
russian sainya

royal prussian armine (1701-1919,) prussia rajyache sainya mhanoon kaam kele. european shakti mhanoon russiachya vikasasathi teey mahattvache tharale.
id1' chya tees varshanchya yuddhadarmyan, brandenberg-russiachya mukhya bhadotri sainyat prussian sainyachi mule hotee. matdar fredrick williamne teey eka vyavharya sthayi sainya mhanoon vikasit kele, tarr prushiyacha raja fredrick william pahila yane tyacha aakar natakiyaritya vadhavala aanee tyachya siddhantanmadhye sudharana kelee. raja fredrick daad gret, eka prachand yuddhasenapati, yane 18 vya shatkatil sileshiyan yuddhanmadhye shistabaddh prussian sainyache netrutva kele aanee prussia rajyachi pratishtha mothya pramanat vadhavali.
napolean yuddhanchya suruvatiparyant russian sainya kalbahya jhaale hote aanee sansadhananchi kamatarata hotee aanee 1806 madhye chauthya aaghadichya yuddhat francene pruciala parabhoot kele. tathapi, gerhard wonn sharenhorstchya netrutvakhali, prussian sudharkanni prussian sainyache aadhunikikaran karnyas suruvat kelee, jyamule sahavya aaghadichya yuddhat nepoliyanchya parabhavat mothe yogdan midale. tathapi, puranmatvadyanni kahee sudharana thambavalya aanee tyanantar prussian sainya puranmatvadi prussian sarkarcha snrakshak banala.
19vya shatkat, prussian sainyane denmark, austriya aanee fransviruddha yashasvi yuddhe ladhali, jyamule pruciala germanyche ekikaran karata aale, 1871 madhye german samrajyachi sthapana jhaali. prussian sainyane shahee german sainyacha gabha tayar keela, jyachi jaaga pahilya mahayuddhanantar "reachsweher" neey ghetali.
mahan matdar.
sainyachi nirmiti.
brandenbergchya (1640-1688) matdar fredrick viliyamchya karkirdit tayar jhalelya sanyukt sashastr dalatoon prushiyache sainya vikasit jhaale. hohenzolern brandenberg-russia haah tees varshanchya yuddhadarmyan pramukhyane "landsconnect" bhadotri sainikanvar avalambun hota, jyamadhye brandenberg uddhvast jhaala hota. swedish aanee shahee sainyane deshavar kabja keela. 1644chya vasant rutumadhye, fredrick williamne aaplya rajyache adhik changle rakshan karnyasathi saktichya bharatidvare eka sthayi sainya tayar karnyas suruvat kelee.
1643-44 paryant, fredrick viliyamchya angarkshakatil 500 bandukdharyansaha vikasansheel sainyat fakt 5,500 sainik hote. matdaranche vishvasoo johann wonn norprath yanni duchy auph clevesmadhye sainyachi bharati kelee aanee 1646 paryant reinlandmadhye 3,000 dutch aanee german sainikanche sainya sanghatit kele. brandenberg aanee prushiyachya duchymadhye dekhil haloohaloo sainya vadhavanyat aale. fredrick williamne habsberg austriyacha paramparik pratispardhi franskadoon madat magitali aanee french anudan midvanyas suruvat kelee. tyane aaplya sudharanancha aadhar raja lui chaudavyacha yuddhamantri luichya sudharananvar thewala. yuddhadarmyan brandenbergla yash naan midalyanantarhi, tyachya sainyachya vadhimule fredrick viliyamala 1648 chya westfeliyachya kararat lakshaniy pradeshik adhigrahan sadhya karata aale.
prantiy vasahatinna shantatechya kalat sainyacha aakar qamee karanyachi ichcha hotee, parantu matdaranni rajkiy savalati, choree aanee arthvyavasthechya madhyamatoon tyanchya maganya talhalya. 1653 madhye fredrick william aanee brandenbergchya vasahatinmadhil brandenbergchya vishrantimadhye, kulinanni sarvbhaumala tyanchya visheshadhikaranchya pushtichya badalyat 5,30,000 theller pradan kele. asha prakare 'labadanni' shetkyancha balee deuun tyanchi rajkiy satta majboot kelee. ekada matdar aanee tyache sainya purese majboot jhaale qee, fredrick william cleaves, marqa aanee prushiyachya vasahatinna dadapanyat saksham jhaala.
frederic williamne bhadotri sainik heey sarvasamanya hote tyaa kalat aaplya sainikanna vyavsayik banavanyacha prayatna keela. vaiyaktikaritya regiment tayar karane aanee curnell niyukt karnyavyatirikt, matdaranni ullanghan kelyabaddal kathor shiksha ladalya, jase qee lutmarisathi fashichi shiksha dene aanee sodoon jaanyasathi gottlet chalvane. nagarikanvaril adhikadhyanchya hinsacharachya krutyanmule eka varshasathi nokri sodali gelee. tyane kuleen vargasathi eka vidyarthi sanstha vikasit kelee; jaree alpavadhit uchch varg yaa kalpanela virodh karat hota, taree adhikari dalat kuleen varg ektrikaranane tyanna dirghkalasathi hohenzolern rajeshahishi jodale. brandenberg-russiachya philled marshalmadhye durflinger, johnn george dusra, spann aanee spar yancha samavesh hota. matdaranche sainya paramparikpane vichchhedit prantiy dalanmadhye sanghatit kele jaat asey. 1655 madhye, fredrick williamne vividh tukadyanna sparchya ekoon aadeshakhali thevun tyanche ekikaran suru kele. purvathyache pramukh mhanoon 'generalcrigcommissor' playtonchya niyuktidware ekikaranat dekhil vaadh jhaali. yaa upayayojananmule pramukhyane bhadekaru karnalche adhikar qamee jhaale, jeey tees varshanchya yuddhadarmyan itake pramukh hote.
mahan matdaranchi moheem.
brandenberg-rashiyache naveen sainya uttarekadil yuddhandarmyan, 1656chya warsauchya ladhait vijay midvoon, tyachya chachanitun bachavale. brandenberger sainyachya shistine, tasech nagarikanshi tyanchya vagnukine nirikshak prabhavit jhaale, jee tyanchya mitrapakshanchya, swedish sainyapeksha adhik manviy manali jaat asey. hohenzolernchya yashamule fredrick viliyamala 1657chya vehalauchya tahamadhye prushiyachya dachivar purn sarvbhaumatva swikaranyas saksham kele, jyadvare brandenberg-russiane swatahla polish-lithuania rashtrakulashi jodale. yaa pradeshatoon swedish sainyala hakaloon deunahi, sattecha samtol punarsanchayit jhalyamule matdarane 1660chya olivhachya kararat vorpomern midvile nahee.
1670 chya dashakachya suruvatila, fredrick williamne alses punha midvanyachya aanee francechya lui chaudavyachya vistarala virodh karnyachya shahee prayatnanna pathimba deela. 1674 madhye swedish sainyane brandenbergwar aakraman kele, tarr matdaranche bahutansh sainya franconiachya hiwali nivassthani hote. 1675 madhye fredrick williamne aaplya sainyachi uttarekade kooch kelee aanee rangelchya sainyala vedha ghatala. matdarane fehrbellinchya ladhait tyacha sarvat motha vijay midavala; jaree eka kirkol ladhai asali taree, tyane brandenberg-russian sainyala prasiddhi midvoon dilee aanee fredrick viliyamala 'mahan matdar' asey topananav dile. 1678 chya uttaradhat sweedenne prushiyavar aakraman kelyanantar, fredrick viliyamchya sainyane 1678-79 chya "gret sliig drive" darmyan swedish aakramankartyanna hakaloon dile; thomas carlilene hivalyatil swedish magharchi tulana moscohoon nepoliyanchya magharashi kelee.
fredrick williamne hohenzolern sainya 7,000 shantikalin aakaraparyant aanee yuddhakalin aakarat 1,000 paryant tayar kele. sweeden aanee polandviruddhachya ladhaitil tyachya yashane brandenberg-rashiyachi pratishtha vadhali, tarr mahan matdaranna malmatta aanee shaharanviruddha nirankush dhorane avalambanyachi parvanagi dilee. 1667 chya aaplya rajkiy kararat matdarane lihile, "yutee, khatrine, changlya aahet, parantu swatachya shakti ajunahi changlya aahet. tyanchyavar konee adhik surakshitatene avalambun rahoo shakato aanee jarr tyachyakade swatache sadhan aanee sainya nasel tarr prabhucha vichar keela jaat nahee.
berlinmadhil hohenzolernchya vadhatya samarthyamule fredrick viliyamcha mulga aanee uttaradhikari, electore fredrick tisra (1688-1713) yane 1701 madhye swatah raja fredrick pahila mhanoon prushiyache rajya ghoshit kele. jaree tyane versailische anukaran karoon barok samruddhi aanee kalanvar bharr deela, taree naveen rajane sainyache mahatva olakhale aanee tyacha vistar 40,000 sainikanparyant suru thewala.
sainik raja.
fredrick pahila yachya jaagi tyacha mulga fredrick william pahila (1713-1740) aala, joou sainyabaddalachya aanee aaplya deshasathi swayampurnata prapt karnara 'sainik-raja' hota. naveen rajane aaplya vadilanchya darbaratil bahutansh karagiranna barkhast kele aanee lashkari adhikanyanna darbaratil adhikadhyanpeksha pradhanya dile. mahatvakankshi aanee buddhiman tarunanni kayada aanee prashasanaivaji sainyat pravesh karnyas suruvat kelee. swedish modelchya aadhare shetkanyanmadhye saktichi bharati adhik drudhpane lagoo karnyat aalee. fredrick william pahila yane darbarat tyacha sadha nila lashkari ganvesh ghatala hota, jee shaili aata urvarit prussian darbar aanee tyachya shahee varasanni anukaran kelee. prushiyamadhye, bahutek german darbaranmadhye samanya asalelya purn-talashi asalelya vigchi jaaga pigatelane ghetali.
fredrick william pahila yane spanish uttaradhikarachya yuddhadarmyan tyachya "croneprinz" regimentmadhye tyachya lashkari navkalpananchi suruvat kelee hotee. tyacha mitra, leopold pahila, unhault-desocha rajkumar, yane russian sainyasathi shahee kavayati sargent mhanoon kaam kele. bibtyane lokhandi ramroadchi olakh karoon dilee, jyamule prussian agnishakti vadhali aanee santh chaal kinwa huns-payari. tyane sainyatil sangitachi bhoomika dekhil mothya pramanat vadhavali, mothya sankhyene sangitkar-sainyadal, visheshtah dholvadak aanee paach sainikanna yuddhat manobal vadhavanyasathi sangitacha vapar karnyasathi samarpit kele. yuddhanmadhye sangitachi upayuktata pahilyanda tees varshanchya yuddhat brandenberger aanee swedish sainyane olakhali. naveen rajane sainyala prashikshan dile aanee tyanchya chakmak karananya bandukanchya golibar gativar aanee nirmitichya kushalatevar laksh kendrit karoon teey aviratpane khodale. yaa badalanmule lashkarala lavchikta, achookata aanee aagicha darr midala joou tyaa kalavadhisathi bahutek vela asman hota. drilling aanee lokhandi ramrodware, pratyek sainikane minitala sahaa vela, bahutek sainyapeksha tippat vegane golibar karane apekshit hote.
dand heey kathor swarupache hote, jase qee gantlet chalvane aanee fashichi dhamki asoonahi, anek shetkari saktichya sainikanni tyanna shakya jhaale tevha sodoon dile. ganvesh aanee shastrastre pramanit karnyat aalee. pigtel aanee, jyaa regimentne teey paridhan kele hote, tyaa regimentmadhye chehnyavaril cases regimentmadhye eksaman lambiche asavet; jyaa sainikanna pureshi dadhi kinwa misha vadhavta yet naheet, tyanni tyanchya chehnyavaril ruparesha rangavane apekshit hote.
fredrick william pahila yane fredrick pahilachya bhavya shahee rakshakacha aakar qamee karoon ekach regimentmadhye aanala, sarasaripeksha unch sainikancha eka tukada jyala potsdam giants kinwa adhik samanyatah "lang cares" (lamb sahkari) mhanoon olakhale jaate, jyala tyane khajgiritya nidhi deela. ghodadalachi 150 ghodyanchya 55 tukadyanmadhye punarrachana karnyat aalee; payadalache 50 tukadyanmadhye (25 tukadya) rupantar karnyat aale; aanee tofkhanyat done tukadya hotya. yaa badalanmule tyala sainya 39,000 varoon 45,000 paryant vadhavta aale; fredrick william pahila yachya karkirdichya akheris, sainyacha aakar duppat jhaala hota. lashkar aanee mahasulachi jababdari asalelya samanya yuddh aayuktala malmattanchya hastakshepatun kadhoon taknyat aale aanee rajane niyukt kelelya adhikadhyanchya niyantranakhali katekorpane thevanyat aale.
fredrick william pahila yane adhikari dalatil navanondani kuleen vanshachya german lokanparyant maryadit kelee aanee 'junkers', prussian jamindar kulinavargala sainyat seva karnyas bhag padale, jaree suruvatila sainyabaddal anichha asali, taree kulinanni akheris adhikari dalakade tyacha naisargik vyavasay mhanoon pahile. 1730 paryant samanya sainikanmadhye mukhytah brandenberg, pomereniya aanee purv prushiyatoon bharati kelelya kinwa prabhavit jhalelya gulamancha samavesh hota, jyamule anekanna shejaril deshanmadhye paloon jaave lagale. haah cull rokhanyasathi fredrick william pahila yane prushiyache regiment cantainsmadhye vibhajan kele. pratyek tarunane darvarshi teen mahine yaa bharati jilhyanmadhye sainik mhanoon kaam karane aavashyak hote; yamule shetichya garja purn jhalya aanee niyamit padanna balkat karnyasathi sainya jodale gele.
fredrick william pahila yachya karkirdit vikasit jhalelya samanya nirdeshikene tyachya aajobanchi nirankush pravrutti kayam thewali aanee vistarit sainyasathi aavashyak asalele vadhiv curr gola kele. shaharanchya madhyamvargala sainikancha chaturthansh bhag aanee nokarshahimadhye navanondani karane aavashyak hote. utpadan shulk keval shaharanmadhye lagoo hott asalyane, raja yuddhat sahbhagi honyas nakhush hota, kaaran paradeshat tyachya mahagadya sainyachya tainatimule too shahar-aadharit sainyakadun karapasoon vanchit rahila asata.
fredrick william pahila yachya karkirdichya akheris, prushiyache europemadhil chauthe sarvat mothe sainya (80,000 sainik) hote, parantu loksankhyechya aakarat teey barave hote (25 laakh). yamule waltairche prasiddha uddharan pudhe aaleh "jethe kahee rajyankade sainya asate, tethe prussian sainyakade rajya asate."pannas laakh thelarchya (rajyachya ekoon saat laakh thelarchya andajpatrakatun) andajpatrakasaha sainyachi dekhbhal kelee jaat hotee.
fredrick daad gret.
sileshiyan yuddhe.
fredrick william pahila yachya jaagi tyacha mulga fredrick dusra (1740-86) aala. frederickne lagechach mahagadya potsdam giantsna barkhast kele aanee tyanchya nidhicha vapar saat naveen regiment aanee 10,000 sainik tayar karnyasathi keela. naveen rajane sola tukadya, husarchya paach tukadya aanee jivanrakshakanchi eka tukadi dekhil jodali.
vyavharik manjurikade durlaksh karoon, frederickne simhasana swikarlyanantar lagechach cylasian yuddhe suru kelee. ananubhavi raja jaree yuddhatoon maghar ghet asala, taree prussian sainyane feeled marshal schwerinchya netrutvakhali molvitzchya ladhait (1741) austriyaviruddha vijay midavala. schullenbergchya netrutvakhalil russian ghodadalane molwitz yethe kharab kamgiri kelee hotee; moolatah judd ghodyanvar prashikshit asalelya curassiersna nantar adhik kushal, halakya ghodyanvar punha prashikshan denyat aale. general zeatonchya husar aanee dragoonchahi vistar karnyat aala. yaa badalanmule bohemiyatil chotusitz (1742) yethe russian vijay jhaala aanee austriyane breslauchya shantatesah silesiya fredericala swikarla.
september 1743 madhye, frederickne pahile patan davpech ("herbstbung") aayojit kele. sainyachya vividh shakhanni naveen rachana aanee davpechanchi chachani ghetali; patan yuktya hii russian sainyachi varshik parampara bunley. dusya sileshiyan yuddhat austriyane sileshiya punha midvanyacha prayatna keela. 1744 madhye fredericala mage taknyat jaree teey yashasvi tharale asale taree hohenfriedbergchya ladhait aanee soorchya ladhait (1745) austriyan lokanna rajane swatach chiradoon takale. yuddhadarmyan, visheshtah 'zieton' husaranni, russian ghodadal utkrusht kamgiri kelee. hohenfriedberg yetheel tyachya mahan sevansathi, raja frederickcha changla mitra carl wonn winterfelt prasiddha jhaala.
tisare sileshiyan yuddh.
rajnaitik krantimadhye (1756) austriya tyachya paramparik pratispardhi franceshee yutee karat hota; austriya, france aanee russia heey serve russiachya virodhat yutee karat hote. frederickne 150,000 chya sainyane aaplya shatrunvar purvaniyojitpane hallah keela aanee saat varshanchya yuddhala suruvat kelee. austriyan sainyat kaunitzne sudharana kelee hotee aanee tyanchya sudharanemule collin yetheel prushiyachya yashat sudharana disun aalya. frederickne matra, rossback yethe tyacha sarvat motha vijay midavala, jithe fredrick wilheim wonn sedalitzchya russian ghodadalane done teey eka peksha jaast sankhya asoonahi, kamitakami jivitahanisaha mothya franco-samrajyavadi sainyacha padav keela. tyanantar fredrick purvekade sileshiyala dhawla, jithe austriyane duke auph bevernchya netrutvakhalil russian sainyacha parabhav keela hota. austriyan lokanpasoon lapavalelya guntaguntichya rachana aanee tainatinchya malikenantar, prussian lokanni tyanchya shatruchya bajula leuthane yethe yashasviritya hallah keela, friedrichne punha ekada ladhaiche digdarshan kele; prantatil austriyan sthitee kosalali, parinami russian vijay rosebackchya vijayapeksha adhik prabhavi jhaala.
tathapi, zorndorfchya raktaranjit ladhait rashiyansviruddha frederickche davpech ayashasvi tharale aanee coonersdorff (1759) yethe russian sainya chiradoon taknyat aale. hochkirchchya yuddhanantarchya parinamanpramane, jyamadhye prussian lokanna maghar ghyavi lagali, austriyan aanee russian mitrarashtranni tyanchya vijayacha pathpurava keela nahee. aathvadyabharat, russian sainyane purvekade maghar ghenyas suruvat kelee; austriyan dakshinekade mage hutley.
prussia pradirgh yuddhansathi ayogya hota aanee jivitahani aanee sansadhananchya kamataratemule russian patan nikatvarti vatat hote, parantu aanakhi done varshanchya pracharanantar, fredericala 'brandenberg gharanyacha chamatkar'-1762 madhye samradnyi elizabethchya achanak mrutyunantar yuddhatoon russian baher padane yamule vachavale gele. hubertsbergchya tahadvare (1763) ciliciachya russian niyantranala pushti midali. gambhir jivitahanimule rajala yuddhadarmyan madhyamvargiy adhikanyanna pravesh dyava lagla hota, parantu nantar haah cull ulatala.
aakramak manachya frederickne yuddhachya tirkas kramache samarthan kele, jyasathi lakshaniy shist aanee halchalinchi aavashyakta hotee. kunersdorff yethe hii yukti pramukhyane bhupradeshamule ayashasvi jhaali, jyacha fayda gheta aala nahee. russian lavkar pohochale hote aanee tyanni unch jaminivar swatahla majboot kele hote. frederickne tirkas kramacha vapar karoon hohenfriedberg aanee nantar leuthane yethe mothe yash midavale. kahee suruvatichya volley firenanter, payadalala beyonetchya hallyasathi vegane pudhe jayache hote. virodhi ghodadal hallah karoo shakanyapurvi russian ghodadalane talvarine mothya tukadi mhanoon hallah karayacha hota.
deshasah eka sainya.
pahilya chhavaniche bandhkam 1764 madhye berlinmadhye suru jhaale. fredrick william pahila yala bahutek mool-janmalele sainya havey hote, tarr fredrick dusra yala bahutek paradeshi-janmalele sainya havey hote, sthanik prussian kardatya aanee utpadak asanyas pradhanya dile. 1776 madhye prussian sainyat 1,87,000 sainik hote, jyapaiki 90,000 madhya aanee purv prushiyatil prussian praja hotya. urvarit paradeshi (german aanee bigger-german) svayamsevak kinwa saktiche hote. frederickne shahee rakshak mhanoon 'guardes duu corps' chee sthapana kelee. anek sainik vishvasaghatu hote, jase bhadotri sainik kinwa prabhavadvare midavalele sainik, tarr chhawani vyavasthetun bharati kelelya sainikanni majboot pradeshik aanee navodit rashtriy abhiman pradarshit keela. saat varshanchya yuddhadarmyan, lashkarachya uchchabhru tukadya jawaljawal purnapane mool prussian lokanni banalelya hotya. frederickchya karkirdichya akheris, sainya heey prussian samajacha avibhajya bhag banale hote. tyachi sankhya 2,00,000 hotee, jyamule russia aanee austriyachya sainyanantar europemadhil tee tisari sarvat mothee seena bunley. samajik varganni rajya aanee tyachya sainyachi seva karane apekshit hote-kulinanni sainyache netrutva kele, madhyam vargane sainya puravale aanee shetkyanni sainya tayar kele. mantri friedrich wonn shrotter yanni tippani kelee qee, "russia haah sainya asalela desh navhata, tarr deshasah sainya hota".
napolean yuddhe.
parabhav.
fredrick daad gretcha uttaradhikari, tyacha putanya fredrick william dusra (1786-97), prushiyatil paristhiti shithil karat hota aanee tyala yuddhat farsa rus navhata. tyane vruddha charles william ferdinand, duke auph brunswick yanna jababdari sopavali aanee sainyachi gunavatta khalavanyas suruvat jhaali. cylasian yuddhatil diggajanchya netrutvakhalil prussian sainya krantikari francela samore jaanyasathi susajj navhate. sumare chalis varshanpurvi fredrick daad gretney vaparlele prashikshan, davpech aanee shastre adhikaanyaanee kayam thewali. tyaa tulanet, french krantikari sainya, visheshtah nepoliyanchya netrutvakhali, sanghatana, puravatha, gatishilata aanee aadeshachya naveen paddhati vikasit karat hote.
russia besalchya shantatetil (1795) pahilya yutitoon baher padala aanee renish pradesh francechya tabyat dile. 1797 madhye fredrick william dusra yachya mrutyunantar rajya diwalkhor jhaale aanee sainya kalbahya jhaale. tyacha mulga fredrick william tisra (1797-1840) tyachya jaagi aala, jyane vinashkari chauthya yutimadhye pruciala sameel kele. 1806 madhye salfeld, jeena aanee orstedchya ladhayanmadhye russian sainyacha nirnayak parabhav jhaala aanee nepoliyanne berlinver kabja keela. prussian lokanchi prasiddha shist kosalali aanee payadal, ghodadal aanee sainyadalanmadhye mothya pramanat aatmasamarpan jhaale. kahee prussian senapati, jase qee elau yetheel laal 'estock, colberg yetheel gneesenau aanee lubec yetheel blutcher, yanchi nirdosh muktata jhaali, parantu teey jeena-aurstedtcha parabhav ulatavanyasathi purese navhate. prushiyache mothe pradeshik nuksan jhaale, keval 42,000 sainikanche sthayi sainya aanee tilsitchya tahamadhye (1807) franceshee yutee jhaali.
sudharana.
avyavasthit sainyachya parabhavane prussian aasthapanela dhakka basala, jyala fredericianchya vijayanantar mothya pramanat ajinkya vatale hote. barren waum stein aanee pantpradhan carl august wonn hardenberg yanni prussian rajyache aadhunikikaran karnyas suruvat kelee, tarr general gerhard wonn shahrenhorst yanni sainyat sudharana karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanni lashkari punarrachana samitiche netrutva kele, jyat general august wonn gneisenau, carl wonn grallman aanee herman wonn boyan tasech nagri waum steinan yancha samavesh hota. russian lashkari adhikari carl wonn closewitz yannihi punarrachanela madat kelee. 1806chya parabhavambaddal lokanchya udaseen pratikriyemule nirash jhalelya sudharkanchi deshat deshbhakti nirman karanyachi ichcha hotee. 1807 madhye steinchya sudharananni gulamgiri radd kelee aanee 1808 madhye sthanik shahar sarkar suru kele.
sainyachya senapatinchi purnapane durusti karnyat aalee-1806 madhye 143 prussian senapatinpaiki fakt blutcher aanee tauentzian sahavya yutimadhye rahile; anekanna 1813 chya yuddhat tyanchi pratishtha parat midvanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. 1808 madhye adhikari dall madhyamvargasathi punha ughadanyat aale, tarr uchch padanvaril pragati shikshanavar aadharit jhaali. raja fredrick william tisra yane 1809 madhye yuddh mantralay sthapan kele aanee 1810 madhye berlinmadhye sharrenhorstney nantarchya prussian yuddh akadami yaa adhikadhyanchya prashikshan shalechi sthapana kelee.
francene vaparleli sarvatrik lashkari bharati, 'levy aine maas' swikaranyache sharnhorst yanni samarthan kele. tyanni 'crupersistem' tayar kelee, jyadvare kampanyanni darmaha 3 teey 5 purushanchi jaaga ghetali, jyamule pratyek companyla darvarshi 60 atirikt purushanna prashikshan dile jaau shakate. yaa pranaline lashkarala 30,000-150,000 atirikt sainikancha motha rakheev satha deela. 1650 chya dashakapasun purvi vaparlya jaananya dirghakalin (5 teey 10 varshe) saktichya bharatichya ulat, 'crupersistem' hii prushiyamadhye alpakalin (3 varshe) anivarya sevechi suruvat dekhil hotee. kabja kelelya frenchanni prussian lokanna vibhag tayar karnyas manai kelyamule, prussian sainya sahaa tukadyanmadhye vibhagale gele, jyat pratyeki saat teey aath payadal batalian aanee ghodadalachya baaraa tukadya hotya. sanyukt tukadyanna teen tukadyanchya tofkhanyanni purak kele gele.
sharirik shiksha mothya pramanat radd karnyat aalee, tarr sainikanna maidanavar aanee 'tireliyar' yuktivadache prashikshan denyat aale. sharrenhorstney tyanchya purvichya swatantra rajyanchya ulat, payadal, ghodadal, tofkhana aanee abhiyante (sappers) yanchya ektrit shastranchya madhyamatoon ekikaranala protsahan dile. napolean mohimanchya sandarbhat upkarane aanee davpech adyayavat karnyat aale. 1812 madhye yorkney jaaree kelelya maidani niyamavalimadhye sanyukt shastre aanee vegwan kooch gativar bharr denyat aala. 1813 madhye, scarnhorst pratyek philled commanderla akadamimadhye prashikshit staffchya pramukhala jodanyat yashasvi jhaala.
yorksarkhya frederician paramparavadyanni kahee sudharananna virodh keela, jyanna vatale qee madhyamvargiy adhikari abhijat adhikari dalanche visheshadhikar nasht kartil aanee french krantichya kalpananna protsahan deteel. 1813 madhye sharenhorstchya mrutyunantar lashkari sudharana chalval qamee jhaali. adhik lokshahi aanee madhyamvargiy sainyakade valane pratikriyavadi sarkarchya samore veg gamavoo lagale.
sahavya aanee satvya aaghadichi yuddhe.
sudharkanche aanee bahutansh janateche aavahan hote qee fredrick william tisra yane 1809 madhye fransviruddhachya mohimemadhye austriyan samrajyashi yutee karavi. savadh rajane naveen prussian yuddhala pathimba denyas nakar deela, matra shilne rashtriy uthawala uttejan denyachya aashene, kabja kelelya frenchanchya virodhat tyachya husar regimentche netrutva kele. rajane shieldla bandkhor manale aanee mejarchya bandala french mitrarashtranni stralsoned yethe chiradoon takale. parisachya tahamule (24 februwari 1812) russiala nepoliyanchya 'grand armi' laa 20,000 sainik denyas bhag padale gele, pratham gravertchya netrutvakhali aanee nantar yorkchya netrutvakhali. prushiyachya french tabyat punha pushti jhaali aanee 300 nirash prussian adhikaanyaanee nishedh mhanoon rajinama deela.
1812 madhye rashiyatoon nepoliyanchya maghardarmyan, yorkney swatantrapane rashiyashi torrogainchya kararavar swakshari kelee, jyamule franco-russian yutee tutali. stein purv prushiyamadhye aala aanee prantachya sanrakshanasathi 'landwaher' kinwa sainya ubharanyache netrutva kele. prushiyachya sahavya yutimadhye tyachya hatatoon sameel jhalyanantar, fredrick william tisra yane patkan sainya jamvanyas suruvat kelee aanee purv prussian 'landwaher' chee deshachya urvarit bhagat nakkal jhaali. 1806 chya tulanet, prussian lock, visheshtah madhyamvarg, yuddhala pathimba dett hote aanee hajaro svayamsevak sainyat sameel jhaale. bluecher aanee nisenau yanchya netrutvakhalil russian sainya leapzig (1813) aanee waterloo (1815) chya ladhayanmadhye mahattvapoorn tharale. nantarche karmchari adhikari prussian sainyachya vegvegalya gatanchya ekach velee chalalelya mohimanmule prabhavit jhaale.
1813 madhye raja fredrick william tisra yane lashkari sajavat mhanoon lokhandi crosschee olakh karoon dilee. 'aun warr' yaa tyachya pustakachya prakashanantar, clousewitz haah yuddhacha vyapak abhyas kelela tatvadnyani banala.
19 weey shatak.
rudhivadacha balekilla.
mahan matdaranchya tyanchya varishtha adhikadhyanbarobarchya baithakanmadhun aanee napolean kalatil sudharkanchya anaupacharik baithakitun vikasit jhalela prussian general staff 1814 madhye aupcharikpane tayar karnyat aala. tyach varshi boyen aanee grollman yanni sarvatrik saktichya bharatisathi kayadyacha masuda tayar keela, jyadvare purush salag sthayi sainyat, 'landwaher' aanee sthanik 'landsterm' madhye vayachya 39 vya varshaparyant seva deteel. 156,000-majboot ubhe asalelya sainyachya sainyane teen varshe seva kelee aanee done varshe rakheev hote, tarr 1,63,000-shaktishali 'landwaher' chya sainikanni saat varshe varshik kahee aathvade seva kelee. boyan aanee blutcher yanni 'landwaher' chya nagri sainyala jordar pathimba deela, jeey lashkari aanee nagri samajala ekatra aanane hote, jeey sthayi sainyachya barobariche hote.
1819 madheel ghatanatmak sankatachya kalat, fredrick william tisra yane russiachya krantivirodhi carlsbad aadeshanche palan manya kele. witzensteensarkhya prushiyatil puranmatvadi shaktinni saktichya bharatila aanee adhik lokshahivadi 'landwaher' laa virodh keela. fredrick william tisra yane sainyacha aakar qamee keela aanee 1819 madhye too niyamit sainyachya niyantranakhali thewala, jyamule boyan aanee grollman yanni rajinama deela aanee sudharana chalvalicha ant jhaala. boyanchya prabuddh nagrik sainik yaa aadarshala badaloon nagri samajapasun vegale kinwa alipta vyavsayik sainyachya kalpanene badalanyat aale.
19vya shatkachya madhyaparyant, anek german udarmatvadi lock prushiyakade anek german rajyanche ekikaran karnyasathi sarvat yogya desh mhanoon pahat hote, parantu 1830 aanee 1840 chya dashakat puranmatvadi sarkarne udarmatvadi aanee lokshahi pravrutti dadapanyasathi sainyacha vapar keela. moolbhootpane polisanchya karvait sainyacha vapar karnyavar udarmatvadyancha santap hota. raja fredrick william chautha (1840-61) suruvatila eka udarmatvadi shasak asalyache disun aale, parantu sudharkankadun magavanyat aalelya lekhee sanvidhanala tyacha virodh hota. 1848 chya krantidarmyan berlinmadhye barricades ubharanyat aale tevha rajane tyachya rajdhanit nagri sanrakshn dall ("burgerweher") tayar karnyas anichhene sahmati darshavali. sanvidhan lihinyasathi prathamach rashtriy sabha bolavanyat aalee, parantu tyachya mandgatine pratikriyavadi shaktinna punha ekatra yeu dile. general friedrich graph wonn rangel yanni berlinver punha vijay midvanyache netrutva kele, jyala lokkranticha kantala aalelya madhyam vargacha pathimba hota. tyanantar itar anek german shaharanmadhye kranti dadapanyasathi russian sainyacha vapar karnyat aala.
1848chya akheris, fredrick williamne shevati prussia samrajyachi sanvidhan jaaree kelee. udarmatvadi virodhakanni sansadechi nirmiti surakshit kelee, parantu sanvidhan haah mukhytah rajeshahichya varchaswala punha pushti denara eka puranmatvadi dastaivaj hota. sainya heey sanvidhanachya baherche pretorian rakshak hote, jeey keval rajachya adheen hote. russian yuddhamantri haah ekmev sainik hota jyala rajyaghataneche rakshan karanyachi shapath ghenyachi aavashyakta hotee, strautha, bonin aanee waldersey yansarkhya pramukh mantryanvar tyanchya rajkiy matannusar raja kinwa sansadekadun teeka kelee gelee. lashkarache andajpatrak prussian pratinidhi sabhagruhane manjur karave lagale. janamtala prabhavit karnyasathi sainyache, visheshtah napolean yuddhanmadhye tyacha sahbhag darshavina kadambya aanee sansmarane prakashit houu lagali. olmutz yetheel udarmatvadi sanghachya prushiyachya madhyamatoon germanyla ekatra aananyachya yojanechya parabhavamule pratikriyavadi shaktinna protsahan midale. 1856 madhye shantatechya kalat prussian sainyat 86,436 payadal sainik, 152 ghodadal squadron aanee 9 tofkhana regimentcha samavesh hota.
fredrick william chautha yala mastishkaghat jhalyanantar, tyacha bhau william pahila rajpratinidhi (1858) aanee raja (1861-88) jhaala. tyala sainyat sudharana karayachi hotee, jyala runsarkhya puranmatvadyanni udarmatvadamule 1820 pasoon adhogati manali. rajala sainyacha vistar karayacha hota-1820 pasoon loksankhya 1 kotee varoon 1 kotee 80 lakhanparyant vadhali hotee, tarr sainyat bharati honare varshik 40,000 hote. jaree boninne runchya ichchit 'landwaher' kamkuvat honyas virodh keela, taree vilyam pahila rashtravadi dusya italian swatantryayuddhamule chintet hota. boninne yuddhmantripadacha rajinama deela aanee tyachya jaagi runla niyukt karnyat aale.
sarkarne februwari 1860 madhye runche lashkari sudharana vidheyak sadar kele. landtagne tyachya anek tartudinna, visheshtah 'landwaher' kamkuvat honyas virodh keela aanee sudharit vidheyak prastavit kele jyamule sarkarchya anek ichchit sudharana radd jhalya. arthamantri pato yanni 5 meey roji achanak heey vidheyak mage ghetale aanee tyaeivaji keval 90 laakh thelarchya tatpuratya arthsankalpiy vadhichi vinanti kelee, jee manjur karnyat aalee. vilyamne aadhich 'landwaher' chya jaagi 'sanyukt regiment' tayar karnyas suruvat kelee hotee, hii prakriya patone atirikt nidhi midvalyanantar vadhali. jaree landtag yaa kruteela virodh karat hota, taree williamne mantefelchya margdarshanakhali naveen regimentchi dekhbhal kelee. asha prakare udarmatvadi aanee madhyamvargiy 'landwaher' niyamit sainyachya bajoone adheen hote, jeey mukhytah hohenzolern rajeshahila nishthavan shetkari aanee puranmatvadi 'junkers' chey hote.
jyeshthala danaka dya.
moltke daad elder, 1857-88 madheel general staffche pramukh, yanni tyanchya karyakalat prussian sainyache aadhunikikaran kele. tyanni samanya karmchanyancha vistar keela, shantata kalat jamavat, bhaugolik-sankhyiki aanee lashkari itihas vibhag yasarkhe upavibhag tayar kele. 1869 madhye, tyanni yuddhasathiche eka pustika jaaree kelee, jyat lihile hote qee, "mothya tukadichya kamandaransathi soochana", "yuddhache aadhunik aacharan heey eka mahan aanee jalad nirnayasathichya prayatnandvare chinhankit kele aahe". moltke haah adhikadhyansathi yuddh khelachya prashikshanacha prabal samarthak hota aanee tyane sainyachya tafyat breach-loading suee bandook aanali, jyamule tyanna tyanchya virodhkanpeksha lakshaniy vegane golibar karata aala. moltkene railwaymargacha fayda ghetala aanee rashiyatil sambhavya thikani railway marganchya bandhkamas margadarshan kele. aadhunik sainya eka senapatila niyantrit karnyasathi khoop mothe aanee avjad jhaale hote, tyamule moltkene kendrit mohimanmadhye anek aanee swatantra lahan sainyala pathimba deela. ekada eka sainyane shatrucha samna keela aanee tyala khalee padale, qee dusare sainya yeuun shatruchya bajuvar kinwa magchya bajula hallah karel. tyane 'kesselschlacht' kinwa vedhanyachya ladhaiche samarthan kele.
moltkechya "mothya tukadichya senapatinsathichya soochana" aanee tyachya vibhakt sainyachya sankalpanetunach aaplyala aadhunik german siddhant udayas yeu lagato. yuddhapurvi swatantrapane unit halavanyachya aanee sainya mhanoon laksh kendrit karnyachya pranalimule adhik karyaksham puravatha jhaala aanee aadhunik agnishaktichi asurakshitata qamee jhaali. eka yashasvi parshva aakraman saksham karnyasathi, tyanni thampane sangitale qee ladhai suru jhalyanantarach ekagrata houu shakate. haah 'vibhajit kooch, ekjutine ladha' yaa shahrenhorst sankalpanecha vikas hota."
yaa navkalpanecha eka motha parinam mhanje, tyaa velee drishyaman (drushtichi resha) kinwa kurier, ektar aarohit kinwa payee, asalelya tyachya upalabdh sanvad sadhananmule senapatine tyachya sainyavarche ekoon niyantran gamavale. purn aadnyadharakta' chya madhyamatoon anishchitata door karanyachi paramparik sankalpana aata aprachalit jhaali hotee aanee parichalan upkram, disha aanee niyantran heey aadeshanchya sakhalichya aanakhi khalchya tappyavar sopavave lagale. yaa naveen sankalpanet, durchya tukadyanchya senapatinni tyanchya nirnay prakriyet pudhakar ghene aavashyak hote aanee varishtha senapatichya hetuchya maryadet heey karoo shakanare adhikari vikasit karnyachya fayadhyanvar wonn moltke yanni bharr deela.
tyach velee moltkene morchachya atty aanee sainyachya purvathyacha aarakhada tayar keela hota. ekach divashi ekach rastyavar keval eka sainyadal halavale jaau shakat hote; ekach rastyavar done kinwa teen sainyadal thevanyacha arth assa hota qee mageel sainyadlala samoril ladhait vaparale jaau shakat navhate. eka chhotya bhagat jawalach tainat asalelya anek tukadyanna eka-done divasanpeksha jaast kaal jevan dile jaau shakat navhate. tyanusar, tyane assa andaj lavala qee rannitiche saar heey kooch karnyasathi sainyadal vegale karanyachi vyavastha aanee yuddhasathi velevar tyanche ekagratamadhye aahe. mothya sainyala vyavasthapit karnyayogya banavanyasathi, tyache swatantra sainya kinwa dalanchya gatanmadhye vibhajan kele jaane aavashyak aahe, pratyek gut tyachya halchalinche aanee krutiche niyaman karnyasathi adhikrut asalelya senapatichya netrutvakhali, tyachya mohimechya disha aanee uddeshababat senapatichya soochananchya adheen rahoon.
moltkecha mukhya prabandh assa hota qee lashkari ranniti hii paryayanchi eka pranali mhanoon samajoon ghyavi lagate kaaran keval lashkari karvaichi suruvat niyojanaksham hotee. parinami, serve sambhavya parinamanchi vyapak tayari karane heey lashkari netyanche mukhya kaam asalyache tyanni manale. tyachya prabandhala done vidhananni saranshit kele jaau shakate, eka prasiddha aanee eka qamee, jyache ingerjit bhashantar asey kele aahe qee "shatruchya mukhya samarthyashi jhalelya pahilya chakmakichya palikade konatyahi mohimechi yojana nishchitpane vistarat nahee" (konatihi yojana shatruchya samparkat tikat nahee). aanee "dhoran hii samikaranachi eka pranali aahe".
tathapi, austriyashi yuddh aanee franceshee yuddhasathichya tyachya niyojanachya varnanavarun disun yete qee, yuddhache tyache niyojan atishay tapshilvar hote aanee tyat hajaro badal vicharat ghetale gele. moltke yanna vatale qee yuddh yojanancha kahee upayog nahee (jeey 'shatruchya samparkat rahunahi yuddh yojana nahee' heey sopya vachanavarun soochit hote) asey vichar karane chook aahe. tapshilvar aadeshanaivaji, tyacha hetu sangana nirdeshanchya madhyamatoon tyane heey sadhya kele aanee nirdesh mohimechya samanya chaukatit asalyachya ativar too tyaa nirdeshapasun vichalan swikaranyas tayar hota. moltkene haah drushtikon thampane thewala aanee nantar too serve german lashkari siddhantacha moolbhut bhag banala.
moltke yanni maitripurna sainyasathi nila aanee ranniti kinwa yuddhat shatruchya shaktinsathi laal rangancha vapar suru keela. tyamule maitripurna agnichya paristhitit nilya agnivar nila haah shabd vaparla jaato.
ekatmatechi yuddhe.
dusya schlesswig yuddhadarmyan (1864) prussian sainyane danish sainyala dibbolchya ladhait chiradoon takale, jyamule prussia aanee austriya yanna anukrame schlesswig aanee holsteinver dawa karanyachi mubha midali. rashiyache mantri adhyaksh oto wonn bismark yanni rachalelya vadanmule austriya-russia yuddh (1866) jhaale. prussian payadalachya dress suichya banduka austriyan lokanviruddha atyant yashasvi tharalya, jyancha conigratz yethe parabhav jhaala. moltkechya netrutvakhali, french-russian yuddhat (1870) russian sainya francever vijayi tharale. austriyan lokanpeksha vegale, frenchankade shaktishali chaspot raifal hotee, jee dress suee bandukila mage takat hotee. tathapi, prussian tofkhana frenchanchya virodhat prabhavi hota, jyanna varanvar firatya prusiananni vedhale hote kinwa vedhale hote. vijayapasoon prushiyatil deshbhaktimule nirankushtavadala udarmatvadi pratikar qamee houu lagla.
prushiyachya yuddhbhumivaril yashamule 1871 madhye germanyche ekikaran jhaale aanee prusiyacha raja vilyam pahila yala vilyam pahila, german samrat mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale. german samrajyachya 'richsheer' yaa sainyacha mukhya ghatak prussian sainyane tayar keela.
shahee germany.
shahee german sainyala russian sainyachya bahutansh parampara aanee sankalpana varshane midalya, jeey tyache sarvat mothe ghatak sainya hote. shahee sanvidhanachya kalam 61 nusar, sampoorn german richmadhye prussian lashkari sanhita lagoo kelee jaanar hotee. bavarian, saxon aanee wrttemberg rajyanni tyanche swatache sainya kayam thewale, jeey yuddhakalat samrajyavadi niyantranakhali aale. lashkarachya puranmatvadi netyanni deshantargat aanee pararashtra dhorananmadhye satat vadhanari bhoomika bajavali.
19vya shatkachya akheris, bahutek prussian adhikanyanna done gatanmadhye vibhagale jaau shakateh jeey dhairya aanee aatmabalidanacha yuktivad karat asat aanee jyanni mrutyu qamee karnyasathi tantradnyan aanee yuktivadache samarthan kele. franco-russian yuddhadarmyan pahilyanda samore aalelya machinegansarkhya naveen tantrik lashkari navkalpananmule sanrakshanatmak tukadyanchi takad vadhali. aakramak mohimanche samarthan karananya prussian lokansathi, payadal halle heey baliche halle honyacha dhoka hota.
bhavishyatil sambhavya done-aaghadichya yuddhachya sandarbhat, 1891-1906 madheel general staffche pramukh alfried wonn schliffen yanni eka upayojan yojana suchavali hotee jee schliffen yojana mhanoon olakhali gelee. moltke daad yangarne sudharit kelelya, francecha twarit parabhav karnyacha tyacha hetu sadhya karane ashakya siddha jhaale. pahilya mahayuddhachya vastavik ghatanet, paschim aaghadivar german aaghadi marnechya pahilya yuddhanantar khandak yuddhat adakali. tathapi, purvekadil aaghadivar, russian mohima tannenberg yethe russiananna vedhanyat aanee tyancha padav karnyat yashasvi jhalya. aadhunik yuddhat davpech punha suru karnyacha eka marg mhanoon ghuskhorichi yukti vikasit karat asale taree, yuddhachya shevatchya varshat paschim aaghadivar vasant rututil tyanchya german aakramanat teey nirnayak pragati sadhya karoo shakale naheet aanee german yuddhat parabhoot jhaale.
pahilya mahayuddhanantar shahee german sainyachi jaaga weimer prajasattakachya svayamsevak "reachsweher" neey ghetali. jaree versailschya tahane germanyla nihshastra karnyacha prayatna keela, taree "reachsweher" neey prussian sainyachya anek parampara husharine rakhalya. samanya karmcharivargala varnanatmak nasalele 'trupenum' (sainya karyalay) mhanoon lapavale gele, tarr yuddh akadamichya jaagi vikendrikrut vibhagiy shaala aananyat aalya. reachsweher" chey pramukh hans wonn seekt yanni naveen sainyachya tukadyanna prussian regimentchya parampareche uttaradhikari mhanoon niyukt kele.
aantaryuddh kalat, german adhikaanyaanee mahayuddhachya anubhavannantar davpech yuddh kase lagoo karave yacha vichar keela. ghuskhorichya davpechansathi kavach aanee havai shaktitil navkalpanancha avalamb karnyat aala, parinami 'blitzkreg' mhanoon olakhala jaanara siddhant tayar jhaala.
vaishishtye.
17vya shatkapasoon, brandenberg-russiachya sainyache vaishishtya mhanje yuddhachya parichalan staravar tyacha pudhakar, kushalata aanee aakramak aadesh. hohenzolern rajyakade anekada tyachya pratispardhyanpeksha qamee sansadhane aanee manushyabal hote aanee asha prakare prussian lokanni yuddh talhanyasathi nirnayak vijay midvanyavar laksh kendrit kele. shatruchya bajuvar kinwa magchya bajula hallah karnyachya prayatnat prussian lokanni 'bevgungskreg' kinwa chalvaliche yuddh mhanoon olakhale jaanare sarav kele. yuddhaviramaivaji nirnayak ladhayanvar prussian bharr dilyane vedha yuddhat ananubhavipana aala, jyaveli prusiananna aksham manale gele aahe.
mahan matdarane nantarchya shatkanmadhye prussian sainyala lagoo kelelya anek sankalpanancha sarav keela, jyat warsau yethe parshva halle aanee fehrbellin yethe, sankhya jaast asatana hallah karanyachi tayari yancha samavesh hota. matdaranni "chhotya aanee chaitanyashil" mohimanche samarthan kele.
1740 chya dashakat, fredrick daad gret yane pahilya done cylasian yuddhandarmyanchya tyachya sainyachya anubhavanvishayi aanee teey bhavishyatil yuddhanshi kase sambandhit asateel yabaddal naveen niyam aanee kagadpatranchi malika jaaree kelee. tyanni joou siddhant mandala, too veg aanee aakramaktevar kendrit hota. judd ghodadalapeksha halakya aanee vegwan ghodadalala pradhanya dile jaat hote; fredrick william pahila yane husaranna vilasi sainik mhanoon manale hote, tarr tyachya mulane tyanna sainyacha avibhajya bhag banavale. tofkhanyat halakya teen paund vajanachya banduka vaparaychya hotya, jyaa tyanchya ashtapailu kshamtesah shaktichya kamataratechi bharpai kartil. dusya cylasian yuddhat austriyan lokanni parabhoot kelyanantar, frederickne yuddhaviram karnyaivaji jabardast hallyavar bharr denyas suruvat kelee. samoril hallyanaivaji, prussian rajane tirkas kram lagoo karnyacha prayatna keela, jyadvare tyachya sainyachya sarvat majboot pankhane tyachya swatachya kamkuvat pankhanvar niyantran thevat, shatruchya sarvat kamkuvat pankhanvar kinwa bajuvar laksh kendrit kele. fredrick daad gret yane leuthane yetheel russian shailichya yuddhacha saransh deela, shatrula 'jaree too zobtenbergchya varr asala tarihi' tyachyavar hallah karnyache samarthan kele.
hallyavar russiane dilela bharr tyachya adhikari dalat changlya prakare antarbhut hota. 1866 madhye hanovarianpeksha jaast sankhya asoonahi aanee jawalach falkensteinche sainya asoonahi, langensalzachya ladhait masha ayashasvipane aakramak jhalya. tyachpramane, 1870 madhye kirchbakh, atirikt sainyachi vaat naan pahata, warth yethe atiaatmaghat sahan karnyas tayar hota. moltkela bohemiyamadhye austriyaviruddha twarit moheem karayachi hotee jenekarun russia kinwa france austriya-russian yuddhat sahbhagi honar nahee. jaree moltkene rajkumar fredrick charleschi bohemiyamargechi vatchal khoop santh asalyache manale asale, taree hans delbrookla 'laal rajkumar' chaa conigratz yetheel shevatcha hallah prussian paramparet asalyache aadhalale, joou ladhai gamavanyache dhadas karoon jinkato.
prussian shailitil chalval yuddh aanee jalad halle heey paschim aanee madhya europemadhil vikasit payabhoot suvidhancha vapar karoon mohimansathi yogya hote, jase qee ektrikaranachya yuddhanmadhye, parantu german sainyane teey soviet unionver kinwa uttar aafriket lagoo kele tevha teey ayashasvi jhaale. prussian (aanee nantar, german) pranali buddhimatta, prati-buddhimatta aanee rasdamadhye kamkuvat manalya jaat hotya, parantu pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan german sainya anekada british aanee french yuddhbhumivar aapale haat thevanyas saksham hote. jarr shatrune suruvatichya operational hallyancha yashasvipane samna keela, tarr pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan asey prarambhik halle titke spasht nasale taree, prussian pranalila 'stellungscreg' kinwa sthitichya yuddhat mothee adchan aalee.
prussian sainyane anekada 'aufragstakatik' (mission davpech) chya lavchik aadeshacha vapar keela asey manale jaate, jyadvare adhinastha adhikaanyaanee vaiyaktik pudhakar gheuun netrutva kele. heey 'labad' kullinverg (joou bahutansh adhikari dalancha banalela hota) aanee rajeshahi yanchyatil sambandhatun vikasit jhaale. kulinanchya rajkiy pathimbyachya badalyat, rajanni tyanna tyanchya malmattanvar adhik visheshadhikar dile aanee yuddhbhumivar adhik pudhakar ghetala. aufragstakatik" yaa siddhantanusar, senapati tyachya adhinastha adhikanyanna eka mission jaaree karato, jeey tyanna yogya vatel tyanusar nirdeshacha pathpurava kartil. gneesenau heey 'aufragstakatik' chey suruvatiche samarthak hote aanee moltke yanni yaa siddhantacha arth assa lavala qee "adhikar jitka jaast asel, titke lahan aanee adhik samanya" aadesh; dhyey sadhya karnyasathi adhinsthanna barich mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali mokali. 19vya shatkatil itihaskaranni leuthenla 'aufragstakatik' chey sarvottam udaharan aanee sanyukt shastranche prarambhik udaharan mhanoon pahile.
russian sainyane kathor aanee kroor lashkari shistit pratishtha midavali.
19vya aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatila prussian sainyashi anekada rudhibaddhapane sambandhit asalele 'picklehob' kinwa spike kelele shirastran vaparale jaat hote. hohenfriedberg nantar fredrick daad gretney lihilele 'hohenfriedberger marsh' aanee march-sangitkar pifakene lihilele 'conigratzer marsh' yasarkhya lashkari morchans vijayi ladhaya sajari kelya jaat hotya. aadhunik 'bundesweher' madhye ajunahi russian 'grosser zapfenstretch' lashkari tatoocha vapar keela jaato. german samrajya aanee tyachya uttaradhikari rajyanni swikarlela lokhandi cross ajunahi "bundesweher" chey prateek mhanoon vaparla jaato.