brittenmadhil roman rajvaticha ant

brittenmadhil roman rajvaticha shevat mhanje roman brittenmadhun poost-roman brittenmadhye sankraman. brittonchya vegvegalya bhaganmadhye vegvegalya velee aanee vegvegalya paristhitit roman rajvat sampushtat aalee.
383 madhye, madhye magnus maximusne uttar aanee paschim brittenmadhun sainya mage ghetale, kadachit sthanik sardaranna prabhari kele. sumare sumare sumaras, roman-britishanni atikraman atikraman constantine III chya nirbandhit hakaloon dile. tyane yapurvi britainkadoon roman sainyadal kadhoon ghetale hote aanee 406 chya uttaradhat gendyachya paar honyachya pratisadat teey galla nele hote, jyamule bett jangali hallyancha balee tharale hote. roman samrat honriousne 'rescript auph onarius' chya madatisathi kelelya vinantila uttar dile aanee roman shaharanna tyanchya swatachya sanrakshanasathi, tatpuratya british swa-shasanacha maun sweekar karnyas sangitale. honrious italimadhye visigoth lokanviruddha tyanchya netyachya alarikchya netrutvakhali mothya pramanavar yuddh ladhat hota, jyat rome swatach vedha ghalat hota. durvarchya brittonchya sanrakshanasathi konatyahi sainyachi sutka houu shakali nahee. jaree honrious lavkarach prantanvar punha niyantran midvanyachi apeksha karat asala, taree sahavya shatkachya madhyaparyant prokopiyasne olakhale qee britaniyavaril roman niyantran purnapane haravale hote.
parshvabhoomi.
naheet shatkachya suruvatiparyant, roman samrajya aata antargat bund kinwa paschim europemadhye europemadhye german jamatinni nirman kelelya bahya dhokyapasun swatache sanrakshn karoo shakale nahee. hii paristhiti aanee tyache parinam heey urvarit samrajyapasun brittonchya kayamswarupi aliptatevar niyantran thevatat. sthanik swa-rajvatichya kalavadhinantar anglo-saxon 440 chya dashakat dakshin englandmadhye aale. 
chauthya shatkachya uttaradhat, samrat theodosius pahila yancha samavesh asalelya rajvanshachya sadasyanni yaa samrajyavar niyantran thewale hote. yaa kutumbane swatachya aat rajkiy satta kayam thewali aanee itar rajvanshanshi aantarvivah karoon yutee kelee, tyach velee antargat satta sangharshat guntale aanee bahereel davedaranshi (jyanna "hadap" mhanatat) ladhoon sattadhari rajvanshachi jaaga tyanchya swatachya eka rajvanshashi ghenyacha prayatna keela. yaa antargat davpechanni lashkari aanee nagri sansadhananche samrajya nasht kele. fermus, magnus maximus aanee eugenius yansarkhya vyaktinni kelelya uthav prayatnanmadhye hajaro sainik haravale.
german jamatinshi samrajyache aitihasik sambandh kadhikadhi pratikool, kadhikadhi sahkari, parantu shevati pranghatak hote, kaaran teey tyaa jamatinna sambandhanmadhye pramukh bhoomika swikaranyapasun rokhu shakale naheet. naheet shatkachya suruvatiparyant, tivra nuksan aanee curr utpannat ghat jhalyamule, paschim roman samrajyachya lashkari dalanvar german sainyache varchasva hote aanee romanikrut german lokanni samrajyachya antargat rajkaranat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali. simabaheril vividh german aanee itar jamati samrajyachya kamkuvat rajyacha fayda gheu shakalya, roman pradeshat vistar karoo shakalya aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, tyanchi sampoorn loksankhya ekekali keval roman manalya manalya pradeshat halavoo shakalya, jyacha parinam 406 pasoon vividh yashasvi sthalantaranmadhye jhaala. gendyachya paar honyane britaniyamadhye tivra bheeti nirman jhaali, kaaran italipasoon vahinichya vahinichya prathamik dalanvalan margavar chhape takoon samrajyapasun too tutanyachi shakyata hotee. yaa prakaranat, haah keval aanakhi eka chhapyapeksha khoop jaast hota.
kalkram.
383-388.
383 madhye, tyanantar brittenla niyukt jhalelya roman senapati magnus maximus yane aaplya sainyasah gaulala olandun, shahee sattesathi yashasvi prayatna suru keela. tyane paschim roman samrat gratiancha vadh keela aanee gaul aanee brittenver seasure mhanoon rajya kele (i.eae., theodosius I) chya antargat "up-samrat" mhanoon. brittonchya uttar aanee paschim bhagat roman upasthitichya konatyahi puravyasathi kadachit anglessymadhil hollyhead dongaravaril buruj aanee lankestersarkhya paschim kinarpattichya chaukyanvarchya tukadyanchya niyuktya vagalata, 383 hii shevatchi tarikh aahe. hii chaukya kadachit 390 chya dashkaparyant tikoon rahilya asateel, parantu tyaa eka atishay kirkol upasthiti hotya, jyacha uddesh pramukhyane irelandmadhil decichya gatanni kelele halle aanee vasahat thambavane haah hota.
ekada vichar keela hota qee, qee nantarchi nanee hadrianchya bhintivar khodanyat aalee aahet, jyamule asey soochit hote qee sainya tyatoon kadhoon ghenyat aale navhate, kinwa jarr asey asel tarr maximusne gaulmadhye vijay midvalyanantar lagechach teey parat kele gele. dii accidio ett conquestoo britania" madhye see. asey lihile aahe. 540, gildaz yanni brittenmadhun sainya aanee varishtha prashasakanni maximusla palayan kelyache shrey dile, asey mhanat qee too keval tyachya serve sainyasahach navhe tarr tyachya serve sashastr band, governor aanee tyachya yuvakanchya fulasah dekhil kadhihi parat yenar nahee.
chauthya shatkachya uttaradhat saxon, picts aanee irelandchya skotidware chhape chaloo hote, parantu 383 nantarchya varshant tyat vaadh jhaali. velsachya dakshin mothya pramanat kayamswarupi ayrish vasahati dekhil hotya jyaa aspasht asalelya paristhitit hotya. maximusne brittenmadhye picts aanee skotee yaa donhichya virodhat moheem rabavali, itihaskaranmadhye heey varsh 382 kinwa 384 (mhanje.eae., mug tee moheem too seasure honyapurvichi asso kinwa nantarchi). velsh aakhyayika sangate qee, tyacha kabja suru karnyapurvi, maximusne sankatgrast prantansathi badalalelya sarkari aanee sanrakshn aarakhadyachi tayari kelee. maximuschya anupasthitit betache sanrakshn karnyasathi kolasa kombadisarkhya aakrutyanna pramukh sthananvar thevanyat aale hote asey mhatale jaate. asha davyanchi rachana velsh vanshavali aanee jaminichya davyanna samarthan denyasathi kelee gelee asalyane tyanchyakade kahee sanshayachya najarene pahile pahije.
388 madhye, maximusne jambhalya rangacha dawa karnyachya prayatnat alps olandun italimadhye aaplya sainyache netrutva kele. penoniyamadhye sevhchya ladhait (aadhunik croatiamadhye) aanee poeviochya ladhait (aadhunik sloveniyatil putaj yethe) tyacha parabhav jhaala tevha haah prayatna ayashasvi jhaala. tyanantar tyala theodosiusne fashi dilee.
389-406.
maximuschya mrutyunantar, britton 392 paryant samrat theodosius pahila yachya adhipatyakhali parat aala, jevha eugeniusne 394 paryant paschim roman samrajyat samrajyavadi sattesathi prayatna keela, jevha tyacha theodosiusne parabhav keela aanee tyala thaar marle. 395 madhye theodosiuscha mrutyu jhaala tevha tyacha 10 varshancha mulga honrious haah paschim roman samrat mhanoon tyachya jaagi aala. tathapi, sinhasanamagil kharee shakti theodosiuschya bhavacha javai aanee onariuscha sasarcha stillicho hota.
brittenla skotee, saxon aanee pictschya chhapyancha samna karava lagat hota aanee 396 teey 398 chya darmyan, stillicone kathitpane pictschya virodhat mohimeche aadesh dile, bahudha brittonchya purv dakshin tyanche sagari chhape sampavanyacha naudalachya mohimecha hetu hota. tyane ekach velee skotee aanee saxonviruddha mohimanche aadesh dile asateel, parantu konatyahi prakare brittenmadhil hii shevatchi roman moheem asel jyanchi konatihi nond aahe.
401 kinwa 402 madhye stillicola visigothik raja alaric aanee austrogothic raja radagayasashi yuddhanna samore jaave lagale. lashkari manushyabalachi garaj bhasalyane tyane akherchya velee hadrianchya sainyachi bhint kadhoon takali. brittenmadhye mothya sankhyene sapadalelya konatyahi roman nanyanchi varsh 402 hii shevatchi tarikh aahe, jee ektar stillichone brittenmadhun urvarit sainya kadhoon ghetale kinwa samrajya ajunahi tethe asalelya sainikanna paise deu shakat nahee asey soochit karate. darmyan, picts, saxon aanee skotee yanni tyanche chhape suruch thewale, jyachi vyapti vadhali asel. udaharanarth, 405 madhye nauu bandhakanpaiki nialne brittonchya dakshin dakshin chhapa takala asey varnan kele aahe.
407-410.
december december shevatchya divashi (kinwa, kadachit, 405), gaulachya poorves paschimes alaan, vidhvansak aanee suebi yanni gendyacha paar keela, bahudha jevha too gothala hota aanee mothya pramanat vidhvans suru jhaala.
romanancha konatahi prabhavi pratisad naslyamule, brittenmadhil urvarit roman sainyala bheeti hotee qee tyanantar brittenmadhye german vahini olandane aanee shahee adhikarane vitarit karane-hii karvai kadachit sainyala kahee kaal paise naan milanyachi uchch sambhavyatemule sopee jhaali. tyanche bhavishya surakshit karnyasathi tyanche netrutva karnara senapati nivadane haah tyancha hetu hota, parantu marcus aanee gratian yaa tyanchya pahilya done nivadi tyanchya apeksha purn karoo shakalya naheet aanee tyanna thaar maranyat aale. tyanchi tisari nivad sainik constantine III hotee.
407 madhye, constantine brittenmadhil urvarit sainyacha taba ghetala, tyanna kalvyachya palikade galmadhye nele, tethe pathimba jamavala aanee swatahla paschim roman samrat mhanoon sthapit karnyacha prayatna keela. alpschya dakshinekadil onariuschya nishthavant sainyane visigothacha bachav karnyat vyagrata darshavali hotee aanee bandala vegane dadapun taknyat teey asamarth tharale, jyamule constantinela hyspania samavesh karnyasathi tyache naveen samrajya vadhavanyachi sandhee midali.
409 madhye, constantine tyachya samrajyavaril niyantran tutale. tyachya lashkari sainyacha kahee bhag hispeniyamadhye hota, jyamule teey gaulmadhye karvaisathi anupalabdha jhaale aanee gaulmadhil kahee lokanna nishthavan roman senapatinni tyachya virodhat valavale. raeen nadichya paschimes paschimes german lokanni tyachya virodhat aavaj uthavala, kadachit roman nishthavantanni tyala protsahan dile aanee nadichya poorves rahnare lock gaulmadhye gele. britton, aata sanrakshanasathi konatehi sainya nasalele aanee 408 aanee 409 madhye visheshtah saxonchya tivra hallyancha samna karat, tyane punha ekada dhokyachya chinhasah gaulmadhil paristhiti pahili. kadachit tyanna nirbandhakhali sutakechi aasha nahee asey vatat asatana, roman-britton aanee kahee gaull yaa doghannihi 409 kinwa 410 madhye nirbandhit nirbandhit haddapar kele. byzantine itihaskar zosimus (fl. 490-510 chya dashakat) nirvasanasathi thet constantinela doshi tharavale, asey mhanat qee tyane saxonla chhapa takanyachi parvanagi dilee hotee aanee britton aanee gaull asha samudradhunimadhye qamee jhaale hote qee tyanni roman samrajyapasun bund kele, 'roman kayada nakarla, tyanchya mool chaliritinkade paratale aanee tyanchi swatachi suraksha sunishchit karnyasathi swatahla sashastr kele'.
zosimuschya matey, british samudayanni madatisathi kelele aavahan ii. sha. 410 madhye samrat onariusne fetalale hote. 411 chya 'rescript auph onarius' navachya majkurat, pashchimatya samrat onarius british 'nagri' lokanna tyanchya swatachya sanrakshanakade pahanyas sangato kaaran tyache shasson ajunahi gaulachya dakshines ghuskhoranshi ladhat hote aanee italichya agadi dakshines asalelya visigothshi samna karnyacha prayatna karat hote. yaa punarlekhancha pahila sandarbh sahavya shatkatil byzantine vidwan zosimasne lihila aahe aanee too yadruchchikpane dakshin italichya charchechya madhyabhagi aahe; brittoncha aanakhi ullekh keela gela nahee, jyamule kahee, jaree serve nahee, aadhunik shikshanatadnyanni asey suchavale aahe qee punarlekhan brittenla lagoo hott nahee, tarr italitil brutiumla lagoo hote.
itihaskar khristofar sniderne lihile qee, shishtacharanusar, onariusne shahee shahee kelelya patravyavaharala sambodhit karave aanee brittonchi shahare aata betavar uraleli sarvoch roman satta asalyache tyane soochit kele nahee. betavar ajunahi mothya pramanavar rajkiy sanrachana abadhit aahet yaa kalpanechi matra purnapane badnami jhaleli nahee.
jevha 'punarlekhan' pathvanyat aale, tevha visigothanni honriousla ravenamadhye lapavale hote aanee too tyanchya romchya pishavila (410) rokhu shakala nahee. too nishchitach konalahi dilasa denyachya sthiteet navhata. constantine III sathee, too shahee romchya karsthananchya barobaricha navhata aanee 411 paryant tyache kaaran kharch jhaale. tyachya virodhat naan gelelya pramukh samarthkansah tyachya mulachi hatya karnyat aalee aanee tyachich hatya karnyat aalee.
vyakhyatmak bhinnata.
moolbhut kalkramanusar samasya naan gheta vishisht prabandhala samarthan samarthan prakare ghatananche vaishishtya darshavinare vividh arthghatan aahet.
itihaskar theodor momsen (britton, 1885) mhanale qee, "brittonne rome sodala nahee, tarr romne brittenla sodale...", roman garja aanee pradhanyakram itaratra aahet assa yuktivad karatat. kalantarane tyanchya sthanane vidvanancha pathimba kayam thewala aahe.
michael johns ('roman brittoncha shevat', 1998) yane ulat mutt mandale, asey mhanat qee brittennech rome sodale, assa yuktivad karat qee brittenmadhil asankhya hadapkhor aanee kharab prashasanamule roman-brittonne bund kele. jeey. yanchyasarkhe kahee vidwan. buub. daphan ('daad nauticia daginitetam' 1920) aanee german itihaskar ralf scarf heey manak kalkramanusar purnapane asahmat hote. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee pratyakshat purave brittenmadhye, 410 nantarchya roman sahbhagache samarthan karatat.
tathyatmak vivad.
409 aanee 410 chya ghatanambabat jevha roman-brittonne roman roman haddapar kele aanee sanmananiyanna madatichi vinanti pathavali, tevha michael jonsane ('roman brittoncha shevat', 1998) tyach antim parinamacha eka vegala kalkram sadar kelah tyane suchavale qee brittonne pratham romla aavahan kele aanee jevha konatihi madat yet navhati, tevha tyanni roman roman haddapar kele aanee tyanchya swatachya kamancha karyabhar swikarla.
kahee aadhunik itihasanmadhye aadhalanara eka siddhant 'rescript auph onarius' shhee sambandhit aahe, asey gruheet dharoon qee too brittonchya shaharanaivaji brutiachya shaharancha (jeey aadhunik calabriamadhye italichya 'payachya payavar' rahat hote) sandarbh deto. hii soochana yaa gruhitkavar aadharit aahe qee strotane (zosimus) kinwa pratilipikarane truti kelee aanee jevha 'bretania' lihile gele tevha tyacha arth 'bretia' assa hota aanee jyaa parichhedat 'punarlekhan' aahe too parichhed anyatha uttar italitil ghatananshi sambandhit aahe.
yaa soochanevar teeka karane mhanje, zosimasne lihilelya paddhatinusar marg hatalane aanee soochanekade durlaksh karane, keval tyachya anumanatmak swarupachi nond ghene, soochanesah samasyanchi charcha karane (udaa.jee.,' onarius tyaa pradeshasathi swatachya prantiy governorla lihinyaeivaji brutychya shaharanna qaa lihinar?', aanee' durchya dakshin italicha sambandh uttar italichya eka parichhedat qaa aahe, durchya britanpeksha?'). haah siddhant gildaschya vruttala dekhil virodh karato, joou zosimuschya vruttantatil saranchi punaravrutti karoon aanee spashtapane brittenla lagoo karoon brittoncha sandarbh aahe yala swatantra samarthan deto.
eae. aaa. thompson (britton, aaa.dii. 406-410, "britania" madhye, 8 (1977), pru. 303-318) yanni yanni hakalpattiche spashtikaran denyasathi aanee roman madatisathi aavahan karnyasathi adhik uttejak siddhant mandala. tyane suchavale qee brittenmadhye astitvat asalelya gallchya bagaudechya ulat nasalelya bandkhor bandkhor samavesh asalela bund, aanee jevha tyanni bund kele aanee roman roman hakaloon dile, tevha jamindar vargane nantar roman madatisathi aavahan kele. yache konatehi thet majkoor vidhan nahee, jaree paristhitinusar 'bagaude' chee vyakhya badalali gelee tarr teey vajvi asoo shakate. asey karanyachi garaj nahee, kaaran anek tarkshuddha paristhiti aadhich paristhitishi julatat. brittenmadhye bagodeche kahee prakar astitvat asanyachi shakyata aahe, parantu teey 409 aanee 410 chya ghatananshi sambandhit asane aavashyak navhate. british loksankhyemadhye pelagionism kathit sarvatratemule, jarr teey astitvat asate tarr asha chalvalit yogdan dile asave, mageel dashakanmadhye british uchchabhru lokanmadhye mothya pramanat shuddhicha ullekh naan karata. jyaa granthanmadhye yaa muddyacha ullekh aahe parantu tyat khand aahe, tyapaiki eka mhanje kochachi 'celtic culture' (2005), jyat thompsonne kelelya zosimuschya bhashantaracha ullekh aahe aanee pudhe mhatale aahe qee, 'brittenmadhil bandamadhye bakhtarbandanpramanech bakaude kinwa shetkari bandkhorancha samavesh asoo shakato, parantu heey nishchit nahee."

