kalkramkar

kalkramkar heey naheet shatkachya madhyat american shikshika emma willard yanni tayar kelelya aitihasik mahitiche chitramay pratinidhitva hote. aitihasik mahitee bhaugolik aanee kalkramanusar dakhavanyacha kalkramkarancha hetu hota. 1835 madhye prakashit jhalele pahile chitra 'rashtranche chitra' hote, jyat sanskruti kalantarane talashi pravahanpramane darshavili gelee hotee, jyaa prabhav vadhalya kinwa haravalyapramane rund aanee arund hott gelya. tine 1844 madhye 'american itihasacha kalkramkar' haah aanakhi eka kalkramak vikasit keela, jyamadhye united statescha itihas eka zadachya fandyanvar chinhankit kelelya ghatana mhanoon darshavila gela.
nantarchya kalkramkaranni kalpanik pracheen greek mandiratil aitihasik ghatana darshavilya; 'temple auph time' (1846), 'american temple auph time' (1840 chya uttaradhat), 'inglish chronographer' (1849) aanee 'chronographer auph ancient histree' (1851) hii yaa prakarchi udaharane aahet. yaa kalkramanusar, 'rashtranchya chitra' pramane, sanskratichya pravahanni majala vyapalela hota; bhinti (anekada stambhit) kalantar darshavitat aanee aitihasik netyanni chinhankit kelya jaat asat aanee itar aitihasik vyaktinchya yadisathi chhappar shreneet vibhagale jaat asey. mandirachya magchya bhintila anekada baybalsambandhi nirmiticha bindu mhanoon chinhankit kele gele hote, kahivela yusher kalkramanusar ii. sha. puu. 4004 chya tarkhesah, jaree tichya 'american temple auph time' madhye khandacha nakasha vaparla gela aahe. khristacha janm anekada pandhara taara aanee itar baybalmadhil aakrutyansah darshavila jaat asey.
willardchya kalkramikancha uddesh vidyarthyanna kalpanik mandirat swatahla sthan denyacha aanee tyanchya aitihasik aanee bhaugolik sandarbhat ghatanancha vichar karnyacha, shikanyat madat karane haah hota. 1851 madhye london yethe jhalelya mahan pradarshanat tine tiche kalkramak sadar kele aanee albert, princechya patnikadoon teela padak aanee pramanpatra midale. willardchya kamacha nantarchya lekhakanni upman keela aahe, jyat tyanni pashchimatya nasalelya lokanna aanee ghatananna jawaljawal purnapane vagalalyabaddalhi ullekh aahe.
parshvabhoomi.
emma willard (1787-1870) tichya kishoravayin vayatil uttaradhat shikshika bunley aanee lavkarach mulinna shikavalya manalya vishayanchya shikshanasah sadhyachya adhyapan paddhatinmadhye sudharana karnyasathi moheem rabvinari bunley, jeey purvi fakt mulanna shikavale jaat hote. bhoogol haah mulinchya shikshanasathi yogya manla jaanara eka vishay hota aanee willard tyavar laksh kendrit karoo lagla. tine yaa kshetratil jedidia morsechya kamanna manyata dilee aanee william channing woodbridge sanyogane anek pathyapustake prakashit kelee.
willardche aanakhi eka laksh itihasavar kendrit hote, american itihas samanya itihasapeksha vegala vishay mhanoon shikavala jaava assa prastav prastav tyaa pahilya vyaktinpaiki eka hotya, assa yuktivad karat qee too tarun rashtrachya astitvasathi mahattvapoorn hota. 1820 chya dashkaparyant paach rajyanmadhil serve sarvajanik nidhichya shalanmadhye american itihasache shikshan anivarya karnyat aale hote. pudhil dashakanmadhye yaa vishayatil ruchi vadhali aanee willardne tichya aayushyachya akheris itihasachi daha lakhanhun adhik pathyapustake vikali.
willardchya pathyapustakanmadhye tiche bhaugolik shikshan pratibimbit hote; kalkramanusar bhoogol haah itihasachya done akshanpaiki eka asalyache tine manale. willard haah anshatah johann heinrich pestalozichya siddhantanni prerit hota, jyanni itihasala vidyarthyachya shejarshi jodanyache samarthan kele hote. samkalin kaame aitihasik ghatanancha bhaugolik sandarbh darshavanyat apayashi tharalya asatana, tyanchya kamanmadhye anek nakashe aanee bhoogolatil itar drushya chitre hotee. willardche karya alekzandar vonn humboltney vikasit kelelya samaushna nakashanmule aanee taktyanpasun prerit hote aanee kharey tarr, willard aanee woodbridge yanni tyanchya bhaugolik pathyapustakanmadhye humboltchi kahee chitre samavisht kelee hotee. willardchi pathyapustake tyanchya chitranchya vaparat asamanya hotee, agadi tevha prakashit honare suruvatiche aitihasik atlus dekhil mothya pramanat saranya kinwa taktyanche sangrah hote. kalkramanusar purvavarti manalya manalya tichya suruvatichya ullekhaneey chitranpaiki eka mhanje willard aanee woodbridge yanchya 1824 madhye prakashit jhaleli 'roman samrajyachi pragati' hii tulana aanee vargikaranachya tattvanvar aadharit sarvatrik bhoogol pranali hotee. yaa chitrat roman samrajyane aatmasat kelelya jamati aanee sanskruti, prushthachya varchya bhagapasoon talashi talashi amazon nadichya upanadya mhanoon chitrit kelya aahet. yaa tappyaparyant kalmaryade sahasa davikadoon ujavikade kalkramat sadar kelya jaat asat.
willard, eka majboot american rashtravadi, eka vishisht pradeshatil ghatananvar laksh kendrit karnara rashtriy itihas tayar pratinidhitva pahilya lekhakanpaiki eka banala. tichya kamanpaiki eka 1828 madheel 'histree auph daad united states, kinwa republic auph america' hotee, jyamadhye tine 250 varshanchya kalavadhit vasahati aanee prajasattakachya pradeshik vistaracha aalekh tayar karnyasathi nakashanchya malikecha ullekhaneey vapar keela. tiche varnan tichya kalkramkaranche purvavarti mhanoon dekhil kele gele aahe. willardne 1840 chya dashakat adhyapan bund kele aanee aaplya mulinna kartavye sopavali, jyamule teela pathyapustakanchya nirmitivar laksh kendrit karata aale.
"rashtranche chitra (1835).
aitihasik ghatana bhaugolik sandarbhat mandanyache sadhan mhanoon willardne tiche chitralekhan vikasit karane suru thewale aanee tichya prakashakanni teela aata gardichya bajarpethet itaranpeksha tichi pathyapustake vegale karnyache sadhan mhanoon protsahit kele. tine chitrakalecha eka varg tayar keela jyache varnan tine 'kalkramak' mhanoon kele, bhaugolik, jaree katekorpane sthalakrutik nasla taree kalkramik aitihasik ghatananche chitran. ticha assa vishvas hota qee drushyadrushtya sadar keleli mahitee majkurat sadar kelelya mahitipeksha adhik sahajpane lakshat thewali jaate.
willardcha pahila kalkramkar 'rashtranche chitra' hota, joou tichya 1835 chya 'sarvatrik itihasat' prakashit jhaala. willardne yaa taktyacha ullekh 'kalacha nakasha' mhanoonahi keela. rashtranche chitra' neey serve manvi itihas ekach taktyavar chitrit karnyacha prayatna keela. tyat vaiyaktik sanskruti baybalsambandhi nirmitipasoon, jee tee ii. sha. puu. 4004 salapasoon yusher kalkramanusar, prakashanachya tarkheparyant chalate, tyaa pravahanpramane darshavili gelee. sanskruti kathor bhaugolik sthitinusar navhe tarr ekmekanshi asalelya tyanchya sambandhannusar mandalya jaatat. chinpramanech kahee jann, tyanche vegalepan dakhavanyachya prayatnat, itar sanskratinpasun jaad kalya reshanni vegale kele jaatat. sanskratincha uday aanee patan darshavanyachya prayatnat, jyala tee 'rashtranche purvaj' mhanate, pravahanchi rundi badalate.
khristacha janm eka tejaswi taara mhanoon darshavila gela aahe aanee tiche pracheen jug aanee madhyayug yanchyatil seema chinhankit karato. 1492 madhye christopher kolambasachya americet utaranyane tee aadhunik itihasachi suruvat karate. united statescha uday, jyala taktyachya talashi konatyahi sanskratichya sarvat vyapak rundipaiki eka dile gele aahe, teey manvi pragatichi parakashtha mhanoon chitrit kele gele aahe.
kalkramkar vel haah pyramidchya aakaracha, durchya bhootkalat arund aanee aadhunik kalat vyapak asalyache darshavito. willardne heey kalantarane ghatananche mahatva kase qamee hote heey darshavinyacha prayatna mhanoon spasht kele. vyapak aadharamule teela samkalin vidyarthyanshi adhik susangatatechya kalkhandache adhik tapasheel dakhavata yetat. pramukh aadhunik rashtranchya serve netyanna dakhavale jaate, tarr pracheen kalatil keval kahee mahattvachya vyaktincha samavesh aahe. asha vyavasthemule, audhyogik krantinantarchya tantrik pragatimule kalantarane gatee vadhali aahe, hii bhavna vyakt karnyasahi willardla anumati midali, jyaa pailumadhye teela paramparik resheey kalmaryadecha abhav aadhalala.
"american itihasacha kalkramak" (1844).
1844 madhye willardne pahilyanda tichya 'united stateschya itihasachya' adyayavat aavruttit 'american itihasacha kalkramak' prakashit keela. pudhil varshi varganmadhye shikshan sahayya mhanoon vaparnyasathi heey mothya swarupat prakashit karnyat aale. aitihasik ghatana aanee kautumbik itihas darshavinyasathi vruksh sadrushya yapurvi vaparale gele hote, willardcha itihas asamanya hota, kaaran too kalkramanusar mulapasoon shakhekade jaanyaivaji fandyanchya palikade davikadoon ujavikade jaat asey.
willardchya zadane kolambaspasoon (1492) teey tatkalin aadhunik kalaparyantcha united statescha itihas chitrit keela aahe. willardne kalkram chaar bhaganmadhye vibhagala (pramukh shakha mhanoon chitrit) jyapaiki pahila bhag 1643 chya nyu ingland confederations sampala, dusra 1763 madhye french aanee bharatiy yuddhachya samaptisah, tisra 1789 madhye united stateschee rajyaghatna swikarlyanantar aanee shevatcha bhag prakashanachya tarkheparyant chalala. pratyek bhagachya anek lahan shakha aahet jyaa american itihasatil pramukh ghatananche pratinidhitva karatat. shakhanchya vyavasthecha uddesh willardne united stateschya astavyast itihasala swatantra bhaganmadhye sanghatit karane, suvyavasthit pragatichi bhavna vyakt karane haah hota. sthanik american lokanvar lokanvar parinamachya konatyahi ullekhakade kinwa kharokharach purv-columbian american itihasachya konatyahi ullekhakade (joou tyaa velee farsa samajala gela navhata) tine durlaksh kele. willardne zadachya varchya aakashacha sandarbh deela, jithe tine tiche kalkram scale "kalache vartul" mhanoon thewale. pramukh tarkha chinhankit karnyasathi shakhanchya tokanna yaa kalmaryadecha sparsh hoto.
willardne tichya 'american itihasachya kalkramak' sobat shikshakanna dilelya soochanancha samavesh keela. tyanna lamb, kalya tokanchya 'pointing rodd' neey khajure dakhavanyas sanganyat aale. vidyarthyanna gondhalat takane talhanyasathi shikshakanna eksaman paddhatine kathee dakhavanyachya aanee vishisht tarkhevar charcha kartana shevat haloo naan denyachya soochana denyat aalya hotya. smaranshaktila madat karnyasathi vidyarthyanna pramukh tarkhancha swatacha "antargat" kalkramak vikasit karnyasathi protsahit kele jayache.
willardla visheshtah 'american itihasache kalkramkar' aavadayache aanee teey 'united stateschya itihasachya' tyanantarchya serve aavrutyanmadhye samavisht hote aanee tine tichya sampoorn aayushyat kaam adyayavat kele. 1844 chee aavrutti 1841 madhye rashtradhyaksh william heinry harrison yanchya mrutyunantar aanee nantarchya aavrutyanmadhye mexican-american yuddh kinwa 1850 chya tadjodisah sampali. 1861 madhye tayar kelelya kalkramkachya willardchya shevatchya aavruttit, american yadavi yuddhakade durlaksh kele gele jeey tyaveli suru hote aanee tine tichya shevatchya shakhela 1860 asey label lavane nivadle.
"temple auph time' (1846).
rashtranche chitra yaa prashnache changle punaravalokan kelyanantar aanee greek punarujjivan sthapatya chalvalipasun prerit houn, willardne 1846 madhye teey 'kaal mandir' mhanoon vikasit kele. sanskratinche pravah pracheen greek mandirachya majalyavar halavanyat aale, tarr urvarit rachana smrutee rajwada mhanoon kaam karate jyamule vidyarthi swatahla 'vishal kalpanik imaratit' thevu shakatat aanee aitihasik ghatanechya bhaugolik aanee kalkramanusar sandarbh vicharat gheu shakatat. willardchya mathalyat tee mhanate, "jeey shikshak kinwa palak teey tyachya vidyarthyansamor aanee mulansamor thevatat, tyanna aadhalel qee teey asanvedansheelpane eka antargat 'mandir' dharan kartil, jyamadhye teey ayushyabhar, yogya kramane, itihasachi tathye jamaa karoo shaktil, jase teey tyanna prapt kartil. heey aapan punha sangato qee kalachya vidyarthyasathi teey titkech mahattvache aahe jitke nakashe tyaa jagechya vidyarthyasathi aahet. daad mind palace heey swatach eka pracheen greek tantra aahe jeey willardla itihas aanee smrutivaril pracheen greek lekhanachya abhyasat sapadale hote.
heey mandir stambhanchya done samantar reshanni tayar jhaale aahe, jeey paramparik drushtikonatun antarakade valatat. pratyek stambh eka shatakache pratinidhitva karato aanee teey baybalsambandhi nirmitisathi ii. sha. puu. 4004 chya tarkheparyant mage jaatat, jyat stambhanchya 59 jodya asatat. prakashanachi tarikh darshavinyasathi stambhancha shevatcha sanch apoorn aahe. stambhanvar 'jyaa sarvbhaumanchya navane pramukhyane vay vegale kele jaate' tyanchi nave aahet. stambh eka chhatavaril aadhar detat, jyachya khalchya bajula itihasatil mahattvachya vyaktinchi nave aahet. teey paach shreninmadhye vibhagale gele aaheth "rajkarani; tatvadnya, shodhak aanee shodhak; dharamshastradnya aanee kavee, chitrakar aanee yoddhe", jeey padchinhavar label kelele aahet. mandirachya majlyavaril kalachya nadya pratyek sanskratichi bhaugolik, sanskrutik, rajkiy, aarthik aanee lashkari shakti, jaminichya sampoorn rundichya pramanat darshavanyat rashtranchya chitratil nadyansarkhich bhoomika bajavtat. 
2015 madhye lihitana barry joycene namood kele qee heey tantra 'amerikeche ekoon mahatva lakshaniyaritya qamee karate', jeey willardchya rashtravadi aanee american apavadatmak drushtikonanmule ullekhaneey aahe. too chitrakalechya parasparsanvadi swarupachi dekhil nond gheto jyamule chaukashi aanee sanvadala protsahan denyasathi tichya pathyapustakanchya samanya dhoranala pathimba denyat madat jhaali. joyce yaa chitrakaleche varnan 'sankalpanatmak utkrusht krutee' mhanoon karate, jee 'rikama bharnyacha eka prakarcha drushtikon' aahe, jyamadhye itihas apoorn aahe, jase tumhi kalchya mandirachya sarvat pudhchya stambhanmadhye pahoo shakata. willardne tichya karyane itihasabaddalcha andaje 'devacha drushtikon' manla.
"american temple auph time" (1840 chya uttaradhapasun).
willardne 1840 chya uttaradhat 'temple auph time' chya american itihasachya uttarbhagachi kalpana kelee. heey mool rachnesarkhech hote, fakt tarr majala amerikechya pradeshache pratinidhitva pratinidhitva vegvegalya rundichya aath vibhaganmadhye vibhagalela hota. yaa tukadyanna tera vasahati, naveen france, vayavya pradesh, louisiana, florida, texas, oregon aanee meksikone supurd keleli jameen asey naav denyat aale hote. mandirache khamb khamb shatkatil hote aanee davya khambanvar american aanee ujavya khambanvar european ashee prasiddha vyaktinchi nave koraleli hotee. rajyakartya, itihaskar, dharmatadnya, kavee aanee yoddhe asha shatkanushatke aanee vyaktinchya varganusar chhappar vibhaganyat aale hote. mandirachi mageel bhint hii prashant mahasagarapasun atlantic mahasagaraparyantcha uttar amerikecha nakasha hotee. bhaugolik tapashilat teey viral hote aanee bhaugolik sansadhanapeksha deshache prateek mhanoon adhik hetu hota. vidyarthyanna mandirache punha rekhatan karnyasathi aanee pradesh sampadan darshavinyasathi aanee mahattvachya ladhayansathi label jodanyasathi majlyavaril chhayankan yasarkhe tapasheel bharnyasathi protsahit kele gele. chhatavaril bhaganmadhye mahattvachya aakrutyanchi bharr ghalayachi hotee.
willardne manale qee american itihasachya shikavanichya sandarbhat, 'american temple auph time' neey 'jyachyakade mea tappyatappyane jaat hoto' teey dhyey sadhya kele. yaa vishayavarchi tichi matey rashtravad, prakat niyativaril vishvas aanee european vanshachya vasahatincha mool americananna visthapit karnyacha adhikar yamule tayar jhaali hotee. willardchya yaa kalatil itar granthanmadhye heey spasht aahe; tichya 'united states kinwa republic auph america' chya itihasat mool american lokanvar keval done adhyay aahet aanee tyanna 'manvi itihasachya aadhi kalatit jaaget' pathvile aahe.
"ingraji kalkramkar" (1849).
1849 madhye willardne 'temple auph time' aanee tyachya american aavruttipramanech eka 'ingraji kalkramkar' prakashit keela. yaa chitrat eka pracheen greek mandiratil british samrajyacha itihas darshavila aahe. yaa majalyavar, bharat, cape auph good hope, nyu holland, jamaika, gibraltar, hannover, gret britton, republic auph america, canada aanee france yaa anek pradeshanmadhye samrajyacha vikas disun yeto. rashtranchi nirmiti houn teey pravahanmadhye villin houn nadiche swaroop punha vaparale jaate. pramukh rashtriy netyanchi nave aanee agadi ujavikade pramukh ladhayanchi nave yaa majalyavar chinhankit keleli aahet. 
bhinti ghatt aahet aanee aadhichya kalkramanusar stambhit naheet. naheet shatkapasoon khristachya janmaparyant (joou punha jaminivar pandhya chinhankit keela aahe) shatkanpurvichya kalat bhinti chinhankit kelya aahet, jyachya palikade tyaa sankhyaheen aahet aanee tyat fakt done nondi aahet. davya bhintivar pramukh ghatananchi aanee ujavya bhintivar pahilya shatkatil englandchya rajyakartyanchi yadee aahe. heey suruvatila roman samrat aahet, tyanantar heptarchy aanee ingland aanee brittonche raje; shahee gharanna nave dilee jaatat aanee rung dile jaatat, rung chhatavarun aanee davya bhintikhali pattyat pasarlela asato. chhappar daha vibhaganmadhye vibhagale gele aaheh rajkarani; tatvadnya, shodhak aanee gaga; itihaskar aanee gaga; gadya lekhak; dharamshastradnya; kavee; chitrakar, shilpkar, vastuvisharad aanee gaga; edmiral; ullekhaneey mahila aanee yoddhe.
"pracheen itihasacha kalkramak" (1851).
1851 madhye willardne baybalsambandhi nirmitipasoon roman samrat augustuschya karkirdiparyantchya jaagtik itihasatil ghatananche chitran karnara 'pracheen itihasacha kalkramkar' tayar keela. pracheen greek mandirache parichit swaroop punha vaparale jaate. sanskratincha uday aanee patan patan pravahanni aanee pramukh aitihasik ghatana aanee vyaktimatvanni punha ekada majala chinhankit keela aahe. majlyavaril agadi ujavya bajula mothya sangharshanni chinhankit kelele aahe. ghan kalya resha ii. sha. puu. puu, 30vya aanee aanee shatkat disatat. jerusalemmadhil mandir, parthenon aanee egyptian pyramid tasech baybalmadhil nohacha kosh aanee babelcha buruj yasah pramukh sanrachana jaminivar darshavilya aahet. baybalsambandhi nirmiti hii mandirachi mageel bhint mhanoon darshavili gelee aahe, tee tarikh nasaleli aanee ii. sha. puu. puu shatkachya palikade anek shatake anishchit aahe. dakhavalelya pahilya ghatana mhanje isavi sunpoorv 24 vya shatkatil babelcha kosh aanee manora, tyanantar babylone aanee ninvehcha paya aahe. bigger-europeey sanskratinvishayi tulanene qamee tapasheel aaheth bharat aanee chinala jaminiche keval arund bhag dile gele aahet, jyachi rundi sthir aahe aanee chinmadhye konatyahi ghatana chinhankit naheet. shevatchya ghatananmadhye khristacha janm, jyala jaminivar jaminivar pandhya chinhankit kele aahe, yaa velee 'bethlehemcha taara' asey label lavalele aahe aanee roman samrajyacha paya ('susanskrut jug' samavisht asalyache varnan kelele) yancha samavesh hoto.
mandirachya bhinti stambhanni bandhalelya aahet aanee pratyek stambh shatkatil kalache pratinidhitva karato; teey ii. sha. puu. 40 vya shatkatil aahet. davya stambhanvar thodya pramanat mahattvachya ghatana aanee ujavya stambhanvar pramukh aitihasik vyaktinchi nave aahet. chitrat namood kele aahe qee roman samrajyacha uday haah "khrishchananchya samrajyashi susangat aahe". mandirache chhappar daha vibhaganmadhye vibhagale aaheh dnyani sallagar; tatvadnya, shikshak aanee itihaskar, vakte aanee kavee, sangitkar; aatmabalidani; junya kararache lekhak aanee kayade denare aanee rajyanche sansthapak; chitrakar, shilpkar, vastuvisharad aanee pratishthit mahila; aanee yoddhe. sarvat junie aakruti mhanje pauranik chiinii samrat fuxi (yethe fohi asey label kelele), baybalmadhil anek varn dekhil samavisht aahet.
varsa.
willardne ayushyabhar tichi pathyapustake aanee kalkramak yanche sanshodhan karane suru thewale. 1851 madhye london yethe jhalelya mahan pradarshanat tine kalkramanusarche pradarshan kele; itihasachya kalpanechi eka "naveen aanee kharee paddhat" mhanoon tyanche varnan kele gele. willardla nantar princechya patni albertkadoon padak aanee pramanpatra denyat aale. 1854 madhye jaagtik shaikshanik parishadet amerikeche pratinidhitva karnyasathi tyaa londonla paratalya. willard yanche 15 april 1870 roji nidhan jhaale.
willardchya paddhatincha nantarchya shaikshanik lekhakanni upman keela. americetil sthanik lock kinwa ghatana aanee africa aanee aashiyatil lokankade durlaksh kelyabaddal sahityik itihaskar matt cohain yanni kalkramanusar teeka kelee. teey mhanatat qee jithe tyancha samavesh keela jaato, tithe teey keval "aspashtapane soochit kelele-andharat, eka sandigdha asanskrutata" mhanoon astitvat asatat.

