sahitya vidnyan

sahitya vidnyan heey sanshodhan aanee sahitya shodhanyache aantarshakhiy kshetra aahe. samagri abhiyantriki heey itar kshetre aanee udhyoganmadhil samagrisathi vapar shodhanyache abhiyantriki kshetra aahe.
dhatushastra aanee khanijashastratil pracheen, ghatanashastriy nirikshane samajoon ghenyasathi sanshodhakanni rasayanshastra, bhautikshastra aanee abhiyantrikimadhil vishleshanatmak vicharancha vapar karnyas suruvat kelee, tevha bhautikshastrachi bauddhik utpatti dnyanachya yugapasoon udbhavali. bhautikshastra, rasayanshastra aanee abhiyantriki yaa ghatakancha samagri vidnyanat ajunahi samavesh aahe. tyamule, shaikshanik sansthanni yaa kshetrala yaa sambandhit kshetranche upkshetra mhanoon dirghkal manale hote. 1940 chya dashakachya suruvatis, sahitya vidnyanala vidnyan aanee abhiyantrikiche eka vishisht aanee vegale kshetra mhanoon adhik vyapakpane manyata miloo lagali aanee jagbharatil pramukh tantrik vidyapithanni tyachya abhyasasathi samarpit shaala tayar kelya.
samagricha itihas ("prakriya") tyachya sanrachanevar kassa prabhav takto aanee asha prakare samagriche gunadharm aanee kamgiri samajoon ghenyavar samagri shastradnya jore detat. prakriya-rachana-malmatta sambandhanchya samajutila samagri pratiman mhanatat. nanoe tantradnyan, jaivasamagri aanee dhatushastra yasah vividh sanshodhan kshetranmadhye samaj vadhavanyasathi yaa pratimanacha vapar keela jaato.
sahitya vidnyan haah nyayvaidhyak abhiyantriki aanee sahitya, utpadane, sanrachana kinwa ghatakancha tapas karnyat apayashi apayashi vishleshanacha eka mahattvacha bhag aahe, jeey ayashasvi hotat kinwa ichchitatenusar karya karat naheet, jyamule vaiyaktik dukhapat hote kinwa malmatteche nuksan hote. udaharanarth, vividh viman apghat aanee ghatananchi karane samajoon ghenyasathi asha tapasanya mahattvachya aahet.
itihas.
dilelya yugachya nivadichi samagri haah anekada eka nirnayak muddah asato. jarr manmani udaharane asateel tarr pashanyug, kansyug, lohyug aanee poladyug yasarkhya vakye aitihasik aahet. moolatah matichya dhatunchya nirmititun aanee tyachya anumanit vyutpann dhatuvidnyanatun vyutpann jhalele, sahitya vidnyan heey abhiyantriki aanee upayojit vidnyanachya sarvat junya prakaranpaiki eka aahe. aadhunik sahitya vidnyan thet dhatuvidnyanatun vikasit jhaale, jeey swatah agnichya vaparatoon vikasit jhaale. jhaale shatkachya uttaradhat, jevha american shastradnya joshiya willard gibbs yanni dakhavun dile qee vividh tappyanmadhil anoo sanrachaneshi sambandhit ushmagatikiy gunadharm heey padarthachya bhautik gunadharmanshi sambandhit aahet, tevha sahitya samajoon ghenyat eka mothee pragati jhaali. aadhunik sahitya vidnyanache mahattvache ghatak mhanje antaral sharyatichi utpadane; dhatuche mishradhatu samajoon ghene aanee abhiyantriki, aanee silika aanee carbon sahitya, jeey antaral vahananchya bandhkamat vaparale jaatat, jeey antaralatil shodh saksham karatat. rubber, plastic, ardhavahak aanee jaivasamagri yasarkhya krantikari tantradnyanachya vikasamule samagri vidnyan prerit jhaale aahe aanee chalavale gele aahe.
1960 chya dashakapurvi (aanee kahee prakarananmadhye dashakannantar), anek antim 'samagri vidnyan' vibhag 'dhatushastra' kinwa 'matichya dhatunche abhiyantriki' vibhag hote, jeey 19 vya aanee 20 vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalat dhatoo aanee matichya dhatunvar bharr darshavtat. 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatila vidyapithane aayojit kelelya prayogshalanchya malikela nidhi nidhi pragat sanshodhan prakalp sansthene, samagri vidnyanatil moolbhut sanshodhan aanee prashikshanachya rashtriy karyakramacha vistar karnyasathi, united statesmadhil samagri vidnyanachya vadhila anshatah utprerit kele."yantrik abhiyantrikichya tulanet, navodit bhautik vidnyan kshetrane sthool patalivaril samagreela sambodhit karnyavar aanee sookshm patalivaril vartanachya dnyanachya aadhare samagrichi rachana karnyachya drushtikonavar laksh kendrit kele. anoo aanee aanvik prakriya yanchyatil sambandhanche vistrut dnyan tasech samgrichya ekoon gunadharmanmule, samagrichi rachana vishisht ichchit gunadharmanvar aadharit jhaali. tyanantar sahitya vidnyan kshetramadhye matichi bhandi, polymer, ardhavahak, chumbakeey sahitya, jaiv samagri aanee nanoe samagri yasah pratyek shrenitil samagricha samavesh karnyasathi vistar jhaala aahe, jee samanyatah teen bhinn gatanmadhye vargikrut kelee gelee aaheth matichi bhandi, dhatoo aanee polymer. alikadchya dashakanmadhye sahitya vidnyanatil pramukh badal mhanje naveen sahitya shodhanyasathi, gunadharmancha andaj lavnyasathi aanee ghatana samajoon ghenyasathi sanganakachya anukaranancha sakriy vapar.
moolbhut.
ekhadya padarthachi vyakhya assa padarth mhanoon kelee jaate (bahutekda ghan, parantu itar ghanroop tappyancha samavesh keela jaau shakato) joou vishisht anuprayogansathi vaparnyacha hetu asato. aaplya aajubajoola asankhya sahitya aahe; teey imarati aanee gadyanpasoon teey antaral yanaparyant konatyahi goshtimadhye aadhalu shakatat. dhatoo, ardhavahak, matichi bhandi aanee polymer heey samagriche mukhya varg aahet. vikasit kelya olakhalya naveen aanee pragat samgrimadhye nanomaterials, biomaterials aanee urja samagricha samavesh aahe.
samagri vidnyanacha aadhar mhanje samagrichi rachana, tee samagri tayar karnyachya prakriya paddhati aanee parinami bhautik gunadharm yanchyatil parasparsanvadacha abhyas karane. hyanche guntaguntiche sanyojan vishisht anuprayogatil samagrichi kamgiri tayar karate. anek lambichya pramananmadhil anek vaishishtye ghatak rasayanik ghatak, tyachi sookshm rachana aanee prakriyetil sthool vaishishtyanpasun samgrichya kamgirivar parinam karatat. thermodynamics aanee kinetics samgrichya niyamansah shastradnyanche uddisht sahitya samajoon ghene aanee tyat sudharana karane heey aahe.
rachana.
rachana haah sahitya vidnyan kshetratil sarvat mahattvachya ghatakanpaiki eka aahe. kshetrachya agadi vyakhyet asey mhatale aahe qee teey "samgrichya sanrachana aanee gunadharmanmadhye astitvat asalelya sambandhanchya" tapasashi sambandhit aahe. samagri vidnyan heey anupramanapasun teey sthoolpramanaparyantchya samgrichya sanrachaneche parikshan karate. vaishishtyikaran mhanje jyaa prakare samagri shastradnya samgrichya sanrachaneche parikshan karatat. yamadhye ksh-kiran, electron kinwa neutrons vivartan aanee vividh prakarche spectroscopy aanee rasayanik vishleshan jase qee raman spectroscopy, urja-failav spectroscopy, chromatography, aushnik vishleshan, electron sukshmadarshak vishleshan ii. sarkhya paddhatincha samavesh aahe.
sanrachanecha abhyas khaleel staranvar keela jaato.
anoo rachana.
anoo rachana hii padarthanchya anoonshi aanee renu, sphatik ii. laa janm denyasathi tyanchi vyavastha kashee kelee jaate yachyashi sambandhit aahe. samagriche bahutek vidyut, chumbakeey aanee rasayanik gunadharm yaa patalichya sanrachanetun udbhavtat. yaat samavisht lambiche praman engstroms (α) madhye aahe. rasayanik bandh aanee anoo vyavastha (sfatikalekhan) heey konatyahi padarthache gunadharm aanee vartanacha abhyas karnyasathi moolbhut aahet.
bandh.
bhautik sanrachanechi aanee tee tyachya gunadharmanshi kashee sambandhit aahe yachee sampoorn samaj midvanyasathi, vividh anoo, aayan aanee renu ekmekanshi kase jodale jaatat aanee bandhale jaatat yacha bhautik shastradnyanni abhyas keela pahije. yamadhye quantum rasayanshastra kinwa quantum bhautikshastracha abhyas aanee vapar samavisht aahe. ghanroop bhautikshastra, ghanroop rasayanshastra aanee bhautik rasayanshastra dekhil bandh aanee sanrachanechya abhyasat guntalele aahet.
sfatikalekhan.
sfatikeey rachana heey sfatikeey ghanpadarthanmadhil anoonchya rachaneche parikshan karnare vidnyan aahe. sfatikalekhan heey bhautik shastradnyansathi eka upayukt sadhan aahe. ekal sfatikanmadhye, anoonchya sfatikeey vyavastheche parinam anekada sthooldarshakdrushtya pahane sope asate, kaaran sphatikanche naisargik aakar anoo rachana pratibimbit karatat. pudhe, bhautik gunadharm anekada sfatikeey doshandware niyantrit kele jaatat. sphatikshastriy dosh samajoon ghenyasathi sphatik sanrachananchi samaj hii eka mahattvachi purvat aahe. bahutekda, sahitya heey ekach sphatik mhanoon navhe, tarr polychrystalline swarupat, lahan sphatikanche kinwa vegvegalya dishanni asalelya kananche ektrikaran mhanoon aadhalate. yamule, mothya sankhyene sphatikansah polychrystalline namunyanche vivartan namune vaparnari powder vivartan paddhat, sanrachanatmak nirdharanat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavate. bahutek samagrichi rachana sfatikeey asate, parantu kahee mahattvachya samgrimadhye niyamit sphatik rachana disun yet nahee. polymer vegvegalya pramanat sphatikitva darshavtat aanee anek purnapane sfatikeey nasatat. kaach, kahee matichi bhandi aanee anek naisargik sahitya anakar asatat, tyanchya anoo sanrachanet konatihi lamb pallyachi kramvari nasate. bhautik gunadharmanche ushmagatikiy aanee yantrik varnan denyasathi polymercha abhyas rasayanik aanee sankhyikeey ushmagatikichya ghatakanche sanyojan karato.
nanoe structure.
padarth, jeey anoo aanee renu nanoskelmadhye ghatak banavtat (i.eae.teey nanoe structure tayar karatat) tyanna nanomaterials mhanatat. nanomaterials heey tyanchya adviteey gunadharmanmule samagri vidnyan samudayamadhye sakhol sanshodhanacha vishay aahet.
nanostructure 1-100 nm shrenitil vastoo aanee sanrachananshi sambandhit aahe. anek padarthanmadhye, anoo kinwa renu ektrit houn nanoscalver vastoo tayar karatat. yamule anek manoranjak vidyut, chumbakeey, prakashik aanee yantrik gunadharm nirman hotat.
nanoe structureche varnan kartana, nanoscalveril parimananchya sankhyemadhye farak karane aavashyak aahe.
nanoe-aakarachya prushthbhagavar nanoscalver "eka pariman" asate, i.eae., keval vastoochya prushthbhagachi jaadi 0.00 teey 100 nm darmyan asate.
nanotubeschya nanoscalver 'done parimane' asatat, i.eae., nalicha vyas 0.00 teey 100 nm darmyan aahe; tyachi lambi khoop jaast asoo shakate.
shevati, golakar nanoe kananna nanoscalver "teen parimane" asatat, i.eae.pratyek avkashiy parimanat kann 0.00 teey 100 nm darmyan asato. nanoe kann aanee ultrafine kann (yuu. eff. pii.) yaa sandnya anekada samanarthi shabdanmadhye vaparlya jaatat, jaree yuu. eff. pii. micrometer shreniparyant pohochu shakato. chumbakeey tantradnyanacha sandarbh detana 'nanostructure' haah shabd anekada vaparla jaato. jivashastratil nanoscale sanrachanela anekada atiatisthiti mhanatat.
sookshm rachana.
sookshm sanrachanechi vyakhya 25x aavardhanavaril sukshmadarshakadvare ughad kelyapramane tayar prushthbhagachi kinwa samgrichya patal foilchi rachana mhanoon kelee jaate. heey 100 nm teey kahee semee paryantchya vastunshi sambandhit aahe. ekhadya samagrichi sookshm rachana (jee dhatoo, polymeric, syremic aanee sammishra asha vyapakpane vargikrut kelee jaau shakate) shakti, kathorata, lavchikta, kathorata, ganj pratikar, uchch/qamee tapman vartan, paridhan pratirodh ityadi bhautik gunadharmanvar jordar prabhav takoo shakate. bahutek paramparik sahitya (jase qee dhatoo aanee matiche sahitya) sookshm sanrachit aahet.
ekhadya samgrichya paripoorn sphatikache utpadan karane bhautikdrushtya ashakya aahe. udaharanarth, konatyahi sfatikeey samgrimadhye avkshep, danyachya seema (holl-pech sambandh), rikt jaaga, antarvarti anoo kinwa sansthatmak anoo yasarkhe dosh asateel. samagrichi sookshm rachana heey mothe dosh ughad karate aanee anukaranatil pragatimule bhautik gunadharm vadhavanyasathi dosh kase vaparale jaau shakatat yachee adhik samaj nirman jhaali aahe.
sthool rachana.
sthool rachana mhanje millimeter teey meterchya pramanat samagriche swaroop, tee samagrichi rachana aahe jee ughadya dolhyanni disate.
malmatta.
samagri asankhya gunadharm darshavate, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aahe.
samagriche gunadharm tyachi upayuktata aanee tyamule tyacha abhiyantriki vapar nirdharit karatat.
prakriya.
sanshleshan aanee prakriyet ichchit sookshm-nanostructures samagri tayar karane samavisht aahe. jarr aarthikdrushtya vyavharya utpadan paddhat vikasit kelee gelee nasel tarr udhyogat samagricha vapar keela jaau shakat nahee. tyamule, vajvi parinamkarak aanee kifayatshir asalelya samagrisathi prakriya paddhati vikasit karane heey sahitya vidnyan kshetrasathi mahattvache aahe. vegvegalya samagrisathi vegvegalya prakriya kinwa sanshleshan paddhatinchi aavashyakta asate. udaharanarth, dhatunchya prakriyet aitihasikdrushtya kansya yug aanee loh yug yasarkhya kalkhandanchi vyakhya kelee gelee aahe aanee bhautik dhatushastra navachya samagri vidnyanachya shakhekhali tyacha abhyas keela jaato. polymer, syramics, semiconductors aanee patal philm yasarkhya itar samagriche sanshleshan karnyasathi rasayanik aanee bhautik paddhati dekhil vaparlya jaatat. jaatat shatkachya suruvatipasun, grapheensarkhya nanomaterialsche sanshleshan karnyasathi naveen paddhati vikasit kelya jaat aahet.
thermodynamics.
ushmagatiki hii ushnata aanee tapman aanee urja aanee karyashi tyancha sambandh yanchyashi sambandhit aahe. heey antargat urja, entropy aanee daab yasarkhya sthool chalanchi vyakhya karate, jeey anshatah padarth kinwa kiranotsargachya sharirache varnan karatat. tyat asey mhatale aahe qee tyaa chalanchi vartanook serve samagrisathi samanya nirbandhanchya adheen aahe. yaa samanya maryada ushmagatikechya chaar niyamanmadhye vyakt kelya aahet. thermodynamics heey sharirachya mothya pramanat vartanache varnan karate, renunsarkhya tyachya sookshm ghatakanchya khoop mothya sankhyechya sookshm vartanache nahee. yaa sookshm kananchya vartanache varnan sankhyikeey yantrikidware kele jaate aanee ushmagatikiche niyam sankhyikeey yantrikivarun ghetale jaatat.
ushmagatikicha abhyas haah bhautik vidnyanasathi moolbhut aahe. rasayanik pratikriya, chumbakatva, dhruvikaranakshamata aanee lavchikta yasah bhautik vidnyan aanee abhiyantrikimadhil samanya ghatananvar upchar karnyasathi haah paya tayar karato. heey tappyatil aakruti aanee tappyatil samtol yasarkhya sankalpanansarkhi moolbhut sadhane spasht karate.
gatishastra.
rasayanik gatishastra mhanje vividh shaktinchya prabhavakhali samtol nasalelya pranalinmadhye konatya daranni badal hotat yacha abhyas. jevha bhautik vidnyanala lagoo kele jaate, tevha teey vishisht kshetrachya vaparamule kalantarane (samtol nasalelya avasthekadun samtol avasthekade) samagri kashee badalate yavar bhashya karate. tyat aakar, aakar, rachana aanee rachana yasah samgrimadhye vikasit vikasit vividh prakriyanchya daracha tapasheel aahe. gatishastrachya abhyasat prasar mahattvacha aahe kaaran hii sarvat samanya yantrana aahe jyadvare samagri badalali jaate. samgrichya prakriyesathi gatishastra aavashyak aahe kaaran itar goshtimbarobarach, ushnatechya vaparasah sookshm rachana kashee badalate yache tapasheel tyat dile aahet.
sanshodhan.
sahitya vidnyan heey sanshodhanache atyant sakriy kshetra aahe. bhautikshastra, rasayanshastra aanee anek abhiyantriki vibhag miloon sahitya vidnyan vibhag samagri sanshodhanat guntalele aahet. sahitya sanshodhanat anek vishayancha samavesh aahe; pudhil apoorn yadee kahee mahattvachya sanshodhan kshetranvar prakash takte.
nanomaterials.
nanomaterials tattvatah, jyaa samagriche eka ekak 1 teey 1000 nanometer (10−9 meater) darmyan (kiman eka parimanat) aakarache asate, parantu samanyatah 1 nm-100 nm asate, tyache varnan karatat. sukshmavastu sanshodhanat sukshmavastu nirmiti sanshodhanachya samarthanarth vikasit kelelya samagri mapanshastra aanee sanshleshanatil pragaticha vapar karoon sukshmavastu sanshodhan heey sookshm tantradnyanasathi samagri vidnyan aadharit drushtikon ghete. nanoscalver rachana asalelya samgrimadhye anekada adviteey optical, electronic kinwa yantrik gunadharm asatat. nanomaterialsche kshetra rasayanshastrachya paramparik kshetrapramanech fulrinsarkhya sendriya (carbon-aadharit) nanomaterials aanee siliconsarkhya itar ghatkanvar aadharit ajaivik nanomaterialsmadhye shithilpane sanghatit kele jaate. nanomaterialschya udaharananmadhye fulrin, carbon nanotubes, nanocrystals ii. yancha samavesh hoto.
jaiv samagri.
jaiv samagri mhanje konatehi padarth, prushthbhag kinwa rachana jee jaivik pranalinshi sanvad sadhate. jaivamitiyanchya abhyasala 'jaivamitiy vidnyan' mhanatat. anek kampanya naveen utpadane vikasit karnyasathi mothya pramanat paise guntavatat, tyamule tyane tyachya itihasat sthir aanee majboot vaadh anubhavali aahe. jaivamitiy vidnyanamadhye aushadh, jivashastra, rasayanshastra, ootee abhiyantriki aanee sahitya vidnyan yaa ghatakancha samavesh aahe.
dhatuche ghatak, polymer, bioseramics kinwa sammishra samagri vaparoon vividh rasayanik paddhatincha vapar karoon jaiv samagri ektar nisargatoon midavata yete kinwa prayogshalet sanshleshit kelee jaau shakate. teey anekada vaidyakeey anuprayogansathi abhipret kinwa anukool asatat, jase qee jaivavaidhyakiy upkarane jee naisargik karya karatat, vadhavtat kinwa tyanchi jaaga ghetat. ashee karye saumya asoo shakatat, jase qee hriday zadpasathi vaparali jaat aahe, kinwa hydroxylapatite-lepit nitamb pratyaropanasarkhya adhik parasparsanvadi karyakshamatesah jaiv sakriy asoo shakatat. dantchikitsa, shastrakriya aanee aushadh vitaranat dekhil darroj jaiv samagricha vapar keela jaato. udaharanarth, garbhit aushadh utpadane asaleli rachana sharirat thewali jaau shakate, jyamule aushadh dirghkalaparyant lambanivar sodata yete. jaiv samagri hii autographt, allographt kinwa zenographt dekhil asoo shakate jee avyav pratyaropan samagri mhanoon vaparali jaate.
electronic, optical aanee chumbakeey.
semiconductors, dhatoo aanee syramicscha vapar aaj ekatmik electronic circuit, optoelectronic upkarane aanee chumbakeey aanee optical maas storage media yasarkhya atyant jatil pranali tayar karnyasathi keela jaato. hii samagri aaplya aadhunik sanganakeey jagacha paya aahe aanee mhanunach yaa samgrivaril sanshodhan atyant mahattvache aahe.
semiconductor heey yaa prakarchya samagriche paramparik udaharan aahe. teey asey padarth aahet jyanche vahak aanee avahak yanchyatil madhyavarti gunadharm aahet. tyanchya vidyut vahakata ashuddhatechya ekagratebaddal atishay sanvedanshil asatat, jyamule uttejak padarthancha vapar karoon ichchit electronic gunadharm sadhya karata yetat. tyamule, ardhavahak haah paramparik sanganakacha aadhar aahe.
yaa kshetrat superconducting sahitya, spintronics, metametrials ii. sarkhya sanshodhanachya naveen kshetranchahi samavesh aahe. yaa samgrichya abhyasat samagri vidnyan aanee ghan-avastha bhautikshastra kinwa ghanroop padarth bhautikshastrache dnyan samavisht aahe.
sanganakeey sahitya vidnyan.
sanganakeey shaktimadhye satat vaadh hott rahilyane, samgrichya vartanache anukaran karane shakya jhaale aahe. yamule samagri shastradnyanna vartan aanee yantrana samajoon ghene, naveen samagrichi rachana karane aanee purvi kharab samajalya gelelya gunadharmanche spashtikaran karane shakya hote. ekatmik sanganakeey sahitya abhiyantrikichya aaspasche prayatna aata dilelya anuprayogasathi samagriche gunadharm anukool karnyasathicha vel aanee prayatna mothya pramanat qamee karnyasathi prayognsah sanganakeey paddhatinchya sanyojanavar laksh kendrit karat aahet. yamadhye ghanata karyatmak siddhant, aanvik gatishilata, monte carlo, visthapan gatishilata, tappa kshetra, maryadit ghatak aanee itar anek paddhati vaparoon serve lambichya pramananvar samagriche anukaran karane samavisht aahe.
udyog.
moolbhut samgrichya pragatimule naveen utpadane kinwa agadi naveen udhyoganchi nirmiti houu shakate, parantu sthir udhyoganmadhye vadhiv sudharana karnyasathi aanee sadhya vaparlya olakhalya samgrichya samasyanche nirakaran karnyasathi samagri shastradnyanchi nemanook dekhil kelee jaate. sahitya vidnyanachya audhyogik upayoganmadhye samagrichi rachana, samgrichya audhyogik utpadanat kharch-laabh vinimay, prakriya paddhati (casting, rolling, welding, aayan pratyaropan, sphatik vaadh, patal-philm jamaa karane, cintering, glassbloing ii.) yancha samavesh hoto.), aanee vishleshanatmak paddhati (electron sukshmadarshak, ksh-kiran vivartan, ushmank mapan, anoo sukshmadarshak (hephib), rutherford backscattering, neutron vivartan, lahan-coone ksh-kiran vikhuran (sacks) ityadi vaishishtyikaran paddhati.).
bhautik vaishishtyanvyatirikt, bhautik shastradnya kinwa abhiyanta sahitya kadhane aanee tyanche upayukt rupanmadhye rupantar karane dekhil hatalatat. asha prakare, angot casting, foundry paddhati, blast furness nishkarshan aanee electrolytic nishkarshan heey serve samagri abhiyantyachya aavashyak dnyanacha bhag aahet. aahet, mothya pramanat tayar kelelya samgrimadhye duyyam ghatak aanee sanyuganchya sookshm pramananchi upasthiti, anupasthiti kinwa bhinnata, utpadit samgrichya antim gunadharmanvar mothya pramanat parinam karel. udaharanarth, carbon aanee tyat asalelya itar mishradhatunchya ghatakanchya 1/10 aanee 1/10 0 vajanachya takkevarichya aadhare steelche vargikaran kele jaate. asha prakare, sphot bhattimadhye loh kadhanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya ark kadhanyachya aanee shuddhikaranachya paddhati utpadit poladachya gunavattevar parinam karoo shakatat.
ghan padarthanche samanyatah teen moolbhut vargikarananmadhye vargikaran kele jaateh matiche bhande, dhatoo aanee polymer. heey vyapak vargikaran ghan padarthanchya anubhavjanya rachana aanee anoo sanrachanevar aadharit aahe aanee bahutek ghan padarth yapaiki eka vyapak shreneet yetat. pey container hii eka vastoo aahe jee bahutekda yaa pratyek prakarchya samgripasoon tayar kelee jaate. peypadarthanchya containersathi vaparale jaanare sahitya prakar tyanusar vaparlelya samgrinusar vegvegale fayade aanee tote pradan karatat. syremic (kacheche) container heey prakashikdrushtya pardarshak asatat, carbon dioxidechya margasathi abhedya asatat, tulanene swast asatat aanee sahajpane punarvapar kele jaatat, parantu teey judd dekhil asatat aanee sahajpane tutatat. dhatoo (aluminium mishradhatu) tulanene majboot aahe, carbon dioxidechya prasarat eka changla adthala aahe aanee tyacha sahajpane punarvapar keela jaato. tathapi, dabe apardarshak, tayar karane mahagade asatat aanee sahajpane chhidrit aanee chhidrit hotat. polymer (polyethylene plastic) tulanene majboot asatat, teey prakashikdrushtya pardarshak asoo shakatat, swast aanee halake asatat aanee punarvapar karnyayogya asatat, parantu carbon dioxidechya margasathi aluminium aanee kacheitke abhedya nasatat. 
matichi bhandi aanee chashma.
sahitya vidnyanacha aanakhi eka upayog mhanje matichi bhandi aanee chashma yancha abhyas, jeey samanyatah audhyogik prasangiktesaha sarvat thisul sahitya aahe. anek matichi bhandi aanee chashma moolbhut aadhar mhanoon mhanoon (silika) saha sahsanyojak kinwa ionic-sahsanyojak bandh darshavtat. matichi bhandi-kachchya, naan jaalalelya chikanmatishi gondhal ghaloo naye-sahasa sfatikeey swarupat disatat. bahutansh vyavsayik chashmyanmadhye silikasobat jodalele dhatuche auxide asate. kaach tayar karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya uchch tapmanat, samagri eka chikat drav asate jee thund jhalyavar avyavasthit sthiteet ghatt hote. khidakya aanee chashma hii mahattvachi udaharane aahet. kachechya tantuncha vapar lamb pallyachya dursanchar aanee prakashik pareshanasathi dekhil keela jaato. samanya ghatakanche gunadharm mothya pramanat sudharanyasathi samagri vidnyanachya vaparache scratch pratirodhak corning gorilla glass heey eka suprasiddha udaharan aahe.
abhiyantriki matichi bhandi uchch tapman, sankochan aanee vidyut tanakhali tyanchi kadakpana aanee sthiratesathi olakhali jaatat. alumina, silicon carbide aanee tungsten carbide heey tyanchya ghatakanchya bareek choornapasun bandhanidware cinteringchya prakriyet tayar kele jaatat. garam dabalyane uchch ghanata samagri milate. rasayanik vafeche nikshepan matrixmadhye samagrivar siremikchi philm thevu shakate. sirmet heey kahee dhatoo asalele syremic kann asatat. sadhanancha ghasaghis pratirodh cementyukt carbidepasoon tayar keela jaato, jyamadhye cobalt aanee nikelchya dhatuchya tappyasah samanyatah gunadharmanmadhye badal karnyasathi jodale jaate.
crack deflection tattva vaparoon abhiyantriki anuprayogansathi matichi bhandi lakshaniyaritya majboot kelee jaau shakate. yaa prakriyet syremic matrixmadhye matrixmadhye tappyatil kananchi dhoranatmak bharr ghalane, tyancha aakar, aakar aanee vitaran anukool karane, crack prasar nirdeshit karnyasathi aanee niyantrit karnyasathi samavisht aahe. haah drushtikon fracturechi kadakpana vadhavato, jyamule vividh udhyoganmadhye pragat, uchch-karyakshamatechya syramixchya nirmiticha marg mokala hoto.
sammishran.
udhyogatil sahitya vidnyanacha aanakhi eka vapar mhanje sammishra sahitya tayar karane. heey done kinwa adhik sthool avasthanni banalele sanrachit sahitya aahe.
steel-prabalit konkreetsarkhya sanrachanatmak ghatakanpasun teey aushnik insulating farshanparyantche anuprayog aahet, jeey nasachya space shuttle aushnik sanrakshn pranalimadhye mahattvachi aanee avibhajya bhoomika bajavtat, jyacha vapar pruthvichya vatavaranat punha pravesh karnyachya ushnatepasun shuttlechya prushthbhagache sanrakshn karnyasathi keela jaato. eka udaharan mhanje prabalit carbon-carbon (aar. see. see.), halakya rakhadi rangachi samagri, jee punha pravesh tapmanaparyant tikate aanee space shuttlechya pankhanchya aaghadichya kadaa aanee naak topiche sanrakshn karate. aar. see. see. hii eka laminated sammishra samagri aahe jee graphite rayon kapadapasoon tayar kelee jaate aanee phenolic ralane mishrit kelee jaate. autoclavemadhye uchch tapmanavar barey kelyanantar, ralala karbanmadhye rupantarit karnyasathi laminetche pyrolyzation kele jaate, vacuum chembarmadhye ferfuril alcoholne bharavale jaate aanee ferfuril alcoholche karbanmadhye rupantar karnyasathi barey-pyrolyse kele jaate. punha vaparnyayogyatesathi auxidation pratikar pradan karnyasathi, aar. see. see. chey bahya thurr silicon carbidemadhye rupantarit kele jaatat.
itar udaharane durchitravani sanch, seela-phone ityadinchya 'plastic' aavarnanmadhye disu shakatat. heey plastic aavaran samanyatah acrylonitrile beautadine styrene (aii. bii. ess.) sarkhya thermoplastic matrixpasoon banaleli sammishra samagri asate jyamadhye calcium carbonate khadoo, talk, kacheche tantu kinwa carbon tantu jodale gele aahet jenekarun atirikt shakti, mothya pramanat kinwa sthir vidyut prasaran hoil. yaa jodyanna tyanchya uddeshanusar majboot karnare tantu kinwa disparent mhatale jaau shakate.
polymer.
polymer hii rasayanik sanyuge aahet jee sakhalyanpramane ekatra jodalelya mothya sankhyene samaan ghatakanpasun banaleli asatat. polymer mhanje kachcha maal (raal) jyala samanyatah plastic aanee rubber mhanatat teey tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaate. plastic aanee rubber heey antim utpadan aahe, jeey prakriyedarmyan ralamadhye eka kinwa adhik polymer kinwa yojak jodalyanantar tayar kele jaate, jeey nantar antim swarupat aakar dile jaate. purvichya aanee sadhya vyapak vaparat asalelya plasticmadhye polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (pii. vhee. see.), polystyrene, nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyurethane aanee polly carbonate yancha samavesh hoto. rabaranmadhye naisargik rubber, styrene-beautadine rubber, chloroprene aanee beautadine rubber yancha samavesh hoto. plasticche samanyatah "vastoo", "vishesh" aanee "abhiyantriki" plastic mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate.
polyvinyl chloride (pii. vhee. see.) mothya pramanavar vaparale jaate, swast aahe aanee varshik utpadanache praman mothe aahe. krutrim chamdyapasun teey vidyut insulation aanee cabling, packaging aanee containerparyantchya anek upayoganna teey swatahla udhar dete. tyachi nirmiti aanee prakriya sopee aanee susthapit aahe. pii. vhee. see. chee ashtapailoota hii plasticisers aanee itar jodyanchya vistrut shrenimule aahe jee tee swikarte. polymer vidnyanatil 'yojak' haah shabd polymerchya aadharavar tyachya bhautik gunadharmanmadhye badal karnyasathi jodali jaanari rasayne aanee sanyuge sandarbhit karato.
polly carbonate samanyatah abhiyantriki plastic manale jaeel (itar udaharananmadhye dokavoon pahane, aii. bii. ess. samavisht aahet). asha plasticche moolya tyanchya utkrusht samarthyasathi aanee itar vishesh bhautik gunadharmansathi manale jaate. vastoonchya plasticchya ulat, teey sahasa disposable anuprayogansathi vaparale jaat naheet.
vishesh plastic heey atee-uchch samarthya, vidyut chalakata, vidyut-pratidipti, uchch aushnik sthirata ii. yasarkhya adviteey vaishishtyansah sahitya aahe.
vividh prakarchya plastickmadhil vibhajanachya resha samagrivar navhe tarr tyanchya gunadharmanvar aanee upayoganvar aadharit asatat. udaharanarth, polyethylene (pii. eae.) haah eka swast, qamee gharshan asalela polymer aahe joou samanyatah kharedi aanee aanee disposable pishavya banavanyasathi vaparla jaato aanee too eka vastoo plastic manla jaato, tarr madhyam ghanateche polyethylene (emm. dii. pii. eae.) bhoomigat vayoo aanee panyachya paipsathi vaparale jaate aanee ultra-hye-molecular-wait polyethylene (yuu. etch. emm. doubleu. pii. eae.) navachi aanakhi eka vividhata eka abhiyantriki plastic aahe jee audhyogik upkaranansathi glide rail mhanoon aanee pratyaropit nitamb sandhyanmadhye qamee gharshan asalele saket mhanoon mothya pramanat vaparali jaate.
dhatuche mishradhatu.
loh mishradhatu (polad, steel, cast iron, tool steel, mishradhatu steel) aaj praman aanee vyavsayik moolya yaa donhi babatit dhatunche sarvat mothe praman banavtat.
carbonchya vividh pramanansah mishradhatuyukt loh qamee, madhyam aanee uchch carbon steel dete. jarr carbonchi patali vajanachya drushtine 0.01% aanee 2.00% darmyan asel tarach loh-carbon mishradhatu steel manale jaate. steelsathi, steelchi kadakpana aanee taana shakti hii carbonchya pramanasobat sambandhit aahe, carbonchi vadhati patali dekhil qamee lavchikta aanee kadakpanakade nett asate. tathapi, shaman aanee tapman vadhavnyasarkhya ushnatechya upchar prakriya yaa gunadharmanmadhye lakshaniy badal karoo shakatat. cast ironchi vyakhya, 2.00% peksha jaast, parantu 6.67% karbanpeksha qamee asalele loh-carbon mishradhatu mhanoon kelee jaate. kromiyamchya vajanachya mishradhatuchya samgridvare 10 takkyanpeksha jaast asalele niyamit steel mishradhatu mhanoon steelchi vyakhya kelee jaate. nickel aanee molybdenum dekhil samanyatah steelmadhye misalale jaatat.
itar mahattvapoorn dhatoo mishradhatu mhanje aluminium, titanium, tambe aanee magneshiyam. tambe mishradhatu mishradhatu kalapasoon (kansyayugapasun) olakhale jaatat, tarr itar teen dhatunche mishradhatu tulanene alikadech vikasit kele gele aahet. yaa dhatunchya rasayanik pratikriyashilatemule, aavashyak asalelya electrolytic nishkarshan prakriya tulanene alikadech vikasit jhalya. aluminium, titanium aanee magneshiyamche mishradhatu dekhil tyanchya uchch shakti aanee vajanachya gunottarasathi aanee magneshiyamchya babatit, vidyutchumbakiy sanrakshn pradan karnyachya tyanchya kshamatesathi olakhale jaatat aanee tyanche moolya manale jaate. heey sahitya asha paristhitisathi aadarsh aahe jithe mothya kimmatipeksha uchch shakti aanee vajan gunottar adhik mahatvache aahet, jase qee aerospace udyog aanee kahee automotive abhiyantriki anuprayoganmadhye.
ardhavahak.
semiconductor hii eka ashee samagri aahe jyat vahak aanee avahak yanchyat pratikarakta asate. aadhunik kalatil electronics ardhavahakanvar chalatat aanee 2021 madhye yaa udhyogachi andaje 530 abj americi dollarschee bajarpeth hotee. dopping mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya prakriyet jaanunbujun ashuddhata aanalyamule tyachya electronic gunadharmanmadhye mothya pramanat badal keela jaau shakato. ardhchalak samagricha vapar diode, transister, prakash utsarjak diode (ell. eae. dii.) aanee analogue aanee digital vidyut paripath tayar karnyasathi keela jaato. semiconductor upkarananni bahutek anuprayoganmadhye vacuum tubesarkhya thermionic upkarananchi jaaga ghetali aahe. ardhavahak upkarane hii eka swatantra upkarane aanee ekatmik paripath (aay. see. ess.) mhanoon tayar kelee jaatat, jyat kahee teey lakho ashee anek upkarane asatat, jee ekach ardhavahak tharavar tayar kelee jaatat aanee ekmekanshi jodali jaatat.
aaj vaparat asalelya serve ardhavahakanpaiki silicon haah praman aanee vyavsayik moolya yaa donhinchya drushtine sarvat motha bhag aahe. ardhchalak aanee electronics udhyogat vaparlya jaanarya wafers tayar karnyasathi monocrystalline siliconcha vapar keela jaato. gallium arsenide (goss) haah dusra sarvat lokpriy ardhchalak aahe. siliconchya tulanet tyachya uchch electron gatishilata aanee sampruktata vegamule, tee uchch-gatee electronics anuprayogansathi pasantichi samagri aahe. heey utkrusht gunadharm mobile phone, upgrah sampreshan, microwave point-too-point duve aanee uchch varanvarta radar pranalinmadhye gass circuitary vaparanyachi saktichi karane aahet. itar ardhavahak samgrimadhye germanium, silicon carbide aanee gallium nitride yancha samavesh aahe aanee tyanche vividh upayog aahet.
itar kshetranshi sambandh.
sahitya vidnyanachi utkranti 1950 chya dashakapasun jhaali kaaran naveen sahitya tayar karnyasathi, shodhanyasathi aanee rachana karnyasathi ekhadyala ekikrut paddhatine tyakade jaave lagate heey olakhale jaat hote. asha prakare, sahitya vidnyan aanee abhiyantriki anek prakare udayas aalih vidyaman dhatuvidnyan aanee matichya dhatusambandhi abhiyantriki vibhaganche naav badalane aanee/kinwa sanyojan karane; vidyaman ghan sthitee bhautikshastra sanshodhanatun vegale hone (swatah ghanroop padarth bhautikshastrat vadhat aahe); tulanene naveen polymer abhiyantriki aanee polymer vidnyanat odhane; mageel, tasech rasayanshastra, rasayanik abhiyantriki, yantrik abhiyantriki aanee vidyut abhiyantriki; aanee barech kahee.
sahitya vidnyan aanee abhiyantriki heey kshetra vaidnyanik drushtikonatun tasech anuprayog kshetrasathi donhi drushtine mahattvache aahe. abhiyantyansathi (kinwa itar upayojit kshetransathi) sahitya atyant mahattvache aahe kaaran pranalinchi rachana kartana yogya samagricha vapar karane mahattvache asate. parinami, bhautik vidnyan haah abhiyantyachya shikshanacha adhikadhik mahattvacha bhag aahe.
bhautikshastracha vapar mhanje bhautikshastracha vapar, bhautik padarthanchya bhautik gunadharmanche varnan karnyasathi keela jaato. heey rasayanshastra, ghan yantriki, ghan sthitee bhautikshastra aanee bhautik vidnyan yasarkhya bhautik vidnyananche sanshleshan aahe. bhautikshastra heey ghanroop padarth bhautikshastrache upasanch manale jaate aanee tantrik swarasya asalelya samagrisah jatil bahu-tappyanchya madhyamanmadhye moolbhut ghanroop padarth sankalpana lagoo karate. bhautikshastradnya jyaa bhautikshastratil samagrivar kaam karatat, tyamadhye electronic, optical aanee chumbakeey samagri, naveen samagri aanee sanrachana, samagritil quantum ghatana, asthir bhautikshastra aanee mauu ghanroop padarth bhautikshastra yancha samavesh aahe. naveen prayogik aanee sanganakeey sadhane samagri pranalinche pratirupan aanee abhyas kassa keela jaato heey satat sudharat aahet aanee jevha samagri bhautikshastradnya kaam karatat tevha tee kshetre dekhil aahet.
heey kshetra swabhavikpane aantarshakhiy aahe aanee samagri shastradnya kinwa abhiyante jagruk asale pahijet aanee bhautikshastradnya, rasayanshastradnya aanee abhiyantyanchya paddhatincha vapar keela pahije. yaulat, jeevan vidnyan aanee puratatva yasarkhi kshetre jaiv-prerit aanee jivashma-prerit drushtikonanmadhye naveen sahitya aanee prakriyanchya vikasas prerana deu shakatat. tyamule yaa kshetranshi jawalche sambandh rahatat. yaulat, anek bhautikshastradnya, rasayanshastradnya aanee abhiyante yaa kshetranmadhil lakshaniy parasparsambandhanmule swatahla bhautikshastrat kaam kartana pahatat.
upashakha.
sahitya vidnyanachya mukhya shakha sahityachya chaar mukhya varganmadhun udbhavtatah matiche bhande, dhatoo, polymer aanee sammishra.
yavyatirikt vyapakpane lagoo honare, sahitya swatantra, prayatna aahet.
vishisht ghatana aanee tantranvar samgrimadhye tulanene vyapak laksh kendrit kele jaate.

