aay. bii. emm. chaa itihas

aantarrashtriy vyavasay yantre (aay. bii. emm.) heey eka bahurashtriy sanganak tantradnyan aahe aanee tiche mukhyalay armonk, newyork, united states yethe aahe. punched card-aadharit deta tabulating machines tayar spardha aanee veleche ghadyale tayar spardha pahilya companyansah, niyamit vyavsayik vyavhar svayanchalit karnyasathi kaam spardha anek companyanchya ekikaranatun aay. bii. emm. chee suruvat jhaali. 1911 madhye yaa companyanche sanganakeey-ganan-dhwanimudran companymadhye (ctr) vilinikaran karnyat aale.
thomas jeey. watson (1874-1956) 1914 madhye mahavyavasthapak mhanoon companyt sameel jhaala aanee 1915 madhye tyache adhyaksh jhaale. 1924 madhye companyne tyache naav badaloon 'aantarrashtriy vyavasay yantre' asey kele."aay. bii. emm. chaa vidyut tanklekhan yantranmadhye aanee itar karyalayin yantranmadhye vistar jhaala. watson haah eka vikreta hota jyache uddisht atyant prerit, atishay changlya pagarachi vikri shakti tayar karane hote jee navintam tantradnyanashi aparichit grahakansathi upay tayar karoo shakel.
1940 aanee 1950 chya dashakat aay. bii. emm. neey sangankanvaril pahile prayog heey card-aadharit pranalivaril samanya pragati hote. tyachi pragati 1960 chya dashakat tyachya pranalisah/mukhya chaukatichya sanganakanchya 360 kutumbasah jhaali. aay. bii. emm. neey hardware, software aanee seva kararanchi sampoorn shreni deu kelee, jenekarun vaparkarte, tyanchya garja vadhalyapramane, aay. bii. emm. (urf "bigg blue") sobat rahtil.") bahutek antim-vaparkarta software heey antargat programardware sanukulitpane lihilele asalyane aanee keval ekach brandchya sangankavar chalate, tyamule brand badalane mahag hote. aamdalsarkhya clone nirmatyanna (urf plug-susangat hardware pranali) door karane aanee federal anty-trust davyacha samna karane, companyne pratishtha aanee suraksha tasech hardware aanee system software vikale aanee 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashkatil sarvat prashansaneey american mahamandalanpaiki eka hotee.
aay. bii. emm. neey 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat teey 1990 paryant sangharsh keela, 1993 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey 8 abj dollarscha tappa olandla, kaaran mukhya chaukatiche mahamandal unix open systeams aanee vaiyaktik sanganakachya krantishi puresha vegane julavun ghenyat ayashasvi tharale. desktop machines aanee unix midrange sangankankade aavashyak shakti hotee aanee teey vaparkarte aanee vyavasthapak doghansathihi kotyavadhi dollarschya mukhya chaukatipeksha sope aanee qamee mahag hote. aay. bii. emm. neey unix line aanee vaiyaktik sanganakanchi eka line sadar kelee. clone utpadakanni aay. bii. emm. qamee vikale, tarr napha intelsarkhya chip utpadakanna kinwa microsoftsarkhya software mahamandalanna gela.
punarrachanechya malikenantar, aay. bii. emm. hii jagatil sarvat mothya sanganak kampanya aanee pranali samakalakanpaiki eka aahe. 2014 paryant jagbharat 400,000 hoon adhik karmchari asalele aay. bii. emm. itar konatyahi yuu. aar. peksha adhik petantdharak aahe.ess. tantradnyan companyvar aadharit aanee jagbharat baaraa sanshodhan prayogshala aahet. kampanikade 175 hoon adhik deshanmadhye shastradnya, abhiyante, sallagar aanee vikri vyavsayik aahet. aay. bii. emm. chya tyachya paach nobel paritoshike, chaar turing puraskar, paach rashtriy tantradnyan padake aanee paach rashtriy vidnyan padake midali aahet.
kalkram.
1880-1924: aay. bii. emm. chee utpatti.
aay. bii. emm. chee mule 1880 chya dashakat aahet, jyaa chaar purvavarti kampanyankadun shodhalya jaatatah
16 juuna 1911 roji yaa chaar companyanche andicot yetheel sanganakeey-ganana-dhwanimudran company (ctr) navachya naveen malki companyt vilinikaran karnyat aale. yaa ektrikaranachi rachana prasiddha vittapuravatha spardha charles flint yanni kelee hotee. 1930 madhye nivrutt hoiparyant flint ctr mandalache sadasya rahile. vilinikaranachya velee, ctrche 1,300 karmchari aanee karyalaye aanee karkhane newyorkmadheel andicot aanee binghamtonmadhye; dayton, ohayo; detroit, mishigan; washington, dii.see.; aanee torrento, auntario.
vilinikaranantar, vaiyaktik kampanya 1933 madhye holding companychi hakalpatti hoiparyant, see. tii. aar. chya sahayyak kampanya mhanoon tyanchi sthapit nave vaparoon kaam karat rahilya. vibhaganni karmchari vel-rakhanyachi pranali, vajan mojmap, svayanchalit maans slicer, coffey grinder aanee punch card upkarane yasah utpadananchi vistrut shreni tayar kelee. utpadane khoop vegali hotee; flintney sangitale qee "sanlagn" ektrikaranah
 ...ekach udhyogavar kamaisathi avalambun rahnyaivaji, tyanchyakade teen vegalya aanee vegalya vyavasay marg asateel, jenekarun samanya kalat tyachya rokhyanvaril vyaj aanee budatya nidhichi kamai yapaiki konatyahi eka swatantra margadvare karata yeil, tarr asamanya kalat ektrikaranala tyachya tyachya purn karnyasathi aanee labhansh denyasathi ekaeivaji teen sandhee asateel.
see. tii. aar. tayar karnyasathi ektrit kelelya kampanyanpaiki, sarvat tantrikdrushtya mahattvapoorn mhanje tabulating machine company, jichi sthapana herman holerithne kelee hotee aanee punched card deta processing upkarananchya vikasat vishesh hotee. 1884 madhye pahilyanda arj kelelya tabulating machine tantradnyanavaril hollrithchya petantchya malikene yuu. aii. madheel tyachya kamavar bharr deela.ess. 1879 teey 1882 paryant janganana karyalay. 1890 chya jangananechi sarani tayar karnyasathi lagnara vel aanee guntagunt qamee karnyacha prayatna hollrith suruvatila karat hote. 1886 madhye tyanni punch cardschya vikasane deta inputchi sarani aanee sangananachya pudhil 80 varshansathi udyog manak nishchit kele.
1896 madhye, tabulating machine companyne kahee yantre railway companyla bhadepattivar dilee, parantu 1900 chya american jangananetil tyachya kalatil sarvat mothya sankhyikeey prayatnanchya aavhananvar twarit laksh kendrit kele. sarkari karar jinkalyanantar aanee prakalp purn kelyanantar, holerithla jangananebahya varshant company tikavoon thevanyache aavhan pelave lagale. too united states aanee paradeshatil khajgi vyavasayanna lakshya karnyasathi paratala, tyachya svayanchalit mushtiyuddha, saranibaddha aanee kramvari lavnyachya yantransathi udyog anuprayog olakhanyacha prayatna karat hota. 1911 madhye, aata 51 varshiy aanee aarogya bighadat asatana, holrithne haah vyavasay 23 laakh dollarla vikala (jyapaiki 12 laakh dollar holrithla midale), jyane nantar ctrchi sthapana kelee.
jevha see. tii. aar. chey vaividhyapurn vyavasay vyavasthapit karane katheen tharale, tevha flintney madatisathi aadhichya kramankakade valale. 2 national cash register company (aine. see. aar.) chey karyakari, thomas jeey. watson ess. watson 1914 madhye see. tii. aar. chey mahavyavasthapak aanee 1915 madhye adhyaksh jhaale. aine. see. aar. madheel tyanchya vyavasthapakiy anubhavacha laabh ghet, watsonne patkan prabhavi vyavsayik davpechanchi malika amalat aanalih udar vikri protsahan, grahak sevevar laksh kendrit karane, susajj, gadad-anukool vikretyanvar aagrah dharane aanee pratyek kamgaramadhye companycha abhiman aanee nishtha nirman karnyasathi eka suvartik utsah. vikri dall companychi vyavsayik aanee jaankar shakha mhanoon vadhat asatana, watsonne tyanche laksh vyavasayansathi mothya pramanat saranibaddha upay pradan karnyavar kendrit kele, lahan karyalayin utpadanansathichi bajarpeth itaranvar sodali. grahakanchya mahattvavarhi tyanni bharr deela. watsonchya pahilya chaar varshant mahasool duppat houn 20 laakh dollarsparyant pohochala aanee europe, dakshin america, ashiya aanee austreliyamadhye companychya kamkajacha vistar jhaala, tyamule heey dhoran yashasvi tharale.
yaa kalat watsonne aay. bii. emm. sanstha aanee sanskruti kaay hoil heey sthapit karnyat madhyavarti bhoomika bajavali. tyanni anek upkram suru kele, jeey tyanchya karyakartyanvaril atoot vishvas darshavtat. tyanni 1914 madhye companychya pahilya apang konatyahi kamavar thewale, 1916 madhye tyanni companycha pahila karmchari shikshan vibhag sthapan keela aanee 1915 madhye tyanni 'vichar qaraa' haah tyancha aavadata naara sadar keela, joou lavkarach corporate mantra banala. watsonne takrar asalelya konatyahi konatyahi tyachyashi kinwa companychya itar konatyahi karyakari karyakari sampark sadhanyas protsahit karoon companychi bhavna vadhavali-jyala vyapakpane open door policy mhanoon olakhale jaate. nirogi aanee sahayyak kutumbe aanee samudayankadun pathimba midalyavar karmchari sarvat jaast utpadanaksham asatat assa vishvas thevun tyanni karmchari creeda sangh, kautumbik sahali aanee company bandche prayojakatvahi kele. watsonchya vaiyaktik moolya pranalimadhye kholvar rujalele heey upkram urvarit shatkasathi aay. bii. emm. sanskratiche mukhya pailu banale.
14 februwari 1924 roji, aupcharikpane naav badaloon aantarrashtriy vyavsayik yantre karnyat aale.
1925-1929: ibmchi lavkar vaadh.
watsonne watsonne kadak niyam anivarya kele, jyat gadad suut, pandhare shirt aanee pattankit bandhani yancha dress code aanee kaam karat asso kinwa naso, daroo nasane samavisht aahe. adhikrut aay. bii. emm. ganyanchya pustakatil 'ever forward' sarkhya ganyanchya sabhanmadhye tyanni gayan kele. companyne eka karmchari vruttpatra, vyavasay yantre suru kelee, jee aay. bii. emm. chya serve vyavasayanche ekach prakashanakhali ektrikaran karate. aay. bii. emm. neey 25 varshanchya sevesah emm sanman karnyasathi, timahi shatak clubchi suruvat kelee aanee varshik kota purn spardha vikri tyachya bakshis denyasathi shambhar takke club suru keela. 1928 madhye, aay. bii. emm. utpadane aanee karyapaddhati kasha sudharayachya yavar vyavharya kalpananche yogdan bhadepattivar tyachya rokh bakshise bhadepattivar soochana yojana karyakramane suruvat kelee.
aay. bii. emm. aanee tyachya purvavarti kampanyanni 70 varshe ghadyale aanee itar vel nondavanyachya vastoo tayar kelya, jyachi parinati 1958 madhye aay. bii. emm. vel upkaran vibhagachi simplex vel vel companyla vikri karnyat jhaali. aay. bii. emm. neey dial recorder, jobb recorder, recording darvaje, time stamp aanee traffic recorder yasarkhi upkarane tayar kelee aanee vikali.
companyne navinyapurn abhiyantrikichya madhyamatoon aaplya utpadan shrenicha vistarhi keela. shodhakanchya mukhya gatachya mage-james doubleu. brice, clair lake, fred caroll aanee royden pier-aay. bii. emm. yanni mahattvapoorn utpadan navkalpananchi malika tayar kelee.
1920 madhye, companyne pahili sampoorn shaley vel niyantran pranali aanee tyache pahile mudran tabulator sadar kele. teen varshannantar companyne pahila vidyut keepanch sadar keela. keela caroll rotarii presne vikrami-setting vegane punch card tayar kele. 1928 madhye, companyne aapala pahila grahak abhiyantriki shikshan varg aayojit keela. tyane 1928 madhye 80 stambhanche punch card dekhil sadar kele, jyane tyachi mahitee kshamata duppat kelee. lavkarach 'aay. bii. emm. card' asey naav denyat aalele heey naveen swaroop aanee dashkaparyant udhyogache manak banale aanee rahile.
1930-1938: mahamandi.
mahamandi dashkatil mahamandine abhootpurv aarthik aavhan ubhe kele. katheen aarthik kaal asoonahi companyne lock, utpadan aanee tantrik navkalpananmadhye guntavanuk karane suru thewale. karmchari qamee karnyaivaji, watsonne adhyaksh franklin roozvelt yanchya rashtriy punarprapti prashasana yojanechya samarthanarth atirikt karmchari niyukt kele-jyat vikrete aanee abhiyante yancha samavesh hota.
yaa kalat, aay. bii. emm. samooh jeevan vima (1934), vachalelyanna laabh (1935) aanee sashulk suttya (1936) pradan spardha pahilya mahamandalanpaiki eka hotee. companyne aay. bii. emm. tyachya shikshan aanee prashikshan denyasathi aanee andicot utpadan sthali aadhunik sanshodhan prayogshala tayar karoon aay. bii. emm. chya sanshodhan kshamatanmadhye vaadh karnyasathi endicotmadhye aay. bii. emm. shaleche ghar dekhil ughadale.
yaa antargat guntavanukinmule, watson, thodakyat, bhavishyasathi jugar khelat hota. aay. bii. emm. chaa haah pahila 'companyvar baji' lavnara jugar hota. aay. bii. emm. karkhane sahaa varshe kshamatene chaalat hote, tyanna vikanyasathi bajarpeth navhati, tyamule naan vaparlelya saranibaddha upkarananchi mothee yadee tayar jhaali, jyamule aay. bii. emm. chya sansadhananvar taana aala. rokh rakkam qamee karnyasathi, sangharsh karat asalela dayton scale vibhag (ann seva upkaranancha vyavasay) 1933 madhye satha midvanyasathi utpadan karnyasathi vikala gela. jevha 1935 chaa samajik suraksha kayada-jyala 'sarvkaleen sarvat mothe lekha sanchalan' asey sambodhale gele-bolisathi aala, tevha aay. bii. emm. haah ekmev boolii lavnara hota joou aavashyak upkarane twarit puravu shakat hota. watsonchya jugaramule companyla 26 dashalaksh lokanchya rojgarachya nondi rakhanyasathi eka aitihasik sarkari karar midala. kararavar aay. bii. emm. chya yashasvi kamgirimule lavkarach itar sarkari aadesh midale aanee dashakachya akheris aay. bii. emm. neey keval surakshitpane mandivar vataghati kelya naheet tarr udhyogat aaghadi ghetali. tantrik vikas aanee vikri kshamatanmadhye mothya pramanat guntavanuk karnyacha watsoncha nairashyachya kalatil nirnay, tyaa kshamatancha vistar karnyasathi shikshan aanee deta processing utpadan shreniprati tyanchi bandhilaki yanni 50 varshanchya ibm vaadh aanee yashasathi paya ghatala.
watsonne aantarrashtriy vistaravar laksh kendrit kele heey companychya 20 vya shatkatil vaadh aanee yashacha titkach mahattvacha ghatak siddha jhaala. pahilya mahayuddhane samaj aanee vyavasayavar joou vidhvans keela too pahilyanantar, tyanni vanijyala yuddhat adthala mhanoon pahile. vyavsayik hitsambandh aanee shantata hii paraspar susangat asalyache tyanni pahile. kharey tarr, tyanna doghanmadhil sambandhambaddal itake tivra vatale qee newyork shaharatil aay. bii. emm. chya naveen jaagtik mukhyalayachya (1938) bahereel bhagat 'jaagtik vyaparachya madhyamatoon jaagtik shantata' haah tyancha naara korala hota. hii ghoshana eka aay. bii. emm. vyavasay mantra bunley aanee watsonne jaagtik vyapari aanee sarkari netyansobat yaa sankalpanesathi prachar keela. tyanni newyorkla bhet dilee tevha jaagtik netyansathi anaupacharik, anadhikrut sarkari yazman mhanoon kaam kele aanee vyavsayik sambandh tayar karoon aantarrashtriy sambandh sudharanyasathi kelelya tyanchya prayatnansathi paradeshi sarkarankadun tyanna asankhya puraskar midale.
1939-1945: dusare mahayuddha.
varshachya mahayuddhachya suruvatiparyantchya dashakanmadhye aay. bii. emm. neey mitrapakshanchya aanee akshanchya donhi bajunni yuddhat sahbhagi eka anek deshanmadhye mohima rabavalya. aay. bii. emm. chee germanymadhye eka fayadeshir upakampani hotee, jichi tee bahusankhya malak hotee, tasech polland, switzerland aanee europemadhil itar deshanmadhye tyache kamkaj hote. aksheey deshanmadhil itar bahutek shatru malkichya vyavasayanpramanech, yaa sahayyak kampanya yuddhachya suruvatilach nazi aanee itar aksheey sarkaranni tabyat ghetalya hotya. darmyan, newyorkmadheel mukhyalayane american yuddh prayatnansathi madat karnyasathi kaam kele.
americet aay. bii. emm.
aay. bii. emm. chee utpadan shreni saranibaddha upkarane aanee velechi nond karanyachi upkarane hyavaroon sperry aanee norden bombsite, browning automatic rifles aanee aanee carbine aanee engineche bhag-ekoon teen dozenhoon adhik pramukh shastrastra vastoo aanee ekoon 70 utpadanankade valali. watsonne tyaa utpadananvar nammatra eka takke napha midavala aanee tyaa nafyacha vapar aay. bii. emm. chya 220,000 yuddhatil mrutanchya vidhva aanee anathansathi nidhi sthapan karnyasathi keela.
mitrarashtranchya lashkari dalanni aay. bii. emm. chee saranibaddha upkarane bhramandhvani nond vibhag, ballistics, lekha aanee logistics aanee yuddh-sambandhit itar hetunsathi mothya pramanat vaparali. manhatton prakalpadarmyan losses alamos rashtriy prayogshalet pahile anubomb vikasit karnyasathi kelelya gananesathi aay. bii. emm. punch-card machinecha vyapak vapar karnyat aala. yuddhadarmyan, aay. bii. emm. neey svayanchalit anukram niyantrit ganakyantra dekhil tayar kele, jyala yuu sathee harvard marqa aay mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaate.ess. naudal-yuu. aii. madheel pahile mothya pramanavaril electromechanical ganakyantra.ess.
1933 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey redio transmitterla jodalele aay. bii. emm. vidyut tanklekhan, radiotypeche adhikar midavale hote. "1935 madhye edmiral richard eae. byrdney antarcticapasun 11,000 mail antaravar rijwood, nyu jarsimadhil aay. bii. emm. prapt spardha sthankavar chachani radiotype sandesh yashasviritya pathavala, joou signal corpsney yuddhadarmyan vaparasathi nivadala hota, radiotype pratishthapan divasala 50,000,000 shabdanparyant hatalale jaat hote.
yuddhakalin utpadananchya maganya purn karnyasathi, aay. bii. emm. neey aapali utpadan kshamata mothya pramanat vadhavali. aay. bii. emm. neey tyachya andicot, newyork prakalpat (1941) naveen imarati jodalya aanee pogkeepsey, newyork (1941), washington, dii.see. (1942), aanee sann jose, california (1943). paschim paschim upasthiti sthapit karnyachya aay. bii. emm. chya nirnayane sann francisco khadee kshetrachya dakshin bhagat electronics sanshodhan aanee itar uchch tantradnyanachya navkalpananchya vadhatya payacha fayda ghetala, jeey kshetra anek dashakannantar silicon valley mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale.
sarkarchya vinantivarun, aay. bii. emm. haah japani najarkaidet asalelya shibiranchya punch card prakalpacha upcontractor hota.
aay. bii. emm. punched card upkaranancha vapar gupt vishleshanasathi (code breaking) american lashkar aanee naudal sanghatana, arlington holl aanee aup-20-jee aanee (kendriya karyalay aanee sudur purv sanyukt karyalay) yasah tatsam sanlagn sansthandvare keela jaat asey.
germany aanee nazi-vyapt europemadhil aay. bii. emm.
nazinni holerith upkaranancha vyapak vapar keela aanee aay. bii. emm. chee bahusankhya malkichi german upakampani, duesh holerith mashinen jee. emm. bii. etch. (dehomag), yanni 1930 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun hii upkarane puravali. sadhya suru asalelya jangananedware nazi niyantranakhali naan germany aanee itar deshanchya nagarikanche vargikaran karnyachya nazi prayatnansathi hii upkarane mahattvapoorn hotee. yaa jangananechi mahitee jyoo aanee itar lakshyit gatanchi ferrerchna sulabh karnyasathi aanee chhalchhavyanmadhye najarkaidet thevanyasah holocostchya yantradvare tyanchya halchalinchi yadee tayar karnyasathi vaparali gelee.
tyaa velee germanymadhye vyavasay spardha shekado paradeshi malkichya kampanyanpramanech, varshachya mahayuddhachya aadhi aanee darmyan dehomag nazi nazi niyantranakhali aale. eka nazi, herman fellinger, yachee german lokanni shatru-malmatta snrakshak mhanoon niyukti kelee aanee tyala dehomag upakampanichya pramukhpadi thewale.
patrakar aanee itihaskar edwin black yanni 'aay. bii. emm. andd daad holocast' madhye thampane sangitale aahe qee german upakampani tabyat ghene haah eka daav hota. teey lihitat, "company lutali gelee nahee, tyachi bhadepattivar dileli yantre japt kelee gelee naheet aanee [aay. bii. emm.] jinevhamadhil tyachya upakampanidware paise midvane suru thewale."tyanchya pustakat teey assa yuktivad karatat qee nazi shasanala tyanni tyanchyashi vyavhar karane thambavayala havey hote, tyanantar vishleshakanni kalanantar aay. bii. emm. haah puravathadar hota. 1941 madhye americene germanybarobar yuddh jaheer kelyanantar dehomag tabyat yeiparyant aay. bii. emm. neey neey richparyant seva aanee vistar suru thewala.
aay. bii. emm. neey uttar dile qee heey pustak 'suprasiddha' tathye aanee kagadpatranvar aadharit aahe jeey tyanni purvi sarvajanikaritya upalabdh karoon dile hote aanee konatihi naveen tathye kinwa nishkarsh naheet. aay. bii. emm. neey konatihi sambandhit kagadpatre lapvoon thevanyasahi nakar deela. newyork timesmadhye lihitana, richard bernsteinne assa yuktivad keela qee kaale aay. bii. emm. chya doshabaddal atirekeepana darshavtat. itar itihaskar dekhil aay. bii. emm. chya antarnihit dnyanabaddal aanee agadi kalya lokancha dawa asalelya paddhatine saranibaddha yantranchya nazi vaparabaddal yuktivad karatat.
1946-1959: yuddhanantarchi punarprapti, vyavasay sangananacha uday, antaral sanshodhan, shityuddha.
yuddhachya akheris aay. bii. emm. chaa itka vistar jhaala hota qee companyla sambhavya katheen paristhitila samore jaave lagale-lashkari kharchat tivra ghat jhaali tarr kaay hoil? aay. bii. emm. neey tyaa chinteche nirakaran karnyacha eka marg mhanje yuddhanantarchya varshanmadhye tyachya aantarrashtriy vikasala gatee dene, 1949 madhye jaagtik vyapar mahamandalachya sthapanesah tyache paradeshi vyavhar vyavasthapit karane aanee vadhavane. watsoncha sarvat dhakata mulga arther keey. yachya netrutvakhali. 'dick' watson, doubluticy 1970 chya dashkaparyant ibmchya talachya reshecha ardha bhag tayar karel.
1951 madhye remington randchya univacchya eka varshanantar pahila sanganak sadar karoonahi, paach varshant aay. bii. emm. kadey 85 takke bajarpeth hotee. eka univac karyakarine takrar kelee qee "jarr mousetrap mousetrap varshachya vyaktikade pachpat vikrete asateel tarr eka changla mousetrap tayar karane farse changle nahee". sansthapak pita thomas jeey. watson ess. 19 juuna 1956 roji vayachya 82 vya varshi aay. bii. emm. neey chaar dashakanhun adhik kalanantar pahilyandach netrutva badal anubhavala. mukhya karyakari adhikari heey tyanche jyeshth putra thomas jeey. watson, junier.1952 pasoon aay. bii. emm. chey adhyaksh aahet.
naveen mukhya karyakari karyakari eka katheen kaam karave lagale. electronic sanganak, chumbakeey tape sanchayan, disk drive, programming-naveen pratispardhi aanee bajarpethetil anishchitata nirman spardha naveen sanganak tantradnyanasaha company vegwan tantrik badalachya kalat hotee. antargatdrushtya, company zapatyane vadhat hotee, jyamule sanghatanatmak dabav aanee mahattvapoorn vyavasthapan aavhane nirman hott hotee. vyaktimatvachya tyaa shakticha abhav aahe, jee watson ess. aar. watson junier, aay. bii. emm. laa vishleshakanni kalapasoon ekatra bandhayache. aanee tyanchya varishtha aaplya khajgiritya aashchary vatale qee netrutvachi naveen pidhi yaa kalat companyche vyavasthapan karnyachya aavhanala samore jaau shakate qaa? "1956 madhye eka dirghakalin aay. bii. emm. karyakarine lihile, "aamhi aahot, aamchi shashvat moolye gamavanyacha gambhir dhoka aahe jee yantrik counter divasanpramanech electronic divasanmadhye vaidh aahet."
watson junier. tyachya vadilanchya nidhananantar kahee mahinyannich sansthechi mothya pramanat punarrachana karoon, eka aadhunik vyavasthapan rachana tayar karoon tyala pratisad deela jyamule too adhik prabhavipane companyvar dekhrekh karoo shakala. tyanni suprasiddha parantu alikhit aay. bii. emm. paddhati aanee tattvadnyan aupcharik corporate dhorane aanee karyakramanmadhye sanhitabaddha kele-jase qee aay. bii. emm. chya teen moolbhut shraddha aanee darvaje ughade thewa aanee bolah! kadachit tyapaiki sarvat mahattvache mhanje tyanni 1953 madhye, yuu. ess. chya eka varsh aadhi, companychya pahilya samaan sandhee dhoran patrache palanposhan kele.ess. sarvoch nyayalayacha "braun viruddha. shikshan mandal 'aanee 1964 chya nagri haqq kayadyachya 11 varshanpurvi.
tyanni companychya bhautik kshamatancha vistar karane suru thewale-1952 madhye aay. bii. emm. sann jose yanni eka sathavan vikas prayogshala suru kelee jyane disk drivecha paya rachala. tyanantar rochester, minnesota; greencasal, indiana; kingsten, newyork; aanee lexington, kentki yethe pramukh suvidha upalabdh jhalya. aay. bii. emm. transister tantradnyanacha sweekar karnyat khoop santh aahe, ashee chinta watsonne tyanchya vaparababat corporate dhoranasathi vinanti kelee, parinami 1957 chya yaa utpadan vikas dhoran vidhanat asey mhatale aaheh "serve yantra vikasanmadhye solid-steet circuitarycha vapar karane heey aay. bii. emm. chey dhoran asel. shivay, nalee paripathcha prathamik vapar karnari konatihi naveen vyavsayik yantre kinwa upkarane jaheer kelee jaanar naheet."
watson junier. sanganakeey navkalpana chalana denyasathi united states sarkarbarobar bhagidari karane dekhil suru thewale. shityuddhachya udayamule digital sangananachya mahattvavishayi sarkarchya vadhatya jagrutila gatee midali aanee 1950 chya dashakat sanrakshn-samarthit sanganak vikas prakalp vibhag chalavala, jyat sej interceptor earley detection air defence systemcha samavesh hota.
1952 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey havai sanrakshn sanganakachya aarakhadyala antim roop denyasathi emm. aay. tii. chya linken prayogshalesaha kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. shaikshanik aanee vyavsayik abhiyantriki sanskratinche vilinikaran trasdayak tharale, parantu donhi sansthanni akheris 1953 chya unhalyaparyant eka rachana tayar kelee aanee aay. bii. emm. laa septembermadhye done namuna tayar karnyache kantrat denyat aale. 1954 madhye, aay. bii. emm. laa united states havai dalasathi sej vikasit karnyasathi prathamik sanganak hardware kantratdar mhanoon naav denyat aale. yaa sanganakeey aanee dalanvalan pranalivar kaam kartana, aay. bii. emm. neey massatusates institute auph technology yethe pahilya vastavik-velechya, digital sangankavar kele jaanare agraganya sanshodhan midvile. yamadhye magnetic-coor memory, real-time operating system, ekatmik video display, light gunn, pahili prabhavi bijganitiy sanganak bhasha, analogue-too-digital aanee digital-too-analogue rupantaran tantre, durdhvani marganvar digital deta transmission, duplexing, multiprocessing aanee bhaugolikdrushtya vitarit network yasarkhya atirikt sanganak tantradnyanachya pragativar kaam karane samavisht hote. aay. bii. emm. neey pratyeki 3 kotee dollarschya kimmatit 56 hrishi sanganak tayar kele aanee prakalpachya shikharavar asatana 7,000 hoon adhik karmchari (tyachya kamgaranchya 20 takke) yaa prakalpasathi samarpit kele. hrishikade aataparyantche sarvat mothe sanganakeey padchinh hote aanee 1984 paryant teey sevet rahile.
dirghakalin kalat sarkari prakalpanmadhun prakalpanmadhun nafyapeksha aay. bii. emm. sathee adhik maulyavan mhanje lashkari tatvadnyanakhali digital sangankanmadhye atyadhunik sanshodhan karane. tathapi, naveen sanganakanchya programingche kaam rand corporationla ghenyas parvanagi deuun naveen udhyogat aanakhi prabhavi bhoomika midvinyasathi aay. bii. emm. neey durlaksh kele, kaaran, eka prakalpatil sahbhagi, robbert pii. crego, "jevha heey kaam kadhitari sampel tevha aamhi aay. bii. emm. madhye done hazar programmer kuthe samavisht karoo shakato yachee aamhi kalpana karoo shakat navhato, jeey tyaa velee aamhi bhavishya kitee changlya prakare samajoon ghet hoto heey darshavate."aay. bii. emm. aaplya sebara viman aarakshan pranalichi rachana karnyasathi, jee khoop yashasvi tharali, sejbarobarchya prachand, ekatmik vastavik-velechya jaalyanchi rachana karnyachya aaplya anubhavacha vapar karel.
yaa sarkari bhagidarine, agraganya sanganak tantradnyan sanshodhan aanee vyavsayikdrushtya yashasvi utpadananchya malikesah (aay. bii. emm. chee 700 malika sanganak pranali, aay. bii. emm. 650, aay. bii. emm. 305 ramack disk drive memory aanee aay. bii. emm. 1401) aay. bii. emm. laa 1950 chya dashakapasun jagatil aaghadichi tantradnyan company mhanoon udayas yenyas saksham kele.
watson ess. aar. yanchya nidhananantarchya paach varshant.aay. bii. emm. adich putt motha hota, tyacha satha charpat jhaala hota aanee americet karyarat asalelya 6000 sangankanpaiki 4000 peksha jaast aay. bii. emm. machines hotya.
1960-1969: pranali/360 yug, software aanee sevanche ektrikaran karane.
7 april 1964 roji, aay. bii. emm. neey krantikari pranali/360 sadar kelee, jee adlabadal karnyayogya software aanee paridhiy upkarane vaparnari sanganakanchi pahili mothee "family" hotee, jee aay. bii. emm. chya asangat yantranchya vidyaman utpadan shrenipasoon vegali hotee, jyapaiki pratyek vishisht grahakanchya garja sodavanyasathi tayar kelee gelee hotee. tyaa velee samanya-uddeshachya yantrachi kalpana eka jugar manali jaat hotee. done varshant, pranali/360 haah bajarpethetil pramukh mukhya chaukaticha sanganak banala aanee tyachi rachana vastavik udyog manak bunley. yaa kalat, aay. bii. emm. neey tabulating upkarane aanee tanklekhan yantranchya madhyam aakarachya nirmatyapasun jagatil sarvat mothya sanganak companyt rupantar kele.
1969 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey hardware vikritoon "unbundled" software aanee seva dilya. toparyant grahakanni software kinwa sevansathi hardwarechya uchch kimmatipeksha vegale paise dile navhate. software konatyahi atirikt shulkashivay, samanyatah srot code swarupat pradan kele gele hote. aay. bii. emm. shakha karyalayachya vivekbuddhine seva (pranali abhiyantriki, shikshan aanee prashikshan, pranali sthapana) vinamulya puravilya jaat hotya. hii pratha sampoorn udhyogat astitvat hotee.
aay. bii. emm. chya jodanitun baher padanyache shrey software udhyogachya vadhila mothya pramanat dile jaate. bundle kelyanantar, aay. bii. emm. software done mukhya shreninmadhye vibhagale geleh system controll programming (ess. see. pii.), jeey grahakansathi vinamulya rahile aanee program utpadane (pii. pii.), jyasathi shulk aakarle gele. yamule sanganakachya upayayojanansathi grahakanchya moolya prastavat badal jhaala, jyamule moolatah mofat asalelya ekhadya goshtiche lakshaniy aarthik moolya midale. yamule software udhyogachi nirmiti karnyas madat jhaali. tyachpramane, aay. bii. emm. seva done shreninmadhye vibhagalya gelyah samanya mahitee, jee vinamulya rahili aanee aay. bii. emm. chya vivekbuddhine pradan kelee gelee aanee grahak grahak nokarivarache sahayya aanee prashikshan, jeey swatantra shulkachya adheen hote aanee aay. bii. emm. nasalelya grahakansathi khule hote. yaa nirnayamule swatantra sanganakeey seva companyanchya bajarpethet mothya pramanat vistar jhaala.
californiatil squa valley yethe 1960 chya hiwali khelansah companyne chaar dashakanchya olympic prayojakatvachi suruvat kelee. 1962 madhye federal samaan sandhee karyakramanmadhye sameel houn, 1968 madhye shaharatil antargat utpadan prakalp ughadat aanee alpasankhyak puravathadar karyakram tayar karat, tee corporate samajik jababdarimadhye manyataprapt nete bunley. yamule deta suraksha sudharanyasathi aanee gopaniyateche sanrakshn karnyasathi prayatna kele gele. tyane paryavaraniy havah/paanee utsarjan manke nishchit kelee jee kayadyane nirdharit kelelya manakanpeksha jaast hotee aanee tichya serve suvidha tyaa manakanche palan karnyasathi aanalya. tyane newyorkmadheel yorktown yethe jagatil sarvat pragat sanshodhan kendranpaiki eka ughadale. 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant tyachya aantarrashtriy vyavharanmule aay. bii. emm. chya nimmyahoon adhik mahsul nirman jhaale. parinami jhalelya tantradnyanachya hastantaranane jagbharatil sarkare aanee vyavasay chalavanyachya paddhatila aakar deela. aay. bii. emm. karmchari aanee tantradnyanane 1969 madhye antaral karyakramat aanee chandravar pahile manav utaranyat avibhajya bhoomika bajavali. tyach varshi, tyane aaplya tantradnyanache grahakanparyant vipanan karanyachi paddhat badalali, software aanee sevanmadhun hardwareche sankalan kele, aajchya software aanee seva udhyogachi prabhavipane suruvat kelee. khalee pahaa. 1960 chya dashakat mahasool aanee utpannat jawaljawal paach patine vaadh houn aay. bii. emm. mothya pramanat fayadeshir tharale.
1967 madhye thomas johnn watson junier. aay. bii. emm., tyachi pranali/360 model 20 madhyam aakaracha sanganak tayar karnyasathi florida yetheel boka ratton yethe mothya pramanat utpadan prakalp ughadanar asalyache jaheer kele. 16 march 1967 roji, 'boka ratton news' madheel eka mathalyane 'aay. bii. emm. varshakheris 400 lokanna kamavar thevanar aahe' ashee ghoshana kelee."naveen sanketsthal vikasit hoiparyant sanganak tayar karane suru karnyasathi suvidha bhadyane denyachi yojana aay. bii. emm. chee hotee. kahee mahinyanantar, assembly aanee utpadan niyantran prashikshanarthinsathi bharati suru jhaali. aay. bii. emm. chey juan riyanda newyorkmadheel pogkeepsey yethoon aay. bii. emm. chya nyu boka operationsmadhye pahile prakalp vyavasthapak honyasathi gele. tyachya naveen parisarachi rachana karnyasathi, aay. bii. emm. neey american vastuvisharad robbert gatje (1927-2018) sobat jawalun kaam spardha vastuvisharad marcel bruer (1902-1981) laa niyukt kele. september 1967 madhye, boka sanghane pahili aay. bii. emm. pranali/360 model 20 swachchh panyachya shaharat pathavali-tyachya nirmititil pahila sanganak. eka varshanantar, aay. bii. emm. 1130 sanganakeey pranali tayar kelya jaat hotya aanee pathavalya jaat hotya. 1970 paryant, aay. bii. emm. chey boka karyabal kahee pramanat vadhoon sumare 1,300 jhaale kaaran vibhagachya karyat pranali vikas abhiyantriki prayogshala jodali jaat hotee.
1970-1974: yashachi aavhane.
aavhane dashkatil suvarn dashak heey pudhe nene katheen hote aanee aanee dashakat see. eae. oo. thomas jeey. yanni trasdayak suruvat kelee. watson junier. tyanna hrudayavikaracha zatka aala aanee 1971 madhye teey nivrutt jhaale. 1914 nantar prathamach-jawaljawal sahaa dashake-aay. bii. emm. chya pramukhpadi watson navhata. shivay, tyaa jawalpas 60 varshant keval eka netrutva badalanantar, aay. bii. emm. done varshant done vela tickel. tii. vincent learson heey watson yanchyanantar mukhya karyakari adhikari mhanoon nivadoon aale, tyanantar 1973 madhye 60 varshe anivarya nivruttiche vay gathalyanantar teey lagechach nivrutt jhaale. mukhya karyakari adhikari karyalayatil learson phrank tii. carrie, eka 25 varshiy ibmer, jyane 1960 chya dashakat deta processing vibhag chalavala hota.
"1971 madheel detamationmadhye asey mhatale hote qee" "aay. bii. emm. rolls namak shashvat, ashubh shakti chaloo aahe". companyche varchasva yamule kimmati unch thevatat aanee kvachitach adyayavat utpadane, serve keval aay. bii. emm. ghatkansah tayar kelee jaatat. carrychya mukhya karyakari adhikari mhanoonchya karyakalat, aay. bii. emm. pranali/370 1970 madhye aay. bii. emm. chee naveen mukhya chaukat mhanoon sadar karnyat aalee. ess/370 tyachya purvavarti purvavarti tantrikdrushtya krantikari siddha jhaali nahee. mahasulachya drushtikonatun, tyane 360 chee rokh gayicha darja tikavoon rakhalyapeksha jaast.
360 mukhya chaukatichya krantichi nakkal karnyacha qamee yashasvi prayatna haah bhavishyatil pranali prakalp hota. 1971 aanee 1975 darmyan, aay. bii. emm. neey aapale tantrik varchasva punha sthapit karnyasathi serve vidyaman utpadane aprachalit karnyasathi tayar kelelya utpadananchya naveen krantikari malikechya vyavharyatecha tapas keela. 1975 madhye aay. bii. emm. chya sarvoch vyavasthapanane haah prayatna sampushtat aanala. toparyant tyane bahutansh uchch-stariy tantrik niyojan aanee rachana sansadhanancha vapar keela hota, jyamule vidyaman utpadananchya pragatila dhoka nirman jhaala hota (jaree eff. ess. chey kahee ghatak nantar vastavik utpadananmadhye samavisht kele gele hote).
1970 chya dashakachya suruvatichya kalat aay. bii. emm. chya itar navkalpananmadhye aay. bii. emm. 3340 disk unitcha samavesh hota-jeey 1973 madhye sadar karnyat aale aanee aay. bii. emm. chya antargat prakalpachya navavarun 'winchester' mhanoon olakhale jaate-jeey eka sathavan tantradnyan hote jyane diskchya prushthbhagavaril mahitichi ghanata duppat kelee. udhyogane winchester tantradnyanacha avalamb keela aanee pudhil done dashake tyacha vapar keela.
1970 chya dashkatil kahee aay. bii. emm. tantradnyan dainandin jivanache pailu mhanoon udayas aale. aay. bii. emm. neey 1960 chya dashakat chumbakeey pattyache tantradnyan vikasit kele aanee 1971 madhye teey credit card udhyogache manak banale. aay. bii. emm.-shodhaleli floppy disk, jee 1971 madhye dekhil sadar karnyat aalee, tee sanganak yugachya pahilya dashakanmadhye vaiyaktik sanganakachi mahitee sanchayit karnyasathi manak bunley. aay. bii. emm. sanshodhan shastradnya edgar 'teed' kodane eka moolbhut lekh lihila jyamadhye relational databaseche varnan kele gele aahe, jyacha shodh 'forbes' masikane 20 vya shatkatil sarvat mahattvachya navkalpananpaiki eka mhanoon varnan keela aahe. aay. bii. emm. 5100,50 ell. bii. ess. aanee $9000 vaiyaktik gatishilata, 1975 madhye sadar karnyat aalee aanee 1980 chya dashkatil vaiyaktik sanganak-kiman aakar kinwa kimmat kinwa vikale gelele units naslyas karyat-purvanirdharit karnyat aala. 1973 madhye suru jhalelya aay. bii. emm. chya 3660 supermarket checkout stationane yuu. pii. see. baar kodmadhun utpadananchya kimmati tapasanyasathi holographic tantradnyanacha vapar keela, jeey swatach 1952 chya aay. bii. emm. patentver aadharit hote jeey kirana udhyogache manak banale. 1973 salihi banq grahakanni aay. bii. emm. 3614 grahak vyavhar suvidhedware paise kadhane, hastantaran aanee itar khatyanchi chaukashi karnyas suruvat kelee, jee aajchya svayanchalit teller machinechi prarambhik paddhat aahe.
qamee drishyaman asalelya vyapak tantradnyanamadhye aay. bii. emm. chee navinyapurn bhoomika hotee. 1974 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey sanganakeey pranalinsathi eka networking protocol, system network architecture (ess. aine. aii.) chee ghoshana kelee. ess. aine. aii. haah sanganak vaparkartyanna sthanik, rashtriy aanee aantarrashtriy sanganak jaalyandvare sanvad sadhanyachya tantrik guntaguntinpasun mukt karnyasathi sanganak sampreshanasathi niyam aanee karyapaddhatincha eksaman sanch aahe. 1990 chya dashakat adhik khulya sthapatya manakanchi manjuri mileparyant deta prakriyesathi ess. aine. aii. hii sarvat mothya pramanat vaparali jaanari pranali bunley. 1975 madhye, aay. bii. emm. sanshodhak benoit mandelbrott yanni fractal bhoomitichi kalpana kelee-eka naveen bhoomitiy sankalpana jyamule nisargat astitvat asalelya aniyamitatechya prakaranche ganiteey varnan karane shakya jhaale. fractalscha abhiyantriki, arthshastra, dhatushastra, qalaa aanee aarogya vidnyanavar motha prabhav padala aanee teey sanganak graphics aanee animation kshetracha avibhajya bhag aahet.
gerography tantradnyan kharedi karanyachi sandhee nakarlyanantar, 1970 chya dashakat aay. bii. emm. sathee karyalayin kapiyar bajarat pravesh karane haah eka qamee yashasvi vyavsayik prayatna hota. zerox corporation paytant ullanghanasathi companyvar tabadtob khatala dakhal keela. jaree zeroxkade photoconductor mhanoon seleniumchya vaparache paytant asale, taree aay. bii. emm. sanshodhakanni sendriya photoconductors vapar paripoorn keela jyamule zerox paytant talhale gele. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhaparyant haah khatala chalala aanee shevati tyavar todga kadhanyat aala. haah vijay asoonahi, aay. bii. emm. neey copier bajarat kadhihi laksh vedhale nahee aanee 1980 chya dashakat bajaratoon maghar ghetali. sendriya prakashavahakancha vapar aata kapiyarmadhye mothya pramanat keela jaato.
yaa sampoorn kalavadhit, aay. bii. emm. 1969 madhye nyay vibhagane dakhal kelelya avishvas khatalyat khatala dakhal karat hota. parantu sambandhit khatalyatil kayadyat, aitihasik honeywell wii. sperry rand yuu.ess. federal courtache prakaran april 1973 madhye purn jhaale. jagatil pahila samanya-uddesh electronic digital sanganak, aeniyaksathi 1964 paytant, vividh karananmule avaidh aanee apravartaniy donhi aadhalale jyamule electronic digital sanganakacha shodh sarvajanik kshetrat aala. tathapi, aay. bii. emm. neey sperry-randsobatchya 1956 chya paytant-sharing kararadvare maktedari nirman kelee assa nirnay ghenyat aala.
american avishvas kayadyancha europemadhil aay. bii. emm. varr parinam jhaala nahee, jithe 1971 paryant tyache qamee pratispardhi hote aanee jawaljawal pratyek deshat 50 takkyanhun adhik bajaratil vaataa hota. grahakanni aay. bii. emm. laa pradhanya dile kaaran 'datamation' neey mhatalyapramane, hii 'ekmev' kharee aantarrashtriy sanganak company 'hotee, jee grahakanna jawaljawal kuthehi seva deu shakat hotee. aay. see. ell., see. aay. aay. aanee seamens sarkhya pratispardhyanni european sanganak udyog jatan karnyasathi sahkarya karnyas suruvat kelee.
1975-1992: mahitee kranti, software aanee sanganak udhyogancha uday.
aay. bii. emm. chey adhyaksh johnn aar. opel 1981 madhye see. eae. oo. jhaali. aay. bii. emm. hii jagatil sarvat mothya kampanyanpaiki eka hotee aanee tyaa varshi mukhya chaukatichya sanganak bajarpethet ticha 62 takke vaataa hota. varanvar sthalantarit jhalele karmchari aanee kutumbe ajunahi vinod karat hotee qee aay. bii. emm. mhanje 'mea halavale gele aahe', aanee adhigrahanachya tyachya bheeti hotee qee aupcharik aay. bii. emm. karmchari tyanchya adhik anaupacharik karyalayanchi sanskruti badaltil, aay. bii. emm. laa purush karmcharyansathi karmcharyansathi shirtchi aavashyakta nahee, jeey ajunahi grahakanna bhetatana puranmatvadi suut ghalat asat. januk aamdal sarkhya majee majee anek pratispardhi aanee puravathadar shodhanyasathi aanee tyanche netrutva karnyasathi tyanchya prashikshanacha vapar keela.
japani spardhechi apeksha balgoon, 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aay. bii. emm. neey qamee kharchat utpadanat guntavanuk karnyas suruvat kelee, mothya grahakanna mothya pramanat savalat aanee qamee kimmati deu kelya aanee naveen utpadane adhik varanvar sadar kelee. companyne kadhikadhi utpadananmadhye aay. bii. emm. nasalele ghatak dekhil vaparale aanee kadhikadhi itaranchi utpadane swatachi mhanoon punha vikali. 1980 madhye tyane aay. bii. emm. nasalelya upkarananshi susangat asalele pahile sanganak terminal sadar kele aanee pradarshanakar heey spardhepeksha qamee mahag asalele pahile naveen utpadan hote. tathapi, ekoon sanganak bajarpethet aay. bii. emm. chaa vaataa 1970 madheel 60 takkyanvarun 1980 madhye 32 takkyanparyant ghasarala. kadachit dirghkal chalalelya avishvas khatalyamule vichalit houn, 'colosus auph armonk' 1970 chya dashakat vegane vegane laghu sanganak bajarpethela mukala aanee too wang, havelet-paccard (etch. pii.), digital upkaran mahamandal, tandam sanganak aanee itar kshetrantil niyantran deta yasarkhya pratispardhyanchya mage hota.
1979 madhye 'businessweak' neey vicharale, 'aay. bii. emm. hii aanakhi eka dhisal, paripakv company aahe qaa?"1981 paryant tyachya sambhaganchya kimmatit 22 takkyanni ghat jhaali hotee. aay. bii. emm. chya varshatil pahilya sahamahitil utpannat 5.3 takkyanni vaadh jhaali-chalanvadhichya darachya eka trutiyansh-tarr laghu sanganak utpadak digital upkaran mahamandalachya (dii. see.) utpannat 35 takkyanhun adhik vaadh jhaali. aay. bii. emm. neey jaree laghu sanganakanchi vikri suru kelee asali taree janewari 1982 madhye nyay vibhagane avishvas khatala sampushtat aanala kaaran, 'newyork times' neey ahwal deela qee, sanganak tadnya aanee rokhe vishleshakanni vishleshakanni kalapasoon kaay nishkarsh kadhala hota heey sarkarne olakhaleh i.buub.emm. aata sanganakachya vyavasayavar varchasva nahee ".
aay. bii. emm. laa naveen vaiyaktik sanganak udhyogat samaan parinam talhaycha hota. companyne varshanuvarshe bajarpethecha abhyas keela aanee univackpramanech, apple sangankasarkhya itaranni tyat pratham pravesh keela; ibmla corporate grahakanchya descover pratispardhyacha logo asalele utpadan nako hote. companyne november 1980 madhye aapale pahile kirkol dukan ughadale aanee florida yetheel boka ratton yetheel karyalayatil eka chamoone vyavsayik auph-daad-shelf ghatakancha vapar karoon aay. bii. emm. sanganak tayar keela. donn estridgechya netrutvakhalil pravesh pranali vibhagatoon 12 august 1981 roji naveen sanganakachi suruvat jhaali. smaraneey chhotya tramp jahirat mohimemule aay. bii. emm. lagech grahak bajarpethet adhik sakriy jhaale. aajchya tantrik mankannusar jaree heey netradipak yantra nasale taree aay. bii. emm. sangankane sanganakachi serve sarvat vanchhaniy vaishishtye ekach chhotya yantrat ekatra aanali. tyat 128 kilobitechi smrutee (256 kilobaitparyant vistar karnyayogya), eka kinwa done flappy disk aanee paryayi rung monitor hote. aanee tyala aay. bii. emm. brandchi pratishtha hotee. jaree swast nasale taree, $1,565 chya mool kimmatisah teey vyavasayansathi parvadanare hote-aanee anek vyavasayanni sanganak kharedi kele. aay. bii. emm. navachya aashvasanane, tyanni heey sookshm sanganak tyanchya swatachya andajpatrakat kharedi karnyas suruvat kelee, jyacha uddesh corporate sanganak vibhaganna parvadat nasalelya aanee anek prakarananmadhye samavoon gheta naan naan anek anuprayoganna lakshya karane hota. samanyatah, yaa kharedi corporate sanganak vibhagandvare kelya jaat navhatya, kaaran sangankakade "yogya" sanganak mhanoon pahile jaat navhate. kharedila anekada madhyam vyavasthapak aanee varishtha karmchari pravrutt karat asat, jyanni kshamata pahili-ekada krantikari visical spreadsheet, killer app, yala adhik shaktishali aanee sthir utpadan, kamal 1-2-3 neey mage takale hote.
europe aanee americetil mukhya chaukatichya bajarpethet aay. bii. emm. chya varchasvamule vidyaman grahakanna sanganak kharedi karnyas protsahan midale aanee ulat; naveen bajarpethet jeey prayog jhaale hote tyachi vikri aay. bii. emm. chya aarthik vyavasthecha eka motha bhag banalyane, companyla aadhalale qee grahakanni mothe aay. bii. emm. sanganak dekhil kharedi kele. samooh aanee itar pratispardhyanpramane aay. bii. emm. neey kirkol bajarpetheshi patkan julavun ghetale, aanee tyachi swatachi vikri shakti prathamach bahereel kirkol vikretyanshi spardha karat hotee. 1985 paryant aay. bii. emm. hii jagatil sarvat fayadeshir audhyogik company hotee aanee 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun nantarchya bajarat asoonahi, vaiyaktik sanganakanchi vikri laghu sangankanpeksha jaast hotee.
1983 paryant udyog vishleshak gideon gartner yanni ishara deela qee aay. bii. emm. "bajarpethetil spardhkansathi dhokadayak paristhiti nirman karat aahe". companyne tantrik manke paribhashit karoon aanee mothya naveen software bajarpetha tayar karoon itaranna madat kelee, parantu 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat suru jhalelya naveen aakramakatela sanganak bhadepatti aanee sanganak-sahayyit rachana yasarkhya kshetranvar varchasva gajavanyas madat jhaali. avishvas prakaranapasun mukt, aay. bii. emm. supercomputer vyatirikt pratyek sanganak bajarat upasthit hota aanee 18 varshantil pahile adhigrahan-aanee emm. see. aay. chya 18 takke-rollm kharedi karoon tyane sanvad sadhala. ghatak puravathadaransathi company itaki mahattvachi hotee qee tyanni tyanna vaividhyapurn bananyache aavahan kele. jevha aay. bii. emm. neey (mahasulachya 61 takke) achanak chhotya lekhanachya sambhaganchya maganit ghat kelee, tevha keval chhotya lekhanachya navhe tarr aay. bii. emm. laa vikalya gelelya naan sanlagn companyanchya maganit ghat jhaali, kaaran guntavanukdaranna tyanchya asurakshitatechi bheeti hotee. jevha puravathadar aurder purn karoo shakat navhate tevha aay. bii. emm. dekhil asurakshit hote; grahak aanee vikrete dekhil atiswadhin honyachi bheeti balgat hote.
1984 madhye aay. bii. emm. pii. see. neey udyogala chakit kele. pratispardhyanni kabool kele qee tyanna atyadhunik utpadanachya qamee kimmatichi apeksha navhati. sanganak udhyogachya pratyek kshetravar aay. bii. emm. chya hallyamule aanee sanvadat praveshamule pratispardhi, vishleshak aanee prasarmadhyamanni assa andaj bandhala qee tyavar punha avishvasasathi khatala dakhal keela jaeel. "datamation" aanee itaranni sangitale qee naveen tantradnyanasaha startups dadapun companychya nirantar vadhimule amerikeche nuksan houu shakate. gartner samoohane 1985 madhye andaj vartavala hota qee 100 sarvat mothya deta-prakriya kampanyanpaiki aay. bii. emm. kadey ekoon mahasulachya 41 takke aanee nafyachya 69 takke hote. tyacha sanganakacha mahasool varshachya kramankachya decemberchya tulanet naupat hota aanee aay. bii. emm. chya sahaa sarvat mothya japani spardhkanchya ektrit utpannapeksha motha hota. 22 takke napha margine heey itar 99 companyanchya sarasarichya 6.7 takkyanchya tippat hote. spardhakanni kongreskade takrar kelee, nyay vibhagashi kampanibaddal charcha kelee aanee european sarkaranna aay. bii. emm. chya prabhavachi chinta hotee parantu tethil 19 suvidhanmadhil 100,000 hoon adhik adhik parinam honyachi bheeti hotee.
tathapi, companyne lavkarach sanganak hardware aanee software yaa donhimadhye aapali aaghadi gamavali, anshatah microsoft aanee intell sarkhya bahereel companyanna sanganak ghatak karar karnyachya tyachya abhootpurv (ibmsathi) nirnayamule. tyachya itihasatil yaa tappyaparyant, aay. bii. emm. eka ubhya ekatmik dhoranavar avalambun hote, jyat processor, operating system, paridhiy, databases aanee yasarkhya pranaliche bahutek pramukh ghatak tayar kele gele. sangankasathi velenusar bajarpeth vadhavanyachya prayatnat, aay. bii. emm. neey malkichi karyapranali aanee microprocessor naan tayar karnyacha nirnay ghetala. tyaeivaji, tyanni heey mahattvache ghatak anukrame microsoft aanee intelkadoon midavale. vidambana mhanje, aay. bii. emm. chya maktedaricha ant jhalelya eka dashakat, aay. bii. emm. chya yaa durdaivi nirnayamulech tyachya maktedarichya shaktiche (operating system aanee processor architecture) srot microsoft aanee intelkade gele, jyamule sanganak susangatata vadhanyacha aanee aay. bii. emm. chya baher shekado abj dollarsche bajar moolya nirman honyacha marg mokala jhaala.
johnn ackers 1985 madhye aay. bii. emm. chey mukhya karyakari adhikari jhaale. 1980 chya dashakat, aay. bii. emm. chya sanshodhan sanstha ubharanyachya guntavanukitun bhautikshastratil chaar nobel paritoshik vijete tayar jhaale, ganeet, smrutee sanchay aanee dursanchar aanee sanganakeey kshamatancha vistar karnyat yash midavale. 1980 madhye, aay. bii. emm. sanshodhak johnn cock yanni qamee kelele instruction seet computing (aar. aay. ess. see.) sadar kele. cockla tyachya navinyapurn shodhasathi rashtriy tantradnyan padak aanee rashtriy vidnyan padak donhi midale, parantu aay. bii. emm. swatach riskche mahatva olakhanyat ayashasvi tharale aanee risk tantradnyanatil aaghadi sunn microsystemskadoon gamavali.
1984 madhye companyne 1988 madhye 'vilakshan' mhanoon suru keleli hoome pisisathi online hoome banking aanee kharedi seva vikasit karnyasathi searshey bhagidari kelee. majboot pratishtha asoonahi aanee aajchya online anubhavache vaishishtya asalelya anek vaishishtye, karye aanee tantradnyanacha andaj lavoonahi, haah upkram atee rudhivadi vyavasthapan nirnayanni trast hota aanee akheris 1990 chya dashakachya madhyat vikala gela.
1985 madhye suru karnyat aalelya aay. bii. emm. tokan-ring lokal eriya networkne vaiyaktik sanganak vaparkartyanna mahitichi devanghevan karanyachi aanee imaratimadhye kinwa sankulat mudrak aanee fayali samayik karanyachi parvanagi dilee. 1988 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey rashtriy vidnyan foundation network (aine. ess. eff. aine. tii.) tayar karnyasathi mishigan vidyapith aanee emm. see. aay. communications bhagidari kelee, jeey internetchya nirmititil eka mahattvache paul aahe. parantu paach varshanchya aat, sadhyachya ess. aine. aii. mahasulachya pravahala aadhar denyasathi, internet protocol aanee router tantradnyanatil yaa suruvatichya aaghadipasun company mage hutley, jyamule 1990 chya dashkatil tejicha bajar gamavala. tarihi, 1980 chya dashakat aay. bii. emm. guntavanuk aanee microprocessor, disk drive, network tantradnyan, software anuprayog aanee online vanijyatil pragatine 1990 chya dashakat jodalelya jagachya udayasathi munch tayar keela.
matra, dashakachya akheris aay. bii. emm. sankatat sapadale. hii sumare 4,00,000 4,00,000 eka vadhaleli sanstha hotee jee konatyahi qamee margine, vyavhar, vastoo vyavsayanmadhye mothya pramanat guntavali gelee hotee. aay. bii. emm. neey shodhalele aanee kinwa vyavsayikrut kelele tantradnyan-dram, haard disk drive, sanganak, vidyut tanklekhan yantra-nasht houu lagale hote. anavashyak prakriya aanee karye darshavinari companychi eka mothee aantarrashtriy sanstha hotee-tyachi kharch rachana lahan, qamee vaividhyapurn spardhkanshi spardha karoo shakali nahee. yavyatirikt, sanganak aanee client-server yaa ekapathopath eka eka krantimule aay. bii. emm. chya mukhya mukhya chaukatichya vyavasayala dhakka basato. sanganak krantine sanganak thet lakho lokanchya hatat dile. tyanantar client/server kranti aalee, jyane sanganakanna (client) parshvabhoomit kaam spardha mothya sangankanshi (client machine deta aanee anuprayog pradan karnare 'server') jodanyacha prayatna keela. donhi krantinni grahakanchya tantradnyanachya drushtikonat, vaparat aanee kharedi karnyachya paddhatit badal keela. aanee donhine aay. bii. emm. aanee tyachya mukhya chaukatitil spardhakanna mulatach hadaravun takale. vyavasayanche kharediche nirnay vyakti aanee vibhaganchya hatat thewale jaat asat-jyaa thikani aay. bii. emm. chey dirghakalin grahak sambandh hote tyaa thikani nahee. ektrit upayayojananpeksha bhag-bhag tantradnyanala pradhanya denyat aale. desktop aanee vaiyaktik utpadaktevar laksh kendrit kele gele, sampoorn udhyogkshetratil vyavsayik anuprayoganvar nahee. parinami, parinami dashakachya suruvatipasun 5 abj dollars kinwa tyahoon adhik asalele utpann utpann eka trutiyanshpeksha qamee houn 3 abj dollarsver aale. aale utpannat eka chhoti vaadh tikali nahee kaaran corporate kharch uchch-napha margine mainframeswaroon qamee margine microprocessor-aadharit pranalinkade sarkat rahila. yavyatirikt, corporate aakarman qamee karane jorat suru hote.
aamulagra badalancha vichar keela gela aanee tyanchi amalbajavani karnyat aalee. aay. bii. emm. neey paristhitiche moolyankan kele, tevha heey spasht jhaale qee sanganak udhyogatil spardha aanee navkalpana aata vibhagalelya viruddha ubhya ekatmik reshanchya bajoone hott aahet, jithe sanganak udhyogatil nete tyanchya sambandhit kshetrat udayas aale. udaharananmadhye microprocessormadhil intell, desktop softwaremadheel microsoft, networkingmadhil nowell, printermadhil etch. pii., disk drivemadhil seagate aanee databases softwaremadheel oracle corporation yancha samavesh aahe. vaiyaktik sangankanmadhye aay. bii. emm. chya varchaswala compack aanee nantar dell yansarkhya kampanyanni aavhan dile. haah cull olakhoon, vyavasthapanane sanchalak mandalachya pathimbyane aay. bii. emm. chey adhikadhik swayatt vyavasay ghatakanmadhye vibhajan karanyachi yojana amalat aananyas suruvat kelee (udaa.jee. processor, sathavan, software, seva, printer ii.) adhik kendrit aanee chapal aanee qamee kharchachya sanrachanansah spardhkanshi adhik prabhavipane spardha karane.
aay. bii. emm. neey, jeey aata mukhya naheet asey vatat hote, teey vyavasayahi qamee karnyas suruvat kelee. tyane aapala tanklekhan yantra, kalfalak aanee mudrak vyavasay-jyaa sansthene 1960 chya dashakat tyachya tarangatya 'golph baul' prakarchya ghatkansah lokpriy 'nivadak' tanklekhan yantra tayar kele-clayton, doubilier aanee rais inkchya guntavanuk companyla vikale. aanee eka swatantra company bunley, lexmark ink. september 1992 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey tyanche vividh naun-mainframe aanee naun-midrange, personnel computer manufacturing vibhag ekatra karoon aay. bii. emm. personnel computer company (aay. bii. emm. pii. see. qoo.) mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya swayatt purn malkichya upakampanimadhye vibhagale.). 1992 chya aarthik varshachya varshachya timahit aay. bii. emm. neey nafyachya marjinmadhye tivra ghat nondavalyanantar hii corporate punarrachana jhaali; bajar vishleshakanni 1992 chya unhalyat vaiyaktik sanganak bajaratil tivra kimmatichya yuddhamule hii ghat jhalyache shrey dile. corporate punarrachana hii tyaa veleparyantchya itihasatil sarvat mothya aanee sarvat mahagadyanpaiki eka hotee. hotee unhalyaparyant, aay. bii. emm. pii. see. company. ambra sanganak mahamandal aanee aay. bii. emm. power personnel systeams gut, aay. bii. emm. chya swatachya sanrachanechya "clone" sanganakanchi rachana aanee vipanan karnyacha pahila prayatna aanee aay. bii. emm. chya power. pii. see.-aadharit workstationsathi jababdar asalela dusra, yasah anek vyavsayik ekkanmadhye vibhagala gela hota.
heey prayatna ghasaran rokhanyat ayashasvi tharale. sthanik kshetra networking tantradnyanachi sthir sweekruti aanee vistarat asalelya corporate vadhiche eka dashak, haah eka cull aahe jyache netrutva novell ink. aanee itar vikrete aanee tyanche tarkik pratirup, mukhya chaukatichya vikritil parinami ghat, aay. bii. emm. sathee jagrutiche aavahan aanat hote. salag done varshe 1 abj dollarspeksha jaast tota nondavalyanantar, 19 janewari 1993 roji, aay. bii. emm. neey 1992 chya aarthik varshasathi 8.10 abj dollarsche nuksan jaheer kele, jeey tyaveli yuu. ess. madheel sarvat mothe eka varshache corporate nuksan hote.ess. itihas. 1991 teey 1993 yaa kalat companyne sumare 16 abj dollarscha nivval tota nondavala. aay. bii. emm. chey teen dashakanche suvarnayug, watson junier yanni suru kele. 1950 chya dashakat, teey sampale hote. sanganak udhyogane aata aay. bii. emm. kadey aata sambandhit nahee, eka sanghatanatmak dynasore mhanoon pahile. aanee see. eae. oo. johnn ackers lakho ibmersney tyanchya tyanchya gamavalya.
1993-2018: ibmchi aapatti aanee punarjanm jawal aahe.
april 1993 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey lui wii. gerstener junier. tyachya naveen see. eae. oo. mhanoon. 1914 nantar prathamach aay. bii. emm. neey aaplya padbaheril netyachi bharati kelee hotee. gerstener chaar varshe aar. jeey. aar. nabiscoche adhyaksh aanee mukhya karyakari adhikari hote aanee tyanni yapurvi american expressmadhye sarvoch karyakari mhanoon 11 varshe ghalavali hotee. gerstenerne aaplyabarobar grahak-kendrit sanvedansheelata aanee dhoranatmak-vicharanche kaushalya aanale jeey tyane mackinsey andd companymadhye vyavasthapan sallagar mhanoon varshanuvarshe midavale hote. companyla sthir karane heey tyanche pahile pradhanya asalyache olakhoon tyanni trikram mansikta sweekarli aanee twarit karvai kelee. tyanchya suruvatichya nirnayanmadhye mukhya chaukatisathi punha vachanbaddha hone, companychya rokh tijorit bharr ghalanyasathi federal system vibhag laurella vikane, kamgaranchi sankhya qamee karane (1994 madhye 220,000 220,000 nichanki patalivar pohochane) aanee companymadhye kharchat lakshaniy kapat karane yancha samavesh hota. sarvat mahattvache mhanje, gerstenerne aay. bii. emm. vyavasay ekkanche swatantra companyanmadhye vibhajan karnyache paul mage ghenyacha nirnay ghetala. aay. bii. emm. chee eka takad mhanje grahakansathi ekatmik upay pradan karanyachi kshamata-bhag kinwa ghatakanpeksha jaast-heey tyanni olakhale. companyche vibhajan kelyane aay. bii. emm. chaa too fayda nasht jhaala asata.
yaa suruvatichya pramukh yashasvi jhalya. 1994 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey 3 abj dollarscha napha midavala. sthirikaran haah gerstenercha antim khel navhata-aay. bii. emm. chee ekekalichi mothee pratishtha punarsanchayit karane. teey karnyasathi tyala yashasvi vyavsayik rannitichi garaj hotee. pudhil dashakat, gerstenerne vastunche vyavasay sodale aanee uchch-margine sandhinvar laksh kendrit kele. aay. bii. emm. neey qamee maryadeche udyog (dram, aay. bii. emm. jaale, vaiyaktik mudrak aanee haard drive) kadhoon ghetale.
companyla sampoorn thevanyachya nirnayavar aadhar gheuun, aay. bii. emm. neey eka jaagtik seva vyavasay aanee tantradnyan ektrikarankarta mhanoon pratishtha nirman kelee. aay. bii. emm. neey assa dawa keela qee grahakala aavashyak asalelya konatyahi tantradnyanache ekikaran karoon, jaree teey aay. bii. emm. spardhak asale tarihi, seva vyavasay haah brand adnyeyavadi banala. 2002 madhye pricewaterhousecooperschya sallagar vibhagachya 3.5 abj americi dollarschya adhigrahanane aay. bii. emm. neey yaa seva vyavasayat vaadh kelee.
aay. bii. emm. neey guntavanuk keleli aanakhi eka uchch margine sandhee mhanje software. 1995 madhye kamal vikas mahamandalachya adhigrahanane suruvat jhaali.aay. bii. emm. neey tyacha software portfolio aay. bii. emm. dii. bii. 2 yaa eka brandpasoon pachparyant tayar kelah dii. bii. 2, kamal, websfear, tivoli aanee tarksangat. grahak anuprayog vyavasay itar kampanyanvar sodanyasathi samagri, aay. bii. emm. chey software dhoran middlewarewar kendrit aahe-operating systemla anuprayoganshi jodanare mahattvapoorn software. madhyamsamagricha vyavasay aay. bii. emm. chya samarthyanusar khelala aanee shatak sampatach tyachya uchch marginne companychya talagalamadhye lakshaniy sudharana kelee.
aay. bii. emm. neey vikasit kelele serve software yashasvi jhaale naheet. oes/2 hii karyapranali tantrikdrushtya microsoft windows 95 peksha utkrusht hotee, tarr oes/2 chee vikri mothya pramanat corporate vyavsayikandvare vaparlya jaanarya network sangananat kendrit hotee. oes/2 grahak aanee swatantra desktop sanganak vibhaganmadhye jaast pravesh vikasit karnyat ayashasvi tharale. aay. bii. emm. chya swatachya gharguti sanganakanchya eptiva malikevar teey yogyaritya sthapit kele jaau shakat nasalyache vrutt hote.
microsoftney 1994 madhye eka prastav deela, jyamadhye jarr aay. bii. emm. neey oes/2 chaa vikas purnapane bund keela, tarr tyala windows 95 chya parvanyasathi compack sarkhyach atty midatil. aay. bii. emm. neey nakar deela aanee tyaeivaji oes/2 warp aanee vindola apmanaspad banvinyachya "aay. bii. emm. first" dhoranasah gele, kaaran aay. bii. emm. neey tyachya swatachya software aanee hardwarechi vikri chalavanyacha uddesh thewala hota. 1995 paryant, aay. bii. emm. aanee microsoft yanchyatil windows 95 vataghati, jyaa katheen hotya, tyaa thamblya, jevha aay. bii. emm. neey kamalache vikas vikat ghetale, jyache kamalache smartsuit thet microsoft officeshi spardha karat asey. parinami, aay. bii. emm. laa tyanchya pratispardhyanpeksha nantar tyancha parwana midala jyamule aay. bii. emm. sanganakanchya vikrivar parinam jhaala. aay. bii. emm. chya chya nantar manya kele qee oes/2 hii tyanna sanganak vyavasayat thevanyasathi vyavharya karyapranali nasati.
jerstenerchya teen payanchya vyavasay modelmadhye aay. bii. emm. hardware aanee tantradnyanavar tulanene qamee bharr denyat aala hota, parantu tyanna duyyam darja denyat aala navhata. companyne aaplya vidyaman utpadananchya shreni aanee vikas prakriyanvar adhik jawalun sahan karnyasathi aaplya sanshodhan sansthela aanale. internet anuprayog aanee sakhol sanganane pramukh vyavsayik tantradnyan pradhanyakram mhanoon client serverla mage takale, mukhya chaukati prasangikatekade paratalya. aay. bii. emm. neey see. emm. oo. ess. tantradnyanasaha tyanchya mukhya chaukatichya reshela punarujjivit kele, jyamule teey bajarpethetil sarvat shaktishali aanee kifayatshir banale. microelectronics sanshodhan aanee utpadan kshetratil guntavanukinni aay. bii. emm. laa vishesh, uchch margine chip utpadanat jaagtik netrutva dile-1992 madhye tyane 200 miimii wafer prakriya aanee dashakat 300 miimii wafer vikasit kelya. playstation 3, exbox 360 aanee vaay. aay. aay. game consolemadhye aay. bii. emm.-design kelelya chipsacha vapar keela gela. aay. bii. emm. neey scalable samantar processor tantradnyanavar aadharit uchch-stariy yantransah supercomputingmadhye dekhil aaghadi ghetali.
aay. bii. emm. chya punarujjivanat lokpriy mansiktet tyacha punha pravesh haah titkach mahattvacha hota. 5 aktoobar 1992 roji comdex computer expot aay. bii. emm. neey pahila vicharvant laptop sanganak, sanganak, jaheer keela. tyanantar aamhala $4350 itaki kimmat asalelya thinkpad yaa utkrusht yantramadhye 25 megahertz intell 80486 ess. ell. processor, eka 10.4-inch sakriy matricks display, kadhoon taknyayogya 120 embi haard drive, 4 embi ramm (16 embeeparyant vistarnyayogya) aanee eka trackpoint II pointing device samavisht hote. prasiddha designer richard sapperchya rachanene thinkpadla digerates yashasvi kele aanee thinkpadchya thund ghatakane kahee cashes ibm brandmadhye parat aanale jeey 1980 chya dashkatil sanganak yuddhanmadhye haravale hote. 1997 saalee aay. bii. emm. chee buddhibal khelanari sanganak pranali deep blue aanee vidyaman jaagtik buddhibal vijete garry kasparov yanchyatil buddhibal samna haah yaa lokpriy punarujjivanasathi mahattvapoorn tharala. deep bluecha vijay haah vidyaman vishvavijetya sanghavar sangankababatcha pahilach aitihasik vijay hota. super computer kramvari aanee paytant netrutva aakadevarivaril varshik varchasva heey tantradnyanatil nete mhanoon aapale sthan punha midvanyat companyla madat karane dekhil hote. uparodhikpane, 2000 saalee dott-comcha budbuda kosalala, jyat jyat dashkatil anek uchch darjache tantradnyan asalele lock manditoon baher padnyat apayashi tharale, heey companyche naav punha jaganyat yogdan denare hote. yaa kosalanyane internetvar internetvar kahee adhik fashionable vyavasay modelschee badnami kelee aahe, jyachi tulana aay. bii. emm. shhee purvi kelee jaat hotee.
aanakhi eka ghatak mhanje aay. bii. emm. brandche companyche punarujjivan. aarthik mandichya kalat companyche vipanan astavyast hote, jeey bajarat vegvegale, kadhikadhi visangat aavaj sadar karat hote. yaa brandchya gondhalala kahee pramanat companyche 70 vegvegalya jahirat sanstha karyarat asalyamule karanibhoot manale jaau shakate. 1994 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey eka sansthet aapali jahirat ektrit kelee. tyacha parinam bajarasathi eka susangat, satatyapurn sandesh hota.
aay. bii. emm. neey aarthik payari parat midvalyanantar, eae-commers aanee maganinusar asha upkramansah vyavasay-kendrit paddhatine charcha karoon, paramparik aay. bii. emm. samarthyashi samarthyashi marganni internet yugala punha paribhashit karnyacha prayatna keela. bhagidar aanee spardhkansah samaan upkram tayar karoon, mukt srot upkramanna tyanni pathimba deela.
keey-12 shikshan sudharnyavar laksh kendrit karnyasathi companyne aaplya paropkari paddhatinmadhye dekhil sudharana kelee. austreliyatil sidney yethe yethe olympic khelanmadhye yashasvi sahbhag ghetalyanantar aantarrashtriy olympic samitisobatchi 40 varshanchi tantradnyan bhagidari tyane sampushtat aanali. manushyabal kshetrat, aay. bii. emm. neey udhyoganpurvi vividhatechi tattve aanee paddhati swikarlya aanee ekatmik kelya. 1984 madhye tyane tyachya bhedbhav naan karnyachya paddhatinmadhye laingik pravrutti jodali, 1995 madhye karyakari vividhata karya dalanchi nirmiti kelee aanee 1996 madhye tyachya tyachya gharguti bhagidar laabh dile. karmchari, rangeet karmchari aanee mahilanna kaam karnyasathi sarvottam thikananpaiki eka mhanoon companychi yadee aahe. aanee 1996 madhye, 'daad women inn technology international holl auph fame' neey tyachya 10 mahilanchya udghatan vargacha bhag mhanoon teen aay. bii. emm. emm samavesh kelah rooth leach ammonet, aay. bii. emm. madhye karyakari padd dharan karnari pahili mahila; barbara grant, ph. dii., aay. bii. emm. site general manager mhanoon niyukt honari pahili mahila; aanee linda sanford, aay. bii. emm. madhye sarvoch sthan asaleli tantrik mahila. dashakanpasunchya sankalkanmadhil tichya navinyapurn kamasathi software pravartak asalelya fran elencha 1997 madhye samavesh karnyat aala.
1998 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey aay. bii. emm. pii. see. companycha udyam-kendrit vaiyaktik pranali gut villin keela. aay. bii. emm. chya swatachya jaagtik sevanmadhye vaiyaktik sanganak sallagar aanee grahak seva vibhagat pravesh. parinami villin jhalelya vyavsayik ekkanchi olakh nantar fakt aay. bii. emm. vaiyaktik pranali gut mhanoon jhaali. 1999 saalee, aay. bii. emm. neey kirkol dukananmadhye tyanche sanganak vikane bund kele, kaaran yaa kshetratil tyancha bajaratil vaataa pratispardhyanchya compack aanee delpeksha lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaala hota. tyanantar lagechach aay. bii. emm. pii. see. qoo. teey visarjit karoon aay. bii. emm. vaiyaktik pranali gatat villin karnyat aale.
aale akheris gerstener nivrutt jhaala aanee tyachya jaagi dirghkalapasun ibmer samuel jeey. pamisano.
2005 madhye, companyne aapala serve vaiyaktik sanganak vyavasay chiinii tantradnyan company lenovola vikala aanee 2009 madhye, tyanni software company ess. pii. ess. ess. aay. see. vikat ghetali. nantar 2009 madhye, aay. bii. emm. chya nilya januk supercomputing karyakramala yuu. yuu. neey tantradnyan aanee navinyache rashtriy padak pradan kele.ess. adhyaksh barak obama. 2011 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey tyachya krutrim buddhimatta karyakram watsonsathi jagbharatil laksh vedhale, jyache pradarshan 'jepardi!' varr karnyat aale hote."jithe tyane game-shhow champian qeena jennings aanee brad rutter yanchyaviruddha vijay midavala. companyne tyach varshi 16 juuna roji aapala 100 vaa vardhapandinhi sajra keela. 2012 madhye, ibmne ghoshana kelee qee teey kenexa aanee texas memory systeams kharedi karnyas sahmat jhaale aahet aanee eka varshanantar tyanni softlayer tantradnyan, eka web hosting seva dekhil sumare 2 abj dollarschya kararat vikat ghetali. tyach varshi, companyne davo shaharasathi video palat thevanyachi pranali tayar kelee.
2014 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey jaheer kele qee too aapala x86 server vibhag lenovola $2.1 abjala wickel. power aay. ess. aii.-aadharit server dene suru thevat asatana.
2019-sadhya.
aay. bii. emm. chey mukhya karyakari arvind krishna yanchya matey, 2019 saalee laal topichya adhigrahanamule aay. bii. emm. laa bhavishyatil manchanvar aapale laksh kendrit karane shakya jhaale.
aktoobar 2020 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey jaheer kele qee teey swatahla done sarvajanik companyanmadhye vibhagat aahet. aay. bii. emm. emm reed hatt sampadanachya payavar bandhalelya uchch-margine claude computing aanee krutrim buddhimattevar laksh kendrit karel. varsa vyavasthapit payabhoot suvidha seva unit grahakanchya aay. tii. payabhoot suvidha aanee khaatee vyavasthapit karnyasathi naveen sarvajanik company kindrilmadhye vibhagale jaeel aanee 115 deshanmadhye $60 abjachya pralambit rakmesah 4,600 grahak asateel.
21 janewari 2022 roji aay. bii. emm. neey jaheer kele qee teey watson health khasgi sambhag company francisco bhagidaranna vikatil.
aay. bii. emm. laa tyachya itar vyavsayik ghatakanpasun vegale spardha sankarit meghavar heey naveen laksh kendrit karane, tyachya aadhichya konatyahi viniveshapeksha mothe asel aanee guntavanukdaranni tyache swagat kele aahe.
julai 2022 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey deta observability software developer databases andche adnyat rakmesathi adhigrahan karanyachi ghoshana kelee. adhigrahanantar, databases aanee karmchari aay. bii. emm. chya deta aanee aii. aay. vibhagat sameel hotil.
december 2022 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey reston-mukhyalay asalele digital parivartan aanee tyache aadhunikikaran seva pradata, arlington capital bhagidarankadun adnyat kimmatila akto consulting vikat ghetalyachi ghoshana karnyat aalee. aay. bii. emm. neey naveen japani 2 aine. emm. prakriya utpadan company rapidsobathi bhagidari kelee.
visavya shatkatil bajarpeth shakti aanee avishvas.
20 vya shatkatil bahutansh kaal electronic deta processing bajarat aay. bii. emm. neey varchasva gajavale, suruvatila punch card aanee tabulating machine marketchya 70 takkyanhun adhik bhagavar niyantran thewale aanee nantar sanganak bajarat samaan vaataa sadhya keela. aay. bii. emm. neey thampane sangitale qee, bajarpethetil assa vaataa sadhya karnyat aanee too tikavoon thevanyat tyache yash heey tyache kaushalya, udyog aanee doordrashti yamule hote; sarkare aanee spardhakanni thampane sangitale qee itakya mothya sambhaganchi dekhbhal hii kiman kahee pramanat, bajarat, tyachya pratispardhyanshi sambandhit anuchit kimmati, atty aanee sharti, bandhani, utpadananmadhye ferfar aanee fasavanuk (bheeti, anishchitata aanee shanka) nirman karane yasarkhya spardhatmak virodhi krutyanmule jhaali. asha prakare 20 vya shatkat visahoon adhik sarkari aanee khajgi avishvas karvayanmadhye aay. bii. emm. prativadi hota. aay. bii. emm. neey yapaiki keval eka baab gamavali parantu itar goshtincha asha prakare nipatara keela jyane udyogala khalee saranshit kelyapramane sakhol aakar deela. deela shatkachya akheris, aay. bii. emm. aata sanganak udhyogat itake varchasva gajavat navhate. kahee nirikshak asey suchavatat qee 1970 chya dashkatil anek avishvas khatalyankade vyavasthapanache laksh heey kiman anshatah tyachya ghasaranisathi jababdar hote.
1936 sanmaticha aadesh.
1932 madhye, yuu.ess. jyaa grahakanna tyanchi saranibaddha upkarane bhadepattivar dilee aahet, tyanna asha upkarnanvar vaparleli punch carde kharedi karanyachi aavashyakta aahe, asha aay. bii. emm. chya pratheshi spardha-virodhi sambandh jodat asalyacha dawa sarkari vakilanni keela. aay. bii. emm. chaa khatala harla aanee parinami 1936 chya sammatichya aadeshat, aay. bii. emm. neey yapudhe keval aay. bii. emm. kardanchi aavashyakta nasanyas sahmati darshavali aanee aay. bii. emm. chyashi spardha spardha utpadan suvidha suru karnyat kardanchya paryayi puravathadaranna madat karnyas sahmati darshavali; tyadvare punch kelelya kardansathi swatantra bajarpeth tayar hote aanee parinami chumbakeey tape aanee disk pacsarkhya tyanantarchya sanganak purvathyasathi.
1956 sanmaticha aadesh.
21 janewari 1952 roji, yuu.ess. sarkarne eka khatala dakhal keela jyacha parinam 25 janewari 1956 roji antim nirnay mhanoon sanmaticha aadesh mhanoon dakhal karnyat aala. deta processing udhyogat spardha vadhavanyache sarkarche uddisht aadeshatil anek taratudindware prabhavit jhaleh 
yaa aadeshamule tatkalin sanganak udhyogatil aay. bii. emm. chya bhavishyatil varchasvavar maryada ghalanyat farse kahee jhaale nahee, parantu yamule aay. bii. emm. pranalinshi sanlagn karnyayogya bhadepatti, seva, dekhbhal aanee upkarane yasarkhya vibhaganmadhye spardha shakya jhaali aanee anivarya vajvi paytant cross-licensingdware praveshasathiche adthale qamee jhaale.
aadeshachya atty 1996 paryant lagoo rahilya; tyaa pudhil paach varshant tappyatappyane kadhoon taknyat aalya.
1968-1984 anek sarkari aanee khajgi avishvas takrari.
1968 madhye controll deta corpane (see. dii. see.) aay. bii. emm. viruddha avishvas khatalyanchya maliketil pahila khatala dakhal keela. tyanantar 1969 madhye americi sarkarchya avishvas takrari, tyanantar 19 khajgi americi avishvas takrari aanee eka european takrar aalee. akheris aay. bii. emm. neey yapaiki kahee baabee nikali kadhalya pann pramukhyane jinkalya. chaar americi adhyaksh aanee tyanche mahadhivakta yanni chalavalela americi sarkarcha khatala 1982 madhye yuu. ess. chya avishvas vibhagache prabhari asalele american adhyaksh rigansache sahayyak mahadhivakta william baxter yanni 'gunavattevina' mhanoon kadhoon takala.ess. nyay vibhag.
1968-1973 deta corp niyantrit qaraa. vhee. aay. bii. emm.
see. dii. see. neey minnesotachya federal nyayalayat aay. bii. emm. viruddha avishvas khatala dakhal keela, jyamadhye aarop karnyat aala qee aay. bii. emm. neey itar goshtimbarobarach, tee deu shakat nasalelya utpadananchi ghoshana karoon, sherman avishvas kayadyachya kalam 2 chey ullanghan karoon sanganakanchya bajarpethevar maktedari kelee hotee. 1965 madhye aay. bii. emm. chya eka vakilane dilelya antargat aay. bii. emm. memomadhye namood kele hote qee niyantran mahiteene sarvajanikaritya tyachya ghatatya kamaila aay. bii. emm. varr aanee tyache varanvarche model aanee kimmatitil badalanvar dosh deela hota. aarop kharey aahet ashee kahee bhavna hotee."1973 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey see. dii. see. prakaran sumare 8 kotee dollar rokh aanee aay. bii. emm. seva karyalay mahamandalasah malmatta see. dii. see. kadey hastantarit karnyasathi nikali kadhale.
1969-1982 yuu.ess. vhee. aay. bii. emm.
17 janewari 1969 roji, united states auph americene newyorkchya dakshini jilhyasathi united states jilha nyayalayat takrar dakhal kelee, jyat aarop keela gela qee aay. bii. emm. neey samanya-uddesh electronic digital sanganak pranali bajaravar, visheshtah vyavasayasathi tayar kelele sanganak, maktedari karoon kinwa maktedari karnyacha prayatna karoon sherman avishvas kayadyachya kalam 2 chey ullanghan kele aahe. tyanantar, americi sarkarne aarop keela qee aay. bii. emm. neey bhadepatti kampanya aanee plug-susangat paridhiy utpadkanviruddha nirdeshit kelelya aay. bii. emm. chya krutinmadhye avishvas kayadyanche ullanghan kele.
juuna 1969 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey tyache software aanee seva jyachya anek nirikshakanchya apekshenusar aanee 1969 chya yuu. ess. avishvas khatalyacha thet parinam hota, tyaa jodalya. eka ratrit spardhatmak software bajarpeth nirman jhaali.
adhorekhit kelelya pramukh ullanghnanmadhye khalilpramane hoteh
kahee pramanat hii sarvkalatil eka mothee ekal ekahati cases hotee. aay. bii. emm. neey shodhadarmyan 3 kotee prushthanchi samagri tayar kelee; tyane aaplya aaplya khatalyachya purv nondinchya malikela sadar kele. takrar dakhal jhalyanantar sahaa varshanni khatala suru jhaala aanee tyanantar aanakhi sahaa varshe nyayalayat khatala chalala. chachanichya pratilekhat 104,400 hoon adhik prushthe asoon hajaro kagadpatre nondinmadhye thewali aahet. 8 janewari 1982 roji, nyay vibhagachya avishvas vibhagache tatkalin sahayyak mahadhivakta william baxter yanni heey prakaran 'gunavattevina' asey mhanat radd kele, tevha teey sampale."
1969-1981 khajgi avishvas khatale.
yuu.ess.'1969 chya avishvas khatalyanantar sumare 18 khajgi avishvas takrari aalya, tyapaiki eka vagalata serve aay. bii. emm. neey shevati jinkale. kahee ullekhaneey khatalyanmadhye heey samavisht aaheh
grehaund sanganak sanstha..
grehaund yaa bhadepattivar bhadepattivar companyne eleanoychya rajya avishvas kayadyantargat eleanoy rajya nyayalayat khatala dakhal keela. yaa prakaranachi sunavani 1972 madhye arizona yetheel federal nyayalayat jhaali aanee avishvas davyanvar aay. bii. emm. sathee nirdeshit nikal denyat aala; tathapi, 1977 madhye apeal nyayalayane haah nirnay ulatavala. janewari 1981 madhye punha khatala suru honyachya agadi aadhi, aay. bii. emm. aanee grehaund yanni 17.7 kotee dollarmadhe prakaran nikali kadhale.
teleaks corp..
paridhiy upkarananchya utpadak asalelya telexne 21 janewari 1972 roji khatala dakhal keela, jyat aarop keela gela qee aay. bii. emm. neey maktedari kelee aahe aanee plug-susangat paridhiy upkarananchya sambandhit upavipanyasah electronic deta processing upkarananchya jagbharatil utpadan, vitaran, vikri aanee bhadepattivar maktedari thevanyacha prayatna keela aahe. 1973 madhye gair-nirnayak khatalyanantar, aay. bii. emm. laa 'plug-susangat paridhiy upkarananchya bajaravar' maktedari adhikar balganyacha aanee vaparnyacha doshi tharvanyat aale aanee $352.5-dashalaksh tippat nuksan bharpai denyache aanee paridhiy interfaces vaishishtyanchya prakatikaranasaha itar dilasa denyache aadesh denyat aale. aay. bii. emm. vyapar guptatancha gairavapar kelyabaddal telex swatantrapane doshi aadhalala. aay. bii. emm. viruddhacha nikal apilavar ulatavanyat aala aanee 4 aktoobar 1975 roji donhi pakshanni jaheer kele qee teey ekmekanviruddhachi karvai radd karat aahet.
itar khajgi khatale.
aay. bii. emm. neey shevati jinkalelya itar khajgi khatalyanmadhye california sanganak utpadane ink., memorex corp.marshal industries, hudson general corp., transamerica corporation aanee forro precision, ink.
1980-1984 european union.
maktedarivaril european aarthik samuday aayogane khandachya sanganak vyavasayavaril tyachya varchasvacha gairfayda ghetalyabaddal aanee plug-susangat utpadakanpasun tyachya sthitiche sanrakshn karnyasathi tayar kelelya vyavsayik paddhatinmadhye sahbhagi houn tyachya pramukh bajar sthiticha gairavapar kelyabaddal romchya kararachya kalam 86 antargat aay. bii. emm. viruddha karvai suru kelee. 1984 madhye aay. bii. emm. neey upkaran interfaces mahitichya prakatikaranasandarbhat aaplya vyavsayik paddhatinmadhye badal karnyas sahmati darshavalyane yaa prakaranacha nipatara karnyat aala.
utpadane aanee tantradnyan.
aay. bii. emm. utpadananchi yadee pahaa
aay. bii. emm. chya sanganakachya yantrasamagrichi utkranti.
aay. bii. emm. chya yantrasamagrichi katha sanganak udhyogachya katheshi gumphaleli aahe-vacuum tubepasoon teey transisterparyant, integrated circuitsparyant, microprocessorparyant aanee tyapalikade. khaleel pranali aanee malika pramukh pramukh darshavtatah
aay. bii. emm. chya karyapranalichi utkranti.
aay. bii. emm. karyapranalimadhye hardware vikas samantar aahe. suruvatichya pranalinmadhye, karyapranali tulanene qamee guntavanukiche pratinidhitva karat asat aanee moolatah hardwareshee sanlagn mhanoon tyakade pahile jaat asey. pranali/360 chya veleparyant, tathapi, kharch, jatilata, mahatva aanee jokhim yaa babatit operating systemne khoop mothee bhoomika sweekarli hotee.
mukhya frame karyapranalimadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
itar mahattvapoorn karyapranalimadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
uchch stariy bhasha.
itar anek vikretyanpramanech suruvatichya aay. bii. emm. sanganak pranalinnahi assembly bhasha vaparoon program kele gele hote. 1950 aanee 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatichya kalat sanganak vidnyanachya prayatnanmule programingsathi anek naveen uchch-stariy bhashancha (etch. ell. ell.) vikas jhaala. yaa prakriyet aay. bii. emm. neey eka guntaguntichi bhoomika bajavali. yantrasamagri vikrete swabhavikpane portable bhashanchya parinamambaddal chintit hote jyamule grahakanna susangatatechya samasyanshivay vikretyanpaiki nivad karata yeil. visheshtah aay. bii. emm. neey grahakanna ekach vyaspithavar adakavoon thevanyas pravrutt karnare adthale nirman karnyas madat kelee.
tathapi, khaleel pramukh sanganak bhashanmadhye aay. bii. emm. chee mahattvapoorn bhoomika hotih
aay. bii. emm. aanee aay. aay. ess./unix/linux/ess. see. oo.
aay. bii. emm. neey unix aanee linux vishvashi visangat sambandh vikasit kele. aay. bii. emm. chya mothya sanganak vyavasayachya mahattvamule aay. bii. emm. chya vyavasayachya itar marg vikasit karnyachya serve prayatnanvar dabav aala. serve aay. bii. emm. prakalpankade companychya pradhanyanviruddh spardha mhanoon pahanyacha dhoka hota. yache kaaran asey qee, udaharanarth, jarr ekhadya grahakane ruu./6000 chya vyaspithavar arj tayar karnyacha nirnay ghetala, tarr yacha arth assa dekhil hota qee atyant fayadeshir aanee rujalelya mukhya chaukatichya vyaspithachya virodhat nirnay ghenyat aala hota. tyamule kahee utkrusht tantradnyan asoonahi, aay. bii. emm. neey anekada swatahla tadjod kelelya sthiteet thewale.
payabhoot suvidha vyavasthapan aanee jee. aay. ess. anuprayogansathi aay. bii. emm. chee jee. eff. aay. ess. utpadane heey eka udaharan aahe. vidyut, vayoo aanee jaal upayuktata yasarkhya udhyoganmadhye dirghkal varchasva asoonahi, 1990 chya dashakat aay. bii. emm. neey tyachya vidyaman mukhya chaukati-aadharit utpadananchya jaagi workstation-aadharit upay tayar karnyachya prayatnat adkhalan patkarali. kahee grahak itar vikretyankadun naveen tantradnyanakade valale; anekanna aay. bii. emm. neey vishvasaghat kelyache vatale.
1990 chya dashakat aay. bii. emm. neey mukt srot tantradnyanacha adhik changlya prakare sweekar keela, parantu nantar unix aanee linux platformshy sambandhit bauddhik sampada hakkanvar ess. see. oo. gatasobat eka guntaguntichya khatalyat adakale.
bikarsa (billing, inventory niyantran, prapya khaatee aanee vikri vishleshan).
1983 madhye pranali/36 chee ghoshana jhaali, pranali/34 chee badali. aanee 1988 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey pranali/36 grahak aanee pranali/38 grahak yaa doghansathi abhisaran bindu darshavinyachya uddeshane/400 mhanoon ghoshana kelee. 1970 chya dashakat aay. bii. emm. neey vishisht udhyogansathi billing, inventory controll, prapya khaatee aanee vikri vishleshan (bikarsa) anuprayoganchi shreni vikasit kelee hotih bandhkam (see. emm. aii. ess.), vitaran (dii. emm. aii. ess.) aanee utpadan (emm. emm. aii. ess.), heey serve aar. pii. jee. II bhashet lihile gele hote. 1980 chya dashakachya akheris, aay. bii. emm. neey bikarsa anuprayoganchya bajaratoon jawaljawal purnapane maghar ghetali hotee. aay. bii. emm. viruddha americi sarkar aanee european unionne aanalelya avishvas prakarananmadhil ghadamodinmule, aay. bii. emm. vikri pratinidhi aata bhagidar mhanoon anuprayog software sansthansobat ughadpane kaam karoo shakale. (1980 chya dashakachya suruvatichya kahee kalasathi, 'teencha niyam' chalavala gela, jyane aay. bii. emm. vikri pratinidhinna, jarr tyanni grahakanna truteey-paksh arj prastavit karayacha asel tarr, aay. bii. emm. prastavat kiman done truteey-paksh vikretyanchi yadee karnyas bhag padale.)
sanganketar vyavasay.
aay. bii. emm. heey mukhyatve univacchya 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatichya sarvajanik khyatila mage taknyasathi olakhale jaate, tyanantar shatkachya uttaradhat sanganak udhyogat aaghadi ghetali. tathapi, itar udhyoganmadhye dekhil tyachya kahee mahattvapoorn bhoomika aahet, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
sanghatana.
see. eae. oo. ess., ullekhaneey ibmers.
aay. bii. emm. chya majee mukhya karyakari adhikari aanee itar anekanchya corporate charitransathi pahah aay. bii. emm. sangrah charitra nirmatyanche sandarbh kaksh
aay. bii. emm. sanshodhan.
 israyalmadhil aay. bii. emm. sanshodhanacha itihas dekhil pahaa
aay. bii. emm. federal systeams division (eff. ess. dii.).
aay. bii. emm. chya kamkajacha eka mahattvacha bhag mhanje yuu. ess. see. barobar eff. ess. dii. chey karar hote.ess. sanrakshn vibhagapasun teey rashtriy suraksha sanstheparyantchya prakalpansathi sanghiy sarkar. yaa prakalpanmadhye sansarik prashasakeey prakriyepasoon teey uchch-gupt supercomputingparyant vistarle gele. nasachya apolo karyakramat, pratyek shanee rocketcha 'mendu' haah huntsville, alabama yetheel aay. bii. emm. antaral pranali kendrane tayar kelela upkaran ekak hota. 1957 madhye sthapan jhalelya eff. ess. dii. chee 1994 madhye loralla vikri karnyat aalee. itar federal systeams vibhag prakalpanmadhye newyork times shavagar (purvi prakashit kagadpatre) aanee newyork times "index" chey digitization hote jeey purvi darvarshi chhapil swarupat prakashit kele jaat hote. yaa prakalpache netrutva harlen mills karat hote. giranyanni 'top daun' rachana aanee mukhya programmer sangh vikasit kelyamule haah prakalp velevar aanee andajpatrakanusar purn karnyasathi ullekhaneey hota.
aantarrashtriy sahayyak companyanchi vaadh.
aay. bii. emm. chya suruvatichya varshant 70 deshanmadhye tyachya sahayyak kampanya aanee karye hotee. tyat austriya, belgium, bulgaria, chekoslovakia, france, germany, itali, japan, netherlands, norwey, polland, romania, soviet union, sweeden, switzerland, yugoslavia aanee itarancha samavesh hota.
aay. bii. emm. seva sanstha.
aay. bii. emm. chey sanganak udhyogavaril suruvatiche varchasva kahee pramanat tyachya majboot vyavsayik seva upkramanmule hote. swatachya sangankansathi software tayar karnyat aay. bii. emm. chaa fayda akheris ekadhikarvadi mhanoon pahila gela, jyamule avishvas karyavahi jhaali. parinami, aay. bii. emm. chya sanganak vyavasayala tyachya seva sansthanpasun vegale karnare eka jatil, krutrim 'shastra-lambi' sambandh tayar karnyat aale. hii paristhiti anek dashake tikoon hotee. yache eka udaharan mhanje aay. bii. emm. global services, eka seva company jee electronic deta systeams aanee sanganak vidnyan mahamandalasah spardha karat hotee.
pudhe vacha.
bhashya, samanya itihas.
adhik alikadil aay. bii. emm. vishay pustakansathi pahah ibm#further vachan
tantradnyan.
punch card itihas, tantradnyanasathi, pahah unit reecord equipment#further vachan
herman holerithsathi pahah herman hollerith#further vachan
charitra, sansmarane.
aay. bii. emm. chya majee mukhya karyakari adhikari aanee itar anekanchya corporate charitransathi pahah aay. bii. emm. sangrah charitra nirmatyanche sandarbh kaksh

