tibetvaril mangolanche aakraman

tibetvar anek mangol aakramane jhaali. sarvat aadhi 1206 madhye change khanane tibetvar aakraman karnyacha kathit cutt rachala hota, joou kalbahya manla jaato; 1240 madhye lashkari mohimepurvi mangol-tibeti chakmakicha konatahi purava nahee. 1240 madhye mangol general durda darkhanne tibetvar kelele aakraman hii pahili pushti keleli moheem aahe, jyat 30,000 sainikanchi moheem hotee, jyat 500 sainik marle gele. mothya samrajyanviruddha mangolanni kelelya purn-praman aakramananpeksha hii moheem lahan hotee. yaa hallyacha uddesh aspasht aahe aanee tibetishastradnyanmadhye ajunahi vaad aahe. tyanantar 1240 chya uttaradhat mangol rajkumar godanane shakya lama shakya panditanna aamantrit kele, jyanni itar pramukh tibeti vyaktinna mangol adhikaryanna sharan yenyache aavahan kele. yamule tibetvaril mangol rajvatichi suruvat jhaali, tasech mangol aanee tibetian yanchyat aashraydata aanee pujari sambandh prasthapit jhaale asey samanyatah manale jaate. heey sambandh kublai khanane chaloo thewale, jyane mangol yuan rajvanshachi sthapana kelee aanee shakya panditancha putanya drogan chogyal fagpala sampoorn tibetvar adhikar deela. 14 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant, jevha yuan rajvansh kosaloo lagla, tyaa kalaparyant yaa pradeshavaril shakya-mangol prashasakeey vyavastha aanee yuan prashasakeey rajya tikale.
tikale shatkachya suruvatila, oirat mangolanni punha haah pradesh jinkla aanee khoshut khanatechi sthapana kelee. tevhapasoon mangolyanni mangolia aanee zungeria jinkanyaparyant tibeti rajkaranat hastakshep keela hota.
aakraman.
1240 purvi.
eka paramparik tibeti vruttanusar, mangol samrat changej khanane 1206 madhye tibetivar aakraman karnyacha cutt rachala hota, parantu tibeti lokanni mangolanna khandani denyache vachan dile tevha too nirash jhaala. aadhunik vidwan heey vrutt kalbahya aanee tathyatmakdrushtya chukiche manatat. changejchya mohimela tibet navhe, tarr paschim ziachya tangut rajyavar lakshya thevanyat aale hote aanee 1240 purvi mangolanna nishchitpane konatihi khandani dilee jaat navhati. 1240 madhye durda darkhanchya aakramanapurvi donhi rashtranmadhye parasparsanvadacha konatahi purava nahee.
vanshik tibeti lokanshi mangolancha sarvat pahila kharaa sampark 1236 madhye jhaala, jevha venziyanjavalachya eka tibeti pramukhane sichuaanmadhil jiin rajvanshachya virodhat moheem moheem mangolanna sharanagati patkarali.
1240-1241 aakraman.
1240 madhye, mangol rajkumar godan, ogedeicha mulga aanee gyukcha dhakata bhau, yane "tibetchya aakramanachi aadnya tangut senapati, durda darkanla (door-taa) sopavali". hii moheem "donhi rashtranmadhil lashkari sangharshachi pahili ghatana" hotee. yaa hallyat 30,000 sainikancha samavesh hota (kadachit tyahoon khoopach lahan) aanee parinami 500 lock mrutyumukhi padale, tasech rva-grain aanee ragyal-laa-khangchya kadampa mathanna aag lagali. mothya samrajyanviruddha mangolanni kelelya purn-praman aakramananpeksha hii moheem lahan hotee. turail vhee. nusar. tarr, tibetishastradnyanmadhye itake ekmat aahe. tathapi, aakramanacha uddesh tibeti vidvananmadhye vadgrast aahe, anshatah kalbahya aanee tathyatmakdrushtya chukichya strotanchya vipulatemule.
tathapi, aadhunik abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee sarvat junya strotanmadhye mangol scoutna keval rgyal-laa-khang jaalanyache shrey dile jaate, tarr mothya sankhyene rva-greng bhikshu marle gele. bii. keey. aii.-bragyud-paa heey stagg-langche math aanee
paschim sheeya rajvanshashi asalelya tyanchya junya sambandhamule, 'brii-gung' laa vachavanyat aale kaaran durda haah swatah eka tangut bauddha hota. daad.
brii-gung mathadhish kinwa, petackchya matey, rva-greng mathadhishanni suchavale qee mangolanni shakya shreni, shakya panditala aamantrit kele hote. godanla bhetalyanantar, shakya pandit tethech aaplya done putanyanna sodoon maran pavala. shakya panditanni madhya tibetmadhil itar mathanna mangolanshi julavun ghenyasathi patvoon dile. mangolanni tyanna bandiwan mhanoon thewale, jeey tibetchya pratikatmak sharanagaticha sandarbh dett hote.
sarvat paramparik manale jaanare eka mutt asey aahe qee haah hallah tibeti lokanni khandani denyas nakar dilyane tibeti lokanvar jhalela suud ugavala hota. 1227 madhye tibeti lokanni khandani dene bund kele, tarr 1240 madhye durda darkhanche aakraman jhaale, asey suchavat qee mangol, jeey tyanchya sahanubhutisathi olakhale jaat naheet, teey pratisad denyasathi eka dashakapeksha jaast kaal vaat pahanar naheet, asey viline namood kele. jyaa majkuravarun haah dawa aadharit aahe, too itar kalbahya chuka dekhil karato, aanee jore deuun sangato qee, jevha kharee moheem paschim ziachya tangut samrajyachya virodhat hotee, tevha changej haah durda darkhanchya aakramanapurvi tibetvar hallah karnyacha vichar karat hota.
vayaleene samarthit kelela aanakhi eka siddhant assa aahe qee lashkari karvai hii tibetmadhil rajkiy paristhitiche moolyankan karnyasathi keleli eka hergiri moheem hotee. mangolanna eka assa raja sapadel ashee aasha hotee, jyachyashi teey sharanagati patkaru shaktil, parantu tyaeivaji tyanna eka dharmik aanee rajkiyadrushtya vibhajit asalela, kendra sarkar nasalela tibeti sapadala.
tisra drushtikon assa aahe qee sainya chhape aanee lutmar karnare paksh mhanoon pathavale gele hote aanee yaa mohimecha uddesh 'tibeti mathanmadhye jamaa jhaleli sampatti' lutane haah hota. heey vadgrast aahe, kaaran mangol lokanni kahee mathanvar hallah karane jaanunbujun talhale, jarr tyanche ekmev dhyey napha asel tarr haah eka prashnachinhatmak nirnay aahe.
aakramanacha hetu kahihi asso, 1241 madhye mangol mage hutley, kaaran ogedai khanchya khanchya niyuktichya tayarisathi serve mangol rajkumaranna mangoliyala parat bolavale gele. 1244 madhye mangol tibetmadhye paratale. tyanni shakya panditanna godanchya chhavanit aamantrit kele, jithe mangolanni yaa pradeshavar purn pramanat aakraman karanyachi dhamki dilyanantar tyane tibetala sharan yenyas sahmati darshavali.
1244 madhye monke khanchya netrutvakhali aakraman.
sha-skya pandit 1251 madhye maran pavale aanee tyacha guru godan khaan bahudha tyach velee maran pavala (kinwa, itar strotannusar, 1253 nantar). tyach varshi monge khaan khagan jhaala. kahee strotanche mhanane aahe qee 1251 madhye, khandani naan dilyamule kinwa 'deshacha aupcharik taba ghenyasathi' tyanantar madhye mangolian aakraman jhaale hote. tibetvaril aapale niyantran majboot karnyasathi, monkakene 1251 madhye mangol aanee hahn sainyacha koridaila senapati banavale. done hallyancha ullekh aahe, eka dorbetichya netrutvakhali, dusra koridaichya netrutvakhali aanee duheri mohimene tibetchya lokanmadhye bheeti nirman kelee. tibetchya strotanmadhye matra keval 'booad qee-moone-makhar-magpone-poe-gdong' navachya thikanavaril hallyacha ullekh aahe. aakramanasathi thos puravyancha abhav tibetmadhil mangol halchalinchya vyaptibaddal shanka nirman karato assa yuktivad karat, matra yaa serve strotambaddal vayale sanshayaspad aahe.'too nishkarsh kadhatoh-
1 madhye koridaine tibetvar aakraman kele aanee damaksungparyant pohochala. madhya tibeti mathanni mangolanna sharanagati patkarali. monkke yanni changej khaan yanchya mahan jasagnusar tibetchya jamini tyanchya natevaikanmadhye tyanche aashraysthan mhanoon vibhagalya. swatah khagansah anek mangol kulinanni pramukh tibeti lama yanche aashirvad ghetale asavet asey disate. monke khanane karm-paa upvarg aanee 'brii-gung math' chya karm bakshila (1204-83) aashray deela, tarr madhyapurvetil mangol khaan hulagune 'brii-gung' aanee 'phag-moow-gru-paa' upvargchya gadan-saa-thel math yaa doghannahi bhavya bhetvastu pathavalya. nantar william rubrukne nondavale qee tyane mangol samrajyachi rajdhani asalelya karakoram yethe chiinii, tibeti aanee bharatiy bauddha bhikshunna pahile.
tathapi, karm kagyu shalechya karmpane vinamrapane tyachyasobat rahnyas nakar deela, tyacha bhau khagan yala pradhanya dile, 1253 madhye rajkumar kubilaine sha-skya-paa padanukramache done putane, 'fags-paa lama' (1235-80) mhanoon olakhale jaanare blogross ragyal-mitsan aanee liangzoumadhil divangat godens ordoche fiag-naa rado-raje (1239-67) yanna aaplya darbarat bolavale. khubilai khaan 1253 madhye pahilyanda 'phag-paa lama' laa bhetala, bahudha kodenchya kshetrat kshetrat aanee tibetchya sharanagatiche prateek asalelya saa-skya lamala tyachya swatachya chhavanit aananyasathi. suruvatila kublai shamnist rahila, parantu tyacha pramukh khatoon, chabbi (chabee) yane bauddha dharm swikarla aanee kublaichya dharmik drushtikonavar prabhav padala. kublaichya yunnanvaril mohimedarmyan, tyacha dusra kramank asalelya uriyangkhadaila tibetmadhil yuddhasarkhya jamatinna dadapanyasathi bahudha 1254-55 madhye tibetmadhye sthanbaddh karave lagale. hulegoone aapala pratinidhi kokochu yachee 1250 chya dashakachya madhyat tibetmadhye iranchya dishene kooch kartana niyukti kelee. tevhapasoon, ilkhanankade tibetmadhye malmatta hotee.
1265 madhye kongridarne tufan/emm. dii. oo.-smad kshetracha vidhvans keela aanee 1264 teey 1275 yaa kalat anek mohimanmule aadhunik zichangchya aaspaschya zifanchya tibeti aanee yee lokanna shant kele. 1278 paryant mangolanchya asankhya vanshah tumen aanee postroads paschimekade litangparyant pohochale.
parinam.
mangolian prashasakeey rajvatit tibet mangol samrajyachya tabyat aale hote, parantu yaa pradeshala kahee pramanat rajkiy svayatta denyat aalee hotee. kublai khanane nantar tibetcha tyachya yuan rajvanshat samavesh keela aanee haah pradesh chinchya song rajvanshachya jinkalelya prantanpasun prashaskiyadrushtya vegala rahila.
tibetchya paramparik drushtikonanusar, khaan aanee lama yanni "pujari-snrakshak" sambandh prasthapit kele. yacha arth khankadun prashasakeey vyavasthapan aanee lashkari madat aanee aadhyatmik samasyanmadhye lamakadoon madat. dakshin chinavar mangolanchya aakramanapurvi mangolanni tibet jinkale hote. geet rajvanshachya vijayanantar, kublai khanane tibetala naveen yuan rajvanshachya rupat ektrit kele, parantu tibetche prashasana bauddha aanee tibeti vyavhar vibhag (zuanzheng yuan) chya antargat hote, jeey chiinii prantanpasun vegale hote. mangolanni shakyalamala rajkiy adhikar dile, parantu pradeshachya prashasana aanee sainyavar niyantran kayam thewale.
mangolanchi olakh tikavoon thevun donhi pradeshanvar rajya karnyacha prayatna mhanoon, kublai khanane mangolanna chiinii lokanshi lagn karnyas manai kelee, parantu chiinii aanee tibeti kayadeshir aanee prashasakeey vyavastha donhi abadhit thewali. kublai khanane tyachya darbarat sthapan kelelya bahutek sarkari sanstha purvichya chiinii rajvanshansarkhya asalya taree tibetne kadhihi shahee pariksha kinwa nava-confucian dhorane sweekarli naheet.
mangol-shasit iran (ilkhanet), mangolia, chean (yuan) aanee madhya ashiyamadhye (chagatai khanet) tibetmadhil bauddha bhikshu lokpriy aanee aadaraniy hote. hote shatkachya madhyat yuan rajvanshachya akheris tibetne mangolanpasun swatantrya midavale.
samrajyavadi mohimenantar.
1615 chya sumaras oiratanni tibeti bauddha dharm swikarla aanee teey jelag aanee karm kagyu shalanmadhil sangharshat sameel honyachya phaar aadhi navhate. 1637 madhye, jelag shalechya vinantinusar, kokomadhil khoshutancha neta gushi khanane, karm kagyu shalela pathimba bhet khalkha rajkumar choghatu khong taiji (1581-1637) yala parabhoot kele nahee.
tsogtu khuntaiji yanni tul nadivar tall ubharala hota. eka buddhijivi mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya tyane karm panthacha sweekar keela aanee math aanee kille bandhale. tyane swatahla mangolancha shevatcha mahan khaan ligdan khaan yachyapudhe sopavale. karm panthala madat karnyasathi ligdanchya tibetchya mohimet tyane bhag ghetala, jaree ligdan khaan 1634 madhye sameel honyapurvich maran pavala. pann tsogtune mohimecha pathpurava keela. tyach varshi tyane kokonor (kinghai talav) chya sabhovatalache tumed jinkale aanee tethe aapala tall halavala. shummer rabjanpachya vinantivarun tyane 1635 madhye tyacha mulga arslan yachya netrutvakhali madhya tibetmadhye sainya pathavale. tathapi, arsalanane tyacha mitra asalelya tsang sainyavar hallah keela. too pachvya dalai lamala bhetala aanee tyancha naash karnyaivaji jelukpa mathanna shraddhanjali vahili. choghatuchya aadeshane akheris arsalanchi hatya karnyat aalee.
jeluk panthachya lokanni oirat mahasanghachya khoshut jamaticha neta toru bayakhu (gushi khaan) yachyakade madat magitali. 1636 madhye toro baykhune khoshut aanee zungaranna tibetmadhye nele. pudhchya varshi tsogatu khuntaiji aanee toru bayakhu yanchyatil nirnayak yuddh nantarchya vijayashi sampale aanee tsogatu marla gela.
geluk panthachya paramparik drushtikonatun tyala dusht mhanoon chitrit kele gele aahe. dusarikade, mangolian chitrapat 'tsogt taij' (1945) neey tyanna rashtriy nayak mhanoon pahile. tyat tibeti bauddha dharmabaddalchya samyavadi rajvatichya vruttiche pratibimb hote.
tsogtuvaril tyachya jabardast vijaysah, gushi khanane aamado (sadhyacha kinghai) jinkla. tyanantar tyanantar madhye tibetche ekikaran jhaale, jevha gushi khanane madhya tibetvar aakraman kele aanee sthanik tsangpa rajvanshacha parabhav keela. tyachya vijayanantar tyala (chogyal) ghoshit karnyat aale.eae. pachvya dalai lamachya dharmacha kinwa shikavanicha raja. yaa ghatananmule khoshut khanetechya sthapanela dujora midala. gushi khanane datartedo teey ladakhparyant tibetvar dalai lamacha adhikar deela. dalai lama' hii padvi purvi altan khanane (khalkhatil altan khananshi gondhal ghaloo naye) jelug tulakoo vanshachya vanshachya lamala dilee hotee aanee mangolian bhashet yacha arth 'shahanpanacha mahasagar' assa hoto."
jhungar khanate aanee king rajvansh yanchyatil sangharshache punarujjivan.
tibetmadhil hastakshep.
darmyan, aamado heey khoshutanche ghar banale. jaree tyanna dalai lama aanee tyachya karbharine dirghkal grahan kele asale, taree gushi khanchya vanshajanni tibetche dharm raje (chogyal) mhanoon rajya karane suru thewale. tathapi, 1717 madhye, tsewang rabbatancha bhau tsering dondup yachya netrutvakhali zungersney tibetvar aakraman kele. aakramankartyanni gushi khancha panatu aanee tibetcha pachva dharm raja laa-bazang khaan (khoshut khanatecha shevatcha khaan) yacha parabhav keela aanee tyala thaar marle. zungersney dalai lamachya padacha dhong dhong vyaktila padchyut kele, jyala purvi laa-bazang khanane padonnati dilee hotee. hotee dalai lamane mangol lokanmadhye konatihi gair-dage-lugs-paa shikavan rokhanyasathi mangolian lamanna protsahit kele hote. jhungaranni lavkarach lhasa lutanyas suruvat kelee, tyamule tyanchyavishayichi prarambhik tibeti sadbhavna gamavali. anek nyingmapa aanee bonpo yanna fashi denyat aalee aanee jhungar jhungar bhet bhet tibeti lokanna tyanchi jeebh baher kadhanyas bhag padale gele jenekarun tee vyakti satat mantranche (jee jeebh kalee kinwa tapkiri banavate asey mhatale jaat asey) pathan karate qee nahee heey zungaranna sangata yeil. yamule tyanna ningmapa aanee bonpo nivadata aale, jyanni anek jaadoo-mantranche pathan kele. aekhadyache abhivadan kartana aadar vyakt karnyasathi swatachi jeebh baher kadhanyachi hii savay alikadchya kalaparyant tibeti pratha rahili aahe.
laa-bazang khaan haah king rajvanshashi sanlagn asalyane, jhungar aakraman heey kangshi samratachya shahee dhoranasathi eka aavhan hote. samratane 1718 madhye pratyuttar dile, parantu tyachya lashkari mohimela mohimela rasad vyavasthecha samna karava lagla aanee lhasapasoon phaar door nasalelya salvin nadichya ladhait zungersney tyacha naash keela. samratane dusari aanee mothee moheem pathavali aanee teela jalad yash midale. 1720 madhye manchunni tsewang rabbatanchya sainyala tibetmadhun hakaloon dile aanee sainikanna muktidata mhanoon gauravanyat aale. tyanni kulzang gyatsola tyanchyabarobar kumbumahoon lhasala aanale aanee 1721 madhye tyala tyala dalai lama mhanoon sthapit karnyat aale. 1723 madhye gushi khancha aanakhi eka vanshaj lobzang danjin yane king rajvanshachya tibetmadhye aapale rajya vadhavanyachya prayatnanviruddha aamadocha bachav keela, parantu pudhchya varshi tyacha chakkachur jhaala. asha prakare aamado chinchya adhipatyakhali aala.

