tikavoon thevane

kantratdar kinwa up-kantratdar tyachya tyachya purn karel aanee bandhkam prakalp purn karel yachee khatri karnyasathi kaam lakshaniyaritya purn hoiparyant janivpurvak rokhalya gelelya karar kimmaticha eka bhag mhanje dharana. eka dharana mhanje apoorn kinwa sadosh kamanviruddha suraksha mhanoon kaam karnyasathi kararatil eka pakshane rokhalela paisa. 1840 chya dashkatil british bandhkam udhyogatil railway unmadatoon tyanche mool aahe, parantu aata bahutek bandhkam kararanmadhye samavisht asalelya udhyogat teey samanya aahet. eka samanya dharana darr 5 takke asato, jyapaiki ardha purn jhalyavar aanee ardha dosh dayitva kalavadhichya shevati (anekada 12 mahinyanantar) sodanyat yeto. bharana tarkhambabat anishchitata nirman karane, pakshanmadhil tanav vadhavane aanee diwalkhorichya prakarananmadhye paise dhokyat ghalane yaa prathevar teeka jhaali aahe. yaa paddhatila paryayi pranalinsah badalanyasathi anek prastav aale aahet.
itihas aanee uddesh.
1840 chya dashakat united kingdam railway pranalichya bandhkamapasun hii dharana kayam aahe. railway prakalpachya aakaramule kantratdaranchi magani vadhali, jyamule naveen kantratdaranna kamgar bajarat pravesh midala. heey naveen kantratdar ananubhavi, patra navhate aanee prakalp yashasviritya purn karnyat asamarth hote. parinami, railway kampanyanni kantratdaranni chook kelyas, tyachi kamgiri sunishchit karnyasathi aanee purn karnyachya kharchachi bharpai karnyasathi kantratdaranchya deyakanpaiki 20 takke rakkam rokhanyas suruvat kelee. kantratdar aanee tyachya up-kantratdaranna prakalpasathi vittapuravatha karnyas bhag padnyasathi navhe, tarr keval kantratdaracha napha rokhane haah muddah hota.
bandhkam prakalpanchi anekada mothee, guntagunt, kharch aanee lambi lakshat gheta, yojnenusar kahitari naan honyacha dhoka jawaljawal nishchit aahe. tyanusar, hii jokhim qamee karnyasathi karar karnare paksh eka samanya drushtikon ghetat, too mhanje tyanchya kararanmadhye rakhoon thevanyachya tartudincha samavesh karane. bandhkam udhyogasathi dharana adviteey aahe aanee done goshti karnyacha prayatna karatoh kantratdar kinwa up-kantratdarala prakalp purn karnyasathi protsahan dene aanee malkala konatyahi purvadhikar, dave kinwa defaultpasoon sanrakshn dene, jeey prakalp purn honyachya jawal yet asatana samore yeu shakate. yogayogane, malak aanee kantratdar prakalpasathi vittapuravatha karnyasathi sathavanukicha srot mhanoon vapar karatat, tyaa badalyat kantratdar up-kantratdarankadun sathavanukila rokhatat, jeey anekada tyanchyapasun rokhalya rokhalya takkevaripeksha jaast asate.
united kingdam.
british bandhkam udhyogat dharanancha mothya pramanavar vapar keela jaato; jyache bahutansh karar dile jaatat. hii eka ashee rakkam aahe jee nikrusht darjachya utpadananviruddha (dosh) kinwa apoorn rahilelya kamansathi suraksha mhanoon rokhali jaate. grahak mukhya kantratdar aanee mukhya kantratdaranviruddhachi dharana rokhatat aanee up-kantratdaranviruddhachi rakkam rokhatat. dharana samanyatah kararachya mulyatil takkevariche swaroop ghete. darr prachand pramanat badaloo shakato parantu samanyatah 5 takkyanchya aaspas asato. arthvyavasthechi samanya sthitee nirdharit daranvar parinam karoo shakateh bharpur kaam asalelya utsahi arthvyavasthet up-kantratdar teey konate kaam swikartat heey nivadu shakatat aanee tyamule adhik anukool daranvar vataghati karanyachi kshamata asatat.
mukhya kantratdarachya paishanchi sathavanuk kaam grahakapasoon dharana sakhali suru hote. mukhya kantratdar up-kantratdaranvar paise rokhato, jeey nantar up-kantratdaranvarhi paise rokhu shakatat. dharana nidhi samanyatah done bhaganmadhye deela jaato (jyala moities mhanatat); pahila prakalp purn jhalyavar dey asato aanee dusra dosh dayitva kalavadhichya shevati. haah kalavadhi assa asato, jevha grahak kantratdarasathi sadosh asaleli kaame olakhoo shakato, jyane nantar tyavar upay karane aavashyak asate; too anekada baaraa mahinyancha asato. udhyogachya serve kshetranmadhye dharana vaparane samanya nahee; udaharanarth, lift installerni tyaeivaji tyanchi swatachi hummy pranali vikasit kelee aahe.
ektrikaran bharana mhanje prakalpachya suruvatila kantratdarala kaam suru karnyat madat karnyasathi aagau bharana.
prabhav.
dharanancha vapar karyakshamta aanee utpadaktela protsahan denyasathi keela jaato. kantratdarala shakya titkya lavkar purn karnyasathi (pahilya rakmechi rakkam bharnyasathi) aanee kamanmadhil dosh qamee karnyasathi karnyasathi rakmechi rakkam bharnyasathi) aarthik protsahan asate. up-kantratdaranviruddha thevalele dharan heey dekhil mukhya kantratdaransathi rokh rakmeche eka pramukh srot aahet, jeey tyancha vapar naveen prakalpanna vittapuravatha karnyasathi karoo shakatat.
tathapi, up-kantratdar anekada yaa pranalibaddal takrar karatat. tyanchyakade kadhikadhi dharana nidhi bharnyachi nishchit tarikh nasate aanee 2017 chya british sarkarchya ahavalat namood kele aahe qee nimmyahoon adhik kantratdaranna dharana nidhi denyas usheer jhaala hota kinwa too naan bharalela hota. mukhya kantratdarachya tulanet up-kantratdar aanee up-kantratdaransathi vilamb jaast asalyache sangitale jaate. yamule companysathi chaloo asaleli chinta aanee bhandavali guntavanukisathi upalabdh asalelya rokh pravahavar nirbandh yetat. mothya vyavasayanpeksha asha lahan vyavasayanna adhik gambhir fatka basato, tyamule bharana vadhavane dekhil sadhansampattiche kaam aahe. kahee chhotya kampanya keval pratidharanasathiche paise lihoon thevatat, bharpaisathi tyanchya kimmati vadhavtat. kararatil pakshanmadhil vadhata tanav mhanoonahi yaa pratheche varnan kele gele aahe.
dharan kelelya paishanna ring-fencing karanyachi sadhya konatihi aavashyakta nahee (samanya companychya nidhisathi swatantrapane thewale jaate aanee kharchapasun jatan kele jaate) aanee teey sahasa grahakachya kinwa kantratdarachya mukhya banq khatyat thewale jaatat. yamule diwalkhorichya prakarananmadhye samasya udbhavu shakatat, jithe paise gamavale jaau shakatat aanee puravatha sakhalila dey deyake dhokyat yeu shakatat. dharanancha vapar (jeey tappyatappyane deyakancha eka prakar manale jaatat) bandhkam companyanna ghatakannusar (prapt khatyanchi vikri) ayogya dekhil banavoo shakato.
brittoncha itihas.
dharan karnyachya prathechi utpatti 1840 chya dashkatil british railway unmadat jhaali aahe. yaa kalat kantratdaranchya sankhyet zapatyane vaadh jhaali, bahutekda udhyogacha qamee anubhav hota. diwalkhorinchya sankhyet vaadh jhaali aanee karagirichya mankanmadhye ghat jhaali. tyamule railway kampanyanni apoorn aanee sadosh kamansathi suraksha mhanoon kantratdaranna kantratdaranna kiman 20 takke deyak rokhanyas suruvat kelee. hii pratha pratha shatkachya madhyaparyant sampoorn udhyogat pasarali hotee.
1994 chya latham ahavalat shifaras kelee gelee hotee qee ekhadya pakshakade asalelya dharana rakmeche sanrakshn karnyasathi kayada aanala jaava, jyamule too parisamapanadarmyan gamavane talhata yeil. bandhkam kayada 1998 madhye lathamchya itar serve dey shifarashi samavisht kelya gelya asoonahi yaa vagalalya gelya. bandhkam kayada 2011 dware yaa prathet kahee pramanat sudharana karnyat aalee. yamule eka kararaantargat pratidharan karane karane kararashi jodane bekaydeshir jhaale. yamule hii pratha sampushtat aalee, jyamadhye kantratdar up-kantratdaranna grahakane swatah paise deiparyant, jyavar up-kantratdaracha konatahi prabhav navhata, tyanna dharana denyas nakar dett.
2018 saalee kantratdar caryleanchya kosalanyacha udhyogavar natyamay parinam jhaala. vyavasay bund padalyavar naan bharalelya 25 kotee poundchya dharanashakticha apavyay jhalyamule tyachya anek up-kantratdaranna mothya rakmeche nuksan jhaale.
prastavit badali.
british bandhkam udhyogat dharan karnyachya paryayancha maryadit vapar aahe. tathapi, badal ghadavun aananyacha prayatna karnyasathi alikadchya chalvali jhalya aahet. vyavasay, urja aanee audhyogik dhoran vibhagane (dii. bii. eae. ess.) yaa paddhaticha vapar kitee pramanat keela jaato aanee udyog aanee arthvyavasthevar tyache kitee parinam hotat heey tharvanyasathi yaa prakaranache sanshodhan suru kele. heey 2017 madhye prakashit jhaale aanee yaa prathesathi anek paryay dekhil olakhale gele. tyanantar dii. bii. eae. ess. sarvajanik sallamasalat suru karnyat aalee; hii 19 janewari 2018 roji bund jhaali parantu tyanantar sarkari karvaisathi konatyahi shifarasi karnyat aalya naheet. pieter aldos yanni 9 janewari 2018 roji haus auph commonsmadhye eka khajgi sadasya vidheyak sadar kele hote, jyat paise rakhoon thevanyasathi sanrakshn lagoo karnyacha prayatna keela hota, parantu teey sansadedvare pudhe gele nahee.
2014 madhye bandhkam netrutva parishadene aakhalelya mahattvakankshenantar, billed yooke udyog gatala 2025 paryant dharana radd karanyachi khatri karayachi aahe. billed yukene prastav mandale qee mukhya kantratdarane up-kantratdaranvar dharana thevane heey grahakane mukhya kantratdaravar ladalelya nirbandhanpeksha jaast katheen nasave. tyanni asehi prastavit kele qee, tatpuratya kamanmule dosh honyachi shakyata naslyamule, dharana keval kayamswarupi kamanna lagoo viola havee. 2021 paryant lahan moolya asalele karar (100,000 paundanpeksha qamee) dharan-mukt vhave ashee sansthechi ichcha aahe, kaaran yaa kararansathi mukhya kamansathi dhoka qamee aahe.
2018 saalee caryleanchya ghasaraninantar dharana sudharanansathichya maganya vadhalya aahet. kahijan dharana thev yojana prastavit karatat, jyadvare paise paise pakshakade jamaa kele jaatat, jaree yamule shulk aanee nokarshahi vadhate aanee dharana kevha sodavi yabaddal pakshanmadhil vaad sodavale jaat naheet. scottish sarkarne 2019 madhye dharana thevnyababat sallamasalat suru kelee. yooke sarkarne yaa prakaranachi anek vela dakhal ghetali asali taree, hii pratha suru thevun yooke itar deshanpeksha mage asalyache mhatale. paryayanmadhye prakalp banq khaatee (jee grahak aanee kantratdarakadun serve deykansathi vaparali jaatat), dharana bandhpatra (kantratdarane kadhalelya doshanviruddha vimyacha eka prakar), kamgiri bandhpatra, escro bhagdharkanchi khaatee (truteey pakshakade asalele paise), palak company hummy (mukhya kantratdarachya mool sansthene purn kelyachi hummy) kinwa dharana nidhi thevanyasathi vishvast nidhi yancha samavesh hoto.
karar aadharit.
sanyukt karar nyayadhikaran karar pranaline niyoktyala (grahakala) dharana nidhi vishvasat thevanyachi parvanagi deuun dharana sudharanyasathi parvanagi dilee. 1998 chya kararachya punaravruttine kantratdarala grahakane paise vegalya banq khatyat thevanyachi vinanti karanyachi parvanagi dilee; tyane dharana rokhe vaparanyachi parvanagi dekhil dilee. 2016 jeey. see. tii. kararamule dharana-mukt prakalpanna parvanagi milate.
1993 madhye suru karnyat aalelya aine. eae. see. abhiyantriki aanee bandhkam kararamadhye aata tyachya mukhya kalmanmadhye dharana thevanyacha bhatta aahe. grahakadvare bhinn kalmandware (tathakathit "x kalame") dharan kele jaau shakatat aanee anekada kele jaatat. dosh qamee karnyasathi pakshanmadhil sahkaryachya bhavnevar moolbhut karar avalambun asato. kararachya chauthya aavruttiantargat (2017 madhye sadar) dharana rokhyansathi bhatta aahe. kararamadhye keval konatyahi kimmatichya shram-ghatkavar kinwa keval antim kahee deykanvar lagoo karnyasathi dharana rokhanyachi parvanagi aahe. aine. eae. see. pranalikade prakalp banq khatyancha vapar thevanyachya badalyat karanyachi parvanagi denyacha paryay dekhil aahe.
united states.
nirmiti aanee amalbajavani.
bandhkam prakalpavar jarr tikavoon thevayache asel tarr teey bandhkam kararat namood kele aahe. up karar tasech pramukh kararanna rakhanyachya tartudi lagoo hotat. kantratdar kinwa up-kantratdarakadun rokhali geleli rakkam, kararasathi vataghati kaam pakshankadun, samanyatah mageel kamgiri aanee kantratdar kinwa up-kantratdar kararantargat changli kamgiri karel yaa sambhavyatevar aadharit, prakaran-darr-prakaran aadharavar nishchit kelee jaavi.
ekhadi vyakti anek prakare rakhanyachya vyavasthechi rachana karoo shakate. rajyanchya vaidhanik aavashyaktanchya adheen rahoon, 10 takke hii thevi thevanyachi rakkam aahe jee bahutekda karar kaam pakshandvare vaparali jaate. aanakhi eka marg mhanje 10 takke bachat karoon suruvat karane aanee prakalp 50 takke purn jhalyanantar too 5 takkyanparyant qamee karane. tisra drushtikon mhanje puravathadar, up-kantratdaranpramane, tyanchya kharedichya aadeshanmadhye rakhoon thevanyachya tartudi swikaru shakat naheet yaa siddhantavar whitholding aavashyakatetun samagri kharch kadhane.
bharane kalame sahasa deyak arj sadar karnyachya prakriyechi ruparesha asalelya kararachya atinmadhye aadhaltat. eka vishisht dharana kalam khaleel bhashela samantar aaheh "malkane dey arjachya dey rakmechi rakkam [vishisht takkewari] qamee thevavi."
lakshaniyaritya purn.
tyache kaam lakshaniyaritya purn jhalyanantar, thevi samanyatah kantratdar kinwa up-kantratdaramule asate. jevha lakshaniy purtata hote tevhach anekada vaad nirman hotat. jevha malak ekhadya sanrachanevar kabja karoo shakato aanee tyacha vapar tyachya ichchit uddeshasathi karoo shakato tevha ghatana suru hote asey manak vishleshanat aadhalate.
durupyog kayam thewa.
up-kantratdaranna, visheshtah bandhkam prakriyechya suruvatilach kaam karnare up-kantratdaranna, sathavanukichya tartudincha fatka basato. yache mukhya kaaran mhanje anek kantratdar up-kantratdarala malki rokhanyacha malakacha adhikar detat, parantu tyanchyapasun rokhalya rokhalya rakmepeksha barechada rokhatat. udaharanarth, jaageche kaam karnara up-kantratdar bandhkam prakalpachya pahilya kahee mahinyant tyache kaam purn karoo shakato, parantu prakalp "lakshaniyaritya purn" hoiparyant malak aanee kantratdarakadun rokhaleli rakkam vasool karanyachi samanyatah parvanagi nasate, jyala prakalpachya aakaranusar kahee varshe lagoo shakatat. aakasmik bharana kalmashi jodale gelyane, rakhanyamule up-kantratdarala lakshaniy aarthik tras houu shakato.
aanakhi eka samasya udbhavate jevha kantratdar tyachya up-kantratdaranpasun malkane tyanchyapasun rokhalyapeksha jaast takkevarine rokhato. jevha lakshaniy purtata jhaali asel tevha malkane kantratdarala rokhe bharane bhag dyave lagel, tathapi, yaa apmanaspad, atee-rokhalelya paristhitit, kantratdarala up-kantratdaranchya nidhicha eka bhag aadhich denyat aala asel, mhanje kantratdarala tyachya swatachya rokh pravahatoon dey rakmechya shillak rakmecha nidhi dyava lagel. yamule prakalp bund honyas vilamb houu shakato. prakalpache ravangipatra kadhihi naan dene aanee tyamule up-kantratdaranna tyanchya ravangipatra bhagache dene nahee assa yuktivad karnyapeksha, prakalp apoorn thevane adhik fayadeshir aahe asey kantratdarala vatoo shakate.
federal retainage dhoran.
1974 madhye congressne eksaman sarkari-vyapi kharedi dhoran pradan karnyasathi federal kharedi dhoranache karyalay sthapan kele. 1970 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon, sanghiy bandhkam prakalpanvar rokhalya gelelya takkevarit ekoon ghat honyacha cull aahe. sadhyache federal acquisition regulation (eff.aaa.aar.) yaa pravruttila pathimba dett aahe. niyaman parichhedacha 32.103 parichhed mhanato, ". . . changlya kantrati vyavasthapanasathi paryay mhanoon sathavan vaparu naye aanee kantrati kantrati vinakaran nidhi rokhu naye. thevanyavishayi aanee rokhoon thevnyakarta nishchit rakkam, karar adhikari pratyek prakarnanusar tharvatil. asey nirnay kantratdarachya mageel kamgiriche moolyankan aanee ashee kamgiri suru rahanyachi shakyata yavar aadharit asateel."sadhya, sanrakshn vibhag, samanya seva prashasana aanee yuu. ess. vahtook vibhag yasarkhya federal sansthankade 'shoonya' dharana dhorane aahet.
tikavoon thevanyasathi paryay.
samaan laabh aanee sanrakshn pradan kaam manak rakhoon thevanyachya taratudinsathi anek paryay astitvat aahet. udaharanarth, paksh vishvast khaate suru karnyas sahmat houu shakatat. jaree teey malkachya tabyat asale taree vishvast khaate kantratdarala tyachya paishavar kahee niyantran pradan karate. vishvast khatyat, malkadware rakhoon thevalele, vishvastakade vishvast khatyat thewale jaate, jyache kantratdarashi vishvasarh sambandh asatat. vishvast kantratdarachya nirdeshanusar sathavanukichi guntavanuk karoo shakato, jyamule kantratdarala rakhoon thevalela nidhi vaparanyachi parvanagi milate, joou samanyatah escro khatyat rikama asato.
thevi thevanyache itar paryay mhanje kantratdarala malkala kamgiri bandhpatra, banq patpatra kinwa united stateschya kinwa hummy dilelya hamichya swarupat paryayi suraksha puravinyachi parvanagi dene, jase qee bile, pramanpatre, nota kinwa bandhpatra.
itar desh.
itar anek deshanmadhye dharanancha vapar keela jaato. teey chinmadhye samanya aahet, jaree kahee prakarananmadhye alp rakkam deyakachi hummy chinchya krishi bankedware dilee jaate. teey united statesmadhye dekhil vaparale jaatat jithe rakhoon thevaleli takkewari samanyatah sumare 10 takke jaast asate. tathapi, 50 takke kaame purn jhaali asalyache samajalyavar rokhalelya paishanpaiki 50 takke paise anekada sodale jaatat, tyamule dharana sodoon dene vegale asate. kahee rajyanni sarvajanik kararanmadhye dharanadharkancha vapar radd karnyasathi kinwa maryadit karnyasathi upayayojana kelya aahet. united statesmadhye, britanpeksha dharana bandhancha vapar adhik samanya aahe. rajyat maryadit dayitva kayadyantargat kaam kaam mothya sankhyene paradeshi companyanmule, jithe rakhoon thevalele praman kantrati mulyachya 30 takkyanparyant asoo shakate, tithe katarmadhye dharana thevane samanya aahe. canadamadhye dharanadharkanna 'holdback' deyake mhanoon olakhale jaate; 1997 pasoon canadatil serve dharanadharak paise ring-fencing khatyanmadhye thevane aavashyak aahe.
austreliyamadhye dharana vaparnyat yetat; nyu south velsmadhye 2 kotee dollarspeksha jastchya prakalpansathiche serve dharana paise adhikrut banketil ring-fencing khatyanmadhye thevane aavashyak aahe. newzealandmadhye serve dharana paise vishvastat thevane aavashyak aahe aanee teey rokh kinwa itar drav malmattanmadhye asane aavashyak aahe; hii aavashyakta 2013 madhye mukhya kantratdarachya mukhya malkichya sampanantar lagoo karnyat aalee hotee. tathapi, 2019 madhye stanly samoohachya patananantar asey aadhalun aale qee, up-kantratdaranna gatane dawa keela asala taree, qee too swatantra khatyanmadhye thevanyat aala hota aanee tyamule too nasht honyas jababdar hota, companychya mukhya khatyat rahoon, dharana nidhi yogya prakare prashasit keela jaat navhata. germanymadhye, jethe kaame purn hoiparyant kantratdarachi malmatta rahatat, tethe dharana pranali vaparali jaat nahee aanee tyamule, vadachya prakarananmadhye tee grahakankadun rokhali jaau shakatat.

