gret brittonche bhoogarbhshastra

gret brittonche bhoogarbhshastra tyachya vividhatesathi prasiddha aahe. tyachya ghatanapurn bhoogarbhiy itihasacha parinam mhanoon, gret britton ingland, wells aanee scotland yaa ghatak deshanmadhye vividh prakarchya bhupradeshanche samruddha darshan ghadavato. jawaljawal serve bhoogarbhiy yugatil khadak heey puratatviy kalapasoon baherchya bhagamadhye darshavile jaatat.
vihangavalokan.
bhookampachya sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee gret brittonchya khalee pruthviche kavach 27 teey 35 kiimii (17 teey 22 mail) jaad aahe. sarvat june prushthbhagavaril khadak vayavya skotlandmadhye aadhaltat aanee teey yaa grahasarkhe ardhyahun adhik june aahet. heey khadak brittonchya bahutansh bhagavar aadaltat asey manale jaate (jaree boarholesne fakt pahilya kahee kilometres pravesh keela asala taree), parantu tyanantar britton aanee vahini betanchya prushthbhagavar mothya pramanat disatat. sarvat lahan khadak aagney englandmadhye aadhaltat.
khadak aanee bhootkalatil jwalamukhi.
talagalatil bhoogarbhshastramadhye samanyatah junya rupantarit khadakanche eka jatil mishran asate, jeey galyukt khadakanchya vegvegalya kramane aachchhadit kele jaate, jyamadhye donhi agnishilanmadhye vegvegalya velee ghuskhori kelee gelee aahe. gret brittonchya bhoogarbhashastrachi guntagunt hii shevati atishay vistarit kalavadhit vividh prakarchya plate tectonic prakriyanchya adheen asalyamule aahe. akshansh aanee samudrachya patalit badal heey galanchya anukramanchya swarupatil mahattvache ghatak rahile aahet, tarr salag khandiy takkaranmule tyachya bhoogarbhiy sanrachanevar parinam jhaala aahe, jyat pramukh dosh aanee dumadane haah pratyek orojenicha (parvat-bandhani kalavadhi) varsa aahe, joou anekada jwalamukhi kriyakalap aanee vidyaman khadakanchya anukramanchya rupantaranshi sambandhit asato.
gret brittenmadhye aata konatehi sakriy jwalamukhi naheet, parantu tyacha sakriy jwalamukhi bhootkal aahe. shevatchya sakriy jwalamukhincha udrek sumare 6 kotee varshanpurvi thambla aanee hii bete aata konatyahi vivartanik simevar kinwa sakriy jwalamukhichya pradeshavar sthit naheet, kinwa bett gatatil itar bhoogarbhiy ghatana sakriy jwalamukhila janm denyas saksham naheet. tathapi, bhoogarbhiy kalmananusar, gret brittenmadhye mothya pramanat sakriy aanee mothya pramanat jwalamukhi nirman jhaala aanee yaa orojeni (parvat-bandhani kalavadhi) darmyan tayar jhalelya nasht jhalelya agnishilanpasun anek prasiddha khuna tayar jhalya aahet. british bhoogarbhiy sarvekshananusar snodonia aanee talav jilhyamadhye sumare 450 emm. aii. (dashalaksh varshanpurvi) jwalamukhiche atyant mothe udrek, 350 emm. aii. purvichya jwalamukhichya avasheshanvar padalela edinberg killa aanee paschim scotlandchi kahee bete sumare 60 emm. aii. pasoon jwalamukhiche avashesh asalyache namood kele aahe.
varvarchya thevi.
yaa khadak bhuvidnyanavar (nakashanchya paribhashet 'ghan bhuvidnyan') adhik alikadil utpattichya asanghatit samagriche vaividhyapurn vitaran aahe. tyat himanadyanni (dagadanchi chikanmati aanee valoo aanee kankarisarkhya himanadyanchya pravahache itar prakar) jamaa kelelya samagricha samavesh hoto. "bandhkam kaame, nichara, panyache boarhole, valoo aanee kankari sansadhane aanee matichi supikata yancha vichar kartana 'ghan' bhuvidnyanapeksha 'drift' bhuvidnyan adhik mahattvache asate. jaree 'drift' haah katekorpane himnadi aanee nadee-himnadichya sathyancha sandarbh dett asala, taree bhoogarbhiy nakashanvaril yaa sandnyemadhye paramparikpane kande, nadichya terres ityadinsah itar samagricha samavesh keela gela aahe. alikadil nakashe 'ghan' aanee 'pravah' chya jaagi 'bedrock' aanee 'varvarche' yaa shabdancha vapar karatat.
bhuvaidnyanik itihas.
gret brittonchya bhoogarbhiy itihasache heey varnan pii. varr aadharit aahe. togil.
precambrian.
archaean eoin.
gret brittenmadhil sarvat june khadak, levician nice, heey kiman 2.7 abj varshanpurviche, archaean eoinmadhil aahet, pruthvi swatach sumare 4.6 abj varshe junie aahe. teey skotlandchya vayvyes aanee sankarit prajatinmadhye aadhaltat, itaratra kahee lahan bahyapittansah. moolatah grahachya prushthbhagavar jamaa jhalelya khadakapasun tayar jhalele heey khadak nantar pruthvichya kavachat kholvar dadalele aanee sfatikeey nismadhye rupantarit jhaale.
proterozoic eoin.
naisachya dakshines skotlandmadhil vayavya dongral pradesh aanee grampian dongral pradesh tayar karnare khadakanche eka jatil mishran aahe. heey moolatah dumadalelya galyukt khadakanche avashesh aahet jeey moolatah 25 kiimii jaad hote, jeey tevha ipetus mahasagarachya prushthbhagavar asalelya nisvar jamaa jhaale hote. hii prakriya sumare 1,000 emm. aii. pasoon suru jhaali, jyat sumare 800 emm. aii. torridon valukashmacha 7 kiimii jaad thurr tasech 670 emm. aii. barfachya panadware jamaa jhalela kachara jamaa jhaala.
pragjivchumbakiy purave soochit karatat qee 520 emae, jeey aata gret britton aahe, teey done khandanmadhye vibhagale gele hote, jeey samudrane vegale kele hote. scotlandchya uttares bhoomadhyareshechya sumare 20° dakshines laurentia khandavar makarvruttajaval sthit hote, tarr urvarit desh antarctic vartulajaval gondwana khandavar sumare 60° dakshines hota.
gondwana, ingland aanee wells heey subduction zonchya jawal hote. donhi desh mothya pramanat jwalamukhi betanni bharalelya uthal samudrat budale hote. yaa betanche avashesh madhya englandchya bahutansh bhagakhali aahet aanee anek thikani lahan baherche bhag disatat. sumare 600 emm. aii., cadomian orojenimule (parvat bandhanicha kaal) vayavya europechya bahutansh bhagasah ingraji aanee velsh bhupradeshache dongral pradeshat rupantar jhaale.
pragjivyug.
cambrian kaal.
cambrian kalatil suruvatichya kalat, samudraspatitil vadhimule jameen panyakhali gelyane aanee galanche naveen thurr padalyamule ingland aanee velsmadhil jwalamukhi aanee parvatanchi dhoop jhaali. madhya englandchya bahutansh bhagane kavachacha eka sthir gut tayar keela, joou tevhapasoon mothya pramanat aparivartit rahila aahe. scotlandchya uttarela valuche dagad jamaa jhaale hote. yaa velee katheen kavach asalele pahile prani vikasit jhaale, parinami, yaa aanee nantarchya kalat tayar jhalelya khadakanmadhye jivashma adhik samanya jhaale.
ordovician kaal.
pachshe dashalaksh varshanpurvi, ordovician kalat, dakshin gret britton, uttar amerikecha purv kinara aanee aagney newfoundland heey gondavanapasun vegale houn avalonia khand tayar jhaala, joou 440 emm. aii. paryant (plate tectonicschya yantranedvare) sumare 30° dakshinekade sarkala hota.
yaa kalat, north wells jwalamukhichya kriyakalapankhali hote. yaa jwalamukhinche avashesh ajunahi disat aahet, jyache eka udaharan 510 emm. aii. pasoonche robbel fower aahe. borrodel jwalamukhi mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya jwalamukhiy lava aanee rakhane mothya pramanat talav jilha vyapala hota aanee heey ajunahi helvelin aanee scaffel pike sarkhya parvatanchya swarupat pahile jaau shakate.
ordovicianne sumare 500 emm. aii. chya aaspas skiddo slatechya sathyanchi nirmiti dekhil pahili.
silurian kaal.
silurian kalachya suruvatichya bhagaparyant sathavan suruch rahili, visheshtah velsmadhye chikhal aanee valuche dagad thewale gele.
avalonia aata baltika khandashi jodala gela hota aanee ektrit bhoobhag sumare 20° dakshines 425 teey 400 emm. aii. darmyan laurentiashi dhadakala aanee gret brittonchya dakshin aanee uttar ardhya bhaganna ekatra jodala. parinami caledonian orojenimule uttar aanee paschim gret brittonchya bahutansh bhagat alpine-shailichi parvat rang nirman jhaali. khandiy takkar bahudha samorasamor takkar ghenyaivaji tirkas konat hotee aanee yamule bahudha scotlandchya ishanyekade nairutya dishela dishela strike-slip faultchya bajoone halchal jhaali, gret glain fault heey sarvottam udaharan aahe (yapaiki kahee fault zoan pruthvichya purvichya halchalinmadhil kamkuvatatechya junya resha asoo shakatat).
silurian darmyan jamaa jhaleli jwalamukhichi rakh aanee laav ajunahi mendeep tekadyanmadhye aanee pembrocashiremadhye aadhaltat.
devonian kaal.
devonian kalat khandanmadhil takkar suruch rahili, satat unchavat rahilyane aanee aata baine navis tayar tayar jwalamukhichya sathyansarkhya adhik sathe. samudrasapatimadhye lakshaniy badal jhaale, aanee englandchya palikade kinarpatti uttarekadun dakshinekade pudhe jaat aanee mage sarkat gelee. unchavalelya pradeshachi haloohaloo zeej jhaali, parinami sakhal pradeshat aanee samudranmadhye anek galyukt khadakanche thurr jamaa jhaale. devon prantatil sagari mool asalelya khadakanmule yaa kalavadhila tyache naav midale, jaree yaa kalatil sathe itar anek thikani aadhaltat, jase qee breaken beacan, scotlandche madhyabhumiche khore aanee orkani bete. yapaiki bahutansh jaminivaril mool aahet aanee anaupacharikpane junya laal valukashma mhanoon olakhale jaatat.
caledonian parvatanchi mothya pramanat tyaa kalavadhichya akheris dhoop jhaali hotee, jyaa darmyan deshane shushk valvant hawaman anubhavale asate, kaaran teey vishuvavruttajaval 10° teey 15° dakshinekade hote.
carboniferous kalavadhi.
sumare 360 emm. aii. chya sumaras, carboniferous kalachya suruvatila, gret britton bhoomadhyarekhet padalela hota, joou reik mahasagarachya ubdar uthal panyane jhakalela hota, tyaa kalat carboniferous chunkhadi jamaa jhaali hotee, jase qee mendip tekadyanmadhye aadhalate, uttar aanee dakshin wells, dair, uttar lancashire, uttar pennins aanee aagney scotlandchya shikhar jilhyatil. yapaiki kahee bhagatil chunkhadimadhye alikadech pavasache paanee aanee bhoojalatil carbonic aaml aanee itar sendriya aamlanchya krutimule lenya vikasit jhalya.
tyanantar gadad sagari shales, galpathe aanee giranichya khadakachya khadkal khadkal khadakanpasun tayar kelele khadkal valuche dagad aale. nantar, nadiche tribhuj pradesh tayar jhaale aanee jamaa jhalelya galanchi daldali aanee varshavanandvare vasahat karnyat aalee. yach vatavaranat, brittonchya bahutansh vyapak kolasa sathyancha srot asalelya chakriy kolshachya upayayojananni audhyogik krantila chalana dilee. jaree kolasa khankam mothya pramanat scottish madhya pradesh, ingraji madhya pradesh, uttar ingland aanee velsmadhye kendrit asale taree, kolasa brittonchya anek bhagat, agadi uttarekade scotlandchya madhyabhagachya madhyabhagachya, dakshinekade kentparyant aadhalato.
yaa sampoorn kalat, visheshtah nairutya englandvar khandiy pattyanchya dhadakecha parinam jhaala. sumare 280 emm. aii. madhye ghadalelya veriscan orojeni mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya parvat bandhanichya kalamule nairutya englandmadhye mothee vikrutee jhaali. yaa kalachya akheris devon aanee cornwallchya varchya khadkankhali granite tayar jhaala hota, joou aata dartmore aanee bodmin mooar yethe ughad jhaala hota, jyamule tambe aanee tinche khanijayukt sathe tayar jhaale. veriscan foldingcha samanya pradesh purv-paschim reshechya dakshines andaje dakshin pembrocashirepasoon kentparyant hota. mukhya vivartanik daab dakshin kinwa aagney dishela hota aanee tethe bahya prahar-slip fault vikasit jhaala. devon-cornwallche vastuman moolatah aanakhi purvekade kahee antaravar asoo shakate, nantar teey paschimekade halavale jaeel. uttares derra aanee barwik-apon-tweedparyant qamee veriscan folding jhaale.
carboniferous kalavadhichya akheris, pruthvivaril vividh khand ekatra yeuun pangiacha super-khand tayar jhaala hota. gret britton heey panjiyachya aateel bhagat sthit hote, jithe teey punha ekada ushna shushk valvantatil havamanachya adheen hote aanee varanvar achanak aalelya puramule laal galyukt khadakanche tall tayar jhaale, jeey nantarchya tricic naveen laal valukashmasarkhech hote.
permian kalavadhi.
3 kotee varshe permianche vaishishtya mhanje shushk valvantatil paristhiti aanee veriscan orojeni, nairutya ingland aanee sadhyachya ingraji vahinichya lagatchya bhagat unchavalelya jaminichi dhoop. nantar, dhruviy barfachi paaney vitalalyane aanee tethys mahasagar aanee zeckstein samudra tayar jhalyamule gret brittoncha barachsa bhag uthal panyat budala, jyamule shale, chunkhadi, kankari aanee marl jamaa jhaale, aanee shevati mithachya tanansah sapat valvant sodanyasathi mage hutley.
mesozoic yug.
tricic kalavadhi.
tricic kalat pangiacha pravah vadhat asatana, gret britton vishuvavruttapasun 20° teey 30° uttaraparyant door gela. valuche dagad aanee laal matichya dagdansah laal khaata naveen laal valukashmatil mukhya gaal tayar karatat. dakshinekadil francemadhil veriscan unch pradeshanche avashesh nasht jhaale, parinami madhya englandmadhye naveen laal valukashmache thurr jamaa jhaale aanee cheshire aanee ayrish samudratil sadosh sadosh jamaa jhaale. hya kalat hampshire pradeshat eka khore vikasit jhaale. jurassic kalat super-khandachya vighatanapurvi gret brittenmadhye aanee tyachya aaspas phoot padali.
bristoljaval sapadalele khadakache tukade asey soochit karatat qee, 214 emm. aii. madhye, gret brittenver canadatil manicogan impact craterver laghugrah prabhavamule avasheshancha bareek thurr padala hota, jaree yavar ajunahi charcha suru aahe.
jurassic kaal.
jurassic kaal suru hotach, pangia tutu lagla, samudrachi patali vadhali aanee gret britton eurasian platever 30° teey 40° uttarela sarkala. gret brittoncha barachsa bhag punha panyakhali asatana, galyukt khadak jamaa jhaale aanee aata yorkshirechya cleveland tekdyanpasun dorsetmadhil jurassic jurassic englandchya bahutek bhagat teey aadhaltat. teey purvekadil tarun staravar dekhil aadharlele aahet. dakshin englandmadhye, jurassic khadak varchya bajula lias, nikrusht oolait, gret oolait, ancolm (koraliyanashi parasparsanvad) aanee portland gut mhanoon vibhagale gele aahet. yaa khadakanchya ekkanmadhye valuche dagad, hirvigar, kadya tekdyanvaril oolitik chunkhadi, doverchya ghodyachya daritil corlean chunkhadi aanee portlandcha bett yancha samavesh aahe.
cretasius kalavadhi.
cretatiuspasoon englandchya bahutansh bhagatoon gaal mage hatnar hota, jyat legoonal perbeck aanee pramukhyane godya panyatil weldon gatanche sathavan mothya pramanat wessex aanee weld weld maryadit hote, jyat purv englandmadhye spitton chikanmatisaha sagari ghatak aadhaltat. uptianne eka sagari atikraman pahile jyane dakshin englandchya bahutek bhaganna uthal samudrat puravale, jyat uptian-albiyanmadhye khalchi hiraval aanee galt aanee varchya hiravaliche salag nikshepan jhaale. sumare 10 kotee varshanpurvi, cretatiuschya uttaradhat, khaduchya nikshepanat badal jhaala, khaduchya samoohache nikshepan cretatiuschya shevataparyant chaloo rahile. khadoo brittonchya bahutansh bhagavar jamaa keela gela hota, joou aata visheshtah doverchya doverchya kadyanvar aanee saat bahininmadhye ughad jhaala hota aanee salisbury maidan dekhil tayar jhaale hote. samudraspatichya unchavyamule jaminiche keval lahan bhag ughad jhaale, jyamule yaa kalat jaminipasoon tayar jhaleli valoo, chikhal kinwa chikanmatitil galancha samanya abhav nirman jhaala.
senozoic yug.
paleogen kalavadhi.
63 teey 52 emm. aii. darmyan, pracheen prajananachya suruvatichya kalat, gret brittenmadhil shevatche jwalamukhiy khadak tayar jhaale. yaa kalatil mothya udrekanmule antrim pathar, rakshasanchya pulache besaltic stambh aanee skotlandchya aateel sankaranche lava aanee agnimay ghuskhori nirman jhaali.
alpine orojenicha prarambhik tappa, sumare 50 emm. aii., london london sinkline, dakshinekade weld-artois anticline, uttar daun, dakshin daun aanee chiltern tekadyanchya aakarasathi jababdar hota.
yaa kalat, uttar samudra tayar jhaala aanee gret brittonche utthan jhaale. yapaiki kahee utthan heey caledonian aanee veriscan orogeneejpasun khoop aadhi uralelya kamkuvatpanachya junya reshanvar hote. tyanantar unchavalelya bhaganchi dhoop jhaali aanee londonchya chikanmatisarkhya aanakhi gaal dakshin englandvar jamaa jhaale, tarr ingraji vahiniche vaishishtya mhanje chikhal sapat aanee nadee-sathavalelya valuche hote. madhya pradesh aanee englandchya uttarekadil bahutek bhag paleogenchya suruvatila jurassic aanee cretaceous sathyanni jhakalela asava, parantu teey dhupamule nasht jhaale. 35 emm. aii. paryant, bhupradeshavar gavatasah beach, oka, redwood aanee paam yasarkhya zadanni vasahat kelee hotee.
niyojin kalavadhi.
myosene aanee pliocene yug.
niojeenchya myosene aanee pliocene yugat, visheshtah wells, pennins aanee scottish uchchpradeshanmadhye, aanakhi utthan aanee dhoop jhaali. shikhar jilhyatil brassington rachana haah gret brittenmadhil ekmev mahattvapoorn myosene satha aahe. brassington nirmititil purave asey suchavatat qee, myoseenchya madhyat aanee uttaradhat (12 teey 7 dashalaksh varshanpurvi) brittenmadhye vividh ubdar-samshitoshna jungle vadhale. sarvat junya neogene galanchi nond velsmadhun jhaali aahe aanee tyat jivashma paragkanancha samavesh aahe jeey ekada konanvar ugavalele uposhnakatibandhiy mishra jungle darshavate. sampoorn niyojinmadhil brittonche hawaman thund jhaale aanee korade jhaale 
chaturthansh kalavadhi.
plistocene yug.
plistocene darmyanche mothe badal alikadchya anek himyuganmule jhaale. sarvat tivra himnadi hii 1000 meater (3300 phoot) paryant jaad asaleli, london aanee bristolparyant dakshineparyant pohochaleli, anglian himnadi hotee. heey sumare 478,000 teey 424,000 varshanpurvi ghadale aanee thames nadila tichya sadhyachya pravahat valavanyasathi teey jababdar hote.
dagadi sadhananchya swarupat vyapak purave aahet qee anglian himanadiyatenantarchya ubdar hoxaniayi tappyadarmyan dakshin englandmadhye manvi loksankhyene vasahat kelee hotee. yaa kalat ingraji vahini varanvar ughadali aanee bund kelee gelee asanyachi shakyata aahe, jyamule gret britton veloveli eka bett banale. british betanvar aataparyant sapadalele sarvat june manvi jivashma, jyat 400,000 varshanpurvichya hanscomb manasachi kavati aanee purvicha clactonian mansachahi samavesh aahe, teey dekhil yach kalatil aahet.
sumare 352,000 teey 130,000 varshanpurvichya wollstonian himnadiche, jeey sumare 150,000 varshanpurvi shikharavar hote asey manale jaate, tyala coventrichya aagney bhagatil wolston gavache naav denyat aale hote, jeey barfachi dakshinekadil maryada chinhankit karate asey manale jaate.
wollstonian tappyanantar ipswitchian tappa aala, jyaa darmyan hippopotamus uttarekade leadsparyant rahat asalyache dnyat aahe.
sarvat alikadil deventian himnadi, jee sumare 115,000 varshanpurvi suru jhaali asey manale jaate, sumare 20,000 varshanpurvi shikharavar pohochali aanee keval 10,000 varshanpurvi sampali, tyaa darmyan yu. ess. keey. khore aanee vaay khore himanadyanni nasht jhaale, jyachi himpattika swatah dakshinekade walverhampton aanee kardifparyant pohochali. gret brittenmadhil sarvat june manvi avashesh, pavilandchi laal stree (29,000 varshe junie), yach kalapasoonche aahet. asey manale jaate qee, himpatt tyachya shikharavar pohochalyane desh akheris sodoon denyat aala, aanee too mage sarkat asatana punha vasahatvadi karnyat aala. 5, 000 varshanpurvi, asey manale jaate qee gret britton sadhyachya tulanet adhik ushna hote.
barfane mage thevalelya vaishishtyanpaiki scotlandchya paschim kinarpattivaril fjords, talav jilhyachya yuu-aakarachya yuu-aakarachya aanee norwechya oslo pradeshatoon vahtook karoon yorkshirechya yorkshirechya jamaa kelelya bhoolbhulaiya (khadakache thokale) aahet.
holocene yug.
gelya baaraa hazar varshanna holocene yug mhanoon olakhale jaate. yaa kalat nirman jhalelya sarvat mahattvapoorn bhoogarbhiy vaishishtyanpaiki scotlandche piit sathe aanee ingland aanee velsachya kinarpattivaril aanee unchavaril bhaganche sathe aahet. sommerset patali, kumpan aanee romani daldalisarkhya sakhal bhagatil anek sathe alikadech krutrimaritya nichara karnyat aale aahet.
naveen pashanyugat manavane jungle saaf karnyas suruvat kelee tevhapasoon, bahutek jameen aata jangaltodichi jhaali aahe, jyamule dhoop honyachya naisargik prakriyela gatee midali aahe. darvarshi mothya pramanat dagad, kankari aanee chikanmati kadhali jaate aanee englandcha englandcha bhag raste kinwa imaratinni vyapala hota.
sadhya, deventian barfache vajan uchalalyamule scotlandmadhye vaadh hott aahe. dakshin aanee purv ingland budat aahe, samanyatah darvarshi 1 miimii (inch) assa andaj aahe, alikadil chikanmatichya sathyanchya satatchya aakunchanamule anshatah london kshetra duppat vegane budat aahe.
yavyatirikt, jaagtik tapmanvadhimule samudrachya patalit vaadh jhaali aahe asey manale jaate, tyamule jaminichya sakhal bhaganna purachi shakyata vadhanyachi shakyata aahe, tarr kahee bhagat kinarpattichi bhuvaidnyanikdrushtya jalad gatine dhoop hott aahe.
gret brittenmadhye darr mahinyala anek agadi kirkol bhookamp hott rahatat aanee adhunmadhun halakya teey madhyam bhookamp hott asatat. midali shatkat, 4.5 teey 6.1 yaa kshanachi tivrata asalele 25 bhookamp jaanavale, tyapaiki barechase betanmadhyech udbhavale.
bhoogarbhiy sansadhane.
gret brittonchya guntaguntichya bhoogarbhashastrane tyala kolshachya mubalak purvathyasah bhoogarbhiy sansadhananchi vistrut shreni pradan kelee aahe, jyachya prarambhik nishkarshanane audhyogik krantila chalana midali. midali shatkat, uttar sagari teel aanee vayuchya vaparamule deshala aanakhi urja puravatha jhaala. bhoo-aushnik urja aanee aanee telacha dekhil qamee pramanat vapar karnyat aala aahe.
bandhkam aanee samanya bandhkam garjansathi vividh prakarchya dagadanche kaam kele gele aahe (udaa.jee. valoo aanee kankari) tarr rasayanik udhyogasathi itar khanije khanali kinwa utkhanan kelee gelee aahet (udaa.jee. meeth), dhatunche utpadan (udaa.jee. tambe aanee tiin) kinwa itar upayog (udaa.jee. cheenchi maatee).

