electrophilic sugandhi nirdesh gut

electrophilic sugandhi pratisthapan pratikriyanmadhye, sugandhi ringvareel vidyaman pratisthapan gut ekoon pratikriya daravar prabhav taktat kinwa tayar jhalelya utpadananchya sthitijanya aaysomarvar nirdeshit parinam karatat. electron daan karnara gut (aii. dii. jee.) kinwa electron mukt karnara gut (sanrachanatmak sutranmadhye aii. aar. jee., zed.) haah eka anoo kinwa karyatmak gut aahe joou tyachya electronchya ghanatepaiki kahee bhag anunad (mesomerism) kinwa prerak prabhav (kinwa preran) dware sanyugmit π pranalimadhye daan karato-jyala anukrame + m kinwa + i prabhav mhanatat-asha prakare π pranali adhik nucleophilic banate. yaa electronic parinamancha parinam mhanoon, eka sugandhi ring jyas assa gut jodalela asato, too electrophilic pratisthapan pratikriyemadhye sahbhagi honyachi shakyata jaast asate. tyamule, jaree steric prabhav pratikriyemadhye hastakshep karoo shakatat, taree, edgsla anekada sakriy karnare gut mhanoon olakhale jaate.
electron mage mage gatacha (eae. doubleu. jee.) ringchya nucleophilicitiver vipareet parinam hoil. eae. doubleu. jee. π pranalitoon electronchi ghanata kadhoon takte, jyamule yaa prakarchya pratikriyemadhye tee qamee pratikriyashil hote aanee mhanoon tyala nishkriy karnare gut mhanatat.
sugandhi ringvareel sthan (tyanchya sapeksh) dekhil edge aanee eadbluesy nirdharit karatat jithe pratisthapan pratikriya honyachi shakyata jaast asate; tyamule sendriya sanshleshanachya prakriyet haah gunadharm mahattvacha aahe.
electron daan karnare gut samanyatah electrophilic sugandhi badalansathi ortho/parra sanchalak asatat, tarr electron mage ghenare gut samanyatah meta sanchalak asatat, apavad mhanoon halogen jeey "ortho"/"parra" sanchalak dekhil asatat kaaran tyanchyakade sugandhi ringsah samayik kelelya electronchya ektya jodya asatat.
varg.
electron daan karnare gut samanyatah sakriy karnyachya kshamatechya teen staranmadhye vibhagale jaatat ('atyant' shreni 'majboot' mhanoon pahili jaau shakate.) electron mage ghenare gut samaan gatanna niyukt kele jaatat. sakriy karnare paryay 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthanambaddal electrophilic paryayas anukool aahet. kamkuvatpane nishkriy karnare gut electrophylsana benzin renuvar 'ortho-' aanee 'parra-' sthananvar hallah karnyasathi nirdeshit karatat, tarr gatanna jordar aanee madhyam pramanat nishkriy karnare gut thet 'meta-' sthanavar halle karatat. heey parra-aanee ortho-nirdeshit karyatmak gatansarkhya meta-sthitila anukool karnyache prakaran nahee, tarr 'ortho'-aanee 'parra'-sthitila teey 'meta'-sthitila napsant karnyapeksha jaast napsant karatat.
gut sakriy karane.
sakriy karnare gut heey bahutek vela anunad daata (+ mea) asatat. jaree yapaiki barech gut inductively backdraw (-i) dekhil karat asale, joou eka nishkriy karnara prabhav aahe, taree anunad (kinwa mesomeric) prabhav jawaljawal nehmich majboot asato, qla, br aanee aay vagalata.
sarvasadharanpane, tevha kalkhandatil aanee tyapalikade ghatakancha anunad prabhav tulanene kamkuvat asato. heey pramukhyane carbonchya 2p kakshiyasah pratisthapanchya 3p (kinwa tyahoon adhik) kakshiy tulanene kharab kakshiy aachchhadanamule aahe.
judd halogenpeksha adhik tivra anunad prabhav aanee prerak prabhavamule, florin visangatipurna asate. fluorobenzinavaril electrophilic sugandhi paryayacha aanshik darr ghatak anekada 'parra' sthiteet ekapeksha motha asato, jyamule too eka sakriy gut banato. yaulat, yaa sthananchya electronegative floro pratisthapananchya nikatatemule, teey "ortho" aanee "meta" sthananvar madhyam pramanat nishkriy kele jaate.
gut nishkriy karane.
serve nishkriy karnare gut inductively (-i) mage ghet aahet, tarr tyapaiki bahutek resonance (-m) dware dekhil mage ghet aahet. halogenche paryay yala apavad aaheth teey anunad daata (+ mea) aahet. halides vagalata, teey 'meta' nirdeshit gut aahet.
halides heey "ortho", "parra" nirdeshit gut aahet parantu bahutek "ortho", "parra" nirdeshkanchya vipareet, halides saumyapane aaren nishkriy karatat. yaa asamanya vartanache done gunadharmandware spashtikaran dile jaau shakateh
prerak aanee anunad gunadharm ekmekanshi spardha karatat parantu pratikriyashilatechya thikananna nirdeshit karnyachya uddeshane anunad prabhav varchasva gajavato. udaharanarth, nitrationsathi, florin 'parra' sthitikade jordarpane nirdeshit hote kaaran 'ortho' sthitee inductively nishkriy kelee jaate (86 takke 'parra', 13 takke 'ortho', 0.6 takke 'meta'). dusarikade, iodine tulanatmakdrushtya 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthanankade nirdeshit karate (54 takke 'parra' aanee 45 takke 'ortho', 1.3 takke 'meta').
benzinavar vividh gatancha prabhav padato.
carbonyls, sulphonic acid aanee nitro.
yaa pratyek gatasathi ringla thet jodalelya ghatkanvar purn kinwa aanshik sakaratmak prabhar asalyamule, tyaa sarvancha madhyam teey majboot electron-kadhane prerak prabhav asato (jyala-i prabhav mhanatat). teey electron-kadhane anunad prabhav dekhil pradarshit karatat, (jyala-emm prabhav mhanatat):
asha prakare, heey gut sugandhi ring benzinchya tulanet khoop electron-garib (δ +) banavtat aanee mhanoon, teey ring (i.eae. benzinmadhil pratikriyanchya tulanet yaa gatanna dharan electron-daan ringjamadhye pratikriya khoop haloo pudhe jaatat.)
anilyn, phenols aanee eather (jase qee anisol).
carbon aanee auxigen/nitrogenmadhil vidyut runatmakatechya farkamule, prerak prabhavadvare (jyala-i prabhav mhanatat) electron mage ghenyacha thodasa prabhav asel. tathapi, anunad navacha dusra prabhav ringmadhye electronchi ghanata parat jodato (jyala + m prabhav mhanatat) aanee prerak prabhavavar varchasva gajavato. tyamule parinam assa hoto qee teey kadaa aanee 'ortho'/'parra' sanchalak aahet.
phenol haah ortho/parra director aahe, parantu ksharanchya upasthitit, pratikriya adhik vegwan asate. heey phenolet aayanchya uchch pratikriyashilatemule aahe. nakaratmak oxygenla carbonla electron ghanata denyasathi 'sakti' karnyat aalee hotee (kaaran tyacha nakaratmak charge asato, tyacha atirikt + i prabhav asato). jaree thund asatana aanee tatasth (aanee tulanene kamkuvat) electrophiles, pratikriya ajunahi vegane hote. 
alkyle gut.
alkyle gut heey electron daan karnare gut aahet. tyavarcha carbon haah sp3 sankarit aahe aanee sp2 sankarit karbanpeksha qamee vidyut runatmak aahe. teey carbon-hydrogen bandhanvar (kinwa "turt"-beautilbenzinsarkhya sanyuganmadhil carbon-carbon bandhanvar) ring pii orbitals overlap hotat. tyamule teey benzinpeksha adhik pratikriyashil asatat aanee 'ortho'/'parra' sanchalak asatat.
carboxylate.
prerakpane, nakaratmak charge kelele carboxylate aayan, tyala ringshi ringshi bandhatil electronna madhyam pramanat door karate. asha prakare, electron-daan + i prabhav kamkuvat aahe. oxygenvaril aayanchya nakaratmak prabharala sthanantarit karoon carbonyl samoohachi electron-kadhanyachi anunad kshamata prabhavipane kadhoon takalyamule jawaljawal shoonya-emm parinam hoto. asha prakare ekoon carboxylate gatacha (carboxyl gatachya ulat) sakriy prabhav asato.
alchilamonium aanee trifluoromethyl gut.
yaa gatancha eka majboot electron-kadhane prerak prabhav (-i) ektar tyanchya sakaratmak prabharamule kinwa halogenchya shaktishali vidyut runatmakatemule asato. konatahi anunad prabhav nasato kaaran ringchya kakshanshi overlap houu houu kakshiy kinwa electron jodya nasatat. carboxylate aayansathi prerak prabhav asach asato parantu viruddha dishene (i.eae. teey 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthananvar lahan sakaratmak shulk nirman karate parantu 'meta' sthanavar nahee aanee teey veland madhyavarti asthir karate.) mhanoon heey gut nishkriy karat aahet aanee "meta" nirdeshit karat aaheth
halidesche spardhatmak parinam.
preran viruddha anunad.
yaa paristhitit florin hii eka visangati aahe. varr, tyache varnan kamkuvat electron mage ghenara gut mhanoon kele aahe parantu heey keval anshatah kharey aahe. florincha-i prabhav asato heey barobar aahe, jyamule electron antarbhutpane mage ghetale jaatat. tathapi, aanakhi eka prabhav joou bhoomika bajavato too mhanje + m prabhav joou benzin ringmadhye electronchi ghanata punha jodato (asha prakare-i prabhavacha ulat parinam hoto parantu vegalya yantranedvare). yala mesomeric prabhav (mhanoon + m) mhanatat aanee florincha parinam assa aahe qee + m prabhav andaje-i prabhav radd karato. fluorobenzinsathi 'parra' sthiteet yacha parinam mhanje pratikriyashilata jee benzinchya tulanet (kinwa tyahunahi jaast) aahe. kaaran prerak prabhav nikatatevar jordar avalambun asatat, fluorobenzinchi "meta" aanee "ortho" sthitee benzinpeksha lakshaniyaritya qamee pratikriyashil asate. asha prakare, fluorobenzinavar electrophilic sugandhi paryay jordarpane "parra" nivadak aahe.
haah-i aanee + m prabhav serve halidesathy kharaa aahe-pratyekache kahee electron mage ghene aanee daan karane heey guna asatat. pratikriyashilatet badal qaa hotat heey samajoon ghenyasathi, aapan pratyekamadhye hallyamule kakshiy atiparisthiticha vichar karane aavashyak aahe. florinche sanyojak kakshiy heey 2p kakshiy aahet jeey karbansathi samaan aahet-mhanoon teey urjechya khoop jawal asateel aanee kakshiy aachchadan anukool asel. chlorinemadhye 3 pii valence orbitals asatat, tyamule kakshiy urja aanakhi vegali asel aanee bhoomiti qamee anukool asel, jyamule qamee danamule carbocatynic madhyavarti sthir hote, mhanoon chlorobenzine fluorobenzinpeksha qamee pratikriyashil asate. tathapi, bromobenzin aanee iodobenzine heey chlorobenzinpeksha jawaljawal samaan kinwa thode adhik pratikriyashil asatat, kaaran anunad daan jaree aanakhi white asale taree, tyanchya qamee vidyut runatmakatemule prerak prabhav dekhil kamkuvat hoto. asha prakare pratikriyashilatecha ekoon kram yuu-aakaracha asato, jyamadhye chlorobenzine/bromobenzinavar kiman (bandhanat benzinchya tulanet sapeksh nitration darr = 1): phf (0.18)> phcl (0.064) ~ phbr (0.060) <phay (0.12). parantu tarihi, serve halobenzine benzinpeksha qamee pratisad detat.
lakshat ghya qee iodobenzine ajunahi fluorobenzinpeksha qamee pratikriyashil aahe kaaran dhruvikaranakshamata dekhil eka bhoomika bajavate. phosphenemadhil phosphorus inductiondware carbonla electron ghanata qaa daan karoo shakat nahee heey dekhil heey spasht karoo shakate (i.eae. + i prabhav) jaree too karbanpeksha qamee vidyut runatmak asala (2.19 viruddha 2.55, vidyut runatmakata yadee pahaa) aanee hydrophloric esidpeksha (pii. keey. aii. =-10) hydroiodic acid (pii. keey. aii. = 3) jaast amleey qaa aahe. (teey hydrophloric esidpeksha 1013 putt jaast amleey aahe)
nirdeshatmak prabhav.
electronchya ektya jodimule, electron daan karnyasathi halogen gut upalabdh aahet. tyamule teey 'ortho'/'parra' sanchalak aahet.
nitroso gut.
preran.
carbon aanee nitrogenmadhil vidyut runatmakatechya farkamule, nitroso gatacha parinam tulanene majboot-i asato, parantu nitro gataevadha majboot nasato. (alchylamonium catayan aanee nitro gatanvar sakaratmak charge kelele nitrogen anooncha adhik majboot-i prabhav asato)
pratidhvani.
nitroso gatacha prabhav aii + emm aanee-emm donhi asato, parantu-emm prabhav adhik anukool asato.
nitrogenmadhye electronchi ekulati eka jodee asate. tathapi, tyachya monomer swarupachi ekmev jodee anunadadvare daan karane pratikool aahe. + m prabhavasathi keval diamer form upalabdh aahe. tathapi, dravnamadhye diamer swaroop qamee sthir asate. tyamule, nitroso gut electron daan karnyasathi qamee upalabdh aahe.
ulat, electronchi ghanata mage ghene adhik anukool aaheh (ujavikadil chitra pahaa).parinami, nitroso gut haah eka nishkriyak aahe. tathapi, villand madhyavarti darmyan benzin ringla electron ghanata daan karnyasathi teey upalabdh aahe, jyamule teey ajunahi "ortho"/"parra" sanchalak aahe.
steric prabhav.
benzinla jevha ekhada gut jodala jaato tevha tyavar 2 'ortho' sthitee, 2 'meta' sthitee aanee 1 'parra' sthitee asate. jevha ekhada gut 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthitee asalela 'ortho/parra' sanchalak asato, jyaa samaan aanshik darr ghatkashi pratikriya detat, tevha yaa sankhyikeey prabhavamule aapan 'parra' utpadanapeksha duppat 'ortho' utpadanachi apeksha karoo. tathapi, 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthananvaril aanshik darr ghatak samanyatah samaan nasatat. udaharanarth, florinchya paryayanchya babatit, 'ortho' sthitivaril majboot prerak maghar prabhavamule, 'ortho' aanshik darr ghatak 'parra' peksha khoopach lahan asato. yaa parinamanvyatirikt, 'ortho' sthiteet vadhiv steric adthalyamule, parantu 'parra' sthiteet nahee, jyamule 'parra' utpadanache praman mothya pramanat vadhate, tyamule anekada steric prabhav dekhil hoto.
electrophilic sugandhit nitrationsathi bhinn steric maganichya alkyle paryayansah electrophilic sugandhit badalansathi parinam spasht keela aahe.
toluenmadhil methyl gut lahan asato aanee teey "ortho" utpadanala pramukh utpadan bunwell. dusarikade, "tii"-beautyl gut khoop motha aahe (ekach carbonla jodalele 3 methyl gut aahet) aanee too "parra" utpadanache pramukh utpadan mhanoon netrutva karel. toluinchya babatitahi, utpadan 2:1 nahee parantu thode qamee 'ortho' utpadan aahe.
anek paryayanvar nirdeshit prabhav.
jevha ringvar aadhich done paryay upasthit asateel, tevha tevha paryayanchi jaaga sthit thikani asel. badaliche niyam khalilpramane aaheth
nirdeshatmak parinamanche susutrikaran.
steric prabhav haah eka vichar asala taree, electron-daan aanee electron-kadhane gatanche pramukh tarksangatkaran mhanje sugandhi ringchya electronic vitaranacha tyancha gondhal, mukhytah sampoorn sanyugmit pranalimadhye pranalimadhye mesomeric prabhavandvare, atee kinwa qamee π electron ghanateche pradesh tayar karane. yaa sandarbhat anunad swarupancha vichar karane upayukt aahe, kaaran teey yaa vikshobhanchi thikane nishchit karnyasathi eka soyiskar sadhan pradan karatat. adhik visheshtah, kirkol anunad yogdankartyanmadhil konatehi aupcharik nakaratmak kinwa sakaratmak shulk (jeey naisargik dhruvikaranashi susangat aahet parantu aktet niyamache palan karane aavashyak nahee) uchch urja vyapalelya π aanvik kakshiy (oo) madhye anukrame mothe kinwa lahan gunank asaleli thikane pratibimbit karatat. electrophileshy adhik anukool kakshiy aachchadan jhalyamule, mothya gunank asalelya carbon anoovar pradhanyane hallah keela jaeel.
sanyugmit electron-kadhane kinwa electron-daan electron-daan gatachya vyatyayamule π electron vitaran anukrame electron-kamatarata benzil cashion kinwa electron-atee benzil aayansarkhe hote, jaree electron vitaranatil badal yaa maryadit prakarananpeksha qamee pramanat hoto. asha prakare, aapan yaa sadhya prajatincha vapar karoo shakato, jyanche π electron vitaran sadhya huckle siddhant vaparoon mojale jaau shakate, electrophilic sugandhi paryayachya regiochemical parinamanna tarksangat karnyasathi model mhanoon. jase pahile jaau shakate, electron-kadhanyachya gatachya babatit 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthananvaril π electron loksankhya qamee hote, jyamule 'meta' hallah haah sarvat qamee napsant karnara paryay mhanoon hoto. yaulat, jevha electron daan karnara gut upasthit asato, tevha 'meta' sthitichya tulanet 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthitimadhye π electronchi loksankhya vadhate, jee 'meta' sthitivaril 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthitivar hallyala anukool asate.
haah tantotant parinam aahe joou anunad sanrachananche rekhachitra andaj lavel. udaharanarth, nitrobenzinmadhye anunad sanrachananmadhye ring pranalibhovati sakaratmak shulk asate (khalee dilele chitra pahaa):
meta' sthiteet hallah hoto, kaaran 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthananmadhye (aanshik) aupcharik sakaratmak shulk asate jeey yaa sthananvar π electronchya kamatarateche soochak asatat, jyamule 'meta' sthan thodi jaast electron ghanata sodate.
dusarikade, anilynmadhye anunad sanrachananmadhye ring pranalibhovati nakaratmak shulk asate (khalee dilele chitra pahaa):
hallah haah 'ortho' aanee 'parra' sthananvar hoto, jyamadhye (aanshik) aupcharik nakaratmak shulk asate jeey yaa sthananvar π electronchi atiriktata darshavtat.
aanakhi eka samanya yuktivad, joou samaan andaj lavto, too 'ortho'/'parra' kinwa 'meta' sthananvar electrophilic hallyamule hallyamule veeland intermediateschya pratisthapanandware sthirikaran kinwa asthiratecha vichar karato. hammond swanishchit nantar asey tharavate qee sapeksh sankraman sthitee urja veeland madhyavartichya jaminivaril sthitee urjetil farak pratibimbit karel. (yaa yuktivadachya tapashilansathi 'electrophilic aeromatic substitution' pahaa.")
kadya aanee eadblueses eadblueses nivadakteche varnan pahilyanda 1892 madhye karnyat aale hote aanee tyanna kram braun-gibson niyam mhanoon olakhale jaate.

