biyanyanchya aakarachi utkranti

pahili biyane lavaleli zaade 370 dashalaksh varshanpurvi devonianchya uttaradhat udayas aalee. biyanyanchya aakarala aakar denare nivad dabav heey dushkal, shikar, biyane-biyane spardha, ishtatam suptata kholee aanee failav yasah bhautik aanee jaivik strotanmadhun udbhavtat. 
itihas.
370 dashalaksh varshanpurvi pahilya biyanyanchya vanaspatinchya utkrantipasun, biyanyanchya aakaratil sarvat motha badal 325 dashalaksh varshanpurvi gymnosperm aanee angiospermchya vichalanamadhye aadhalala hota, parantu ekandarit, biyanyanchya aakarache vichalan utkrantichya kalat tulanene satatyapurnapane hott asalyache disate. biyanyanche vastuman heey jatijanyadrushtya puranmatvadi asalyache aadhalun aale aahe, jyamadhye biyanyanchya prasaran (prasaran paddhati) prakaranmadhye sarasari biyanyanchya vastumanachya bahutansh farkanmadhye jatijanyata aahe. yaa prakarchi mahitee aaplyala biyanyancha aakar kassa vikasit jhaala yabaddal sanket dete. vividh aakaranchya jivashma biyane aanee tyanchi sambhavya prani prasarankartyanchya upasthitishi aanee tyaa kalatil paryavaraniy paristhitishi tulana karane heey biyanyanchya aakarachya utkranticha abhyas karnyasathi vaparale jaanare aanakhi eka tantra aahe. prani prani pranyanchya upasthitichya tulanet paryavaraniy paristhiticha biyanyanchya aakarachya utkrantivar motha prabhav padala aahe asey disate. paryavaraniy paristhitinusar vikasit vikasit biyanyanchya aakarache eka udaharan mhanje eocene yugat mothya biyanyanchya aakarasathi nivadalya gelelya mubalak, bund vann vanaspati asey manale jaate. kalantarane biyanyanchya aakarat samanya vaadh kinwa ghat aadhalaleli nahee, parantu tyaeivaji mastrictian, paleocene, eocene, oligosine, myosene aanee pliocene yuganchya paryavaraniy paristhitinantar biyanyanchya aakarat chadh-utaar disun aale aahet. aaj aapan biyanyanchya aakarache vitaran aanee jaagtik paryavaraniy paristhiticha eka namuna dekhil pahato, jithe ushnakatibandhiy jangalanmadhye biyanyancha sarvat motha sarasari aakar aadhalato aanee vanaspatincha prakar jungle nasalelya bhagat badalat asatana jaagtik staravar biyanyanchya aakarat tivra ghat hote.
yantrana.
aadhunik biyanyanche aakar orkidchya biyanyanmadhye 0.0001 migra teey duheri naralaparyant asatat. mothya biyanyanmadhye tyanchya garbhamadhye chayapachay sathyanche praman jaast asate aanee lahan biyanyanpeksha ropansathi endosperm upalabdh asatat aanee anekada qamee sansadhananchya upalabdhatekhali sthapan honyas madat karatat. tathapi, lahan biya mothya pramanat tayar kelya jaau shakatat, jyamadhye adhik santati nirman karanyachi kshamata asate aanee kahee biya yogya adhivasat pasaranyachi shakyata jaast asate. biyanyanchya aakar-sankhyechya yaa vyaparamule paryavaraniy nivadichya dabawala pratisad mhanoon biyanyanchya aakar aanee sankhyechya vistrut shrenichi utkranti jhaali aahe.
nivadak dabav.
biyanyanchya vanaspatinchya vanshajananatil mothya vichalanasarkhya konatyahi eka ghatanekade biyanyanchya aakaratil mothya vichalanache kaaran mhanoon pahile jaat nahee. tyaeivaji, chhotya ghatana chhotya utkranti prabhavasah kalantarane baryapaiki satatyapurnapane ghadatat asey manale jaate.
chhaya.
chhayankit vatavaranat vatavaranat prajatincha cull mothya biyane tayar karnyacha asato aanee mothya biyanyanchya prajatinmadhye qamee prakashat jaast rope tikoon rahatat. mothya biyanyanchya chayapachay sathyanmadhye vaadh jhalyamule pahilya ankuranna unch vadhanyas aanee paaney adhik vegane rund honyas madat hote jenekarun qamee suryaprakash upalabdh aahe yasathi spardha karata yeil. bund chhatra asalelya jangalanmadhye aadhalanari kahee mothee biyane asaleli zaade, udaharanarth junya vadhichya jangalanmadhye okchya anek prajati, hikkari, pekan aanee butternutchi zaade aahet.
dushkal.
shushk, valvantatil vatavaranat lahan biyane pramukhyane aadhaltat. kahee valvant pranalinmadhye varshik biyanyanche bahusankhya vajan shoonya teey done milligram darmyan asate. biyanyancha lahan aakar haah valvantatil vanaspatinmadhye done karanansathi anukool anukulata asoo shakato. lahan biyane sukya naan karata anek varshe koradya vatavaranat sathavanyachi kshamata asalyache aadhalun aale aahe. tasech, anek prakarananmadhye, mishtannanmadhye pavsale asatat jeey bharpur bahya sansadhane upalabdh asalelya paristhitit lahan biyanyanna ankuranyachi sandhee detat. paanee upalabdh asatana biyanyanche ankuran hone kitee mahattvache aahe, tyamule biyanyanna anekada panyachi upasthiti jaanavate aanee ankuranasathi teey eka sanket mhanoon vaparale jaate. tasech, anek valvantatil vanaspatinni tyanchya biyanyancha eka ansh tyach velee ankuran naan karnyasathi surakshit rakshak mhanoon vanaspatichya urvarit biyanyanpramanech, jyat jarr vanaspatichya bahutansh biya eka velee ankurit jhalya aanee nantar pavsamule aanee dushkalamule maran pavalya, tarr vanaspatichi yashasvi santati honyachi kshamata purnapane nasht hott nahee, ashee kshamata vikasit kelee aahe.
shikar.
dhanyabhakshi (jeey biyane aanee dhanya khatat) nivadakpane lahan kinwa mothee biyane khau shakatat, spectrumchya viruddha bajus biyane pasant karatat. samanyatah, nivadakpane mothya biyanyanna khanare kruntak, danadar shikar karatat, jyamule lahan biyanyanchi adhik yogyata hote (udaa.jee. valvantatil kangaru under biyanyanchya kathavaril mothya biyanyanvar nivadakpane chaara ghetat. tyachpramane, kadhikadhi lahan biyane nivadakpane shikar kele jaatat, udaharanarth austreliyan danadar mungya jyaa fakt lahan biya vahoon nenyas saksham asatat.
rope-biyane spardha.
maryadit sansadhanansathi ropanmadhil spardhemule biyanyanchya aakaravar nivadak dabav yeu shakato. spardhatmak ropanchya daat chataimadhye, mothya biyanyanpasun tayar jhalelya ropanmadhye, unch ankur, rund paaney aanee asha prakare sansadhanansathi lahan biyanyanchya ropanna mage taknyachya tyanchya kshamatemule, jaganyachi kshamata jaast asate. mothya biyanyanpasun ugavalelya ropa, tyanchya sathavalelya urja sathyanpasun jaast kaal jagoo naan naan lahan biyanyanchya ropanpeksha jaast kaal jagoo shakatat.
suptatechi ishtatam kholee.
jarr matimadhye kholvar dabalelya biyanyanchya astitwala anukool nivadak dabav asel tarr biyanyancha motha aakar vikasit houu shakato kaaran tyanchya urjechya mothya sathyanmule aanakhi kholitoon baher padane aavashyak aahe. asha prakarchya nivadisathi karanibhoot asalela eka dabav mhanje aagichi punaravrutti (udaa.jee. gavatal pradeshat aagimule honari ushnata matichya prushthbhagajavalil biyane nasht karoo shakate kinwa nasht karoo shakate parantu biyane kholvar surakshitpane dabaleli rahoo shakate).
vikhurane.
biyane jitke lahan asel titke teey aanakhi pasaru shakatat, jeey bhawand aanee palkanshi spardha talhanyasathi tasech kahee biya yogya adhivasat pasaranyachi adhik shakyata asane fayadeshir tharoo shakate. jarr aanakhi vikhuralelya vyakti asambandhit vyaktinsah paar paragan karanyachi shakyata jaast asel, jyamule adhik anuvanshik bhinnata udbhavel, tarr prasaramule bhavee pidhyanmadhye adhik tandurusti houu shakate. biyanyanchya prasaracha prakar vikasit jhaala aahe, joou jagbharatil fulanmadhil biyanyanchya aakarashi atyant parasparsambandhit aahe. sarvasadharanpane, 0 mii. gra. peksha lahan biyane anekada vinasahayya (vaara pasarlela) asate, 100 mii. gra. peksha mothee biyane anekada prushthavanshiy prani kinwa panyane pasaravali jaate aanee 0 teey 100 mii. gra. darmyanchi biyane vividh prakarchya vikhuralelya paddhatindware vikhurali jaatat, jyat vividh pranyandvare pasarane samavisht aahe.

