uttejana (shariravidnyan)

sharirshastrat, uttejana mhanje jivanachya antargat kinwa bahya vatavaranachya bhautik kinwa rasayanik sanrachanet aadhalanara badal. bahya uttejana shodhanyachi ekhadya jivachi kinwa avyavachi kshamata, jenekarun yogya pratikriya karata yeil, tyala sanvedansheelata (uttejanashilata) mhanatat. sanvedanatmak receptors sharirabaherun mahitee prapt karoo shakatat, jase tvachemadhye dhamnyanmadhye sparsh receptorsmadhye kinwa dolhyatil prakash receptorsmadhye, tasech shariratil aatoon, jase qee chemoriceptors aanee mechanoreceptorsmadhye. jevha sanvedanatmak receptordware uttejana aadhalate, tevha tee uttejana hastantaranadvare pratikshep baher kadhu shakate. antargat uttejana haah bahutekda homeostatic niyantran pranalicha pahila ghatak asato. bahya uttejan heey ladha kinwa uddan pratisadapramane sampoorn sharirat pranaligat pratisad nirman karnyas saksham asatat. uchch sambhavyatesah uttejana shodhanyasathi, tyachya samarthyachi patali paripoorn thresholdpeksha jaast asane aavashyak aahe; jarr ekhada sanket thresholdparyant pohochala tarr mahitee kendriya majjasansthemadhye (see. aine. ess.) prasarit kelee jaate, jithe tee ektrit kelee jaate aanee pratikriya kashee dyavi yacha nirnay ghetala jaato. jaree uttejanamule samanyatah shareer pratisad dett asale, taree shevati sanketamule pratikriya hote qee nahee heey see. aine. ess. tharavatat.
prakar.
antargat.
homeostatic asantulan.
homeostatic santulan hii sharirachya badalansathi mukhya prerak shakti aahe. yaa uttejananvar sharirachya vividh bhagantil receptors aanee sensarsdware barkaine laksh thewale jaate. heey sanvedak yantragrahak, rasayanagrahak aanee thermoreceptor aahet jeey anukrame daab kinwa taana, rasayanik badal kinwa tapmanatil badalanna pratisad detat. yantrikarodhakanchya udaharananmadhye raktadabatil badal shodhanare barrow receptor, satat sparsh aanee daab shodhu karoo markelchya disk aanee dhwani uttejana uttejana kesanchya peshi yancha samavesh hoto. antargat uttejan mhanoon kaam karoo karoo homeostatic asantulananmadhye raktatil poshak aanee aayanchi patali, oxygenchi patali aanee panyachi patali yancha samavesh hoto. homeostatic aadarshapasunchya vichalananmule vedna, tahan kinwa thakwa yasarkhya homeostatic bhavna nirman houu shakatat, jyaa sharirala sthir sthiteet (jase qee maghar ghene, madyapan karane kinwa vishranti ghene) parat parat vartanas prerit karatat.
raktadab.
raktadab, hrudayache thoke aanee hrudayavikarache utpadan heey caroted dhamnyanmadhye dhamnyanmadhye taana receptorsdware mojale jaate. yaa receptorsmadhye majjatantu swatahla antarbhut karatat aanee jevha tyanna stretching aadhalate, tevha teey uttejit hotat aanee madhyavarti majjasansthevar agniprakriya kshamata nirman karatat. yaa aaveganmule raktavahinyanche aakunchan rokhate aanee hrudayache thoke qamee hotat. jarr yaa majjatantunna taana jaanavala nahee, tarr shareer qamee raktadabala dhokadayak uttejana mhanoon pahate aanee sanket pathavale jaat naheet, jyamule pratibandh see. aine. ess. kriya rokhali jaate; raktavahinya sankuchit hotat aanee hrudayache thoke vadhatat, jyamule shariratil raktadab vadhato.
bahya.
sparsh aanee vedna.
sanvedanatmak bhavna, visheshtah vedna, yaa uttejana aahet jyaa mothya pramanat pratisad deu shakatat aanee sharirat majjasansthetil badal ghadavun aanoo shakatat. vednamule sharirat vartanukitil badal dekhil hoto, joou vedanechya tivratechya pramanat asato. sanvedanashil receptorsdware tvachevar bhavna nondavali jaate aanee madhyavarti majjasanstheparyant pravas karate, jithe tee ektrit kelee jaate aanee pratisad kassa dyayacha yacha nirnay ghetala jaato; jarr pratisad dene aavashyak aahe asey tharavale tarr snayuvar eka sanket parat pathavala jaato, joou uttejananusar yogya prakare vagato. madhyantar gyrus heey prathamik somatocensary kshetrache sthan aahe, jeey sparshbhavnesathi mukhya sanvedanatmak grahansheel kshetra aahe.
vednagrahakanna nociceptors mhanatat. aii-fiber nociceptor aanee see-fiber nociceptor heey done mukhya prakarche nociceptor astitvat aahet. aii-fiber receptors heey myelinated asatat aanee vegane pravah chalavatat. tyancha vapar pramukhyane jalad aanee tivra prakarchya vedna hatalanyasathi keela jaato. yaulat, see-fiber receptors heey unmilinated asatat aanee haloohaloo prasarit hotat. heey receptors haloohaloo, jalat, pasarat vedna karatat.
sparshasathichi paripoorn maryada mhanje sparsh grahakankadun pratisad midvinyasathi aavashyak asalelya sanvedanache kiman praman. yaa pramanat sanvedanache nishchit moolya asate aanee bahudha eka centimeterchya antaravarun madhmashiche pankh vyaktichya galavar takoon dileli shakti manali jaate. sharirachya bhagala sparsh kelyachya aadhare heey moolya badalel.
drushti.
drushti mendula shariravar aavajamule badalanna samajoon ghenyachi aanee pratisad denyachi sandhee dete. prakashachya swarupat mahitee kinwa uttejana, drushtipatalat pravesh karate, jithe tee prakashgrahak peshi navachya eka vishesh prakarchya neuronla uttejit karate. sthanik shrenibaddha kshamata prakashgrahakamadhun suru hote, jithe tee peshila neuronschya margatoon madhyavarti majjasanstheparyant pohochanyasathi pureshi uttejit karate. jevha signal photorecepterpasoon mothya neuronsparyant pravas karato, tevha signalla see. aine. ess. paryant pohochanyasathi pureshi takad midavi yasathi krutee kshamata tayar karane aavashyak aahe. jarr uttejana puresha tivra pratisadachi hummy dett nasel, tarr tee paripoorn maryadeparyant pohochat nahee aanee shareer pratikriya dett nahee asey mhatale jaate. tathapi, jarr uttejana prakashgrahakapasun door asalelya neuronsmadhye krutee kshamata nirman karnyasathi pureshi majboot asel tarr shareer mahitee ektrit karel aanee yogya prakare pratikriya deil. drushya mahitivar see. aine. ess. chya pashchbhagiy bhagamadhye, visheshtah prathamik drushya aachchhadanamadhye prakriya kelee jaate.
drushtisathi paripoorn maryada mhanje dolhyatil prakashgrahakankadun pratisad midvinyasathi aavashyak asalelya sanvedanache kiman praman. yaa sanvedanache nishchit moolya aahe aanee jarr aekhadyache dolhe andharat samayojit kele gele asateel tarr 30 mail door eka menbatti dharoon asalelya ekhadyakadun upasthit prakashache praman asey manale jaate.
gandh yeto.
gandhamule sharirala shvasadvare havetil rasayanik renu olakhata yetat. anunasik stanachya donhi bajunna asalelya ghran avayavanmadhye ghran upakala aanee lamina propriya asatat. ghran receptor peshi asalele ghran upakala, cribform platecha khalcha prushthbhag, lumb platecha varcha bhag, varchya anunasik shankhala jhakate. shvasat ghetalelya havechya sanyuganpaiki keval done takke sanyuge ghran avayavanmadhye shvasat ghetalelya havecha eka lahan namuna mhanoon vahoon nellie jaatat. ghran receptors upakala prushthbhagachya palikade vistartat jeey sabhovatalachya shleshmalamadhye asalelya anek siliyasathi aadhar pradan karatat. gandh-bandhanari prathine yaa siliyashi parasparkriya karatat, jyamule receptors uttejit hotat. gandh karnare samanyatah lahan sendriya renu asatat. jaast paanee aanee lipid vidravyata yancha thet gandh gandh majboot gandhakanshi sambandh aahe. jee prathine jodalelya receptorsna gandhbandh bandhane adenilate cyclase sakriy karate, jeey aii. tii. pii. chey campmadhye rupantar karate. shibir, tyaa badalyat, soodiyam vahinya ughadanyas protsahan dete, parinami sthanik kshamata nirman hote.
gandhasathichi paripoorn maryada mhanje nakatil receptorskadoon pratisad midvinyasathi aavashyak asalelya sanvedanache kiman praman. yaa pramanat sanvedana asane heey nishchit moolya aahe aanee anekada sahaa kholyanchya gharat attarcha ekach themb manla jaato. konatya padarthacha vaas yet aahe tyanusar heey moolya badalel.
chav.
chav jeebhechya palikade aanee tondatoon swikarlya annachi aanee itar samagrichi chav nondavate. jibhechya prushthbhagavar aanee ghasa aanee swarayantranchya lagatchya bhaganvar uttejak peshi asatat. swadyukt peshi chav kalyanvar, vishesh upakala peshinvar tayar hotat aanee samanyatah darr daha divasanni firavalya jaatat. pratyek peshitoon, microville baher padate, jyala kadhikadhi chavche cases mhanatat, chav chhidradvare aanee tondatil pokalimadhye dekhil. virghalaleli rasayne yaa receptor peshinshi parasparkriya karatat; vegvegalya abhiruchi vishisht receptors jodalya jaatat. meeth aanee aambat receptors heey rasayanikaritya gated aayan channell aahet, jeey peshiche vidhruvikaran karatat. god, kadoo aanee umami receptorsna gustducins, vishesh jee prathine jodalele receptors mhanatat. receptor peshinche donhi vibhag neurotransmitterla affarent fibermadhye sodatat jyamule kriya sambhavya firing hote.
chavasathi paripoorn maryada mhanje tondatil receptorskadoon pratisad midvinyasathi aavashyak asalelya sanvedanache kiman praman. yaa sanvedanache nishchit moolya aahe aanee anekada 250 gallen panyat quinine sulfetcha ekach themb manla jaato.
aavaj.
bahya kanaparyant kanaparyant aavajamule aavajamule dabatil badalancha pratidhvani tiampanic patalat hoto, joou shravan ausical kinwa madhalya kanachya hadansah spasht hoto. hii lahan hadey yaa dabatil chadhautaranna gunakar karatat kaaran tee aateel kanatil sarpil aakarachya hadanchya sanrachanet kokliyamadhye adthala aanatat. coclear vahinitil kesanchya peshi, visheshtah courtycha avyav, vikshepit hotat kaaran drav aanee padadyachya gatichya laata kokliyachya kakshanmadhun pravas karatat. kokliyachya madhyabhagi asalele dvidhruvi sanvedi neurons yaa receptor peshinmadhun mahitiche nirikshan karatat aanee kapalatil majjatantuchya coclear shakhetoon menduchya gatheet pathavtat. dhwani mahitivar see. aine. ess. chya tatpuratya khandat, visheshtah prathamik shravan aachchhadanamadhye prakriya kelee jaate.
dhvanisathi paripoorn threshold mhanje kanatil receptorskadoon pratisad midvinyasathi aavashyak asalelya sanvedanache kiman praman. yaa pramanat sanvedananche nishchit moolya aahe aanee anekada 20 phoot antaravar asalelya aavajahin vatavaranat tick tick karnare ghadyal manale jaate.
samtol rakhane.
ardhgolakar nalee, jee thet kokliyashi jodaleli asatat, tyaa shravanshaktisathi vaparlya swikarlya paddhatipramanech samatolabaddalachya menduchya mahiticha arth lavu shakatat aanee teela pohochavu shakatat. kanachya yaa bhagantil kesanchya peshi kinosilia aanee stereosilia yanna gelatinus samgrimadhye baher kadhatat jeey yaa kalvyachya nalikanna reshet ghalatat. yaa ardh golakar kalvyanchya kahee bhaganmadhye, visheshtah mccula, calcium carbonate chrystals jyanna statoconia mhanatat teey yaa gelatinus samgrichya prushthbhagavar asatat. doke jhukavatana kinwa jevha shareer resheey pravegatoon jaate, tevha heey sphatik kesanchya peshinchya siliyamadhye vyatyay aanatat aanee parinami, aaspaschya sanvedanatmak majjatantundware swikarlya swikarlya neurotransmitterchya muktatevar parinam karatat. ardh golakar kalvyachya itar bhaganmadhye, visheshtah ampullah, eka rachana jee kapula mhanoon olakhali jaate-mcculemadhil gelatinus samagrishi samaan-kesanchya peshinna ashach prakare vikrut karate jevha tyachya sabhovatalachya drav madhyamamule kapula swatach halato. ampullah mendula dokyachya aadvya paribhramanabaddal mahitee puravato. yaa nalikanmadhil kesanchya peshinvar shejarchya vestibular gangliachya neurons dekhrekh thevatat. heey sanvedi tantu kapal majjatantu VIII chee vestibular shakha tayar karatat.
cellular pratisad.
sarvasadharanpane, uttejakanna pesheey pratisad mhanje halchal, srav, enzyme utpadan kinwa januk abhivyaktichya drushtine peshichya sthiteet kinwa kriyakalapanmadhye jhalela badal. peshinchya prushthbhagavaril receptors heey samvedan ghatak aahet jeey uttejananvar laksh thevatat aanee pudhil prakriya aanee pratisadasathi niyantran kendrala sanket prasarit karoon vatavaranatil badalanna pratisad detat. transductiondware uttejananche nehmich vidyut sanketanmadhye rupantar kele jaate. haah vidyut sanket kinwa receptor potential, paddhatshir pratisad suru karnyasathi majjasansthetun vishisht marg ghete. pratyek prakarcha receptor keval ekach prakarchya uttejana urjes pradhanyane pratisad denyasathi vishesh aahe, jyala pureshi uttejana mhanatat. sanvedanatmak receptorsmadhye uttejananchi eka suspasht shreni asate, jyas teey pratisad detat aanee pratyek jivanachya vishisht garjanshi julavun ghetale jaate. uttejananchya swarupanusar, yantrik sankraman kinwa rasayanik sankramanadvare uttejana sampoorn sharirat prasarit kelya jaatat.
yantrik.
yantrik uttejanala pratisad mhanoon, bahya koshikeey matricks renu, cytoskeleton, transmembrane prathine, puttle-phospholipid interfacevaril prathine, anoo matrixche ghatak, chromatin aanee lipid bilayer asey shaktiche cellular sensor prastavit kele jaatat. pratisad duheri asoo shakatoh bahyakoshikiy matricks, udaharanarth, yantrik shaktincha vahak aahe parantu tyachi rachana aanee rachana dekhil tyach lagoo kelelya kinwa antarjanitpane nirman jhalelya shaktinna cellular pratisadanni prabhavit hote. yantrik sanvedanshil aayan vahinya anek peshinchya prakaranmadhye aadhaltat aanee heey darshavile gele aahe qee yaa vahinyanchi ketayanparyant pargamyata taana receptors aanee yantrik uttejananni prabhavit hote. aayan vahinyanchi hii pargamyata yantrik uttejanala vidyut sanketat rupantarit karnyacha aadhar aahe..
rasayanik.
gandhkansarkhya rasayanik uttejana, cellular receptorsdware prapt kelya jaatat jyaa anekada chemotransductionsathy jababdar asalelya aayan vahinyanshi jodalya jaatat. ghran peshinmadhye asey ghadate. gandhak vishisht receptorshee bandhalyavar nivad naan kelelya cashion vahinya ughadanyamule yaa peshinmadhil vidhruvikaran hote. yaa peshinchya plazma patalatil jee prathine-jodalele receptors dusare sandeshvahak marg suru karoo shakatat jyamule cashion vahinya ughadatat.
uttejananna pratisad mhanoon, sanvedanatmak receptor tyach peshimadhye kinwa jawalchya peshimadhye shrenibaddha kshamata kinwa krutee kshamata tayar karoon sanvedanatmak pareshan suru karato. uttejakanna sanvedansheelata sanvedansheelata sandeshvahak margandware rasayanik pravardhanadvare prapt hote jyamadhye utsechak utsechak mothya sankhyene madhyavarti utpadane tayar hotat, jyamule eka receptor renucha prabhav vadhato.
paddhatshir pratisad.
majjasansthecha pratisad.
jaree receptors aanee uttejana vaividhyapurn asalya taree, bahutek bahya uttejana pratham vishisht sanvedanatmak avyav kinwa uutinshi sambandhit neuronsmadhye sthanik shrenibaddha kshamata nirman karatat. majjasansthet, antargat aanee bahya uttejana pratisadanchya done vegvegalya shreni baher kadhu shakatatah eka uttejak pratisad, samanyatah krutee kshamatechya swarupat aanee eka pratibandhatmak pratisad. jevha ekhadya uttejak aavegane neuron uttejit hoto, tevha neuronal dendrites heey neurotransmitterdware bandhale jaatat jyamule peshi eka vishisht prakarchya aayanmadhye pargamya hote; neurotransmittercha prakar neurotransmitter konatya aayanmadhye pargamya hoil heey tharvato. uttejak postsyneptic sambhavyatemadhye, eka uttejak pratisad nirman hoto. heey uttejak neurotransmittermule hote, samanyatah glutamate heey neuronchya dendriteshy bandhale jaate, jyamule bandhanyachya thikanajaval asalelya vahinyandvare soodiyam aayancha ogh hoto.
dendritesmadhil padadyachya pargamyatetil yaa badalala sthanik shrenibaddha kshamata mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee tyamule padadyache voltage nakaratmak vishranti kshamatepasun adhik sakaratmak voltagemadhye badalate, hii prakriya vidhruvikaran mhanoon olakhali jaate. soodiyam vahinya ughadalyane jawalchya soodiyam vahinya ughadata yetat, jyamule pargamyatetil badal dendritespasoon peshinchya sharirat pasaru shakato. jarr shrenibaddha kshamata pureshi majboot asel kinwa jarr anek shrenibaddha kshamata puresha vegane varanvartet aadhalalya, tarr vidhruvikaran peshichya sampoorn bhagamadhye akshatantu tekadiparyant pasaru shakate. akshatantu tekadivarun, neuronchya akshatantuchya khalee eka kriya kshamata nirman kelee jaau shakate aanee prasarit kelee jaau shakate, jyamule aaveg pravas karat asatana akshatantutil soodiyam aayan vahinya ughadatat. ekada signal akshatantupasun khalee jaau lagla qee, puttle kshamata aadhich threshold olandali aahe, jyacha arth assa qee tee thambavata yet nahee. yaa ghatanela serve kinwa kahich nasalela pratisad mhanoon olakhale jaate. padadyachya kshamatetil badalamule ughadalelya soodiyam vahinyanche gut akshatantu tekadipasoon door jaat asatana signal majboot karatat, jyamule too akshatantuchi lambi halavoo shakato. jevha vidhruvikaran akshatantuchya kinwa akshatantuchya antim tokaparyant pohochate, tevha neuroncha shevat calcium aayanmadhye pargamya hoto, jeey calcium aayan vahinyandvare peshimadhye pravesh karatat. calciummule synaptic putanmadhye sathavalele neurotransmitter sodale jaatat, jeey precineptic aanee postsyneptic neurons mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya done neuronsemadhil synapsmadhye pravesh karatat; jarr precineptic neuronmadhun signal uttejak asel tarr teey uttejak neurotransmitter sodanyas karanibhoot tharel, jyamule postsyneptic neuronmadhye samaan pratisad milel. heey neurons vyapak, guntaguntichya dendritic jaalyandvare hajaro itar receptors aanee lakshyit peshinshi sanvad sadhu shakatat. yaa paddhatine receptorsmadhil sanvad bhedbhav aanee bahya uttejanancha adhik spasht arth lavnyas saksham karato. prabhavipane, hii sthanik shrenibaddha kshamata krutee kshamatanna chalana dete jee tyanchya varanvartemadhye, majjatantu akshatantunsaha, akheris menduchya vishisht aachchhadanat pohochate. menduchya yaa atyant vishesh bhaganmadhyehi, heey sanket itaranshi samanvay sadhun kadachit naveen pratisadas chalana detat.
jarr precineptic neuronmadhun yenara sanket avarodhak, avarodhak neurotransmitter asel, tarr samanyatah gaba heey cinepsmadhye sodale jaeel. yaa neurotransmittermule postsyneptic neuronmadhye avarodhak postsyneptic kshamata nirman hote. yaa pratisadamule postsyneptic neuron chloride aayanmadhye pargamya hoil, jyamule peshichi puttle kshamata nakaratmak hoil; nakaratmak puttle kshamata peshisathi kriya kshamata suru karane adhik katheen karate aanee majjatantumadhun konatahi sanket pudhe jaanyapasun rokhate. uttejan prakaranusar, neuron ektar uttejak kinwa pratibandhatmak asoo shakato.
snayu-pranali pratisad.
paridhiy majjasansthetil majjatantu snayunchya tantunsah sharirachya vividh bhaganmadhye pasaratat. snayu tantu aanee motor neuron jyashi teey jodalele aahe. jyaa thikani motor neuron snayunchya tantula jodato tyala neuromuscular junction mhanatat. jevha snayunna antargat kinwa bahya uttejananmadhun mahitee milate, tevha snayu tantu tyanchya sambandhit motor neurondware uttejit hotat. majjasansthetil kendriya majjasansthepasun neuronsparyant teey motor neuronparyant pohocheparyant aaveg vahoon jaatat, jeey neurotransmitter acetylcholine (aii. see. etch.) chey majjatantuchya junctionmadhye sodatat. aak snayu peshinchya prushthbhagavaril nicotinic acetylcholine receptors bandhale jaate aanee aayan vahinya ughadate, jyamule soodiyam aayan peshinmadhye vahatat aanee potassium aayan baher vahatat; yaa aayan halchalimule vidhruvikaran hote, jyamule peshinmadhye calcium aayan sodata yetat. snayu aakunchan houu denyasathi calcium aayan snayu peshinmadhil prathinanshi jodale jaatat; uttejanancha antim parinam.
antahsravi-pranali pratisad.
vasopressin.
antahsravi pranalivar anek antargat aanee bahya uttejanancha mothya pramanat parinam hoto. samprerak sodanyas karanibhoot asanari eka antargat uttejana mhanje raktadab. hypotention kinwa qamee raktadab hii mutrapindanmadhye paanee sathavun thevanyas karanibhoot asalelya vasopressin yaa samprerkachya muktatesathi eka mothee prerak shakti aahe. yaa prakriyemule vyaktichi tahanahi vadhate. drav dharan karoon kinwa dravpadarthanche sevan karoon, jarr ekhadya vyakticha raktadab samanya sthiteet parat aala tarr vasopressinche prakashan mandavate aanee mootrapind qamee drav rakhoon thevatat. hypovolemia kinwa shariratil dravpadarthachi qamee patali, haah pratisad denyasathi eka uttejan mhanoon dekhil kaam karoo shakate.
epinephrine.
epinephrine, jyala adrenaline asehi mhanatat, samanyatah antargat aanee bahya asha donhi badalanna pratisad denyasathi dekhil vaparale jaate. yaa samprerkachya muktateche eka samanya kaaran mhanje ladha kinwa uddan pratisad. jevha sharirala sambhavya dhokadayak bahya uttejan milate, tevha epinephrine mootrapind granthitoon sodale jaate. epinephrinamule raktavahinyanche aakunchan, putalyanche vistar, hriday aanee shwasan darr vadhane aanee glukojche chayapachay yasarkhe sharirik badal hotat. ekach uttejananna heey serve pratisad vyaktiche sanrakshn karnyat madat karatat, mug too rahanyacha aanee ladhanyacha nirnay ghetala jaato kinwa paloon jaaun dhoka talhanyacha nirnay ghetala jaato.
pachan-pranalicha pratisad.
cephalic tappa.
ann pahane kinwa vaas yasarkhya bahya uttejananna pachan pranali pratisad deu shakate aanee ann sharirat pravesh karnyapurvi sharirik badal ghadavun aanoo shakate. yaa pratikshepala pachanacha cephalic tappa mhanatat. annachi drushti aanee vaas heey laal, jathar aanee swadupindachya enzymecha srav aanee aanee poshak tattvanchya tayareet antahsravi srav honyas karanibhoot tharnare purese majboot uttejan aahet; ann potaparyant pohochanyapurvi pachan prakriya suru karoon, shareer annala aavashyak poshak tattvanmadhye adhik prabhavipane aanee karyakshamatene chayapachay karnyas saksham aahe. ekada ann tondala lagale qee, chav aanee tondatil receptorschi mahitee pachankriyechya pratisadat bharr ghalate. chaghalane aanee gilane yamule sakriy honare chemoriceptor aanee mechanorceptor, pooat aanee aatadyanmadhil enzymeche prakashan aanakhi vadhavtat.
aantr majjasanstha.
pachan pranali dekhil antargat uttejananna pratisad denyas saksham aahe. keval pachak marg kinwa aantr majjasansthemadhye lakho neurons asatat. heey neurons sanvedi receptors mhanoon kaam karatat jeey pachanmargat lahan aatadyat pravesh karnare ann yasarkhe badal shodhu shakatat. yaa sanvedanatmak receptorsna kaay aadhalale yavar avalambun, chayapachay aanee ann tutanyas madat karnyasathi swadupind aanee yakrutatoon kahee enzymes aanee pachak rus sravatat.
sanshodhan paddhati aanee tantre.
clamping tantra.
sukshmavidyutmudranadra patalavaril vidyut kshamateche antahkoshik mapan prapt kele jaau shakate. patch clamp tantre ajunahi kshamata nondwat asatana antakoshiy kinwa bahyakoshiy ionic kinwa lipid ekagratet ferfar karnyas anumati detat. asha prakare, vividh atinchya threshold aanee prasaravaril parinamache moolyankan kele jaau shakate.
naun-invasive neuronal scanning.
positron utsarjan tomography (paliv prani) aanee chumbakeey anunad imaging (emm. aar. aay.) chachanicha vishay vegvegalya uttejananchya samparkat asatana menduchya sakriy bhaganche aakramak nasalele drushya anumati detat. menduchya vishisht bhagat rakt pravahachya sandarbhat kriyakalapanvar dekhrekh thewali jaate.
itar paddhati.
anga mage ghenyachi vel hii aanakhi eka paddhat aahe. sorin barak aanee itar. journal auph reconstructive microsurgery' madhye nuktyach prakashit jhalelya eka peparmadhye, tivra, bahya ushnatechya uttejanala pravrutt karoon aanee anga mage ghenyachi vel (etch. ell. doubleu. tii.) mojoon vedna uttejakanna chachani undaranchya pratisadache nirikshan kele gele.

