
yakk.

yiku (; june chiinii (ii. sha. puu. 444):> purv hahn chinih *, kinwa), hetao pradeshat astitvat asalele eka pracheen chiinii rajya hote aanee jeey aata zouu rajvanshachya kalat ningshiya, purv gansu aanee uttar shanxi aahe aanee kiin rajyacha shatkanushatke pradirgh pashchatya pratispardhi hota. yethe rong auph yeak (hutt) navache ardh-sinikikrut lock rahat hote, jyanna samkalin lekhak pashchimatya rong lokanchi eka shakha manat asat, jyanna aadhunik vidvananni vayavya chinmadhil alpasankhyak lokanchya purvajanpaiki eka mhanoon olakhanyacha prayatna keela aahe.
itihas.
yiksathicha samkalin majkuracha purava viral aahe, jyachi suruvat fakt isavi sunpoorv aathvya shatkachya uttaradhat yeak rajyachya payabharanipasun hote. tisya shatkachya suruvatichya kalat too shevatparyant, sumare sadechar shatake tikala. tathapi, itar "naun-huaxia" chiinii lokanche vanshaj mhanoon yeak lokanchi utpatti majkoor vidvatta aanee puratatviy puravyanchya aadhare shang rajvanshachya kalapasoon shodhali gelee aahe, jaree heey vadgrast rahile aahe ("yikchi vanshik olakh" pahaa).
vasant aanee sharad rututil kaal.
ii. sha. puu. 720 chya sumaras yiku rong purvekade sthalantarit jhaale. kharey tarr, majkooratil strotanmadhye yikcha haah pahila ullekh aahe. yaa velee, zau raje yuddh aanee naisargik aapattinmule kamkuvat jhaale aahet. ii. sha. puu. 770 madhye, zoucha raja ping yane rajdhani purvela sadhyachya luoyang, henanmadhil chengzou yethe halavali aanee kamkuvat shahee adhikarala vasant aanee sharad rutuchya kalachi suruvat asey mhatale jaate.
book auph daad later hahn' madheel 'daad treaties aun daad western kiang' nusar, king pingchya shevatchya karkirdit zouchi ghasaran hott hotee. dongarapasun purvekade anek zia dongaranna rongane aashray deela. yee aanee luo nadyanparyant, rong sarvatra hote. tyanantar, wei nadichya khonyat prathamach dee, huan, kaee aanee jee rong hote, jing nadichya uttarela [bhoomimadhye] yeak rong hote aanee luochuanmadhye dally rong hote."raja pingcha mrutyu ii. sha. puu. 720 madhye jhaala, jyacha arth yeak rajyachi sthapana tyaa varshachya aadhi jhaali navhati. yaa strotapasun heey spasht hote qee yiku heey "rong" navachya lokanpaiki eka manale jaat hote, eka prakarcha yuddhapriy paradeshi. urvarit vasant aanee sharad rututil kalat, samkalin srot yikavar gup asatat.
yuddharat rajyancha kaal.
yuddharat rajyanchya kalat, kinane tyacha vistar suru keela tevha yeak dhokyat aala. kincha madhyavarti pradesh wei nadee khore hota, joou jing nadichya khonyatiilaw yeak vasahatinpasun dakshinekade phaar door navhata. ii. sha. puu. andaje 460 pasoon kiin aanee itar rajyanni madhyavarti maidani pradeshat rahana itar rong lokanvar hallah keela, joparyant yeak heey ekmev rong lock shillak rahile. toparyant, yiku aanee itar ronganni adhunmadhun kiin shahare lutali hotee, parantu mothya pramanat konatihi shatrutva nirman jhaali navhati.
chauthya shatkachya madhyat yeekne pahilyanda kinwar hallah keela aanee tyacha parabhav keela. tyanantar chaar varshanni, jevha yeak ashantatet hota, tevha kinane hallah keela. yeak nantar kinchya adheen jhaala aanee ii. sha. puu. 327 madhye tyacha jagirdar jhaala. kinane tyachya pradeshat eka county sthapan kelee. tathapi, yeak kadhihi kinchya adheen navhate aanee donhi bajunni ladhai suru thewali. kinane lavkarach hallah karoon yuzi shahar tabyat ghetale. done varshannantar ii. sha. puu. 318 madhye yeekne libo yethe kinla haravale asale taree, tyanantar lagechach tyala motha parabhav patkarava lagalah kinhcha raja huichya karkirdit, ii. sha. puu. 325 madhye yeekne panchvis shahare kinla dilee.
tathapi, yikcha antim naash honyapurvi andaje chalis varshanni hastakshep keela. ii. sha. puu. 311 madhye, kinane yikkadoon panchvis shahare tabyat ghetalyanantar kahee varshanni, raja hui maran pavala. tyacha mulga kincha raja woo jhaala, jyane tyachya rajvatichya dusya varshi yikavar hallah keela. matra, keval teen varshanni, ii. sha. puu. 307 madhye tyacha mrutyu jhaala. kincha raja zao yachya shevatchya karkirdiparyant yikcha naash jhaala navhata. itihaskaranni yache vishleshan kiin darbaratil sattechya sangharshacha eka bhag mhanoon kele aahe, jyat eka bajula ranee aanee dusya bajula raja hota. jevha raja zao sattevar aala, tevha too fakt eka mulga hota, mhanoon tyachi aaee, ranee dovager juan, hiney karbhari mhanoon kaam kele. tathapi, raja jaree motha jhaala taree ranine rajputravar niyantran thewale. teela darbaratil eka shaktishali mantri aanee teen senapatincha pathimba hota aanee tyachya baherchya yeak rajacha pathimba hota. ranila tichya mulaviruddha bachav dalachi garaj asalyamule kahee kaal yikula sodale gele asave.
shevati, kinane yeak rajala adakavoon thaar marnyacha cutt rachala aanee yikcha naash karnyasathi achanak hallah karnyasathi sainya pathavale. paschim kiyangvaril grunth" mhanato, "jevha kincha raja zao sinhasanavar basala, tevha yeak rajachi kinmadhye tyachyashi bhet jhaali. parinami, yeak rajache tyachi aaee, ranee dowagger juan hichyashi sambandh hote, jine tyala done mulge dile. zaucha raja naan yachya karkirdichya 43vya varshi [ii. sha. puu. 272/ii. sha. puu. 271] ranee dovager juanne yeak rajala gonkwan rajvadyat adakavoon thaar marle. [kiin] neey sainya ubhe kele aanee yeak rajyacha naash keela aanee [tyanchya purvichya deshanmadhye] longxi, beidi aanee shang sainyachi sthapana kelee."yeak rajachya hatyeche shrey ranichya dahejkartyala dene haah kharey tarr raja zaoch hota jyane tyala thaar marle heey satya lapavanyacha eka marg asoo shakato. kharey tarr, raja zao tyachya aaicha lashkari pathimba kadhoon taklyanantar vaiyaktikaritya satta midvu shakala aanee ranichya patni aanee tichya samarthakanna rajyatoon haddapar kele.
kinane yikcha naash kelyanantar, tyane senapati sthapan kele aanee yeak pradeshanmadhye parganyanchi sthapana kelee aanee yeak rong heey kinche praja banale. tyanantar kinane yaa naveen pradeshanmadhil itar lokanpasoon sanrakshn karnyasathi "lamb bhinti" bandhalya.
parinam.
pashchimatya hahn kalat, ajunahi "yeak" chey sandarbh hote, parantu heey purvichya yeak rajyachya lokanchya vishisht sandarbhat nasoon, samanya arthane "anachar" hote. yeak lokanchya kahee sadasyanni yeak heey tyanche kula naav mhanoon ghetale. yeak kulinavargatun utaralelya itaranni gongson () hii tyanchi kula nave mhanoon ghetali aanee teey senapati banale. yaa kshanik sandarbhanvyatirikt, hahn rajvanshachya kalatil aitihasik nondinmadhun yeak gayab hoto.
bhoogol.
yikchi rajdhani chaar nadyanchya sangmavar, ning county, kingyang, gansu yetheel miyajupingmadhye () asalyache olakhale gele aahe. puratatvashastradnyanni zouu teey hahn rajvanshatil shaharachya bhintinche avashesh aanee kalakruti shodhun kadhalya aahet. majkurachya puravyanvarun asey soochit hote qee, too uttarekadil wei kalkhandapurvi, jevha too nasht jhaala, tevha sodoon denyat aala hota.
yeekne tyanchya pradeshat nemki kitee shahare bandhali heey maheet nahee; aitihasik granthannusar kinane ghetalelya shaharanchya sankhyevarun tyanchi sankhya vispeksha jaast asoo shakate.
sanskruti.
yikchya sanskratibaddal farshi mahitee nahee, tyashivay tyanni levirate vivah kele (savatra matansah) aanee tyanchya mrutanvar antyasanskar kele. yeak netyala 'raja' (<unk>) mhatale jaate hii vastusthiti aadivasi pramukhapeksha kahee pramanat rajkiy susanskrutata soochit karate. teey eka shetmajur lock hote kinwa kiman tyanchi mishra krishi/pashupalan arthvyavastha hotee, hii adhik shakyata aahe. teey prasthapit shahar-rajyanmadhye sthayik jhaale heey vastusthiti soochit karate qee tyanchyakade swatache bharanposhan karnyasathi lakshaniy shetee asavi. yamule yiku purv aashiyatil ziangnusarkhya bhatkya "naun-huaxia" lokanpasoon vegale hote, jeey ektar kharokhar bhatkya pashupalak hote kinwa transhumans paddhatine sthalantarit jhaale hote. yavyatirikt, yeak rajdhanichya avasheshanvar matichya bhandyanchya vastoo aanee vita (bahudha rajwada bandhanyasathi vaparlya jaat hotya) sapadalya heey pudhe vikasit shahari sanskratiche sanket dete. yetheel vitanchya prakarachi aanee zouchya itar rajyanmadhil (jase qee wei, qee aanee choo) shaharanchya avasheshanmadhun utkhananat sapadalelya vitanchi samanata yeak aanee tyachya shejaril lokanmadhil vyaparache praman soochit karoo shakate.
vanshik olakh.
hanpurv kalat bhatkya shetikarte aanee pashupalak heey parkeey lock manale jaat asat, jyancha itihas keval lekhee srot aanee puratatviy shodhandvare tatpurata shodhala jaau shakato. likhit srot yikala 'yeak rong' () mhanoon rongcha eka bhag mhanoon olakhatat. tathapi, yeak heey "rong" lock hote kinwa eka samaan "rong" olakh hotee heey nishchitpane sangitale jaau shakat nahee. vidvananche ekmat aahe qee zau pradeshanchya aaspaschya vividh pargrahvasi lokansathi, konatahi vishisht vanshik arth nasalelya, eka paripoorn shabd mhanoon chiinii strotanmadhye 'rong' chaa vapar sandigdhapane keela gela hota.
yiku rongchi tatpurati olakh itar konatyahi "rong" lokanshi karayachi asel tarr tee "kwan rong" (jyala "zunyu" kinwa "zianyun" asehi naav aahe) asel. yaa lokanni gugong danfoochya (ii. sha. puu. 12vya shatkachya madhyat) karkirdit zouvar hallah keela, jyamule zoula jing nadichya khonyatiilaw biin yaa shahar-rajyatoon baher kadhanyat aale, jithe aathvya shatkachya uttaradhat yeekne eka rajya sthapan kele. yavyatirikt, paschim zouchya shevati (ii. sha. puu. 781-ii. sha. puu. 771) kwan rongane anek halle kele aanee zouu rajdhanivar aakraman kele, jyamule shahee shakti kamkuvat jhaali aanee zouu rajdhani purvela halavanyat yogdan dile. varr namood kelyapramane, yeak pratham anek 'rong' paiki eka mhanoon disato, jeey sumare 720 chya sumaras madhyavarti maidani pradeshat gele aanee zau rajachya nammatra niyantranakhalil pradeshat sthayik jhaale. yaa vikasanantar, jing nadichya khonyatiilaw zianyun, zunyu aanee kian rongche sandarbh "yeak" kinwa "yeak rong" neey badalale aahet.
yavyatirikt, zianyuncha sambandh aata purvekadil gansumadhye asalelya taao nadichya khonyatiilaw siva sanskratishi jodala jaau shakato, jee andaje ii. sha. puu. 14 vya shatkatil aahe, jee kahee vidvananna vatate qee kiangchya eka dii shakheche avashesh aahet. kharey tarr, 'yiku' haah shabd pracheen chiinii bhashet '′' (juna chiinii (444 BCE): */'γaih-ga'/) yaa aksharansah udhar ghetala gela aahe, too eka juna kiang toponium asoo shakato jyacha arth 'chaar paanee' assa hoto, joou sadhyachya miyajupingchya junya yiku rajdhanit bhetnanya chaar nadyanshi sambandhit aahe. tathapi, yache purave dakshin gansumadhye bolali jaanari apramanit junie kiang bhasha aanee aamado tibetian yanchyatil kathit patravyavharavar aanee yaa tibetian bhashik aanee pracheen kiang aanee rong yanchyatil jawalche sambandh asalyachya gruhitkanvar aadharit aahet, jyachi thampane padtalani kelee jaau shakat nahee.
synologist edwin polyblank yanni assa yuktivad keela qee kiin general meng tianne ii. sha. puu. 215 madhye tyanna uttarela ordos pradeshatoon baher kadhanyapurvi, nantar eurasian gavatal pradeshavar pahile bhatkya samrajyachi sthapana karnare ziangnu heey yeak lokancha bhag hote.