syremic qalaa

matisah matichya sahityapasun banavaleli qalaa hii matichi qalaa aahe. tableware, farsha, moorti aanee itar shilpansah kalatmak matichya bhandyansah tyachi vividh rupe asoo shakatat. plastic kalepaiki eka mhanoon, syremic qalaa hii eka drushya qalaa aahe. matichi bhandi kinwa shilpakala yasarkhya kahee matichya bhandyanchya vastoo lalit qalaa manalya jaatat, tarr bahutek sajavatichya, audhyogik kinwa upayojit qalaa vastoo manalya jaatat. kumbharkam qalaa hii eka vyakti kinwa gatadware, matichya bhandyanmadhye kinwa kumbharkam karkhanyat, kalakrutinchi rachana aanee nirmiti kaam gatasah tayar kelee jaau shakate. 
britton aanee americet, eka qalaa mhanoon aadhunik matichya bhandyanni visavya shatkachya suruvatila qalaa aanee hastakala chalvalipasun prerana ghetali, jyamule visheshtah aadhunik hastakala manalya sodalya matichya bhandyanche punarujjivan jhaale. asha hastakalanni paramparik bigger-audhyogik utpadan tantre, samagriprati vishvasarhata, vaiyaktik nirmatyachi kaushalye, upayuktatekade laksh dene aanee victorian yugatil vaishishtyapurn atee sajavaticha abhav yavar bharr deela.
syramics" haah shabd greek "keramikos" (κεραμεικος) yaa shabdapasoon aala aahe, jyacha arth "matichi bhandi" assa hoto, joou "keramos" (κέραμος) mhanje "kumbharanchi chikanmati" yaa shabdapasoon aala aahe. bahutek paramparik matichi utpadane chikanmatipasun (kinwa itar samagrisah misalaleli chikanmati) tayar kelee jaat asat, aakar aanee ushnatechya adheen hotee aanee tableware aanee sajavatichi matichi bhandi ajunahi samanyatah asha prakare tayar kelee jaatat. aadhunik syremic abhiyantriki vaparamadhye, syramics hii ushnatechya krutidvare ajaivik, dhatoo nasalelya padarthanpasun vastoo tayar karanyachi qalaa aanee vidnyan aahe. tyat kachepasoon banavalele kaach aanee teserache mozek vagalale aahet.
jawaljawal serve vikasit sanskratinmadhye syremic kalecha eka pradirgh itihas aahe aanee bahutekda syremic vastoo heey 2,000 varshanpurvi aafriketil nokspramanech lupt jhalelya sanskratinpasun uralele serve kalatmak purave asatat. cheeni, crayton, greek, pertian, mayan, japani aanee corian sanskruti tasech aadhunik pashchatya sanskratincha samavesh visheshtah matichya dhatunsathi olakhalya sodalya sanskratinmadhye hoto.
matichya matichya kaleche ghatak, jyavar vegvegalya velee vegvegalya pramanat bharr deela gela aahe, teey mhanje vastoocha aakar, chitrakala, korivkam aanee itar paddhatindware tyachi sajavat aanee bahutek matichya mativar aadhalanare glazing.
sahitya.
vividh prakarchi chikanmati, jevha vividh khanije aanee agni paristhitisaha vaparali jaate, tevha matichi bhandi, dagadi bhandi, porcillain aanee hadanchi chean (bareek chean) tayar karnyasathi vaparali jaate.
prushthbhagavaril upchar.
chitrakala.
chayana painting kinwa cheeni matiche bhande chitrakala mhanje plates, vadge, fuldanya kinwa putale yasarkhya chamakdar cheeni matichya bhandyanchya vastunchi sajavat. vastoocha mukhya bhag bhag kinwa yethe shatkat chinmadhye vikasit kelele haard-pest porcillain kinwa gele shatkat europemadhye vikasit kelele soft-pest porcillain (bahutekda booan chayana) asoo shakate. syremic painting yaa vyapak sandnyemadhye, malaichya vastoo kinwa myolica kinwa phains sarkhya tiin-chamakdar matichya bhandyanvar rangavalelya sajavaticha samavesh hoto. samanyatah sharirala ghatt sachchidra biskeetmadhye rupantarit karnyasathi pratham bhattimadhye fekale jaate. tyanantar underglays sajavat lagoo kelee jaau shakate, tyanantar syremic glaze, jee sharirala bandhanyasathi kadhali jaate. chamakdar porcillain nantar atiglez pentingne sajavale jaau shakate aanee rangala glazeshee jodanyasathi qamee tapmanavar punha phayar kele jaau shakate. sajavat brashdware kinwa stensiling, transfer printing, lithography aanee screen printingdware lagoo kelee jaau shakate.
slipware.
slipware haah eka prakarcha matichi bhandi aahe joou tyachya prathamik sajavat prakriyedvare olakhala jaato jithe slip budavoon, rangvoon kinwa shimpadoon golibar karnyapurvi chamadyachya kadak chikanmatichya prushthbhagavar thewali jaate. slip heey chikanmatiche jaleey nilamban aahe, jeey chikanmati aanee quartz, feldspar aanee abhrak yasarkhya itar khanijanche mishran aahe. kinwa kinwa rangeet slipche aavaran, jyala engobe mhanatat, teey vastuche swaroop sudharanyasathi, khadbadit sharirala gulgulit prushthbhag denyasathi, nikrusht rangasathi kinwa sajavatichya prabhavasathi lagoo kele jaau shakate. chitrakalechya tantradvare, vegalya paddhatine kinwa anek tharanmadhye aanee ranganmadhye dekhil slip kinwa engobes lagoo kele jaau shakatat. sgraphitot, rangeet slipchya tharatoon khajavane samavisht asate, jyamule vegala rung kinwa khalicha paya ughad hoto. bhande adyap naan chalalelya avasthet asatana slip aanee/kinwa sgraphitoche anek thurr kele jaau shakatat. eka rangachi slip, dusari lagoo karnyapurvi aanee khajan kinwa chhed sajavat karnyapurvi kadhali jaau shakate. jarr bases boddy ichchit rung kinwa pott naslyas heey visheshtah upayukt aahe.
terrasgillata.
puratatviy vaparachya agadi ulat, jyamadhye 'terra sigillata' haah shabd matichya bhandyanchya sampoorn vargacha sandarbh deto, samkalin syremic kalemadhye, 'terra sigillata' heey keval panyane shuddha kelelya slipche varnan karate, jee kachchya matichya prushthbhagache jwalan sulabh karnyasathi vaparali jaate aanee carbonchya dhurala protsahan denyasathi vaparali jaate, donhimadhye, adim qamee tapmanavaril golibar tantra aanee chamakdar naan disanari paryayi pashchatya shailichi raku firing tantre. uchch tapmanat chamakdar syremic tantranmadhye terra sigilata haah eka brush karnyayogya sajavatiche rangdravya mhanoon dekhil vaparla jaato.
form.
studio matichi bhandi.
studio matichi bhandi mhanje ekte kinwa lahan gatanmadhye kaam karnare haushi kinwa vyavsayik kalakar kinwa karagir, adviteey vastoo kinwa chhotya dhavanni banavaleli matichi bhandi. samanyatah, nirmitiche serve tappe kalakar swatach paar padatat. studio matichya bhandyanmadhye tableware, svayampakasathichi bhandi aanee shilpakalesarkhya gair-karyaksham vastunsarkhya karyaksham vastooncha samavesh hoto. studio kumbharanna syremic kalakar, syremic kalakar, syremic kalakar kinwa eka kalakar mhanoon sambodhale jaau shakate joou chikanmaticha madhyam mhanoon vapar karato. studiomadhil bahutek matichi bhandi tableware kinwa svayampakasathichi bhandi asatat, parantu studio kumbharanchi vadhati sankhya gair-karyatmak kinwa shilpakalechya vastoo tayar karate. kahee studio kumbhar aata swatahla syremic kalakar, matichi bhandi banavnare kinwa fakt kalakar mhananyas pradhanya detat. studiomadhil matichi bhandi jagbharatil kumbhar pratinidhitva karatat.
tyle.
tyle haah syremic, dagad, dhatoo kinwa agadi kachesarkhya kadak-paridhan kelelya sahityacha tayar kelela tukada asato, joou samanyatah chhappar, majale, bhinti, shower kinwa tabletpopsarkhya itar vastoo jhakanyasathi vaparla jaato. vaikalpikaritya, tyle kadhikadhi perlite, lakud aanee khanij lokar yasarkhya halakya vajanachya samgripasoon banavalelya samaan unitscha sandarbh deu shakate, jyaa samanyatah bhint aanee chhat anuprayogansathi vaparlya jaatat. kelya arthane, "tyle" hii eka bandhkam tyle kinwa tatsam vastoo aahe, jase qee khel khelanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya aayatakruti counter (tyle-aadharit game pahaa). haah shabd french shabd 'tule' pasoon aala aahe, joou lattin shabd 'tegula' pasoon aala aahe, jyacha arth chhapparavar lavaleli matichi tyle assa hoto.
farsha lavkarachdaa bhintivar bhittichitre aanee majlyavaril aachchadan tayar karnyasathi vaparlya jaatat aanee sadhya chauras farshanpasoon teey guntaguntichya mozackparyant asoo shakatat. farsha bahutekda siremikpasoon banvilya jaatat, samanyatah antargat vaparasathi chamakdar aanee chhatavaril chamak nasaleli, parantu itar sahitya dekhil samanyatah vaparale jaate, jase qee kaach, cork, concrete aanee itar sammishra sahitya aanee dagad. farasbandicha dagad samanyatah sangamarvari, gomed, granite kinwa slate asato. farshanpeksha bhintinvar patal farsha vaparlya jaau shakatat, jyasathi adhik tikau prushthbhag aavashyak asatat jeey parinam pratikar kartil.
moorti.
moorti ('aakruti' yaa shabdache eka chhote roop) hii eka moorti aahe jee manushya, devata, pauranik prani kinwa pranyache pratinidhitva karate. nirmatyachya kaushalyavar aanee hetuvar avalambun moorti vastavadi kinwa pratishthit asoo shakatat. sarvat aadhiche dagad kinwa chikanmatipasun banavalele hote. pracheen greesmadhye, terracotapasun anek moorti banvilya jaat hotya (greek terrakota moorti pahaa). aadhunik aavrutya syremic, dhatoo, kaach, lakud aanee plastickpasoon banvilya jaatat.
buddhibal aanee tabletop bhoomika bajavanyachya khelansarkhya patavaril khelanmadhye kadhikadhi moorti aanee laghuchitrancha vapar keela jaato. buddhibalachya utpattisarkhya kahee aitihasik siddhantanna vagalanyasathi junya moorti vaparlya gelya aahet.
tableware.
tableware mhanje table basavanyasathi, ann aanee jevanasathi vaparale jaanare padarth kinwa bhandi. yaat katalari, kachechi bhandi, v khadyapadarth aanee vyavharik tasech sajavatichya karanansathi itar upayukt vastooncha samavesh aahe. bhandi, vadga aanee cup heey siremikpasoon banavata yetat, tarr katalari samanyatah dhatupasoon banavali jaate aanee kachechi bhandi bahutekda kaach kinwa itar gair-syremic samgripasoon banavali jaatat. sanskruti, dharm, dharm sankhya, pakakala aanee prasanganusar vastunchi gunavatta, swaroop, vividhata aanee sankhya badalate. udaharanarth, madhya purv, bharatiy kinwa polynesian khadyasanskruti aanee pakakruti kahivela tablewarela vaiyaktik thalee mhanoon bread kinwa paaney vaparoon, padarth serve karnyavar maryadit karatat. vishesh prasang sahasa uchch darjachya tablewaremadhye pratibimbit hotat.
terrakota (kalakruti).
eka samagri asanyavyatirikt, 'terrakota' haah yaa samgripasoon banavalelya vastunchahi sandarbh deto. puratatvashastra aanee qalaa itihasat, 'terrakota' chaa vapar anekada putale aanee kumbharanchya chakavar naan banavalelya putalyansarkhya vastunche varnan karnyasathi keela jaato. eka pramukh udaharan mhanje terrakota sainya, cheencha pahila samrat kiin shhee huangchya sainyache chitran kaam manav-aakarachya terrakota shilpancha sangrah. haah eka prakarcha antyavidhi cull aahe joou isavi sunpoorv 210209 madhye samratajaval purala gela aanee jyacha uddesh samratache tyachya maranottar jeevanat sanrakshn karane haah hota.
french shilpkar albert-ernest carrier-belyujane terakotachya anek vastoo banavalya, parantu hippodemiache apaharan heey tichya lagnachya divashi centaur hippodemiache apaharan kaam greek pauranik drushyache chitran karnare hippodemiache apaharan heey bahudha sarvat prasiddha aahe. american vastuvisharad louis sullivan heey tyanchya vistrut chamakdar terrakota alankarasathi prasiddha aahet, jyaa designs itar konatyahi madhyamat karyanvit karane ashakya hote. englandmadhil victorian birminghamchya shahar imaratinmadhye terrakota aanee tilecha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaat asey.
itihas.
jawaljawal serve vikasit sanskratinmadhye syremic kalecha eka pradirgh itihas aahe aanee bahutekda syremic vastoo heey 3,000 varshanpurvi aafriketil nokspramanech lupt jhalelya sanskratinpasun uralele serve kalatmak purave asatat. cheeni, crayton, greek, pertian, mayan, japani aanee corian sanskruti tasech aadhunik pashchatya sanskratincha samavesh visheshtah matichya dhatunsathi olakhalya sodalya sanskratinmadhye hoto. purv ashiya, up-sahara africa, jawalche purv aanee america yasah jagatil anek pradeshanmadhye matichya bhandyancha swatantrapane shodh lagla hota yache purave aahet.
purapashan kalatil matichi bhandi (ii. 20, 000 bii. pii.).
jaree europemadhye purvichya kalapasoon matichya bhandyanchya moorti aadhalalya asalya taree, sarvat junie matichi bhandi purv aashiyatun yetat, chean aanee japanmadhye sapadatat, nantar ajunahi jaminivaril pulane jodalelya aahet aanee kahee aata russian sudur purvet aahet, jeey 20,00010,000 bii. see. eae. pasoon anek puravatat, jaree bhandi sadhya upayogitavadi vastoo hotya. jiangshi prantatil zianrendong gumphet 20,000 varshanpurviche matichya bhandyanche tukade hote. heey prarambhik matichya bhandyanche container shetichya shodhapurvi, bhramansheel charkandware tayar kele gele hote, jeey himanadyachya uttaradhat shikar karat aanee tyanche ann gola karat asat. matichya bhandyanchya anek tukadyanvar jalalelya khuna hotya, jeey heey soochit karatat qee matichi bhandi svayampakasathi vaparali jaat hotee.
navpashan kalatil matichi bhandih dagadi container (12,000-6,000 ii. sha. puu.).
paschim ashiyamadhye matichya bhandyancha shodh lagnyapurvi (joou ii. sha. puu. 7,000 chya aaspas jhaala) aanee shetichya shodhapurvi dagadapasun anek ullekhaneey container tayar kele gele hote. natufian sanskratine ii. sha. puu. 12,000 teey 9,500 darmyanchya kalat mohak dagadi tofanchi nirmiti kelee. ii. sha. puu. 8000 chya sumaras, anek suruvatichya vasahati dagadapasun sunder aanee atyant atyadhunik container tayar karnyat, alabaster kinwa granitesarkhya samagricha vapar karnyat aanee aakar aanee polish karnyasathi valucha vapar karnyat tadnya banalya. kalakrutikaranni drushya prabhav jastit jaast vadhavanyasathi samagritil shirancha vapar keela. aaj purv syriamadhye, visheshtah bokaranchya thikani, varchya euphrates nadivar ashee vastoo mubalak pramanat aadhalali aahe. heey mesopotemiyachya kalechya vikasache prarambhik tappe aahet.
navpashan kalatil matichi bhandi (6,500-3, ii. sha. puu. 500).
suruvatichi bhandi 'coiling' paddhatidvare tayar kelee jaat hotee, jee chikanmatila eka lamb dorimadhye kaam karate jyamule eka aakar tayar hoto joou nantar gulgulit bhinti banato. kumbharanchya chakracha shodh kadachit isavi sunpoorv chauthya sahasrakaparyant mesopotemiyamadhye lagla hota, parantu jawaljawal serve eurasia aanee aafrikechya bahutek bhagat pasarla, jaree too naveen jagaat europeanchya aagmanaparyant adnyat rahila. chikanmatichi sajavat cheat aanee chitrakala karoon khoop mothya pramanat aadhalate aanee suruvatila tee bhaumitik hotee, parantu baryachada agadi suruvatipasunach tyat alankarik rachana samavisht kelya jaat hotya.
pragaitihasik sanskratinchya puratatvashastrasathi matichi bhandi itaki mahattvachi aahe qee anekanna tyanchya vishisht aanee lavkarachdaa atishay sookshm, matichya bhandyanchi nave, jase qee resheey matichi bhandi sanskruti, beaker sanskruti, golakar anfora sanskruti, dorkhandyukt bhandi sanskruti aanee fanelbikar sanskruti, keval navpashan europemadhil (andaje 7000-1800 bii. see. eae.) udaharane ghenyasathi olakhali jaatat.
syremic kalene swatachya paramparetoon anek shaili nirman kelya aahet, parantu bahutekda samkalin shilpakala aanee dhatushilpashi jawalcha sambandh aahe. tyachya itihasatil anek vela dhatukaryachya adhik pratishthit aanee mahagadya kalechi nakkal matichya bhandyanmadhye kelee gelee aahe. heey shang rajvanshachya matichi bhandi aanee syremic-vastoo yasarkhya suruvatichya chiinii matichya bhandyanmadhye, pracheen roman aanee irani matichya bhandi aanee samkalin chandichya bhandichya aakaranchi nakkal kaam rokoko european shailinmadhye disu shakate. matichya bhandyancha samanya vapar 'bhandi' sathee aahe-bhandya, fuldanya aanee anfora yasarkhya container tasech itar tableware, parantu moorti mothya pramanat tayar kelya gelya aahet.
bhintichi sajavat mhanoon matichi bhandi.
chakchakit vitancha sarvat juna purava mhanje chogha zambil yetheel elamite mandirat chakchakit vitancha shodh, joou ii. sha. puu. teey shatkatil aahe. pracheen mesopotemiyamadhye qamee koreev kaam karnyasathi chakchakit aanee rangeet vita vaparlya jaat hotya, sarvat prasiddha babylonche ishtar gett (), aata berlinmadhye anshatah punarbandhani karnyat aalee aahe, itaratra vibhagansah. parsepolisasarkhya pertian samrajyachya rajvadyansathi mesopotemiyachya karagiranchi aayat kelee jaat asey. hii parampara suru rahili aanee persiaver islami vijay midvalyanantar aanee anekada rangavalelya chakchakit vita kinwa farsha pertian vastukaletil eka mahattvacha ghatak banalya aanee tethoon bahutek islamik jagaat, visheshtah hotee aanee bhandi shatkat ottoman samrajyakhalil turkeychi <unk>nick matichi bhandi pasarali.
chamakdar vastoo tantradnyanacha vapar karoon, bhintichi sajavat mhanoon matichya dhatuncha madhyayugeen islami vaparache eka utkrusht udaharan ukbachya mashidit pahile jaau shakate, jyala kairoanchi mahan masheed (tunitiamadhye) asehi mhanatat, mihrab bhinticha varcha bhag polychrom aanee monochrome chamakdar vastoonchya farshanni sushobhit aahe; 862 teey 863 paryantchya yaa farsha bahudha mesopotemiyahun aayat kelya gelya hotya.
islamik aayberiyadvare prasarit jhaleli, spainmadhye aanee visheshtah portugalmadhye vikasit jhaleli ezulejoschi eka naveen parampara, jyane barok kalaparyant farshanvar, sahasa nilya aanee kinwa rangat, atyant mothya rangeet drushyanchi nirmiti kelee. samanyatah keval eka (tyaeivaji lahan) tilela aachchadan aachchadan rangavalelya rachnesah, delftwarechya farsha netherlandsmadhye sarvatra hotya aanee 16 vya shatkapasoon uttar europemadhye mothya pramanat niryat kelya jaat hotya. 18 vya shatkatil anek shahee rajvadyanmadhye purnapane chiinii matichya bhandyanni jhakalelya bhintinsah chiinii matichya bhandyanchya kholya hotya. jiwant udaharananmadhye capodymonte yetheel napple, madridcha shahee rajwada aanee jawalchya aranjuezcha shahee rajwada yancha samavesh aahe. bhandi teey teey shatkaparyant uttar europemadhil madhyam aanee uchchavargiyansathiche kholyanche vaishishtya mhanje vistrut cocklestove hote.
itar anek prakarchya paramparik farsha aahet jyaa nirmitimadhye aahet, udaharanarth, morokkochya lahan, jawaljawal mosack, chamakdar rangachya zelize farsha. apavad vagalata, visheshtah nanjingcha porcillain tower, farsha kinwa chakchakit vita mothya pramanat purv ashiyai matichya bhandyanmadhye disat naheet.
pradeshik vikas.
jaree europemadhye purvichya kalapasoon matichya bhandyanchya moorti aadhalalya asalya taree, sarvat junie matichi bhandi purv aashiyatun yetat, chean aanee japanmadhye sapadatat, nantar ajunahi jaminivaril pulane jodalelya aahet aanee kahee aata russian sudur purvet aahet, 20 hazar teey 10 hazar ii. sha. puu. darmyanchya anek vastoo puravatat, jaree bhandi sadhya upayogachya vastoo hotya. jiangshi prantatil zianrendong gumphet 20,000 varshanpurviche matichya bhandyanche tukade hote.
kambodiya.
angkor borai (dakshin kambodiyatil) yetheel alikadil puratatviy utkhananat mothya sankhyene matichi bhandi sapadali aahet, jyapaiki kahee kadachit pragaitihasik kalatil aahet. tathapi, bahutek matichi bhandi, purv-angcorian kalatil aahet aanee tyat pramukhyane gulabi terrakota bhandi asatat jee ektar hatane banavaleli kinwa chakavar fekali jaat asat aanee nantar chhedanbindune sajavali jaat asat.
bunley shatkachya akheris puratatviy nondinmadhye chakchakit vastoo pahilyanda angkor pradeshatil rulus mandir samoohat aadhaltat, jithe hiravya-chakchakit bhandyache tukade sapadale aahet. hotee shatkachya suruvatila tapkiri rangat chamkanari vastoo lokpriy jhaali aanee ishanya thayalandmadhil khmerchya thikani tapkiri rangat chamkanari vastoo mubalak pramanat sapadali aahet. hotee teey teey shatkaparyant pranyanchya rupanni matichi bhandi sajavane hii eka lokpriy shaili hotee. angkor pradeshatil puratatviy utkhananatun asey disun aale aahe qee angkor kalatil akheris swadeshi matichya bhandyanche utpadan qamee jhaale, tarr chiinii kumbharkam aayatimadhye lakshaniy vaadh jhaali.
khamer mandiranmadhil tall-aaramavar chitrit kelelya drushyandvare patranchya aakarancha thet purava deela jaato, jeey vastoonchya gharguti aanee vidhibaddha vaparabaddal dekhil antardrushti detat. upayukt aakaranchi vistrut shreni asey soochit karate qee khmars tyanchya dainandin jeevanat swayampak, ann sanwardhan, drav vahoon nenyasathi aanee sathavanyasathi, aushadhi vanaspati, attar aanee saundaryaprasadhanansathi container mhanoon matichya bhandyancha vapar karatat.
chean.
purvekadil hahn kalkhandachya uttaradhat (100-200 eae. sha.), teen rajyancha kaal (220-280 eae. sha.), sahaa rajvanshacha kaal (220-589 eae. sha.) aanee tyanantarche chiinii cheeni matiche bhande aahet. visheshtah cheencha mothya pramanat utpadanacha satatcha itihas aahe, shahee karkhane sahasa sarvottam kaam karatat. tang rajvansh (ii. sha. 618 teey 906) visheshtah manav, prani aanee aadarsh ghare, nauka aanee itar vastoonchya kabaritil vastunsathi prasiddha aahe, jeey mothya sankhyene kabarinmadhun utkhanan kele gele (samanyatah bekaydeshirpane).
kahee tadnyanche asey mutt aahe qee pahile kharey cheeni matiche bhande chinmadhil zhejiang prantat purv hahn kalat tayar kele gele hote. puratatviy purvekadil hahn bhattichya thikananvarun sapadalele tukade andaje golibar tapman heey sumare 1 teey 2 paryant hote. ii. sha. puu. 1000 paryant, tathakathit "porcelnius wares" kinwa "proto-porceline wares" kamitakami kahee kaolin vaparoon uchch tapmanat sodanyat aale hote. yaa doghanmadhil aanee aanee chiinii matichya bhandyatil vastoo" madheel vibhajanachi resha spasht nahee. puratatviy shodhanmule hya tarkha hahn rajvanshachya (206 ii. sha. puu. 220 ii.) suruvatichya kalaparyant dhakalalya gelya aahet.
ming rajvanshachya (1388-1644) mothya aanee adhik utsahpurn rangavalelya matichya bhandyanchi mothee pratishtha asali taree, matimadhye chakoone uthalpane koraleli atishay sookshm sajavat darshavinari gaan rajvanshachi (960-1279) shahee matichi bhandi, anek adhikari chiinii matichya bhandyanchi shikhar manatat.
chiinii samratanni mutsaddi bhetvastu mhanoon bhavya pramanat matichi bhandi dilee aanee chiinii matichya bhandichya upasthitimule japan aanee koriyamadhye visheshtah matichya bhandichya sambandhit paramparanchya vikasas madat jhaali yaat shanka nahee.
hotee shatkaparyant, europemadhye thodya pramanat mahag chiinii porcillainchi aayat kelee jaat hotee. hotee shatkapasoon europemadhye tyache anukaran karnyache prayatna kele gele, jyat soft-pest aanee florencemadhye banavalelya medisi porcillaincha samavesh hota. 1710 madhye dresden yetheel messen karkhanyat haard-pest porcillainchi pakakruti tayar hoiparyant kahihi yashasvi jhaale nahee. kahee varshant, bavariyatil nimphenberg (1754) yethe porcelainche karkhane aanee nepalsmadhye capodymonte (1743) aanee itar anek thikani, jyanna anekada sthanik shaskankadun arthsahayya kele jaate, teey karkhane udayas aale.
japan.
sarvat junie japani matichi bhandi ii. sha. puu. hotee sahasrakachya sumaras tayar karnyat aalee hotee. ii. sha. puu. puu sahasrabdimadhye jomon ware aanee ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat sadhya yayoi shailicha uday jhaala. hii suruvatichi matichi bhandi mauu matichi bhandi hotee, jee qamee tapmanat fodali jaat asey. kumbharanche chaak aanee uchch tapmanaparyant pohochanyas aanee dagadfek karnyas saksham asalela bhatti ii. sha. chya puu kinwa chauthya shatkat disu lagla, joou bahudha chinmadhun corian dweepkalpatun aanala gela asava. yethe shatkat, japanmadhil adhikrut bhatti sadhya, hiravya shise-chamakdar matichya bhandyanchi nirmiti karat asat. bhandi shatkaparyant, naan chamkanari dagadi bhandi antyasanskarachya bhandi, sathavan jaali aanee svayampakgharatil bhandi mhanoon vaparali jaat hotee. hotee teey hotee shatkaparyant kahee bhattyanni tyanchya paddhatinmadhye sudharana kelee, japanane chinmadhun aanee kahee koriyamadhun barech cheeni matiche bhande aayat kele. 1590 chya dashakat chinavar vijay midvanyachya japani adhipati toyotomi hydyoshi yanchya prayatnanna 'syremic yuddhe' asey sambodhale gele; corian kumbharanche sthalantar heey eka pramukh kaaran asalyache disun aale. yapaiki eka kumbhar, yee samm-pyong yane aritamadhye porcillaincha kachcha maal shodhala aanee japanmadhye pahile kharey porcillain tayar kele.
bhandi shatkat, chinmadhil paristhitine tyachya kahee kumbharanna japanmadhye nele, tyanchyabarobar shuddha chiinii matiche bhande banavanyache dnyan aanale. shatkachya madhyapasoon, dutch east india companyne europemadhye japani porcillain aayat karnyas suruvat kelee. yaa velee, aritachya karkhanyanmadhye kakimanchya vastunche utpadan kele jaat hote, jyaa chiinii family verty shailishi barech samya hote. tyachya dantvaidhyak sajavaticha utkrusht darja pashchimemadhye atyant maulyavan hota aanee pramukh european cheeni matiche bhande utpadakanni tyache mothya pramanat anukaran kele. 1971 madhye japani sarkarne tyala eka mahattvacha "amoort sanskrutik khajina" ghoshit keela.
20 vya shatkat, kumbhar shoji hamda, kavai kajiro aanee itaranchya netrutvakhalil mingei lock chalvalimule gavatil kumbharanchya kaleteel ruchi punha jagrut jhaali. gayab honyacha dhoka asalelya sthanik vastunche jatan karnyasathi tyanni paramparik paddhatincha abhyas keela. aadhunik guru shiga, iga, karatsu, huggy aanee bizen yethe matichi bhandi aanee cheeni matiche bhande yashachya naveen unchivar aananyasathi pracheen paddhatincha vapar karatat. kahee utkrusht kumbharanna jiwant sanskrutik khajina mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale hote. kyotochya junya rajdhanit, raku kutumbane khadbadit chahachya vadgyanchi nirmiti suru thewali, jyat khoop aanandit premi hote. mino yethe, kumbharanni minochya momoyama-yugatil seto-prakarchya chahachya vastoonchya abhijat sutranchi punarrachana karane suru thewale, jase qee orib ware. 1990 chya dashkaparyant anek kushal kumbharanni pracheen bhattyanpasun door kaam kele aanee japanchya serve bhaganmadhye abhijat vastoo tayar kelya.
koria.
corian matichya bhandyanchi parampara sadharan matichya bhandyanpasun ii. sha. puu. 8000 pasoon kayam aahe. shaili samanyatah chiinii aanee nantar japani vikasacha eka vishisht prakar rahila aahe. gorio rajvanshache (918-1392) matiche sahitya aanee pudhil rajvanshache suruvatiche josan pandhare porcillain hii samanyatah sarvottam kamgiri manali jaatat.
paschim ashiya aanee madhya purv.
islami matichi bhandi.
yethe teey gele shatkaparyant, visheshtah jordar pertian aanee egyptian purv-islamik paramparanvar vikasit hott asalelya, samanyatah vistrut matichya bhandyanchya swarupat, islami kalemadhye chamakdar matichi bhandi mahattvachi hotee. tiin-apasified glazing islamik kumbharanni vikasit kele hote, jee pahili udaharane basramadhye nilya rangachi bhandi mhanoon aadhalali, jee sumare 8 vya shatkatil aahe. islami jagacha chinashi sampark hota aanee tyane anek chiinii sajavatichya rachana adhikadhik swikarlya. pertian vastoonni haloohaloo alankarik alankaranvaril islami nirbandh shithil kele aanee rangavalele alankarik drushye khoop mahattvachi bunley.
bunley shatkaparyant iraq aanee syriamadhye utpadit utpadit islami matichya bhandyanmadhyehi dagadi vastoo hii eka mahattvachi qalaa hotee. syriatil rakka yethe yethe shatkat matichi bhandi tayar kelee jaat hotee. 975 teey 1075 yaa kalat fustat (aadhunik kairojaval), 1100 teey 1600 yaa kalat damascus aanee 1470 teey 1550 yaa kalat tabriz hii islami jagatil navinyapurn matichya bhandyanchi itar kendre hotee.
alberello form, eka prakarcha myolica matichya bhandyacha prakar joou moolatah aushadhopacharanche malam aanee koradi aushadhe thevanyasathi tayar keela gela hota, too pratham islamik madhyapurvet tayar karnyat aala hota. too hispano-moresk hispano-moresk italimadhye aanala hota; sarvat junie italian udaharane 15 vya shatkat florencemadhye tayar karnyat aalee hotee.
paschim shareer rachnamadhye banavaleli iznik matichi bhandi hii atyant sushobhit matichi bhandi aahe, jyachi 16 vya shatkachya uttaradhat ottoman sulatananchya kalat parakashtha hotee. iznik jahaje moolatah chiinii chiinii matichya bhandyache anukaran karoon tayar kelee jaat hotee, jee atyant maulyavan hotee. suleimanchya kalat (1520-66), iznik vastunchi magani vadhali. 1453 madhye constantinopulver vijay midvalyanantar, ottoman sultananni bandhkamasathi eka karyakram suru keela, jyamadhye mothya pramanat iznik farsha vaparlya gelya. ektya istanbulmadhil sultan ahmed mashidit (bandhalelya 1609-16) 20,000 farsha aahet aanee topkapi rajvadyat (1459 pasoon suru jhalelya) farsha mothya pramanat vaparlya gelya hotya. yaa maganicha parinam mhanoon, iznik kumbharkamanchya utpadanavar farshanche varchasva hote.
europe.
suruvatichya moorti.
sarvat junya dnyat syremic vastoo mhanje varchya purapashan kalatil gravian moorti, jase qee aadhunik check prajasattakatil dolney westonis yethe sapadalelya. daad venus auph dolney westonis (chekmadhil vestonica venuse) haah 29,00025,000 bii. see. eae. pasoon kahee kalapasooncha nagna stree aakruticha putala aahe. teey aakar deuun aanee nantar chikanmati aanee choorn kelelya hadanche mishran vaparoon tayar kele gele. sampoorn europe aanee ashiyamadhye sapadalelya aanee varchya purapashan kalatil vividh madhyamanmadhil samaan vastoonna shukra moorti dekhil mhatale jaate. tyanchya uddeshabaddal kinwa sanskrutik mahattvabaddal vidwan sahmat naheet.
pracheen bhoomadhya.
chamakdar egyptian phains ii. sha. puu. puu sahasrabdicha aahe), jyat rangavalelya parantu chamakdar nasalelya matichya bhandyancha vapar purv rajvansh nakkada sanskratidarmyan dekhil keela jaat asey. fayensa atyadhunik bunley aanee mothya pramanavar tayar kelee gelee, tyat sache tasech modelingcha vapar keela gela aanee nantar chakavar dekhil fekale gele. glazingchya anek paddhati vikasit kelya gelya, parantu rung nilya-hiravya varnpatatil shreniparyant mothya pramanat maryadit rahile.
greek betavar, ii. sha. puu. puu sahasrabditil minoananni tayar kelelya kahee sarvat junya shodhanpaiki, ii. sha. puu. chauthya sahasrabditil akrotiri yetheel mool vasahatisah, akrotirichya pramukh puratatviy thikani utkhananache kaam suru aahe. utkhananat sapadalelya kahee gharanmadhye 'pithoi' mhanoon olakhalya sodalya mothya syremic sathavan barani aahet.
pracheen greek aanee etruscan matichi bhandi tyanchya lakshanik chitransathi, visheshtah kalya aakruti aanee laal aakruti shailinsathi prasiddha aahet. greek terakotachya aakarachya, visheshtah tanagratil, chhotya aakrutya hotya, jyaa lavkarachdaa dharmik asayachya, parantu nantar tyat dainandin shailichya anek aakrutya samavisht hotya, jyaa varvar pahata keval sajavatisathi vaparlya jaat asat.
samian bhandisarkhi pracheen roman matichi bhandi kvachitach titaki changli hotee aanee mukhytah dhatuchya kamatoon aakaranchi nakkal kelee jaat hotee, parantu prachand pramanat tayar kelee jaat hotee aanee sampoorn europe aanee madhya purv aanee tyapalikade aadhalate. monte testasio haah rommadhil eka kachara dheeg aahe joou jawaljawal purnapane tutalelya anforapasoon tayar keela jaato joou dravpadarth aanee itar utpadananchya vahatukisathi aanee sathavanukisathi vaparla jaato. mothya kalatmak swarsyachi kahee bhandi tikoon rahili aahet, parantu anek lahan aakrutya aahet, jyaa anekada teel dive kinwa tatsam vastunmadhye samavisht kelya jaatat aanee baryachada dharmik kinwa kamuk sankalpnansah (kinwa donhi ekatra-eka roman vaishishtya). roman lock samanyatah pracheen matichya bhandyancha sarvottam srot asalelya kabarichya vastoo sodu shakat navhate, parantu tarihi tyanchyakade vilasi matichya bhandyanchya margat farse kahee navhate asey disate, roman kachechya ulat, jeey abhijat lock sone kinwa chandichya tablewares vaparat asat. adhik mahagadya matichya bhandyanmadhye rangapeksha anekada aakarlelya aaramdayi sajavaticha vapar karnyacha cull hota. visheshtah purvekadil samrajyat, sthanik parampara chaloo rahilya, roman shailinsah vegvegalya pramanat sankarit jhalya.
tiin-chamakdar matichi bhandi.
tiin-chamakdar matichi bhandi kinwa phains 9 vya shatkat irakmadhye ugam pavali, jithun tee egypt, pertia aanee spainmadhye pasarali aanee punarujjivanantar itali, 16 vya shatkat holland aanee tyanantar thodyach velat ingland, france aanee itar european deshanmadhye pohochali. europemadhil mahattvachya pradeshik shailinmadhye hispano-moresk, myolica, delftware aanee ingraji delftware yancha samavesh aahe. uchch madhyayugaparyant all-andaluzchi hispano-moresk ware hii europemadhye tayar kelee jaanari sarvat atyadhunik matichi bhandi hotee, jyat vistrut sajavat hotee. tyane europemadhye tiin-glazingchi suruvat kelee, jeey myolica yetheel italian punarujjivanat vikasit kele gele. hotee teey gele shatkaparyant netherlandsmadhye tiin-chamakdar matichi bhandi tayar kelee jaat hotee, kumbhar mothya sankhyene gharguti, sajavatichya vastoo aanee farsha banavat asat, sahasa kinwa jaminivar nilya rangache chitra hote. dutch kumbhar tiin-chamakdar matichi bhandi british betanvar gheuun gele, jithe tee sumare 1550 teey 1800 darmyan tayar kelee gelee. francemadhye, 1690 madhye britneymadheel quimper yethe tiin-glaze suru karnyat aalee, tyanantar ruen, strasberg aanee luneville yethe. 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun europemadhye kinwa kinwa kinwa jawal, golibar kaam vastoonchya vikasamule, jase qee joshiya wayswood aanee cheeni matichya bhandyanchya krimvearmule, delftware, phains aanee majolikachi magani qamee jhaali. aaj, glazemadhye tiin oxidecha vapar itar, qamee kimatichya apardarshak ghatakanchya sanyogane maryadit vapar aadhalato, jaree too samanyatah qamee tapmanachya tadnya anuprayoganparyant maryadit asato aanee picasosah studio kumbharandware vaparla jaato, jeey tiin glaze vaparoon matichi bhandi tayar karatat.
porcillain.
hotee shatkaparyant, europemadhye thodya pramanat mahag chiinii porcillainchi aayat kelee jaat hotee. hotee shatkapasoon europemadhye tyache anukaran karnyache prayatna kele gele, jyat soft-pest aanee florencemadhye banavalelya medisi porcillaincha samavesh hota. 1712 madhye, french jesuitche vadil francois zavier dii 'entricolessne sampoorn europemadhye chiinii porcillain utpadanachi anek vistrut rahasye ughad kelee aanee lavkarach lavkarach prayoganantar, haard-pest porcillainchi eka pakakruti 1710 nantar lagechach dresdenmadhil messen porcillain karkhanyat tayar kelee gelee aanee 1713 paryant vikrivar hotee. kahee dashkantach, bavariyatil nimphenberg yethe porcelainche karkhane aanee napples (1743) madheel capodymonte aanee itar anek thikani, anekada sthanik shaskane arthsahayya kele.
soft-pest porcillain 1680 chya dashakat ruen yethe tayar kele gele hote, parantu pahile mahattvache utpadan seent yethe hote.claude, laters-paytant 1702 madhye manjur kele jaat hote. duke dii borbanane 1730 madhye tyachya cheto dii chantileechya maidanavar chantilly porcillain yaa soft-pest karkhanyachi sthapana kelee; menessi yethe soft-pest karkhana ughadala gela; aanee 1740 madhye chantileechya kamgaranni vincense karkhana sthapan keela, 1756 madhye saverse yetheel mothya parisarat sthalantarit jhaala. saverse yethe banavalelya utkrusht soft-pestney 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat europemadhye agraganya sthan midavale. englandmadhil pahili soft-pest 1742 madhye pradarshit karnyat aalee, jee varvar pahata sant-dhag sutravar aadharit hotee. 1749 madhye pahilya haad chinavar paytant ghenyat aale, jeey nantar joshiya spoddware paripoorn jhaale. 18 vya shatkatil mukhya ingraji porcillain utpadak chelsey, boow, seent james, bristol, derby aanee lostoft yethe hote.
tyaa kalatil utsahi rokoko vakrareshansathi porcillain aadarshpane yogya hote. european chiinii matichya bhandyachya yaa suruvatichya dashkantil utpadane samanyatah sarvat jaast manali jaatat aanee mahag asatat. messen modeller johann joachim kendler aanee nymphenbergche franz anton bustelli heey kadachit tyaa kalatil sarvat utkrusht syremic kalakar aahet. itar aaghadichya modellerspramanech, tyanni shilpkar mhanoon prashikshan ghetale aanee model tayar kele jyatoon sache ghetale gele.
gele shatkachya akheris europechya samruddha madhyamvargamadhye porcillain tableware aanee sajavatichya vastoo asane anivarya jhaale hote aanee bahutek deshanmadhye karkhane hote, jyapaiki barech ajunahi utpadan karat aahet. tablewars, suruvatichya european cheeni matichya bhandyanni lock kinwa pranyanchya purnapane sajavatichya aakrutyanchi chav punarujjivit kelee, jee anek pracheen sanskratinche vaishishtya dekhil hotee, bahutekda kabar vastoo mhanoon. chinmadhye ajunahi blank dii chayana yaa dharmik vyaktinchya rupat heey tayar kele jaat hote, jyapaiki anek europemadhye pohochale hote. europeey aakrutya jawaljawal purnapane dharmnirpeksh hotya aanee lavkarach chamakdar aanee tejaswi rangeet jhalya, bahutekda eka aadarsh mandani aanee eka majboot varnanatmak ghatak asalelya gatanmadhye (chitra pahaa).
wayswood aanee north staffordshire matichi bhandi.
bhandi shatkapasoon, uttar staffordshiremadheel stoke-aun-trent heey matichi bhandi banavanyache eka pramukh kendra mhanoon udayas aale. udhyogachya vikasat wayswood, spode, royal doulton aanee mynton yaa kampanyanni mahattvapoorn yogdan dile.
kolasa aanee matichya bhandyanchya utpadanasathi yogya maticha mubalak puravatha sthanikanchya upasthitimule sthanik matichi bhandi udhyogacha prarambhik parantu suruvatila maryadit vikas jhaala. trent aanee mercy kalvyachya bandhkamamule cornwallmadhun itar samagrisah chiinii chikanmatichi vahtook sulabh jhaali aanee malaichi bhandi aanee hadanchi chean utpadan sulabh jhaale. uchch darjachya vastoonchya utpadanat itar utpadan kendranchi aaghadi hotee, parantu uttar staffordshire varchasva paddhatshir aanee tapshilvar sanshodhan aanee anek varshe prayog karanyachi ichcha yamule aale, suruvatila joshiya wedgwood yaa eka vyaktine. tyachya netrutvakhali itar sthanik kumbhar, shastradnya aanee abhiyante aale.
kumbharkam nirmitichya audhyogikikaranache shrey wayswoodla dile jaate. tyache kaam atishay uchch darjache hoteh tyachya karyashalela bhet detana, jarr tyala eka aaksheparh jahaj disale jeey tyachya manakanchi purtata karnyat ayashasvi tharale, tarr too tyachya kathine teey fodoon, "yoshiya vedgavoodsathi heey kaam karnar nahee!"tyanna tyanchya kalatil vaidnyanik pragatimadhye khoop rus hota aanee yach swarsyamule tyanni tyanchya matichya bhandyanchya gunavattet kranti ghadavun aananyasathi tyacha drushtikon aanee paddhati swikarlya. tyachya adviteey glazemule tyachya vastoo bajaratil itar konatyahi vastupeksha vegalya houu lagalya. done ranganmadhil tyache matt finish jasperware shatkachya akheris nioklasisisamasathi atyant yogya hote, jemma augustia sarkhya pracheen roman koreev ratnanchya camio kinwa camio kachechya portland fuldanichya parinamanche anukaran karate, jyapaiki vejavudane pratee tayar kelya.
1750 chya sumaras englandmadhye pahilyanda vikasit kelelya hastantaran-chhapaiche shreyahi tyanna dile jaate. shatkachya akheris, bajarpethechya vilasi tokala vagalata, jatil designsathi hatane rangavalelya chitranchi mothya pramanat jaaga ghetali gelee hotee aanee jagatil bahutek sushobhit matichi bhandi aajahi tantrachya aavrutya vapartat. underglays transfer printingchya paripoornateche shrey mothya pramanavar joshiya spode daad firstla dile jaate. yaa prakriyecha vapar pustak chhapaimadhe vaparlya jaanarya prakriyancha vikas mhanoon keela jaat hota aanee suruvatichya kagadachya gunavattemule rachnet atishay parishkrut tapasheel punarutpadan karnyas asamarth hote, tyamule suruvatichya mudran namunyanmadhye tonal bhinnatechya sukshmatecha abhav hota. 1804 chya sumaras yantrane tayar kelelya patal mudran kagadanmule koreev kaam kaam vividh prakarchya tonal tantracha vapar karata aala, jyaa vastuvar punarutpadan karnyas saksham jhalya, adhik yashasviritya.
underglays print purn karnyapeksha, shree. spode adhik mothya pramanat sushobhit uchch darjachya utpadanasathi spardhatmak kimmatindware tyacha vyavasay hiravoon ghet aahet heey spasht hoiparyant tyachya chitrakaranni underglays printingcha avalamb naan karnyas wayswoodla patvoon dile.
kumbharkamatil stoke-aun-trentchya varchasvane claris cliff, susi cooper, lorna bellie, charlot arhead, fredrick hearton arhead aanee jabez vodrey yanchyasah mothya sankhyene syremic kalakaranna aakarshit kele.
brittenmadhil studio matichi bhandi.
studio matichi bhandi ekte kinwa lahan gatanmadhye kaam kaam kalakarandware tayar kelee jaatat, adviteey vastoo kinwa chhotya dhavanchi nirmiti karatat, samanyatah utpadanachya serve tappyansah eka vyaktine kelee jaate. jagbharatil kumbhar tyache pratinidhitva karatat, parantu brittenmadhye tyanchi mule majboot aahet, jyamadhye bernard leach, william stite murre, dora billington, lucie rii aanee hans kopar yasarkhe kumbhar aahet. bernard leach (1887-1979) yane sudur-purv aanee madhyayugeen ingraji prakaranni prabhavit keleli matichi bhandi tayar karanyachi shaili sthapit kelee. matichya bhandyansah kahee kaal prayog kelyanantar, tyane mothya teel kinwa lakud lakud bhattyanmadhye uchch tapmanat sodalya sodalya dagadi bhandyankade valale. aahe shatkachya madhyat yaa shailine british studio matichya bhandyanvar varchasva gajavale. austriyan nirvasit lucie rii (1902-1995) heey moolatah eka aadhuniktavadi manale gele aahet, jyanni anekada chamakdar rangeet vadge aanee batalyanvar naveen glaze prabhavancha prayog keela. hans copper (1920-1981) yane gair-karyatmak, shilpakala aanee naan naan vastoo tayar kelya. kelya mahayuddhanantar, brittenmadhil studio matichya bhandyanna yuddhakalin kalat utpadit matichya bhandyanchi sajavat karnyavar bandee aanee brittonchya sanachya aadhuniktavadi bhavnene protsahan midale. sadhya, karyatmak rachana aadhuniktavadi mulyanshi julavun ghet hotya. pannaschya dashkatil yaa bharbharatila pratisad mhanoon anek kumbharkam tayar jhaale aanee studio kumbharkamanchi hii shaili ekonis-sattarchya dashakat lokpriy rahili. elizabeth fritsch (1940-) yanni royal college auph aartmadhye (1968-1971) hans copperchya netrutvakhali kaam karnyasathi matichi bhandi tayar kelee. fritsch haah tyaa velee royal college auph aartmadhun udayas aalelya utkrusht siremikvadyanchya gatatil eka hota. fritshchee syremic bhandi paramparik paddhatinpasun door gelee aanee tine dagadi vastunmadhye hatane tayar kelele sapat gundaliche tantra vikasit kele, jeey gulgulit aanee achookpane profile kelelya swarupat parishkrut kele gele. tyanantar tyanna koradya matt slipsney hatane rangavale jaate, jeey syramixasathi asamanya rung aahet.
germanytil matichi bhandi.
german matichya bhandyanchi mule sonyache utpadan utpadan rasayanshastra prayogshalanmadhye aahet.
austriyatil matichi bhandi.
1718 madhye viennamadhye eka matichi bhandi ubharanyat aalee.
rashiyatil matichi bhandi.
shahee cheeni matichya bhandyanchya utpadanachi sthapana 1744 madhye rashiyatil oranianbam yethe jhaali. too dii. chya chiinii matichya bhandyachya shodhavar aadharit hota. aay. vinogrado (botgerschya 1708 chya shodhapasun swatantra, dresden). pracheen cheeni matichya bhandyancha eka mahattvacha sangrah russian matichya bhandyanchya sangrahalayat jatan keela aahe.
amerikechi.
mool american matichi bhandi.
uttar, madhya aanee dakshin america khandantil lokanmadhye europeey yenyapurvi matichya bhandyanchya vividh parampara hotya. 5, 000 teey 6,000 varshanpurvi americet tayar kelele sarvat june matiche sahitya andian pradeshat, valdivia aanee puerto hormiga yetheel ekodorchya prashant prashant aanee kolambiyachya sann jacinto nail aadhalate; perumadhye 3,800 teey 4,000 varshe junya vastoo sapadalya aahet. kahee puratatvashastradnyanche asey mutt aahe qee matichya matichya sahityache dnyan samudramarge americetil sanskratiche dusare mothe ugamsthan asalelya mesoamerikamadhye pohochale.
madhya aanee dakshin andicemadhye sanskratinmadhye sarvat vikasit shaili mhanje chavin dii huanter (800-400 bii. see. eae.) aanee cupicinic (1000-400 bii. see. eae.) yetheel aupcharik sthalajaval aadhalanare matiche sahitya. tyach kalat, peruchya dakshin uttar, paracas navachya bhagat aanakhi eka sanskruti vikasit jhaali. paracas sanskratine (ii. sha. puu. 600-100) urochit siremikchi aashcharyakarak kaame tayar kelee, jee golibaranantar lavalelya jaad telane purn kelee gelee. matichi bhandi aanee vastrodyogatil yaa rangiberangi parampareche anusaran nazka sanskratine (1600 eae.) kele, jyanchya kumbharanni chikanmati tayar karnyasathi aanee vastoo sajavanyasathi, atyadhunik rachana rangvinyasathi bareek brush vaparoon sudharit tantre vikasit kelee. nazka matichya bhandyanchya suruvatichya tappyat kumbharanni vastavadi patre aanee bhupradesh chitrit kele.
aadhunik peruchya uttar uttar bharbharatila aalelya moche sanskratinni (1800 eae. sha.) tapkiri parshvabhumivar laal rangachya bareek reshanni sushobhit kelelya matichya moorti aanee putale tayar kele. tyanchi matichi bhandi tyanchya huakos pratikruti fuldanansathi vegali aahet, jyat yuddh, manvi balee aanee utsavanchya guntaguntichya rekhachitransathi vegvegalya bhavna, anand, dukkh, raag, udasinata vyakt karnare manvi chehare dakhavale aahet.
mayaa heey syremic vikasasathi sapeksh vilambit hote, kaaran tyanchya syremic qalaa mayaa abhijat kalat kinwa 2 teey 10 vya shatkat bharbharatila aalya. dakshin belijmadhil eka mahattvache thikan lubanton mhanoon olakhale jaate, jeey visheshtah tapshilvar aanee vipul kamancha abhiman balgate. hii kumbharkamatil kalakruti kitee maulyavan hotee yacha purava mhanoon, lubantoonche anek namune honduras aanee gwatemala yetheel durvarchya mayaa sthalanvar sapadale aahet. shivay, lubantonche sadhyache mayaa lock lubanton yethe sapadalelya anek mool rachananchya pratee hatanni tayar karat aahet.
united statesmadhil sarvat junie matichi bhandi ii. sha. puu. 2500 salchi aahet. floridatil jacksonville yetheel timukuan paryavaraniy aanee aitihasik jatanamadhye aanee georgiatil savana nadichya kathavaril kahee thode june aadhalale aahet.
uttar arizonamadhil hoppy aanee taos, ekoma aanee zuni lokansah (serve nairutya united statesmadhil) itar anek puebloan lock vegvegalya shailinmadhye rangavalelya matichya bhandyansathi prasiddha aahet. nampeo aanee tichya natevaikanni matichi bhandi tayar kelee, jee 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila khoop lokpriy jhaali. nyu mexico rajyatil pueblo jamatinchya shaili vegvegalya pueblose (gave) sathee vishisht aahet. tyat santa clara pueblo, taos pueblo, hoppy pueblos, sann ildefonso pueblo, ekoma pueblo aanee zuni pueblo yancha samavesh aahe. pueblo matichya bhandyanchya kahee prasiddha kalakaranmadhye nampeo, elva nampeo aanee hopiche dextra kwotskyuwa; sann juan puebloche leonidas tapia; aanee sann ildefonso pueblochya maria martinez aanee julien martinez yancha samavesh aahe. aahe shatkachya suruvatila martinez aanee ticha patee julien yanni paramparik sann ildefonso pueblo black-aun black pottery tayar karanyachi paddhat punha shodhun kadhali.
mexican syramics.
mexican matichi bhandi hii eka pracheen parampara aahe. purv-columbian kumbharanni tyanchi vastoo chimata marane, gundalane kinwa hatoda-eka-eka-eka karoon vaparnyaivaji, tyanchi bhandi jaalun takalya.
united statesmadhil studio matichi bhandi.
americet syramixmadhye kaam kaam studio kalakaranchi eka majboot parampara aahe. 1960 chya dashakat tyacha vadhicha kaal hota aanee too aajahi chaloo aahe. anek lalit qalaa, hastakala aanee samkalin qalaa sangrahalayanmadhye tyanchya kayamswarupi sangrahat vastoo aahet. beatrice wood haah eka american kalakar aanee studio kumbhar hota joou californiatil ojai yethe sthit hota. tine chamak-chakaki tantracha eka anokha prakar vikasit keela aanee 1930 pasoon 1998 madhye vayachya 105 vya varshi tichya mrutyuparyant sakriy hotee. robbert arneson yanni amoort pratinidhitva shailit mothe shilpkam tayar kele. americetil anek mahavidhyalaye, vidyapithe aanee lalit qalaa sansthanmadhye matichya matiche qalaa vibhag aahet.
up-sahara africa.
asey disate qee ii. sha. puu. 10 vya sahasrabdidarmyan up-sahara aafriket matichi bhandi swatantrapane vikasit kelee gelee hotee, madhya malipasoon kiman ii. sha. puu. 9,400 madheel nishkarsh. aafriket, sarvat junie matichi bhandi, navvya aanee dahavya sahasrakachya darmyanchya madhya saharachya mothya parvataranganmadhye, purv saharachya aanee nail nail sapadali aahet.
up-sahara aafriketil matichi bhandi paramparikpane gundalyandware tayar kelee jaatat aanee qamee tapmanat fodali jaatat. pracheen noke sanskratichya moorti, jyanche karya aspasht aahe, heey nigeriachya beninsarkhya anek sanskratinmadhye sanskratinmadhye uchch darjachya murtikaleche udaharan aahe.
nayajarchya air pradeshat (paschim africa) (haur 2003) sumare ii. sha. puu. 10,000 madheel matichi bhandi utkhananat sapadali.
gwari paramparet kaam karnara nigerian kumbhar laadee kwali yane, kapalelya namunyanni sajavaleli mothee bhandi banavali. tiche kaam heey pashchatya studio matichya bhandyansah paramparik africanche eka manoranjak sammishra aahe. magdlean odondo haah keeniyan-janmalela british studio kumbhar aahe jyache matiche sahitya hatane tayar kelele aanee jaloon khaq jhalele aahe.
matichi bhandi sangrahalaye aanee sangrahalay sangrah.
syramics sangrahalay heey eka sangrahalay aahe jeey purnapane kinwa mothya pramanat syramics, samanyatah syremic kalakrutinna samarpit aahe, jyanchya sangrahat kaach aanee dantvalk dekhil asoo shakatat, parantu sahasa porcillanes matichya bhandyanvar laksh kendrit karatat. bahutek rashtriy matichya bhandyanche sangrah serve qalaa kinwa keval sajavatichya kalancha samavesh asalelya adhik samanya sangrahalayat aahet, parantu tethe anek vishesh matichya bhandyanche sangrahalaye aahet, jyapaiki kahee keval eka deshachya, pradeshachya kinwa utpadakachya utpadanavar laksh kendrit karatat. itarankade aantarrashtriy sangrah aahet, jeey europe kinwa purv aashiyatil matichya bhandyanvar laksh kendrit karoo shakatat kinwa jaagtik vyapti asoo shakatat.
ashiyai aanee islami deshanmadhye matichi bhandi heey samanyatah samanya aanee rashtriy sangrahalayanche eka majboot vaishishtya aahe. tasech, serve deshantil bahutek vishesh puratatva sangrahalayanmadhye matichya bhandyanche mothe sangrah aahet, kaaran matichi bhandi haah puratatviy kalakrutincha sarvat samanya prakar aahe. matra, yapaiki bahutansh tutalele tukade aahet.
samanya sangrahalayanmadhil utkrusht pramukh matichya bhandyanchya sangrahanmadhye 340,000 vastoonsah bijingmadhil rajwada sangrahalay aanee taipei shaharatil rashtriy rajwada sangrahalay, taiwan (25,000 vastoo) yancha samavesh aahe; donhi bahutek chiinii shahee sangrahatoon ghetale gele aahet aanee jawaljawal purnapane chinmadhil vastunche aahet. londonmadhye, victoriya aanee albert sangrahalayat (75,000 hoon adhik vastoo, mukhytah ii. sha. 1400 nantar) aanee british sangrahalayat (mukhytah ii. sha. 1400 purvi) khoop majboot aantarrashtriy sangrah aahet. newyorkmadheel metropolitan museum auph aart aanee washington dii. see. madheel freer gallery auph aart (hajaro, serve ashiyai) yethe amerikechya mothya shaharatil sangrahalayanmadhil anek utkrusht sangrahanpaiki kadachit sarvottam aahet. newyorkmadheel corning yetheel corning museum auph glassmadhye 45,000 hoon adhik kachechya vastoo aahet.

