
lubanton

lubanton (uchchar/lubaen-toon/; spanish varnalekhanat lubanton dekhil) heey madhya americetil dakshin belizemadhil mayaa sanskratiche purv-columbian uddhvast shahar aahe. lubantun heey belizechya toldo jeelhyat, punta gordachya vayvyes sumare 42 kilometer (26 mail) aanee sann pedro kolambiya gavapasoon andaje 3.2 kilometer (2 mail) antaravar, samudraspatipasun 61 meater (200 phoot) phoot unchivar aahe. lubantonchya sarvat vishisht vaishishtyanpaiki eka mhanje tyaa thikani sapadalelya laghu syremic vastooncha motha sangrah; yaa tapshilvar rachana heey aakarshanchinh kinwa vidhee-sanlagn upkarane asalyache manale jaate.
heey shahar mayaa abhijat yugapasoonche aahe, ii. sha. 730 teey 890 paryant bharbharatila aale aanee tyanantar lavkarach teey purnapane sodoon denyat aale asey disate. vishisht shastriy madhya sakhal pradeshanchya mayaa sthalanpeksha vastukala kahishi asamanya aahe. lubantonchya rachana bahuteksha dagadanchya mothya thokalyanpasun bandhalya gelya aahet, jyat mortar nahee, pramukhyane yaa pradeshatil vishisht chunkhadiaivaji kalya slatechi. anek sanrachananmadhye vishisht 'aat-baher dagadi bandhkam' asate; pratyek star eka pithyane bandhala jaato, pratyek dusra marg tyachya khalchya margachya kinchit palikade prakshepit hoto. payya-pyramidche kopare sahasa golakar asatat aanee pyramidavar dagadi sanrachana nasatat; bahudha pracheen kalat kahinmadhye nashwant samgrichya sanrachana hotya.
yaa jaagecha kendrabindu done chhotya nadyanmadhil krutrimaritya unchavalelya mothya vyaspithavar aahe; anekada asey nondavale gele aahe qee hii paristhiti lashkari sanrakshanasathi yogya aahe. yaa sthalache pracheen naav sadhya adnyat aahe; 'lubantun' heey eka aadhunik mayaa naav aahe jyacha arth 'padalele dagadanche thikan' assa hoto.
puratatviy tapas.
20vya shatkachya suruvatila parisaratil vividh kechchi aanee mopan mayaa gavantil rahivashanni punta gordachya rahivashanna mothya avasheshancha ullekh keela. dow. thomas ganne 1903 madhye yaa jaagecha tapas karnyasathi aala aanee 1905 madhye avasheshambaddal done ahwal prakashit kele.
pudhil mohimeche netrutva aar. eae. 1915 madhye harvard vidyapithachya peabody museumche mervin, jyanni vanaspatinche thikan saaf kele, adhik tapshilvar nakasha tayar keela, mojmap aanee chhayachitre ghetali aanee kirkol utkhanan kele. madhyaamerikan ballgame khelanyasathi sitechya teen kortpaiki eka, jyat chitralipi majkoor aanee ballgame chitran asalele dagad chinh hote, heey marvinane shodhun kadhale.
1924 madhye ganney avasheshanchi punha bhet ghetali aanee nantar sahsi eff.aaa. sitewar michel-hages. tyachya samanyatah sansmaraniy paddhatine, michel-hages yanni 'sachitra london news' madhye eka lekh prakashit keela, jyamadhye tyanni yaa jaagecha 'shodh' lavala asalyacha dawa keela. ganney tyaa jaagecha naveen nakasha tayar keela. pudhchya varshi michel-hages, tyachi sahkari mahila richmond braun hichyabarobar sachitra london batmyansathi patrakar mhanoon lubantonla paratale. eenaa michel-hages, eff. chee dattak mulgi. aaa. michel-hages, nantar dawa kartil qee tee keval mohimevar tichya vadilansobatach navhati, tarr tilach tithe prasiddha sphatik kavati sapadali. parantu annah kadhihi belizemadhye hota yacha konatahi purava nahee aanee jarr kavatiche kharokharach lubanton yethe utkhanan kele gele asate tarr konatyahi adhikrut ahavalat tyacha ullekh qaa nahee, mohimetil itar sadasya teey tethe sapadale heey qaa nakartat aanee prasiddhi-premi michel-hejejne 1950 chya dashakapurvi kavaticha ekahi ullekh qaa prakashit keela nahee heey spasht karane katheen hoil. nikelchya matey, tyachya bhovati anek rahasye aahet
lubanton yethe kathitpane sphatik kavati sapadali. naveen yugatil shraddhalu assa dawa karatat qee
tera sphatik kavati aahet jyaa ekatra aanalya qee manavtela ekatra aanatil aanee jug barey kartil. eenaa michel-hages yanni sadar kelelya upakhyanatmak puravyanvyatirikt kavatimadhye konatehi goodh kinwa mansik gunadharm aahet asey soochit karnyasathi farach qamee purave aahet. tine dawa keela qee kavati heey tichya dirghayushyache rahasy aahe aanee joou konee tyachya samarthyachi khilli udavanyache dhadas karel tyala thaar maranyachi kshamata tyat aahe. yavyatirikt, kahee vidvananche asey mutt aahe qee kavati eztech asoo shakatat parantu eff. dware gruheet dharalyapramane tyaa nishchitpane purv-columbian kinwa 3,000 varshe junya naheet.aaa. michel-hages. yavyatirikt, anek puratatvashastradnya asey manatat qee serve nahee tarr bahutek kavati european banavat aahet.
sarvat mahattvache mhanje, joou nickel aanee norman hammond yanchya tapasatoon heey spasht hote qee kavati lubanton yethe ajibat sapadali navhati, parantu pratyakshat 1943 madhye sothabichya lilavat michel-hages yanni vikat ghetali hotee. kavati purvi collector sidney bernichi hotee aanee tyachi chhayachitre 1936 chya suruvatilach 'mann' yaa niyatkalikat prakashit jhaali hotee.
geophrey kayade, tii saha.aaa. joyce aanee michel-hages yanni lubantonchya jaageche sarvekshan kele. tyanni namood kele qee heey thikan yaa done bhaugolik ekkanche vibhajan karananya reshevar vasalele aahe, jeey sann pedro kolambiya gavajaval, kolambiya nadivaril dongi nauvahan shirshasthani aahe. yaa nadichya done chhotya upanadyanchya abhisaranane tayar jhalelya bhagat avashesh aahet. itar vidvanansah tyanche ahwal tyanchya pranmanmadhye susangat aahet qee lubantun mayaa yanni jalvahatukicha katekorpane vapar keela. shivay, kayadyanni hawaman ubdar aanee damat asalyache mhatale. tyanchya 1928 chya sarvekshanat, tyaa kalatil itar kshetrakaryashi susangat, konatyahi "sthanik loksankhyecha" abhav asalyachehi tyanchya ahavalat namood kele aahe.
british sangrahalayane lubanton yetheel tapas aanee utkhanananche prayojan kele.aaa. 1926 aanee 1927 madhye joycene yaa jaagecha madhya teey uttaradhatil abhijat kalkhand kalkram sthapit keela. joysechya matey, lubanton yetheel sankul 900 phoot lamb aanee uttarekade 600 phoot rund hote. tyachya utkhananadarmyan puratatvashastradnyan matichya bhandyanche tukade sapadale jeey dagadi vastoo aanee kavchatil alankaransah aakar aanee rung donhi hote. tyancha assa vishvas hota qee tyaa thikanchi bahutansh bhautik sanskruti soochit karate
heey eka suruvatiche abhijat sthal hote parantu haah dawa puratatva samudayane tevhapasoon fetalala aahe. vishesh mhanje, tyanna vatale qee heey thikan kathor kendrikrut niyantranakhali asale pahije kaaran aadhalalelya sthapatya shailisathi mothya pramanat sharirik shram aavashyak asateel. tyane dagadi bandhkamache chaar varg dekhil olakhaleh megalithic cutt blocks, lahan lumb blocks, 'inn aanee out' sanrachana jyamadhye gaar nasane aanee kharab bandhalele blocks jeey soochit karatat qee mayaa aanakhi eka 'inn aanee out' imarat shaili tayar karnyat ayashasvi tharale. yavyatirikt, tyane utkhanan kelelya done mahan pyramid "aat aanee baher" shailit aahet jyaa andaje 40 phoot unch aahet. yavyatirikt, joycene mothya, megalithic terressingchya upasthitiche dastaivajikaran kele jeey tyala peruvian shailinchi aathvan karoon denare vatale. itar vidvanannihi nondavalelya 'sajavatichya' dagadi koreev kamanchya anupasthitichi tyanni nond kelee. yamule lubanton yethe achook tarkha paribhashit karnyat adhik adachani yetat.
shivay, chitralipincha aanee stelle joyscha abhav asoonahi, done botanche chhidra asalelya matichya bhandyanchya shitichya moorti vipul pramanat sapadalya, jyamule teen swar tayar karata aale. tyane kahee rangavaleli matichi bhandi kashee sapadali yacha ullekh keela, parantu tee pusilamadhye sapadalelya rangavalelya tukdyanpramanech tayar keleli disate, jeey soochit karate qee nantarche rangavalelya kamansathi jababdar hote aanee lubantonne aakarlelya moorti tayar kelya. shittyanmadhye anekada mahattvachya vishvashastriy vyaktinche aanee aupcharik veshatil adhikaanyaanche chitran kele jaate. tyanni done bhautik prakarchya moorti olakhalya, jyanna teey 'sthool' aanee dusyala 'shastriy' mhanatat.shastriy vaishishtyanmadhye kapalatil badal, kanatil jwala aanee nakache dagine darshavinare lock samavisht aahet. sthool aakrutinmadhye mothe kapal aanee gaal asatat aanee tyat chehnyavaril alankarancha abhav asato. anek aakarlelya aakrutinmadhye mukhavate asatat. joycene pahilelya stree aanee purush putalyanmadhyehi farak keela. purushanna anekada kamarband, topi aanee lamb scurt ghatalele dakhavale gele, tarr striya sombreroshi sambandhit jhalya. joycene nondavale aahe qee, kamarband heey yoddha vargachya farkache soochak asoo shakatat. purush "puravani" pishavya, bhale aanee badbad gheuun jaatat, jeey shetatil kaam/shikar yanchyashi tyancha sambandh darshavtat, tarr mahilanna panyachya barani kinwa krishi utpadananchya topalya gheuun jaatana chitrit kele aahe. yapaiki anekanvar metche utpadan dekhil darshavile jaate
moorti. tyala lubanton yethe chahate aanee pratima, jawalche helmet, ujavya hatat ghalanyat aalele hatmoje aanee atyant natyamay mandichya fitanche chitran karnari "vishesh" malika dekhil sapadali. tyancha assa vishvas hota qee yaa moorti chendu kheladuncha poshakh darshavitat heey soochit karoo shakatat.
yaa mohimetil anek kalakruti british sangrahalayachya sangrahat aadhalu shakatat. 1970 madhye puratatvashastradnya norman hammond yanchya netrutvakhali harvard aanee cambridge vidyapithatil sanyukt british sangrahalay prakalp suru hoiparyant, yaa nantar puratatvashastradnyanni lubantankade durlaksh kele (jaree khajinyachya shikarindware tyachi kahee luut jhaali asali taree). norman hammond, kett sunder aanee phrank pii. 1970 chya dashakat solane yaa jaageche utkhanan kele. tyanchya sanshodhan chamoola, bhagdharak aanee traxlershee susangat, asey vatale qee joycene suchavalelya suruvatichya abhijat kalachya ulat heey thikan abhijat kalatil uttaradhat sthapan kele gele hote. yavyatirikt, tyanni asey gruheet dharale qee yaa thikani shastriy kalavadhinantarche konatehi punarvasan disale nahee aanee tyaa jaagecha nantarcha shodh yeiparyant teey sodoon dile gele aahe asey manale. lubanton vividh lutmarichya karvayanna kase balee padale aahe yavarhi teey charcha karatat. tyanchya utkhananat pramukhyane eka mayaa kutumbachya thadgyacha samavesh hota. tyanchya utkhananashi sambandhit vividh samasya hotya, jyat panyache nuksan aanee kosalalelya dagadi bandhkamachya bhinti yancha samavesh hota. purvichya sarvekshananpramane, tyanchya chamoola matichya bhandyanchi bhandi sapadali jee kadachit eka tappyavar rangavali gelee asateel parantu tevhapasoon tyanche sajavatiche aavaran qamee jhaale aahe. hammondchya chamoola hadanche avashesh dekhil sapadale jeey panyamule dekhil kharabaritya kharab jhaale hote, parantu datanche sanrakshn tulanene changle rahile. kavati aanee hadanchi rachana hii mayachya kabarincha punarvikas karnyachya aanee ekach bhagat anek avashesh puranyachya pravruttishi susangat aahe. solane nondavale qee thadgyat 15 praudh hote, jyamadhye vividh tarun aanee madhyamvayin vayogatatil purush aanee mahila donhi hote. eka vyakti vagalata serve vyaktinmadhye pokali hotya aanee jawaljawal serve avashesh heey balpanatach kuposhan jhalyache darshavtat.
yavyatirikt, kumbharkamasathichi bhandi pramukhyane tapeau 2 shailit disatat, jyat quaxacton kalkramanusar tapeau 3 chey kahee sanket aahet. syremic deta asey soochit karato qee thadge phaar kaal vaparale gele navhate; eka shatkapeksha jaast nahee. tyanna jaminiche aanee chamkavalelya dagadi obsidian bladeche tukade, qaan/naak plug aanee eka shailibaddha phool dekhil sapadale. teey dawa karatat qee heey thikan adviteey aahe kaaran teey 26 paiki 1 thikan aahe (115 paiki) jeey soochit karate qee tethe
anek daphan.
bhagdharak aanee traxler hyannahi asey vatate qee heey thikan eka ushirache abhijat kendra aahe. tyanni nond ghetali qee normand hammondney 1970 madhye yaa sthalasathi eka naveen nakasha pradan keela. tyanche kaam asey soochit karate qee ii. sha. 700 teey 870 paryant lubanton "thodakyat" vyapale gele hote. heey thikan kokaoche mukhya utpadan kendra hote aanee lubantun hii tyaa vishisht bhagatil sthanik rajdhani hotee yache purave dekhil aahet. yaa thikani kokaochya shengansah matiche aanee dagadi putale sapadale aahet. yavyatirikt eka acropolis, vann baul court aanee mothya dagadi bandhkamachya terreschya swarupat vichitra shailichi vastukala sapadali aahe. tathapi, yaa thikani done pramukh ghatakancha abhav aahe jeey soochit karate qee lubantun heey ushirache abhijat hote
jaaga; yethe konatyahi khandak asalelya imarati kinwa koreev shilpe asaleli smarke naheet. tyaa thikanavaril imaratinchi jaaga aanee thikan yavarhi charcha jhaali. mayanche eka lahan thikan asalyane lubantonmadhye ughadya aanee bund khajgi jaaga aahet.
lubantun mayaa itar rajyanshi aanee shejarchya samudayanshi tyanche sambandh kase vyapar karat hote yabaddal ajunahi farse mahitee nahee. jaree sharer aanee traxlerche kaam mukhyatve kokao vyaparashi sambandhit asale, taree stingre talavatil heather macilopeche kaam purv-columbian mayaa kshetratil meeth utpadan aanee vyaparache mahatva ughad karate. lubanton-shailichya shittichya moorti, stingre talavatil antardeshiy vastoo aanee ekak-mudrankit matichi bhandi yanchi upasthiti heey yaa goshtiche samarthan karnare purave detat.
mithache utpadan aanee antardeshiy vahatukisathi.
sadhyachya puratatvashastranusar lubanton heey ajunahi vyapakpane arth lavalele thikan aahe. tathapi, utkhananatun asey disun yete qee heey thikan tyachya sache-nirmit syremic shittichya moorti, mano aanee metuts tasech tyachya payyansarkhya vastukalesathi prasiddha aahe. naveen sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee yaa thikani pramukh eae-gut imaratinchya purv, paschim aanee dakshinela teen baul court aahet. vidvanancha assa andaj aahe qee lubanton yetheel loksankhyet prati chauras kilometer 600 lock asoo shakatat. yavyatirikt, lubantun aanee neem lii puneet heey pusilaha kinwa uksbenkachya purvichya kendranmadhun rajkiyadrushtya tayar kele gele hote asey gruheet dharale jaate. puratatviy purave asey suchavatat qee naisargik paryavaraniy sansadhananmadhye pravesh rakhanyasathi aanee aadhipasoon astitvat asalelya vyapar jaalyacha laabh ghenyasathi lubanton heey mokyachya sthanik thikani bandhanyat aale hote. itar sanshodhan asey suchavatat qee lubantun yethe bolali jaanari bhasha bahudha cholanchi bolibhasha hotee, jee abhijat mayaa madhyavarti pradeshat bolalya jaananya anek bolibhashanpaiki eka hotee. yashivay, lubanton yethe sadhyache prakalp ajunahi suru aahet. 1998 madhye, european union aanee bellies sarkarchya sahkaryane mayaa puratatva sthalancha vikas karyakram
puratatva vibhagane, jirnoddhar aanee tyaa thikani vyakhyatmak abhyagat kendra ubharanyache yashasvi prayatna kele.
lubanton aata abhyagatansathi motargadine upalabdh aahe aanee yethe eka lahanse abhyagat kendra aahe. 2001 paryant abhyagatansathi 10 bii. zed. dii. dollarsche pravesh shulk aakarle jaat hote.