russian sanshodhanacha itihas

russian federation, soviet union, russian samrajya, rashiyache sardam aanee itar russian purvavarti rajyanchya nagarikanni kinwa prajanni kelelya sanshodhanacha itihas haah russiachya itihasacha tasech jagachya itihasacha eka mahattvapoorn bhag aahe. russia haah jagatil sarvat motha desh aahe, joou pruthvichya nauvya bhoobhagapeksha jaast vyapato. soviet union aanee russian samrajyachya kalat, jagatil bhoobhagatil deshacha vaataa 1/6 paryant pohochala. yapaiki bahutek pradesh pratham russian sanshodhakanni shodhale (jarr vastee asalelya pradeshantil sthanik lokanchi ganana kelee gelee nasel tarr). eurasiatil sanlagn shodh aanee russian americet paradeshi vasahatinchi ubharani heey russian pradeshik vistaratil kahee prathamik ghatak hote.
alaska, madhya ashiya, cyberia aanee uttar dhruvachya aaspaschya uttarekadil bhagantil tyanchya shodhanvyatirikt, russian sanshodhakanni antarctic, arctic aanee paisiphik betanchya shodhat, tasech khol samudra aanee antaral shodhat mahattvapoorn yogdan dile aahe.
1000 see. eae. purvi.
dahavya shatkaparyant, purv europeey maidanacha uttarekadil bhag aanee tyachya baltic aanee shatkapasoon samudra kinarpattivar purv slavic, baltic aanee finnick lokanchya jamatinni sthayik kele. yaa pradeshacha pahila aitihasik shodh norse varangiyananni ghetala, jyanni russiachya rajyanchi sthapana kelee. tyaa rajvatichya vighatananantar, moscochya grand duchyne akheris 13 vya shatkapasoon european russiachya bahutek jamini gola kelya.
1000-1500.
kelee shatkapasoon, shatkapasoon samudrachya prashant sthayik jhalelya aanee pommers ("samudrakinari rahnare") mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya russiananchya eka gatane arctic mahasagarachya mahasagarachya samudrat naukanayan karnyas suruvat kelee, haloohaloo kochee mhanoon olakhali jaanari pahili burf todanari jahaje vikasit kelee. kelee shatkachya suruvatilach novgorod prajasattakatil russian lokanni adhunmadhun cyberiamadhye pravesh keela hota. 14 vya shatkat novgorodian lokanni kaara samudra aanee paschim cyberian oo. bii. nadicha shodh ghenyas suruvat kelee. madhya ashiyamadhye kholvar pravas rupantar kinwa dakshin aashiyala bhet bhet durmil madhyayugeen europeey lokanmadhye russian hote. vladimircha rajkumar yaroslav dusra aanee tyache putra alekzandar yaroslavik nevsky aanee andre yaroslavik yanni 1240 chya dashakat mangolian samrajyachi rajdhani karakoramla pravas keela, tarr twerchya sansthanatil vyapari afanasi nikitin yanni 'teen samudranchya palikade pravas' karoon pertia aanee bharatacha pravas keela.
1500-1700.
shodh yugachya suruvatiparyant, keevan raschya purvichya anek sansthananna moscochya grand duchyne ektrit kele. rashiyache sardam ghoshit kele, kele shatkachya akheris rajyane 1552 madhye kazanche khanat aanee 1556 madhye austrakhanche khanat jinkun europechya sarvat purvekadil pradeshanvar vasahat kelee hotee, asha prakare volga nadichya nadichya purn niyantran midavale. ashiyakade jaanyacha marg khula karnyat aala aanee 1581 madhye yermack timofevichne sahsi lokanchya eka gatasah ural parvat paar kele, cyberian khanatcha parabhav keela aanee russiachya cyberiachya vijayala suruvat kelee.
cyberiachya vishal pradeshanchya jalad shodhkaryache netrutva pramukhyane kosyak aanee pommer yanni maulyavan phara, masale aanee hastidant yanchi shikar karoon kele. payanda, pyotra becketov, kurbat ivanov, ivan moskvittin, vasily poyarkov aanee yarofi khabrov yasarkhya sanshodhakanni cyberian nadimargavarun purvekade kooch kele aanee 17 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant purv cyberiamadhye, chuchchi dweepkalpavar, amoor nadichya kathavar aanee prashant prashant russian vasahati hotya. 1648 madhye ashiya aanee uttar america yanchyatil berring samudradhuni europeanni prathamach fedot popov aanee semian deznov yanni paar kelee. ivan petlin aanee nikole milescoochya pravasamule mosco aanee ming chean yanchyat sampark prasthapit jhaala. america shatkachya suruvatiparyant vladimir etlasovchya netrutvakhalil rashiyatil lokanni kamchatakachi vasahat kelee hotee.
1700 chya dashakat.
mohimanche nakashe.
1721 madhye deshache russian samrajyat rupantar rupantar pieter daad gretney russiachya pahilya vadyamudranache aadesh dile aanee mahan uttarekadil mohimechi kalpana kelee, jee samratachya mrutyunantar neta aanee mukhya aayojak mhanoon vitus berrings kelee gelee. pratyaksh aanee apratyakshapane 3,000 hoon adhik lock sahbhagi asaleli hii moheem tyachya bhaugolik praman aanee parinamannusar itihasatil sarvat mothya shodh upkramanpaiki eka hotee. berringchya 1728-1729 madheel berring samudradhunitun jhalelya pahilya samudraparyatan aanee 1732 madhye ivan fyodorov aanee mikhail gwozdev yanni alaskacha european shodh ghenyapurvi, mohimechya kamgirimadhye berring aanee alexey chirikov yanni alutian bete aanee commander betancha shodh lavala, bahutek russian arctic kinarpattiche aanee paisiphik paisiphik bhag, stephen malgin, demetry ovatsin, fyodora minin, semyon chelyauskin, vasily pronchishev, khariton laptave aanee demetry laptave yanchya netrutvakhalil sanghanni aay. dii. 2 madhye mapping kele. jerhard friedrich mueller, johann george gymeline aanee stepan krashninikov yansarkhya vidnyanatil tarun russian akadamichya suruvatichya sadasyanni banalelya mohimechya shaikshanik pathkane cyberia aanee kamchatka yaa vishayatil pahilya vanshik, aitihasik aanee vaidnyanik sanshodhanache udghatan kele.
america.
america shatkachya uttaradhat aanee shodh shatkachya suruvatila, russian-american kampanisarkhya sarkari aanee khajgi udhyoganchya sanyukt prayatnandvare, grigori shelikhov, nikole rezanov, alekzandar baranov aanee itaranchya netrutvakhali amerikechya russian vasahatikaranala anusarale gele. russian lokanni alaskachya bahutek kinarpattyanche aanee jawalchya betanche nakashe kadhale, dweepkalpachya aateel bhagancha shodh ghetala aanee californiatil phorta rosparyant dakshinekade gele.
1800 chya dashakat.
pradakshina ghalane.
seent pietersberg aanee russian america yanchyat thet sagari sampark sthapit karnyachya anshatah uddeshane, ivan cruisenshtern aanee yuri lisiansky yanni pahilya russian pradakshina kelee. tyanantar adhik russian jalparyatan jhaale, visheshtah oto coatzebue, ferdinand rangel, vasily golovenin aanee fyodora litte yanchya netrutvakhali. yaa samudraparyatananni alaska aanee prashant mahasagarat anek shodh lavale. vostok' aanee 'mirney' yaa sloopswar fabian gottlieb wonn bellingshousen aanee mikhail lazarev yanchya netrutvakhalil jaagtik mohimene antarctica khandacha shodh lavala.
shodh shatkat cyberiachya aateel bhagancha vaidnyanik shodh tivra jhaala. alekzandar midendorff, ivan chersky aanee vladimir obruchev yansarkhya shastradnyanni madhya aanee purv cyberiachya jatil aurographic pranalinchi sthapana kelee. yaa shatkachya madhyat, amoorchya vilinikaranachya sumaras, russian sarkarne amoor nadee khore, primorsky krai aanee sakhalinchya shodh aanee vasahatikaranasathi barech prayatna kele.
madhya aashiyacha vijay.
madhya aashiyavar russiachya vijayabarobar mangolia, jangeria aanee tibets eurasiachya kholvar anek shodhakanni pravesh keela. yaa dishene kelelya ullekhaneey shodhkartyanmadhye chokan valikhanov, pyotara semyonov-tyan-shansky, pyotara chikhachyov, nikole prazevalsky, grigori groom-grashimelo, bronislav grombchevsky aanee pyotara kozlov yancha samavesh hota. gombojab tsibikov haah lasamadhil pahila european sanshodhak hota, parantu tyane daphan yatrekarunchya paramparik rastyane pravas keela.
1900 chya dashakat.
dhruviy shodh.
shodh shatkachya uttaradhat aanee aanee shatkachya suruvatila aarktikchya shodhat navyane rus disun aala. tyaa kalatil anek mohimanche durdaivi bhavitavya tharale, jase qee edward toll, georgy brucilov, vladimir rusanov aanee georgy sedovchya samudraparyatananni, tarihi kahee maulyavan bhaugolik parinam aanale. aadhunik kalatil dhruviy himkhand, jeey steppen makarovchya "yermack" pasoon tayar jhaale aahe, tyamule arctic samudraparyatan surakshit jhaale aanee uttarekadil samudramargacha shodh ghenyache naveen prayatna jhaale. pruthvivaril shevatcha pramukh adnyat dweepsamuh, severnaya zemalya, boris wilkitskine tyachya 1913 chya himkhandanchya 'taimir' aanee 'vaygach' mohimedarmyan shodhala hota aanee nantar 1931 madhye nikole urvantsev aanee georgy ushakov yanni tyacha shodh ghetala aanee nakasha kadhala. oto shmitchya netrutvakhalil uttar sagari margachya soviet mukhya sanchalanalayane russian aarktikcha shodh purn keela aanee 1930 chya dashakat russiachya uttar uttar niyamit sagari dalanvalan sthapit kele. "ivan papninchya netrutvakhalil chamoone bharalele 'north pole-1' heey barfavareel oghanare thikan, 1937-38 madheel asha prakarchi pahili moheem tharali aanee tyane satat satat dhruviy sanshodhan kendranche udghatan kele jeey aajahi suru aahe.
aantarrashtriy bhubhautikiy varsh 1957-1958 darmyan soviet unionne antarcticmadhye aapali upasthiti sthapit kelee, soviet antarctic mohimanchi malika suru kelee. mikhail somov, alexei treshnikov aanee yevgeni tolstikov yanchya netrutvakhalil pahilya mohimanni antarcticachya aateel bhagat anek shodh lavale aanee durgamatechya dakshin dhruvavar aanee thandichya dakshin dhruvavar pohochale. nantarchya thikani, vostoke sthanakachya jagevar, pruthvivaril shevatchya pramukh bhaugolik shodhanpaiki eka asalele subglacial lake vostoke, antarctic barfachya kavchakhali kholvar sapadale.
antaral yug.
1957 madhye soviet unionne 'sputnik 1' haah pruthvibhovati pradakshina ghalanara pahila krutrim upgrah prakshepit karoon antaral yug suru kele. itar anek soviet aanee russian antaral sanshodhan nondi pudhe aalyah 1961 madhye vostoke 1 varr yuri gagarinane kelele pahile manvi antaral uddan; 1963 madhye antaralatil pahili mahila, valentin tereskova; 1965 madhye alexey leonovne kelele pahile antaral chalane; 1970 madhye chandravar pahile antaral sanshodhan rover, lunokhod-1 aanee 1971 madhye pahile antaral sthanak, "salute 1" prakshepit kele.
rashiyatil sarvat alikadil sanshodhan upkramanmadhye miir panbudyanvaril mohimancha samavesh aahe, visheshtah aar. emm. ess. 'titanic' chee tapasani aanee uttar dhruvakhali samudrachya talavar russian dhwaj lavane, jeey artur chilingarovchya netrutvakhalil 'arkatika 2007' mohimedware prathamach pohochale.

