
kathmanducha itihas

kathmandu khonyapasoon avibhajya asalelya kathmandu shaharacha itihas pracheen kalapasoon aahe. 
pracheen kathmandu khore.
puratatviy shodhatoon asey soochit hote qee kathmandu aanee khoyatil itar done bhagini shahare hii sarvat junie shahare hotee aanee ii. sha. puu. 167 teey ii. sha. 1 yaa kalatil aahet. khonyachya dakshin bhagatil kathmandu yetheel hadigaon aanee lubhu yethe kelelya utkhananat vitanchya bhinti aanee pashanyugachi sadhane sapadali aahet.
1992 madhye, purv kathmandutil maligaon yethe gharachya payathyasathi khandak khodana kamgaranna fikat valukashmat koraleli, spashtapane kushan shailit banavaleli, eka aakarman (171 x 49 centimeter) asaleli purush moorti sapadali. heey shilp suruvatichya lichchhavi kinwa purv-lichchhavi rajane daan kele hote, jyache naav jaya verman hote aanee pithavar shilalekh hota. aakrutichi olakh jaree vadgrast asali taree, bahudha swatah jaya varmanach chitrit kele gele aahet, asey lekhakanche mutt aahe. kathmandu khoyatil haah sarvat juna dnyat shilalekh aahe. "yaa shilpavaril shilalekh, spashtapane sanvat 107 chaa aahe, bahudha ii. sha. 185shhee sambandhit aahe, haah purvi haravalela purava pradan karato aanee kathmandu khoyatil jawaljawal teenshe varshanchya shahee rajvatiche shilalekh dastaivajikaran mage dhakalato."
khonyachi bhaugolik mandani sadhyachya pashupatinath mandirachya khalee, bagmati nadivaril chobar dareet, jeey buddhachya kalat tirthkshetra hote, tyaa sarovarachya astitvache nirdesh karate. bauddha sant manjushree bodhisatva yanni khonyachya dakshinekadil kathavar eka marg ughadun yaa talavache paanee kadhoon takale asey mhatale jaate. parinami, nirman jhaleli daree supic hotee aanee lokanni yethe lagwad karnyas aanee yethe ghare bandhanyas suruvat kelee. khore jasjase vadhat gele, tasatase manjushreene tekadivar, jethe sadhyache swayambhu mandir aahe, tethe svayambhuchi pooja kelee asey mhatale jaate. tyanni manjupatan shaharachi sthapana kelee, jeey aaj vimantalajaval swayambu aanee gujreshwari darmyan asalelya sadhyachya kathmandu mahanagar parisarat aahe. tyane tyacha shishya dharmkarmadekhil tyaa shaharacha shasak mhanoon ghoshit keela.
aathvya shasakanchya abheer rajvanshache aanee kirati moolatah bharatachya ishanya dongral pradeshache (ii. sha. puu. 700) asalyache mhatale jaate. lichchhavi sattevar yeiparyant tyanchya 29 rajyakartyanchya varshane yethe rajya kele.
kathmandupasun door asalelya kendra hiranyavarna mahaviharajaval (jyala 'patukodon' mhanatat), patan shaharachya sabhovatalache chaar stoop charumatine ubharale hote asey mhatale jaate, jeey pracheen itihasachi pushti karate.
lichchhavi samrajya (400-750).
lichchhavinchya karkirdit (400-750 aaa.dii.), done shejaril vasahati, yambu kinwa thahane (nepal bhashetil 'yambu' mhanje kathmanduche kshetra aanee thahane mhanje uttarekadil unch jameen jyala 'uttar bhoomi' asehi mhanatat) aanee youngle/kwone (nepal bhashetil 'youngle' mhanje kathmanduche avasadit kshetra, kwone mhanje 'dakshin bhoomi') yanni kathmanduchi nirmiti kelee, jyala koligram asehi mhanatat. koligram hii koliyanchi vasahat asalyache manale jaate, jyapaiki kahee mahajanpad yuganantar kathmandu khonyat sthalantarit jhaale.
yambu haah sadhyachya makhan tolchya uttarecha, darbar chaukajavalacha bhag aahe. dakshin bhag, jyala youngle mhanatat, tyala dakshin koligram asehi mhanatat; aanee yaa navane (youngle) eka parisar aaj shaharat astitvat aahe. lichchhavi raja gunakamadevane yaa done vasahatinchya darmyan bishnumati nadichya kathavar kantipur navache eka shahar sthapan kele. swayambhu puranat namood kelelya chandrahasachya (manjushrichi talwar) aakarat heey shahar tayar jhaale hote, jyacha vapar kathmandu khore tayar karnyasathi nagdah nichara karnyasathi keela jaat asey aanee 8 sainik chhawani asalelya killyanni tatbandi kelee hotee, jyache rakshan ajima karat asat. lokkathannusar, gunakamadevane lakshmi (kinwa kantee) dware shahar shodhanyas sangitale jaanyache swapna pahile hote, mhanoon tichya navane kantipur heey shahar tayar jhaale. nepalchya sambatnusar, yaa shaharachi sthapana yenya punhichya shubh tarkhela jhaali asey manale jaate, jyachi sthapana gunakamadevane maroo tole yethe kelee hotee, jee aajahi astitvat aahe. yembu aanee yangalchya nagarikanmadhil sambandh shant karnyasathi, rajane eka utsav suru keela asey manale jaate, jyamadhye done vasahatinna (aata gunakamdev marg mhanoon olakhala jaanara) jodana navyane tayar jhalelya shaharachya mukhya rastyavar kone (youngle) chey majipa lakhe nrutya aanee yembu (thahane) chey pulukishi nrutya ekatra sadar kele gele. haah sann aajahi yenya kinwa indra jatra mhanoon sajra keela jaato parantu yaa sanache mukhya laksh dirghkalapasun indra aanee kumarikade valale aahe.
tantrik paramparenusar shaharachya madhyabhagi golakar aakarat (chakrakar) eka bajarpeth tayar karnyat aalee. vyapadhyanche dev bhimsen yanna samarpit eka mandir, vyapanyanna aakarshit karnyasathi bhimsenhachya madhyabhagi bandhanyat aale hote. tathapi, yaa kalat bharat aanee chinmadhil himalayanmadhun phaar qamee vyapar jhaala aanee yaa tatbandi asalelya shaharachya sthapanemule eka surakshit vyapar bindu upalabdh jhaala, jyamule donhi bajarpethanmadhil vyaparala chalana midali aanee shaharachya arthvyavasthela chalana midali. yacha shaharachya sanskrativar dekhil khol parinam jhaala aanee vividh jaatee, dharm aanee sanskratinna susanvadane ekatra aanale.
mahajanpad kalat lichchhavi biharmadhye hote aanee lichchhavi shilalekh sanskratmadhye sapadale aahet, jyachi vishisht lipi adhikrut gupt lipinshi jawalun sambandhit aahe. bharatatil rajkiy sampatti gamavalyanantar lichchhavi shevatchya kirat raja gastivar hallah karoon tyacha parabhav karoon nepalmadhye aale.
pahilya mandevasah 48 lichchhavi shasak hote, jyanni 464 pasoon rajya kele aanee tyanna tyancha sarvat mahan shasak mhanoon sambodhale gele hote. qalaa aanee vastukalecha parkhi asalelya tyane pagodachya chhatavaril vastukalechi olakh karoon dilee, utkrusht shilpe ubharali aanee changunarayan, vishabjinarayan, sikhomanarayan aanee ichbagunarayanchi mandire bandhali. budhanilkanthache osad asalele vishnu, pashupatinath mandirache sonyache chhappar, hanuman dhokyache kaath aanee basantpur manore, patanatil uku baul aanee panauti yetheel indreshwar mhadev mandir yaa serve goshtinche shrey mandewala dile jaate.
7vya teey 8vya shatkat.
prasiddha chiinii bauddha bhikshu, zuanzang (vade-gills hsyan-tsang) yane 637 teey ii. sha. 642 darmyan sumare done varshe nepalchya agadi thet dakshines asalelya mahan vidyapithatil nalandamadhye ghalavali. tyane nepalala pratyaksh bhet dilee aahe qee nahee heey nishchit nahee, parantu tyane tyachi eka chittavedhak nond thewali, rajdhani shahar jyala aapan kathmandu mhanoon olakhato aanee tyacha raja, joou bahudha yach kalatil aaheh
"haah desh sumare 4000 lii. chya vartulat aahe aanee barfal parvatanmadhye sthit aahe. rajdhaniche shahar sumare 20 lii. [andaje 8 qii. mea.] aahe. parvat aanee dyaa akhand kramane ekatra jodalya jaatat. . . . tethe shraddhalu aanee vidharmi ekatra misalale aahet. sanghram" [bauddha math kinwa mandire] aanee dev [hindu] mandire jawalun jodaleli aahet. sumare 2000 pujari aahet, jeey mahan [mahayan] aanee lahan [heenyan] asha donhi vahanancha abhyas karatat. vividh prakarchya vidharmi aanee panthanchi sankhya anishchit aahe. raja haah kshatriy aahe aanee lichchhavanchya kutumbatil aahe. tyache munn sushikshit aahe aanee too shuddha aanee charitryat pratishthit aahe. buddhanchya kayadyavar tyancha pramanik vishvas aahe. alikadech amshuvarman (unn-choo-phaa-moow) navacha eka raja hota, joou tyachya shikshan aanee chaturyasathi pratishthit hota. tyanni swatah 'dhwani' [eka sanskrut vyakaran] ('shabdavidya') varr eka grunth rachala; teey shikshanacha aadar aanee sadgunancha aadar karat hote aanee tyanchi pratishtha sarvatra pasarali hotee. rajdhanichya aagneyela eka chhota pravah aanee eka talav aahe. jarr aapan tyat aag lavali tarr lagech jwala ugam pavtat; tyat fekalyas itar goshti aag ghetat aanee tyanche swaroop badaltat.
ii. sha. 641 madhye chiinii lokanni rajkumari venchengla tibeti rajashi lagn karnyasathi pathavale. yanantar, tangcha chiinii samrat taijongne mahan bharatiy samrat harshakade tibetmarge eka doot pathavala. wang zunes antargat pathavalelya aanakhi eka mothya mohimenusar, teey gheuun jaat asalelya bhetvastunpasun teey lutale gele; kahee doot marle gele, itaranna turungat taknyat aale. narendradevane tyanche mitra, tibeti lokansah 7,000 sainik pathavale, gupt rajdhani kanaujavar hallah keela, hadap karnara arjun aanee tyachya kutumbala tabyat ghetale aanee tyanna chinmadhye bandivasat pathavale. 13 vya shatkaparyant chean aanee bharat yanchyatil haah shevatcha dnyat adhikrut sampark hota aanee mhanoon, 'tang itihas' madheel nepalcha khaleel ahwal, bahudha tyaa kalatil parat aanalelya mahiticha aaheh
"tyancha raja, narendradev, khyan motyanni, dagadi sphatikane, motyanchi aaee, praval aanee ambarne sushobhit aahe; too sonyachya kanatale aanee jedche latakane ghalato aanee too buddhachi eka chhoti pratima tavij mhanoon ghalato. too sinhachya sinhasanavar aanee prekshakanchya sabhagruhachya aat basato jithe phule aanee attar vikhurlele asatat. rajyamantri aanee darbari davya aanee ujavya bajula jaminivar basalele asatat aanee donhi bajunna shekado sainik paharekari asatat. rajvadyachya [bhadradivasachya] madhyabhagi eka saat majali manore aahe, jyache chhappar tambyachya farshanni jhakalele aahe. ballstrades aanee railings, stambh aanee beam, serve maulyavan dagadanni sushobhit aahet. burujachya (chhapparanchya) chaar kopyanvar sthir tambyachya nall aahet jyachya shevati soneri dragonche thipke aahet. vareel paanee paipmadhun khalee vahate aanee anek naisargik karanjyanpramane dragonchya tondatoon baher padate."
tang itihas' madhye narendradevachya vadilanni tyanche simhasana tyanchya mothya bhavakade gamavale aanee tyanni tibetmadhye aashray ghetala ashee mahitee dekhil samavisht aahe. tibeti lokanni tyala punha tyachya sinhasanavar basavale aanee "asha prakare too tibeti lokanchya adheen jhaala."
thomas waters mhanatat qee 'shih-qaa-fang-chhih' (pinayinh 'shiga fangzi'), 'ess' akya (munee) 'yaa deshacha eka abhilekh, joou ii. sha. 650 madheel aahe, ahwal deto qee rajdhanit,' saat majali eka mothee imarat hotee, jee unchivar aanee parighamadhye 80 padari hotee, jyachya varchya bhagat 10000 [kinwa, pradhanya, eka aganit] vyakti hotya; yaa imaratichya kholyanmadhye utkrusht korivkam hote aanee maulyavan dagadanni sushobhit hote."rajdhanichya dakshines 10 lii [andaje] peksha jaast tekadivar" anek katha aanee vilakshan aakarancha "eka bauddha math dekhil hota."
eka bauddha aakhyayika sangate qee narendradev eka mathat nivrutt jhaale. tyachya nantar dusra shivdev aala, joou hindu asala taree mahayan bauddha dharmacha samarthak hota. tyachya karkirditil saat shilalekh ii. sha. 685 teey 701 yaa kalavadhit astitvat aahet. tyachi patni vatsadevi hii magadhacha raja adityasena yachee naat hotee. tyacha mulga jaydev dusra, jyane ishanya bharatatil gauda pradeshachya rajachya mulishi vivah keela aanee jyache shilalekh 713 teey 733 paryant aahet. tyanantar anek durmil lichchhavi shasakanchya shilalekhanchi malika aahe, jee ii. sha. 879 paryant aahe, jevha raja ragdev sinhasanavar basala hota.
750-1200.
thos padtalaniyogya nondi upalabdh nasalya taree, 750-1200 haah kaal kathmandu khoyatil satteteel sankramankalin rajya manla jaato. tathapi, prathenusar, 900 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, raja gunakam devane bishnumati nadichya kathavar kathmanduchi sthapana kelee hotee, jyachi dakshinekadil seema bagmati nadee aanee bishnumati nadicha sangam teku dovan navachya thikani hota. yambu aanee yangalchya aadhipasoon astitvat asalelya vasahati kantipur shaharat villin karnyat aalya. yaa shaharache niyojan manjushreechya talvarichya aakarat karnyat aale hote, jyache toke uttarela aanee tall dakshines thevanyat aale hote, kathmanduchi parimiti aath matadevinchi (ajima) mandire bandhun paribhashit kelee gelee hotee; jee aajahi astitvat aahet. yaa kalat kathmandumadhye bandhanyat aalelya mahattvachya sanrachana mhanje mandirandarmyanche aanee darbar chaukajavalil bahumajali gharanchya ranget asalelya arund rastyandarmyanche kastamandap, jyat junya rajvadyache sankul madhyavarti manchavar hote. thanahiti yaa varchya karanjyane dakshin bhagala chinhankit kele. shaharatil anek thikani disanare asech june panisathe, aaspaschya rahivashansathi pinyachya panyacha srot hote.
mall rajvansh (1200-1768).
khas maull rajanni paschim nepalmadhye 1100-1484 darmyan rajya kele. tathapi, mall rajvanshacha pahila raja arimallah yane 1200 teey 1216 paryant kathmandu khonyat rajya kele. mall rajvanshache itar ullekhaneey shasak jayasthitimalla hote jyanni 1382 teey 1395 paryant sanyukt mall rajyacha raja mhanoon rajya kele aanee yakshamalla yanni 1428 teey 1482 paryant sanyukt mall rajvatichya shikharavar rajya kele.
mall rajvanshachya kalat (1200-1768) pagoda, koreev khidkyanni sushobhit ghare, utkrusht mokalya havetil mandire aanee tejaswi shilpanni bharaleli angane bandhun kathmanducha sanskrutik varsa vadhavanyat aanakhi chalana midali. kathmandu heey eka mothe shahar banale aanee capuchin dharmpracharak father giuseppe yanni 1760 chya dashakat mhatalyapramane, 'kathmandu' madhye sumare 18,000 ghare hotee. 14vya shatkat, rajvanshala dhoka nirman jhaala aanee kathmanduvar bahereel aakramankartyanni anek halle kele. 1312 madhye, khasa raja ripumallah yane kathmandu khonyat chhapa takala aanee bangalchya sultan shams uda-deane ilyasne shaharavar aakraman kele aanee mughalanni dirghakalin nuksan kele, purvichya anek imarati aanee vasahati nasht kelya jyamule shaharachi vyapak punarrachana jhaali. 1484 madhye mall samrajya kathmandu, vadagaon aanee patan yaa teen rajyanmadhye vibhagale gele.
16 vya shatkat dravya shaah yanni 1559 madhye gorkha gharanyachi sthapana kelee aanee suruvatichya aadhunik nepalne tyachi utkranti suru kelee. gorakhanchya rajvatit shahar ubharanisathi aanakhi unmatt upkram suru jhaale. gorakhachya raam shahane 1606 teey 1633 paryant rajya kele aanee gorkha rajyacha vistar karnyas suruvat kelee.
1673 teey 1696 yaa kalat bhaktapurcha raja asalelya jitmitra mallasarkhya rajanchi visheshtah tyachya bandhkam prakalpansathi nond hotee. 1674 madhye tyane bhaktapumadhye donhi bajunna devachya sonyachya rangachya mukhavatache shikara shailiche shiv mandir bandhale. 1682 madhye tyane darbar chaukajaval done majali dharamshala rajwada bandhala, jyamadhye eka suvarn mahadev aahe. rajwada 1769 paryant rajgharanyatun vaparla jaat hota aanee aaj too eka sangrahalay aahe aanee darbar chaukavaril jaagtik varsa sthalacha bhag aahe. yachya poorves tyane dattatrikas aanee pashupatinchya mandiransah narayan mandir aanee moorti ubharali. 1678 madheel eka shilalekhat asey mhatale aahe qee tyane rajwada, thanthu darbar, tyachi udyane aanee angan bandhale. ashtamatrikanchya pratima, kumari chauk punarsthapit karnyache shreyahi jitmitrala dile gele aanee 1690 madhye tyane, tallejuchya sonyachya chhapparasathi, tyachi aavadati devata, devi tallejula, done mothya tambyachya pattya (nagar) kinwa ghanta daan kelya. tyane mull chaukatil mukhya praveshdvaravar bareek koralelya lakadi timpanamchehi yogdan dile aanee bhaktapurmadhye anek smarke ubharali.
1696 madhye tyanchya mrutyunantar tyancha mulga bhupatinder mallane tyanchi jaaga ghetali aanee tyanna sthapatyakalebaddal titkech aakarshan hote aanee tyanni dharamshala rajwada, tyachya 55 khidakya aanee bagancha vikas suruch thewala.
1769-1845.
jayalakshy mallane aaplya purvichya nepalpeksha khoop mothya jamini jinkalyanantar, tyane aaplya mulansathi eka sangharajya tayar karnyacha nirnay ghetala jenekarun teey deshavar adhik karyakshamatene rajya karoo shaktil. ekapeksha jaast shasak rashtrakade durlaksh karat asalele mall sangharajya, purvichya rajeshahi rajvatipeksha adhik sthir hote. tyamule, samratanni sainyacha vikas karnyapeksha vyapar, qalaa aanee sahitya yavar adhik laksh kendrit kele. 1743 madhye pruthvi narayan shaah gorakhachya sinhasanavar virajman jhaale hote. jevha pruthvi narayan shaah yanni pahilyanda kirtipurvar hallah keela, tevha mall mahasanghachya sanyukt sainyane tyancha parabhav keela aanee kirtipurchya ladhait mool kaji, kaloo pandey yancha vadh keela. 1768 madhye kathmanduchya ladhait kirtipur aanee kantipurvar vijay midvalyanantarhi, mall mahasangh bhaktapur yethoon ladhala, jithe mall mahasanghachya tinhi rajyanchya shasakanni aatmasamarpan kele. 1769 paryant gorakhacha raja pruthvi narayan shaah yala khore jinkanyas saksham kele, jyamule nepalchya aadhunik rajyacha paya rachala gela. akheris gorkhane 1768 teey 1790 darmyan kathmandu aanee patan, vadagaon, purv nepal aanee paschim nepal jinkale. sanyukt nepalcha pahila raja pruthvi narayan shaah 1775 madhye maran pavala.
1767 madhye, gorkha vistaramule dhokyat asalelya paramparik khoyatil rajanni britishanna madatichi vinanti kelee, parinami capton kinalokchya netrutvakhali 2,500 lokanchi apuya susajj aanee ayogya tayarichi moheem jhaali. hii moheem eka aapatti hotee; jyanna maleria kinwa palayan jhaale navhate, tyanchyavar gorkha sainyane sahajpane maat kelee. yaa akaryaksham british sainyane gorakhanna banduka puravilya aanee tyanna sanshayane bharoon takale, jyamule kahinni tyanchya bhavishyatil virodhakanna qamee lekhale.
kathmandu khonyavaril haah vijay hii sampoorn pradeshat gorkha shaktichya sphotachi keval suruvat hotee. gorkha sainyane 1773 paryant sampoorn purv nepalvar kabja keela hota. gorkha sainyane sikkimcha kahee paschim bhagahi tabyat ghetala hota aanee 1788 madhye tyanchi tatkalin rajdhani rabdentse tabyat ghetali hotee. paschimes, kaalee nadiparyantche serve shasak 1790 paryant sharan aale kinwa tyanchi jaaga ghetali gelee. aanakhi paschimekade, kumau pradesh aanee tyachi rajdhani almora dekhil gorakhanchya swadhin jhaali hotee.
tathapi, uttarela tibetmadhye jhalelya aakramak hallyanmule (dongral khindinchya vyapar aanee niyantranavarun dirghkalapasun suru asalelya vadasandarbhat) chiinii samratala karvai karnyas bhag padale. 1792 madhye tyane eka prachand sainya pathavale, nepali lokanna tibetmadhun kathmandu yetheel tyanchya rajdhanichya aat hakaloon dile. karyavahak karbhari bahadoor shaah (pruthvi narayancha mulga) yane bharatachya british governor generalkade madatisathi aavahan kele. chinashi sangharsh talhanyasathi, ingrajanni capton kirkpatrickla madhyasth mhanoon pathavale, parantu too yenyapurvich chinbarobarche yuddh sampale hote. nepali lokanna tibetmadhil tyanche vyapari visheshadhikar radd karoon aanee darr paach varshanni tyanna peckingla khandani denyachi sakti karoon apmanaspad kararavar swakshari karnyas bhag padale gele.
tibetchya prakaranane gadhwal rajyavar purvi niyojit hallah pudhe dhakalala hota, parantu 1803 paryant gadhvalchya rajyacha dekhil parabhav jhaala hota. janewari 1804 madhye too yaa sangharshat marla gela aanee tyachi serve jameen tabyat ghetali. aanakhi paschimekade, general amar sing thapa yanni dongral pradeshatil sarvat majboot killa kangadaparyant jameen olandali aanee tyala vedha ghatala (jaree 1809 paryant panjabmadhil sheekh rajyacha shasak ranjit sing yane hastakshep keela hota aanee satlaj nadichya poorves nepali sainyala khechale hote). ingrajahi tyanchya prabhav kshetracha vistar karat hote. british east india companyne alikadech avadhchya jamini navabane sampadan kelyane gorakhpurcha pradesh palpachya rajachya jawal aala-gorkha madhyavarti bhagatil shevatche swatantra shahar. rajachya britishanshi sangatichya sanshayamule tyala pratham gorakhanni turungat takale, nantar tyachi hatya jhaali. 1806 teey 1837 yaa kalat nepalche pantpradhan asalele bhimsen thapa yanni swatachya vadilanna palapacha rajyapal mhanoon niyukt kele, jyamule donhi shaktinmadhye gambhir seema vivad nirman jhaale.
gorkha aanee britishanna vegale karnari konatihi nishchit seema naslyamule heey vivad nirman jhaale. governor-generalne nepalvar ladalela seema aayog hii samasya sodavanyat ayashasvi tharala. nepali dongral deshala bharatapasun vegale karananya supic jaminichya atyant maulyavan pattya taraichya sapat pradeshat gorakhache chhape, tanav vadhavale-ingrajanna yaa pradeshatil tyanchi takad jaanavali aanee kalkatta aanee vayvyekadil tyanchya durbal sampark marganna dhoka hota. spasht seema naslyamule, shaktinmadhil sangharsh apariharya hota.
seema tanav aanee mahatvakankshi vistarvadachya sangharshacha parinam mhanoon nepal rajya (aatache federal democratic republic auph nepal) aanee british east india company yanchyatil 'id1' chya ingraji-nepal yuddhat samore aale. aktarlonichya yashasvi prarambhik mohimenantar, tathapi, 28 november 1815 roji swakshari kelelya shantata kararala manyata denyat kathmandu darbar ayashasvi tharala. swakshari karnyas yaa anichhemule lavkarach dusari moheem suru jhaali. aashcharyakarakpane, laurd moirane octerlonila nepalchya 20,000 shaktishali aakraman dalache netrutva dile.
28 februwari 1816 roji makvanpurchya nirnayak yuddhanantar aanee hariharpur killyachya patananantar, gurkhanna sharanagati patkaravi lagali aanee parinami 4 march 1816 roji sugaulichya kararala manyata denyat aalee. nepalne sikkim, kumaun aanee gadhvalche pradesh aanee taraichi bahutek jameen gamavali; tarai pradeshatil utpannachya nukasanichi bharpai karnyasathi british east india company darvarshi 2,00,000 rupaye deil. tathapi, taraichya jamininvar rajya karane katheen tharale hote aanee tyapaiki kahee 1816 madhye nepalala parat denyat aale aanee varshik deyake radd karnyat aalee.
mechee nadee hii nepalchi purv seema aanee mahakali nadee hii paschim seema bunley. kathmandula british rahivasi swikaranyasahi bhag padale gele, british rajvatit kalkattyatil british prashasanachya sandarbhat grahakancha darja qamee honyache prateek mhanoon tyachyakade pahile jaat asalyane heey padd tiraskaraspad hote.
aadhunik itihas (1846-1999).
shahanni gorkhanvar rajya sthapan kelyanantar, tanashahi suru jhaali, raan serve shaktishali jhaale. jung bahadoor kunwar heey 1846 madhye pahile pantpradhan hote, tyanantar raana pantpradhananche uttaradhikar hote, jeey 1950 paryant tikale. kathmandutil raana shasson pramukhyane jamindar kuleen vargadvare chalavale jaat hote, sansadiy sarkar keval eka mukhavata mhanoon kaam karat hote. deshat sthairya asale taree, rajkiy aanee aarthik vikas mage padala hota, rananni deshantargat vyavharanvar sampoorn niyantran thevun deshache ektepana sweekarle. lashkarachya pathimbyamule heey shakya jhaale.
yaa serve kalat, raja mhanoon shaah heey pramukh raje hote, tarr kharee satta ranankade hotee. nepali congress pakshachi sthapana 1946 madhye jhaali, americaberober rajnaitik sambandh prasthapit jhaale aanee 1948 madhye deshachi pahili rajyaghatna, nepal sarkar kayada, lagoo karnyat aala. parantu pantpradhan padma shamsher raana yanni puranmatvadi ranyankadun naveen rajyaghatanela virodh jhalyachya parshvabhumivar rajinama deela aanee mohan shamsher pantpradhan jhaale; rajyaghatna nilambit kelee gelee. 1950 paryant raana raja tribhuvanashi ughad sangharshat padale kaaran tyanna sanshay hota qee raana satteviruddhachya nepal congress pakshachya katala rajane chithavani dilee hotee. tyanantar rajane bharatat aashray magitala aanee tyala aashray denyat aala. yaa tappyavar, sarkari sainyane bund kele aanee 140 hoon adhik raana bandkhoranmadhye sameel jhaale. yaa kalat bharatashi shantata aanee maitricha karar aanee vyapar aanee vanijya kararavar swakshya karnyat aalya.
1934chya nepal-bihar bhookampane shaharachya anek bhaganche nuksan kele. tathapi, nantar tyanchi tyanchya mool swarupat punarbandhani karnyat aalee. 1980 chya dashakapasun, shaharachya hadditil shetjamininche shahari imaratinchya vikasat rupantar hott asalyane, junya madhyavarti kshetrala vyavsayik gharanchya unch imarati, rund bullewards aanee uchch darjachya nivasi upnagaranni vedhalele asalyane, shaharat imaratinmadhye teji disun aalee aahe.
tathapi, janewari 1951 madhye, laat shahanchya rajeshahichya bajoone valali, jevha rananna aarthik vyavasthapan, sarkari adhikadhyanchi niyukti aanee sashastr dalanchi kamaan rajeshahikade sopavinyas bhag padale gele. mohan shamsherne sharanagati patkarali aanee raja tribhuvan punha sinhasanavar basala. anek pramukh mantryanni karyakari niyantran ghetale aanee raja asumanchya thet rajvaticha shevat jhaala.
nagarpalika parishadechya sthanik nivadanuka pahilyanda 9 september 1953 roji jhalya. nepalchya bekaydeshir communist pakshane namnirdeshit kelelya umedvaranna ekoon matdanapaiki 50 takke matey midali. ekoon 19 jaganpaiki sahaa jaaga communistanni, chaar jaaga nepal congressne, chaar jaaga praja parishadane, eka jaaga gorkha parishadene aanee chaar jaaga apakshanni jinkalya.
nivadoon aalelya communistanmadhye parishadeche adhyaksh janak maan sing hote. matra, tyancha karyakal alpakalasathi jhaala. nagarpalika parishad aanee rashtriy sarkar yanchyat adhikarkshetratil vaad nirman jhaala. avishvasadarshak tharavane sing yanna tyanchya karyalayatun kadhoon takale aanee rashtriy sarkarne tyanna nagarpalika karyalayat pravesh karnyas bandee ghatali. karyalayat pravesh karnyacha prayatna kartana singla atak karnyat aalee aanee turungat taknyat aale.
1955 madhye raja tribhuvan yanchya mrutyunantar mahendra yanni satta sweekarli.[15] yaa kalat nepal sanyukt rashtranmadhye sameel jhaala, rashtriy police dall sthapan jhaale, 1950 chya dashakat chinashi seema kararavar swakshya karane, yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey kathmandu yethe dutavas ughadane aanee 1959 madhye americene kathmandu yethe dutavas ughadane yasarkhya anek ghatana ghadalya. 1959 madhye eka naveen sanvidhan dekhil ghoshit karnyat aale, 1951 chya sanvidhanache sthan ghetale. 1956 madhye nepal congress pakshane purn bahumat midvat pahilya sarvatrik nivadanuka dekhil jhalya; aanee tribhuvan vidyapithachi sthapana karnyat aalee.
december 1960 madhye raja mahendrane bahudaleey lokshahi radd kelee aanee panchayat raaj lagoo kele. heey purnapane rajeshahidware niyantrit hote. 1962 madhye, raja mahendrane eka naveen sanvidhan sweekarle, jeey 1951 pasoonche tisare hote aanee kendrane niyantrit kelelya pakshavirahit prashasakeey pranalichi sthapana kelee, jyala panchayat mhanatat. hii vyavastha rajachya rajvaticha sansthatmak aadhar mhanoon kaam karat hotee. rajvadyane keval rajachya sangnyavarun kaam kele asale taree too lokshahi prashasana asalyacha dawa keela. tyanantar tyachi gaav, jilha aanee rashtriy staravar sthapana karnyat aalee. kathmandumadhil sarkarchya karyakari shakhet satatyane badal aanee ghatanatmak sudharana karoonahi rajeshahiche sampoorn adhikar majboot rahile. jameen punarrachana kayada aanee mulki eyen, naveen kayadeshir sanhita dekhil lagoo karnyat aalee.
parantu rajkiy ashantata usalali kaaran ghatana saksh detatah 1963 madhye aanibani uthavalyanantar panchayat nivadanuka ghenyat aalya aanee rashtriy margadarshan parishadechi sthapana karnyat aalee. 1965 madhye sthanik sarkarchi punarrachana karnyat aalee. 1971 madhye kathmandu yethoon bharatashi naveen vyapar aanee pargaman kararavar vataghati karnyat aalya.
1972 madhye raja mahendra maran pavala aanee raja birender tyachya jaagi aala. rashtriy vikas parishadeantargat vikas pradeshanchi sthapana karnyat aalee.[15] pann tyach varshi lagalelya aagit singha darbar, heey sarkarche peeth jaloon khaq jhaale. 1973 madhye raja birendracha rajyabhishek jhaala. tyanantar lagechach tyane 'gawakade jaa' haah upkram suru keela.
meey 1980 madhye sarvamatat panchayat vyavasthechya yathasthitichi pushti kartana, rajkiy pakshanchya punarrachanechya virodhat aanee rajane sahmati darshavilelya rajvatichya akhandateviruddha. 1981 aanee 1986 madheel nivadanuka rajkiy karyakramanchya abhavamule jhalya. rajkiy asthirata kayam rahili. rashtriy panchayatichya dusya nivadanuka 1986 madhye jhalya; [15] 1989 madhye, bharatashi vyapar aanee pargaman kararanvar punha vataghati karnyat apayash aalyane arthvyavastha viskalit jhaali. tyanantar 1990 madhye lokshahichya punarsthapanesathi nidarshane karnyat aalee. 9 april 1990 roji rajane aandolan karananya rajkiy pakshanvaril bandee yogya prakare uthavun bahudaleey lokshahi punarsanchayit kelee. panchayat vyavastha visarjit karnyat aalee aanee naveen rajyaghatanechya ghoshanesah vividh paksh aanee rajachya pratinidhinni banalele antarim sarkar sthapan karnyat aale.
bahupakshiy lokshahichya punarsanchayanantar, naveen sanvidhananusar sansadechya pahilya sarvatrik nivadanuka 12 meey 1991 roji jhalya. nepal congressne alp bahumat midavale aanee jee.pii. koirala pantpradhan jhaale. pann nepal congressche adhyaksh aanee hangami pantpradhan keey.pii. see. pii. aine.-umalache nete madan bhandari yanni bhattarai yancha nivadanukit parabhav keela.
1992 madhye sthanik nivadanuka jhalya aanee nepal congressne bahutansh jaaga jinkalya. pann 1993 madhye madan bhandari eka rahasyamay qaar apghatat thaar jhaala, jyacha parinam mhanoon communistanni koiralache sarkar ulthavoon taknyasathi hinsak nidarshane kelee. yaa varshat aalelya vinashkari puramule shekado lokancha mrutyu jhaala.
samkalin itihas (2000-vartaman).
alikadachya varshant, hinsachar aanee nidarshananchya udrekamule, jyat anekada imaratinche mothe nuksan jhaale aahe kinwa jivitahani jhaali aahe, kathmandune ashant itihas aanee rajkiy asthirata anubhavali aahe. 1 juuna 2001 roji, eka bhishan shahee hatyakand ghadale jevha yuvraj deependrane tyache vadil raja birender, tyachi aaee ranee aishwarya, tyacha bhau aanee baheen aanee narayanahiti rajvadyat tyachya paach natevaikancha samavesh asalelya tyachya jawalchya kutumbachi golya ghaloon hatya kelee. tyane swatahvar bandook firavali aanee done divasannantar tyacha mrutyu jhaala. yaa hatyakandamagache kaaran goodh aahe, parantu tyachya palakanna manya nasalelya, raan kutumbatil devyani ranaprati tyache prem heey yaa hatyakandamagache kaaran asalyacha andaj aahe. yaa shokantikenantar, mrut raja birendracha bhau raja dnyanendra yala rajvadyat rajacha rajyabhishek karnyat aala. jyaa tribhuvan sadanmadhye hatyakand jhaale hote, teey nantar ranichya aaichya aadeshanusar padnyat aale.
april 2004 madhye, sumare 4,000 lokanchya jamavane, pramukhyane tarunanni, irakmadhye 12 nepali nokri shodhanayanchya hatyebaddal santap vyakt keela aanee dazanbharahun adhik khajgi rojgar sanstha aanee shaharatil jaama mashidi mashidisah anek imarati jaalalya aanee tyanchi todafod kelee. 2008 chya unhalyat, rajkiy nidarshane aatmasamarpan jhaali aanee tevhapasoon rajkiy nidarshananni shaharala grassley asatana kathmandu jaagtik mathalyanvar pohochale.
november 2009 madhye, nepalchya communist pakshachya (maovadi) bandkhoranchya nidarshane suruch rahili, meey 2009 madhye maovadhyanchya netrutvakhalil sarkar kosalalyanantar, rashtrapatipadachya adhikaranchya vyaptibaddal sansadet sarvmat ghenyachi magani kelee aanee lashkarachya pramukhanvar hajaro majee maovadi bandkhoranchya rashtriy sainyat ekikaranala virodh kelyacha aarop keela. nidarshakanni mukhya sarkari sankulatil praveshdvare adavali aanee vahtook kondi kelee, 'kathputali sarkar paad "aanee maovadhyanche zende fadkavane yasarkhya ghoshananni nishedh keela.
april 2015 madhye 7.8 tivratechya bhookampamule shaharache mothe nuksan jhaale hote. kahee imarati punarsanchayit karnyat aalya aahet tarr kahee ajunahi punarbandhanichya prakriyet aahet.
lakzari sadnikanchya vadhatya maganimule anek unch imarati bandhalya jaat aahet. kathmandu mahanagar shahar karyalayane deshatil aanee deshabaheril eka hajarahun adhik bandhkam vyavsayikanna nivasi sankul bandhanyasathi bandhkam parwana deela. kathmanduchi ubhi maryada