
ibn hakal

muhammad abul-kasim ibn hawal (), jyala abul-kasim bii mhanoonahi olakhale jaate. allie ibn hawal all-nashibi, nisibis, varchya mesopotemiya yethe janmalele; 10 vya shatkatil arab muslim lekhak, bhoogolvetta aanee itihaskar hote, jyanni ii. sha. 943 teey 969 yaa kalat pravas keela. ii. sha. 977 madhye lihilelya tyachya prasiddha karyala (; 'pruthvicha chehara') mhanatat. tyachya lekhanatun dnyat jhaleli tyachya mrutyuchi tarikh ii. sha. 368/978 nantar hotee.
charitra.
ibn hakal yanchya jivanabaddal mahitee asalele tapasheel tyanchya pustakatoon ulgadale aahet. tyanni tyanchya aayushyachi shevatchi 30 varshe ashiya aanee aafrikechya durgam bhagancha pravas karoon aanee tyanni jeey pahile tyabaddal lihile. eka pravasamule too purv aafrikechya kinanyavaril vishuvavruttapasun 20° dakshinekade aala, jithe tyala pracheen greek lekhakanni dnyanapeksha tarkshastrane nirjan manale hote asha pradeshanmadhil mothee loksankhya sapadali.
suurat all-'arad.
ibn hakal yanni tyanchya mahan bhoogolvishayak karyavar istakhari (ii. sha. 951) yanni lihilelya 'masalik ool-mamalik' navachya granthachi punaravrutti aanee vaadh yavar aadharit kele, jee swatah ahmed ibn sahel all-balkhi yanni lihilelya 'suvar all-akalim' chee sudharit aavrutti hotee. ii. sha. 921). tathapi, ibn hakal heey eka sampadkapeksha jaast hote, teey pravas lekhak hote, jeey nantar aboo ubedallah all-bakhari yanni tyanchya kitab all-maslik vaa-all-mamlik yaa sahityik shailit lihile, jyat vyapari aanee pravashanchya ahavalancha vapar keela gela. ibn hakal yanni kalbid-fatimid rajvanshachya kalat sisilichya tyanchya vruttantat 10vya shatkatil vinodacha parichay karoon deela. eka prathamik srot mhanoon tyacha madhyayugeen bhoogol atishayoktikade cull dakhavato aanee palermochya anagarik anagarik khrishchananche tyache chitran tyachya kalatil prachalit rajkaran pratibimbit karate. tarihi tyachya vaiyaktik pravasachya bhaugolik vivarananvar madhyayugeen arab pravashanni bharr deela aanee teey upayukt tharale.
muslim-tabyat asalelya spainmadhil all-aandalusvaril aanee visheshtah sisilivaril adhyayanmadhye fraxinetchya (laa garde-freenet) samruddha lagvadichya kshetrache varnan kele aahe aanee muslim shetkari aanee machchimaranni kelelya anek pradeshik navkalpanancha tapasheel deela aahe.
byzantine samrajyabaddalcha adhyay-jyala muslim jagaat byzantine lock swatach 'roman lokanchi bhoomi' mhanoon olakhatat-cocksusmadhye bolalya jaananya 360 bhashanche tyanche pratyaksh nirikshan dete, jyat sampoorn pradeshat french bhasha arabi aanee pertian aahe. kivachya varnanasah, tyane volga bulger aanee khazarchya margacha ullekh keela asel, joou kadachit kivachya sviatoslav pahila pasoon ghetala gela hota. tyanni sindh aanee sindhu nadichya bhoogol aanee sanskratichya vivaranansah sindhacha nakasha dekhil prakashit keela.
aavrutya.
yaa pustakache eka anamik pratik isavi sunn 1233 madhye lihile gele hote.
1870 chya dashakat, prasiddha dutch prachyashastradnya michael zaan dii goeje yanni arab bhoogolshastradnyanchya nivadak hastalikhit granthanche sampadan kele, jeey brill, leiden yanni 'bibliotheka geographorum arabicorum' yaa aath khandanchya maliket prakashit kele hote. ibn haukalacha majkoor haah 1873 madhye lattin shirshak 'vaya ett regna, discriptio ditionis mosalemika aktor abul-kasim ibn haukal'-'marg aanee rajya' yaa shirshakakhali prakashit jhalela dusra khand hota, lekhak abul-kasim ibn haukal yanni muslim pradeshanche varnan kele aahe.