lahan-coone ksh-kiran vikhurane

laghu-coone ksh-kiran vikhurane (sacks) heey eka laghu-coone vikhuranyache tantra aahe jyadvare namunyatil nanoscale ghanatechya farkanche praman mojale jaau shakate. yacha arth assa qee teey nanoe kananchya aakarache vitaran nishchit karoo shakate, (monodispers) macromoleculescha aakar aanee aakar sodavu shakate, chhidranche aakar, anshatah krambaddha kelelya samagriche vaishishtyapurn antar aanee barech kahee nirdharit karoo shakate. heey ksh-kirananchya lavchik vikhurnyachya vartanache vishleshan karoon, samagritoon pravas kartana, tyanche vikhurane lahan konanvar nondavun (samanyatah 0.1-10°, mhanoon tyachya navatil "lahan-coone") sadhya kele jaate. heey lahan-coone neutronchya vikhurnyabarobarach lahan-coone vikhurnyachya (ess. aii. ess.) tantrachya kutumbashi sambandhit aahe aanee samanyatah 0.07-0.2 nmchya taranglambisah katheen ksh-kiran vaparoon kele jaate. spasht vikhurlela sanket nondavata yeil asha koneey shreninusar, sacks 1 teey 100 nm darmyanchya parimananchi sanrachanatmak mahitee aanee 150 nm paryantchya anshatah krambaddha pranalinmadhye punaravrutti antarachi mahitee denyas saksham aahe. yusaks (atee-lahan coone ksh-kiran vikhurane) aanakhi mothya parimananche nirakaran karoo shakatat, kaaran nond kelela coone jitka lahan asel, tashach mothya vastoochya parimananchi tapasani kelee jaate.
sacks aanee eusex heey ksh-kiran vikhurnyachya tantrachya kutumbatil aahet jeey samgrichya vaishishtyikaranat vaparale jaatat. prathinansarkhya jaivik sthool renunchya babatit, sphatikalekhanapeksha saxcha fayda assa aahe qee sfatikeey namunyachi aavashyakta nahee. shivay, saxche gunadharm yaa renunmadhil sanrachanatmak vividhatechi tapasani karnyas anumati detat. nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy paddhatinna uchch aanvik vastuman (> 30-40 kda) chya macromolecules samasya yetat. tathapi, virghalalelya kinwa anshatah krambaddha renunchya yadruchchik abhimukhatamule, avkashiy sarasarimule sphatikalekhanachya tulanet saxmadheel mahitee gamavate.
anuprayog.
kann pranalinchya sookshm kinwa nanoscale sanrachanechya nirdharanasathi saxcha vapar kananche sarasari aakar, aakar, vitaran aanee prushthbhag teey aakarman gunottar yasarkhya mapdandanchya drushtine keela jaato. sahitya ghan kinwa drav asoo shakate aanee tyat konatyahi sanyogat tyach kinwa itar samagriche ghan, drav kinwa vayoo kshetra (tathakathit kann) asoo shakatat. keval kanach navhe tarr lamelasarkhya krambaddha pranalinchya sanrachanecha aanee fractalsarkhya samagricha dekhil abhyas keela jaau shakato. hii paddhat achook, vinashak nahee aanee samanyatah keval kiman namuna tayar karane aavashyak asate. anuprayog khoop vyapak aahet aanee tyat aantarpravaidhyut-vidyut sankul, mycels, microgels, liposomes, polymersomes, dhatoo, cement, teel, polymer, plastic, prathine, annapadarth aanee aushadhansah serve prakarchya colloidscha samavesh aahe aanee teey sanshodhanat tasech gunavatta niyantranat aadhalu shakatat. ksh-kiran srot haah prayogshalecha srot kinwa synchrotron prakash asoo shakato joou uchch ksh-kiran pravah pradan karato.
anunadit lahan-coone ksh-kiran vikhurane.
ksh-kiran strotachi urja anunad shoshan kathashi jodoon ksh-kiran vikhuranyache utpadan vadhavane shakya aahe, jase qee anunad asthir ksh-kiran vikhuranasathi kele jaate. pramanit ricks mojmapanpeksha vegale, vikhuralelya photonmadhye aapatkalin photonitakich urja asalyache manale jaate. 
sacks vadye.
sacks vadyat, ksh-kiranancha eka ekvarni kiran eka namunyat aanala jaato, jyatoon kahee ksh-kiran vikhurale jaatat, tarr bahutek fakt namunyashi sanvad naan sadhata tyaa namunyatoon jaatat. vikhurlele ksh-kiran eka vikhurlela namuna tayar karatat joou nantar detectorvar aadhalato joou samanyatah namunyachya mage asalelya prathamik beemchya dishene ubhya asalelya dvi-aayami sapat ksh-kiran detector asato joou suruvatila namunyala dhadakato. vikhuralelya namunyat namunyachya sanrachanechi mahitee asate.
sacks vadyanchya nirmitimadhye jyaa pramukh samasyevar maat karane aavashyak aahe tee mhanje kamkuvat vikhuraleli tivrata majboot mukhya bimpasoon vegale karane. ichchit coone jitka lahan asel, titke heey katheen hote. suryachya koronasarkhya suryachya jawal asalelya kamkuvat tejaswi vastuche nirikshan karnyacha prayatna kartana jyaa vyaktila yaa samasyecha samna karava lagato tyachyashi yaa samasyechi tulana karata yete. chandrane prakashacha mukhya srot adavala tarach corona drishyaman hoto. tyachpramane, saxmadhye keval namunyatoon pravas karnara vikhurlela kiran jawalun asalelya vikhuralelya kiranotsargala avarodhit naan karata avarodhit keela jaane aavashyak aahe. bahutek upalabdh ksh-kiran srot "bhinn" kiran tayar karatat aanee yamule samasya adhik tivra hote. tattvatah kiranavar "laksh kendrit" karoon samasyevar maat kelee jaau shakate, parantu ksh-kiran hataltana heey sope nasate aanee purvi synchrotron vagalata kele jaat navhate jethe mothe vakalele aarse vaparale jaau shakatat. mhanunach bahutek prayogshaletil lahan koneey upkarane tyaeivaji collimationvar avalambun asatat.
prayogshaletil sacks vadye done mukhya gatanmadhye vibhagali jaau shakatatah bindu-sanyojan aanee resha-sanyojan vadyeh
bindu-sanyojan sadhane.
bindu-sanyojan upkarnanmadhye pinhole asatat jeey ksh-kiran kiranala aakar detat aanee teey eka lahan golakar kinwa lambvartulakar binduvar aakar detat jeey namuna prakashit karatat. asha prakare prathamik ksh-kiran kiranbhovati vikhurane heey kendra-samamitiyapane vitareet kele jaate aanee shodh pratalatil vikhurnyachya namunyat prathamik kiranbhovati vartule asatat. prakashat asalelya namunyache praman qamee asalyamule aanee collimation prakriyechya apvyayamule-keval yogya dishene dishene photonanach jaau dile jaate-vikhuraleli tivrata qamee asate aanee mhanunach mojamapachi vel tasanchya kinwa divasanchya kramane asate. jarr vakalele aarse kinwa vakalele monochromator chrystals kinwa multilayers sarkhya collimating aanee monochromating optics sarkhya foaksing optixcha vapar keela tarr mojamapachi vel mothya pramanat qamee kelee jaau shakate. bindu-sanyojanamule gair-isotropic pranalinchi (tantu, katarane drav) abhimukhata nirdharit karata yete.
resha-sanyojan sadhane.
resha-sanyojan sadhane kiranala keval eka parimanat (bindu sanyojanasathi donaivaji) pratibandhit karatat jenekarun kiran cross-section eka lamb parantu arund resha asel. bindu-sanyojanchya tulanet pradipit namunyache praman khoop mothe asate aanee tyach pravah ghanatevar vikhuraleli tivrata pramananusar mothee asate. asha prakare resha-sanyojan sacks upkaranansah mojanyachi vel bindu-sanyojan tulanet khoopach qamee asate aanee minitanchya shreneet asate. eka gairsoy ashee aahe qee nond kelela namuna haah moolatah anek sanlagn pinhole namunyancha ekatmik superposition (eka swayam-convolution) aahe. parinami samiyan heey model-mukt algoridam kinwa forier parivartanavar aadharit vikrutee paddhati vaparoon sahajpane kadhale jaau shakate, parantu pranali samasthanik asel tarach. konatyahi isotropic nanostructured samagrisathi resheche sanyojan khoop fayadeshir aahe, udaa.jee. prathine, prushthbhagavaril dravye, kananche failav aanee payas.
sacks vadyanirmate.
sacks vadyanirmatyanmadhye anton paar, austriya; brooker ex, germany; hecus ex-reey pranali grays, austriya; malvern panalytical yancha samavesh aahe. netherlands, rigaku corporation, japan; zenox, france; aanee zenox, united states.

