
aolis chatushkon

united states bhoogarbhiy sarvekshan (yuu. ess. jee. ess.) khagoliy bhoogol sanshodhan karyakramadvare vaparlya jaanarya mangalavaril 30 chaturbhuj nakashanchya malikepaiki eka mhanje aolis chaturbhuj. eolis chatushkonala emm. see.-23 (mangal aalekh-23) asehi mhanatat.
eolis chatushkon mangalavar 180° teey 225° doubleu aanee 0° teey 30° dakshines vyapato aanee tyat elysium planitia aanee terra simeriya pradeshanche kahee bhag asatat. meduce phose nirmiticha eka chhotasa bhag yaa chatushkonimadhye aahe.
heey naav vaachaa shasak asalelya aolus yaa tarangatya pashchimekadil betachya navacha sandarbh dete. homarchya vruttanusar, odiciusla yethe west wind zefir midala aanee tyane too pishavyanmadhye thewala, parantu vaara baher padala.
heey done antaral yananchya utaranyache thikan mhanoon prasiddha aaheh gusev cratermadhil (4 janewari 2004) 'spirit' rover landing site aanee gell cratermadhil (6 august 2012) 'curacity' rover.
maa 'adim valis navache eka mothe, pracheen nadee khore, gusev khadyachya dakshin kathavar pravesh karate, mhanoon gusev khada haah eka pracheen talavacha tall asalyache manale jaat asey. tathapi, jwalamukhichya pravahane talavachya galala jhakale aahe asey disate. apolinaris patera haah eka motha jwalamukhi gusev khaddyachya thet uttarela aahe.
eolis chatushkonchya vayavya bhagatil vadali khadda bhuvaidnyanikansathi vishesh swarasyapoorn aahe kaaran tyat starit galyukt khadakancha eka unch dheeg aahe, jyala robbert pii. chya sanmanarth nasane 'mount sharp' asey naav dile aahe. sharp (1911-2004), prarambhik mangal mohimanche grah shastradnya. agadi alikade, 16 meey 2012 roji, yu. ess. jee. ess. aanee aay. aii. oo. yanni 'mount sharp' laa adhikrutpane aolis mons asey naav dile.
eolis chatushkonatil kahee pradesh ulate aaram darshavtat. yaa thikani, khoynaivaji, pravah talavache vaishishtya unch asoo shakate. ulatya purvichya pravah vahinya mothya khadakanchya sathavanukimule kinwa cementationmule houu shakatat. konatyahi paristhitit dhupamule aajubajuchya jaminichi dhoop hoil parantu junya pravahala unch dongarrang mhanoon sodoon jaeel kaaran dongarrang dhupas adhik pratirodhak asel
yardang heey yaa chatushkonat aadhalanare aanakhi eka vaishishtya aahe. prachalit vaayachya dishene jaanyamule teey samanyatah samantar resheey kadanchya malika mhanoon disatat.
"spirit' roverche shodh.
gusevchya maidanavaril khadak heey besaltcha eka prakar aahe. tyat olivine, pyroxine, plasiocles aanee magnetite hii khanije asatat aanee tee jwalamukhichya besaltsarkhi disatat kaaran tee aniyamit chhidransah bareek danedar asatat (bhoogarbhshastradnya mhanatil qee tyanchyakade putkulya aanee bugg aahet).
maidani bhagatil bahutansh maatee sthanik khadakanchya tutanyamule aalee. kahee mateet nikelchi patali baryapaiki jaast aadhalali; bahudha ulkapindatun.
thodya pramanat panyamule khadakanmadhye kinchit badal jhalyache vishleshanatun disun yete. baherche aavaran aanee khadakanchya aateel bhega paanee jamaa khanije, kadachit bromin sanyuge soochit karatat. serve khadkanvar dhool aanee eka kinwa adhik katheen prakarchya samagriche bareek aavaran asate. eka prakarala ghasata yete, tarr dusra prakar rock abbration tooldware (undeer) ghasata yeto.
kolambiyatil tekadyanmadhye vividh prakarche khadak aahet, jyapaiki kahee panyane badalale aahet, parantu farsha panyane nahee.
gusev khandkatil dhool hii sampoorn grahavareel dhoolasarkhich aahe. sagali dhool chumbakeey asalyache aadhalun aale. shivay, 'spirit' laa asey aadhalale qee chumbakatva heey khanij magnetitemule hote, visheshtah magnetite jyamadhye titanium ghatak asato. eka chumbak serve dhool purnapane valavoo shakat hota mhanoon mangalachi serve dhool chumbakeey asalyache manale jaate. dhoolcha varnapat haah tharsis aanee arabia sarkhya tejaswi, qamee aushnik jadatva asalelya pradeshanchya varnpatasarkha hota, jeey bhraman karananya upgrahanni shodhale aahet. kadachit eka millimeterpeksha qamee jaad asalela dhoolicha patal thurr serve prushthbhag zakato. tyat rasayanikdrushtya bandhalele paanee thode asate.
maidani.
maidani bhagatil khadakanchya nirikshanavarun asey disun yete qee tyat pyroxine, olivin, plasioclase aanee magnetite hii khanije aahet. yaa khadakanche vegvegalya prakare vargikaran kele jaau shakate. khanije aanee khanije yanche praman aanee prakar khadakanna adim besault banavtat-jyala picritic besault dekhil mhanatat. heey khadak besaltic comatiots navachya pracheen sthaliy khadkansarkhe aahet. maidani bhagatil khadak dekhil mangalavarun aalelya besaltic shergotites yaa ulkapindasarkhe disatat. eka vargikaran pranali kshariy ghatakanchya pramanachi tulana aalekhavaril silikachya pramanashi karate; yaa pranalimadhye, gusev maidani khadak besault, microbasalt aanee tefitechya sangmajaval aahet. irvin-barrager vargikaran tyanna besalts mhanatat.
maidani khadakanmadhye thode badal karnyat aale aahet, bahudha panyachya patal pattyandware kaaran teey mauu asatat aanee tyat halakya rangachya samgrichya nassa asatat jyaa bromin sanyuge asoo shakatat, tasech coatings kinwa rinds asoo shakatat. asey manale jaate qee thodya pramanat paanee khanije tayar karnyachya prakriyet phoot padat gele asave.
jevha khadak purale gele aanee paanee aanee dhoolichya patal pattyanshi sanvad sadhala gela tevha khadkanvar aavaran aale asave.
teey badalale gele yache eka lakshan mhanje pruthvivar aadhalanaya tyach prakarchya khadakanchya tulanet heey khadak dalane sope hote.
aatma' neey jyacha abhyas keela too pahila khadak ederondac hota. maidani bhagatil itar khadakanpramanech heey vaishishtyapurn asalyache nishpann jhaale.
kolambiya hills.
shastradnyanna kolambiyachya tekadyanmadhye vividh prakarchya khadakancha shodh lagla aanee tyanni tyanna sahaa vegvegalya shreninmadhye vibhagale. sahaa aaheth clovis, wishbone, shantata, watchtower, backstay aanee swatantrya. tyanna pratyek gatatil eka pramukh khadkavarun nave denyat aalee aahet. aii. pii. ex. dware mojalya gelelya tyanchya rasayanik rachana ekmekanpeksha lakshaniyaritya bhinn aahet. sarvat mahattvache mhanje, kolambiyatil dongaranmadhil serve khadak jaleey dravpadarthanmule vividh pramanat badal darshavtat.
teey phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine aanee bromin yaa ghatkandware samruddha aahet-jeey serve panyachya dravnanmadhye vahoon nele jaau shakatat. kolambiyachya tekadyanchya khadakanmadhye vegvegalya pramanat olivine aanee sulfates besaltic kaach asatat.
olivinchi vipulata sulfetschya pramananusar ulat badalate. hetch apekshit aahe kaaran paanee olivine nasht karate parantu sulfates tayar karnyas madat karate.
aamlayukt dhukyane kahee paharekari manonyache khadak badalale aahet asey manale jaate. heey comberland parvataranganchya 200 meater lambichya bhagat aanee husband hiill shikharavar hote. kahee thikane qamee sfatikeey aanee adhik aakarheen jhaali. jwalamukhitil amleey panyachi waf kahee khanije virghaloon jail tayar karate. jevha paanee bashpibhavan hote, tevha eka cement tayar hote aanee lahan adthale nirman hote. besaltche khadak sulfuric aanee hydrochloric aamlanchya samparkat yetat tevha prayogshalet yaa prakarchi prakriya disun aalee aahe.
clovis gut visheshtah manoranjak aahe kaaran mosbaur spectrometerne (embi) tyat goithite shodhala aahe. goithite keval panyachya upasthitit tayar hoto, mhanoon tyacha shodh haah kolambiyachya tekadyanchya khadakanmadhil mageel panyacha pahila thet purava aahe. yavyatirikt, khadak aanee bahyapatalanchya emm. bii. varnapatane olivainachya upasthitimadhye tivra ghat darshavili.
jaree khadakanmadhye bahudha ekekali bharpur olivine hote. olivine heey panyachya kamataratesathi eka chinhak aahe kaaran teey panyachya upasthitit sahajpane vighatit hote. sulfate sapadala aanee too tayar honyasathi panyachi aavashyakta asate.
wishstonemadhye bharpur pramanat plasioclase, kahee olivine aanee enhydrate (eka sulfate) hote. shant khadakanmadhye gandhak aanee bandhalelya panyache bhakkam purave disun aale, tyamule hydrated sulfates asalyacha sanshay aahe. watch tower vargatil khadakanmadhye olivinecha abhav asato, parinami teey panyane badalale asavet. swatantryavargane chikanmatichi kahee chinhe darshavali (kadachit montmorillonite haah smectite gatacha sadasya). maatee tayar honyasathi panyachya dirghkalaparyant samparkat rahane aavashyak asate.
kolambiyachya tekdyanmadhil paso robbles navachya eka prakarchya maticha bashpibhavan jhalela satha asoo shakato kaaran tyat mothya pramanat gandhak, phosphorus, calcium aanee loh asate.
tasech, emm. bii. laa asey aadhalale qee paso robbleschya matitil bahutek loh oxidised, phii + + + swarupache hote, jeey paanee asate tarr ghadale asate.
sahaa varshanchya mohimechya madhyabhagi (eka moheem jee keval 90 divas tikanar hotee), matimadhye mothya pramanat shuddha silika aadhalali. silic heey panyachya upasthitit kinwa ushna zarachya vatavaranat jwalamukhichya kriyakalapandware tayar jhalelya aaml vafeshi matichya parasparsanvadatun aale asave.
spirit' neey kaam karane thambavalyanantar shastradnyanni laghuushna utsarjan spectrometer kinwa miinii-teshmadhun junya mahiticha abhyas keela aanee mothya pramanat carbonetyukt khadakanchya upasthitichi pushti kelee, jyacha arth assa aahe qee grahachya pradeshanmadhye ekekali paanee sathale asave. carbonetscha shodh 'komanche' navachya khadakanchya baherchya bhagamadhye lagla.
thodakyat, 'spirit' laa gusevchya maidani bhagat thodyasha havamanacha purava midala, parantu tethe talav hota yacha konatahi purava nahee. tathapi, kolambiyachya tekadyanmadhye madhyam pramanat jaleey hawaman asalyacha spasht purava hota. puravyanmadhye sulfates aanee goithite aanee carbonate yaa khanijancha samavesh hota, jyaa keval panyachya upasthitit tayar hotat. asey manale jaate qee gusev khadda khoop purvi talavavar hota, parantu tevhapasoon too agnimay samagreene jhakalela aahe. serve dhoolmadhye eka chumbakeey ghatak asato joou kahee titaniums magnetite mhanoon olakhala gela. shivay, mangalavaril serve kahee jhakanari dhool mangalavaril serve bhaganmadhye sarkhich asate.
adim vallis.
alikadil abhyasanmule shastradnyanna asey vatate qee madeem valley tayar karnare paanee sarovarachya sankulat ugam pavte. sarvat motha talav maa 'adim valis pravah vahinyachya ugamsthani aahe aanee iridaniya chaturbhuj aanee phethontis chaturbhujaparyant pasarlela aahe. jevha sarvat motha talav tyachya simevaril khalchya binduparyant padala asata, tevha musaldhar puur uttarekade sarkala asata, jyamule papyukt adim daree korali gelee asatee. maa 'adim valischya uttar tokala, purache paanee gusev khaddyat gele asate.
ekekali mangalavaril nadichya khonyanmadhye paanee vahat hote yache prachand purave aahet. mangalavaril antaral yanatil, mariner 9 orbiters, sattarchya dashakachya suruvatichya kalatil, vakr vahinyanchya pratima disalya aahet. 
"valis" (bahuvachan "valles") haah "valley" sathicha lattin shabd aahe. yacha vapar grahanchya bhoogarbhashastrat itar grahanvareel bhoo-swarupachya vaishishtyanchya namkaranasathi keela jaato, jyat mangalavar shodhalya gelelya junya nadee khoyya kaay asoo shakatat, jevha shodhanibandh pratham mangalavar pathvanyat aale hote. wiking orbitermule mangalavaril panyabaddalchya aamchya kalpananmadhye kranti jhaali; anek bhagat nadichya prachand dyaa sapadalya. antaral hastakala chhayachitrananni dakhavun dile qee panyache puur dharananmadhun, koralelya khol dyanmadhun, khambanchi bhusampadan karoon khadakat modale aanee hajaro kilometres pravas keela. mangalavaril kahee khadde (mangla khadde, athbaska khadde, granicus khadde aanee tinger khadde) spashtapane grabenpasoon suru hotat. dusarikade, kahee mothya pravah vahinya dhigaonyakhalil qamee bhagat suru hotat jyanna arajakta kinwa astavyast bhoobhag mhanatat. asey suchavale gele aahe qee mothya pramanat paanee eka jaad cryospherechya (gothalelya jaminicha thurr) khalee dabakhali adakale hote, nantar paanee achanak sodale gele, kadachit jevha cryosphere ekhadya doshane tutale hote.
gadad khadda.
eolis chatushkonchya vayavya bhagatil vadali khadda bhuvaidnyanikansathi vishesh swarasyapoorn aahe kaaran tyat starit galyukt khadakanche unch dheeg aahet. 28 march 2012 roji yaa tekadila nasane robbert pii. yanchya sanmanarth 'mount sharp' asey naav dile. sharp (1911-2004), prarambhik mangal mohimanche grah shastradnya. agadi alikade, 16 meey 2012 roji, yu. ess. jee. ess. aanee aay. aii. oo. yanni mount sharpla adhikrutpane aolis mons asey naav dile. haah dheeg khandakachya kathapeksha jaast unch pasarlela aahe, tyamule kadachit tharanni khandkapeksha barech mothe kshetra vyapale asave. heey thurr bhootkalatil eka guntaguntichi nond aahet. khadakanche thurr khaddyat takayala kadachit lakho varshe lagali, tyanantar tyanchi zeej viola adhik vel lagla. 5 qii. mea. unch tekada haah mangalavaril galyukt khadakancha bahudha sarvat jaad ekeri anukram aahe. khalchi rachana noachian yugapasoonchi asoo shakate, tarr varcha thurr, joou ksharanjanya anurupatemule vegala keela jaato, too amazonian kalaitkach lahan asoo shakato. khalchya rachana cyanus meridiani aanee morth valischya bhaganpramanech tayar jhalya asateel. vadali khandakachya madhyabhagi asalela dheeg vavyamule tayar jhaala hota. vanyanni eka bajupeksha dusya bajuchya tekadyachi adhik zeej kelee asalyane, tekadi samamiteey honyaeivaji eka bajula tirkas asate. varcha thurr arabiachya bhupradeshatil tharansarkha asoo shakato. sulfates aanee loh auxides khalchya nirmitimadhye aanee varchya tharat nirjal avasthanmadhye aadhalale aahet. dhoop honyachya pahilya tappyanantar adhik khadde padale aanee adhik khadak tayar jhaale yache purave aahet. 26 september 2012 roji aay. aii. oo. neey adhikrutpane naav dilele shantata khadde heey dekhil gaull khaddemadhye swarasyapoorn aahe, jeey gaull khadde tekdyanmadhun khalee 'vahate' aanee jeey vahatya panyane koralele disate. 9 december 2013 roji, nasane nondavale qee, eolis palasacha abhyas karananya "kutuhal" chya puravyachya aadhare, vadali khandkat eka pracheen godya panyacha talav hota joou sukshmajivanchya jivanasathi eka aatithyashil vatavaran asoo shakala asata. vadali khandkamadhye anek pankhe aanee tribhuj pradesh aahet jeey purvichya talavachya patalibaddal mahitee detat. yaa rachana aaheth pancake tribhuj pradesh, paschim tribhuj pradesh, farah valis tribhuj pradesh aanee shantata valis pankha.
itar khadde.
prabhav khadyanmadhye samanyatah tyanchya bhovati ejecta asaleli eka kathinya asate, yaulat jwalamukhichya khadyanmadhye sahasa kathinya kinwa ejecta sathya nasatat. khadde mothe hott jaatat (10 qii. mea. peksha jaast vyas), tevha tyanche madhyavarti shikhar asate. yaa dhakkyanantar khadda prushthbhagachya ulatya parinamamule shikhar nirman hote. kadhikadhi khadde thurr pradarshit kartil. khadda nirman karnari takkar hii eka shaktishali sphotasarkhi asalyane, khol jaminikhalil khadak prushthbhagavar fekale jaatat. tyamule, khadde aaplyala prushthbhagakhali kaay kholvar aahe heey dakhavu shakatat.
mangal vidnyan prayogshaletil shodh.
mangal vidnyan prayogshala mohimecha aanee tyachya prushthbhagavaril robotic payload "jidnyasa" rovercha uddesh pracheen jivanachi chinhe shodhane haah aahe. ashee aasha aahe qee nantarchi moheem nantar namune parat karoo shakel jeey prayogshalene kadachit jivanache avashesh asalyache olakhale. jahaj surakshitpane khalee aananyasathi, 12 mail rund, gulgulit, sapat vartulachi aavashyakta hotee. bhuvaidnyanikanna ekekali jethe paanee talavat budale hote tyaa thikananchi tapasani karanyachi aanee galyukt tharanchi tapasani karanyachi aasha hotee.
6 august 2012 roji, mangal vidnyan prayogshala vadali gadyatil eolis monsjaval eolis palasvar utarali. landing lakshya () pasoon hote, mageel konatyahi rover landingchya jawal aanee lakshya kshetrachya aat hote.
27 september 2012 roji, nasachya shastradnyanni jaheer kele qee 'kutuhal' laa mangalavar panyacha 'jordar pravah' soochit karananya pracheen pravahasathi purave midale.
17 aktoobar 2012 roji rocknest yethe, mangalachya matiche pahile ksh-kiran vivartan vishleshan karnyat aale. parinamanmadhun feldspar, pyroxine aanee olivins anek khanijanchi upasthiti ughad jhaali aanee namunyatil mangalachi maatee hawaiyan jwalamukhinchya vatavaraniy besaltic matisarkhich asalyache suchavale. vaparlela namuna jaagtik dhool vadal aanee sthanik bareek valupasoon vitareet kelelya dhoolane banalela aahe. aataparyant, "jidnyasa" yaa vishayache vishleshan kele gele aahe, jeey olsar vatavaranatun koradya vatavarnamadhye kalantarane sankraman nondavnanya gadad khandkyatil sathyanchya prarambhik kalpananshi susangat aahet.
3 december 2012 roji, nasane nondavale qee "jidnyasa" neey tyache pahile vyapak maatee vishleshan kele, jyamule mangalavaril matimadhye panyache renu, gandhak aanee chlorinechi upasthiti ughad jhaali. namunyat perchlorateschi upasthiti asanyachi shakyata jaast aahe. sulfate aanee sulfidechi upasthiti dekhil asanyachi shakyata aahe kaaran sulfur dioxide aanee hydrogen sulphide aadhalale hote. chloromethane, dichloromethane aanee trichloromethane thode praman aadhalun aale. yaa renunmadhil carboncha srot aspasht aahe. sambhavya strotanmadhye upkaran dooshit hone, namunyatil sendriya aanee ajaivik carbonate yancha samavesh hoto.
18 march 2013 roji, nasane khanij hydration, bahudha hydrated calcium sulfateche purave, anek khadakanchya namunyanmadhye nondavale, jyat "tintina" khadak aanee "sutton inlear" khadakache tutalele tukade tasech "norr" khadak aanee "vernick" khadkasarkhya itar khadakanchya nassa aanee gathee samavisht aahet. roverchya danne upkaran vaparoon kelelya vishleshanane bradbury landing sitepasoon glenelg bhupradeshatil pivalya chakuchya khadee kshetraparyant roverchya traversmadhye 4 takkyanparyant panyache praman asalyacha purava deela.
march 2013 madhye, nasane nondavale qee 'utsukata' asey purave aadhalale qee, 'gell crater' madheel pivalya chakuchya khaditil 'johnn clain' rock yaa mangalavaril khadakachya pahilya khodalelya namunyache vishleshan kelyanantar, gell cratermadhil bhoo-rasayanik paristhiti ekekali sukshmajivanchya jivanasathi yogya hotee. roverne paanee, carbon dioxide, auxigen, sulfur dioxide aanee hydrogen sulphide shodhale. chloromethane aanee dichloromethane dekhil aadhalale. sambandhit chachanyanmadhye smectite chikanmatichya khanijanchya upasthitishi susangat parinam aadhalale.
september 2013 pasoonchya 'science' yaa niyatkalikat sanshodhakanni 'jeeck emm' (kinwa 'jeeck matijevik') navachya eka vegalya prakarchya khadakache varnan kele aahe, haah 'curacity' rovervaril alfa kann ksh-kiran spectrometer (aii. pii. ex. ess.) upkaranadvare vishleshan kelela pahila khadak hota aanee too itar dnyat mangalavaril agnishilanpeksha vegala hota kaaran too alkadharmi (15 takkepeksha jaast pramanatmak nephelin) aanee tulanene apurnank aahe. jeeck emm haah sthaliy mugeraitsasarkhach aahe, haah eka prakarcha khadak samanyatah sagari bete aanee khandiy farkanmadhye aadhalato. jeeck emchya shodhacha arth assa houu shakato qee kshariy magma pruthvipeksha mangalavar adhik samanya asoo shakatat aanee tyaa "jidnyasela" aanakhi apoorn kshariy khadakancha samna karava lagoo shakato (udaharanarth, phonolytes aanee trachites).
9 december 2013 roji, nasachya sanshodhakanni 'science' yaa niyatkalikatil sahaa lekhanchya maliket, 'curacity' rovermadhil anek naveen shodhanche varnan kele. sambhavya sendriya padarth sapadale jeey dooshit karoon spasht kele jaau shakat naheet. jaree sendriya carbon bahudha mangalavarun aala asala, taree yaa grahavar utaralelya dhool aanee ulkapindanni heey serve spasht kele jaau shakate. kaaran mars (samm) upkaran sankulatil "jidnyasa" chya namuna vishleshanat bahutek carbon tulanene qamee tapmanat sodale gele hote, teey kadachit namunyatil carbonetsmadhun aale navhate. carbon haah jivanmadhun asoo shakato, parantu heey siddha jhalele nahee. pivalya chakuchya khadee navachya thikani 5 centimeter kholvar 'mendhyachya maticha dagad' navachya khadakat khodoon hii sendriya-vahak samagri prapt kelee gelee. yaa namunyanna johnn clain aanee comberland asey naav denyat aale. sukshmajiv heey khanijanmadhil rasayanik asantulanatun urja prapt karoon, 'chemolithotrophy' navachya prakriyet, mhanje 'khanara khadak', mangalavar jagoo shakatat.tathapi, yaa prakriyet carbonche farach qamee praman samavisht aahe-" "yelonife beey" "madhye aadhalalyapeksha khoopach qamee".
samchya maas spectrometercha vapar karoon shastradnyanni helium, neon aanee argonche samasthanik mojale jeey vaishvik kirane khadakatoon jaat asatana tayar hotat. yapaiki jitke qamee samasthanike tyanna sapadtil, titkya alikadech khadak prushthbhagajaval ughad jhaala aahe. kutuhal' dware khodoon kadhalela chaar abj varshe juna talavatil khadak 3 kotee teey 11 kotee varshanpurvi vavyamule ughad jhaala hota, jyane done meater varcha khadak valoone udavoon deela hota. pudhe, teey eka latakatya baherchya bhagajaval khodkam karoon kotyavadhi varshe lahan asaleli jaaga shodhanyachi aasha karatat.
sadhyachya saur kamal darmyan ~ 300 divasanchya nirikshanansathi mangalavaril aakashgangechya vaishvik kirananpasun aanee saur urjavan kananpasoon shoshaleli matra aanee matra samatulya mojali gelee. mangal grahachya prushthbhagavaril manvi mohimansathi, konatyahi sambhavya vidyaman kinwa mageel jivanacha sukshmajiv jaganyacha kaal pradan karnyasathi aanee sambhavya sendriya jaivachinhe kitee kaal jatan kelee jaau shakatat heey nirdharit karnyasathi hii mojmap aavashyak aahet. yaa abhyasacha andaj aahe qee sambhavya vyavharya kiranotsargi sukshmajiv peshinmadhye pravesh karnyasathi eka meater kholichi kavayat aavashyak aahe. kiranotsarg moolyankan shodhkadvare (aar. aii. dii.) mojali jaanari pratyaksh shoshaleli matra prushthbhagavar 76 emm. jee. aay./varsh aahe. yaa mojmapannusar, 180 divasanchya (pratyek margane) samudraparyatanasaha mangal prushthbhagachya ferisathi aanee yaa sadhyachya saurachakrasathi mangal prushthbhagavar 500 divasansathi, antaralveerala ~ 1.01 seavertchya samatulya ekoon mohimechya matrecha samna karava lagel. eka chorachya samparkat yene haah pranghatak karkarog honyacha dhoka paach takkyanni vadhanyashi sambandhit aahe. pruthvichya khalchya kakshet karyarat asalelya tyachya antaralveeransathi vadhalelya jokhamisathi nasachi sadhyachi jivanmaryada teen takke aahe. mangal grahachya sumare 3 meater matine aakashgangechya vaishvik kirananpasun jastit jaast sanrakshn prapt kele jaau shakate.
tapasalele namune bahudha ekekali chikhal hote, jeey lakho teey kotyavadhi varshe jiwant jivanna aashray deu shakale asate. yaa olya vatavaranat tatasth ph, qamee kharatpana aanee loh aanee gandhak yaa donhi prajatinchya badalana redox avastha hotya. yaa prakarche loh aanee gandhak heey sajivandware vaparale jaau shakale asate. carbon, hydrogen, auxigen, sulfur, nitrogen aanee phosphorus heey thet pramukh jaivik ghatak mhanoon mojale gele aanee nishkarshanusar phosphorus upalabdh asalyache manale jaate. johnn clain aanee comberland yaa done namunyanmadhye besaltic khanije, see. aii.-sulfates, phii auxide/hydroxides, phii-sulphides, aakarheen samagri aanee trictahedral smectites (chikanmaticha eka prakar) asatat. matichya dagadatil besaltic khanije jawalchya aolian sathyansarkhich asatat. tathapi, chikhal dagadat phay-forsterite aanee magnetite khoopach qamee asate, mhanoon phay-forsterite (olivinecha prakar) bahudha badaloon smectite (chikanmaticha eka prakar) aanee magnetite tayar kele gele. usheera noachian/prarambhik hesperian kinwa tarun vay soochit karate qee mangalavaril chikanmati khanij nirmiti noachian velechya palikade vistarit jhaali; mhanoon, yaa thikani tatasth ph purvichya kalpanepeksha jaast kaal tikala.
8 december 2014 roji jhalelya patrakar parishadet, mangalavaril shastradnyanni 'curacity' roverchya nirikshananvar charcha kelee, jyat darshavile gele aahe qee mangalavaril mount sharp lakho varshanpasun mothya talavachya talashi jamaa jhalelya galane tayar keela hota. haah shodh soochit karato qee pracheen mangalavaril havamanamule yaa grahavareel anek thikani dirghkal tikanare talav tayar jhaale asavet. khadakanche thurr soochit karatat qee eka prachand talav anek vela bharoon vafavala gela hota. purave anek delta hote jeey ekmekanvar sathavale gele hote.
december 2014 madhye dekhil, mangal upkaran (samm) yetheel namuna vishleshanachya tune karnyayogya lesar spectrometer (tii. ell. ess.) dware 20 mahinyanchya kalavadhit baaraa paiki chaar vela mithenmadhye tivra vaadh jhalyache 'jidnyasa' neey aadhalale aahe, ashee ghoshana karnyat aalee. methainchi patali nehamichya pramanapeksha dahapat hotee. mithen spikechya tatpuratya swarupamule, sanshodhakancha assa vishvas aahe qee strot sthanik aahe. strot jaivik kinwa gair-jaivik asoo shakato.
16 december 2014 roji, sanshodhakanchya eka chamoone, 'kutuhal' mule mangalavar sendriya sanyuge sapadali aahet assa nishkarsh tyanni kassa kadhala yache varnan kele. mendhyanchya talavaril chikhalat khodkam kelyachya namunyanmadhye hii sanyuge sapadali. yaa namunyanmadhye chlorobenzine aanee dichloroethane, dichloropropen aanee dichlorobutain yasarkhya anek dichloroalcane shodh lagla.
24 march 2015 roji, 'jidnyasa' dware vishleshan kelelya teen namunyanmadhye nitrateschya shodhache varnan karnara eka pepper prakashit karnyat aala. ulkapindachya prabhavadarmyan vatavaranatil dietomic nitrogenpasoon nitrates tayar jhaale asey manale jaate. nitrogen serve prakarchya jivanasathi aavashyak aahe kaaran tyacha vapar dii. aine. aii. aanee aar. aine. aii. sarkhya mothya renunchya nirmiti ghatakanmadhye keela jaato. nitratesmadhye nitrogen asha swarupat asato joou jiwant jivandware vaparla jaau shakato; havetil nitrogen jivandware vaparla jaau shakat nahee. nitratescha haah shodh mangalavar ekekali jeevan hote yaa puravyat bharr ghalato.
jett pranodan prayogshalene (jeey. pii. ell.) april 2015 madhye khalchya mount sharpvar 'garden ciity' navachya bhagat done-toone khanij shiranche jaale sapadalele asalyache jaheer kele. yaa nassa prushthbhagapasun sumare adich inch unchivar ubhya asatat aanee kiman done vegvegalya dravachya pravahatoon tayar jhalelya done vegvegalya khanijanni banalelya asatat. sumare 39 phoot khalee asalelya pahramp tekadyanmadhye, maatee, hematite, jarocyte, quartz aanee christobalite hii khanije sapadali.
jidnyasa" dware kelelya mojmapanmule sanshodhakanna mangalavar kahee vela drav paanee aahe heey nirdharit karata aale. kaaran aadrata ratri 100% paryant jaate, calcium perchloratesarkhe kshar havetoon paanee shoshun ghetil aanee matimadhye kharat padarth tayar kartil. jyaa prakriyet meeth havetoon paanee shoshun ghete, tyala sookshmata mhanatat. tapman khoop qamee asale taree drav panyamule parinam hoto, kaaran kshar panyache gothanbindu qamee karatat. burf/burf vitalavanyasathi meeth rastyanvar pasaravale jaate tevha heey tattva vaparale jaate. ratri tayar honare drav lavan suryodayanantar bashpibhavan hote. uchch akshanshanmadhye adhik drav paanee apekshit aahe jethe thund tapman aanee adhik panyachi waf yamule aadrata adhik vela vadhu shakate. sanshodhakanni assa ishara deela qee panyache praman jeevan jaganyasathi purese nahee, parantu tyamule kshar matimadhye firu shakatat. panthal paanee mukhytah prushthbhagachya varchya 5 centimetermadhye aadhalate; tathapi, drav panyache parinam 15 centimeterparyant shodhale jaau shakatat asey purave aahet. chlorine-vahak kharfuti heey sakshamikaran karnare asatat; tyamule bhavishyatil landersathi rachana badalanyachi aavashyakta asoo shakate.
french aanee yuu.ess. shastradnyanni 22 khadakanchya tukadyanchya pratima aanee rasayanik parinamancha abhyas karoon granitecha eka prakar shodhala. khadakanchi rachana kemkem upkaranadvare nishchit kelee gelee. heey fikat khadak feldsparne samruddha aahet aanee tyat kahee quartz asoo shakatat. heey khadak pruthvichya granite khandiy kavchasarkhe aahet. teey tii. tii. jee. (tonelite-trondgemite-granodiorite) navachya khadkansarkhe aahet. pruthvivar, tii. tii. jee. heey archaean yugat (25 kotee varshanpurvi) sthaliy khandiy kavchamadhye samanya hote. vadali khandkat utaroon, "jidnyasa" vividh khadakanche namune ghenyas saksham hotee kaaran khandak kavachat kholvar khodala gela hota, tyamule june khadak ughad jhaale, jyapaiki kahee sumare 36 kotee varshe june asoo shakatat. anek varshe, mangal haah gadad, agnimay khadakachya besaltne banalela asalyache manale jaat hote, mhanoon haah eka mahattvapoorn shodh aahe.
8 aktoobar 2015 roji shastradnyanchya eka mothya chamoone vadali gadamadhye dirghkal tikanare talav astitvat asalyachi pushti kelee.
vadalamule talav nirman jhalyacha nishkarsh khadkal khadkal asalelya junya pravahanchya puravyanvar aadharit hota, tyabarobarach jyaa thikani pravah ubhe asalelya panyachya strotanmadhye rikame jhalyache disate. jarr talav ekekali astitvat asateel tarr paanee sathalele, bareek danedar khadak tikshna chadhanyachya jawal disanyas utsukata vatoo lagel. agadi tasech ghadale.
bareek laminated matiche dagad 'kutuhal' dware shodhale gele; heey lamination panyachya ubhya bhagatoon bareek galanchya plumsche sthayikaran darshavate. eka talavat jamaa jhalelya galamule donger tikshnacha khalcha bhag, mhanje vadali khandkatil donger tayar jhaala.
american geophysical unionchya baithakit sann francisco yethe jhalelya patrakar parishadet shastradnyanchya eka gatane kahee thikani silikachya khoop jaast sandratechya shodhabaddal sangitale, tasech tridimite navachya silika khanijancha pahila shodh lavala. silikachya jaagi paanee basavanyat sameel hote asey vaidnyanik chamooche mutt aahe.
amleey paanee itar ghatakanchi vahtook karoon silika mage sodate, tarr alkadharmi kinwa tatasth paanee virghalalelya silikamadhye vahoon neuu shakate jeey jamaa kele jaeel. yaa shodhat roverchya aat kemkem, alfa kann ksh-kiran spectrometer (aii. pii. ex. ess.) aanee rasayanshastra aanee khanijashastra (kemin) upkaranatun mojmap vaparale gele. buxkin' navachya khadakat tridimite sapadale. kemkem aanee aii. pii. ex. chya mojamapanni, marias pasachya palikade asalelya khadkatil fractures fikat kshetranmadhye uchch silika darshavili; mhanoon fracturemadhun vahana dravpadarthandvare silika jamaa jhaali asavi. keminla 'bigg skye' navachya lakshyatoon aanee 'greenhorn' navachya dusarya khadakatoon koralelya samgrimadhye silikyachi uchch patali aadhalali.
2016 chya suruvatiparyant, 'jidnyasa' neey saat jalas khanijancha shodh lavala hota. actinolyte, montmorillonite, saponite, jarocyte, halocyte, somolnokite aanee magnesite hii khanije aahet. kahee thikani serve jaal khanijanche ekoon praman 40 volue% hote. jaal khanije aaplyala suruvatiche jaal vatavaran aanee mangalavaril sambhavya jivashastra samajoon ghenyas madat karatat.
curacity' chey lesar-firing upkaran (kemkem) vaparoon shastradnyanna gaull craterchya 'kimberley' pradeshatil khanij shiranmadhye manganese auxides aadhalale. yaa khanijanna tayar honyasathi bharpur paanee aanee oxidising paristhitichi aavashyakta asate; mhanoon haah shodh panyane samruddha, auxigen-samruddha bhutkalakade nirdesh karato.
kutuhalane' tapasalelya raktavahinyanmadhil khanijanchya prakaranchya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee purvi vayuvijan karnare talav vayuvijan khandkat upasthit hote. yaa sanshodhanat pivalya chakuchya khadichya (vaay. keey. bii.) mendhyachya bedchya sadasyanchya matichya dagadanchi tapasani karnyat aalee.
2016 madhye aaykarasmadhye prakashit jhalelya sanshodhananusar, 'jidnyasa' shodhachya mohimechya pahilya 1000 solmadhye kadachit teen thikani danv tayar jhaala asel. yaa danvamule hawaman badaloo shakate. himnirmitimule, kakshetoon hydrated padarthancha vyapak shodh, heey, 'omega' upkaranadvare spasht karata yete; teey mangalavaril matitil 'jidnyasa' dware mojalya jaananya hydrated ghatakachehi spashtikaran deu shakate.
december 2016 madhye sanshodhakanni khanij raktavahinyanmadhil "jidnyasa" dware mangalavar boron yaa ghatakacha shodh lavalyachi ghoshana kelee. boron astitvat rahnyasathi tapman 0-60 ansh celsius aanee tatasth teey ksharyukt ph darmyan asave."bhoojalatil tapman, ph aanee virghalaleli khanije nivasyogya vatavaranala aadhar detat. shivay, jeev tayar honyasathi boron aavashyak asalyache suchavale gele aahe. tyachi upasthiti aar. aine. aii. madheel ghatak asalelya sakharechya raibojla sthir karate. mangalavar boronchya shodhacha tapasheel mothya sankhyene sanshodhakanni lihilelya aanee bhubhautikiy sanshodhan patranmadhye prakashit kelelya eka peparmadhye denyat aala hota.
sanshodhakanni assa nishkarsh kadhala aahe qee bhujal rasayanshastratil badalansah bhujal khandkane bhoojalchya anek ghatanancha anubhav ghetala aahe. heey rasayanik badal jivanasathi aadhardayi thartil.
janewari 2017 madhye, jeey. pii. ell. chya shastradnyanni mangalavar chikhalatil bhega sapadalyachi ghoshana kelee. yaa shodhamule purvi vadali khadda ole hote yacha adhik purava midato.
3 abj varshanchya kalavadhit 'jidnyasa' roverchya bhovtalchya vaayachya abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee jevha vanyanni kotyavadhi varshanhun adhik kaal samagri kadhoon takali aanee madhyabhagi samagri sodali jee tikshna hotee tevha donger tikshna, vadali khadda aateel dheeg tayar jhaala. sanshodhakanni ganana kelee qee sumare 15,000 ghan mail (64,000 ghan kilometer) samagri khaddyatoon kadhoon taknyat aalee. "kutuhal' neey durvar dhooliche bhute karyarat asalyache pahile aahe. tasech, eka dhool asalela saitan roverchya jawalun jaat asatana badal disun aale. jidnyasa' chya khalee valootil tarang keval eka divasat firat asalyache disun aale.
keminla gadad khadakachya chikhalat feldspar, maphic agni khanij, loh auxides, sfatikeey silika, phylosylicates, sulfate khanije sapadali. vegvegalya staranvaril yaa khanijanmadhil kahee cull asey suchavatat qee, kiman kahee vel taree talavat jawaljawal tatasth ph hota.
kemkem aanee aii. pii. ex. madheel mothya pramanat asalelya mahitichya vishleshanatun asey disun aale aahe qee "jidnyasa" laa bhedasavana bahutek samgrimadhye fakt done pramukh agnimay khadakanche prakar aanee itar teen avashesh asatat. eka mukhya prakarache vargikaran subulcallin, mii. gra.-samruddha besault (meer spirit besaltsarkhe) aanee dusare adhik vikasit, uchch see. aay., all, qamee mii. gra. besault asey kele jaate.
sanshodhakanchya eka mothya gatane fracturechya bhovati prabhamandal shodhale qee teey paanee vadali khaddyatoon paanee gayab jhalyanantar byanch kalapasoon jaminivar astitvat hote. vighatit silika vahoon nenare bhujal, fracturemadhye halale aanee tethe silika jamaa kelee. heey silika sanwardhan tarun aanee junya khadkanvar gele.
2017 madhye prakashit jhalelya gaull cratermadhil tharanmadhil rasayananchya sanshodhanatun asey soochit hote qee gaull cratermadhil talavat bahutek vel tatasth ph hota. mount sharpchya payathyashi murrechya nirmititil chikhalane talavachya vatavaranat sathavan darshavili. thurr jamaa jhalyanantar, eka aaml dravan khadakatoon gele asave, jyamadhye olivin aanee pyroxine hote, magnetitesarkhi kahee khanije virghalatat aanee hematite aanee jarosaitsarkhi naveen khanije tayar karatat. magneshiyam (mii. gra.), loh (phay.), manganese (emm. aine.), nickel (aine. aay.) aanee zink (zed. aine.) heey ghatak khalee nele gele. akheris, nee, zdn aanee mn lepit (shoshun ghetale) chikanmatiche kann. loh-auxides, mii. gra. aanee sulfur yanni sulfates tayar kele. yaa sanshodhanasathi vishvasarh tekadya, mojave 2, taar shikhar aanee buxkin asha anek thikani murrechya nirmitiche namune ghetale gele.
juuna 2018 chya patrakar parishadet sadar kelelya sanshodhanat kutuhalane vishleshan kelelya drill namunyat adhik sendriya renu shodhanyache varnan kele aahe. theophene, benzin, toluine aanee propen kinwa beautensarkhya lahan carbon sakhalya heey kahee sendriya renu aadhalale. sendriya carbonche kiman 50 nanomols ajunahi namunyat aahet, parantu teey visheshtah nishchit kele gele naheet. urvarit sendriya padarth bahudha sthool renu sendriya sulfur renu mhanoon astitvat aahet. mangalavaril upkaran sanchatil namuna vishleshananusar, sendriya padarth heey pahramp tekdyanvaril ~ 3.5-billion-year-old murre nirmitichya payathyashi asalelya lackstreen matichya dagadanpasun hote.
done purn mangalvarshe (paach pruthvi varshe) mojmapansah, shastradnyanna aadhalale qee mangal grahachya vatavaranat methainche varshik sarasari praman 0.01 ppb aahe. tathapi, methainchi patali hangamanusar vadhate aanee qamee hote, hivalyat 0.14 ppbvarun unhalyat 0.65 pipibiparyant jaate. sanshodhakanni yadruchchik antarane sumare 7 pipibiparyantchya tulanene mothya methainchya spike dekhil pahile. mangalachya vatavaranat methainche astitva romanchak aahe kaaran pruthvivar bahutek mithen heey sajivandware tayar kele jaate. mangalavaril mithen heey tethe jeevan astitvat aahe heey siddha karat nahee, parantu teey jivanashi susangat aahe. suryapasoon honare atinil kiranotsarg methaincha naash karate, too phaar kaal tikat nahee; parinami, kahitari teey tayar karat kinwa sodat asel.
mastcams gola keleli tarikh vaparoon, sanshodhakanchya eka chamoola loh ulkapind asalyache tyanna vatate teey sapadale aahe. heey ulkapind bahubhajak nirikshananmadhye, sabhovatalachya prushthbhagapramane nehmichi loh kinwa loh shoshan vaishishtye nasalele mhanoon vegale disatat.
emily lakadela yanni roverchya 'jidnyasa' vadyambaddal aanee itihasabaddal 2018 chey tapshilvar pustak lihile. tine 'curacity' chya keminane shodhalelya khanijanchi yadee kelee. keminane olivin, pyroxin, feldspar, quartz, magnetite, loh sulphide (pyrite aanee pirehotite), acagnite, jarocyte aanee calcium sulfates (gypsum, enhydrite, besanite) yancha shodh lavala aahe. 
indiana yetheel indianapolis yetheel geological society auph americachya varshik baithakit 2018 madhye sadar kelelya sanshodhanat vadali gadyatil prachand purachya puravyanche varnan kele aahe. jidnyasa" dware tapasalya gelelya eka khadak unitmadhye 20 centimeterparyantche kann asalele khadak samooh asatat. asha prakarche khadkal paanee tayar karnyasathi 10 teey 20 meater kholiche asave. 20 laakh teey 12,000 varshanpurvi pruthvine asha prakarchya purancha anubhav ghetala.
vividh gurutvakarshanachya mojamapancha vapar karoon, shastradnyanchya eka chamoone assa nishkarsh kadhala qee mount sharp jithe aahe tithech tayar jhaala asava. lekhakanni sangitale qee, "jordar donger haah mukhyatve tyachya sadhyachya swarupat vadalamadhye muktapane ubha asalela dheeg mhanoon tayar jhaala."eka kalpana ashee hotee qee too asha samagricha bhag hota jyane eka vistrut pradesh vyapala aanee nantar tyachi zeej jhaali, jyamule donger tikshna jhaala. tathapi, jarr tase asel tarr talashi asalele thurr baryapaiki daat asateel. gurutvakarshanachi hii mahitee darshavate qee talache thurr barech sachchidra aahet. jarr teey khadakachya anek tharankhali asate tarr teey sankuchit jhaale asate aanee adhik daat jhaale asate. jidnyasa' chya pravegmapkatun mahitee vaparoon gurutvakarshanachi tivrata prapt kelee gelee.
aktoobar 2019 madhye nechar geosciencemadhye prakashit jhalelya sanshodhanat, chakrivadalatil khadde tyache talavache paanee gayab jhalyamule anek ole aanee korade chakr kase paar kele yache varnan kele aahe. 
bashpibhavit panyatil sulfate ksharanni dakhavun dile qee ekekali vadali khandkat kharat panyache talav astitvat hote. yaa talavanmadhye poshak jeev asoo shakatat. besaltsne sapadalele calcium aanee magneshiyam sulfates tayar kele asate. tyachya qamee vidravyatemule, talav sukat asatana calcium sulfate lavkar jamaa hote. tathapi, magneshiyam sulfate ksharanchya shodhamule talav jawaljawal purnapane bashpibhavan jhalela asava. urvarit panyache talav khoop kharat asateel-pruthvivaril asha talavanmadhye meeth sahishnu kinwa "helotolerant" asalele jeev asatat.hii khanije vadali khandakachya lahan bhaganmadhye asalelya talavanchya kathanvar sapadali. jevha khandkamadhye kholvar shodh ghenyachi utsukata hotee, tevha tithe sapadalelya matine dakhavun dile qee eka talav barach kaal astitvat hota, sulfetsche heey naveen nishkarsh, talav sukato aanee nantar punha punha ole hoto.
khadakanmadhil dardanmadhun bhoogarbhatil paanee jaat asalyamule pandhya nassa mhanoon vadalat itar thikani sulfate kshar aadhalale aahet.
utsukatela havetil vayootil khandkamadhye auxigen havet jaat asalyache aadhalale aahe. mangalavarchya teen varshanmadhye (jawaljawal sahaa pruthvi varshe) kelelya mojmapanmadhun, mangalavarchya (samm) portable chemistry labmadheel namuna vishleshanatil eka upkaranane asey ughad kele qee sampoorn vasant aanee unhalyat oxygenchi patali 30 takkyanparyant vadhali aanee nantar padalyamule tee samanya patalivar parat aalee. pratyek vasant rutumadhye heey ghadayache. oxygenche heey hangami badal vatavaranatil kinwa prushthbhagavaril kahee adnyat prakriya hott asalyache soochit karatat.
mangalavaril jivanache purave 19 janewari 2022 roji prakashit jhaale. roverchya tune karnyayogya lesar spectrometerne (tii. ell. ess.) 24 namunyanmadhye carbon isotopechi vipulata nishchit kelee. anek namunyanmadhye carbon-13 chya tulanet carbon-12 chya sapeksh pramanat soochit kelelya jivanni samasthanikanmadhye badal kele.
ulate aaram.
mangalavaril kahee thikani ulate aaram disun yetat. yaa thikani, khoynaivaji, pravah talavache vaishishtya unch asoo shakate. ulatya purvichya pravah vahinya mothya khadakanchya sathavanukimule kinwa cementationmule houu shakatat. konatyahi paristhitit dhupamule aajubajuchya jaminichi dhoop hoil parantu junya pravahala unch dongarrang mhanoon sodoon jaeel kaaran dongarrang dhupas adhik pratirodhak asel. khalee dilelya pratimet, padchinhasah ghetalelya chitrat papyukt kadya disatat jyaa ulat jhalelya junya vahinya asoo shakatat.
yarding.
mangalavar yardang samanya aahet. teey samanyatah samantar resheey kadanchya malika mhanoon disatat. tyanche samantar swaroop prachalit vaayachya dishene asalyamule asalyache manale jaate. khalee dilelya done bhadyane ghetalelya pratima eolis chatushkonatil yardangche changle drushya darshavtat. mangalavar meduce phose tayar honyat yardang samanya aahet.
khadatar bhoobhag.
aolis chatushkonachya kahee bhaganmadhye khadake, messa, buts aanee saral bhintinchya khonyanchey vaishishtya asalele khadkal bhoobhag aahet. tyat 1 teey 2 kiimii unchiche scarp kinwa kadya aahet.
tharband bhoobhag.
sanshodhakanni, aaykarasmadhye lihitana, aolis dorsa yetheel aolis chatushkonatil starit ekkanche varnan kele aahe. yardang asaleli eka thevi itar anek thevinnantar tayar jhaali. yardangmadhye 'rhythmite' navacha eka starit satha asato joou havamanatil niyamit badalanmule tayar hoto asey manale jaat asey. thurr kadak disat asalyane, tyaa velee kadachit olsar kinwa ole vatavaran astitvat hote. lekhak yaa starit sathyancha sambandh gadad khandakachya (emm. tii.) varchya tharanshi jodatat. tikshna).
mangalavaril anek thikani tharanmadhye mandani kelele khadak disatat. kadhikadhi thurr vegvegalya ranganche asatat. mangalavaril halakya rangache khadak sulfetsasarkhya hydrated khanijanshi sambandhit aahet. mars rover 'sandhee' neey anek upkaranansah asha tharanchi jawalun tapasani kelee. kahee thurr bahudha sookshm kananni banalele asatat kaaran teey dhool shodhanyat tutalele disatat. itar thurr mothya dagadanmadhye futatat tyamule teey kadachit khoop katheen asatat. besault haah jwalamukhicha khadak, dagad tayar karananya tharanmadhye asalyache manale jaate. mangalavar anek thikani besaltchi olakh patali aahe. kakshet firana antaral yanavaril upkarananni kahee tharanmadhye chikanmati (jyala phylosylicate dekhil mhanatat) shodhali aahe. alikadil sanshodhananusar, sumare-infrared spectrometerchya kakshet, jeey teey shoshun ghenanya prakashachya tarangalambivar aadharit asalelya khanijanche prakar ughad karate, teey columbus khandkat chikanmati aanee sulfates yaa donhi tharanche purave aadhalale. jarr ekhada motha talav haloohaloo wafla asata tarr nemke hetch disun aale asate. shivay, kahee tharanmadhye gypsum, eka sulfate jeey tulanene godya panyat tayar hote, tyamule khaddyat jeevan nirman jhaale asate.
shastradnya mangalavar sulfates aanee matisarkhi hydrated khanije shodhanyasathi utsuk hote kaaran tee sahasa panyachya upasthitit tayar hotat. maatee aanee/kinwa itar hydrated khanije asaleli thikane jivanacha purava shodhanyasathi changli thikane asateel.
khadak vividh prakare thurr tayar karoo shakato. jwalamukhi, vaara kinwa paanee thurr tayar karoo shakatat. bhujal krutimule thurr kadak kele jaau shakatat. mangalache bhujal kadachit shekado kilometer pudhe gele aanee yaa prakriyet tyane paar kelelya khadakatoon anek khanije virghalali. jevha bhujal prushthbhagavar gaal asalelya khalchya bhagat asate, tevha paanee patal vatavaranat bashpibhavan hote aanee khanije sathavun thevate aanee/kinwa cementing agent mhanoon mage sodate. parinami, dhooliche thurr nantar sahajpane nasht houu shakale naheet kaaran teey ekatra cement kelele hote. pruthvivar, khanij samruddha paanee anekada bashpibhavan houn vividh prakarchya ksharanche aanee itar khanijanche mothe sathe tayar karate. kadhikadhi pruthvichya jalbhrutinmadhun paanee vahate aanee nantar mangalasathi gruheet dharalyapramane prushthbhagavar bashpibhavan hote. pruthvivar aadhalanare eka thikan mhanje austreliyache mahan artasian khore. pruthvivaril valukashmasarkhya anek galyukt khadakanchi kadakpana mukhyatve paanee jaat asatana cement thevalyamule aahe.
resheey rij jaale.
resheey parvatmalyanche jaale mangalavar aanee khadyanchya aaspaschya vividh thikani aadhaltat. kadya bahutekda saral bhag mhanoon disatat. teey shekado meater lamb, daha meater unch aanee anek meater rund aahet. asey manale jaate qee prabhavanmule prushthbhagavar asthibhang hotat, heey asthibhang nantar dravpadarthansathi vahinya mhanoon kaam karatat. dravpadarthanni sanrachanela cement kele. kalantarane, aajubajuchi samagri nasht jhaali, jyamule katheen kadya mage gelya. 
kadya chikanmatichya thikani asalyane, yaa rachana chikanmatisathi eka chinhak mhanoon kaam karoo shakatat jyasathi tyachya nirmitisathi panyachi aavashyakta asate.