
kinarpatti vyavasthapan

kinarpatti vyavasthapan mhanje puur aanee dhoopapasun sanrakshn aanee jaminivar dawa karnyasathi dhoop thambavinari tantre. 21 vya shatkat samudraspatichya vadhatya patalipasoon sanrakshn karane mahattvache aahe, kaaran hawaman badalamule samudrachya patalit vaadh hott aahe. samudraspativaril nukasanatil badalanmule samudrakinare aanee kinarpattichya pranalinmadhye vadhatya darane vaadh honyachi apeksha aahe, jyamule kinarpattivaril gaal bharatichya urjemule vichalit hoto.
kinarpattichya kshetranni pruthvichya 15 takkyanhun qamee bhoobhag vyapala aahe, tarr teey jagatil 40 takkyanhun adhik loksankhyeche aashraysthan aahet. sumare 1.2 abj lock kinarpattichya 100 kiimii aanee samudraspatichya 100 meterchya aat rahatat, jyachi sarasari ghanata loksankhyechya jaagtik sarasaripeksha 3 putt jaast aahe. 2025 paryant jagachi teen chaturthansh loksankhya kinarpattichya bhagat rahanyachi apeksha asalyane, yaa chhotya bhubhagatoon udbhavananya manvi kriyakalapanmule kinarpattivar motha dabav yeil. kinarpattichya kshetranmadhye vastoo aanee seva tayar karnyasathi samruddha sansadhane aahet aanee bahutek vyavsayik aanee audhyogik upkramanche teey ghar aahe.
itihas.
bandaranchya kinarpattivaril abhiyantrikichi suruvat sagari vahatukichya ugmapasoon jhaali, kadachit ii. sha. puu. 3500 purvi.see. bandar, breakwater aanee itar bandar kaame hatane bandhali jaat asat, bahutekda mothya pramanat.
pracheen bandar kaame ajunahi drishyaman aahet. paschim roman samrajyachya patananantar bahutek bhavya pracheen bandar kaame nahishi jhaali.
bahutek kinarpattivaril prayatna bandar sanrachanankade nirdeshit kele gele. venis aanee tyache sarovar heey bandaranshi sambandhit nasalelya upayayojananche eka udaharan aahe. itali, ingland aanee netherlandsmadhil kinanyache sanrakshn 6 vya shatkat kinwa tyapurvi suru jhaale. pracheen lokanna bhoomadhya pravah aanee vaache namune aanee vaayachya laharinchya kaaran-prabhav sambandhasarkhya ghatana samajalya.
roman lokanni bandar rachnet anek navkalpana aanalya. tyanni panyakhali bhinti bandhalya aanee ghatt paanee bandhale. yaa rachana roman concreetcha vapar karoon banavanyat aalya hotya. kahee prakarananmadhye gaal padane talhanyasathi lahari pratibimbacha vapar keela jaat asey. mukhya ufalalelya panyat pohochanyapurvi tyanni laata paar karnyasathi prushthbhagachya unchichya ufalalelya panyacha vapar keela. welson yetheel bandarachi dekhbhal karnare teey netherlandsmadhil pahile drejar hote. purvi seal kelelya ghan khambhyanchya jaagi naveen "khulya"-dhigaonyakhalil jetty takalya gelyane tethil gaal padnyachya samasya sodavalya gelya.
madhyayug.
samudratoon jhalelya hallyamule anek kinarpattivaril shahare aanee tyanchi bandare sodoon denyat aalee. jalad gaal padane, kinarpattivaril pragati kinwa maghar ityadi naisargik karananmule itar bandare nasht jhaali hotee. venesian sarovar heey satat samruddhi aanee vikas asalelya mojkya loksankhyechya kinarpattichya bhaganpaiki eka hote, jithe likhit ahavalanmadhye kinarpatti sanrakshn kamanchya utkrantiche dastaivajikaran kele gele aahe. dusya shabdant, kinarpattivaril vasahatichya sanrakshanasathi sagari bhinticha vapar kelyabaddalachya pahilya vruttantanpaiki heey eka aahe.
aadhunik yug.
punarujjivanantar bandar bandhanisathi roman drushtikonachya palikade thodi sudharana jhaali. tyanantar 19vya shatkachya suruvatila, vafechya yantrache aagman, naveen jameen aanee vyapar margancha shodh, tichya vasahatindvare british samrajyacha vistar aanee itar prabhav yaa sarvanmule sagari vyaparache punarujjivan jhaale aanee bandaranchya kamanmadhye navyane ruchi nirman jhaali.
visavya shatkat.
1950chya dashakapurvi, samudrakinanyavaril dhoop kinwa vadalachya nukasanapasun sanrakshn karnyasathi katheen sanrachanancha vapar karanyachi samanya pratha hotee. yaa sanrachananmadhye sagari bhinti aanee revetments kinwa groyansarkhya valoo-phoos sanrachanancha samavesh hota. 1920 aanee 30 chya dashakat, khajgi kinwa sthanik samudayik hitsambandhanni yaa tantrancha tatpuratya aadharavar vapar karoon anek kinarpattichya bhaganche sanrakshn kele. kahee resort bhagat, sanrachanancha vistar itka jhaala qee sanrakshanamule manoranjanatmak vaparat adthala nirman jhaala. dhoop suruch rahili, parantu sanrachana tikoon rahilya, parinami samudrakinaryache kshetra nasht jhaale.
yaa sanrachananchi tiraskaran aanee kharchamule 1940 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatila adhik gatishil drushtikon swikarla gela. prakalpanni naisargik samudrakinara aanee dhigaaon pranalichya snrakshak vaishishtyanchi nakkal karnyacha prayatna keela. abhiyantriki drushtikon mhanoon krutrim samudrakinare aanee sthir tekadyancha parinami jhalela vapar aarthikdrushtya vyavharya aanee adhik paryavaranas anukool hota.
kinarpattivaril gaal vahtook prakriyeche maryadit dnyan anekada kinarpattivaril dhoop qamee karnyachya ayogya upayanmadhye parinami hote. anek prakarananmadhye, upayayojananni sthanik patalivar kaam kele, parantu itar thikani-daha kilometer durparyant-samasya vadhavalya kinwa itar paryavaraniy samasya nirman kelya.
european aachar sanhita.
1999 madhye european parishadene jaaree keleli 'kinarpattichya kshetransathichi european aachar sanhita' haah kinarpatti abhiyantrikicha aavashyak srot aahe. haah dastaivaj kinarpattichya sanrakshanavaril tadnyanchya gatane tayar keela hota aanee rashtriy kayade aanee prathancha aadhar aahe.
europe parishadechya mantryanchya samiteene ghetalelya nirnayanusar 1995 madhye tadnyanchya gatachi suruvat jhaali. tyat ekatmik vyavasthapan aanee niyojanachya garjevar bharr denyat aala, parantu kinarpattiche bhag satat bighadat gele. ekatmik vyavasthapan' yaa sankalpanechya amalbajavanitil adchaninmule asey jhaale asalyacha dawa gatane keela. yaa gatane europe parishadene, coastal andd mareen union (yuu. yuu. see.) aanee sanyukt rashtra paryavaran karyakramala (yuu. aine. eae. pii.) sahkarya karnyacha prastav mandala.
niyojanache marg.
kinarpattichya sanrakshanat paach samanya dhorane samavisht aaheth
samudraspatitil badal, bhurupshastriy mandani, gaal upalabdhata aanee dhoop tasech samajik, aarthik aanee rajkiy ghatkanvar avalambun rannitichi nivad sthal-vishisht aahe.
vaikalpikaritya, ekatmik kinarpatti kshetra vyavasthapan paddhaticha vapar dhoop kinwa purpravan bhaganmadhye vikas rokhanyasathi keela jaau shakato, jyamule badalanchi dakhal ghenyachi garaj qamee hote. sthanik adhikadhyansathi vikas vyavasthapan heey eka aavhan asoo shakate, jyanni naveen rahivashanna aavashyak asalelya payabhoot suvidha puravalya pahijet.
vyavasthapit maghar.
kinarpattivaril sanrachana bandhane kinwa tyanchi dekhbhal karane haah vyavasthapit maghar ghenyala paryay aahe. vyavasthapit maghar kshetrachi zeej houu dete. vyavasthapit maghar hii anekada gaal kharchat badal kinwa samudraspatitil vadhila pratisad asate. jevha samudrala lagoon asalelya jaminiche moolya qamee asate tevha heey tantra vaparale jaate. jaminichi dhoop houu denyasathi aanee puur yenyasathi, kinarpattivaril naveen adhivas tayar karnyasathi nirnay ghetala jaato. hii prakriya anek varshe chaloo rahoo shakate.
1991 madhye purgrast jhalelya uttar betavaril 0.8 hector kshetra heey brittenmadhil sarvat aadhi vyavasthapit kelele pichhehath hote. tyanantar tolsbury aanee esexmadhil orpand, jethe 1995 madhye sagari bhinti tutalya hotya. ebro delta (spain) madheel kinarpattichya adhikaanyaanee vyavasthapit pichhehath karanyachi yojana aakhali.
mukhya kharch samanyatah sodoon dilya jaananya jaminichi kharedi karane haah asato. punarvasanasathi nuksanbharpaichi aavashyakta asoo shakate. samudrane vedhalelya manavnirmit sanrachana kadhoon takanyachi aavashyakta asoo shakate. kahee prakarananmadhye, purgrast kshetrachya palikade asalelya jaminiche sanrakshn karnyasathi kavachacha vapar keela jaato. vidyaman sanrakshn naisargikaritya ayashasvi jhalyas kharch qamee asoo shakato, parantu punarjodani prakalp adhik sakriyapane vyavasthapit keela jaau shakato, udaharanarth, samudrala niyantrit paddhatine vishisht thikani pravesh denyasathi vidyaman sanrakshananmadhye krutrim bhang karoon kinwa tayar kelelya meeth-daldalisathi purv-tayar jalnissaran vahinya.
hawaman badalamule vyavasthapit maghar ghene heey eka aavashyak dhoran banale aahe, kaaran anukulan dhorane keval samudrasapatichi vaadh rokhanyasathi barech kahee karoo shakatat.
resha dharoon thewa.
resha dharoon thevanyat samanyatah kinarpatti kadak karnyachya tantrancha samavesh asato, udaa.jee.kayamswarupi concrete aanee dagadi bandhkamancha vapar karane. hii tantre-samudra bhinti, groin, vegale kelele breakwater aanee revetments-europemadhil 70 takkyanhun adhik sanrakshit kinarpattyanche pratinidhitva karatat.
vaikalpikaritya, naisargik prakriyanna aadhar denari aanee tekadya aanee vanaspati yasarkhya naisargik ghatkanvar avalambun asaleli mauu abhiyantriki tantre ksharan shaktinna kinaanyaalagat pohochanyapasun rokhu shakatat. yaa tantranmadhye samudrakinanyavaril poshan aanee valuchya dhigaaon sthiratecha samavesh aahe.
aitihasikdrushtya kinarpattichi dhorane mothya pramanat sthir sanrachananvar aadharit hotee, tarr kinarpattiche bhag anyatha gatishil santulan pratibimbit karatat. kavach nirmiticha anekada anpekshit parinam haah samasya kinanyachya dusya bhagat halavanyacha asato. samudrakinanyavaril poshan yasarkhe mauu paryay kinarpattiche sanrakshn karatat aanee naisargik gatishilata punarsanchayit karnyas madat karatat, jaree tyanna varanvar vaparanyachi aavashyakta asate. dekhbhalichya kharchasathi akheris dhoranat badal aavashyak asoo shakato.
samudrakade jaa.
kahee prakarananmadhye samudraparyatan dhoran sweekarle jaau shakate. dhoopachya udaharananmadhye koge khadee (dii. keey.), western skelt nadimukh (aine. ell.), chatellion (eff. aar.) aanee ebro delta (ess. pii.) yancha samavesh hoto.
yaa dhoranachi eka spasht nakaratmak bajoo aahe. kinarpattivaril dhoop aadhich vyapak aahe aanee asey anek kinare aahet jithe apavadatmak uchch bharati kinwa vadalanchya vadhimule kinanyavar atikraman hote, jyamule manvi kriyakalapanvar parinam hoto. samudra unchavalyas, kinarpattichya bajoone kinwa jawal asalelya payabhoot suvidhansah vikasit jhalelya anek kinarpattya dhoop sahan karoo shakanar naheet. tyanna tathakathit "kinarpattivaril daab" anubhav yeil, jyamadhye samanyatah jaminichya dishene mage hatananya paryavaraniy kinwa bhurupshastriy kshetranna ghan sanrachanancha samna karava lagel aanee pudhe sthalantar karata yenar nahee. panthal jaaga, kharat daldalichi jaaga, kharfuti aanee lagatchya godya panyachi daldalichi jaaga asha dabamule visheshtah asurakshit asatat.
yaa dhoranacha eka ulata parinam mhanje samudrakade (aanee varchya dishene) jaane uchch mulyachi jameen tayar karoo shakate jee guntavanuk aanoo shakate.
maryadit hastakshep.
maryadit hastakshep hii ashee krutee aahe, jyat vyavasthapan keval vishisht pramanat, samanyatah qamee aarthik mahatva asalelya kshetranmadhye, samasyeche nirakaran karate. maryadit hastkshepamadhye anekada mithachi daldali aanee valuchya tekdyansah halocerescha samavesh hoto. yamule samanyatah helocierchya mageel jaminiche sanrakshn hote, kaaran tarang urja sampoorn sathalelya galat aanee naveen adhivasatil atirikt vanaspatinmadhye nasht hote. jaree halocer katekorpane manavnirmit nasla taree, anek naisargik prakriya uttaradhikarat yogdan dett asalyane, manavvanshjanya ghatak nirmitisathi anshatah jababdar asatat, kaaran uttaradhikar prakriya suru karnyat madat karnyasathi prarambhik ghatakachi aavashyakta hotee.
bandhkam tantra.
haard abhiyantriki paddhati.
grone.
samudrakinaryachya lambchya pravahatil galala haloohaloo pakadanyasathi aanee samudrakinaryavaril dhoop door karoon, bahutekda greenharts, concrete, khadak kinwa lakadapasoon banavaleli sanrakshanasathi, groyance heey kinarpattila lumb kinwa bhinti asatat. samagri khalchya bajula tayar hote, jithe kinarpatticha pravah pramukhyane eka dishene asato, jyamule eka rund aanee adhik vipul samudrakinara tayar hoto, jyamule kinanyache sanrakshn hote kaaran valuche sahitya lahari urja filter karate aanee shoshun ghete. tathapi, samudrakinanyavaril samagriche updrift bajula nuksan hote, jyasathi tethe aanakhi eka groyanchi aavashyakta asate. groin samudrakinanyache vadalane chalana latanpasoon sanrakshn karat naheet aanee jarr khoop jawal thevalyas samudrakinari sahitya vahoon nenare pravah tayar hotat. groinche aakar saral, bahereel dishene khalchya dishene viruddha dishene vakr asoo shakatat.
groyance kifayatshir asatat, tyanna qamee dekhbhalichi aavashyakta asate aanee teey sarvat samanya sanrakshananpaiki eka aahet. tathapi, groyanskade kinarpattichya saundaryasathi hanikarak mhanoon pahile jaate aanee anek kinarpattichya samudayanmadhye tyanna virodhala samore jaave lagate.
samudrakinaryachya vadhimule groyance haah eka 'mauu' upay manla jaau shakato.
groyne bandhkamamule terminal groyne syndrome mhanoon olakhali jaanari samasya nirman hote. terminal groyne lamb kinanyavaril pravahala itar jawalchya thikani sahitya aananyapasun rokhate. brittenmadhil hampshire aanee sussex kinarpattivar hii samasya aahe; udaa.jee., white sthiteet.
sagari bhinti.
concrete aanee dagadi bandhkamachya bhinti, ekhadya vastiskat dhoop kinwa purapasoon sanrakshn karnyasathi vaparlya jaatat. teey samanyatah sumare uchch asatat. junya shailitil ubhya sagari bhinti latanchi serve urja parat samudrat pratibimbit karatat aanee yaa uddeshasathi anekada punha punha shikhar bhinti dilya jaat asat jyamule sthanik ashantata vadhate aanee tyamule valoo aanee galamadhye pravesh vadhato. vadalanchya velee, sagari bhinti lamb kinanyavaril pravahas madat karatat.
aadhunik sagari bhintinche uddisht bahutansh aapatkalin urja utaratya revetmentchya swarupat punarnirdeshit karane heey aahe, parinami qamee paravartit laata aanee khoop qamee ashantata nirman hote. rachnamadhye khadak, concrete kavach (tetrapod, cb, shade, exblock ii.) yanchya sachchidra rachana vaparlya jaatat.) samudrakinaryavar jaanyasathi payyansah.
samudrakinaryachya bhintiche sthan, samudrakinaryachya swarupache swachchh kelele aavaran, samudrakinaryavaril dirghakalin mandiche parinam aanee kharchachya parinamansah suvidha shikhar patalicha vichar karane aavashyak aahe.
samudrakinare nasht honyas sagari bhinti karanibhoot tharoo shakatat. tyanchi upasthiti teey jyache sanrakshn karnyacha prayatna karat aahet tyaa bhupradeshatahi badal karate.
aadhunik udaharane cronula (aine. ess. doubleu., 1985-6), blackpool (1986-2001), linkenshire (1992-1997) aanee valase (1983-1993) yethe aadhalu shakatat. sandwichmadhye, kent daad cb see wall samudrakeenanchya mageel bajus shingalkhali aanee rastyavaril curb staravar shikhar patalisah purale jaate.
samudra bhintinchi kimmat samanyatah prati meater 10,000 pound (sahitya, unchi aanee rundinusar), prati kiimii (sahitya, unchi aanee rundinusar) 1 pound (id1) asate.
punarujjivan.
kinarpattila samantar bandhalele, samanyatah kinanyachya mageel bajus, tyapalikadechya kshetrache sanrakshn karnyasathi, tatbandi tirkas kinwa saral kelee jaate. sarvat moolbhut revetmentmadhye sambhavya rock infils lakadache tirkas bhag asatat. lahari punarujjivanachya viruddha todatat, jyamule urja nasht hote aanee shoshali jaate. kinarpatti adthalyanchya mage thevalelya samudrakinarichya samgridvare sanrakshit aahe, kaaran kahee sahitya punha bandhale jaat asalyane. laharichi urja nasht jhalyanantar paanee galanyasathi teey panrodhak, utaar purnapane jhakanare kinwa sachchidra asoo shakatat. bahutek reventment lamb kinanyavaril pravah vahatukimadhye lakshaniy hastakshep karat naheet. bhint paravartit karnyaivaji urja shoshun ghet asalyane, surf haloohaloo nasht hote aanee punarujjivan nasht karate; mhanoon, sanrachanatmak samagri aanee utpadanachya gunavattenusar dekhbhal suru aahe.
rock kavach.
rock kavach heey sthanik samagricha vapar karoon samudrachya kathavar thevalele mothe khadak aahet. yacha vapar samanyatah lahari urja shoshun ghenyasathi aanee samudrakinaryavaril sahitya thevanyasathi keela jaato. jaree prabhavi asala taree haah upay saundaryachya karananmule apriy aahe. lamb kinanyavaril pravahat adthala yet nahee. rock kavach maryadit ayushya asate, vadalachya paristhitit prabhavi nasate aanee manoranjanatmak moolye qamee karate.
geotextile tube.
geotextile tube kinwa geotube yaa sthanik patalivar upalabdh asalelya valuchya galoon bharalelya mothya geotextile pishavya aahet jyaa samudrachya kathavar thevalya jaatat. yacha vapar samanyatah lahari urja shoshun ghenyasathi aanee samudrakinanyavaril sahitya dharnyasathi keela jaato. flint tantrik bhoo-dravanandware tayar kelya jaananya tyton tube mhanoon anekada sandarbhit kele jaate. lamb kinanyavaril pravahat adthala yet nahee.
gabiens.
dagad aanee khadak jaalidar pinjaryat bandhale jaatat aanee dhoop houu shakananya bhagansamor thewale jaatatah kadhikadhi kadyanvar kinwa samudrakeenanchya ujavya konat. jevha samudra gabienver utarato, tevha paanee gaal sodoon vahate, tarr rachana lahari urjeche madhyam praman shoshun ghete.
sanrachaneche sanrakshn karnyasathi gabiens surakshitpane bandhane aavashyak aahe.
nakaratmak babinmadhye ghashache praman aanee drushya ghuskhori yancha samavesh hoto.
samudrakinari breakwater.
laharinchi disha badalanyasathi aanee laat aanee bharati urja filter karnyasathi concreetche thokale aanee/kinwa dagad kinanyavar budavale jaatat. laata pudhe kinanyavar tutatat aanee tyamule ksharan shakti gamavatat. yamule vistirn samudrakinare tayar hotat, jeey latanchi urja aanakhi shoshun ghetat. dolosne konkreetchya thokalyanchya vaparachi jaaga ghetali aahe kaaran teey laharinchya kruteela adhik pratirodhak aahe aanee utkrusht parinam denyasathi qamee concreetchi aavashyakta asate. aii-jacq, akmon, exblock, tetrapod aanee acropod yaa dolosarkhya samaan concrete vastoo aahet.
kadyache sthirikaran.
kadyanvar tekadya thevanyasathi terressing, lagwad aanee wayaringdware atirikt pavasachya panyachya nicharadvare kadyanche sthirikaran sadhya kele jaau shakate.
pravesh prashikshan bhinti.
nadee kinwa khadee valukamay kinarpattivarun vahate tevha teela adthala aananyasathi prashikshan bhinti bandhalya jaatat. bhinti kalvyas sthir aanee khol karatat jyamule nauvahan, puur vyavasthapan, nadichi dhoop aanee panyachi gunavatta labhate, parantu lamb kinanyavaril pravahat vyatyay aanoon kinarpattichi dhoop houu shakate. eka upay mhanje prashikshan bhintinchya khalee/bhovati valoo pump karnyasathi valoo bipassing pranali.
puur darvaje.
1953 chya uttar samudrachya puranantar vadalanchya vadhiche adthale kinwa puur darvaje suru karnyat aale aanee vadalanchya vadhimule kinwa teey sanrakshit karat asalelya kshetrala haanee pohochavu shakananya itar konatyahi prakarchya naisargik aapattimule honare nuksan rokhale gele. teey nehmipramane khule asatat aanee mukt marg detat, parantu vadalanchya vadhichya dhokyat jawal yetat. thams adthala heey asha sanrachaneche eka udaharan aahe.
soft abhiyantriki paddhati.
samudrakinara punarpurti.
samudrakinanyavaril punarpurti/poshanamadhye itar thikanahun valoo aayat karane aanee tee sadhyachya samudrakinanyavar jodane samavisht aahe. aayat keleli valoo sadhyachya samudrakinaryavaril sahityasarkhich gunavattechi asali pahije jenekarun tee naisargik sthanik prakriyanshi misaloo shakel aanee pratikool parinam naan houu shaktil. samudrakinaryavaril poshan groyancechya sanyogane vaparale jaau shakate. yaa yojnesathi varshik kinwa bahu-varshiy chakravar varanvar arj karane aavashyak aahe.
valuche dhigare sthirikaran.
valuche tekade heey samudrakinanyanche eka samanya vaishishtya aahe aanee anek jivanna nivassthan pradan karate. samudrakinanyanchi dhoop rokhtana teey upayukt asatat aanee vaara valoo pakadu shakatat jyamule kalantarane samudrakinanyachi naisargik nirmiti vadhate. valuche tekade sthir karnyasathi, purvachhayachi vanaspati aanee pashchachhayachi vanaspati lavali jaate. purvachhayachi vanaspati hii samanyatah mithachi favarani, jordar vaare sahan karnari vanaspati asate aanee udavalelya valuchya khalee dabaleli rahoon jaganyas saksham asate. kahee udaharane mhanje amofila erenaria, honkenia peploids, cackill maritima aanee spartina corcteta. tarr, mage asalelya tekdyanvaril vanaspati tekadyanchya chataya navachya daat pattyanmadhye vadhatat, jyamule tekadyanchi rachana tikavoon thevanyas madat hote. backdune vanaspatinchi udaharane mhanje hadsonia tomentosa, spartina paytons aanee iva imbrikata. yaa vanaspatinni mule lavlyanantar, zudupancha tappa suru hoto. purvichya sthapit vanaspatinni tekadya sthir kelya asalyane, zudupachya tappyat mothya mulanchya pranalisah mothya vanaspati vadhu shakatat. yamule valuchya tekadyanche aanakhi sthirikaran houu shakate. lakadi valuchi kumpan, padpath, dutch shidya aanee patavar chalanari hii mothee zaade vaara vahanari valoo pakadanyas madat karatat.
valuchya tekadyanna vanaspatinni sthir karane hii eka samanya pratha aahe aanee tee khajgi aanee sarvajanik samudrakinanvar lagoo kelee jaau shakate. anek malkansah khajgi malkichya samudrakinanvar sthiratechya valuchya tekadyanchi amalbajavani kartana, sahmatichya kararavar yene katheen hote. kahee malak tekadya ughadya thevanyas pradhanya deu shakatat, tarr itar lock tyaeivaji adhik aakarshak zaade lavtat. tyaa tulanet, sarvajanik malkichya samudrakinanvar dhigaaon sthiratechi amalbajavani kartana, tyanchyashi charcha karnyasathi qamee paksh asatat. tyamule amalbajavanibabatche karar jalad gatine kele jaau shakatat.
valuche tekade manvi kriyakalapanmule asurakshit asatat. tyamule tyanchya sanrakshanasathi tyanna shakya titkya qamee manvi parasparsanvadachi aavashyakta asate. manvi kinarpattivaril kriyakalapanmule valuchya tekdyanvaril dhoop aanee vanaspatinche jeevan nasht jhaale aahe. valuchya tekadyanche sthir karnara eka mahattvacha ghatak mhanoon vanaspati jeevan sthapit kele gele aahe aanee teey nasht jhalyas adhik dhoop hoil. heey talhanyasathi, soochana falak, patrake aanee samudrakinaryavaril rakshak abhyagatanna tyaa bhagache nuksan kase talhave heey samajavun sangatat. tasech, nuksan qamee karnyasathi samudrakinanyavaril bhag janatesathi bund kele jaau shakatat. dusra paryay mhanje kumpan jeey valuchya jaalyat ghusun sphot nirman karoo detat aanee vaara pasarlelya valuche aavaran vadhavtat.
samudrakinaryavaril jalsanchalan.
samudrakinanyavaril nichara kinwa samudrakinanyavaril panyache paanee qamee kelyane samudrakinanyavaril prushthbhagachya khalee sthanik patalivar panyachi patali qamee hote. yamule jalnissaran pranalichya varr valuche sanchay hote.
samudrakinanyavaril panyachya tableancha kinanyavaril sathavan/dhoop yavar mahattvapoorn parinam hoto. eka abhyasat samudrakinanyavaril vadhiv jalastar aanee samudrakinanyavaril vadhiv dhoop yancha mell basato, tarr qamee jalastar haah kinanyavaril spasht vadhishi julato. qamee panyache star (asantrupt samudrakinara) backwash darmyan pravahacha veg qamee karoon aanee laminar pravah vadhavun sathavan sulabh karate. samudrakinara santrupt avasthet asalyane, samudrakinaryatun sandapani vahana kshetratun baher padananya bhoojalamule backwashcha veg vadhato.
tathapi, konatyahi prakaran abhyasatoon sakaratmak parinamancha nirvivad purava milat nahee, jaree kahee prakarananmadhye ekoon sakaratmak kamgiri nondavali gelee. uchch urja ksharankari ghatananchya pratisadat bhedbhav karnyasathi puresha uchch varanvartevar dirghakalin dekhrekh haatee ghenyat aalee nahee.
yaa pranalicha eka upayukt dushparinam mhanje valuchya galan prabhavamule gola kelele sagari paanee tulanene shuddha asate. asey paanee sodale jaau shakate kinwa antardeshiy khaare/jalvahinyanmadhye oxygenyukt karnyasathi vaparale jaau shakate kinwa ushna pump, vilavanikaran prakalp, jameen-aadharit jalchar shetee, matsyalay kinwa jaltaran talavansathi ann mhanoon vaparale jaau shakate.
valoo samudrakinanyanmadhil dhoop thambavanyasathi aanee ulat karnyasathi jagbharatil anek thikani samudrakinanyavaril jalnissaran pranali basavanyat aalee aahe. 1981 pasoon denmark, america, britton, japan, spain, sweeden, france, itali aanee maleshiya yethe chovis samudrakinaryavaril jalnissaran pranali basavanyat aalya aahet.
buffer zoan.
kinarpattivaril aanee nadimukhavaril parisanstha puur, chakrivadale, bharatiche udrek aanee vadal yasarkhya naisargik dhokyanviruddha aanee paryavaraniy adthalyanviruddha bachav kshetra mhanoon kaam karatat. teey jee bhoomika bajavtat tee mhanje "prabhavacha kahee bhag shoshun ghene aanee asha prakare jaminivaril tyacha prabhav qamee karane". aadrabhoomi (jyat kharya panyatil daldali, kharat daldalicha samavesh aahe...) aanee tee jee vanaspati aadhar dete-zaade, mulanchi chatai ii. - mothya pramanat paanee (prushthbhagavaril paanee, burf vitalane, paus, bhujal) rakhoon thewa aanee nantar haloohaloo teey parat sodave, jyamule purachi aavad qamee hote. kharfutichi jangale kinarpattichya kinarpattyanche bharatichya dhoopapasun kinwa pravahanmule honanya dhoopapasun sanrakshn karatat; hii prakriya 1999 madhye bharatat aalelya chakrivadalanantar abhyasali gelee hotee. kharfutichya jangalanni vedhalelya gavanna kharfutipasun sanrakshit nasalelya itar gavanchya tulanet qamee nuksan sosave lagale.
kharch.
pratishthapan aanee karyachalan kharch khaleel karananmule badaltat.
dekhrekh.
kinarpattichya vyavasthapakanni ksharan prakriyeshi sambandhit mahititil truti aanee anishchitatechi bharpai kelee pahije. video-aadharit dekhrekh satat mahitee gola karoo shakate aanee kinarpattichya prakriyanche vishleshan karoo shakate.
ghatana chetavani pranali.
kinarpattichi dhoop nirman karananya aapattijanak ghatanancha manvi prabhav qamee karnyasathi tsunamicha ishara aanee vadalatil vadhicha ishara yasarkhya ghatana chetavani pranalincha vapar keela jaau shakato. vadalamule yenanya vadhicha ishara purachi daare kadhee bund karayachi heey tharvanyat madat karoo shakato.
wireless sensor network dekhrekh karnyas madat karoo shakate.
kinarpattiche nakashe.
kinarpattiche gatishil swaroop aanee tyacha ichchit vapar yamule tyachi vyakhya karane heey eka katheen kaam aahe. sambandhit mapping scale tapasachya sandarbhavar avalambun asate. samanyatah, kinarpattimadhye jameen aanee samudra yanchyatil parasparsanvad asato aanee kinarpattiche pratinidhitva yaa doghanmadhil antaradvare kele jaate. tapasanis khyan kinarpattichya sthitiche pratinidhitva karnyasathi kinarpatti nirdeshakancha vapar karatat.
kinarpattiche soochak.
kinarpatti nirdeshakachi nivad haah prathamik vichar aahe. nirdeshakanchi olakh maidanavar aanee havai chhayachitranavar sahajpane hone aavashyak aahe. kinarpattiche nirdeshak heey aakarshastriy vaishishtye asoo shakatat, jase qee berm crest, scarp aij, vanaspati resha, dhigaonyacheeii payache bote, dhigaonyacheeii shikhar aanee khadak kinwa bluff crest aanee bote. vaikalpikaritya, panyachi patali (uchch jalmarg (etch. etch. ell.), mhanje uchch jalmarg) olya/koradya seema aanee bhautik jalmarg yasarkhi gair-aakarshastriy vaishishtye vaparali jaau shakatat. aakruti 1 samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya kinarpattichya nirdeshkanmadhil avkashiy sambandhanche rekhachitra pradan karate.
etch. etch. ell. (aakruti 1 madheel etch.) haah sarvat samanyapane vaparla jaanara kinarpatticha nirdeshak aahe kaaran too shetat disato aanee rung aanee rakhadi asha donhi prakarchya havai chhayachitranvar tyacha arth lavala jaau shakato. haah jhala sarvat alikadil uchch bharatichya jaminichya vistarache pratinidhitva karato aanee uchch bharatimule varanvar, niyatkalik panlot jhalyamule valuchya rangat badal jhalyamule tyache vaishishtya aahe. aakashatil chhayachitranvar, rung kinwa rakhadi rangatil sarvat jaast jaminichya dishene badal karoon, holl chitrit kele jaate.
mahatva aanee vapar.
kinarpattiche sthan aanee kalantarane tyachi badalatya sthitee heey kinarpattivaril shastradnya, abhiyante aanee vyavasthapakansathi moolbhut mahattvache aahe. kinarpattivaril dekhrekh mohima aitihasik kinarpattiche sthan aanee halchalimbaddal aanee bhavishyatil badalachya andajambaddal mahitee pradan karatat. adhik visheshtah, purvichya, sadhyachya aanee bhavishyat tee kuthe asel assa andaj vartavanyat aalela kinanyavaril sthitee, kinarpatti sanrakshanachya rachnesathi, samudrachya patalitil vadhiche moolyankan karnyasathi, dhokyachya kshetrancha nakasha tayar karnyasathi aanee kinarpattichya vikasache niyaman karnyasathi sankhyatmak pratimanche mapan aanee padtalani karnyasathi upayukt aahe. kinarpattiche sthan, sanrachanechya shejaril kinarpattichya punarnirdharan, samudrakinanyachi rundi, aakarman aanee aitihasik badalache darr yabaddal mahitee dekhil pradan karate.
deta srot.
kinarpattichi sthitee tapasanyasathi vividh mahitee srot upalabdh aahet. tathapi, anek kinarpattivaril sthalanvar aitihasik mahitichi upalabdhata maryadit aahe aanee tyamule mahitee strotachi nivad mothya pramanat tyaa thikanasathi dilelya velee upalabdh asalelya goshtinpurati maryadit aahe. kinarpattiche nakashe tayar karanyachi tantre adhik svayanchalit jhaali aahet. tantradnyanatil varanvar honanya badalanmule eka manak nakashaprakar udayas aala nahee. pratyek mahitee srot aanee sambandhit paddhatimadhye kshamata aanee truti asatat.
aitihasik nakashe.
abhyasasathi havai chhayachitranpurvichya kinarpattichya sthitichi aavashyakta asalyas kinwa tyaa thikani chhayachitran coverage qamee asalyas, aitihasik nakashe paryay pradan karatat. suruvatichya nakashe aanee taktyanshi anek truti sambandhit aahet. asha truti praman, daytum badal, asman aakunchan, taana, chrissage, ashru aanee folds, vegvegalya sarvekshan manke, bhinn prakashan manke aanee prakshepan trutinshi sambandhit asoo shakatat. yaa trutinchi tivrata nakashatil achookata aanee tee kelyanantar jhalelya bhautik badalanvar avalambun asate. yuu. yuu. haah united statesmadhil kinarpattichya tarkhanchya mahiticha sarvat juna vishvasarh srot aahe.19vya shatkachya suruvatipasun teey madhyaparyantchya tarkha aanee kinarpatti aanee bhoo-sanyug sarvekshan/rashtriy mahasagar seva tii-sheets. united kingadammadhe, 1750 purviche anek nakashe aanee takte chukiche manale gele. 1791 madhye shastrastra sarvekshan sthapan jhalyane nakashachi achookata sudharali.
havai chhayachitre.
1920 chya dashakat bhaugolik mahitee puravanyasathi havai chhayachitrancha vapar karnyas suruvat jhaali. teey kinarpatti badal nakashe sankalit karnyasathi eka changla databases pradan karatat. havai chhayachitre haah sarvat samanyapane vaparla jaanara mahiticha srot aahe kaaran anek kinarpattichya bhagat vistrut havai chhayachitra aavaran asate.havai chhayachitre samanyatah changle avkashiy aavaran pradan karatat. tathapi, tatpurati vyapti hii vishisht jaaga aahe. kinarpattichya vatavaranache gatishil swaroop pahata kinarpattichya sthiticha arth vyaktilakshi aahe. heey havai chhayachitranmadhye antarbhut asalelya vividh vikruteensah ektrit kelyane trutichi lakshaniy patali houu shakate. pudhil truti qamee karnyasathi khalee charcha kelee aahe.
object space visthapan.
cameabaheril paristhitimule pratimetil vastoo tyanchya khyan jaminichya sthanavarun visthapit disu shakatat. asha paristhitinmadhye jaminivaril aaram, camera jhukane aanee vatavaraniy apavartan yancha samavesh asoo shakato.
vividh unchiche chhayachitra ghetana aaramdayi visthapan pramukh aahe. yaa paristhitimule samudraspativaril vastoo chhayachitrachya madhyabhagatun baherchya dishene visthapit hotat aanee jaminichya patalikhalil vastoo pratimechya madhyabhagakade visthapit hotat (aakruti 2). visthapanachi tivrata nakaratmakpane uddan unchitil ghat aanee chhayachitrachya kendrapasoon trijya antar vadhanyashi sambandhit aahe. anek pattyanche chhayachitra kadhoon aanee pratimanche eka chitra tayar karoon hii vikrutee qamee kelee jaau shakate. heey tantra pratyek chhayachitrachya kendrasathi eka kendrabindu tayar karate jithe vikrutee qamee kelee jaate. kinarpattichya nakashamadhye hii truti samanya nahee kaaran aaram byanpaiki sthir aahe. matra, kadyanche nakashankan kartana vichar karane mahattvache aahe.
aadarshpane havai chhayachitre ghetali jaatat jenekarun cameiacha optical aksh jaminichya prushthbhagala purnapane lumb asato, jyamule eka anulamb chhayachitra tayar hote. durdaivane asey sahasa hott nahee aanee aksharshah serve havai chhayachitranna 3° paryant jhukanyacha anubhav yeto. yaa paristhitit pratimeche praman jhukalelya akshachya varchya bajula mothe aanee khalchya bajula lahan asate. anek kinarpattiche sanshodhak tyanchya kamat yacha vichar karat naheet.
trijya lains vikrutee.
chhayachitrachya samkendrapasun trijya antarache karya mhanoon lenschee vikrutee badalate, mhanje pratimecha kendra bhag tulanene vikrutimukt asato, parantu drushtikon vadhato mhanoon vikrutee vadhate. purvichya havai chhayachitranatil truticha haah eka mahattvapoorn srot aahe. pratima tipanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya lenscha tapasheel jaanun ghetalyashivay ashee vikrutee durust karane ashakya aahe. truti sodavanyasathi paraspar aachchhadit pratima vaparlya jaau shakatat.
kinarpattiche chitran.
kinarpattyanche gatishil swaroop kinarpattichya nakashanshi tadjod karate. hii anishchitata udbhavate kaaran konatyahi velee kinarpattichya sthitivar tatkal bharatiche parinam aanee samudrasapatichi sapeksh vaadh aanee kinanyavaril kinarpattivaril gaal halchal yasarkhya vividh dirghakalin parinamancha prabhav padato. heey aitihasik kinarpattichya ganana kelelya sthitichya aanee andajanchya achukatevar parinam karate. hallcha vapar samanyatah kinarpattiche soochak mhanoon keela jaato. olya/koradya reshecha vapar holl aanee kinarpattisathi proxy mhanoon karnyashi anek truti sambandhit aahet. olya/koradya resheche alpakalin sthalantar, chhayachitravaril olya/koradya resheche spashtikaran aanee vyakhya kelelya reshechya sthitiche mapan yaa sarvat mothya chintechya truti aahet. bharati aanee hangami badalanmule olya/koradya resheche sthalantar yasarkhya paddhatshir truti udbhavtat. dhupamule olya/koradya resheche sthalantar houu shakate. keval unhalyatil mahiticha vapar karoon heey badal qamee karata yeu shakatat, asey kshetrachya tapasanit disun aale aahe.; shivay, dhoop darr mojanyasathi vishvasarh mahiticha sarvat lamb reecord vaparoon truti patti lakshaniyaritya qamee kelee jaau shakate. chhayachitravaril ekach ola mojanyatil adchanimule truti udbhavu shakatat. udaharanarth, jethe paine line 0.13 miimii jaad aahe, yacha arth 1:20000 scale chhayachitravaril ± 2.6 meterchi truti assa hoto.
samudrakinaryavaril mahitiche sarvekshan.
kinarpattichi sthitee aanee samudrakeenanchya aakarmanatil alpakalin (dainandin teey varshik) farak mojanyasathi samudrakinanyavaril mahitiche sarvekshan samanyatah niyamit antarane kele jaate. samudrakinanyavaril mahiticha tapasheel haah mahiticha atishay achook srot aahe. tathapi, mojmap samanyatah paramparik sarvekshan tantrachya maryadannusar asatat. samudrakinanyavaril mahitichya rupareshepasun milanari kinarpattichi mahitee anekada tyaa shram-kendrit kriyakalapashi sambandhit uchch kharchamule sthanik aanee tatpurati maryadit asate. kinarpattya samanyatah samudrakinanyavaril swatantra profilechya maliketoon antarantar karoon tayar kelya jaatat. profilemadhil antar sahasa barech mothe asate, jyamule antarveshak achookata maryadit hote. sarvekshan mahitee hii kinarpattichya chhotya lambiparyant maryadit asate, jee samanyatah daha kilometerpeksha qamee asate. newzealandmadheel pradeshik parishadankadun samudrakinanyavaril mahitee samanyatah upalabdh aahe.
remot sensing.
havai, upgrah aanee jameen aadharit remot sensing tantranchi eka shreni atirikt, mapp karnyayogya deta pradan karoo shakate. durastha sanvedana asalelya mahitee strotanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
remot sensing tantre kifayatshir asoo shakatat, hatane keleli truti qamee karoo shakatat aanee paramparik kshetra tantrachi vyaktinishthata qamee karoo shakatat. durastha samvedan hii tulanene naveen sankalpana aahe, jee vyapak aitihasik nirikshane maryadit karate. sangrahit strotankadun aitihasik kinarpattichya sthiticha tapasheel denanya mahitichya itar strotansah dursthapane jaanavalelya mahitiche sanyojan karoon kinarpattichya aakarvidnyan nirikshanache praman nishchit kele jaane aavashyak aahe.
video vishleshan.
video vishleshan parimanatmak, kifayatshir, satat aanee dirghakalin dekhrekh karnare samudrakinare pradan karate. ekvisavya shatkat kinarpattivaril video pranalinchya pragatimule pratimanmadhun mothya pramanat bhubhautikiy mahitee kadhane shakya jhaale. hii mahitee kinarpattichya aakarvidnyan, prushthbhagavaril pravah aanee lahari mapdandanche varnan karate. uchch resolution jaaga aanee velechya vyaptisah yaa mapdandanche vishvasarh praman nishchit karnyachya kshamatemadhye video vishleshanacha mukhya fayda aahe. yamule prabhavi kinarpatti dekhrekh pranali aanee kinarpatti kshetra vyavasthapanala madat mhanoon tyanchi kshamata adhorekhit hote. video vishleshanacha vapar karoon manoranjak prakaran abhyas kele gele aahet. eka gatane austreliyatil valoo poshan aanee jagatil pahilya suvarn kinanyavaril krutrim surfing reefchya bandhkamala pradeshik staravar kinarpattivaril pratisadache nirikshan aanee praman nirdharit karnyasathi video-aadharit argus kinarpatti imaging pranalicha vapar keela. dusya eka vyaktine meater teey kilometer aanee divas teey hangam yaa tatpuratya pramananvar kinadhyalagatchya hydrodynamic aanee aakarshastriy prakriyanchya alpakalin andajansathi uchch resolution video nirikshananchya atirikt mulyache moolyankan kele.
video vishleshanamule kinarpattichya kshetrachya vyavasthapkanna snanmapichi sandhee milate. yacha vapar aantar-bharati bhaugolik sthitee aanee up-bharati snanmiti prapt karnyasathi aanee kinarpattichya kshetrachi lavchikta mojanyasathi keela jaau shakato [upalabdh samudrakinanyavaril praman tasech up-bharati patti sanrachanepramane]. united kingadammadhil porthtovan yethe sthool bharati vyavsthesah batmyanchya, aine. see. yetheel sookshm/messo bharatichya vatavaranat aanee atyant urjavan lahari havamanat video-aadharit kholiche andaj lagoo kele gele. nantarchya vadalat tivra vadalanchya velee video-aadharit sakhol andajancha vapar darshavila.