
jokamachi

hii sandnya japanmadhil shahari sanrachananchya eka prakarala sandarbhit karate jyamadhye shahar saranjamdaranchya killyala vedhate. eedo kalanantar hii shahare killyanchya aaspas nirman jhalich asey nahee; kahee shaharanna jinayamachi mhanoon olakhale jaate, jee jiniyajaval vikasit jhaleli shahare kinwa lashkari seva puravinyachya hetune nasalelya sarkari karyalaye. vyapakpane paribhashit kelelya, jokamachimadhye jiin 'yamachicha samavesh aahe. aadhunik kalachya suruvatichya kalapurvi samanya hote tyapramane yala jaaka asehi mhanatat.
itihas.
jokamachiche aagman sengoku kalkhandat (yuddharat rajyancha kaal) jhaale. jokamachi haah killa pratinidhitva karnara lashkari tall aanee prashasakeey aanee vyavsayik shahar asha donhi prakare kaam karato. prarambhik-aadhunik jokamachichya vikasat oda nobunaga heey sarvat mothe yogdan denare hote. samurai vargala jokamachimadhye rahnyas bhag padoon, vyapar aanee vyaparala chalana denyasathi rakuichi-rakuza (mukt bajarpetha aanee khulya sangh) chee sthapana karoon, henobunrila (samurai vargala samurai aanee shetkyanna aanee itaranna nihshastra karoon visheshadhikar deuun itaranpeksha vegale karane) protsahan dene haah tyacha uddesh hota. toyotomi hediyoshichya rajvatit jokamachichi aanakhi bharbharat jhaali, jyache rajkiy aanee vyavsayik kendra osaka-jaaka heey vastunche kendra mhanoon khoop samruddha jhaale. ido kalat osaka heey vyavsayik kendra rahile aanee tyala 'jaminiche swayampakghar' mhatale jaat asey.
jagatil bahutek tatbandi asalelya shaharanmadhye snrakshak bhintinchya aat eka killa aanee eka shahar aahe. japanmadhye sakai aanee jinaicho (mandiranche shahar) yasarkhya khandakanni aanee matichya tekadyanni vedhaleli gave aanee gave hotee, tarr jokamachimadhye suruvatila keval saranjamdaranchya killyabhovati khandak aanee bhinti hotya aanee sampoorn shaharachya bhovati bhinti bandhalya gelya navhatya. tathapi, jokamachi vikasit hott gelee aanee tyache aarthik aanee rajkiy moolya vadhat gele, tyamule tyane yuddh aanee ashantatepasun sanrakshanachi magani kelee. adhikadhik shahare khandak aanee sanrakshanatmak bhintinni bandhali gelee, jyachi shaili sooe-gama (purn sanrakshn parimiti) mhanoon olakhali jaate aanee haloohaloo tatbandi asalelya shaharansarkhi disu lagali.
eedo kalat, jokamachine lashkari tall mhanoon qamee aanee bakufu (sarkar) aanee hahn (kshetra) sathee rajkiy aanee aarthik rajdhani mhanoon adhik kaam kele. sampoorn ido kalat yuddhacha abhav aanee bahutek hahn lordsna adhunmadhun eka kshetratun dusya kshetrat hastantarit kele jaat hote aanee tyamule shaharashi tyancha farsa sambandh navhata (jaree pikanche utpadan laksh vedhoon ghenyajoga rahila asala taree), yacha haah badal parinam hota. killyachya sanrakshanatmak kshamatevar bharr denanya bhaugolik sthananvar aavashyakpane changli pravesh upalabdh hott nasey aanee anek prakarananmadhye, jasjashi shahare vadhatya pramanat vyapar kendre bunley, tasatase tyanni tyanche kille sodoon dile aanee geniamadhye tyancha sarkari tall sthalantarit keela.
jokarchichi loksankhya, jyapaiki sumare 300 astitvat hotee, tee vaividhyapurn aahe. sumare 120,000 rahivasi, samurai aanee vyapari ektritpane asalelya kanazawa aanee sendai sarkhya mothya aakarachya jokamachi aahet, tarr tohoku bhagat sumare 4,000 lokansah kamedasarkhya lahan aakarachya jokamachi aahet. anek prakarananmadhye, loksankhya jawalpas 10,000 aahe.
shahari rachana.
jokamachichya rachanecha uddesh shaharatoon jaanyasathi sarvat jawalchya mukhya rastyache nutanikaran karoon vanijyala chalana dene haah hota jenekarun jokamadhye vahtook hoil. astitvat asalelya bhaugolik chintanchi parva naan karata, pradhikaranachi shakti darshavinyasathi mukhya rasta killyachya mageel bajukadoon naan jaata samorun gela.
shaharache sanrakshn balkat karnyasathi jokamachine vividh kalpana samavisht kelya. aakramane rokhanyasathi, tyanni chaturaine nadya aanee itar bhubhagancha vapar keela, khandak khodalya, matiche dheeg aanee dagadi bhinti bandhalya aanee shaharala dhoranatmakdrushtya mahatvache manale jaat asalyas kadhikadhi masugata darvajyasarkhe judd praveshdwar bandhale. jokamadhye, mukhya rastyachya donhi bajunna ghare ghattapane hotee jenekarun killyache thet darshan katheen hote aanee killyakade jaanyacha marg lamb karnyasathi raste crank kelele hote kinwa shevatche toke hote. shaharachya chhotya bhaganni kumpan aanee lakadi darvaje bandhale aanee ghuskhoranna rokhanyasathi ratri paharekyansah bund kele. khandkahi kalve mhanoon vaparlya jaat asat aanee tyanni vastoonchya vitaranat mothee bhoomika bajavali.
hii shahare purv japanmadhye nadichya terreschya aaspas aanee paschim japanmadhye samudrakade tond karoon delta astitvat hotee, tarr hicon, zez aanee suva yasarkhi shahare "talav prakar" jokamachicha bhag mhanoon talawala lagoon aahet.
jokamachichya aat, samurai-machee, aashigaru-machee, chonin aanee terra-machee yasarkhya chhotya jilhyanni killyala vedhale. samurai-machee haah samuraichya sanyugansathicha jilha aahe, jyala samurai-yashiki asehi mhanatat. tattvatah, uchch darjachya jagirdarankade killyajaval eka parisar hota. sange, kamiyashiki-machee, shitayashiki-machee yasarkhi nave asaleli aadhunik shahare samurai-machiche vanshaj aahet. aashigarusarkhya khalchya darjachya lokanna anekada chonin jilhyanchya bahereel kathavar rahnyas bhag padale jaat asey. aaj, bancho, yuminocho aanee teppocho yasarkhi nave asaleli shahare mulat aashigaru-machee hotee.
chonin-chee (chonin jilha) haah eka jilha aahe joou samurai-machichya baher vyapari aanee karagiransathi aahe. jokamachijaval rahnare gavkari teey sthalantarit jhaale tevha chonin-chee yethe rahat hote. vyapari aanee karagiranna tyanchya vyavasayanusar vatap kele jaat asey. gofuku-machee ("paridhan shahar"), aburaya-choo ("teel shahar"), daiku-machee ("sutar shahar"), kaji-machee ("lohar shahar") aanee koya-choo ("rung-dukan shahar") yasarkhi nave asaleli aajchi shahare chonin-cheeche avashesh aahet. chamurai-machichya tulanet chonin-chee heey pratyek kutumbachya jaminichya aakarane lahan hote aanee rastyanvar ghattapane sanrekhit hote. mhanunach chonin gharache praveshdwar arund aanee khoop khol hote aanee tyala 'eelche gharate' asey mhatale jaat asey. tyat done majale hote, parantu saranjamdarakade tuchchh najarene pahane talhanyasathi dusya majalyacha vapar bhandar mhanoon keela jaat asey.
tera-machee jokamachichya bahereel kathavar thevanyat aale aanee tyanni mothya mandiranchi eka rang tayar kelee. yamule shaharache sanrakshn balkat honyas madat jhaali.
aadhunik upasthiti.
aaj japanmadhye, 100,000 peksha jaast loksankhya asaleli ardhyahun adhik shahare majee jokamachi aahet. mothya aagimule, yuddhamule jhalelya nukasanimule aanee shahari vikasamule tyanche swaroop badalale aahe. mool jokamachichi konatihi chinhe asaleli shahare qamee hott aahet aanee jyanni sampoorn kshetra jatan kele aahe tee khoop qamee aahet. tathapi, anek majee jokamachi yanni jaree anshatah junya shaharachya rachaneche avashesh jatan kele aahet aanee moolatah paradeshi ghuskhoranna adthala aananyasathi tayar kelele raste asaleli shahare aaj kharokharach vahtook kondila karanibhoot tharat aahet. aadhunik shaharanmadhye anekada jokamachiche itar khuna asatat, jase qee purviche chonin-chee jilhe jeey ajunahi shaharache kendra mhanoon kaam karatat tasech jokamachi kalapasoon suru asalele utsav aanee parampara. jyaa shaharanni ido kalapurvipasun tyachi rachana thewali aahe tyanna anekada shhow-kyoto ("lahan kyoto") mhanatat. ido kalatil avashesh asalelya shaharanna kadhikadhi qoo-ido ("lahan ido") mhanatat.