
kshetra-prabhav transister

feeled-effect transister (eff. eae. tii.) haah transistercha eka prakar aahe joou ardhavahakamadhil pravahachya pravahavar niyantran thevanyasathi vidyut kshetracha vapar karato. srot', 'gett' aanee 'drain' ashee teen terminal asaleli upkarane (jeffets kinwa mosphates) aahet. getwar voltage lavoon vidyutpravah niyantrit karato, jyamule drain aanee sorsmadhil chalakata badalate.
eka-vahak-prakarchya karyamadhye sahbhagi asalyamule, fetsna ekdhruviy transister mhanoonahi olakhale jaate. mhanjech, faits tyanchya karyat charge vahak mhanoon ektar electron (aine-channell) kinwa chhidre (pii-channell) vapartat, parantu donhi nahee. anek prakarche feeled effect transister astitvat aahet. feeled effect transister samanyatah qamee frequenciver khoop uchch input impedance pradarshit karatat. mosfet (metal-auxide-semiconductor feeled-effect transister) haah sarvat mothya pramanavar vaparla jaanara feeled-effect transister aahe.
itihas.
feeled-effect transister (eff. eae. tii.) yaa sankalpaneche pratham paytant 1925 madhye austro-hungarian bhautikshastradnya julius eder lillionfeld yanni aanee 1934 madhye auskar hail yanni ghetale hote, parantu teey sankalpanevar aadharit vyavharik ardhchalak upkaran tayar karoo shakale naheet. transistercha prabhav nantar johnn bardine aanee walter houser bratten yanni 1947 madhye bail labmadhye william shockley yanchya netrutvakhali kaam kartana, 17 varshanchya patentchi mudat sampalyanantar lagechach, pahila aanee spasht keela. shockleyne suruvatila semiconductorchi chalakata badalanyacha prayatna karoon karyarat bhrun tayar karnyacha prayatna keela, parantu pramukhyane prushthbhagachya sthitee, latkanare bandh aanee germanium aanee tambe sanyug samagritil samasyanmule teey ayashasvi tharale. karyarat bhrun tayar karnyat tyanchya apayashachi rahasyamay karane samajoon ghenyachya prayatnat, 1947 madhye point-contact transistercha shodh lavnyaivaji bardine aanee bratten yanna karanibhoot tharale, jyanantar 1948 madhye shockleycha bipolar junction transister aala.
junction feeled-effect transister (jeey. eff. eae. tii.) heey yashasviritya tayar kelele pahile fett upkaran hote. 1945 madhye heinrich velkarne jefetche pratham paytant ghetale. static induction transister (siit), eka lahan vahini asalela jefetcha prakar, japani abhiyante juna-ichi nishizawa aanee vaay yanni shodhala hota. 1950 madhye vatnabe. 1952 madhye jeey. eff. eae. tii. varr shockleychya saiddhantik upcharannantar, george see. yanni eka vyavharik jeey. eff. eae. tii. tayar kele. dessy aanee ian emm. 1953 madhye ross. tathapi, jeey. eff. eae. tii. madhye ajunahi sarvasadharanpane junction transistervar parinam karananya samasya hotya. junction transister hii tulanene avjad upkarane hotee jee mothya pramanat utpadanachya aadharavar tayar karane katheen hote, jyamule tyaa anek vishesh anuprayoganparyant maryadit hotya. insulated-gett feeled-effect transister (aay. jee. eff. eae. tii.) haah junction transistercha sambhavya paryay mhanoon siddha karnyat aala hota, parantu sanshodhak karyarat aay. jee. eff. tii. tayar karoo shakale naheet, mukhytah prushthbhagachya trasdayak sthititil adthalyamule jyamule bahya vidyut kshetrala samgrimadhye pravesh karnyapasoon rokhale gele. 1950 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant, sanshodhakanni mothya pramanat bhrun sankalpana sodali hotee aanee tyaeivaji dvidhruvi junction transister (beejeti) tantradnyanavar laksh kendrit kele hote.
mosfet tantradnyanacha paya william shockley, johnn bardine aanee walter bratten yanchya karyane ghatala gela. shockleyne 1945 madhye swatantrapane bhrun sankalpanechi kalpana kelee, parantu too karyarat sadhan tayar karoo shakala nahee. pudhchya varshi burdinne prushthbhagachya sthitichya babatit tyache apayash spasht kele. bardinne ardhavahakanvar prushthbhagachya avasthancha siddhant lagoo keela (prushthbhagachya avasthanvaril mageel kaam 1939 madhye shockley aanee 1932 madhye igor tamm yanni kele hote) aanee lakshat aale qee ardhvahakachya prushthbhagavar odhale gelele atirikt electron asalyamule bahya kshetra prushthbhagavar avarodhit hote. electron tyaa sthanik avasthanmadhye adakoon eka vyutkram thurr tayar karatat. bardinchya gruhitkane prushthbhagachya bhautikshastracha janm nondavala. tyanantar bardinne ardhchalakachya atishay patal tharapeksha ulat thurr vaparnyache tharavale, jyachi kalpana shockleyne tyachya bhrun rachnamadhye kelee hotee. tyachya siddhantachya aadhare, 1948 madhye bardinne mosfetchya purvajanna paytant dile, joou eka inversion thurr asalela insulated-gett pheta (aay. jee. eff. eae. tii.) aahe. ulat thurr alpasankhyak vahakanchya pravahala maryadit karato, jyamule modulation aanee chalakata vadhate, jaree tyachi electron vahtook getchya insulatorvar kinwa ulat tharavar jamaa kelelya insulator mhanoon vaparlyas oxidechya gunavattevar avalambun asate. bardinche paytant tasech ulat thurr hii sankalpana aaj see. emm. oo. ess. tantradnyanacha aadhar aahe. 1976 madhye shockley yanni bardinchya prushthbhagachya sthitichya gruhitkala "ardhchalak karyakramatil sarvat mahattvapoorn sanshodhan kalpananpaiki eka" asey varnan kele.
bardinchya prushthbhagachya sthitichya siddhantanantar yaa tighanni prushthbhagachya sthitichya prabhavavar maat karnyacha prayatna keela. 1947chya uttaradhat, robbert gibni aanee bratten yanni prushthbhagachya avasthanchya prabhavanvar maat karnyasathi dhatoo aanee ardhavahak darmyan thevalelya electrolytecha vapar karanyachi soochana kelee. tyanche fetee upkaran kaam kele, parantu pravardhan kharab hote. bardinne pudhe jaaun ulat thurr chalaktavar laksh kendrit karanyachi soochana kelee. pudhil prayoganmule tyanna changle parinam milanyachya aashene electrolytechya jaagi ghan auxide thurr vaparnyas pravrutt kele. oxidechya tharat ghusun ulat tharaparyant pohochane heey tyanche uddisht hote. tathapi, bardinne suchavale qee teey siliconvarun germaniumkade valatat aanee yaa prakriyet tyanche auxide nakalat vahoon jaate. tyanna eka purnapane vegala transister, point-contact transister sapadala. lillion hodson assa yuktivad karatat qee "jarr bratten aanee bardine germaniumaivaji silicons kaam karat asate tarr tyanna eka yashasvi feeled effect transister sapadala asata".
1950 chya purvardhat, bardine, bratten, kingsten, maurison aanee itaranchya saiddhantik aanee prayogik karyanantar, heey adhik spasht jhaale qee prushthbhagachya avasthanche done prakar aahet. jalad prushthbhagachya sthitee mothya pramanat aanee ardhchalak/auxide interfaceshi sambandhit asalyache aadhalun aale. sabhovatalachya oxideware anoo, renu aanee aayan shoshun ghetalyamule santh prushthbhagachya sthitee auxide tharashi sambandhit asalyache aadhalun aale. nantarche barech jaast asalyache aanee vishrantisathi jaast vel asalyache aadhalun aale. tyaveli philo farnsworth aanee itaranni anoodrushtya swachchh ardhavahak prushthbhag tayar karnyachya vividh paddhati suchavalya.
1955 madhye carl frosh aanee linken derick yanni chukun silicon vefarcha prushthbhag silicon dioxidechya tharane jhakala. tyanni dakhavun dile qee oxidecha thurr silicon vefarmadhye kahee dopentsla rokhato, tarr itaranna parvanagi deto, asha prakare ardhavahak prushthbhagavar auxidationcha nishkriy parinam shodhato. silicon vefarchya nivadak bhagat dopents pasaravanyasathi auxide tharamadhye lahan chhidra kase korayache heey tyanchya pudhil karyane dakhavun dile. 1957 madhye tyanni eka sanshodhan patra prakashit kele aanee tyanchya karyacha saransh dett tyanchya tantrache paytant ghetale. tyanni vikasit kelele tantra auxide diffusion masking mhanoon olakhale jaate, jeey nantar mosfet upkarananchya nirmitimadhye vaparale jaeel. bail labmadhye, froshchya tantrache mahatva lagech lakshat aale. 1957 madhye prakashit honyapurvi tyanchya kamache parinam bii. tii. ell. memochya swarupat bail labmadhye prasarit jhaale. shockley semiconductormadhye shockleyne december 1956 madhye tyanchya lekhachi purvamudran jeane hornis tyachya serve varishtha karmcharyanna prasarit kelee hotee.
1955 madhye, iaan munro rosney fayfet kinwa emm. eff. ess. eff. tii. sathee paytant dakhal kele. tyachi rachana aadhunik ulat pravah mosfetsarkhi hotee, parantu ferroelectric samagri oxidiveji astarak/avahak mhanoon vaparali jaat asey. tyane tyachi kalpana, tarangatya gett mosfetchya anek varshanpurvi, eka prakarchi aathvan mhanoon kelee. februwari 1957 madhye, johnn wallmarkne fetisathi paytant dakhal kele jyamadhye germanium monoxidecha vapar gett dialectric mhanoon keela gela, parantu tyanni yaa kalpanecha pathpurava keela nahee. tyach varshi dakhal kelelya tyachya itar petantmadhye tyane duheri gett fetache varnan kele. march 1957 madhye, bail labmadheel sanshodhan shastradnya ernesto labetne tyachya prayogshaletil notebookmadhye, labetchya upkaranane silicon dioxidecha insulator mhanoon spashtapane vapar keela nasla taree, nantarchya prastavit mosfetsarkhya upkaranachi kalpana kelee.
metal-auxide-semiconductor pheta (mosfet).
1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat egyptian abhiyanta mohammed atalla yanchya karyane bhrun sanshodhanat eka pragati jhaali. 1958 madhye tyanni prayogik karya sadar kele jyat asey disun aale qee swachchh silicon prushthbhagavar patal silicon auxide vadhalyane prushthbhagachya sthitiche tatasthikaran hote. yala prushthbhag nishkriyata mhanoon olakhale jaate, hii eka paddhat ardhchalak udhyogasathi mahattvapoorn bunley kaaran tyamule silicon integrated circuitsche mothya pramanat utpadan shakya jhaale.
tyanantar 1959 madhye mohammed atalla aanee davon kahang yanni metal-auxide-semiconductor feeled-effect transistercha (mosfet) shodh lavala. mosfetne mothya pramanat dvidhruvi transister aanee jeffet yaa donhiche sthan ghetale aanee digital electronic vikasavar tyacha khol parinam jhaala. tyachya uchch scalabilitymule aanee bipolar junction transisterpeksha khoopach qamee veej vapar aanee uchch ghanatemule, mosfetne uchch-ghanata ekatmik paripath tayar karane shakya kele. jeey. eff. eae. tii. peksha jaast shakti hatalanyasahi mosfet saksham aahe. mosfet haah pahila kharokhar sankshipt transister hota joou vividh prakarchya vaparasathi laghuroopit aanee mothya pramanat utpadit keela jaau shakato. asha prakare sanganak, electronics aanee dalanvalan tantradnyanamadhye (jase qee smartphone) mosfet haah sarvat samanya prakarcha transister banala. us paytant aanee trademark karyalay yala "jagbharatil jeevan aanee sanskratiche parivartan karnara abhootpurv shodh" asey mhanate.
mosfetsasathi semiconductor device fabrication prakriya, see. emm. oo. ess. (purak mose), 1963 madhye fairchild semiconductormadhye chih-tang saah aanee phrank wanlass yanni vikasit kelee hotee. floating-gett mosfetcha pahila ahwal 1967 madhye davon kahang aanee sayman seey yanni tayar keela hota. duheri-gett mosfetche pratham 1984 madhye electrotechnical prayogshaletil sanshodhak toshihiro sekigawa aanee yutaka hayasi yanni pradarshan kele hote. finfet (finn feeled-effect transister) haah eka prakarcha 3dii naun-plainer multy-gett mosfet aahe, joou 1989 madhye hitachi kendriya sanshodhan prayogshaletil digg hisamoto aanee tyachya chamoochya sanshodhanatun udbhavala.
moolbhut mahitee.
faits hii bahusankhya-charge-vahak upkarane asoo shakatat, jyamadhye pravah pramukhyane bahusankhya vahakandvare kinwa alpasankhyak-charge-vahak upkarnandware vahoon nela jaato, jyamadhye pravah pramukhyane alpasankhyak vahakanchya pravahamule asato. yaa upkaranat eka sakriy vahini asate jyadvare charge vahak, electron kinwa chhidre, strotakadun nalyat vahatat. srot aanee drain terminal vahak ohamik samparkandware ardhavahakala jodalele asatat. vahinichi chalakata heey gett aanee soars terminalsvar lagoo kelelya potentialche karya aahe.
yaa fatche teen terminal aaheth
terminalbaddal adhik.
serve fetsmadhye "srot", "nichara" aanee "gett" terminal asatat jeey andaje bii. jeey. tii. chya "utsarjak", "sangrahak" aanee "aadhar" shhee sambandhit asatat. bahutek fetsmadhye 'boddy', 'bases', 'bulk' kinwa 'substrate' navache chauthe terminal asate."heey chauthe terminal transisterla karyat purvgrahit karnyasathi karya karate; circuitchya rachnet boddy terminalcha kshullak vapar karane durmil aahe, parantu integrated circuitchi bhautik mandani sthapit kartana tyachi upasthiti mahattvachi aahe. aakrutitil 'ell' lambichya getcha aakar mhanje srot aanee nichara yanchyatil antar. rundi" haah transistercha vistar aahe, aakrutitil cross sectionchya lumb dishene (i.eae., screenchya aat/baher). samanyatah getchya lambipeksha rundi khoop mothee asate. 1 microne meterchya getchi lambi varchya frequencila sumare 5 gigahertz, 0.2 micronometer teey sumare 30 gigahartzparyant maryadit karate.
terminalchi nave tyanchya karyancha sandarbh detat. gett terminal heey pratyaksh gett ughadane aanee bund karane niyantrit karate asey manale jaau shakate. heey dwar electronna srot aanee nichara darmyan eka vahini tayar karoon kinwa kadhoon takoon tyanchya margala pravahit karnyas kinwa avarodhit karnyas anumati dete. strot terminalpasoon drain terminalkade jaananya electron-pravahacha prabhav lagoo kelelya voltagevar padato. shareer heey fakt ardhvahakchya mothya bhagacha sandarbh dete jyamadhye dwar, srot aanee nichara aahe. samanyatah shareer terminal heey paripathatil sarvoch kinwa sarvat qamee voltageshy jodalele asate, jeey fetachya prakaravar avalambun asate. jaree asey anek upayog aahet, jyat ashee sanrachana nasate, jase qee pareshan darvaje aanee cascode paripath, taree, mukhya terminal aanee srot terminal kadhikadhi ekatra jodale jaatat, kaaran strot bahutekda paripathatil sarvoch kinwa sarvat qamee voltageshy jodalela asato.
bii. jeey. tii. chya ulat, bahusankhya faits vidyut samamiteey asatat. asha prakare, karyatmak vaishishtye kinwa karyat konatahi badal naan karata, srot aanee nichara terminalchi vyavharik paripathanmadhye adlabadal kelee jaau shakate. jevha faits yojnabaddha aakruti aanee paripathanmadhye "mage" jodalele disatat tevha heey gondhalat takanare asoo shakate kaaran faitschee bhautik abhimukhata itar karanansathi tharavali gelee hotee, jase qee mudrit paripath mandaniche vichar.
gett voltage currentver honara prabhav.
gett aanee soars terminalsmadhye lagoo kelelya voltage (kinwa voltage abhav) dware tayar aanee prabhavit jhalelya 'vahak vahini' chya aakaravar aanee aakaravar parinam karoon utsavatoon nichara karnyasathi electron (kinwa electron chhidre) chya pravahavar eff. tii. niyantran thevate. (sadhepanasathi, hii charcha asey gruheet dharate qee shareer aanee srot ekmekanshi jodalele aahet.) hii pravahakeey vahini mhanje "pravah" jyadvare electron strotapasoon nichara dishene vahatat.
aine-channell phay.
aine-channell "deplition-mode" upkaranat, nakaratmak gett-too-soars voltagemule deplition kshetra rundine vistarte aanee vahinyanvar bajunni atikraman karate, jyamule vahinya arund hotat. jarr sakriy pradesh vistarat vahinya purnapane bund karnyasathi vistarat asel, tarr vahinyacha srot teey nichara assa pratikar motha hoto aanee fetee prabhavipane swichpramane bund keela jaato (jevha khoop qamee pravah asato tevha yogya aakruti pahaa). yala 'pinch-auph' mhanatat aanee jyaa voltagevar teey ghadate tyala 'pinch-auph voltage' mhanatat. yaulat, gett-too-soars voltagemule vahinyacha aakar vadhato aanee electron sahajpane vahoo shakatat (yogya aakruti pahaa, jevha vahinya vahinya asatat aanee pravah motha asato).
aine-channell "enhancement-mode" upkaranat, transistermadhye naisargikaritya vahak vahini astitvat nasate aanee tee tayar karnyasathi sakaratmak gett-too-soars voltage aavashyak asate. sakaratmak vidyutdab haah shariratil mukt-taranganare electron getchya dishene aakarshit karato, jyamule eka pravahakeey vahini tayar hote. parantu pratham, garbhatil shariramadhye jodalya gelelya dopant aayancha samna karnyasathi getjaval purese electron aakarshit karane aavashyak aahe; yamule konatahi bhramanvahak vahak nasalela pradesh tayar hoto jyala deplition rijan mhanatat aanee jyaa voltagevar heey ghadate tyala garbhatil threshold voltage mhanatat. gett-too-soars voltagemadhye aanakhi vaadh getchya dishene aanakhi electron aakarshit karel jeey strotapasoon nicharaparyant sakriy vahini karnyas saksham aahet; yaa prakriyela "inversion" mhanatat.
pii-channell phay.
pii-channelchya "deplition-mode" upkaranat, gett-insulator/semiconductor interfacevar electronla sakti karoon gett teey bodymadhye sakaratmak voltage deplition thurr vistrut karato, jyamule sthir, sakaratmak charge kelele swikaranare aayancha vahak-mukt pradesh ughad hoto.
yaulat, pii-channell "enhancement-mode" upkaranat, vahak kshetra astitvat nasate aanee vahak vahini tayar karnyasathi nakaratmak voltage vapar karane aavashyak asate.
vahinyanvar drain-too-soars voltage prabhav.
ektar vardhan-kinwa avakshay-mode upkaranansathi, gett-too-soars voltejpeksha khoopach qamee asalelya drain-too-soars voltagevar, gett voltage badalalyane vahinicha pratikar badalel aanee drain current haah drain voltage pramanat asel (soars voltagela sandarbhit). yaa modmadhye fetee variable registerpramane karya karate aanee fetee rekheey mode kinwa ohamik modmadhye karya karat asalyache mhatale jaate.
jarr drain-too-soars voltage vadhavale gele tarr yamule vahinyachya aakarat eka lakshaniy asamamiteey badal hoto, kaaran strotapasun drainparyantchya voltage kshamatechya pravanatemule. vyutkram kshetracha aakar vahinyachya nalyachya tokajaval 'pinch-auph' hoto. jarr drain-too-soars voltage aanakhi vadhavale gele tarr vahinicha pinch-auph bindu drainpasoon strotachya dishene jaau lagato. bipolar transister operating kshetranshi adhik changlya sadrushyasathi, jaree kahee lekhak tyala 'sakriy mode' mhanoon sambodhatat, taree 'phet' heey 'saturation mode' madhye asalyache mhatale jaate. jevha pravardhan aavashyak asate tevha saturation mode kinwa ohamik aanee saturation darmyancha pradesh vaparla jaato. jaree drain current drain voltages andaje resheey nasla tarihi, madhalya bhagala kadhikadhi ohamik kinwa resheey pradeshacha bhag manale jaate.
gett-too-soars voltagedware tayar jhaleli vahak vahini aata saturation mode darmyan strotala drainshey jodat nasali taree vahak vahanyapasun avarodhit hott naheet. punha aine-channell vardhan-mode sadhan vicharat gheta, pii-prakarchya shariramadhye eka avakshay kshetra astitvat aahe, jeey pravahakeey vahini aanee nichara aanee srot pradeshanchya bhovati aahe. drain-too-soars voltagedware drainkade aakarshit jhalyas, vahinimadhye asalele electron, qamee honanya pradeshatoon vahinitoon baher padnyas mukt asatat. avakshay kshetra vahakanpasun mukt aahe aanee siliconsarkhach pratikar aahe. drain-too-soars voltage konatyahi vadhimule drainpasoon pinch-auph pointparyantche antar vadhel, jyamule lagoo kelelya drain-too-soars voltage pramanat qamee honanya pradeshacha pratikar vadhel. yaa pramanbaddh badalamule drain-too-soars current tulanene sthir rahato, drain-too-soars voltagemadhil badalanpasun swatantra, operationchya resheey paddhatitil tyachya ohamik vartanapeksha agadi vegala. asha prakare, saturation modmadhye, garbh pratirodhak mhanoon navhe tarr sthir-vartaman srot mhanoon vagato aanee prabhavipane voltage emplifier mhanoon vaparla jaau shakato. yaa prakaranat, gett-too-soars voltage vahinitoon vahana sthir pravahachi patali tharavate.
rachana.
vividh ardhavahakanpasun faits tayar kele jaau shakatat, jyapaiki silicon sarvat samanya aahe. bahutek faits paramparik mothya pramanat vaparoon banvilya jaatat. 
ardhchalak prakriya tantre, sakriy kshetra kinwa vahini mhanoon ekach sphatik ardhavahak vefarcha vapar karatat.
adhik asamanya shareer samgrimadhye aakarheen silicon, polychrystalline silicon kinwa patal-philm transistermadhil itar aakarheen ardhavahak kinwa sendriya kshetra-parinam transister (auphet) aahet jeey sendriya ardhchalkanvar aadharit asatat; anekada, auphet gett insulator aanee electrode dekhil sendriya padarthanpasun tayar kele jaatat. silicon carbide (ess. aay. see.), gallium arsenide (goss), gallium nitride (ganne) aanee indium gallium arsenide (ingas) yasarkhya vividh samagricha vapar karoon asha fatt tayar kelya jaatat.
juuna 2011 madhye, aay. bii. emm. neey jaheer kele qee tyanni ekatmik paripathamadhye graphene-aadharit fatcha yashasviritya vapar keela aahe. heey transister sumare 2.23 gigahertz cutoff frequency karnyas saksham aahet, jeey manak silicon fetspeksha barech jaast aahet.
prakar.
eka tarr aine-prakarcha ardhchalak kinwa pii-prakarcha ardhchalak tayar karnyasathi fetichya vahineela dope kele jaate. vardhan paddhatitil fetschya babatit, drain aanee srot vahinichya viruddha prakarche dope kele jaau shakatat kinwa deplition paddhatitil fetschya babatit vahinichya samaan prakarche dope kele jaau shakatat. kshetra-prabhav transister dekhil vahini aanee gett darmyan insulationchya paddhatidvare olakhale jaatat. faitsche prakar samavisht aaheth
fayade.
feeled-effect transistermadhye 100 emm. oo. see. kinwa tyahoon adhikchya kramane gett-too-drain karantacha uchch pratikar asato, joou niyantran aanee pravah yanchyat uchch patalivaril vilgikaran pradan karato. kaaran bases karantacha aavaj aakarachya velenusar vadhel, eka bhrun samanyatah dvidhruvi junction transisterpeksha (bjt) qamee aavaj nirman karato aanee too aavaj-sanvedanshil electronicsmadhye aadhalato jase qee tunor aanee vhee. etch. eff. aanee upgrah receiversasathi qamee-aavaj sanvardhak. teey kiranotsargapasun tulanene pratirodhak aahe. heey shoonya drain currentver offset voltage darshavat nahee aanee eka utkrusht signal helicopter banavate. tyat samanyatah bii. jeey. tii. peksha changli aushnik sthirata asate.
kaaran gett charjdware faits niyantrit kele jaatat, ekada gett bund kinwa ughade jhalyavar, atirikt power drow hott nahee, jase qee bipolar junction transisters kinwa kahee rajyanmadhye naun-latching relace asel. yamule atyant qamee-shaktiche switching shakya hote, jyamule circuitche adhik laghurupikaran hote kaaran itar prakarchya swichesachya tulanet ushnata nasht honyachya garja qamee hotat.
tote.
dvidhruvi junction transisterchya tulanet feeled-effect transistermadhye tulanene qamee geena-bandwidth utpadan asate. mosphates heey atibharit voltagesathi atishay sanvedanshil asatat, tyamule pratishthapan darmyan vishesh hatalanichi aavashyakta asate. gett aanee vahini darmyanchya mosfetcha najuk insulating thurr tyala sthir vidyutpravah kinwa hatalanidarmyan threshold voltagemadhye badal karnyas asurakshit banavato. yogya prakare rachana kelelya paripathat upkaran sthapit kelyanantar hii sahasa samasya nasate.
fatmadhye anekada khoop qamee 'chaloo' pratikar asato aanee uchch 'bund' pratirodh asato. tathapi, madhyavarti pratirodh lakshaniy aahet aanee tyamule badal kartana fatt mothya pramanat shakti nasht karoo shakatat. asha prakare, karyakshamta lavkar badalnyavar bharr takoo shakate, parantu yamule asthir ghatak houu shakatat jeey bhatkya prerananna uttejit karoo shakatat aanee lakshaniy voltage tayar karoo shakatat jeey getshee jodale jaau shakatat aanee anavdhanane badal ghadavun aanoo shakatat. tyamule fett circuitsathi atishay kaljipurvak mandanichi aavashyakta asoo shakate aanee tyat switchingcha veg aanee veej apavyay yanchyatil vyavhar samavisht asoo shakatat. voltage raiting aanee 'aun' pratirodhamadhye dekhil eka vinimay aahe, tyamule uchch-voltage fetsmadhye tulanene jaast 'aun' pratirodh asato aanee tyamule chaalan nuksan hote.
apayashi paddhati.
feeled-effect transister tulanene majboot asatat, visheshtah jevha utpadakane paribhashit kelelya tapman aanee vidyut maryadanmadhye chalavale jaatat (yogya dirating). tathapi, aadhunik bhrun upkarane anekada shareer diode samavisht karoo shakatat. jarr shariratil diodechi vaishishtye vicharat ghetali gelee naheet, tarr garbhala shariratil diodeche vartan mand houu shakate, jithe parjivi transister chaloo hoil aanee garbh bund asatana nalyatoon strotakade uchch pravah odhata yeil.
vapar.
mosfet heey sarvat jaast vaparale jaanare bhrun aahe. seey. emm. oo. ess. (purak dhatoo auxide semiconductor) prakriya tantradnyan haah aadhunik digital ekatmik paripathancha aadhar aahe. heey prakriya tantradnyan eka vyavastha vaparte jithe (samanyatah "enhancement-mode") pii-channell mosfet aanee aine-channell mosfet asha maliket jodalele asatat qee jevha eka chaloo asato, tevha dusra bund asato.
resheey paddhatit chalavale jaate tevha vahinitoon electron konatyahi dishene vahoo shakatat. drain terminal aanee soars terminalche namkaran kahise manmani aahe, kaaran upkarane samanyatah (parantu nehmich nahee) strotapasun drainparyant samamiteey bandhali jaatat. yamule pathanmadhye (bahugunan) anuroop sanket badalanyasathi faits yogya hotat. udaharanarth, yaa sankalpanesah, ekhadi vyakti ghanroop sthitiche mishran puttle tayar karoo shakate.
eff. tii. chaa vapar samanyatah pravardhak mhanoon keela jaato. udaharanarth, tyachya mothya input pratirodhamule aanee qamee utpadan pratirodhamule, samanya-nichara (srot anuyayi) sanrachanet too eka buffer mhanoon prabhavi aahe.
antargat jwalan engine ignition coil badalanyasathi aay. jee. bii. tii. chaa vapar keela jaato, jithe jalad switching aanee voltage avarodhit karanyachi kshamata mahattvachi asate.
srot-gated transister.
display screensarkhya mothya kshetratil electronicsmadhye utpadan aanee paryavaraniy samasyansathi soars-gated transister adhik majboot asatat, parantu teey fetspeksha karyarat asatat.