pontin daldali

pontin daldaliche kshetra (,;, purvi dekhil; titus livius, [] aanee pliny daad elder) heey madhya italichya lazio pradeshatil purvichya daldaliche andaje chatushkoniy kshetra aahe, jeey romchya aagney aagney anziochya agadi purvepasoon terracinaparyant (pracheen terracina) pasarlele aahe, jeey tyrenian samudra aanee voltian parvatanmadhil (uttarela monty lepini, madhyabhagi monty ausauni aanee dakshinela monty auruncy) antargat antaranusar badalate.
purvichi daldali haah pramukhyane shetichya jaminicha eka nimn pradesh aahe, joou valuchya tekadyanni samudrapasun vegale karoon nichara aanee bharane karoon tayar keela jaato. kshetra sumare aahe. ii. sha. puu. 312 madhye bandhalela roman lashkari rasta, vaya epiya, purvichya daldalichya antardeshiy bajus zadanni vedhalelya lamb, saral pattyat paar karato. tyapurvi, pravashanna parvatanchya bajuchya latina marge vaparave lagat hote; bhupradeshaparyant daldal olandun pohochane shakya navhate.
navhate aanakhi dakshinekade, minternoparyant, purvichya kinarpattichya daldalicha aanakhi eka bhag aahe jyala dakshin pontino mhanatat, sarvat motha bhag terracina aanee sperlonga darmyancha aahe, joou fondiparyantchya antardeshiy aahe. too pracheen 'latium adactum' chaa bhag hota aanee ajunahi too lazioshi sambandhit aahe. aurunchi parvatanchya simevar asaleli hii jameen pramukhyane punha midavali gelee aahe, parantu dongaranchya varanvar ghuskhorimule adhik daat vasahati houu shakalya. terracina sodoon, vhaya epiya dekhil tyala paar karate.
dongaratoon dongaratoon pravahanna adthalyanchya tekdyanmadhun samudrakade jaanyasathi spashtapane paribhashit marg sapadu naan shakalyane tayar jhalele daldaliche maidan samudraspatichya aaspasche (kahee varr, kahee khalee) eka vistrut jalodh maidan hote. samudraspatipasun varr, teey jangalyukt daldaliche kshetra hote; khalee, teey chikhalyukt sapat aanee talav hote. tyanchya itihasachya bahutansh kalat viral vastee asalelya pontin daldalichya bhaganmadhye veloveli kelelya vyapak bhusudharan karyacha vishay hota. volcy jamatine purv-roman kalat tyanchya vyapachya sandarbhat taracinachya parisarat chhotya nichara prakalpansah suruvat kelee.
rasta panyakhali thevane katheen tharale. augustuschya kalat, samantar kalvyachya bandhkamat tadjod karnyat aalee. samudrasapatipasunachya daldalicha bhag vahinyandvare yashasviritya nichara karnyat aala aanee pauranik supikatechi naveen shetjameen astitvat aalee. jevha jevha vahinyanchi dekhbhal kelee jaat nasey, tevha daldali punha disu lagali. darmyan, rome aanee itaratra maleriyachya varanvar nenyat sathine rogmukticha muddah jiwant thewala. 1930 chya dashakat benito musolinichya rajvatit, dike lavoon aanee samudraspatichya khalee asalelya daldalicha too bhag baher kadhoon hii samasya jawaljawal sodavanyat aalee. tyala satat dekhbhalichi aavashyakta aahe. yaa prakalpavar italianancha itka vishvas hota qee musolini 1932 madhye latina yaa daldalichya madhyabhagi thevalele shahar latina yaa naveen prantachi rajdhani banale.
bhoogarbhshastra.
krishi pontino haah bhaugolikdrushtya kahisa motha kshetra asalelya pontin pradeshachya chaar bhurupiy vibhaganpaiki eka aahe, jyamadhye monty albani, voltian parvat aanee monte sirsio yancha samavesh aahe; thodakyat, serve roman latiumcha samavesh aahe. daldali swatach yaa pradeshachya purv bhagat 'latium novam' madhye hotee, jee roman lokanni volcychya sarvbhaumatvatun kadhoon takali. yaa done sandnyanmule sahityat kahee gondhal nirman hoto, kaaran haah pradesh anekada mothya pramanat sthayik jhaala hota, parantu daldaline konatyahi nivasi loksankhyela aadhar deela nahee.
pliocene.
jaminiche antargat swaroop heey eka sarvat bhayanak aakarache aahe, jyamadhye kavach vadhalyane eka bhag khalee padato, jyamule daree tayar hote. daldalichya khalee ashee daree aahe, tarr kadvya bajuche voltian parvat aanee bahereel tekdyankhalil majala heey sambandhit bhayan aahet. sumare 2.588 dashalaksh varshanpurvi plyocenechya akheris andaje asalelya kalavadhit graben tayar jhaala hota. yaa grabbon sthalbhugolacha naisargik parinam mhanje bahya adthala bete aanee eka talav tayar karane jeey haloohaloo dongaranmadhun vahoon nenyat nenyat galane bharale gele.
plistocene.
tirale khore sumare 20 laakh varshe tyrenian samudrat eka daab rahile aanee nantar sumare 1000 varshanpurvichya tuscolano-artemishio tappyat jwalamukhichya badalanchi eka malika chaloo jhaali jyamule sadhyachya jaminiche swaroop disu lagaleh monty albanichya parisarat naveen jwalamukhichi pahili chaar udrek chakr, jee pyroclastic khadak pasarvate aanee eka kaldera tayar karate. campy dii annibel tappyat, 300-200 hazar varshe bii. pii., kalderamadhye eka stratovolcano tayar jhaala. andaje samkalin, madhya plistocenemadhye, 781-126 hazar varshe bii. pii. madhye, latina complexes mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya valoo aanee chikanmatiche tall, samudraspatipasun varr bahya carstver disu lagale, jyat eka talav vedhala gela. samudrakinare sumare 560 hazar varshe bii. pii. pasoon latina patali mhanoon tikoon aahet.
tyrenian II neey sarovarachya panyachya samudratil atikramanamule minterno patali aanee sankul, sumare eka hazar varshe bii. pii. chaa eka eka adthala rahila. rahila mage, khol pitt aanee chikanmatiche sathe, jalodh galasah, sarraspane khadee sarovarala saksh detat. heey bhoo-prushthbhagachya tokavar sarvat khol hote aanee cysterna yethe prushthbhagavar qamee hott hote, jithe jwalamukhichya kriyakalapandware jodaleli travertinchi valoo prushthbhagavar pohochate. yaa velee, latium waitus jwalamukhichya jaminicha bhag mhanoon tayar jhaala hota, tarr latium novam heey eka sarovar hote, jeey bhavishyatil daldaliche kshetra hote.
tyrenian III chya ullanghnane sumare 90 hazar varshe bii. pii. chey borgo ermada sankul aanee patali sodali. tyat tyat samantar unch valuchya lamb chadhya hotya. pratigaman tappyat, panthal cheere heey agadi agadi alikadchya kalat soochit karatat qee, sarovar purnapane vedhalele hote. tee nichara jhalyanantar, aolian aolian chalanari) valoone khach zakoon thewali.
sumare 22 hazar varshe bii. pii. varr, jwalamukhi sankul shevatchya velee sakriy jhaale, hydromagmatic sphotanmadhye futale jyamule albano aanee nemi yaa donhi khadyanchya talavanche tall tayar jhaale.
holocene.
sarvat alikadil samudrakinara, terracina complexes aanee patali, jyane sumare 11700 varshe bii. pii. holocenechi suruvat kelee, tee ekach parvatrang hotee jyachya mage chikanmati, piit aanee piit chikanmati samudraspativar jamaa hott hotee. tyachya varr adyap ekahi jameen navhati. haah pradesh daldalichya pradeshane vedhalela uthal talav hota. hota panyache chhedan atirikt paanee baher kadhate, jeey khaare hote aanee tyat kharya panyache molsk hote, jyamule atirikt paanee kuthoon aale aanee jalodh pankhe yaa pradeshala qaa budavale naheet haah prashna upasthit hoto. yache uttar chunkhadiche, sachchidra aanee atee crack kelele aanee sadosh asalelya voltian parvatanchya rachnet aahe. sarvat jaast paus vagalata serve khadakat budatat aanee parvatanchya payathyashi zara aanee bhujal mothya pramanat disate. galanchi vahtook qamee hotee. eka andajanusar, andajanusar kitee antaravar pravah hoto. dusarya andajanusar, monty lepinivar padnara 80 takke paus shoshala jaato, ninfa yethe ekach zara baher padato. yaa tathyanvarun heey spasht hote qee, khareej sarovarat mukhya bharr ghalane pitt, gaal aanee chikanmati qaa aahe, aanee jaad danedar jalodh sathyanaivaji aanee tyasathi itka vel qaa lagla.
sez pankha mhanoon olakhale jaanare jalodh sathyanchi suruvat sumare ii. sha. puu. 4000 madhye sezchya khalee asalelya daldalimadhye jhaali. gaal halavanyasathi aavashyak asalelya vadhiv parjanyamanache shrey atlantic kalkhandala dile jaate, joou sumare ii. sha. puu. 5000-3000 chya aaspascha ubdar aanee damat havamanacha kaal hota. daldalitil paragkan mishra okchya jaagi elder aanee vilo heey soochit karate. aadhunik nadyanni daldalila chhed dilah euphant, cysto aanee amaceno, jyaa sthir upanadyanaivaji badalat hotya. kinarpattila samantar vahinyansah, aagneyela daldaliche paanee vahate, jeey sirsio aanee terracina darmyan baher padate. jaree dongral utaranvar vasahat khoop aadhi suru jhaali asali, taree volsidware jangaltodi ii. sha. puu. sahavya shatkat suru jhaali. daldaline pitvar amaceno pankhyache jalodh sathe vegane midvile, jyamule tyateel barechase panyakhali aale. dadaleli maatee daldalimadhye koradya jaminichi konatihi lagwad darshavat nahee.
puratatva.
sarvekshan, utkhanan aanee mukhya namunyansah daldalivaril puratatviy karya vyapak aahe. chaar bhupranali paribhashit kelya gelya aaheth fogliano kinarpatti, samudrakinara pranali; borgo grappa samudrakinara parvatrang, samudrakinaryapasun agadi antardeshiy pradesh-sirsio vibhagat vistirn; latina maidan, shetancha mukhya bhag; aanee monty lepini, parvatancha kinara. daldaliche kendra, purviche sarovar, sadhya jaree shahari asale taree, vasticha konatahi pracheen purava dett nahee. bahudha firnare pakshi aanee machchimar vagalata jameen (kinwa talav) nihsanshaypane nirjan hotee, parantu pudhe, tethil manvi kriyakalapancha konatahi purava antarnihit pitmadhye kholvar asel. tathapi, kinarpattivar, sarvat prachinatah sarovarachya uttar kathavar aanee kinarpattichya kathavar, fogliano aanee borgau grappa yaa donhi bhupranalimadhye, shikar-gola karnyache purave madhya playstocenepasoonche aahet. arthat, manavane yaa yaa sarovaracha aanee daldalicha sampoorn itihas tyachya pahilya nirmitipasoon pahila aahe, jevha tyane tyachya tyachya shikar kelee aanee masemari kelee.
purapashan.
purapashan kalatil sahitya heey pontino krushichya uttar kathavaril campowordmadhun yete. sandarbhanusar kahihi sapadale nasalyane teey typologinusar dinankit aahe. prushthbhagavaril kalakrutinchya haushi sangrahanche sankalan vividh nimn purapashan kalatil udhyoganshi samayik sambandh aahe
latium,... kalkramanusar madhya playstocenechya uttaradhat sandarbhit; "mhanje sumare 500 hazar varshe bii. pii. heey pramukhyane chakakiche coor aanee flex aahet, jyat dantvaidhyakiy sadhane, bajuchya imarati, boarers, parat sparsh kelele flex, kahee microlith aanee itarancha samavesh asato. bandhkamadarmyan khandkatoon avaidnyanikaritya utkhanan keleli pranyanchi hadey aanee eka manvi datdekhil campoverdemadhun yetat. nantarche aadhunik manavanche asane khoop mothe aahe aanee tyala "homo" vansh denyat aala aahe. yaa pranyanmadhye "elephas antiquius, mamuthus premigeneous, ikvas ferrous, boses premigeneous, servous elaphus, capriolus capriolus" aanee itar pranyancha samavesh aahe.
monte sirsiovaril eka grotomadhil neanderthal manasachi kavati sumare 65 hazar varshe bii. pii. chee aahe.
itihas.
roman vela.
suruvatichya roman samrajyache bhoogolshastradnya aanee itihaskar yaa daldaliche varnan karatat.
livine nondavale qee ii. sha. puu. 494 chya 'cecesio pleabys' nantar, rajkiy hakkansathi samanya lokanni kelelya sampanantar, aarthik kriyakalap qamee jhalyamule rommadhye dushkal padala. dhanya kharedidaranna naveen puravatha midvanyasathi 'pomptine daldalichya lokankade' aanee itaratra pathavale jaat hote, parantu tyanna nakar denyat aala. volcine aakramanache sainya ubhe karoon yaa kshanik kamkuvatpanacha fayda ghenyacha prayatna keela, parantu mahamarine tyanna parabhoot kele, konatya prakarcha kinwa itihaskar maleria asalyacha nishkarsh kadhu shakatat qee nahee heey adyap sangitale gele nahee. roman lokanni sisilimadhye dhanya kharedi karoon velitre yethe tyanchi vasahat majboot kelee aanee norba yethe eka vasahat lavali, jee asha prakare pomptin pradeshachya sanrakshanasathi eka tatbandicha bindu bunley."ii. sha. puu. 433 madhye romla eka sathicha tras jhaala aanee tyane punha kharedidaranna pontinla pathavale, yaveli teey yashasvi jhaale. varvar pahata, kiman kahee daldalichi lagwad suru hotee, jee done uttarekadil rastyanvaril roman vasahatinchya uchch ghanatemule apekshit asoo shakate.
strabo mhanatoh "taracinasmore done nadyanni tayar jhaleli eka mothee daldali aahe; mothya daldalila auphidas (euphant) mhanatat. yethech epian marg pratham samudrala sparsh karato... tarasinajaval, tumhi romchya dishene jaat asatana, eka kalwa aahe joou epian margane jaato aanee anek thikani daldalichya aanee nadyanchya panyane tyala paanee puravile jaate... hii nauka khachcharne odhali jaate."
strabochya najaret, latium taracinachya dakshines sinuesaparyant pasarlela aahe. marshdware, vhaya epiya aanee vhaya latina yaa sandarbhat, latiumchi urvarit shahare... ektar yaa rastyanvar kinwa tyanchya jawal kinwa tyanchya darmyan sthit aahet."tyane aagney teey vayvyes monty lepini bhupranalichya anek vasahatinchi yadee dilee aaheh setia, signa, prevernum, cora, pometia aanee latina marge roman campagnachya uttarela itar anek vasahati.
daldalichya vishayavar pliny daad elderche vidhanah "circlolokadun phaar door nasalele aanakhi eka aashchary mhanje pomptin daldaliche thikan, jyaa thikani teen vela vanijyadut asalelya museanusne 24 shaharanche thikan asalyache sangitale aahe. tyanantar offentum nadee yete, jyachya varr taracina shahar aahe..."
teey jeey sangat nahee, mhanje shaharanchi nave aanee thikane yasathi ullekhaneey aahe. daldalimadhye 24 peksha jaast roman vasahati bandhalya gelya hotya, parantu latium waitus kinwa terracinachya dakshinekadil kinarpattichya pradeshanchi ganana kelyashivay terracina kinwa antiumchya aakarachya 24 takke jaaga shodhane shakya nahee.
plutarkchya matey, julius seasurechya daldalisathi mahattvakankshi yojana hotya, jyaa jarr lakshat aalya asatya kinwa sadhya jhalya asatya tarr tyane kelelya mohimedarmyan [europbhovati niyojit moheem] tee tarela valavali asatee... shaharachya agadi khalee khol kapanimadhye taar midvinyasathi aanee tyala sarkyoomchya dishene vakavoon taracinadware samudrat pravesh karnyasathi,..yashivay tyane pomentium aanee setia yaa chatushkonatil panyatoon paanee kadhoon takanyachi aanee tyanna ghatt jameen banavanyachi rachana kelee, jyamule hajaro lokanna lagvadimadhye rojgar milel..."
punarjagaran.
1298 madhye pope boniface VIII yanni ninfa nadila cavata nadishi jodanyasathi kalwa khodala hota, jyamule dharmopadeshakanchya rajvatitil bahutansh jameen vahoon gelee, jee alikadech tyanchya putanyanni vikat ghetali hotee. pokalitil paanee vadhalyane sezjavalachya daldalimadhye tivra puur aala. 1447 madhye mrutyu honyapurvi pope yujen IV yanni tyaa pradeshatil nadyanna jodanyasathi aanee niyantrit karnyasathi dusra kalwa khodoon dharmopadeshak aanee sez yanchyatil aata pradirgh kalapasoon suru asalela paanee vivad sodavanyacha prayatna keela, parantu tyancha mrutyu jhalyanantar haah prakalp sampala.
pope lio ex, eka vaidyakeey adhikari, yane haah prakalp purn karnyacha prastav thewala, parantu dharmopadeshak duke yanni masemarichya adhikaranvarun tyala virodh keela. 1514 madhye, tyane tyaeivaji bhupradeshachya sabhovatalacha pradesh nichara karnyacha nirnay ghetala, heey kaam pope sainyacha senapati, tyacha bhau giuliano dii medisi yala sopavale. punha midavaleli serve jameen vaidyakeey adhikari rakhoon thevatat. 1515 madhye, giulianone yaa prakalpachi rachana karnyasathi leonardo daa vincila niyukt kele. tyane euphant nadila canley giuliano aanee canley portatordware marg upalabdh karoon dile. 1516 madhye giulianocha mrutyu jhaala aanee malmattechya hakkanchya muddyavar kaam thambavanyasathi taracina shaharane dharmopadesh aanee sezesah ekatra kaam thambavale. daldaliche lock doctoranna tyanchi jameen gheu denar navhate.
pope martin vhee, sixtus vhee aanee payas vhee yaa sarvanni samasya sodavanyacha prayatna keela. payas sahava yane rastyachi punarbandhani kelee. 1561 madhye pope payas IV yane ganitshastradnya rafael bombelli yanchya sevet kaam kele, jyanni tuscan appenincemadhil valle dii chianamadhil daldalichi jameen punha midvanyat hydraulic abhiyanta mhanoon pratishtha midavali hotee, parantu haah prakalpahi nishfal tharala.
mahatvakankshi sixtus vhee neey dekhil yaa bhagachi punarprapti karnyache ayashasvi prayatna kele aanee pontin daldalichya thikanala bhet dilyanantar maleriyamule tyacha mrutyu jhaala.
18 weey shatak.
17 februwari 1787 roji, johann wolfgang gothene tyacha chitrakar-mitra tischbens yaa pradeshala bhet dilee. daad italian journey' yaa tyanchya pustakat tyanni namood kele aahe qee, 'tyanni itake white swaroop kadhich pahile nahee jitke tyanche varnan samanyatah rommadhye kele jaate. heey "eka mothe aanee vyapak karya" aahe heey pahilyanantar gothela paanee kadhoon taknyachya prayatnanmadhye rus vatoo lagla. tyane kadachit yaa drushyat hii pratima tyachya 'fost II', adhiniyam v: "dongral sakhalivar eka daldali pasarleli aahe, jee mea aataparyant sadhya karat asalelya goshti vishari karate; jarr mea nichara karnyasathi gongat karnara talav asato, tarr 'donhi sarvoch, shevatche sadhya hoil. asha prakare mea kotyavadhi lokanna jaaga dein. jithe, jaree teey surakshit nasale taree mukt aanee sakriy rahoo shakatat."
19 weey shatak.
shatak shatkachya akheris, eka prussian adhikari, mejar fedder maria wonn donat (1847-1919) hyala eka kalpana hotee; too parvatanchya payathyakhalun eka kalwa tayar karel, joou terracina yetheel valuchya valuchya jaeel. heey dongaratoon vahanare paanee jithe teey adakale hote tyaa sarvat khalchya patalivar pohochanyapurvi gola karel. kalwa pranalimadhye gola kelele paanee nantar bhoomadhya samudrat pump kele jaeel. kalwa pranalila veej denyasathi aavashyak asaleli veej dongral bhagatil jalvidhyut prakalp asalelya dharnandware gola kelee jaeel. german paytant karyalayane 17,120 yaa kramankakhali prakalpache paytant ghetale. paach varshanchya kalavadhit daldaliche bhag korade padanyachi tyanna apeksha hotee.
mejar wonn donat yanni tyanchi kalpana rome aanee berlinmadhye prakashit kelee aanee berlinmadhil egche mahavyavasthapak emil rathenau yanche laksh vedhanyat teey yashasvi jhaale. rathenaula vijechya guntavanukisathi bajarpeth kshamata disali, mhanoon tyane aanee berlinmadhil kahee udhyogpatinni, tasech khajgi vittapuravathadaranni 1900 madhye 'pontin syndicate limited' tayar kele. yaa prakalpasathi 70 laakh sonyache guna bajula thewale gele. (eka chinh paach gramm shuddha chandiche asalyane, hii rakkam 1900 americi dollarmadhil $17.5m chya samatulya aahe.) eka aut ashee hotee qee italiyananna prakalpavaril nidhichi barobari karavi lagel.
1898 madhye, fedder wonn donatne batalian commander mhanoon aaplya padacha rajinama deela aanee aaplya kutumbasah romla gele. tethe tyanni tyanchya prakalpasathi sarkar, tasech chaar mothe jamindar, aarthik vartulatil jodani aanee vaticansathi lobbing kele. tyane terracinajavalil daldaliche bhadepattivar ghetale aanee 'tenuta ponte magiore' heey eka aadarsh shet sthapan kele. teen bailanni bailanni pracheen egyptian prakarchya panyachya chakanchya madatine, too heey siddha karoo shakala qee moorlandchya matimadhye 70 peksha jaast gunanchya sendriya padarthanchi takkewari jaast hotee; yamule heey siddha jhaale qee varshala teen kapani shakya hotee. tyane tyachya 80 kamgaranna quininechya dainandin matrene maleriyapasoon vachavale. tyane roman patrakaranna tyachya malmattevaril patrakar parishadela aamantrit kele. 1902 madhye, mothya german vruttapatranni, tasech paradeshi vruttapatranni yaa prakalpabaddal dirgh lekh prakashit kele. teey anekada vikas prakalpabaddal rashtriy abhimanachi bhavna balgat asat. sarvat mahattvache mhanje, rajdhanichya aaspaschya grameen bhagat maleriyachya nirmulanasathi donat yanni yuktivad keela. maleriyamule dakshinekade romcha vistar rokhala gela, jyachya vasahatimule vasahatvadi yuddhavina italisathi eka naveen prant miloo shakala. daldalichya shaharikaranamule 2,00,000 italian lokanche sthalantar rokhata aale. 1900 chya sumaras, 700 chauras kilometerpeksha mothya kinarpattichya pradeshasathi 1,000 peksha qamee rahivasi mojata yeu shakatat. 1899 madhye manjur jhalelya kayadyanusar, malakanna dongaranmadhun surakshitpane paanee baher kadhanyachi vyavastha karane, vidyaman kalve khule thevane aanee 24 varshanchya kalavadhisathi purgrast jilhyacha punarprapt karane bandhankarak hote.
danatchi yojana ayashasvi jhaali. yaveli purvavartinpramanech tantrik kamatarata navhati, tarr rajkiy charcha yaa prakalpachya margat adthala nirman karat hotya. udarmatvadi sarkarne sankoch keela aanee uttarela pradhanya dile, jithe pochya pochya mothya daldalichya bhagannahi punha midvane aavashyak hote. pontin daldalitil chaar mothya malmatta malakancha hinsak pratikar haah tyanchya daldalichya deshachya mothya bhagachya german syndicatela aavashyak japti aanee bhadepattivar dilyachi pratikriya hotee. milanmadhil banka vyavsayik, saha-vittaposhakachya, kamala suruvat karnyas vilamb jhaala. donat, jyache lobbing swatachya nidhivar chalayache, tyane 1903 paryant tyachya patniche 75,000 suvarnachinh sampavale. ayashasvi houn too germanyla paratala. 4 september 1914 roji pontin syndicate visarjit karnyat aale. tyasah, adhik jameen midvinyasathi aantarrashtriy guntavanukicha akali parantu dhadsi prayatna sampala.
20 weey shatak.
1928 saalee daldalichi loksankhya 1,637 hotee. teey lock shetatil zopadyanmadhye rahat hote, charat hote, shetee karat hote aanee bahutansh vela tyanchi prakruti khalavali hotee. italian reed crossney sangitale qee, maleriyachya hangamat, daldalimadhye eka ratra ratra 80 takke lokanna sansarg jhaala.
"shubh avibhajya".
1922 pasoon, italian sarkarchya aarogya vibhagane, aupera nazionel combatentisobat kaam karat, maleriyacha samna karnyasathi "bonifica integral" navacha eka naveen upkram vikasit keela. tyat teen tappe hote, pahile mhanje "bonifica idraulica", jeey daldaliche paanee kadhoon takte aanee panyavar niyantran thevate. musolini aanee tyachya pakshane yala 'daldalichi ladhai' mhatale kaaran tyasathi kamgaranchi bharati, tainati aanee puravatha aavashyak hota. roji tappyat, 'bonifica agraria', dagadi ghare aanee sarvajanik upayogitansah gharanchi vasahat bandhali jaanar hotee aanee jameen vasahatindvare bhagavali jaanar hotee. tisra tappa, 'bonifica egnica' neey dasanviruddha ('anopheles labranchia'), jase qee padade aanee pandhare dhune (jenekarun daas sahaj olakhata yeteel aanee marle jaatil) aanee maleriyaviruddha, jase qee quinineche vitaran aanee aarogya seva sthapan karane, asha upayayojana kelya.
1922 madhye dekhil, benito musolinila rajane pantpradhan kele. 1926 madhye, aarogya vibhagane tyber nadichya tribhuj pradeshat naveen dhoranacha prayogik prakalp haatee ghetala, jameen punha midavali aanee mothya yashasah 45 naveen gharanchi nirmiti kelee, jyanantar musolini jahajavar chadhala. aarogya vibhagachya mahasanchalakanna kelelya vinantinusar, alessandro messiane pontin daldalisathi eka yojana sadar kelee. 1928 madhye musolini too sansadet aanala; too 'musolinicha kayada' banala aanee 1929 madhye tyachi amalbajavani houu lagali. 1939 madhye, pomazia yaa shevatchya naveen shaharachya samavesh samarambhat, haah prakalp purn ghoshit karnyat aala.
1930 pasoon, 'bonifica idraulica' neey zudupanche jungle saaf kele, ekoon checkerboard kalve aanee khandak bandhale, nadyanche gaal kadhoon takale, tyanchya kathanvar paanee bharale, khaliche bhag bharale aanee aavashyak asalyas kalvyanchi unchi badalanyasathi pumping station bandhale. antim kalwa, musolini kalwa, anziojavalachya tyrenian samudrat khalee padato. 1933 madhye 124,000 124,000 rojgar deuun haah prakalp shikharavar pohochala. aadhichya krishi loksankhyela pragatichya navakhali nishedhakhali baher kadhanyat aale. kateri taranni vedhalelya chhavanit kamgaranna damboon thevanyat aale. shibire gardichi hotee, vetan qamee hote, taas lamb hote, ann kharab hote, swachchata kharab hotee, aarogyaseva upalabdh navhati aanee vaidyakeey sevecha abhav hota. matra, kamgar nokri sodu shakat hote aanee uladhal jaast hotee. 1935 madhye, tappa purn jhalyavar, tyaa sarvanna notice naan deta badtarf karnyat aale. anekanna maleriyachi lagan jhaali hotee.
sarkarne sumare 2,000 kutumbe (bahutek uttar italitil) pramanit parantu kaljipurvak vaividhyapurn nilya garanchi done majali grameen ghare, jyat farshidar chhappar hote, tyamadhye thewali. pratyek vasahati kutumbala sthanik matichi supikata aanee kutumbachya aakaranusar eka shetjameen, eka oven, eka nangar aanee itar shetichi sadhane, eka ghar, kahee gayee aanee anek hector jameen denyat aalee hotee. musolini pracharasathi 10 varshanchya mohimecha vapar keela aanee anekada kamgaranmadhye, hatat favada gheuun shirt nasalele kinwa kapanichya velee gavhache malani kartana chhayachitra kadhale gele; yaa prasanganche rashtriy staravar dakhavalelya prachar batmyanmadhye samavesh karnyasathi istituto leusene niyamitpane chitrikaran kele hote.
littoriya (1932, aata latina), sabaudia (1934), pontinia (1935), aprilia (1937) aanee pomagia (1939) hii naveen shahare itar anek lahan "borgi" (grameen gave) sobatach sthapan karnyat aalee. yaa shaharanchi kaljipurvak vegali keleli vastukala aanee shahari niyojanache pailu aajahi lakshavedhi aahet.
anziochi ladhai.
8 september 1943 roji, roji mahayuddhat, rajane aadhich musolinichya atakecha aadesh jaaree karoon, italine paksh badalale. german lokanni vachavalyanantar too uttar italivareel eka kathputali shasson asalelya sallo prajasattakacha pramukh banala. italiche sanrakshn aanee tethil bandkhor loksankhyeche daman heey veharmachvar sodale gele. cicilly gamavalyanantar, tyanni daldalichya dakshinekadil gustaf reshecha yashasviritya bachav keela, jyamule germananna mage taknyachya prayatnat anzio aanee netuno yethe sahyogi landing aavashyak jhaale. maleria krishi pontinomadhye parat aala hotah quinine aanee itar aushadhancha puravatha qamee hota kinwa german lokanni tyanna rokhale hote, ann kharab hote, dhatuchya kamataratemule padadyanchi durusti rokhali gelee aanee balkanmadhun balkanmadhun diggajanni rogache pratirodhak prabhed parat aanale.
german lokanni pump thambavale aanee khaare paanee punha bharoon dike ughadale. german maleriyashastradnya erich martini aanee ernst rodenwalt yanni tyanna sallah deela hota qee, mithache paanee parat aalyane "anopheles labranchia" parat yenyas protsahan milel, jeey kharat vatavaranat bharbharatila yete. yaa panyamule shetihi nasht hoil, aajubajuchya bhagatoon ann aanee godya panyacha aavashyak puravatha kadhoon takel, jyacha kiman lashkari parinam jhaala parantu loksankhyecha naash jhaala. jaree heey kharey aahe qee bogmule avjad upkarananchya halchalit adthala aala, taree german lokanni tyaa karanastav daldalila puur deela nahee; germanankade asalelya kahee sarvat mothya tofkhanyanchya tukadyanmadhun avjad golibarakhali asaleli upkarane kuthehi jaat navhati. puur hii jaivik yuddhachi krutee hotee aanee maleriyashastratil german lokanchya majee italian italian tyala virodh keela hota, parantu keselringchya karmcharivargavaril konitari-aajahi adnyat-haah aadesh jaaree keela.
tyamule mitra aanee german, dasanni grast asalelya dabyat ladhatana disale. naveen ghare payadalasathi aashraysthan aanee takyansathi aavaran mhanoon vaparali jaat hotee. ernie pile sangate keeh "pontinchya yaa chhotyasha shetavar musolini shekado shetjameen bandhali... dagadi shetgruhe... mea eka eka nangartana aanee german kavach tyachya shetatach padatana pahile. aamhi lokanna baher kadhanyacha prayatna keela... pann tyanchyapaiki kahinni tyanchi ghare sodanyas nakar deela. kadhikadhi german lock shetatil eka farmhouse nivadat asat, mallah vatate qee tyat eka kamand poost aahe heey samajoon gheuun teey fatake marnyasathi udavat asat. tyanantar, aanee tevhach, kahee italian kutumbe baher padali... konatyahi bajula rastyavar gayicha kinwa ghodyacha sangad disalyashivay aamhi paach minite gaadee chalvu shakat navhato."
agro pontino.
anziochya ladhaine daldalila vinashkari sthiteet sodale; musolini sadhya kelele jawaljawal serve kahee ulatale. shahare uddhvast jhaali hotee, ghare udoon gelee hotee, kharya panyane bharaleli daldali, naale bharale gele, maidani bhagachi loksankhya qamee jhaali hotee, dasanchi bharbharat hott hotee aanee maleria vadhat hota. jalaniyantranachya pramukh rachana tikoon rahilya aanee kahee varshant, krishi pontino punarsanchayit karnyat aala. 1947 madhye musolini tayar kelelya littoriya prantache naav badaloon latina asey karnyat aale. maleriyacha shevatcha pradurbhav 1950 chya dashakat dii. dii. tii. chya madatine jinkla gela.
aaj, eka nalika pranali koradya bhagatoon jaate. pontin pradeshat gahoo, fale aanee drakshanchi lagwad kelee jaate. agro pontino" heey yuddhapoorv aanee yuddhottar asha donhi prakarchya vastukalesaha aadhunik shaharansah eka fulanche bhupradesh aahe. 2000 salaparyant, purvichya nirjan pradeshat sumare 5,20,000 rahivasi rahat hote. matra, daldalichi ladhai kadhich sampat nahee; satat dakshata naan balgata, kalvyanchi gaal kadha, pampanchi durusti aanee adyayavat karane ityadishivay, shatru lavkarach parat yeil. durvarchya samasyancha dhoka kayam aaheh paryavaranache rasayanik pradushan, dii. dii. tii.-pratirodhak daas aanee maleriyache aushadh-pratirodhak prabhed.
bahya duve.
<bii. aar.>

