lisp (programming bhasha)

lisp (aitihasikdrushtya lisp, soochi prakriyeche sankshipt roop) heey dirgh itihas aanee eka vishisht, purnapane kansayukt upsarg sanketan asalele programming bhashanche eka kutumb aahe.
moolatah 1960 madhye nirdisht keleli lisp hii fortran nantar ajunahi samanya vaparat asaleli dusari sarvat junie uchch-stariy programming bhasha aahe. suruvatichya kalapasoon lisk badalale aahe aanee tyachya itihasat anek bolibhasha astitvat aahet. aaj, samanya lisk, yojana, rackett aanee closure yaa sarvat prasiddha samanya-uddeshachya lisk bolibhasha aahet.
elonzo charchchya lambda calculuschya sanketankane prabhavit (jaree moolatah vyutpann nasla taree), lisp heey moolatah sanganakachya programsathi vyavharik ganiteey sanketank mhanoon tayar kele gele hote. krutrim buddhimatta (aii. aay.) sanshodhanasathi tee patkan eka pasantichi programming bhasha bunley. sarvat suruvatichya programming bhashanpaiki eka mhanoon, lispane sanganak vidnyanatil anek kalpanancha paya rachala, jyat vruksh deta sanrachana, svayanchalit sanchay vyavasthapan, gatishil tankan, sashart, uchch-kram karye, punaravrutti, swayam-hosting sankalak aanee vachan-moolyankan-mudran loop yancha samavesh aahe.
lisp heey naav 'list processor' pasoon aale aahe. jodalelya yadya yaa lispchya pramukh deta sanrachananpaiki eka aahet aanee lisp soars code heey yadyanpasun banalele aahet. asha prakare, lisp program deta structure mhanoon soars kodmadhye ferfar karoo shakatat, jyamule macrow systeams tayar hotat jyamule programmersna lispmadhye embed kelelya naveen vakyarachana kinwa naveen domain-vishisht bhasha tayar karata yetat.
code aanee detachi adalabadalakshamta lispla tyachi twarit olakhanyayogya vakyarachana dete. serve program code "ess-expression" kinwa kansbaddha soochi mhanoon lihile jaatat. function coll kinwa vakyarachana swaroop heey pratham function kinwa operatorchya navasah yadee mhanoon lihile jaate aanee khaleel yuktivad; udaharanarth, teen yuktivad yuktivad karyala asey mhatale jaeel.
itihas.
johnn mccarthy yanni 1958 madhye massatusates institute auph technologymadhe (emm. aay. tii.) asatana lisp vikasit karnyas suruvat kelee. mccarthyne april 1960 madhye 'communication auph daad acm' yaa lekhat tyachi rachana prakashit kelee, jyache shirshak 'pratikatmak abhivyaktichi punaravarti karye aanee mashindware tyanchi ganana, bhag 1' asey hote. tyane dakhavun dile qee kahee sopya prachalkansah aanee charchkadoon udhar ghetalelya anamik karyansathichya sanketankasah, ekhadi vyakti algoridamsathi eka turing-purn bhasha tayar karoo shakate.
1955 kinwa 1956 pasoon mahitee prakriya bhasha hii pahili aii. aay. bhasha hotee aanee tyat soochi-prakriya aanee punaravrutti yasarkhya anek sankalpana aadhich samavisht hotya, jyaa lispmadhye vaparlya jaau lagalya.
mccarthychya mool sanketankamadhye 'emm-expression' heey cons vaparale gele hote, jyache ess-expressionmadhye bhashantar kele jaeel. udaharanarth, emm-abhivyakti hii ess-abhivyaktichya samatulya aahe. ekada lispchi amalbajavani jhaali qee, programarne vegane ess-expression vaparane nivadle aanee emm-expression sodoon dile gele. horace enia aanee vaghan pratchya sigolchya alpakalin prayatnansah emm-abhivyakti punha samore aalya.
steve raselane aay. bii. emm. 704 sangankavar punch card vaparoon lispchi amalbajavani kelee. raselane mccarthycha pepper vachala hota aanee (mccarthyla aashchary vatale) qee lisp "evail" karya machine kodmadhye lagoo kele jaau shakate.
mccarthychya mateh
parinam eka karyarat lisp dubhashiya hota jyacha vapar lisp program chalvanyasathi kinwa adhik yogyaritya, "lisp abhivyaktinche moolyankan karnyasathi" keela jaau shakato.
aay. bii. emm. 704 sathee done assembly bhasha macrow hii soochi vighatit karnyasathichi adim karye banalih qaar (nondani kramankachya pattyacha bhag) aanee see. dii. aar. (nondani kramankachya ghatatya bhagachi samagri), jethe nondani mhanje sanganakachya kendriya prakriya unitchya (see. pii. yuu.) nondani. lisp bolibhasha ajunahi soochitil pahila bhag aanee urvarit yadee parat pravesh karyansathi aanee (aanee) vapartat.
lispmadhye lihilela pahila sampoorn lisp compiler 1962 madhye team haart aanee mike levin yanni emm. aay. tii. madhye amalat aanala hota aanee vidyaman lisp dubhashiyachyadvare compiler kodacha arth lavoon, yantra code output tayar karoon sankalit kele jaau shakate. yaa sankalkane vadhiv sankalanache lisp model sadar kele, jyamadhye sankalit aanee arth lavaleli karye muktapane ekmekanmadhye misaloo shakatat. haart aanee levinchya memomadhye vaparali jaanari bhasha mccarthychya purvichya kodapeksha aadhunik lisp shailichya khoop jawal aahe.
1962 purvi emm. aay. tii. padvidhar vidyarthi daniele edwards yanni kachara sankalanache nityakram vikasit kele hote.
1980 aanee 1990 chya dashakat, naveen lisp bolibhashanvar (mukhytah zetalisp aanee niil (lispchi naveen amalbajavani) yasarkhya mclispache uttaradhikari) ekach bhashet kaam ektrit karnyasathi eka motha prayatna karnyat aala. naveen bhasha, common lisp, tee badalalelya bolibhashanshi kahishi susangat hotee ('common lisp daad langways' yaa pustakat vividh rachananchi susangatata namood kelee aahe). 1994 madhye, encine samanya lisp manak, "ency x3.226-1994 mahitee tantradnyan programming bhasha samanya lisp" prakashit kele.
krutrim buddhimatteshi sambandh.
sthapanepasun, lisp krutrim buddhimatta sanshodhan samudayashi, visheshtah pii. dii. pii.-10 pranalinshi jawalun jodalele hote. lispacha vapar bhasha sookshm niyojak amalbajavani mhanoon keela jaat asey, jee prasiddha aii. aay. pranali shrdloomadhye vaparali jaat hotee. 1970 chya dashakat, aii. aay. sanshodhanane vyavsayik shakhanna janm deela, sadhyachya lus pranalichi kamgiri hii eka vadhati samasya bunley, kaaran programmersna lasinchya amalbajavanimadhye samavisht asalelya vividh tantranchya aanee nivadichya kamgirichya parinamanshi parichit asane aavashyak hote.
vanshavali aanee prakar.
tyachya saath varshanchya itihasat, lispane ess-abhivyakti bhashechya mukhya sankalpanevar anek badal ghadavun aanale aahet. shivay, dilelya pratyek bolibhashet anek amalbajavani asoo shakatat-udaharanarth, samanya liskchi eka dozenhoon adhik amalbajavani aahet.
bolibhashanmadhil farak agadi drishyaman asoo shakato-udaharanarth, samanya lisk ekhadya karyala naav denyasathi cocksey _ 1 haah mukhya shabd vaparte, parantu yojana cocksey _ 2 vaparte. pramanit bolibhashemadhye, tathapi, anuroop amalbajavani samaan mukhya bhashela samarthan dete, parantu vegvegalya vistar aanee granthalayansah.
2000 pasoon vartaman.
1990 chya dashakat kahee pramanat ghat jhalyanantar, 2000 nantar lispmadhye punha ruchi nirman jhaali aahe. bahutek naveen upkram samanya lisp, yojana, emax lisp, closure aanee racketchya amalbajavanivar kendrit aahet aanee tyat naveen portable library aanee anuprayogancha vikas samavisht aahe.
anek naveen lisp programmer paul graham aanee erich ess sarkhya lekhakankadun prerit hote. raymond, itar pracheen manalya manalya bhashecha pathpurava karnyasathi. naveen lisp programmer anekada bhasheche varnan dolhe ughadanara anubhav mhanoon karatat aanee itar bhashanpeksha tee lakshaniyaritya adhik utpadanaksham asalyacha dawa karatat. jagruktet jhaleli hii vaadh hii 'aay hiwala' aanee 1990 chya dashakachya madhyat jhalelya lispchya alpakalin vadhishi tulana karata yete.
, akra sakriyapane rakhalya gelelya samanya lips amalbajavani hotya. sioneer common lisp hii 2002 madhye pahilya prakashanasah see. emm. yuu. see. ell. pasoon kateri keleli eka naveen vyavsayik amalbajavani aahe.
mukt srot samudayane naveen sahayyak payabhoot suvidha tayar kelya aaheth clicky hii eka viki aahe jee samanya lus sambandhit mahitee gola karate, samanya lus sanchayi sansadhane soochibaddha karate, #lisp heey eka lokpriy irc channell aahe aanee code snippets samayik karanyachi aanee tippani karanyachi parvanagi dete (lispestchya samarthanane, lispmadhye lihilele irc bott), planet lisp vividh lisp-sambandhit blogchi samagri gola karate, lispaphorum vaparkarte lisp vishayanvar charcha karatat, lispjobs hii nokarichya prastavanchi ghoshana karnyasathi eka seva aahe aanee saptahik batami seva aahe, "saptahik lisp batamya". "samanya-lips.nett "heey open soars common lisp prakalpansathiche eka yazman sanketsthal aahe. quicklisp haah samanya lipsasathi granthalay vyavasthapak aahe.
lisp50@oopsla' yethe 'lisp' chee pannas varshe (1958-2008) sajari karnyat aalee. boston, vancouver aanee hambergmadhye niyamit sthanik vaparkartyanchya baithka hotat. itar karyakramanmadhye european common lisp meating, european lisp parisanvad aanee aantarrashtriy lisp parishadecha samavesh aahe.
yojana samuday visahoon adhik amalbajavani sakriyapane karato. 2000 chya dashakat (dashak) anek mahattvapoorn naveen amalbajavani (chikan, gabit, gauche, ikaras, larseni, yapsilan) vikasit karnyat aalya aahet. yojanechya algoridmik bhasha yojanechya mankanvaril sudharit 5 ahwal yojana samudayat mothya pramanat swikarla gela. amalbajavani prakriyesathi yojanechya vinantyanni yojnesathi anek ardhmanankit granthalaye aanee vistar tayar kele aahet. vaiyaktik yojananchya amalbajavaniche vaparkarta samuday vadhatach aahet. 2003 madhye bhasha pramanikaranasathi eka naveen prakriya suru karnyat aalee aanee 2007 madhye aaheth yojana manak tayar karnyat aale. sanganak vidnyan shikavanyasathi yojanecha shaikshanik vapar kahisa qamee jhalyache disate. kahee vidyapithe aata tyanchya sanganak vidnyan parichayatmak abhyaskramanmadhye yojana vaparat naheet; emm. aay. tii. aata tyachya padvi sanganak vidnyan karyakramasathi aanee emm. aay. tii. ex. massive open online abhyaskramasathi yojneaivaji pythoncha vapar karate.
lispchya anek naveen bolibhasha aaheth chaap, hye, nuu, liskell aanee ell. eff. eae. (lisp flavoured erlang). juliacha parcer fematolispa yaa yojanechya bolimadhye lagoo keela jaato (julia hii yojnepasoon prerit aahe, jee tyaulat eka lisp boolii aahe).
aktoobar 2019 madhye, paul graham yanni 'lisp' chee eka naveen boolii belsathi eka tapasheel jaaree keela."
pramukh bolibhasha.
samanya lasika aanee yojana heey lasikachya vikasachya done pramukh pravahanche pratinidhitva karatat. yaa bhashanmadhye lakshaniyaritya bhinn rachana paryay samavisht aahet.
samanya lasika haah mclispacha uttaradhikari aahe. lisp machine lisp, mclisp, niil, ess-1 lisp, masala lisp aanee yojana heey prathamik prabhav hote. yaat lisp machine lispchi (lisp machine program karnyasathi vaparali jaanari eka mothee lisp boolii) anek vaishishtye aahet, parantu konatyahi vaiyaktik sangankavar kinwa workstationvar karyakshamatene amalat aananyasathi tyachi rachana karnyat aalee hotee. common lisp hii eka samanya-uddesh programming bhasha aahe aanee tyamule tyat anek antarnirmit deta prakar, karye, macrow aanee itar bhasha ghatak aanee object system (common lisp object system) yasah eka mothe bhasha manak aahe. samanya lipspane lexical scoping aanee lexical closures yasarkhi kahee vaishishtye dekhil yojanetoon ghetali aahet. ell. ell. vhee. emm., jaava aabhasi yantra, yasarkhya vividh manchanna lakshya karnyasathi samanya lisk amalbajavani upalabdh aahet.
x 86-64, powerpeacy, alfa, arm, motorola 68000 aanee mips aanee windows, maco, linux, solaris, freebsd, netbsd, openbsd, dragonfly bsd aanee hiroku yasarkhya operating systeams.
yojana hii eka sthir aanee yogyaritya shepati-punaravrutti karnari lisp programming bhashechi bolibhasha aahe jee ell. neey shodhali aahe. steel, junier. aanee gerald jeey susman. apavadatmakapane spasht aanee sope shabdarth aanee abhivyakti tayar karnyache kahee bhinn marg asavyat yasathi tyachi rachana karnyat aalee hotee. samanya lasapeksha sumare eka dashak aadhi tayar keleli yojana hii adhik kiman rachana aahe. tyat manak vaishishtyancha eka lahan sanch aahe parantu kahee amalbajavani vaishishtyansah (jase qee tail-coll optimization aanee purn satatya) samanya liskmadhye nirdisht kelele nahee. atyavashyak, karyatmak aanee sandesh pathvanyachya shailinsah vividh prakarchya programming pratimananna yojnet soyiskar abhivyakti milate. manakanchya malikansah (algoridmik bhasha yojnevaril sudharit ahwal) aanee amalbajavanisathi yojanechya vinantyanchya malikansah yojana vikasit hott aahe.
closure hii lispchi alikadil bolibhasha aahe jee pramukhyane jaava aabhasi yantra aanee samanya bhasha runtime (see. ell. aar.), python vhee. emm., rubie vhee. emm. yarv aanee javascriptmadhye sankalan karnyavar laksh kendrit karate. tee eka vyavharik samanya-uddesh bhasha mhanoon tayar kelee gelee aahe. closure heskelpasoon lakshaniy prabhav ghete aanee aparivartaniyatevar khoop jore dete. closure jaava framework aanee librarymadhye pravesh pradan karate, paryayi prakarche sanket aanee prakar nishkarshansah, jenekarun javavar coll karane pratibimb talhu shakel aanee jalad adim operations saksham karoo shakel. klojarchi rachana itar lisp bolibhashanshi mage valoon susangat honyasathi keleli nahee.
pudhe, lisp bolibhasha anek anuprayoganmadhye scripting bhasha mhanoon vaparlya jaatat, jyat sarvat prasiddha mhanje emax sampadkatil emax lisp, autocodemadhil autolisp aanee nantar visual lisp, auddhatyamadhye niquist aanee lillipondmadhil yojana. upayukt yojana dubhashyachya sambhavya lahan aakaramule too visheshtah antarbhut scriptingsathi lokpriy hoto. udaharananmadhye side aanee tinscame yancha samavesh aahe, jeey donhi 'script-phoo' yaa samanya navane gimp emage prosesarmadhye yashasviritya antarbhut kele gele aahet. moolatah emax lisp bhashevar aadharit johnn harpercha lisp dubhashiya librape haah soffish vindo vyavasthapkamadhye antarbhut karnyat aala aahe.
pramanit bolibhasha.
lispmadhye adhikrutpane pramanit bolibhasha aaheth aaheth yojana, yojana yojana, aay. eae. eae. eae. yojana, ansi common lisp aanee iso islisp.
bhashetil navkalpana.
paul graham yanni liskche nauu mahattvache pailu olakhale aahet jeey tyala fortransarkhya vidyaman bhashanpasun vegale karatatah
lisp hii pahili bhasha hotee jithe program kodchi rachana pramanik deta sanrachanet vishvasoopane aanee thet darshavili jaate-eka gunavatta jyala nantar "homoeconicity" asey sambodhale jaate. asha prakare, nimn-stariy hatalanishivay lisp karye hatalali jaau shakatat, badalali jaau shakatat kinwa lisp programmadhye tayar kelee jaau shakatat. hii samanyatah bhashechya abhivyakti samarthyachya sandarbhat mukhya fayadhyanpaiki eka manali jaate aanee tee bhasha vakyarachanechya sthool aanee meta-circular mulyankanasathi yogya banavate.
mccarthy yanni fortranmadhye lihilelya buddhibal karyakramasathi 'jarr-tarr-itar' vakyarachana vaparnyasathi sashart shabdancha shodh lavala hota. tyane tyacha algolmadhye samavesh prastavit keela, parantu too algol 58 tapashilancha bhag banavala gela nahee. lispasathi, mccarthyne adhik samanya 'conned'-rachana vaparali. algol 60 neey 'jarr-tarr-anyatha' haah marg swikarla aanee too lokpriy keela.
zerox parkmadhye smalltock vikasit pravesh sanshodhan chamooche nete alaan keey yanchyavar lispacha kholvar prabhav padala; aanee tyaa badalyat lisp smalltockne prabhavit jhaala, nantarchya bolibhashanni object-oriented programming vaishishtye (varsa varg, capsulating udaharane, sandesh passing ii.) sweekarli.) 1970 chya dashakat. flavours object pranaline ekadhik varsa aanee mishran hii sankalpana sadar kelee. samanya lisp object pranali anek varshasah, anek preshanasah bahu-paddhati aanee pratham shrenichi samanya karye pradan karate, jyamule gatishil preshan eka lavchik aanee shaktishali swaroop dete. tyanantarchya anek lisk (yojnasah) object pranalinsathi heey template mhanoon kaam karate, jeey anekada metaobjekt protocoldware amalat aanale jaatat, eka paravartak meta-golakar rachana jyamadhye object pranali swatach paribhashit kelee jaateh asha metaobjekt pranalisathi lisk hii smalltock nantarchi (aanee ajunahi agadi thodya bhashanpaiki eka aahe) keval dusari bhasha hotee. anek varshannantar, alaan keey yanni suchavale qee yaa vaishishtyanchya sangamacha parinam mhanoon, keval smalltock aanee lispla yogya kalpana kelelya object-oriented programming systeams mhanoon manale jaau shakate.
lispane svayanchalit kachara sankalanachi sankalpana sadar kelee, jyamadhye pranali naan vaparlelya smrutichya shodhat dheeg chalavate. pidhigat kachara sankalanasarkhya aadhunik atyadhunik kachara sankalanachya kramvaritil pragatila, liskmadhil tyachya vaparamule chalana midali.
edsger doubleu. 1972 chya turing puraskar vyakhyanat dijakstra mhanale,
suruvatichya sanganakeey yantrasamagrichya (suruvatichya microprocessors) sandarbhat sansadhananchya aavashyakatemule lisp heey aay samudayachya baher fortran aanee algol-vanshaj see bhasheitke lokpriy jhaale nahee. guntaguntichya aanee gatishil anuprayogansathi yogya asalyamule, lispane 2010 chya dashakat lokpriy swarsyache kahise punarutthan anubhavale.
vakyarachana aanee shabdarth.
pratikatmak abhivyakti (ess-abhivyakti).
lisp hii abhivyaktipradhan bhasha aahe. itar bahutek bhashanpramane, 'abhivyakti' aanee 'vidhane' yaat konatahi farak keela jaat nahee; serve sanket aanee mahitee abhivyakti mhanoon lihili jaate. jevha ekhadya abhivyaktiche "moolyankan" kele jaate, tevha tee moolya (bahudha anek moolye) nirman karate, jee nantar itar abhivyaktinmadhye antarbhut kelee jaau shakate. pratyek moolya konatyahi deta prakarache asoo shakate.
mccarthychya 1958 chya peparmadhye done prakarche vakyarachana sadar karnyat aalih 'pratikatmak abhivyakti' (ess-abhivyakti, sexps), jee code aanee detache antargat pratinidhitva pratibimbit karate; aanee 'meta abhivyakti' (emm-abhivyakti), jee ess-abhivyaktichi karye vyakt karate. emm-abhivyaktila kadhihi pasanti midali nahee aanee aaj jawaljawal serve lisp code aanee deta donhi hatalanyasathi ess-abhivyakti vapartat.
aavaranancha vapar haah itar programming bhasha kutumbanpeksha lispacha sarvat twarit spasht farak aahe. parinami, vidyarthyanni vidyarthyanni kalapasoon 'moorkh kansat haravalele' kinwa 'khoop trasdayak anavashyak aavarane' ashee lisp topananave dilee aahet. tathapi, ess-expression vakyarachana hii lispchya bahutansh samarthyasathi dekhil jababdar aaheh vakyarachana sopee aanee susangat aahe, jyamule sangankadware hatalani sulabh hote. tathapi, lispchi vakyarachana paramparik aavaran sanketanparyant maryadit nahee. paryayi sanketancha samavesh karnyasathi tyacha vistar keela jaau shakato. udaharanarth, ex. emm. ell. ess. pii. haah eka samanya lisp vistar aahe joou vistaraniy markup bhashesah (ex. emm. ell.) ess-abhivyakti samakalit karnyasathi metaobjekt protocolcha vapar karato.
abhivyaktivar avalambun rahilyane bhashela mothee lavchikta milate. lisp functions yadee mhanoon lihili jaat asalyane, tyanchyavar detapramanech prakriya kelee jaau shakate. yamule itar programs hatalanare programs (metaprogramming) sahajpane lihita yetat. anek lisp bolibhasha sthool pranalincha vapar karoon yaa vaishishtyacha vapar karatat, jyamule bhashecha vistar jawaljawal maryadeshivay hoto.
yadee.
eka lisk yadee tyachya ghatkansah ghatkansah jaagene vegale karoon aanee kansanni vedhaleli lihili jaate. udaharanarth, eka yadee aahe jiche ghatak teen 'anoo' aahet, aanee. hii moolye apratyakshapane type kelee jaatatah tee anukrame done purnank aanee eka lisp-vishisht deta prakar aahet jyala "chinh" mhanatat aanee tee ashee ghoshit karanyachi garaj nahee.
rikami yadee vishesh anoo mhanoon dekhil darshavili jaate. liskmadhil haah ekmev ghatak aahe joou anoo aanee yadee donhi aahe.
upsarg sanketan vaparoon abhivyakti soochi mhanoon lihilya jaatat. yaditil pahila ghatak mhanje karyache naav, macroche naav, lambda expression kinwa 'special operator' chey naav (khalee pahaa). urvarit yadee heey yuktivad aahet. udaharanarth, karya tyache yuktivad yadee mhanoon parat karate, tyamule abhivyakti
 (yadee 1 2 (uddharan phoo))
yadiche moolyankan qaraa. aadhichya udaharanatil 'kwot' aadhi eka 'special operator' aahe joou tyache moolyankan naan karata tyacha yuktivad parat karato. sanlagn abhivyaktiche moolyankan karnyapurvi konatyahi uddhrut naan kelelya abhivyaktinche punaravrutti moolyankan kele jaate. udaharanarth,
 (yadee 1 2 (yadee 3 4))
yadiche moolyankan qaraa. lakshat ghya qee tisra yuktivad eka yadee aahe; yadya nested kelya jaau shakatat.
operator.
ankganitiy prachalkanshihi ashich vaganuk dilee jaate. abhivyakti
 (+ 1 2 3 4)
10 paryant moolyankan karate. infix sanketan antargat samatulya asel ".
algol-vyutpann bhashanmadhye lagoo kelyapramane lispla operatorchi kalpana nahee. lispmadhil ankganitiy prachalak heey vaividhyapurn karye (kinwa "aine-erii") aahet, jeey kitihi yuktivad ghenyas saksham aahet. see-shailicha '+ +' vadhicha operator kadhikadhi vakyarachana dett cocksey _ 3 yaa navane lagoo keela jaato.
 (aay. see. eff. ex.)
cocksey _ 4 chya samatulya, cocksey _ 5 chey naveen moolya parat karate.
"vishesh chalak" (kadhikadhi "vishesh prakar" mhanoon olakhale jaatat) lispchi niyantran rachana pradan karatat. udaharanarth, vishesh operator teen yuktivad gheto. jarr pahila yuktivad shoonya nasel tarr too aanee yuktivadache moolyankan karato; anyatha, too too yuktivadache moolyankan karato. tyamule abhivyakti
 (jarr shoonya asel tarr
 (yadee 1 2 "phoo")
 (yadee 3 4 "baar")
moolyankan karate. arthat, jarr tyaeivaji kshullak nasaleli abhivyakti badalali gelee asatee tarr heey adhik upayukt tharel.
lisp logical operator dekhil pradan karate aanee kinwa aanee nahee. aanee aanee kinwa operator short-circuit moolyankan karatat aanee tyancha pahila shoonya aanee shoonya nasalela yuktivad anukrame parat kartil.
 (kinwa (aanee 'shoonya' shoonya 'kadhich nahee)' james " karya 'vel)
james" chey moolyamapan karel.
lambda abhivyakti aanee karya vyakhya.
aanakhi eka vishesh operator, variablesna mulyanshi bandhanyasathi vaparla jaato, jyanche nantar abhivyaktimadhye moolyankan kele jaate. yaa operatorcha vapar functions tayar karnyasathi dekhil keela jaatoh arguments mhanje argumentschee yadee, aanee jyaa expression kinwa expressionvar functionche moolyankan hote (parat kelele moolya heey moolyankan kelelya shevatchya expression moolya aahe). abhivyakti
 (lambda (aarg) (+ aarg 1))
jyache moolyankan ekhadya karyache kele jaate, jevha teey lagoo kele jaate, tevha eka yuktivad ghete, tyala bandhate aanee tyaa yuktivadapeksha motha kramank parat karate. lambda abhivyaktila naav dilelya karyanpeksha vegale manale jaat nahee; tyanna tyach prakare aavahan kele jaate. mhanoon abhivyakti
 (lambda (aarg) (+ aarg 1)) 5)
moolyankan karate. yethe, aapan eka function anuprayog karat aahota aapan tyala 5 moolya deuun anamik karya karyanvit karato.
diphun macrow vaparoon chinhamadhye lambda abhivyakti sanchayit karoon nave dileli karye tayar kelee jaatat.
 (defoon phoo (aii bii see dii) (+ aii bii see dii))
 jaagtik vatavaranat naav dilele naveen karya paribhashit karate. heey sankalpanatmakdrushtya abhivyaktisarkhech aaheh
 (setf (eff vyakhya 'eff) #' (lambda (aii) (block eff bii...))
pahilya yuktivadache moolya naveen karya objectover seet karnyasathi vaparale jaanare macrow kuthe aahe. navachya karyasathi hii eka jaagtik karya vyakhya aahe. vishesh operatorche sankshipt roop aahe, jeey function object parat karate.
anoo.
mool liskmadhye done moolbhut deta prakar hoteh anoo aanee soochi. yadee haah ghatakancha eka maryadit kram kram hota, jyamadhye pratyek ghatak ektar anoo kinwa yadee asato aanee anoo haah eka sankhya kinwa prateek asato. eka chinh moolatah eka adviteey naav asaleli vastoo hotee, jee srot kodmadhye alphanumeric string mhanoon lihili gelee hotee aanee ektar chull naav mhanoon kinwa pratikatmak prakriyet deta itum mhanoon vaparali gelee hotee. udaharanarth, yadimadhye teen ghatak aaheth chinh, yadee aanee kramank 2.
anoo aanee yadimadhil moolbhut farak mhanje anoo aparivartaniy aanee adviteey hote. done anoo jeey srot kodmadhye vegvegalya thikani disale parantu agadi tyach prakare lihile gele hote teey ekach vastuche pratinidhitva karatat, tarr pratyek yadee eka vegali vastoo hotee jee itar yadyanpasun swatantrapane badalali jaau shakate aanee tulana operatordware itar yadyanpasun vegali kelee jaau shakate.
jasjase nantarchya lisp bolibhashanmadhye adhik deta prakar sadar kele gele aanee programming shaili vikasit jhalya, tasatase anoochya sankalpaneche mahatva qamee jhaale. anek bolibhashanni ajunahi varsa susangatatesathi vidheyatmak 'anoo' kayam thewala, jyaa konatyahi vastusathi kharey aahet jyache nuksan nahee.
maan aanee yadee.
eka lips yadee ektya jodalelya yadichya rupat amalat aanali jaate. yaa yaditil pratyek peshila 'cons' (yojnet, eka jodee) mhanatat aanee tee 'qaar' aanee 'cdr' navachya done nirdeshkanpasun banaleli asate. heey anukrame 'link kelelya yadeet' charcha kelelya aanee kshetranchya samatulya aahet.
cons selspasoon tayar kelya jaau jaau anek deta structurepacky, sarvat moolbhut asalelya eka sanrachanela 'yogya yadee' mhanatat. yogya yadee mhanje ektar vishesh (rikami yadee) chinh, kinwa eka tota jyamadhye detamkade nirdesh kele jaatat (jeey soochisarkhi dusari tota rachana asoo shakate) aanee aanee yogya yadikade nirdesh kele jaatat.
jarr dilelya tota heey jodalelya yadiche pramukh manale gele, tarr tyachi gaadee yadichya pahilya ghatakakade nirdesh karate aanee tyacha see. dii. aar. urvarit yadikade nirdesh karato. yaa karanastav, aanee functions dekhil mhatale jaatat aanee jodalelya soochicha bhag asalelya conscha sandarbh detana (triaivaji).
asha prakare, lisp yadee hii anoo vastoo nahee, kaaran see + + kinwa javamadhil container vargache udaharan asel. yadee hii jodalelya nukasananchya ektritatepeksha adhik kahee nahee. dilelya yadicha sandarbh denara chull haah keval yaditil pahilya tota darshavnara asato. yadiche pargaman yadee "khalee see. dii. aar. dii." karoon kele jaau shakate; mhanje, yadichya pratyek vipakshala bhet denyasathi salag see. dii. aar. gheuun; kinwa yadivaril karyacha nakasha tayar karnyasathi anek uchch-kram karyanpaiki konatihi karye vaparoon.
kaaran lisp pranalinmadhye cons aanee list itake sarvatrik aahet, teey lispache ekmev deta structure aahet haah eka samanya gairsamaj aahe. kharey tarr, sarvat sopya leiceps vagalata itar sarvanmadhye vector (arrey), hash table, structure ityadi deta structure asatat.
ess-abhivyakti yadya darshavtat.
aavaranbaddh ess-abhivyakti jodalelya soochi sanrachananche pratinidhitva karatat. ess-abhivyakti mhanoon samaan yadee darshavanyache anek marg aahet. thipkedar jodee' sanketanat, qaar aanee see. dii. aar. kuthe aahet asey eka tota lihila jaau shakato. eka lamb yogya yadee thipkedar jodichya sanketankamadhye lihili jaau shakate. heey paramparikaritya "soochi sanketan" madhye sankshipt kele jaate. ayogya yadee yaa donhinchya sanyogane lihili jaau shakate-teen samajutinchya yadisathi jyancha shevatcha see. dii. aar. (i.eae., yadee purnapane nirdisht swarupat).
soochi-prakriya prakriya.
lisp yadyanmadhye pravesh karnyasathi aanee niyantrit karnyasathi anek antarnirmit prakriya pradan karate. prakriya vaparoon thet yadya tayar kelya jaau shakatat, jyat kitihi yuktivad ghetale jaatat aanee yaa yuktivadanchi yadee parat kelee jaate.
 (yadee 1 2 'aaa 3)
 ; outputh (1 2 aaa 3)
 (yadee 1 '(2,3) 4)
 ; utpadanah (1 (2,3) 4)
jyaa prakare yadee hii gairprakar jodyanpasun tayar kelee jaate, tyamule yaa prakriyecha vapar soochichya samore ghatak jodanyasathi keela jaau shakato. yadya kasha tayar kelya jaatat hyamule, yaditil yuktivad kase hatalatat yaat hii prakriya asamamiteey aahe heey lakshat ghya.
 (nuksan 1 '(2 3))
 ; utpadanah (1 2 3)
 (tote '(1 2)' (3 4))
 ; utpadanah ((1 2) 3 4)
hii prakriya done (kinwa adhik) yadya ekmekanshi jodate. lispchya yadya jodalelya asalyamule, done yadya jodatana lakshanrahit vel guntaguntiche sootra _ 1 asate.
 ('(1 2)' (3 4) joda)
 ; outputh (1 2 3 4)
 ('(1 2 3)' () '(aaa)' (5 6) jodane)
 ; utpadanah (1 2 3 a 5 6)
samayik rachana.
saral jodalelya soochi asalyane, lisk soochi ekmekanshi rachana samayik karoo shakatat. mhanjech, done yadyanmadhye samaan "shepati" kinwa parinamancha antim kram asoo shakato. udaharanarth, khaleel samanya lisp kodachya amalbajavaninantarah
yadee aanee aahet aanee anukrame. tathapi, donhi yadyanmadhye shepatichi rachana samaan aahe. hii eka prat nahee; donhi yadinsathi samaan smrutee sthanankade nirdesh pravesh aanee tyach thikani asalelya tota peshi aahet.
nakkal karnyaivaji samayik rachnemule kamgirimadhye natyamay sudharana houu shakate. tathapi, heey tantra avanchhit marganni karye yanchyashi sanvad sadhu shakate jee tyanna yuktivad mhanoon pathavalelya yadyanmadhye badal karatat. eka yadee badalane, udaharanarth aaa neey badalane, badalane parinam karelah
 (setf (tisra phoo) 'huns')
heey kadachit anpekshit parinamanmadhye badalate, parantu tyadvare teey dekhil badalate. heey bagche srot asoo shakatat aanee tyanchya yuktivadanmadhye badal karnari karye yach karanastav 'vidhvansak' mhanoon nondavali jaatat.
karyatmak programingche shaukeen vidhvansak karye talhtat. karyatmak shailila anukool asalelya yojana bolimadhye, vidhvansak karyanchi nave savadhgirichya aashcharyachakit pravesh bindune kinwa 'bang' neey chinhankit kelee jaatat-jase qee ('seet qaar bang' vacha), jee pratikool karchi jaaga ghete. samanya lisp bolimadhye, vidhvansak karye samanya aahet; samatulyala "replace qaar" asey naav dile gele aahe. tathapi, heey karya kvachitach pahile jaate, kaaran samanya liskmadhye eka vishesh suvidha samavisht asate, jyamule vidhvansak karye paribhashit karane aanee vaparane sope hote. samanya liskmadhil varanvarchi shaili mhanje prototyping kartana karyatmakpane (vidhvansak collshivay) code lihine, nantar jethe teey karane surakshit aahe tethe optimization mhanoon vidhvansak coll jodane.
swa-moolyankan form aanee uddharan.
lisp vaparkartyane pravisht kelelya abhivyaktinche moolyankan karate. chinhe aanee yadya itar kahee (sahasa, sopya) abhivyaktiche moolyankan karatat-udaharanarth, eka chinh teey jyaa chalala naav dete tyachya mulyache moolyankan karate; tyache moolyankan karate. tathapi, itar bahutek prakar swatache moolyankan karatatah jarr teey lispmadhye pravesh karat asel tarr teey parat yete.
konatehi samikaran moolyamapan honyapasoon rokhanyasathi dekhil chinhankit kele jaau shakate (chinh aanee yadinsathi aavashyak aahe). hii vishesh sanchalakachi bhoomika aahe, kinwa tyache sankshipt roop (eka uddharan chinh) aahe. udaharanarth, sahasa chinh pravisht kelyas, teey sambandhit chalche moolya parat karate (kinwa asey chull naslyas truti). shabdasha chinhacha sandarbh denyasathi, pravisht qaraa kinwa, sahasa,.
samanya lisk aanee yojana donhihi varnasah (gambhir uchchar) pravisht kelelya 'backcoat' operatorla (yojnemadhye 'quasiquet' mhanatat) samarthan detat. heey jawaljawal sadhya avtarnasarkhech aahe, parantu teey abhivyaktinche moolyankan karnyas aanee tyanchi moolye alpaviram "uncoat" aanee alpaviram-aii-splies operators uddhrut yadeet antarbhut karnyas anumati dete. jarr chalala moolya asel tarr tyache moolyankan karate, tarr tyache moolyankan karate. sthool vistar paribhashit karnyasathi backotcha vapar bahutekda keela jaato.
swa-moolyankan swaroop aanee uddhrut swaroop heey lispache shabdasha samatulya aahet. program kodmadhil (parivartaneey) aksharanchi moolye badalane shakya asoo shakate. udaharanarth, jarr ekhade karya uddhrut form parat karate aanee functionla coll karnara code formmadhye badal karato, tarr heey tyanantarchya aavahananvar functionche vartan badaloo shakate.
 '(eka done teen)
 (setuff (tisari gosht) 'vichitra)); white!
asha uddhrut formmadhye badal karane samanyatah white shaili manali jaate aanee ancy common lispadvare tyachi vyakhya chukichi mhanoon kelee jaate (parinami sankalit fayalimadhye "anirdharit" vartan hote, kaaran file-compiler samaan sthirank ekatra karoo shakato, tyanna likhit-sanrakshit smrutee ii. madhye thevu shakato.).
lispchya uddhratichya aupchariktechi nond dugglus hoffstadder ('godel, esture, baakh' madhye) aanee itaranni aatm-sandarbhachya tatvik kalpaneche udaharan mhanoon kelee aahe.
vyapti aanee bund.
dynamic kinwa static (aaa.) chya vaparamule lisp kutumb vibhajit hote.keey.aaa. shabdik) vyapti. closure, samanya lisk aanee yojana purvanirdharitapane sthir scopingcha vapar karatat, tarr neulisk, picolisp aanee emac aanee autocademadhil embedded bhasha dynamic scopingcha vapar karatat. aavrutti 24.1 pasoon, emax gatishil aanee shabdik scope donhi vapartat.
karyakram sanketachi rachana soochibaddha qaraa; macrow aanee compilersdware shoshan.
lisp aanee itar bhashanmadhil moolbhut farak mhanje lispmadhye, programche majkoor pratinidhitva heey fakt tyach antargat deta sanrachananche (jodalelya yadya, chinhe, sankhya, akshare ii.) manav-vachaniy varnan aahe.) jeey antarnihit lus pranalidware vaparale jaeel.
lisp yacha vapar atishay shaktishali macrow pranali lagoo karnyasathi karate. see preprocessordware paribhashit kelelya itar macrow bhashanpramanech (see, objective-see aanee see + + programming bhashansathi macrow preprocessor), eka macrow return code joou nantar sankalit keela jaau shakato. tathapi, see preprocessor macrochya ulat, macrow heey lisp karye aahet aanee tyamule lispchya sampoorn shakticha fayda gheu shakatat.
pudhe, lisp kodchi rachana yadisarkhich asalyane, macrow bhashetil konatyahi soochi-prakriya karyansah tayar kele jaau shakatat. thodakyat, lips deta structuresathi kahihi karoo shakatat, lips macrow kodasathi karoo shakatat. yaulat, itar bahutek bhashanmadhye, parsarche utpadan heey bhashechya amalbajavanisathi purnapane antargat asate aanee programardware hatalale jaau shakat nahee.
yaa vaishishtyamule bhashanmadhye 'karyaksham' bhasha vikasit karane sope hote. udaharanarth, samanya lisp object pranali macrocha vapar karoon bhasha vistar mhanoon swachchapane amalat aanali jaau shakate. yacha arth assa qee jarr ekhadya anuprayogala vegalya varsa yantranechi aavashyakta asel tarr tee vegali object pranali vaparu shakate. heey itar bahutek bhashanchya agadi ulat aahe; udaharanarth, jaava anek varshanna samarthan dett nahee aanee tee jodanyacha konatahi vajvi marg nahee.
sopya lisp amalbajavanimadhye, yaa yadee sanrachanecha thet program chalvanyasathi arth lavala jaato; function haah shabdasha yadee sanrachanecha eka bhag aahe joou dubhashyadvare tyachi amalbajavani kartana paar keela jaato. tathapi, bahutek lakshaniy lus pranalimadhye sankalak dekhil samavisht asato. sankalankarta soochi sanrachaneche machini code kinwa amalbajavanisathichya bitecodemadhye bhashantar karato. haah code see sarkhya paramparik bhashanmadhye sankalit kelelya kodaitkach vegane chaloo shakato.
sankalan tappyapurvi macrow vistartat aanee asha prakare kahee manoranjak paryay detat. jarr ekhadya programla purvaniyojit tablechi aavashyakta asel, tarr macrow sankalan velee table tayar karoo shakato, tyamule sankalkala fakt table output karane aavashyak aahe aanee chaloo velet table tayar karnyasathi coll kodchi aavashyakta nahee. kahee lisk amalbajavanimadhye cocois _ 6 hii yantrana dekhil asate, jee sankalan velet (jevha macrolla tyachi aavashyakta asel) code upasthit thevanyas anumati dete, parantu utsarjit modulemadhye upasthit nasate.
moolyamapan aanee vachan-moolyankan-mudran chakr.
lisp bhasha vidyarthyannidaa parasparsanvadi aadesh reshesah vaparlya jaatat, jyaa ekatmik vikas vatavaranasah (aay. dii. eae.) jodalya jaau shakatat. vaparkarta aadesh oleet abhivyakti type karato kinwa tyanna lisp pranalimadhye prasarit karnyasathi idea nirdeshit karato. lisp pravisht kelelya abhivyakti "vachate", tyanche moolyankan karate aanee nikal "chhapate". yaa karanastav, lisp kamand linela 'reed-eval-print loop' (reeple) mhanatat.
pratikrutiche moolbhut karya khalilpramane aahe. heey eka sadhe varnan aahe, jyamadhye vastavik liskche anek ghatak vagalale jaatat, jase qee uddhrut karane aanee macrow.
karya majkoor ess-abhivyakti input mhanoon swikarte aanee tyanna antargat deta sanrachanet pars karate. udaharanarth, jarr tumhi promptower majkoor type keela, tarr tyache teen ghatkansah jodalelya yadeet bhashantar karah chinh, kramank 1 aanee kramank 2. asey ghadate qee hii yadee dekhil lisp kodacha vaidh tukada aahe; mhanje, tyache moolyankan kele jaau shakate. yache kaaran asey qee yaditil qaar eka karyala nave dete-jode operation.
lakshat ghya qee 'aaa' heey ekach chinh mhanoon vachale jaeel. ekashe tevis haah kramank mhanoon vachala jaeel. 123' hii string mhanoon vachali jaeel.
karya detache moolyankan karate, parinami shoonya kinwa adhik itar lisp deta parat karate. mulyankanacha arth arth lavane assa nahee; kahee lisk pranali pratyek abhivyakti mool yantra kodmadhye sankalit karatat. tathapi, mulyankanache varnan arth mhanoon karane sope aaheh jyachya gadine ekhadya karla karya naav dile aahe asha yadiche moolyankan karnyasathi, pratham tyachya see. dii. aar. madhye dilelya pratyek yuktivadanche moolyankan karate, nantar karya yuktivadanna lagoo karate. yaa prakaranat, karya heey jode aahe aanee teey yuktivad soochivar lagoo kelyane uttar milate. haah mulyankanacha parinam aahe.
chinh phoo chinhachya mulyache moolyankan karate. 123" yaa stringsarkhya detache moolyankan tyach stringmadhye kele jaate. yadiche moolyankan yadinusar kele jaate (1 2 3).
vaparkartyala utpadan darshavine heey karyache kaam aahe. asha sadhya parinamansathi heey kshullak aahe. yadichya sanrachanechya bhagache moolyankan pravesh abhivyaktisathi yadicha magova ghene aanee tee ess-abhivyakti mhanoon chhapane aavashyak aahe.
lisp pratikrutichi amalbajavani karnyasathi, keval hii teen karye aanee anant-loop karya amalat aanane aavashyak aahe. (arthat, tyachi amalbajavani guntaguntichi asel, kaaran tee kinwa sarkhya serve vishesh operatorchi amalbajavani dekhil karane aavashyak aahe.) heey kele tarr, kodchi eka ola mhanje moolbhut pratikrutihi
lisp pratikruti samanyatah debegerla input sampadan, input itihas, truti hatalani aanee interfaces dekhil pradan karate.
liskche moolyankan sahasa utsukatene kele jaate. samanya liskmadhye, yuktivadanche moolyankan upayojit kramane ('sarvat sarvat davikade') kele jaate, tarr yuktivadanchya yojanechya kramane paribhashit kele jaat nahee, jyamule sankalkadware anukulatesathi jaaga urate.
niyantran sanrachana.
lispmadhye mulat khoop qamee niyantran rachana hotya, parantu bhashechya utkrantidarmyan aanakhi anek jodale gele. (lispacha mool sashart chalak, haah nantarchya sanrachanancha purvavarti aahe.)
yojana bolitil programmer anekada shepatichya punaravrutticha vapar karoon loop vyakt karatat. shaikshanik sanganak vidnyanatil yojanechya samanatemule kahee vidyarthyanna asey vatate qee, liskmadhye punaravrutti lihinyacha ekmev kinwa sarvat samanya marg mhanje shepatichi punaravrutti aahe, parantu heey chukiche aahe. serve varanvar varanvar lisk bolibhashanmadhye yojana looppasoon teey samanya liskchya jatil abhivyaktiparyant anivarya-shaili punaravrutti rachana asatat. shivay, yala vyaktiparak babinaivaji eka uddisht banavnara mukhya muddah mhanje yojana tail coll hatalanyasathi vishisht aavashyakta nirman karate aanee asha prakare yojanasathi tail recursionchya vaparas samanyatah protsahan denyache kaaran mhanje yaa sarawala bhashechya vyakhyedvare spashtapane samarthan dile jaate. yaulat, ency common lispla samanyatah tail coll elemination mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya optimization aavashyakta nasate. asha prakare, adhik paramparik punaravrutti rachananchya (udaharanarth, kinwa) vaparasathi anaupacharik badal mhanoon shepatichi punaravarti shaili hii samanya liskmadhye nirutsahit kelee jaate hii vastusthiti keval shailigat pradhanyachi baab nahee, tarr sambhavya karyakshamatechi baab aahe (kaaran samanya liskmadhil spasht shepati coll eka sadhee udee mhanoon sankalit houu shakat nahee) aanee program shuddhata (kaaran shepatichi punaravrutti samanya liskmadhye stackcha vapar vadhavu shakate, jyamule stack overflocha dhoka asato).
kahee lisk niyantran sanrachana "vishesh prachalak" asatat, jeey itar bhashanchya vakyarachana mukhya shabdanchya samatulya asatat. yaa operatorscha vapar pravesh abhivyaktiche prushthbhagache swaroop function kolsarkhech asate, parantu tyat farak aahe qee yuktivadanche moolyankan karane aavashyak nahee-kinwa punaravrutti abhivyaktichya babatit, tyache moolyankan ekapeksha jaast vela kele jaau shakate.
itar bahutek pramukh programming bhashanchya ulat, lisp bhasha vaparoon niyantran sanrachanechi amalbajavani karnyas anumati dete. anek niyantran sanrachana lisp macrow mhanoon amalat aanalya jaatat aanee jyaa programmerla tyaa kasha karya karatat heey jaanun ghyayache aahe, tyaa macrow-vistar dekhil karoo shakatat.
samanya lisk aanee yojana yaa donhimadhye bigger-sthanik niyantran pravahasathi chalak asatat. yaa prachalakanmadhil farak heey done bolibhashanmadhil kahee sakhol farak aahet. yojana hii prakriya vaparoon "punha pravesh pravesh satatyanna" samarthan dete, jyamule karyakramala amalbajavanisathi vishisht sthan jatan (aanee nantar punarsanchayit) karata yete. samanya lasika punha pravesh pravesh satatyanna samarthan dett nahee, parantu palayan karat rahilelya satatyanna hatalanyachya anek marganna samarthan dete.
anekada, samaan algoridam ektar anivarya kinwa karyatmak shailit lispmadhye vyakt keela jaau shakato. varr namood kelyapramane, niyantran pravah vyakt karnyasathi shepatichi punaravrutti aanee satatya vaparoon yojana karyatmak shailila anukool aahe. tathapi, anivarya shaili ajunahi agadi shakya aahe. anek samanya lisp programaranni pasant keleli shaili see sarkhya sanrachit bhashansathi vaparlya jaanarya programarna adhik parichit vatoo shakate, tarr skimardware pasant keleli shaili haskelsarkhya shuddha-karyatmak bhashanshi adhik jawalun disate.
soochi prakriyetil lispacha prarambhik varsa asalyamule, tyat anukramanvaril punaravruttishi sambandhit uchch-kram karyanchi vistrut shreni aahe. anek prakarananmadhye jethe itar bhashanmadhye (jase qee see madheel loop) lispmadhye spasht loopchi aavashyakta asel, tech karya uchch-kram karyasah purn kele jaau shakate. (anek karyatmak programming bhashanchya babatitahi hetch lagoo hote.)
eka changle udaharan mhanje eka karya jyala yojnet mhanatat aanee samanya lispmadhye mhanatat. ekhade karya aanee eka kinwa adhik yadya dilyas, naveen yadeet parinam gola karoon, kramanusar soochichya ghatkanvar karya lagoo karah
 (nakasha #'+' (1 2 3 4 5) '(10 20 30 40 50))
heey karya soochi ghatakanchya pratyek sambandhit jodila lagoo hote, jyamule parinam midato.
udaharane.
yethe samanya lisp kodchi udaharane aahet.
moolbhut "namaskar, jug!"karyakramah
lisp vakyarachana naisargikaritya punaravruttisathi swatahla udhar dete. yaa sanketanat punaravrutti paribhashit sanchanchi ganana yasarkhya ganiteey samasya vyakt karane sope aahe. udaharanarth, sankhyechya factorialche moolyankan karnyasathih
 (jarr (shoonya aine) 1
 (* aine (factorial (1-aine)))))
jarr antarnihit lisk pranali shepatichi punaravrutti anukool karate tarr paryayi amalbajavani mageel aavruttipeksha qamee stack jaaga gheteh
 (jarr (shoonya aine) aii. see.
 (factorial (1-aine) (* acn))))
vareel udaharananchi tulana samanya liskcha macrow macrow punaravrutti aavruttishi karah
 (i sathee 1 teey n paryant loop qaraa
 phack = 1 sathee mug (* phack i)
 shevati (paratava))
khaleel karya soochi ulat karate. (lispache antarnirmit 'ulat' karya tech karate.)
 ((paratava-moolya))
 (dolist (eae yadee) (eae paratava-moolya daba))
 paratava-moolya))
object pranali.
vividh object pranali aanee models, liskchya varr, bajula kinwa aat bandhalya gelya aahet, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
karyapranali.
bhasha-aadharit pranalinsah anek karyapranali, lispower aadharit aahet (lisp vaishishtye, parampara, paddhati, deta sanrachana ii. vapara.), kinwa lispmadhye lihile jaatat, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
janare, pratikshastradvare open janare asey punarnamit kele gele; medali, interlispmadhye lihilele, moolatah graphikal operating systemche eka kutumb jeey zeroxchya nantarchya starr workstationvar chalate; mezzano; antarim; chrysalisp, taao systemchya taoschya vikaskanni.

