
strivadi jyoo naitikta

strivadi jyoo nitishastra heey jyoo nitishastra aanee strivadi tattvadnyanatil abhyasache kshetra aahe.
sahitya aanee pramukh vicharvant.
judith plasco.
1991 saalee 'standing agen ett sinaih judism fraum aaa feminist perspective' yaa tichya pustakat, judith plasco aadhunik chaukatit, jyoo mahilanchya anubhavanvar charcha karate. tiche kaam, strivadi drushtikon samavisht karnyasathi aanee tyacha prabhav padnyasathi, yahudi paramparetil parivartanavar kendrit aahe. strivadi jyoo naitiktevaril tichya sampoorn likhanat badalachi hii sankalpana mothya pramanat mandali jaate. strivadi vichar jyaa marganni dharamshastracha vapar karoon striyanna jyoo vichar aanee anubhavat samavisht karoo shakatat, tyaa margancha tee vichar karate.
aadhunik jyoo mahilanchya anubhavancha sarvottam samavesh aanee pramanikaran karananya dharamshastra aanee jyoo vicharancha punarvapar pradan karnyasathi plasco tichya jyoo paramparechya vishleshanat strivadi drushtikon swikarte. tee jyoo dharamshastra aanee purush-kendrit bhasheprati asalelya tyachya pravrutti aanee tyachya shreshth devachya pratimechya ekatmatecha samna karate. tee assa yuktivad karate qee asha pravrutti paramparik jyoodvadatil moolbhut pitrusattak shaktinvar prabhav taktat aanee tyanna prerit karatat aanee asha prakare stree anubhav avaidh tharatat. devachya anek pratimansathi aanee kramanusar nasalelya devachya bhoomikeche punarmulyankan karnyasathi yuktivad karoon, plascoche uddisht tichya jyoo strivadi dharamshastrat eka tharav pradan karane heey aahe.
rashell edler.
daad jyoo huu nott theh halacha andd daad jyush women' yaa shirshakachya 1971 chya lekhat, rashell edler jyoo paramparetil strivadi naitikatechya swatachya vishleshanasathi eka prarambhik vyaspeeth pradan karate. vividh kamanmadhye, tee mahilanmadhil ashuddhatechya jyoo paramparik vicharanvar laksh kendrit karate. 1972 madhye tine 'tum' aah aanee toharah ends andd beginnings 'yaa tichya pustakat, stree shuddikaranasathi jyoo vidhicha bachav sadar keela aahe. tathapi, 1993 madhye 'inn yore blood, liveh rii-vision auph aaa theology auph purity' yaa nibandhat, tyaeivaji tee eka virodhi nishkarshavar pohochate, qee shuddhata aanee ashuddhatechya paramparik charcha purush aanee striyanmadhye samaan pranalila parvanagi dett naheet aanee ashee parampara soochit karate qee 'bahutek ashuddha lock striya aahet'. majhyakade adyap kahihi nahee, mhanoon mea adhik gheu shakat nahee" yaa shirshakachya 1983 chya nibandhat, tine "tyachya prakriyanmadhye" mahilanna upekshit kelyabaddal rabbi paramparevar teeka kelee.
blue greenberg.
aun women andd judism aaa view fraum tradition' yaa tyanchya 1981 chya pustakat, blue greenberg aadhunik mahilanna judiasmpasoon konatya anek marganni vagalale gele aahe yacha abhyas karatat. asey karoon, tee paramparik jyoodvadamadhye stree bhoomikesathi eka naveen jaaga aanee sarav karanyachi paddhat vikasit karate. strivad jyoo paramparesathi fayadeshir aahe qee hanikarak heey ughad karane heey tiche uddisht aahe. tichya kamancha uddesh tee judevad aanee strivad yanchyatil abhyas karat asalelya vadache mudde durust karane haah aahe. tathapi, strivad jyoo paramparesathi fayadeshir aahe qee nahee heey kharokhar samajoon ghenyasathi tee paraspar vachanbaddha aahe.
tamar ross.
tamar ross haah eka aadhunik rudhivadi yahudi strivadi vicharvant aahe, joou paramparik yahudi vichar aanee kayadyatil kathit doshancha samna karato. tee jyala pitrusattak paramparik grunth manate tyamadhye tee pakshapat manate. tee visheshtah samasyapradhan manana eka paramparik sankalpanela pratisad mhanoonah 'swargatoon torah' chee kalpana, tee utkrant prakatikaran kalpana sadar karate. tee haah drushtikon aanee 'torahchya rajvadyacha vistar' karnyache roopak vikasit karate, jeey tee abraham isaq kukchya tattvadnyanatun swikarte, kaaran ticha dharmik parampara aanee majkoor kadhoon taknyaivaji vistarala protsahan denyacha hetu aahe. torahchya rajvadyacha vistarah rudhivadi aanee strivad' yaa tichya 2004 chya karyat, tine eka margacha tapasheel deela aahe jyadvare rudhivadi strivadi naitikta aanee prathecha adhik samaveshak houu shakato.
tova hartman.
strivad paramparik judismcha samna karatoh pratikar aanee samayojan' yaa tichya pustakat, tova hartman aadhunik strivad aanee jyoo paramparechya chhedanbinduvar prayogik antardrushti dete. hartman teen matey pradan karate jee tee dawa karate qee "paramparik jyoo siddhantanusar strivadi sthitee majboot karnyasathi sambandhit, pratidhvanit aanee upayukt asoo shakate", tee aaheh pushti, nakar aanee punarvyakhyan. friedchya strivadi vachanacha aanee rudhivadi jyoodvadachya paryayi strivadi vachanacha ticha mell, hartmanla tichya swatachya punarsanyojan karnyachya prayatnat punarvyakhyanachya aanee punaravalokanachya upyuktatevar aanee garjevar jore denyas anumati deto.
itihas.
jyoo nitishastra heey jyuvad aanee naitikatechya tatvik shakheche chhedanbindu aahe. bahutek jyoo naitik grunth ibri baybalmadhun prapt jhaale aahet. shatkanushatke, baybalsambandhi sahityane "jyoo naitik sankalpana aanee naitik pratibimbanchya vikasasathi prathamik srot" mhanoon kaam kele aahe. pracheen rabbi jyoodvadacha magova ghet, vidvananni likhit torahchya tyanchya samajutichya aadhare naitikta aanee naitik aachar sanhita vikasit karnyacha prayatna keela aahe. pirkei awot, heey talmudmadhil naitik shikavaninche sankalan, mishnayik kalatil rabbi yanni lihile hote. tyat naitikta aanee paraspar sambandhambabat torahchya drushtikonachi ruparesha aahe aanee kayadyancha samavesh nasalelya talmudcha haah ekmev bhag aahe. madhyayugat jyoo naitikatecha vistar suruch rahila kaaran moses mammonides, sadya gaav aanee bahya baine joseph ibn pakuda yanchyasah mahan jyoo vicharvantanni naitik jyoo vicharanmadhye mothe yogdan dile. 19vya aanee 20vya shatkat, jyoo dharmachya vividh panthanchya kinwa shakhanchya vikasamule jyoo naitikatechi bharbharat jhaali. herman cohain, martin buber aanee emmanuel levinas yanchyasah samkalin jyoo naitiktevar prabhav takanare anek vegvegale vidwan aahet. tarihi, alikadchya dashakanmadhye, jyoo naitikatecha arth lavane aanee tyacha punarvyakhyan karane haah vidvananmadhye vadacha eka srot rahila aahe.
1970 chya dashakat, strivadi jyoo vidvananni yaa vadat pravesh keela. jyoo strivadi chalvalicha strivadachya dusya latecha bhag mhanoon uday jhaala, jyacha parinam strivadi jyoo chalvalimule jyoo mahilanchya sthitee aanee vagnyat, visheshtah pooja, dharmik vidhee aanee nidda aanee mikwehchya prathambabat, anek badal karnyat aale.
mahilanvaril vaganukitil badalambarobarach, strivadi jyoo vidvattemadhye aanee vicharanmadhye naveen vikas jhaala. 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakapurvi, mahilanche aavaj pramukhyane purush-kendrit pratha aanee jyoodvadachya granthanmadhun vagalanyat aale hote. strivadi jyoo vicharvant vidvananni strivadache jyoovadat vilinikaran karnari dharmik katha tayar karnyacha prayatna keela aahe. pahilya jyoo strivadi dharmashastradnyanpaiki eka asalelya judith plasco yanchya matey, suruvatiche jyoo strivadi pramukhyane miniyanmadhun mahilanna vagalane, sakaratmak kalbaddha mitzwhot aanee mahilanna sakshidar mhanoon kaam karnyas aanee ghatasfot suru karnyas asamarthata yabaddal chintit hote. aaj, jyoo strivadi dharmashastradnyansathi nirman jhalelya duvidha, dharmik vidhee, baybalsambandhi bhasha aanee laingikta yaa vishayanmadhil mahilanchya samasyanna tond deuun mool samasyanchya palikade vistartat. "jaree serve strivadi manatat qee judevad purush pakshapat pratibimbit karato, pratyek jyoo strivadi jyaa pramanat judevad aanee strivad samet karnyayogya aahet asey manate, tyamule strivadi vidvananni strivadi jyoo vicharankade jaanyachya anek marganna aakar deela aahe.
anek strivadi jyoo dharmashastradnyancha eka drushtikon assa aahe qee jyuvad haah tyachya gabhanyat pitrusattak aahe aanee jyoo paddhatinmadhye kahee badal laingik asamanatechi bharpai karat naheet. tyancha assa vishvas aahe qee judevad hii eka ashee pranali aahe jee pramukhyane purush-aavaj pratibimbit karate aanee jyamadhye strila "itar" mhanoon pahile jaate. jyoodvadache sadhyache swaroop nakarle gele pahije, asey tyanche mutt aahe. strivadi jyoo dharmashastradnyanni yaa samasyela anek prakare pratisad deela aahe. 1970 chya dashakat, judith plascone jyoodvadachi sampoorn punarrachana karanyachi garaj suchavali. tichya anek kamanmadhye, plasco jyoodvadachya androcentric dharmashastrachya samasyeche nirakaran karate aanee assa yuktivad karate qee strivad "torah, dev aanee israyalachi naveen samaj aavashyak aahe". jyoodvadachi purushpradhan bhasha (udaharanarth purush aanee shreshth mhanoon devachi pratima) keval badalali gelee pahije asey nahee, tarr devachya pratimanchi anekta haah jyoo strivadi dharamshastracha eka aavashyak pailu aahe. yavyatirikt, tee eka jyoodvadala protsahan dete jyamadhye strivadi vicharpaddhati mahilansathi jyoo anubhavachi punarnirdharan karnyat madat karoo shakate. plascochya drushtikonatun, jyoodvadachi sampoorn punarrachana hone aavashyak aahe, jeey keval samkalin jyoo samasyanvarach kendrit nahee tarr jyoodvadamagil dharamshastracha abhyas karate.
strivadi jyoo dharmashastradnyanchya aanakhi eka drushtikonatun stree chinta aanee stree aavajanna jyoovadachya vidyaman pratimanat samakalit karnyacha prayatna keela aahe. blue greenberg, eka rudhivadi jyoo, hii ashach eka strivadi aahe jee yaa pratimeche anusaran karate. 1994 madhye lihilelya 'mahila aanee jyoodavadavar' yaa tichya sarvat prasiddha pustakat, greenbergney judevad aanee strivadachya sametasathi eka namuna asha prakare sadar keela aahe joou halkhachya simanmadhye kaam karato aanee 'vidhee aanee aadhyatmik kshetrat vaadh aanee adhik samanata' karnyas anumati deto. heey uddisht sadhya karnyasathi, greenberg yanni jyoo paddhatinmadhye anek badal prastavit kele aahet jenekarun tyaa mahilanchi samanata adhik sahajpane pratibimbit kartil. yaa pratimeche samarthan karnare vidwan strivadi jyoodvadala chalana denyasathi paramparik sansadhanancha vapar karanyachi shakyata jaast aahe kaaran judevad qamee androcentric asalyache disate. greenbergsarkhe dharamshastradnya shevati asha chalvaliche samarthan karatat jithe halkhah mahilanchya chinta vyakt karate aanee jyoo moolyansah mahilanchya chinta vyakt karate.
sudharatmak strivadi jyoo dharamshastradnya rashell edler yancha jyoo naitikatemadhye mahilanchya sthanabaddal aanakhi eka drushtikon aahe. 1998 madhye lihilelya 'engendering judism' yaa tichya pustakat, adler jyoo bhootkal samajoon ghenyasathi aanee jyoo bhavishya ghadavanyasathi ling vaparasathi vakili karate. jaree paramparik jyoo kayadyane mahilanchya aavajakade paddhatshirpane durlaksh kele asale taree tee halchache kendrabindu dekhil olakhate heey edler kabool karate. asha prakare tee eka jyoodvadachi kalpana karate, joou keval jyoo parampara aanee kayadyachya sampurnatevar avalambun nasel, tarr jyaa sambhashanat ling aanee laingik samanata kendrasthani aahe, jyamule shevati adhik sarvasamaveshak, janmalelya jyoodvadachi nirmiti hoil.
strivadi jyoo dharmashastradnyanni vaparleli aanakhi eka lokpriy paddhat mhanje jyoo dharmat laingik vishamata asali taree, moolbhut paramparik sanrachananmadhye badal naan karata tee badalali jaau shakatat assa vishvas. tamar rosney 2004 madhye lihilelya 'torahchya rajvadyacha vistar' madhye strivadi mulyanchya adhik samaveshak rudhivadi margasathi ruparesha dilee aahe. tee halkhamadhye badal ghadavun aananyacha yuktivad karate, jyamadhye halkhik kayadeshir sadhanancha tapasheel deela jaato, jeey rudhivadat badal ghadavun aanoo shakatat tasech prakatikaran aanee devache dharamshastra pradan karatat, jeey yaa badalanna swikaranyas anumati detat. ashach prakare, tova hartmanne 2007 madhye lihilelya tichya 'strivadacha samna paramparik judism' yaa pustakat baybalsambandhi sahityache mahatva manya kele aahe, parantu mahilansathi adhik sarvasamaveshak judism tayar karnyasathi asha granthanche punha vachan aanee punarvyakhyanacha yuktivad keela aahe.
jyoo dharmatil mahilanchya sthiteet badal.
dharmashastrachya sandarbhat strivad aanee judism yanchyatil tanavakade laksh denanya anek vidvananni judismchya vividh sampradayanmadhye lakshaniy badal ghadavun aanale aahet. udaharanarth, striyanna paramparik judic prathna pustakachi bhasha pratibandhatmak aanee strivadi aavajachi kamatarata asalyache aadhalale. matrusattakanna vagalane aanee devache varnan karnyasathi purush pratimancha ekmev vapar karane asey soochit karate qee sarvajanik upasana pramukhyane purushansathi hotee. 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila, prathna pustakanmadhye matrukulanchi nave tasech ling-sanvedanshil dev-bhasha samavisht karnyas suruvat jhaali. 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakat, prathanagruhachya jeevanat mahilansathi anek badal karnyat aale, jase qee mahilancha dharmik padanvar samavesh aanee minyan tayar karanyachi kshamata. 1972 madhye, americetil sudharana chalvaline pahilya mahila rabbichi niyukti kelee. anek jyoo mahilansathi, sudharana chalvaline mahilancha aavaj aikanyasathi aanee tyanche anubhav upekshit honyaeivaji jyoovadachya kendrasthani rahnyasathi eka aadarsh vatavaran pradan kele.
punarbandhanivadi chalval lavkarach sudharanechya jyoovadachya pavlavar paul thevun pudhe gelee. punarbandhanivadi judismche sansthapak mordkai kaplan heey judiasmadhye mahilanchya samanateche prabal samarthak hote. tyanni tyanchya nibandhanmadhye, 'punarrachanavadi kagadpatranmadhye' yuktivad keela qee jyoo kayada striyanna purushanpeksha kanishth mhanoon paribhashit karato aanee assa nishkarsh kadhato qee jyoo kayadyane swatahla badalale pahije aanee yaa laingik asamanatepasun mukt kele pahije. 1922 madhye, pahile batt mitzwah eka punarrachanavadi sabhasthanat ghadale, parantu 1974 paryant punarnirmanvadi chalvaline tyachya pahilya mahila rabbila niyukt kele nahee. punarrachanemule mahilanna gharguti hinsacharasarkhya samajik samasyanpasun teey mahilanna torahmadhun vachanyachya adhikarasarkhya dharmik asamanteparyant tyanchya chinta vyakt karanyachi mubha midali aahe. punarrachanavadi chalval hii kaplanchya samanatechya mool drushtikonachya palikade strivadi drushtikonatun jyoodvadachya punarrachanekade gelee aahe."
alikadchya varshant, puranmatvadi jyoodvadane mahilanvaril aapali sthitee samanatekade dekhil valatana pahili aahe. jyoo kayada aanee manakanchi samitee hii puranmatvadi jyoo dharmatil halkhababat kendriya pradhikaran aahe. 1955 paryant, jyoo kayada aanee manakanchya samiteene mahilanna torah vachanapurvi aanee nantar aashirvad japanyachi parvanagi dilee aanee 1973 madhye, mahilanna minyanche sadasya mhanoon ganale gele. daha varshannantar, aktoobar 1983 madhye, puranmatvadi chalvalichi mukhya shaikshanik sanstha asalelya jyoo dharamshastriy shikshansansthene, rabbi aanee cantorial shalanmadhye mahilanna swikaranyas suruvat kelee. tyane 1985 madhye puranmatvadi chalvalit pahili mahila rabbi niyukt kelee. jyoo kayadyachya mankanvaril samiteene 2006 madhye middachya vishayasandarbhat teen pratisad sweekarle. masik palichya velee aanee mikwehmadhye visarjit honyachya velee laingik sambandhanpasun door rahnyachya puranmatvadi jyoo mahilanchya kartvyacha punaruchchar keela, parantu nidahshi sambandhit nirbandhahi shithil kele aahet.
rudhivadi chalvalit mahilanchihi pragati jhaali aahe. jaree tyanni adyap mahilanna aaplya murkhpanachya kshetrat sweekarle nasale taree gelya kahee dashakanmadhye mahilanna naveen adhikar aanee sandhee midalya aahet. rudhivadi jyoo striyanmadhye aata rabbi vakeel, kautumbik shuddhata tadnya aanee sabhasthan nete mhanoon kaam karanyachi kshamata aahe. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, mahilanni talmud aanee itar jyoo granthancha abhyas karnyas suruvat kelee. 1990 chya dashakat, mahilanni 'rabaniyot' kinwa rabbi vakilanna nahee, ashee bhoomika sweekarli, jee purvi keval purushansathi upalabdh hotee. ghatasfot ghenanya jodpyanna avghad kayadeshir vyavasthet navigate karnyat madat karoo nakaa. 1997 madhye, mahilanna 'yotzot halkha' mhanoon prashikshan denyachi parvanagi denyat aalee, jyaa mahila halakhi sallagar hotya jyanna nidda aanee vidhee shuddhatesambandhi kayade aanee vidhinchi mahitee hotee. masik palichya tasech laingikta aanee mahilanchya aarogyashi sambandhit asalelya yaa kayadyanche tapasheel, kahee mahilanna purush rabbichya upasthitit samajoon ghenyas aswasth karatat. 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun, americetil anek aadhunik rudhivadi sabhasthane, samudayik vidwan kinwa sahayyak mandali nete yasarkhya mahilansathi mandalitil netrutva padanchi nirmiti karatat. hii padey rabbichya kartvyansarkhich aahet, tathapi, yaa striya swatahla rabbi naan mhananyachi kalji ghetat. jyoo kayadyache rudhivadi arth lavane mahilanna minyancha bhag mhanoon mojani karnyapasoon aanee saksh denyapasun rokhate.
paramparik jyoo granthankade pahane.
strivadi jyoo vidwan anek naitik babinsah jyoo granthankade pahatat. torah aanee rabbi granthanmadhil mahilanchya naitikdrushtya samasyapradhan chitranasathi teey sangharsh karatat aanee yaa granthanche swatache vachan sadar karatat. teey anekada jyoo dharmatil aanee aadhunik jagatil naitik paddhatinvar chintan karnyasathi jyoo strivadi mulyancha vapar karatat.
torahche naitik vachan.
narivadi jyoo vidwan torahmadhye striyanshi honanya gairvartanakade laksh vedhatat. teey assa yuktivad karatat qee narivadi drushtikon vaparoon torahchya arth lavnyat guntalele asane hii naitik anivaryata aahe. torahchi jyoo strivadi teeka hii majkuratil mahilanchi anupasthiti, shantata, vikrutata kinwa adhinata yasarkhya ghatanankade laksh dete. kaaran haah majkoor 'purushatvache pramanatmak swaroop' darshavito, strivadi teeka ashee asate jyamadhye 'tikecha tappa kadhihi mage rahila jaat nahee..."
torahchi eka samanya strivadi teeka mhanje striya kitee pramanat anupasthit aahet kinwa gup aahet heey nondavane. judith plasco lihitat, "ardhe jyoo mahila aahet, parantu purushanchi vyakhya pramanak jyoo mhanoon kelee gelee aahe, tarr striyanche aavaj aanee anubhav heey jyoo vishvas aanee anubhavachya nondinmadhye mothya pramanat adrushya aahet jeey aaplyasamor aale aahet."
jyaa prakriyedvare parampara majkuratil striyanna chukichi aathvan karoon deuun aanee chukiche pratinidhitva karoon "dusyachya khyan chehnyachi aathvan chorate" tyaa prakriyeche varnan karnyasathi rashell edler jineivat daat ("manachi choree") yaa rabbi sankalpaneche aavahan karato.
narivadi asehi nidarshanas aanoon detat qee torahche lakshyit prekshak purush aahet. rashell edlerne nirgaman 19:15 chaa hawala deela aanee too [moshe] lokanna mhanala, 'tisya divasasathi tayar rahah strichya jawal jaau nakaa.'majkurachya purush prekshakanche udaharan mhanoon. shivay, adler assa yuktivad karato qee, jevha darvarshi shavutchya suttichya kalat haah grunth vachala jaato, tevha tumchya maata dongarakhali ubhya asatana striya "vegalya ubhya rahatat, dev aanee purush yanchyatil sambhashan aikoon, devane tumhala asey kahee karave asey kahee aahe qaa assa vichar karat, aanee tase asalyas-too tumhala swatah qaa sangat nahee?"
yaa granthachi pitrusatta aanee jyaa prakare mahilanshi anaitik vaganuk kelee gelee aahe, teey olakhoon anek strivadi lekhakancha prakalp haah granthatil mahilancha aavaj punha midvane haah aahe. plasco lihitatah
 mahilanchya anubhavanshi sambandhit [etch] mahitee itar babinvar kendrit katha, bhavishyavanya aanee kayadeshir granthanmadhun kaljipurvak kadhali gelee pahije. udaharanarth, baybalsambandhichya vidvananni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee miriyamshi sambandhit alp strot asey soochit karatat qee tee kadachit suruvatichya israyalmadhil eka mahattvachi dharmik neta hotee. tichya yogdanache aanee bhoomikeche nemke swaroop kaay hote? 
yahudi strivadi vidwan varanvar pratibimbit karatat qee torahmadhye striyanche chitran adhinpane kele aahe. tamar ross lihitat, "baybalachya kalatahi mahilanchya adhinastha sthitila thos abhivyakti midali heey yethe nakarta yet nahee."tyachpramane, plasco tippani karatoh
 torah, jyoo shikavanukit, striya anupasthit nasatat, parantu purushanni sangitalelya kathanmadhye tyanna sthan dile jaate. kathankamadhil patre mhanoon, mahilanche spashtapane varnan kele jaau shakate, kayadyache uddisht mhanoon, laksh vedhanyasathi vegale kele jaau shakate. parantu torahmadhye mahilanchi upasthiti tyanchya maunache khandan karat nahee, kaaran striya jyoo srot konatya prashnanshi vyavhar karatat heey tharvat naheet. 
jyoo paramparetil torahchya kendrasthani asalyamule hii teeka jyoo drushtikonatun aavhanatmak aahe. anek strivadi, tyanna jeey maulyavan vatate tyavar teeka karnyachya tanavache varnan karatat. aadhunik rudhivadi mhanoon olakh patavanara tova hartman yaa tanavache varnan karatoh
 ekhadi vyakti strivadi aahe heey jaanun ghene aanee ekhadyala baibal aavadate heey jaanun ghene, anekanchya vicharanmadhye, eka auximoron aahe, kadachit eka alankarik vidhan mhanoon hushar aahe parantu astitvavadi jivanachi shakyata nakkich nahee. shevati, konatihi stree done adhikadhyanchi seva karoo shakat nahee, shastra navacha guru aanee strivad navachi malkin. 
jyoo strivadi strivadi baybalvareel tikela eka sadhan mhanoon srot tikela dilelya tyanchya vagnyat bhinn aahet. kahee jyoo strivadi asey manatat qee srot-gambhir paddhati vachkala aitihasik sandarbh olakhanyas aanee majkurache androcentric swaroop spasht karnyas madat karatat. rudhivadi strivadi lekhak yaa drushtikonatun prashna ghetat kaaran teey torahchya utpattichi paramparik samaj nakartat.
rabbi granthanche naitik mudde.
rabbi grunth jyoo jivanachya kayadeshir aanee varnanatmak asha donhi kshetransah bahutek jyoo jeevan aanee aacharanasathi payabhoot sahitya mhanoon kaam karatat. narivadi, tyanchya torahvaril tikanmadhye kelyapramane, rabbi sahityat pitrusatteche samaan mudde olakhatat. torahpramanech, teey thampane sangatat qee rabbi grunth striyanna gup thevatat, adheen karatat, chukichi aathvan karoon detat aanee tyanchyavar atyachar karatat.
laurie zoloth lihite qee jevha striya rabbi majkoor vachatat, tevha aapan aaplya astitvachi charcha, mukhytah adnyat, aanee keval purushanshi asalelya tyanchya natyachya navane ('rabbi hiyachi patni', 'vidhva', 'tyachi dasee') olakhali jaanari aanee anekada keval bahya vaishishtyanchya drushtinech pahili jaanari, hii vicharali jaanari vastoo mhanoon pahato."rashell edler object-relationship siddhant vaparato, joou hii ghatana samajoon gheto aanee" heey spasht karato qee yaa varnananmadhye mahilanna swayatt vishay mhanoon olakhale jaat nahee."zoloth varnan karato qee yaa prakriyecha parinam assa aaheh
 vachak mhanoon strine swatahla tichya shariratoon, pravachanachya mukhya bhagatoon, tichya shikshakachya purush-aatmyat swatahla prakshepit kele pahije, joou rabbi striyanchya kalpanik sharirachi kalpana karat asalyachi kalpana karat aahe. heey vistrut majkurache cross-dressing aahe. 
anek jyoo strivadi vidwan mahilanche varnan karnyasathi aanee tyaa pratimanchya parinamansathi rabbi granthanmadhye vaparlya jaananya pratimanvarhi teeka karatat. plasco nondavato qee rabbi granthanmadhye varanvar mahilanna pralobhak mhanoon chitrit kele jaate aanee yaa pratimes mahilanchya laingiktevar niyantran thevanyachya uddeshane asalelya halakhi kayadyanshi jodale jaate. susanne shapiro haah maimonidesmadhye 'vivahit veshya' pratimecha vapar olakhato aanee tyachya lekhanakade nirdesh karato qee too aekhadyachya patnila marhan karnyas parvanagi deto. tee lihitatah
 patnila marhan kelyavar heey padd dharan karnyasathi mammonidesla 'vivahit veshya' chey roopak aavashyak aahe asey mea suchavat nahee. ... rupkane tyala teey karnyas bhag padale nahee. tyaeivaji,.. [roopak] patni aanee striyanvaril asha hinsacharala aanakhi balkat karate, tarksangat banavate aanee nyayya tharavate. roopak mahattvache asatat. tyanche parinam aahet. 
midarashachi rabbi sahityik shaili strivadi vicharvant visheshtah strivadi prayatnansathi yogya asalyache suchavatat. suzanne stone lihitatah
 strivadi kayadeshir vidvanansathi midrashche mothe aakarshan mhanje, tathapi, teey kayadeshir aanee naitik sankalpananchi roopak charcha mhanoon vachale jaau shakate, jeey kayada aanee sahitya kinwa kaaran aanee bhavna yaa paramparik dvidhabhavnanchya palikade aahe. 
tyachpramane, plasco lihitatah
 tarihi itihaslekhan haah torahchya strivadi vistarasathi ekmev kinwa sarvottam srot nahee. jyoo lokanni paramparene granthanche arth vistrut karnyasathi kinwa badalanyasathi midrashcha vapar keela aahe. samkalin prashna paramparik strotanparyant aananyachi aanee prashnanna uttar denyasathi strotancha tapshilvar abhyas karanyachi madhyakaushalyapurna prakriya sahajpane strivadi vaparasathi swatahla udhar dete. 
kahee vidwan madhyarangi drushtikon nakartat. heady raven assa yuktivad karatat qee granthanmadhye "arth anek staranvar" aahe haah dawa eka "purv-aadhunik kalpanik katha" aahe, jee "granthanchya vaidnyanik aitihasik vidvattechya aagamanane aapan yapudhe [kharey asalyacha] dawa karoo shakat nahee."naveen naitik samajutisah june grunth punha vachanyaivaji, strivadyanni jyoo tattvadnyanachya paramparecha samna karane aanee yaa" "tattvadnyanachya pratisadadvare" "badal ghadavane aavashyak aahe, asey raven suchavatat".
torah aanee rabbi majkurache naitik vachan.
anek sadhane torah aanee rabbi majkurache strivadi vachan darshavtat. kahee strivadi vachan granthanmadhye mook mahilanna aavaj denyavar laksh kendrit karatat. plasco miriam aanee dinachya patranvar pratibimbit karato aanee devipujecha ullekh shantata aanee chukichi aathvan thevanyachi kshetre mhanoon karato jee dhwanila patra aahet.
zoloth heey lingbaddh vachanache varnan asey karate qee jeey heey olakhate qee majkoor naisargikaritya purush vachkachya dishene "khechato". tee eka prakarche vachan suchavate jyala tee 'mulisarkhe vachan' mhanate."zoloth spasht karatoh
 mulinsarkhe vachan kelyane nantar parichhedachya varnanatmak tarkshastrachi punarbandhani hote kaaran vachak tichya swatachya halchalisah kathanakachya pudhe jaananya halchalila virodh karato, sambhashanapasun door dusya sambhavya sambhashanakade valato, jeey adyap purnapane bolale gele nahee, parantu jyachya shakyata soochit karatat... naitik bhashanache eka paryayi star. heey prati-majkoor asel, parshvabhoomi asel aanee agrabhag nahee, eka paryayi namuna, joou lingbaddh vachanasah udbhavel. 
heey strivadi vicharvant aanee tyanchyasarkhe itar lock, kahee prakare majkuracha punarvyakhyan kinwa punarprapti karnare vachan suchavatat, tarr itar lock majkoor vachanyachi shifaras karatat kaaran teey tyanchya aat asalelya naitik samasyankade laksh vedhanyasathi aahet. plasco yacha sandarbh 'majkurachya virodhat upadesh' assa deto aanee tippani karato qee, 'paramparechya nakaratmak pailumbaddal gup rahane tyanna keval jagaat tyanche kaam karnyasach sodat nahee tarr teey aaplyala eka mahattvachya aadhyatmik sansadhananpasun dekhil vanchit thevate."[judith plasco, lilithchya yenyamadhye" "majkurachya virodhat upadesh karaneh strivad, judism aanee laingik nitishastravaril nibandh. bostenh beacan press, 2005. p.155 plasco yaa aadhyatmik sansadhananna jyoo samudayanmadhye astitvat asalelya vedanesathi pratisad mhanoon olakhato aanee jarr lock yaa granthancha vapar yaa vedaneche mool asoo shakananya samasyanvar charcha karanyachi sandhee mhanoon karatat tarr teey qamee kele jaau shakate.
aarogya seva.
laurie zolothne prashna upasthit keela, "dharmik vidwan american jivanatil naitik nivadichya naitik bhavnela aakar kassa dett aahet?"tee assa yuktivad karate qee swayattatela mahatva denanya sanskratisamor jyoo paramparecha aavaj samudayacha aavaj parat aanoo shakato. zoloth heey americet aarogya sevechya naitiktela chalana denyasathi baybalsambandhi aanee rabbiy granthancha vapar karatat. vaidyakeey sansadhananchya sookshm vatpachya muddyavar chintan karnyasathi tee talmudmadhye eka kathevar charcha karate. katha sambandhit aaheh
 vatet done lock chaalat hote aanee tyanchyapaiki ekachya hatat panyachi batali hotee. jarr teey doghe madyapan karatat, tarr teey martat, parantu jarr tyanchyapaiki ekane madyapan kele tarr too sanskratiparyant pohochato. baine petura yanni spasht keleh doghannihi madyapan karoon marane aanee tyanchyapaiki ekalahi tyachya sahakanyacha mrutyu disu deu naye heey changle. joparyant rabbi akiba aala aanee shikavalah "tumcha bhau tumchyabarobar rahoo shakel"-tumchya jodidarachya jivanavar tumchya ayushyala pradhanya aahe. (bava metzia 62aii) 
samajik naitiktevar pohochanyasathi zoloth yache aanee itar anek strotanche vishleshan karato, jyadvare samaj vaidyakeey naitiktevar vadavivad tayar karoo shakato. tee lihito, "samajachi garibi haah eka vastavik ghatak aahe aanee jeev dhokyat asatanahi tyacha vichar keela pahije. rashichya matey, sampoorn samudayachya prakalpavar tyachya durdashecha parinam jhaala pahije, parantu jababdanyanvar maryada aahet."
aarogya sevevar eka naveen pravachan tayar kartana, zoloth rooth yaa pustakache strivadi naitik vachan sadar karato. maitri, kutumb aanee samuday heey eka dayitva aanee adhikar mhanoon chitrit kelele tapshilvar bhag aanee sankalpana tyaa nirdayipane darshavtat. samudayavar prem karane, samorasamor honanya bhetiche moolya aanee 'moolbhut kiman' pradan karanyachi samajik vyavasthechi jababdari yaa vishayanvarhi tee prakash takte. tee nishkarsh kadhate, "jeey nirdayi shikavate teey mhanje nagrikatva mhanje ekata, arthpurn charcha dusyachya manyatepasun suru hote aanee nyay konatyahi manvi swatantryapeksha aadhi asato". heey strivadi naitik vishleshan baybalmadhil stree nayikechya krutitoon tyachi moolye prapt karate.
garbhpat.
david cremer namood karatat qee jevha jyoo bhashyakar moolye kinwa naitikatebaddal bolatat, "aksharshah apavad naan karata, jaree tyanni moolye kinwa naitikatebaddal bolanyacha dawa keela asala tarihi, tyanchya pravachanatun asey disun yete qee tyancha arth kharokharach jyoo kayada (halcha) aahe". cremer garbhpat yaa vishayavar eka naitik pravachan tayar karato jyamadhye paramparik rabbi grunth samavisht aahet parantu garbhpatasathi pramanit halakic drushtikon pratibimbit karat nahee. kremarcha dawa aahe qee "garbhpatasathichya halakic drushtikonamule ant hoto."parantu haah drushtikon" yahudi parampara garbhache jeevan kinwa sambhavya jeevan kase pahatat, garbhache aishe (aanee vadilanshi) asalele naate aanee garbhachya sandarbhat aaiche (aanee vadilanche) visheshadhikar yasarkhya prashnanche moolyankan karoo shakato."cremer namood karato qee," nitishastradnyachya drushtikonatun, yaa prakaranatil talmudchi anirnitata heey tyache sarvat ullekhaneey vaishishtya aahe."mhanoon, too assa nishkarsh kadhato qee spashtatecha haah abhav" heey yaa vividh rabbi charcheche sarvat mahattvache vaishishtya aahe. haah nirnay naan ghene aaplyala yogya sallah dete; aapan savadhgiri mhanoon teey aikale pahije."
jagatikikaran.
donna burman strivadi naitikatecha eka prakar mandatat, jyala tee nashiyat naitikta mhanate, jyamadhye dhyey "atyachari granthanchi sutka karane nahee, tarr jyoo mahilanna-aanee purushanna-atyachari granthanmadhun mukt karane aahe."burman tikun olamche jyoo moolya shraddhecha eka" "aavashyak ghatak" "mhanoon olakhato kaaran teey mahilanvaril atyachar kinwa gairvartanukicha pratikar karnyasathi karya karate". burman jagatikikaranacha vishay suchavatat, jyavar nashiyat naitikta bhashya karoo shakate kaaran "teey vansh, ling aanee varg samasyanchya guntaguntichya jaalyache changle pratinidhitva karate... ekvisavya shatkachya suruvatichya naitik duvidha paribhashit karnare ghatak."burman mug suchavatat qee nashiyatchi naitikta lobh aanee shoshanachya shaktinviruddha bund karel aanee alpasankhyak aanee shoshit kamgaranna tyanchya manyatesathichya sangharshat pathimba deil.
jyoo vivah samarambh.
rashell edler heey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee lagnachya aaspasche jyoo vidhee baybalmadhil aanee mahilanchya malmatta yaa talmudik sankalpananpasun udbhavtat aanee tyamule malmatta hastantaranache talmudik sanskar pratibimbit hotat. edler lihitat, "talmudik malmatta kayadyavarun vyutpann jhaleli kayadeshir vyakhya, kalbahya paddhatine mahilanche vargikaran eka vishesh prakarchi malmatta mhanoon karate jyavar patine adhikar midavale aahet."yaa sohalyachya pitrusattak aanee anaitik mulanmule, edler eka assa todga suchavato joou" donhi pakshanna malmatta mhanoon navhe tarr vyakti mhanoon satatyane vagvel."[rashell edler. 1998. judiazamchi nirmitih eka sarvasamaveshak dharamshastra aanee naitikta. beacan presah boston, maii. 169] edlerne sheva brachotvar (navavivahit jodpyala dilele utsavi aashirvad) aadharit naveen vivah sohalyachi ruparesha dilee aahe, joou samatavadi samajashi susangat aahe. edler yaa naveen sohalyacha sandarbh buub 'reet ahuvim (premincha karar) assa deto.
sampradayik drushtikon.
puranmatvadi.
rudhivadi jyoodvadasathi strivadi jyoo naitikatechya sahityachya pramukh strotanpaiki eka judith plasco yethoon yete. 1950 chya dashakat eka abhijat sudharana kutumbat vadhalelya plascola kishoravayin vayat dharamshastrat rus vatoo lagla aanee tee swatahla dharamshastradnya mhanoon olakhanari pahili jyoo strivadi hotee. 1970 chya dashakat tine strivadi naitikta aanee jude dharmatil mahilanchya bhoomikebaddal lihayala suruvat kelee, tiche sarvat prasiddha kaam mhanje 'daad cumming auph lilith'.
14 march 1972 roji puranmatvadi chalvalichya rabbivadi sabhela 'badalache aavahan' sadar karananya ijrat nashim yaa chhotya jyoo strivadi gatacha plasco haah eka bhag hota. sudharana chalval aadhich jyoovadatil mahilanchya bhoomikevar bhashya karoo lagali hotee, tarr yaa puranmatvadi mahilanna puranmatvadi chalvalichya pramukhanshi sambhashan suru karayache hote. badalasathiche heey aavahan udarmatvadi strivadi bhoomikeche pratinidhitva karate, netrutva aanee dharmik sahbhagachya padanvar samaan praveshasathi yuktivad karate, jyatoon jyoo mahilanna tyanchya lingamule vagalanyat aale hote. amerikechya jyoo dharamshastriy seminaritil puranmatvadi chalvalichya pramukhanni shevati strivadi aakroshala pratisad deela aanee 24 aktoobar 1983 roji mahilanna rabbi shalet pravesh denyas suruvat kelee.
daad rait kweshchan ij theological' yaa tichya nibandhat, plasco puranmatvadi mahilansathi jyoodvadachi eka naveen kalpana nirman karnyacha prayatna karate. tee assa yuktivad karate qee, "gelya dashkatil jyoo mahilanchi chalval hii" mahilanchya muktisathi "chalval nasoon nagri-haqq chalval rahili aahe aanee rahili aahe. 
jude dharmatil strivad, visheshtah puranmatvadi judevad, dharmik jivanatil mahilanchya sthitishi tasech badalashi sambandhit asalelya halakhi bhasheshi khoop sambandhit aahe. tee assa yuktivad karate qee puranmatvadi chalvalitil mahilansathi adhik changle laksh heey majkuratil mahilanchya pratimanche mool aanee vaganuk asel aanee puranmatvadi chalvalila judismcha aadhunik panth mhanoon vikasit honyasathi yaa kalpanancha punarvyakhyan kassa aavashyak aahe.
puranmatvadi chalvalitil strivadyanni torah, israyal aanee devavar strivadi drushtikon lagoo karnyacha prayatna keela. torahchya madhyamatoon, jyoo lock sampoorn baybalachya kalat mahilancha itihas aanee sanskruti ughad karoo shakatat. israyalache vishleshan, puranmatvadi samudayachya sadasyanna jyoo striyankade jyoo samudayache vidyaman, samaan aanee jababdar sadasya mhanoon pahanyachi mubha dete. devachya sandarbhat, puranmatvadi jyoo lock dharmavar varchasva gajavana ekoon pitrusattak aavajala nakarat halkhahche vishleshan karoo shakatat. tarihi dharamshastrat aanakhi moolbhut truti aahet jyanche nirakaran karane aavashyak aahe. visheshtah, devachi pratima shreshth aahe. devachya pratimanchya bahuvidhatesathi yuktivad karane haah jyoo strivadi dharamshastracha eka aavashyak pailu aahe aanee puranmatvadi strivadi jyoodhamtat kramanusar nasalelya devachya bhoomikevar bharr deela pahije.
puranmatvadi strivadyanche asehi mutt aahe qee upasanechya sandarbhat jyoo sampradayik sanrachanet honare badal, purush-varchasva asalelya rupkacha kinwa bhashecha vapar naan karata devachya naveen samajutila hatbhar lavtat. mahilanchya netrutvasathi aanee mahilanna sevet mothee bhoomika bajavanyachi parvanagi denanya sabhasthane aanee samudayanna chavurah prathna aanee abhyasamadhye uchch, aadhyatmik vividhatemadhye pravesh midato. plasco yache samarthan karato aanee yaa vishleshanache dharamshastra mhanoon samarthan karato, assa dawa karato qee "eka sthapit pranali swayam-shashvat houu shakate aanee aatmaparikshan aanee moolbhut parisarachi punha tapasani karanyachi kshamata gamavoo shakate"
sudharana.
sudharatmak jyoodavadatil strivadi granthanche moolbhut srot rashell edlarkadoon yetat. mulat eka rudhivadi rabbishi vivahabaddha jhalelya tine akheris 1984 madhye ghatasfot ghetala aanee eka vachanbaddha sudharana jyushi punarvivah keela. rudhivadi jude dharmatil mahilanchya sadhyachya sthitibaddalacha ticha asantosh tichya lekhat disu shakato, "majhyakade adyap kahihi nahee, mhanoon mea adhik gheu shakat nahee". ticha assa vishvas aahe qee jyoodvadatil kahee moolbhut samasya kadhihi sodavalya jaau shakat naheet aanee jyoodvadat sudharana karnyasathi mahilambaddalachya kalpananche moolyankan karnyasathi sampoorn halakhi pranaliche punarmulyankan karane aavashyak aahe, jyachi sadhya jyoodavadat charcha hott nahee.
strivadi sudharana jyoo lock jyuvad nirman karnyacha arth kaay aahe heey paribhashit karnyacha prayatna karatat. "tyachya transmitter aanee agmenterchya laingik drushtikonatun prabhavit naan jhalela judevad kadhich navhata aanee kadhich navhata". 
strivadi sudharana jyoo lock laingik samanata nirman karananya granthache vachan shodhanyacha prayatna karatat. hii chalval janivpurvak swatachi punarnirmiti karat aahe aanee samkalin sudharana jyoo lokansathi dharmgranthanche aadhunikikaran karnyacha haah eka prayatna aahe, kaaran halkha haah jyoo anubhavansathi nasht karnyasathi khoop kendrasthani aahe.
edler aanee itar anek sudharana mahila parasparvirodhi jyoo olakheensah rahatat. striya jyoodvadacha paya asalelya pavitra katha aanee grunth nakarnyas nakar detat, tarihi purushansathi, purushandware dharmat tyancha aavaj aikavanyasathi satat ladhat asatat. 
yaa mahila aanee sudharana karananya strivadi nete jyoodavadat stree samanatechya samkalin bhavneshi samet karnyacha prayatna karatat.
halkha heey purese varnan nahee, tarihi teey vastav aanee aadarsh yanchyatil pool mhanoon kaam karate. halkhakade katha mhanoon pahane heey ithale uddisht aahe. aadhunik, pashchimi american jyoo lokanchya aajchya jivanashi julavun ghenyasathi aadhunik sudharana jyoovadat eka utkrusht katha astitvat aahe jyacha punarvapar karane aavashyak aahe. vegvegalya kathancha mell ghaloon, aapan halkha aanee agada yanchyatil yaa dvividheyacha vapar aadhunik dharamshastra vikasit karnyasathi karoo shakato jyamadhye sudharanechya jyoodavadatil mahilanchya anubhavancha samavesh aahe.
rudhivadi.
aaghadichya rudhivadi strivadyanpaiki eka asalelya tamar ross yanna rudhivadi chalvalimadhye strivadi mulyancha aanee samatavadi mandanicha samavesh karanyachi magani karananya rudhivadi marganchi ruparesha tayar karanyachi aasha aahe. raav kukchi vidyarthini, tee bahya mahitee aat aananyaivaji (aadhunik rudhivadapeksha vegali) rudhivadachya aatoon badalasathi yuktivad karate. "torahane jagala shoshun ghetale pahije, tarr torahane navhe". 
tee eka haloohaloo honanya prakriyesathi yuktivad karate jyadvare rudhivadi strivadi vicharancha samavesh karnyasathi vistar karoo shakate.
rudhivadi strivadyancha assa vishvas aahe qee jyoo paramparet pitrusattak mukhya kathet purush aanee striya doghansathihi jaaga aahe. rosschya margdarshanakhali, rudhivadi jyoo lock donhi linganna samavoon ghenyasathi 'torahchya rajvadyacha vistar' karnyacha prayatna karatat, tarr rudhivadi aanee halkhahche palan karatat. 
anek rudhivadi strivadi itar jyoo strivadyanshi dvandvatmak dharmashastravarun sangharsh karatat, torahchi samaj jee "kahee dharmik kshan vyakt karnyacha kinwa punha midvanyacha manvi prayatna mhanoon devabaddal sangitalele sarvkahi samajate". 
heey samasyapradhan aahe, kaaran teey soochit karate qee torahche bhag devane lihile navhate, joou rudhivadipanacha moolbhut vishvas aahe. tyaeivaji, anek rudhivadi strivadi yaa majkuravar prakriya dharamshastra lagoo karnyacha prayatna karatat. heey dharamshastra heey olakhate qee dev aanee jug satat vikasit hott aahe aanee jagatil pratyek gosht devachi bhagidar banate. heey tantradnyan rudhivaditeshi adhik changle julate, kaaran teey jyoodatil halkhahchya moolbhut tattvanna aavhan denyacha prayatna karat nahee.
strivad paramparik judismcha samna karato", aadhunik rudhivadi strivadi, tova hartman, aadhunik rudhivadi striyanna lagoo hoto tase strivadyanna aavadana kahee pramukh muddyancha shodh gheto. tee, itar anek aadhunik rudhivadi mahilansah, judismachya tyanchya swatachya vyakhyeshi sangharsh karate aanee aadhunik rudhivadipanacha aaram naan sodata judiasmadhye stree sahbhag aanee anubhav badalanyache anek marg shodhanyachi aasha karate, judismcha gut jyashi yaa striya sarvat parichit aahet aanee tyanchyashi tyanchi yutee thevatat. hartmanchya sanshodhanachya pramukh vishayanmadhye baybalsambandhi judismchya pitruvanshiy lakshyacha samna karane, purush-niyantrit nidda nirnayanche parasparvirodhi swaroop aanee anubhavache fayade, mahila sampoorn judismla adhik eksandh aavaj aanee sakriy bhoomikesah pradan kartil. yaa vishayancha shodh teen vegvegalya pratisadandware ghetala jaatoh pushti, nakar aanee punarvyakhyan. shevati, hartman punarvyakhyanachya pratimeche samarthan karato, parantu aadhunik rudhivadatil mahilanchya bhoomikevar teeka karananya strivadyanna serve pratisad upalabdh aahet. mahilanche paramparik pratinidhitva aata swikararh rahilele nahee aanee aadhunik rudhivadi chalvalit mahilanna jyoo rudhivaditechya naveen yugat nenyacha hartmancha prayatna aahe.
blue greenberg, eka dusra agraganya aadhunik rudhivadi strivadi, aadhunik rudhivadi netyanmadhil sudharananchi garaj door karnyacha prayatna karato. tee assa dawa karate qee aaj aadhunik rudhivadala jyachi garaj aahe tee mhanje "mahilanchya muktichya durgami parinamanchya prakashat jyoo moolye aanee aadhunik samajachya rudhee yanchyat dvandvatmak tanav nirman karane". 
strivadacha thet jyoodvadashi kassa sambandh aahe, halkha thet nida yaa donhi linganna aanee kutumbatil jyoo mahilanchya bhoomikes kassa lagoo houu shakato yacha vapar karane.
greenbergcha eka pramukh muddah assa aahe qee aadhunik rudhivadatil mahilansathi mothya bhoomikechi tulana 'tzitzitwar pachvi bajoo kinwa lulavmadhye pachvi jaat jodanya' shhee kelee jaau naye. 
anek varshanpasun manak asalelya rudhivadi "matrutvachya" bhoomikebaher aadhunik rudhivadi dharmat aapale sthan shodhanyasathi striya sangharsh karatat. greenbergchya pathopath, aadhunik rudhivadi strivadi itihas, majkoor kinwa serve naitik jababdanyanmadhye moolbhut badal naan karata, purush aanee stree bhoomikansathi sarvatrikpane halkha lagoo karnyacha prayatna karatat.
jyoo dharamshastrakade strivadi naitik drushtikon.
yaa vibhagatoon dnyan gola karnyasathi, heey lakshat ghene mahatvache aahe qee dharamshastrachi vyakhya "devatechya sankalpanancha aanee dharmik satyanchya swarupacha paddhatshir aanee tarkshuddha abhyas" mhanoon samajali jaate.
jyoo drushtikonachya jodanisah strivadi nitishastramadhye strivadi jyoo nitishastra mhanje kaay yabaddal bhinn matey asaleli vividh dharamshastriy matey aahet. kahee lock rupkasarkhya bhashevishayi aanee bhashanachya aakadyanvishayi charcha karatat, tarr kahee lock dharmacha paya aanee tyachya purush adhikrut vyaktimbaddal kinwa keval mukhya-kathan, nyayshastra-nirmiti, sampradayik kalpana sangana kathambaddal adhik bhaar taktat jyaa samajik nikashanna punha mapankit karatat.
judith plascone purush sarvanamanchya vaparabaddal aanee pitrusattak varchasva asalelya jyoodvadachya swarupabaddal lihile. standing agen ett sinai' yaa tichya pustakat, tee assa dawa karate qee, 'pravahita, halchal aanee bahuvishayachi bhavna aahe, [aaa] jyoo, mool american aanee devichya pratimanshi mahilanchya anubhavanche dhadsi parasparsambandh jodalele aahet, jeey vachak/shrotyala devashi bolanyat/bolanyat kaay shakya aahe yachee vistrut jaaniv dete. bhashecha eksandh vapar haah jyoodvadachya pitrusattak swarupachya mukhya samarthakanpaiki eka aahe. plascoche dharamshastra, devache roopak aanee pratima manavnirmit aahet heey purnapane manya karat asatana, bhasha samajik mankanmadhun tayar hote asey namood karate. mhanoon, jevha samajik badal ghadatat, tevha kayadyakade jaanyachya paddhatichihi garaj asate. plascochya drushtikonatun, "torahcha vistar karnyasathi, aapan mahilancha itihas samavisht karnyasathi jyoo itihasachi punarrachana kelee pahije aanee asey kartana jyoo smruticha aakar badalala pahije."uchch shaktiche varnan karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya bhashela punha naav denyachya aanee punha aakrutibaddha karnyachya plascochya kalpana soochit karatat qee jyoodvadachi sadhyachi pranali konatyahi swarupat samatavad chaloo thevu shakat nahee kaaran samaan bhasheshivay, purush aanee stree yanchyat kayamche vegalepana raheel. tamar rosberoberch, parasparvirodhi vicharvantanna ajunahi samaveshachi garaj disate, parantu teey swabhavikpane gair-yahoodi aanee jyaa moolbhut dharmashastrachya virodhat aahe, jyaa dharmavar too aadharit aahe, tyaa virodhat asane aavashyak aahe asey tyanna vatate.
tathapi, dharmashastrachya drushtikonatun, dewala kase sambodhale jaate kinwa sambodhit kele jaat nahee kinwa strivadi jyoo naitikteshi nigadit bhashevar keval laksh kendrit kele jaat nahee. anek vicharvantanni bhashevar laksh kendrit karnyapasoon door paul thewale aahe aanee tyaeivaji, aashayakade pahile aahe.
rashell edler suchavatat qee halkha heey swatah jyoodvadache kendrabindu aahe, qee eka shashvat chakr jethe purush bhasha aanee kayada tayar karatat jyache sarvanni palan karane apekshit aahe teey jyoodavadachya bhavishyasathi hanikarak aahe, parantu teey ajunahi jyoodvadachya sarasathi aavashyak aahe. blue greenbergney 1981 madhye jyoo strivadasathi 'jithe rabbi ichchhashakti aahe, tithe halakhi marg aahe' haah vakyansh aanala, joou tichya 'mahila aanee jyuvad' yaa pustakachya pananmadhye chhapala gela."greenbergchi jyoo dharamshastrachi samaj 21 vya shatkat tyache astitva ghadavana granthanvar avalambun aahe.
rabbi donna burman, ph.dii. jyoo nitishastra karanyachi' eka naitik pranali, jee mothya jyoo siddhantat samavisht asalelya kayadyapeksha kinwa granthanaivaji jiwant anubhavabhovati firate, asha nashiyat nitishastra paddhatidvare tine dharamshastrachi sthapana kelee. germansathi, jyanche upekshit kele gele aahe tyanche vicharlyashivay kadhihi aikale jaanar nahee, joparyant tyanche anubhav samajik sandarbhat jyoo lokansathi kaay kharey aahe heey darshavinyasathi tablever aanale jaat naheet. tichi naitik pranali adaa maria isasi-diazchya mujerista dharamshastra aanee strivadamadhye aadhalanaya goshtinvar aadharit aahe, jee samanata aanee samajik nyayasathi vachanbaddha aahe aanee jyoo srot grunth sadar karnyapasoon kinwa tichya vicharanna konatyahi prakarchya halkha, jyoo kayadyavar aadharit karnyapasoon door jaate. bermanche dharamshastra, strivadi jyoodavadatil purnapane bhinn vichardharanmadhun ajunahi aakarshit karat asatana, adler aanee plasco yanchya kahee vicharanche tukade karate. vanchitanchya katha ughad karoon, nashiyat naitikta hii jude dharm vaparat asaleli bhasha badalanyachi sandhee dete. bermanchya matey, jeey aavaj yapurvi kadhihi aikale gele navhate, jyanna bolanyachi sandhee midali nahee, ektar tyanna kahihi vicharale gele nahee kinwa tyanna yogya prashna vicharale gele naheet. naveen sambhashanasathi darvaje ughadalyanantar, pitrusattak vyavasthene mandalele adthale todale jaatat. yaa paddhatidvare, judevad samaj aanee tyaa kalatil paristhitichya tulanet samruddha houu shakato aanee pragati karoo shakato.
jyoo pratheteel vishay.
jaree nitishastradnya jyoodvadakade strivadi drushtikon gheuun yeu shakatat, taree jyoodvadachya vishisht vidhee aanee paddhatinche parikshan kartana heey anekada klisht hote. vichar aanee vishvasanchya ulat, jyoodvadachya pratheche aanee krutinche parikshan kartana anek samasya udbhavtat. pratyekamadhye vaiyaktikaritya abhyas karnyapurvi, heey lakshat thevane mahatvache aahe qee abhyasachya yaa paryayi kshetratahi, mudde manak, pashchatya vyaktichya kathnashi susangat honyachya dishene jhukatat. diardray butler tichya 'trasdayak seemah buber, levina aanee fackenheims jyoo strivadi naitikta vikasit karane' (2012) madhye yavirodhat ishara dete.
"tyachpramane, yahudi paramparetil saksham shareer, vishamalingipana aanee ling olakh yanvishayichya pramanatmak varnanandvare upasthit kelele vishisht mudde, anek yahudi strivadindware anekada naan samajalya jaananya upekshit aanee anyayachya anubhavankade jaau detat. shevati uttar american jyoo strivadini akadamimadhye aanee sakriyatechya staravar jyoo strivadi charchanvar uttar american ajunahi konatya prakare varchasva gajavatat yabaddal savadhgiri balgane aavashyak aahe."
jyoo dharmik vidhee.
jawaljawal serve jyoo strivadi nitishastradnya ajunahi paramparechi patali kayam thevat, dharmik vidhinmadhye mahilanche sthan shodhanyasathi sangharsh karatat. tathapi, yamadhye kahee bhinn drushtikon aahet; kahincha assa vishvas aahe qee striyanna astitvat asalelya goshtinmadhye tyanche sthan shodhanyachi aavashyakta aahe, tarr itar naitikatadnyanna vatate qee kahitari naveen nirman karane aavashyak aahe. itaranna vatate qee jeey astitvat aahe teey punha midvane aanee punarvapar karane aavashyak aahe.
1990 madhye judith plascone sinaimadhye mahilanchya upasthitichi jaaniv suru kelee. jevha jyoo lokanna torah midala tevha mahilanna upasthit rahnyachya kathetoon vagalanyat aale hote, yacha arth assa nahee qee mahilancha tyavar haqq nahee; tee assa yuktivad karate qee torahchya vachanachya punarrupanat tasech sampoorn jyoo samudayala punarroop denyat sahbhagi hone heey mahilanvar avalambun aahe. tee nidarshanas aanoon dete qee jyoo strivadyanni roash chodesh kinwa pesachsathi strivadi haggadot yasarkhya mahilanchya anubhavatoon aalelya vidhee aanee likhit prarthanapaddhatichi satatyane amalbajavani kelee aahe. paramparik prathecha nishedh naan karata, striyanna jyoo dharmik vidhinche malak bananyacha haah sarvat naitik marg aahe; kaaran sadhyachi dharmik vidhee nakarnyajogi nahee asey tiche mutt aahe. samavesh aanee parampara heey shatru naheet asey lihitana rashell adler ashich bhoomika gheto. asey mhatale jaat asatana, mahilanna paridhiy bhagakade dhakalane hanikarak aahe aanee upekshit prathna aanee sarav swikarane tyanchyasathi dhokadayak aahe asey teela vatate. tyamule, addlersathi heey purese nahee, kaaran tyacha pratyakshat sampoorn jyoo dharmik vidhinvar parinam hott nahee. tichyasathi aadarsh mhanje astitvat asaleli paramparik prathanapaddhati gheuun tee strivadi pratima aanee bhashene bharoon ling-samaveshak banavane. tova hartman swatahla mammonideshy sanrekhit karoon kahitari vegale sadar karato aanee "prathna karnanyanchi vyaktinishth aatm-pratima aanee teey prathna karnyasathi vaparat asalelya shabdanmadhil adhik sambandh sulabh karnyasathi" prathanashastra badalanyachi tyachi parvanagi gheto. tarihi, hii kalpana yaa vastusthitimule guntaguntichi aahe qee lokanchya vyaktinishth anubhavanshi jodali jaanari sarvatrik arthpurn prathna tayar karane aavhanatmak aahe. rashell edler aanee blue greenberg yaa doghanchahi assa yuktivad aahe qee jyoo jababdanya aanee prathanet mahilanna tyanche sthan midvanyache pahile paul mhanje tyanna halkhachya guntaguntibaddal shikshit karane. keval tithunach mahilanna purese ektrikaran karata yete aanee netrutva bhoomika swikarta yetat, jyudavadat mahilanche sthan kharokharach punha paribhashit karata yete.
jyoo vivah aanee aguna.
serve jyoo strivadi nitishastravadyanna asey vatate qee jyoo vivahache kayade jyaa prakare tayar kele jaatat tyamadhye samasya aahe; visheshtah teey agunahchya kayadyanvar prashna upasthit karatat. jaree teey jawaljawal sarvatrik aavhanatmak asale taree naitikatashastradnya agunacha muddah kuthe ghetat yachya barkavemadhye kahee farak aahe. plasco heey olakhato qee jevha sthapit jhaale tevha rabbi moolbhut aanee pranaligat vishamata asalelya chaukatit rahoon kaam karat hote aanee kayade karat hote. haah kayada visheshtah atyachari aanee hanikarak asala taree, tee tyakade jyoo kayadyachya mothya sandarbhat pahate, joou itar donhi goshtinvar aanee striyanvar maryada aanato. eka rudhivadi jyoo mhanoon blue greenberg aguna aanee teela halkha hanikarak asalelya jageshi sangharsh karava lagato. greenberg jyoo ghatasfot kayadyat gairvartanukichi shakyata manya karato. shivay, mahilanshi bolanyachya aanee tyanchi mulakhat ghenyachya greenbergchya kamat teela asey disate qee kahee rabbi asoonahi jeey ghatasfotanchi vaiyaktik prakarane karunene sodavtat, hii sampoorn prakriya mahilansathi khoop apmanaspad aahe [9].
rashell edler yaa vishayavar yahudi vivahavar teeka karane aanee paryayi model sadar karane yaa donhi vishayanvar adhik vistratpane lihitat. rabbijdware kayam rakhali jaanari malki mhanoon vivahache shastrokt varnan mage dhaklat, paramparik halkhamadhye parasparatvacha abhav asalyache edlerla vatate. eka naveen model tayar kartana, vyaktinchya garja santulit karoon, parasparsambandh aananyacha marg shodhanyasathi adlerne prayatna kele. shevati tee vyavsayik bhagidarivar aadharit eka namunyavar todga kadhate kaaran yamule aarthik aanee kalyankari samasyankade laksh denanya sampradayik mankankade tiche laksh jaate. tee yala britt ahuvimcha siddhant, premacha karar mhanate. mahilanna jyaa dadapshahi aanee vibhaktatecha samna karava lagla aahe, tyacha itihas teela maheet aahe aanee vivah aanee ghatasfot kayadyat samanatechya dishene kaam karnyacha haah ticha prayatna aahe, tarihi halkha nakarnyas nakar dett; tyaeivaji hii paramparechi punarrachana aanee punarrachana aahe.
mikweh.
keval mahilansathi astitvat asalelya kahee vidyaman vidhinpaiki eka mhanje mikweh. mahilanni vidhee snanamadhye swatahla shuddha karnyachya kalpanemule hii pratha naitik aanee/kinwa strivadi aahe qee nahee yavar barich charcha jhaali aahe aanee ektecha abhav aahe. mikweh jyaa prakare mahilanna shakti dete aanee tyanna tyanchya shariracha laingik shastre mhanoon vapar karnyas saksham karate, tyaa marganshi hartman bolato. moolatah tee asey mhanat aahe qee striya mikwehla kevha jaatat aanee shuddhikaran vidhitoon jaatat heey tharavatat mhanoon tyanna tyanche shareer rokhanyacha aanee tyanchya jodidarapasun laingik sambandh rokhanyacha adhikar asato. greenberg 12 eka paryayi drushtikon swikarato aanee mulakhatindware asey aadhalate qee bahutek striya mikwehla jude dharmat aanee tyanchya jeevanat eka sakaratmak vidhee mhanoon mahatva detat aanee pahatat. tee mikwehanna thodakyat tras dett asatana, bahutek tee vidhiche aadhunikikaran kase jhaale aahe aanee mahilanna tyaa kartvyabaddal krutadnyata kashee vatali aahe yavar laksh kendrit karate. edler 13 yaa vidhiche naitik parinam aanee mahilansathi tyacha arth kaay yavar sparsh karato. kaaran tee striyanna judavadat paridhiyapane sahbhagi mhanoon pahate, tee mikwehmadhye jaanyachi pratha yala kayamswarupi thevate asey manate. addlersathi, mikwehla jaane haah keval mahilandware keela jaanara eka paramparik vidhee aahe, tarr tyacha uddesh purushanna mitzwhat purn karnyas saksham karane haah aahe. edler yakade asha prakare pahatoh striya mikwehmadhye jaatat aanee shuddikaranachya yaa vidheet sahbhagi hotat jenekarun ticha patee tichyashi sambhog karoo shakel aanee jenekarun teela mule hotil-eka keval purush mitzwah. tyamule, adler yaa vidhikade sarvoch anaitik mhanoon pahato. yaa granthanchya baher, mahilanna haah vidhee punha midvanyas madat karnyasathi aanee too tyanchya jeevanat kahitari sashakt karnyasathi tyanna saksham karnyasathi sadhya anek prayatna kele jaat aahet. tarihi, yahudi paramparet eka vidhee aahe, jyamadhye striyanni purush shuddikaranashi samantar nasalelya prakare swatahla shuddha karane aavashyak aahe, yakade durlaksh kele jaau shakat nahee.
nida.
nidah haah sarvat vyapak vidhinpaiki eka aahe joou striyanna jude dharmat karane aavashyak aahe. kayade atishay guntaguntiche aahet aanee keval sarvat sushikshit rabbi, arthat purushannach mahilanna niyam sanganyacha adhikar aanee shikshan aahe. yamule aanee striyanna purush adhikar mage ghenyas kase bhag padale jaate yache swaroop, jeey anekada atishay apmanaspad asate, anek jyoo vicharvant; nitishastravadi aanee strivadi yanchyasah, nidahche kayade aanee paddhati anaitik aanee strivadi virodhi donhi mhanoon pahatat.
niddyacha sarav karananya mahilanchya tova hartmanchya mulakhatinmadhye tine yaa vidhivar vividh prakarchya pratikriya aanee bhavna anubhavalya. sarvanna asey vatale nahee, taree haah vidhee dadapshahicha, amanavi, gudamaravanara, manobal qamee karnara aanee tyanchya vaiyaktik shakticha apavyayahi aahe ashee bhavna vyakt karnare anek hote. nidahche kayade purushanni sthapit kele aanee striyanna virodh keela. nidda stree laingikateprati shatrutva vadhavanyas hatbhar lavto, tarr too jyoodavadatil laingikatechya swarupaprati asalelya mothya drushtikonache pratinidhitva karato. anek mahilanna kayadyachi kathorata aanee tyanche palan karnyache tyanche kartavya anubhavata yete jyamule bhavnik aanee sharirik taana yeto. heey pudhe astitvat asalelya hukumshaha purush sanrachanedvare kayam rahate. purush rabbikade jaaun tyala raktachya daganchi tapasani karoon sanganyachya prakriyetoon jaat asatana tyanchya bhavananche varnan kartana, anekanni tyanchi agency aanee shakti gamavanyachya pailuvar sparsh keela. niddasathi vishisht nasale taree, shikshanachya abhavamule mahilanna saktine nishkriyata aananyache niddah heey eka tokache udaharan aahe; jaree tyannach kayadyache palan karnyas bhag padale jaat asale taree. yaa vidhicha mahilanvar honara prabhav aanee shakticha abhav, tasech tyachya kathoratene jyoo aanee strivadi drushtikonatun too kitee naitik aahe yavar prashnachinh upasthit kele aahe.
khoop mage dhakalunahi, kahee striya niddakade tyanchya jivanacha sakaratmak bhag mhanoon pahatat. plasco heey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee niddyache niyam balkat karnare heey striya hote (jaree tyanche hetu adnyat asale taree). hartmanchya mulakhatinmadhye teela aadhalale qee kahinni tyane pradan kelelya niyamanache aanee mahilanchya jaivik-bhavnik garajancha aadar kassa keela yache kautuk kele. tyachpramane, kahee lock asey hote jeey yaa vidhimule tyanna sankramankalin kalavadhivar laksh kendrit karanyachi parvanagi kashee midali yabaddal bolale, aanee itaranni lagnachya chaukatit laingik ichchhanna teey kase manjur kele yabaddal bolale. swatachya drushtine samasyapradhan asoonahi, kahee striya tyanna sahbhagi houu naan aavadana laingik pragatipasoon dilelya sanrakshanabaddal aabhari hotya. greenberg niddakade striyanna keval laingik vastoo bananyapasun vachavanyacha jyoodavadacha marg mhanoon pahato.
tamara ross yaa pratheteel pavitratekade tyachi naitikta pahanyache sadhan mhanoon pahato. ross tichya patipasoon vibhakt honyacha nishchit kalavadhi pahato jyamadhye striya vegalya honyachya kalavadhichya samantar jaatat jyamadhye dev jagala naveen sarjansheel shakti gola karanyachi sandhee detana pravesh karato. yahudi goodhvadachya sandarbhat yaa vegalepanavar barech kahee lihile aahe; dewala stree mhanoon pahane aanee shuddhikaran aanee sanrakshanachi shakti. nidahla pavitrata mhanoon olakhoon yaa aacharanachi garaj siddha hote. tyachpramane, asey kelyane, dewala tyanchya rupat chitrit karoon striyanchya swatachya aatmasanmanachi jaaniv hote. kahee striya vyakt karatat qee nidah tyanchya prathamik, laingik ichchemadhye pavitrata vadhavate. haah yuktivad keela jaato qee heey palan punha midvoon aanee mahilanchya garjannusar tyacha punarvapar karoon, hii pratha naitik aanee strivadi donhi manali jaau shakate.
laingikta.
laingikta, visheshtah stree laingikta, hii ashee eka gosht aahe jee jyoodavadane molachi manali aahe. onaa kinwa tyachya patniche laingik samadhan karnyache purushanche kartavya hii kalpana yachyashi bolali jaate. tathapi, edler mhanato tyapramane, "kaay aahe aanee kaay honar aahe yamadhil daree bharoon kadhane hii laingikatechi dharmik naitikta aahe". stree laingiktekade jude dharmat purushankade asaleli gosht mhanoon pahile jaate aanee tyabaddal bolale jaate. laingikatebaddal bolanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya bhasheche parikshan kartana naitikatecha prashna yeto. nidahpramanech, laingiktetil pavitrata pahoon laingiktekade naitik margane pahile jaau shakate.
laingikatecha eka pailu jyala jyoo strivadi nitishastradnya aavhan detat too mhanje vishamata joou jyoo dharmat aanee paramparik granthanmadhye antarbhut aahe. visheshtah, jyaa adhikaanyaanee jyoo paramparechya vikasache netrutva kele aahe, tyanchyavar, samalaingikatecha nishedh karnari aanee lesbiyanvadakade durlaksh karnari vyavastha nirman aanee lagoo kelyacha aarop plasco karato. manvi laingiktela mukt aanee pravahi mhanoon punarvyakhyayit karnyachya prayatnat tee tichya swatachya anubhavanvar aanee olakh tasech vividh jyoo strotanvar aadharit aahe; tee naveen naitikatechi vyakhya karnyache sadhan mhanoon baybalmadhil granthanche punha vachan karate.
prajnan nyay.
prajnan nyay haah strivadi sakriyatecha avibhajya bhag asalyane aanee chalvalisathi aavashyak asalyane, jyoo strivadyanna vatate qee tyanni yaa naitik samasyevar laksh dile pahije. punarutpadak nyayasathi jyoo naitikatecha swatacha drushtikon asala taree jyoo strivadi naitikatemadhye kahitari vegale aahe. eka aaee mhanoon aanee visheshtah eka jyoo aaee mhanoon yaa lekhakanna garbhpatabaddal vichar karane katheen aahe, heey anekansathi manya aahe. tyapalikade, ashee manyata aahe qee jyoo mahila mhanoon, halkha kitee pramanat hii agency mahilanpasoon door neto heey pahata, tyanchya shariravar disha midvane anekansathi katheen aahe. mahilanchya garja aanee halkhahchya maganya yanchyat santulan sadhanyacha prayatna karnyat satat adchan yet asate-garbhpat haah yahudi strivadi naitikatechya yaa sangharshala apavad nahee.
david cremer eka drushtikon sadar karato joou soochit karato qee halkhachya marganchya baher asalelya paramparik strotanmadhun naitik nishkarsh kadhane shakya aahe. too assa yuktivad karato qee heey kaay parvanagi aahe aanee kaay nahee heey tharvinyabaddal nahee; tarr teey paramparet antarbhut asalelya moolbhut mulyambaddal aanee yogya prashna vicharanyabaddal aahe. too kayadeshir pratibandh aanee naitik anivaryata yateel farak karato. haah yuktivad garbhpat kinwa sampoorn punarutpadak nyayasathi vegala nasla taree, cremer mahilanchya garjankade halkhyachya thet virodhat pahato aanee mhanoon nivad-samarthak asane aavashyak aanee parvanagi aahe asey vicharat ghet nahee.
tatvadnyanat yogdan dene.
strivadi jyoo naitikateche pratinidhitva karnare anek dharamshastradnya, lekhak aanee nitishastradnya heey purviche vicharvant aanee tatvadnyananni prerit aanee prabhavit hote.
caroll gilligan.
caroll gilligan hii eka american jyoo strivadi aanee nitishastradnya aahe, jichya karyane strivadi jyoo nitishastra chalvalivar lakshaniy prabhav padala aahe. tichya manasshastriy abhyasat, gilligan naitik vikasatil purush aanee stree farkanshi sambandhit aahe. vegalya aavajat': manasshastriy siddhant aanee mahilancha vikas yaa tyanchya pustakat, gilligan purvkalpit kalpananna, visheshtah manasshastra kshetrat, aavhan dete, jeey soochit karate qee striyanmadhye naitik nirnay ghenyachi aanee samajoon ghenyachi kshamata qamee aahe. tee assa yuktivad karate qee purush aanee striya naitikatechi vyakhya karnyasathi vegvegale drushtikon ghetat, jyacha nishkarsh tee mahilanchi tyanchya sambandhit vyakhya aanee naitikatekade pahanyachya drushtikonabaddal mulakhat ghetalyanantar kadhate. tichya nishkarshanvarun asey disun aale qee striya adhik kshamashil asatat aanee samanyatah itaranna madat karane aanee tyanchi kalji ghene aanee naitikdrushtya vagane heey tyanche kartavya aahe asey tyanna vatate, tarr purushankade naitikatekade nyayachi baab mhanoon aanee itaranchya hakkancha aadar karanyachi pravrutti asate.
itar jyoo nitishastradnyanvar gilligancha prabhav aahe aanee tyanni tyanchya sambandhit karyanmadhye ticha ullekh keela aahe. torahcha rajwada vistaraneh rudhivadi aanee strivad' yaa tichya pustakat, lekhak tamar ross yanni satatchya sambhashanasathi yuktivad keela aahe, jyamule haloohaloo prakriya houu shakate, jyadvare rudhivadi strivadi vichar aanee paddhatincha samavesh karnyasathi swatacha vistar karoo shakatat. ross keval tichya vachkansathi 'strivad' paribhashit karnyasathi aanee visheshtah naitikatecha vichar karata 'strivadi vicharanchya adviteey paddhati' paribhashit karnyasathi gilligancha sandarbh dete. laurie zoloth caroll gilliganchya manavvanshashastriy sanshodhanat aanee striya purushanpeksha vegalya paddhatine jagacha anubhav ghetat yaa davyat guntaleli aahe.
emmanuel levinas.
emmanuel levinas haah eka french jyoo tatvadnya aanee talmud vidwan hota joou jyoo naitikatechya mahattvasathi yuktivad karato. tyachya tatvik krutinmadhye, tyane sampoornata aanee anant yaat farak keela aahe, dusra aadhyatmik jagacha sandarbh deto. levinus assa yuktivad karatat qee anantata sampurnatechya palikade vistarte. too sampurnatela sattavidnyan aanee anantatela naitikteshi jodato, tattvavidnyanapeksha naitiktela pradhanya deto.
levinus 'dusya' yaa sankalpanecha parichay karoon deto, assa yuktivad karato qee 'dusya' chya garja swatahun kinwa 'aay' chya aadhi aalya pahijet.
lekhak, pradhyapak aanee strivadi asalele dedrey butler heey levinuschi strivadi drushtikonatun tapasani karatat. butler levinajvar teeka karato kaaran too dwaiti virodh kayam thevato, jeey varnpatchya viruddha tokanvar 'streeling' aanee 'purushatva' aanee 'swa' aanee 'itar' thevatat. butler thampane sangato qee, "mahilanvaril atyachar aanee upekshitpanache sanket denanya aanee lagoo karananya rudhiprayoganvar avalambun asalelya tatvik shrenila vegale karane khoop katheen aahe."
vayavya vidyapithatil vaidyakeey naitikta aanee dharmache pradhyapak aanee 'aarogya seva aanee chakmakinchi naitikta' yaa pustakache lekhak laurie zoloth dekhil levinajchya kamanvar aadharit aahet. aaplya pustakat, zoloth americetil aarogyasevechya sankatache vishleshan aanee teeka karate, aanee mhanate qee yogya naitikta nirman karnyasathi aaplyala margadarshan karnyasathi aapan jyoo paramparekade valale pahije. aarogyaseva sankat hii samudayatil eka samasya aahe heey sandarbhanusar sanganyasathi, zoloth levinacha naitik siddhant aanee 'itar' yaa sankalpanevar aadharit aahe. levinagesathi, samuday haah eka sanghatit gut aahe jyamadhye pratyek vyakti swatahla 'dusya' chya sambandhat pahate. zolothchya matey, samudayik bhavneshivay aanee dusya bhavneshivay naitikta astitvat rahoo shakat nahee; tee jore dete qee naitik nirnay aaplya chetanet 'dusya' saha ghetale jaatat. yaa vicharavar levinajcha prabhav asato, jeey satat tyachya kinwa tichya shejanyala kinwa dusyala kase vagavatat yachya mahattvavar jore detat. samuday aanee 'itar' hii sankalpana yahudi naitikatebhovati dekhil aahe kaaran pratyek vyakti 'itar' sathee jababdar asate aanee samuday shrotyancha eka gut mhanoon kaam karato; devachya aavajat 'itar' chee bhavna dekhil asate. zoloth spasht karatat qee "halakhi pranali satat visangat samuday tayar karnyasathi torah majkurashi samna aanee majkurashi dusyachya bheticha vapar karate."
strivadi siddhant anekada striyanche varnan 'bahishkrut' mhanoon karato-purush-varchasva asalelya sanskratit, striyankade purushanchya sandarbhat anekada 'itar' mhanoon pahile jaate.
martin buber.
martin buber heey 20 vya shatkatil tatvadnyani aahet, jeey tyanchya 'aay andd tuu' yaa pustakasathi olakhale jaatat, jyamadhye tyanni done vegvegalya prakarchya natesambandhanchi ruparesha dilee aahe. aay-iit' natesambandhamadhye ekhadya vastubaddalachya vyaktichya vrutticha samavesh asato aanee tee ashee gosht asate jee vaiyaktik anubhav sangate. yaulat, 'aay-tuu' natyat done lock asatat jeey anubhavanyaivaji sahbhagi hott asatat. aay-tuu' heey naate adhik drudh manale jaat asale taree, donhi prakarche natesambandh mahattvapoorn aahet aanee tyat guntalelya vyaktinna devachya adhik jawal aanatat. 5 aay-yuu sambandhat donhi pakshancha samavesh asane aavashyak aahe, parantu samaan pramanat asane aavashyak nahee.
anek strivadi 'aay-tuu' heey naate narivadi vicharansathi aavashyak manatat, kaaran tyasathi 'tujhyakade laksh dene aanee dusyala swatacha uddesh mananyas pratibandh karane aavashyak aahe."3 strivad, vyakhyenusar, purush aanee striyanmadhye samaan darja aanee satteche sambandh soochit karato. mhanoon, heey dharamshastra strivadi vicharanna lagoo karnyasathi, naate samaan aahe yachee khatri karane aavashyak aahe, kaaran buber suchavatat qee kahee paristhitinmadhye naate asantulit asoo shakate. asha prakare, jyoo strivadi drushtikonatun bubarche tattvadnyan "anaitik shakti sambandhanna pratibandh karnyasathi" vaparale gele pahije."
robbert cover.
yale kayadyache pradhyapak aanee vidwan robbert cover yanni rashell edler yanchyasarkhya anek jyoo strivadi naitikatadnyanvar prabhav padala aahe. cover suchavate qee samrajyavadi aanee nyayshastratmak asey done bhinn prakarche kayade aahet. samrajyavadi kayada adhikar aanee niyamanchya amalbajavanivar laksh kendrit karato, tarr nyayshastravishayak kayada haah sampradayik kalpanancha samavesh karato. cover nyayshastra nirmiti shaili kayadyache samarthan karate kaaran too paidiyache pratinidhitva karato, joou samajacha sarvoch aadarsh aahe. kaay aahe aanee kaay asayala havey heey cover vegale karateh kaay astitvat aahe aanee aadarsh kaay aahe.
rashell edler, eka jyoo, joou rudhivadi mhanoon vadhala hota aanee suruvatila rudhivadi lokanshi vivahabaddha jhaala hota, ghatasfotit jhaala aanee sudharana jhaala aanee tyala kavharchya dharamshastrancha samavesh karnyas niyukt karnyat aale. ticha assa dawa aahe qee halkha kinwa jyoo kayada, bhootkalatil aanee sadhyachya jyoo jaganmadhil sambandh mhanoon kaam karato. edlerchya matey, kavharchya attinshi julavun ghet, edler samrajyavadi kayadyakade sadhya halkha jyaa prakare karya karato aanee too sampoorn kaal karyarat aahe asha prakare pahato. tathapi, mukhprushthapramane, edler nyayshastrachya nirmiti kayadyache samarthan karato, kaaran hii aadarsh edlerchya mukhya varnanat kinwa samudayasathi naitik aadarshat aadhaltat. itar anek jyoo strivadyanpramane, mahilanche aavaj kathetoon vagalanyat aale hote heey manya karoonahi, edler halkha nakarat nahee.
herman cohain.
herman cohain heey eka tatvadnyani hote jeey 1842 teey 1918 paryant jagale aanee emmanuel kaant yanchyasarkhya anek tatvadnyani shraddha balgale, parantu teey jyoodvadala lagoo jhaale. cohain naitikatekade samajik jagaat kaay "asayala havey" asey dekhil pahato, ulatpakshi kaay aahe heey sadhyachya aparivartaniy paristhitipramane pahanyachya ulat. kohenchya matey, keval devach kaay aahe aanee kaay asayala havey yaa donhi shreninmadhye yeto. kohenchya matey, naitikta hii kaay asayala havee yachya barobarichi aahe. jyoo strivadi nitishastradnyanni kohenchya kantian kalpanancha vapar karoon jyoo dharmatil mahilansathi samanatesathiche tyanche aadarsh jeey asayala havey teey vyakt kele aahet.
sigmund fried.
sigmund fried, eka austriyan manasshastradnya aanee manovishleshak jeey 1856 teey 1939 paryant jagale. friedche manasshastra aajahi manasshastriy abhyasacha aadhar mhanoon kaam karate. pradhyapak, nitishastradnya aanee manasshastradnya, tova hartman, friedcha abhyas karatat aanee tyanchya strivadachya paramparik judism pratirodh aanee samayojan yaa pustakat tyanchya kahee sanshodhanacha samavesh karatat.
hartmanne frydian sankalpana samajoon ghenyasathi teen model sadar kele. tee suchavate qee yaa pratimancha-punaruchchar, punarvyakhyan/punarikshanvadi aanee nakar model-adhik strivadi drushtikonatun siddhant samajoon ghenyasathi vapar keela pahije. punarukti model suchavate qee konatihi kalpana, joparyant ekhadi vyakti 'adhikrut' tee mandat aahe, toparyant tee kharee mhanoon sweekarli gelee pahije. jyoo sandarbhat heey samasyapradhan aahe kaaran teey soochit karate qee adhikrut majkoor aanee tyache lekhak heey ekmev adhikari aahet. punarvyakhyan/punarikshanvadi pratimanamadhye mool sandarbhatil moolya naan gamavata majkuratil sankalpanancha punarvapar aanee naveen arth dene samavisht aahe. heey namune jyoo dharamshastravar lagoo kartana, hartman jyoo shikshanasathi punarvyakhyanachya/sanshodhanvadi drushtikonache samarthan karato, kaaran hetch sarvat jaast 'tyachya anuyayanna paramparik granthanshi satat sanlagn rahanyache aanee punha guntalele rahanyache aavhan dete. nakar model dekhil aadarsh nahee kaaran teey sampoorn cannon purnapane nakarel.
strivadi aanee mujerista dharamshastra.
strivad aanee mujerista dharamshastranni rabbi donna burman yanchyasarkhya vidvananvar prabhav padala aahe, jyancha prabandh, nashiyat nitishastrah surakshitatechya jyoo strivadi naitikateche abhivyaktikaran, jyoo strivadachya naveen naitik drushtikonache varnan karato. nashiyat nitishastra haah jyoo strivadi naitikatecha eka prakar aahe joou burman vikasit karato joou torah kinwa halkhavar laksh kendrit karat nahee, jyacha tine dawa keela aahe qee tine strichya kathela "itaratra" sthan dile aahe, parantu jyoo paramparet durlakshit kelelya mahilanchya katha aanee anubhavanvar. nashiyat naitikatepramanech, strivadi aanee mujerista dharamshastre nyay magna mahilanna aavaj detat, jyanchyakade tyanchya sambandhit vanshik, vanshik aanee dharmik gatanmadhye durlaksh kele gele aahe.
strivad hii eka chalval aahe jee visheshtah krishnavarniy mahilanvaril laingik atyachar door karnyacha prayatna karate. yaa chalvalit sahitya, naitikta, itihas aanee dainandin anubhav yancha samavesh aahe, jeey serve krishnavarniy mahilechya kathanavar kendrit aahet. visheshtah, catty tof hii strivadi chalvalichya utpattishi sambandhit aahe. kalya mahilanchya aavajakade aitihasikdrushtya durlaksh kele gele aahe, assa dawa tof karate; tee strivadi chalvalitil anek mahilanpaiki eka aahe, jyanna kattarpanthi mhanoon olakhale jaanyas kinwa jokhim ghenyas laaj vatat navhati. yach karanastav nashiyat naitikta yaa pratimane prerit aahe. burman thampane sangato qee, "nashiyat naitikatemadhye, strivadi naitikatepramanech, mulyanche moolyamapan samavisht aahe, jeey purush nirmit stritva jatan karnyachya navakhali dadapun taknyat aale aahe aanee shiksha kelee gelee aahe, jeey purush shaktichya shashvatates chalana dete."
tyach dhartivar, mujerista dharamshastra american latina mahilancha drushtikon, itihas, sahitya aanee anubhavambaddal antardrushti pradan karate. yaa chalvalichi sthapana karnari dharamshastradnya adaa maria isasi-dies, tichya mujerista karyanmadhye lattin mahilanchya vanshik mulakhatinchya vaparasathi olakhali jaate. diazchya prabhavakhali, burman tichya prabandhat rabbi jude dharmatil durlakshit mahilanchya aavajavar prakash taknyasathi vanshikshastracha vapar karate.
donna burman spasht karatat qee, strivadi aanee mujerista dharmashastranpramanech, nashiyat naitikatecha uddesh itihasamadhye durlakshit aanee "bahishkrut" jhalelya mahilansathi sthan nirman karane haah aahe. nashiyat nitishastramadhye strivadi african american aanee hyspanic samudayanchya kathancha samavesh aahe, kaaran tee samanata nirman karnyasathi aanee "pratyek dharm aanee vanshik/vanshik gatasathi aavaj uthavanyasathi" vachanbaddha aahe."
teeka.
bahutek jyoo strivadi nitishastradnya aanee vicharvant heey manya karatat qee jyuvad haah strivadachya aavashyaktansathi apura asoo shakato, tarr anekanchi yaa samasyeche nirakaran karnyachya paddhatimbaddal virodhi matey aahet aanee tyamule teey ekmekanchya karyanvar teeka karatat. yapaiki kahee teeka ughadpane hotat, parantu tyateel bahutansh teeka ekhadya vishisht lekhakacha sandarbh dett naheet. tyaeivaji teeka gruheet dharali jaate; jevha eka lekhak dusyachya kalpaneshi asahmat asaleli kalpana mandato, tevha tee dusyachya karyabaddalchi teeka asalyache samajoo shakate.
teeka paddhati.
bahutansh, jyoo strivadi vicharvant ekmekanvar visheshtah teeka karane talhtat asey disate. deva hartman aanee rashell adler yanchyasarkhe lekhak, jyanche dharamshastra aanee kalpana khoop bhinn aahet, teey dekhil ekmekanvar ughadpane teeka karane talhtat. teey ekmekanchya paddhati aanee matanshi asahmat asale taree (varr pahaa) aanee ekmekanchya kamanna pratisad dett asatana, shailimadhye khulya tikela kiman thewale jaate.
itar lekhakanche sandarbh bahutek vela sakaratmak udaharane mhanoon vaparale jaatat aanee farkanaivaji kamanmadhil samanatevar laksh kendrit karatat. asahmat lekhak, dusyachya kamanvar hallah karnyaivaji, anekada tyanchya kamanna swatahsathi bolu detat, virodhiaivaji vicharanmadhye dusra paryay mhanoon swatahla sthapit karatat. matanmadhye mothe matbhed aanee anek matbhed asoonahi, pratyaksh teeka kvachitach hote.
tikanche vishisht kshan.
strivadi dharmik paddhati.
judith plasco aanee rashell edler yanchyasah anek jyoo strivadi vicharvant, dharmik vidhinmadhye stree-kendrit bhashechya bharbharatala pathimba detat. kahee lekhak yaa aadharavar asahmat aahet. udaharanarth, synthia ozik yaa tantravar khoop teeka karate aanee stree devbhasha vaparane heey murtipujechya punarvibhajanasarkhe tharel assa yuktivad karate. tichyasathi, dewala 'vishvachi ranee' mhanoon sambodhane ('vishvacha raja' aivaji pracheen devichya prajanankshamatechya panthankade laksh dete aanee teey asvikarya tharel. plasco yethe ozhikashi thampane asahmat aahe. sinai yethe punha ubhe rahane' yaa tichya pustakat, plasco ozikchya yuktivadanvar teeka karate, asey mhanate qee yaa naveen prathna devachya shejari devichi sthapana karat naheet, tarr devachi pratima vistartat.
strivadi dharamshastra.
plasco, edler aanee ozik yanni anekada ekmekanchya kamanvar teeka kelee, ekmekanna pratisad denyasathi nibandhancha vapar keela. plascocha lekh 'yogya prashna dharamshastriy aahe' haah edlerchya 'joou jyoo tithe navhata' aanee ozikchya 'yogya dishene tippanya' chey khandan aahe."tichya lekhat, plasco ozik aanee edler yanchyavar strivadi garjannusar halkhamadhye badal karnyavar jaast laksh kendrit kelyabaddal aanee jyoodvadachya antarnihit dharmik samasyanvar charcha naan kelyabaddal teeka karate. ozikchya 1979 chya lekhavar, "yogya prashna shodhanyachya dishene nondi" yaa lekhavar plasco visheshtah teeka karato, jyamadhye ozik assa yuktivad karato qee judevad haah swabhavikpane mahilanna adheen karat nahee, tarr jyoo mahilanna jyaa adhinatecha samna karava lagato too "aitihasik pratha aanee prathetoon" yeto."tichya lekhat, plasco yaa vidhanachya virodhat yuktivad karatat, asey mhanatat qee judismche antarnihit dharamshastra swatach samasyapradhan aahe. parantu ozikchya charchet, plasco dharmashastrachya muddyavarchya tichya maunapeksha ozikchya kalpananvar qamee teeka karate. plascola dharamshastravaril charchecha vistar karayacha aahe; asey karanyachi ozikchi anichha plascover teeka karnyas pravrutt karate. adlerne, aadhi eka lekh, nantar eka pustak, jyoo strivadi dharmashastravishayichya bahya kalpana lihoon, halkhavar jaast laksh kendrit kelyachya tikela pratisad deela.