gaal vhee. united states

gaal vhee. united states, 498 yuu.ess. 192 (1991), haah united stateschya sarvoch nyayalayacha khatala hota jyamadhye nyayalayane johnn ell. chee shiksha ulat kelee. curr vivaranpatra dakhal karnyat jaanunbujun ayashasvi tharalyabaddal aanee karchukvegiri kelyabaddal, eka curr aandolak. curr kayadyachya guntaguntimule jhalelya gairsamajavar aadharit, ekhadi vyakti curr kayadyache ullanghan karat nahee, assa kharaa sadbhavan vishvas, jaree too vishvas tarkaheen kinwa avastav asala tarihi, ichchhapurti nakarto, asey nyayalayane mhatale. curr kayada avaidh kinwa asanvaidhanik aahe assa vastavik vishvas haah curr kayadyachya guntaguntimule jhalelya gairsamajavar aadharit sadbhavna vishvas nahee aanee too bachav nahee, assa nikalahi nyayalayane deela.
parshvabhoomi.
prativadi, johnn ell. 1973 madhye american airlinesathi pilot banalelya galane 1979 chya curr varshaparyant federal incum tacks return dakhal kele. 1980 chya karvarshapasun suruvat karoon, galane federal aaykar vivaranpatra bharane bund kele. tyane tyachya niyoktyakade sadar kelelya doubleu-4 whitholding statementvar saath bhattyanparyantcha dawa karnyas suruvat kelee.
1982 teey 1987 yaa kalat, federal incum taxla aavhan aavhan kiman chaar diwani prakarananmadhyehi gaal sahbhagi hota. tyaa prakarananmadhye upasthit kelelya yuktivadanmadhye asey hoteh (1) kayadyachya arthanusar too kardatya navhata assa yuktivad; (2) vetan heey utpann nahee assa yuktivad; (3) sola vya durustimadhye vyaktinvar aaykar lagoo karnyas adhikrut nahee assa yuktivad; aanee (4) solavi durusti lagoo naan karata yenyajogi aahe assa yuktivad. charahi prakarananmadhye, nyayalayanni heey yuktivad chukiche asalyache mhatale. curr gunhyanchya aaropakhali asalelya vyaktinchya done faujdari khatalyanmadhyehi gaal upasthit rahila.
johnn chikvar akheris 1980,1981,1983,1984,1985 aanee 1986 yaa varshansathi federal incum tacks return jaanunbujun dakhal karnyat ayashasvi tharalyachya sahaa gunhyancha aarop thevanyat aala. tyanchyavar 1980,1981 aanee 1983 yaa varshansathi karchukvegirichahi aarop thevanyat aala.
nyayalayin sunavani.
tyachya swatachya faujdari khatalyat galane swatache pratinidhitva kele. tyanni asehi saksh dilee qee 1978 chya sumaras tyanni eka gatane aayojit kelelya charchasatranna upasthit rahnyas suruvat kelee hotee, jyacha assa vishvas hota qee federal aaykar pranali asanvaidhanik aahe. charchasatre aanee swatachya abhyasachya aadhare, curr kayadyanchi asanvaidhanik amalbajavani kelee jaat aahe aanee tyanchi krutee kayadeshir aahe yavar tyancha pramanik vishvas hota, asey galanni sangitale. galane yoochya swatachya vyakhyambaddal visheshtah saksh dilee.ess. sanvidhan, nyayalayin matey, samanya kayada aanee itar sahitya. tyane saksh dilee qee tyane curr vivaranpatra dakhal karanyachi aavashyakta nahee, tyala aaykar bharnyachi aavashyakta nahee aanee tyachya pagaratoon rokhalelya paishachya paratavyacha dawa karoo shakato yaa nishkarshaparyant pohochanyasathi too tyaa samagrivar avalambun hota. khajgi niyoktyakadun (american airlines) milanare tyache vetan antargat mahasool kayadyantargat utpann nahee, assa yuktivadahi galanni keela. tyamule tyane faujdari curr doshasiddhisathi aavashyak asalelya 'janivpurvak' naan karata kaam kele assa yuktivad galane keela.
kayadyache adnyan.
yuu antargat.ess. faujdari kayada, samanya niyam assa aahe qee kayadyache adnyan kinwa kayadyachi chook haah faujdari khatala chalvanyasathi vaidh bachav nahee (adnyey nyayshastra gair-maafee dekhil pahaa). matra, yaa niyamala apavad aahet. kahee yuu.ess. faujdari kayade 'vishisht hetu' asalelya gunhyansathi tartud karatat, jethe kayadyache adnyan haah vaidh bachav asoo shakato. federal faujdari curr kayade hii vishisht hetuchya gunhyansathi kayadyanchi udaharane aahet, jethe kayadyache vastavik adnyan heey vaidh sanrakshn aahe.
nyayadhishanchya chukichya soochana.
galala doshi tharvanyat aale, parantu jyurichya charchedarmyan, jurine trial jajala kayadyabaddal spashtikaran magitale. nyayadhishanni nyayadhishanna nirdesh dile qee "pramanik parantu avastav vishvas haah bachav nahee aanee too ichchhapurti nakarat nahee."trial courtane juriela asehi nirdesh dile qee" "khajgi nokri nokri vyaktiche vetan heey utpann nahee kinwa curr kayade asanvaidhanik aahet assa nishkarsh kadhanare [aaa] sanshodhan kinwa sanshodhan heey vastunishthapane vajvi nahee aanee kayadyachya sanrakshanachya changlya manachya gairsamjasathi aadhar mhanoon kaam karoo shakat nahee"."
yachika.
tyachya doshi tharvanyachya nirnayala satvya circuitsathi amerikechya apeal nyayalayat galane apeal kele, jyane doshasiddhi kayam thewali. united stateschya sarvoch nyayalayane yaa prakaranacha aadhava ghenyasathi pramanpatrachi eka riit jaaree kelee. nyayalayat, galane assa yuktivad keela qee, ichchhapurti nakarnyasathi kayadyacha gairsamaj vastunishthapane vajvi asane aavashyak aahe, ashee soochana deuun trial courtane chook kelee aahe.
nyayalayache mutt.
nyaymurti sotter yanni yaa prakaranat bhag ghetala nahee, kaaran teey nyayalayat dakhal honyachya eka aathvada aadhi vaad ghatala gela hota. 
aaplya nikalat nyayalayane done aavashyak malki sadar kelyah
sarvoch nyayalayane punha sangitale qee federal faujdari curr prakaranatil ichchapurtichya nishkarshasathi (1) kayadyane prativadivar kartavya ladale aahe, (2) prativadila yaa kartvyabaddal mahitee aahe aanee (3) prativadine swechhene aanee jaanunbujun tyaa kartvyache ullanghan kele aahe yacha purava aavashyak aahe. ichchamrutyu ghatak kassa siddha keela gela pahije heey spasht kartana, nyayalayane curr kayadyachya ghatanatmakatebaddalchya yuktivadanna curr kayadyabaddalachya vaidhanik yuktivadanpasun vegale kele.
nyaymurti byron white yanchya matey, nyayalayane nikal deela qee curr kayade "asanvaidhanik" hote assa prativadicha vishvas bachav navhata, too vishvas kitihi pramanikpane thewala gela asala taree. yaulat, curr vivaranpatra dakhal karnyat teey apayashi tharale heey 'ghatanatmakata' yaa vishvasavar aadharit hote, heey sarvoch nyayalayane manya kele, (1) curr kayadyavishayich tyanchya 'jagruktecha' sambhavya purava mhanoon (nyayalay asey mhanat hote qee ghatanatmak yuktivad kardatyala 'samasyetil taratudimbaddalache sampoorn dnyan aanee tyaa tartudi avaidh aanee amalat aananyayogya asalya taree, abhyasalela nishkarsh' chukicha asala taree, too ughad karato) aanee (2) curr kayadyane ladalelya dnyat kayadeshir kartvyache aichchhik, jaanunbujun ullanghan.
tathapi, gaghacha vaidhanik yuktivad-tyacha majuri heey kayadyantargat utpann navhate assa tyacha thaam vishvas (antargat mahasool sanhita swatach)-sarvoch nyayalayane too vishvas vastunishthapane vajvi nasla taree vaidh bachavasathi sambhavya aadhar asalyache tharavale, parantu vishvas pratyakshat sadbhavanapurvak thewala gela. sarvoch nyayalayane nikal deela qee prativadicha vaidhanik yuktivad "vastunishthapane vajvi" asalelya vishvasavar aadharit asava asey nirdesh deuun, khatalyachya nyayadhishanni chukun kaay "tathyatmak muddah" (jurine nirnay ghenyasathi) mhanoon manale pahije hote tyache "kayadeshir muddah" madhye rupantar kele aahe. sarvoch nyayalayane mhatale qee prativadine jaanunbujun vagale qee nahee haah jyuridware nirdharit keela jaanara eka tathyatmak muddah aahe aanee prativadicha vishvas "vastunishthapane vajvi nasla taree" ichchamayachya kamtaratecha "vaidh bachav aadhalu shakato."sarvoch nyayalayane heey prakaran punha sunavanisathi trial kortat pathvile. nyayalayane margdarshak tattve dekhil pradan kelee jee fervicharat nirnayak mandaladvare vaparali jaau shakatatah
asahmati.
nyaymurti harry blackmoon, nyaymurti thurgood marshal yanchyasamvet, nyayalayachya yaa nirnayashi sahmat hote qee federal incum tacks asanvaidhanik aahe assa vishvas haah janivpurvak kelelya aaropacha bachav nahee. tathapi, yaa done nyayadhishanni nyayalayachya nirnayabaddal takrar kelee qee antargat mahasool sanhitechya gairsamajavar aadharit kharaa, sadbhavna vishvas haah eka vaidh bachav aahe. asahmati darshavat blackmunne lihileh
gaal sanrakshn.
kahee curr aandolakanni yaa prakaranacha hawala dett assa yuktivad keela aahe qee curr kayadyachyach chukichya samajutibaddal galanni uthavalelya sanrakshanacha vapar karoon shiksheshivay curr bharane talhane shakya aahe. tathapi, gaal bachav keval faujdari khatalyat upalabdh aahe, aanee curr bharane talhanyasathi eka paddhat mhanoon nahee. yavyatirikt, vakeel daniel bii. galancha bachav tarkikdrushtya swa-parabhav karnara aahe asey evance sangatatah 
...[i] jarr tumhi teey vaparanyachi aadhich yojana aakhali asel, tarr teey ayashasvi hone jawaljawal nishchit aahe, kaaran tumcha "sadbhavna vishvas" sthapit karnyasathiche tumche prayatna sarkar purava mhanoon vaparnar aahe qee jevha tumhi teey kele tevha tumhi jeey karat hota teey chukiche hote, mhanunach tumhi bachavasathi aadhich kaam kele. 
nantarchya ghadamodi.
johnn cheekchya babatitah
nirnayanantar lagechach, galanche vakeel, william aar. kulsanane sangitale qee galane "tyacha dhada shikala aahe". kulson yanni galala "curr aandolanachya chalvalicha bhola balee" asey mhatale.
pudhe, yaa prakaranachi punha sunavanisathi ravanagi karnyat aalee. fervicharanit, panchanni pagar karpatra nahee assa tyancha kharokharach "vishvas" hota assa galancha yuktivad fetalala. tyala punha doshi tharvanyat aale. 13 march 1992 roji galala eka varsh aanee eka divasachya karavasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee aanee tyala paach varshanchya prabeshanvar thevanyat aale. too antargat mahasool seves sahkarya karel aanee tyacha paratava curr bharel aanee 62,000 dollarscha dand bharel, yaa pariviksha atty hotya. dusari shiksha satvya circuitsathi united states court auph appealsney kayam thewali aanee united stateschya sarvoch nyayalayane too nirnay punaravalokan nakarun ubha rahoo deela. december 1992 madhye galala turungatoon sodanyat aale.
kiman eka federal jilha nyayalayane asey soochit kele aahe qee, prativadine tyachya swatachya vishvasabaddal kinwa "kardatyachya mansikteshi" sambandh asalelya itar kahee puravyambaddal saksh naan dilyas, prativadichya vakilala nyaypithala "gaal" bachav soochana denyasathi nyayalayachi aavashyakta asoo shakat nahee. satvya sarkitsathichya united states court auph appealsney yaa nirnayala dujora deela aahe.

