
jivavaran 2

biosphere 2 hii arizonachya oracle yethe sthit eka american pruthvi pranali vidnyan sanshodhan suvidha aahe. pruthvi, tichya jeevan pranali aanee vishvatil tyachya sthanabaddal sanshodhan, pohoch, shikshan aanee aajivan shikshanasathi eka kendra mhanoon kaam karane heey tyache dhyey aahe. hii eka rachana aahe jee moolatah krutrim, bhautikdrushtya bund paryavaraniy pranali kinwa vivarium mhanoon bandhali gelee aahe. hii aataparyant tayar keleli sarvat mothee bund paryavaraniy pranali aahe.
1987 aanee 1991 darmyan bandhanyat aalele, jaivmandal 2 heey moolatah pruthvichya jivmandlala paryay mhanoon bahya antaralat manvi jivanache samarthan aanee dekhbhal karnyasathi bund paryavaraniy pranalinchya vyavharyateche pradarshan karnyasathi hote. vividh jaivik jaivakshetranvar aadharit vividh kshetranchya sanrachanet jeevan pranalinmadhil parasparsanvadachya jaalyacha shodh ghenyasathi tyachi rachana karnyat aalee hotee. anek jaivakshetra aanee lokansathi rahnyasathichya nivassthananvyatirikt, jaagtik paryavaranachya abhyasasathi eka naveen prakarchi prayogshala mhanoon manav, shetee, tantradnyan aanee urvarit nisarg yanchyatil parasparsanvadacha abhyas karnyasathi eka krishi kshetra aanee kamachi jaaga hotee. tyache mission aath manavanchya ("biospherian") chamoosah done varshancha samapan prayog hota. antaral vasahatikaranat bund jaivakshetranchya vaparabaddal dnyan midvanyacha purvavarti mhanoon dirghakalin drushtine yakade pahile gele. eka prayogik paryavaraniy suvidha mhanoon tyane pruthvichya jivavaranala haanee naan pohochavata laghu jaivmandaliy pranalicha abhyas aanee hatalani karnyas parvanagi dilee.
eka varshavan, praval khadak asalela mahasagar, kharfutichi panthal jaaga, savana gavatal pradesh, dhukyache valvant aanee done manavjanya jaivakshetrah eka krishi pranali aanee rahnyasathi jaaga, prayogshala aanee karyashala asalele manvi adhivas hii tyachi saat jaivakshetre hotee. jaminikhalil bhag haah tantrik payabhoot suvidhancha eka vyapak bhag hota. bahutek suvidha vyapananya kachechya avkash chaukatichya patalandware swatantra pipe pranalidware aanee nishkriy saur inputdware garam aanee thund paanee prasarit kele jaate aanee jaivmandal 2 madhye onsite naisargik vayoo urja kendratoon vidyut urja puravali jaate.
biosphere 2 chaa vapar bund pranali prayog mhanoon tyachya mool hetusathi keval donada karnyat aalah ekada 1991 teey 1993 aanee dusyanda march teey september 1994. donhi prayatnanmadhye qamee pramanat ann aanee auxigen, prayogat samavisht asalelya anek prani aanee vanaspatinche mrutyu (jaree heey apekshit hote kaaran prakalpane biomes vikasit hott asatana nuksan apekshit karnyasathi jaanunbujun "prajati-packing" chey dhoran vaparale hote), rajkaranabaheril nivasi karmchanyanmadhil gut gatishil tanav aanee prakalpache vyavasthapan aanee dishene satta sangharsh yasah samasya udbhavalya. taridekhil, bund kelelya prayoganni bund paryavaraniy pranali, krishi utpadan, karmchari vargane palalelya uchch poshak aanee qamee ushmankyukt aaharasah aarogya sudharana aanee jatil jaiv pranali aanee vatavaraniy gatishilatechya swayam-sanghatanet antardrushti yaa babatit jaagtik vikram prasthapit kele. dusya bund karnyachya prayogane ekoon annapurti sadhya kelee aanee oxygenchya injectionchi aavashyakta navhati.
juuna 1994 madhye, dusya prayogacha madhyabhagi, antaral jaivmandal upkram hii vyavasthapan company visarjit karnyat aalee aanee suvidha thapp jhaali. 1995 madhye kolambiya vidyapithane yaa suvidheche vyavasthapan sweekarle aanee 2003 paryant prayog chalvanyasathi tyacha vapar keela. tyanantar gruhnirman aanee kirkol dukanansathi marg tayar karnyasathi tee padanyacha dhoka asalyache disun aale, parantu 2007 madhye arizona vidyapithane sanshodhanasathi tee tabyat ghetali. 2011 madhye arizona vidyapithane sanrachanechi sampoorn malki ghetali.
niyojan aanee bandhkam.
jivmandal 2 prakalp 1984 madhye vyapari aanee abjadhish paropkari edd baas aanee pranali paryavaranshastradnya johnn pii. yanni suru keela hota. elon, bassah aamhala 1991 paryant $15 kotee nidhi puravat hota. baas aanee elen 1970 chya dashakat synergia ranch yethe bhetale hote, jeey elon yanchya netrutvakhalil eka pratisanskruti samuday hota, jyanni buckminster fullerchya "spaceship arth" sankalpaneche samarthan kele aanee anuyuddhasarkhya aapattinpasun aashray mhanoon jaivakshetranchya kalpanecha shodh ghetala. synergia ranchche itar anek majee sadasya dekhil biosphere 2 prakalpat sameel jhaale.
1987 teey 1991 yaa kalat antaral jivavaran upkramandvare bandhkam karnyat aale, eka sanyukt upkram jyache pramukh adhikari johnn pii. elon, shodhak aanee karyakari adhyaksh; margaret augustein, see. eae. oo.; merrie harding, vitt upadhyaksh; abigail elling, sanshodhan upadhyaksh; marqa nelson, antaral aanee paryavaraniy anuprayoganche sanchalak, william eff. dempster, pranali abhiyantrikiche sanchalak aanee norberto alvarez-romo, mission controllche upadhyaksh.
tyala 'jivmandal 2' asey naav denyat aale kaaran pruthvinantar ('jivmandal 1') heey dusare purnapane swayampurn jivmandal hote.
thikan.
kaach aanee spaceframe suvidha aurekal, arizona yethe santa catalina parvatanchya payathyashi, tuxonchya uttares sumare 50 minitant aahe. tyachi unchi samudraspatipasun sumare aahe.
abhiyantriki.
jaivmandal 2 chee jaminivaril bhautik rachana steelchya nalyanni aanee uchch-karyakshamatechya kaach aanee steelchya chaukatipasun banavali gelee hotee. frame aanee glazing samagrichi rachana aanee nirmiti buckminster fuller, pieter johnn pears (pears structures, ink.) chya eka kalatil sahyogidvare chalavalya jaananya eka sansthene kelelya vishishtatenusar kelee hotee.). khidkyanche shikke aanee sanrachana jawaljawal purnapane vayurodhi asavyat, jenekarun havechi devanghevan atyant qamee asel, jyamule kalantarane sookshm badalancha magova gheta yeil. nashpati aanee vilyam dempster yanni vikasit kelelya paytant kelelya vayurodhi sealing paddhatinni darvarshi 10 takkyanpeksha qamee galatee darr sadhya keela. itakya kadak bund naan karata, pahilya done varshanchya bund prayogadarmyan darmaha% peksha qamee darane jhalelya oxygenchi mand ghat kadachit aadhalali nasati.
divasa, suryachya ushnatemule aateel havah vistarat gelee aanee ratri tee thund houn sankuchit jhaali. sthir aakarman rakhanyasathi nirman honanya prachand shaktincha samna karane talhanyasathi, sanrachanet "fuffuse" kinwa badalana aakarmanachya sanrachananmadhye mothya aakarachya diaphram thewale gele hote.
khidaki ughadane haah paryay naslyamule, sanrachanesathi ichchit mapdandanmadhye tapman niyantrit karnyasathi atyadhunik pranalichi dekhil aavashyakta hotee, jee vegvegalya jaivashastriy kshetransathi bhinn hotee. jaree thund karane hii sarvat mothee urjechi garaj asali taree hivalyat garam karane aavashyak hote aanee bund loop pipes aanee air handlers heey urja pranaliche pramukh bhag hote. tyaa thikanchya urja kendrane naisargik vayoo aanee backup generator, amonia chiller aanee watter cooling towerscha vapar karoon veej aanee garam aanee thund paanee puravale.
pahile mission.
pahili bund moheem 26 september 1991 teey 26 september 1993 paryant chalali. karmcharivarg hotah vaidyakeey doctor aanee sanshodhak roy walford, jaine pointer, tabber mccullum, marqa nelson, sally silverstone, abigail alling, marqa vanne thilo aanee linda leh.
ekoon aaharachya 83 takke utpadan shetee vyavasthene kele, jyat kelee, papai, god batate, beat, shengdane, leblyab aanee chaney, tandul aanee gahoo yaa pikancha samavesh hota. visheshtah pahilya varshat, aath rahivashanni satat upasamar nondavali. gananene asey soochit kele qee jaivmandal 2 chey shet jagatil sarvadhik utpadan karananya shetanpaiki eka hote, jeey indoneshiya, dakshin chean aanee bangladeshchya sarvat karyaksham krishi samudayanchya paach patine jaast hote.
tyanni tech qamee ushmank, poshak-ghan aahar ghetale jyacha abhyas roy walfordne aaharadvare ayurman vadhavnyababatchya tyachya sanshodhanat keela hota. done varshanmadhye karmchanyanchi prakruti utkrusht asalyache vaidyakeey chinhakanni soochit kele. tyanni collesterolche praman qamee karane, raktadab, rogpratikarak shakti vadhavane yasarkhya aarogya nirdeshankanmadhye samaan sudharana darshavili. tyanchya dusya varshat sthir honyapurvi aanee kahee vajan parat midvanyapurvi tyanni tyanchya praveshpurv sharirachya vajanachya sarasari 16 takke vajan qamee kele. tyanantarchya abhyasatoon asey disun aale qee qamee ushmank, uchch poshak aaharache anukulan mhanoon tyanchya annatoon poshakdravye kadhanyasathi biospherianche chayapachay adhik karyaksham jhaale. "jivmandal 2 madheel jaivakshetra 2 tantradnyanachya pranalichya mool rachanene vishari padarthanchi nirmiti talhali aanee jivmandal 2 madheel jaiv-utpadak tantradnyan aanee jeevan pranalinni nirogi vatavaran rakhale yachee pushti 2 madheel jaivakshetra 2 madheel jaivakshetra 2 chya karmchanyanchya ekoon aarogyane hote."
pahilya mohimedarmyan krishi kshetrat samavisht karnyat aalelya kahee paliv pranyanmadhye chaar african pigmi bakya aanee eka biilii bakra; 35 kombadya aanee teen kombadya (bharatiy jangali pakshi (gallus gallus), japani reshami bantam aanee hyanche sammishra); done gayee aanee eka dukkar ausbau butke dukkar; aanee hajaro varshanpurvi chinmadhye ugam pavalelya tandul aanee azola talav pranalimadhye vadhalele tilapia maase yancha samavesh hota.
kahee prajati tikoon nastil tarr ann jaale aanee paryavaraniy karya rakhale jaau shakate heey sunishchit karnyasathi 'prajati-packing' chey dhoran avalambale gele. antaral chaukatitun ghanikaran jhalyamule dhukyache valvant kshetra adhik aakarmanane adhik ghatt jhaale. savana hangami sakriy hota; carbon dioxidechya vyavasthapanacha eka bhag mhanoon karmcharivargane tyacha jaivbhar kapoon sathavala hota. parjanyavanatil agraganya prajati zapatyane vadhalya, parantu tethil aanee savana yetheel zadanna taana lakadachya kamataratemule, samanyatah naisargik paristhitit vaayaas pratisad mhanoon tayar jhalelya, ksheenata aanee kamkuvatpanacha tras sahan karava lagla. mahasagar kshetrat punarutpadit kelele praval aanee karmchari dalane pravalanpasun shaivalanchi hatane kapani karoon, samudrala jaast aamleey houu naye mhanoon calcium carbonate aanee ph patali hataloon aanee atirikt poshakdravye kadhoon taknyasathi moolatah sthapit kelelya shaiwal turf scrubber pranalila purak honyasathi sudharit prathine skimmer sthapit karoon mahasagar pranaliche aarogya rakhanyas madat kelee. kharfutiche kshetra vegane vikasit jhaale parantu samanya panthal pradeshapeksha qamee qamee pramanat kadachit prakashachi patali qamee jhalyamule. taridekhil, heey floridachya sadaharit kshetrache eka yashasvi pratirup asalyache manale gele, jithe kharfuti aanee daldalichya vanaspati gola kelya jaat hotya.
jivmandal 2, tyachya lahan aakaramule aanee bafarmule aanee sendriya padarth aanee jivanachya sandratemule, pruthvichya jivmandalat aadhalanaya badalanpeksha adhik chadhautar aanee adhik jalad jaiv-bhurasayanik chakr hote. vanaspati aanee pranyanche punarutpadan jhaale asale taree, parichay jhalelya bahutek prushthavanshiy prajati aanee jawaljawal serve paragan karnare keetak maran pavale. jiryansarkhya kitkanchya kitakanchi bharbharat jhaali. bayommadhil mool prajatinchya mishranamadhye anek kitkancha samavesh karnyat aala hota, parantu jaagtik staravar aakramak tramp mungya prajati, 'paratrechina longicornis', anavdhanane seal keleli, itar mungya prajatinvar varchasva gajavanyasathi aalee hotee. parjanyavanatil niyojit paryavaraniy uttaradhikar aanee samudratil kathor ghatana suryaprakash aanee meeth aerosolpasun yaa kshetrache sanrakshn karnyasathichi dhorane changli kaam karat hotee aanee mool jaivavividhateche aashcharyakarak praman kayam rahile. jivmandal 2 chee tulana tyachya suruvatichya paryavaraniy vikasat betanchya paryavaranshastrabarobar kelee gelee.
gut gatishastrah manasshastra, sangharsh aanee sahkarya.
vilag manvi gatanche bahutansh purave antarctic sanshodhan kendranmadhil shastradnyanchya hivalyatil manasshastriy abhyasatoon midatat. yaa ghatanecha abhyas 'maryadit paryavaran manasshastra' (see. eff.) aahe."paryavaraniy manasshastra); jaine pointerchya matey, heey eka aavhan mhanoon olakhale jaat hote aanee karmchari anekada gatanmadhye vibhagale jaat asat.
pahile bund karnyache kaam ardhe purn honyapurvi, gut done gatanmadhye vibhagala gela hota aanee pointerchya matey, jeey lock jawalche mitra hote teey keval bolanyachya ativar, kattar shatru banale hote. itar lock asey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee prayogachi uddishte sadhya karnyasathi eka sangh mhanoon karmchari ekatra kaam karat rahile, heey lakshat thewa qee jivmandal 2 laa haanee pohochavinari konatihi krutee tyanchya swatachya aarogyala dhoka nirman karoo shakate. heey itar mohimanchya ulat aahe jithe antargat gharshanamule ekmekanchi aanee ekoon mohimechi beshuddha todafod jhaali asavi. serve karmchanyanna tyanchya jiwant jagashi eka atishay majboot aanee aantrasambandh jaanavala. tyanni havah aanee panyachi gunavatta, vatavaraniy gatishilata aanee jeevan pranalinche aarogya heey atishay aateel aanee sakhol paddhatine satat tyanchya lakshat thewale. yaa jivhalyachya "chayapachay sambandhamule" chalak dalala jeevan pranalinmadhil agadi sookshm badalanna dekhil samajoon ghenyas aanee pratisad denyas saksham kele. "jivmandalache parasparanshi asalele naate aanee parasparanvaril avalambitva yaa donhinchya molache kautuk karane heey dainandin saundarya aanee aavhanatmak vastav asey donhi mhanoon kautuk kele gele", walfordne nantar kabool kele, "mallah tyapaiki kahee aavadat naheet, parantu aamhi eka gut hoto. gatvadache swaroop hetch hote... pann asey asoonahi aamhi khoop mehnat ghetali aanee aamhi purn sahkarya kele."
biopherics kinwa tadnya parisansthecha abhyas (qamee karnare mhanoon manale jaanare) mhanoon vidnyan kase pudhe jaave yavar sanyukt upkram bhagidaranmadhil matbhed aanee sattechya sangharshamule budbudyachya aateel gut tayar jhaale. pointercha samavesh asalelya gatala thampane vatale qee bund honyachya pramanapeksha sanshodhan vadhavanyas pradhanya dile pahije. dusya gatane prakalp vyavasthapan aanee ekoon mohimechya uddishtanna pathimba deela. 14 februwari roji vaidnyanik sallagar samitichya (sack) eka bhagane rajinama deela. "time" masikane lihileh "aadhich chhedchhad-pravan mahitee, gupt ann sanch aanee taskaricha puravatha yaa aaropanmule chiradoon gelela vishvasarhatecha padada aata futala aahe... svayampurnatetil done varshancha prayog vidnyanasarkha qamee aanee 15 kotee dollarschya stantsarkha disu lagla aahe."kharey tarr, tee pishavi visarjit karnyat aalee kaaran tee vaidnyanik sanshodhanache punaravalokan aanee sudharana karnyachya tyachya aadeshapasun vichalit jhaali hotee aanee vyavasthapan badalanche samarthan karnyat sahbhagi jhaali hotee. bahutek pishavi sadasyanni jaivakshetrache sallagar mhanoon rahane nivadle 2. tyanchya ahavalatil pishavichya shifarshinchi amalbajavani kelee gelee jyat sanshodhan jacq corlisschya naveen sanchalkansah, sanshodhan vadhavinyasathi aanee karmchari shram qamee karnyasathi aanee aupcharik sanshodhan karyakram tayar karnyasathi suvidha airlockdware vaidnyanik namune aanee upkarananchi aayat/niryat karnyas parvanagi dilee gelee. sanshodhan karyakramat sumare chausasht prakalpancha samavesh karnyat aala hota, jyachya vikasat walford aanee ollingene pudhakar ghetala.
nihsanshaypane qamee jhalela auxigen aanee ushmank-pratibandhit, poshak-ghan aaharamule manobal qamee honyas hatbhar lagla. jarr tyanna sanshodhan prakalp rabavanyasathi tandurust karane hoy tarr pointer gut ann aayat karnyasathi tayar aahe ashee bheeti alin gaga gatala hotee. vyakhyenusar teey prakalpache apayash asel asey tyanna vatale.
november 1992 madhye, bhukelya jaivakshetravasi lokanni jaivakshetrat naan pikavalele biyane khanyas suruvat kelee. pointerne yaa vyavasayache praa. sanchalak criss helmus yanna yachee jaaniv karoon dilee. antaral jaivakshetra upkramanche mukhya karyakari adhikari margaret augustein yanni teela tabadtob barkhast kele aanee jivavaranatun baher yenyas sangitale. matra, yaa aadeshachi amalbajavani kadhich jhaali nahee. pointer lihitat qee tine fakt shant rahanyacha nirnay ghetala, yogya tark karoon qee bund prabhavipane samapt kelyashivay aadeshachi amalbajavani kelee jaau shakat nahee.
serve gatanmadhye samanya asalelya gut gatishil aanee vaiyaktik bhavnik chadhautaranna vegale gut adhik mahatva detat. dhruviy sthanakachya karmchanyanchya kahee ahavalanni mansik samasyanchi atishayokti kelee. jaree pahilya bund karananya kahee chamoola vatale qee teey nairashyat aahet, taree biospherianchya mansik tapasanimadhye konatehi nairashya disun aale nahee aanee explorer/sahsi profilemadhye basalele disun aale, mahila aanee purush doghannihi antaralveeransarkhech guna midavale. eka manasshastradnyane namood kele, "jarr mea amazonmadhye haravale asate aanee baher padnyasathi aanee jaganyasathi margdarshak shodhat asato, tarr biospherian karmchari varg hii sarvoch nivad asel."
aavhane.
pahilya mohimet yenanya samasya aanee chukichya ganananmadhye anpekshit ghanikaranamule valvant khoop ole hone, haritgruh mungya aanee jiryanche loksankhyeche sphot, pavasachya jangalatil vadhalelya jaaget vaadh houn itar vanaspati rokhane aanee qamee suryaprakash (40-50% bahya prakash) heey mool apekshepeksha suvidhet pravesh karane heey hote. jaivavividhata jatan karnyasathi aavashyak asalyas aakramak vanaspatinvar niyantran thevanyasathi jaivakshetravasi hastakshep karat, 'keystone shikari' mhanoon kaam karat hote. yavyatirikt, bandhkam swatach eka aavhan hote; udaharanarth, laata aanee bharati badal honyasathi panyachya strotanmadhye ferfar karane katheen hote. pruthviche jivmandal samanyatah karat asalelya naisargik karyanna purak honyasathi abhiyante navinyapurn upay gheuun aale.jee. sagari biota, atyadhunik ushnata aanee shitkaran pranalila dhoka naan patkarnare nirvat pump samudrat saumya laata nirman karatat. jaivmandal 2 chya jivanache nuksan karoo shakananya hanikarak padarthanche vayoo baher padane aanee strav qamee karnyasathi serve tantradnyanachi nivad karnyat aalee.
yaa prakalpane jakhami sadasyala baher jaanyachi aanee naveen sahitya aat gheuun paratanyachi parvanagi dilee aahe heey janatela kalalyavar vaad nirman jhaala. chamoone dawa keela qee keval naveen puravatha plasticchya pishavya aanalya gelya, parantu itaranni tyanchyavar ann aanee itar vastoo aanalyacha aarop keela. tyachpramane, pranalichya santulanat jhalelya apayashachi bharpai karnyasathi janewari 1993 madhye prakalpane oxygenche injection dile, jyamule oxygenche praman satatyane qamee hott asalyache kalalyavar adhik teeka jhaali. kahinna vatale qee yaa tikanni tyakade durlaksh kele qee jivmandal 2 haah eka assa prayog aahe jithe anpekshit goshti ghadu shakatat, jyamule guntaguntichi parisanstha kashee vikasit hote aanee parasparsanvad kassa hoto yache dnyan vadhate, sarvkahi aadhich mahit hote asey pratyakshik nahee. etch. tii. odamne namood keleh "1992-1993 darmyan, siddhant vikasit karnyasathi, anukaranasah tyachi chachani karnyasathi aanee sudharatmak krutee lagoo karnyasathi deta vaparanyachi vyavasthapan prakriya sarvottam vaidnyanik paramparet hotee. tarihi kahee patrakaranni sarvajanik vruttapatranmadhye vyavasthapanala vadhastambhavar khilale, aanee haah prakalp eka olympic spardha asalyasarkha manla, jenekarun darvaje ughadalyashivay kitee kele jaau shakate heey pahile jaau shakate.
20.9% pasoon suru jhalela auxigen sthir gatine khalee aala aanee 16 mahinyanantar too 14.5% paryant khalee aala. heey unchivaril oxygenchya upalabdhateshi samatulya aahe. kahee jaivkshetravasiyanmadhye sleep epaniya aanee thakwa yasarkhi lakshane disu lagalyane, walford aanee vaidyakeey chamoone janewari aanee august 1993 madhye injectiondware auxigen vadhavanyacha nirnay ghetala. oxygenchi ghat aanee karmchanyancha kiman pratisad asey soochit karato qee havechya dabatil badalanmule manvi anukulan pratisadas chalana milate. yaa abhyasanmule jaivavaidhyakiy sanshodhan karyakramala chalana midali.
patali vyavasthapit karane heey eka vishisht aavhan hote aanee jaivmandal 2 prakalpachya kathit chukichya sadarikaranasandarbhat vadache kaaran hote. carbon dioxidechya gatishilatet darroj chadhautar samanyatah 600 ppm hote kaaran vanaspatinchya prakashsanshleshanadvare suryaprakashachya tasanmadhye jordar ghasaran hote, tyanantar ratrichya velee pranalichya shvasochavasache varchasva asatana ashich vaadh hote. apekshepramane, patalisathi eka majboot hangami swakshari dekhil hotee, hivalyatil patali 4,000-4,500 ppm itaki jaast aanee unhalyatil patali 1,000 ppmchya jawal hotee. dalane adhunmadhun scrubber chaloo karoon, sinchan panyachya niyantranadvare valvant aanee savana sakriy aanee nishkriy karoon, carbon vegale karnyasathi biomass kapoon aanee sathavun thevun aanee pranali prakashsanshleshan vadhavanyasathi vegane vadhana prajatinsah serve sambhavya lagwad kshetrancha vapar karoon vyavasthapan karnyasathi kaam kele. november 1991 madhye, 'daad village voice' madheel tapas ahavalat assa aarop karnyat aala qee, karmchanyanni guptapane scrubber upkaran basavale hote aanee dawa keela qee yamule serve samagricha naisargikaritya punarvapar karnyachya biosphere 2 chya jahirat kelelya dhyeyache ullanghan jhaale aahe. itaranni carbon dye auxide upkaranabaddal kahihi gupt nasalyache nidarshanas aanoon dile aanee yamule paryavaraniy prakriya vadhavinari aanakhi eka tantrik pranali tayar jhaali. carbon avkshepak rasayanik pratikriya ulatoo shakato aanee asha prakare nantarchya varshant sathavalela carbon dioxide sodu shakato jevha suvidha atirikt carbonchi aavashyakta asoo shakate.
parisansthechya vanaspatinna balpanapasun paripakvateparyant vadhanyasathi puresa carbon midava yasathi matichi nivad karnyat aalee hotee, kadachit vanaspati vastumanat vaadh. matitil sukshmajivanchya shvasanadvare carbon dioxide mhanoon tyaa matitil carbonche sodanyache praman adnyat hote qee jivmandal 2 prayog ughad karnyasathi tayar karnyat aala hota. tyanantarchya sanshodhanatun asey disun aale qee jaivmandal 2 chya shetjamini carbon aanee nitrogenchya adhik sthir gunottaraparyant pohochalya hotya, jyamule 1998 paryant utsarjanacha darr qamee jhaala hota.
prakashsanshleshanapeksha shvasochavasacha darr jalad hota (kadachit kahee pramanat chakchakit sanrachanetun tulanene qamee prakashachya praveshamule aanee jivmandal 2 eka lahan parantu vegane vadhana vanaspati biomass suru jhaale heey vastusthitimule) parinami oxygenchi haloohaloo ghat hote. oxygenchya ghatisah eka rahasy hoteh carbon dioxidemadhye sambandhit vaadh disun aalee nahee. isotopic vishleshanacha vapar karoon kolambiya vidyapithachya lamont-doherty arth vedhshalechya jeff saveringhoss aanee wallace broker yanni kelelya tapasanyaparyant yamule antarnihit prakriya lapali, asey disun aale qee carbon dioxide carbonatation navachya prakriyet calcium carbonate tayar karnyasathi jivmandal 2 chya aat ughad jhalelya concreets pratikriya dett hota, jyamule carbon aanee auxigen donhi vegale hott hote.
dusare mission.
jaivmandal 2 chya pahilya mohimenantar, carbon dioxideche grahan rokhanyasathi sealing concreets vyapak sanshodhan aanee pranali sudharana haatee ghenyat aalya. dusare abhiyan 6 march 1994 roji daha mahinyanchya ghoshit mohimesah suru jhaale. naudalache sadasya norberto alvarez-romo (karnadhar) hote.), johnn druit, matt finn, pascale maslin, charlot godfrey, rodrigo romo aanee tilak mahato. dusya chamoone ann utpadanat purn pureshi kamgiri kelee.
1 april 1994 roji, vyavasthapan sanghatil eka tivra vadamule pratibandhatmak aadesh denanya federal marshaldware aun-site vyavasthapan kadhoon taknyat aale aanee vittatadnya edd baas yanni bannon andd companyche tatkalin vyavasthapak steve bannon yanna kamavar thewale. antaral jaivakshetra upkram chalvanyasathi californiatil beverley hills yetheel guntavanuk banking pathak. prakalp praptimadhye thevanyat aala aanee prapkasathi eka bahya vyavasthapan pathak basavanyat aale jenekarun too prakalp ulgadat jaeel. vadache kaaran tippat hote. mohimechya gairvyavasthapanamule prachand prasiddhi, aarthik gairvyavasthapana aanee sanshodhanacha abhav nirman jhaala hota. lokanni prakalpachya ekoon aarthik gairvyavasthapanacha aarop keela, jyamule aarthik varsh 1992 madhye $2 kotiche nuksan jhaale. kahee karmchari aanee karmchari bannonbaddal chintit hote, jyanni purvi tyaa thikani jhalelya kharchatil vadhicha tapas keela hota; done majee biosphere 2 karmchari bhadekarucha nishedh karnyasathi arizonala parat gele aanee bannon aanee naveen vyavasthapan tyanchya surakshitatela dhoka nirman karel assa ishara denyasathi karmchari mandalat ghusale.
3 aii.emm. 5 april 1994 roji, pahilya karmchanyanchya sadasya asalelya abigail alling aanee marqa vanne thilo yanni, eka duheri-havai-kuloop aanee teen eka darvaja aapatkalin nirgaman ughadat, prakalpachi baheroon todafod kelee, jyamule teey sumare 15 minite ughade rahile. kachechya paach kachahi fodanyat aalya. nantar aulinne shikago tribunela sangitale qee tine "jivmandal aapatkalin sthiteet asalyache manale... konatyahi prakare tee vidhvansak krutee navhati. tee majhi jababdari hotee."yaa kalat jivmandalachya havechi sumare 10 takke devanghevan bahereel bajus jhaali, asey pranali vishleshak donela medos yanni sangitale, jyanna alinkadoon eka sandesh prapt jhaala, jyat tyanni sangitale qee tyanni aanee vanne thilo yanni mothya pramanat badalalelya manvi prayogala pudhe nenyacha kinwa baher jaanyacha paryay denanyannaa dene heey tyanche naitik kartavya asalyache tharavale, kaaran naveen paristhitibaddal chalak dalala kaay sangitale gele hote heey tyanna mahit navhate. "1 april 1994 roji, andaje sakali 10 vajata... limozin jivavaranachya thikani pohochale... shree. yanni niyukt kelelya done guntavanuk bankransah. baas... prakalpache thet niyantran ghenyasathi teey tatpuratya pratibandhatmak aadeshasah aale... tyanchyasobat baas sanghatnene niyukt kelele 6 teey 8 police adhikari hote... tyanni tabadtob karyalayanche kuloop badalale... serve dalanvalan pranali badalalya gelya (durdhvani aanee pravesh sanket) aanee aamhala surakshitata, karye aanee jivmandalachya sanshodhanashi sambandhit konatihi mahitee prapt karnyapasoon rokhanyat aale. 2. 'achanak padbhar swikaranaya' bankersna 'tantrik kinwa vaidnyanikdrushtya kahihi mahitee navhati aanee jaivakshetratil karmchanyambaddal farse kahee mahit navhate' yavar tyanni tyanchya patrat anek vela bharr deela.
chaar divasannantar, capton norte alvarez-romo (toparyant biosphere 2 chey mukhya karyakari margaret augustein yanchyashi vivahabaddha) tyachya patnichya nilambananantar eka "kautumbik aanibani" sathee jivavaranatun patkan nighun gela. tyachya jaagi burned zabelala nemanyat aale hote, jyala pahilya mohimecha karnadhar mhanoon namankit karnyat aale hote parantu shevatchya kshani tyachi jaaga ghenyat aalee. done mahinyanantar matt finnchya jaagi matt smithne jaaga ghetali.
malki aanee vyavasthapan company space biospheres upkram 1 juuna 1994 roji visarjit karnyat aale. yamule mohimeche vaidnyanik aanee vyavasay vyavasthapan antarim badal sanghavar sodale, jyanna vittiy bhagidarane karar keela hota, guntavanuk company tharavate.
mission 2 6 september 1994 roji akali sampale. pudhe jivmandal 2 madhoon sampoorn pranali vidnyan baher aale nahee kaaran kolambiya vidyapithane hii suvidha bund paryavaraniy pranalitoon "flow-thru" pranalimadhye badalali hotee jithe ichchit staravar hatalale jaau shakate.
steve bannonne done varshannantar jivmandal 2 sodale, parantu tyachya jaanyala, antaral jivmandal upkramanchya virodhat, jyat pravesh kelelya majee karmchari sadasyanni dakhal kelelya diwani khatalyane chinhankit kele. mool sansthapak gatatil jivmandal 2 chya agraganya vyavasthapakanni bannon aanee itaranchya apmanaspad vartanabaddal aanee haah prayog nasht karane heey bankeranche vastavik uddisht asalyache sangitale. 1996 chya khatalyachya sunavanidarmyan, bannonne saksh dilee qee tyane firyadipaiki ekala, abigail alin, eka "aatmakendrit, fasavaleli tarun stree" aanee eka "bimbo" mhatale hote. tyane asehi saksh dilee qee jevha tyaa mahilene tyaa thikanavaril surakshechya samasyanche varnan karnari paach pananchi takrar sadar kelee, tevha tyane takrar "tichya galyat" dhakalanyache vachan dile. bannonne yache shrey 'kathor bhavna aanee tutaleli swapne' yanna dile. khatalyachya shevati, nyayalayane firyadichya bajoone nikal deela aanee antaral jaivakshetra upkramanna tyanna $600,000 denyache aadesh dile, parantu firyadila tyanni kelelya nukasanisathi companyla $40,089 denyache aadesh dile.
vidnyan.
marino aanee howard tii yanni sampadit kelelya 'ecological engineering' niyatkalikacha eka vishesh ank. 1999 madhye odam heey 'biosphere 2: research past andd present' mhanoon prakashit jhaale, jeey gola kelelya kagadpatranche aanee biosphere 2 madheel nishkarshanche sarvat vyapak sankalan darshavate. yaa carbon dioxide-samruddha vatavaranat, pranali chayapachay, jalshastriy santulan aanee ushnata aanee aadrateche varnan karananya calibrated modelspasoon teey rainforest, kharfuti, mahasagar aanee krishi pranalichya vikasache varnan karananya kagadpatranparyantchya kagadpatrancha samavesh aahe. jaree anek prabandh aanee anek vaidnyanik kagadpatranmadhye jivmandal 2 madheel suruvatichya bund karnyachya prayoganmadhil detacha vapar keela gela asala, taree bahutek mool detache kadhihi vishleshan kele gele nahee aanee kadachit vaidnyanik rajkaran aanee antargat sangharshamule too upalabdh nahee kinwa haravala aahe.
vidnyan rebekka radierchya itihaskarane assa dawa keela aahe qee, jaivmandal 2chey nirmate heey shaikshanik vidnyanache bahereel lock mhanoon olakhale jaat asalyane, yaa prakalpachi chhanani karnyat aalee hotee parantu prasarmadhyamandhye too farsa samajala gela navhata aanee kolambiya vidyapithane vyavasthapan swikarlyanantar hii chhanani thambali, kaaran teey "yogya" shastradnya asalyache gruheet dharale gele hote.
prashansa aanee teeka.
jivmandal 2 baddalcha eka drushtikon assa hota qee haah "rashtradhyaksh johnn eff. nantar americet haatee ghenyat aalela sarvat romanchak vaidnyanik prakalp hota. kenedine aamhala chandrakade pathavale. itaranni yala "vidnyanachi veshbhusha karoon naveen yugacha pravah" mhatale. johnn allon aanee roy walford yanchyakade mukhya pravahatil olakhpatra hote. johnn elon yanni colorado school auph minesmadhun dhatushastra-khaan abhiyantrikichi padvi aanee harvard business skoolmadhun emm. bii. aii. padvi ghetali. roy walford yanni shikago vidyapithatun vaidyakshastrat doctorate midavali aanee 35 varshe yu. see. ell. aii. yethe pathologyche pradhyapak mhanoon shikavale. marqa nelsonne ph.dii. 1998 madhye pradhyapak etch.tii. paryavaraniy abhiyantrikimadhye odam, jyavar praval gola kele gele hote tyaa yukatan kinanyavaril praval khadak sanrakshanasathi, jaivmandal 2 madheel sandpanyavar prakriya aanee punarvapar karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya bandhalelya panthal pradeshancha vikas karat aahe. linda leh yanni jaivavividhata aanee jaivmandal 2 rainforest yaa vishayavaril prabandhasah odams kaam karoon ph. dii. prapt kelee. abigail alling, marqa vanne thilo aanee sally silverstone yanni jivavaranacha paya suru karnyas madat kelee jithe tyanni praval khadak aanee sagari sanwardhan aanee shashvat krishi pranalinvar kaam kele. jaine pointer aanee tabber mccullum yanni paragon space development corporation saha-sthapana kelee, jyane pahili miinii-closed pranali aanee antaralatil pahilya purn prani jeevan chakracha abhyas keela aahe aanee unchichya utaranmadhye jaagtik vikram prasthapit karnyat madat kelee aahe.
sahbhaginchya pramanpatranvar prashnachinh upasthit karat marqa cooper yanni lihile qee, 'jaivmandal prakalp tayar karnara, kalpana karnara aanee digdarshit karnara gut haah vidnyanachya atyadhunik tantradnyanatil sanshodhakancha gut nahee, tarr punarnavinikaran kelelya natya kalakarancha gut aahe, joou eka hukumshahi aanee nishchitpane gair-vaidnyanik vyaktimatva panthatoon vikasit jhaala aahe. teey nyu meksikomadhil synergia ranchcha sandarbh dett hote, jithe kharokharach anek biospherian lokanni johnn allenchya netrutvakhali natyakala sarav keela aanee biosphere 2 yamagil kalpana vikasit karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanni institute auph ecotechnicschi sthapana kelee aanee manvi tantradnyanache nirogi ektrikaran aanee paryavaranasathi aavhanatmak biomesmadhye navinyapurn kshetra prakalp suru kele jethe anek biospherian umedvaranna vastavik-vel jatil prakalp chalavanyacha anubhav midala.
tyanchya swatachya vaidnyanik sallagaranpaiki eka purvi gambhir hota. dow. kyu yetheel shahee vanaspati udyananche sanchalak ghilian france yanni jivmandalachya aat rainforest biomchi rachana kelee. jaree nantar tyanni yaa prayogachi anokhi vyapti manya karoon aapale mutt badalale aanee sallagar mhanoon tyachya yashat yogdan dile, taree 1983 chya eka mulakhatit (prayog suru honyachya 8 varshanpurvi), france mhanale, "mea institute auph ecotechnicskade aakarshit jhaale kaaran sanshodhanasathi nidhi kapla jaat hota aanee sansthekade bharpur paise hote jeey teey muktapane kharch karnyas tayar hote. itarambarobarach midekhil gairavaparat hoto. vidnyanatil tyanchi aavad kharee nahee. tyancha kahee prakarcha gupt ajenda asalyache disate, teey kahee prakarchya dharmik kinwa tatvik vyavasthedvare margdarshit asalyache disate."1991chya vruttapatrala dilelya mulakhatit 'teey durdarshi aahet' asey prains pudhe mhanala... aanee kadachit tyanchi drushti purn karnyasathi teey kahise panthasarkhe jhaale aahet. pann teey swatah eka panth naheet... mallah paryavaraniy punarsanchayit pranalimadhye rus aahe. aanee mallah vatate qee yaa prayogatoon serve prakarchya vaidnyanik goshti yeu shakatat, antaral dhyeyachya khoop palikade... jevha teey haah naveen prakalp gheuun majhyakade aale, tevha teey itake vyavasthit, itake prerit disat hote qee mea fakt bhootkal visaranyache tharavale. tumhi tyancha bhootkal tyanchya virodhat thevu naye."
pointerne tichya aatmacharitrat yaa tikela nakar deela aahe qee jivmandal 2 chya kahee sarjansheel chamoola vaidnyanik manyata midaleli naslyamule, yaa prayatnanche parinam avaidh aahet. "kahee patrakaranni aamhi avaidnyanik aahot asey aarop kele. jaree jagatil kahee sarvottam shastradnya prakalpachya rachana aanee karyavar jordarpane kaam karat asale, taree anek ess. bii. vhee. vyavasthapak swatah vaidnyanikanna qamee lekhanare naslyamule, yamule prakalpachya sampoorn vaidhatevar prashnachinh upasthit jhaale. teeka yogya navhati. jivmandal 2 sodalyanantar, mea daha varshanpasun eka chhota vyavasay chalavala aahe jyane shuttlewer aanee antaral sthankavar prayog pathavale aahet aanee badali shuttle aanee bhavishyatil chandra talasathi jeevan samarthan pranalichi rachana kareet aahe. johnn [allen] pramane majhyakade harwardchi padvi nahee, agadi emm. bii. aii. dekhil nahee. mea shastradnya aanee uchch abhiyantyanchi nemanook karato. majhya pramanpatranmule aamchya companychya vishvasarhatevar prashnachinh upasthit kele jaat naheeh aamchya kamachya gunavattevar aamcha nyay keela jaato. etch.tii. odamne namood kele qee mavericks aanee bahereel lokanni anekada vidnyanachya vikasat yogdan dile aaheh "jaree teey eka dashakbhar purvatayari abhyas karyakramat guntalele asale taree, bund pranalinshi sambandhit russianance shastradnyanchya aantarrashtriy samudayashi sanvad sadhat asale taree, anek shastradnyanni jaivmandal 2 chey mool vyavasthapan vaidnyanik padvichya abhavamule aprashikshit manale hote. vidnyanachya itihasat ashee anek udaharane aahet jithe asamanya parshvabhumiche lock naveen dishene vidnyan ughadatat, yaa prakaranat mesokosam sanghatana aanee paryavaraniy abhiyantriki naveen gruhitkansah amalat aanatat.
smithsonian sansthechya tomm lovejoy yanchya adhyakshatekhalil biosphere 2 vidnyan sallagar samiteene august 1992 chya ahavalat mhatale aahe qee, "samitee sahmat aahe qee biosphere 2 chee sankalpana aanee bandhkam hii doordrashti aanee dhairyachi krutee hotee. jivmandal 2 chey praman adviteey aahe aanee jivmandal 2 aadhich anpekshit vaidnyanik parinam pradan karat aahe jeey itar madhyamandvare shakya nahee (visheshtah vatavaranatil oxygenchya patalit jhaleli nondavaleli, anpekshit ghat.) jaivakshetra 2 jaiv-bhurasayanik chakrachalan, bund paryavaraniy pranalinche paryavaran aanee punarsanchayit paryavaran yaa kshetrat mahattvapoorn vaidnyanik yogdan deil."kolambiya vidyapithane vyavasthapan haatee ghetalyanantar suvidhechya kshamateche moolyankan karnyasathi bahereel shastradnyanna ekatra kele aanee pudhil nishkarsh kadhalah" jaagtik darjachya shastradnyanchya eka gatane ekatra yeuun nirnay ghetala qee biosphere 2 suvidha hii pruthvichya bhavishyashi sambandhit gambhir prashnanna sambodhit karnyasathi eka apavadatmak prayogshala aahe aanee tyachya paryavaran."
prarambhik aavarnanantar suru asalelya sanshodhanatun paryavaraniy samajutisathi sakaratmak parinam disun aale aahet. marqa nelson lihitat, "jaivmandal 2 chya mahasagaravaril anek varshanchya sanshodhanatun vatavaranatil carbon dioxideche vadhalele vinashkari parinam disun aale... praval khadakancha abhyas 200 ppm, 350 ppm, 700 ppm aanee 1200 ppm carbon dioxidever karnyat aala. praval khalchya staravar duppat vegane vadhale... 1990 chya dashkatil pruthvichya vatavaranatil 350 ppm patalichya tulanet. ... 1200 ppmvar, pravalanchi vaadh 90 takkyanni ghatali."national academy auph scienceche majee sachiv phrank presne yaa sanvadache varnan" "grahavareel manvi prabhavachi pahili spasht prayogik pushti" "asey kele".
kolambiya vidyapithadvare vyavasthapan.
december 1995 madhye, biosphere 2 chya malakanni newyork shaharachya kolambiya vidyapithat vyavasthapan hastantarit kele. 2003 paryant kolambiyane jaivmandal 2 heey sanshodhan sthal aanee parisar mhanoon chalavale. tyanantar vyavasthapan punha malkankade paratale.
1996 madhye, kolambiya vidyapithane bund pranali sanshodhanasathi tayar keleli aksharshah vayurodhi, bhautikdrushtya bund keleli rachana, 'flow-thru' pranalimadhye badalali aanee bund pranali sanshodhan thambavale. tyanni jaagtik tapmanvadhichya sanshodhanasathi carbon dye oxidechya patalit ferfar keela aanee aavashyakatenusar carbon dye oxideche injection dile. kolambiyachya karyakalat, kolambiya aanee itar mahavidhyalaye aanee vidyapithanmadhil vidyarthi anekada eka satra yaa thikani ghalvat asat.
kolambiyachya karyakalatil sanshodhanat, satat jaagtik hawaman badalamule honanya vadhiv vatavaraniy aanee aamlikaranamule pravalanchya khadkanvar honare vinashkari parinam disun aale. national academy auph sciencesche majee adhyaksh phrank presne, vatavaran aanee mahasagar yanchyatil yaa parasparsanvadache varnan kele, jaivmandal 2 chya atyant niyantrit mahasagar mesokosamcha fayda ghet, "grahavareel manvi prabhavachi pahili spasht prayogik pushti" mhanoon kele.
jivmandal 2 chya sthaliy jaivakshetranmadhil abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee, jyachya palikade teey adhik grahan karoo shakat naheet asha unchichya eka samprukt binduparyant pohochale gele hote. abhyasachya lekhakanni namood kele qee tyanchya sampoorn pranali pratisadanmadhye jaivmandal 2 varshavan aanee valvantatil jaivakshetranmadhil lakshavedhi farak "jatil jaagtik badalachya samasyanchya abhyasat mothya pramanat prayogik sanshodhanache mahatva spasht karatat".
sanketsthal vikale gele.
janewari 2005 madhye, biosphere 2 chey malak, nirnay guntavanuk mahamandalane, prakalpacha parisar vikrisathi asalyachi ghoshana kelee. tyanni sankulasathi shodhanyasathi sanshodhan vaparas pradhanya dile parantu mothya vidyapithe, church, resorts aanee spa yasarkhya vegvegalya hetu asalelya kharedidaranna vagalale nahee. juuna 2007 madhye, heey thikan see. dii. oo. rench andd development, ell. laa $5 koteela vikale gele.pii. 1, 500 ghare aanee eka resort hottel tayar karnyache niyojan karnyat aale hote, parantu mukhya rachana sanshodhan aanee shaikshanik vaparasathi adyap upalabdh navhati.
arizona vidyapithane kelele adhigrahan.
juuna 26,2007 roji, arizona vidyapithane jaheer kele qee teey jivmandal 2 madheel sanshodhan haatee ghetil. yaa ghoshanene rachana padali jaeel ashee bheeti door jhaali. vidyapithachya adhikaanyaanee sangitale qee, khajgi bhetvastu aanee anudanamule tyanna daha varshansathi nidhi vadhavanyachi shakyata asalelya teen varshansathi sanshodhan aanee parichalan kharch bharnyas saksham kele. too daha varshansathi vadhavanyat aala aanee sthaliy jalchakrache sanshodhan aanee tyacha paryavaranshastra, vatavaraniy vidnyan, maatee bhoo-rasayanshastra aanee hawaman badalashi kassa sambandh aahe yasah sanshodhan prakalpanmadhye guntalela hota. 2009 madheel yaa bhetavastunpaiki eka bhetvastut 470 prakash-vidyut urja saur patalancha samavesh hota. juuna 2011 madhye, vidyapithane jaheer kele qee teey 1 julaipasoon prabhavi houn jivmandal 2 chee sampoorn malki sweekarel.
see. dii. oo. pashusamvardhan aanee vikasane jameen, jivmandalachya imarati aanee itar anek aadhar aanee prashasakeey imarati daan kelya. 2011 madhye, philacology foundation (edd basne sthapan keleli eka naa-napha sanshodhan sanstha) chaloo asalelya vidnyan aanee karyansathi aamhala $20 dashalaksh denyache vachan dile. 2017 madhye, edd basne biosphere 2 chya samarthanarth arizona vidyapithala aanakhi $3 kotee daan kele, jyamule done shaikshanik padey midali aanee 'philacology biospheric research endoment fund' sthapan jhaala.
parisarat vidnyan shibirehi aayojit kelee jaatat. yamadhye vidyapithachya padvipurv vidyarthyansathi aathvadabhar chalanare 'antaral shibir' aanee shaley vidyarthyansathi ratrabhar chalanare shibire samavisht aahet. 2011 madhye asey nondavale gele qee jivmandal 2 parisarala darvarshi sarasari 100,000 abhyagat bhet dett hote.
nantar sanshodhan.
jivmandal 2 madhye anek lahan sanshodhan prakalp aahet, tasech anek mothya pramanavaril sanshodhan prakalp aahet jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh