
webbed phoot

jaalidar paay haah aantar-digital puttle (jaali) asalela eka vishesh avyav aahe joou vividh tetrapod prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhye upasthit asalelya jalchar halchalinna madat karato. heey rupantar pramukhyane ardh-jalchar prajatinmadhye aadhalate aanee prushthavanshiy vargamadhye anek vela ektritpane vikasit jhaale aahe. 
heey bahudha vikasatmak janukanmadhil utparivartananmule udbhavale aahe jyamule samanyatah ankanmadhil ootee apoptose hotat. hii utparivartane anek ardh-jalchar pranyansathi fayadeshir hotee kaaran jaalyachya prushthbhagachya vadhiv kshetramule visheshtah prushthbhagavaril jaltaranpatunmadhye, adhik pohanyache pranodan aanee pohanyachi karyakshamta shakya jhaali. jaalyachya payane sutakeche pratisad aanee samagam vartan yasarkhya itar naveen vartananna dekhil saksham kele aahe. adhik hydrophoilsarkhya fleeperpasoon vegale karnyasathi jaalidar payala paddle dekhil mhatale jaau shakate.
aakarvidnyan.
jaalidar payamadhye payachya payachya botanchya darmyan jodanari ootee asate. aantar-digital webbing aanee syndactlies anek bhinn paristhiti webbed payanna janm deu shakatat. jaalimadhye padada, tvacha kinwa itar sanyoji ootee asoo shakatat aanee vegvegalya varganmadhye mothya pramanat badaltat. yaa badalamule payanchya prushthbhagache kshetrafal lakshaniyaritya vadhate. kahee prajatinmadhye, visheshtah pakshyanmadhye yaa badalacha eka parinam mhanje paay heey ushnatechya hanisathi eka pramukh sthan aahe. pakshyanmadhye, paay pratisanyojak ushnatechya devanghevanicha vapar karatat jenekarun haah parinam qamee karnyasathi hrudayat parat yenanya raktamule payanparyant pohochanare rakt aadhich thund hote. jaalidar paay vividh aakar ghetat; pakshyanmadhye, jaalidar dekhil satat asoo shakate, jase qee grabessarkhya lobet-paay asalelya pakshyanmadhye disate. tathapi, bahutek jalchar pakshi aanee bedkanmadhye disanara tribhujakar aakar (δ) haah sarvat samanya aahe. haah tribhuj pankha aakar haah eka upay aahe joou anek varganmadhye ektritpane vikasit jhaala aahe aanee uchch aakraman konanvar uchch uchal shaktinna parvanagi denyasathi vimananmadhye dekhil vaparla jaato. haah aakar dragg-aadharit aanee lift-aadharit pranodan yaa donhidware pohtana mothya shaktinche utpadan karnyas anumati deto.
jaalidar paay heey jalchar aanee sthaliy halchalinmadhil tadjod aahe. matsya nasalelya prushthavanshiy pranyanche jaal niyantran prushthbhag heey paddle kinwa hydrophoil asoo shakatat. paddle hydrophoilpeksha qamee uchal nirman karatat aanee paddling heey dragg-aadharit niyantran prushthbhaganshi sambandhit aahe. jaalidar payanchi andaje trikoni rachana, rund durastha tokasah, vadhiv lift nirman karnyapeksha panyachya mothya vastumanavar parinam karoon pranodak karyakshamta vadhavanyasathi vishesh aahe. heey anek kayamswarupi jalchar pranyanchya adhik hydrophoilsarkhya fleeperchya ulat aahe.
utkranti.
vikas.
jaalidar paay heey janukanmadhil utparivartanancha parinam aahet jyamule samanyatah payachya botanmadhil aantar-digital ootee apoptose hotat. apoptosis kinwa kramadeshit peshi mrutyu, vikasachya vividh margandware madhyasthi kelee jaate aanee samanyatah ank vegale karananya uutinchya mrutyumule ank tayar hotat. jaalidar paay asalelya vegvegalya prushthavanshiy prajatinmadhye bhinn utparivartan asatat jeey yaa prakriyet vyatyay aanatat, jeey soochit karate qee rachana yaa vanshanmadhye swatantrapane udbhavali.
manavanmadhye, tyanchya swatachya vaidyakeey, aakarshastriy aanee anuvanshik botanchya thipkyansah nauu adviteey upprakaranpasun syndactly udbhavu shakate. yavyatirikt, samaan anuvanshik utparivartan heey syndactalychya vegvegalya phenotypic abhivyaktivar aadhar deu shakatat. yaa paristhiti manavanmadhye vikar asalya taree, jaalidar ankanchya anuvanshik karanatil parivartansheelata hii jaalidar paay nivadakpane fayadeshir asalelya prajatinmadhye haah aakarshastriy badal kassa udbhavala yabaddal aaplya samajutila soochit karate. yaa paristhitimule utparivartanasathi vividh aanuvanshik uddishte dekhil disun yetat, jyamule jaalidar paay tayar hotat, jeey utkrantichya itihasadarmyan hii samaroop rachana anek vela kashee udbhavali asavi heey spasht karoo shakate.
aantar-digital nekrosismadhye samavisht asalela eka marg mhanje hadey morphogenetic prathine (bii. emm. pii.) sanket marg. bii. emm. pii. sanket renu (bii. emm. pii. ess.) vikasadarmyan uutinchya bhagat ankanchya darmyan vyakt kele jaatat. kombadyanvaril prayoganmadhye, bii. emm. pii. receptormadhye jhalelya utparivartananmule aantar-digital uutinche apoptosis viskalit jhaale aanee badkansarkhe jaaledar paay vikasit jhaale. badkanmadhye, bii. emm. pii. ajibat vyakt kele jaat naheet. heey parinam soochit karatat qee pakshyanchya vanshamadhye, aantar-digital uutinmadhye bii. emm. pii. sanketachya vyatyayamule jaalidar paay nirman jhaale. yaa margatil kshinatechi tivrata sanrakshit kelelya aantar-digital uutinchya pramanashi sambandhit aahe. pakshyanmadhye jaalidar payanchya vikasat samavisht asalelya itar anuvanshik badalanmadhye tii. jee. eff. bii. aii.-prerit condrogenesis qamee karane aanee "emm. ess. ex.-1" aanee "emm. ess. ex.-2" januk abhivyakti qamee karane yancha samavesh hoto.
nivadak fayda naan gheta, itar aakarshastriy badalanshi jodalele asalyamule jaalidar paay dekhil udbhavu shakatat. salamandermadhye, anek vanshanmadhye jaalidar paay nirman jhaale aahet, parantu bahutekanmadhye karya vadhanyas hatbhar lagat nahee. tathapi, lenitil salmander prajatitil "chiropterotritan magnips" (bigfoot splayfoot salmander), tyanche jaaledar paay itar salmanderpeksha aakarshastriyadrushtya adviteey aahet aanee eka karyatmak uddesh sadhya karoo shakatat. heey darshavate qee jaalidar paay vikasatmak badalanmule udbhavtat, parantu teey nivadak fayadhyashi karyatmakaritya sambandhit nasatat.
phylogeny.
serve pramukh prushthavanshiy vanshanmadhye aanee angadhari pranyanmadhye jaalidar paay nirman jhaale aahet. bahutek jaalidar payanchya prajati tyancha kahee vel jalchar vatavaranat ghalavatat, jeey soochit karate qee hii samaroop rachana jaltaranpatunna kahee fayda dete. pratyek vargatil kahee udaharane yethe thalakpane dilee aahet, parantu hii sampoorn yadee nahee.
ubhaychar.
ubhaycharanchya teen kramanpaiki, anur (bedook aanee todes) aanee eurodela (salmonders) madhye jaalidar paay asalelya pratinidhi prajati aahet. samanya bedukasarkhya ("raana temporaria") jalchar vatavaranat rahana bedakanche paay jaalidar asatat. vrukshashastriy aanee gumpha vatavaranatil salamanderna dekhil jaalidar paay asatat, parantu bahutek prajatinmadhye, yaa aakarshastriy badalala karyatmak fayda asanyachi shakyata nahee.
sarpatanare prani.
sarpatananya pranyanmadhye jaalidar payanche pratinidhi asatat jyat godya panyatil kasav aanee geko yancha samavesh asato. jaalidar paay asalele kasav jaleey asatat, tarr bahutek geko heey sthaliy aanee vanaspatijanya vatavaranat rahatat.
pakshi.
pakshyanche samanyatah sarpatananya pranyancha upasamuh mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate, parantu teey prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhye eka vegala varg aahet, mhanoon tyanchi swatantrapane charcha kelee jaate. panpakshichya vividhatemule pakshyanmadhye jaalidar paay asalele pratinidhi mothya pramanat asatat. badake, huns aanee huns yaa sarvanna jaalidar paay aahet. teey panyat vegvegalya charyachya vartanancha vapar karatat, parantu halchalinchya samaan paddhati vapartat. pakshyanchya payanmadhye jaali aanee lobation shailinchi vividh vividhata aahe, jyat jaalimadhye jodalele serve ank asalele pakshi, jase qee brandche jalchar aanee lobe kelele ank asalele pakshi, jase qee grabes. talwa aanee khob pohanyas kinwa chikhalasarkhya sail jaminivar chalanyas madat karatat. pakshyanchya jaalidar kinwa talpayyukt payanche anek prakaranmadhye vargikaran kele jaau shakateh
pamet paay sarvat samanya aahe.
sastan prani.
kahee ardh-jalchar sastan pranyanna jaalidar paay asatat. pakshyanmadhye aadhalanaya syndactalychya ulat, yapaiki bahutekanmadhye aantar-digital jaali asate. kahee ullekhaneey udaharananmadhye platypus, beaver, uudake aanee watter oposum yancha samavesh hoto.
karya.
pohanyache pranodan.
anek prajatinmadhye, jalataranadarmyan pranodan nirman karnyat madat karnyasathi jaalidar paay bahudha vikasit jhaale. bahutek jaalidar paay asalele prani halchalinchya paddling paddhati vapartat, jethe tyanche paay tyanchya sampoorn sharirachya gatichya tulanet mage sarakatat, jyamule eka pranodak shakti nirman hote. aantar-digital puttle prushthbhagache kshetrafal vadhavate, jyamule prani tyachya payachya pratyek strokes nirman karoo shakanare pranodak odh vadhate. hii pranodanachi odh-aadharit paddhat aahe. tathapi, kahee jalchar pankhanmadhye uchal-aadharit pranodan paddhati dekhil vaparlya jaatat, jithe tyanche paay payanchya hallyacha coone aanee sapeksh panyachya vegamule hydrodynamic lift tayar karatat. udaharanarth, gret-crested grabes tyanchya bajukadil payanchya strokemule aanee asamamiteey, lobyukt botemule keval lift-aadharit pranodan vapartat. bahutek jalchar pakshi pranodanachya yaa done paddhatinche sanyojan vapartat, jethe tyanchya payanchya strokecha pahila trutiyansh bhag pranodak odh nirman karato aanee shevatchya done trutiyansh stroke pranodak uchal nirman karato.
panyatoon payala lagalela fatka dekhil bhovati nirman karato jeey pranodanas madat karatat. badkanmadhil odh-aadharit teey uchal-aadharit pranodanakade sankramanadarmyan, payachya samore tayar jhalelya aaghadichya kathavaril bhovati vahatat, jyamule payavar panyacha pravah nirman hoto jyamule kadachit uchal utpadanas madat hote. itar prajati dekhil tyanchya jaalidar payanchya stroke darmyan heey bhortis tayar karatat. bedook panyamadhye pohtana tyanche paay galoon takanare bhoval dekhil tayar karatat. donhi payanche bhoval ekmekanmadhye hastakshep karat naheet; mhanoon, pratyek paay swatantrapane pudhe chalvat aahe.
bahutek purnapane jalchar prushthavanshiy prani halchalinchya paddling paddhati vaparat naheet, tyaeivaji halchal kinwa flipper halchalinchya aniyamit paddhati vapartat. purnapane jalchar sastan prani aanee pranyanmadhye samanyatah jaalidar payanaivaji fleepers asatat, jeey adhik vishesh aanee sudharit avyav asatat. asey gruhit dharale jaate qee ardhajaliy aanee purnapane jalchar uchch prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhil (visheshtah sastan prani) utkrantivadi sankramanamadhye pohanyachya avayavanche visheshikaran aanee panyachya khalee, aniyamit gatee paddhatinmadhye sankraman yaa donhi goshtincha samavesh hota. tathapi, pramukhyane prushthbhagavar pohana ardh-jalchar pranyansathi, jaalidar paay atyant karyaksham asatat; teey karyaksham sthaliy aanee jalchar halchalinmadhye prabhavipane badal karatat. yavyatirikt, kahee jalchar panyakhalil pohanyasathi paddling mode dekhil vaparu shakatat, jyat tyanche pankh phadphadavanyapasun atirikt pranodan hote. diving badake panyakhali pohu shakatat aanee chaara banavoo shakatat. hii badake dubki martana tyanchya swatachya utsahavar maat karnyasathi tyanchi 90 takkyanhun adhik urja kharch karatat. prushthbhagacha veg tyanchya prushthbhagachya vegaparyant maryadit asalyamule teey panyakhali uchch veg dekhil prapt karoo shakatat; yaa vegane, lahari odhane asha binduparyant vadhate jithe badak jalad pohu shakat nahee.
itar vartan.
badkanmadhye, jaalidar payanni pranodanache atyant tivra prakar dekhil saksham kele aahet jeey sutakeche vartan aanee pranay pradarshanasathi vaparale jaatat. prushthbhagavaril jaltaranpatu vadhatya odhanyamule veg-maryadit asatat kaaran teey sharirikdrushtya paribhashit patangachya vegachya jawal pohochatat, jeey tyanchya sharirachya lambinusar nirdharit kele jaate. patangachya vegapeksha jaast veg prapt karnyasathi, kahee badake, udaharanarth eider badake, halchalinchya vishisht paddhati vapartat jyat shareer panyatoon baher kadhane samavisht asate. teey hydroplane karoo shakatat, jithe teey tyanchya shariracha kahee bhag panyatoon baher kadhatat aanee tyanchya jaalidar payanni paddle karoon gurutvakarshanavar maat karoo shakanari shakti nirman karatat; teey paddle-sahayyit uddan dekhil vapartat, jithe sampoorn shareer panyatoon baher kadhale jaate aanee pankh aanee paay lift force tayar karnyasathi ektritpane kaam karatat. atyant gambhir prakarananmadhye, yaa prakarchya vartanacha vapar laingik nivadisathi keela jaato. pashchatya aanee clarkche grabe tyanchya lobated payancha vapar karoon tyanna vistrut laingik pradarshanat panyavar chalanyas parvanagi denyasathi aavashyak asalelya jawaljawal 50 takke shakti nirman karatat; teey bahudha panyavar "chalanare" sarvat mothe prani aahet aanee samaan vartan pradarshit karananya suprasiddha saradepeksha mothya pramanat judd aahet.
sthaliy halchal.
jaltaran prajatinmadhye pramukhyane jaalidar paay nirman jhaale asale taree, teey chikat kinwa mauu prushthbhaganvar sampark kshetra vadhavun sthaliy halchalinmadhye dekhil madat karoo shakatat. pii. sathee. rangi, "namib sand gekko, tyanche jaalidar paay valuche boot mhanoon kaam karoo shakatat jeey tyanna valuchya tekdyanvar halanyas saksham karatat. tathapi, kahee paryavaranshastradnyanche asey mutt aahe qee tyanche jaalidar paay jaminivaril halchalinna madat karat naheet, parantu pramukhyane valumadhye khodkam aanee khodkamasathi favade mhanoon vaparale jaatat.  salamandermadhye, bahutek prajatinna tyanchya payanchya vadhalelya prushthbhagachya kshetrafalacha fayda hott nahee. tathapi, kahee, jase qee bigfoot playfoot salamender ("chiropterotritan magnipes") tyanchya shariracha aakar aanee payanchya prushthbhagachya kshetrafalachya gunottarat vaadh karatat jyamule shoshanachi kshamata vadhate. hii prajati guhechya vatavaranat rahate jithe tyanna anekada ole, chikat prushthbhag disatat. tyamule, tyanche jaalidar paay tyanna yaa prushthbhaganvar sahajpane halanyas saksham karoo shakatat.