dhruviyata (aantarrashtriy sambandh)

aantarrashtriy sambandhanmadhil dhruviyata mhanje aantarrashtriy vyavasthemadhye satteche vitaran karnyachya vividh marganpaiki konatehi eka marg. tyat konatyahi vishisht kalavadhit aantarrashtriy vyavastheche swaroop varnan kele aahe. eka samanyatah teen prakarchya pranalinmadhye farak karateh ekdhruviyata, dvidhruviyata aanee teen kinwa adhik shakti kendransathi bahudhruviyata. pranalicha prakar purnapane ekhadya pradeshatil kinwa jaagtik staravar sattechya vitarnavar aanee rajyanchya prabhavavar avalambun asato.
dvidhruviyata kinwa ekdhruviyata sarvat sthir aanee shantatapurn parinam deil qee nahee yabaddal vidwan bhinn aahet. keneth waltz aanee johnn mearshamer heey asey lock aahet jeey assa yuktivad karatat qee dvidhruviyatemule tulanene adhik sthirata nirman hote, tarr johnn ekenberry aanee william volforth heey ekdhruviyatechya sthiratechya prabhavasathi yuktivad yuktivad aahet. carl dutch aanee jeey. yanchyasarkhe kahee vidwan. bahudhruviyata hii sarvat sthir rachana aahe assa yuktivad david gayakane keela.
shityuddhacha kaal haah america aanee yuu. ess. ess. aar. yaa done mahan shaktinmadhil eka assa dvidhruviy kaal mhanoon vyapakpane samajala jaat hota, tarr shityuddhachya samaptimule 1990 aanee 2000 chya dashakat america hii ekmev mahan shakti mhanoon ekdhruviyata nirman jhaali. sadhyachya aantarrashtriy vyavastheche vaishishtya kase dakhvayache yavar vidvananni vadavivad keela aahe.
ekdhruviyata.
ekdhruviyata hii ashee sthitee aahe jyamadhye aantarrashtriy arajakatechya sthiteet eka rajyala satteche varchasva labhate aanee konatyahi pratispardhi rajyanna tond dyave lagat nahee. william volforthchya matey, "ekdhruviy pranali mhanje jyamadhye pratibalamban ashakya aahe. jevha pratibalamban shakya hote, tevha pranali ekdhruviy nasate."ekdhruviy rajya heey itar serve rajyanchya vartanavar niyantran thevu thevu samrajyasarkhe kinwa varchasva asalelya rajyasarkhe nasate.
american pramukhata.
anek vicharvantanni tumcha andaj vartavala.20 vya shatkapasoon vilyam gladestone, michel shevalier, kang yu-wei, georges vacker dii lapog, etch. yasah tyache pradhanya. jee. wells inn practictions' (1900) aanee william thomas yanni sthan midavale.
udarmatvadi sansthatmakvadi johnn ekenberry yanni prabhavshali lekhanachya maliket assa yuktivad keela aahe qee mahayuddhachya samaptinantar americene hetupurassar eka aantarrashtriy vyavastha sthapan kelee jyane aamhala pradhanya dile. tyanchya matey, sattechya samtol sadhanyachya vastavadi andajanna phal midale nahee kaaran aahe mahayuddhanantar america dhoranatmak sanyamane kaam karat hotee, jyamule kamkuvat rajyanna patale qee tyanna varchasvapeksha sahkaryat adhik rus aahe. yuu.ess. dhoranatmak sanyamane kamkuvat deshanna yuddhanantarchya jaagtik vyavasthechya rachnet sahbhagi honyas anumati midali, jyamule sanyukt rajyanna ekoon sattechya fayadhyancha fayda uthavanyachya sandhee maryadit jhalya. ikenberry namood karato qee america ektarfipane akhand sattechya prakshepanat guntali asatee, parantu tyaeivaji tyane eka shashvat sansthatmak vyavastha sthapan karoon, kamkuvat deshanna aavaj deuun, mothya shaktichi anishchitata qamee karoon aanee suraksha duvidha qamee karoon, tyachya fayadhyala 'lock inn' karnyacha nirnay ghetala. yoocha udarmatvadi aadhar.ess. aadhipatya-eka pardarshak lokshahi rajkiy vyavastha-yamule itar deshanna yuddhanantarchi vyavastha swikarane sope jhaale aahe, asey ekenberry spasht karatat. american varchasva heey anichchhuk, khule aanee atyant sansthatmak aahe-kinwa eka shabdat, udarmatvadi aanee" mothya pramanavaril yuddh kinwa jaagtik aarthik sankatapeksha qamee, american varchasva vyavastha varchasvavadi aavhan aavhan mukt asalyache disate."
sadhyache vadavivad.
sadhyachya aantarrashtriy vyavastheche vaishishtya ekdhruviyata, dvidhruviyata kinwa bahudhruviyata aahe qee nahee yavar vidvananni vadavivad keela aahe. michael bekalecha assa yuktivad aahe qee american pramukhata khoopach qamee pramanat mojali jaate kaaran yuu. ess. madhye veej nirdeshank anekada dardoi jee. dii. pii. vicharat ghenyat ayashasvi tharatat.ess. chean aanee bharatasarkhya itar kathit shaktishali rajyanchya tulanet. 2011 madhye, barry posenne assa yuktivad keela qee ekdhruviyata qamee hott aahe aanee jug bahudhruviyatekade sarkat aahe. 2019 madhye, johnn mearshamerne assa yuktivad keela qee aantarrashtriy pranali ekdhruviyatepasun bahudhruviyatekade jaat aahe. 2022 madhye, william volforthne assa yuktivad keela qee aantarrashtriy pranali asha pranalikade vatchal karat aahe jee dvidhruviyata kinwa bahudhruviyata mhanoon darshavili jaau shakat nahee. teey pudhe mhanale qee, sadhyachya aantarrashtriy vyavasthet dhruviyatela farsa mahatva nasalyache disun yete, kaaran aantarrashtriy vyavasthetil urvarit rajyanchya tulanet mothya shaktinna sattecha khoopach qamee vaataa aahe. 2023 madhye, volforth aanee stephen brook yanni yuktivad keela qee america ajunahi ekdhruv aahe parantu aamchi shakti kamkuvat jhaali aahe aanee aamche swaroop ekdhruviy badalale aahe. teey pudhe mhanatat, "jug dvidhruviy kinwa bahudhruviy nahee aanee teey honarhi nahee. hoy, gelya 20 varshant amerikeche varchasva qamee jhaale aahe, parantu teey jaagtik shakti padanukramat avval sthanavar aahe-surakshitpane chinpeksha varr aanee itar serve deshanpeksha khoop varr... itar desh yutee karoon kinwa tyanche sainya tayar karoon amerikechya satteshi barobari karoo shakat naheet."
april 2023 madhye, austreliyan sarkarne tyanche 2023 chey rashtriy punaravalokan prasiddha kele, jyat spashtapane mhatale aahe qee indo-pacificmadhil american ekdhruviyata aanee pramukhateche yug prabhavipane sampale aahe, jyamule mahan shakti spardha aanee adhik bhakkam jaagtik vyavasthecha marg mokala jhaala aahe.
sangharsh aanee sahkaryavar parinam.
vidvananni ekdhruviyatechya shashvatatevar aanee shantatevar charcha kelee aahe. william volforth assa yuktivad karatat qee ekdhruviyata tikau aanee shantatapurn aahe kaaran tyamule varchasvavadi shatrutvachi shakyata qamee hote (kaaran konatehi rajya ekdhruwala aavhan denyasathi purese shaktishali nahee) aanee yamule pramukh rajyanmadhil sattechya santulanachya rajkaranache mahatva aanee pailu qamee hotat, tyamule sattechya santulanachya prayatnanmule mothe yuddh honyachi shakyata qamee hote. volforth hegemonic sthirata siddhant aanee shakti santulan siddhant nakarnyavar aapala yuktivad tayar karato. aaplya sahsi pravruttila aala ghalanyachi konatihi mothee shakti nasaleli america aantarrashtriy staravar aaplya sattecha gairavapar karoon swatahla kamkuvat karel. dhoranatmak nivadiche "vistrut akshansh" yu laa parvanagi deil.ess. antargat rajkiy dabav aanee rashtriy mahattvakankshechya aadhare laharipane kaam karane."
carla norloff, yuu. chya matey.ess. ekdhruviyata teen ghatakanchya sanyogamule sthir aanee shashvat aaheh 1. jagatil pramukh rakheev chalan mhanoon american dollarchi sthitee, 2. american vyavsayik shakti aanee 3. american lashkari varchasva. varchasvachya darjamule americela asman laabh hoto. itar rajye tumhala aavhan dett naheet.ess. varchasva kaaran tyanchyapaiki anekanna yuu. chaa fayda hoto.ess.-netrutva kram, aanee paryayi jaagtik kram tayar karnyat lakshaniy samanvay samasya aahet.
nuno pii. monteiro assa yuktivad karatat qee ekdhruviyata hii ekdhruviy aanee itar rajyanmadhil aanee keval itar rajyanmadhil sangharshpravan aahe. monteiro heey sangoon pushti deto qee, "shityuddha sampalyapasoonchya bavis varshanpaiki tera varshe america yuddhat aahe. aahe shabdant sangayache tarr, ekdhruviyatechi pahili done dashake, jee yoochya 10 takkyanpeksha qamee aahet.ess. itihas, deshachya yuddhatil ekoon velechya 25 takkyanhun adhik kalasathi jababdar aahe.kenath waltz qee ekdhruviyata hii" aantarrashtriy sanrachananmadhye sarvat qamee tikau aahe.dusare mhanje, jaree americene paropkaripane kaam kele, tarihi rajye tyaviruddha santulan sadhanyacha prayatna kartil kaaran sattechi vishamata tyachi magani karateh svayamsahayyata pranalimadhye, rajye itar rajyanchya hetumbaddal kalji karat naheet jase teey itar rajyanchya kshamatanchi kalji karatat. asantulit shaktimule durbal rajyanna aswasth vatoo lagate aanee tyanna tyanchi sthitee majboot karnyache kaaran milate", asey waltz mhanatat.
2009 chya abhyasat, martha finnemore yanni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee ekdhruviyatemule, kahee apekshanchya ulat, americela jeey havey aahe teey karnyasathi mukt niyantran dile gele nahee aanee ekdhruviyata hii amerikesathi khoopach nirashajanak asalyache siddha jhaale aahe. ekdhruviyatemadhye keval ekdhruvadvare bhautik shreshthatva samavisht nasate, tarr eka samajik rachana dekhil asate, jyamadhye ekdhruv kayadeshirata aanee sansthatmakatechya madhyamatoon aapala darja kayam thevato. aantarrashtriy vyavasthetil itar ghatakankadun vaidhata midvanyachya prayatnat, unipole aavashyakpane tyaa ghatkansathi kahee pramanat shakti dete. unipole dekhil kayadeshirata prapt karate aanee sansthanchya nirmitidvare tyachya sattesamoril aavhananpasun bachav karate, parantu yaa sansthanmadhye yunipolpasoon door sattecha prasar dekhil hoto.
2021 chya abhyasat, yuan-kang wang yanni ming chean (1368-1644) aanee king chean (1644-1912) yanchya anubhavavarun assa yuktivad keela aahe qee ekdhruviyatechi tikaupana hii ekdhruviy shakticha fayda tikavoon thevanyachya tyachya kshamatevar aanee sambhavya aavhankartyansathi ekdhruviy lashkari pratikriya naan bhadkavta tyanchi shakti vadhavnyavar avalambun aahe.
dvidhruviyata.
dvidhruviyata mhanje satteche vitaran jyamadhye done rajyanna satteche pradhanya aahe. dvidhruviyatemadhye, pratyek dhruvachya bhovati prabhavachi kshetre aanee yutee pranali varanvar vikasit jhalya aahet. udaharanarth, 1947-1991 chya shityuddhat, bahutek pashchatya aanee bhandavalshahi rajye amerikechya prabhavakhali yeteel, tarr bahutek samyavadi rajye ussrchya prabhavakhali yeteel. volforth aanee brooks yanchya matey, shityuddhachya kalat "jug nirvivadpane dvidhruvi hote".
dwirangitechya aitihasik udaharananmadhye 18 vya shatkatil gret britton aanee france yancha samavesh aahe, jeey spanish uttaradhikar yuddh sampalyapasun (1701-1715) saat varshanchya yuddhaparyant (1754-1763) aanee shityuddhachya kalat america aanee soviet union (1947-1991).
sangharsh aanee sahkaryavar parinam.
keneth waltzchya prabhavshali "aantarrashtriy rajkaranachya siddhant" neey assa yuktivad keela qee dvidhruviyata sarvat mothya sthiratekade valali kaaran done mahan shakti jalad paraspar samayojanat guntalelya asateel, jyamule anavdhanane vaadh rokhata yeil aanee sattechi vishamata nirman honyachi shakyata qamee hoil. dell copelandne yavar waltzla aavhan dile aahe, assa yuktivad karat qee jevha shaktichi vishamata kinwa vichalan hote tevha dvidhruviyata yuddhacha dhoka nirman karate.
bahudhruviyata.
bahudhruviyata mhanje shaktiche vitaran jyamadhye donpeksha jaast rajyanmadhye samaan pramanat shakti asate. europechi maifili, napolean yuddhannantarcha kaal teey crimean yuddhaparyantcha kaal, heey shantatapurn bahudhruviyateche (europechya mahan shakti aantarrashtriy aanee deshantargat muddyanvar charcha karnyasathi niyamitpane ekatra yet asat) eka udaharan hote, tasech aantaryuddh kaal hota. yuddhakalin bahudhruviyatechya udaharananmadhye pahile mahayuddha, dusare mahayuddha, tees varshanche yuddh, yuddharat rajyancha kalavadhi, teen rajyancha kalavadhi aanee song rajvansh/liao rajvansh/jiin rajvansh/yuan rajvansh yanchyatil tripakshiy vibhagani yancha samavesh hoto.
sangharsh aanee sahkaryavar parinam.
hans morgenthou aanee eae. yanchyasarkhe shastriy vastavadi siddhantkar. etch. cair, asey manatat qee bahudhruviy pranali dvidhruviy pranalinpeksha adhik sthir aahet, kaaran mahan shakti yutee aanee chhotya yuddhandvare satta midvu shakatat jyaa itar shaktinna thet aavhan dett naheet; dvidhruviy pranalinmadhye, shastriy vastavadi assa yuktivad karatat qee heey shakya nahee.
bahupakshiy pranali visheshtah asthir aanee sangharshpravan aahet, kaaran yutee pranali vyavasthapit karnyat adhik guntagunt aahe aanee itar rajyanchya hetuncha chukicha andaj lavnyachi adhik shakyata aahe, asey navudarvadi manatat. thomas christancen aanee jacq snider yancha assa yuktivad aahe qee 'sakhali-takkar' (yutee bhagidaranni chithavani dilelya aviveki yuddhanmadhye mitrapakshanna odhale jaate) aanee 'buck-passing' (jyaa rajyanna tatkal jawalcha dhoka anubhavat nahee, tyaa rajyanna dhokyachya viruddha santulan rakhanyasathi itaranchi kimmat mojavi lagel yaa aashene dhokyachya shaktiviruddha santulan sadhata yet nahee) yamule bahupakshiyata asthirata aanee sangharsh vadhavanyachya dishene jaate.
bahudhruviyata bahupakshiyatechi hummy dett nahee aanee bahupakshiyateviruddha aavhan nirman karoo shakate. kemal darvisachya matey, ekdhruviyatet ghat jhalyamule bahupakshiyatet sankat nirman hote; bahudhruviy pranalimadhye bahupakshiyateche punarujjivan karane shakya aahe, parantu heey adhik dhokyat aahe aanee tase karanyachi rachana purnapane vikasit jhaleli nahee. bahudhruviyatemadhye, mothya shakti lahan shaktinpeksha "mega-pradeshik" kararanvar adhik sahajpane vataghati karoo shakatat. jevha anek pratispardhi mahan shakti asatat, tevha yamule lahan rajye asha kararanpasoon vagalali jaau shakatat. jaree bahudhruviy kramvarit 'dhruv' kinwa mahan shaktinchya bhovati pradeshik varchasva nirman jhaale asale, taree yamule pradeshanmadhil, kiman mahan shakti nasalelya pradeshanmadhye aarthik parasparavalamban kamkuvat houu shakate. yavyatirikt, bahupakshiy pranali pradeshik varchasva kinwa baddh kramankade cull karoo shakatat, tyamule karar jaagtik patalivar aivaji yaa baddh kramanmadhye tayar kele jaatat. tathapi, mearshamer bahudhruviyatechya aat patal aantarrashtriy vyavasthechya satatyatecha andaj lavto, jyamadhye kahee bahupakshiy karar asatat.
shaktiche ekagratas mapane.
dilelya mahan shakti pranalichya dhruviyatechi ganana karnyasathi yuddhache parasparsambandh shakti sootrachya pranaligat ekagratecha vapar karatat. sootra jeey dware vikasit kele gele hote. david gayak aanee itar. 1972 madhye.
sootra _ 2 heey mahan shakti pranalitil serve avasthanmadhye asalelya shaktichya pramanatil varganchi berries darshavate.
parinami honari ekagrata shoonyachya jitaki jawal asel, titaki adhik samaan vibhajit shakti asel. 1 chya jitkya jawal, titaki adhik ekagra shakti asate. ekagrata aanee dhruviyata yanchyat eka samanya parantu kathor sambandh nahee. 0. 0 peksha jaast parinam aadhalane durmil aahe, parantu 0.40 aanee 0.05 darmyancha parinam sahasa ekdhruviy pranali darshavito, tarr 0.20 aanee 0.40 darmyancha parinam samanyatah dvidhruviy kinwa bahudhruviy pranali darshavito. ekagrateche niyojan kalantarane kele jaau shakate, jenekarun ekagratetil chadhautar aanee cull pahile jaau shaktil.

