
capacitive deonization

capacitive deonization (see. dii. aay.) heey done electrodavar vidyut kshamatetil farak lagoo karoon panyache deonization karnyache tantradnyan aahe, jeey bahutekda sachchidra karbanpasoon tayar kele jaatat. dusya shabdant, see. dii. aay. hii eka vidyut-shoshan paddhat aahe, jee aayan aanee charge kelele kann vegale karnyasathi sorption madhyam aanee vidyut kshetrachya sanyojanacha vapar karate. nakaratmak charge asalele aayan, panyatoon kadhale jaatat aanee sakaratmak dhruvikrut electrodemadhye sathavale jaatat. tyachpramane, catayan (sakaratmak prabhar) cathodemadhye sathavale jaatat, jeey nakaratmak dhruvikrut electrode aahe.
aaj, see. dii. aay. chaa vapar pramukhyane khaare panyache vilavanikaran karnyasathi keela jaato, jeey qamee kinwa madhyam mithache praman (10 gramm/litarpeksha qamee) asalele paanee aahe. panyache deonization karnyasathiche itar tantradnyan mhanje, itarambarobarach, aasavan, ulat ausmosis aanee electrodialysis. ulat ausmosis aanee aasavan yachya tulanet, see. dii. aay. heey khaare panyatil vilavanikaranasathi urja-karyaksham tantradnyan manale jaate. yache mukhya kaaran mhanje see. dii. aay. panyatoon meeth aayan kadhoon takte, tarr itar tantradnyan meeth dravanatun paanee kadhate.
aitihasikdrushtya, see. dii. aay. laa vidyutarasayanik khanijatva qamee karane, "panyachya vilavanikaranasathi electrosorb prakriya" kinwa meeth aayanche vidyutshoshan asey sambodhale gele aahe. capacitive disalination navanni kinwa vyavsayik sahityat 'capdi' mhanoon dekhil teey olakhale jaate.
itihas.
1960 madhye panyachya vidyutarasayanik khanijatelachya sankalpanechi nond blair aanee marfine kelee. tyaa abhyasat asey gruheet dharale gele hote qee electrodemadhil carbon kananvar vishisht rasayanik gatansah vidyutarasayanik pratikriyandware aayan kadhale gele. 1968 madhye see. dii. aay. chee vyavsayik prasangikta aanee dirghakalin karyapaddhati heey riddware darshavile gele. 1971 madhye johnson aanee neuman yanni capacitor yantranenusar see. dii. aay. aanee aayan sathavanukisathi sachchidra carbon electrodesmadhye aayan vahatukisathi siddhant sadar keela. 1990 pasoon carbon aerogel aanee carbon nanotube electrode yasarkhya naveen electrode samgrichya vikasamule see. dii. aay. neey adhik laksh vedhale. 1996 madhye shetkari aanee itar. capacitive deonization hii sandnya dekhil sadar kelee aanee aata prathamach samanyatah sankshipt "see. dii. aay.". vaparale. 2004 madhye, membrain capacitive deonization petantmadhye sadar karnyat aale 
andleman.
prakriya.
adhishoshan aanee nirshoshan chakr.
paramparik see. dii. aay. pranaliche karya done tappyanmadhun chalateh eka adhishoshan tappa jithe paanee vilavanikrut kele jaate aanee eka nirshoshan tappa jithe electrode punarutpadit kele jaatat. adhishoshan tappyat, done electrodavar sambhavya farak lagoo keela jaato aanee panyatoon aayan shoshale jaatat. sachchidra carbon electrode asalelya see. dii. aay. chya babatit, aayan sachchidra carbon electrodechya aantarkendriy chhidranmadhun kananchya chhidranmadhye vahoon nele jaatat, jithe aayan tathakathit vidyut duheri tharanmadhye (edels) vidyut shoshale jaatat. 
electrode aayananne santrupt jhalyanantar, adhishoshit aayananna electrodechya punarjananasathi sodale jaate. electrodemadhil sambhavya farak ulatala jaato kinwa shunyavar qamee keela jaato. asha prakare, aayan electrode chhidre sodatat aanee see. dii. aay. peshitoon baher kadhale jaau shakatat, parinami mithache uchch praman asalela, tathakathit kharat pravah kinwa sandrata asalela pravah nighato. yaa shoshanachya tappyadarmyan adhishoshan tappyadarmyan aavashyak asalelya urja inputcha kahee bhag punarprapt keela jaau shakato.
vidyut duheri tharanmadhye aayan shoshan.
konatyahi shulkachi bharpai nehmi prati-shulkachya samaan rakmene kelee pahije. udaharanarth, jaleey dravanat aayananche sandrata hii catayanchya sandrateitaki asate. tathapi, carbon-aadharit electrodemadhil kananchya chhidranmadhye tayar jhalelya edelsmadhye, eka prakarchya aayanchi dusya prakarapeksha jaasti shakya aahe, parantu carbon matrixmadhil vidyut prabharadvare tyachi bharpai karavi lagate. pahilya andajat, yaa adlche varnan gauy-chapman-stern modelcha vapar karoon kele jaau shakate, jeey teen bhinn thurr vegale karateh
carbon matricks charge asalyane, chargechi bharpai diffuse layermadhil ionic charjdware karavi lagate. heey ektar countarianche adhishoshan karoon kinwa saha-aayanche (carbon matrixmadhil samaan charge chinh asalele aayan) apashoshan karoon kele jaau shakate.
kananchya aatalya chhidranmadhye edels tayar jhalyamule ionic prajatinchya shoshanashivay, aayan carbon kananchya prushthbhagachya kshetrashi dekhil rasayanik bandh tayar karoo shakatat. yala vishisht adhishoshan mhanatat, tarr edalmadhil aayanchya adhishoshanala vishisht nasalele adhishoshan mhanatat.
capacitive deonization fayade.
scalable aanee operate karane sope aahe.
see. dii. aay. madhye guntavanuk aanee payabhoot suvidhancha kharch qamee aahe, kaaran varr charcha kelelya prakriyela padada kinwa aushnik prakriyanchya ulat uchch daab kinwa tapmanachi aavashyakta nasate.
khaare paanee prakriya karnyasathi qamee urja kharch.
see. dii. aay. madhye, prakriya kelelya panyachya prati khand urja kharch andaje kadhoon takalelya mithachya pramanasah mojala jaato, tarr ulat ausmosisasarkhya itar tantradnyanat, prakriya kelelya panyachya pramanasah desalination urja mojali jaate. yamule qamee mithachya pravahachya kinwa adhik visheshtah, khaare panyachya vilavanikaranasathi see. dii. aay. haah eka vyavharya upay banato.
puttle capacitive deonization.
done aayan vinimay puttle samavisht karoon, see. dii. aay. chey sudharit swaroop prapt hote, mhanje puttle capacitive deonization. haah badal see. dii. aay. peshi anek prakare sudharatoh 
sthir vidyutdab viruddha. satat chaloo operation mode.
see. dii. aay. seela ektar sthir vidyutdab kinwa sthir vidyutpravah paddhatimadhye chalavala jaau shakato.
satat voltage operation.
satat voltage operationcha vapar karoon see. dii. aay. chya shoshanachya tappyat, mithachya sandpanyatil mithache praman qamee hote, parantu kahee kalanantar, sandpanyatil mithache praman punha vadhate. heey yaa vastusthitidvare spasht kele jaau shakate qee adhishoshan tappyachya suruvatila edels (carbon-aadharit see. dii. aay. pranalichya babatit) charge kele jaat naheet, jyamule done electrodavar uchch sambhavya farak (aayanvareel vidyut prerak shakti) hoto. jevha adhik aayan edalmadhye shoshale jaatat, tevha edel kshamata vadhate aanee aayan vahtook chalavanaya electrodemadhil urvarit kshamata farak qamee hoto. aayan kadhoon taknyachya qamee hott asalelya daramule, sandpanyache praman punha vadhate.
satat chaloo operation.
electrodemadhye vahoon nenyat yenara ionic charge haah lagoo kelelya vidyut pravahachya barobaricha asalyane, sthir pravah lagoo kelyane sthir voltage operation modachya tulanet sandpanyatil mithachya ekagratevar adhik changle niyantran thevata yete. tathapi, sthir pravahasathi, seela designmadhye (emm. see. dii. aay.) mithachya sandratechya padadyancha samavesh keela pahije, kaaran vidyut pravahamule keval prati-aayan adhishoshanach hott nahee tarr saha-aayan qamee dekhil hote (puttle capacitive deonization viruddha pahaa. spashtikaranasathi capacitive deonization).
peshi bhoomiti.
pravah-dware mode.
electrode eka stackmadhye thewale jaatat, jyachya darmyan patal spacer kshetra asate, jyadvare paanee vahate. hii aataparyant sarvat jaast vaparali jaanari karyapaddhati aanee electrode aahe, jee uchch carbon vastuman bharit vidyut duheri thurr capacitorspramanech tayar kelee jaatat.
pravah-madhyamatoon mode.
yaa paddhatimadhye, feedche paanee thet electrodemadhun vahate, i.eae. sachchidra carbon electrodechya aantarkan chhidranmadhun paanee thet vahate. yaa drushtikonacha fayda haah aahe qee yaa chhidranmadhun thet aayan sthalantarit hotat, tyamule pravah-darr-modmadhye yenanya vahatukichya maryada qamee hotat.
pravah-vidyut vidyut sandharaniy deonization.
hii bhoomitiy rachana donhi electrodechya samore padadyancha samavesh karoon pravah-darr-modashi tulanatmak aahe, parantu ghan electrode asanyaivaji, padada aanee vartaman sangrahak yanchyat carbon nilamban (slurry) vahate. vahana carbon slareejchya donhi vahinyanmadhye, tathakathit pravah electrodemadhye sambhavya farak lagoo keela jaato aanee paanee desalinate kele jaate. carbon slurry vahatat mhanoon, electrode santrupt hott naheet aanee mhanoon yaa peshichi rachana mithachya uchch sandratesah panyachya vilavanikaranasathi dekhil vaparali jaau shakate (udaa.jee. andaje 30 gramm/litter mithachya sandratesah samudrache paanee). utsarjanachi payari aavashyak nahee; carbon slurry peshi sodalyanantar ekatra misalalya jaatat aanee carbon slarila ekagra mithachya panyachya pravahapasun vegale kele jaau shakate.
taransah capacitive deonization.
jithn anode aanee cathode electrode jodya jaaget sthir nasatat, tyaa sudharit see. dii. aay. sanrachanet godya panyacha pravah satat vahoo shakato, parantu eka pravahatoon, jyamadhye seela voltage lagoo kele jaate aanee meeth shoshale jaate, dusya pravahat, jithe seela voltage qamee hote aanee meeth sodale jaate, chakriyapane halavanyasathi tayar keela jaato.
electrode samagri.
see. dii. aay. peshinchya uchch karyakshamatesathi, uchch darjache electrode sahitya atyant mahattvache aahe. bahutansh prakarananmadhye, carbon hii sachchidra electrode samagri mhanoon nivad aahe. carbon samgrichya sanrachanebabat anek baabee vicharat ghetalya jaatat. uchch kshar vidyutshoshan kshamata mahattvachi asalyane, vishisht prushthbhagache kshetrafal aanee aayansathi upalabdh asalelya carbonche chhidra aakarache vitaran mothe asave. shivay, vaparleli samagri sthir asavi aanee see. dii. aay. sathee lagoo kelelya vidyutdab khidakimadhye electrodeche rasayanik apghatan (apghatan) houu naye. aayan carbonchya chhidra jaalyatun vegane halanyas saksham asavet aanee carbonchi chalakata jaast asavi. shevati, electrode samagrichi kimmat vicharat ghene mahatvache aahe.
aajkal, sakriy carbon (essie) hii samanyatah vaparali jaanari samagri aahe, kaaran haah sarvat kifayatshir paryay aahe aanee tyache prushthbhagache kshetra uchch aahe. teey naisargik kinwa krutrim strotanpasun tayar kele jaau shakate. see. dii. aay. sanshodhanat vaparale jaanare itar carbon sahitya, udaharanarth, madhyadhruviy carbon, carbon aerogels, carbide-vyutpann carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene aanee carbon black aahet. alikadil sanshodhanat assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee sukshmajiv, visheshtah 1.1 nmpeksha qamee chhidre, see. dii. aay. madheel mithachya shoshanasathi sarvat prabhavi aahet. vastuman hastantaran aanee vidyut duheri thurr parasparsambandhit honyashi sambandhit kamatarata qamee karnyasathi aanee tyach velee uchch prushthbhagache kshetrafal aanee sookshm sanrachanesah yenanya uchch vidyut kshetranche fayade vaparnyasathi, navinyapurn satatchya prayatnanmadhye sukshmajiv aanee mesoporsache fayade ektrit karnyacha prayatna keela aahe.
tathapi, sakriy carbon, vastoo karbansathi keval $4/kilo aanee atyant shuddha, visheshtah nivadalelya supercapacitor karbansathi $15/kilo, paryayanpeksha khoopach swast aahe, jyachi kimmat aamhala $50/kilo kinwa tyahoon adhik aahe. mothya sakriy carbon electrodes tulanene lahan videshi carbon electrodespeksha khoopach swast asatat aanee dilelya pravahasathi titkech meeth kadhoon takoo shakatat. naveen carbonchya karyakshamatet jhaleli vaadh yaa tappyavar tyanchya vaparas prerit karnyasathi apuri aahe, visheshtah gambhir nikat-mudatichya vicharat asalele aksharshah serve see. dii. aay. anuprayog sthir anuprayog aahet, jethe ekak aakar tulanene kirkol aahe.
aajkal, redox-rasayanshastravar aadharit electrode samagricha adhikadhik abhyas keela jaato, jase qee soodiyam manganese auxide (aine. emm. oo.) aanee prussian blue analogue (pii. bii. aii.).
urjechya garja.
see. dii. aay. shoshan chakradarmyan panyatil aayaneey samagriche vighatan hott asalyane, pranalichi entropy qamee hote aanee bahya urja input aavashyak asate. see. dii. aay. chey saiddhantik urja input khalilpramane mojale jaau shakateh
sootra _ 1
jethe "r" haah vayoo sthirank (8.314 j mol−1k−1), "t" tapman (k), "φv, taje", tajya panyachya pravahacha pravah darr (m3/s), feed panyatil aayananche praman (mol/m3) aanee cdi peshichya tajya panyachya pravahatil (mol/m3) aayanche praman "cfresh" aahe. "α" chee vyakhya "seafeed/seafresh" aanee "β" chee vyakhya "seafeed/seakonk" ashee kelee jaate, jyamadhye "seakonk" hii ekagra bahyapravahatil aayananchi sandrata asate.
vyavharat, urjechya garja saiddhantik urja inputpeksha lakshaniyaritya jaast (20 putt kinwa jaast) asateel. saiddhantik urja aavashyaktanmadhye samavisht nasalelya mahattvachya urja aavashyakta mhanje pumping aanee antargat pratirodhanmule see. dii. aay. peshitil nuksan. jarr emm. see. dii. aay. aanee see. dii. aay. chee tulana pratyek kadhoon takalelya aayansathi aavashyak asalelya urjeshi kelee gelee, tarr emm. see. dii. aay. laa see. dii. aay. peksha qamee urjechi aavashyakta asate.
see. dii. aay. chee tulana panyachya ulat ausmosisashi aanee 20 mimipeksha qamee mithachya sandrateshi kartana, prayogshaletil sanshodhan asey darshavate qee emm. see. dii. aay. sathee tayar honanya prati ghanmeter 3 godya panyatil urja vapar ulat ausmosisapeksha qamee asoo shakato.
mothya pramanavar see. dii. aay. suvidha.
2007 madhye, chinmadhye punha midavalelya panyachi gunavatta sudharanyasathi darroj 10,000 tunn purn-praman see. dii. aay. prakalp bandhanyat aala. yaa prakalpamule ekoon virghalalelya ghanpadarthanchi sankhya 1,000 migra/litervaroon 250 migra/litarparyant aanee asvachchata 10 aine. tii. yuu. varoon 1 aine. tii. yuu. paryant qamee houu shakate, jeey dravache dhagalpana darshavnare ekak aahe. panyachi punarprapti 75 takkyanparyant pohochu shakate. vidyut urjecha vapar patali 1 kilowatt/emm3 aahe aanee jalsanskaranasathicha kharch 0.22 americi dollar/emm3 aahe. itar kahee mothya pramanavaril prakalp khaleel taktyavarun pahile jaau shakatat.