vastavik-vel pratilekhan

pratyaksh-veleche pratilekhan hii nyayalayin patrakaranni bolalya gelelya shabdanchya kahee sekandanchya aat sanganakeey majkoor padadya pohochavanyasathi vastavik-velechya majkoor tantradnyanacha vapar karoon pratilekhan karnyasathi samanya sandnya aahe. vishesh softwaremule nyayalayin sunavani kinwa nivedanatil sahbhaginna majkuratil nondi karanyachi aanee bhavishyatil sandarbhasathi bhag thalak karanyachi parvanagi milate.
vastavik-veleche pratilekhan prasaran vatavaranat dekhil vaparale jaate jithe tyala adhik samanyatah "caption" mhanatat."
nokarichya sandhee.
manoranjan, durchitravani, internet aanee kayada yasah vividh udhyoganmadhye pratyaksh-veleche ahwal vaparale jaatat.
vishisht karkirdit khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
itihas.
stenotype yantrachya aagmanapurvi, nyayalayachya patrakaranni stenoformchya laghulipi pranalicha vapar karoon hatane adhikrut chachani pratilekhan lihile, jyache nantar vachaniy ingerjit bhashantar kele jaau shakate. heey hastalikhit lekhan aavashyak vegane shikanyasathi anekada aath varshe prashikshan ghetale jaate. walter heyronimus haah yuu. aii. madheel tyachya kamadarmyan stenotype machinecha vapar kaam pahilya aashulipikaranpaiki eka hota.ess. 1935 madhye nyu jarsimadhil jilha nyayalay pranali.
khatalyachya vadhatya pramanamule visavya shatkachya uttaradhat 'pratilekhan sankat' nirman jhaale. khatalyachya vadhatya sankhyeshi julavun ghenyasathi nyayalayin patrakaranchi sankhya pureshi navhati. anek nyayalayin karyavahila upasthit rahnyasathi keval nyayalayin patrakar anupalabdha navhate, tarr nyayalayin pratilekhanna satat usheer hott asey aanee guna vegvegale asat. kahincha assa vishvas hota qee heey nyayalayin patrakaranmadhil paraspar badal naan jhalyamule jhaale hote, tarr itarancha assa vishvas hota qee heey keval kamgaranchya kamataratemule jhaale hote. darmyan, chumbakeey dhwanimudran, kinwa electronic dhwanimudran (eae. aar.) mhanoon olakhale jaanare dhwanimudran serve patrakaranchya nokarila dhoka nirman karoo lagale kaaran teey nyayalayin khatale dirgh taas nondavu shakat hote aanee nyayalayatil nyayalayin patrakarachya padachi jaaga gheu shakat hote. parinami, yantra anuvad (emm. tii.) haah patrakaranchya patrakaranchya sambhavyaritya badalanyapasun rokhanyasathi eka upay mhanoon kaam karnyacha hetu aahe. tathapi, emm. tii. pranalichya mage karyarat asalelya manvi majuranvar mothya pramanat avalambun hote aanee anekjan 'pratilekhan sankat' sampavanyacha haah yogya marg asava qaa assa prashna vicharoo lagale."nantar 1964 madhye see. aay. aii. neey sthapan keleli svayanchalit bhasha prakriya sallagar samitee (ell. pii. aii. see.) hii emm. tii. heey sankat sodavanyas saksham aahe qaa yacha aadhava ghenyasathi sthapan karnyat aalee. emm. tii. asey karnyat ayashasvi jhaala assa nishkarsh tyanni kadhala. tyanantar eka kushal aanee anubhavi nyayalayin patrakar patrick oo 'niil, see. aay. aii. sobat stenotype-anuvad prakalpavar kaam karnyasathi thambla aanee tyane manjar pranalicha namuna vikasit keela. nyayalay-ahwal ahwal samudayat manjar pranalicha avalamb kelyanantar, manjarala durchitravani prasaran pranalimadhye aanale gele, jyacha uddesh bahire kinwa katheen shravan samudayanna shirshake dene haah hota. 1983 madhye, linda millerne manjar pranalisathi aanakhi vapar vikasit keela. tine durchitravanivar eka vyakhyanache thet bhashantar yashasviritya kele aanee vidyarthyansathi eka pratilekh pradan kelee. yaa tantrala sanganak-sahayyit vastavik-vel anuvad kinwa cart mhanoon olakhale jaate.
nyayalayin patrakar.
nyayalayin kinwa sakshaprakarachya karyavahidarmyan pratyek sahbhagine bolalele achook shabd nondavane heey nyayalayin patrakarache kaam aahe. tyanantar nyayalayin patrakar shabdasha pratilekhan pradan kartil. adhikrut nyayalayin pratilekhan asanyache kaaran mhanje vastavik-velechi pratilekhan vakeel aanee nyayadhishanna pratilekhanat twarit pravesh karanyachi parvanagi dete. karyavahitun mahitee shodhanyachi garaj bhasalyas dekhil heey madat karate. yavyatirikt, nyayalayin patrakaranni dilelya pratyaksh-velechya pratilekhanchya madatine bahire aanee shravanadosh asalele samuday dekhil nyayik prakriyet sahbhagi houu shakatat.
shikshan aanee prashikshan.
nyayalayin patrakarakade asane aavashyak asaleli padvi patali mhanje sahyogi padvi kinwa madhyamikanantarche pramanpatra.
nyayalayin patrakar honyasathi, malkichya shaala, samudayik mahavidhyalaye aanee chaar varshanchya vidyapithanmadhye 150 hoon adhik patrakar prashikshan karyakram dile jaatat. padvinantar, uchch pataliche kaushalya prapt karnyasathi aanee nokarichya shodhadarmyan tyanchi vipananakshamta vadhavanyasathi nyayalayin patrakar pramanpatrancha pathpurava karane nivadu shakatat. bahutek rajyanmadhye, niyuktisathi patra honyasathi nyayalayin patrakaranna aata aine. see. aar. aii. kinwa rajya sansthankadun pravinya pramanpatranchi aavashyakta asate. nyayalayin patrakaranchya pramanpatrasathi rashtriy manak nishchit karane heey aine. see. aar. aii. chey uddisht aahe aanee 1937 pasoon tyane tyacha pramanpatra karyakram sadar keela aahe joou aata rajya parvanyanaivaji 22 rajyanni swikarla aahe.
nyayalayin patrakar prashikshan karyakramanmadhye samavisht aahe parantu itakech maryadit naheeh
ekhadya vishisht nyayalayat niyukt aanee kaam kaam adhikrut nyayalayin patrakaranvyatirikt, itar prakarchya nyayalayin patrakaranmadhye free-lance reportercha samavesh asato, jeey ektar nyayalayin ahwal ahwal sansthesathi kaam karatat kinwa swayam-rojgar karatat. teey adhikrut nyayalayin patrakaranpeksha vegale aahet kaaran tyanna kamanchya vistrut shrenivar kaam karanyachi aanee tasala tasala vetanachya aadhare kaam karanyachi sandhee aahe. sarkari sansthanchya sunavanimadhye kaam karnare patrakaranche mhanane aikoon ghene. vidhimandal patrakar kayada kayada sansthanmadhye kaam karatat. patrakaranchi magani keval nyayalayin vyavasthepurati maryadit nahee. parishad, baithka, adhiveshan, tapas aanee vastavik-vel mahitee pravesh kaushalya asalelya niyoktyanchya garja asalelya vividh udhyoganmadhye dekhil patrakaranchi aavashyakta asate.
bigger-ingraji pratilekhan.
pratilekhan seva sarvatrikpane aavashyak aahet, tyamule tyaa ingraji bhashepuratya maryadit naheet. keval ingrajichya palikade bhashanche lipyantar karanyachi ashulipi lekhakachi kshamata visheshtah maulyavan aahe kaaran sampoorn samaj adhikadhik bahubhashik hott aahe. bigger-ingraji pratilekhanatil shikshanasathi dilelya bhasheche sarvasamaveshak aaklan aavashyak aahe. ingraji aanee itar bhashanmadhil dhvanyatmak farak heey ingraji pratilekhan kaushalya itar bhashanmadhye nenyatil eka vishisht aavhan aahe. ashulipi laghulipichya aupcharik pranalimadhye bhashechya vividh dhvaninche pratinidhitva karate, mhanoon itar bhashanmadhye bhashanmadhye dhvaninchya sanchatil farkansathi laghulipichya paryayi pranalichi aavashyakta asate. udaharanarth, spanish bhashet anek dipthong aanee tribhujanchya upasthitisathi kahee vishisht dhwani vegale karane aavashyak aahe jeey ingrajiche laghulipimadhye lihaychya velee upasthit nastil.
vaad.
bhashik charchechya sandarbhat pratilekhacha vapar vadgrast rahila aahe. samanyatah, done prakarchya bhashik nondi vaidnyanikdrushtya sambandhit manalya jaatat. pratham, samanya dhwanik vaishishtyanchya bhashik nondi aanee dusare mhanje, keval bhashechya vishisht dhvanivar laksh kendrit kaam nondi. pratilekhan purnapane bekaydeshir nasale taree, konatyahi bhashik vaishishtyanvishayi puresha tapshilvar bhashyanshivay kinwa nikrusht darjachya sansadhananchya pratilekhanshivay pratilekhanat majkuracha chukicha arth kadhanyachi mothee shakyata asate. chukichya arth lavnyavyatirikt, lipyantarankarte sanskrutik purvagrah aanee adnyan dekhil aanoo shakatat jeey tyanchya lipyantaranavar pratibimbit hote. yaa ghatananmule antim pratyaksh-velechya pratilekhanatil vishvasarhatet vyatyay yeu shakato, jyamule lekhee uchcharakade nyayalayin khatalyasathi purava mhanoon kase pahile jaate yavar parinam houu shakato.
gunvatteche prashna.
antim parinami pratilekhanatil samasya ektar pratilekhankartyachya gunavattemule kinwa pratilekhan kelya bolalya mool strotamule houu shakatat. lipyantaran karnare kaushalya aanee prashikshan parshvabhoomichya vividh staranmadhun yeu shakatat. yamule antim pratilekhan nikrusht darjache honyachi shakyata asate, kinwa pratilekhan anek lock karat asalyas, majkuratil susangatatecha abhav.
pratilekhan srot heey dhwanimudran asalyas, samasya dhwanimudran yantrachya gunavattevar (yantrik apayash, batterychi haanee ii.) rujaleli asoo shakate.) kinwa dhvanimudranachi spashtata (parshvabhoomicha aavaj, dhvanimudrak kharabpane basavane ii.).).
bolibhasha.
pratilekhanamadhye bolibhasha pradarshit karane pratilekhanatil guntaguntivar prakash takte. yaa paristhitichi moolbhut samasya ashee aahe qee lipyantaran kelele utpadan hii keval tyachya likhit swarupat bolali jaanari bhasha nahee, tarr tarr vyatirikt itar konitari lipyantaran keleli bhasha aahe, lipyantarankartyala bolalya bolalya bhashebaddal kitee samajoon ghenyachi patali asali taree. heey lakshat ghene mahattvache aahe qee konatehi pratilekhan heey bhashanache spashtikaran aahe, teey kitihi tapshilvar asale taree, aanee tyat kaay samavisht karata yeil, kaay sodoon dile jaeel aanee shevati vachkala kaay kalavale jaeel yaat teey nivadak asel. dhvanyatmak mahitee pradan karane haah dvandvatmak bhashanachya pratilekhanala purak karnyacha eka marg aahe. tathapi, dhvanyatmak sanketank kinwa vaparlelya chinhanchi gurukilli mhanoon kaam kaam taktyabaddal konatyahi dnyanashivay, pratilekhan mhanoon vaparnyasathi mahitee aprasangik houu shakate. jevha bolibhasha changlya prakare olakhalya jaatil tevha tyaa lakshat ghetalya jaatil, jase qee 'karane' sathee 'karane' yasarkhya samajik rudhivadi bolibhasha.
dhvanyatmak farkanvyatirikt, jyamule chukicha arth lavala jaau shakato, lipyantarankartyanna tyaa velee vaktyasathi vishisht asalelya sookshm samajik aanee bhavnik arthancha kinwa bolichya sabhovatalachya sanskraticha dekhil vichar karava lagato.
kansatil shabd chukiche aikale jaatat asey manale jaate, parantu bolibhashet vakyarachana asha prakare karya karate. jeey chey heey udaharan. maxwell etkinson aanee johnn heritage (1984) antim pratilekhat bolibhashecha arth lavnyachya achukatemadhye sanshayachi duvidha darshavtat. nyayalayin patrakaranmadhye vaktyache vyakaran durust karanyachi pravrutti dekhil asate, jeey vakta bolki bolibhashet bolat asalyas dekhil asoo shakate. yamule pratilekhan achukatebaddal adhik shanka nirman houu shakate, visheshtah jarr patrakar bolibhasheche pramanit bhashechya chukichya samatulya bhashet bhashantar karat asel.

