
palala nadee

palala kinwa leflala nadee, jyala thomas bains yanni 'rubok-nadee' asehi mhatale aahe, hii dakshin aafriketil eka nadee aahe. yaa nadiche panlot kshetra heey limpopo nadiche up-panlot kshetra aahe.
limpopo prantachya waterberg bhagatil haah eka mahattvacha jalmarg aahe. hii nadee laplala valvantatil bahutansh bhag aanee sthanik vanyajivansathi mahattvapoorn adhivas asalelya mothya pramanat atirikt jamini vahoon nett asoon, tethe bushweldchya mothya pramanat jirnoddhar suru aahe. palala nadichya panlot kshetrachya unchavaril bhagatil pramukhyane koradya panzadi vann samudayamadhye nila jangali saap, jiraf, pandhara ganda aanee asankhya bovids anek mothya african sastan pranyanche ghar aahe.
visheshtah sarvat varchya bhagat, atishay swachchh vahana panyasah, palala nadee uchch darjachya panyachi gunavatta darshavate asey disun aale aahe; tyanusar uttar aafriketil catfishcha jaiv-chinhak mhanoon vapar karoon jaivik aarogyache aarogya nirogi asalyache moolyankan kele gele aahe. laplala valvantatil nadichya kathavaril khadkanvar manoranjak pragaitihasik dagadi chitre astitvat aahet.
biota nadee.
palala nadeet maase, nile magri, african rock ajgar aanee hippopotamus yasah vividh prakarche prani rahatat. 2004 madhye nadichya aarogyachya abhyasat, uttar aafriketil catfishche namune, "clarias garipinus", lapalala valvantachya aat pakadale gele. laplala valvantat nadichya varchya bhagat narr aanee maadee mashanchi nirogi sankhya aadhalali, jee sadharanpane sadharan 1 kiloogram vajan darshavate; shivay, palala nadichya varchya bhagat aadhalanari hii maase sankhya parajivimukt aanee yakrutache nuksan dekhil mukt asalyache aadhalun aale. varchya bhagachi aarogya sthitee ashee hotee qee, tyanantarchya abhyasanmadhye, upchar naan kelelya sandapani aanee shetitil kachyachya tyanchya panlot kshetrat utsarjanamule adhik pradushit jhalelya dakshin aafrikechya itar nadyanchya tulanet, varchya lapalacha vapar aarogyadayi niyantran gut mhanoon karnyat aala.
bhoogarbhshastra aanee jalvidnyan.
palala nadee jyaa khadak staratoon ukhalali aahe, tyat ishanyekadil kityekashe kilometres pracheen dongral pradeshatoon aalelya aanee 900 teey 600 dashalaksh varshanpurvichya kalat eka lamb, sadosh khonyat jamaa jhalelya nadichya kshetrachya galancha, mothya pramanat, kahee thikani 3,000 meater jadiparyantcha kram aahe. yaa vikrut nasalelya valukamay starache sanrakshn, jyat pruthvichya suruvatichya vatavaranat mukt oxygenchya pahilya ghatanecha purava samavisht aahe, teey sthir, adim kapwal craytonchya avasheshavar thevalyamule aahe, jyamule teey jawaljawal aparivartit rahoo shakale aahet aanee tyanche mothe vay asoonahi teey qamee kinwa konatyahi pradeshik rupantaras adheen naheet. tyanantar yaa galanchya, ektritpane waterberg gut mhanoon olakhalya jaananya, unnatimule aaj tyanchi eka pathar tayar jhaali aahe, jee dakshinet sabhovatalachya maidananpasun eka hazar meater unchivar aahe. jarr yaa pradeshat waterbergchya staravar kadhee tarun khadak jamaa jhaale asateel tarr yaa vastusthiticha konatahi purava shillak nahee. jaad galanchya dhigaonyakhali 20 kotee varshe june galyukt aanee agnimay khadak aahet jeey itaratra platinum, nickel, loh khanij aanee tinche aarthik sathe thevatat; parantu changlya pravas kelelya, panbudyanchya galanmadhye konatehi aarthik moolya asalele khanij sathe sapadale naheet kinwa sapadanyachi shakyata nahee. 
dakshinela 1000 mimipeksha jaast teey uttarela 400 mimipeksha qamee assa, sampoorn deshachya sarasaripeksha samanyatah jaast paus haah jalmarg patharavar padato. valukashmanchya pramukh staranche abhedya swaroop aanee tyat bhoogarbhatil mothya pramanat jalbhrutancha abhav yacha arth assa aahe qee patharavar milanara bahutansh paus bhujal sansadhananmadhye yogdan denyaeivaji lavkarach nighun jaato. asha prakare haah jalmarg chaar pramukh barmahi nadyancha srot aahe, jyapaiki palala sarvat mothee aahe, tee serve uttarekade limpopomadhye vahatat. mogalkavena, mokolo aanee matlaba yaa itar pramukh nadya aahet. valukashmatil amleey swarupamule amleey bhujal tayar hote, jeey matitoon poshak khanijansh sodate, jyamule tyanchi supikata bahutansh qamee hote aanee vahoon nenyachi kshamata qamee asate. kadachit antardnyananusar, matitil heey qamee paushtik, dystrophic ghatakach aahe jeey panbudichya patharala vaishishtyikrut karananya atyant uchch jaivavividhatesathi mothya pramanat jababdar aahe.
pragaitihasik rock paintings.
laplalamadhye tera dnyat shail qalaa sthale aahet, kahee leflala nadichya jawal aahet aanee itar blocklands nadijaval aahet. anek rangavaleli thikane lahan khadakanchya aashraysthananmadhye aahet, tarr itar gulgulit prushthbhag asalelya valukashma dagadanvar aahet. gelya 1000 varshant done vegvegalya gatanni yaa panbudyachi vastee kelee aanee donhi gut laplalachya rakheev bhagatil kalesathi jababdar hote. 
bhatkya shikari-gola karananya jivanshailiche jeevan jagana bushmanani pranyanchya kesanpasoon banavalelya brushcha vapar karoon 'bareek resha', changlya prakare rekhataleli qalaa aanee paanee, rakt kinwa charbi yasarkhya dravpadarthanmadhye misalalelya, lohyukt dagadanpasun (geru) laal aanee pivala rung tayar keela. rakh kinwa chikanmatipasun tayar jhalela pandhara rung aanee khadakat bhijana laal rangachya tulanet heey madhyam white prakare sanrakshit karate. bushman kalemadhye visheshtah hartebist aanee kudu yaa vividh kalveetanche chitran kele aahe. prani kadhikadhi vastavadipane rekhatale jaatat aanee itar prasangi darshavilela prani haah manvi vaishishtyansah hartbist kinwa kudu vaishishtyanche kalpanashil sanyojan aahe. yache kaaran asey qee bushman qalaa hii eka dharmik abhivyakti aahe aanee kalakar aatmyachya jagabaddalachya shraddha aanee samajatil 'upcharak' dware chetanechya badalalelya avasthanmadhil anubhav vyakt karnyacha prayatna karat hota. udaharanarth, kaleteel lamb kelelya manvi aakrutya, eka upcharak manasikdrushtya aswasth asatana anubhavu shakato asha tanalelya bhavna spasht karnyasathi tayar kelya aahet. 
laplala vyapalelya lokanchya dusya gatat bantoo bhashik, lohyugache shetkari hote, jeey khonyanmadhye sthayik jhaale, jithe dolerite tyanchya jwari aanee bajarichya pikansathi supic maatee puravat asey aanee jithe gura, mendhya aanee bakyansathi purese charane aanee paanee hote. yaa lokanni ardh-kayamswarupi gave bandhali aanee sumare 17 vya shatkapasoon, dagadi kral heey laplalache pramukh vaishishtya banale. lohyugachya shetkanyanmadhye tarunyamadhye mulansathi diksha ghenyachya vistrut paddhati hotya aanee mulanchya gatanna khadakanchya aashraysthanansarkhya durgam thikani eka mahinyaparyant vegale thewale jaat asey. yaa kalat tyanchi sunta kelee jaeel aanee tyanna sanskrutik shraddha shikavalya jaatil. yapaiki, teey vishisht regimentche pratinidhitva karananya pranyambaddal shikatil. tyanantar mule yaa pranyanna khadakachya chehnyanvar rangvat asat. tyanni pandhya chikanmatimadhye budavaleli bote vaparali, tyamule tyanchi chitre keval pranyanchi andaje aahet aanee bahutekda prajati olakhata yet naheet. hii 'shetkari' qalaa white prakare jatan kelee jaate.
madhya pashanyugat lock laplala yethe rahat hote kaaran 30,000 varshanpurvichi dagadi sadhane anek aashraysthananmadhye aadhalu shakatat. tyanantar vyavasayat eka dirgh antar asalyache disate aanee sumare 1000 varshanpurvi lock laplala yethe paratale yacha sadhya konatahi purava nahee.
waterberg massif.
palala nadicha barachsa pravah sumare 15,000 chauras kilometres jalmargatil jaivmandalatun jaato. yuneskodware jaivmandal rakheev mhanoon naav denyat aalela dakshin aafrikechya uttarekadil pahila pradesh mhanje waterberg. vividh prakarche dhobal aanee khadkal bhoo-swaroop nirman karnyasathi kotyavadhi varshanchya naditil dhupamule yaa vyapak khadakachi nirmiti jhaali. parisanstheche varnan koradya panzadi jungle kinwa zadanpasun tayar kelele jungle asey kele jaau shakate. yaa jalmargamadhye pashanyugache puratatviy shodh aahet aanee jawalach manavanchya utpattishi sambandhit prarambhik utkrantivadi shodh aahet.