
uranium

uranium haah eka rasayanik ghatak aahe jyache chinh yuu aanee anukramank 92 aahe. too aavart saranichya actinide maliketil eka chandicha-rakhadi dhatoo aahe. uraniumchya anoomadhye 92 proton aanee 92 electron asatat, jyapaiki 6 sanyojak electron asatat. alfa kann utsarjit karoon uranium kiranotsaripane kshay hoto. yaa kshayache ardhayushya vegvegalya samasthanikansathi 159,200 teey 4.5 abj varshandarmyan badalate, jyamule teey pruthvichya vayachi tarikh tharvanyasathi upayukt tharatat. naisargik euraniummadhil sarvat samanya samasthanike mhanje uranium-238 (jyamadhye 146 neutron aahet aanee pruthvivaril 99 takkyanhun adhik uraniumche yogdan aahe) aanee uranium-235 (jyamadhye 143 neutron aahet). uraniumche anoo vajan heey prathamik ghatakanpeksha sarvadhik aahe. tyachi ghanata shisepeksha sumare 70 takke jaast aahe aanee sone kinwa tangstanpeksha kinchit qamee aahe. heey naisargikaritya maatee, khadak aanee panyat prati dashalaksh kahee bhaganchya qamee sandratemadhye aadhalate aanee yureninetsarkhya uranium-dharan karananya khanijanpasun vyavsayikdrushtya kadhale jaate.
uraniumche anek samkalin vapar tyachya adviteey anugunadharmancha vapar karatat. uranium-235 heey naisargikaritya aadhalanare ekmev vikhandaniy samasthanik aahe, jyamule teey anuurja prakalp aanee anvastranmadhye mothya pramanat vaparale jaate. tathapi, nisargat aadhalanaya chhotya sandratemule, uraniumla sanwardhan karane aavashyak aahe jenekarun purese uranium-235 upasthit asel. uranium-238 heey jalad neutrondware vikhandaniy aahe aanee supic aahe, mhanje teey anubhattimadhye vikhandaniy plutonium-239 madhye rupantarit kele jaau shakate. aanakhi eka vikhandaniy samasthanik, uranium-233, naisargik thoriyampasoon tayar kele jaau shakate aanee anoo tantradnyanatil bhavishyatil audhyogik vaparasathi tyacha abhyas keela jaato. uranium-238 madhye utsfurt vikhandanachi kinwa vegwan neutrons prerit vikhandanachi thodi sambhavyata asate; uranium-235 aanee qamee pramanat uranium-233 madhye, santh neutronsathi khoop jaast vikhandan cross-section asate. puresha ekagratemadhye, heey samasthanik eka shashvat anoo sakhali pratikriya rakhatat. yamule anuurja anubhattyanmadhye ushnata nirman hote aanee anubombansathi vikhandaniy samagri tayar hote. ksheen jhalele uranium (238yuu) heey gatij urja penetrator aanee kavach lepamadhye vaparale jaate.
1789 madhye khanij pitchblendmadhye uraniumchya shodhache shrey martin heinrich claprothla dile jaate, jyanni alikadech shodhalelya uranus grahachya navavarun naveen ghatkala naav dile. yujeen-melchiyar peligot hii dhatoo vegale karnari pahili vyakti hotee aanee 1896 madhye heinry bekwerelane tyache kiranotsargi gunadharm shodhale. oto hahn, liss meitner, enrico fermi aanee jeey sarkhya itaranni kelele sanshodhan. 1934 saalee rabert oppenheimerne anuurja udhyogat indhan mhanoon aanee yuddhat vaparale jaanare pahile anushastra 'litil boy' mhanoon tyacha vapar keela. united states aanee soviet union yanchyatil shityuddhachya darmyan shastrastra sharyatimule uranium dhatoo aanee uranium-vyutpann plutonium-239 vaparoon hajaro anvastre tayar jhaali. hii shastre aanee sambandhit aanvik suvidha nasht karane vividh aanvik nihshastrikaran karyakramanmadhye kele jaate aanee tyasathi kotyavadhi dollars kharch hotat. anvastranpasun milanare shastra-shreniche uranium uranium-238 neey patal kele jaate aanee anubhattyansathi indhan mhanoon punha vaparale jaate. yaa anuurjancha vikas aanee upayojan jaagtik staravar suru aahe kaaran teey karbanaday auxide-mukt urjeche shaktishali srot aahet. kharch kelele anoo indhan kiranotsargi kachara tayar karate, jyamadhye mukhytah uranium-238 asate aanee aarogyala aanee paryavaraniy parinamala lakshaniy dhoka nirman karato.
vaishishtye.
uranium haah eka chandicha pandhara, kamkuvat kiranotsargi dhatoo aahe. tyachi mohas kadakpana 6 aahe, jee kaach kharkharit karnyasathi pureshi aahe aanee andaje titanium, rhodium, manganese aanee neobiumchya barobarichi aahe. too lavchik, lavchik, kinchit paramagnetic, jordar electropositive aanee eka kharab vidyut vahak aahe. uranium dhatuchi ghanata 19.1 gramm/seey. mea. 3 itaki khoop jaast asate, jee shisepeksha (11.3 gramm/seey. mea. 3) daat asate, parantu tungsten aanee sonyapeksha (19.3 gramm/seey. mea. 3) thodi qamee daat asate.
uranium dhatoo jawaljawal serve adhatu ghatak (udatt vayoo vagalata) aanee tyanchya sanyugansah pratikriya deto, tapmananusar pratikriyashilata vadhate. hydrochloric aanee nitrick aaml uranium virghalavatat, parantu hydrochloric aamlavyatirikt itar oxidising nasaleli aaml ghatkavar atishay haloohaloo hallah karatat. bareek vibhagalyavar, teey thund panyashi pratikriya deu shakate; havet, uranium dhatoo uranium oxidechya gadad tharane aachchhadit hoto. dhatunmadhil uranium rasayanikaritya kadhale jaate aanee uranium dioxide kinwa udhyogat vaparnyayogya itar rasayanik rupanmadhye rupantarit kele jaate.
uranium-235 heey vikhandaniy asalyache aadhalun aalele pahile samasthanik hote. naisargikaritya aadhalanare itar samasthanik vikhandaniy asatat, parantu vikhandaniy nasatat. santh neutrons bombsfot kelyavar, tyache uranium-235 samasthanik bahutek vela done lahan kendrakanmadhye vibhajit hoil, jyamule anubandhak urja aanee adhik neutron mukt hotil. jarr yapaiki barech neutron itar uranium-235 kendrakandware shoshale gele, tarr anoo sakhali pratikriya udbhavate jyacha parinam ushnatecha sphot kinwa (vishesh paristhitit) sphot hoto. anubhattimadhye, ashee sakhali pratikriya neutron vishadvare mandavali jaate aanee niyantrit kelee jaate, jyamule kahee mukt neutron shoshale jaatat. asha neutron shoshak samagri bahutekda anubhatti niyantran rodcha bhag asatat (anubhatti niyantranachya yaa prakriyechya varnanasathi anubhatti bhautikshastra pahaa).
anubomb tayar karnyasathi uranium-235 itka qamee vaparla jaau shakato. hiroshima varr sphot jhalele anvastra, jyala 'chhota mulga' mhanatat, teey uraniumchya vikhandanavar avalambun hote. tathapi, pahila anubomb (trimurtisathi vaparlela 'gazette') aanee nagasakivar ('jaad manus') sphot jhalela bomb heey donhi plutonium bomb hote.
uranium dhatuche teen samasthanik swaroop aaheth
anuprayog.
lashkari.
lashkari kshetrat uraniumcha pramukh vapar uchch-ghanatechya penetratorsmadhye hoto. yaa darugolyat titanium kinwa molybdenum sarkhya itar ghatkansah mishradhatuyukt euranium (du) qamee hoto. uchch prabhav vegane, prakshepakachi ghanata, kadakpana aanee pyrophoricitymule mothya pramanat bakhtarband lakshya nasht karane shakya hote. taakee kavach aanee itar kadhoon taknyayogya vahan kavach dekhil qamee jhalelya uranium platesney kadak kele jaau shakate. pertian aakhatatil yuddhandarmyan america, britton aanee itar deshanni asha shastrastrancha vapar kelyanantar aanee balakananni matimadhye uralelya uranium sanyugambaddal prashna upasthit kelyanantar (gulph warr syndrome pahaa) qamee jhalelya uraniumcha vapar rajkiy aanee paryavaraniyadrushtya vadgrast jhaala.
kiranotsargi samagri sathavanyasathi aanee vahtook karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya kahee containermadhye qamee jhalele uranium sanrakshn samagri mhanoon dekhil vaparale jaate. dhatoo swatah kiranotsargi asala taree, tyachi uchch ghanata radiumsarkhya majboot strotankadun honare vikiran thambavanyasathi shisepeksha adhik prabhavi tharate. qamee jhalelya uraniumchya itar vaparanmadhye viman niyantran prushthbhagasathi pratibhar, kshepanastra punarpravesh vahanansathi bhaar aanee sanrakshn samagri mhanoon samavisht aahe. tyachya uchch ghanatemule, hii samagri jadatviy margadarshan pranalinmadhye aanee gairskopik hokayantranmadhye aadhalate. qamee jhalele uranium heey tyach prakarchya ghan dhatunpeksha adhik pradhanya dile jaate kaaran tyachi yantra aanee cast karanyachi kshamata tasech tyachi tulanene qamee kimmat asalyamule. qamee jhalelya uraniumchya samparkat yenyacha mukhya dhoka mhanje kiranotsargaivaji uranium oxideware rasayanik vishbadha (uranium haah keval eka kamkuvat alfa utsarjak aahe).
dusya mahayuddhachya nantarchya tappyat, sampoorn shityuddha aanee kahee pramanat tyanantar, uranium-235 haah vikhandaniy sphotak padarth mhanoon anvastre tayar karnyasathi vaparla gela aahe. suruvatila, vikhandan bombche done pramukh prakar tayar karnyat aaleh uranium-235 vaparnare tulanene sope upkaran aanee uranium-238 pasoon tayar kelele plutonium-239 vaparnari adhik klisht yantrana. nantar, eka adhik klisht aanee adhik shaktishali prakarcha vikhandan/sanlayan bomb (thermonuclear shastra) tayar karnyat aala, joou tritium aanee deuteriumchya mishranala aanvik sanlayanatun jaave lagnyasathi plutonium-aadharit upkaran vaparato. asha bombna vikhandaniy nasalelya (samruddha nasalelya) uraniumchya kesamadhye jakit lavale jaate aanee teey tyanchi ardhyahun adhik shakti yaa samgrichya vikhandanapasun jalad neutrondware aanvik sanlayan prakriyetoon midavatat.
nagri.
nagri kshetrat uraniumcha mukhya vapar anuurja prakalpanna indhan denyasathi hoto. eka kiloogram uranium-235 saiddhantikdrushtya sumare 20 terrazul urja (2 jool) nirman karoo shakate, sampoorn vikhandan gruheet dharoon; 15 laakh kiloogram (1,500 tunn) kolshaitaki urja.
vyavsayik anuurja prakalpanmadhye samanyatah sumare 3 takke uranium-235 paryant samruddha asalele indhan vaparale jaate. candu aanee magnox designs hii ekmev vyavsayik anubhattya aahet jee aprasiddha uranium indhan vaparnyas saksham aahet. united states naudalachya anubhattyansathi vaparale jaanare indhan samanyatah uranium-235 neey samruddha asate (achook moolye vargikrut kelee aahet). prajnan anubhattimadhye, uranium-238 heey khaleel abhikriyedvare plutoniummadhye rupantarit kele jaau shakateh
kiranotsargachya shodhapurvi (aanee, adhunmadhun, nantar), uraniumcha vapar pramukhyane pivalya kachesathi aanee uraniumchya kachasarkhya matichya bhandyansathi aanee ficestearmadhye thodya pramanat keela jaat asey.
merrie curine uranium dhatumadhye (pitchblend) radiumcha shodh aanee vilgikaranamule radium kadhanyasathi uranium khankamala chalana midali, jyacha vapar ghadyal aanee vimanachya dialsathi andharat chamkanare rung banavanyasathi keela jaat asey. yamule eka gramm radium kadhanyasathi teen tunn uranium lagato, tyamule eka apashisht utpadan mhanoon uraniumche prachand praman urale. heey kachara utpadan glazing udyogakade valavanyat aale, jyamule uranium glaze khoop swast aanee mubalak pramanat tayar jhaale. matichya bhandyanchya glaze vyatirikt, uranium tyle glazecha vapar mothya pramanat hoto, jyat samanya snangruh aanee svayampakgharatil farshansah, jyaa hiravya, pivalya, khavale, kalya, nilya, laal aanee itar ranganmadhye tayar kelya jaau shakatat.
uraniumcha vapar chhayachitran rasayananmadhye (visheshtah uranium nitrate toner mhanoon), stage laiting balbasathi diwa filamentsmadhye, dentureche swaroop sudharanyasathi aanee daag aanee rangansathi chamade aanee lakud udhyoganmadhye dekhil keela jaat asey. uranium kshar heey resheem kinwa lokarache mordant asatat. ultrathin vibhaganmadhye jaivik namunyancha virodhabhas vadhavanyasathi aanee vishanu, vilag peshi avyav aanee macromaliculeschya nakaratmak daganmadhye, uranil actate aanee uranil formatecha vapar electron-ghanateche "daag" mhanoon keela jaato.
uraniumchya kiranotsargachya shodhamule yaa ghatakacha atirikt vaidnyanik aanee vyavharik vapar jhaala. uranium-238 yaa samasthanikache dirgh ardhayushya (4.47 varshe) heey sarvat junya agnishilanchya vayacha andaj lavnyasathi aanee uranium-thorium dating, uranium-lead dating aanee uranium-uranium datings itar prakarchya radiometric dettingsathi vaparnyasathi yogya tharate. uchch-urja ksh-kiran tayar karnyasathi ksh-kiran lakshyansathi uranium dhatucha vapar keela jaato.
itihas.
shodhapurvicha vapar.
naisargik auxide swarupat uraniumcha vapar kiman ii. sha. 79 salapasoon suru hoto, jevha roman samrajyat syremic glazemadhye pivala rung jodanyasathi tyacha vapar keela jaat asey. 1 takke uranium auxide asalela pivala kaach italitil napleschya upasagaratil cape posilipovaril roman vhilamadhye sapadala. tii. 1912 madhye auxford vidyapithache gunthar. madhyayuganantar, pitchblende heey bohemiyachya joakimsthal (aata check prajasattakatil jakimov) yetheel habsberg chandichya khaninmadhun kadhale gele aanee sthanik kaach nirmiti udhyogat rangeet agent mhanoon vaparale gele. 19vya shatkachya suruvatila, uranium dhatuche jagatil ekmev dnyat srot yaa khanee hotya. shityuddha sampalyanantar aanee sdagg vismut bund jhalyanantar german bajoone dhatoo parvatanmadhil uraniumche khankam thambale. chekchya bajoone 2007chya uranium kimmatichya fugyachya darmyan khankam punha suru karnyache prayatna jhaale, parantu uraniumchya kimmatit ghat jhalyanantar teey twarit sodoon denyat aale.
shodh.
yaa ghatakachya shodhache shrey german rasayanshastradnya martin heinrich claproth yanna dile jaate. 1789 madhye berlin yetheel tyachya prayogik prayogshalet kaam karat asatana, claproth nitrick aesidmadhye pitchblend virghalavun aanee soodiyam hydroxides dravan tatasth karoon pivalya sanyugala (bahudha soodiyam diuranate) avkshepit karoo shakala. claprothne gruheet dharale qee pivala padarth haah adyap sapadalelya ghatakacha auxide aahe aanee kalya rangachi puud midvanyasathi too kolshane garam keela, joou tyala navyane sapadalela dhatuch vatala (kharey tarr, tee puud uraniumcha auxide hotee). aath varshanpurvi william hershellne shodhalelya uranus grahachya (aakashachya adim greek devavarun naav dilelya) navavarun tyane navyane sapadalelya ghatkala naav dile.
1841 madhye, parismadhil conservatory national days arts ett mattiers (central school auph arts andd manufacturers) yethe vishleshanatmak rasayanshastrache pradhyapak yujeen-melchiyar peligot yanni uranium tetrachloride potassiums garam karoon uranium dhatucha pahila namuna vegala keela.
heinry bekarelane 1896 madhye uraniumcha vapar karoon kiranotsargacha shodh lavala. bekarelane uranium meeth, keey2uo2 (esao4) 2 (potassium uranil sulfate) chaa namuna, eka ughad naan jhalelya chhayachitran platechya varr dorachya varchya bajula thevun aanee plate "dhukedar" jhaali asalyache nondavun parismadhye shodh lavala. tyane tharavale qee yureniyamdware utsarjit honanya adrushya prakashachya kinwa kiranancha eka prakar platechya ughadyavar aala aahe.
pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat jevha kendriya shaktinna tofkhana bandukichya baryl aanee uchch gatichya sadhananchya steelsathi molybdenumchi kamatarata bhasali, tevha teey niyamitpane ferrorenium mishradhatucha paryay mhanoon vapar karat asat, kaaran tee molybdenamsarkhich anek bhautik vaishishtye sadar karate. 1916 madhye hii pratha prasiddha jhaali tevha americi sarkarne anek pramukh vidyapithanna utpadan aanee dhatukamat uraniumchya vaparache sanshodhan karanyachi vinanti kelee. manhatton prakalp aanee shityuddhane vikhandan sanshodhan aanee shastranchya vikasasathi uraniumla mothee magani kelee jaiparyant yaa sutranni banavaleli sadhane anek dashake vaparat hotee.
vikhandan sanshodhan.
1934 madhye enrico farmichya netrutvakhalil eka chamoone asey nirikshan kele qee neutrons uraniumvar bombfake kelyane beeta kirananche utsarjan hote (utpadit ghatakanmadhun electron kinwa positron; beeta kann pahaa). vikhandan utpadananna suruvatila anukramank 93 aanee 94 asalele naveen ghatak asey chukiche samajale gele, jyala romchya vidyashakheche adhishthata, orso mario corbino yanni anukrame "ausooniyam" aanee "hesperium" asey naav dile. uraniumche vikhandan (vighatit) karoon halake ghatak banavanyachi aanee bandhan urja sodanyachi uraniumchi kshamata shodhanyakade nenare prayog berlinmadhil hanchya prayogshalet oto hahn aanee fritz strassman yanni kele. liss meitner aanee ticha putanya, bhautikshastradnya oto robbert frishney februwari 1939 madhye bhautik spashtikaran prakashit kele aanee yaa prakriyela 'anoo vikhandan' asey naav dile. tyanantar lagechach, fermine asey gruheet dharale qee uraniumche vikhandan vikhandan pratikriya tikavoon thevanyasathi purese neutron sodu shakate. yaa gruhitkala 1939 madhye pushti midali aanee nantarchya sanshodhanat asey aadhalun aale qee durmil uranium samasthanik uranium-235 chya pratyek vikhandanadvare sarasari sumare 2.5 neutron sodale jaatat. fermine alfried oo laa aagrah dharala. see. vikhandaniy ghatakachya nirdharanasathi uranium samasthanike vegale karnyasathi aanee 29 februwari 1940 roji, niyarne minnesota vidyapithat tayar kelelya yantracha vapar karoon jagatil pahile uranium-235 chey namune tett prayogshalet vegale kele. kolambiya vidyapithachya cyclotronla mail kelyanantar, johnn dunningne 1 march roji namuna haah vegala vikhandaniy padarth asalyachi pushti kelee. pudhil sanshodhanat asey aadhalun aale qee adhik samanya uranium-238 samasthanik plutoniummadhye rupantarit kele jaau shakate, jeey uranium-235 pramanech aushnik neutrondware vikhandaniy aahe. yaa shodhanmule anek deshanni anvastre aanee anuurja vikasit karnyavar kaam suru kele. germanymadhye vikhandanacha shodh lagla asala taree, anuurja aanee/kinwa shastranchya sanshodhanasathichya "euranverine" ("uranium club") germanychya yuddhakalin prakalpat maryadit sansadhane, antargat kalah, nirvasana kinwa yaa kshetratil anek pramukh shastradnyancha sahbhag naan asane aanee upalabdh asalelya graphitechya namunyanmadhil ashuddhatecha hishob karnyat ayashasvi hone yasarkhya anek mahattvapoorn chukanmule adthala aala jyamule too neutron moderator mhanoon pratyakshat qamee yogya vatala. naisargik uranium/judd paanee anubhatti tayar karnyache germanyche prayatna, american heggerlock yaa shevatchya german yuddhakalin anubhattichya prayogacha thikani pohochale toparyant gambhiratechya jawal pohochale navhate.
2 december 1942 roji, manhatton prakalpacha eka bhag mhanoon, enrico farmichya netrutvakhalil aanakhi eka pathak, shikago pile-1 hii pahili krutrim swayam-tikau anoo sakhali pratikriya suru karoo shakale. samruddha uranium-235 vaparanyachi prarambhik yojana adyap puresha pramanat upalabdh naslyamule tee sodoon denyat aalee. shikago vidyapithatil stand auph stagg fieldchya khalee asalelya prayogshalet kaam karat asalelya yaa chamoone 360 tunn graphite, 53 tunn uranium auxide aanee 5.5 tunn uranium dhatoo ekatra gola karoon asha pratikriyesathi aavashyak paristhiti nirman kelee, jyapaiki bahutansh tatpuratya utpadan prakriyet westinghouse lamp plantdware puravale gele hote.
anubomb.
dusya mahayuddhadarmyan americene done pramukh prakarche anubomb vikasit keleh uranium-aadharit upkaran (codename 'litil boy') jyache vikhandaniy sahitya atyant samruddha uranium hote, aanee plutonium-aadharit upkaran (triiniity chachani aanee 'fatt mann' pahaa) jyache plutonium uranium-238 pasoon tayar kele gele hote. uranium-aadharit lahan mulanche upkaran 6 august 1945 roji hiroshima yaa japani shaharavar sphot jhaala tevha yuddhat vaparale jaanare pahile anushastra banale. 12,500 tunn trinitrotoluenchya samatulya utpadanasah sphot houn, bombchya sphot aanee aushnik lahareene sumare 50,000 imarati nasht kelya aanee sumare 75,000 lock marle (hiroshima aanee nagasakiche anubomb pahaa). suruvatila asey manale jaat hote qee uranium tulanene durmil aahe aanee serve dnyat uranium satha kharedi karoon anucha prasar talhala jaau shakato, parantu eka dashakachya aat tyache mothe sathe jagbharatil anek thikani sapadale.
anubhattya.
oka rij rashtriy prayogshaletil (ornal), tenacy yetheel oka rij rashtriy prayogshaletil (ornal) ex-10 graphite anubhatti, jee purvi clinton pile aanee ex-10 pile mhanoon olakhali jaat hotee, hii jagatil dusari krutrim anubhatti hotee (enrico farmichya shikago pile nantar) aanee hii pahili anubhatti hotee jee satat kaam karnyasathi tayar aanee bandhali gelee hotee. arco, idahojaval anuurja aayogachya rashtriy anubhatti chachani kendravar sthit argone rashtriy prayogshalechi prayogik prajnan anubhatti I, 20 december 1951 roji veej nirmiti karnari pahili anubhatti tharali. suruvatila, 150-watche chaar dive anubhattidware petavale gele, parantu sudharananmule akheris sampoorn suvidhela veej miloo shakali (nantar, arco shahar jagatil pahile shahar banale, jithe tyachi serve veej borax-III dware tayar kelelya anuurjetun yete, jeey argone rashtriy prayogshalene rachana aanee sanchalan kelele aanakhi eka anubhatti aahe). jagatil pahile vyavsayik pramanavaril anuurja kendra, soviet unionmadhil obninskne 27 juuna 1954 roji tyachya anubhatti aii. emm.-1 saha nirmiti suru kelee. itar suruvatiche anuurja prakalp englandmadhil calder holl hote, jyachi nirmiti 17 aktoobar 1956 roji suru jhaali aanee pensylvaniamadhil shippingport anuurja kendra, jeey 26 meey 1958 roji suru jhaale. 1954 madhye uss "nautilus" yaa panbudine aanvik shakticha vapar pahilyanda keela.
pragaitihasik naisargikaritya honare vikhandan.
1972 madhye, french bhautikshastradnya francis perin yanni paschim aafriketil gabon yetheel oklo khaneet teen vegvegalya dhatoo sathyanmadhye pandhra pracheen aanee aata sakriy nasalelya naisargik anuvichedan anubhattya shodhalya, jyanna ektritpane oklo jivashma anubhattya mhanoon olakhale jaate. dhatucha satha 1.7 abj varshe juna aahe; tarr, uranium-235 haah pruthvivaril ekoon uraniumchya sumare 3 takke aahe. itar sahayyak paristhiti astitvat asalyas, satat aanvik vikhandan sakhali pratikriya houu denyasathi heey purese jaast aahe. aarogyala dhoka nirman karnari anoo kachara utpadane dharan karanyachi aajubajuchya galanchi kshamata yuu. ess. neey uddhrut kelee aahe.ess. yukka parvat anoo kachara bhandaramadhye kharch kelele anoo indhan sathavanyachya vyavharyatesathi samarthan purava mhanoon sanghiy sarkar.
pradushan aanee shityuddhacha varsa.
1950 aanee 1960 chya dashakat soviet union aanee americene kelelya jaminivaril aanvik chachanyanni aanee 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakat francene kelelya chachanyanni uranium dotter isotopmadhun jagbharat lakshaniy pramanat parinam pasaravala. anek anoo apaghatanmule atirikt parinam aanee pradushan jhaale.
uranium khaan kamgaranmadhye karkarogache praman jaast asate. udaharanarth, navajo uranium khaan kamgaranmadhye fuffusachya karkarogacha atirikt dhoka nondavala gela aahe aanee tyanchya vyavasayashi jodala gela aahe. americetil 1990 chya kayadyanusar, kiranotsarg sampark nuksan bharpai kayadyanusar, karkarog kinwa itar shwasan roganche nidan jhalelya uranium khaan kamgaranna $100,000 "dayalupana" dene aavashyak hote.
soviet union aanee america yanchyatil shityuddhachya kalat, uraniumcha prachand satha gola karnyat aala aanee uraniumpasoon tayar kelele uranium aanee plutonium vaparoon hajaro anvastre tayar karnyat aalee. 1991 madhye soviet unionchya vighatananantar, andaje 600 short tunn (540 metrik tunn) atyant samruddha shastra shreniche uranium (40,000 anvastre tayar karnyasathi purese) russian federation aanee itar anek majee soviet rajyanmadhil anekada apuya sanrakshit suvidhanmadhye sathavale gele hote. ashiya, europe aanee dakshin americetil polisanni 1993 teey 2005 yaa kalavadhit kiman 16 vela bomb-darjache uranium kinwa plutoniumchi taskari keleli pathvani rokhali aahe, jyapaiki bahutansh majee soviet strotankadun hotee. 1993 teey 2005 yaa kalat amerikechya sanghiy sarkarne chalavalelya bhautik sanrakshn, niyantran aanee lekha karyakramane rashiyatil uranium aanee plutoniumchya sathyanchya sanrakshanasathi sumare 5 kotee 50 laakh americi dollars kharch kele. haah paisa sanshodhan aanee sathavan suvidhanmadhye sudharana aanee suraksha sudharanansathi vaparla gela.
1990 chya dashakachya suruvatichya rajkiy aanee aarthik ashantatechya sthirikaranantar rashiyatil anuurja suvidhanchya surakshitatet lakshaniy sudharana jhaali aahe. udaharanarth, 1993 madhye aantarrashtriy anoo ghatana pramananusar star 1 chya varr 29 ghatana hotya aanee hii sankhya 1995-2003 madhye darvarshi charpeksha qamee jhaali. 20 msvpeksha jaast varshik kiranotsargachya matra midvananya niyoktyanchya sankhyet, jee eka purn-shareer seaty scanchya samatulya aahe, 2000 chya sumaras tivra ghat jhaali. november 2015 madhye, russian sarkarne 2016 teey 2030 yaa kalavadhit 562 abj rubals (see. aii.) chya andajpatrakasaha anoo aanee kiranotsarg surakshesathichya federal karyakramala manjuri dilee. 8 abj dollars). tyacha mukhya muddah mhanje "anoo udhyogachya 70 varshanchya kalat, visheshtah soviet sanghachya kalat jamaa jhalelya vilambit dayitve". arthsankalpatil andaje 73 takke kharch junya aanee kalbahya jhalelya anuurja prakalp aanee anuurja suvidha, visheshtah rajya sanrakshn karyakramanshi sambandhit, bund karnyasathi keela jaeel; 20 takke kharch anoo indhan aanee kiranotsargi kachyachya prakriya aanee vilhewat lavnyasathi aanee 5 takke kharch anoo aanee kiranotsarg surakshechya dekharekhisathi aanee khatrisathi keela jaeel.
ghatana.
mool.
lohapeksha jaast aanvik vajan asalelya serve ghatkansah, uranium naisargikaritya supernova aanee neutron tanyanchya vilinikaranatil aar-prakriyedvare (jalad neutron capture) tayar hote. adim thorium aanee uranium keval aar-prakriyet tayar kele jaatat, kaaran ess-prakriya (santh neutron capture) khoop mand asate aanee bismuth nantar asthirateche antar paar karoo shakat nahee. 235u aanee 238u yaa done vidyaman adim uranium samasthanikanvyatirikt, aar-prakriyene 236u chey lakshaniy praman dekhil tayar kele, jyache ardhayushya qamee aahe aanee tasech eka namshesh radionuclide aahe, jeey byanch kalapasoon purnapane 232 vya sthanavar kshay jhaale aahe. uranium-236 heey swatah 244 pii. yuu. chya kshayamule samruddha jhaale hote, jyamule thoriumchi apekshit asalelya jaast pramanat aanee uraniumchi apekshit asalelyapeksha qamee pramanat vipulata disun aalee. uraniumchya naisargik vipulatemadhye, namshesh jhalelya 242 pii. yuu. (ardh-jeevan 0.375 dashalaksh varshe) aanee 247 semee. (ardh-jeevan 16 dashalaksh varshe) chya kshayane anukrame 238yuu. aanee 235yuu. chee nirmiti kelee aahe, tarr thoriumche palak asalelya yaa palakanche ardh-jeevan aanee 236yuu. aanee 244pii. yuu. peksha tyanche utpadan qamee asalyamule heey jawaljawal nagany pramanat ghadleh saur mandalachya nirmitichya velee 247 semee.: 235yuu gunottar hote.
jaivik aanee ajaivik.
uranium haah naisargikaritya aadhalanara ghatak aahe joou serve khadak, maatee aanee panyat qamee pramanat aadhalato. uranium haah pruthvichya kavchatil vipulatechya kramane 51 vaa ghatak aahe. uranium haah pruthvivar naisargikaritya lakshaniy pramanat aadhalanara sarvoch kramankacha ghatak dekhil aahe aanee jawaljawal nehmich itar ghatkansah ektrit aadhalato. pruthvichya aavaranatil uranium, thorium aanee potassium-40 chey kshay haah ushnatecha mukhya srot manla jaato joou pruthvicha bahya gabha drav sthiteet thevato aanee aavaran sanvahan chalavato, jyamule plate tectonics chalate.
pruthvichya kavchatil uraniumche sarasari praman (sandarbhanusar) prati dashalaksh 2 teey 4 bhag kinwa chandichya sumare 40 putt mubalak aahe. prushthbhagapasun 25 kiimii (15 mail) khalee pruthvichya kavchamadhye 1017 kilo (2 paund) uranium aahe asey mojale jaate tarr mahasagaranmadhye 1013 kilo (2 paund) asoo shakate. matimadhye uraniumche praman 0.7 teey 11 bhag prati dashalaksh (phosphet khatanchya vaparamule shetjaminichya matimadhye prati dashalaksh 15 bhaganparyant) aanee samudrachya panyat tyache praman 3 bhag prati abj aahe.
uranium heey pratidravya, tiin, cademium, paaraa kinwa chandipeksha adhik mubalak pramanat asate aanee teey arsenic kinwa molybdenmeitkech mubalak pramanat asate. uranium heey uraninite (sarvat samanya uranium dhatoo), carnotite, autunite, euranophen, torbernite aanee coffinite yasah shekado khanijanmadhye aadhalate. phosphet khadkatil sathe aanee lignaitsarkhi khanije aanee yureniyamyukt dhatunmadhil monazite valoo (0.00% uraniumchya strotankadun vyavsayikdrushtya punarprapt kele jaate) yasarkhya kahee padarthanmadhye uraniumchi lakshaniy sandrata aadhalate.
kahee jivanu, jase qee "shevnela putrefacience", "geobactor metalyreducence" aanee "barkholderiya fangoram" chey kahee prabhed, tyanchya vadhisathi uraniumcha vapar karatat aanee yuu (vi) laa yuu (IV) madhye rupantarit karatat. alikadil sanshodhan asey suchavate qee yaa margamadhye madhyavarti yuu (vhee) pentavalent avasthedvare vidravya yuu (vhee) qamee karane samavisht aahe.
itar jeev, jase qee liken "trapelia involuta" kinwa sukshmajiv jase qee jivanu "citrobacter", uraniumchi sandrata shoshu shakatat jee tyanchya vatavaranachya patalipeksha 300 putt jaast aahet. "glycerol phosphet (kinwa itar tatsam sendriya phosphet) dilyavar "citrobacter" prajati uranil aayan shoshun ghetat. eka divasanantar, eka gramm jivanu nauu gramm uranil phosphet chrystals swatahla guntavu shakatat; yamule uranium-pradushit panyache nirjantukikaran karnyasathi yaa jivancha vapar jaiv-upcharanmadhye keela jaau shakato ashee shakyata nirman hote.
proteobacterium "geobacterium" dekhil bhoojalatil bioremediate uranium asalyache darshavile gele aahe. micorizal burshi 'glomus intraredices' tyachya sahajeevi vanaspatichya mulanmadhye uraniumche praman vadhavate.
nisargat, uranium (vi) kshariy phvar atyant vidravya carbonate sankul tayar karate. yamule bhoogarbhatil aanee anoo kachyapasoon matisathi uraniumchi upalabdhata aanee gatishilata vadhate jyamule aarogyas dhoka nirman hoto. tathapi, alkadharmi ph yethe atirikt carbonetchya upasthitit phosphet mhanoon uraniumche avakshepan karane katheen aahe. eka "sphingomonas" ess. pii. bii. ess. aii. aar.-1 haah prabhed uchch kriyakalapayukt alkadharmi phosphet (phoke) vyakt karato asey aadhalun aale aahe, joou alkadharmi dravananmadhun uraniumchya uranil phosphet prajati mhanoon jaiv-avakshepanasathi vaparla gela aahe. eae' madhye poke prathinanna atipramanat vyakt karoon parjanyaman kshamata vadhavanyat aalee. kolai ".
vanaspati matitoon kahee uranium shoshun ghetat. vanaspatinmadhye uraniumche korade vajan prati abj 5 teey 60 bhaganparyant asate aanee jalalelya lakadatil rakh prati dashalaksh 4 bhaganparyant sandratavate asoo shakate. ann vanaspatinmadhye uraniumche korade vajan praman samanyatah qamee asate aanee lock khaat asalelya annadvare darroj eka teey done microgram sevan kele jaate.
utpadan aanee khankam.
2021 madhye jagbharat uraniumche utpadan 48,332 tunn itake hote, jyapaiki 21,819 tunn (45 takke) kazakhstanmadhye utkhanan karnyat aale. namibia (5,753 tunn), canada (4,693 tunn), austreliya (4,192 tunn), uzbekistan (3,500 tunn) aanee russia (2,635 tunn) heey itar mahattvache uranium khaan desh aahet.
uranium dhatuche utkhanan anek prakare kele jaateh khulya khadde, bhoomigat, inn-seatoo leaching aanee borehole khankamadware (uranium khankam pahaa). qamee darjachya uranium dhatumadhye samanyatah 0.01 teey 0.25% uranium auxides asatat. dhatupasoon dhatoo kadhanyasathi vyapak upayayojana kelya pahijet. canadatil saskachevan yetheel athabaska khonyachya sathyanmadhye aadhalanaya uchch darjachya dhatunmadhye sarasari 23 takkyanparyant uranium auxides asoo shakatat. uranium dhatoo chirun bareek choorn kele jaate aanee nantar ektar aaml kinwa ksharasah galavale jaate. leachate heey parjanyaman, dravak nishkarshan aanee aayan devanghevanichya anek kramanpaiki ekachya adheen aahe. parinami tayar honanya mishranala yalo keek mhanatat, jyamadhye kiman 75 takke uranium auxides yu3oo8 asatat. yalo keek nantar shuddhikaran aanee rupantaran karnyapurvi dalanvalan prakriyetoon ashuddhata kadhoon taknyasathi calcine kele jaate.
ksharyukt kinwa kshariy pruthvi dhatunsah uranium halides qamee karoon vyavsayik darjache uranium tayar kele jaau shakate. uranium dhatuche vidyutvishleshan karoon kinwa tayar kele jaau shakate.
, vitalalelya calcium chloride () aanee soodiyam chloride (aine. aii. see. ell.) dravanat virghalate. garam philamentavar uranium halideschya aushnik vighatanadvare atishay shuddha uranium tayar kele jaate.
sansadhane aanee rakheev.
assa andaj aahe qee 61 laakh tunn uranium dhatoo sathyanmadhye aahe jeey prati kilo yureniyamsathi 130 americi dollar itake aarthikdrushtya vyavharya aahet, tarr 35 dashalaksh tunn khanij sansadhan mhanoon vargikrut kele aahet (shevati aarthik nishkarshanasathi vajvi shakyata).
austreliyakade jagatil dnyat uranium dhatoo sathyanpaiki 28 takke aahe aanee jagatil sarvat motha ekal uranium satha dakshin austreliyatil olympic dharan khaneet aahe. madhya african prajasattakatil mabomau prantatil bakoma yaa up-prantat uraniumcha lakshaniy satha aahe.
kahee uranium dekhil nasht jhalelya anvastranpasun tayar hote. udaharanarth, 1993-2013 madhye russiane sanyukt rajyanna megaton teey megawatt karyakramamadhye 15,000 tunn qamee-samruddha uraniumcha puravatha keela.
atirikt 4.6 abj tunn uranium samudrachya panyat virghalanyacha andaj aahe (1980 chya dashakat japani shastradnyanni dakhavun dile qee aayan vinimayakancha vapar karoon samudrachya panyatoon uranium kadhane tantrikdrushtya vyavharya hote). samudrachya panyatoon uranium kadhanyache prayog jhaale aahet, parantu panyat asalelya carbonetmule utpadan qamee jhaale aahe. 2012 madhye, ornal sanshodhakanni hicap navachya naveen shoshak samgrichya yashasvi vikasachi ghoshana kelee jee ghan kinwa vayoo renu, anoo kinwa aayanche prushthbhag dharan karate aanee panyatoon vishari dhatoo dekhil prabhavipane kadhoon takte, asey paisiphik vayavya rashtriy prayogshaletil sanshodhakanni padtallelya nikalanusar.
puravatha.
2005 saalee, jagatil bahusankhya uranium oxidesathi daha deshancha vaataa hotah canada (27.9%), austreliya (22.8%), kazakhstan (10.5%), russia (8.0%), namibia (7.5%), niger (7.4%), uzbekistan (5.5%), america (2.5%), argentine (2.1%) aanee ukraine (1.9%). 2008 saalee kazakhstanche utpadan vadhanyacha aanee 2009 paryant uraniumcha jagatil sarvat motha puravathadar honyacha andaj vartavanyat aala hota. haah andaj kharaa tharala aanee 2010 pasoon kazakhstan jagatil uranium bajarpethet varchasva gajavat aahe. 2021 saalee tyacha vaataa 45.1%, tyanantar namibia (11.9%), canada (9.7%), austreliya (8.7%), uzbekistan (7.2%), niger (4.7%), russia (5.5%), chean (3.9%), bharat (1.3%), ukraine (0.9%) aanee dakshin africa (0.8%), jyanche ekoon jaagtik utpadan 48,332 tunn hote. bahutansh uraniumche utpadan dhatunchya paramparik bhoomigat khankamadware (utpadanachya 29 takke) navhe tarr inn seatoo leachingdware (66 takke) kele jaat asey.
1960 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, yuen bhuvaidnyanikanni somaliyamadhye mothya pramanat uraniumche sathe aanee itar durmil khanij sathe dekhil shodhale. haah shodh asha prakarcha sarvat motha hota, udyog tadnyancha andaj aahe qee jagatil 800,000 tunchya dnyat uranium sathyanpaiki 25 takkyanhun adhik sathe aahet.
visavya shatkachya uttaradhat qamee guntavanukimule 21 vya shatkat purvathyachya samasya udbhavu shakatat asey kahee abhyas soochit karat asale taree, kiman pudhil 85 varshansathi antim upalabdh puravatha puresa asalyache manale jaate.
uraniumche sathe samanyapane vitarit kelele disatat. dhatoo shrenitil pratyek dahapat ghat jhalyas punarprapt karnyayogya uraniumchya pramanat 300 putt vaadh hote.
dusya shabdant, qamee uchch darjache dhatoo aanee pramananusar adhik qamee darjache dhatoo upalabdh aahet.
sanyuge.
auxidation sthitee aanee auxides.
auxides.
anek mothya girnyanmadhye utpadit kelyapramane calcinyukt uranium yalokekmadhye uranium auxidation prajatinche vitaran sarvat jaast oxidised teey kamitakami oxidised asha vividh swarupat asate. calcinermadhye qamee vel rahnare kann samanyatah dirgh dharan vel asalelya kinwa stack scrubbermadhye punarprapt jhalelya kananpeksha qamee oxidized asatat. uraniumche praman samanyatah manhatton prakalpachya divasanparyantche asate, jevha vishleshanatmak rasayanshastra ahwal manak mhanoon vaparale jaat asey.
uranium-auxigen pranalitil tappyache sambandh guntaguntiche aahet. uraniumchya sarvat mahattvachya auxidation avastha mhanje uranium (4) aanee uranium (5) aanee tyanche done sambandhit auxides anukrame uranium dye auxide (4) aanee uranium trioxide (5) aahet. uranium monoxide (uo), diuranium pentoxide () aanee uranium peroxide () yasarkhe itar uranium auxides dekhil astitvat aahet.
triuranium octoxide () aanee heey uranium oxideche sarvat samanya prakar aahet. oxideche donhi prakar ghan asatat jyanchi panyat vidravyata qamee asate aanee paryavaraniy paristhitichya vistrut shrenimadhye tulanene sthir asatat. triuranium octoxide heey (paristhitinusar) uraniumche sarvat sthir sanyug aahe aanee nisargat sarvat samanyatah aadhalanare roop aahe. uranium dioxide haah eka prakar aahe jyamadhye uraniumcha vapar samanyatah anubhattiche indhan mhanoon keela jaato. sabhovatalachya tapmanat, haloohaloo teey rupantarit hoil. tyanchya sthiratemule, uranium auxides samanyatah sathavan kinwa vilhewat lavnyasathi pasantiche rasayanik roop manale jaatat.
jaleey rasayanshastra.
uraniumchya anek auxidation avasthanche kshar panyat virghalanare asatat aanee jaleey dravnanmadhye tyancha abhyas keela jaau shakato. sarvat samanya ionic prakar anukrame (tapkiri-laal), (hirwa), (asthir) aanee (pivala), mhanje yuu (iii), yuu (iv), yuu (v) aanee yuu (vi). uranium (2) yaa aupcharik auxidation sthitisathi uo aanee yuu. ess. sarkhya kahee ghan aanee ardh-dhatoo sanyuge astitvat aahet, parantu tyaa sthitisathi dravanat konatehi sadhe aayan astitvat naheet. hydrogenche aayan panyatoon mukt karatat aanee tyamule teey atyant asthir manale jaatat. aayan uranium (vi) sthitiche pratinidhitva karato aanee uranil carbonate, uranil chloride aanee uranil sulfate yasarkhi sanyuge tayar karnyasathi olakhala jaato. vividh sendriya chilleting agents complexes dekhil tayar hotat, jyapaiki sarvat samanyapane aadhalanare uranil actate aahe.
uranium aanee polyatomic aayan uranium-auxide catanic swarupatil uranil ksharanchya ulat, uranet, polyatomic uranium-auxide aayan asalele kshar samanyatah panyat virghalanare nasatat.
carbonate.
uranium (vi) saha carbonate aayanchya parasparsanvadamule jevha madhyam panyatoon carbonetyukt dravanat badalale jaate tevha porbax aakruti mothya pramanat badalate. bahutansh carbonates panyat aghulansheel asatat (ksharyukt dhatunvyatirikt itar serve carbonates panyat aghulansheel asatat heey vidyarthyanna anekada shikavale jaate), uranium carbonates anekada panyat aghulansheel asatat. yache kaaran asey qee eka yuu (vi) catayan done antim auxides aanee teen kinwa adhik carbonetla bandhun ionic sankul tayar karnyas saksham aahe.
ph. chey parinam
carbonetchya upasthitit uranium apurnank aakruti heey pudhe spasht karatatah jevha uranium (vi) dravanacha ph vadhato, tevha uraniumche hydrated uranium auxide hydroxidemadhye rupantar hote aanee uchch phsvar teey ionic hydroxide complexes banate.
jevha carbonate jodale jaate, tevha pii. etch. vadhavalyas uranium carbonate sankulanchya maliket rupantarit hote. yaa pratikriyancha eka parinam mhanje ph 6 teey 8 chya shreneet uraniumchi vidravyata vadhane, hii vastusthiti aahe, jyacha thet parinam uranium dioxide anuurjevar kharch kelelya dirghakalin sthiratevar hoto.
hydride, carbide aanee nitride.
uranium dhatoo hydrogenshee abhikriya karoon uranium hydride tayar karnyasathi garam keela jaato. aanakhi jaast tapmanamule ulatya paddhatine hydrogen kadhoon takale jaeel. haah gunadharm uranium hydridesna vividh uranium carbide, nitride aanee hallide sanyugansah pratikriyashil uranium powder tayar karnyasathi prarambhik samagri soyiskar banavato. uranium hydrideche done sfatikeey badal astitvat aaheth eka α swaroop jeey qamee tapmanat prapt hote aanee eka β swaroop jeey nirmitiche tapman 250°seey. peksha jaast asatana tayar hote.
uranium carbides aanee uranium nitrides hii donhi tulanene nishkriy ardh-dhatoo sanyuge aahet jee aamlanmadhye kameet qamee virghalatat, panyashi pratikriya detat aanee havet prajvalit houn tayar houu shakatat. uraniumchya carbidemadhye uranium monocarbide (yuu. see.), uranium dicarbide () aanee diuranium tricarbide () yancha samavesh hoto. vitalalelya uraniummadhye carbon ghaloon kinwa uchch tapmanat carbon monoxidela dhatucha sampark karoon yuu. see. aanee donhi tayar hotat. 1800°seey. peksha qamee tapmanat sthir, yu. see. chey garam mishran aanee yantrik taana deuun tayar kele jaate. nitrogenchya thet samparkat aalyane milananya uranium nitridemadhye uranium mononitride (yuen), uranium dynitride () aanee diuranium trinitride () yancha samavesh hoto.
halids.
serve uranium fluorides uranium tetrafluoride () vaparoon tayar kele jaatat; uranium dioxidechya hydrofluorinitiondwar swatach tayar kele jaatat. 1000°seey. tapmanat hydrogens ghat kelyane uranium trifluoride () tayar hote. tapman aanee dabachya yogya paristhitit, ghan aanee vayuyukt uranium hexafluoride () pratikriya, aanee chey madhyavarti fluorides tayar karoo shakate.
samanya tapmanat, vafecha daab jaast asato, jyamule durmil uranium-235 samanya uranium-238 samasthanikapasun vegale karane vayoo prasar prakriyet upayukt tharate. heey sanyug uranium dioxide aanee uranium hydridepasoon khaleel prakriyedvare tayar kele jaau shakateh
parinami, pandhara ghan, atyant pratikriyashil (florinikaranadware), sahajpane sublime (jawaljawal aadarsh vayoo mhanoon vaganari waf utsarjit karane) asato aanee astitvat asalyache dnyat asalele uraniumche sarvat asthir sanyug aahe.
uranium tetrachloride () tayar karanyachi eka paddhat mhanje chlorinela ektar uranium dhatoo kinwa uranium hydrides thet ekatra karane. hydrogenchya ghatanyane uranium trichloride () tayar hote tarr uraniumche uchch chloride atirikt chlorines abhikriyedvare tayar kele jaatat. serve uranium chlorides paanee aanee haveshi abhikriya karatat.
uraniumche bromide aanee iodide anukrame bromin aanee iodeenchya uraniumshi thet abhikriyedvare kinwa tyaa ghatakanchya aamlanmadhye misalalyane tayar hotat. dnyat udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh,,, aanee. tyachi tayari kadhich jhaali nahee. uranium oxyhalides panyat virghalanare asatat aanee tyat,, aanee samavisht asatat. ghatak halideche anoo vajan vadhalyane oxyhalideschi sthirata qamee hote.
isotope.
82 peksha jaast anukramank asalelya serve ghatakanpramanech uraniumla sthir samasthanike nasatat. uraniumche serve samasthanike kiranotsargi asatat kaaran 82 peksha jaast proton asalelya nuclidesmadhil vidyutchumbakiy pratikarshanavar majboot anushakti varchasva gajavat nahee. tathapi, uranium-238 aanee uranium-235 yaa done sarvat sthir samasthanikanche ardhayushya heey nisargat adim radionuclides mhanoon udbhavnyaitake dirgh aahe, aanee pruthvichya nirmitipasoon mojata yenyajoge praman tikoon aahe. thorium-232 saha heey done nucleids, jawaljawal sthir bismuth-209 peksha judd asalele ekmev pushti kelele adim nucleids aahet.
naisargik uraniummadhye teen pramukh samasthanike asatatah uranium-238 (99.28% naisargik vipulata), uranium-235 (0.71%) aanee uranium-234 (0.0054%). itar chaar trace isotope dekhil aaheth uranium-239, jeey 238yuu utsfurt vikhandanatun jaate tevha tayar hote, neutron sodate jeey dusarya 238yuu anoodvare pakadale jaatat; uranium-237, jeey jevha 238yuu neutron pakadate tevha tayar hote parantu aanakhi done utsarjit karate, jeey nantar neptunium-237 madhye kshay hote; uranium-236, jeey 235yoovraar neutron capture jhalyamule aanee plutonium-244 chey kshay utpadan mhanoon trace pramanat udbhavate; aanee shevati, uranium-233, jeey neptunium-237 chya kshay sakhalit tayar hote.
uranium-238 heey uraniumche sarvat sthir samasthanik aahe, jyache ardhayushya sumare varshe, andaje pruthvichya vayaitke aahe. uranium-238 haah pramukhyane eka alfa utsarjak aahe, joou thorium-234 madhye kshay hoto. too shevati uranium malikedware, jyamadhye 18 sadasya aahet, shise-206 madhye kshay hoto. uranium-238 haah vikhandaniy nahee, tarr eka supic samasthanik aahe, kaaran neutron sakriy jhalyanantar tyache rupantar plutonium-239 yaa aanakhi eka vikhandaniy samasthanikamadhye kele jaau shakate. kharey tarr, 238yuu kendrak eka neutron shoshun gheuun kiranotsargi samasthanik uranium-239 tayar karoo shakate. 239yuu beeta utsarjak neptunium-239 madhye beeta utsarjanadvare kshay hoto, joou beeta utsarjak dekhil aahe, joou kahee divasantach plutonium-239 madhye kshay hoto. nyu mexicomadhye 15 julai 1945 roji jhalelya 'triiniity test' madhye sphot jhalelya pahilya anubombmadhye 239piyucha vikhandaniy samagri mhanoon vapar karnyat aala hota.
uranium-235 chey ardhayushya sumare varshe aahe; heey 238yuu nantarche pudhil sarvat sthir uranium samasthanik aahe aanee pramukhyane eka alfa utsarjak dekhil aahe, jeey thorium-233 madhye kshay hote. uranium-235 heey anubhattya aanee anushastra yaa donhisathi mahatvache aahe, kaaran pruthvivar nisargat astitvat asalele konatehi mahattvapoorn pramanat vikhandaniy asalele heey ekmev uranium samasthanik aahe. yacha arth assa qee aushnik neutrondware tyache done kinwa teen tukadyanmadhye (vikhandan utpadane) vibhajan kele jaau shakate. 235yoochyyaa kshay sakhalila, jyala actinium malika mhanatat, tyat 15 sadasya asatat aanee akheris tee shise-207madhye kshay hote. yaa kshay maliketil kshay honyache sthir darr, mool aanee kanya ghatakanchya gunottaranchi tulana radiometric dettingmadhe upayukt tharavatat.
uranium-236 chey ardhayushya varshanche asate aanee teey nisargat lakshaniy pramanat aadhalat nahee. uranium-236 chey ardhayushya heey tyachya alfa kshay putri thorium-232 chey namshesh jhalele purvaj mhanoon olakhale gele asale taree tyache ardhyayushya phaar qamee aahe. uranium-236 heey kharch kelelya anoo indhanat udbhavate jevha 235yuu varr neutron pakadalyane vikhandan hott nahee kinwa plutonium-240 chey kshay utpadan mhanoon. uranium-236 supic nasate, kaaran vikhandaniy 239piyu tayar karnyasathi aanakhi teen neutron capture aavashyak asatat aanee teey swatach vikhandaniy nasate; tyamule too dirghkal tikanara kiranotsargi kachara manla jaato.
uranium-234 haah uranium malikecha eka sadasya aahe aanee tyachya purvaj, 238yuu saha samtol sadhat aadhalato; too 245,500 varshanchya ardhayushyasaha alfa kshayatoon jaato aanee tulanene alpakalin samasthanikanchya malikedware 206 paryant nenyasathi kshay hoto.
uranium-233 160,000 varshanchya ardhayushyasaha alfa kshayatoon jaato aanee 235yuu pramanech too vikhandaniy aahe. samanyatah anubhattimadhye neutron bombsfotadware thorium-232 pasoon tyache prajnan kele jaau shakate; yaa prakriyela thorium indhan chakr mhanatat. 233yoochya vikhandaniyatemule aanee thoriumchya adhik naisargik vipulatemule (uraniumchya tippat), 233yoocha vapar vyapak vaparat nasla taree 235yuu aanee 239piyula sambhavya paryay mhanoon anoo indhan mhanoon karnyasathi tapas keela gela aahe. uranium-233 chee kshay sakhali neptunium malikecha bhag banate aanee jawaljawal sthir bismuth-209 (ardh-jeevan) aanee sthir thallium-205 varr sampate.
uranium-232 haah alfa utsarjak aahe jyache ardhayushya 68.9 varshe aahe. heey samasthanik 233yoochya utpadanat upautpad mhanoon tayar kele jaate aanee teey vikhandaniy naslyamule aanee 208tl sarkhya alpakalin alfa aanee gamma utsarjkandware kshay jhalyamule teey eka upadrav manale jaate. thorium-232 haah duheri beeta kshayatoon jaau shakel, jyamule uranium-232 tayar hoil, ashee apeksha dekhil aahe, parantu heey adyap prayogikdrushtya pahile gele nahee.
232u teey 236u paryantchya serve samasthanikanmadhye samooh kshay shakha (% peksha qamee) asatat aanee 238u vyatirikt yaa serve baar 233u madhye kirkol utsfurt vikhandan shakha asatat; utsfurt vikhandanasathi sarvat mothe shakhankan gunottar 238u sathee sumare% kinwa pratyek 20 laakh vikhandananpaiki eka aahe. alpakalin trace isotope 237yuu aanee 239yuu heey keval beeta kshayatoon jaatat, jyanche sambandhit ardhayushya 6.752 divas aanee 23.45 minite asate.
220 vagalata ekoon uraniumche 28 samasthanike olakhali gelee aahet, jyachi vastuman sankhya 214 teey 242 paryant aahe. naisargik namune kinwa anoo indhanamadhye naan aadhalanaya uranium samasthanikanpaiki, sarvat jaast kaal tikanare 230yuu aahe, jeey 20.23 divasanche ardh-ayushya asalele alfa utsarjak aahe. heey samasthanik lakshyit alfa-kann upcharpaddhatimadhye (tatt) vaparnyasathi vicharat ghetale gele aahe. itar serve samasthanikanche ardhayushya eka tasapeksha qamee asate, fakt 231yuu (ardhayushya 4 divas) aanee 240yuu (ardhayushya 14.1 taas) vagalata. sarvat qamee kaal tikanare dnyat samasthanik 221yuu aahe, jyache ardhayushya 660 nanosecond aahe aanee aataparyant adnyat 220yooche ardhayushya aanakhi qamee asane apekshit aahe. 239u aanee 239u vagalata, 232u peksha halake protonyukt samasthanik pramukhyane alfa kshayatoon jaatat, jeey anukrame positron utsarjan aanee electron capturedware protactinium samasthanikanmadhye kshay hotat; neutronyukt 240u aanee 242u heey neptunium samasthanik tayar karnyasathi beeta kshayatoon jaatat.
sanwardhan.
nisargat uranium-238 (99.2742%) aanee uranium-235 (0.7204%) mhanoon aadhalate. vayoo thund anubhattya aanee dabyukt judd paanee anubhattya vagalata, isotope pruthakkaran anubomb aanee bahutek anuurja prakalpansathi vikhandaniy uranium-235 kendrit karate (samruddha karate). uranium-235chya vikhandan karananya anoodvare sodanyat yenanya bahutek neutronna aanvik sakhali pratikriya tikavoon thevanyasathi itar uranium-235 anoonvar parinam karane aavashyak aahe. heey sadhya karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya uranium-235chya sandratela aanee pramanala 'critical maas' mhanatat.
samruddha' manale jaave, tarr uranium-235 ansh 3 teey 5 takkyanchya darmyan asava. hii prakriya mothya pramanat uranium tayar karate jee uranium-235 pasoon qamee hote aanee uranium-238 chya vadhiv anshasah, jyala ksheen uranium kinwa 'du' mhanatat. qamee' manale jaanyasathi, uranium-235 samasthanikanche praman 0.3 takkyanpeksha jaast nasave. 2001 pasoon uraniumchya kimmatit vaadh jhaali aahe, tyamule euranium-235 peksha jaast asalelya sanwardhan tellingscha punha samruddhisathi vichar keela jaat aahe, jyamule julai 2007 madhye qamee jhalelya uranium hexafluoride kimmat 2001 madheel $5 varoon $130 prati kilogramchya varr gelee.
vayoo centrifuges prakriya, jithe vayuyukt uranium hexafluoride () uchch-gatee centrifugecha vapar karoon 235uf6 aanee 238uf6 darmyanchya aanvik vajanatil farkanam vegale kele jaate, tee sarvat swast aanee agraganya sanwardhan prakriya aahe. vayoo prasar prakriya hii samruddhisathichi pramukh paddhat hotee aanee manhatton prakalpat vaparali gelee hotee. yaa prakriyet, uranium hexafluoride ruperi-zink pataladvare varanvar prasar hoto aanee uraniumche vegvegale samasthanik prasar darane vegale kele jaatat (uranium-238 judd asalyane teey uranium-235 peksha kinchit haloo pasarate). aanvik lesar samasthanik pruthakkaran paddhat uranium-235 aanee florin yanchyatil bandh todanyasathi achook urjechya lesar beemcha vapar karate. yamule uranium-238 heey florinshee jodalele rahate aanee uranium-235 dhatula dravanatun avkshepit houu dete. sanwardhan karanyachi paryayi lesar paddhat anoo waf lesar samasthanik pruthakkaran (aii. vhee. ell. aay.) mhanoon olakhali jaate aanee tyat rung lesarsarkhya drishyaman tune karnyayogya lesarcha vapar keela jaato. dusari paddhat mhanje drav aushnik prasar.
konatyahi dnyat naisargik namunyanmadhil 235yuu teey 238yuu gunottaratil ekmev lakshaniy vichalan gabonechya oklomadhye hote, jithe sumare done abj varshanpurvi 235yuu teey 238yooche praman qamee samruddha uraniumchya pramanasarkhe hote, jevha 235yuu teey 238yuu heey praman qamee samruddha uraniumchya pramanasarkhe hote, jyamule niyamit ("halake") paanee manavnirmit halakya panyachya anubhattyanmadhil prakriyesarkhe neutron moderator mhanoon karya karoo shakate. saiddhantikdrushtya purvi andaj lavalelya asha naisargik vikhandan anubhattyanche astitva siddha jhaale kaaran francemadhye uranium sanvardhanadarmyan apekshit mulyanpasoon 235yuu sandrateche thodese vichalan aadhalale. konatyahi napak manvi kruteela (jase qee 235yoochii choree) nakarnyasathi tyanantarchya tapasanit samanya vikhandan utpadananche (kinwa tyaeivaji tyanchya sthir dotter nuclides) samasthanik gunottar vikhandanasathi apekshit mulyanchya anushangane shodhun yaa siddhantachi pushti kelee gelee parantu tyaa ghatakanchya vikhandan nasalelya namunyansathi apekshit mulyanpasoon vichalan jhaale.
manvi sampark.
ekhadya vyaktila havet dhool shvasat gheuun kinwa dooshit paanee aanee ann sevan karoon uraniumchya (kinwa tichya redonsarkhya kiranotsargi mulinchya) samparkat aanale jaau shakate. havet uraniumche praman sahasa khoop qamee asate; tathapi, jeey lock phosphet khatanvar prakriya karananya karkhanyanmadhye kaam karatat, anvastre banavalelya kinwa tyanchi chachani kelelya sarkari suvidhanjaval rahatat, qamee jhaleli uranium shastre vaparlelya aadhunik yuddhbhumijaval rahatat kinwa kaam karatat, kinwa kolshavar chalana urja prakalpajaval rahatat kinwa kaam karatat, uranium dhatuche utkhanan kinwa prakriya karananya suvidha, kinwa anubhatti indhanasathi uranium samruddha karnare, uraniumchya samparkat vaadh jhaali asel. uraniumchya sathyanpeksha jaast asaleli ghare kinwa sanrachana (ektar naisargik kinwa manavnirmit slagg sathyanpaiki) redon vayuchya samparkat yenyachya ghatana vadhu shakatat. vyavsayik suraksha aanee aarogya prashasanane (osha) kamachya thikani uraniumchya samparkat yenyasathi 8 tasanchya kamachya divasat 0.25 mii. gra./ghanmeter ashee parvanagi maryada nishchit kelee aahe. national institute phaur occupational sefty andd healthney (aine. aay. ess. etch.) 8 tasanchya kamachya divasasathi 0.2 mii. gra./emm. 3. chee shifaras keleli exposure maryada aanee 10 mii. gra./emm. 3. chya patalivar 0.6 mii. gra./emm. 3. chee alpakalin maryada nishchit kelee aahe. uranium heey jivanasathi aanee aarogyasathi lagech dhokadayak aahe.
bahutek sevan kelele uranium pachnadarmyan utsarjit hote. jevha uraniumche oxidesarkhe adravya prakar sevan kele jaatat tevha keval 0.5 takke shoshale jaatat, tarr adhik vidravya uranil aayanche shoshan 5 takkyanparyant asoo shakate. tathapi, vidravya uranium sanyuge sharirat patkan paar hotat, tarr vidravya uranium sanyuge, visheshtah jevha dhool shvasat gheuun fuffusanmadhye shiratat, tevha adhik gambhir sampark dhoka nirman hoto. raktpravahat pravesh kelyanantar, shoshalele uranium jaiv sanchayit hote aanee phosphateshee uraniumchya sambandhamule hadantil uutinmadhye anek varshe rahate. samavisht uranium heey uranil aayan banate, jeey hadey, yakrut, mootrapind aanee punarutpadak uutinmadhye jamaa hotat.
uraniumchi radiological aanee rasayanik vishaktata yaa vastusthitidvare ektrit hote qee yureniyamsarkhya uchch anoo kramank zedche ghatak fantum kinwa duyyam radiotoxicity darshavtat, jaree naisargik parshvabhoomi gamma aanee ksh-kirananche shoshan aanee photoelectronche punar utsarjan, jeey uraniumchya uchch sambandhasah dii. aine. aii. chya phosphatechya bhagashi sanyojan kelyane eka aanee duheri strand dii. aine. aii. tutanyachi sankhya vadhate.
uranium tvachedvare shoshale jaat nahee aanee yureniyamdware sodale jaanare alfa kann tvachemadhye pravesh karoo shakat naheet.
steelchya prushthbhagavarun aanee jalbhrutinmadhun uraniumche nirjantukikaran kele jaau shakate.
parinam aanee khabardari.
mootrapind, mendu, yakrut, hriday aanee itar pranalinchya samanya karyavar uraniumchya samparkat yenyane parinam houu shakato, kaaran, kamkuvat kiranotsargi asanyavyatirikt, uranium haah eka vishari dhatoo aahe. uranium heey punarutpadak vishari dekhil aahe. radiological prabhav samanyatah sthanik asatat kaaran alfa kiranotsarg, 238yuu kshay honyache prathamik roop, khoop qamee shreniche asate aanee teey tvachemadhye pravesh karnar nahee. shvasadvare aat ghetalelya euraniummadhun honare alfa vikiran ughad jhalelya anushramikanmadhye fuffusacha karkarog ghadavun aanate heey siddha jhaale aahe. see. dii. see. neey eka abhyas prakashit keela aahe qee naisargik kinwa qamee jhalelya uraniumchya samparkat aalyane konatahi manvi karkarog jhalela disat nahee, uranium aanee tyachya kshay jhalelya utpadananchya, visheshtah redonchya samparkat yene haah aarogyasathi eka mahattvapoorn dhoka aahe. strauntium-90, iodine-131 aanee itar vikhandan utpadananchya samparkat yene heey uraniumchya samparkat yenyashi sambandhit nahee, parantu vaidyakeey prakriya kinwa kharch kelelya anubhattichya indhanachya samparkat yene kinwa anvastranmule honanya ghasaranimule houu shakate.
uranium hexafluoride uchch sandratechya aakasmik shvasochavasachya samparkat aalyane manvi mrutyu jhaale asale taree, teey mrutyu yureniyamaivaji atyant vishari hydrophloric acid aanee uranil fluoridechya nirmitishi sambandhit hote. bareek vibhagalela uranium dhatoo aagicha dhoka nirman karato kaaran uranium haah pyrophoric asato; lahan daane kholichya tapmanat havet utsfurtapane prajvalit hotil.
pureshi khabardari mhanoon uranium dhatoo samanyatah hatmojyanni hatalala jaato. uraniumche sandran hatalale jaate aanee samavisht kele jaate jenekarun lock teey shvasat ghet naheet kinwa ghet naheet yachee khatri kelee jaate.