grahancha seema thurr

havamanshastrat, grahancha seema thurr (pii. bii. ell.), jyala vatavaraniy seema thurr (aii. bii. ell.) kinwa peplosphere asehi mhanatat, haah vatavaranacha sarvat khalcha bhag aahe aanee grahanchya prushthbhagachya samparkat aalyane tyachya vartanavar thet prabhav padato. pruthvivar teey sahasa prushthbhagavaril vikiranshil balatil badalanna eka tasapeksha qamee velat pratisad dete. yaa tharamadhye pravahacha veg, tapman aanee aadrata yasarkhya bhautik pramananmadhye jalad chadhautar (ashantata) disun yetat aanee anulamb mishran majboot asate. pii. bii. ell. chya varr "mukt vatavaran" aahe, jithe vaara andaje bhoo-ushna (isobarla samantar) asato, tarr pii. bii. ell. chya aat vaara prushthbhagachya odhanimule prabhavit hoto aanee isobarchya palikade valato (adhik tapashilansathi ekman thurr pahaa).
prushthbhagavaril keval pravahache kaaran.
samanyatah, vayugatikiy odhanyamule, pruthvichya prushthbhagapasun ~ 100 meater varr keval pravahat mishranamule pravanata asato-grahanchya seema tharacha prushthbhag thurr. jaminichya varr varr unchinusar mishranamule veg vadhato, joou shunyapasoon suru hoto, kaaran slip naan honyachya sthiteet. prushthbhagajavalachya pravahala adthalyancha samna karava lagato jyamule mishranamule veg qamee hoto aanee pravahachya mukhya dishene samkonavar yadruchchik ubhya aanee aadvya vegache ghatak yetat.
yaa ashantatemule eka staravar aadvya dishene jaanari havah aanee tyachya lagech varr aanee khalee asalelya patalyanvarchi havah yanchyat anulamb mishran hote, jeey pradushakanchya prasaranasathi aanee matichi dhoop honyasathi mahatvache aahe.
prushthbhagajavalil vegat ghat heey prushthbhagachya khadbaditpanache karya aahe, tyamule keval vegache swaroop vegvegalya bhupradesh prakaransathi barech vegale aahe. jaminivaril khadbadit, aniyamit aanee manavnirmit adthale bhoo-ushna mishranamule veg 40 teey 50 takkyanni qamee karoo shakatat. khulya panyavar kinwa barfavar, hii ghat keval 20 teey 30 takke asoo shakate. pavanchakki basavatana heey parinam lakshat ghetale jaatat.
abhiyantrikichya uddeshansathi, mishranamule pravanata eka sadha katarane mhanoon tayar keela jaato, joou prushthbhagachya prakaravar aadharit sthir ghatankiy gunankasah shaktichya niyamapramane badalatya ubhya vegache swaroop darshavito. jaminivaril unchi jithe prushthbhagachya gharshanamule keval vegavar nagany parinam hoto tyala 'pravanata unchi' mhanatat aanee yaa unchivaril keval vegala 'pravanata hota gatee' mhanatat. udaharanarth, andajit pravanata unchichi vaishishtyapurn moolye mothya shaharansathi 457 meater, upnagaransathi 366 meater, khulya bhupradeshasathi 274 meater aanee khulya samudrasathi 212 meater aahet.
jaree shakti kayadyacha ghatank andaj soyiskar asala taree tyala konatahi saiddhantik aadhar nahee. jevha tapmanache swaroop adiabatic asate, tevha mishranamule veg unchinusar laghugankanusar badalala pahije. 1961 madheel khulya bhupradeshavaril mojamapanni 100 meater kinwa tyahoon adhik (prushthbhagachya tharat) logridmic fitshee changla karar darshavila, jyacha mishranamule sarasari veg 1000 meetarparyant sthir hota.
hota katarane sahasa trimiteey asate, mhanje 'mukt' daab pravanatedvare chalanara bhoo-ushnakatibandhiy vaara aanee jaminichya jawalcha vaara yanchya darmyanchya dishene dekhil badal hoto. heey ekman sarpil prabhavashi sambandhit aahe. 
prushthbhagajaval valavalelya ageostrophic pravahacha cross-isobar coone khulya panyavar 10° teey khadbadit dongral bhupradeshavar 30° paryant asato aanee ratri mishranamule veg khoop qamee asatana jaminivar 40°-50° paryant vadhu shakato.
suryastanantar vadhatya sthiratesah prushthbhagajavalil mishranamule pravanata vadhate.
kiranotsargi shitkaranasah ratri udbhavnari vatavaraniy sthirata ashant kadaa ubhya thevanyas pravrutt karate, tyamule mishranamule pravanata vadhate. keval pravahachi tivrata mukhyatve hawaman, pramukhyane vatavaraniy sthirata aanee konatyahi sanvahan seema tharachi unchi kinwa capping inversionne prabhavit hote. haah prabhav samudravar aanakhi motha asato, jithe jaminivaril tulanet seema tharachya unchimadhye dainandin badal khoopach qamee asato.
sanvahan seema tharamadhye, majboot mishranamule mishranamule anulamb pravan qamee hoto.
ratra aanee dainandin paristhiti.
grahancha seema thurr divas aanee ratrimadhye vegala asato. divasa tayar honare ulat thurr ratri garam havechya ashant vadhicha parinam mhanoon tutatat. seema thurr "suryastachya thodya velapurvi" sthir hoto aanee ratrichya velee tasach rahato. heey serve dainandin chakr tayar karate. hiwala aanee dhagal divasanmadhye ratrichya velee tharanche vibhajan apoorn asate aanee mageel divasant sthapit vatavaraniy paristhiti tiku shakate. ratrichya velee seema thurr sanrachaneche vighatan suryaprakash asalelya divasant jalad hote. sanchari peshi hii sanchari shakti aahe, jyat arund updraft kshetra aanee saumya downdraftchi mothee kshetre aahet. yaa peshi 200-500 meetarpeksha jaast vyasachya asatat.
ghatak thurr.
navier-stokes samikarane suchavatat tyapramane, grahanchya seema tharatil ashantata sarvat mothya veg pravanatechya tharamadhye tayar hote jee agadi prushthbhagachya jawal asate. haah thurr-jyala paramparikpane prushthbhagacha thurr mhanatat-ekoon pii. bii. ell. kholichya sumare 10 takke aahe. prushthbhagachya tharachya varr pii. bii. ell. ashantata haloohaloo nasht hote, gharshanamule tyachi gatij urja gamavate tasech ghanata starikrut pravahat gatij urja sambhavya urjemadhye rupantarit hote. ashant gatij urja utpadanacha darr aanee tyacha apavyay yanchyatil santulan grahanchya seema tharachi kholee nirdharit karate. pii. bii. ell. chee kholee mothya pramanat badalate. dilelya keval vegane, udaa.jee. 8 mea/seey, aanee mhanoon ashantatechya utpadanachya dilelya darane, hivalyatil aarktikmadhil pii. bii. ell. 50 meteriteke uthal asoo shakate, madhya-akshanshatil nishachar pii. bii. ell. samanyatah 300 meater jaadicha asoo shakato aanee vyapar-pawan kshetratil ushnakatibandhiy pii. bii. ell. tyachya 2000 meterchya purn saiddhantik kholiparyant vadhu shakato. valvantavar dupari ushira pii. bii. ell. chee kholee 4000 meater kinwa tyahoon jaast asoo shakate.
prushthbhagachya tharavyatirikt, grahanchya seema tharamadhye pii. bii. ell. 'coor' (pii. bii. ell. kholichya 0 teey 0.7 darmyan) aanee pii. bii. ell. varcha kinwa 'pravesh thurr' kinwa 'capping inversion thurr' (pii. bii. ell. kholichya 0 teey 1 darmyan) dekhil asatat. chaar mukhya bahya ghatak pii. bii. ell. chee kholee aanee tyachi sarasari ubhi rachana nirdharit karatatah 
pramukh prakar.
sanvahani grahancha seema thurr (see. bii. ell.).
sanvahani grahancha seema thurr haah grahanchya seema tharacha eka prakar aahe jithe prushthbhagavaril sakaratmak tarangata pravah aushnik asthirata nirman karato aanee asha prakare atirikt kinwa agadi mothee ashantata nirman karato. (yala cape kinwa convective upalabdh sambhavya urja asane asehi mhanatat; vatavaraniy convection pahaa.) ushnakatibandhiy aanee madhya-akshanshanmadhye divasa sanvahan seema thurr vaishishtyapurn asato. panyachya vafechya ghanikaranatun utsarjit utsarjit ushnatechya madatine saur ushnatemule itka tivra sanvahan ashantata nirman houu shakate qee mukt sanvahan tharamadhye tropoposparyant (troposphere aanee samatapmandal yanchyatil pruthvichya vatavaranatil seema) sampoorn tropospherecha samavesh asato, joou aantar-ushnakatibandhiy abhisaran kshetrat 10 kiimii teey 18 kiimii aahe.
sthir starikrut grahancha seema thurr (ess. bii. ell.).
jevha prushthbhagavaril nakaratmak tarangata pravah ashantata qamee karato tevha ess. bii. ell. haah pii. bii. ell. asato; sanvahan avarodhan pahaa. ess. bii. ell. heey keval keval katarane ashantatedvare chalavale jaate aanee mhanoon mukt vatavaranachya vatavaranachya ess. bii. ell. astitvat rahoo shakat nahee. ess. bii. ell. heey serve thikani ratrichya velee aanee agadi divasa dekhil, jethe pruthvicha prushthbhag vareel havepeksha thund asato asha thikani vaishishtyapurn asate. ess. bii. ell. uchch akshanshanmadhye visheshtah mahattvachi bhoomika bajavate, jethe too anekada dirghkal (divas teey mahine) asato, parinami haveche tapman khoop thund asate.
grahanchya seema tharanchi gatishilata aanee sukshmabhautiki niyantrit karnare bhautik niyam aanee gatichi samikarane, heey tivrapane araikhik asatat aanee pruthvichya prushthbhagachya gunadharmancha aanee mukt vatavaranatil prakriyanchya utkranticha tyanchyavar lakshaniy prabhav asato. yaa guntaguntila samore jaanyasathi, ashantata modelingchi sampoorn shreni prastavit kelee gelee aahe. tathapi, teey anekada vyavharik aavashyakta purn karnyasathi purese achook nasatat. mothya edee simulation tantrachya vaparapasoon teey pii. bii. ell. shhee sambandhit samasyanparyant lakshaniy sudharana apekshit aahet.
kadachit sarvat mahattvachya prakriya, jyaa vatavaraniy pratikrutinmadhil (vatavaraniy pratikruti paraspar tulana prakalp) pii. bii. ell. chya yogya pratinidhitvavar gambhirpane avalambun aahet, tyaa aadratechi ashant vahtook (bashpibhavan) aanee pradushak (vayoo pradushak) aahet. seema tharatil dhag vyapar vyapar, jalshastriy chakravar aanee urjechya devanghevanivar prabhav taktat.

