
viman companyanche niyaman

vimanseva niyantranmukt karane hii sarkarne ladalele pravesh aanee viman kampanyanvaril kimmatinvaril nirbandh hatavanyachi prakriya aahe, jyacha parinam visheshtah vishisht marganvar seva denyas parvanagi asalelya vahakanvar hoto. americet, hii sandnya samanyatah 1978 chya viman vahtook niyaman kayadyala lagoo hote. vimantalanvar upalabdh asalelya maryadit sankhyechya sthananchya vatpasarkhya samasyanna samore jaanyasathi kahee pramanat niyamanacha eka naveen prakar vikasit karnyat aala aahe.
parichay.
1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatila jett vimananche bajarat ektrikaran jhaale, tyamule udhyogane natyamay vaadh anubhavali. 1960 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant, viman kampanya andaje 10 kotee pravasi gheuun jaat hotya aanee 1970 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant 20 kotinhoon adhik american lokanni havai pravas keela hota. havai pravasatil yaa sthir vadhimule havai pravasachya vadhatya guntaguntichya swarupacha samna karnyachya federal niyamkanchya kshamatevar gambhir taana yeu lagla.uchch chalanvadhichi suruvat, qamee aarthik vaadh, ghatati utpadakta, kamgarancha vadhata kharch aanee indhanacha jaast kharch heey viman companyansathi samasyapradhan tharale.
jaree heey samanyatah olakhale jaate qee sarkari niyamnamagil uddesh sthir udyog nirman karane haah aahe, parantu anek viman vahtook bajar vishleshakanni niyaman mukt honyaparyantchya dashakanmadhye amerikechya pravasi havai vahtook pranalichya sanrachanebaddal chinta vyakt kelee. navya viman companyanchya praveshasathiche mothe adthale, shahar-jodimadhye spardha karnyasathi pravesh karananya vidyaman viman companyanna sarkari santh pratisad aanee junya viman kampanyanni krutrimaritya pravashanchya tikitanchya kimmati vadhavanyachya ekadhikarvadi paddhatincha yaat samavesh hota. 
yaa vadhatya chintanche nirakaran karnyasathi 1978 madhye americet viman companyanche niyaman radd karnyas suruvat jhaali. tikit darr aanee pravesh niyantrane qamee karnyachya eka vyapak prayogcha too eka bhag hota aanee aajahi aahe, joou naveen viman companyanchya aashavadinvar prabhav padato. arthshastradnya alfried eae. yanchya pudhakarane viman companyanche niyaman radd karnyas suruvat jhaali hotee. nixon prashasanatil qaan, phorda prashasanadvare chalavale gele aanee shevati, teed kenedichya sangnyavarun, 1978 madhye adhyaksh jimmi carter yanni vimanchalan niyaman kayada mhanoon kayadyat swakshari kelee. 
tikit darr aanee marg praveshavar niyantran thevun, jaagtik staravar, rajya samarthit viman kampanya ajunahi tulanene samanya aahet, parantu anek deshanni tevhapasoon tyanchya swatachya deshantargat viman companyanchya bajarpethanvar niyantran hatvale aahe. european union, austreliya, united kingdam, scandinavia, ireland aanee nivadak dakshin aanee madhya american rashtranni asach parantu qamee saumya drushtikon swikarla aahe.
americet.
aantarrajya havai pravasachya suruvatichya kalat, tyaa velee prachalit vichar assa hota qee navodit udhyogache sanrakshn aanee protsahan denyasathi sarkari niyaman aavashyak hote. udaharanarth, tatkalin pramukh railway udyogala viman companyanna udhyogatil spardha aatokyat aananyapasun rokhanyasathi tyanna aarthik hitsambandh thevanyas manai karnyat aalee hotee. congressne nagri vimanchalan pradhikaran tayar kele, jeey nagri vimanchalan mandal (cab) banale aanee cabla viman marganche niyaman karnyacha, bajarpethet pravesh aanee nirgaman niyantrit karnyacha aanee seva darr anivarya karnyacha, apaghatanchi chaukashi karnyacha, viman aanee vaimanikanna pramanit karnyacha, havai vahtook niyantranasathi (aii. tii. see.) niyam tayar karnyacha aanee mageel apaghatanchi punaravrutti rokhanyasathi naveen niyamanchi shifaras karnyacha adhikar deela. 1958 chya federal aviation actchya sammatine nantar atirikt viman suraksha niyaman aale, jyane federal aviation administration (eff. aii. aii.) hii eka swatantra niyamak sanstha mhanoon tayar kelee.
nagri vimanchalan mandal.
1938 madhye yuu.ess. nagri vimanchalan mandalachya (cab) madhyamatoon sarkarne marg, bhade aanee velapatrak yasarkhya vyavsayik viman vahatukichya anek kshetranche niyaman kele.
viman companyanna marg pradan karane, naveen bajarpethanmadhye vimanvahatukdaranchya praveshavar maryada ghalane aanee pravashansathi bhadeniyantran karane hii cabchi teen mukhya karye hotee.
americet vyavsayik pravasi pravasachya bahutansh prasthapit paddhati, 1929 teey 1933 yaa kalat rashtradhyaksh herbert hoover yanchya prashasanatil americi postmaster general walter faulger braun yanchya dhorananparyant aanakhi mage gelya. 1930 chaa havai mail kayada, jyala mcnary-wats kayada asehi mhanatat, too sammat jhalyanantar, braunane tapal vahoon nenanya vimananaivaji pravasi vimananchya nirmitila protsahan denyasathi tapal dey pranali badalali hotee. united, american, eastern aanee transcontinental aanee western air (tii. doubleu. aii.) yaa chaar pramukh deshantargat vimanseva nirman karnyasathi karar denyat tyacha prabhav mahattvapoorn hota. teen aantarkhandiy havai mail marganpaiki pratyekasathiche kantrat united aircraft andd transport corporation (nantar united), robertson aircraft corporation (nantar american) aanee aantarkhandiy havai vahtook (nantar tii. doubleu. aii.) yanna denyat aale. newyork teey washington margacha karar purv havai vahatukeela denyat aala hota, jee nantar purv havai marg bunley. 1933 paryant, united, american, twawa aanee easterncha havai mail mahasulachya sumare 94 takke vaataa hota. tyachpramane, braunane sampoorn american lokanna aantarrashtriy marganvar maktedari denyasahi madat kelee hotee. (uddan aayogache yuu. ess. shatakmahotsavi samarambh dekhil pahaa)
1940chya dashkapasoonche vishisht niyamak vichar nagri vimanchalan mandalachya ahavalat spasht aahet. naveen vahkasathi sakaratmak kaaran sadar karananya vishisht paristhitichya anupasthitit, keval udhyogacha sankhyatmak vistar karnyachya uddeshane vahakanchi sadhyachi sankhya vadhavanyachi konatihi antarnihit ichcha nahee asey disate.
viman vahtook niyaman kayada.
1978 chya viman vahtook niyamak kayadyane purvi namood kelelya anek niyantrane kadhoon takali. niyaman radd karnyapurvi, konatyahi dilelya margavar seva denyasathi viman kampanyanni pratham niyamak manyata ghene aavashyak hote. asha prakare vidyaman vimanseva chalak naveen spardhechya aavhanasathi adthale nirman karoo shakatat. viman vahtook niyantranmukti kayadyacha parinam mhanoon hii pranali nasht karnyat aalee. (uddan aayogache shatabdi varsh dekhil pahaa) tyane dhvajavahak yaa kalpanechahi naash keela.
niyantrananantar.
niyantranmuktichya parshvabhumivar, viman kampanyanni naveen dhorane sweekarli aahet aanee grahak naveen bajarpeth anubhavat aahet. khalee niyantranmuktiche pramukh parinam dile aahet.
hub aanee booal.
viman kampanya patkan hub-andd-spoke pranalikade valalya, jyadvare eka viman companyne anek mool shaharanmadhun uddanansathi gantvyasthan mhanoon vimantal, hub nivadle, asey pravakte mhanatat. kaaran vaparlelya vimanancha aakar tyaa spokavareel pravasanusar badalat hota aanee kendranni pravasi pravasala "hastantaran sthankanmadhye" ektrit karanyachi parvanagi dilyane, kshamatecha vapar vadhala. paramparik vahakanmadhye hub-andd-spoke model tikoon aahe, parantu qamee kimatiche vahak (ell. see. see.), jeey aata bajarpethetil 30 takke aahet, samanyatah eka thikanahun dusya thikani udatat. network hub model grahakanna margansathi adhik suvidha dete, parantu viman companyanna amalat aananyasathi point-too-point marg qamee kharchik asalyache siddha jhaale aahe. kalantarane, varsa vahak aanee ell. see. see. heey praman aanee kimmatichya fayadhyanchi arthvyavastha donhi midvinyasathi point too point aanee network habche kahee sanyojan vaparnar aahet.
kimmat.
niyaman shithil jhalyapasun mool tikitanchya kimmati satatyane qamee hott aahet. viman companyansathi 1982 madheel chalanwadhi-samayojit dollarche sthir utpann 1978 madheel 12.3 centvaroon 1997 madhye 7.9 sentparyant ghasarale aahe. aanee 1978 teey 2011 paryant vimanchalanasathichi chalanvadhichi samayojit vastavik kimmat 44.9% khalee aalee. vadhatya americi loksankhyesah aanee kamgaranchya vadhatya maganisah, heey cull uddan kelelya pravasi mailanmadhye natyamay vistarasathi kahee utprerak hote, jeey 1978 madheel 250 dashalaksh pravasi mailanvarun 2005 madhye 750 dashalaksh pravasi mailanparyant vadhale. asha prakare, kahee vichar tank aanee american viman kampanya, amerikechya viman companyancha assa yuktivad aahe qee niyantranmuktimule sarasari havai pravashanna laabh jhaala aahe.
sevechi gunavatta.
viman sevechi gunavatta anek vegvegalya marganni mojali jaau shakate, jyat vimanachya sutanyachi sankhya, ekoon uddan kelelya mailanchi sankhya, basanyachi soya, sevechi velechi upalabdhata, itar karyakram aanee seva aanee vividh suvidha kinwa suvidha yancha samavesh aahe. 
gelya anek varshant viman sevechya gunavattebabat janatecha drushtikon lakshaniyaritya ghasarala aahe. 2008 chya american grahak samadhan nirdeshankanusar, mishigan vidyapithachya 80,000 grahakanchya apeksha aanee pradhanyancha abhyas, sarvekshan kelelya serve udhyoganmadhye pramukh american viman kampanya shevatchya kramankavar aahet. 2009 madhye, viman kampanya kebal aanee upgrah durdarshan aanee vruttpatra udhyogapeksha eka guna pudhe gelya aahet (jaree heey lihinyachya velee serve udhyogansathi parinam upalabdh navhate).
2011 madhye congressne shevati united states sarkarla kahee vishisht paristhitinmadhye havai pravashanche kaay jhaale pahije yabaddal vishisht aavashyakta pradan karnyasathi "havai pravasi hakkanche vidheyak" manjur karnyachya varanvar kelelya aavahananna pratisad deela. gelya anek varshant anek uchchabhru pravashanchya adakoon padalyamule yaa bilasathi jore aala. 25 april 2011 roji, viman vahtook pravashanchya sanrakshanacha vadhata niyam, 76 lagoo karnyat aala. regg. 32, 110, lagoo karnyat aale. itar vastumbarobarach, vaidh tikite asalelya grahakanna kiman "nakarleli boarding bharpai" vadhavane, jyanna adyap vimanat chadhanyachi parvanagi nahee, heey dekhil yaa niyamat samavisht aahe. yaa kayadyanusar, vimanat teen tasanpeksha jaast kaal adakoon padalyas viman companyanna 27,500 dollarsparyantcha dand thothavanyat aala aahe. 2010 madhye, capital hilchya aadhi vimanchalan vyavasthapan hitsambandhanche pratinidhitva karananya sarvat mothya vyapar sanghatananni, amerikesathichya vimanseva aanee pradeshik vimanseva sanghatnene, yaa kayadyala virodh keela aanee mhatale qee teey swatache swayam-niyaman karoo shakatat aanee tyanni aadhich asha pranalinchi amalbajavani suru kelee aahe jyadvare konatyahi termack vilamb qamee karata yeil. nantar aar. aii. aii. viman companycha sadasya asalelya american eagle yaa naveen kayadyantargat dand thothavanari pahili viman company hotee. meey 2011 madhye shikagomadhye jhalelya termack vilambasathi pravashanna denyat aalelya danda aanee nuksanbharpaisaha ekoon 800,000 dollarscha todga kadhanyat aala.
niyamanmuktiche vakeel alfried qaan yanni, viman marganchya mothya punarrachanechi "ashantata", kimmatinvaril yuddhe, viman karmchari sanghatananshi sangharsh, viman company diwalkhor aanee udyog ektrikaran yasah, niyamanmuktinantar viman sevechya gunavattet ghat jhalyache namood kele. alikadchya varshant havai pravashanna tras denanya anpekshit gardi aanee vilambanchihi tyanni nond kelee. tathapi, tyanni assa yuktivadahi keela qee ashee gardi aanee vilamb heey dekhil niyantranachya yashache lakshan aahe (kaaran yamule viman bhadyat ghat jhalyamule pravashanchya sankhyet mothee vaadh jhalyache soochit hote). kanane gondhal, gardi aanee vilamb heey niyantranmuktimule anpekshit 'aashchary' asalyache manale aanee yaa ghatana asoonahi teey niyantranmuktila pathimba dett rahile.
vahakanmadhye spardha.
viman companyanmadhil spardha vadhavane heey viman companyanchya niyantranmuktiche eka pramukh uddisht hote, jyamule kimmati qamee hott gelya. niyantranmukticha parinam mhanoon, sambhavya naveen viman companysathi viman udhyogat pravesh karnyamadhil adthale lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaale, parinami anek naveen viman kampanya bajarat pravesh karat aahet, tyamule spardha vadhate.
viman companychya karmchanyanvar parinam.
1976 teey 1986 yaa kalat americetil niyantranmuktichya asthirateche eka pramukh soochak karmchanyanchya kamkajabhovati firate. viman companyanchya karmchanyanmadhye 39 takke vaadh jhaali (alfried kanchya matey) aanee 1990 chya dashakat qamee vegwan vaadh suruch rahili. tyanantar, 2000 teey 2008 yaa kalat, 100,000 nokya-andaje 20 takke-aanee purvichya vyast kendra vimantalanvar (jase qee pitsberg aanee seent. lui) uddananmadhil lakshaniy ghat jhalyamule karmchanyanchi sankhya qamee jhaali.
11 septemberchya hallyanantar lagechach, havai vahtook suraksha aanee pranali sthirikaran kayadyane american viman companyanna 15 abj dollarsche karj aanee american sarkarkadoon atirikt 5 abj dollarsche anudan dile. hii karje aanee anudan asoonahi, jawaljawal pratyek pramukh vahakane aaplya 20 takke karmchanyanna kamavarun kadhoon takale, united aanee american yaa donhi kampanyanni 20,000 nokya kapalya. asha prakarchya chhatanichya parshvabhumivar, niyantranachya parinamanmule nemke kitee nokya gamavalya jaatat heey tharvane katheen aahe. american airlinesche nivrutt majee mukhya karyakari adhikari robbert crandle mhanale, "mallah khatri nahee qee 9/11 chaa swatahun [udhyogavar] konatahi vishisht khol parinam jhaala hota, parantu yamule 9/11 purvichya tyanchya samasya aanakhi vadhalya"."
niyaman shithil jhalyanantarchya varshanmadhye niyamit vetan kapat hii samanya baab jhaali asali taree 11 september 2001 nantar urvarit karmchanyanchya sarasari vetan kapatimadhye 18 takke kapat jhaali asoon sarvadhik kamai karananya anekanchya pagarat 40 takkyanparyant kapat jhaali aahe. pudhe, aksharshah pratyek niyamitpane niyojit viman companyne nivruttivetanachya jababdanya tyanchya karmchanyankade hastantarit kelya aahet.
arthshastradnya david card yanni kelelya abhyasanusar, 1978 teey 1984 yaa kalat, niyantranmuktimule vimanchalan yantrakaryachya sumare 5,000 teey 7,000 nokya mothya trunk viman companyanmadhun chhotya vimanvahatukdarankade halavanyat aalya. kaaran asha lahan vimanvahatukdaranna samanyatah mothya viman kampanyanpeksha qamee paise midatat, tyamule vimanchalan yantrakaranche sarasari tasala milanare vetan 5 takkyanparyant qamee jhaale; tathapi, hii ghat tulanene qamee asalyache mhatale jaate.
ughade aakash.
americetil viman companyanchya deshantargat udarikaranachya palikade, mukt aakash karar heey america aanee itar deshanmadhil viman vahtook bajarpeth paradeshi praveshasathi khulee karnyasathi aanee spardhetil adthale door karnyasathiche dwipakshi karar aahet. heey karar viman companyanna americetil konatyahi thikanahun dusya deshatil konatyahi thikanaparyant, tasech tisya deshanna aanee tethoon havai seva chalavanyacha adhikar detat. 1979 madhye pahile mothe khule aakash karar karnyat aale.
28 paiki 15 european union deshansah 60 hoon adhik deshanshi amerikeche khule karar aahet. spardhesathi sarkarne lagoo kelele anek adthale door karnyat aanee viman companyanna paradeshi bhagidar thevanyas, tyanchya mool deshanmadhye yenanya aanee jaananya aantarrashtriy marganmadhye pravesh karnyas aanee aarthik niyamanachya anek paramparik prakaranpasoon swatantrya midvanyas mukt karar yashasvi tharale aahet.
teeka.
1978 pasoon diwalkhorichya madhyamatoon braniff, twa aanee panne emm sarkhya dirghakalin kampanya gayab hott asalyane, 2000 salapasoonchya varshanmadhye pratyek urvarit varsa vahakane kiman ekada diwalkhorisathi arj kelyache pahile aahe. yuu. ess. airvagene ekach varshat donada arj dakhal kele. tyach kalat, nairutya viman kampanyanni fayadeshir rahunahi tyanchya margachya sanrachanecha vistar karane, naveen viman kharedi karane aanee adhik karmchari niyukt karane suru thewale. 1999 madhye suru jhaleli jetblue hii naveen viman company, 'yuu. ess. chya mojkya viman kampanyanpaiki eka hotee.ess. 11 september 2001 chya hallyanantar viman pravasatil tivra ghasaranidarmyan napha kamavanaya viman kampanyanni. jetbluecha vikas darr asthir hoil assa andaj vishleshakanni anek varshanpasun vartavala hota. asey asoonahi, viman companyne tafyat viman aanee marg vegwan gatine jodane suru thewale. jetblue hii ishanya americetil sarvat mothya viman kampanyanpaiki eka aahe."
kamgar sanghatana, majee vyavasthapan aanee udyog vishleshakanni vividh prastav mandale aahet, jyat federal kimmat niyantran aanee pramukh viman kampanyanni seva dilelya anivarya margansah kimmati aanee spardha donhi vadhavanyachya uddeshane aahet.
juuna 2008 madhye american airlinesche majee mukhya karyakari adhikari robbert crandle yanni sangitale,
crandlene viman kampanyanni lahan vimantalanvaril seva bund karnyas karanibhoot tharalyabaddalhi niyantranmuktivar teeka kelee aahe, parinami "tulanene asamadhankarak vahtook jaale" nirman jhaale aahe; teey assa yuktivad karatat qee yamule "mothya shaharankade lokanchi halchal vegwan jhaali aahe aanee madhyam aakarachya shaharanchya nirmitila nirutsahit kele aahe."
nondi.
srot 1 laa takta 1-37: yuu madhye adyayavat karane aavashyak aahe.ess. havai vahak vimananche prasthan, niyojit mahasool pravasi aanee niyojit mahasool tunn . vahtook sankhyiki karyalay. (aine.dii.). 11 december 2015 roji, HTTPS:// Www varoon punarprapt kele.bts.sarkar/aashay/yu. ess.-havai-vahak-viman-prasthan-niyojit-mahasool-pravasi-aanee-niyojit-mahasool-tunn