sweedencha itihas (1523-1611)

prarambhik vasa yug haah swedish aanee finish itihasatil eka kaal aahe joou 1523-1611 darmyan tikala. tyachi suruvat 1523 madhye gustav vasa aanee tyachya manasanni stockholmwar punha vijay midavalyane jhaali, jee 1520 madhye stockholm raktapat mhanoon olakhalya manalya ghatanemule suru jhaali aanee tyanantar sweedenche kalmar unionpasoon vegale hone suru jhaale aanee gustavche putra erich XIV, johnn III, johncha mulga sigismund aanee shevati gustavcha sarvat lahan mulga charles Ix yanchya karkirdit suru rahile. yaa yuganantar samanyatah swedish samrajya kinwa sweedishmadhye stormuctsteeden mhanoon olakhala jaanara kaal aala, jyacha arth 'mahan shaktiche yug' assa hoto.
gustavchya karkirdit antargat rajkiy aanee dharmik sudharana jhalya, jyat protestant sudharanancha samavesh hota, jithe tyane protestantvadat dharmantar kele aanee catholic charchchi malmatta aanee sampatti japt kelee aanee prantanche ekikaran kele. 1560 madhye gustavachya mrutyunantar tyacha motha mulga erich tyachya jaagi aala. erich buddhiman aanee kushal hota, parantu tyacha bhau aanee itar kuleen lokanshi too satat tanavakhali hota. too denmark, russia aanee polland yaa donhi deshanviruddha yuddhat guntala, parantu 1567 madhye tyala vedepanacha kaal sahan karava lagla. 1568 madhye tyala padchyut karnyat aale aanee tyacha bhau johnn tyachya jaagi aala.
johnne aantarrashtriy paristhiti sthir kelee aanee shantata prasthapit kelee. tyala roman catholic dharm anshatah punarsanchayit karayacha hota parantu shevati hii kalpana suchali nahee.
1592 madhye johnchya mrutyunantar tyacha mulga sigismund tyachya jaagi aala. sigismund haah tyachya aaidware aadhich polish-lithuania rashtrakulacha shasak hota aanee tyane 1587 teey 1632 paryant polandavar rajya kele. tyane eka rajpratinidhitva sthapan kele aanee polandmadhye rahane suru thewale. shevati sweedenchya lutheran siddhantanchi ghoshana nirman upsala dharmasabhebaddal jaanun ghetalyanantar too nishedh karnyasathi gharee paratala. tyala aadhalale qee vasahatinchya ricksdagne aadhich tyala padchyut kele hote aanee tyachi jaaga gustav vasacha sarvat dhakata mulga, tyache kaka charles Ix neey ghetali. eka sankshipt gruhyuddha suru jhaale, jyat sigismund 1598 madhye harla, jithe too desh sodoon paloon gelyanantar kadhihi parat aala nahee.
vasa rajvanshachi sthapana.
1520 madhye, stockholm denmarkchya khrishchan khrishchan tabyat ghetale aanee stockholm raktapat honyache drushya banale. 1521 paryant, gustav ericson, eka kuleen aanee stein steur daad eldercha natevaik, vayavya sweedenmadhil dalarna yethoon sainya gola karnyat aanee denscha parabhav karnyachya uddeshane lubecchi madat ghenyat yashasvi jhaala. august 1521 madhye, tyachya manasanni tyala aapala raja mhanoon nivadle. juuna 1523 madhye stockholm tabyat gheiparyant swedish muktiche yuddh suru jhaale aanee teey chaloo rahile. gustav vasa yane nantar denmarkchya davyanviruddha aapale rajya majboot kele.
1538 aanee 1558 madhye curr sudharana jhalya, jyat swatantra swatantra anek jatil karanche sulbhikaran aanee pramanikaran sampoorn jeelhyat karnyat aale; pratyek shetavaril curr mulyankanat bharana karanyachi kshamata darshavinyasathi samayojan karnyat aale. taaj curr mahasool vadhala, parantu tyahoon mahattvache mhanje naveen pranali adhik nyayya aanee adhik swikararh mhanoon olakhali gelee. 1535 madhye lubecberoberchya yuddhamule, purvi paradeshi vyaparachi maktedari asalelya hansiyatik hansiyatik hakalpatti jhaali. swatachya vyavsayikanchya netrutvakhali sweedenchi aarthik takad zapatyane vadhali aanee 1544 paryant gustavasla sampoorn sweedenmadhil 60 takke shetjaminincha pathimba midala. sweedenne aata europemadhil pahile aadhunik sainya tayar kele, jyala atyadhunik curr pranali aanee sarkari nokarshahicha pathimba hota. gustavasne tyachya kutumbat swedish mukut varsagat ghoshit keela, vasache ghar. tyane sweedenwar (1523-1654) aanee polandavar (1587-1668) rajya kele.
gustavchya mrutyunantar tyacha sarvat motha mulga erich chaudawa sinhasanavar basala. sweedenne livonian yuddhat aanee uttar saat varshanchya yuddhat pravesh kelyane aanee tyacha vikasit hott asalela mansik vikar aanee kuleen vargala virodh yanchyatil paraspar sambandh, jyamule steur hatya (1567) aanee tyacha bhau johnn (3), jyacha vivah polandachya sigismund 2 augustuschi baheen catherine jegilonica hichyashi jhaala hota, tyala turungat takane, heey tyache rajpratinidhitva chinhankit hote. johnchya netrutvakhalil dhanadhyanchya uthavamule erikchi saksh aanee johnche rajya, tyanantar johncha mulga sigismandacha rajpratinidhitva jhaale. tathapi, sigismund gustavcha sarvat dhakata mulga charles (ix) yachyapasun sinhasanache rakshan karoo shakala nahee.
sudharana.
1523 madhye satta kabij kelyanantar lagechach, gustav vasa yanni rommadhye popala sambodhit kele aanee sweedenche naveen archbishop mhanoon johannes magnus yanchi pushti karanyachi vinanti kelee, gustav trollechya jaagi, jyala denseshe tyachya sahbhagamule estatechya ricksdagdware aupcharikpane padchyut karnyat aale hote. popane suruvatila nakar deela, parantu eka varshanantar tyane tyala manyata dilee. magnus tevha sudharanas anukool raja aanee catholic bishop yanchyatil sthiteet hota. 1526 madhye tyala rashiyat rajnaitik mohimevar pathvanyat aale, tarr rajane sudharana suru thevalya. magnus romla gela aanee 1533 madhye tyala pavitra karnyat aale, parantu too kadhihi gharee paratala nahee.
darmyan, gustavne 1526 madhye serve catholic mudranalay dadapun takale aanee rashtriy karjachya (tyala sinhasanavar basnyas madat nirman german sainikanna dene) bharana karnyasathi charchchya dashanshanpaiki done trutiyansh ghetale. 1529 madhye tyane orebro yetheel charchchya baithakila bolavile. romashi aupcharikaritya sambandh todalyashivay, serve catholic vidhee keval pratikatmak mhanoon ghoshit kele gele, jaree tarihi teey kayam thevanyat aale. deshbharat ajunahi catholicancha pathimba majboot hota aanee gustavne sudharananchya shikshanacha pratham prasar karoon haloohaloo pudhe jaane pasant kele.
antim paul 1531 madhye uchalanyat aale, jevha gustav vasa yanni upsala aanee sweedenche naveen archbishop mhanoon laurentius petrichi ghoshana kelee. laurentius aanee tyacha bhau olaus aanee austerlandmadhil (aajche finland) michael agricola yanni pudhil dashakanmadhye lutheran grunth lihile aanee chhapale. virodhi paksh ajunahi majboot hota aanee gustav kinwa tyacha uttaradhikari erich chaudavya doghannihi aamulagra sudharana karnyache dhadas kele nahee. 1591 madhye rixdagmadhye paribhashit kelelya swedish church adhyadesh 1571 paryant sampoorn lutheran church adhyadesh sadar karnyat aala navhata, jyamadhye 1593 madhye upsala synodne antim kelelya shraddhechya vidhanasah.
vidhanasah uthati.
gustavala 1525 teey 1543 darmyan ardha dozen shetkari uthavanna samore jaave lagale, jyacha shevat dack yuddh chiradoon takalyavar jhaala. yaa serve bandanmadhye dharmik muddah mothya pramanat upasthit jhaala, jaree vadhatya aarthik oze nihsanshaypane gambhir hote aanee aanee tyanchya vishisht takrari tyaa vyatirikt hotya. charchchya malmattechi ghauk japti aanee adhogati yamule tyanna santap aala aanee tyanni 'luthri' chya parichayala aupcharik virodh keela."tyanni pracheen catholic pratha punarsanchayit karnyacha aagrah dharala.
catholic punarekikaranache prayatna.
erich chaudavyachya kalat sweedenmadhil sudharana tyachya vadilanchya karkirdipramanech pudhe gelya, aanee shastranchya viruddha naan manalya manalya serve junya catholic pratha kayam rakhalya. 1544 nantar, jevha trent parishadene baibal aanee parampara heey serve khrishchan siddhantanche samaan adhikrut srot asalyache aupcharikpane ghoshit kele hote, tevha junya aanee naveen shikavanukinmadhil farak adhik spasht jhaala; aanee anek deshanmadhye eka madhyam paksh udayas aala jyacha uddesh pityanchya charchmadhye parat jaaun tadjod karane haah hota. sweedencha raja johnn tisra, vasanmadhye sarvat jaast shikalela aanee kahee pramanat dharamshastriy tadnya, yaa madhyam drushtikonancha mothya pramanat prabhavit hota. sinhasanavar basatach tyane sweedenchya charchala "adim apostolic church aanee swedish catholic vishvas" kadey parat aananyasathi upayayojana kelya; aanee 1574 madhye, stockholm yethe jamalelya eka dharamsabhela, swatah tayar kelelya kahee vastoo swikaranyasathi patvoon dile. februwari 1575 madhye, eka naveen church adhyadesh, joou patristic charchchya adhik jawalun aahe, too dusarya dharamsabhela sadar karnyat aala aanee swikaranyat aala, parantu atishay anichhene. 1576 madhye roman misalchya pratimanavar eka naveen prathna jaaree karnyat aalee, parantu tyat lakshaniy badal karnyat aale.
duke charles aanee atee-aandolakancha virodh asoonahi, 1577 madhye vasahatinchya ricksdagdware heey upay sweekarle gele. tyanni europemadhil catholic pakshala khoop protsahan dile aanee shevati johnn tisra yala pavitra churchs swedish charchchya punarmilanasathi vataghati suru karnyasathi rommadhye dutavas pathvinyas patvoon denyat aale. parantu jaree jesuit antonio posevinola johnche dharmantar purn karnyasathi stockholmla pathvanyat aale asale, taree johnn keval kahee atinnusar catholic dharm swikaranyas sammati deil jyaa kadhihi purn jhalya naheet aanee yaa serve avastav vataghaticha ekmev parinam mhanje protestantna naveen dharmik vidhinchya virodhat aanakhi dhoop lavane, jyacha apavad naan karata yaa kshetratil pratyek mandalikadun 1582 chya ricksdagdware vapar karnyacha nirnay ghenyat aala hota.
yaa kalat duke charles aanee tyachya protestant mitranchi sankhya spashtapane middle weey () chya pravartakanpeksha jaast hotee. tathapi, raja johnchya mrutyunantar lagechach, duke charlesne bolavalelya upsala dharamsabhene naveen prathna nakarli aanee 5 march 1593 roji vishvasachi kaithalikavirodhi kabulijbab tayar kelee. pavitra grunth aanee teen adim panth heey khrishchan shraddheche kharey aadhar asalyache ghoshit karnyat aale aanee augsberg kabulijbab swikaranyat aala.
sigismandachi pratikriya.
jevha sigismundala 1593 madhye upsala dharmasabhabaddal kalale, tevha tyane teey tyachya visheshadhikaranche ullanghan manale. sweedenmadhye aalyanantar suruvatila tyane jeey kele hote tyachi pushti karoon vel midvanyacha prayatna keela; parantu protestant gatachi aakramakta aanee duke charleschya chikatine yadavi yuddh apariharya kele. 25 september 1598 roji stangbrochya ladhait charles aanee protestantvadachya bajoone sangharshacha nirnay ghenyat aala. sigismund sweedenmadhun paloon gela, kadhihi parat aala nahee aanee 19 march 1600 roji, linkopingchya ricksdagne sweedenchya charles ikes yaa shirshakakhali duke king ghoshit keela. sigismund aanee tyachya bhavee pidhine swedish mukut gamavala asalyache ghoshit karnyat aale aanee tevhapasoon charleschya purush varasanna too denyat aala.
pararashtra vyavhar.
sweeden kalmar sangharajyas vachanbaddha asatana tyacha swatantra paradeshi sanvad farsa navhata aanee gustavchya suruvatichya rajvaticha uddesh swasanrakshanapeksha thoda adhik hota. leubekchya leubekchya karj asalyane, 28 august 1537 roji jhalelya yuddhaviramadvare yaa kararatoon swatahla mukt karnyasathi tyane denmarkchya madaticha vapar keela. tyamule, tyachya itihasat prathamach sweeden tyachya swatachya panyachi malkin bunley. pann denmarkche varchasva nirvivad hote aanee gustav tyanchyakade sanshayane pahat asey. jevha sweeden kalmar sangharajyapasun vegale jhaale, tevha denmark aanee norwey tyanchya swatachya sangharajyat sameel jhaale (denmark-norwey pahaa) aanee danish raja khrishchan tisra yane tyachya shastranchya kotmadhye teen mukutanche swedish chinh dharan karane suru thewale, jeey sarvbhaumatvacha kathit dawa darshavate.
sweedencha purvekadil shejari rashiyachi vrutti dekhil aakramak hotee, jyanchyashi changle sambandh prasthapit karnyasathi swedish raja chintet hota. russiachya ivan ivan sansadhananche tyane anavashyak vistar kele, baltic samudrachya bhovati sarvatrik rajeshahi sthapan karanyachi rachana kelee aanee 1554-1557 madhye tyachya virodhat anirnit yuddh pukarle, asey gustavche shrey dile jaate.
pratham sahbhag.
akheris, sweedenne tyachya tatasthatepasun door jaaun tyachya nantarchya paradeshi samrajyacha paya ghatala. gustavchya jivanachya shevatchya varshi, 1560 madhye, pracheen livonian aurder, nantarchya orderchya dharmnirpekshatemule, 1525 madhye prushiyachya dukedammadhye, shatru slavoniansmadhye alipta jhaali hotee. 1558-1560 madhye paristhiti gambhir jhaali, jevha sampoorn prantala vinash honyacha dhoka nirman nirman, bhukhandavar muscovitechya purancha varshav jhaala.
tyachya nirashatet, ordercha shevatcha guru gothard wonn ketlarne tyachya susanskrut susanskrut tyala vachavanyache aavahan kele. aktoobar 1560 paryant erich shasak jhaala aanee tyaa varshachya uttaradhatach too sweedenchya livonian yuddhat sahbhagi jhaala. march 1561 paryant, revalchya nagar parishadene sweedenla sharanagati patkarali aanee tyaa bhagatil pudhil swedish vijayansathi chauki bunley. tyaa kshanapasun, sweedenla ladha aanee vadhiche dhoran suru thevanyas bhag padale gele, kaaran maghar ghene mhanje tyacha baltic vyapar uddhvast hone.
erich chaudavyane denmarkchya estonia jinkanyachya yojnanmadhyehi adthala aanala aanee tyachya swatachya shastranchya kotmadhye norwey aanee denmarkche chinh jodale. russian vyaparat adthala aananyasathi erikne aanalelya vyaparatil adthalyanmule aanee vyapar visheshadhikar mage ghenyamule vyathit jhalelya lubekne yuddh yutimadhye denmarkmadhye pravesh keela. baltic vyaparache niyantran havey asalyane polland lavkarach sameel jhaala.
sakhol sahbhag.
30 meey 1563 roji bornholm yethe danish naudalane swedish naudalavar golibar keela. eka ladhai ugam pavali jee danishchya parabhavane sampali. germanychya shahee dutanna shantatesathi vataghati karnyasathi pathvanyat aale hote, parantu rostockchya baithakichya thikani sweedenche konee disale naheet. 13 august 1563 roji stockholm denmark aanee lubekchya dutanni yuddh ghoshit kele. jameen aanee panyavar thakalelya hallyasah tathakathit uttar saat varshanche yuddh suru jhaale. 1567 madhye tyachya vedepanamule swedish yuddh thambale toparyant erikne nirdhokpane yuddh suru thewale. 1568 madhye tyala padchyut karnyat aale aanee tyachya jaagi johnne satta ghetali, jyanni shantateche prayatna kele, jeey akheris 1570 madhye statinchya tahadvare yashasvi jhaale.
tyanantar johnne 1578 madhye polandachya stephen bathories russian virodhi leegmadhye pravesh keela. estonia aanee livonia (1571-1577) tabyat ghenyasathi russia aanee sweedenmadhil yuddh sweedensathi avirat vinashkari hote aanee 1577 chya suruvatila, eka asankhya russian yazman rivalpurvi basala.
matra, snangruhanchya madatine, taraju lavkarach viruddha dishene valalya. polandachya rajabarobarchya apmanaspad shantatenantar sahaa mahinyanni, ivan 4 laa 5 august 1582 roji plusa yethe aadharit sweedenberoberhi yuddhaviram karoon anand jhaala. yuddhaviram sampushtat aalyanantar lagechach russian lokanni yuddh punha suru kele, jyamule tyvesinocha taha jhaala, joou sweedensathi khoopach qamee fayadeshir tharala.
sigismund aanee polish sambandh.
johnn tisra yacha mulga, sweedencha duke sigismund, tyachya aaeene catholic dharmat vadhavala. 19 august 1587 roji too polandacha raja mhanoon nivadala gela. sola divasannantar johnn aanee sigismund yanni swakshari kelelya kalmarchya lekhanni, kalantarane, sigismandne tyachya vadilanchya jaagi sweedencha raja mhanoon kaam kele pahije tevha donhi deshanmadhil bhavishyatil sambandhanche niyaman kele. done rajyanche kalam shashvat yutimadhye asayache hote, parantu tyaa pratyekane swatache kayade aanee pratha kayam thevavyat. prevy council karoo shakel asha badalanchya adheen rahoon, sweedenla dekhil tyachya dharmacha anand ghyayacha hota; parantu pope kinwa councilla tyachya swedish prajanprati asalelya tyachya tyachya sigismandala mukt karnyacha haqq kinwa dawa karayacha navhata. sigismandachya sweedenmadhil anupasthitidarmyan tyaa rajyavar saat sweedenche rajya honar hote, sahaa raja nivadoon aanat asey aanee eka swedish protestantche nete, tyache kaka duke charles auph sodermanland yanni. rajachya anupasthitit sweedenmadhye konatahi naveen curr aakarla jaanar navhata, parantu sweedenche prashasana kadhihi polandmadhun kele jaanar navhate. yaa kalmanmadhil konatehi aavashyak badal keval raja, duke charles, istet aanee sweedenchya kulinanchya samanya sammatine kele jayache hote.
sandarbh.
gunvisheshanah

