
hasnara buddh

operation smiling buddh kinwa operation happy krishna (majhe navah pokharan-ii) heey 18 meey 1974 roji bharatachya pahilya yashasvi anubomb chachaniche niyukt sanketik naav hote. rajasthanmadhil pokharan chachani shrenivar (ptr) bharatiy sainyane anek chavya dekharekhikhali bombcha sphot keela.
"sanyukt rashtranchya suraksha parishadechya paach kayamswarupi sadasyanchya baherchya rashtrane keleli 'pokharan-aii' hii pahili pushti keleli anvastra chachani hotee. adhikrutpane, bharatiy pararashtra mantralayane (emm. eae. aii.) yaa chachanila "shantatapurn anusfot" asey sambodhale. yaa chachaninantar tatkalin bharatachya pantpradhan indira gandhi yanchya lokpriyatet prachand vaadh jhaali. yanantar 1998 madhye pokharan-3 yaa navane anek anuchachanyanchi malika paar padali.
itihas.
prarambhik ugam, 1944-1960 chey dashak.
1944 madhye jevha homey jahangir bhabha yanni taata institute auph fundamental researchi sthapana kelee tevha bharatane swatacha anoo karyakram suru keela. bhautikshastradnya raja ramannah yanni anvastra tantradnyan sanshodhanat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali; tyanni anvastranvaril vaidnyanik sanshodhanacha vistar aanee dekhrekh kelee aanee chachaniche nirikshan aanee amalbajavani karananya shastradnyanchya chhotya chamooche teey pahile nirdeshak adhikari hote.<riif naav = "HTTP:// nuclearveponarchive.org "> </ref>
british samrajyapasun bharatala swatantrya midalyanantar, bharatache pantpradhan jawaharlal nehru yanni homey bhabha yanchya netrutvakhalil anoo karyakram vikasit karnyas adhikrut kele. 1948 chya 'anuurja kayadya' neey shantatapurn vikasavar laksh kendrit kele. anvastra prasarbandi kararachya vikasat bharatacha motha sahbhag hota, parantu shevati tyavar swakshari naan karnyacha nirnay ghetala.
1954 madhye homey jahangir bhabha yanni anvastranchi rachana aanee utpadanachya dishene aanvik karyakramache netrutva kele. done mahattvache payabhoot suvidha prakalp karyanvit karnyat aale. pahilya prakalpane mumbai yethe trombay anuurja aasthapana sthapan kelee. dusya eka vyaktine sarkari sachivalay, anuurja vibhag (day) tayar keela, jyache bhabha heey pahile sachiv hote. 1954 teey 1959 yaa kalat anoo karyakram zapatyane vadhala. 1958 paryant, sanrakshn arthsankalpatil eka trutiyansh hissa sanshodhanachya uddeshane dekade hota. 1954 madhye, bharat aanee canada aanee amerikemadhye 'attom phaur peace program' antargat shabdik samanjasya jhaale; canada aanee americene shevati trombay yethehi vishanu sanshodhan anubhatti upalabdh karoon denyas aanee sthapit karnyas sahmati darshavali. anubhatticha vapar keval shantatapurn hetunsathi keela jaeel yaa bharat aanee america yanchyatil samajutisah vishanuche adhigrahan hii anoo prasarachi eka nirnayak ghatana hotee. plutonium upkaran vikasit karnyasathi vishanu hii eka aadarsh suvidha hotee aanee tyamule neharune canadamadhun aanvik indhan swikaranyas nakar deela aanee swadeshi aanvik indhan chakr vikasit karnyacha karyakram suru keela.
julai 1958 madhye, neharune 'project phoenix' laa varshala 20 tunn indhanachi kshamata asalela punarprakriya prakalp bandhanyasathi adhikrut kele-joou vishanuchya utpadan kshamateshi julanara aakar aahe. yaa prakalpane purax prakriyecha vapar keela aanee tyachi rachana vitro corporation auph americene kelee hotee. plutonium prakalpache bandhkam 27 march 1961 roji trombay yethe suru jhaale aanee teey 1964 chya madhyat suru jhaale.
anoo karyakram paripakv hott rahila aanee 1960 paryant neharune haah karyakram utpadanat halavanyacha nirnayak nirnay ghetala. jawalpas tyach velee, neharune maharashtratil tarapur yethe bharatacha pahila anuurja prakalp bandhanyasathi american company westinghouse electrickshi charcha kelee. kenneth nicholls, eka americi lashkari abhiyanta, neharusobatchya baithakichi aathvan karoon deto, "too kaal hota jevha nehru bhabhakade valala aanee bhabhala anvastra vikasit karanyachi kalmaryada vicharali". bhabha yanni andaj vartavala qee heey kaam purn karnyasathi tyanna sumare eka varsh lagel.
1962 paryant, anoo karyakram ajunahi vikasit hott hota, parantu goshti mandavalya hotya. nehru heey sino-indian yuddhamule vichalit jhaale hote, jyaa darmyan bharatane chinkadoon aapala pradesh gamavala. neharune madatisathi soviet sanghakade valale, parantu soviet sangh kyubachya kshepanastra sankatat vyagra hota. soviet politburone neharuchi shastrastranchi vinanti fetalali aanee chinala pathimba dene suru thewale. bharatane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee soviet union haah eka avishvasaniy mitra desh aahe aanee yaa nishkarshamule anoo pratibandhak tayar karnyacha bharatacha nirdhar balkat jhaala. 1965 madhye bhabhachya netrutvakhali rachaneche kaam suru jhaale aanee raja ramanna yanchya netrutvakhali pudhe gele, jyanni bhabhachya mrutyunantar haah karyakram haatee ghetala.
shastrastra vikas, 1960-1972.
bhabha aata anvastransathi aakramakpane prachar karat hote aanee tyanni bharatiy rediovar anek bhashane kelee. 1964 madhye bhabha yanni bharatiy janatela rediodware sangitale qee, "ashee anvastre ullekhaniyaritya swast aahet" aanee american anoo chachani karyakram "project ploashair" chya aarthik kharchacha sandarbh deuun tyanchya yuktivadanche samarthan kele. bhabha yanni rajkarnyanna sangitale qee 10 keey. tii. chya upkaranachi kimmat sumare 3,50,000 dollar aanee 2 emm. tii. sathee 6,00,000 dollar asel. yavarun, tyanni andaj vartavala qee sumare 50 anubombchya "sathyachi" kimmat 21 dashalaksh dollarspeksha qamee asel aanee 50 done-megaton hydrogen bombchya sathyachi kimmat sumare 31.5 dashalaksh dollars asel."tathapi, bhabha yanni yuu yaa vastusthitikade durlaksh kele.ess. "ladoo-bhag" kharchache aakade kotyavadhi dollarschya eka vishal audhyogik sankulane tayar kele hote, jyane aadhich hajaro sankhyene anvastre tayar kelee hotee. anvastranchya vitaran pranalisathi dekhil samanyatah shastranpeksha kityek patine jaast kharch yeto.
laal bahadoor shastri pantpradhan jhaale tevha anoo karyakram anshatah mandavala gela. shastri yanna 1965chya bharat-pakistani yuddhala samore jaave lagale. tyanni bhautikshastradnya vikram sarabhai yanchi anoo karyakramache pramukh mhanoon niyukti kelee, parantu tyanchya ahinsak gandhivadi vishvasanmule sarabhai yanni teey lashkari vikasapeksha shantatapurn hetunkade nirdeshit kele.
1967 madhye indira gandhi pantpradhan jhalya aanee anoo karyakramache kaam punha navyane jomane suru jhaale. rasayanik abhiyanta homey sethna yanni shastra-shrenichya plutoniumchya vikasat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali, tarr ramannah yanni sampoorn anoo yantrachi rachana aanee nirmiti kelee. bharatachya pahilya anubomb prakalpat tyachya sanvedansheelatemule 75 peksha jaast shastradnyanna kaam midale nahee. shastrastra karyakram aata yureniyamaivaji plutoniumchya utpadanachya dishene nirdeshit karnyat aala hota.
1968-69 madhye, pii. keey. ayyangar yanni teen sahkanyansah soviet unionla bhet dilee aanee rashiyatil dubna yetheel anoo sanshodhan suvidhanna bhet dilee. tyanchya bhetidarmyan, ayyangar plutonium-indhanavar chalana vegwan spandit anubhattine prabhavit jhaale. bharatat paratalyanantar, ayyangarne janewari 1969 madhye bharatiy rajkiy netrutvane manjur kelelya plutonium anubhattya vikasit karnyas suruvat kelee. gupt plutonium prakalpala 'purnima' mhanoon olakhale jaat hote aanee bandhkam march 1969 madhye suru jhaale. prakalpachya netrutvat ayyangar, ramannah, homey seththa aanee sarabhai yancha samavesh hota. sarabhai yanchi upasthiti soochit karate qee, aupcharik manjurisah kinwa tyashivay, trombay yethe anvastranche kaam aadhich suru jhaale hote.
guptata aanee chachanichi tayari, 1972-1974.
december 1971 madhye, bharat-pakistani yuddhadarmyan, yuu.ess. bharatala dhamkavanyachya prayatnat sarkarne bangalchya upasagarat naudalachya netrutvakhali eka vahak yuddh gut pathavala. soviet unionne amerikechya krutee dalacha pathlag karnyasathi vladivostok yethoon aanvik kshepanastranni susajj panbudi pathavun pratyuttar dile. soviet sanghachya pratisadane indira gandhi yanna anvastre aanee kshepanastra panbudyanche pratirodhak moolya aanee mahatva dakhavun dile. pakistanche vibhajan karananya aanee bangladeshchi nirmiti karananya kararala manyata dilyanantar bharatane pakistanvar lashkari aanee rajkiy pudhakar ghetala.
7 september 1972 roji, yuddhanantarchya tichya lokpriyatechya shikharajaval, indira gandhi yanni bhabha anoo sanshodhan kendrala (barqa) anoo upkaran tayar karnyasathi aanee chachanisathi tayar karnyasathi adhikrut kele. jaree bharatiy sainya anuchachanyanmadhye purnapane sahbhagi nasale taree lashkarachya sarvoch kamandala chachanichya tayarichi purnapane mahitee denyat aalee hotee. bharatiy rajkiy netrutvachya dekharekhikhali tayari karnyat aalee, jyat nagri shastradnya bharatiy sainyala madat karat hote.
yaa upkaranala aupcharikpane 'shantatapurn anoo sphotak' asey mhatale jaat hote, parantu tyala sahasa 'hasnara buddh' asey sambodhale jaat asey. 18 meey 1974 roji buddh jayanti (gautam buddhancha janm sajra karnara bharatatil sann) yaa divashi yaa yantracha sphot karnyat aala. atyant guptapane aayojit kelelya 'hasana buddh' chachanichya tayarichya serve pailoonvar indira gandhinche kadak niyantran hote; gandhinvyatirikt, keval sallagar parameshwar haksar aanee durga dhar yannach mahitee denyat aalee hotee. vidwan raaj chengappa thampane sangatat qee, bharatiy sanrakshn mantri jagjivan raam yanna yaa chachaniche konatehi dnyan denyat aale navhate aanee teey aayojit kelyanantarach tyanna tyabaddal kalale. pararashtra vyavhar mantri swarn sing yanna keval 48 tasanchi aagau notice denyat aalee hotee. indira gandhi prashasanane 75 peksha jaast nagri shastradnyanna niyukt kele nahee, tarr general jee. jee. bevoor, bharatiy lashkarpramukh aanee bharatiy pashchimi kamandacha commander heey keval lashkari commander hote jyanna mahitee dilee jaat asey.
vikas pathake aanee sthale.
yaa sampoorn anubomb prakalpache pramukh raja ramannah heey barkche sanchalak hote. nantarchya varshanmadhye, anoo karyakramatil tyanchi bhoomika adhik sakholpane ektrit kelee jaeel kaaran teey tyanche bahutansh ayushya anoo karyakramache pramukh rahile. bombcha designer aanee nirmata pii. keey. iyenger, jeey yaa prakalpache dusare pramukh hote. ayyangar yanchya karyala mukhya dhatuvidnyani aar. chidambaram aanee antim ballistics sanshodhan prayogshaleche nagapattinam sambashiv venkatesan, jyanni uchch sphotak sphot pranali vikasit aanee tayar kelee. uchch urja samagri sanshodhan prayogshalechya waman dattatrey patwardhan yanni sphotak samagri aanee sphot pranali vikasit kelee hotee.
bharatiy anuurja aayogache adhyaksh, rasayanik abhiyanta homey seththa yanni yaa ekoon prakalpache nirikshan kele. nantar pokharan-3 chachanyanvar samanvay sadhananya chidambaramane 1967 chya uttaradhat kinwa 1968 chya suruvatila plutoniumchya sthitichya samikaranavar kaam suru kele. gopaniyata rakhanyasathi, yaa prakalpat 1967 teey 1974 paryant 75 peksha jaast shastradnya aanee abhiyante niyukt navhate. abdul kalam dekhil dow. dii. oo. chey pratinidhi mhanoon chachani sthali pohochala.
aaa. keey. barkche ganguli heey aarogya aanee surakshitateche 'chachani' prakalp pramukh tasech 'chachaninantarchya' vaidnyanik tapas karyakramache pramukh hote. 1956 salapasoon gangulichi nivad homey jeey. yanni kelee hotee. bhabha, tyanchya shaikshanik shakhetil, americetil notre dame vidyapithatil, jithe tyanni kiranotsarg rasayanshastratil ganguli-magee siddhant ugam pavala hota. gangulichya barkmadhil karkirdit vikram aaa. sarabhai yanni paryavaran mantralayachya sthapanechya prakriyeche netrutva karnyasathi tyanchi nivad kelee.
heey upkaran sphot-prakarchya rachaneche hote aanee 1945 madhye nagasakivar sphot jhalelya american anubombashi jawalche samya asalele 'fatt mann' asey hote. sphot pranali chandigadmadhil dii. aar. dii. oo. chya terminal ballistic research laboratorymadhye (tii. bii. aar. ell.) ektrit karnyat aalee. maharashtra rajyatil pune yetheel dii. aar. dii. oo. chya uchch urja samagri sanshodhan prayogshalet (hemoral) sphot pranali vikasit karnyat aalee. 6 kilo plutonium barqa yetheel vishanu anubhattitun aale. neutron aarambhak polonium-beryllium prakarcha hota aanee tyala 'phool' asey sanketik naav denyat aale hote. vhee.keey. neutron initiator vikasit karananya sanghat barkchi aayya hotee. sampoorn anubombche abhiyantriki karnyat aale aanee shevati chachani sthali nenyapurvi bharatiy abhiyantyanni trombay yethe ekatra kele.
anvastranchi rachana.
cross section.
purnapane ektrit kelelya yantracha shatakoni cross section hota, jyacha vyas 1.25 meater hota aanee tyache vajan 1400 kilo hote. heey upkaran shatakoni dhatuchya tripodver basavale gele hote aanee teey pattyanvaril khambavar nele gele hote jeey sainyane valoone jhakalele thewale hote. jevha aar. pranab jhaala tevha yaa yantracha sphot jhaala. dastidarne sakali 8.05 vajata phayar button dabale.emm.rajsthanchya thaar valvantat lashkarachya pokharan chachani shrenikhali 107 meterchya khadit too hota.
utpannababat vaad.
bharatiy rajkarnyanni deshachya prasarmadhyamanna 2 keey. tii. teey 20 keey. tii. paryantchi shreni dilee asali taree, bharatiy strotankadun puravilelya aspasht aakadevarisah, yaa chachaniche aanvik utpadan ajunahi vadgrast aahe. suruvatila adhikrut utpadan 12 kilo tananvar nishchit karnyat aale hote; shastrakriyenantarchya shaktichya davyanni teey 13 kilo tanamparyant vadhavale aahe. baheroon swatantra bhookampachi mahitee aanee khadda vaishishtyanche vishleshan qamee aakadyache sanket dete. vishleshak sahasa paramparik bhookampachya parimanapasun utpannachya rupantaran sutrancha vapar karoon 4 teey 6 keey. tii. utpadanacha andaj lavtat. alikadchya varshant, homey seththa aanee pii. keey. ayyangar yanni adhikrut utpadan atishayokti asalyache manya kele aahe.
ayyangar yanni vegvegalya prakare sangitale aahe qee utpadan 8-10 keey. tii. hote, heey upkaran 10 keey. tii. utpadan denyasathi tayar kele gele hote aanee utpadan 8 keey. tii. "andajanusar" hote. bhookampachya pramananiyamakhali jaree andaje utpadan 3.20 kilo tunn teey 21 kilo tunn darmyan asale, taree khadakanchya khadakanchya tivra parinamanchya vishleshananusar, utpadanasathi sumare 8 kilo tunchi sankuchit shreni soochit hote, jee bhookampachya utpannachya andajanusar anishchitatechya aat aahe.
parinam.
deshantargat pratikriya.
1971 chya yuddhat pakistanviruddhachya yashasvi lashkari mohimenantar bharatiy pantpradhan indira gandhi yanna aadhich khoop lokpriyata midali hotee. yaa chachanimule indira gandhi yanchya lokpriyateche twarit punarujjivan jhaale, jee 1971 chya yuddhanantar tyachya unchivarun lakshaniyaritya zepavali hotee. congress pakshachi ekoon lokpriyata aanee pratima vadhali aanee congress pakshala bharatiy sansadet changla pratisad midala. 1975 madhye, rasayan abhiyanta aanee bharatiy anuurja aayogache (aci) adhyaksh homey seththa, barkche raja ramannah aanee dii. aar. dii. oo. chey basanti nagchoudhary yaa sarvanna bharatacha dusra sarvoch nagri puraskar 'padmavibhushan' deuun sanmanit karnyat aale. prakalpachya itar paach sadasyanna bharatacha chautha sarvoch nagri puraskar 'padma shree' midala. hii eka shantatapurn anubomb chachani hotee aanee aaplya anoo karyakramache lashkarikaran karnyacha tyancha konatahi hetu navhata, asey bharatane satatyane sangitale. tathapi, swatantra nirikshakanchya matey, hii chachani vegwan bharatiy aanvik karyakramacha eka bhag hotee.
1997 madhye, 'press trust auph india' shhee bolatana raja ramanna yanni mhatleh
aantarrashtriy pratikriya.
hii chachani shantatapurn hetunsathi asalyache bharatane sangane suru thewale, parantu tyala anek starantoon virodhala samore jaave lagale. aantarrashtriy anoo prasar rokhanyasathi bharatiy chachanyanchya pratisadat anoo puravathadar gut (aine. ess. jee.) sthapan karnyat aala. aine. ess. jee. neey 1992 madhye konatyahi naveen aanvik niryat kararasathi purn vyapti aay. aii. aii. aii. suraksha aavashyak karnyacha nirnay ghetala, jyane bharatala aanvik niryat karnyas prabhavipane nakar deela, parantu 2008 madhye tyanni bharat-america nagri aanvik kararacha bhag mhanoon bharatasobatchya aanvik vyaparavaril heey nirbandh maaf kele.
pakistan.
pakistanne hii chachani 'shantatapurn anusfot' mhanoon pahili nahee aanee sambandh samanya karnyavar 10 juuna roji niyojit asaleli charcha radd kelee. pakistanche pantpradhan zulfikar allie bhutto yanni juuna 1974 madhye vachan dile qee teey kadhihi 'aanvik blackmail' laa balee padnar naheet kinwa 'upkhandavaril bharatiy varchasva kinwa varchasva' swikaranar naheet. pakistan anuurja aayogache adhyaksh munir ahmed khaan mhanale qee, hii chachani pakistanla swatachya anubombchi chachani ghenyas bhag padel. pakistanche aaghadiche anoo bhautikshastradnya purways hoodbhoy yanni 2011 madhye sangitale qee, tyanna asey vatate qee chachanine [pakistanla] anukshetrat aanakhi pudhe dhakalale.
canada aanee america.
chachanimadhye vaparlele plutonium canadane puravalelya vishanu anubhattimadhye aanee americene puravalelya judd panyacha vapar karoon tayar kele gele hote. visheshtah anvastra prasarbandi kararavar aanee donhi deshanni bharatala puravalelya aarthik madtibabat suru asalelya vataghatichya parshvabhumivar donhi deshanni nakaratmak pratikriya dilya. canadane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee yaa chachanine donhi rajyanmadhil 1971 chya samajutiche ullanghan kele aanee tyaveli nirmanadhin asalelya done avjad jaal anubhattyansathi aanvik urja sahayya gothavale. yaa chachanine konatyahi kararache ullanghan kele nahee assa nishkarsh americene kadhala aanee juuna 1974 madhye tarapur anubhattisathi samruddha uraniumchi pathvani kelee.
tyanantarche anusfot.
anek prastav asoonahi, bharatane 1998 paryant pudhil anuchachani kelya naheet. 1998 chya sarvatrik nivadanukanantar, mageel done dashakanmadhye tayar kelelya aanee tayar kelelya tantradnyanacha vapar karoon pokharan chachani sthali operation shakti (jyala pokharan-3 asehi mhanatat) kelee gelee.