
purvoshna kshetra

neuroenatomymadhye, pretectal kshetra kinwa pretectum hii saat kendrakanni banaleli madhya menduchi rachana aahe aanee tyat subcourtical visual systemcha bhag asato. drushtipatalatun paraspar dwaipakshik andajandware, heey pramukhyane pupillary light reflex, optokinetic reflex aanee circadian talat tatpurte badal yasarkhya sabhovatalachya prakashatil tivra badalanna vartanatmak pratisadanmadhye madhyasthi karnyat guntalele asate. drushya pranalimadhye pretectumchya bhoomikevyatirikt, purvavarti pretectal kendrak somatocensary aanee nociseptive mahitimadhye madhyasthi karat asalyache aadhalun aale aahe.
sthan aanee rachana.
pretectum haah atyant parasparanshi jodalelya kendrakancha eka dwipakshi gut aahe joou madhya mendu aanee agra menduchya sangmajaval sthit aahe. pretectumche samanyatah madhya menduchi rachana mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate, jaree tyachya agra menduchya jawal asalyamule tyache kadhikadhi coddle dynesphalonecha (agra mendu) bhag mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate. prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhye, pretectum thet varchya colliculuschya purvela aanee thalamuschya pashchasthani sthit asate. heey prushthbhagachya kamisharchya periaquiductal grey aanee kendrakachya varr sthit aahe.
jaree tyanchya seema paribhashit karane katheen asoo shakate aanee konatya pradeshancha samavesh karava aanee tyanchi achook nave yavar vadavivad jhaala asala taree pretactummadhye anek kendrake olakhali gelee aahet. paach prathamik kendrake aaheth olivery pretectal nucleus (aun), optic tractche kendrak (nott) aanee anterior (aine. pii. aii.), medial (aine. pii. emm.) aanee postariyar (aine. pii. pii.) pretectal nucleus. nott' madhye tulanene mothya peshi asatat aanee teey varchya kolikulichya darmyan sthit asate. chaloo haah madhyabhagi aanee chaloo asalelya bajula sthit aahe aanee tyachi shepati aahe jee chaloo asalelya bajula ventral aahe aanee aine. pii. pii. darmyan vistarte. done atirikt kendrake dekhil olakhali gelee aaheth pashch seema (pii. ell. aay.) aanee kamisural prtectal kshetra (see. pii. aii.). yaa done pradeshanchi paach prathamik kendrakanitaki tapasani kelee gelee nasali taree, sanshodhanat darshavile gele aahe qee pii. ell. aay. aanee see. pii. aii. donhi drushtipatalatil input prapt karatat, jeey drushya mahitivar prakriya karnyat bhoomika darshavate.
input.
pretactumla drushtipatalatil prakashsanvedanshil ganglian peshinmadhun lakshaniy durbini input milate. narvanshanmadhye heey affarent heey dwipakshi asatat tarr kruntakanmadhye teey parasparvirodhi drushtipatalatun prakshepit hotat. yapaiki bahutansh retino-pretactal prakshepan chaloo asatat aanee chaloo nasatat, tarr itar pretactal kendrakanna prushth, madhya aanee purviy pretactal kendrakansah sastan pranyanmadhye lahan retina input milate.
anek pradeshanmadhun input milat nahee. thalamuspasoon, ipecilatoral lateral geneculate nucleus aanee bilateral intergeniculate patrakatil gaba-utpadak neuronskadoon natakanna pratibandhatmak andaj prapt hotat. madhya-mastishk prakalpatil ipsilateral varvarchya atee-vyasam kendrak aanee madhya, prushthiy aanee parshviy antim kendrak heey naa. medulamadhil nucleus prepositus hypoglocy, contralateral nott aanee vividh cortical pradeshanmadhun dekhil tantuncha prakshep hoto.
utpadan.
anek purv-bahya kendrake nirjalit andajanchi uddishte samayik karatat. aun vagalata serve pretectal nucleus, thalamus, subthalamus, superior colliculus, reticular formation, pones aanee nikrusht olivemadhil nucleusver prakshepit hotat. chaloo aanee see. pii. aii. yaa donhikade edinger-westfell kendrakasathi prabhavi andaj asatat. aine. pii. pii. aanee aine. pii. aii. donhi palvinar, thalamusche parshvik pashch kendrak aanee anek purv-beller kendrakanna prakshepit karatat.
subthalamuschya zona incerta, ponschya anek kendrak, medula, intralaminar kendrak, madhya mendu aanee prushthiy aanee ventral thalamic kendrakanna notche prabhavi andaj aahet. sahayak optic pranalisathichya tyachya dwaipakshik pratibandhatmak andajanmadhye parshviy aanee madhya terminal kendrakanshi jodani samavisht aahe. subthalemusche prakshepan heey parshviy janukeey kendrak aanee palvinarchya dishene lakshya kele jaatat. jaree ipecilatral jodani adhik prabhavi asalyache disate, taree uchch kolikyulasasathi dwaipakshik prakalp naheet. yaa andajanvyatirikt, vestibular aanee vestibulocerabler rile kendrakanparyant prakalp naheet.
karya.
subcourtical visual systemcha eka bhag mhanoon, pretactal nucleusmadhil neurons prakashachya vegvegalya tivratanna pratisad detat aanee pramukhyane prakashatil tivra badalanna jaaniv nasalelya vartanukichya pratisadanmadhye madhyasthi karnyat guntalele asatat. sarvasadharanpane, yaa pratisadanmadhye optokinetic reflexchee suruvat samavisht asate, jaree pretectum nossiseption aanee raim sleep dekhil niyantrit karoo shakate.
pupillary light reflex.
pupillary light reflex pretectamdware madhyasthi kelee jaate. prakash dolhyamadhye pravesh kelyavar putalyanchya aakunchanala haah pratikshep jababdar asato. anek pretactal kendrake, visheshtah aun, netramargadware ipsilateral retinapasoon prakash mahitee prapt karatat. prakashanachya vadhatya patalila pratisad mhanoon chaloo asalelya kendrakanmadhye haloohaloo sakriyatet vaadh hote. hii mahitee nantar thet edinger-westfell kendrakala dilee jaate, jee ciliary gangliandware putalyanna pupillary sphinctorshee sankuchit karanyachi aadnya prasarit karate.
sahajpane pathpurava.
pretactal nucleus, visheshtah nott, gulgulit pathpurava kartana dolhyanchya halchalinche samanvay sadhanyat guntalele asatat. yaa halchalinmule dolha ekhadya halana vastoocha barkaine magova gheu shakato aanee dishene kinwa vegat anpekshit badal jhalyanantar ekhadya vastoola pakadu shakato. dishasanvedanshil drushtipatal slip neurons, jeey retinamadhye nasatat, teey khalchya olivdware aachchhadanala ipesiversive aadvya drushtipatal trutichi mahitee pradan karatat. divasa, hii mahitee mothya grahansheel kshetransah neuronsdware jaanavali aanee prasarit kelee jaate, tarr lahan grahansheel kshetransah paraphovial neurons andharat asey karatat. yaa margatoonach dolhyanchya halchalinna margadarshan karnyasathi drushtipatalatil trutichi mahitee pradan karane shakya hott nahee. sahajpane pathpurava rakhanyat tyachya bhoomikevyatirikt, optokinetic nistagmus darmyan pretectum sakriy hoto jyamadhye dolha madhyavarti, pudhe-tond asalelya sthiteet parat yeto, jevha too mage ghet asaleli vastoo drushtichya kshetratun baher jaate.
aavas pratikshep.
pretactumcha bhag, visheshtah nott aanee aine. pii. pii., samayojan pratikshepat guntalela asato jyadvare dolha laksh kendrit karato. drushtipatalatun propreoceptive mahitee auculomotor majjatantu aanee trigeminal majjatantudware pretectamparyant pohochate. tyaa tappyapasoon, dolhyane drushtipatalatil snayunchya aakunchanandware jyaa yantranedvare laksh kendrit kele aahe tee yantrana pupillary light reflexsarkhich aahe.
antinocyception.
aine. pii. aii. vedna uttejak (antinocyception) chee dharana sakriyapane qamee karnyat sahbhagi hote. jaree aine. pii. aii. vednadayak uttejananna jivanchya pratisadat badal karate tee yantrana purnapane dnyat nasali taree, sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee ventral aine. pii. aii. madheel kriyakalap collinergic aanee serotonergic neuronsla chalana detat. heey neurons avarohi marg sakriy karatat jeey pathichya kanyat sanyugma hotat aanee prushthbhagachya shingatil nociseptive peshi rokhatat. tyachya thet antionosiseptive yantranevyatirikt, aine. pii. aii. menduchya asha bhaganvar prakshepit hote, jeey somatocensary cortexshee jodani karoon vednadayak uttejananchi dharana niyantrit karatat. aine. pii. aii. jyaa done pradeshanna prakshepit karate teey mhanje zona incerta aanee posterior thalamic nucleus. aine. pii. aii. chey bhag vividh prakarchya vedanela pratisad denyasathi vishesh asoo shakatat. sanshodhanat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee prushthbhagavaril aine. pii. aii. neey sankshipt vedanechi dharana qamee kelee tarr nilayatil aine. pii. aii. neey junat vedanechi dharana qamee kelee. dirghakalin vedna qamee karnyat tyachi bhoomika asalyamule, aine. pii. aii. chee asamanya kriya madhyavarti vedna lakshansamuchchayamadhye guntaleli asalyache manale jaate.
zopun jaa.
raim zope aanee zopechya vartananche niyaman karnyat anek pretectal nucleuscha samavesh asoo shakato. sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee pretectum, uchch colliculuschya sanyogane, raim zopechya vartananmadhye gair-circadian badal ghadavun aananyasathi jababdar asoo shakate. retinal input prapt karnare pretectal nucleus, visheshtah nott aanee aine. pii. pii., heey albino undaranmadhye raim sleep suru karnyasathi anshatah jababdar asalyache darshavile gele aahe. pretectumpasoon anek thalamic kendrakanparyantchya prakshepanancha shodh, jeey raim sleep darmyan cortical sakriyatemadhye sameel aahe, supertusematic kendrakasathiche prakshepan, jeey dnyat raim sleep niyamak yantranecha bhag aahe, heey yaa gruhitkala samarthan dete.