shilalekh

shilalekhshastra () heey lekhan mhanoon shilalekh kinwa shilalekh yancha abhyas aahe; heey graphims olakhane, tyanche arth spasht karane, tarkha aanee sanskrutik sandarbhannusar tyanchya vaparache vargikaran karane aanee lekhan aanee lekhakambaddal nishkarsh kadhane heey vidnyan aahe. dastaivaj mhanoon shilalekhache aitihasik mahatva aanee sahityik rachaneche kalatmak moolya heey shilalekhatun visheshtah vagalalele aahe. shilalekhanchya paddhati paddhati vyaktila 'epigrapher' kinwa 'epigraphist' mhanatat. udaharanarth, behiston shilalekh haah iranmadhil eka thikani sthanik khadkavar koralelya achemanid samrajyacha adhikrut dastaivaj aahe. shilalekhanche lekhak tribhashik shilalekhachi punarbandhani, anuvad aanee tarkha aanee konatihi sambandhit paristhiti shodhanyasathi jababdar asatat. tathapi, shilalekhadvare nondavalelya ghatananche dastaivaj mhanoon nirdharan aanee arth lavane heey itihaskaranche kaam aahe. anekada, shilalekh aanee itihas hii ekach vyaktidvare vaparali jaanari kshamata asate. sakshar sanskratinshi sambandhit asatana shilalekh heey puratatvashastrache prathamik sadhan aahe. yuu. ess. library auph congress heey itihasachya sahayyak vidnyananpaiki eka mhanoon shilalekhshastrache vargikaran karate. puralekhshastra banavat mahitee olakhanyas dekhil madat karateh puralekhavishayak purave james ausurishi sambandhit charchecha bhag banale.
shilalekh (epigramshi gondhal ghaloo naye) haah konatyahi prakarcha majkoor aahe, ekach graphimpasoon (jase qee bhandyat vastoo vastoo pathvanaya naav sankshipt tayar bhandyavaril khuna) teey lamb dastaivajaparyant (jase qee grunth, sahityache kaam kinwa hegiographic shilalekh). mudravidnyan kinwa puratatvashastra yasarkhya itar kshamatanvar puralekhshastra adhorekhit hote. pustakanchya tulanet bahutansh shilalekh lahan asatat. madhyam aanee chitrakalechi rupe vaividhyapurn aaheth dagad kinwa dhatumadhil korivkam, khadkavaril orkhade, menatil chhap, cast metalvar embosing, maulyavan dagadanvar camio kinwa intaglio, syremic kinwa frescover chitrakala. samanyatah sahitya tikau asate, parantu tikaupana haah paristhiticha apghat asoo shakato, jase qee aagichya velee chikanmatichi golee baking karane.
lekhanache swaroop, shilalekhshastracha vishay, hii eka vegali baab aahe jee swatah abhyasalelya granthachya swarupapeksha vegali aahe. dagadat koralele grunth samanyatah sarvajanik darshanasathi asatat aanee tyamule teey pratyek sanskratichya likhit granthanpeksha moolatah vegale asatat. tathapi, serve koralele grunth sarvajanik naheet, mycenian greesmadhye 'resheey buub' chey arth lavnare grunth mothya pramanat aarthik aanee prashasakeey nondi thevanyasathi vaparale jaat asalyache ughad jhaale. anaupacharik koreev grunth heey tyachya mool arthane 'bhittichitra' aahet.
ekhadya kalpaneche kinwa sankalpaneche pratinidhitva tayar, mhanje vaicharik shilalekhanchya abhyasala, vicharsangrah asehi mhatale jaau shakate. german samatulya "sinbuildforshing" hii puu richmadhil eka vaidnyanik shakha hotee, parantu nantar tee atyant vaicharik asalyache mhanoon nakarli gelee. chitratmak, vaicharik aanee logographic lekhanachya namunyanshi sambandhit asalelya petroglyphe abhyasashi puralekh sanshodhan parasparsambandhit aahe. pracheen hastalikhitancha abhyas, samanyatah shaimadhye, heey eka vegale kshetra aahe, puratatvashastra. shilalekhalekhan heey pratimashastrapeksha vegale aahe, kaaran teey pratimanshi vyavhar karnyaivaji sandesh asalelya arthpurn chinhanparyant maryadit aahe.
itihas.
16 vya shatkapasoon shilalekhshastracha satatyane vikas hott aahe. shilalekhshastrachi tattve sanskratinusar sanskruti badaltat aanee europeey hastanmadhil balvidnyan suruvatila lattin shilalekhanvar kendrit hote. george fabricius (1516-1571); stephano antonio morcelli (1737-1822); luigi getano marini (1742-1815); august wilheim zumpt (1815-1877); theoder momsen (1817-1903); emil hubner (1834-1901); franz commont (1868-1947); louis robbert (1904-1985) yasarkhya epigraphersne vaiyaktik yogdan dile aahe.
momsen aanee itar vidvananni suru keleli daad, 1863 pasoon berlinmadhye yuddhakalin adthalyansah prakashit kelee jaat aahe. haah lattin shilalekhancha sarvat motha aanee sarvat vyapak sangrah aahe. shilalekhanchi punarprapti suru asalyane naveen tantumay avashesh ajunahi tayar kele jaatat. daad bhaugolikdrushtya mandani kelele aaheh rommadhil serve shilalekh khand 6 madhye aahet. yaa khandat sarvat jaast shilalekh aahet; khand 6, bhag 8, fyasikal 3 nuktech prakashit jhaale hote (2000). jivshastradnyanchya 'pranishastriy nondi'-itihasachya kachchya malachya ulat, navyane sapadalele shilalekh lattin bhashet prakashit hott asalelya asha khandanchya chaloo asalelya malikanvar tadnya avalambun asatat.
greek shilalekh eka vegalya gatachya hatat, vegvegalya karporasah ughad jhaale aahet. done aahet. tyateel pahile chaar khand baher aale, punha berlin yethe, 1825-1877. sampoorn greek bhashik jagatoon nakkal kelelya greek shilalekhanchya sarvasamaveshak prakashanacha haah pahila prayatna hota. keval pragat vidyarthi ajunahi tyacha sallah ghetat, kaaran granthanchya changlya aavruttyanni tyachi jaaga ghetali aahe. dusare, aadhunik nidhichi bhaugolikdrushtya asha shreninmadhye vyavastha kelee jaateh abhijat kshetratil aantarrashtriy tatasthata rakhanyasathi, aadesh, soochi, manad padvi, antyasanskarache shilalekh, vividh, heey serve lattin bhashet sadar kele jaatat.
asha itar malikanmadhye (etruscan shilalekh), (crusadersche shilalekh), (celtic shilalekh), (irani shilalekh), "mesopotemiyache shahee shilalekh" aanee "nava-auserian kalatil shahee shilalekh" (sumerian aanee akkadiyan shilalekh) ityadincha samavesh aahe.
egyptian chitralipinche nirakaran rosetta dagad vaparoon kele gele, jeey shastriy greek, demotic egyptian aanee shastriy egyptian chitralipinmadhil bahubhashik stambh hote. french vidwan, jeane-francois champolian aanee british shastradnya thomas young yanni heey kaam kele.
madhya amerikevar spanish vijay midavalyamule mayaa chitralipincha arth nasht jhaala. tathapi, mayaa epigraphers aanee bhashashastradnyanchya alikadil karyamule yaa guntaguntichya lekhan pranalibaddal barich mahitee midali aahe.
form.
sahitya aanee tantra.
sahitya.
shilalekh samanyatah dagad, sangamarvari, dhatoo, terrakota kinwa lakadavar korale gele hote (jaree egypt vagalata hii shevatchi samagri kvachitach tikoon rahili aahe). egypt aanee mesopotemiyamadhye yaa uddeshasathi varanvar katheen dagad vaparale jaat hote aanee tyamule shilalekh changlya prakare jatan kele gele aahet aanee vachanyas sope aahet. greesmadhye, visheshtah ethansmadhye, pandhara sangamarvari rung haah aavadata padarth hota, joou prashansaniyapane spasht akshare gheto, parantu ughad jhalyas prushthbhagache hawaman badalanyas aanee footpath kinwa tatsam sanrachananmadhye punarbandhani kelyas too paridhan karnyas jababdar asato. itar anek prakarche, katheen aanee mauu donhi prakarche dagad, visheshtah sfatikeey chunkhadi, jeey sahajpane gulgulit prushthbhag ghet naheet aanee tyamule, aakasmik khuna kinwa samgrichya khadbaditpanamule, anekada samajoon ghene katheen asate, teey anekada vaparale jaat asat.
shilalekhansathi sarvat jaast vaparla jaanara dhatoo kansya hotah hyachya sapat fiti rupedaa mandire aanee itar imaratinchya bhintinvar chikatavanyasathi banvilya jaat asat. kadhikadhi asha fiti chandi kinwa sonyachya banvilya jaat asat aanee yapaiki konatyahi dhatupasoon banavalelya bhandyanvar anekada shilalekh korale jaat asat. dhatuvaril shilalekh jawaljawal nehmich koralele asat, cast kelele navhate. shilalekhancha eka mahattvacha varg mhanje nanyanvaril aakhyayika; tyaa dabevarun chhapalya gelya hotya. (see. eff. mudrashastra.) mesopotemiya aanee kretemadhil shilalekhansathi chikanmaticha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaat asey. yaa prakaranat jevha chikanmati mauu hotee tevha chinhanna vishesh tayar kelelya falkanvar chhedan kele jaat asey kinwa chhapale jaat asey aanee nantar tee aagine kadak kelee jaat asey. greesmadhye, fuldanyavaril anek shilalekh golibar karnyapurvi rangavale jaat asat, tyaa babatit anekada darshavilelya drushyancha sandarbh asato kinwa golibaranantar chhedanbindu keela jaat asey; matichya bhandyancha ("ostraka") vapar anekada swast lekhan sahitya mhanoon keela jaat asey. farsha, anfora handle ityadinchya babatit, golibar karnyapurvi olya chikanmativaril sanchevarun dekhil shilalekh anekada chhapale gele hote.aanee yaa prakarananmadhye teey konatya imaratishi sambandhit aahet kinwa tyanni tyanche mool thikan konatya thikanahun ghetale aahe yabaddal anekada maulyavan mahitee puravatat.
shilalekh banavanyasathi vaparali jaanari "sadhane" sahityanusar bhinn hotee; tyapaiki bahutek eka prakarchi ushee hotee, sahasa chauras blades; suruvatiche shilalekh kadhikadhi ghatt dagadavar salag thosa kinwa tokdar hatodine maranyat yet asat. kadhikadhi oo kinwa jyacha "oo" haah bhag tayar hoto tyaa aksharasathi golakar thosa vaparla jaat asey.
kapanichya shaili.
suruvatiche shilalekh, jeey sahasa haushi kaam asatat, teey tyanchya kapaneet anekada khoop aniyamit asatat. parantu nantarchya kamanchya jawaljawal serve udaharananmadhye, shilalekh vyavsayikanni spashtapane kapale aahet aanee vividh thikane aanee kalkhandanshi sambandhit nishchit shaili aanee paddhati aahet. udaharanarth, egyptmadhye, suruvatichya kalat chitralipya kaljipurvak aanee najukpane kapalya jaatat aanee nantarchya kalat adhik nishkalji aanee paramparik banatat. greesmadhye, ii. sha. puu. puu aanee puu shatkat ethansmadhye sarvottam kaam kele gele; hii akshare serve achook aanee niyamit aakarachi hotee, jyat konatehi sahsi dagine navhate aanee visheshtah puu shatkat, samanyatah vareel aanee khalchya akshare tasech donhi bajunchya akshare barobar agadi susangat hotee. tyaa velee serve stroke samaan jaadiche hote, parantu ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkat aanee nantar tantu prushthbhagavar tirakaspane dharoon thevanyachi pratha aalee, jyamule fatcher aakaracha stroke tayar jhaala. mesopotemiyamadhil ashach prathene tathakathit "cuniform" pranalila janm deela. greesmadheel dhatuchya shilalekhanvar haach prabhav dagad kinwa sangamarvari shilalekhanpeksha aadhi disun yeto. puu shatkat aanee nantar strokela 'epises' kinwa sajavatichya tokancha parichay karoon dene samanya jhaale, hii pratha aajahi aaplya samanya mothya aksharanmadhye prachalit aahe. vegvegalya stroke aanee vegvegalya jaadiche vakranche vegvegale bhag banavanyachi pratha roman shilalekhanmadhye samanya jhaali, jyanni kalantarane badalatya tyanchya swatachya smarakeey shailicha vikas keela. shilalekh bahutekda kapanichya shailinusar tasech aksharanchya aakaranusar andaje kalnirdharit kele jaau shakatat; heey karnyache kaushalya mool aanee pratikrutincha kaljipurvak aanee sookshm abhyas karoonach prapt kele jaau shakate. (see. eff. puratatvashastratil dating paddhati.)
shilalekh kuthe vachayache hote, tyancha uddesh aanee katarche kaushalya yavar avalambun aakarat mothya pramanat farak asato. kahee shilalekh mothya lambiche, sarvat lamb, ethanian prashasanakhalil delos yetheel mandirachya vruttantanche vidhan aahet, jeey thucidideschya pustakaitke jawaljawal ardhe aahet; aanee itar anek shilalekh yachya lambichya drushtine aahet.
chinhe aanee lekhanache prakar.
aaplyala dnyat asalelya lekhanache bahutek prakar chitra-likhanachya kahee pranalimadhye ugam pavale aahet (see. eff. chitralekhan dekhil, jeey chitralipi pranalimadhye vikasit jhaale. asha pranalincha ugam jagachya vegvegalya bhaganmadhye swatantrapane jhalyache disate-egypt, mesopotemiya, krete, hittaitsmadhye aanee chean aanee americet. yaa sarvancha purava pramukhyane shilalekhanmadhye aadhalato. ideographspasoon (kinwa ekhadya vastuche kinwa kalpaneche thet pratinidhitva) dhvanyatmak mulyachya chinhanparyant aanee tyachpramane shabdansh kinwa varnamalanparyantcha vikas anek vegvegalya pranalinmadhye vividh pramanat jhaala. parantu purnapane varnanukramik lekhan paddhaticha shodh lavnare pahile lock finician hote, jyanchyakadun greek lokanni kahee badal aanee sudharanansah tee udhar ghetali (kahee vidvananna asey vatate, parantu teey siddha jhaale nahee). greek bhashepasun lattin aanee european lokanchya serve varnamalanmadhun greek shabd aala. phoenician haah egyptianpasoon aala hota qee nahee haah ajunahi vadacha vishay aahe.
chitralipi chinhe naisargikaritya paramparik banavali gelee aanee kapanichya soyisathi, vaparlelya samagri aanee sadhanannusar sopee kelee gelee. anek prakarananmadhye teey sachitra rupatoon resheey rupat vikasit jhaale. heey shakya aahe qee yapaiki kahee resheey rupe chitralipinmadhun navhe tarr purnapane paramparik bhaumitik swarupanmadhun ghetali gelee asateel, jase qee serve kalkhandat aanee thikani malakanche kinwa rajmistriche chinh mhanoon mothya pramanat vaparali jaatat. resheey swarupanchi fatcher aakarachi honyachi pravrutti cuniformmadhye sarvat jaast thalak aahe, parantu lakshat aale aahe qee, kansyavar koralelya greek shilalekhanmadhyehi teech pravrutti disun yete.
europechya uttarela ogham shilalekh varnamalache aahet aanee morse kodsarkhya aniyantrit reshanvar varvar pahata eka swatantra shodh aahet; parantu tyach pradeshat mothya pramanat vaparale jaanare runes greek kinwa lattin varnamaletun ghetale gele aahet.
bahutek varnamala pranalinmadhye shilalekhanmadhye kahee chinhe dekhil aadhaltat jee varnamala kinwa dhvanyatmak varnanmadhye katekorpane varnamala nasatat. yapaiki sarvat samanya mhanje vegvegalya vela aanee thikani vaparlya jaanarya ankanchya vividh pranali. yaa vegvegalya pranalinche purn varnan karane yethe ashakya aahe; parantu tyanchyamadhye antarbhut asalelya tattvancha sankshipt tapasheel deela jaau shakato. botanvar mojanyachi savay asalyamule, tyapaiki bahutek dashansh pranalivar aadharit aahet yaat shanka nahee. kahee prakarananmadhye chinhe sadhee aanee spasht asatat, crayton lipipramanech, jithe vartule (kinwa 'romby'), thipke aanee resha shekado, daha aanee ekkansathi vaparlya jaatat, pratyekachi aavashyak titkya vela punaravrutti kelee jaate; aanee ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkat epidorusemadhye khalchya mulyavargasathi samaan pranali vaparali jaate. ethensmadhye nehmichi pranali pratyek mulyavardhit moolya tyachya prarambhik, m (10,000) sathee, x (1,000) sathee, h (100) sathee, δ (10) sathee, π (5) sathee aanee i ekkandware darshavinari hotee. eka teey nauu, 10 teey 90 aanee 100 teey 900 yaa tyanchya paramparik kramane varnamalanchi akshare vaparoon, itar greek pranaline finicianspasoon vyutpann kelele anusaran kele; yaa vyavasthemadhye 27 chinhanchi aavashyak sankhya denyasathi aprachalit akshare tyanchya mool thikani thewali gelee. romansachi ankanchi pranali-m, d, c, l, x, v, i (1,000,500,100,50,10,5 aanee 1 sathee) samanyatah greek varnamalamadhil tyaa chinhanchya rupantaratun udbhavali asavi, jee roman lokanna nako hotee; eka paryayi siddhant assa aahe qee tee spread hand, bote ityadinche pratinidhitva tayar ideograph malikepasoon sopee kelee gelee aahe.
ankanvyatirikt, suruvatichya kalat purn shabdanchya jaagi aadyaksharancha vapar samanya navhata. tathapi, roman shilalekhanmadhye heey khoop varanvar disun yete, jeey kadhikadhi jawaljawal purnapane asha sankshipt shabdanni banalele asatat aanee keval sutranshi parichit asalelyannach samajoo shakatat. yapaiki sarvat samanya yadee shastriy sankshipt shabdanchya yadikhali aadhalel. nantarchya greek aanee roman kalatahi sangrah kinwa monogram aadhaltat aanee suruvatichya khrishchan aanee byzantine shilalekhanmadhye tyacha arth lavane khoop samanya aanee katheen jhaale aahe.
serve prakarchya shilalekhanmadhye sahasa kahee prakarche viramchinhe aadhaltat. greek shilalekhanmadhye kahivela vakye kinwa shabdanmadhil vegalepana eka ubhi resha kinwa bindu kinwa thipke darshavtat, parantu aadhunik chhapaipramane shabd kvachitach rikt jaganni vegale kele jaatat, jenekarun majkoor akhand asel aanee shabdanchi vibhagani astitvat nasel. visheshtah sarvottam kalatil greek shilalekhanchya babatit heey ghadate. roman shilalekhanmadhye shabdanna thipkyanni vegale karane nehamiche hote. kahee shilalekhanmadhye shilalekhachi suruvat darshavinyasathi, visheshtah jevha tyachi disha aniyamit hotee, tevha cross () chaa vapar keela jaat asey. khrishchan shilalekh kadhikadhi vadhastambhapasun suru hotat, jyacha pratikatmak arth hota; aanee sahasa shevati eka paan kinwa itar sadhan thewale jaat asey.
lekhanachi disha vegvegalya thikani aanee vela mothya pramanat badalate. akshare kinwa chinhe ekmekanchya khalee anulambapane mandali jaau shakatat aanee varpasoon khalparyant kinwa aadvya paddhatine, ektar ujavikadoon davikade kinwa davikadoon ujavikade vachalya jaau shakatat; tyanchi mandani dekhil eka prakarchya namunyat kelee jaau shakate-asha paristhitit tyanchi kramvari anishchit asoo shakate, kinwa kinwa kinwa vakr reshet, kinwa davikadoon ujavikade aanee ujavikadoon davikade paryayi ("bostrophedon", kinwa nangaranimadhye bail mhanoon). phoenicians bahutek semitic varnamala ujavikadoon davikade vachalya jaatat aanee sarvat june greek shilalekh tyach dishene jaatat. parantu ii. sha. puu. puu shatkanantar greesmadhye davikadoon ujavikade jaanari disha niyamit jhaali aanee parinami roman aanee serve european pranalinmadhye tee sweekarli jaate. vaiyaktik akshare kinwa chinhe sahasa sampoorn lekhanachya samaan dishene tond karatat.
sthan kinwa sthan.
shilalekhanchi sthitee kinwa sthan heey tyanchya uddeshavar kinwa hetuvar mothya pramanat avalambun asate. jevha tyancha shilpe, koreev kaam kinwa jyaa chitranshi teey sambandhit aahet tyanchyashi thet sambandh asato, tevha teey anekada aakrutinmadhil parshvabhoomi kinwa rikt jaaga bharnyasathi eka prakarcha namuna tayar karatat; parantu kadhikadhi, visheshtah mesopotamian moorti kinwa koreev kamanmadhye, kalatmak prabhavachi parva naan karata teey aakrutinchya agadi palikade kapale jaatat. greek kinwa roman granthanchya uttaradhat, jyaa aadharavar haah moorti kinwa korivkam basavala aahe tyaa aadharavar konatahi shilalekh kapane nehamiche aahe; parantu samarpan kinwa kalakaranchya karagiranchya yasarkhe lahan shilalekh bahutekda tyaa kalakrutivarach kahee apragat sthiteet thewale jaatat. rangavalelya fuldanichya babatit, darshavilelya vishayashi sambandhit shilalekh sahasa rangavale jaatat; parantu fuldani sodalyanantar samarpan aanee itar shilalekh anekada korale jaatat.
egyptmadhye, kabarinchya aateel bhintinvar anekada shilalekh korale jaat asat kinwa rangavale jaat asat, mug teey dharmik shraddha kinwa vidhee asso kinwa mrut vyaktichya sanman aanee malmattecha sandarbh asso; teey itaranchya mahitiaivaji tyachya fayadhyasathi aanee soyisathi hote, jenekarun tyacha parichit parisar tikoon raheel, tyachya tyachya smaranarth tyala jiwant karnar nahee. asha shilalekhanmadhun aaplyala jee mahitee milate tee aamchyasathi amoolya aahe; parantu jyaa hetune tee tayar karnyat aalee hotee tee navhati. dusarikade, jyaa shilalekhancha uddesh janatela pahane aanee ghatananchi nond kayam rakhane kinwa upayukt mahitee pradan karane haah hota, teey sahasa samanya resortchya thikani, sarvat mahattvache mhanje mandire aanee pavitra parisaranmadhye thewale jaat asat. kadhee teey soyiskar dagadi dagadi, kadhee mandiranchya bhintinvar kinwa itar imaratinvar kapale jaat asat. bahutek vela sangamarvari ('stelle'), dagadi dhatoo kinwa itar sahitya jyavar shilalekh korale gele hote, teey sarvajanik resortchya konatyahi thikani vachanyasathi soyiskar sthiteet basavale jaat asat. serve kayade, aadesh aanee adhikrut soochana, karar aanee karar, adhikari kinwa khajgi nagarikanna sanman, dharmik samarpan aanee vidhinibandh prakashit karanyachi hii paddhat hotee. kabarinvar koralele thadgyanche dagad ubharanyat aale hote, jeey sahasa shaharatoon baher olakhalya mukhya rastyanvar thewale jaat asat, sarvat parichit udaharan mhanje ethanspasoon elusisparyantcha pavitra marg. vijay kinwa itar mahan ghatananche smaran karnare shilalekh keval apavadatmak prakarananmadhye tyaa thikani ubharale gele hote; rupedaa ashee smarke delphi kinwa olympicsarkhya kahee mahan dharmik kendranmadhye ubharali gelee hotee. parantu tyanni jyaa reshela paribhashit kele hote, tyaa reshevar seema dagad anivaryapane thewale gele.
mukhya kalavadhi aanee rashtriyata.
shilalekhancha abhyas anek deshanchya aanee lokanchya itihasat mahattvapoorn yogdan deto. kahee prakarananmadhye, egypt aanee mesopotemiyapramane, sahityik nondi naslyamule too mahiticha jawaljawal ekmev srot aahe; itaranmadhye, greece aanee rompramanech, too sarvat maulyavan purak aanee anyatha nondavalelya goshtinsathi tippani pradan karato.
egyptian aanee mesopotemiyache donhi shilalekh atyant suruvatichya tarkheparyant mage jaatat; sadhya heey anishchit aahe qee konate june aahe, parantu donhi, ii. sha. puu. 3500 purvi aanee bahudha khoop aadhi, eka sampoorn, sanghatit lekhan pranali darshavtat jee tyamagil anek shatkanchya vikasacha sanket dete. jaree vegvegalya velee shrenibaddha badalanchya vividh pranalincha vapar keela jaat asala, taree shilalekhanmadhye vaparlyapramane egyptian chitralipi pranali roman kalaparyant varnat konatyahi aavashyak badalashivay chaloo rahili. egyptian lekhanachya vyakhyecha pratham sanket atty british sangrahalayatil prasiddha gulabachya dagadavar, tyach aadeshachya chitralipi, shrenibaddha aanee greek aavrutya sobat-sobat dilya aahet. tyachi tarikh ii. sha. puu. 195 aahe. mesopotamian resheey chinhe pramukhyane tantrik karananmule, eka fatcher aakarachi kinwa cuniform pranalimadhye vikasit jhaali, jee sudharit swarupat sweekarli gelee aanee sumare hajaro varshe, sumerian, babylonian, assyri aanee pertian asha vividh bhashanmadhye lagoo kelee gelee, joparyant alekzandarchya vijayanantar greekdware tee radd kelee gelee nahee. eka swatantra chitralipi pranali, jee vividh resheey lipit dekhil vikasit jhaali, tee madhya aanee usheera minoan kalkhandat, sumare 3000 pasoon, kadachit, nososchya patanaparyant, ii. sha. puu. 1500 paryant kretmadhye astitvat hotee. hittait chitralipya uttar siriya aanee ashiya minormadhil hittait samrajyachya sumare ii. sha. puu. 2000 teey 800 yaa kalavadhishi sambandhit aahet; eka siddhantanusar, tyatoon cypriot shabdansh udayas aala, joou ii. sha. puu. puu shatkaparyant kinwa nantarparyant vaparat rahila.
dnyat asalele sarvat june phoenician shilalekh ii. sha. puu. puu shatkapasoonche aahet aanee varnamala ii. sha. puu. puu shatkaparyant vaparat rahili. kahincha assa vishvas aahe qee heey greek lokanni anishchit tarkhela sudharit kele aanee sweekarle; sarvat june greek shilalekh samanyatah ii. sha. puu. 7 vya shatkatil aahet.
suruvatichya kalat pratyek greek rajyachi swatachi varnamala hotee; parantu ii. sha. puu. 403 madhye (nuclidesche arconship) ionian varnamala, jee aata greek mothya aksharansathi vaparali jaate, tee adhikrutpane ethansdware sweekarli gelee aanee lavkarach greesmadhye sarvatrik jhaali. vividh greek varnamalanmadhun, attruscans vividh sthanik italian varnamala, vividh badalansah prapt jhalya. roman varnamala hyapaiki eka hotee, jee carrey yaa eka chalcidian vasahatchya varnamalavar aadharit hotee. kahee agadi suruvatiche roman shilalekh aahet; parantu teey ii. sha. puu. puu shatkaparyant samanya jhaale naheet; tevhapasoon patranni aajahi jatan kelyapramane barichashi rupe ghetali.
imarati aanee itar smarkanvar greek aanee lattin bhashet shilalekh thevanyachi pratha madhyayugeen kalaparyant suru rahili aanee aajahi paramparik aahe, shastriy rupanche varanvar anukaran kele jaate. greek corpusemadhil sarvat alikadil tarkhechya shilalekhat ii. sha. 1121 madhye sisilimadhye eka pool bandhalyachi nond aahe. byzantine shilalekhanchi malika aajtagayat vyavharikdrushtya konatyahi adthalyashivay suru aahe; aanee dharmik, sarvajanik aanee khajgi shilalekhanmadhye lattincha vapar sarvatrik bhasha mhanoon kayam aahe.
datingchya paddhati.
shilalekhala andaje aksharachya shailinusar kinwa vaparlelya varnamaladvare dekhil tarikh dene bahudha shakya aahe. asha prakare archinusne prastavit kelelya aadeshanusar, ii. sha. puu. 403 madhye, ethenmadhye, nuclideschya aarkonshipmadhil prarambhik etic varnamalechya jaagi ionic varnamala sweekarli gelee. parantu khajgi shilalekhanmadhye aadhich badal karanyachi prakriya suru hotee aanee adhikrut kagadpatranmadhyehi kadhikadhi ionic swarupe aadhi aadhaltat. shilalekh vegvegalya prakare, mukhytah raja, dandadhikari kinwa pujari yanche naav deuun, kalnirdharit kele jaatat. rajanchya babatit, teey keval andaje tarikh detat, joparyant tyachya rajvatiche varsh dekhil dile jaat nahee. parantu bahutek swatantra shaharanchya babatit, tarikh varshik varshik navane dilee jaate aanee asha prakare varsh tantotant soochit kele jaate. ethansmadhye, vaparlele naav tyach navane asalelya arconche hote aanee tyanchi jawaljawal sampoorn yadee shilalekh aanee itar strotankadun tayar kelee gelee aahe, datingcha haah arth agadi samadhankarak aahe. olympicdware datingchi pratha, jee aamhala nantarchya greek aanee roman lekhakankadun parichit aahe, tee suruvatichya greesmadhye kvachitach vaparali jaat hotee, keval creeda vijayanchya sandarbhat. anek shilalekh vividh sthanik kalkhandatil aahet, jeey anekada aitihasik ghatananvar aadharit asatat, jase qee shaharacha kinwa utsavacha paya, prantachi sanghatana kinwa agadi samratachi bhet. nantarchya kalat, visheshtah ashiya minormadhye, yaa kalkhandanchi sankhya khoop gondhalat taknari banate. chaukatichya aadeshanmadhye aanee itar kahee thikani, mahinyacha divas dene dekhil nehamiche hote.
roman kalatil greek shilalekhat samratache varsh tyachya vanijya dutavasachya sankhyedvare kinwa sambandhit lattin shilalekhanpramane itar sanket kinwa shirshakandvare paribhashit kele aahe. nantarchya kalat, dating samanyatah 'induction' dware kelee jaate; parantu heey keval 15 varshanchya kalavadhit varshachi sankhya dete, parantu too kalavadhi anirdharit thevate, asha datingcha keval tatpurata vapar vagalata phaar gairsoy hote. purvekadil samrajyat jagachya nirmitichi tarikh (ii. sha. puu. 5509) kadhikadhi dilee jaate; parantu khrishchan yugachi tarikh kvachitach vaparali jaate.
samagri.
shilalekhancha uddesh.
shilalekh sadharanpane done mukhya varganmadhye vibhagale jaau shakatatah jyaa shilalekhanmadhye shilalekh jyaa vastuvar korala gela hota tyaa vastoocha vapar kinwa uddesh yachya adheen hota kinwa konatyahi pramanat tyaa vastushi thet sambandh hota-udaharanarth, malakache naav kinwa dewala samarpan karanyachi nond-aanee jyamadhye shilalekh swatantrapane tyachya swatachya fayadhyasathi kinwa tyane nondavalelya mahitisathi astitvat hota aanee jyaa vastuvar korala gela hota too ektar sangamarvari kinwa kansya platechya uddeshane banavala gela hota, kinwa soyiskar bhinti kinwa dagadachya prushthbhagachya babatit kinwa agadi kumbharasathi dekhil vaparla gela hota. imaratinchya bhinti rupedaa asha shilalekhanni jhakalelya asatat, visheshtah jarr tyaa suspasht kinwa soyiskar sthiteet asateel aanee tyamule prasiddhiche spasht sadhan upalabdh hote.
pustake, vruttapatre aanee itar mudrit kinwa digital kagadpatranchya mothya samoohala aapan abhyast asalyane, pracheen kalatil shilalekhancha vyapak vapar aanee mothya soyichi jaaniv hone aaplyasathi katheen aahe. asha prakare jahiratindware kinwa bhittipatrakandware aapan jaheer karavayachya serve prakarchya sarvajanik ghoshana keval lokansamor thevalya gelya naheet, tarr serve prakarchya nondi aanee kayade-kayada aanee rajkiy aadesh sanhita; nagri aanee dharmik serve babinsathi niyam; khaatee aanee karar, sarvajanik aanee khajgi; rajyanmadhil karar; sarvajanik aanee khajgi laabh aanee samarpananchya nondi aanee prashasanachya serve baabee; jivantanna aanee mrutanchya smaranarth sanman. yapaiki anekancha hetu tyanchyakadil nondi kayamswarupi jatan karane haah hota; parantu itar keval tatpuratya hitache asavet. tyamule, teey kansya, sangamarvari kinwa dagdasarkhya kayamswarupi samagrivar korale gele asavet-aanee prathamatah, tantradnyanachi kalji aanee paripoornatesah korale gele asavet, jyamule teey aajahi tikoon rahile aahet, jenekarun teey tayar tayar lokanchya jivanache aanee sansthanche amoolya purave aaplyasathi jatan karata yeteel. tyamule tatpurte aanee kayamswarupi moolya anekada ekach shilalekhat ekatra kele jaate. udaharanarth, acropolis kinwa agorala bhet denara konatahi ethanian nagrik, lokanche karar kinwa aadesh, sarvajanik khaatee kinwa rajyache utpann aanee kharch yabaddal pratyaksh samadhan vyakt karoo shakato. aanee tyach velee hii kagadpatre samajik aanee rajkiy asha donhi prakarchya itihasasathi kayamswarupi jatan kelee gelee.
sapeksh shilalekh.
jyaa vastuvar teey koralele aahet, kinwa jyachya pratinidhitvavar teey koralele aahet, tyachyashi thet sambandh asalele shilalekh tyanchya majkurat khoop bhinn aahet. egypt aanee mesopotemiyapramanech, rajanchya vijay kinwa karnamyanchya chitra kinwa upakhyananshi sambandhit katha, ghatananchi nond mhanoon kaam karatat aanee drushyancha arth lavnyas madat karatat. asey shilalekh greek kinwa roman granthanmadhye samanya naheet; parantu anekada, visheshtah suruvatichya greek kalat aanee fuldananvar, olakh patavanyachya uddeshane vyaktinchi nave aanee agadi vastunchi nave tyanchya bajula lihili jaatat aanee kahivela aakrutichya tondatoon bhashan samasya yetat. cypselluschya koreev lakadi chhativar, ii. sha. puu. 600 shatkameetarchya sumare shlok lihile gele hote, jeey aakrutinmadhye valalele hote aanee pratyek drushyache varnan dett hote. moorti aanee koreev kamanchya payathyanvar olakh patvinyasathi aanee nond karnyasathi anekada shilalekh kapale jaat asat. heey visheshtah manad putale aanee thadgyanchya babatit hote. itar prakarananmadhye, jethe kalatmak pratinidhitva aanee shilalekh yanchyat spasht sambandh aahe, tethe aakruti gaun aahet aanee keval majkurache spashtikaran karnyasathi disatat, jevha ethens aanee samos yanchyatil kararachya dokyavar ethena aanee herah deviche pratinidhitva karnare eka aaram asato, jeey tyanchya sambandhit shaharanche pratinidhi mhanoon haat dharoon asatat. itar prakarananmadhye, ekhadya dastaivajavaril shikkyapramane, ekhadya shilalekhavar shaharachi shastre kinwa upkaran koralele asate. yaa serve prakarananmadhye, aakruti aanee shilalekh heey ekach hatane kele gele asso kinwa naso, heey eka samaan rachanecha bhag aahet. parantu fuldanya kinwa itar vastunvar kapalelya malakanchya khuna kinwa navanchya babatit kinwa asha vastoonchya samarpanachya babatit, shilalekh samkalin asane aavashyak nahee; siserone napasanti darshavilyapramane, junya greek putalyancha punha vapar karane aanee roman kalat tyanchyavar naveen samarpit shilalekh thevane, eka prakarcha "punarvapar", heey kharokharach dishabhul karnare asoo shakateh udaharanarth, ii. sha. puu. 5 vya shatkatil ethanian shoorviranchya putalyanpaiki ekane acropolischya praveshdvaravar thevalelya, nantarchya shilalekhat tyachya payavar eka shilalekh kapla hota, jyamule too germanicusna ashwarohi putalyachya rupat kaam karoo shakel, bahudha ii. sha. 18 madhye jevha tyane ethansla bhet dilee hotee. egypt aanee mesopotemiyamadhye dekhil purvichya kamavar adhikrut katchya nantarchya rajache naav shodhane asamanya nahee.
swatantra shilalekh.
bahutansh shilalekh swatantra moolya aanee vyaj asalele aahet, jyaa vastuvar teey kapale jaatat tee ektar yaa uddeshasathi puravali jaate kinwa soyiskar aanee yogya mhanoon vaparali jaate. asha shilalekhanche vargikaran 'dharmik' aanee 'rajkiy aanee samajik' asey kele jaau shakate. yaa doghanmadhil farak kadhane nehmich sope nasate; kaaran jawaljawal serve pracheen sanskratinmadhye dharm haah rajyachya prasthapit sevecha eka bhag hota aanee too sarvajanik niyantranakhali hota kinwa kiman rajkiy prashasanashi jawalun jodalela hota. asey aahe qee dharmik babinshi sambandhit anek shilalekh rajkiy aadesh kinwa rajya kagadpatranche roop ghetat aanee mhanoon, visheshtah formcha vichar karata, konatyahi shreneet samavisht kele jaau shakatat; parantu sahasa tyanchya aashayanusar tyanche vargikaran karane shakya aahe.
greek shilalekh.
dharmik.
mandire, tyancha paya aanee prashasana.
mandir heey anekada rajyachya niyantranakhalil eka prakarche dharmik mahamandal hote aanee tyachi khaatee aanee prashasanacha tapasheel varanvar, sahasa darvarshi, tyachya aavarat sarvajanik darshanasathi pradarshit kelelya shilalekhandware sarvajanik keela jaat asey. asey anek shilalekh sapadale aahet aanee itar konatyahi strotakadun midavata naan yenari barich mahitee puravatat. delos betavaril apolosarkhya kahee mothya mandiranmadhye, vastavik aanee vahoon nenyajogya asha mothya pramanat malmatta hotee, nantarchya mandir aanee tyachya aaspaschya imaratinmadhye samarpit asalelya qamee-adhik kimmatichya arpananche kinwa banavat paishache roop ghet hotya. shilalekhanmadhye tyanusar jaminichi malmatta, bhadepatti aanee niyuktya, bhade aanee chook jhalyas dand, karj aanee vyaj aanee mothya jaminmalkala kinwa bankela yogya asalelya itar anek vyavsayik vyavharanchi nond aahe. tyamule teey pracheen jivanatil samajik aanee aarthik paristhitivar khoop prakash taktat, jase qee itar kuthehi nondavale gelele nahee. punha, mandir aanee itar imaratinmadhye samarpit arpananchya yadya aaplyala tyanchya samagriche swaroop jawaljawal drushyamanpane jaananyas saksham karatat. heey jaminivar, bhintinvar, kapatanvar kinwa prakarananmadhye asalyache varnan kele jaate; tyat fuldanya aanee mandirachya sevesathi yogya asalelya itar vastoo; dagine aanee dagine; moorti, mukhytah sone aanee chandimadhye; shastre aanee sadhane; tayar kelele paise; aanee sonyache dagine, jeey bahutek junya arpananmadhun vitalalele asatat. yaa shevatchya prakaranat, yaa vastunche sampoorn vajan, mug teey naveen bhandyat banavale gele asso kinwa naso, jatan kele gele aahe yachee khatri karnyasathi jee tapshilvar kalji ghenyat aalee hotee, tee itar shilalekhanmadhye nondavali aahe. yaa vistrut yadichi pratyek prashasakeey mandalane tapasani aanee sudharana kelee aanee konatyahi darode kinwa choriviruddha shakya titkya changlya suraksha dilya. asha samanya yadyanvyatirikt, jameen aanee ghare kinwa serve prakarchya chull malmattechya vividh bhetvastu aanee adhigrahanachya asankhya nondi dekhil aahet. imarati aanee durustichi nond dekhil kelee jaate, kadhee rajyadvare, kadhee vyaktindvare, jyanchya dharmanishtha aanee audaryacha yogya sanman keela jaato. swarupat, heey sahasa dharmnirpeksh swarupachya sarvajanik kamanpasoon vegale kele jaau shakat naheet, jyancha nantar ullekh karane aavashyak aahe.
vishesh samarpananvaril kinwa tyachyashi sambandhit shilalekh rupedaa mothya aitihasik swarasyapoorn asatat-ekada delphi yethe aanee aata constantinopalachya hippodrome, pertian yuddhat bhag ghetalelya greek rajyanchya yadisah prasiddha sarp stambhavaril shilalekh uddhrut karane aavashyak aahe; aanee too tyachya vijayanantar dodona yethe epirasachya pirahasne samarpit kelelya roman shastranshi sambandhit aahe. bahutek mahan mandire anadi pavitryachi asalyane, tyanchya payabharanichi konatihi nond shilalekhanmadhye sapadavi ashee apeksha kvachitach kelee jaate. pann dusarikade, ektar rajyanni kinwa samudayanni kinwa khajgi vyaktinni naveen mandiranchya samarpanachi anek nond aamchyakade aahe. asha jawaljawal serve prakarananmadhye payabharanisathi rajyakadoon manjuri ghene aavashyak hote; tyamule shilalekh anekada mandirachya payabharanila adhikrut tayar lokanchya aadeshache roop gheto aanee anekada sansthapak kinwa sansthapakanna kahee visheshadhikar deto.
pujari aanee itar adhikari.
shilalekh pujari aanee itar dharmik dharmik barich mahitee detat. prathamatah prathamatah yadya aahet, tyapaiki kahee dirgh kalavadhichya aahet aanee agadi pauranik kalaparyantchya aahet; khajinya aanee prashasakanchya yadya dekhil aahet, jyanna sahasa nivadanukidware kinwa lotdware yaa uddeshasathi niyukt kele jayache. anek shilalekhanmadhye shilalekhanmadhye kartavye aanee visheshadhikar nondavale gele aahet aanee teey thikananusar lakshaniyaritya badaltat. udaharanarth, konatyahi yadnyat balee padalele konate bhag pujarila midayache heey nondavale jaate. konatyahi mahattvachya mandirat heey pujari kinwa tyachya kutumbala jevadhe upbhogata yet hote tyapeksha barech jaast asave aanee tyanusar teey vikale gele asave aanee tyamule utpannacha eka motha srot banala asava. parinami, paurohitya heey eka changle vetan aanee khoop magani asalele karyalay hote; aanee nantarchya greek kalat, visheshtah ashiya minormadhye, aaplyala pratyakshat aadhalate qee paurohitye varanvar, yogya hamikhali aanee kelya olakhalya kartvyambabat yogya hamisah vikali jaat hotee. kadhikadhi pujarila shulk rokh swarupat dyave lagat asey; kahee prakarananmadhye pujari kinwa pujarila vishisht divashi sankalan karanyachi parvanagi dilee jaat asey. dusarikade, dusarikade kartvyanchi anekada nond kelee jaate; tyala mandir aanee tyateel samagrichi swachchata aanee kalji ghyavi lagat asey, sajavatisathi phule aanee haar purvaychya aanee niyamit dainandin seva puravavya lagat asat. mothya prasangi yadnya sahasa rajyakadoon kele jaat asat, tasech mahattvachya durusti dekhil kelya jaat asat; parantu kahee prakarananmadhye pujarine swatachya vatine heey kele aanee tyanusar tyacha sanman keela jaat asey-udaharanarth, punarsthapit mandirat tyache naav lihayachi parvanagi deuun.
deuun, aamhala mandiranshi sanlagn aanee shilalekhanmadhye nondavalele vividh padanche itar anek adhikari aadhaltat. yapaiki kahee, visheshtah jeey imarati kinwa bandhkamanshi sambandhit hote, kinwa mandiranchya khajinyanchi yadee aanee prashasanachya khatyanshi sambandhit hote, teey rajkiy rajkiy rajyane niyukt kelele samanya adhikari hote. parantu itar anekanchi vishesh pavitra karye hotee; udaharanarth, anek thikani 'mantee' kinwa sandeshte hote, bahutekda vishesh kutumbanche, jyanna bhavishyakathanamadhye aanuvanshik kaushalya asate; ilusismadhye aaplyala herophant, mashal vahak aanee itaranchya nondi aadhaltat jyanni rahasyanchya utsavat bhag ghetala. olympicmadhye, nantarchya greek kalat, aamhala uchch eka ullekhaneey yadee sapadateh teen pujari, teen yadnyopadeshak, done sandeshte, teen snrakshak (chavya), eka basari vajavanara, eka dubhashiya, dainandin yadnyasathi eka pujari, eka sachiv, eka madya-pey, yadnyanmadhye teen nartak, eka lakadi manus (yadnyasathi lakud puravanyasathi) aanee eka karbhari aanee swayampaki-asankhya yadnyanchya mejavanichya parshvabhumivar shevatcha upay nahee.
mandiranchya sevet aanakhi anek kirkol karyalaye hotee jee gulamandware kelee jaat hotee. asha gulamanna anekada mandirat sadar kele jaat asey kinwa itar konatyahi prakare tyanna midvanyat yet asey. anek thikani shilalekhancha eka sampoorn varg aadhalato, jyamadhye mandirala kinwa mandirachya dewala gulamanchi vikri nondavali jaate. asey gulam mandirachya sevesathi hote qee nahee heey jaanun ghene anekada katheen asate, kinwa dusarikade, ashee seva ektar purnapane aupcharik hotee kinwa ajibat aavashyak navhati, mandirala vikri karane haah kalpanik hetu hota, jenekarun gulamala swatache swatantrya midavata yeil aanee tyach velee tyachya mukt sthiteet devache sanrakshn surakshit karata yeil.
vidhee.
vegvegalya devata aanee mandiranna yogya asalele vidhee vegvegalya thikani khoop bhinn hote aanee mhanoon, upasakanchya mahitisathi aanee margdarshanasathi serve sarvajanik prathanasthalanvar soochana sthapit karane aavashyak kinwa vanchhaniy hote. upasanechi sarvat samanya aanee sarvat aavashyak krutee mhanje yadnya; prescription sarvat sopya swarupache eka udaharan lauvarmadhil thasosemadhil koreev lekhanavaril shilalekhat disateh "apsara aanee apsarachya netyala apolo karnyasathi, upasak, jarr tyane tase kele tarr, pidit purush aanee stricha balee deu shakato. mendhya kinwa dukkar arpan karnyas parvanagi nahee. pion gayale jaat nahee. yaa gauravasathi bakri kinwa dukkar arpan karnyas parvanagi nahee."
heey lakshat ghetale pahije qee sevechya yaa aadeshat pratibandh tasech prescription aahe. asha prakarchya pratibandh varanvar kelya jaatat aanee bahutekda pavitra parisarat pravesh tayar serve upasakanchya aupcharik shuddhatechya garjeshi sambandhit asatat. tyanni eka vishisht kalasathi, vegvegalya thikani, pradushanachya kahee vihit sadhananpasun door rahile asave. kadhikadhi kadhikadhi yaa muddyavar mahitee atty soochana mandanyache aadesh dile jaatat; udaharanarth, iolysus yetheel electronachya parisarat, asey vihit kele gele hote qee "ghoda, gadhav, khachchar kinwa zudupyukt shepati asalela itar konatahi prani aat yeu naye aanee konihi asey prani aat aanoo naye kinwa boot kinwa dukaranpasoon tayar keleli konatihi vastoo ghaloo naye. mendhyanmadhye vahan chalavalyas dandahi aahe."itar parisar konatyahi aakraman kinwa ullanghanapasun adhik samanya paddhatine sanrakshit kele gele. lakud kapane kinwa maatee aanee dagad kadhoon takane kinwa konatyahi pranyanna kahee parisarat nene pratibandhit hote; matdan kendra ubharanyacha adhikar ektar pratibandhit hota kinwa purnapane nakarla gela hota. kadhikadhi utsavachya sampoorn aayojanasathi adhik tapshilvar prescription dile jaatat; asha prakare, meseniyamadhye, andania yethe, sthanik illucinia sajra karanyachi vyavastha, sahbhagincha poshakh, adhikari aanee polis, yanche atishay purnapane varnan kele jaate. tyachpramane, iobachichya sabhagruhachya athens yetheel karyavahicha kram, adhikari aanee pavitra natkatil patre aanee vividh prashasakeey tapashilancha aadesh deela jaato.
jevha konatyahi vidhee kinwa prakriyebaddal kahee shanka asate, tevha bhavishyakathan anekada kele jaate aanee asha bhavishyakathan parinam bhavishyasathi margadarshan mhanoon shilalekhanmadhye nondavale jaatat; sanshayaspad kinwa katheen prakarananmadhye delphi kinwa itar kahee daivadnyancha sallah ghene dekhil eka samanya pratha hotee; tethe kadhikadhi prakriyechi achook paddhat nondavali jaate, tasech daivdnyanacha pratisad dekhil nondavala jaato. upasaneche prakar anekada vihit kele jaatat kinwa nondavale jaatat, visheshtah stotre, jee kadhikadhi tyanchya sangeet sanketankasah ekatra korali jaatat. ganee kinwa stotre aanee nrutye sadar karane dekhil satat sandarbhatmak baabee aahet, visheshtah gitatmak kinwa sangeet spardhanchya sandarbhat; vijayi band kinwa kalakar anekada devachya sanmanarth bakshis samarpit karatat. spardhecha eka vishesh prakar assa hota qee natyamay sadarikaranat, ethans aanee greek jagachya itar anek bhagantil anek nondi tikoon aahet. creeda mahotsavanche niyaman aanee tyanchya spardhanmadhil vijetyanchya nondi dekhil shilalekhancha asankhya varg tayar karatat. rahasyanchya babatit, utsavanchya vyavasthevar aanee sahbhagi jhalelyanchya aacharanavar parinam karnare anek niyam asale taree, vastavik sadarikaranabaddal, apekshit asalyasarkhe, phaar qamee aahet.
greek dharmacha aanakhi eka manoranjak tappa, joou aaplyala pramukhyane shilalekhanmadhun dnyat aahe, too upcharanchya mandiranmadhye sadar keela jaato. yapaiki sarvat ullekhaneey mhanje epidorusemadhil esclepiuscha parisar. yethe, purvichya kagadpatranmadhun sankalit kelelya shilalekhanchya mothya pattyanvar, bahudha, apolo aanee esclepiusdware prabhavit upcharanchya yadya aadhalalya aahet. vednadayak rog kinwa shastrakriyechya prakarananpasun teey haravalelya mulaparyant aanee tutalelya kapaparyant, upchar heey sarvat vaividhyapurn prakarche asatat. sootra jawaljawal serve prakarananmadhye samaan aaheh sallagar epidoruskade yeto, "ebatan" madhye zopato, tyala swapne padatat kinwa darshan disate aanee sampoorn baher yeto. nantarchya kalat, jevha asha vishvas-upchar kadachit qamee prabhavi jhaale hote, tevha aahar aanee swachchatechya vistrut soochana nondavalya jaatat.
prathanechya eka vishesh prakarat shaap asatat, jeey bahudha narkatil devanparyant pohochanyachya uddeshane jaminivar purale jaat asat. asey shaap anekada tyanchya nirmitiche kaaran detat, sahasa shaap lekhakachya kahee dukhapati hotat; kadhikadhi teey gunhegarala narkatil devanna samarpit karatat.
dharmik karanansathi khajgi sanghatana.
greek dharmatil aanakhi eka ghatak, joou aaplyala jawaljawal keval shilalekhandware dnyat aahe, too rajya dharmachya sanghatanevyatirikt, anek greek shaharanmadhye astitvat asalelya dharmik sanghatananmadhye aadhalato, jaree kahivela tyane manyata dilee aahe. yaa sanghatananche pratyek swatache niyam hote, jeey shilalekhanmadhye yogyaritya nondavale gele hote; teey uddesh aanee swaroop yaa donhimadhye khoop bhinn hote. tyanchyapaiki anekancha nishchitach dharmik uddesh hota, vishisht devanchya pujemadhye; kadhikadhi paradeshi samudayala swatachya paddhatine swatachya devachi kinwa devanchi pooja karanyachi vishesh parvanagi dilee jaat asey. itar sanghatana adhik samajik swarupachya hotya aanee club kinwa daphan sanstha mhanoon kaam karat hotya. asha sanghatananche eka ullekhaneey vaishishtya mhanje tyanchyapaiki anek sadasyanchya yadeet striya aanee gulamanchi nave samavisht aahet, asha prakare greesmadheel sthapit dharmachya nagri aadharala ulat, aanee jyaa dharmat "jyoo kinwa greek asoo shakat nahee, bandhan kinwa mukt asoo shakat nahee, purush aanee stree asoo shakat nahee asha dharmacha andaj bandhane."
rajkiy aanee samajik.
kayada aanee niyam sanhita.
pracheen lekhak mhanatat qee ethanche sarvat june niyam lakadachya falkanvar koralele hote, jeey ekatra pyramid aakarat thewale gele hote. tyanchya samagrimule heey nasht jhaale aahet; parantu aamchyakade kahee agadi suruvatichya kayadyachya sanhita dagadavar jatan kelya aahet, visheshtah kretemadhil gortina yethe. yethe natyagruhachya aakarachya sanrachanechya pattyanvar pratyeki 50 olinchya 12 stambhanmadhye mothya lambicha shilalekh korala aahe; too pramukhyane varsa, dattak ghenyachya kayadyashi sambandhit aahe. greesmadhye anek thikani ashach prakarche shilalekh sthapit karnyat aale hote yaat shanka nahee. shilalekhanchi eka manoranjak malika, vasahatinna vividh shaharanmadhun konatya paristhitit baher pathavale gele aanee nagrik mhanoon tyanche haqq surakshit thevanyasathi kaay upayayojana kelya gelya, tyabaddal aahe. sthanik lokanni nopacts yethe vasahat sthapan kelee tevha yaa prakarchya vyavasthechi kahee tapshilvar nond kansya falkat aahe; aanakhi eka shilalekh ii. sha. puu. 6 vya shatkatil salami lokanchya ethanian vasahatikaranashi sambandhit aahe.
lock aanee shasakanche, nantarche raje aanee samratanche aadesh.
jaree tyancha vishay suchavato qee tyanche vargikaran itar shirshakankhali kele jaave, tarihi anek shilalekh vividh shahare aanee lokanchya aadeshanchya swarupat aahet. jawaljawal serve vidhimandal aanee anek prashasakeey upayayojana heey swaroop dharan karatat; anekada shilalekh kassa aanee kuthe sthapit karava heey eka aadesh lihoon deto. asha aadeshanchi sutre aanee prastavna vegvegalya thikani aanee kalantarane lakshaniyaritya badaltat. shodhanyat aalelya prachand sankhyemule ethaneche heey aataparyant sarvat achookpane dnyat aahet; aanee teey itake katekorpane rudhibaddha aahet qee bijganitiy sutranchya achookatesah vargikrut kele jaau shakatat aanee bahutekda keval yaa chachanidware kahee varshanchya aat dinankit kele jaatat. yaa uddeshasathi atishay purn yadya shilalekhshastradnya wilheim larfeld yanni yaa vishayavaril tyanchya karyat tayar kelya aahet. varsh (tyach navane asalelya aarchanchya navane), mahinyacha divas aanee pretney (kinwa jamatinnusar adhyakshiy aayog), vividh sachiv, adhyakshiy adhikari aanee aadeshacha prastavak yanchi nond karane nehamiche aahe. haah tharav sinetane (booal) kinwa lokanchya sabhene (acclessia) kinwa doghannihi manjur keela aahe qee nahee heey dekhil namood kele jaate. tyanantar tharavache kaaran kinwa paristhiti aanee shevati nirnay swatach deela jaato. itar kahee shaharanni tyanchya aadeshanchya swarupat, aavashyak asalelya sthanik badalansah, ethanche palan kele; itar tyanchya vikasat adhik swatantra hote aanee vividh magistracy kinwa sarkarchya prakaranche vividh parinam hote. jaree lokankade kharee satta thodich rahili asali taree, helenwadi yugat aanee nantar, swatantra sarkarchi rupe rupe pramanat kayam thevanyat aalee. dusarikade, rajankadoon aanee nantar roman samratankadun, sarvajanik thikani koraleli aanee ubharaleli patre sapadane hii samanya gosht aahe.
sarvajanik khaatee, khajinyanchya yadya, imarativaril shilalekh.
sarvajanik paisa kinwa khajinyachi pavati, taba aanee kharchachya serve nondi dagadavar lihoon thevanyachi pratha hotee, jenekarun nagrik serve aarthik babinmadhye rajyachi suraksha aanee yogya niyantran swatahsathi satyapit karoo shaktil. mandirachya khatyanpramanech, pratyek tatpuratya anekada mandalane tyanchya tyanchya tyanchya karbharachi aanee tyanni sopavalelya sansadhananchi aanee khajinyanchi mahitee dene nehamiche hote. sarvajanik kamanchya serve prakarananmadhye, rajyane kharchache aadesh dile hote aanee kaam suru asatana tapshilvar ahwal tayar kele jaat hote aanee dagadavar korale jaat hote. anek prakarananmadhye bandhkam karyache tapshilvar tapasheel asatat jyamule keval serve tantrik tapasheel aanee prakriyach navhe tarr imaratichi sampoorn yojana aanee rachana dekhil lakshat ghene shakya hote. eka ullekhaneey udaharan mhanje pyrius yetheel philloncha shastragar, jyachi vastuvishardanni imaratitil tapashilanusar kagdavar purnapane punarbandhani kelee aahe. imarat ubharanichya babatit, aamchyakade ii. sha. puu. 409 madheel imaratichi apoorn sthiticha tapshilvar ahwal nahee tarr tee purn karnyasathi niyukt kamgaranna honara kharch aanee deyakancha hisheb dekhil aahe. 15 varshanhun adhik kaal pasarlelya parthenonchya imaratibaddal ashach nondi jatan kelya gelya aahet; parthenon aanee erectheum yaa donhi babatit, shilpe shilpe dilelya deyakancha samavesh aahe.
naudal aanee lashkari kharchacha dekhil purnapane hishob keela jaato; itar mahitibarobarach pyriouschya vividh bandaranvaril gally-slips aanee ethanian naudalachya jahajanchya nondi, tyanchi nave aanee sthitee aahet. thodakyat, rajya arthvyavastha aanee aarthik prashasana assa konatahi vibhag nahee joou shilalekhanchya nondindware mubalakpane spasht keela jaat nahee. uchch aitihasik mulyachya nondincha sanch mhanje 'khandani yadee', jee ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat tichya vishay mitranni ethanla dilelya kotyachi nond karate. heey vividh kalkhandatil tichya tyanchyashi asalelya sambandhanvar khoop prakash taktat.(see. eff. delian leag).
ephebic shilalekh.
jyache aapale dnyan pramukhyane shilalekhanmadhun prapt jhaale aahe tee sanstha mhanje ethensmadhil ephebic pranali. keval ephebi aanee tyanche palak aanee prashikshakanchya yadya naheet, tarr tyanchya sevanchya sanmanarth, visheshtah dharmik aanee itar samarambhanmadhye tyancha yogya bhag ghenyachya babatit aanee tyanchya anekada sanmanarth swatah efebeeche tharav karnyachya babatitahi aadesh aahet. anek shatkanpasoonchya shilalekhanmadhye, moolatah 18 teey 20 varshe vayogatatil ethanian tarunansathi sharirik aanee lashkari prashikshanachi pranali, chauki aanee polis kartavye kashee hotee, haloohaloo kashee badalali gelee, yacha magova ghene shakya aahe. nantarchya kalat lashkari saravanmadhye prashikshakanmadhye itaranchi bharr padali, jyanni jyala aapan aata qalaa aanee vidnyan vishay mhatale pahije yavar vyakhyane dilee; jenekarun helenwadi aanee roman kalat, jevha susanskrut jagachya serve bhagantil tarun bauddhik kendra mhanoon ethensmadhye aale, tevha ephebic pranali eka prakarche vaishvik vidyapith bunley.
karar aanee rajkiy aanee vyavsayik karar; lavad ii..
vividh shaharanchya antargat babinshi sambandhit asalelya shilalekhanvyatirikt, itar anek shaharanmadhye aanee rajyanmadhye aantarrashtriy swarupache karar kinwa itar karar nondavale jaatat. heey kanse kinwa dagadavar korale gele aanee sambandhit shaharanmadhil sarvajanik resortchya thikani kinwa olympic aanee delfisarkhya samanya dharmik kendranmadhye ubharale gele. kararacha sarvat sopa prakar mhanje keval eka vishisht kalavadhisathichi yutee, sahasa konatyahi atinchya ullanghanasathi kahee dandasah. anekada shapath ghenyache, donhi bajunchya pratinidhinni ghenyachi shifaras kelee jaat asey; jyaa dewala mandirat karar pradarshit karnyat aala hota tyala aavahan karane dekhil asamanya navhate. itar prakarananmadhye, jyaa devanchya dware donhi pakshanni shapath ghetali pahije, tyanchi yadee vihit kelee jaate. vyapari kalame kadhikadhi yutichya kararanmadhye jodali jaat asat aanee vyapari karar dekhil aadhaltat, jeey vyapari vastoo aanee itar vastoonchya niryat aanee aayatibabat sahmat asatat. nantarchya kalat, visheshtah helenwadi rajanchya kalat, karar tyanchya taratudinmadhye adhik klisht aanee tapshilvar banatat.
mothya aitihasik swarsyachya nondinchi aanakhi eka malika vividh rajyanmadhil lavadashi sambandhit aahe, pramukhyane simanshi sambandhit vividh prashnanvar. vadachya prakarananmadhye donhi vadkartyanni truteey pakshachi lavad mhanoon niyukti karane asamanya navhate. kadhee haah tisra paksh dusare rajya hote, kadhee vishisht sankhyene vyakti. asha prakare, corinth aanee epidorus yanchyatil seema vivadat, megaramadhil 151 nagarikanchi lavadasathi navanusar niyukti karnyat aalee aanee jevha nirnay vadgrast jhaala, tevha tyapaiki 31 nagarikanni tyat sudharana kelee aanee pushti kelee. asha serve prakarananmadhye sampoorn nondi dagadavar jatan karoon sambandhit thikani thevanyachi pratha hotee. yaa prakaranat heey prakaran lavadakade pathvanyacha pudhakar acheyan leegkadoon aala.
proxenia aadesh.
shilalekhancha eka khoop motha varg 'proxenia' chya sanstheshi sambandhit aahe. tyanusar konatyahi rajyacha nagrik nagrik rajyacha 'pratinidhi' mhanoon niyukt keela jaau shakato; tyanantar tyachya shaharala bhet atty tyaa anya rajyatil konatyahi nagrikala madat aanee aadaratithya karane aanee konatyahi vadat kinwa tyache kayadeshir adhikar surakshit karnyat tyala madat karane heey tyache kartavya asel. yaa karyalayachi tulana vanijyadutanchya aadhunik niyuktishi kelee gelee aahe, mukhya farak mhanje 'proxeno' haah nehmi jyaa rajyat rahato tyaa rajyacha nagrik asato, jyache nagrik aanee hitsambandh too madat karato tyacha nahee. yaa prakaranavaril aadeshanmadhye varanvar 'proxeno' chee niyukti aanee tyachya sevanchya badalyat tyala kahee fayade aanee visheshadhikar pradan karanyachi nond asate; tyat 'proxeno' dware seva dilelya shaharache aabhar mananyache tharav dekhil asatat aanee parinami tyala denyat aalelya sanmananchi nond asate.
vyaktinna dilele sanman aanee visheshadhikar.
shilalekh haah varg shevatchya shilalekhachya rupat nahee, parantu nondavalele sanman serve prakarchya sevansathi, khajgi aanee sarvajanik, rajya aanee vyaktinna dile jaatat. ethans yetheel pretaniummadhye jevanache aamantran heey varanvar jodale jaate. kahee praptakartyasathi ubharalelya putalyanchya payavar koralele aahet. suruvatichya kalat heey shilalekh sahasa sankshipt aanee sope asatat. akropolisavaril pericalschya aavartamadhye swatah pericals aanee shilpkar crecillas yanchya navanvyatirikt kahihi navhate. nantar, kahee tapshilvar, pradan kelelya sanmananchi karane dene nehamiche jhaale; aanee hellenistic aanee roman kalat, heey adhikadhik tapshilvar aanee prashansaneey tapashilanmadhye paripoorn jhaale.
kalakaranchya karagiranchya.
kalechya itihasavar adhik prakash takanare heey shilalekh vishesh swarasyapoorn aahet. kalakaranche naav sahasa, visheshtah purvichya kalat, putalyachya payathyashi koralele asate aanee parinami moorti vahoon nenyat aalee kinwa nasht kelee gelee tarr tee sahajpane tyapasoon vegali kelee jaat asey. jithe moorti aanee peeth donhi jatan kele jaatat assa eka cases 'vijay' dware sadar keela jaato, jyachi swakshari olympicmadhye pioneousne tyachya pithavar kelee aahe. kadhikadhi aanee nantarchya kalat, kalakarachi swakshari putalyachya kahee bhagavar korali jaat asey. parantu prasiddha kamanchya nantarchya pratinmadhye, teey naav mool kalakarache aahe qee tyachya kamachi punarutpadan tayar pratilipikarache aahe yacha vichar karava lagel. (udaharanarth, khalee herculus/heracleschi moorti pahaa)
kalakaranchya kalakaranchya eka vishesh varg, tyanchya fuldanyavar etic aanee itar fuldani chitrakaranni swakshari kelelya navanni deela jaato. yaa chitrakaranchya kalakrutinchya eka sookshm aitihasik aanee shailibaddha abhyasacha aadhar mhanoon heey kele gele aahe aanee greek kalatmak nirmitichya yaa shakhechi achook aanee tapshilvar nond karnyasathi swakshari naan kelelya fuldanya dekhil swakshari kelelya fuldanya mhanoon gatbaddh kelya gelya aahet.
aitihasik nondi.
yapaiki bahutansh varg aadhich sandarbhit kelelya varganpaiki eka vargat yetat. parantu kahee udaharane ashee aahet jyat shilalekh keval eka nond mhanoon sthapit keela aahe. udaharanarth, ethletic kinwa itar spardhanmadhil vijeta tyachya vijayanchi yadee tayar karoo shakato. sarvat prasiddha aitihasik nond mhanje augustuschya krutee aanee prashasanache aatmacharitratmak vruttant, jeey anek thikani punarutpadit aanee sthapit kele gele hote; teey samanyatah smarak ancirenum mhanoon olakhale jaate, kaaran tyachi sarvat sampoorn prat ansiramadhye sapadali hotee. oxfordmadhil marmore periyam, parosemadhe aadhalate, hii greek itihasachi kalkramanusar nond aahe, jee kadachit shaikshanik karanansathi banavali gelee aahe aanee suruvatichya kalapasoonchya ghatananchya paramparik tarkha mhanoon maulyavan aahe.
kabare aanee epitophs.
greek aanee lattin asha donhi bhashanmadhil shilalekhancha haah aataparyantcha sarvat asankhya varg aahe. suruvatichya kalat, bahudha tyachya vadilanche naav aanee tyachya dehasah, ethansmadhye mrut vyaktichya navavyatirikt konatihi nond nasate. kadhikadhi paramparik stuticha eka kinwa done shabd jodala jaato, jase qee "eka changla aanee shahana manus". visheshtah jarr teey yuddhat kinwa samudrat ghadale asel tarr adhunmadhun mrutyuchya paristhiticha sandarbh deela jaato. asey epitophs sahasa hexameter kinwa eligiyakchya, varanvar meterical swarupat asat. tyapaiki anek gola kele gele aahet aanee teey greek sankalanat eka manoranjak bharr ghalatat. nantarchya kalat mrutanchi adhik vistrut stutee karane nehamiche hote; parantu heey adhik aadhunik kabarichya dagdansarkhe tapshilvar aanee paripoorn kadhich nasate. mrut vyaktiche vay aanee itar tathye adhunmadhun dilee jaatat, parantu lattin thadgyansarkhya jawaljawal rupedaa nahee, jeey yaa sandarbhat maulyavan sankhyikeey mahitee detat.
lattin shilalekh.
lattin shilalekhanche vargikaran greek shilalekhanpramanech kele jaau shakate; parantu suruvatila kahee vyapak bhed kele jaau shakatat. teey samanyatah keval rome aanee italimadhyech navhe tarr roman samrajyachya sampoorn prantanmadhyehi rachana aanee aashay mhanoon adhik pramanit kele jaatat. lattin shilalekhancha arth kadhanyatil eka pramukh adchan mhanje aadyaksharancha aanee sankshipt shabdancha atishay vyapak vapar. hya mothya sankhyene aanee vividhatechya aahet aanee tyapaiki kahee prasiddha sutranshi sambandhit asalyache sahajpane samajoo shakatat, tarr itar visheshtah ananubhavi vidyarthyala lakshaniy adachani detat. rupedaa tyach prarambhik shabdache sandarbhanusar anek bhinn arth asoo shakatat. (), kinwa' () yasarkhi kahee samanya sutre thodi adchan detat, parantu ashee anek sutre aahet jee itaki spasht naheet aanee andajasathi jaaga sodatat. sandarbhala sajese sootra mileparyant, aadhunik lattin shilalekhshastradnyanni dilelya aadyaksharanchya yaditoon shodh ghene haah arth nishchit karnyacha bahudha ekmev marg asato.
greek shilalekhambaddal jeey sangitale gele aahe tyapaiki bahutansh roman lokannahi lagoo hote. yaa prakaranat sarvat samanya sahitya dagad, sangamarvari aanee kansya dekhil aahe; parantu shikkamortab kelelya vita aanee farshancha adhik vyapak vapar keela jaato, jeey anekada imarat kinwa itar bandhkamanchi olakh patvane aanee tarikh tharvane mhanoon aitihasik moolya asalele asatat. anekada anekada khajinya aanee nave asalelya seesa asalelya panyachya nalanna dekhil hetch lagoo hote. terrakota divyanvarhi anekada tyanchya nirmatyanchi nave aanee itar mahitee chhapaleli asate. shastre, aanee visheshtah dhaal, kadhikadhi tyanchya malakanche naav aanee mrutdeh dharan karatat. aadhunik olakh diskpramanech samaan uddesh sadhya karnyasathi leydon diskcha dekhil vapar keela jaat asey. roman tasech greek asha gofavan golyanvarhi shilalekh aadhaltat; 'tessera' chey anek varg kinwa chitrapatgruhanmadhye kinwa itar karyakramanmadhye praveshasathi tikite dekhil aahet.
shilalekhanchya majkurachya sandarbhat, anek swatantra shahar rajye aanee jawaljawal serve susanskrut jagasah samrajyachya nondinmadhye lakshaniy farak asane aavashyak aahe; parantu nagarpalikanni roman kalat tyanchya bahutek swatantra parampara kayam thevalya aanee parinami tyanche shilalekh anekada junya sutranche anusaran karatat.
tyamule roman shilalekhanche vargikaran greekpramanech tyach olinche anusaran karoo shakate, apavad mhanoon kahee shreni anupasthit aahet aanee greekmadhye naan naan itar kahee goshti lakshaniy mahattvachya aahet.
dharmik.
mandiranche samarpan aanee paya ityadi..
heey khoop aahet; aanee samarpit vyaktiche naav imarativar thalak thikani thevanyachi pratha prachalit hotee, visheshtah samrat kinwa kinwa kinwa sarvajanik sansthandvare kelelya samarpananchya babatit. punarsthapana kinwa durustichi nond anekada tyach paddhatine kelee jaat asey. chhotya vastoonchya babatit samarpan sahasa rupane sope asate; tyat sahasa devache kinwa itar praptakartyache aanee datyache naav asate aanee eka samanya sootra '()' asate, jyat anekada '()' yasarkhya jodya asatat. asha samarpanancha parinam sahasa eka pratidnyecha asato aanee mhanoon () anekada jodale jaate. shrimant nagarikanchya ichchhenusar kelele varas anekada shilalekhandware nondavale jaatat; teey ektar dharmik kinwa samajik hetunsathi asoo shakatat.
pujari aanee adhikari.
paurohitya heey anekada eka rajkiy padd hote aanee parinami rajkiy sanmanansah purushachya farkanchya yadeet tyacha ullekh keela jaato. ekhadya vyaktine dharan kelelya paurohityancha ullekh sahasa tyachya nagri karyalaye aanee pratishthanpurvichya shilalekhanmadhye pratham keela jaato. dharmik karyalaye, tasech nagri karyalaye, kahee varganparyant maryadit hotee, jeey senator padanchya sarvat varr, ghodeswarichya darjanchya pudhe hote; rome aanee prantanmadhil anek kirkol karyalaye, tyanchya yogya kramane ganali jaatat.
dharm aanee panth yababatche niyam.
yapaiki sarvat manoranjak mhanje arval bandhu mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya jaananya sadar kelele pracheen gaane aanee tyasobatche nrutya. tathapi, heey vidhee prescription swarupat nahee, tarr vidhichya yogya kamgirichi tapshilvar nond aahe. rommadhye aanee vividh italian shaharanmadhye sapadalelya dindarshikanchi malika haah kagadpatrancha eka mahattvacha varg aahe. heey dharmik sann aanee vardhapandin aanee vividh karanansathi upalabdh asalelya divasanchihi mahitee detat.
mahavidhyalaye.
dharmik karanansathi vividh mahavidhyalaye khoop hotee. rome aanee itali yaa donhi deshanmadhye aanee prantiy nagarpalikanmadhye, tyapaiki anek purohitpadachya swarupache hote. kahee uchch darjachi padey manali jaat hotee aanee keval synet darjachya purushansathi khulee hotee; tyapaiki augers, fatials, saalee; shahee kalatil dekhil hote. yaa mahavidhyalayanchya nondi kadhikadhi sadasyanchya navanpalikade konatihi mahitee dett naheet, parantu tyaa rupedaa lakshaniy asatat. haraspices aanee luperacy heey ghodeswari shreniche hote.
rajkiy aanee samajik.
kayada aanee niyam sanhita.
hyabaddalchi aamchi mahitee pramukhyane shilalekhanmadhun ghetali jaat nahee aanee mhanunach, tyancha yethe vichar karanyachi garaj nahee. dusarikade, shabd (kayada) sahasa sinetchya kinwa itar sansthanchya serve aadeshanna lagoo hoto, mug teey vidhimandal kinwa prashasakeey swarupache asso. tyamule sarvajanik aadeshanchya shirshakakhali sarvancha ektritpane vichar karane sarvottam aahe.
kayade aanee janmat, senates kansalta, kansalta kinwa nantarchya samratanche aadesh.
yapaiki kahee prajasattak kalatil aahet, heey lakshaniy swarasyapoorn aahet. sarvat suruvatichya eka gosht italitil bachaneliyan orgejchya bandishi sambandhit aahe; teey teey aalelya sandeshache roop ghete, jyat tyanni jyaa adhikaravar kaam kele teey namood kele aahe. jyaa sansthene teey parit kele aahe tyanusar serve kayade eka nishchit sutrache palan karatat. pratham asey vidhan aahe qee vidhimandalacha sallah yogya vyaktinni yogya swarupat ghetala hota; nantar kayadyachya majkurache anusaran karatat; aanee shevati manjuri, kayada manjur jhalyache vidhan. sinetchya aadeshanmadhye sootra kahise vegale asate. teey sallagar sallagar nave, baithakiche thikan aanee atty atty prastavanepasun suruvat karatat; nantar nirnayasathi sadar kelela vishay yeto, joou '()' sutrasah sampato; tyanantar '()' neey suru honara sinetcha nirnay yeto. see. aadesh manjur jhaala heey darshavinyasathi shevati jodale jaate. shahee kalat, samrat kadhikadhi sinetala bhashan dett, tyanna kahee tharav manjur karnyacha sallah dett, kinwa anyatha, visheshtah nantarchya kalat, ektar swatachya pudhakarane kinwa prashna kinwa sandarbhanna uttar mhanoon thet aadesh kinwa soochana dett asey. asha aadeshanchi sankhya aanee vividhata ashee aahe qee tyanche konatehi vargikaran yethe dile jaau shakat nahee. serve vastoonchya kimmati nishchit karnara dioclesiancha hukum haah sarvat prasiddha aahe. greek tasech lattin bhashet yachya pratee roman samrajyachya vividh bhaganmadhye aadhalalya aahet.
imaratinchya nondi ii..
mothya sankhyene shilalekh khajgi vyaktinni, vyaktinni, roman kinwa prantiy aanee samratanni sarvajanik imaratinche bandhkam kinwa durusti kelyachi nond karatat. mandiranchya samarpanavyatirikt, aamhala jalmarg, raste, visheshtah tappe, snangruhe, tulshi, portico aanee sarvajanik upayuktatechya itar anek kamanvar bandhkam nondavanare shilalekh aadhaltat. suruvatichya kalatil shilalekhanmadhye anekada imarat imarat kinwa punarsthapit tayar vyaktiche naav aanee tyane tase kele hote asey vidhan yashivay kahihi dile jaat nahee. parantu nantar imaraticha hetu, samrat kinwa kinwa naav, tarikh, imaraticha adhikar aanee bandhkamkartyanchi nave aanee bhed yabaddal adhik tapasheel dene nehamiche hote; tyanantar imaratiche varnan, kharchacha srot (udaa.jee.,) aanee shevati kelelya kamasathi yogya kriyapad, mug teey bandhkam asso, punarsanchayit karane asso, vadhavane asso kinwa anyatha sudharane asso. kadhikadhi itar tapasheel jodale jaatat, jase qee jyaa vyaktichya nirdeshanusar kaam kele gele tyaa vyaktiche naav.
lashkari kagadpatre.
hya majkurat khoop farak aahe aanee roman samrajyachya prashasanashi sambandhit sarvat mahattvachya kagadpatranpaiki eka aahet. "teey asankhya aanee serve prakarche aahet-pratyek padviche thadgyanche dagad, sainikanchya dafanmandapanchya yadya, sevetoon sutakechi pramanpatre, kalbahya jhalelya purushanche velapatrak, vedya samarpit karane, imaratichi nond kinwa purn kelelya abhiyantriki kamanchi. thet smaranat thevalelya tathyanna kvachitach mahatva asate."parantu jevha asha shekado shilalekhanchi mahitee ektrit kelee jaate, tevha tumhi bharatichya babatit shahee sarkarchya sampoorn dhoranacha magova gheu shakata, kitee aanee kitee tarkheparyant italimadhye sainya ubhe kele gele; sevechya vividh shakhansathi konate dall prantanmadhun ghetale gele aanee konate prant sarvadhik pradan kele gele; kitee door prantanni tyanchya swatachya deshanna suraksha dilee aanee tyapaiki konatya prantanna, british bharatipramanech, itaratra seva karnyasathi khabardaricha upay mhanoon pathvanyat aale; kinwa shevati, konatya yugat samrajya tyachya simepalikade asalelya anagarikanchi bharati aavashyak karnyasathi purese kamkuvat jhaale."
karar aanee karar.
prajasattak kalat rome aanee itar rajyanmadhye anek karar jhaale hote; parantu eka niyam mhanoon, yaa aadhichya kalat atyant durmil asalelya shilalekhanmule aamhala hyabaddalache dnyan milat nahee. jyaa shahee kalat bahutek lattin shilalekh sambandhit hote, tyaa kalat aantarrashtriy sambandh romchya sarvatrik varchasvachya adheen hote aanee parinami tyanchyashi sambandhit kagadpatre kendriya pradhikaranachya sandarbhat sambandhit asatat aanee anekada samratachya aadeshanche roop ghetat.
nikatvartiy.
hii pratha greesmadheel hotee. roman kalat jyaa goshti tyachyashi jawaljawal julalya tyaa mhanje shahar kinwa rajyane kahee pratishthit roman lokanna tyacha "aashraydata" mhanoon sweekarle. tyanantar sambandh nondavala gela, sahasa sambandhit shaharatil kahee thalak sthiteet thevalelya kansya fitivar. sanrakshakane kadachit tyachya gharat eka prat dekhil thewali asel kinwa tyachyakade eka portable tablet hotee jee tyachi olakh aanee swagat sunishchit karel.
sanmananiy.
roman jagachya serve bhaganmadhye manad shilalekh atyant samanya aahet. kadhee teey putalyanchya payathyashi thewale jaatat, kadhee kahee vishisht laabh nondavanyasathi kinwa kahee sarvajanik kamanchya bandhkamachya nondinsathi tayar kelelya kagadpatranmadhye. smaranarth vyaktikadoon dharan kelelya padanchi aanee tyala pradan kelelya pratishthanchi ganana niyamitpane sthapit kramane () kelee jaate, ektar khalchya aanee varchya tappyane suru hote kinwa varchya kramane ulatya kramane pratham. dharmik aanee purohit padancha ullekh sahasa nagri aanee rajkiy padanpurvi keela jaato. heey ektar rommadhyech kinwa samrajyachya vividh nagarpalikanmadhye vaparale jaau shakatat. keval senator padavaril vyakti, ghodeswari padavaril vyaktinna niyukt kelelya aanee qamee pratishthit prakarchya padanmadhye dekhil farak keela gela hota. tyanantar jevha shilalekhacha keval eka bhag sapadala aahe, tevha swikarlelya kramanusar sampoorn punarsthapit karane bahudha shakya aahe.
kalakaranchya karagiranchya.
jevha heey putalyanna jodale jaatat, tevha kadhikadhi heey naav pratyakshat moorti tayar tayar vyaktiche aahe qee jyachya kamachi tee punarutpadan karate tyaa gurunche aahe yabaddal shanka asate. asha prakare licipuschya herculuschya putalyachya done suprasiddha pratee aahet, jyapaiki eka licipusche kaam asalyache mhatale jaate aanee dusare asey sangate qee teey glycanne tayar kele hote (pratima pahaa). roman kalat sarvat samanya asalelya kalakar kinwa karagiranchya karagiranchya, kumbharanchya divyanvar aanee vividh prakarchya patranvarchya patranvarchya aadhaltat; tyaa samanyatah sanchevar prabhavit hotat aanee terrakota kinwa itar samagrivar aaramat thalakpane disatat. vividh prakarchya hastakalechya vyavsayik prasarabaddal aanee konatya paristhitit tyanchi nirmiti kelee gelee yabaddal barich mahitee dene heey swarasyapoorn aahe.
aitihasik nondi.
yapaiki anek shilalekh aadhich vicharat ghetalelya shreninpaiki eka vargala niyukt kele jaau shakatat. parantu kahee asey aahet jeey ekhadya mahattvachya ghatanechya smaranarth kinwa nondi jatan karnyasathi spashtapane tayar kele gele hote. sarvat manoranjak mhanje inn romcha shilalekh, jyamadhye carthagenian lokanvar gayas duileuschya mahan naudal vijayachi nond aahe; tathapi, hii mool nahee, tarr nantarchi aanee kahishi sudharit aavrutti aahe. aadhich namood kelela aanee smarak anciranum mhanoon olakhala jaanara, uchch mahattvacha dastaivaj haah augustuschya jivanacha aanee kamgiricha saransh aahe. fastichya vividh sanchanmadhye vanijyadutanchi, aanee itar dandadhikari kinwa uchch uchch nave aanee vijayi senapatinna dilelya vijayanchi nond hotee.
kabarinvar shilalekh.
heey kadachit serve prakarchya shilalekhanpaiki sarvat jaast sankhya aahet; aanee jaree tyapaiki anekanmadhye vaiyaktik swarasya nasale taree, ektritpane ghetale tarr, loksankhyeche vitaran aanee hastantaran, vyapar aanee vyavasay, aarogya aanee dirghayushyabaddal aanee pracheen jivanatil itar anek paristhitimbaddal khoop maulyavan mahitee detat. sarvat manoranjak prarambhik malika ashee aahe qee rome yetheel sipiyochya kabarinvar, tyaa kutumbatil vividh sadasyanche karname aanee bhed, mukhytah saternian metermadhye, dhwanimudrit kele jaatat.
prajasattakachya samaptichya sumaras aanee samrajyachya suruvatichya kalat 'kinwa' () hii akshare asalelya thadgyachya mathyavar thevanyachi pratha jhaali, asha prakare mrutanna thadge heey bhutanchya sharirache kinwa mrutanchya aatmyanche sadasya banale mhanoon pavitra kele gele. tyanantar mrut vyaktiche naav, sahasa tyachya vadilanche naav aanee tyachya jamatisah, tyachya sanman aanee vishishtatedvare, kadhikadhi tyachya vayachi nond asate. shilalekh anekada '()', kinwa tatsam kahee sutrasah samapt hoto aanee anekada, simanche vidhan aanee ullanghan kinwa pudhil vaparavar bandee-udaharanarth, '(, heey smarak varsala hastantarit karnyasathi nahee). jyaa vyaktine smarak ubharale aahe aanee mrut vyaktishi tyacha sambandh anekada sangitala jaato; kinwa jarr ekhadya vyaktine tyachya aayushyat thadgi tayar kelee asel tarr heey dekhil mhatale jaau shakate, (). parantu mahitimadhye prachand vividhata aahe jee ektar ekhada manus swatah kinwa tyachya mitrala nondvayachi asel.
tappe aanee seema.
tappe () aadhich sandarbhit kele gele aahet aanee raste bandhanichya nondi mhanoon manale jaau shakatat. seema dagad () sarvajanik aanee khajgi asha donhi malmatteche varanvar aadhaltat. gratchya velee () asey sambodhale jaanare aayukt sthapan karatat, tyanchyamarfat eka suprasiddha udaharan dile jaate.

