
prabation

faujdari kayadyatil pariviksha haah gunhegaravar dekhrekh thevanyacha kalavadhi asato, jyacha aadesh anekada turungvasachya badalyat nyayalayane deela asato.
kahee adhikarkshetranmadhye, 'probation' hii sandnya keval nilambit shikshansarkhya samudayik shikshanna (turungvasache paryay) lagoo hote. itaranmadhye, prabeshanmadhye parolver turungatoon sashartpane sodanyat aalelya lokanchya dekharekhichahi samavesh hoto.
prabitionvar asalelya gunhegarala, anekada prabition adhikadhyachya dekharekhikhali, nyayalayane tharavalelya kahee atinche palan karnyache aadesh dile jaatat. pariviksha kalavadhidarmyan, nyayalay kinwa pariviksha adhikaone tharavalelya niyamanche ullanghan kelyache aadhalalyas gunhegarala turungat takanyachi dhamki dilee jaate.
gunhegaranna samanyatah kayadyache palan karnare vartan rakhane aavashyak asate aanee tyanna banduka balgane talhanyache, nokarivar rahanyache, shaikshanik karyakramat sahbhagi honyache, sancharbandiche palan karnyache, nirdeshit thikani rahanyache, pariviksha adhikadhyachya aadeshanche palan karnyache kinwa adhikarkshetra naan sodanyache aadesh dile jaau shakatat. parivikshadhinala piditanshi (jase qee gharguti hinsacharachya prakaranatil majee bhagidar), ashach prakarchya gunhyanchya sambhavya piditanshi (jase qee alpavayin, jarr tatkal gunhyat baal laingik shoshanacha samavesh asel tarr) kinwa dnyat gunhegaranshi, visheshtah saha-prativadyanshi sampark talhanyache aadesh dile jaau shakatat. yavyatirikt, gunhegaranna daroo aanee itar amali padarthancha vapar kinwa tyanchyajaval thevane talhata yeu shakate aanee tyanna daroo/amali padarthanchya chachanyanmadhye sahbhagi honyache kinwa daroo/amali padarthanchya mansik upcharanmadhye sahbhagi honyache aadesh dile jaau shakatat. prabitionvar asalelya gunhegaranna electronic tagg (kinwa monitor) basavala jaau shakato, joou adhikanyanna tyanchya halchalicha sanket deto. kahee nyayalaye maryadit sadhananchya prativadinna tyanchya pariviksha dandachi paratfed karnyasathi samudayik seva karanyachi parvanagi detat.
itihas.
lattin bhashetil 'probeshio', 'chachani' yaa probationchya sankalpanechi aitihasik mule 'nyayik' sthagitichya saravat aahet. ingraji samanya kayadyat, lokshahi rajvatichya aagmanapurvi, nyayalaye ekhadya shikshechi amalbajavani tatpurati sthagit karoo shakat hotee, jenekarun faujdari prativadila rajakade mafisathi apeal karanyachi parvanagi miloo shakel.
united states.
americet pahilyanda probation vikasit jhaale jevha johnn augustus yaa boston mochkane 1841 madhye boston police nyayalayatil eka nyayadhishala doshi gunhegarala, 'madyadhund', tyala thodya kalasathi tabyat denyas aanee tyaa vyaktila punarvasan karnyas madat karnyas patvoon dile.
yapurvihi, 1830 chya suruvatilach boston, massatusetsmadhye shiksha sthagit karanyachi pratha vaparali jaat hotee aanee yuu. ess. madhye tee vyapak jhaali.ess. nyayalaye, jaree asha prathesathi konatihi vaidhanik tartud navhati. suruvatila, nyayadhish, visheshtah bostonche pieter auxenbridge charvahe, 'olakh patalyavar sutka' kinwa jameen vaparat asat aanee pudhil konatihi karvai karnyapasoon door rahat asat. 1878 madhye, bostonchya mahapouranni, vidambanatmakpane 'capton savage' navachya eka majee police adhikaonyala, jyala anekjan pahila adhikrut pariviksha adhikari mhanoon olakhatat, niyukt kele. tathapi, 19vya shatkachya madhyaparyant, anek sanghiy nyayalaye shiksha sthagit karnyasathi nyayik sthagiticha vapar karat hotee aanee yamule kayadeshir prashna upasthit jhaala. 1916 madhye, united stateschya sarvoch nyayalayane, 'ex party united states yachikakartya mandamus jaj killets' (jyala killets cases asehi mhanatat) madhye asey mhatale qee federal nyayadhish killets yanna shiksha anishchit kalasathi nilambit karnyacha adhikar nahee. yaa nirnayamule 1925 chaa rashtriy pariviksha kayada manjur jhaala, jyamule nyayalayanna turungvasachi amalbajavani sthagit karanyachi aanee gunhegarala parivikshadhin thevanyachi parvanagi midali. 
massatusetsne 1878 madhye pahili rajyavyapi chachani pranali vikasit kelee aanee 1920 paryant itar 21 rajyanni dekhil tiche anusaran kele. 5 march 1925 roji rashtriy pariviksha kayada sammat jhalyanantar, jyavar adhyaksh calvin coolies, yuu.ess. federal probation sarvhisachi sthapana karnyat aalee. rajya staravar, 1936 chya gunhe niyantran aanee sammati kayadyanusar, rajyanchya eka gatane eka karar keela jyamadhye teey ekmekanchya vatine ekmekanchya adhikarkshetrat rahana parivikshadhin aanee paroldharkanvar dekhrekh thevatil. paroldharak aanee prashikshanarthinchya dekharekhisathi aantarrajya karar mhanoon olakhala jaanara haah karar moolatah 1937 madhye 25 rajyanni keela hota. 1951 paryant, united states auph amerikemadhil serve rajyanmadhye karyarat parikshan pranali hotee aanee aantarrajya sankshipt kararala manyata dilee. 1959 madhye, alaska aanee havai yaa naveen rajyanni, puerto rikoche rashtrakul aanee virgine bete, guam aanee american samoa yaa pradeshannihi yaa kayadyala manyata dilee.
united statesmadhil baal sahayyamadhye prashikshan.
20vya shatkachya suruvatila jevha balsangopanasathi paise naan dene heey gunhegari tharvanyat aale, tevha gair-puravathadaranvar ladali jaanari prathamik shiksha hii probation hotee. gair-samarthanala gunhegari tharvanyachya bajoone asalelyanna assa dand havah hota joou "pratibandh vadhvel, kutumbache sanrakshn karel (kiman aarthik drushtine) aanee mahila aanee mulanna pathimba denyasathi dharmaday sanstha aanee rajyavarcha boja qamee karel."1901 madhye jevha newyorkne dand mhanoon pariviksha adhikrut kelee, tevha newyork shahar dandadhikanni turungvasachya viruddha parivikshache chaar fayade uddhrut keleh (1) 'upman naan karata shiksha, aanee katuta, santap kinwa manobal qamee naan karata prabhavi' (2) shikshela gunhyas yogya banavanyasathi nyaypalikecha vivek, (3) 'nirdosh aanee asahayyanna varanvar samavisht asalelya vyavasthela varanvar visthapit karnari nirdoshata aanee' aanee (4) shaharala vadhiv mahasuli aanee kharchat bachat karoon shiksha.'balsangopanachya prakarananmadhye pariviksha adhikadhyanchya astitvachya karanastav rajya purvichya abhootpurv marganni kautumbik jeevanat sahbhagi jhaale. pariviksha adhikari anekada vibhakt jhalelya jodpyanmadhye samet ghadavun aananyacha prayatna karayache, patinna qamee daroo pyayala protsahit karayache aanee patnila gharkam karanyachi kaushalye shikavayache. gair-samarthan prakarananmadhye pariviksha vaparnyamule dekhil gair-samarthan karananya jodidaranni adhik mahasool midavala. national probation association (aine. pii. aii.) united statesmadhye dekhil niyukt kautumbik nyayalaye tayar karnyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali, jyanni nantar gair-samarthan prakarananche adhikarkshetra sweekarle.
shastrastra aanee adhikar vadhavane.
americet, bahutansh pariviksha sansthanmadhye sashastr pariviksha adhikari asatat. 39 rajye, pradesh aanee federal probationmadhye, asey shastrastra ektar anivarya kinwa aichchhik aahe. vadhatya adhikarkshetranmadhye shastrastranna parvanagi aahe.
pariviksha adhikari heey samanyatah shantata adhikari asatat jyanchyakade maryadit police adhikar asatat aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, nyayalayin vyavasthedvare niyukt kele jaatat aanee adhik nokarshahi, samajik karyakartyachi bhoomika ghetat.
prakar.
tivra.
gharamadhye najarkaidet thevane, jee. pii. ess. dekhrekh aanee sanganak vyavasthapan heey atyant ghuskhoriche pariviksha prakar aahet jyamadhye gunhegaravar barkaine laksh thewale jaate. hinsak gunhegar, tolitil uchch darjache sadasya, savayiche gunhegar aanee laingik gunhegar yanchyavar yaa staravar dekhrekh thevane samanya aahe. kahee adhikarkshetranmadhye asha dekharekhikhalil gunhegaranna shodh aanee japtisambandhichya chauthya durustiantargat tyanche ghatanatmak adhikar maaf karane aavashyak aahe aanee asey prashikshanarthi aghoshit ghar kinwa kamachya thikanchya bhetee, palat thevane aanee electronic dekhrekh kinwa upgrah magova ghenyachya vaparachya adheen asoo shakatat. asha prakarchya parivikshadhin atinnusar, gunhegar tyancha rahanyacha patta badaloo shakat nahee aanee too parivikshadhin asalelya pattyavar rahila pahije. jaree antarnihit gunha kirkol asala tarihi, kishoravayin prakarananmadhye jee. pii. ess. dekhrekh aanee gharamadhye najarkaidet thevane samanya aahe. kahee prakarchya dekharekhimadhye ekhadya prakarche dekhrekh software sthapit karane kinwa gunhegar online kaay karat aahe heey shodhanyasathi sangankavar shodh ghene samavisht asoo shakate. sudharana kshetratil cyber gunhe tadnya, aart bocker yanni namood keleh "heey eka asey kshetra aahe, jyamadhye adhikadhik samudayik sudharana adhikanyanna cyber gunhegaranchya sanganak aanee internet vaparavar nirbandh ghalana aanee/kinwa dekhrekh thevana atinchi amalbajavani kashee karavi heey shikanyasathi gatee vadhavavi lagel."bockerne asehi nirikshan nondavale qee" "samajik madhyamancha vapar samudayik sudharananchya kshetrat suru hott aahe".
manak.
pramanit dekharekhikhalil gunhegaranna samanyatah adhikaonyakade ahwal dene aavashyak asate, samanyatah dvisaptahik aanee timahi darmyan, aanee aadesh dilya gelelya itar konatyahi atinchya adheen asatat, jase qee daroo/ammali padarth upchar, samudayik seva ityadi.
dekhrekh nasalele.
kahee pariviksha prakriyet adhikari kinwa pariviksha vibhagakadun thet dekhrekh samavisht nasate. parivikshadhikarine, pariviksha adhikadhyacha sahbhag naan gheta aanee kadachit shikshepeksha qamee kalavadhit aadeshachya konatyahi atty purn karane apekshit aahe. udaharanarth, eka varsh dekhrekh nasaleli chachani dilee tarr, chachani ghenanya vyaktine samudayik seva purn karane aanee pahilya sahaa mahinyant nyayalayin kharch kinwa dand bharane aavashyak asoo shakate. urvarit sahaa mahinyansathi, parivikshadharkala keval bekaydeshir vartanapasoon door rahane aavashyak asoo shakate. prashikshanarthinna tyanchya kamachya thikani, shaikshanik sansthanmadhye kinwa prathanasthalanvar jaanyachi parvanagi aahe. asha parivikshadhinanna pariviksha kalavadhichya suruvatila kinwa shevati ekhadya adhikaonyala bhetanyas sangitale jaau shakate kinwa ajibat nahee. jarr atty purn jhalya naheet, tarr adhikari probation radd karnyasathi yachika dakhal karoo shakato.
anaupacharik.
prativadila faujdari gunhyasathi doshi tharvalyashivay, kinwa yachika kararat namood kelelya atinchi purtata hoiparyant doshi yachikenantar, vilambit nirnayasah anaupacharik pariviksha houu shakate. itar prakarchya parivikshapramanech, atinmadhye aushadh chachani kinwa pariviksha kalavadhisathi chauthya durustichya adhikaranchi suut samavisht asoo shakate. anaupacharik kalavadhichya shevati, samanyatah khatala fetalala jaato. heey sahasa yachika saudebajicha kinwa khatalyachya purv-marg badalacha bhag mhanoon dile jaate.
dhakka.
kahee karyakram shiksha nyayadhishanna mool turungvasachya shikshevar punarvichar karnyacha adhikar detat. nyayadhish kaidyala turungatoon parat bolavu shakato aanee tyaeivaji tyala kinwa teela samudayamadhye parivikshadhin thevu shakato. nyayalayancha assa siddhant aahe qee turungachi alpakalin mudat ekhadya gunhegarala tyanche vartan badalanyasathi "dhakka" deu shakate. shock probation mool shikshenantar fakt 30-120 divasanchya vishisht kalavadhichya darmyan vaparale jaau shakate aanee serve rajyanmadhye upalabdh nahee.
pariviksha anudan.
gunhegarala pariviksha dilee jaate qee nahee heey tharvanyat madat karnyasathi samuday sudharana adhikari heey pramukh karmchari aahet. gunhegar haah janatesathi gambhir dhoka aahe qee nahee heey teey tharavatat aanee kaay karvai karavi yachee nyayalayala shifaras karatat. durusti adhikari pratham khatalyachya purv kalat tapas prakriyetoon jaatat. tyala kinwa teela surakshitpane samajat parat sodale jaau shakate qee nahee heey nirdharit karnyasathi teey gunhegaranchi parshvabhoomi aanee itihasache moolyankan karatat. tyanantar adhikari gunhegaravar ahwal lihitat. gunhegarala turungat jaanyaivaji parivikshadhin thewale jaeel qee nahee heey tharvanyasathi nyayalaye ahavalacha vapar karatat. gunhegar doshi aadhalalyanantar, pariviksha adhikari purv-shiksha tapas ahwal (pii. ess. aay.) ekatra thevato. nyayalaye tyanchya shikshechya aadharavar asatat. shevati, nyayalaye doshila turungat takayche qee tyala kinwa teela pariviksha dyavi yabaddal nirnay ghetat. jarr nyayalayane ekhadya vyaktila pariviksha denyacha nirnay ghetala, tarr tyanni gunhyache gambhirya, punaravrutti, doshichi paristhiti aanee durusti adhikadhyanchya shifarshinchya aadhare shiksha kashee dyavi heey tharvave.
ullanghan.
parivikshadhikari adhikari parivikshadharkala turungat takoo shakato aanee parivikshadharkane parivikshadhikarache ullanghan kele aahe heey shodhanyasathi nyayalayat yachika dakhal karoo shakato. nyayalay prativadila karandarshak sunavanila hajar rahanyachi vinanti karel, jyavar firyadine prativadine pariviksha ullanghan kele aahe yaa puravyachya pramukhatedware heey dakhavun dile pahije. jarr prativadi pariviksha ullanghanasathi doshi aadhalala, kinwa sunavaninantar pariviksha ullanghanasathi doshi aadhalala, tarr adhikari kinwa abhiyojak parivikshachya atirikt atty ladanyachi, kalavadhi vadhavanyachi kinwa turungvasacha kalavadhi vadhavanyachi vinanti karoo shakato, tyanantar kadachit pariviksha parat karavi. pariviksha ullanghanachi karyavahi kevha suru karavi heey konatahi kayada nirdisht karat nahee, jaree prativadila tyanantarchya gunhyachi shiksha jhalyanantar kinwa aadeshanusar pariviksha adhikaonyala ahwal denyat ayashasvi tharalyanantar pariviksha ullanghanachi karyavahi hone jawaljawal nishchit aahe.
ullanghan aadhalalyas, dandachi tivrata mool gunhyachi tathye, ullanghanachi tathye aanee parivikshadhin vyaktichya gunhegari itihasavar avalambun asoo shakate. udaharanarth, jarr ekhada gunhegar tolishi sambandhit gunhyasathi prabitionvar asel, tarr tyanantarcha 'dnyat gunhegaranshi sambandh' haah, nilambit parvanyasah qaar chalvalyabaddalachya prabitionvar asalelya vyaktipeksha adhik gambhir ullanghan mhanoon pahila jaau shakato; jarr prarambhik gunha prabhavakhali vahan chalavalyabaddal asel tarr ulat asoo shakato. tyachpramane, tyanantarcha gunha adhik gambhir asalyas (udaharanarth, gunhegari, gairvartanukinantarcha gunha) kinwa mool gunha aanee tyanantarcha gunha samaan prakarcha asalyas (udaharanarth hallyanantarchi battery kinwa kirkol chorinantar kirkol choree) ullanghanasathi dand adhik asoo shakato.
aushadh chachani ayashasvi.
nyayalayakadun aadeshit aushadh aanee madya chachani hii praman kinwa vishesh aut mhanoon samavisht kelee jaau shakate.
chachanidarmyan ayashasvi jhalelya aushadh chachanichi mahitee chachani adhikari nyayalayala deu shakato aanee parinami chachani ullanghanachya karyavahi houu shakate. sunavanidarmyan nyayadhish heey tharvatil qee ullanghanamule pariviksha, turungwas, atirikt pariviksha vel kinwa itar nirbandh radd karane aavashyak aahe qaa.
raddabatal.
jevha parivikshadhin ullanghan atyant gambhir asate kinwa anek qamee ullanghanannantar, pariviksha raddabatal sunavani niyojit kelee jaau shakate. sunavanitil nyayadhish pariviksha adhikadhyachya ahavalancha vichar karel aanee pariviksha radd jhalyas, parivikshadharkala anekada turungat kinwa turungat damble jaeel. tathapi, kathit gunhyansathi (gunhyansathi) mool sambhavya shikshepasun turungvasachi mudat qamee kelee jaau shakate. ekhada nirdosh prativadi khatalyachya sunavanila jaanyachya jokhamiaivaji sthagit shiksha swikarane nivdel ashee shakyata aahe. asha prakaranat, pariviksha radd kelyane mool faujdari aaropanchi shiksha houu shakate aanee shikshechi kayamswarupi nond houu shakate.
lavkar releases.
serve nyayadhishanna pariviksha atty, atty aanee kalavadhimadhye badal aanee sudharana karnyacha adhikar asoo shakato. asey adhikar samanyatah united statesmadhil nyayadhishankade asatat. nyayalayachya adhikaranusar, pariviksha kalavadhiche eka vishisht praman purn jhalyanantar prativadila pariviksha kalavadhitun lavkar sutkesathi arj karane shakya houu shakate. udaharanarth, yuu.ess. georgia rajya, gunhegar kiman teen varshe shiksha bhogalyanantar, gunhegari pariviksha kalavadhitun lavkar samaptisathi arj karoo shakato. 
yuu madhye.ess.lavkar doshmukti dyavi qee nahee heey tharvatana nyayadhish samanyatah parivikshadhinane parivikshachya serve atinche palan kele aahe qee nahee, serve dand, shulk, nyayalayin kharch aanee paratfed kelee aahe qee nahee yasarkhya ghatakancha vichar kartil aanee pariviksha kalavadhi suru rahilyas adchanicha samna karava lagel.