
bharatatil gulamgiri

bharatiy upkhandatil gulamgiricha prarambhik itihas vadgrast aahe kaaran too 'daas' aanee 'dasyu' sarkhya sandnyanchya anuvadanvar avalambun aahe. greek lekhak megasthaneej yanni ii. sha. puu. 4thya shatkatil 'indica' yaa tyanchya granthat mhatale aahe qee maurya samrajyat gulamgirivar bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee, tarr ii. sha. puu. 3yyaa shatkachya madhyat, ashokanche shilalekh tyach samrajyatil gulam (greekah γερικα) aanee bhadyane ghetalelya kamgaranchya (greekah γερικα) jababdanya swatantrapane olakhatat.
11vya shatkanantar uttar bharatatil muslim varchasvachya kalat bharatatil gulamgiri vadhali. hindunchya gulamgirisaha tee eka pramukh samajik sanstha bunley, tasech sainyat gulamancha vijayasathi vapar keela, hii tyaa kalatil muslim rajyanmadhye dirghkalapasun chalaleli pratha hotee. dilli saltanat aanee mughal samrajyachya kalatil muslim itihaskaranchya matey, hindu rajyanchya aakramananantar itar bharatiyanna gulam mhanoon ghetale gele, tyapaiki anekanna madhya ashiya aanee paschim aashiyat niryat karnyat aale. dakkhan saltanatinchya aanee mughal samrajyachya shaktishali kinwa muslim sainyachya gharanmadhye seva denyasathi aafrikechya shingatoon anek gulamanna bharatiy upkhandat aayat karnyat aale hote.
portugijanni 1530 teey 1740 darmyan konkon kinanyavaril tyanchya bharatiy vasahatinmadhye african lokanna aayat kele. 18vya aanee 19vya shatkat bharatatil gulamgiri suru rahili. vasahatvadi kalat, bharatiy mahasagaratil gulamanchya vyaparacha bhag mhanoon vividh european vyapari kampanyanni bharatiyanna gulam mhanoon jagachya vividh bhaganmadhye nele hote. 
bharatiy gulamgiri kayada, 1843, french bharatat 1848, british bharatat 1861 aanee portugij bharatat 1876 madhye east india companychya malmattanmadhye gulamgirivar bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee. european gulamanchya malkivar bandee ghatalyanantar, 1830 chya dashakapasun, africa, hind mahasagar, ashiya aanee americet, pramukhyane purvichya gulam kamgaranvar avalambun asalelya lagwad aanee khaninvar, sthapan jhalelya european vasahatinmadhye kamgar karnyasathi, paach varshanchya bandhanedar kararansathi, daha lakhanhun adhik paryayi kararbaddha bharatiy majuranchi (jyanna 'germitias' mhanoon sambodhale jaate) pudhil shatkat bharati kelee jaeel. 
pracheen bharatatil gulamgiri.
sarvat aadhi astitvat asalele dakshin ashiyai shilalekh, ii. sha. puu. 3yyaa shatkachya madhyat, greek, arami aanee prakrut bhashet ashokche shilalekh, gulam (greekah еβd, aramih еβd) aanee bhadyane ghetalelya kamgaranchya (greekah еβd) jababdanya swatantrapane olakhatat, nantar samrajyat gulamanchya vyaparavar bandee ghalatat. 
paninichya udaharananmadhye, bahudha ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkachya madhyat, sanskrut vyakaran, ashtadyayi, udaharanarth, daas dile jaatat. 2.3. 69 'gulamachi vasna', 'mahila aanee gulamancha samooh'.
vaidik aanee itar pracheen bharatiy sahityatil 'daas' aanee 'dasyu' yaa shabdacha arth 'sevak' kinwa 'gulam' assa lavala gela aahe, parantu itaranni asha arthala virodh keela aahe. rugvedatil 'daas' yaa shabdache bhashantarhi shatru mhanoon kele gele aahe, parantu ekandarit yaa shabdachi olakh aspasht aahe aanee vidvananmadhye vadgrast aahe. 
scott levichya matey, samanya yugachya suruvatiparyant hii bahudha "arthshastra", "manusmruti" aanee "mahabharat" yasarkhya granthanvar aadharit pracheen bharatatil eka sthapit sanstha hotee. gulamgiri bahudha buddhachya aayushyaparyant aanee kadachit vaidik kalaparyant vyapak hotee", tathapi, 'gulaman' shhee vaidik 'daas' chaa sambandh 'samasyapradhan' aahe aanee nantarcha vikas asanyachi shakyata aahe, asey teey spasht karatat.
upinder sing mhanatat qee, yuddhadarmyan kinwa karjacha parinam mhanoon gulamgiricha sandarbh dett, 'rugved' gulamgirishi parichit aahe. tee mhanate qee nantarchya kalat 'daas' (sanskrutah daas) aanee 'dasee' yancha vapar purush aanee stree gulamansathi sandnya mhanoon keela jaat asey. yaulat, suveer jaiswal mhanatat qee "daas" jamati vaidik paramparanchya vanshavyavasthet ektrit kelya gelya hotya, jyamadhye "dasee putra" heey pujari, yoddhe aanee pramukhanchya darjaparyant vadhu shakat hote, jeey kakashivant ausija, balbutha, taruks, devodas aanee itaranchya udaharananvarun disun yete. kahee vidwan 'daas' yaa shabdachya purvichya arth lavnyala 'gulam' mhanoon, 'vanshik bhed' saha kinwa tyashivay, virodh karatat. bharatiy shastradnya stephany doubleu. jamieson aanee joel pii. rugved', 'daas' aanee 'dasyu' chya alikadil anuvadasathi olakhale jaanare brereton heey manvi aanee amanaviy prani aahet jeey aaryache shatru aahet. rugvedanusar, rajya jamieson aanee brereton, vaidik devata indrane nasht kele aahet. vaidik kalatil 'daas' yaa shabdacha gulam mhanoon kelela arth 2.12 aanee 8.46 yaa stotrandvare virodhabhasi aahe, jyat 'shrimant daas' yanche varnan kele aahe, jeey aapali sampatti dandharmane detat. tyachpramane, rajya jamieson aanee brerton, 'vanshik bhed' heey puravyandvare nyayya naheet. bharatiyashastradnya thomas trotman yanchya matey, aary aanee daas yanchyatil sambandh rugvedatil keval done shlokanmadhye aadhaltat, teey aspasht aanee anpekshit aahe kaaran majkoor puravyannusar 'daas' heey 'kahee pramanat aaryapeksha aarthikdrushtya adhik pragat' hote.
asko parpolanusar, pracheen bharatiy granthanmadhil 'daas' yaa shabdachi mule aadya-shaq aahet, jithe 'daas' kinwa 'daha' yacha saral arth 'manushya' assa hoto. indo-irani bhashanmadhye (sanskrut aanee palisah) 'daas' aanee 'dasyu' heey donhi shabd durmil aahet aanee heey shabd '* danes-' yaa mool moodapasoon varsa asoo shakatat aanee 'shaq' haah shabd 'daas' pasoon vikasit jhaala asava, asey parpola sangato. manavadhikar abhyas aanee samajshastrache pradhyapak asalelya michelin ishay yanchya matey, 'daas' yaa shabdache bhashantar 'gulam' asey kele jaau shakate. hii sanstha qamee hakkansah mukt shramanche pratinidhitva karat hotee, parantu hellenic jagachya ulat, babylonian aanee hibru gulamgirisarkhi "[pracheen] bharatatil kathit gulamgiri saumya swarupachi aanee maryadit pramanat hotee". adhirakt shram' heey pracheen bharatat done prakarche asoo shakateh 'adhiradasatva' aanee 'ahitak', asey ishay mhanato. sankatat asaleli vyakti swatahla 'andardastav' kadey nenanya kamasathi vachan deu shakat hotee, tarr 'ahitak' antargat ekhadya vyaktiche 'mukt shram' yuddhadarmyan pakadale gelyas karj kinwa khandanisathi vachanbaddha kinwa gahan thewale jaat asey. gulamanchya yaa prakaranni "mukt shramacha" kalavadhi maryadit keela aanee asha gulamanna tyanchya malmattevar adhikar hote aanee teey tyanchi malmatta tyanchya natevaikanna deu shakat hote, asey ishay mhanatat.
daas' haah shabd suruvatichya bauddha granthanmadhye aadhalato, jyaa shabdacha vidvananni sevak kinwa gulam mhanoon vegvegalya prakare arth lavala aahe. bauddha hastalikhitanmadhye 'kapiyari' chaa dekhil ullekh aahe, jyache vidvananni kayadeshiraritya bandhane asalela sevak (gulam) mhanoon bhashantar kele aahe. gregory shopenchya matey, 'mahavihari vinay' madhye buddh mhanato qee bhikshuncha samuday durusti aanee itar nityaniyojit kamansathi 'daas' swikaru shakato. nantar, tyach bauddha granthmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee buddhanni mathanmadhye shramasathi 'kalpikar' aanee 'kapiyari' chaa vapar karnyas manyata dilee aanee tyanchyasathi swatantra nivassthan bandhanyas manyata dilee. shopen 'daas' yaa shabdacha arth sevak mhanoon karato, tarr 'kalpikar' aanee 'kapiyari' chaa arth too anukrame gulam aanee gulam mhanoon karato kaaran teey samanya lokankade asoo shakatat aanee bauddha mathatil samudayala dile jaau shakatat. shopenchya matey, heey bhag hastalikhitanchya bharatiy aavrutyanmadhye aadhalat naslyamule, parantu shrilankechya aavruttit aadhalalyamule, heey vibhag kadachit suruvatichya bharatiyanaivaji shrilankechi parampara pratibimbit karnare nantarche antarveshan asavet. tapashilat sapadalelya hastalikhitanmadhyehi sevak aanee bandhupatrechi charcha aadhalate, jaree tapasheel bhinn aahet.
bharat, nepal aanee tibetmadhye ekach bauddha granthachya shodhat sapadalelya vegvegalya hastalikhitanmadhye, mug teey sanskrut kinwa paali bhashet asot, sevak, bandhu kamgar aanee gulamanchi charcha lakshaniyaritya vegali aahe, asey scopen sangato. yaa bauddha hastalikhite, jyala sadhu kinwa nun vhayache aahe asha vyaktila vicharanyasathi prashnancha sanch sadar karatat. heey prashna tee vyakti 'daas' aanee 'dasee' aahe qaa heey vichartat, parantu 'tumhi' ahratka 'aanee' tumhi 'vikritka' asey atirikt prashna dekhil vichartat. nantarchya prashnancha arth done prakare lavala gela aahe. tumhi japt kelele aahat" ("ahratka") aanee "tumhi vikale gelele aahat" ("vikritka") mhanoon yaa sandnyancha arth gulam assa lavala jaato. vaikalpikaritya, tyancha arth 'tumhi nihsanshay aahat qaa' aanee 'tumhi dosharoparh aahat qaa' assa dekhil keela gela aahe, jyacha arth gulam assa hott nahee. pudhe, yaa granthannusar, bauddha mathanni serve sevak, bandhu majur aanee gulamanna bhikshu kinwa nun bananyachi sandhee nakarli, parantu mathat seva karnyasathi tyanna kamgar mhanoon sweekarle.
bharatiy granthanmadhye 'daas' aanee bandhupatretil shram hyanchi tyanchya hakkansah charcha kelee aahe, tasech tyanchya kamachya badalyat tyanna aahar, kapade ghalane aanee vaidyakeey madat pradan karnyachya mathanchya samudayachya jababdamyambaddal charcha kelee aahe. hindu dharmasutra aanee dharamshastra granthanmadhye aadhalanaya samanarthi, bauddha vinay granthanmadhil haqq aanee kartvyanche heey varnan, shopen mhanatat. bauddha granthanmadhye pratibimbit kelyapramane dasatva kinwa gulamgiribaddalchi bauddha vrutti, tyanchyat brahman samajachya sanskrutik nikashanchi "nishkriy sweekruti" kinwa yaa sansthanna adhik "nyayyapane sakriy pathimba" darshavu shakate, asey shopen sangatat. shopenchya matey, bauddha grunth asha sansthanna "nishedh kinwa sudharanancha konatahi sanket dett naheet".
kautilyache arthshastra tyachya kayadyachya tisya pustakat 'daas' vareel terava adhyay samarpit karate. maurya samrajyachya kalatil (ii. sha. puu. 4they shatak) yaa sanskrut dastaivajache anek lekhakanni vegvegalya paddhatine bhashantar kele aahe. 1915 chya shamshastrachya anuvadat 'daas' haah gulam mhanoon chitrit keela aahe, tarr 'kangale' heey shabd 'daas' aanee 'karmkar' mhanoon sodale aahet. kangalechya vyakhyenusar, arthshastrache shlok 13.65.3-4 "konatyahi paristhitit aaryachi konatyahi prakarchi gulamgiri karnyas" manai karate, parantu mlechhanna "santati vikanyachi kinwa tee pratidnya mhanoon thevanyachi" parvanagi dete. patrick oliwell yaa vyakhyeshi sahmat aahe. teey pudhe mhanatat qee, eka aary kinwa aary kutumb sankatachya kalat swatahla gulam banavoo shakate aanee yaa bandhit vyaktinni jarr gunha keela tarr tyanche gulamat rupantar kele jaau shakate, jyamule kangalechya vyakhyeshi vegale hoil. kangalenusar, charahi varnanmadhye alpavayin aanee aaryanna gulam banavanyas arthshastra pratibandhit karate aanee shoodrancha haah samavesh vaidik sahityapeksha vegala aahe. kautilyane 'daas' laa dilela sandarbh aanee adhikar soochit karatat qee yaa shabdacha arth gulam yaa aadhunik shabdapeksha vegala hota, tasech greek kinwa itar pracheen aanee madhyayugeen sanskratinmadhye gulam yaa shabdacha arth vegala hota. arthshastranusar, 'nishchapat' (sanskrutah nihpakshit, uddhvast, diwalkhor, eka kirkol gunha) madhye doshi aadhalalela konihi, tyacha kinwa ticha jameen bharnyas ichchuk asalelya vyaktisathi 'daas' honyasathi swatahla gahan thevu shakato aanee paisa aanee visheshadhikaransathi 'daas' vaparu shakato.
bharatiy sahityatil 'daas' haah shabd jevha 'bhagwan' (devata) navachya pratyay mhanoon vaparla jaato, tevha too dharmik bhaktala sandarbhit karato.
bauddha 'vanijja sutt', mhanje gulamancha vyapar haah paach chukichya upajivikepaiki eka aahe, jyachi yadee samanya vyaktine 'bhikshunmadhye, samanya anuyayane paach prakarchya vyavasayat guntu naye', asey mhatale jaate. konate paach? shastrancha vyavasay, "mansanmadhil vyavasay", mansacha vyavasay, madak padarthancha vyavasay aanee vishacha vyavasay. samanya anuyayane guntavu naye asha yaa paach prakarchya vyavasay aahet."
uttaradhatil shastriy hindu dharamshastra, konala gulam kele jaau shakate, gulamanna vagavale jaau shakate aanee jatinusar vishthiche (saktiche shram) sweekarya prakar nirdisht karel; nantar madhyayugeen bhashya, devanabhattachya smrutichandrika sarkhya, eka vishay spasht karel.
madhyayugeen bharatatil gulamgiri.
gulamgiri heey bharatiy upkhandatil muslimanchya vijayanche vaishishtya hote. andrey wink yaa kalavadhicha saransh khalilpramane dete,
madhyayugeen muslim jagachya itar bhaganpramane, kashmirmadhye gulamgiri vyapak navhati. sultan vagalata, uchchabhru lokanni gulam thewale hote yacha konatahi purava nahee. kashmiri lock gulamgiricha tiraskar karayache. upapatnitvacha dekhil sarav keela jaat navhata.
islami aakramane (ii. sha. 8vya teey 12vya shatkat).
andreau wink 8vya aanee 9vya shatkatil bharatatil gulamgiricha saransh khalilpramane deto.
11vya shatkachya suruvatila, arabi itihaskar, tarikh all-yamineene nondavale qee 1001 madhye gazanichya mahmudchya sainyane peshavarchya yuddhanantar (1001), "hindusthanchya bhoomichya madhyabhagi" peshavar aanee wayhund (gandharchi rajdhani) jinkale aanee hajaro lokanna gulam kele. nantar, aay. dii. 1 madheel tyachya baravya bharat mohimenantar, mahmood itakya mothya sankhyene gulamansah paratala asey sangitale jaate qee tyanche moolya pratyeki done teey daha dirhamanparyant qamee jhaale. all-utabichya matey, hii asamanyapane qamee kimmat, "vyapari durchya shaharanmadhun tyanna kharedi karnyasathi aale, jenekarun madhya ashiya, iraq aanee khurasan desh tyanchyabarobar vadhale aanee jatra aanee andhar, shrimant aanee garib, ekach gulamgirit misalale".
dilli saltanat (ii. sha. 12vya teey 16vya shatkat).
dilli saltanatichya kalat (1206-1555), qamee kimatichya bharatiy gulamanchya mubalak upalabdhateche sandarbh bharpur aahet. yapaiki anek bharatiy gulamancha vapar upkhandatil muslim kuleen lock karat asat, parantu itaranchi niryat aantarrashtriy bajarpethanmadhil magani purn karnyasathi kelee jaat asey. kahee gulamanche jabardastine islammadhye dharmantar karnyat aale. bigger-muslim gulamanvar muslim malakanni janm dilelya mulanche sangopan muslim kele jaeel. bigger-muslim mahila, jyanchyabarobar muslim sainik aanee uchchabhru zopale hote, tyanchya swatachya samudayanni nakarle jaau naye mhanoon islammadhye dharmantarit hott. scott leevi mhanatat qee, "madhya ashiyai gulamanchya bajarpethet mothya sankhyene hindunchi halchal hii mukhyatve dilli saltanat aanee dakshin aashiyatil mughal samrajyachya rajya ubharanichya prayatnanche parinam hotee".
dilli saltanatichya mahasool pranaline bharatiy gulamanchya loksankhyeche lakshaniy praman nirman kele kaaran yaa shasakanni aanee tyanchya adhinastha shikadyanni mahasool midvanyache sadhan mhanoon tyanchya sainyala mothya sankhyene sthanikanche apaharan karnyache aadesh dile. jeey samuday sultanala eknishth hote aanee niyamitpane curr bharat asat, tyanna anekada yaa prathepasoon maaf kele jaat hote, tarr curr samanyatah gulamanchya swarupat itar, qamee nishthavan gatankadoon kadhale jaat asat. asha prakare, baranichya matey, shamshi "gulam-raja" balban (aar. 1266-87) yanni avadhmadhil tyanchya shikadaranna tyanchya adhikarala virodh karananya lokanna gulam banavanyache aadesh dile, jeey tyanna curr mahasool denyas nakar dett hote. sultan alauddin khalji (aar. 1296-1316) neey dekhil, jyanni tyanchya mahasuli deyake naan bharaleli aahet, tyanchya gulamgirila kayadeshir manyata dilee aahe asey nondavale gele aahe. heey dhoran mughal kalatahi chaloo rahile.
dilli sulatananchya naveen pradeshanmadhye tyanchya vistarasathichya aarthik prayatnancha eka bhag mhanoon aanakhi mothya sankhyene lokanna gulam banavale gele. udaharanarth, too swatah ajunahi gurid sultan muiz-uda-deencha lashkari gulam asatana, qutub-uda-deane ayabak (aar. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 andaje sahaa varshannantar, tyane kalinjarvar vijay midavatana atirikt 50,000 lokanna gulam kele. nantar 13vya shatkat ranthambhormadhil balbanchya mohimene bharatiy sainyala parabhoot kele aanee 'gananebaherche kaidi' midale.
levy mhanatat qee dilli saltanatichya kalat bigger-muslimanna jabardastine gulam banvine heey yuddhatil luut aanee lashkari vistar karnyachya ichchemule prerit hote. upalabdh aakadyandvare samarthit asalyane khalji aanee tughlak rajvanshachya kalat yala gatee midali. jiah -uddin baranine suchavale qee sultan alauddin khaljikade 70,000 bandhkam gulamanvyatirikt 50,000 gulam-mule hotee. sultan firuz shaah tughlak yachya malakiche 1,80,000 gulam hote, jyapaiki andaje 12,000 kushal karagir hote. sulatananchya malkichya gulamanche eka lakshaniy praman lashkari gulam asanyachi shakyata hotee, majur kinwa gharguti navhate. tathapi, bharatiy sainik aanee madhya aashiyatil turk gulam-sainik (gillman, mamluk) yaa doghancha samavesh asalele mishra sainya rakhanyachya purvichya paramparanmadhye mangol samrajyachya udayamule mamlukancha ogh qamee jhalyamule vyatyay aala. yamule dilli sultananni sthanik bharatiy loksankhyela lashkari aanee gharguti asha donhi gulamanchi garaj bhagavanyasathi tivra magani kelee. khaljinni bharatat pakadale gelele hajaro mangol sainikahi vikale. chean, turkestan, pertia aanee khurusan heey purush aanee mahila gulamanche srot hote, jeey tughlak bharatala vikale gele. chinmadhil yuan rajvanshachya samratane donhi linganche 100 gulam tughlak sultanakade pathavale aanee tyane donhi linganche samaan sankhyene gulam pathavun uttar dile.
mughal samrajya (16 weey teey 19 weey shatak).
mughal samrajyat gulamancha vyapar kayam rahila, matra tyachi vyapti mothya pramanat qamee jhaali, pramukhyane gharguti gulamgiri aanee karjachya bandhanapurati maryadit hotee aanee too 'saumya' aanee arab gulamanchya vyapar kinwa atalantikparchya gulamanchya vyaparashi tulana karata naan yenara manla gela.
17vya shatkatil eka dutch vyapanyane 1620 aanee 1630 chya dashakat mughal darbaratil uzbekistancha kuleen abdullah khaan firuz jung yaa abdullah khaan firuz jung yaa vyaktibaddal lihile aahe, jyala kalapi aanee kher yaa pradeshanchya rajyapalpadi niyukt karnyat aale hote aanee sthanik bandkhoranna parabhoot karnyachya prakriyet, "netyancha shirachhed keela aanee tyanchya mahila, mulee aanee mulanna gulam kele, jeey 200,000 peksha jaast hote".
jevha shaah shuja yanchi kabulcha rajyapal mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee, tevha tyanni hindunchya palikade bharatiy pradeshat yuddh kele. bahutek mahilanni aapala sanman vachavanyasathi swatahla jaalun takale. pakadanyat aalelya lokanna muslim 'manasabdar' madhye 'vatoon' denyat aale. augustinian missionary fradge sebastian munrick, joou punha 1640 madhye aanee punha id1 madhye bangalmadhye hota, tyane 'shikdar' chya kshamatevar bhashya kele-'pargana' madheel karyakari babinsathi jababdar asalela eka mughal adhikari, aavashyak asalyas baljabarine mahasulachi magani gola karnyasathi aanee shetkyanna tyanchya deykat chook jhalyas gulam banavanyache shahee prashasanache sarvat lahan pradeshik ekak.
majmua-aii-vathayak madheel gulamanchya vikri kinwa vikrishi sambandhit sattar-saat patranchya tulanene lahan, pratibandhit namunyachya sarvekshanatun asey disun yete qee bharatiy vanshachya gulamancha (hindi all-asal) vaataa tyaa gulamanpaiki aththavis takkyanhun adhik hota, jyancha mool pradesh namood keela aahe. atharavya shatkachya suruvatichya bukharachya nyayik kagadpatrancha eka lahan sangrah asalelya "khut-aii-mamhura bemar-aii-kaadat-aii-bukhara" madhye, ardhyahun adhik patre bharatiy vanshachya gulamancha sandarbh denari, anek patre samavisht aahet. pramukh "kazi" yane tyachya sahayyakala anusaranyasathi lihilelya kayadeshir patrachya namunyat, vaparlele udaharan "bharatiy vanshachya gulamache" aahe. ekonisavya shatkaparyant bharatiy gulamanchi bukharachya bajarpethet vikri suruch hotee. 
bharatatoon gulamanchi niryat hii mughal samrajyachya virodhat karj thakbakidar aanee bandkhoranparyant maryadit hotee. panjabchya gakkaranni madhya ashiyai kharedidaranchya vyaparasathi asha gulamansathi madhyasth mhanoon kaam kele.
fatva-aii alamgiri.
fatva-aii-alamgiri' (jyala 'fatva-aii-hindia' aanee 'fatva-aii-hindia' asehi mhanatat) 17 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aurangazebane prayojit kele hote. tyat mughal samrajyasathi kayada sankalit keela gela aanee tyat dakshin ashiya, iraq aanee saudi arabiatil 500 muslim vidvananni anek varshe prayatna kele. arungebchya rajvatidarmyan aanee nantar samrajyasathichya hanafi-aadharit shariya kayadyavaril tees khand prabhavi hote aanee tyat bharatatil gulami aanee gulamanvaril anek adhyay aanee kayade samavisht hote.
fatva-aii-aalamgirimadhye samavisht asalelya gulamgirishi sambandhit kahee kayade asey hote,
bharatiy gulamanchi aantarrashtriy bajarpethet niryat.
bauddha uyarat, khrishchan russian, afghan aanee pramukhyane sheeya irani lokambarobarach, bharatiy gulam heey madhyayugeen aanee suruvatichya aadhunik madhya aashiyatil atyant sakriy gulam bajarpethancha eka mahattvacha ghatak hote. madhya aashiyatil yaa kalatil gulamgiriche sarvavyapi swaroop 17 vya shatkatil eka juybari sheikh yaa nakshbandi soofi netyachya nondinvarun disun yete, jyachya malakiche 500 hoon adhik gulam hote, jyapaiki chalis kumbharkamat tadnya hote tarr itar shetichya kamat guntalele hote. kushal gulamanchi uchch magani aanee bharatacha motha aanee adhik pragat kapad udyog, krishi utpadan aanee sthapatyakalechi parampara yanni aaplya shejanyanna dakhavun dile qee upkhandat kushal-majur mubalak pramanat hote, jyamule tyanchya yashasvi aakramanantar mothya sankhyene kushal kamgar gulam mhanoon gulam kele gele aanee tyanchi niryat jhaali.
dillichi hakalpatti kelyanantar, taimurne anek hazar kushal karagiranna gulam banavale, yapaiki anek gulamanna tyachya adhinastha uchchabhru vargala sadar kele, jaree samarkandmadhil bibi-khanim mashidichya bandhkamat vaparasathi rajmistri rakhoon thewale. tarun mahila gulamanna kushal bandhkam gulamanpeksha, kadhikadhi 150% dware, bajarbhav jaast midayacha, kaaran tyanna laingik gulam mhanoon thewale jaau shakat hote.
prarambhik european vasahatvadi shaktinchya kalat.
eka lekhakachya matey, gulam-dharak abhijat vargane sanstheche astitva aitihasik nondinpasoon lapavanyasathi sarvottam prayatna karoonahi, sampoorn vasahatvadi bharatat vividh abhivyaktinmadhye gulamgiricha sarav keela jaat asey.
17 weey shatak.
portugij bharatat 16vya shatkapasoon gulamgiri astitvat hotee. "bahutansh portugij", albert mhanato. dii. mandello, eka german pravasi lekhak, "donhi linganche anek gulam aahet, jyanna teey keval tyanchya vyaktimbaddal aanee tyanchyabaddalach navhe tarr teey jyaa vyavasayat saksham aahet tyavar dekhil niyukt karatat, kaaran tyanna jeey milate teey malkakade yete."
tokgua japanane portugij lokanna haddapar kelelya 1636chya aadeshanantar byanch kalanantar, 1698madhye tyabaddal lihilelya jesuit francisco dii sosa yaa jesuitnusar, japani gulam mulee ajunahi bharatatil portugij (lucitanian) kutumbanchya malkichya hotya.
dutch lokahi mothya pramanat gulamanshi vyavhar karat asat. teey pramukhyane athang prapat hote, jyanna bharatat habshi kinwa sheedi mhanoon olakhale jaate. paschim kinanyavaril kanaramadhil vichitra mishra vanshamadhye yaa gulamanche khuna aahet.
dutch bharatiy mahasagaratil gulamancha vyapar pramukhyane dutch east india kampanidware madhyasthi karnyat aala hota, jyat teen vyavsayikdrushtya jawalun jodalelya pradeshanmadhun bandivasatil majur aale hoteh paschim kinwa aagney africa, madgaskar aanee muscaren bete (mauritious aanee punarmilan); madhya kinwa bharatiy upkhand (malbar, coromandal aanee bangal/arakan kinarpatti); aanee purv kinwa maleshiya, indoneshiya, nyu giinii (irean jayaa) aanee dakshin phillipines.
dachanni islamik prabhavachya kshetrachya palikade purvekadil vighatit kinwa kamkuvat lahan rajye aanee rajyavihin samajanmadhun gulamancha vyapar companychya ashiyai mukhyalayat, batavhiyache (jakarta) "chiinii vasahatvadi shahar" aanee shrilankechya kinarpattivaril tyachya pradeshik kendramadhye keela. itar gantvyasthananmadhye malakka (melaka) aanee makassar (ungpandang) yaa mahattvachya bajarpethansah purv indoneshiyachya (maluku, ambon aanee bandaa bete) vruksharopan arthvyavastha aanee nairutya cape vasahatichya (dakshin africa) krishi vasahatincha samavesh hota.
bharatiy upkhandat, arakan/bangal, malbar aanee coromandal heey 1660chya dashkaparyant saktichya majuriche sarvat mahattvache srot rahile. 1626 teey 1662 darmyan dutch lock darvarshi sarasari 150-400 gulamanchi arakan-bangal kinanyatoon niryat karat asat. batavhiyachya astitvachya pahilya tees varshant, bharatiy aanee arakani gulamanni companychya ashiyai mukhyalayatil mukhya kamgar shakti pradan kelee. 1646 teey 1649 darmyan bataviyamadhil 211 gulamanpaiki 126 (59.71%) dakshin aashiyatun aale hote, jyat 86 (40.76%) bangalmadhun aale hote. bangalchya nadimukhanvar gulamanche chhape magh chandyanchya sanyukt sainyane aanee portugij vyapanyanni (chatin) sashastr jahajancha (galia) vapar karoon istado daa indiyachya adhikarkshetrabaher aanee sanrakshanachya baher chitagongmadhun kaam karat hote. arakanchya taung-ngu (tungu) shasakanchya sakriy sanganamtane heey chhape padale. tathapi, 1666 madhye chitagongwar vijay midavalyane mughal samrajyacha purvekade vistar purn jhaala aanee arakan aanee bangalmadhil paramparik puravatha khandit jhaala. malbar kinanyavaril portugij vasahati dachanni tabyat gheiparyant (1658-63), mothya sankhyene gulamanna dekhil pakadale gele aanee bharatachya paschim kinanyatoon batavia, silon aanee itaratra pathvanyat aale. tathapi, 1663 nantar, kochinmadhun jabardastine kaam karnyacha pravah sukoon darvarshi sumare 50-100 aanee 80-120 gulamanchi anukrame batavia aanee selonmadhye vardal jhaali.
bharatiy upkhandachya itar bhaganchya ulat, sampoorn sataravya shatkat coromandal heey turalak gulamanchya vyaparache kendra rahile. naisargik aanee manav-prerit aapattinsah vividh alpakalin vistaranmadhye, dachanni bharatachya purv kinanyatoon hajaro gulamanchi niryat kelee. dirghkal dushkal rahilyanantar aay. dii. 1 madheel dushkal paristhitimule sataravya shatkat coromandal kinanyatoon gulamanchi mothya pramanat pahili niryat jhaali. 1622 teey 1623 darmyan, pulikat aanee devanampattinam sarkhya madhyavarti coromandal bandaranmadhun 1,900 gulamanna pathvanyat aale. kinanyavaril companychya adhikaanyaanee jaheer kele qee tyanchyakade nidhi asata tarach aanakhi 2,000 kharedi karata aale asate.
dakshin bharatatil nayak bharatiy shasakanni (tanjavur, senji aanee madurai) vijapur adhipatyachya virodhat (1645) kelelya bandanantar aanee tyanantar vijapur sainyane tanjavur grameen bhagacha vidhvans kelyanantar dushkaladarmyan cormondal gulamanchya niryatitil dusra vistar jhaala. aakramankari dakkani muslim sainyane 150,000 hoon adhik lokanna vijapur aanee govalkondamadhye nele hote, asey sangitale jaate. 1646 madhye, 2,118 gulamanchi bataviyala niryat karnyat aalee, jyapaiki bahusankhya dakshinekadil koromandalmadhun hote. aanakhi dakshinekade tondi, adirampatnam aanee kayalpatnam yethehi kahee gulamanna tabyat ghenyat aale.
gulamgiricha tisra tappa 1659 teey 1661 darmyan tanjavur yethoon salag vijapuri hallyanchya malikecha parinam mhanoon jhaala. nagapattanam, pulikat aanee itaratra, companyne 8,000-10 000 gulamanchi kharedi kelee, jyapaiki bahutansh silonla pathvanyat aale tarr eka lahansa bhag batavia aanee malakkala niryat karnyat aala. chautha tappa (1673-77) 1673 madhye suru jhalelya madurai aanee dakshin koromandalmadhil pradirgh dushkalapasun suru jhaala aanee tanjavur aanee dandatmak vittiy paddhatinvaril pradirgh madurai-maratha sangharshamule tivra jhaala. 1673 teey 1677 darmyan, ektya madurai kinanyatoon 1,839 gulamanchi niryat karnyat aalee. pachva tappa 1688 madhye jhaala, joou kharab peak aanee karnatakanmadhye mughalanchya pragatimule jhaala. tanjavurmadhil hajaro lokanna, mukhytah mulee aanee lahan mulanna gulamgirit vikale gele aanee ashiyai vyapanyanni nagapattinam yethoon aacheh, johor aanee itar gulamanchya bajarpethanmadhye niryat kele. september 1687 madhye east india companyne seent phorta yethoon 665 gulamanchi niryat kelee. george, madras. shevati, jevha yuddhane dakshin bharatacha punha ekada vidhvans keela, tevha khajgi vyaktindvare ekoon 3,859 gulamanna koromandalmadhun sylonmadhye aayat karnyat aale.
dutch hind mahasagaratil gulamanchya ekoon vyaparache praman atlantic gulamanchya vyaparache sumare 15-30%, trans-sahara gulamanchya vyaparachya tulanet kinchit qamee aanee swahili aanee laal samudra kinanyachya aanee dutch west india companychya gulamanchya vyaparachya deed teey teen putt asalyacha andaj aahe.
malbarmadhil gulamgiri.
malbarmadhil mukhya krishi gulam jaatee pulayar, parayar, kuruvar, cheruma yaa hotya. gulamanchya loksankhyepaiki sumare ardhe pulayar aanee cherumar hote, assa andaj pradhan jilhadhikari yanni vartavala. 1801 madhye buchanan yanni sangitale qee jawaljawal serve shetkari gulam hote. tyane sangitale qee gulamancha vapar pramukhyane shetatil majurisathi keela jaat asey aanee pranyansarkhe kaam karoon aanalelya parayar, pulayan aanee kuravananmadhye gulamgiriche praman sarvat white hote. kharedi aanee vikrisathi cheruwan aanee pulayananna shaharanmadhye aanale gele. 1806 teey 1842 yaa 36 varshant gulamanchi sankhya 65 takkyanni vadhali. gulamanchya potee janmalelya mulannahi gulam banavale gele. tyanusar dow. francis buchanan yanni ii. sha. 1801 madhye kelelya andajanusar, malbarchya dakshin, madhya aanee uttar vibhaganmadhye ekoon 292,366 loksankhyepaiki 41,367 lock gulam hote. 1836 madhye travencoremadhye ekoon aay. dii. 1 loksankhyepaiki 1,64,864 gulam hote. ekonisavya shatkachya madhyat keralmadhye andaje 1,64,864 gulam hote. 
4.25 laakh () gulam.
samajik dadapshahi dekhil gulamgiricha bhag hotee. tyanna swachchh kapade ghalanyachi parvanagi navhati aanee brahman aanee nier asalelya tyanchya malakanchya rastyanpasun door rahave lagat hote. mejar walkerne sangitale qee jevha teey aajaranni grast hote tevha tyanna nisargakade sodale gele aanee sodoon dile gele aanee kahee vela tyanna tasantas tandalachya shetat ubhe kele gele jyamule tyanna sandhivat, pataki aanee itar rog jhaale. gulam khalchya jaatiche hote aanee tyanna keval saranjami kamasathi kaam dile jaat asey aanee tyanna tyanchya malkanpasoon door thewale pahije yaa kalankache katekorpane palan kele jaat asey. samuel meterne namood kele qee kamachya thikanihi gulamanvar durvaroon dekhrekh thewali jaat asey. jativyavasthene tyanna asprushya mhanoon thewale aanee asankhya upajatinmadhye vibhagale. 19vya shatkat cherumaranchi sthitee vegali navhati, 1898madhye keralchya deshbhaktanni lihile qee cherumar gulamanna tyanchya malkambaddal khoop aadar hota kaaran uchch jaatinni tyanna patvoon dile qee teey janmapasunach uchch jaatinchi seva karnyas bandhil hote.
1881 chya jangananenusar, 1871 teey 1881 darmyan andaje 40,000 gulamanche islammadhye dharmantar jhaale. yaa kalat kochin aanee travankormadhil anek gulamanni khrishchan dharm swikarla. 1882 chya khrishchan mission parishadet asey mhatale gele hote qee hindu samajatil khalchya staratil dharmantaramule muslim mapilachi loksankhya zapatyane vadhat aahe aanee asha tappyat sampoorn paschim kinarpatti muslim banoo shakate.
18vya teey 20vya shatkat.
1772 teey 1833 darmyan, british sansadetil vadavivadanmadhye bharatatil gulamgiriche praman nondavale gele. kalkattyat gulamanchi bajarpeth suru asalyache nondavale gele aanee companychya nyayalayin sabhagruhane gulamanchya malkichi nondani ruu. 4.25 kinwa ruu. 4 aanee 4 aanaa.
revs anek nirmulanvadi dharmpracharak. james pegs, rev. howard malcom, surr thomas fowell buckson aanee william admus yanni sansadiy vadavivadanvar bhashya kele aanee 1830 chya dashakat dakshin aashiyatil pradesh aanee jatinusar gulamgirichya sankhyemule aanee prakaranmule prabhavit jhalelya sankhyancha swatacha andaj jodala. balhatyeshi sambandhit british manavatesathi bharatache radane, bharatatil murtipuja, gau hatya, sutty, gulamgiri aanee vasahatikaranashi british sambandh', 'gulamgiri aanee british bharatatil gulamancha vyapar; adhikrut kagadpatranmadhun kadhalelya silon, malakka aanee penang betanvar yaa dushtanchya astitvachya soochanansah' aanee 'british bharatatil gulamgiricha kayada aanee prathah thomas fowell buckson yanna lihilelya patranchya maliket', ess. eae. ess. kyu. yadvare andajanche tapshilvar tapasheel prakashit karnyat aale.
bharatatil gulamgirichya itihasavar charcha kartana aadhunik itihaskaranni yaa prakashanancha varanvar ullekh keela aahe, kaaran tyat sampoorn bharatatil vividh pradeshanmadhil prathevar charcha karnari vaiyaktik patre aanee ahwal samavisht hote, jyat varanvar gulam banavalelya lokanchya sankhyecha ullekh keela gela hotah
kalkatta journal" chey sampadak james silk buckingham yanni 1823 madhye eka lekh prakashit keela, jyamadhye kalkutache varnan asey kele aaheh
itihaskar andrea mejar yanni bharatatil gulamanchya vyaparat europeey sahbhagachi vyapti nondavalih
niyam aanee pratibandh.
bangalmadhye, east india companyne (eae. aay. see.) 1773 madhye purvipasoon astitvat asalelya bahulatavadi nyayik vyavastheche sanhitakaran karnyacha nirnay ghetala, jyat europeey lock samanya kayadyachya adheen hote, muslim 'shariya' aadharit 'fatva-aii-alamgiri' chey aanee hindunni 'manusmruti' navachya 'dharamshastra' chey rupantar kele, jeey lagoo kayadeshir paramparansah hindu kayada mhanoon olakhale gele aanee hindunsathi manusmrutichya vakyacha 8.415 arth lavane, gulamichya pratheche niyaman karane. eae. aay. see. neey nantar 1774chey niyam 9 aanee 10 manjur kele, jyat lekhee kagadpatranshivay gulamanchya vyaparavar aanee aadhich gulam nasalelya konachya vikrivar bandee ghalanyat aalee aanee 1789 madhye, danish gulam vyapari pieter horebo yala pakadalyanantar, khatala chalavalyanantar, dand thothavanyat aala aanee 150 bangali gulamanchi dutch selonmadhye taskari karnyacha prayatna kelyabaddal turungat taknyat aalyanantar, kayada punha jaaree karnyat aala. tyanantar eae. aay. see. neey 1811 chey niyam 10 jaaree kele, jyat gulamanchya companychya pradeshanmadhye vahatukivar bandee ghalanyat aalee.
1833 chya gulamgiri nirmulan kayadyadvare, jevha united kingdamne aaplya paradeshatil pradeshanmadhil gulamgiri radd kelee, tevha tyane east india kampanidware prashasit mukut nasalele pradesh kayadyachya vyaptitoon vagalale.
1843 chya bharatiy gulamgiri kayadyane companychya karmchanyanna kayadyantargat maryadit sanrakshn denyabarobarach malki kinwa vyavhar karnyas manai kelee, jyat gulamachi malmatta malkichi, hastantaran kinwa varsahakk karanyachi kshamata samavisht hotee, jyamule companychya pradeshat asalelya lakho lokanna kalpanatmak fayda jhaala, 1883 chya bharat aanee egyptmadhil gulamgirivaril lekhat surr heinry bartle frair (jeey viceroychya parishadevar 1859-67 basale hote) yanni assa andaj vartavala hota qee companychya pradeshat, joou adyap upkhandachya nimmya bhagaparyant vistarlela navhata, kayadyachya velih
1818 chya anglo-portugij gulamgirivirodhi kararanantar, tyanantar 1836 chya shahee aadeshanantar aanee 1842 madheel dusya anglo-portugij kararamule bahya vyapar qamee jhalyanantar portugalne haloohaloo portugij bharatat gulamanchya aayativar bandee ghatali, parantu 1876 madhyech yaa sansthevar bandee ghalanyat aalee.
french vasahatinmadhil gulamgirichya nirmulanachya ghoshanedvare, 27 april 1848 roji francene french bharatat gulamgirivar bandee ghatali.
1861 chya bharatiy dand sanhitechya tartudinni british bharatatil gulamgiri prabhavipane radd karoon manavanna gulam banvine haah faujdari gunha keela. sanstheche gunhegarikaran sansthanansathi aavashyak hote, 1861 chya anglo-sikkimi kararanusar sikkimla sansthevar bandee ghalane aavashyak hote, jaree 1891 chya jangananemadhye ajunahi sanrakshit rajyat gulamanchya malkichi nond hotee.
jyaa adhikaanyaanee nakalatpane 'gulam' haah shabd vaparla tyanna fatkarle jaeel, parantu gulamgirichya vastavik pratha badalat rahilya. vidwan indrani chutterjee yanni yala "nakarnyane nirmulan" asey mhatale aahe."durmil prakarananmadhye jevha gulamgirivirodhi kayada lagoo karnyat aala, tevha tyat gulamanchi niryat aanee aayat karnyachya tulanene lahan paddhatinna sambodhit kele gele, parantu antardeshiy bhagat pasarlelya krishi gulamgirila sambodhit karnyat tyacha farsa upayog jhaala nahee. madrasachya adhyakshiy karyalayatil adhikaanyaanee krishi gulamgirikade dolhe mitoon dawa keela qee hii gulamgiricha eka saumya prakar aahe jee pratyakshat mukt kamgaranpeksha adhik shreyaskar aahe.
sansthanchya kalpanik nirmulananantar anek dashakannantar, british bharatiy samrajyachya bahutansh pradeshanmadhye, sansthananmadhil aanee snrakshak rajyanmadhil gulamanchya malkichi nond, ganana aanee bharatachya jangananetil saransh pustakanmadhye prakashit karane suruch rahile. 1891 chya sikkimchya saransh panavar 124 purush, 99 mahila aanee 103 baal gulamanchi nond aahe, jeey sanrakshit pradeshat, pradeshamadhye bandee ghalalyanantar tees varshanni aahet. bhutanane 1950 chya dashakat sansthevar aupcharikpane bandee ghatali aanee 2000 chya dashakat nepalmadhye tichya halia, haruva-charuva, kamaiya aanee kamlari pranalivar bandee ghatali. 1840 madhye amerikeche upadhyaksh johnn see. calhounne britishanvar teeka kelee aanee dawa keela qee tyanni bharatatil sumare eka kotee gulamanvar varchasva gajavale.
bharatiy karar pranali.
1833 madhye british sarkarne gulamgiri radd karnara kayada manjur kelyanantar, gulamgiri radd kelelya pradeshanmadhil kamgaranchya magnyanna pratisad mhanoon bharatiy karar pranali udayas aalee. kahee itihaskaranni karar pranalichi tulana gulamgirishi kelee aahe. richard sheridonchya matey, dukhancha hawala dett, "[lagvadaranni] gulamgirit samanya asalelya jabardastichya sadhanancha vapar karane kinwa tyanna manjuri dene suru thewale aanee yaa sandarbhat bharatiyanni majee gulamanpeksha changli kamgiri kelee nahee".
bharatiy karar pranalimadhye, kararbaddha bharatiy majuranna asha pradeshanmadhye aanale gele jethe africi lokanchi jaaga gheuun lagwad aanee khaninmadhye majur mhanoon gulamgiri radd karnyat aalee hotee. kararbaddha majuranna gheuun jaanari pahili jahaje 1836 madhye bharat sodoon gelee. ekada teey tyanchya gantvyasthanavar pohochale qee, tyanna nantar vividh lagvaddar kinwa khaan malakanchya tabyat kaam karnyasathi pathavale jaeel. tyanche kaam aanee rahniman anekada tyanni badalalelya gulamaitakech garib hote, tyanna varanvar tyanchya malmattanmadhye maryadit thewale jaat asey aanee tyanna qamee pagar deela jaat asey. tyanni kelelya konatyahi kararache ullanghan kelyas aapoaap faujdari dand aanee turungwas jhaala. anek kararbaddha majuranna fasavya margane kararbaddha kele gele, bandaranpasun eka hazar kilometerhoon adhik antaravaril antardeshiy bhagatil bharatiyanna nokri denyache aashvasan dile gele, tyanna konatya kamasathi kamavar thewale jaat aahe heey sangitale gele nahee kinwa teey tyanchi matrubhoomi aanee samuday sodatil asey sangitale gele nahee. chaar mahinyanchya pradirgh aanee katheen sagari pravasasathi tayar nasalelya, tyanna pratikshet asalelya jahajanvar basavanyat aale hote. yaa oos lagvadicha tapas karnare vishesh dandadhikari charles anderson yanni vasahatvadi sachivanna patra lihoon jaheer kele qee kahee apavad vagalata, kararbaddha majuranna "mothya aanee anyaykarak gambhiryane" vagavale jaat hote; lagvadaranni tyanchya bharatiy majuranna lagwad, khankam aanee gharguti kamat kathorpane bhag padale, jyaa pramanat mrut majuranche sadalele avashesh shetat varanvar sapadale. jarr majuranni virodh keela aanee kaam karnyas nakar deela tarr lagwad karnare tyanna paise denyas aanee khayala denyas nakar deteel.
samkalin gulamgiri.
2018 chya jaagtik gulamgiri nirdeshankanusar, 2016 madhye jagbharat 4 kotee 30 laakh lokanna gulam kele gele. bharatat sumare 8 dashalaksh kinwa 20 takke lock aahet, jyamule aadhunik gulamgirit bharatacha sarvat motha vaataa aahe. yamadhye samanyatah bandhkam, balkamagar, jabardastine vivah, manvi taskari, jabardastine bheek magane aanee laingik gulamgiri yasarkhya saktichya shramanche prakar samavisht asatat. 
dakshin ashiya aanee jagaat gulamgiriche, visheshtah baal gulamgiriche astitva asalyacha aarop vividh bigger sarkari sanstha (ngo) aanee prasarmadhyamanni keela aahe. bandhkamagar (bandee) kayada 1976 aanee nagri aanee rajkiy hakkanvaril aantarrashtriy karar (gulami aanee gulamgirishi sambandhit) yadvare deshatil yaa samasyanvar prakash takala gela aahe. graniteche khaan heey samasyapradhan mhanoon olakhalya jaananya kshetranpaiki eka aahe.