qalaa mhanje kaay?

qalaa mhanje kaay? ("kaay kaay?") heey lio tolstoy yanche pustak aahe. too 1897 madhye russian bhashet purn jhaala parantu russian sensorschya adchaninmule too pratham ingerjit prakashit jhaala.
pustak lihinyache kaaran mhanoon tolstoyne qalaa aanee kalakaranvar kharch kelela vel, prayatna, sarvajanik nidhi aanee sarvajanik aadar tasech kalebaddalchya samanya matanchi achookata yancha ullekh keela aahe. tyanchya shabdat, "qalaa mhanje kaay, aanee visheshtah changli, upayukt qalaa mhanje kaay, jyachyakarta aapan tyachya mandirat arpan kelya kelya asha balidananche samarthan karoo shakato, heey sangane katheen aahe".
sampoorn pustakat tolstoyne tyachya kattarpanthi khristi naitikatechya prakashat kalakrutinche moolyankan karoon, aanee wagner, shakespeare aanee dante yanchyasah tyachya swatachya bahutek lekhanasah sweekrut gurujinna barkhast karanyachi ichcha darshavat, eka "akhand naitiktavad" darshavila aahe.
kalechya vyakhyanmadhye saundaryacha vapar nakarlyanantar (saundaryashastra pahaa), tolstoy kalechi sankalpana bhavna sampreshit karnari konatihi gosht mhanoon karatoh "jevha ekhada manus, tyane ekada anubhavalelya bhavna itar lokanshi sampreshit karnyachya uddeshane, tyala punha tyachya aat bolavato aanee kahee bahya chinhandware vyakt karato tevha qalaa suru hote".
kalebaddalcha haah drushtikon sarvasamaveshak aaheh "vinod", "ghar sajavat" aanee "church seva" yaa serve goshti bhavna vyakt kelya jaiparyant qalaa manalya jaau shakatat. heey dekhil anaitik aaheh "[eff] ealings... khoop white aanee khoop changle, jarr teey vachkala sankramit karatat... too kalecha vishay aahe ".
tolstoy asehi namood karato qee kalakaranchi "pramanikpana" mhanje kalakar jyaa pramanat "too vyakt karato tyaa bhavna anubhavato"-sansargavar prabhav takto.
kalechya majkurache moolyankan karane.
tolstoychi kalechi moolbhut sankalpana vyapak aanee anaitik asali taree, 'changlya' kalechi tyanchi kalpana kathor aanee naitik aahe, jee teey manavatechya vikasatil kaleche karya mhanoon pahatat tyavar aadharit aaheh
jyapramane dnyanachya utkrantimadhye-mhanje, chukichya aanee anavashyak dnyanala adhik kharey aanee adhik aavashyak dnyanadvare baljabarine baher kadhane aanee tyachi jaaga ghene-tyachpramane bhavananchi utkranti kalechya madhyamatoon hote, qamee dayalu aanee qamee aavashyak asalelya qamee bhavna, manvi kalyanasathi, dayalu bhavnandware, tyaa changalyasathi adhik aavashyak. haach kalecha uddesh aahe.
khrishchan qalaa.
tolstoychya vishleshanavar tyachya kattarpanthi khristi drushtikonacha prabhav aahe (pahaa "devache rajya tumchya aat aahe"), jyaa drushtikonamule too 1901 madhye russian orthodox charchmadhun bahishkrut jhaala. too mhanato qee khrishchan qalaa, jee "dewala putratva aanee purushanchya bandhubhavachya chetanet" rujaleli aaheh
pratyek mansachya pratishthebaddal aadar vyakt karoo shakato, pratyek pranyachya jivanasathi, teey vilasita, hinsa, sudbuddhi, itaransathi aavashyak asalelya swatachya aanandasathichya vastooncha vapar karanyachi laaj vyakt karoo shakate, teey lokanna itaranchi seva karnyasathi muktapane aanee anandane, tyakade laksh naan deta, swatahla balee padoo shakate.
akheris, "kalpanik paristhitit lokanmadhye bandhutva aanee premachya bhavna vyakt karoon, dharmik qalaa lokanna tyach paristhitit vastaviktet samaan bhavna anubhavanyachi savay lavel".
tolstoychi udaharaneh shilarchi 'daad robbers', victor hyugochi 'leesa misserables', charles decainschi 'aaa story auph too cities' aanee 'daad chimes', harriot beacher stovechi 'ankal toms kebin', dostovskichi 'daad haus auph daad deed', george eliotchi 'addam bede', gechee 'judgement', lezen-meyarchi 'sahee karane fashichi shiksha' aanee 'chitre' aadar aanee premane majur manasache chitran 'jase qee bajari, breton, lermit aanee defrager.
sarvatrik qalaa.
"sarvatrik qalaa heey spasht karate qee lock" "jivanachya anand aanee dukkhanchya ekatmatemadhye aadhich ekjoot aahet", "asha anand, komalata, anand, shantata aanee itar serve prakarchya bhavna, apavadavina serve lokansathi sulabh asalelya sarvat sopya, sarvat dainandin prakarchya bhavna, asha sanvadadvare". tolstoy yaa aadarshala varg, dharm, rashtra kinwa shailinusar pakshapati swarupachya kaleshi tulana karato.
tolstoychi udaharaneh tyane survantice, decains, mollier, gogol aanee pushkinchya kamancha ullekh keela aahe, aanee yaa sarvanchi tulana josefchya katheshi pratikoolpane kelee aahe.
sangeetat too bakhcha violine aria, chopinacha eae-flat mejar nocturn aanee schubert, haydon, chopin aanee mosartmadhil "nivadak parichhedan" chee prashansa karato. too shailitil chitre aanee bhupradeshambaddalhi thodakyat bolato.
aspashtta viruddha praveshyogyata.
tolstoy tyachya samkalinanchya "andhukatechya aakarshan" chya sanvedanshilatechi nond karato. kaame "saumyokti, pauranik aanee aitihasik sanket" aanee samanya "aspashtta, goodhata, aspashtta aanee janteparyant pohochata naan yene" yanni bharaleli jhaali aahet. qalaa pratyekala samajanyayogya asoo shakate aanee asayala havee assa aagrah dharoon tolstoy asha kamanna udhan aanato. manavatechya sudharananmadhye kaleche karya aahe-mansachya sarvottam bhavna vyakt karnyas saksham-yavar bharr dett kalakaranni jaanunbujun aanee ahankarane durgami asane heey tyanna aaksheparh vatate.
krutrimata.
kalaviruddha tolstoychi eka teeka ashee aahe qee kahee kalat tee "pramanik rahane bund kele aanee krutrim aanee mastishk bunley", jyamule tantrik tejasvitechya lakho kalakruti tayar jhalya parantu kahee sanmananiy bhavna nirman jhalya. tolstoyne white kalechya chaar samanya chinhakanchi ruparesha aakhalih matra, heey siddhant kinwa antim nirdeshak manale jaat naheet.
karj ghetale.
itar kamanmadhil ghatakancha punarvapar aanee ekagrata karane samavisht aahe, jyanchi vishisht udaharane ashee aaheth "kanye, yoddhe, mendhpal, sannyasi, devadute, serve prakarche bhute, chandroday, meghagarjana, parvat, samudra, utaar, phule, lamb cases, sinh, kokra, kabutar, nightingale".
anukaran.
anukaran heey atyant varnanatmak vastavad aahe, jethe chitrakala chhayachitran banate kinwa pustakatil drushya drushya bhav, aavajacha suur, mandani ityadinchi yadee banate. bhavanancha konatahi sambhavya sanvad "tapashilanchya atipravahamule viskalit hoto".
prabhavi.
lakshavedhipana' varr avalambun rahane, jyat anekada 'bhayanak aanee komal, sunder aanee kuroop, mothyane aanee mauu, gadad aanee halake', kamache varnan, 'chadhautar aanee guntagunt', ly, gatee ityadinmadhye anpekshit badal yancha samavesh asato. tolstoycha assa yuktivad aahe qee asha tantranni chinhankit kelele karya "konatihi bhavna vyakt karat nahee, tarr keval majjatantunvar parinam karate".
dishabhul.
mahitipat aanee kalpanaramya sahitya yanche mishran, tasech tasech, kavita aanee sangeet yanche lekhan asha prakare karane qee teey gondhaloon gele pahijet, asha prakare 'kalanchya kamat jodaleli bauddhik ruchi' hii dishabhul aahe. asha serve kalakruti, purvi anubhavalya gelelya bhavanancha itaranmadhye sansarg mhanoon kalaprati tolstoychya drushtikonashi aanee qalaa hii 'sarvatrik' asavi, yaa tyachya prabodhanshi julat naheet.
karane.
church khrishchan aanee punarjagaran.
tolstoy khrist aanee manushyachya premamule prerit asalyabaddal, tasech anand-shodhachya tyachya virodhamule prerit asalyabaddal suruvatichya khrishchan kalela manyata deto. too yala 'church khrishchanatva' pasoon nirman jhalelya kalepeksha pradhanya deto, jee pratyakshatah pratyakshatah khrishchanatvachya aavashyak siddhantanna' talhate (mhanje, serve purush pityapasoon janmala aale aahet, samaan aahet aanee paraspar premasathi prayatna kele pahijet). qalaa murtipujak bunley-dharmik vyaktinchi pooja karane-aanee charchchya aadnyanchya adhinata.
dharmayuddhannantar, popchya sattecha gairavapar adhik spasht hott gela, tyamule kalecha bhrashtachar adhik kholvar vadhala. charchchya krutee aanee khrishchan dharmacha sandesh yanchyatil virodhabhas pahoon shrimantanna shanka yeu lagali. pann suruvatichya khrishchan shikavanukinkade valanyaivaji, uchch varganni keval aanandadayak asalelya kaleche kautuk karnyas aanee tee suru karnyas suruvat kelee. hii pravrutti punarujjivanamule sulabh jhaali, pracheen greek qalaa, tatvadnyan aanee sanskratichya vadhimule, tolstoycha aarop aahe qee, anand aanee saundarya poojekade cull aahe.
saundarya siddhant.
tolstoyla punarujjivanachya kalatil saundaryachi mule samajate. aanandasathichya kaleche greekanchya tattvadnyanachya sandarbhat aanee changlya aanee white kalepasoon vegale karnyasathi eka vaidh nikash mhanoon 'saundarya' unchavanyachya sandarbhat pramanikaran kele gele.
tolstoy bomgarten, kaant, hegel aanee shopenhower yasah mageel siddhantanche punaravalokan karoon aanee qamee karoon saundaryashastrachi badnami karnyasathi pudhe jaato-done mukhya "saundaryachya saundaryatmak vyakhya" madhyeh 
tolstoy nantar assa yuktivad karato qee, tyancha spasht vichalan asoonahi, done strandmadhye farsa farak nahee. yache kaaran asey qee donhi shaala saundaryala keval tyaa anandane olakhatatah "saundaryachya donhi kalpana aaplyala aaplyala eka vishisht prakarchya aanandavar avalambun asatat, mhanje aapan saundarya mhanoon olakhato jeey aaplyala prasann karate aanee aapali vasna jagrut karat nahee". tyamule saundaryashastrat kalechi konatihi vastunishtha vyakhya nahee.
saundaryashastrala eka shist mhanat, tolstoy saundarya/aanandavar laksh kendrit karnyacha nishedh karatoh
jyachya aadhare changli qalaa, changlya bhavna vyakt karane aanee white qalaa, dusht bhavna vyakt karane, yateel farak purnapane nasht jhaala aanee qalaa, keval aanandasathichi qalaa, jyachya virodhat manavjatichya serve shikshakanni lokanna ishara deela aahe, tyateel sarvat khalchya abhivyaktinpaiki eka qalaa hii sarvoch qalaa manali jaau lagali. aanee qalaa hii mahattvachi gosht bunley, tee tichya hetune navhati, tarr rikami lokanchi rikami karamanook jhaali.
vyavsayikta.
kalanchya vikasit hott asalelya vyavsayiktemule changlya kalakrutinchya nirmitimadhye adthala nirman hott asalyache tolstoyche mutt aahe. 
vyavsayik kalakar samruddhisathi nirman karoo shakato aanee karayalach havah, jee fashion kinwa aashraydatyanchya ichchhenusar banavaleli pramanik aanee bahudha pakshapati qalaa aahe.
qalaa teeka heey kalechya aspashtateche lakshan aahe, kaaran "[aaa] kalakar, jarr too kharaa kalakar asel tarr tyane anubhavalelya bhavna tyachya kamat itaranna sangitalya aaheth spashtikaran denyasathi kaay aahe?. tikadekhil shakespeare aanee dante yansarkhya yansarkhya poojela hatbhar lavtat. satat pratikool tulana karoon, tarun kalakarala mahan kalakaranchya kalakrutinche anukaran karnyas bhag padale jaate, kaaran tyaa serve serve qalaa asalyache mhatale jaate. thodakyat, naveen kalakar abhijat kalakrutinche anukaran karatat, tyanchya swatachya bhavna bajula thevatat, jeey tolstoychya matey, kalechya mudyashi viruddha aahe.
qalaa shaala lokanna gurunchya paddhatiche anukaran kase karave heey shikavatat, parantu teey mahan karyanche prerak asalelya bhavananchi pramanikta shikavu shakat naheet. tolstoychya shabdat, "[aine] shaala ekhadya mansatil bhavna vyakt karoo shakate, aanee tarihi qamee tee mansala kaleche saar kaay aahe heey shikavu shakateh tyachya swatachya vishisht shailit bhavna vyakt karane".
prasiddha kalakaranvar teeka.
sampoorn pustakat tolstoyne samanyatah swikarlelya gurujananna, tyapaiki liszt, richard stross, nitshe aanee auskar wilde yanna barkhast karanyachi tayari darshavili aahe. keval 'dev satya pahato' aanee 'cocususcha kaidi' yaa laghukatha vagalata, too swatachya kamanna 'white qalaa' asehi sambodhato.
mageel saundarya vishleshanachya ughadpane ughadpane gondhalakade laksh vedhoon too yaa nishkarshanche samarthan karnyacha prayatna karato. siddhantanmadhye sahasa lokpriy kaame nivadane aanee yaa udaharananmadhun tattve tayar karane samavisht asate. udaharanarth, volcalet mhanatat qee kalecha nyayniwada tyachya naitik aashayavar keela jaau shakat nahee kaaran tevha 'romio aanee juliet' hii changli qalaa nasel. asha purvalakshi samarthan, teey jore deuun sangatat, siddhantasathi aadhar asoo shakat nahee, kaaran lock tyanchya swatachya aavadiche samarthan karnyasathi vyaktinishth chaukat tayar karatat.
swagat.
vargikaran anekada gondhalat takanare vapar" aanee bhavananchya mukhya sankalpanechya vyakhyecha abhav, yachee nond johnne kelee aahe. bellie lihito qee qalaa mhanje kaay?"tyachya sakaratmak davyanmadhye itake khote nahee jitke tyaa kalatil saundaryashastriy siddhantanmadhye gruheet dharale gelele barechase nakarnyat aahe". noys tolstoychya saundarya nakarnyavar teeka karato, parantu mhanato qee, "tyateel kamatarata asoonahi", qalaa mhanje kaay?"" "heey aaplya kalatil sarvat uttejak gambhir karya mhanoon ghoshit kele jaau shakate". simmansmadhye 'punaravrutti, vichitra bhasha aanee sail shabdavali' yasah 'adhunmadhun tejaswi parichhedan' chaa ullekh aahe. tolstoychya anek lekhanche anuvadak eyelmer modey, vishayachi adchan aanee tyachi spashtata yancha hawala dett, yala 'tolstoychya serve kamanpaiki kadachit sarvat nipun' mhanatat. prakashanachya velee jhalelya swagatprasangachya sarvasamaveshak punaravalokanasathi, modey 1901 "bii" pahaa.
sandarbh.
bellie, johnn (1986 [1966]). "qalaa mhanje kaay?"-tolstoy andd daad kadambari" inn bloom, harrold (aavrutti.). lio tolstoy. newyorkh chelsey haus. pii. 141-152.
zaan, garry aar. (1975). "lio tolstoychya" qalaa mhanje kaay? ". "saundaryashastra aanee qalaa tikanche niyatkalik" 34 (1): 59-65.
modey, eyelmer (1901aii). qalaa mhanje kaay?"-eka parichay", tolstoy aanee tyachya samasyah nibandh. londonh anudan richard. pii. pii. 66-101.
modey, eyelmer (1901 bii). qalaa mhanje kaay?"-tolstoycha qalaa siddhant", tolstoy aanee tyachya samasyanmadhyeh nibandh. londonh anudan richard. pii. pii. 102-127.
noyas, george (1918). tolstoy. londonh duffield.
pevar, richard (1995). "tolstoy, lio (1995 [1897]) madheel 'prastavna'. qalaa mhanje kaay?"(richard paver aanee larisa volokhonsky yanni anuvadit kele aahe). londonh pengwin.
simmons, ernest (1973). qalaa mhanje kaay?", tolstoymadhye. londonh rutlays aanee kegan paul. pii. pii. 175-189.

