
samajik vidnyanacha itihas

samajik vidnyananchya itihasacha ugam pashchatya tattvadnyanachya samaik samoohatoon jhaala aahe aanee tyache vividh purvgami aahet, parantu 19 vya shatkachya suruvatila vidnyanachya sakaratmak tattvadnyanane tyachi suruvat jaanunbujun jhaali. 20vya shatkachya madhyapasoon, 'samajik vidnyan' haah shabd adhik samanyatah, keval samajshastrasathich navhe, tarr samaj aanee sanskratiche vishleshan karananya serve shakhansathi, manavanshashastrapasun teey manashastraparyant teey madhyam abhyasaparyant, sandarbhit houu lagla aahe.
vidvattapoorn niyam aanee karyapaddhatisaha samajacha abhyas pramanit aanee vastunishtha paddhatine keela jaau shakato hii kalpana tulanene alikadachi aahe. madhyayugeen islammadhye suruvatichya samajshastrache purave asale taree, aanee kanfyushiyasarkhya tatvadnyanni samajik bhoomikansarkhya vishayanvar byanch kalapasoon siddhant mandale asale taree, manvi samajache vaidnyanik vishleshan heey dnyanachya yugapasoon door bauddhik vibhajan aanee aadhunikatechya pravachanankade jaanyache vaishishtyapurn aahe. samajik vidnyan heey tyaa kalatil naitik tattvadnyanatun pudhe aale aanee audhyogik kranti aanee french krantisarkhya krantichya yugane prabhavit jhaale. 18 vya shatkatil samajik vidnyanachi suruvat dederotechya bhavya vishvakoshat ruso aanee itar pioneeranchya lekhansah pratibimbit hote.
20vya shatkachya suruvatichya sumaras, dnyanoday tattvadnyanala vividh bhaganmadhye aavhan denyat aale. vaidnyanik krantichya samaptinantar shastriy siddhantanchya vaparanantar, vividh kshetranni ganiteey abhyasachya jaagi prayogik abhyas aanee samikarane tapasoon saiddhantik rachana tayar kelee. samajik vidnyanachya upkshetrancha vikas karyapaddhatit khoop parimanatmak jhaala. yaulat, manvi vartanabaddalachya vaidnyanik chaukashiche aantarshakhiy aanee aantarshakhiy swaroop aanee tyavar parinam karananya samajik aanee paryavaraniy ghatakanmule anek naisargik vidnyananna samajik vidnyan paddhatichya kahee pailunmadhye rus nirman jhaala. seema aspashtatechya udaharananmadhye vaidyakeey samajik abhyas, jaivik sanskrutik manavvanshashastra, neurocycology aanee vidnyanacha itihas aanee samajshastra yasarkhya udayonmukh shakhancha samavesh hoto. manvi krutee aanee tyache parinam aanee parinamanchya abhyasat, adhikadhik pramanat aanee gunatmak paddhati ektrit kelya jaat aahet. 20vya shatkachya purvardhat, sankhyiki hii upayojit ganitachi eka mukt shakha bunley. sankhyikeey paddhati aatmavishvasane vaparlya gelya.
samkalin kalat, prastavit 'bhavya siddhant' laa vividh madhyam shrenichya siddhantanshi jodanyasathi konati karyapaddhati saksham aanee parishkrut asoo shakate yavar ekmat honyachya dishene thodi halchal suru aahe, jeey lakshaniy yashasah, mothya, vadhatya deta bankansathi vaparnyayogya chaukat pradan karat aahet. samajootdarpana pahaa.
kalmaryada.
prachinkal.
playtocha 'prajasattak' haah rajkiy tattvadnyan aanee nyayya jeevan yavarcha eka prabhavshali grunth aahe.
aristotalne samajik sanghatanevar anek kaame prakashit kelee, jase qee tyanche 'rajkaran' aanee 'ethanianche sanvidhan'.
islami ghadamodi.
madhyayugeen islami sanskratimadhye samajik vidnyanat mahattvapoorn yogdan denyat aale. all-birunine (973-1048) madhya purv, bhoomadhya aanee dakshin aashiyatil lock, dharm aanee sanskratinchya manavvanshashastravar tapshilvar tulanatmak abhyas lihile. tyachya islami manavvanshashastrasathi anek vidvananni dekhil birunichi prashansa kelee aahe.
ibn khaldun (1332-1406) yanni loksankhyashastra, itihaslekhan, itihasache tatvadnyan, samajshastra aanee arthshastra yaa kshetranmadhye kaam kele. too tyachya 'mukaddama' sathee prasiddha aahe.
prarambhik aadhunik.
14 vya shatkachya sumaras suru jhalelya punarujjivanachya jawal, jeane buridan aanee nikol oresme yanni paishavar lihile. 15 vya shatkat St. florencechya atonine sarvasamaveshak aarthik prakriyebaddal lihile. 16vya shatkat leonard dii leis (lessius), juan dii lugo aanee visheshtah louis molina yanni aarthik vishayanvar lihile. yaa lekhakanni malmatteche spashtikaran 'sarvajanik hitasathi' karnyavar laksh kendrit kele.
17 vya shatkatil pratinidhi vyaktinmadhye david hartley, hugo grotius, thomas hobbs, johnn loke aanee samuel wonn puttendorff yancha samavesh aahe. thomas hobbs yanni assa yuktivad keela qee svayamsiddhinmadhun anumanatmak tarkane eka vaidnyanik chaukat tayar kelee aanee mhanunach tyanche 'leviethan' heey rajkiy rashtrakulache vaidnyanik varnan hote. 18 vya shatkat, naisargik tattvadnyan aanee ganitachya tulanet samajik vidnyanala naitik tattvadnyan mhatale gele aanee tyat naisargik dharamshastra, naisargik nitishastra, naisargik nyayshastra aanee dhoran ("polis") yancha abhyas samavisht hota, jyat arthshastra aanee vitt ("mahasool") yancha samavesh hota. shuddha tattvadnyan, tarkshastra, sahitya aanee itihas yaa done shrenimbaher hote. addam smith heey naitik tattvadnyanache pradhyapak hote aanee tyanna francis hutchson yanni shikavale hote. tyaa kalatil vyaktinmadhye francois quesney, jeane-jacks ruso, giambatista viko, william godwin, gabriel bonnet dii mabley aanee andre morelet yancha samavesh hota. tyaa kalatil vishvakoshat samajik vidnyanavaril vividh kaame hotee.
aadhunik kalatil uttarardh.
varnanatmak mhanoon vidnyanachi hii ekata, udaharanarth, thomas hobschya kalat kayam aahe, jyanni assa yuktivad keela hota qee svayamsiddhatepasun anumanatmak tarkane eka vaidnyanik chaukat tayar kelee aanee mhanunach tyanche 'leviethan' heey rajkiy rashtrakulache vaidnyanik varnan hote. tyachya kamanantarchya dashkant jeey ghadale teey mhanje 'vidnyan', visheshtah bhautikshastratil isac newtonchya karyat kranti. newtonne, jyala tevha 'naisargik tattvadnyan' mhatale jaat hote, tyat kranti ghadavun, jyadvare vyaktinna 'vaidnyanik' mhanje kaay heey samajale, tee moolbhut chaukat badalali.
too keval vegwan pravrutticha mool namuna asala taree, mahattvacha farak assa aahe qee newtonsathi, ganiteey pravah nirikshakapasun swatantra asalelya gruheet vastavatoon vahato aanee tyachya swatachya niyamannusar karya karato. tyach kalatil tattvadnyansathi, tatvik aadarshanchi ganiteey abhivyakti hii naisargik manvi sambandhanchi pratikatmak manali jaat aseh tyach niyamanni sharirik aanee aadhyatmik vastavala chalana dilee. udaharanarth blaze pascal, goatfried libniz aanee johannes capler pahaa, jyanchyapaiki pratyekane ganiteey udaharane thet manvi vartanache namune mhanoon ghetali. pascalchya babatit, prasiddha paij; libnizsathi, dviaadhari gananecha shodh; aanee keplarsathi, grahanna margadarshan karnyasathi devdutancha hastakshep.
itar shakhanchya kshetrat, yamule ganiteey sambandhanchya swarupat kalpana vyakt karnyasathi dabav nirman jhaala. kalachya vaparanantar 'kayade' mhanoon olakhale jaanare asey sambandh (vidnyanache tatvadnyan pahaa) heey eka model banale jyache anukaran itar vishay kartil.
19 weey shatak.
ekonisavya shatkat eka vegale sankalpanatmak kshetra bananyapurvi, 1767 madhye mirabue yanni frenchmadhye 'samajik vidnyan' haah shabd tayar keela hota. august comte (1797-1857) yanni assa yuktivad keela qee kalpana dharamshastriy, tatvik aanee vaidnyanik yaa teen vadhatya tappyanmadhun jaatat. tyanni yaa farkachi vyakhya ashee kelee qee pahila mool gruhitkamadhye, dusra gambhir vicharanmadhye aanee tisra sakaratmak nirikshanat aahe. ajunahi anekanni nakarleli hii chaukat, aarthik abhyasala varnanatmak honyapasoon ganiteey aadharit shakhekade nenyachya vicharancha samavesh karate. carl marks heey tyanchya sanshodhanachya paddhati yaa pratimanatil itihasachya vaidnyanik drushtikonache pratinidhitva karatat assa dawa karananya pahilya lekhakanpaiki eka hote. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat, manvi vartanabaddalachya vidhananvar samikarane lagoo karnyache prayatna adhikadhik samanya jhaale. pahilya bhashanmadhye bhashashastrache 'niyam' hote, jyanni bhashetil dhvaninchya velenusar honanya badalacha nakasha banavanyacha prayatna keela.
samajshastrachi sthapana comte yanni 1838 madhye kelee hotee. tyanni yapurvi 'samajik bhautikshastra' haah shabd vaparla hota, parantu nantar itaranni, visheshtah belgian sankhyikishastradnya edolph quetlet yanni too swikarla. comte yanni samajik kshetrachya vaidnyanik samajutichya madhyamatoon itihas, manasshastra aanee arthshastra yanche ekikaran karnyacha prayatna keela. french krantichya aswasthatenantar lagechach lihilelya likhanat tyanni assa prastav mandala qee samajik aajaranvar samajshastriy pratyakshavadadvare upay keela jaau shakato, joou 'sakaratmak tattvadnyanatil marg' [1830-1842] aanee 'sakaratmakvadacha samanya drushtikon' (1844) madhye darshavalela dnyanshastriy drushtikon aahe. commetecha assa vishvas hota qee sakaratmak tappa manvi samajutichya pragatimadhye, anumanatmak dharamshastriy aanee aadhyatmik tappyannantar antim yug chinhankit karel.
charles darwinchya karyamulech samajik siddhantachya varnanatmak aavruttila aanakhi eka dhakka basala. jivashastrane, ganiteey abhyasala virodh keela hota, aanee tarihi naisargik nivadicha siddhant aanee anuvanshik varshachi antarnihit kalpana-nantar gregor mendelane uchcharali asalyache aadhalun aale, teey bhautikshastra, rasayanshastra, khagolshastra aanee ganiteey sambandhanvaril pruthvi vidnyan yasarkhya vaidnyanik jivashastravar aadharit dishene nirdesh karat asalyache disate. utkrantivadi siddhant soochit karato qee, nivadak shaktinvar aadharit asalelya manvi sambandhanchya shodhasah darwinmadhye tyanni pahilelya prakarachi chaukashi ektrit karnyacha prayatna karnare pahile vicharvant, austriyache fried aanee americetil william james hote. friedcha manachya karyapranalicha siddhant aanee prayogik manashastravaril jameschya karyacha tyanantarchya lokanvar prachand parinam hoil. visheshtah friedney eka ashee chaukat tayar kelee jee keval manasshastracha abhyas karnanyannach navhe tarr kalakar aanee lekhakannahi aakarshit karel.
comte yanna samanyatah "samajshastrache janak" manale jaat asale taree, hii shakha aupcharikpane aanakhi eka french vicharvant, emil dirkheim (1858-1917) yane sthapan kelee hotee, jyane adhik tapshilvar sakaratmakatavad vikasit keela. durkhemne 1895 madhye bordo vidyapithat samajshastracha pahila european vibhag sthapan keela, jyane tyache "samajshastriy paddhatiche niyam" prakashit kele. 1896 madhye tyanni 'laal' enee sociologic 'yaa niyatkalikachi sthapana kelee. durkhemcha moolbhut monograph, 'aatmahatya' (1897), catholic aanee protestant loksankhyetil aatmahatyechya daracha cases studdy, samajshastriy vishleshanala manasshastra kinwa tattvadnyanapasun vegale karate. sanrachanatmak karyatmakatechya sankalpanetahi tyache mothe yogdan hote.
aaj, durkhem, marks aanee max webber yanna samanyatah "samajshastra" yaa shabdachya arthane samajik vidnyanache teen pramukh shilpkar mhanoon uddhrut kele jaate. "tathapi, tevhapasoon 'samajik vidnyan' hii manvi samajache vishleshan karananya bhautik vidnyan aanee kalechya baherchya serve shakhanche varnan karnyasathi eka chhatra sandnya bunley aahe.
20 weey shatak.
20vya shatkachya purvardhat, sankhyiki hii upayojit ganitachi eka mukt shakha bunley. sankhyikeey paddhati aatmavishvasane vaparlya gelya, udaharanarth jivashastrachya vadhatya sankhyikeey drushtikonat.
utkrantivadi siddhant soochit karato qee, nivadak shaktinvar aadharit asalelya manvi sambandhanchya shodhasah darwinmadhye tyanni pahilelya prakarachi chaukashi ektrit karnyacha prayatna karnare pahile vicharvant, austriyache fried aanee americetil william james hote. friedcha manachya karyapranalicha siddhant aanee prayogik manashastravaril jameschya karyacha tyanantarchya lokanvar prachand parinam hoil. visheshtah friedney eka ashee chaukat tayar kelee jee keval manasshastracha abhyas karnanyannach navhe tarr kalakar aanee lekhakannahi aakarshit karel.
tattvadnyanachya vaidnyanik upcharanchya drushtikonasathi sarvat munn valavananya vakilanpaiki eka johnn davie (1859-1952) asel. markspramanech, tyane hegelian aadarshavad aanee tarkshastra prayogik vidnyanat jodanyachya prayatnat suruvat kelee, udaharanarth 1887 chya tyachya "manasshastrat". tathapi, tyane hegelian rachana sodoon dilya. charles sanders piers aanee william james yaa doghanchya prabhavakhali, too americetil vyavharikta yaa chalvalit sameel jhaala. tyanantar tyanni 'daad implact auph darwin aun philosophy' (1910) sarkhya nibandhanmadhye tyancha moolbhut siddhant mandala.
jivancha pratisad kassa asato hya tyachya siddhantavar aadharit hii kalpana sangate qee chaukashichya prakriyeche teen tappe aaheth
bhautik vidnyanatil parimanatmak mojamapachya kalpanechya udayabarobar, udaharanarth laurd rutherfordchya prasiddha vidhananusar, konihi sankhyatmakdrushtya moju shakat nahee asey konatehi dnyan heey "eka prakarche nikrusht dnyan" aahe, humanities yaa sankalpanesathi "samajik vidnyanache purvavarti" mhanoon munch tayar karnyat aala."
1924 madhye, pramukh samajik shastradnyanni samajik vidnyanasathi pii gama myu aunar societychi sthapana kelee. aantarshakhiy sahkaryala protsahan dene aanee manvi vyaktimatva aanee sansthecha ekatmik siddhant vikasit karane hii tyachi pramukh uddishte hotee. yaa uddeshansathi, vividh samajik vidnyanatil aantarshakhiy shishyavrutti aanee vyakhyanansathi anudanasathi eka niyatkalik sthapan karnyat aale.
aantaryuddh kaal.
theodor porterne 'sankhyikeey vicharanchya uday' madhye assa yuktivad keela qee krutrim samajik vidnyan pradan karnyacha prayatna hii prashasana aanee shodh yaa donhinchi ektrit baab aahe aanee mhanoon samajik vidnyanacha uday haah saiddhantik shuddhatepramanech vyavharik garja yaa donhindware chinhankit keela gela aahe. yache eka udaharan mhanje buddhimatta bhagank kinwa aay. kyu. yaa sankalpanecha uday. aay. kyu. dware nemke kaay mojale jaat aahe heey spasht nahee, parantu heey mojmap upayukt aahe kaaran teey vividh prayatnanmadhil yashacha andaj lavte.
audhyogikikaranane samajik, aarthik aanee rajkiy samasyanchi malika nirman kelee hotee, visheshtah tyanchya rajkiy arthvyavasthet puravatha aanee maganiche vyavasthapan karane, lashkari aanee vikasatmak vaparasathi sansadhananche vyavasthapan karane, vyaktinna pratikatmak tark aanee audyogikikaranamule honanya parinamanchya vyavasthapanatil samasya yanche prashikshan denyasathi janshikshan pranali tayar karane. bhavnik' aanee 'atarkik' nirnayanchya aadhare, jyala aata pahile mahayuddha mhatale jaat hote, tyaa 'mahan yuddha' chya, jyala tevha 'id1' mhatale jaat hote, samajalya gelelya murkhpanachya, nirnay ghenyachya eka prakarala twarit chalana midali jee adhik 'vaidnyanik' aanee vyavasthapit karane sope hote. sopya shabdat sangayache tarr, naveen bahurashtriy udhyoganche vyavasthapan karnyasathi, khajgi aanee sarkari, adhik mahitichi aavashyakta hotee. adhik mahitisathi tee qamee karoon nirnay ghenyachya mahitiparyant pohochavanyache sadhan aavashyak hote. sankhya aanee takte yancha arth adhik jaladpane lavala jaau shakato aanee lamb majkurapeksha adhik karyakshamatene halavale jaau shakate. yaulat, manvi vartanabaddalachya vaidnyanik chaukashiche aantarshakhiy aanee aantarshakhiy swaroop aanee tyavar parinam karananya samajik aanee paryavaraniy ghatakanmule anek tathakathit kathor vidnyan samajik vidnyan paddhativar avalambun jhaale aahet. seema aspashtatechya udaharananmadhye vaidyakeey samajik abhyas, neurocycology, jaivik sanskrutik manavvanshashastra aanee vidnyanacha itihas aanee samajshastra yasarkhya udayonmukh shakhancha samavesh hoto. manvi krutee aanee tyache parinam aanee parinamanchya abhyasat, adhikadhik pramanat aanee gunatmak paddhati ektrit kelya jaat aahet.
1930 chya dashakat nirnay ghenyachya vyavasthapanache heey naveen model americetil naveen kararasah aanee europemadhye audhyogik utpadan aanee sarkari vyavhar vyavasthapit karnyachya vadhatya garjesah majboot jhaale. samajik sanshodhanasathichi naveen shaala, samajik itihasachi aantarrashtriy sanstha aanee pratishthit vidyapithanmadhil "samajik sanshodhan" vibhag yasarkhya sanstha asha vyaktinchi vadhati magani purn karnyasathi hotya, jyaa manvi sanvadache praman moju shakatat aanee yaa aadharavar nirnay ghenyasathi namune tayar karoo shakatat.
ganiteey abhivyaktichi spashtata aanee sadhepana paramparik yuktivadat rujalelya sarvangin vichar aanee tarkshastrachya paddhatshir chuka talhate, assa vishvas yaa vyavharik garjesah jodala gela. aadhuniktavad mhanoon olakhalya jaananya mothya chalvalicha bhag asalelya yaa pravruttine samajik vidnyananchya vistarasathi alankarik dhaar pradan kelee.
samkalin ghadamodi.
prastavit 'bhavya siddhant' laa vividh madhyam shrenichya siddhantanshi jodanyasathi konatya karyapaddhatimadhye shakti aanee sudharana asoo shakate yavar ekmat honyachya dishene thodi halchal suru aahe, jee lakshaniy yashasah, mothya, vadhatya deta bankansathi vaparnyayogya chaukat pradan karat aahe (susangatata pahaa).