asaleli eka khajgi lashkari company, lattin american bhadotri sainikanna hondurasmadhil lepaterikmadhye prashikshan dett hotee. lepateric haah purvichya kalat contrajsathicha prashikshan tall hota. 105 chillion bhadotri sainikanna deshatoon haddapar karnyat aale. laa tribune" honduran vruttapatranusar, novembermadhye ekach divasat, tumchya upayayojananni 108 honduran, 88 chillion aanee 16 nikaraguan iraqala pathavale. bagdadchya green zonmadhye tiheri chhatrasathi andaje 700 peruvian, 250 chillion aanee 320 honduran kaam karatat, uttar-american karmchanyanchya tulanet tyanna ardhi kimmat dilee jaate. nivrutt lashkari marina auskar esp tiheri chhatrasathi kaam karat hote heey jevha kalale tevha yaa batamine chilimadhyehi laksh vedhale. eff. pii. emm. aar. chaa 21 varshiy sadasya marcello barrios andrad yachya hatyet, joou ratig ahavalatil piditanchya yadeet aahe, nantarchya vyaktine bhag ghetala hota-tarr marina auskar aspe haah 2001 chya commission etika contra laa tortura (2001 chya atyacharaviruddha naitik aayog) chya yadeet aahe. tiheri chhatrachi perumadhye upakampani dekhil aahe.
julai 2007 madhye, salvadoranche adhyaksh antonio saaka yanni irakmadhye tainat kelelya sainikanchi sankhya 380 varoon 280 paryant qamee kelee. 2003 madhye tainat jhalyapasun chaar salvadoran sainik vegvegalya paristhitit maran pavale, parantu ujjwal bajoone, iraqchi punarbandhani karnyachya uddeshane 200 hoon adhik prakalp purn jhaale.
boliviache naisargik sansadhananche rashtriyikaran.
naisargik sansadhanansathicha sangharsh aanee amerikechya vyavsayik hitsambandhanche sanrakshn haah americene samarthit kelelya banana republickchya shikhar kalapasoon thambla nahee. sarvasadharan sandarbh lakshaniyaritya badalala aahe aanee tyanusar pratyek deshacha drushtikon vikasit jhaala aahe. asha prakare, venezuelanantar dakshin americetil dusra sarvat motha naisargik vayoo satha asalelya bolivia yaa paisiphik ell. aine. jee. chya sanghakadun naisargik vayoo niryat karnyachya prakalpanantar, chiilii marge californiala ("baja california" aanee us california), pacificchya yuddhapasun (1879-1884) boliviamadhye santap vyakt kelyanantar, prashant mahasagarat praveshapasun vanchit rahilelya, paisiphik ell. aine. jee. chya sanghakadun suru jhalelya bolivian vayoo yuddhala suruvat jhaali. bolivian kamgar kendra aanee felip kwispechya swadeshi pachakuti chalvalichya (emm. aay. pii.) netrutvakhalil nidarshanandarmyanahi alkala virodh karnyat aala.
naveen bhoo-rajkiy sandarbhacha purava ivo moralsachya jahiranamyat, tyachya nivadanuk aashvasananchya anushangane, venezuelanantar dakshin americet dusya kramankachya vayoo sathyachya rashtriyikaranachya ghoshanemadhye disun yeto. sarvapratham, tyanni kaljipurvak ishara deela qee teey japti kinwa japtiche roop ghenar naheet, kadachit hinsak pratisadachya bhitine. uparashtrapati alvarro garcia yanchya matey, pudhil varshi sarkarcha urja-sambandhit mahasool 780 dashalaksh dollarsparyant vadhanar aahe, 2002 pasoon jawaljawal sahaa patine vistar hott asalyane, petrobras company boliviatil sarvat mothya paradeshi guntavanukdaranpaiki eka aahe, jyane deshachya vayoo sathyachya 14 takke bhagavar niyantran thewale aahe, asha brazilkadoon teeka jhaali. bolivia haah dakshin americetil sarvat garib deshanpaiki eka aahe aanee 1980-90 chya dashkatil nidarshananmule tyacha motha parinam jhaala, mukhytah mageel sarkaranni lagoo kelelya aaghat upcharpaddhatimule aanee koka nirmulan karyakramabaddalchya asantoshamule-koka hii sthanik kwechua aanee aymara lokansathi eka paramparik vanaspati aahe, jeey tee upcharatmak (unchivaril aajaraviruddh) aanee sanskrutik hetunsathi vapartat. asha prakare, brazilche urja mantri silas rondo yanni moralsachya ghoshanevar pratikriya dett yaa kruticha "maitripurna nahee" assa nishedh keela."reuterschya matey," boliviachya krutee, venezuelache adhyaksh hugo chavez, jeey bahudha morelsche sarvat mothe mitra hote, tyanni jagatil pachvya sarvat mothya teel niryatdaramadhye saktiche kantrati sthalantar aanee purvgami karvadhisah jeey kele, teey pratidhvanit karatat-jyaa atty mothya teel kampanyanni mothya pramanat swikaranyas sahmati darshavili."majee rashtradhyaksh gonzalo sanchez dii losada yanni khajgikrut kelelya bolivian gass company vaay. pii. eff. bii. laa paradeshi companyanna tyanchya sevansathi paise dyave lagale, utpadan mulyachya sumare 50 takke deu karave lagale, jaree aadeshat asey soochit kele gele hote qee deshatil done sarvat mothya gass kshetrancha fayda ghenanya companyanna fakt 18 takke milel. suruvatila pratikool pratikriyanantar, repsolne "bolivia sarkarla sahkarya karanyachi tayari darshavali", tarr petrobrasne boliviamadhil naveen guntavanuk radd karnyacha aapala aagrah mage ghetala. tathapi, ajunahi larry bernschya matey, "rashtriyikaranachya uchch prasarmadhyamanchya profilemule [us] steet departmentla yaa pradeshakade kathor drushtikon ghenyas bhag padale jaau shakate, agadi cia aanee yuu.ess. lashkari, parantu kavchatil serve mahattvachya chink-lattin american sashastr dalanna qamee karoon teey tyachya margane kaam karanyachi adhik shakyata aahe."
shaikshanik sanshodhan.
341 prakashit shaikshanik pustake aanee america-lattin america sambandhanvaril lekhanchya punaravalokanat, bertuchine namood kele qee haah vishay itihas, rajyashastra, aantarrashtriy sambandh aanee arthshastra yasah anek shaikshanik vishayancha samavesh karato aanee ektrit karato. varnanatmak aanee pramanatmak sanshodhan prachalit aahe aanee 2008 paryant prakashit jhalelya karyanmadhye, spasht siddhant-nirmiti aanee gruhitak-chachani maryadit hotee. jyaa kamacha aadhava ghenyat aala, tyat pararashtra dhoranachya vishleshanacha prasar disun aala, visheshtah aaplya pararashtra dhoranacha, jyat bigger-rajya ghatak aanee bahupakshiyatevar adhik maryadit laksh dile gele. lattin americet abhyasalelya aanee shikavalya gelelya aantarrashtriy sambandhanchya abhyasat, tickner namood karatat qee yuu. ess. aay. aar. srot aay. aar. chya shikshanat prabhavi aahet, parantu sanshodhanat, yaa siddhantanche samanyatah lattin american sankaritmadhye rupantar kele jaate aanee punarvyakhyan kele jaate."tee mool sankalpana aanee bharavshache astitva nondavate; yapaiki kahee avalambitva siddhantatun udayas yetat aanee svayatta aanee aantarrashtriy antarbhuticha shodh ghetat.
lattin america-sanyukt rajyanchya sambandhanvar done vyapak vichardharancha samavesh aaheh