
cestina

cestina (, cesto, sahavya pasoon; june ausitanah cladysat; jyala cestin, sextin, sexten asehi mhanatat) haah eka nishchit padya prakar aahe jyamadhye pratyeki sahaa olinchya sahaa charanancha samavesh asato, samanyatah teen-ola envoidware anusarla jaato. pahilya charanachya pratyek oleela samapt karnare shabd khaleel pratyek charanat, eka nishchit rachnet firavalelya, reshechya shevatasathi vaparale jaatat.
yaa swarupacha shodh samanyatah 12 vya shatkatil provencecha trasdayak bhag asalelya arnaut daniella deela jaato aanee pahile cestinas tyaa pradeshatil ausitan bhashet lihile gele hote. haah prakar tyachya sahkari trasgrastanni, tyanantarchya shatkanmadhye khandiy europemadhil itar kavinni jopasla; tyanni sestinache "manak roop" bananyat yogdan dile. ingrajimadhil yaa swarupache sarvat june udaharan 1579 madhye disale, jaree teey 19 vya shatkachya akheriparyant brittenmadhye kvachitach lihile gele hote. cestina haah eka lokpriy kavyatmak prakar aahe aanee anek cestina samkalin kavinni ajunahi lihile aahet.
itihas.
sarvat junie dnyat cestina mhanje "loow firm voller quell cor mintra", jee 1200 chya sumaras arnot daniele yaa aquitanian moolchya trasdayak vyaktine lihili hotee; too tyala "cladysat" mhanoon sambodhato, jyacha arth, qamee-adhik pramanat, "interlock" assa hoto. mhanoon, daniella samanyatah yaa swarupacha shodhak manale jaate, jaree asey suchavale gele aahe qee tyane kadachit aadhich astitvat asalelya rupamadhye keval navinyapurn sanshodhan kele asel. tathapi, itar done mool trasdayak cestinas olakhale jaatat, tyapaiki sarvat prasiddha mhanje gilheim piyare cazzles dii cortzche 'erah, pus weey moone benastruck'; tyach antim shabdanvar bandhalele done contrafact dekhil aahet, jyapaiki sarvat prasiddha mhanje bertran dii bourneche 'baine gran evoleza intra'. heey suruvatiche cestinas junya ausitanmadhye lihile gele hote; 13 vya shatkat dantesah italianmadhye heey roop pasaru lagale; 15 vya shatkaparyant, portugijmadhye lui dii camos yanni tyacha vapar keela.
cestina swarupachya sthapanet dante aanee petrarch yancha sahbhag, deshatil itaranchya yogdanasah, italian padyarup mhanoon tyache vargikaran-tethe ugam naan hota dekhil-karanibhoot aahe. yacha parinam assa jhaala qee 16 vya shatkat italihoon francemadhye cestina punha aayat karnyat aala. frenchmadhye haah prakar vaparnyacha prayatna karnare pontus dii tyred heey pahile kavee hote aanee 19 vya shatkapurvi asey karnare teey ekmev hote; tyanni tyanchya sestinamadhye aanshik kavita yojana sadar kelee.
ingraji.
madhya ingrajitil sestinachi prarambhik aavrutti mhanje elizabeth woodwhill (1437-1492) yanche 'bhajan too venus'; heey eka hastalikhitat aadhalanare yaa swarupavaril 'vistar' aahe. hii sahaa stanza kavita aahe jee premachi devi, venaschi stutee karate aanee tyat sahaa saat olinche charan aahet jyamadhye pratyek charanachi pahili ola dekhil tichi shevatchi ola aahe aanee pahilya charanachya olee pratyek tyanantarchya charanasathi pahilya olee pradan karatat.
ingraji chhapil sestinache pahile swaroop mhanje 'yuu westfull woods', jyamadhye edmond spensorchya 'shaferred calendar' madheel august aglogchya olincha samavesh aahe, jeey 1579 madhye prakashit jhaale. teey unnerheimed iambic pentametermadhye aahe, parantu pratyek charanatil antim shabdancha kram pramanit nahee-123456,612345 ii. - pahilya oleela mageel antim antim shabdacha prachar karnara pratyek shlok, parantu anyatha kram abadhit thevato; envoi kram (1) 2/(3) 4/(5) 6 aahe. hii yojana spaniard gootier dii setina yanni nishchit kelee hotee.
jaree teey nantar chhapil swarupat prakashit jhaale asale taree phillip sidneyche teen cestina heey kadachit aadhi lihile gele asateel aanee anekada tyanna ingerjit pahile mhanoon shrey dile jaate. pratham prakashit ('daad countess auph pembroke arcadia', 1590 chya pahilya pustakachya shevati) duheri cestina 'yeey gothered gods' aahe. yaa prakarat baaraa charanansathi manak antim-shabd namuna punaravrutti keela jaato, joou teen olinchya envoiceh samapt hoto, parinami 75 olinchi kavita hote. itar done 'arcadia' chya tyanantarchya aavrutyanmadhye prakashit jhaale. dusare, "radane heey karanatmak dukkhache mool asalyane", heey "manak" swarupat aahe. yuu gothered gods' pramanech teey unnerhamed iambic pentametermadhye lihile gele aahe aanee keval strilingi shevat vapartat, jeey italian 'endecacillabo' pratibimbit karatat. tisra, "nirop, oo surya, arcadiacha spasht prakash", haah ingrajimadhil pahila prasbaddh cestina aaheh too iambic pentametermadhye aahe aanee manak antim-shabd yojaneche anusaran karato, parantu pahilya charanat kavita ababsy asatat (tyanantarchya pratyek charanat pras yojana aavashyakpane badalate, jyacha parinam mhanje sahava shlok prasbaddh dohonmadhye aahe). sidney spensorpromanech envoi rachana vaparte. hothorndenchya william drummondne 1616 madhye done cestinas prakashit kele (jyala tyane 'sextense' mhatale), jeey sidneychya prasbaddh sestinachya swarupachi nakkal karatat. yanantar, 250 varshanhun adhik kaal ullekhaneey sestinasachi anupasthiti aahe, johnn fredrick nims yanni nondavale aahe qee, "... oxfordchya sangrahanchya teen khandanmadhye, sataravya, atharavya aanee ekonisavya shatakancha samavesh asalelya, ekahi cestina nahee."
1870 chya dashakat, andreau lang, austin dobson, edmond gose, doubleu. yanchya netrutvakhali french swarupanmadhil ruchiche punarujjivan jhaale. eae. henley, johnn payane aanee itar. algernon charles swinburnche 'cestina' heey yaa kalatil sarvat june cestina aahe. pahilya charanat too iambic pentametermadhye aahe joou ababchi prasbaddhata karato; pratyek charan mageel antim shabd 6 nantar 1 chee punaravrutti karoon suru hote, parantu pudhil 4 olee urvarit antim shabdanchi punaravrutti karatat 'edd lib'; envoi (1) 4/(2) 3/(5) 6 aahe. tyach khandat (kavita aanee gathagit, dusari malika, 1878) swinburnne 'double cestina' ('lisachi takrar') sadar kelee aahe jee sidneychya ulat aaheh tyat pratyeki 12 iambic pentameter olinche 12 charan asatat, pahila charan joou abcabdcfedfchi prasbaddhata karato. tyachya 'cestina' pramanech, pratyek shlok pratham antim shabdanchi punaravrutti karato-12 nantar mageel charananpaiki 1; urvarit 'edd lib' aahet. envoi (12) 10/(8) 9/(7) 4/(3) 6/(2) 1/(11) 5 aahe.
1930 chya dashakapasun, doubleu. sarkhya kavinchya netrutvakhali ingraji bhashik jagaat yaa swarupache punarujjivan jhaale. etch. auden aanee 1950 chya dashakanche varnan james eae. yanni 'sestinache yug' asey kele hote. buub. braslin. "sestinah ultaforte" buy ezra pound aanee "paces moralis" buy doubleu. etch. auden hii sestinachi aadhunik udaharane aahet. cestina haah eka lokpriy bund padyarup aahe aanee anek cestina samkalin kavinni ajunahi lihile aahet; ullekhaneey udaharananmadhye christopher reed yanche 'sahaa white kavee', david feriche 'daad gest elen ett daad dinner phaur street pipal' aanee koona mcfeeche 'ivf' yancha samavesh aahe.
form.
jaree sestinachya sampoorn vikasadarmyan anek sudharana jhalya asalya taree, swarupachi vyakhya karnari anek vaishishtye shillak aahet. cestina sahaa olinchya (sixons) sahaa charananni banalela aahe, tyanantar teen olincha (eka turset) eka shlok aahe. charananmadhye konatihi kavita nasate; tyaeivaji pratyek ola sampavnanya shabdanchya varanvarchya namunyadvare sestinachi rachana kelee jaate, jeey tantra "shabdik punaravrutti" mhanoon olakhale jaate.
danielne rachalelya mool swarupat, pratyek ola daha aksharanchi asate, pratyek charanatil pahila satcha asato. petrarch aanee dante yanni vikasit kelelya sthapit swarupache handecasylables hote. tevhapasoon, reshechya lambitil badal haah tulanene samanya prakar aahe, jase qee stephany bertney lihile aaheh "cestinas, aaj astitvat aahe mhanoon, [nako] varshane midalelya meterchya kaushalyachi aavashyakta aahe...".
1 teey 6 yaa sankhyanna pahilya stambhachya antim shabdansathi ubhe rahanyachi parvanagi dilyas, ola-samapti shabd jyaa namunyache anusaran karatat teey anekada spasht kele jaate. pratyek salag shlok mageel charanachya olinchya talashi-varchya jodivar aadharit tyacha namuna gheto (i.eae., shevatche aanee pahile, nantar shevatche aanee dusare, nantar shevatche aanee tisare). pahilya charanacha namuna 123456 aahe heey lakshat gheta, dusya charanat 615243 tayar hote, sankhyatmak malika jee paolo canetierryne darshavilyapramane, jyaa prakare pasanvaril bindu mandanyat aale aahet tyachyashi sambandhit aahe. yaa anuvanshik gruhitkala yaa vastusthitiche samarthan aahe qee arnaut daniele haah eka majboot passa vajavanara kheladu hota aanee yaa khelashi sambandhit vividh pratima tyachya kavyatmak granthanmadhye aahet.
pratyek charanasathi reshavarodhi shabdanchya namunyachi kalpana karnyacha aanakhi eka marg mhanje 'retrogradeshio crucietta' mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya prakriyedvare, jyache bhashantar 'backward crossing' mhanoon kele jaau shakate. dusra shlok jodyanchya teen sanchanpasun (6-1,5-2,2-3) kinwa done trikutanpasun (1-2-3,4-5-6) tayar jhalyache disun yete. 1-2-3 trikut tyachya mool kramane disate, parantu 4-5-6 trikut ulatoon tyavar adhiropit kele jaate.
cestinamadhil reshechya shevati asalelya shabdancha namuna khaleel taktyat sankhyatmak aanee varnanukram asha donhi prakare darshavila jaatoh
sahavya charnanantar eka turset aahe jyala french shabd envoi, ausitan shabd tornada kinwa aadhichya charananchya sandarbhat tyachya aakarachya sandarbhat, eka "ardh-stanza" mhanoon olakhale jaate. tyat teen olee asatat jyat aadhichya charananchya serve sahaa ola-samapti shabdancha samavesh asato. heey 2-5,3-3,6-1 (pahilya charanachya sapeksh sankhya) chey namune ghetale pahije; pratyek jodicha pahila antim shabd oleet kuthehi yeu shakato, tarr dusra shabd oleet sampalela asava. tathapi, envoichya antim-shabd kramachi aata katekorpane amalbajavani kelee jaat nahee.
stambhacha aakar aanee sankhya yaa donhimadhye aanee pratyek reshechya lambit dekhil badal karoon, sestinamadhye kahee badal kele gele aahet. duheri cestina heey naav donhipaiki ekala dile jaateh sahaa sahaa olinchya done sanch, teen olinchya dutasah (ekoon 75 olinsathi), kinwa baaraa baaraa olinchya charnansah, sahaa olinchya dutasah (ekoon 150 olinsathi). donhi prakaranchi udaharane durmil aahet; phillip sidney yanni lihilele 'yuu gothered gods' heey purvichya bhinnateche eka ullekhaneey udaharan aahe, tarr algernon charles swinburn yanni lihilele 'lisachi takrar' heey nantarchya bhinnateche eka ullekhaneey udaharan aahe. purvichya badalamadhye, reshechya shevati asalelya shabdancha mool namuna, i.eae. pahilya charanatil satvya charanat punaravrutti hote aanee asha prakare sampoorn swarupat donada badal hoto. dusya prakarat, reshechya shevatchya shabdancha namuna akaravya charanatil suruvatichya kramakade parat yeto; tyamule, 'single' sestinachya vipareet, pratyek antim shabdala pratyek charanachya shevati samavoon ghenyachi parvanagi dett nahee; antim shabd 5 aanee 10 heey charananmadhye jodanyat ayashasvi hotat.
parinam.
kadak aanee aniyantrit kramache palan karanyachi magani karnari sestinachi rachana, eka kavitemadhye anek parinam nirman karate. stephany bert namood karatat qee, "aitihasikdrushtya, cestina eka takrar mhanoon kaam kele aahe", tyachya kathor maganya "vanchitata kinwa dadapshahichi chinhe" mhanoon kaam karatat. rachana tee aadesh dete tyaa vishayat vaadh karoo shakate; elizabeth bishapchya "nashtyasathi eka chamatkar" chya sandarbhat, david caplan suchavato qee formchya "kathorpane aniyantrit maganya tyachya vishayachya pratidhvanit hotat". tathapi, formchya sanrachanevar teeka karnyat aalee aahe; paul fussel heey ingrajimadhye tayar kelyavar cestinala "sanshayaspad sanrachanatmak abhivyakti" manatat aanee teey kase vaparale gele yachee parva naan karata, "[eka prakar] asey disate jeey abhikartyapeksha aaksheparh vyaktila adhik sanrachanatmak anand dete."
margaret spanos sanrachanatmak swarupamule udbhavananya "tanav aanee sankalpanachya anek sambandhit patalyanvar" prakash taktoh sanrachanatmak, shabdarthik aanee saundaryatmak tanav. tichya matey, tyachya guntaguntichya 'anubhavan' viruddha asalelya ganiteey purnata aanee paripoornatechya 'sankalpane' mule nirman jhalela saundarya tanav, 'sampoorn susanvadachya' bhititun sodavala jaau shakato."
stephen frychya matey, sestinachi takad mhanje "ekach velee manat purnapane thevu shakat nasalelya durmil namunyanchi punaravrutti aanee punarvapar". shannah comptonsathi, heey namune formmadhye navoditanna sahajpane disatat; tee mhanate keeh "formchya niyamanshi aparichit asaleli ekhadi vyakti dekhil dusya stambhachya shevati sangu shakate... kaay chalaln aahe...".