
padarthachi laat

dravya lahari yaa quantum yantrikichya siddhantacha madhyavarti bhag aahet, jyaa lahari-kann dwaitatechya ardhya aahet. serve padarth laharisarkhe vartan darshavtat. udaharanarth, electroncha kiran prakashachya kirnasarkha kinwa panyachya laharisarkha vikshepit keela jaau shakato.
1924 madhye french bhautikshastradnya louis dii brogley (λοις δερογλι) yanni dravya laharisarkhe vagate hii sankalpana prastavit kelee hotee aanee mhanoon dravya laharinna 'dii brogley lahari' asehi mhanatat.
dii brogley taranglambi" hii taranglambi aahe, jee plank sthirankachya madhyamatoon gatee asalelya kanasah sambandhit aahe,
sootra _ 1
padarthache laharisarkhe vartan pratham george paggett thomson aanee alekzandar reed yanchya sankraman vivartan prayogadvare prayogikdrushtya pradarshit kele gele aanee swatantrapane davison-germer prayogat, donhi electron vaparoon; aanee itar prathamik kann, tatasth anoo aanee renunsathi dekhil yachee pushti jhaali aahe.
parichay.
parshvabhoomi.
19vya shatkachya akheris, prakashamadhye vidyutchumbakiy kshetranchya lahari asatat asey manale jaat hote, jyaa maxwellchya samikaranannusar pasaratat, tarr padarthamadhye sthanik kann asatat asey manale jaat hote (lahari aanee kann dwaitatecha itihas pahaa). 1900 madhye, yaa vibhagavar prashnachinh upasthit karnyat aale, jevha black-boddy radiationchya siddhantacha tapas kartana, max plankney prastavit kele qee dolan karananya anoonchi aushnik urja swatantra bhaganmadhye kinwa kwantamadhye vibhagali gelee aahe. prakashavidhyut prabhavashi tyachya sambandhasah plankchya tapasacha vistar kartana, albert einsteinne 1905 madhye prastavit kele qee prakash dekhil kwanta madhye prasarit keela jaato aanee shoshala jaato, jyala aata photon mhanatat. yaa kwanta madhye plank-einstein sambandhane dileli urja aselah
sootra _ 2
aanee gatee vahak sootra _ 3
sootra _ 4
jethe (lahan akshar greek akshar noo) aanee (lahan akshar greek akshar lambda) prakashachi varanvarta aanee taranglambi, prakashacha veg aanee plank sthirank darshavtat. aadhunik paramparet, yaa lekhachya urvarit bhagat kelyapramane varanvarteche prateek aahe. einsteinchya swatvachi chachani keey. tii. compton aanee oo richardson yanni prayogikdrushtya kelee aanee 1912 madhye all hyoojes yanni nantar 1916 madhye robbert millican yanni kelelya plankchya sthirankache mojmap adhik kaljipurvak samavisht kele
brogley gruhitak.
dii brogline aaplya 1924 chya ph. dii. prabandhat asey prastavit kele aahe qee jyapramane prakashat tarangasarkhe aanee kanasarkhe donhi gunadharm aahet, tyachpramane electronmadhye dekhil tarangasarkhe gunadharm aahet.
tyacha prabandh yaa gruhitkapasoon suru jhaala, "yogya vastuman asalelya urjechya pratyek bhagala ekhadi vyakti varanvartechya niyatkalik ghataneshi sambandhit asoo shakate, jase qee ekhadyala aadhalateh varanvarta mojali pahije, arthat, urja packetchya urvarit chaukatit. heey gruhitak aaplya siddhantacha aadhar aahe."(yaa varanvartela compton varanvarta asehi mhanatat.)
gatishil vastoochya samatulya tarangalambicha shodh ghenyasathi, dii brogline tyaa vastusathi vishesh sapekshatetun ekoon urja samaan seet keleeh
sootra _ 5
(aadhunik bhautikshastra aata ekoon urjeche heey swaroop vaparat nahee; urja-gatee sambandh adhik upayukt siddha jhaala aahe.) dii brogline mukt jaaget tarang gut vegasah kanancha veg olakhalah
sootra _ 6
(samooh vegachi aadhunik vyakhya koneey varanvarta aanee tarang sankhya vaparte). urja samikaranavar bhinnata lagoo karoon aanee sapekshatavadi gatee olakhoonah
sootra _ 7
tyanantar, electron aanee tyachya gatichya modulusshy sambandhit tarangalambimadhil sambandhasathi, plank sthirankachya madhyamatoon, dii brogley heey tyache sootra mhanoon samakalit jhaleh
sootra _ 8
shrodingerche (padarth) tarang samikaran.
dii broglichya kalpanancha pathpurava karat, bhautikshastradnya pieter debby yanni eka apratyaksh tippani kelee qee jarr kann laharinsarkhe vagale tarr tyanni kahee prakarche tarang samikaran purn kele pahije. debichya tippanipasun prerit houn, irvin shrodingerne electronsathi yogya trimiteey lahari samikaran shodhanyacha nirnay ghetala. prakashshastrachi shoonya-taranglambi maryada yantrik pranalisarkhi disate-prakashachya kirananche prakshepavakra tikshna marg banatat jeey farmetchya tattvache palan karatat, jeey kiman krutichya tattvache pratirup aahe, yaa nirikshanat encode kelelya yantriki aanee prakashshastratil william rovan hamiltonchya sadrushyane (hamiltonchi prakash-yantrik sadrushya pahaa) tyanna margadarshan kele gele.
1926 madhye, shrodingerne lahari samikaran prakashit kele jeey aata tyache naav dharan karate-maxwellchya samikarananche dravya lahari analogue-aanee tyacha vapar hydrogenche urja spectrum prapt karnyasathi keela. sapeksh nasalelya schroedinger samikaranachya dravananchi varanvarta dii brogley laharinpeksha compton varanvaratenusar vegali asate kaaran kananchya urvarit vastumanas anuroop urja hii sapeksh nasalelya schroedinger samikaranacha bhag nasate. schroedinger samikaran heey tarangkaryachya velechya utkrantiche varnan karate, jeey eka karya aahe jeey avkashatil pratyek bindula eka jatil sankhya niyukt karate. shrodingerne tarangkaryachya vargakar aakruticha arth charge ghanata mhanoon lavnyacha prayatna keela. matra, haah marg ayashasvi tharala. max bornane prastavit kele qee wavefunction vargakar aakarman haah tyaeivaji sambhavyatechi ghanata aahe, eka yashasvi prastav jyala aata janm niyam mhanoon olakhale jaate.
pudhil varshi, 1927, see. jee. darwin (prasiddha jivashastradnyacha natoo) yane anek aadarsh paristhitinmadhye shrodingerchya samikaranacha shodh ghetala. mokalya jaaget eka amaryadit electronsathi tyane prarambhik gossian wave packett gruheet dharoon laharicha prasar keela. darwinne dakhavun dile qee velechya sutranusar _ 9 nantar veg sootra _ 11 varr pravas karananya packetche sthan sootra _ 10 asey asel
sootra _ 12
jethe sootra _ 13 hii prarambhik sthititil anishchitata aahe. hii sthitee anishchitata hezenbergchya anishchitatechya sambandhanshi susangat asalelya vegat (vargmoolatil atirikt dusari sandnya) anishchitata nirman karate, jeey aakrutimadhye darshavilyapramane wave packett pasarate.
prayogik pushti.
george paggett thomson aanee alekzandar reed yanchya vivartan prayogat aanee davison-germer prayogat, donhi electronsathi, padarthanchya lahari udbhavalyachi prayogikdrushtya pratham pushti jhaali.
dii brogley gruhitak aanee padarth laharinche astitva itar prathamik kanansathi pushti kele gele aahe, tatasth anoo aanee agadi renu dekhil laharisarkhe asalyache darshavile gele aahe.
tarang-kann dwaitata thet darshavinare pahile electron tarang hastakshep namune electron biprism (moolatah electron sukshmadarshakamadhye thevaleli eka wire) vapartat aanee vivartan namuna tayar karnare ekal electron mojatat.
alikadech, bhautik chhidrandware electroncha vapar karoon prasiddha duheri-slit prayogacha jawalil pratine chitrapat darshavila.
electron.
1927 madhye bail labmadhye, clinton davison aanee lester germer yanni sfatikeey nikelchya lakshyavar haloo-haloo chalanare electron sodale. vikshepit electronchi tivrata mojali gelee aanee ksh-kiranansathi bragney andaj lavalelya vikshepan namunyansarkhech koneey avalambitva asalyache nishchit kele gele. tyach velee eberdeen vidyapithatil george paggett thomson aanee alekzandar reed swatantrapane patal celluloid foil aanee nantarchya dhatuchya chitrapatanvar electron sodat hote, ringsche nirikshan karat hote, jyancha samaan arth lavala jaau shakato. (thomsoncha padvidhar vidyarthi alekzandar reed yane pahile prayog kele parantu tyanantar lagechach motorcycle apghatat tyacha mrutyu jhaala aanee tyacha kvachitach ullekh keela jaato.) dii brogley gruhitak swikaranyapurvi, vivartan haah eka gunadharm hota joou keval laharindware pradarshit keela jaato asey manale jaat asey. mhanoon, padarthadvare honanya konatyahi vivartan parinamanchya upasthitine padarthache laharisarkhe swaroop darshavile. 1928 madhye hans bethe yanni matter vevhacha arth lavnyasathi thos paya ghatala, jyanni schroedinger samikaran sodavale, heey prayogik parinamanche spashtikaran kase karoo shakate heey darshavate. tyacha drushtikon aadhunik electron vivartan drushtikonanmadhye vaparlya jaananya drushtikonasarkhach aahe.
quantum yantrikichya vikasat haah eka mahattvacha parinam hota. jyapramane prakashavidhyut prabhavane prakashache kann swaroop darshavile, tyach prakare yaa prayoganni padarthache lahari swaroop darshavile.
neutron.
aaspaschya gatij urjesah anuurja prakalpanmadhye tayar honare neutron, prakash anunmadhun vikhurale jaatat tevha teey aajubajoola aushnik hotat. parinami dii brogley taranglambi (aaspas) aantarparmanvik antarashi julate. 1944 madhye, ernest oo. arther comptonchya pii. etch. dii. kamatoon ksh-kiran vikhuranyachi parshvabhoomi asalelya volanane navyane karyarat asalelya ex-10 anubhattitun sphatikshastravar aushnik neutron lagoo karanyachi kshamata olakhali. clifford jee. yanni jodale. shallane 1940 chya dashakat neutron vivartan vikasit kele.
anoo.
anoo padarthanchya laharincha hastakshep pahilyanda 1930 madhye esterman aanee stern yanni pahila, jevha naa. aii. see. ell. chya prushthbhagavarun naa. aii. beam vighatit keela gela. done tantrik pragatimule swarasya punarujjivit hoiparyant anoonchya chhotya dii brogley tarangalambine anek varshe pragati rokhalih sukshmabindulekhan jyamule achook lahan upkarane aanee lesar shitkaranamule anoo mand houu shakatat, jyamule tyanchi dii broggy taranglambi vadhate.
lesar shitkatil pragatimule tatasth anoo nanocalvin tapmanaparyant thund houu shakale. yaa tapmanat, dii brogley taranglambi micrometerchya shreneet yetat. anoonche bragg vivartan aanee ramsey interferometry tantracha vapar karoon, thund soodiyam anoonchi dii brogley taranglambi spashtapane mojali gelee aanee tee vegalya paddhatidvare mojalya jaananya tapmanashi susangat asalyache aadhalun aale.
renu.
alikadil prayog renu aanee agadi sthool renunsathichya sambandhanchi pushti karatat jeey anyatha quantum yantrik prabhavatoon jaanyasathi khoop mothe manale jaau shakatat. 1999 madhye, vienna yetheel eka sanshodhan chamoone fulrinaitke mothe renu vegale karnyache pratyakshik dakhavale. sanshodhakanni sarvat sambhavya see 60 vegachi dii brogley taranglambi ashee mojali.
alikadil prayog 810 anoonni banalelya aanee anoonchya vastumanasaha renunche pariman swaroop siddha karatat. 2019 paryant, heey renunmadhye dhakalale gele aahe.
pravas karananya padarthanchya laata.
ghan vastunpeksha laharinmadhye vegasathi adhik klisht sankalpana asatat.
mukt kanasathi samataliy padarth laharinchya sandarbhat varnanavar laksh kendrit karane haah sarvat sopa marg aahe, jeey eka tarang karya aahe jyache varnan
sootra _ 14
jethe sootra _ 15 heey vastavik jaaget eka sthan aahe, sootra _ 16 heey vyutkram meterchya ekkanmadhil tarang sadish aahe, vyutkram velechya ekkansah koneey varanvarta aahe aanee sootra _ 9 heey vel aahe. (yethe wave vectorchi bhautikshastra vyakhya vaparali aahe, jee sphatikalekhanat vaparlya jaanarya wave vectorchya 18 putt sootra aahe, vevector pahaa.) dii brogley samikarane tarangalambicha sambandh momentum sootra _ 19 chya modulussi aanee varr lihilyanusar free particlechya ekoon urjeshi varanvarteshi karatatah
sootra _ 20
plank sthirank kuthe aahe? samikarane ashee dekhil lihili jaau shakatat
sootra _ 21
yethe, qamee jhalela plank sthirank aahe. dusya samikaranala plank-einstein sambandh asehi mhanatat.
samooh veg.
dii brogley gruhitkat, kanancha veg padarth laharichya samooh vegachya barobaricha asato.
samasthanik madhyamat kinwa nirvatamadhye laharicha samooh veg hyadvare paribhashit keela jaatoh
sootra _ 22
koneey varanvarta aanee tarangvahak yanchyatil sambandhala prasaran sambandh mhanatat. sapekshata nasalelya prakaranasathi heey aaheh
sootra _ 23
jethe sootra _ 24 heey urvarit vastuman aahe. vyutpann lagoo kelyane (sapekshata nasalela) padarth lahari gut veg midatoh
sootra _ 25
tulanesathi, prakashacha samooh veg, prasaran sutrasah _ 26, haah prakashachya sutracha veg aahe _ 27.
paryay mhanoon, padarthanchya laharinsathi sapekshatapurn prasaran sambandh vaparoon
sootra _ 28
mug
sootra _ 29
heey sapeksh swaroop khalee charcha kelyapramane tappyachya vegashi sambandhit aahe.
gair-samasthanik madhyamansathi aapan tyaeivaji urja-gatee swaroop vapartoho
sootra _ 30
parantu (khalee pahaa), kaaran fejcha veg sootra _ 31 aahe, tarr
sootra _ 32
jethe sootra _ 33 haah kananchya vastumanachya kendrachya gatacha veg aahe, joou gut vegashi samaan aahe.
tappyacha veg.
samasthanik madhyamanmadhil tappyacha veg asha prakare paribhashit keela jaatoh
sootra _ 34
vareel sapekshavadi gut veg vaparah
sootra _ 35
heey r neey nondvilele sootra _ 36 darshavate.doubleu. 1948 madhye ditchburn aanee jeey. ell. 1952 madhye samanvay sadhane. vidyutchumbakiy lahari dekhil sootra 36 chey palan karatat, sootra 38 aanee sootra 39 donhi mhanoon. kaaran padarth laharinsathi, sootra 40, teey sootra 41 chey anusaran karate, parantu keval gut veg mahitee vahoon netat. tyamule superluminal fejcha veg vishesh sapekshateche ullanghan karat nahee, kaaran tyat mahitee nasate.
gair-samasthanik madhyamansathi, mug
sootra _ 42
urja aanee gatee utpannasathi sapeksh sambandhancha vapar karane
sootra _ 43
chull sootra _ 33 chaa arth ektar kanancha veg kinwa sambandhit padarth laharicha samooh veg assa lavala jaau shakato-donhi samaan aahet. shoonya nasalelya vastuman asalelya konatyahi kanasathi kann gatee sootra _ 45 (vishesh sapekshatenusar) asalyane, padarth laharincha tappa veg nehmich "c", i peksha jaast asato.eae.,
sootra _ 46
jevha kanancha veg sapeksh asato tevha too 'see' kadey jaato. atisaushthik avasthetil veg vishesh sapekshateche ullanghan karat nahee, jase qee isotropic nasalelya madhyamansathi vareel prakaran. adhik tapashilansathi 'dispersion (optics)' vareel lekh pahaa.
vishesh sapekshata.
vishesh sapekshatetil done sutrancha vapar karane, eka sapekshavadi vastuman urjesathi aanee eka sapekshavadi gatisathi
sootra _ 47
dii brogley taranglambi aanee varanvartesathichi samikarane ashee lihili jaau shakatat
sootra _ 48
jethe sootra _ 49 haah veg aahe, sootra _ 50 haah laurentz ghatak aahe aanee sootra _ 27 heey nirvatatil prakashacha veg aahe. yavarun asey disun yete qee kanancha veg shoonyachya (vishranti) jawal pohochatach dii broggy taranglambi anantaparyant pohochate.
chaar vahak.
chaar-vahak vaparoon, dii brogley sambandh ekach samikaran tayar karatatah
sootra _ 52
jeey frame-swatantra aahe.
tyachpramane, gut/kann veg aanee tappyacha veg yanchyatil sambandh frame-swatantra swarupat khalilpramane deela jaatoh
sootra _ 53
kuthe?
samanya padarthanchya lahari.
mageel vibhag visheshtah mukt kanancha sandarbh detat jyasathi tarang karye samtal lahari asatat. itar padarthanchya laharinchi sankhya lakshaniy aahe, jyaa vyapakpane teen varganmadhye vibhagalya jaau shakatatah eka kann padarthanchya lahari, samoohik padarthanchya lahari aanee ubhya lahari.
eka kann dravya lahari.
ekach kann prakarashi sambandhit padarth laharinche adhik samanya varnan (udaa.jee. keval ekach electron kinwa neutron) yache swaroop asey asel
sootra _ 57
jithe aata samore eka atirikt avkashiy sandnya sootra _ 58 aahe aanee urja adhik samanyatah wave vectorche karya mhanoon lihili gelee aahe. jaree urja aata nehmich wave vector squarechya pramanat nasate, taree aadhi dilelya vividh sandnya ajunahi lagoo hotat. eka samanya drushtikon mhanje prabhavi vastuman paribhashit karane jeey sarvasadharanpane tensor sootra aahe _ 59
sootra _ 60
jenekarun serve disha samaan asalelya sadhya prakaranat roop vareel mukt laharisarkhech asel.sootra _ 61 sarvasadharanpane gut veg sambhavyata pravahane badalala jaeel
sootra _ 62
jethe sootra _ 63 heey dell kinwa gradient operator aahe. tyanantar gatee gatee operator vaparoon gatiche varnan kele jaeel,
sootra _ 64
jaree mojmap adhik jatil asale taree tarangalambiche varnan ajunahi tarangvahakchya mapkacha ulat mhanoon kele jaate. ashee anek prakarane aahet jithe haah drushtikon eka-kann dravya laharinche varnan karnyasathi vaparla jaatoh
samoohik padarthanchya lahari.
padarth laharinchya itar varganmadhye ekapeksha jaast kann asatat, mhanoon tyanna samoohik lahari mhanatat aanee teey anekada ardhakan asatat. yapaiki barech ghanpadarthanmadhye aadhaltat-ashcroft aanee merman pahaa. udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
padarthanchya ubhya tarang.
tisra varg mhanje padarthachya lahari jyaa tarangvahak, taranglambi aanee velenusar badaltat, parantu shoonya gut veg kinwa sambhavyata pravah asatat. vareel sanketankapramanech yapaiki sarvat sope asel
sootra _ 65
heey eka chaukatitil kanancha bhag mhanoon aanee ringsarkhya itar prakarananmadhye udbhavtat. heey itar anek prakarananmadhye vistarle jaau shakate aanee vadavivadaspad asale pahije. udaharanarth, prarambhik karyat dii brogline hii sankalpana vaparali qee quantum yantrikichya suruvatichya drushtikonatun bohr-somerfeld sthitishi jodanyasathi electron padarthachi laat ringmadhye akhand asane aavashyak aahe. tyaa arthane anoonchya bhovatichi anoo kakshiy aanee aanvik kakshiy dekhil electron padarthanchya lahari asatat.
padarthachya lahari viruddha. vidyutchumbakiy lahari (prakash).
shrodingerne upaparmanvik kanansathi aapale tarang yantriki vikasit karnyasathi hamiltonchi prakash-yantrik upama lagoo kelee, parinami shrodingerchya samikaranache tarang upay prakash lahari prakashshastrachya parinamansah anek gunadharm samayik karatat. visheshtah, kirchoffche vivartan sootra electron prakashshastrasathi aanee anoo prakashshastrasathi changle karya karate. joparyant vidyut kshetra dii broggy tarangalambipeksha adhik haloohaloo badalate toparyant andaj changla karya karato. sthool yantra hii sthitee purn karate; ghan padarthanmadhye haloo firnare electron tase karat naheet.
gatichya samikarananchya palikade, padarth lahari prakashshastrache itar pailu sambandhit prakash prakashshastrachya prakarananpeksha bhinn aahet.
paryavaraniy sthitibaddal padarthanchya laharinchi sanvedansheelata.
vidyutchumbakiy (prakash) vivartan anek paryavaraniy paristhitinmadhye havemadhye ghadate. spashtapane drishyaman prakash havechya renunshi kamkuvatpane sanvad sadhato. yaulat, mand electron aanee renunsarkhya jordar parasparsanvad karananya kananna nirvat aavashyak asateh jevha teey vayuchya agadi qamee dabachya samparkat yetat tevha padarth lahariche gunadharm vegane qamee hotat. vishesh upkaranansah, drav aanee vayuncha abhyas karnyasathi uchch vegache electron vaparale jaau shakatat. neutron, eka mahattvacha apavad, pramukhyane kendrakanshi takkar ghet parasparkriya karatat aanee asha prakare havet shekado phoot pravas karatat.
prasar. serve frequencichya prakash lahari prakashachya samaan vegane pravas karatat tarr padarthanchya laharincha veg frequencinusar jordarpane badalato. varanvarta (urjechya pramanat) aanee tarangsankhya kinwa veg (gatichya pramanat) yanchyatil sambandhala prasaran sambandh mhanatat. nirvatatil prakash laharincha varanvartemadhye resheey prasaran sambandh asatoh sootra _ 66. padarth laharinsathi sambandh resheey nasalela asatoh
sootra _ 67
yaa sapeksh nasalelya padarthachya lahari prasaran sambandhat asey mhatale aahe qee nirvatatil varanvarta done bhaganmadhye tarangsankhyenusar (sootra _ 68) badalateh urvarit vastumanachya dii brogley varanvartemule sthir bhag (sootra _ 69) aanee gatij urjemule dvighat bhag. dvighat sandnya padarthanchya laharinchya packetscha vegane prasar karate.
susangatata. vivartan vaishishtyanchi drushyamanata hii kiran susangatatevar avalambun asate. prakashapramane, anuprastha susangatata (prasarachya dishene) kolimeshandware vadhavali jaau shakate. electron optical pranali changlya susangatata prapt karnyasathi collimating (samantar) lains aanee tokdar philament strotanchya sanyogane arund urja prasar denyasathi sthir uchch voltage vapar karatat. kaaran serve frequenciver prakash samaan vegane pravas karato, rekhansh aanee tatpurati susangatata jodaleli asate; padarth laharinmadhye hii swatantra asatat. udaharanarth anoonsathi, veg (urja) nivad anudairdhya susangatata niyantrit karate aanee spandane kinwa kapani tatpurati susangatata niyantrit karate.
prakashik aakarachya padarthanchya lahari
padarthachya lahari prakashshastrat padarthache optical manipulation mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavateh "jyapramane kaach prakash laharinshi sanvad sadhato, tyachpramane prakash lahari padarth laharinsathi apavartak, paravartak aanee shoshak sanrachana mhanoon karya karoo shakatat."lesar prakash gatee hastantaran padarth kananna thund karoo shakate aanee anoonchya antargat uttejana sthiteet badal karoo shakate.
bahu-kann prayog.
eka-kann mukt-avkash optical aanee dravya lahari samikarane eksarkhi asali taree, sanyog prayogansarkhya bahu-kann pranali samaan naheet.
padarthanchya laharinche anuprayog.
khaleel upavibhag padarthanchya laharinchya anuprayoganche samagriche shodh kinwa moolbhut quantum gunadharmanche varnan karananya prushthanche duve pradan karatat. bahutansh prakarananmadhye yaat bhraman karananya padarthanchya lahari tayar karnyachya kahee paddhatincha samavesh asato, jyanche suruvatila sootra _ 70 asey sope asate, nantar tyancha vapar samagrichi tapasani karnyasathi keela jaato.
khaleel taktyat darshavilyapramane, padarth lahari vastuman 9 kramanpeksha jaast pariman aanee urjechya 6 kramanpeksha jaast aahe parantu serve taranglambi picometer shreneet aahet, jee anoo antarachya tulanet aahet. (anoo vyas 62 teey 520 paryant asato aanee carbon-carbon eka bandhanchi tharavik lambi 154 pii. emm. asate.) lamb tarangalambiparyant pohochanyasathi qamee urjeparyant pohochanyasathi lesar koolingsarkhya vishesh tantranchi aavashyakta asate; qamee tarangalambimule vivartan parinam olakhane adhik katheen hote. tyamule, anek anuprayog vidyutchumbakiy laharinchya, visheshtah ksh-kirananchya anuprayoganchya samantar, bhautik sanrachananvar laksh kendrit karatat. prakashachya ulat, dravyaman lahari kananmadhye vastuman, vidyutbhar, chumbakeey kshan aanee antargat rachana asoo shakate, jee naveen aavhane aanee sandhee sadar karate.
electron.
jevha urjavan electron kramanusar ghanpadarth pratibimbit karatat kinwa aat pravesh karatat tevha electron vivartan namune udbhavtat; namunyanche vishleshan ghanpadarthanmadhil anoo vyavasthechya namunyankade netat.
electron sukshmadarshak vaparoon sukshmabindupasun anupramanaparyantchya pratimansathi, sankramanat, scanningmadhe aanee qamee urjechya prushthbhagansathi tyancha vapar keela jaato.
electron urja haanee spectroscopymadhye teey gamavana urjeche mojmap heey rasayanshastra aanee samgrichya electronic sanrachanebaddal mahitee pradan karate. electronchya kirananmule urja prasaran spectroscopymadhye vaishishtyapurn ksh-kiran dekhil tayar hotat jeey nanoscalver rasayanik samagribaddal mahitee tayar karoo shakatat.
quantum tunneling heey spasht karate qee sthiravidyut kshetratil dhatunmadhun electron kasha prakare baher padatat, jyachi urja shastriy andajapeksha qamee asateh dhatumadhil karyatmak adthalyamadhye dravya lahari pravesh karate.
scanning tunneling sukshmadarshak ghan prushthbhagachya varchya anoo tharachi pratima kadhanyasathi quantum tunlingcha laabh gheto.
electron holography, optical holographyche electron padarth tarang pratirup, patal patalanmadhye vidyut aanee chumbakeey kshetranchi tapasani karate.
neutron.
neutron vivartan heey vegvegalya vikhuralelya cross sekshandware ksh-kiran vivartan aanee chumbakatvaprati sanvedansheelata yanche purak aahe.
laghu-coone neutron vikhurane heey prakash ghatak, samasthanik aanee chumbakeey kshananprati sanvedansheelata asalelya avyavasthit pranalinchi rachana prapt karnyacha marg pradan karate.
neutron reflectometry heey patal patalanchi rachana mojanyasathiche neutron vivartan tantra aahe.
tatasth anoo.
optical interferometerpramanech anoo interferometer, vegvegalya marganvaril anoo padarthanchya laharinmadhil tappyatil farak mojatat.
anoo prakashshastra heey aarse, anoo kendrit kshetra pattyansah anek prakash prakash upkarananchi nakkal karate.
scanning helium microscopy ghan sanrachananchya vinashak pratimansathi anoo laharincha vapar karate.
quantum pratibimb heey kahee anoo pratibimbancha aadhar asalelya charnyachya konache anoo pratibimb spasht karnyasathi padarth lahari vartanacha vapar karate.
quantum decoherance mojmap heey aar. bii. anoo lahari hastakshepavar avalambun asate.
renu.
mothya renunmadhun padarth laharinchya hastakshepadvare ughad honari quantum superposition, tarang-kann dwaitatechya maryadanche parikshan karate.