
lujan wii. vanyajeev rakshak

lujan wii. vanyajeev rakshak, 504 yuu.ess. 555 (1992), haah amerikechya sarvoch nyayalayacha eka mahattvacha nirnay hota, joou 12 juuna 1992 roji deela gela, jyane amerikechya sanvidhanachya kalam 3 antargat sthayi aavashyakta vadhavalya. aadhunik paryavaraniy nyayshastratil hii sarvat prabhavshali prakarananpaiki eka aahe."kayadeshir kaal" chya lilly henningne mhatale aahe keeh
lujan' madhye, nyayalayane asey mhatale qee american vanyajeev sanwardhan aanee itar paryavaran sanghatananchya eka gatamadhye sanyuktapane jaaree kelelya niyamanna aavhan denyasathi ubhe rahanyacha abhav aahe.ess. 1973 chya luptapray prajati kayadyachya vishisht vibhagane jyaa bhaugolik kshetrala lagoo kele tyaa sandarbhat antargat aanee vanijya sachiv. aswan, egypt aanee shrilanketil mahaveli yetheel vikas prakalpanna nidhi puravanyachya aamchya muddyanvar heey prakaran udbhavale, jyamule prabhavit bhagatil luptapray prajatinna haanee pohochu shakate. sarkarne ghoshit kele qee haah kayada united stateschya bahereel prakalpanna lagoo hott nahee aanee vanyajeev sanrakshakanvar khatala dakhal keela.
mutt.
sanvidhanachya kalam 3 chya scaliachya vyakhyemadhye, firyadini heey dakhavun dile pahije qee tyanna prativadimule dukhapat jhaali aahe, jyache nyayalayasamor khatala aananyachya sthayi aavashyakta purn karnyasathi, anukool nyayalayin nirnay nirakaran karoo shakato. bahumatasathichya tyanchya matanusar, nyay skaliyane mhatale qee bachavkarte 'pratyakshat dukhapat' ghatak purn karnyat ayashasvi tharale aahet. tyanni lihile qee, "serve vyaktinna karyakari mandalane kayadyane aavashyak asalelya karyapaddhatinche palan karave yasathi amoort, swayam-samavisht, gair-sadhansampann 'adhikar' pradan kelelya kayadyachya tartudivar nagrik dawa karatat, heey mutt nyayalayane fetalale."tyaeivaji, tyanni spasht kele, qee eka american nagrik firyadila pratyaksh aanee vishisht haanee jhaali asavi. 
yavyatirikt, keval bahusankhyikiy samarthan midvananya tyachya matanchya bhagat, nyay scaliane tharavale qee firyadi nivarankshamatecha ghatak darshavanyat ayashasvi tharale.
tyanchya matala anshatah sahmati darshavitana, nyaymurti anthany kenedi, nyaymurti david sotter yanchyasamvet, thampane mhanale qee, dhokyat asalelya prajatinsah prabhavit bhaugolik bhagansathi viman tikit bhavishyatil dukhapatichya aavashyakatechya aasann dhokyachi purtata karnyasathi purese asate.
nyaymurti johnn paul stevens yannihi yaa nikalala sahmati darshavali, parantu bachavkartyanmadhye ubhe rahanyacha abhav asalyachya nyayalayachya nishkarshashi teey asahmat hote. tyaeivaji justices stevens yanni luptapray prajati kayadyachya vaidhanik bandhkamavar aapale mutt mandale.