all-jahiz

aboo-uthman-aamar ibn bahar all-kinani all-bashree (<unk>, samanyatah all-jaheez mhanoon olakhale jaanare, 'bugg aayad', janm 776-december 868/janewari 869 madhye nidhan) heey eka gadya lekhak aanee sahitya, dharamshastra, pranishastra aanee rajkiy-dharmik vadavivadanche lekhak hote. tyane swatahla arabi jamaticha sadasya banoo kinana asey mhatale.
naisargik nivadishi sambandhit kahee tattvanche varnan karnyache shrey tyanna dile gele aahe.
ibn all-nadeem yanni all-jahizshi sambandhit sumare 140 shirshakanchi yadee kelee aahe, jyapaiki 75 vidyaman aahet. sarvat prasiddha mhanje 'kitab all-haywan' (pranyanche pustak), prani tyanchya prasthan bindu mhanoon asalelya vishayanchya shrenivar saat bhagancha sangrah; 'kitab all-bayan vaa-laal-tabin' (vaktrutva aanee pradarshanache pustak), manvi sanvadavaril vistrut karya; aanee 'kitab all-bukhala' (dukkhache pustak), kadupanachya upakhyanancha sangrah. paramparenusar, tyanchyavar mothya pramanat pustake padali tevha tyancha gudmaroon mrutyu jhaala.
jeevan.
too aboo-all-kallamacha 'amr ibn cull' all-kinanicha, nantar all-fukayamicha, aboo-uthman-amr ibn bahar ibn mehboob hota.keey.aaa. amr ibn cull' all-kinani all-fukayami jyacha purvaj nassah (nassah) chaa eka hota. all-jahizche aajoba kaale 'jamal' (comlier) kinwa 'hammal' (porter) hote; hastalikhite vegali aahet.amr ibn cull' chey mehboob, jyala fazrah kinwa fazrah asey topananav hote, teey tyache aajoba hote aanee mehboob tyache vadil hote. tathapi, nave gondhaloon geleli asoo shakatat. all-jahizcha mrutyu 250 [aaa.dii. 869], all-muu 'tazchya khalifachya kalat. all-nadimane ahwal deela aahe qee all-jahizne sangitale qee tyache vay aboo nuwas itakech hote aanee too all-jammazpeksha motha hota. all-jahizchya suruvatichya aayushyabaddal farshi mahitee nahee, parantu tyache kutumb khoop garib hote. 160/februwari 776 chya suruvatila basra yethe janmalelya tyanni, tyanni lihilelya pustakat, teey arabi jamatiche sadasya asalyache sangitale. tyachya putanyane asehi sangitale qee all-jahizche aajoba kaale kamler hote.
aaplya kutumbala madat karnyasathi tyane basramadhil eka kalvyajaval maase vikale. tathapi, aarthik adachani all-jahizla satat dnyan midvanyapasun rokhu shakalya naheet. too itar tarunansobat basarachya mukhya mashidit jamayacha, jithe teey vividh vaidnyanik vishayanvar charcha karayache. sanskrutik aanee bauddhik krantidarmyan abbasid khalifachya akhtyarit pustake sahaj upalabdh jhaali aanee shikane sulabh jhaale. all-jahiz yanni basra shaletil sarvat vidwan vidvananpaiki bhashashastra, shabdakosh aanee kavitecha abhyas keela, jithe teey aboo ubayda, all-asma, saeed ibn awas all-ansari yanchya vyakhyananmadhye upasthit rahile aanee ilm unn-naav (, i.eae., vakyarachana) akhfash all-avasat (all-akhfash abii all-husson) saha.
panchvis varshanchya abhyasadarmyan, all-jahizne arabi kavita, arabi bhashashastra, purv-islami arab itihas, kuran aanee hadis yanche lakshaniy dnyan prapt kele. tyane greek vidnyan aanee helenwadi tattvadnyanavar, visheshtah greek tatvadnya aristotalchi bhashantarit pustake vachali. aboo hurayarachya hadisache palan varnanvarahi all-jahiz teeka karat hota, tyachya hadisavadi virodhakancha ullekh 'all-nabita' ('tiraskararh') assa karat hota.
karkird.
basra yethe asatana, all-jahiz yanni khalifachya sansthebaddal eka lekh lihila. lekhak mhanoon tyanchya karkirdichi hii suruvat hotee, jee tyanchya jivanacha ekmev srot tharel asey mhatale jaate. asey mhatale jaate qee tyachya aaeene ekada tyala notebookne bharaleli eka tray dilee aanee tyala sangitale qee too lekhanatun aapala udarnirvah kamavel. kuran, arabi vyakaran, pranishastra, kavita, shabdakosh aanee vaktrutvashastra yasah vividh vishayanvar tyanni tyanchya aayushyat donashe pustake lihili. all-jahiz heey bhashechya vyakaran paddhatimadhye sampoorn sudharana sudharana pahilya arabi lekhakanpaiki eka hote, jaree tyanche sahkari bhashashastradnya ibn madaa yanni donashe varshannantar heey prakaran haatee gheiparyant heey haatee ghetale gele nahee. 
all-nadimne all-jahizchya pustakatil yaa parichhedacha hawala dilah jevha mea hii done pustake lihit hoto, tevha kuranchya nirmitibaddal, joou vishvasoo senapatine dilela mahatva aanee sanman hota aanee dusra banu hashim, 'abd shums aanee makhzoomchya sandarbhat shreshthatebaddal hota. simkan, spica aanee arcturuschya varr basane, kinwa 'ayuk' chya varr basane, kinwa laal gandhak hatalane, kinwa tichya pramukh taradvare 'anka' mahan rajakade nene heey mallah kaay dene hote. 
all-jahiz ii. sha. 816 madhye abbasid khalifachi rajdhani asalelya bagdadmadhye sthayik jhaala, kaaran khalifanni shastradnya aanee vidvananna protsahan dile aanee nuktech bait all-hikmachya granthalayachi sthapana kelee hotee. parantu all-nadimla all-jahizchya davyavar sanshay aala qee khalifa all-mamoonane imamat aanee khalifa yaa vishayavaril tyachya pustakanchi prashansa kelee hotee, tyachya vaktrutvapoorn vakyanshashastrasathi aanee bajarpethetlya bhashanachya vaparasathi aanee uchchabhru aanee rajanchya aatm-gaurwala atishayokti kelee hotee aanee all-mamoon heey shabd bolu shakala asata yabaddal shanka hotee. all-jahiz yanni granthalayache sanchalak, sahl ibn haroon (aaa. 859/860) aanee tyanni tyanchya kamancha ullekh keela. khalifacha aashray aanee swatahla prasthapit karanyachi aanee mothya prekshakanparyant pohochanyachi tyachi utsukata yamule all-jahiz bagdadmadhye rahila.
all-nadeem eka upakhanachya done aavrutya deto, jyaa tyanchya strotat bhinn aaheth tyacha pahila srot aboo hiphan aahe aanee tyacha dusra vyakaranadnya all-mubarad aahe, aanee teen mahan granthlekhak aanee vidvananpaiki eka mhanoon all-jakizchya pratishthechi katha punha sangato-itar done all-fatah ibn khaqan aanee nyayadhish ismail ibn ishaq aahet, jenekarun "jevha jevha ekhade pustak all-jakizchya hatat yete tevha too teey jithe hota tithe vachato. too abhyasasathi 'all-varakun' chee dukanehi bhadyane ghet asey."
all-jahizne all-mamoonchya sarkari sachivalayat ibrahim ibn all-abbas all-shulichi jaaga ghetali parantu keval teen divasannantar nighun gela. nantar samra yethe tyanni tyanchi anek pustake lihili. khalifa all-maam 'munala all-jahizne tyachya mulanna shikavave asey vatat hote, parantu jevha tyachi mule all-jahizchya gondhalalelya dolhyanni ghabarali tevha tyane tyache munn badalale. heey tyachya topananamache mool asalyache mhatale jaate. khalifa all-mutavakkilacha granthapremi vardan sathidar all-fatt ibn khaqan yacha tyala aashray labhala, parantu december 861 madhye tyachya hatyenantar tyane samarra tyachya mool basra yethe sodale, jithe too tyachya malmattevar tyachi upapatni, tichi dasee, eka nokar aanee gadhav yanchyasobat rahat hota." 
sarvat mahatvachi pustake.
kitab all-haywan () 'pranyanche pustak'.
"kitab all-haywan' haah saat khandancha eka vistrut sangrah aahe, jyamadhye 350 hoon adhik pranyanchya prajatinche varnan varnan aakhyayika, kavyatmak varnan aanee mhanincha samavesh aahe. muhammad ibn 'abd all-mallick all-zayat yanchya sanmanarth lihilele, jyanni tyanna paach hazar sonyachi nanee (5., dinar) dilee. dilee shatkatil vidwan all-khatib all-bagdadine heey aristotalchya 'kitab all-haywan' chya 'sahityik choripeksha thode adhik' asey nakarle, jyat eka vishisht 'pargamchya asclepiades' chya sandarbhat aristotlever swatah sahityik choricha aarop karnyat aala hota. nantarchya vidvananni nondavale aahe qee all-jahizchya karyat keval maryadit abhijat prabhav hota aanee all-baghdadi kadachit abhijatanchya karyashi parichit navhata.
naisargik nivad vidnyanachya itihasabaddal 1941 madhye lihitana konave zirkley mhanale qee yaa kamacha eka ansh haah tyanna eka arabi vidvanakadun sapadalela ekmev sambandhit parichhed hota. yaa granthachya spanish bhashantaracha hawala dett tyanni astitvasathichya sangharshache varnan karnare eka uddharan dileh
undeer tyachya annasathi baher jaato aanee too midvanyat hushar asato, kaaran too tyachyapeksha qamee takadiche serve prani khato aanee tyaa badalyat, tyala "saap, pakshi aanee shikariche saap talhave lagatat, jeey teey khanyasathi shodhatat" aanee teey undirapeksha majboot asatat. dasanna "sahajpane maheet asate qee rakt hii tyanna jiwant thevate" aanee jevha teey ekhada prani pahatat, tevha tyanna kalate qee tyanna ann mhanoon seva denyasathi tvacha tayar kelee gelee aahe. tyaa badalyat, masha dasancha shikar karatat, "jeey tyanna sarvat jaast aavadanare ann aahe" aanee shikari masha khatat. "thodakyat, serve prani annashivay astitvat rahoo shakat naheet, tasech shikari prani tyachya palimadhye shikar honyapasoon vachoo shakat nahee. pratyek kamkuvat prani swatapeksha kamkuvat lokanna khaun takto. majboot prani tyanchyapeksha adhik shaktishali asalelya itar pranyanchya khanyapasun vachoo shakat naheet. aanee yaa sandarbhat, jaree teey samaan tokavar pohochat nasale taree, kahee itaranchya babatit, purush pranyanpeksha vegale nasatat. thodakyat, devane kahee manavanna itaransathi jivanache kaaran mhanoon bajula sarle aahe aanee tyachpramane, tyane nantarche pahilyachya mrutyuche kaaran mhanoon bajula sarle aahe."
phrank agerton (2002) nusar, all-jahiz haah prarambhik utkrantivadi hota assa kahee lekhakanni kelela dawa 'avishvasaniy' aahe, parantu jahizne 'pranyanchya jivanavar paryavaraniy ghatakancha parinam olakhala' assa sankuchit dawa vaidh vatato. rebekka stott (2013) all-jahizchya karyabaddal lihitatah
jahizcha vaad kinwa siddhantanshi sambandh navhata. tyala sakshidar honyabaddal kalji hotee; tyane jawalun pahanyachya aanandanna aanee aakarshananna protsahan dile aanee aaplya vachakanna sangitale qee yapeksha mahattvache kahihi nahee. ...jawalun pahatana yethe aanee tethe darshan, tejaswi antardrushtichi zalak aanee naisargik niyamambaddal dharana aahet, parantu 'jiwant pranyancha' ughad uddesh vachkala devaprati asalele tyache naitik dayitva purn karnyasathi patvoon dene haah hota, jeey kuranane aadnya kelele eka bandhan hoteh jawalun pahane aanee samajutdarpanacha shodh ghene. ... jarr kahee itihaskaranni dawa keela asel qee jahizne darwinchya eka hazar varshanpurvi utkrantibaddal lihile hote aanee tyane naisargik nivadicha shodh lavala hota, tarr tyancha gairsamaj jhaala aahe. jagachi suruvat kashee jhaali kinwa prajati kasha tayar jhalya heey jaanun ghenyacha jahiz prayatna karat navhata. devane nirmiti kelee aahe aanee tyane tee utkrushtapane kelee aahe assa tyacha vishvas hota. tyane daivi nirmiti aanee buddhiman rachana hyala halakya arthane ghetale. ... tyachyasathi dusare konatehi sambhavya spashtikaran navhate. ...tathapi, 'sajivan' madheel nisargachya jahizchya chitrabaddal jeey aashcharyakarak aahe teey mhanje parasparsambandhitatechi tyachi drushti, jaali aanee jaalyanchya tyachya varanvar pratima. naisargik jagaat, jase aapan tyanna aata mhanoo, tyanni parisanstha nishchitpane pahilya. tyala heey dekhil samajale qee jyala aapan sarvat yogya vyaktiche astitva mhanoo shakato
aristotalpramanech, all-jahizcha utsfurt pidhivar vishvas hota. naisargik jagacha paraspar sambandh vyakt karnyasathi tyanni varanvar jaali aanee jaali yanche roopak vaparale.
kitab all-bukhala '()' dukkhache pustak '(aaa.keey.aaa. 'lobh aanee lobh').
lobhi lokambaddalachya kathancha sangrah. vinodi aanee vyangyatmak, heey all-jahiz gadya shailiche sarvottam udaharan aahe. all-jahiz shaleche mukhyadhyapak, bhikari, gayak aanee lekhak yanchya lobhi vartanachi khilli udavato. arabi bhashik jagaat anek katha masikanmadhye punha chhapalya jaat aahet. heey pustak all-jahizchya sarvottam krutinpaiki eka manale jaate. yaa pustakachi done ingraji bhashantare aaheth eka robbert bertram sargent yanni lihilele 'daad book auph missers' aanee dusare jiim colville yanni lihilele 'everis andd daad avarious'. aavrutya-arabi (all-hajiri, kairo, 1958); arabi majkoor, french prastavna. "teey jaganyasathi aahet". (pallet. parris, 1951)
kitab all-bayan vaa-all-tabin 'vaktrutva aanee pratyakshikanche pustak'.
"all-bayan vaa all-tabin" heey all-jahizchya nantarchya kamanpaiki eka hote, jyamadhye tyane upakhyan, alankarik bhashane, sampradayik nete aanee rajkumaranvar lihile. jaree teey yogya arthane kavee kinwa bhashashastradnya nasale-all-jahiz yanna jawaljawal konatyahi kalpaneey vishayat tivra rus hota-yaa pustakane aupcharik, paddhatshir paddhatine arabi sahityik siddhantachi suruvat kelee asey manale jaate. all-jahiz yanni vaktyachi prabhavi sandesh denyachi kshamata mhanoon vaktyachi vyakhya kelee aahe, aanee too ichchhenusar sankshipt kinwa vistratpane thewala aahe, jeey nantarchya arabi sahityik samikshakanni mothya pramanat sweekarle.
fakhar all-soodan alah all-beedan (فخر ال-soodan alah all-beedaan) 'goryanvar kalya lokancha abhiman'.
heey pustak krishnavarniy lock aanee shvetvarniy lokanmadhil eka kalpanik vaad mhanoon lihile aahe qee konata gut shreshth aahe. all-jahiz namood karato qee krishnavarniyanna tyanchi swatachi sanskruti aanee bhasha yanchi vaktrutvashaili aanee vaktrutvashaili aahe.
jhanjvar ("swahili kinara").
zanjabaddal tyane lihileh
muu 'tazili dharamshastriy vadavivad.
all-jahizne done mutazilimadhil dharmik vadat hastakshep keela aanee bisher ibn all-mutamirchya tikaviruddha aboo all-hudayalacha bachav keela. aanakhi eka mutzili dharamshastradnya, jaffar ibn mubashshir yane "all-jahizche khandan" lihile.
encyclopedia britanikachya matey, too "khalifa all-mamoon aanee tyachya uttaradhikaridvare samarthit dharmashastrachya tarkvadi mutazilite shalecha bhag hota. jevha khalifa all-mutavakkilane mutzilwad sodala, tevha all-jakiz manakib ett-turk (ingraji) sarkhe nibandh lihoon tyachya bajoone rahila. trans., "turkanche shoshan").
mrutyu.
bagdadmadhye pannas varshanhun adhik kaal ghalavalyanantar all-jahiz hemiplegia gheuun basrala paratala. arabi mahinyatil moharrammadhe 255/december 868-janewari 869 madhye basra yethe tyacha mrutyu jhaala. tyachya mrutyuche nemke kaaran spasht nahee, parantu eka lokpriy dharana ashee aahe qee pustakanchya anek mothya dhiganpaiki eka pustak tyachyavar padalyane, tyacha lagechach mrutyu jhalyanantar all-jahizcha tyachya khajgi granthalayat mrutyu jhaala.

