
samavisht pranali

eka sanyoji pranali maryadit jaaget sathavalelya jwalansheel samgrichya jwalanshilatechi sambhavyata qamee karate. petrol, dizzell indhan, vimanchalan indhan, jett indhan kinwa rockett pranodak yasarkhya jwalansheel drav asaleli indhan taakee hii ashee sarvat samanya pranali aahe. purnapane bharalyanantar aanee vaparadarmyan, indhanachya varr eka jaaga asate, jyala ulej mhanatat, jyamadhye havemadhye misalalele bashpibhavan jhalele indhan asate, jyamadhye jwalan karnyasathi aavashyak auxigen asato. yogya paristhitit heey mishran petu shakate. eka sanyoji pranali havechya jaagi nitrogensarkhya jwalanala aadhar deu naan shakananya vayuchi jaaga ghete.
operationche tattva.
ignition soars (ushnata), indhan aanee auxigen heey teen ghatak ilejmadhye jwalan suru karnyasathi aanee tikavoon thevanyasathi aavashyak asatat. yaa teen ghatakanpaiki konatehi eka ghatak qamee karoon jwalan rokhale jaau shakate. anek prakarananmadhye ignitioncha srot nasato, udaa.jee. sathavan takya. jarr jwalan strotachi upasthiti rokhata yet nasel, jase qee antargat jwalan engines indhan puravinanya bahutek takyanchya babatit aahe, tarr indhan vaparale jaat asalyane, ulej nishkriy vayoone bharoon takila jwalansheel naan karata yeu shakate. kahee pranali nitrogen-samruddha havah kinwa vafecha vapar karat asalya taree sadhya carbon dye auxide kinwa nitrogen jawaljawal keval vaparale jaatat. yaa nishkriy vayuncha vapar kelyane ulejache oxygenche praman jwalan threasholdchya khalee qamee hote.
telache tanker.
hydrocarbon vafecha aag kinwa sphot talhanyasathi telachya malvahatukivaril rikami jaaga teel tanker nishkriy vayoone bharatat. 11 takkyanpeksha qamee auxigen asalelya teel vaphe havet jaloo shakat naheet. jahajachya boilerdware tayar honara flue gass thund karoon aanee scrub karoon nishkriy vayucha puravatha keela jaau shakato. jithe dizzell injine vaparali jaatat, tithe exaust gassmadhye khoop jaast auxigen asoo shakato jenekarun indhan-jalanare nishkriy gass generator basavale jaau shakatat. asthir hydrocarbon vaphe kinwa dhuke itar upkarnanmadhye pravesh karoo nayet yasathi tankerchya jaaget prakriya paipmadhye ektarfi zadap basavali jaatat. 1974 chya solas niyamanpasoon teel tankerver nishkriy vayoo pranali aavashyak aahe. aantarrashtriy sagari sanstha (aay. emm. oo.) nishkriy vayoo pranalichya aavashyaktanche varnan karnare tantrik manak aay. emm. oo.-860 prakashit karate. itar prakarche maal jase qee mothya pramanat rasayne dekhil judd takyanmadhye vahoon nellie jaau shakatat, parantu judd vayoo vaparlelya rasayananshi susangat asane aavashyak aahe.
viman.
ladhau vimanansathi indhan takya byanch kalapasoon antarbhut kelya gelya aahet, tasech swayam-seal kelya gelya aahet, parantu lashkari malavahu viman aanee nagri vahtook shrenichya vimanansathichya takya, mukhyatve kharch aanee vajanachya karanastav naheet. nitrogencha vapar karnare suruvatiche anuprayog halifax III aanee VIII, short sterling aanee evro linken bii yaa handley prushthavar hote.2, jyat 1944 chya aaspaspasun antarbhut pranali samavisht kelya gelya.
cleave kimelane 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatila pravasi viman companyanna pratham eka pravesh pranali prastavit kelee. pravasi vimanansathichya tyachya prastavit pranalimadhye nitrogencha vapar jhaala asata. tathapi, viman kampanyanni takrar kelyanantar keemelchi pranali avyavharya asalyache manya karnyas yuu. ess. federal aviation administration (eff. aii. aii.) nakar deela. kharey tarr, kimelachya pranalichya suruvatichya aavruttyanche vajan 2,000 paund hote-jyamule tyanchi pravasi kshamata lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaali asatee. tathapi, anek vinashkari indhan taakee sphotanchya parshvabhoomivarhi, eff. aii. aii. neey 40 varshe indhan taakee nishkriy karnyababat jawaljawal konatehi sanshodhan kele nahee. tyaeivaji, eff. aii. aii. neey ignition strot indhan takyanpasun door thevanyavar laksh kendrit kele.
1996 madhye viman 800 kosalanyaparyant eff. aii. aii. neey vyavsayik vimanansathi halakya vajanachya ghuskhori pranalicha vichar keela nahee. vimanat vaparlya jaananya boing 747 chya madhya pankha indhan takitil sphotamule haah apghat jhaala. hii taakee samanyatah keval khoop lamb uddanansathi vaparali jaate aanee sphotachya velee takimadhye indhan qamee hote. takitil indhanache thode praman mothya pramanapeksha adhik dhokadayak asate, kaaran urvarit indhan bashpibhavnasathi qamee ushnata lagate. yamule vayoo-indhan gunottar vadhate aanee qamee jwalanshilatechya maryadepeksha jaast hote. 2001 madhye thaee airways international boing 737 aanee 1990 madhye philipine airlines 737 chaa sphot dekhil urvarit indhan asalelya takyanmadhye jhaala. heey teen sphot ubdar divasant, madhya pankhanchya takimadhye (see. doubleu. tii.) jhaale jeey fuselagechya chaukatimadhye aahe. heey indhan taakee bahya upkarananchya parisarat sthit aahet jeey anavdhanane indhan taakee garam karatat. rashtriy vahtook suraksha mandalachya (aine. tii. ess. bii.) tii. doubleu. aii. 747 chya apghatachya antim ahavalat assa nishkarsh kadhala gela aahe qee "apghatachya velee tii. doubleu. aii. uddan 800 see. doubleu. tii. chya uleteel indhan havechi waf jwalansheel hotee". aine. tii. ess. bii. neey 1997 madhye tyachya most wanted yadeet number 1 vastoo mhanoon "vahtook shrenichya vimanatil indhan takyanmadhil sphotak mishran kadhoon takane" olakhale.
uddan 800 apghatanantar, 2001 madhye eff. aii. aii. samiteene dilelya ahavalat asey mhatale aahe qee yuu.ess. bhavishyatil asha sphotanna pratibandh karoo shakananya, tyanchya vidyaman vimananchya tafyatil ghuskhorichya pranalinna punha susajj karnyasathi viman companyanna aamhala $35 abj kharch karave lagtil. tathapi, dusarya eff. aii. aii. gatane nitrogen samruddha havah (aine. eae. aii.) aadharit inrting system prototype vikasit keela joou vimanachya pranodak injindware puravilelya sankuchit havevar chalato. tasech, eff. aii. aii. neey asey tharavale qee, purvi swikarlelya 9 teey 10 takkyanchya maryadeaivaji, vayoo oxygenche praman 12 takkyanparyant qamee karoon indhan taakee nishkriy kelee jaau shakate. boingne tyanchya swatachya vyutpann pranalichi chachani suru kelee, 2003 madhye anek 747 vimanansah yashasvi chachani uddane kelee.
naveen, sopee antarbhut pranali mulat sarvajanik tippanidware eff. aii. aii. laa suchavanyat aalee hotee. heey pokal tantumay puttle samagricha vapar karate jeey puravathadar haves nitrogen-samruddha havah (aine. eae. aii.) aanee auxigen samruddha havah (oo. eae. aii.) madhye vegale karate. vaidyakeey karanansathi auxigen-samruddha havah nirman karnyasathi yaa tantradnyanacha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaato. too eka padada vaparato joou pradhanyakramane nitrogen renula (aanvik vajan 28) tyatoon jaau deto, auxigen renula (aanvik vajan 32) nahee.
lashkari vimanavaril judd pranalichya ulat, jevha jevha vimanachi injine dhavat asatat tevha indhan vafechi jwalansheelata qamee karnyasathi hii judd pranali satat chalate. indhan takimadhil oxygenche praman 12 takkyanparyant qamee karane heey uddisht aahe, jeey samanya vatavaraniy oxygenche praman 21 takkyanpeksha qamee aahe, parantu 9 takke oxygenche lakshya asalelya lashkari vimanachya indhan takipeksha jaast aahe. indhan vaphene bharalela vayoo takitoon baher kadhoon vatavaranat havah aanoon heey sadhya kele jaate.
phaa niyam.
saat varshanchya tapasanantar, eff. aii. aii. neey november 2005 madhye aine. tii. ess. bii. chya shifarshila pratisad mhanoon eka niyam prastavit keela, jyamadhye viman companyanna "jaminivar aanee havet indhan takichya vafechi jwalansheel patali qamee karane" aavashyak asel. mageel 40 varshanchya dhoranapeksha heey eka badal hote, jyamadhye eff. aii. aii. neey keval indhan takichya vafechya jwalansheel sambhavya strotanna qamee karnyavar laksh kendrit kele hote.
eff. aii. aii. neey 21 julai 2008 roji antim niyam jaaree keela. haah niyam naveen vimananchya rachanela lagoo asalelya niyamanmadhye sudharana karato (14see. eff. aar. § 25.981) aanee satat surakshitatesathi (14see. eff. aar. § 26.31-39), deshantargat vyavharansathi parichalan aavashyakta (14see. eff. aar. § 121.1117) aanee paradeshi havai vahakansathi parichalan aavashyakta (14see. eff. aar. § 129.117) yasathi naveen niyam sadar karato. 1 janewari 1958 nantar 30 kinwa tyahoon adhik pravasi kshamata kinwa 7500 paundapeksha jaast payload kshamata pramanit kelelya vimananna heey niyam lagoo hotat. niyam kamgirivar aadharit aahet aanee tyanna vishisht paddhatichi amalbajavani aavashyak nahee.
prastavit niyam bhavishyatil serve sthir-pankhanchya vimananchya rachnevar (pravashanchi kshamata 30 peksha jaast) parinam karel aanee nauu varshant 3,200 hoon adhik airbus aanee boing vimananchya madhya pankhanchya indhan takyansah punarsthapit karane aavashyak aahe. eff. aii. aii. neey suruvatila malavahu vimananvar basavanyachi magani karanyachi yojana aakhali hotee, parantu busch prashasanane heey aadeshatun kadhoon takale. yavyatirikt, pradeshik vimane aanee lahan pravasi vimane yaa niyamachya adheen rahnar naheet, kaaran eff. aii. aii. tyanna indhan-takichya sphotasathi uchch dhoka manat nahee.
eff. aii. aii. neey pudhil 49 varshant yaa karyakramacha kharch 8 kotee 80 laakh americi dollars asalyacha andaj vartavala, jyat vidyaman tafyala punha susajj karnyasathi 31 kotee 30 laakh americi dollarscha samavesh aahe. tyane yaa kharchachi tulana, madhya havet sphot jhalelya eka mothya vimanamule jhalelya andaje $1.2 abj "samajasathichya kharcha" shhee kelee. prastavit niyam asha velee aala jevha yuu. aii. chya jawaljawal ardhe.ess. viman companyanchi kshamata diwalkhorit asalelya vahakanvar hotee.
ordercha parinam vimananvar hoto jyanchya vatanukoolan unitmadhye samanyatah rikami madhya pankhanchi indhan taakee manali jaau shakanari indhan taakee garam honyachi shakyata asate. kahee airbus aii320 aanee boing 747 vimane "lavkar karvai" karnyasathi tayar aahet. naveen vimananchya rachnebabat, airbus aii380 madhye madhya pankhanchi indhan taakee nahee aanee tyamule tee suut aahe aanee boing 787 madhye indhan taakee suraksha pranali aahe jee aadhich prastavit niyamache palan karate. eff. aii. aii. neey mhatale aahe qee gelya 16 varshant chaar indhan taakee sphot jhaale aahet-done jaminivar aanee done havet-aanee yaa aakadevarichya aadhare aanee eff. aii. aii. chya andajanusar assa eka sphot darr 6 kotee tasanni hoil, asey sumare 9 sphot kadachit pudhil 50 varshant hotil. eff. aii. aii. neey sangitale qee, ghuskhori pranali kadachit tyaa 9 sambhavya sphotanpaiki 8 sphotanna rokhel.
inrting system niyam prastavit karnyapurvi, boingne sangitale qee teey 2005 pasoon tayar honanya vimananvar swatachi inrting system sthapit kartil. airbusne assa yuktivad keela hota qee tyachya vimananchya vidyut wayaringmule inrting system anavashyak kharch karate.
, eff. aii. aii. kadey punha aun board inerting systemchi manke vadhavanyasathi pralambit niyam hota. indhan takichi soya karnyasathi itarankadun naveen tantradnyan vikasit kele jaat aaheh
itar paddhati.
sadhya vaparat asaleli indhanachya tankinna nishkriy karanyachi aanakhi eka paddhat mhanje ulej pranali. eff. aii. aii. neey nirnay ghetala aahe qee ulej pranaliche atirikt vajan vimanchalan kshetrat amalbajavanisathi avyavharya banavate. kahee yuu.ess. lashkari vimane ajunahi nitrogen aadharit phoom inerting pranali vapartat aanee kahee kampanya railway vahtook marganvar unj pranalisah indhanache container pathvatil.