
prathinanchi duyyam rachana

prathinanchi duyyam rachana hii bajuchya sakhalya vagalata polypeptidechya pathichya kanyachi sthanik avkashiy rachana aahe. alfa helices aanee beeta sheets heey done sarvat samanya duyyam sanrachanatmak ghatak aahet, jaree beeta valane aanee beeta loop dekhil hotat. prathine tyachya trimiteey trutiyak sanrachanet dumadanyapurvi duyyam rachana ghatak samanyatah utsfurtapane madhyavarti mhanoon tayar hotat.
peptidechya pathichya kanyatil amino hydrogen aanee carboxyl auxigen anunmadhil hydrogen bandhanchya namunyane duyyam rachana aupcharikpane paribhashit kelee jaate. ramchandran bhukhandachya vishisht pradeshatil pathichya kanyachya dihedral konanchya niyamit namunyachya aadhare duyyam rachana paryayipane paribhashit kelee jaau shakate, mug tyat yogya hydrogen bandh asale kinwa nahee.
duyyam sanrachanechi sankalpana pahilyanda 1952 madhye stanford yethe kaaj ulrick linderstrome-langdware sadar karnyat aalee. nuclic esidsarkhya itar prakarchya biopolymermadhe dekhil vaishishtyapurn duyyam sanrachana asatat.
prakar.
sarvat samanya duyyam sanrachana mhanje alfa helices aanee beeta sheets. 310 helics aanee π helics sarkhya itar helixchi ganana urjechya drushtine anukool hydrogen-bandh paddhati mhanoon kelee jaate parantu helixchya madhyabhagi pratikool pathichya kanyanchya packingmule α helixchya tokanvyatirikt naisargik prathinanmadhye kvachitach aadhaltat. polyprolyne helics aanee alfa sheet yasarkhya itar vistarit sanrachana sthanik sthitichya prathinanmadhye durmil aahet parantu anekada mahattvapoorn prathine dumadanare madhyavarti mhanoon gruheet dharale jaatat. ghatt valane aanee sail, lavchik loop adhik "niyamit" duyyam rachana ghatakanna jodatat. yadruchchik gundali hii kharee duyyam rachana nahee, parantu niyamit duyyam sanrachanecha abhav darshavinari sanrachana varg aahe.
amino acidus vividh duyyam sanrachana ghatak tayar karnyachya tyanchya kshamatet badaltat. prolin aanee glycine yanna kadhikadhi 'helics breaker' mhanoon olakhale jaate kaaran teey α helical backbone conformation niyamitatet vyatyay aanatat; tathapi, doghanmadhyehi asamanya sanrachanatmak kshamata asatat aanee samanyatah valyanmadhye aadhaltat. prathinanmadhye helical sanrachana swikaranyas pradhanya denanya amino aesidmadhye methionine, allenine, lucine, glutamate aanee lycine (amino-acid 1-akshar kodmadhye "malek") yancha samavesh hoto; yaulat, mothe sugandhi avashesh (tryptophan, tyrosine aanee fenilalenin) aanee see. bii. aii.-shakheey amino acid (isolucin, valine aanee threonin) beeta-strand sanrachana swikaranyas pradhanya detat. tathapi, hii pradhanye keval anukramane duyyam sanrachanecha andaj lavnyachi vishvasarh paddhat tayar karnyasathi pureshi majboot naheet.
qamee varanvarta asalele samoohik compan prathinanmadhil sthanik kadakpanabaddal sanvedanshil asalyache manale jaate, jyamule beeta sanrachana samanyatah alfa kinwa avyavasthit prathinanpeksha adhik kathor asalyache ughad hote. neutronchya vikhurnyachya mojmapanmule, 1 thz varche varnakrameey vaishishtya beeta-baryl prathin jee. eff. pii. chya duyyam sanrachanechya samoohik halchalinshi thet jodale gele aahe.
duyyam sanrachananmadhil hydrogen bandhanche namune lakshaniyaritya vikrut asoo shakatat, jyamule duyyam sanrachaneche svayanchalit nirdharan karane katheen hote. prathinanchi duyyam rachana aupcharikpane paribhashit karnyasathi anek paddhati aahet (udaa.jee., dii. ess. ess. pii., paribhashit qaraa, pudhe jaa, scroofit, ess. ess. tii.).
dii. ess. ess. pii. vargikaran.
prathin duyyam sanrachanecha shabdakosh, thodakyat dii. ess. ess. pii., samanyatah prathin duyyam sanrachaneche varnan karnyasathi eka akshar codes vaparla jaato. piling aanee itaranni suruvatila prastavit kelelya hydrogen bandh namunyanchya aadhare duyyam rachana niyukt kelee jaate. 1951 madhye (konatihi prathinanchi rachana prayogikdrushtya nishchit honyapurvi). dii. ess. ess. pii. paribhashit karnari duyyam sanrachaneche aath prakar aaheth
'coil' anekada '(jaaga), see (coil) kinwa'-'(dash) mhanoon sanhitabaddha kele jaate. helices (jee, etch aanee aay) aanee patrak rachana yaa sarvanchi lambi vajvi asane aavashyak aahe. yacha arth assa qee prathamik sanrachanetil 2 sanlagn avasheshanni samaan hydrogen bandh namuna tayar karane aavashyak aahe. jarr helics kinwa sheet hydrogen bandh rachana khoop lahan asel tarr tyanna anukrame tii kinwa bii mhanoon niyukt kele jaate. itar prathine duyyam rachana assignment shreni astitvat aahet (tikshna valane, omega loop ii.), parantu teey qamee vela vaparale jaatat.
duyyam rachana hydrogen bandhadvare paribhashit kelee jaate, mhanoon hydrogen bandhanchi achook vyakhya mahattvachi aahe. duyyam sanrachanesathi pramanit hydrogen-bandh vyakhya dii. ess. ess. pii. chee aahe, jee purnapane sthir vidyut pratirup aahe. teey carbonyl carbon aanee oxygenla anukrame ± "q" 1 ± 0.02 "e" chey shulk aanee emide hydrogen aanee nitrogenla anukrame ± "q" 2 ± 0.20 "e" chey shulk dete. vidyutsthaitik urja aahe
dii. ess. ess. pii. nusar, jarr aanee keval jarr "eae" heey 'eae' peksha qamee asel tarach hydrogen-bandh astitvat asato. jaree dii. ess. ess. pii. sootra heey "bhautik" hydrogen-bandh urjeche tulanene kachche andaj asale, taree teey samanyatah duyyam rachana paribhashit karnyasathi eka sadhan mhanoon sweekarle jaate.
ess. ess. tii. vargikaran.
ess. ess. tii. hii kiman sandesh lambi (emm. emm. ell.) nishkarshachya shannon mahitee nikashancha vapar karoon prathine samanvayit detachi duyyam rachana niyukt karanyachi eka biasian paddhat aahe. ess. ess. tii. duyyam sanrachanechya konatyahi assignmentla sambhavya gruhitak mhanoon pahate jeey prathin samanvay deta dilele spasht karnyacha (sankuchit) prayatna karate. mukhya kalpana ashee aahe qee sarvottam duyyam sanrachanatmak assignment mhanje jee dilelya prathinanchya nirdeshankanche nirdeshank sarvat kifayatshir paddhatine spasht karoo shakate (sankuchit), asha prakare duyyam sanrachaneche anuman nukasanrahit deta sampikanashi jodate. ess. ess. tii. konatyahi prathinanchya sakhaliche khaleel assignment prakaranshi sambandhit pradeshanmadhye achookpane varnan karateh
ess. ess. tii. manak α-helisesasathi π aanee 310 helical caps shodhate aanee svayamchalitapane vividh vistarit strands susangat β-plated sheetsmadhye ekatra karate. heey vichchhedit duyyam sanrachanatmak ghatakanche vachaniy utpadan aanee niyukt duyyam sanrachanatmak ghatakanchi vaiyaktikaritya kalpana karnyasathi sambandhit pymol-bharit script pradan karate.
prayogik nirdharan.
biopolymerchi sthool duyyam-rachana samagri (udaa.jee., heey prathin 40 takke α-helics aanee 20 takke β-patrak aahe.") chaa andaj spectroscopic paddhatine lavala jaau shakato. prathinansathi, eka samanya paddhat mhanje phaar-ultraviolet (phaar-yuv, 170-250 nm) golakar dvidhruviyata. 208 aanee 222 nmvar spasht duheri kiman α-helical rachana darshavate, tarr 204 nm kinwa 217 nmvar ekach kiman anukrame yadruchchik-gundali kinwa β-patrak rachana pratibimbit karate. infrared spectroscopy hii eka qamee samanya paddhat aahe, jee hydrogen-bandhanamule emide gatanchya bandh dolananmadhil farak shodhate. shevati, suruvatila niyukt naan kelelya aine. emm. aar. spectrumchya rasayanik badalancha vapar karoon duyyam-sanrachanetil samagricha achook andaj lavala jaau shakato.
andaj.
prathinanchya trutiyak sanrachanecha andaj keval tyachya amino kramatoon lavane hii eka atishay aavhanatmak samasya aahe (prathinanchya sanrachanecha andaj pahaa), parantu sopya duyyam sanrachanechya vyakhya vaparane adhik sulabh aahe.
duyyam-sanrachanechya andaj vartavanyachya suruvatichya paddhati teen pramukh avasthancha andaj lavnyapurtya maryadit hotyah helics, sheet kinwa yadruchchik gundali. yaa paddhati vaiyaktik amino aesidchya helics-kinwa sheet-nirmitichya pravruttivar aadharit hotya, kahivela duyyam rachana ghatak tayar karnyachya mukt urjecha andaj lavnyachya niyamansah jodalelya hotya. amino aesidchya kramvaritun prathinanchya duyyam sanrachanecha andaj lavnyasathi chau-fassman paddhat aanee gor paddhat hii pahili vyapakpane vaparali jaanari tantre hotee. jaree asha paddhati teenpaiki konati sthitee (helics/sheet/coil) avashesh swikartat yacha andaj lavnyat ~60% achook asalyacha dawa karat asalya taree, andh sanganakeey mulyankananmadhun nantar asey disun aale qee vastavik achookata khoopach qamee hotee.
ekapeksha jaast anukramanchya sanrekhanancha fayda ghet achookatet lakshaniy vaadh (jawaljawal ~80% paryant) karnyat aalee; utkrantidarmyan eka sthiteet (aanee tyachya parisarat, samanyatah donhi bajunna ~ 7 avashesh) udbhavananya amino acidche sampoorn vitaran jaanun ghene tyaa sthitijavalachya sanrachanatmak pravruttinche adhik changle chitra pradan karate. udaharanadakhal, dilelya prathinanmadhye dilelya sthiteet glycine asoo shakate, jeey swatach tithe yadruchchik gundali suchavu shakate. tathapi, bahuvidh anukram sanrekhan heey darshavu shakate qee helics-pasantichi amino acidus hii jawaljawal eka abj varshanchya utkrantichya 95 takke samaroop prathinanmadhye tyaa sthiteet (aanee jawalchya sthiteet) aadhaltat. shivay, tyaa aanee jawalchya sthananvaril sarasari hydrophobicityche parikshan karoon, samaan sanrekhan α-helixshee susangat avashesh dravak sulbhatecha namuna dekhil suchavu shakate. ektritpane pahilyas, heey ghatak soochit kartil qee mool prathinanche glycine yadruchchik gundaliaivaji α-helical rachana swikarte. majjatantuche jaale, lapalele markov models aanee sahayyak vector machines 3-sthitiche andaj tayar karnyasathi serve upalabdh deta ekatra karnyasathi anek prakarchya paddhati vaparlya jaatat. aadhunik andaj paddhati pratyek sthanavaril tyanchya andajansathi aatmavishvas guna dekhil pradan karatat.
duyyam-rachana andaj paddhatinche moolyankan prathine rachana andaj (casp) prayoganchya gambhir mulyankanadware kele gele aanee satat nikash, udaa.jee. eae. vhee. aii. (benchmark) dware. yaa chachanyanchya aadhare, cyprod, samm, porter, pro aanee sebal yaa sarvat achook paddhati hotya. sudharananche mukhya kshetra mhanje β-strandscha andaj asey disate; β-strand mhanoon aatmavishvasane andaj lavalele avashesh tase asanyachi shakyata aahe, parantu kahee β-strand vibhagankade (chukiche nakaratmak) durlaksh karnyasathi paddhati yogya aahet. pii. dii. bii. sanrachananna duyyam-rachana varg (helics/strand/coil) niyukt karnyasathi manak paddhati (dii. ess. ess. pii.) chya vaishishtyanmule, jyachya viruddha andaj benchmark kelele aahet, ekoon ~90% andaj achukatechi uchch maryada asanyachi shakyata aahe.
achook duyyam-sanrachanecha andaj haah trutiyak sanrachanechya andajatil eka mahattvacha ghatak aahe, parantu sarvat sopya (samarupata modelling) prakarananmadhye. udaharanarth, sahaa duyyam rachana ghatakancha aatmavishvasane andajit namuna βαββαβ haah feredoxinchya patavarcha swakshari aahe.
anuprayog.
prathine aanee nuclic acid yaa donhi duyyam sanrachanancha vapar ekadhik anukram sanrekhanat madat karnyasathi keela jaau shakato. sopya anukramanchya mahitivyatirikt duyyam sanrachanechi mahitee samavisht karoon hii sanrekhan adhik achook kelee jaau shakate. heey kadhikadhi aar. aine. aii. madhye qamee upayukt asate kaaran bases pairing heey sequencepeksha adhik sanrakshit asate. jyaa prathinanchya prathamik rachana asanrachit aahet, tyanchyamadhil durche sambandh kadhikadhi duyyam sanrachanedvare shodhale jaau shakatat.
heey dakhavun denyat aale aahe qee α-helics adhik sthir, utparivartanansathi majboot aanee naisargik prathinanmadhil β-strandspeksha niyukt karnyayogya aahet, asha prakare karyatmak serve-α prathinanchi rachana karane helics aanee strands yaa donhisah prathinanchi rachana karnyapeksha sope asanyachi shakyata aahe; heey alikadech prayogikdrushtya pushti karnyat aale aahe.