amerikecha itihas (1776-1789)

american kranticha parinam mhanoon, tera british vasahati 1776 teey 1789 darmyan eka naveen swatantra rashtra mhanoon udayas aalya, united states auph america. american krantikari yuddhat vasahatvadi sainya aanee british sainya yanchyat 1775 madhye ladhai suru jhaali. saratogachya khandiy congressne 4 julai 1776 roji swatantryachi ghoshana jaaree kelee. 1781 madhye confederation kalmanna manyata deuun confederation congress sthapan kelee gelee. general george washington yanchya netrutvakhali, mahadvipiy sainya aanee naudalane british sainyala parabhoot kele aanee tera vasahatinche swatantrya surakshit kele. 1789 paryant, jevha rajyanni sanyukt rajyanchya sanvidhanasah, joou united statescha moolbhut prashasakeey kayada aahe, sanyukt rajyanchya sanvidhanasah, sanyukt rajyanchya kalamanchi jaaga ghetali, toparyant, sangharajyacha kaal chaloo rahila.
1780 chya dashakat krantikari yuddhadarmyan jhalelya karjamule, congresschi curr aakaranyat asamarthata aanee mahadvipiy dollarchi lakshaniy chalanwadh yamule amerikechi aarthik mandee jhaali. samanya dnyan' aanee 'federalist papers' sarkhya rajkiy nibandhancha american sanskruti aanee janamatavar motha parinam jhaala. 1787 madhye vayavya pradesh haah pahila sangharajya pradesh mhanoon tayar karnyat aala aanee yaa pradeshatil seema vivadamule chhape padale jeey vayavya bharatiy yuddhat vadhale. kranti aanee mahasanghacha kaal haah american dnyanodayamadhye thewala jaato, jyaa kalat dnyanoday kalpananche yug lokpriy jhaale aanee vaidnyanik pragatila chalana midali.
parshvabhoomi.
parshvabhoomi aanee aanee shatkat americetil british vasahatinna hitkarak durlaksh pranali antargat lakshaniy svayatta denyat aalee. 1760 chya dashakat, mudrank kayada 1765 aanee chaturthansh kayadyansah, grainville mantralayachya anek kayadyanni yaa swayattatela aavhan dile hote. yaa krutyanmule gret britton aanee tera vasahati yanchyat vasahatinvaril rajmukutchya adhikarachya swarupababat vaicharik sangharsh nirman jhaala. british rajyaghatanekhali samaan hakkanchi magani mhanoon vasahatinchya nidarshananchi suruvat jhaali, parantu jasjasa vaad vadhat gela, tasatasa tyanni nishchitpane prajasattak rajkiy drushtikon swikarla.
swikarla mudrank kayadyanantar londonshee vaad vadhale. british adhikarala virodh madat vasahatinna sanghatit karnyasathi 1770 teey 1773 darmyan patravyavahar samitya sthapan karnyat aalya. chahachya british karanchya virodhat dangli jhalya, jyachi sangata 16 december 1773 roji boston tii partymadhye jhaali, jyat dazanbhar lokanni mothya pramanat british chaha boston bandarat takala. gret brittonne aanakhi vadgrast asahaneey krutyanni pratisad deela jyane vasahatinvar aanee visheshtah massatusetswar dand lagoo keela. yamule vasahatinna british adhikarala virodh karnyasathi eka ekikrut sanstha mhanoon 5 september 1774 roji pahili khandiy congress bolavanyas pravrutt kele. american krantikari yuddh 19 april 1775 roji lexington aanee concardchya ladhayanni suru jhaale.
eprilmadhye sashastr sangharshanantar philadelphiya, pensylvania yethe dusari mahadvipiy congress bhetali. serve tera vasahatinche pratinidhitva asatana, tyanni lagechach mutsaddegirivar niyantran asalele kendra sarkar mhanoon swatahla sanghatit karnyas suruvat kelee aanee vasahatinna rajya mhanoon swatahsathi sanvidhan lihinyachya soochana dilya. juuna 1775 roji, yuddh anubhav asalele karishmai virginiache rajkiy nete george washington yanchi navyane sanghatit jhalelya mahadvipiy sainyache commander mhanoon ekmatane niyukti karnyat aalee. march 1776 madhye britishanni halifax, nova skotiyala maghar gheiparyant, boston moheem khandiy sainyane britishanchya tabyat asalelya bostonla vedha ghalane suru thewale. 1770 chya dashakat khandiy sainyane ishanya aanee nairutya bhagatil kwebekwar aakraman dekhil kele.
american kranti.
swatantryachi ghoshana.
2 julai 1776 roji philadelphiya yethe jhalelya saratogachya mahadvipiy congresschya baithakit 'united states auph america' mhanoon swatantrya ghoshit karnyasathi ekmatane matdan jhaale. done divasannantar, 4 julai roji congressne swatantryachya ghoshanevar swakshari kelee. swatantrya ghoshit karnyasathi suruvatila dusari khandiy congress sthapan karnyat aalee navhati. gret brittonne vasahatinchya maganya nakarlya aanee shatrutva adhik spasht jhaale, tyamule 1775 aanee 1776 madhye swatantryasathicha pathimba haloohaloo vadhala hota. rajkiy patra 'samanya dnyan' neey swatantryasathicha pathimba aanakhi lokpriy keela. meey 1776 madhye, continental congressne gret britainpasoon swatantrapane vasahatinni tyanchi swatachi sarkare sthapan karanyachi shifaras kelee.
yaa ghoshanecha masuda tayar karanyachi jababdari paach jananchya samitichi hotee, jyat johnn admus, thomas jefferson, rogger sherman, robbert livingstone aanee benjamin franklin yancha samavesh hota; jeffersonne tyacha masuda tayar keela hota aanee itaranni aanee sampoorn congressne tyat sudharana kelee hotee. tyat assa yuktivad karnyat aala qee "serve purushanna kahee avibhajya adhikaransah samaan banavale gele aahe, tyapaiki jeevan, swatantrya aanee aanandacha pathpurava" aanee "yaa adhikaranna surakshit thevanyasathi, shasakanchya sammatine tyanche nyayya adhikar midvat, purushanmadhye sarkare sthapan kelee jaatat", tasech mukutaviruddhachya mukhya vasahatvadi takrarinchi yadee kelee jaate. jefferson yanni vyakt kele qee tyanna naveen yuktivad tayar karayache naheet, tarr johnn loke yanchyasarkhya aadhichya tattvadnyanche yuktivad sadar karayache aahet.
swatantryachya ghoshanevar swakshari karnare uchch shikshit aanee shrimant hote aanee teey junya vasahatvadi vasahatinmadhun aale hote. teey mukhytah protestant aanee british vanshache hote. pudhil shatkat, swatantryachya ghoshanevar swakshari karane haah swatantrya deane mhanoon sajra keela jaeel.
krantikari yuddh.
uttar natyagruh (1776-1777).
mahadvipiy sainya sanghatit karnyache kaam general washingtonkade gele aanee congressne yuddh mandalandware lashkari karvaiche nirikshan kele. yuddhachya suruvatila sainyakade qamee upkarane kinwa aupcharik prashikshan hote. washingtonne russian barren friedrich wilheim wonn stewbenla sainyala prashikshan denyasathi niyukt kele aanee barrenchya lashkari anubhavamule amerikesathi eka majboot sainya tayar jhaale. sainyala puravatha karnyasathi, washingtonne kongresvar atirikt purvathyasathi dabav aanala, jaree aavashyak titka puravatha kadhich navhata.
julai 1776 madhye newyork shaharat british sainya utaravalyane newyork aanee nyu jersey moheem suru jhaali. britishanni pratiaakraman karoon lamb betachi ladhai jinkley aanee tyanantarchya ladhayanmadhye american aanee britishanche vijetepad aale. mahadvipiy sainya nyu jarsikade pathvanyat aale aanee british sainya nyu englandvar niyantran midvanyat ayashasvi tharale. tyane delaware nadee olandanyache netrutva kelyanantar hii moheem washingtonchya bajoone gelee, jyamule trentonchya ladhait vijay midala, tyanantar prinstonchya ladhait aanakhi eka vijay jhaala, jyamule american manobal vadhale.
1777 chya suruvatila, londonmadhye saratoga moheem yaa bhavya british dhoranatmak yojanecha masuda tayar karnyat aala. yaa yojnet done british sainya uttar aanee dakshinekadun albany, newyorkavar ekatra yenyache, vasahatinche done bhag karnyache aanee nyu englandla itaranpasoon vegale karnyache aavahan karnyat aale. general johnn bergoyne juuna 1777 madhye montriyalmadhil british sainikanche netrutva kele aanee american sainyashi chakmaki kelya. american general horatio gates yanchi uttar sainyache commander mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee. bargoyan aanee getchya sainyane saratoga mohimemadhye ladha deela, aanee saratogachya saratogachya yuddhanantar british sainyane aatmasamarpan kele. british senapati william hovechya sainyane dakshinekadun sainyabal puravave asey hote, parantu tyaeivaji too philadelphiya mohimemadhye guntala aanee rajdhani philadelphiya shahar tabyat ghetale.
saratoga yetheel amerikechya vijayamule 1778 madhye sanyukt rashtrachya tahadvare frenchanni amerikeshi lashkari yutee kelee. lavkarach spain aanee netherlands, britishanchi takad qamee karnyat swarasya asalelya donhi pramukh naudal shaktinni francela sameel kele. brittenla aata mothya european yuddhala samore jaave lagale aanee french naudalachya sahbhagamule samudravaril yuddhatil tyanche purviche varchasva nishprabh jhaale. britton mitrarashtranshivay hota aanee tyala sampoorn ingraji vahinivar aakraman karnyachya shakyatecha samna karava lagla.
pashchatya natyagruh (1776-1782).
sampoorn krantikari yuddhadarmyan, canadachya nairutya bhagat aanee american pradeshanmadhye applecian parvatanchya paschimes lahan ladhaya aanee ghatpatachi ladhai jhaali. amerikechya vistarachya bhitine aanee britishankadun protsahit houn, anek mool american jamatinni american lokanvar halle suru kele. mahadvipiy sainya aanee sthanik american ladhvayyanmadhye tasech bigger-ladhvayye aanee shetanmadhye ladhaya aanee kattal jhaali. yuddhachya shevatchya varshant, gret brittonne mool american jamatinna aapala barachsa pathimba dene bund kele aanee americene sharanagatichya kathor attins pashchatya rangbhumivar vijay midavala.
dakshini rangmanch (1778-1781).
1776 madhye charlestonla tabyat ghenyacha prayatna vagalata, gret brittonne yuddhachya suruvatichya varshant georgia kinwa dakshin carolina yaa dakshinekadil rajyanvar hallah keela nahee. dakshinetil bahutansh ladhaya cherokine kelya hotya. tathapi, saratoga yetheel apayshanantar, gret brittonne aapale laksh dakshinekade valavale aanee 1778 madhye savana tabyat ghetale. dakshinela mohimesathi america tayar navhati aanee american general benjamin linken yanchi dakshinekade lashkari fauj ubharanyasathi niyukti karnyat aalee. 1780 madhye charlestonla vedha ghatala gela aanee ingrajanni heey shaharahi tabyat ghetale. uttar carolina, dakshin carolina aanee georgia yethe itar rajyanpeksha jaast nishthavant loksankhya hotee, jyamule dakshinekadil rangbhumivaril britishanchya vijayat aanakhi yogdan midale. charlestonchya vedhyanantar, british general laurd cornwallisne dakshin united statesmadhil british sainyachi jababdari ghetali. 1780 madhye camdenchya ladhaitil vijayane dakshinevaril britishanchya niyantranacha punaruchchar keela.
cornwallisne uttar carolinamadhye aapale sainya pudhe nele, too jaat asatana tyachya sainyat sameel honyasathi nishthavantanvar avalambun hota, parantu kahee jann tyachyasobat sameel jhaale. general nathanel greeney yanni british sainyala parabhoot kele aanee tyanna uttar carolina tabyat ghenyapasun rokhale. vyapalelya dakshineche rakshan karnyachya tyachya soochananchya virodhat, cornwallisne tyachya baljabarine uttarekade virginiala halavale. greenechya sainyane dakshinekade kooch kele aanee georgia aanee dakshin carolinavar punha kabja keela. french general lafayetchya sainyala parabhoot karnyachya aashene cornwallisne aapale sainya vharjiniyatil yorktownmadhye tainat kele. french naudalane british naudlala chespikchya ladhait madat karnyapasoon rokhale aanee washington aanee lafayetchya sainyane yorktownla vedha ghatala. american krantikari yuddh prabhavipane sampavoon, cornwallisne 19 aktoobar 1781 roji aatmasamarpan kele. raja george tisra aanee pantpradhan laurd north yanna aanakhi eka moheem suru karayachi hotee, parantu sansadene tyanna raddabatal tharavale aanee pudhil konatyahi sangharshala manai kelee.
parisacha karar.
raja george tisra yane aupcharikpane amerikechya swatantryachi kabuli dilee aanee 5 december 1782 roji shatrutva sampavanyache aadesh dile. parismadhye johnn admus, benjamin franklin aanee johnn jeey yanni amerikeche pratinidhitva karat shantata vataghati jhalya. parisachya tahasah vataghati purn jhalya, jyane americela swatantra desh mhanoon kayadeshiraritya manyata dilee. gret brittonne nairutya canadache kahee bhag sodanyas sahmati darshavali, jaree urvarit british canadasobatchi seema asthir rahili. yaa kararache kahee ghatak americananmadhye vadgrast hote, jyat nishthavantanna dene aavashyak asalelya aarthik karjanna manyata denare aanee pratyek rajya sarkarchya sarvbhoum astitwala aavhan denare tikakaranna vatanare ghatak samavisht hote.
25 november 1783 roji, george washingtonne ghodyavar swar houn newyork shaharatoon miravnukiche netrutva kele, kaaran antim british sainik bandar sodanyasathi tyanchya botivar chadhale. shaharat vijay sohala aayojit karnyat aala hota aanee too divas nirvasana deane mhanoon lakshat thewala jaeel. 23 december 1783 roji washingtonne mahadvipiy sainyachya pramukh senapati mhanoon aaplya aayogacha rajinama deela. 14 janewari 1784 roji congressne parisachya tahala manyata dilee.
mahasanghacha kalavadhi.
sangharajya aanee shashvat sangharajyache lekh.
15 november 1777 roji continental congressne confederation lekh prastavit kele hote aanee 1 march 1781 roji tyanna manyata denyat aalee. krantikari yuddhachya suruvatichya tappyat congressne tayar kelelya prashasakeey mandale aanee apeal nyayalayanchi jaaga tyanni ghetali. tarr, mahasanghachya kalmanni mahasanghachya congressla kahee adhikar dile, tyanni nirbandhahi ladale jyamule prashasana katheen jhaale. heey nirbandh aarakhadyanusar hote, kaaran anek americananna bheeti hotee qee eka majboot kendriya sarkar british rajeshahisarkhech asel. kendra sarkarche adhikar pramukhyane yuddh, mutsaddegiri aanee aantarrajyiy vivad sodavanyapurate maryadit hote. aarthik kayade manjur karnyache adhikar tyanchyakade navhate, jyamule aarthik ghasaran jhaali kaaran teey tyache karj fedanyat asamarth tharale. congresschya kayadyanna uchch bahumat manjur karane aavashyak hote aanee kalmanmadhil sudharanansathi rajyankadun ekmatane manjuri ghene aavashyak hote.
bahutek shasson heey rajya sarkaranni mahasanghachya kalat kele hote. adhikrut rajkiy pakshancha vapar karnare pensylvania heey ekmev rajya asale taree, 1780 chya dashakat naveen deshat anaupacharik pakshapatipana vikasit jhaala. kendra sarkar kitee shaktishali asave, karjache vyavasthapan kase karave aanee pashchimatya todga kassa kadhala jaava, yababat matbhed nirman jhaale. uchchabhru vargakadoon atyachar aanee janatekadun jamavshahi yaa donhinchya bhitimule prabhavit houn desh kitee lokshahivadi asava yavar gut asahmat hote.
rajkiy aanee aarthik samasyanmule rajyanmadhye nagri sangharsh nirman jhaala. janewari 1781 madhye pensylvania aanee nyu jarsimadhye bund jhaale, juuna 1783 madhye sainikanni rajdhanivar morcha kadhala aanee newbergmadhil lashkari lashkari general washingtonviruddha uthav karnyacha vichar keela gela. ashantatecha shevat 1786-1787 chya hivalyat shejchya bandat jhaala, jyamadhye massatucetsmadhil karj hatalanichya virodhat jhalelya nidarshananmule sashastr uthav jhaala. rajyanni lashkari dalala nidhi denyas nakar deela aanee massatusetsla swatachya rajya dalala nidhi denyas bhag padale gele. shejche bund alpakal tikale asale taree, rashtriy sarkar sudharananchya bajoone asalelyansathi haah eka majboot yuktivad banala.
pararashtra vyavhar.
congressne pararashtra dhoranachi dekhrekh kelee, parantu pratyek rajya vaiyaktikaritya kararanna manyata dett asatana, rajyancha tyanchya swatachya pararashtra sambandhanmadhye antim nirnay hota. yuddhanantarhi gret brittenshee asalele sambandh bighadale hote. anek rajyanni british nagarikanshi vaganukisambandhi parisachya tahatil atinche palan kele nahee aanee british sainyane pashchimekadil pradeshanmadhye aapali upasthiti kayam thewali. canadachya vikasala chalana denyasathi american utpadananvar nirbandh ghaloon brittonne american vyaparalahi haanee pohochavali. parisachya tahasathichya vataghatimadhye shelburn mantralay saumya hote, parantu heey vadgrast tharale, jyamule sarkar badalanyas chalana midali jyamule amerikeshi barech thund sambandh nirman jhaale.
aarthik paristhiti bighadat gelee, tevha yuddhadarmyan france, spain aanee netherlands yaa deshanna lashkari pathbal pathbal deshanna congress aapale karj fedanyat ayashasvi tharali. spanish sarkarne mississippy nadee bund kelyamule spanishberoberche sambandh aanakhi tanale gele, jyamule american vahtook aanee vyaparat adthala aala. krantidarmyan majboot yutee asoonahi, francene mahasanghachya kalat amerikekade farse laksh dile nahee. americene 1780 chya dashakat netherlands, sweeden aanee prussia yanchyashihi vyapar karar kele, parantu gret brittonchya tulanet american vyaparacha haah tulanene lahan bhag hota. bhoomadhya samudrat, american jahajanni uttar aafrikechya jangali samudri chachyancha samna keela. kongreskade yaa samasyeche nirakaran karnyasathi kahee sansadhane naslyamule, mahasanghachya kalat samudri chachyanviruddha karvai karnyasathi farse kahee kele gele nahee. morokkoshi shantata vataghati karnyat aalya, parantu algiers, tripoli aanee tunis yanni american jahaje tabyat ghenyachi parvanagi dene suru thewale.
ghatanatmak adhiveshan.
mahasanghacha kaal jasjasa pudhe sarkat gela tasatase rajyanmadhye aarthik sangharsh vadhat gela aanee kongreskade teey rokhanyacha konatahi adhikar navhata. 1786 paryant, sarkarmadhil anek pramukh american, mahasanghachya kalmankhalil sarkar purese nahee, ashee chinta vyakt karat hote, kaaran tyat purvi gret brittonne puravalelya aarthik aanee lashkari suraksha yaa donhincha abhav hota. 1786 madhye vyaparvishayak samasyanche nirakaran karnyasathi anapolis adhiveshan aayojit karnyat aale hote, parantu bahutek rajye pratinidhi pathvanyat ayashasvi tharalyane tyat upasthiti qamee hotee. nyu jarsichya pratinidhinna rajyane vistrut akshanshavar adhikrut kele hote aanee yacha vapar sarkarmadhye purnapane sudharana karnyasathi adhiveshanacha prastav sadar karnyasathi keela gela. februwari 1787 madhye, congressne pudhil meey mahinyat adhiveshan aayojit karnyasathi matdan kele, jeey confederation kalmankhali sarkari vyavasthechya vishvasat vyapak nuksan darshavate.
adhiveshanapurvi konatehi spasht uddisht nasale taree, kahee pratinidhinna naveen kendra sarkar sthapan karanyachi ichcha hotee, jeey confederation kalmankhali congresspeksha adhik adhikar asel. james maddison yaa pratinidhinche nete banale, jyane virginia yojana vikasit kelee jee amerikechya sanvidhanacha aadhar tharel. filadelfiyamadhye puresha sankhyene pratinidhi aalyanantar 25 meey 1787 roji adhiveshan suru jhaale. rajyankadun sangharajya sarkarkade hastantarit kelya kelya sattechi vyapti haah mukhya muddah vadacha hota. anek rajya pratinidhinni, visheshtah delaverchya pratinidhinni, mothya rajyanche varchasva asel yaa bhitine kendrikaranala virodh keela. madisonchya virginia yojanene william pattersonchya nyu jersey yojneshi spardha kelee, jyane samaan pratinidhitvachya bajoone pramanbaddh pratinidhitvala virodh keela. haah vaad jodani kararadvare sodavanyat aala, jyamule dvisadaniy vidhimandal tayar jhaale. gulamgiricha muddah dekhil chintecha vishay hota, visheshtah gulamanna nagrik mhanoon ganale jaave qee nahee yaa sandarbhat.
rajyaghatnecha antim masuda rajyapal mauris yanni 12 september 1787 roji sadar keela. mahasanghachya kalmanchya kamkuvatpana door karnyasathi lihilelya, rajyaghatanene congress, adhyakshapad, nyayalaye aanee yaa karyalayancha rajyanshi kassa sambandh aahe yanchyashi sambandhit karyapaddhati aanee adhikar sthapit kele. tyane bhavishyatil sudharananna dekhil parvanagi dilee, mahasanghachya kalmankhalil karjanna manyata dilee aanee pushtisathi aavashyakta nishchit kelya. pratinidhinni 17 september roji sanvidhanavar swakshari kelee aanee teey congressmadhye pathavale, jithe teey manjur karnyat aale aanee rajyankade pushtisathi pathvanyat aale.
manyata denyasathi moheem.
jyanni rajyaghataneche samarthan kele tyanni sangharajyavadi heey naav ghetale aanee tyanna deshbharat twarit samarthak midale. alekzandar hamilton aanee james maddison heey sarvat prabhavshali sangharajyavadi hote, jeey newyorkchya vruttapatranmadhye prakashit jhalelya 85 nibandhanchya maliketil 'daad federalist papers' chey anamik lekhak hote, jeey newyorkchya jawalun vibhajit jhalelya vidhimandalavar prabhav taknyasathi 'publius' yaa topananavakhali lihile gele hote. kagadpatre amerikesathi moolbhut kagadpatre bunley aahet aanee anekada nyayshastradnyanni tyancha ullekh keela aahe. jyanni naveen rajyaghatanela virodh keela teey sangharajyavirodhi mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale. teey drushtikonatun sarvadesheey nasoon samanyatah sthanik hote, vanijya kinwa vittapeksha vruksharopan aanee shetankade laksh kendrit karat hote aanee tyanna majboot rajya sarkare aanee kamkuvat rashtriy sarkar havey hote.
pratyek rajyane sanvidhanachya pushtivar matdan karnyasathi eka adhiveshan aayojit kele. lavkar nakarlyamule itar rajyanna manyata denyapasun rokhata yeil yaa bhitine, rajyanni sanvidhan swikaranyachi adhik shakyata asaleli rajye hii adhiveshan aayojit karnari pahili rajye aahet, heey anusamarthanachya samarthakanni sunishchit kele. kendrikrut sarkarne mothya rajyanchya adhikaranvar niyantran thevanyachi tayari darshavalyamule lahan rajyanni rajyaghatanela pathimba deela. delaware aanee nyu jarsila 1787 madhye manyata midali aanee georgiane 2 janewari 1788 roji sarvasvi matanni manyata dilee. dilee hivalyat aanee vasant rutumadhye pensylvania, connecticut, maryland aanee dakshin carolina yaa sarvanna mothya bahumatane manyata dilee. itar rajyanmadhye heey adhik vadgrast hote, massatusetsne keval 187-168 chya sankuchit matane manyata dilee. nyu hampshirene 21 juuna 1788 roji sanvidhan lagoo honyasathi aavashyak asaleli antim manyata pradan kelee. newyork, virginia aanee massatusates yaa mothya rajyanmadhye manyata adhik vadgrast hotee. madisonkadoon adhikaranchya vidheykachya aashvasananna vharjiniyamadhye manyata midali, tarr newyorkmadhye, newyorkchya rajkaranavar niyantran suru clintainsna hamiltonne 30-27 matane manyata midavalyamule swatahla mage takale. uttar carolina aanee road bett heey 13 vasahatinpaiki antim vasahati hotya, jyanni naveen sarkarne kaam suru kelyanantar tase kele.
amerikechya pahilya adhyakshiy nivadanukit george washington yanna ekmatane matdan karnyasathi 4 februwari 1789 roji united states electoral collegechi baithak jhaali. pahilya united states congressne 6 april roji nikal vachale aanee 30 april roji federal hallmadhye washingtonche udghatan jhaale. september 1789 madhye naveen congressne adhikar vidheyak manjur kele aanee december 1791 madhye teey lagoo jhaale.
pashchimekadil vistar.
krantikari yuddhadarmyan trans-apalechiyatil vasahati vadhalya, kahee hajaranvarun 25,000 paryant vadhalya. paschim dishechya vistaramule paschimela naan gelelya lokanmadhyehi utsah nirman jhaala aanee washington, benjamin franklin aanee johnn jeey yanchyasah anek aaghadichya american lokanni paschimela jameen kharedi kelee. jameen sattebajanni ohayo companysarkhe gut sthapan kele, jyanni pashchimekadil mothya bhubhagavar haqq midavala aanee anekada vasahatinsah sangharshat padale.
1780 teey 1784 paryant congressne virginiacha pashchimekadil pradesh sodanyasathi tyachyashi vataghati kelya. 1 march 1784 roji eka karar lagoo jhaala, jyamule konatyahi rajyacha bhag nasalela pahila rashtriy pradesh tayar jhaala. congressne pradeshik sarkar sthapan kele aanee 1784 chya jameen adhyadeshasah aanee 1785 chya jameen adhyadeshasah rajyachya garja nishchit kelya. 1787 madhye congressne vayavya adhyadesh manjur keela, jyamule congressne vayavya pradesh sthapan karoon pradeshavar adhik niyantran midavale. naveen vyavastheantargat, pradeshachya anek majee nivadoon aalelya aalelya niyukti tyaeivaji congressne kelee. uttarekadil vasahati aakarshit karnyasathi congressne vayvyekadil pradeshat gulamgirivar bandee ghatali, jaree dakshinekadil rajyanna shant karnyasathi palalela gulam kayada dekhil manjur keela. june nairutya dakshin rajyanchya niyantranakhali rahile aanee pratyek rajya paschimekade mississippy nadiparyant vistarnyacha dawa karat hote. 1784 madhye, paschim uttar carolinatil vasahati franklin rajya mhanoon rajyacha darja midvanyacha prayatna karat hote, parantu tyanche prayatna congressne nakarle, jeey rajyanchya aliptatebabat purvat sthapit karoo ichchit navhate. 
krantikari yuddhadarmyan, gret brittonne vasahatinchya paschimes asalelya aaplya dawa kelelya pradeshanmadhil anek mool american jamatinshi yutee kelee hotee. vasahatinni kelelya jaminivaril atikramanamule aanee shaanee jamatinsarkhya mool american jamatinni kelelya chhapyanmule prerit jhalelya american bharatiy yuddhanmadhye jhalelya chakmakichi hii vaadh hotee. vasahati nagarikanvaril mool american hallyanna pioneeranni sthanik american nagarikanvar hallah karoon pratisad deela. parisachya kararavar swakshari kelyanantar britishanni mool american lokanna shastrastrancha puravatha karane suru thewale. 1783 aanee 1787 darmyan, sthanik american lokanshi jhalelya khalchya patalivaril sangharshanmadhye shekado vasahati maran pavale aanee yaa sangharshanmule pudhil todga kadhanyas nirutsahit kele gele. dashakachya akheris, vayavya bharatiy mahasanghachya viruddhachya vayavya bharatiy yuddhat hii seema vyapali gelee. yaa mool american lokanni britishanchya pathimbyane aanee sanrakshanakhali swatantra bharatiy adthala rajya nirman karanyachi magani kelee, jyamule amerikesathi pararashtra dhoranat mothe aavhan ubhe rahile. jaree gret brittonne aapala pashchatya prabhav americela denyas sahmati darshavali asali, taree tyane vayavyiy mahasanghasathi shastre puravine suru thewale. congressne mool american lokanviruddha qamee lashkari pathbal dile asalyane, bahutansh ladhai vasahatindvare karnyat aalee. 1795 madhye greenvilchya tahavar swakshari hoiparyant heey yuddh suru rahile jyane united states aanee mool american jamatinmadhil seema nishchit kelee.
arthvyavastha.
american kranticha tera vasahatinchya arthvyavasthevar mothya pramanat parinam jhaala. mahadvipiy kongreskade curr aakaranyacha adhikar navhata, tyamule nidhi ubharanyasathi tee navyane sthapan jhalelya rajya sarkaranvar avalambun hotee aanee yuddh kharch bharoon kadhanyasathi tyanna curr vadhavanyas bhag padale gele. yamule deshbhakt aanee nishthavan sainyat bharati jhalelya kamgaranmule kamgaranchi tanchai nirman jhaali, jyamule madhya-atalantikmadhil audhyogik vistaracha dashakanpasunacha cull sampushtat aala. kamgarvargamadhye mukt majur aanee gulam majur yaa donhincha samavesh hota, tarr americi krantichya kalaparyant kararbaddha gulamgiri mothya pramanat vyavharatoon baher padali hotee. yuddhamule sthalantarat ghat jhalyamule aarthik vikas aanakhi mandavala. 1781 madhye deshatil pahili banq mhanoon banq auph north americachi sthapana jhaali.
mahadvipiy congressne nidhi vadhavanyasathi swatachya mahadvipiy chalanachya nota tayar kelya, parantu yaa chalanache moolya zapatyane qamee jhaale aanee teey yuddhachya shevataparyant tiku shakale nahee. kendrikrut chalan aanee aarthik dhoranacha abhav haah ghatanatmak adhiveshan aayojit karnyachya nirnayat eka pramukh ghatak hota. yuddh aanee chalanvadhimule lashkar aanee nagrik yaa doghansathihi tanchai nirman jhaali. yaa tanchaichya kalat nagarikansathi gardi karane aanee lutmarichi dukane tayar karane samanya hote, jee tyanna vajvi kimmatit milat navhati. aarthik sankat aanakhi bighadalyane rajya sarkaranni jaree curr ladale aanee tyat lakshaniy vaadh kelee, taree rajya sarkaranni swatache karj jamaa kelyamule ashach samasya bhedasavat hotya. krantichya suruvatichya samarthakannihi nigamikaran aanee kimmat niyantranala pathimba deela, parantu bahutek rajkiy aanee aarthik vicharvantanni yaa sankalpana nakarlya aanee curr aakaranisah lokshahi mukt bajar vyavasthesathi pathimba vadhala.
suruvatichya united stateschee arthvyavastha mothya pramanat krishipradhan hotee, parantu tyat lakud, masemari aanee phara yasarkhya sansadhananchya utkhananache itar prakar dekhil samavisht hote. jahajbandhani haah eka pramukh udyog asala taree utpadan maryadit hote. krantimule american american jaagtik bajarpetheshi sambandh punha jodane aavashyak hote, kaaran purvi gret brittonchya dhwajakhali vyapar sulabh keela jaat hota. tyaa velee samanya asalele uchch darr, napha maryadit hote, parantu american vastoonchya uchch maganimule united statesla krantichya aarthik ashantatechi bharpai karata aalee. jevha yuddh sampale, tevha parisachya tahane british karjdaranna american bajaratoon karj magavanyachi parvanagi dilee, jyamule mandee nirman jhaali. sarkar france, netherlands aanee spainchya karjakhalihi hote. yuddhanantar anek rajyanni tyanni aanalelya kharchanchi bharpai karnyasathi curr vadhavale, jyamule sheyachya bandasah ashantata nirman jhaali.
american aanee british vyaparachya jawalche sambandh asalyamule, anek anek yuddhanantar british rajyantil punha vataghati kelya aanee tyanni vasahatvadi rajvatit kelyapramane american vyapar sulabh keela. rajya sarkare anekada itar rajyantil rajyantil bhedbhav karat asalyane, vaiyaktik rajyanchya aarthik dhorananmule deshantargat vyapar adhik katheen jhaala. 1786 madhye rashtriy toot nirman jhaali aanee tee mahasanghachya kalat vadhatach gelee. 1787 paryant congress utpadan aanee nauvahan yanche sanrakshn karnyat asamarth hotee. khajgi karar aanee sarvajanik patavaril hallyanna virodh karnyas rajya vidhimandal asamarth kinwa ichchuk navhate. jevha sarkar aaplya simanche rakshan karoo shakat navhate kinwa aaplya simavarti loksankhyeche sanrakshn karoo shakat navhate, tevha jaminivaril sattebajanna mulyanmadhye vaadh apekshit navhati.
sanskruti aanee madhyam.
britainpasoon vegali eka vegali american sanskruti 1750 chya dashkaparyant aadhich vikasit jhaali hotee. fashion aanee bhashanatil sadhepana samanya hota, joou vasahatvadi kalatil shuddha mankanpasoon udbhavala aanee krantidvare punha pushti kelee gelee. 18 vya shatkat united statesmadhye vartamanpatre aanee niyatkalikancha prasar jhaala, jyapaiki anek keval thodya kalasathi chhapale jaat hote. american sankat', 'samanya dnyan' aanee 'federalist papers' yasarkhe rajkiy nibandh suruvatichya united statesla aakar denyat prabhavi hote. jeey. yanni lihilelya 'laterus fraum aaa american farmers' saha krantisambandhichya rajkiy sankalpananvar dekhil purn lambichya pustakanmadhye bhashya kele aahe. hector seent. johnn dii krevekar aanee thomas jefferson yanni lihilelya 'notes aun daad steet auph virginia'. samajik aanee rajkiy kalpana anekada kavitedvare vyakt kelya jaat asat. johnn trumbull, phillip freno aanee hyu heinry brackenries yansarkhya kavinni swatantra united statesbaddal rashtravadi kalpanambaddal lihile. "timothi dwitechi 'daad conquest auph cannan' hii united stateschee pahili mahakavya kavita aahe. "arajaktavad' haah suruvatichya united statesmadhil eka pramukh upahas hota. pahili american kadambari, 'daad power auph hampathy', 1789 madhye william hiill braunane prakashit kelee.
united stateschya suruvatichya kalat natak aanee rangbhumi vadgrast hotee. vasahatvadi yugat puritansani natakancha nishedh keela hota aanee 1774 madhye continental congressne natakancha aupcharik nishedh keela. krantikari yugat sadar keleli natake samanyatah european hotee. krantikari yugatil sarvat pramukh american natakkar 'daad adulator', 'daad group' aanee 'daad blockheads' yaa natakancha samavesh asalelya 'daad mercy ottis warren' yaa natyakarachi hotee. hyu heinry brackenries yanni done aitihasik natake lihili jyat krantikari yuddh chitrit kele gele. johnn lecockne 'daad phaul auph british tyreney' heey pustak lihile, jeey george washingtonla eka patra mhanoon darshavnare pahile natak hote. krantikari yuddhanantar, kahee pramanat hote dashkatil rajkiy aanee aarthik ashantatemule natkatil navkalpana qamee jhalya. william danlyapne 1789 madhye 'daad father' yaa chitrapatatun natakkar mhanoon aaplya pradirgh karkirdichi suruvat kelee.
charles alphons du fresnoy, roser dii piles, jonathan richardson aanee johann joachim winkleman yanchyasah european saundaryashastradnyanchya sahityacha drushya kalevar prabhav hota. anek american kalakaranni qalaa shikanyasathi paradeshat pravas keela, visheshtah benjamin westchya netrutvakhali shikanyasathi londonla gele. johnn trumbull aanee charles willson peal heey amerikechya pahilya varshatil pramukh chitrakar hote; prajasattakvadache samarthak mhanoon, teey doghehi george washingtonchya aapapalya chhayachitransathi olakhale jaatat. 
vidnyan aanee shikshan.
itihaskar american krantichya kalache vargikaran vyapak american dnyanacha bhag mhanoon karatat, jyamadhye dnyanachya yugatil kalpananni american vidnyan aanee tattvadnyanavar prabhav taknyas suruvat kelee. yaat tattvadnyanatil dharmik aadharanpasun door jaanyacha samavesh hota. benjamin franklin aanee thomas jefferson heey yaa sandarbhat vipul tatvadnyanachya lekhakanche naav hote. "" 1784 madhye americetil tarkbuddhichya dharmik nakarnyamage ethan elenche aavhan heey suruvatiche aavhan hote. 1766 madhye nyu jarsine tharavalelya purvaniyojanenantar 1781 madhye massatusetsne vaidyakeey sanstha sthapan kelee.
suruvatichya united statescha vaidnyanik samuday filadelfiyamadhye kendrit hota, jyat american tatvik samajacha samavesh hota. khagolshastra aanee vargikaran hii tyaa kalatil done sarvat pramukh vaidnyanik kshetre hotee aanee krantikari kalatil doctoranchi anekada vaidyakeey parshvabhoomi vaidyakeey kshetrachya palikade hotee. benjamin franklinne americet vijecha abhyas vikasit keela aanee tyache anek gunadharm shodhun kadhale. anek pramukh shastradnya itar deshantil, visheshtah gret brittenmadhil sthalantarit hote, jyancha vaidnyanik samuday khoop motha hota.
american krantichya kalaparyant vasahatvadi mahavidhyalaye aadhich astitvat hotee. hii serve mahavidhyalaye purushanchi hotee aanee tee dnyanachya shikshanachya kalpananvar aadharit hotee. 1785 madhye georgia vidyapithapasun suru jhalelya krantikari yuddhachya samaptinantar rajya vidyapithe tayar houu lagali. jaree uttarekadil rajyanmadhil african american purushanni kadhikadhi sahityik sanstha sthapan kelya, taree african american aanee mool american lokanna vidyapithanmadhye kvachitach pravesh deela jaat asey.
loksankhyashastra.
1776 madhye tera vasahatinchi loksankhya 25 laakh hotee. pahili rashtriy janganana 1790 madhye, mahasanghacha kalavadhi sampalyanantar lagechach ghenyat aalee. tyat asey aadhalun aale qee united stateschee loksankhya 3,929,214 rahivashanchi asoon prati chauras mail sarasari 4.5 lock aahet. 10, 000 peksha jaast rahivasi asaleli paach shahare hotee. sarvat mothe shahar 33,131 rahivashansah newyork shahar hote, tyanantar philadelphiya, boston, charleston aanee baltimore yancha kramank lagato.
deshbhakt aanee nishthavant.
krantikari kalat, rajyantil rahivashanmadhye swatantrya midvayache qee british samrajyas nishthavan rahave yabaddal matbhed hote. jyanni krantila pathimba deela tyanna vigs kinwa deshbhakt mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale, tarr gret britanprati nishtha nishtha tory kinwa nishthavant mhanoon olakhale jayache. dakshinekadil rajyanmadhye nishthavant lock adhik samanya hote. swatantryachya suruvatichya varshant jaree bahutansh loksankhya krantila virodh karat hotee kinwa tyakade tatasth hotee, taree sangharsh jasjasa pudhe sarkat gela tasatase deshbhaktanche praman vadhat gele. british samrajyachya samarthkanmadhye samanyatah vyapari aanee shetkari hote jyanna vasahatvadi rajvaticha fayda jhaala asey vatale tasech gulam hote jyanna britanprati nishtha tyanna swatantrya deil ashee aasha hotee. krantikarak yuddhanantar nishthavantanna nuksan bharpai dene haah shantata kararacha bhag banala tevha deshbhaktanmadhye too vadgrast tharala.
jyanni mahadvipiy sainyache sadasya mhanoon ladha deela tyanna kranticha fayda jhaala, kaaran teey pramukhyane kamgar vargache purush hote jeey prathamach tyanchya sarkarvar arthpurn prabhav taknyas saksham hote. krantitil mahilanna tyachprakare rajkaranat prabhav vadhavanyachi ichcha hotee, parantu tyanna arthpurn sahbhagapasun pratibandhit karnyat aale hote. deshbhaktanna madat madat mahilanvar kranticha kitee parinam jhaala yavar itihaskar asahmat aahet. 
dharm.
american kranti suru asatana anek church aanee mantryanni tyavar thaam bhoomika ghetali. johnn admusney anglican charchala gret brittonchya sansadesathi vasahatinvar niyantran thevanyache eka sadhan manale. nishthavantanshi sambandhit anglican padri aanee mukutasathi anivarya prathna suru suru padrinna tras deela gela kinwa haddapar kele gele. sansthapak vadil benjamin rush yanni ekada sangitale qee kahee nishthavantanni krantila virodh keela kaaran tyanna bheeti hotee qee teey presbyterian lokanna satta deil. 1775 teey 1783 yaa kalat tera vasahatinmadhil ingraji mantryanchi sankhya 311 varoon 141 paryant qamee jhaali.
lashkari, aarthik aanee rajnaitik madatisathi catholic francever deshbhakt avalambun rahilyane kaithalikavirodhi vaktavyanmadhye tivra ghat jhaali. krantikari yuddhane popache laksh vedhoon ghetale, jyamule king george tisra haah american lokanchya manatala sarvat pramukh paradeshi virodhak banala. nishthavantanmadhye kaithalikavirodhi tivra rahile. 1780 chya dashkaparyant, kaithalikanna purvi jyaa naveen ingland rajyanmadhye bhedbhav keela jaat hota tyaa serve rajyanmadhye kayadeshir sahishnuta vadhavanyat aalee.
gulamgiri.
gulamgiricha vadgrast muddah swatantryachya ghoshanechya masudyadarmyan upasthit karnyat aala; jeffersonchya mool masudyat raja george tisra yane gulam vyaparala pathimba dilyabaddal tyacha nishedh keela, parantu dakshinekadil pratinidhinni tee bhasha kadhoon takali. virginiacha governor laurd dunmore yane 1775 madhye dunmorechi ghoshana jaaree kelee, jyat britishanchya bajoone bajoone gulamanna swatantrya dile gele. general surr heinry clinton yanni 1779 madhye ashich ghoshana kelee. hajaro gulamanni krantikari yuddhat krishna nishthavant mhanoon kaam kele. tyachpramane, 1777 madhye mahadvipiy sainyane gulamansah krishnavarniy purushanna seva karanyachi parvanagi dilee. jaree dakshinekadil rajyanni assa prastav rokhanyasathi kaam kele asale taree, tyanni sainyat sameel jhalelya gulamanna swatantryachi hummy dilee.
american krantimule gulamgiricha muddah adhik thalak jhaala, kaaran kahee lekhakanni gulamanna tabyat gheuun swatantryala pathimba denyamadhil dhongipanachya drushtine teeka karnyas suruvat kelee, jyamule uttar united statesmadhye sansthechi lokpriyata qamee jhaali. anek gulamanni deshbhaktila, visheshtah uttarekade, pathbal denyache vachan dile, aanee yaa rajyancha gulamgiricha ant karnyasathi aanakhi cull keela. 1780 madhye, pensylvania tyaa varshachya 1 marchnantar janmalelya lokanchya gulamgirivar bandee ghalanara kayada keela aanee tyaa tarkhenantar vayachya 28 vya varshi pohochalyanantar gulamgirit janmalelya mulanna swatantryachi hummy dilee. 1784 madhye connecticut aanee road betane ashach atinvar gulamgiricha ant keela. itar uttarekadil rajyanmadhye, gulamgirichya virodhat nishedh aanee khatala donhimadhye gulam sakriy hote aanee 1780 chya dashakachya akheris, tyanni nyu jersey aanee newyork vagalata serve uttarekadil rajyanmadhye swatantryasathi yashasvi khatala dakhal keela.
dakshinekadil rajyanmadhil, jeey loksankhyechya khoop mothya pramanat hote, asha gulamanna krantichya prakashat lakshaniy swatantrya denyat aale navhate. dakshinetil gulamgirit jhalele badal lahan hote, jyat anek rajyanmadhil atlantic gulamanchya vyaparacha ant aanee gulammalakanna tyanchya gulamanna tyanchya ichchhenusar mukt karanyachi parvanagi denare kayade parit karane samavisht hote. hote dashakat, dakshinetil mukt krishnavarniyanchi sankhya andaje 4,000 varoon 60,000 paryant vadhali.
sanvidhanachya masudyadarmyan gulamgirichya muddyavar jordar charcha jhaali. ghatanatmak adhiveshanatil pratinidhi gulamgirichya naitiktevar vibhajit hote aanee pratyek rajyala pramanbaddh pratinidhitva vatap kartana gulamanchi ganana kelee jaavi qee nahee yavarhi vadavivad jhaala. teen-panchmansh tadjodine haah vaad sodavanyat aala jyamadhye gulamanna amerikechya jangananemadhye teen-panchmansh vyakti mhanoon ganale jaeel.

