
teen-panchmansh tadjod

teen-panchmansh tadjod haah 1787 chya united stateschya ghatanatmak adhiveshanat rajyachya ekoon loksankhyet gulamanchya samaveshavar jhalela karar hota. hii ganana tharvelah pratinidhinchya sabhagruhatil jaganchi sankhya; pratyek rajyala kitee matdar matey dilee jaatil; aanee rajye curr mhanoon kitee paise deteel. gulam dharak rajyanna tyanchi sampoorn loksankhya mojavi ashee ichcha hotee, jenekarun tyaa rajyanna nivadoon congressmadhye kitee pratinidhi pathavata yeteel heey tharavata yeil. tyaa gulamanna matdanacha adhikar naslyamule, gulam rajyanmadhil gulamanchya loksankhyechi ganana mukt rajyanna vagalayachi hotee. haah pech sodavanyasathi tadjod karnyat aalee. yaa tadjodine pratyek rajyachya gulamanchya loksankhyepaiki teen panchmansh lock tyaa rajyachya ekoon loksankhyeshi pratinidhi sabhagruhache vatap karnyachya uddeshane mojale. jaree gulamanna matdanacha adhikar nakarla gela asala taree yamule dakshinekadil rajyanna gulamanchi ganana naan kelyapeksha adhik pratinidhi aanee adhik rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukitil matey midali. tyane gulamadharkanna dakshin vidhimandalanmadhyehi asech vistarit adhikar dile; 1863 madhye vharjiniyapasun west virginiachya aliptatetil haah eka muddah hota. mukt krishnavarniy aanee kararbaddha sevak tadjodichya adheen navhate aanee pratyekjan pratinidhitvasathi eka purn vyakti mhanoon ganala jaat hota.
heey lakshat ghenyasarkhe aahe qee jaree tadjodine gulam dharak rajyanna congressmadhye moodpeksha jaast pratinidhitva dile asale, taree gulam loksankhyechya keval teen trutiyansh mojanichya tadjodine gulam rajyancha congressmadhye prachand prabhav qamee karnyat yash aale asate, jarr tyaa rajyanna congressmadhye pratinidhincha eka motha purak pathavata aala asata jyamule tyaa rajyanchya sampoorn gulam loksankhyeche pratibimb hote. 
heey dekhil lakshat ghenyasarkhe aahe qee, '3/5 tadjod' haah gulamanviruddha pakshapati asalyache anekada chukiche samajale jaate, kaaran gulamanna keval manushyacha 3/5 manale jaat asey. heey chukiche aahe. vastusthiti ashee aahe qee gulam samarthak pratinidhinni congresschya pratinidhitvakade gulam loksankhyechya maryadit pramanat sweekarle hote.
amerikechya sanvidhanat, teen-panchmansh tadjod haah tyacha bhag aahe. 
chaudavya durustichya (1868) kalam 2 neey nantar yaa khandala mage takale aanee tadjod spashtapane radd kelee.
majkoor.
yuu madhye.ess. sanvidhan, teen panchmansh tadjod haah khaleel goshtincha bhag aaheh
sanvidhanacha masuda tayar karane aanee tyala manyata dene.
confederation congress.
teen-panchmansh gunottar 18 april 1783 roji mahasanghachya kalmanmadhye prastavit kelelya durustisaha udbhavale. yaa durustine pratyek rajyachi sampatti nishchit karnyacha aadhar badalayacha hota aanee mhanunach sthavar malmattepasun loksankhyeparyantchya curr jababdanya, sampatti nirman karnyachya kshamateche mojmap mhanoon. congresschya samiteene kelelya prastavat asey suchavale hote qee curr naan bharnanya bharatiyanshivay, pratyek vayogatatil, ling aanee gunvattechya rahivashanchya sankhyechya pramanat anek vasahatindvare curr puravale jaatil. dakshinane yaa sutrala tabadtob aakshep ghetala kaaran tyat bharaychya karanchya rakmechi ganana kartana gulamancha samavesh asel, jyanna pramukhyane malmatta mhanoon pahile jaat asey. thomas jeffersonne vadavivadanvaril aaplya nondinmadhye lihilyanusar, dakshinekadil rajyanvar "tyanchya sankhyenusar aanee tyanchya sampattinusar sanyuktapane curr aakarla jaeel, tarr uttarekadil rajyanvar keval sankhyanvar curr aakarla jaeel".
virginiachya benjamin harrisonne ardhe aanee anek naveen englandchya lokanni teen chaturthansh prastavit tadjodi kelyanantar puresa pathimba midvanyat congress apayashi tharali, shevati james maddisonne prastavit kelelya teen-panchmansh gunottaravar congressne todga kadhala. parantu hii durusti akheris ayashasvi jhaali, done rajye mahasanghachya kalmanmadhye sudharana karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya ekmatane manjuripeksha qamee padali (nyu hampshire aanee newyorkne tyala virodh keela).
federalist kagadpatre 54-55.
james maddison aanee alekzandar hamilton yanni sangharajyiy kra. 5 madhye 3-5 chey kaaran spasht kele. 54 "rajyanmadhye sadasyanchi vibhagani" (februwari 12,1788): 
"aamhi yaa siddhantala manyata deto", asey aamchya dakshinekadil eka bhavane nirikshan kele pahije, qee pratinidhitva adhik twarit vyaktinshi sambandhit aahe aanee malmatta adhik twarit curr aakaranishi sambandhit aahe aanee aamhi aamchya gulamanchya babatit yaa farkachya vaparat sameel hoto. parantu aapan hii vastusthiti nakarli pahije qee gulamanna keval malmatta manale jaate aanee konatyahi babatit vyakti mhanoon nahee. yaa prakaranachi kharee sthitee ashee aahe qee teey yaa donhi gunancha bhag aaheth aaplya kayadyandvare, kahee babatint, vyakti mhanoon aanee itar babatint malmatta mhanoon manale jaat aahe...gulamanchya prakaranacha vichar keela jaava, kaaran teey kharey tarr eka vichitra prakaran aahe. sanvidhanache tadjod karnare adhidesh paraspar sweekarle javet, jeey tyanna rahivasi manate, parantu gulamala mansatil done panchmansh bhagapasoon vibhakt manana mukt rahivashanchya samaan patalipeksha qamee gulamgirine qamee kele aahe...tyamule, aaplya gulamanchya babatit, jevha teey tyanna vyakti aanee malmattechya sammishra swarupat pahatat, tevha sanghiy sanvidhan mothya pramaniktene nirnay ghete. kharey tarr hetch tyanche kharey charitrya aahe. teey jyaa kayadyannusar rahatat tyaa kayadyandvare tyanna dilele charitra aahe; aanee heey nakarle jaanar nahee, qee heey yogya nikash aahet; kaaran kayadyanni nigro lokanche malmattechya vishayanmadhye rupantar kele aahe, sankhyanchya gananet ekhadya jagevar tyancha vaad aahe; aanee heey manya kele jaate qee, jarr kayadyanni hiravoon ghetalelya adhikaranna punarsanchayit kele tarr nigro lokanna itar rahivashansah samaan pratinidhitva nakarle jaau shakat nahee. 
tyanni nantar sangharajya nam. madhye aanakhi vistar keela. 55 "pratinidhinchya sabhagruhachi ekoon sankhya" (15 februwari 1788) heey spasht kartana qee 3/5 haah tyaa velee gulamanchya loksankhyechya aakaracha andaj lavnyashi dekhil sambandhit hotah
teen varshanchya aat janganana kelee jaavi, jevha hii sankhya darr tees hazar rahivashansathi eka kelee jaau shakel aanee salag daha varshanchya pratyek kalavadhit jangananeche nutanikaran kele jaeel aanee vareel maryadekhali vaadh kelee jaau shakel. pahili janganana, darr tees hajaranmage eka yaa darane, pratinidhinchi sankhya kiman eksheparyant vadhvel, assa atishayokticha andaj lavala jaanar nahee. teen panchmanshanchya pramanat nigrocha andaj lavtana, tyaa veleparyant, jarr aadhich nasel tarr amerikechi loksankhya teen lakhanparyant asel yaat shanka nahee.
ghatanatmak adhiveshan.
ghatanatmak adhiveshanadarmyan, pratinidhi james willson yanni tadjodicha prastav mandala hota aanee charles pinkani yanni tyala pathimba deela hota.
jevha tyanni adhiveshanachya pahilya divashi sarkarchya chaukatisathi aapali yojana sadar kelee, tevha dakshin carolinache charles pinkani yanni prastav mandala qee, vibhajanachya uddeshane, "pratyek hazar rahivashansathi eka sadasya, jyat 3-5 krishnavarniyancha samavesh aahe, asha vibhaganidvare" pratinidhinche sabhagruh "nishchit kele jaeel."pratinidhi sabhagruhatil pratinidhitva heey rajyachya sapeksh loksankhyechya pramanat asel heey tattva adhiveshanane ekmatane sweekarle, parantu suruvatila tyane tyachya urvarit yojnesah krishnavarniy loksankhyechya vatpababatcha tyacha prastav nakarla. gulamgirila virodh karananya pratinidhinni prastav mandala qee pratyek rajyatil keval mukt rahivashanchi ganana vibhaganichya uddeshane kelee jaavi, tarr gulamgirila pathimba denanya pratinidhinni prastavala virodh keela, gulamanni tyanchya vastavik sankhyet ganana karavi ashee tyanchi ichcha hotee.
teen-panchmansh gunottarane gulamanchi ganana karnyacha prastav pratham 11 juuna roji sadar karnyat aala aanee nauu rajyanni done rajyanni keval sankshipt churches tyavar sahmati darshavali. 9 teey 13 julai darmyan (sarvasamaveshak) tyavar dirgh charcha jhaali, jevha suruvatila adhiveshanala upasthit asalelya sadasyanni sahaa teey chaar sadasyanni matdan kele. kahee dakshinekadil pratinidhinni, eka sandhee pahoon, nantar tyanchya gulamanchya loksankhyesathi purn pratinidhitvacha prastav mandala; bahutek rajyanni nahee asey mutt dile. konatyahi prakarchya tadjodishivay gulamanchi paach-panchmansh ganana karnyababat rajye ekjoot rahoo shakat naheet heey lakshat gheuun, teen-panchmansh gunottar punha tablever aanale gele aanee aath rajyanni donashi sahmati darshavali.
vadavivad.
newyorkmadheel governor mauris yanna shanka hotee qee, teen panchmansh tadjodine dakshinekadil rajyanvar jyacha boja vadhel, too thet curr prabhavipane vishal united stateswar ladala jaau shakato. teey mhanale qee, federal mahasool nirman karnyache prathamik marg mhanje utpadan shulk aanee aayat shulk, jeey dakshinepeksha uttarela jaast curr aakartil; mhanoon, karpranalichi tartud aprasangik hotee aanee tadjod kelyane keval gulamgiri samarthak aamdaranchi sankhya vadhel.
keval matdaranchach hishob keela jaava, assa yuktivad uttar pratinidhinni keela. dakshinekadil pratinidhinni prativad keela, gulamanna matdaranitakech ganale jaat asalyacha dawa keela, jaree dakshinekadil lokanni gulamanna qaa thewale pahije assa prashna uttarekadil lokanni vicharla.
tadjod aanee kayada.
eka vadgrast vadavivadanantar, 'itar serve vyakti' tyanchya vastavik sankhyechya keval teen-panchmansh mhanoon ganalya jaanyachya tadjodivar shevati sahmati jhaali, jyamule mool prastavanchya tulanet gulam rajyanche pratinidhitva qamee jhaale, parantu uttarekadil sthitipeksha tyat sudharana jhaali. gulam rajyanna hii tadjod swikaranyachi eka prerana mhanje tyach pramanat curr aakaranishi tyacha sambandh hota, jenekarun gulam rajyanvaril curr aakaranicha bharahi qamee jhaala.
1787chya ghatanatmak adhiveshanat eka vadgrast muddah hota qee congressmadhil rajyanche pratinidhitva nishchit karnyasathi gulamanna loksankhyecha bhag mhanoon ganale jaeel qee tyaeivaji tyanna malmatta manale jaeel aanee tyamule, pratinidhitva karnyachya uddeshane manale jaanar nahee. gulamanchi mothee loksankhya asalelya rajyanmadhil pratinidhinni assa yuktivad keela qee, naveen sarkarne loksankhyechya aadhare rajyanvar curr aakarayache asalyas, pratinidhitva nishchit karnyasathi gulamanna vyakti manale pahije, parantu malmatta manale pahije. gulamgiri durmil jhalelya rajyanmadhil pratinidhinni assa yuktivad keela qee gulamanna curr aakaranit samavisht kele pahije, parantu pratinidhitva nishchit karnyat nahee.
matra, prastavit praman haah ghatanatmak adhiveshanadarmyan udbhavalelya gatirodhavar tayar upay hota. tyaa paristhitit, sangharsh karananya sainyachi sanrekhan 1783 madhye mahasanghachya kalmankhali midavalelya sanrekhanapeksha ulat hotee. kalmanmadhye sudharana kartana, uttarela gulamanni dakshinepeksha jaast mojave asey vatat hote kaaran rajyanni sangharajya sarkarla bharalele curr nishchit karane haah uddesh hota. ghatanatmak adhiveshanat, congressmadhil pratinidhitva haah adhik mahattvacha muddah hota, tyamule dakshinekade gulamanni uttarekadun jaast mojave asey hote.
nagri yuddhapurvi.
teen panchmansh gulamancha (jyanna matdanacha adhikar navhata) vidhimandalachya vibhaganimadhye samavesh karoon, teen panchmansh tadjodine gulam rajyanchya pratinidhinchya sabhagruhat swatantra rajyanchya tulanet atirikt pratinidhitva pradan kele. udaharanarth, 1793 madhye, dakshinekadil gulam rajyanmadhye 105 paiki 47 jaaga hotya, parantu mukt loksankhyechya aadhare jaaga niyukt kelya gelya asatya tarr 33 jaaga jhalya asatya. 1812 madhye, gulam rajyanna 59 aivaji 143 paiki 76 jaaga midalya; 1833 madhye, 240 paiki 98 jaaga, 73 aivaji. parinami, dakshini rajyancha adhyakshapad, sabhagruhache vaktrutva aanee sarvoch nyayalayavar american yadavi yuddh hoiparyant atirikt prabhav hota. yavyatirikt, 1850 paryant kayam rahilelya gulam aanee mukt rajyanchya samaan sankhyechya dakshinekadil rajyanchya aagrahamule cinetmadhil dakshini gut tasech electoral collegechya matanche sanrakshn jhaale.
itihaskar garry wills yanni assa andaj vartavala aahe qee gulam rajyachi atirikt matey nasati tarr jefferson 1800 chya adhyakshiy nivadanukit harla asata. tasech, "misaurimadhun gulamgiri vagalali gelee asatee... jacksonche bharatiy hatavanyache dhoran ayashasvi jhaale asate... wilmot parantukane meksikokadun jinkalya gelelya pradeshanmadhye gulamgirivar bandee ghatali asatee... cances-nebrasca vidheyak ayashasvi jhaale asate."teen-panchmansh tadjod hii dakshinekadil rajyanna anukool asalyache disun aale, kaaran tyanchi gulamanchi sankhya mothee hotee, udaharanarth, jodani tadjod uttarekadil rajyanna anukool hotee (jee samanyatah lahan hotee). naveen rajyaghatanela pathimba yaa vibhagiy hitsambandhanchya samatolavar avalambun hota.
vadavivad.
yadavi yuddhachya aadhi sanvidhanachya pailoonvar nirmulanvadyanni lakshaniy charcha kelee hotee. rajyaghataneche garrisonian mutt (william lloyd garrison (1805-1879), eka pramukh american nirmulanvadi, jeey tyanchya vyapakpane vachalya jaananya 1830 chya dashkatil gulamgirivirodhi vruttpatra 'daad liberator' sathee prasiddha hote) asey hote qee haah eka gulamgiri samarthak dastaivaj hota aanee keval sangharajya purnapane vibhajit karane gulamgirivirodhi karyache samadhan karoo shakat hote. .
george thompsons sarvajanik vadavivadanchya kadoo malikenantar, fredrick dugglus yanni sanvidhanakade gulamgirivirodhi dastaivaj mhanoon laksh vedhoon ghet dusra drushtikon ghetalah
pann tartudi atishay white bandhkam dett, teey kaay aahe? mea uttar deto-heey gulamgirichya rajyanvar thevalele eka spasht apangatva aahe; jeey tyaa rajyanna tyanchya naisargik pratinidhitvachya done-panchmansh aadharapasun vanchit thevate. sanvidhanantargat rajkiy sattecha aadhar mhanoon, gulam rajvatitil krishnavarniy mansanpeksha, swatantra rajvatitil krishnavarniy manasachi kimmat keval done panchmansh jaast asate. tyamule, gulamgirila protsahan denyaeivaji, rajyaghatanene gulam rajyanvar mukt honyasathi "done panchmansh" rajkiy shakti vadhavun swatantryala protsahan dile aahe. teen-panchmansh khandasathi itake; teey ghene sarvat white aahe, teey ajunahi gulamgirikade navhe tarr swatantryakade jhukate; kaaran, heey lakshat thewale pahije qee rajyaghatna kuthehi rangeet vyaktila matdan karnyas manai karat nahee.
nagri yuddhanantar.
chaudavya durustichya (1868) kalam 2 neey nantar kalam 1, kalam 2, kalam 3 hyanche sthan ghetale aanee tadjod spashtapane radd kelee. tyat ashee tartud aahe qee "pratinidhinchi vibhagani kelee jaeel... curr aakarani nasalelya bharatiyanna vagaloon pratyek rajyatil vyaktinchi sampoorn sankhya mojane."tyach kalamachya nantarchya tartudine, praudh purush nagarikanna matdanacha adhikar nakarnanya rajyanche congressmadhil pratinidhitva qamee kele, parantu yaa tartudichi prabhavipane amalbajavani kadhich jhaali nahee. (1865 madhye sammat jhalelya teravya durustine gulamgirivar bandee ghaloon mool khandachya adhikarkshetratun jawaljawal serve vyaktinna aadhich kadhoon takale hote; keval urvarit vyakti dandatmak gulamgirichya gunhyasathi shiksha jhalelya hotya, jyanna durustine banditoon vagalale hote.)
1877 madhye punarrachaneche yug sampalyanantar, purvichya gulam rajyanni ekoon loksankhyechya aadhare pratinidhinchya vatpacha laabh ghet, tyanchya krishnavarniy nagarikanna matadhikarapasun vanchit thevanyasathi dahashatvad aanee itar bekaydeshir yuktya vaparoon yaa badalanche uddisht modoon kadhale. yaa upayayojananmule dakshinekadil pandhya lokanna antabellum yugapeksha prabhavipane adhik matdan shakti midali, jyamule pratinidhinchya sabhagruhat dakshinekadil lokshahivadi lokanchi sankhya vadhali tasech rashtrapatinchya nivadanukit teey electoral collegemadhye kitee matey vaparu shakat hote.
krishnavarniy nagarikanche matadhikar radd kelyane akheris congressche laksh vedhale gele aanee 1900 madhye kahee sadasyanni matdan karnyas bandee ghalanyat aalelya lokanchya sankhyeshi sambandhit dakshinekadil jaaga kadhoon ghenyacha prastav mandala. shevati, congressne vibhajan badalanyasathi krutee kelee nahee, mukhyatve dakshini gatanchya samarthyamule. dakshinekadil gatamadhye dakshin lokshahivadi sadasya hote, jyanni pandhya matdaranni matdan kele aanee 1960 chya dashkaparyant congressmadhye eka shaktishali matdan gut sthapan keela. eka-pakshiy rajyanni varanvar nivadoon aalelya tyanchya pratinidhinni jyeshthatechya aadhare donhi sabhagruhanmadhil mahattvachya samityanchya asankhya adhyakshapadanvar niyantran thewale, jyamule tyanna itar muddyansah niyam, andajpatrak aanee mahattvachya aashray prakalpanvar niyantran midale. tyanchya adhikaramule tyanna nagri haqq chalvalidware maat hoiparyant, dakshinetil vanshik hinsachar aanee durupyoganviruddhachya sanghiy kayadyanna parabhoot karanyachi mubha midali.