
swast bhandar margika

swast bhandar lekhanmadhye march 1795 teey 1817 darmyan anek malikanmadhye jaaree kelele donshehun adhik naitik, dharmik aanee adhunmadhun rajkiy lekh hote aanee tyanantar 1830 paryant vividh sankalit aavrutyanmadhye punha prakashit kele gele. teey hannah yanni adhik tayar kele hote aanee teey anaitik paramparik broadside ballad aanee chapbook prakashananna paryay mhanoon sakshar garib lokanna vikri kinwa vitaran karnyachya hetune hote. yojanechya pahilya varshat 20 lakhanhun adhik pratee vikalya kinwa vitarit kelya gelya aanee heey margika prachand yashasvi tharalya.
parshvabhoomi.
1790 chya dashakachya suruvatila french krantinantar brittenmadhye lokpriy uthav honyachi shakyata aanee lokpriy prakashananmadhye prachalit asalelya kattarpanthi kalpanambaddal vyapak chinta hotee. ingraji dharmik lekhak aanee paropkari hannah yanni 'bhrasht aanee dusht lahan pustake aanee gathagitancha adhik sandarbh deela, jyaa sarvat aakarshak swarupat khidkyambaher tanglya gelya aahet kinwa shahar aanee deshat pasaravalya gelya aahet.grameen rajkaran' chya vyavsayik yashanantar (1792), jeey thomas paine yanchya 'manvi hakkanche' khandan hote, tine tharavale qee ashleel aanee ashleel prakashananchya vahinyanmadhun satat vahana vishavar upay mhanoon 'dharmik aanee upayukt dnyan' pradan karnyasathi eka sampoorn malika haatee ghetali jaau shakate. heey, tyanchya swastapanamule, tasech tyanchya asanyamule, dukkhadayakpane, kharab chavasathi anukool asalyamule, khalchya shreneet eka dusht lokpriyata midavatat. tine 1794 madhye pashchimatya deshat asha prakarchya granthanchya prakashanachi yojana aakhali aanee tee tichya mitranmadhye prasarit kelee, jyanni teela sampoorn desh vyapanyasathi aanee london vitarkanchi niyukti karnyasathi protsahit kele. naitik aanee dharmik pradeshansathi swast bhandar tayar karnyasathi eka samitee sthapan karnyat aalee aanee heinry thornton khajindar mhanoon hote. prakalpache adhipatrak karnyasathi sadasyatva surakshit karnyasathi athara shirshakanchi yadee asalela eka mudrit vivaranpatra jaaree karnyat aala.
daruche vyasan, vyabhichar, aalas, jugar, dangaliche jamav aanee swatachya sthanavarun varr jaanyacha prayatna yaa doshankade laksh vedhane, tyach velee pramanikpana, udyog, mitvyayita, sanyam aanee samajat aekhadyachya purv-nirdharit sthanachi sweekruti yaa gunanchi prashansa karane, yaa navya lekhancha uddesh sopya gathagit aanee laghoo shikavanyachya kathandware hota. rastyavaril sahityachya paramparik prakaranche anukaran karnari tee ektar ashtapailu chapbook mhanoon kinwa broadside ballades mhanoon prakashit kelee gelee. tyapaiki andaje eka trutiyansh 'ravivar vachan' mhanoon niyukt kele gele hote aanee tyat baybalachya sopya katha kinwa adhik visheshtah dharmik sandesh hota.
lekhakatva.
ardhyapeksha jaast adhikrut lekhanchi malika hannah hiney lihili hotee, aanakhi sahaa kadachit tichi baheen saara hiney lihili hotee, itar kadachit kavee william messon, paropkari aanee gulamgirichya virodhat moheem rabavanare zachari mccaulay, johnn neuton aanee heinry thornton, kinwa anyatha vilyam gilpin, yaa nayanaramya lekhikevar kalakar aanee lekhak yansarkhya evangelical mitranni lihilya hotya. izac watschee 'daivi ganee' aanee daniele defochi 'daad histree auph daad plaig inn london inn 1665' aanee baibal kathanche punarlekhan yasarkhya kahee shirshake sadhyachya suprasiddha kamanchya sankshipt aavrutya hotya. yaa yojanela samarthakanchya sadasyatvadvare anudan denyat aale hote, jyamule prakashne qamee kimmatit vikali jaau shakali.
prakashan.
vaiyaktik lekhancha eka guntagunticha granthasuchi itihas aahe, joou anekada anek aavruttyanmadhun jaato aanee tyat anek vitarak aanee prakashkansah 'swast bhandarasathi mudrak' mhanoon niyukt kelelya anek vegvegalya vyaktincha samavesh asato. shahar aanee deshat pustak vikrete, batmidar aanee ferivalyanni kirkol vikri kelee.'tyat sameel asalele sarvat mahattvache mudrak mhanje samuel bathcha dhoka; londonche johnn marshal, doublinche william watson; aanee londonchya 42 long lenche johnn evance. yuu. aii. madhye anek pratee dekhil punarmudran karnyat aalya.ess.aaa. newyork aanee philadelphiya yaa donhi thikanchya mudrakandware. 1798chya akheriparyant heey kaam haatee ghenara prakashak 'swast bhandar' hota, parantu tyanantar adhikrut lekhanche copyrite vikale gele aanee nantar johnn aanee james rivington yanni khristi dnyanala (chya) protsahan denyasathi sosayatisathi sankalit aavrutya prakashit kelya.pii.see.keey.)
dhokyachi malika (march-meey 1795).
morey yanchya prarambhik yojneantargat heey serve margika samuel hazardware, swast rastyavaril snanadvare chhapalya jaanar hotya aanee tyanni aanee londonmadhil johnn marshal aanee westminstermadhil richard white yanni vitarit kelya. march 1795 madhye prakashan suru jhaale aanee pahilya sahaa aathvadyant (march 3-april 18,1795) 'baath chronicle' neey nondavale qee 300,000 pratee ghauk vikalya gelya aanee press deshachya serve bhagantun yenanya ordershee julavun gheu shakale naheet. tyach varshi julaiparyant, vikrichi sankhya duppat jhaali hotee; yaa lekhanchya ektrit aavruttyanpaiki ekachya 'jahirat' chya purvasandhyelah "anek vyaktinni keval tyanchya swatachya kutumbat, shalanmadhye aanee tyanchyavar avalambun asalelyanmadhye lekh prasarit karoonach navhe tarr pustak vikretyanna tyanna puravatha karnyas protsahit karoon, kirkol vikrete aanee ferivalyanchi tapasani karoon, jyanna tyanni suruvatila kahee dile aanee nantar tyanna kharediche nirdesh dile; tasech melyanmadhil stallschya adhibhogdaranna lekhanchi shifaras karoon aanee tyanna rugnalaye, karyalaye aanee turunganmadhye pathavun, tyancha prabhav padala. tyanchya senapatinchya prabhavamule teey sainik aanee navikanmadhyehi udarpane vitareet kele gele.
dhokyachi/marshal malika (meey 1795-janewari 1796).
april 1795chya akheris heey spasht jhaale qee, naveen shirshakanchi magani aanee tyachya maryadit vyavasayatun punha chhapanyasathichya maganicha samna karane dhokyache tharel aanee mhanoon meey 1795 madhye jaaree jhalelya tevisavya lekhanantar johnn marshal (jyane 4 uldermary churchyard, london yethe adhik lakshaniy mudran aanee prakashan vyavasay chalavala) yanchi sanyukt 'swast bhandarasathi mudrak' mhanoon bharati karnyat aalee. parinami pudhil chhattis kinwa sattavis margika londonmadhye aanee snangruhat chhapalelya aavrutyanmadhye ekach velee jaaree karnyat aalya. visangati ashee aahe qee, eka shirshak 'madhyam marg sarvottam aahe' heey chhaplyanantar mage ghenyat aale aahe asey disate. marshalne purvichya lekhanchya aavrutya punha chhapanyasahi suruvat kelee.
december 1795 paryant yaa bhaganchi vikri ajunahi changli hott hotee, parantu visheshtah united kingdamchya tyaa bhaganmadhye, visheshtah londonpasoon pudhe, visheshtah scotland aanee englandchya uttarela, vitaranachya samasya kayam hotya. englandmadhil done vegvegalya kendranvar ekach velee aavrutya tayar karnyacha kharch dirghkal tiku shakat nahee heey dekhil hannah morr yanna jaanvu lagale aanee anek pratee vitarit karane apekshit asalelya ferivalyanna dilya jaananya savalatinchya qamee patalibaddalachya takrari tyaa aikat hotya. tyach velee teela yojanechya shrimant samarthakankadun adhik sankshipt duheri swarupatil changlya darjachya kagdavar chhapalelya aavruttisathi vinantya yet hotya, jee varshik gola kelelya khandanmadhye bandhali jaau shakate. parinami, janewari 1796 madhye prakashan yojanechi punarrachana karnyat aalee aanee eka naveen vivaranpatra jaaree karnyat aale.
marshal adhikrut malika (februwari 1796-december 1797).
punarrachanenantar, johnn marshal haah sanchacha ekmev mudrak banala, jyachya semyul dhokyachi patali vitarak mhanoon qamee jhaali. william watson yanchi doublinmadhye "swast bhandarasathi mudrak" mhanoonahi niyukti karnyat aalee aanee londonmadhye jaaree jhalyanantar vidyaman shirshake punha chhapanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. edinberg yetheel north brijche johnn elder heey atirikt vitarak scoatland aanee uttar englandcha samavesh karnyasathi niyukt karnyat aale hote.
johnn marshalne februwari 1796 teey december 1797 darmyan aanakhi panchechalis naveen shirshake done chapbook swarupanmadhye chhapali aanee prakashit kelee, parantu broadside ballad aavrutya haloohaloo tappyatappyane kadhoon taknyat aalya aanee vidyaman ballades teen kinwa chaar shirshake asalelya lahan pustikanmadhye punha jaaree karnyat aale. 1795 aanee 1796 yaa varshansathi yaa lekhanchya varshik sankalit aavrutya dekhil prakashit karnyat aalya.
tathapi, 1796 aanee 1797 madhye hii yojana jasjashi pudhe gelee tasatase naveen lekhakansathi lekhak shodhane hannala adhik katheen hott gele aanee tichya prakashkashiche sambandh bighadu lagale jyamule december 1797 nantar pratyek timahit teen lekhanparyant prakashanacha darr qamee karnyacha ticha nirnay jhaala. johnn marshalne toparyant tyacha sampoorn vyavasay lekhanchya nirmiti aanee vitaranasathi samarpit keela hota aanee tyancha shevat tyachyasathi aarthik aapatti tharala asata. november 1797 madhye jevha tyanni adhik lekhakanshi copyritechya malkibabat vaad ghatala tevha teey lekhancha tisra gola kelela khand jaaree karnyachya muddyavar hote. yamule tyane mudrak aanee tractcha mukhya vitarak mhanoon kaam suru thevanyas nakar deela aanee tyachya jaagi johnn evancechi niyukti kelee.
marshalchi 'anadhikrut' malika (janewari 1798-december 1799).
marshal hannachya vagnukimule adhik dukkhi jhaala aanee gathagit aanee chapbookche anubhavi prakashak mhanoon malika suru thevanyasathi tyala pudhil yogya majkoor midvanyat konatihi adchan aalee nahee. tyamule tyanni tyanchya vyavasayachi punarrachana kartana pudhil done varshant swatachya balavar aanakhi tehattar 'anadhikrut' swast bhandar lekh jaaree kele. heey swarupat aanee adhikrut malikeshi samanya swarupat samaan hote, bahutekda samaan lakud kapanicha vapar karat asat, parantu tyat keval mudrak aanee vitarak mhanoon tyache naav hote. teey nehmich adhikrut malikechya samaan uchch naitik surala anusarat navhate parantu kahivela samgrimadhye thode adhik utsahi hote. adhikrut sansthene sambhavya kharedidaranna marshalchya tractchya sthitibaddal ishara deela aanee vachalelya pratinmadhye kadhikadhi shirshak prushthavarun 'swast bhandar' heey shabd nasht kele jaatat. tathapi, vegvegalya malika anekada ekmekanshi gondhalalelya asatat. doublin tractchya kahee udaharananmadhye adhikrut tractla marshalchya anadhikrut tractpacky ekashi jodanyat aale hote. december 1799 madhye marshalne tyachi malika prakashit karane bund kele.
watson doublin malika (1796-1800).
march 1795 madhye, hannah yanni durjananna savalat denyasathi aanee dharm aanee sadgunanche dnyan aanee aacharanala protsahan denyasathi, doublinmadhye (jyapaiki tee eka manad sadasya hotee) irelandmadhye tyanche lekh punha chhapanyasathi adhik adhikrut kele. heey kaam sanghataneche sachiv aanee 7 capple street doublinche mudrak aanee pustak vikrete william watson yanni haatee ghetale hote. irelandmadhye too 'swast bhandarasathi mudrak' mhanoon olakhala jaau lagla. bahutek ayrish lekh ingraji samatulya aavruttyanche punarmudran hote, jaree kahee ayrish paristhitinusar sudharit karnyat aale aanee tyanna naveen shirshake denyat aalee. kahee margika dekhil aahet jyaa keval irelandmadhye jaaree karnyat aalya hotya. ayrish aavrutya dekhil ingraji samatulya aavrutyanpeksha adhik sankshiptapane chhapalya gelya aanee tyamule anek prakarananmadhye ingraji shirshakanpaiki done 24 pananchya eka adhyaypustiket jodalya gelya. vilyam watsonne 1805 madhye tyachya mrutyuparyant, tyachya jaagi tyacha mulga, jyala vilyam watson (maam. 1818). tyachya nantar tyachi vidhva, aine watson, aalee, jine 1820chya dashkaparyant heey margika jaaree karane suru thewale. aaa. yanni pudhil punarmudran jaaree kele. & doubleu. 1830 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant watson.
evance adhikrut malika (1798-1800).
december 1797 madhye marshalchya rajinamyanantar, hannah morr yanni lihilelya adhikrut swast bhandar tracts maliketil aanakhi pandhra naveen shirshake johnn evance yanni chhapali. december 1797 teey aktoobar 1798 darmyan, 'aadamchya patan' pasoon suruvat karoon, heey jaaree karnyat aale, jyat naveen prakashan vyavasthechi ghoshana hotee.naveen maliket 1798 chya ayrish bandavar bhashya karnara kiman eka lekh samavisht aahe, joou nantar hannah morchya sankalit krutinmadhye disat nahee. hyacha prabhav purvichya margikanchya malikesarkha jhalela disat nahee. tathapi, mool vaiyaktik shirshakanchi punarmudran johnn evance aanee tyachya uttaradhikaryanni chhapane suru thewale. yamadhye jeey. evance andd company. (1799-1802), howard aanee evance (1802-1811), johnn evance (1811), jeey. evance aanee mulga (c.1812-1817), johnn evance aanee mule (1818-20) aanee jeey.& see. evance (1820-29), aanee jeey.eae. evance (1829-1846).
rivington aavrutya (1798-1851).
vaiyaktik lekhanchya punarmudranasathi satat magani asanyavyatirikt, madhyamvargiy prekshakanna lakshya karoon sankalit aavruttyannahi magani hotee. 1798chya vasant rutumadhye heinry thornton yanchya netrutvakhalil samiteene sadhyachya serve shirshakanche copyrite france aanee charles rivington yanna vikale, jeey 1960chya dashkatil mudrak hote.pii.see.keey. yaa companyne tyach varshi teen khandanmadhye (ivansdware dekhil chhapalele) adhikrut tractchi sankalit aavrutti prakashit kelee. hii aavrutti 1799 aanee 1800 madhye punha chhapali gelee aanee nantar 1830 paryant niyamit antarane. nantar rivingtanala 'ardha napha' dilyacha pashchatap keela. 1829 aanee 1851 chya darmyan companyne chhap jeey saha vidyaman shirshakanchya done malika prakashit kelya.jee. & eff. aanee jeey.jee.eff. & jeey. khrishchan dnyanala protsahan denyasathi societychya vatine rivington. heey aar. dware chhapale gele hote. gilbert (nantar gilbert aanee rivington), vaiyaktik tract mhanoon aanee sankalit aavrutyanmadhye. copac aanee worldcat detabasemadhye ekonatis shirshake soochibaddha aahet.
americet prakashit jhaleli malika (1799-1803).
englandmadhye prakashit jhalyanantar lagechach vaiyaktik lekh shirshake americet aayat kelee gelee. 1797 pasoon kahee yuu.ess. buub. salaparyant philadelphiyamadhyehi aavrutya prakashit houu lagalya. johnson. tyanantar 1799 madhye sumare saath margika (itar kahee swast nasalelya bhandar shirshakansah) newyorkmadhye cornelius devisne prakashit kelelya done sangrahit khandanmadhye prakashit jhalya. tyanantar 1800 chya kalat aanakhi bavis shirshake filadelfiyamadhye bii. & jeey. johnson eka kramankit swast bhandar maliket. pudhe eae. yanni american sangrahit aavrutya prakashit kelya. 1802 aanee 1803 madhye bostonche linken.
scotlandmadhil swast bhandar.
dumfries-shayarmadhil padrinchya samajane' tayar keleli 'scotch swast bhandar lekhanchi 29 malika; jyat tarunanchya shikshanasathi naitik katha aahet. teey hannah morchya lekhanche pratirup hote, parantu 'united kingdamchya vibhajanatil buddhiman shetkyanchya dharmik bhavnanshi, tasech paddhati aanee savayinshi yaa aakarshak adhik shikshanache anukulan karnyacha' prayatna keela. 1807 madhye prakashit jhalela 'daad histree auph metland smith' haah scots tract pahila hota, joou fashichya shikshechya shikshechya navakhali fashi dilelya gunhegaranchya kutumbala aadhar denyasathi nidhi gola karnyasathi prakashit jhaala. itar shirshakanmadhye 'daad happy betty, kinwa daad histree auph jeane morton' yancha samavesh hota. elizabeth hamilton (lekhika). sangrahit keleli dusari aavrutti 'durust aanee mothya pramanat vadhavaleli' 1815 madhye edinbergmadhye prakashit jhaali.
'spa fields' tract (1817).
napolean yuddhannantarchya kalat englandmadhil lokanchya asantoshachi parinati december 1816 chya spa feeled dangalit jhaali aanee sarkarvar niyantran thevanyacha eka ayashasvi prayatna jhaala. tyamule hannah yanni 1817 darmyan anek purnapane naveen, sanstheche samarthak, shirshake jaaree kelee, jyat "nishthavan vishay rajkiy panth"; "pratinidhi"; "sarvajanik sudharanavadyanche khajgi guna"; aanee "nyayya shabd aanee white arth" yancha samavesh hota. tyanna eka majboot rajkiy sandesh denyasathi tyanni purvichya anek margikanmadhyehi sudharana kelya. 1819 madhye, 'sadhyachya kalasathi yogya asalele swast bhandar lekh' yaa shirshakakhalil purvichya kahee rajkiy shirshakansah, nantar hya ektrit aavruttit punha prakashit karnyat aalya.
prabhav.
swast bhandar lekhanchya' prakashanache pratinidhitva kahee rajkiy itihaskaranni thomas penchya 'daad rites auph mann andd aij auph reason' chya yashabaddalchi eka puranmatvadi pratikriya mhanoon kele aahe. tathapi, heey hannah morchya hetunche atee saralikaran asoo shakate. 1790chya dashkatil lekhanpaiki keval eka lahan praman rajkiy aashayanche hote; bahusankhyanni kamgar vargachya naitiktet sudharana karnyacha prayatna keela, "lokpriy sahityache swaroop, lekhan shaili aanee vitaran margahi sweekarle".
tee eka nihsanshay prakashan ghatana hotee aanee richard altikchya mateh "ingraji pustakanchya itihasat asey kadhich navhate."daad shaferred auph salisbury playin" yasarkhya kahee shirshakanche nantar french, german aanee russian bhashet bhashantar karnyat aale. yaa shirshakache vanity fairmadhye william thackeray yanni dekhil vidamban kele hote, jeey lady emily hornblooar aanee tichya tractbaddal bolatat, jyat 'daad washerwoman auph finchley common' samavisht aahe."tarihi, jyaa kamgar vargavar tyancha laksh kendrit karnyat aala hota, tyanchya jivanavar tyancha kitee parinam jhaala asava, yavarhi prashnachinh upasthit kele gele aahe. teey asey asoo shakatatah "madhyamvargamadhye eka motha fatka, kona...tyanche vitaran karnyasathi tyanni deshbharat 'atyant aadaraniy sanstha' sthapan kelya hotya."