
qamee jhalele uranium

ksheen jhalele uranium (du; jyala purvi kyu-metal, dipletalloy kinwa dii-38 asehi mhatale jaat asey) heey naisargik yureniyampeksha vikhandaniy samasthanik qamee asalele uranium aahe. naisargik uraniummadhye sumare, tarr yu dware vaparale jaanare du asate.ess. sanrakshn vibhagat qamee kinwa qamee aahe. qamee kiranotsargi aanee vikhandaniy nasalela ghatak haah qamee jhalelya uraniumcha mukhya ghatak aahe. ducha vapar tyachya atyant uchch ghanatecha, shisepeksha ghanatecha fayda gheto.
nagri vaparanmadhye vimanatil pratibhar, vaidyakeey kiranotsarg upchar aanee audhyogik kiranotsarg upkarnanmadhil kiranotsarg sanrakshn aanee kiranotsargi samgrichya vahatukisathi container yancha samavesh hoto. lashkari vaparanmadhye kavach aachchadan aanee kavach-bhedak prakshepya yancha samavesh hoto.
bahutek qamee jhalele uranium heey anuurja prakalpanmadhye indhan mhanoon aanee anvastranchya nirmitimadhye vaparnyasathi samruddha uraniumchya utpadanache up-utpadan mhanoon udbhavate. sanwardhan prakriya qamee vastuman-sankhyechya uranium samasthanikanchya (visheshtah, jeey vikhandan sakhali pratikriyes samarthan denare uranium samasthanik aahe) naisargik sandratepeksha jaast pramanasah uranium tayar karatat, jyat mothya pramanat feed qamee jhalele uranium mhanoon sampate, kahee prakarananmadhye naisargik euraniummadhil vastuman apurnankansaha aanee tyapaiki eka trutiyanshpeksha qamee. halakya samasthanikanpeksha tyache ardhayushya khoop jaast asalyane, du naisargik yureniyampeksha qamee alfa kiranotsarg utsarjit karate. anoo punarprakriyetil duche samasthanik gunottar, utpadan-darr-utpadan dupeksha vegale asate, jyatoon teey tyachya upasthitidvare vegale kele jaau shakate. euraniumcha ekmev dnyat naisargik srot jyachi samagri 0.72% peksha lakshaniyaritya vegali aahe, too gabonechya oklo yetheel naisargik anuvichedan anubhattimadhye aadhalato. manavnirmit ksheen jhalelya yureniyampeksha moolatah bhinn mhanoon teey 'botanni chhapalele' asoo shakate, jeey oklo khanitoon tasech itar serve naisargik strotanmadhun 55 ppmche uranium aahe, parantu qamee jhalelya uraniummadhye qamee pramanat qamee hoil.
du heey naisargik yureniyamaitakech sumare 60 takke kiranotsargi aahe. bahutek alfa kiranotsarg beeta kiranotsargatun yeto aanee kahee aathvadyant tayar hoto.
sambhavya dirghakalin aarogya parinamambaddalachya chintemule shastrastranmadhye ducha vapar vadgrast aahe. mootrapind, mendu, yakrut, hriday aanee itar anek pranalinchya samanya karyavar uranium yaa vishari dhatuchya samparkat aalyane parinam houu shakato. dirgh kiranotsargi ardhayushya (4.468 × 109 kinwa 4,468,000,000 varshe) aanee qamee pramanatil (sumare 246,000 varshe ardhayushya) aanee (70 kotee varshe ardhayushya) yamule teey keval kamkuvat kiranotsargi aahe. uraniumche jaivik ardhayushya (manvi sharirala shariratil ardhe praman kadhoon taknyasathi lagnara sarasari vel) sumare 15 divasanche asate.
ksheen jhalelya uraniumchya shastrastranchya prabhav aanee jwalanane tayar honari aerosol kinwa spallation frangible powder sambhavyapane prabhav sthalanchya sabhovatalachya vistrut bhaganna dooshit karoo shakate, jyamule manavadvare sambhavya shvasochchhavas houu shakato.
duchya tivra aanee junat vishaktatechi vastavik patali dekhil vadgrast aahe. sanvardhit peshi aanee prayogshaletil kruntakancha vapar karoon kelelya anek abhyasanmadhye dirghakalin samparkamule leukemogenic, anuvanshik, punarutpadak aanee majjasansthevar parinam honyachi shakyata soochit kelee aahe. all jaziramadhil eka lekhanusar, american tofkhanyatil du heey 1991 pasoon irakmadhil samanya mrutyudarat vaadh honyachya pramukh karananpaiki eka asalyacha sanshay aahe. 2005 chya mahamarishastra punaravalokanat assa nishkarsh kadhala gela aaheh "ektritpane manvi mahamarishastriy purave heey duchya samparkat aalelya vyaktinchya santatimadhye janmajat doshanchya vadhiv jokhamishi susangat aahet."2021 chya abhyasat assa nishkarsh kadhala gela aahe qee shastrastranchya sphotamule, aakhati yuddhat tainat asalelya american diggajanmadhye, duu haah aakhati yuddhatil aajarala karanibhoot tharala nahee. 2013 chya abhyasanusar, fallujamadhye yutee sainyane ducha vapar karoonahi, shaharatoon ghetalelya matichya namunyanmadhye du aadhalala nahee, jaree 2011 chya aanakhi eka abhyasat shaharatil rahivashanchya uutinmadhye uraniumchi patali vadhalyache soochit kele hote.
itihas.
1940 chya dashakachya suruvatila jevha america aanee brittonne tyanche anvastra karyakram suru kele tevha samruddha uraniumche pratham utpadan jhaale. nantarchya dashakat, france aanee soviet unionne tyanche anvastre aanee anuurja karyakram suru kele. qamee jhalele uranium heey moolatah eka nirupayogi kachara utpadan (uranium hexafluoride) mhanoon sathavale gele hote, yaa aashene qee sudharit sanwardhan prakriya vikhandaniy yuu-235 samasthanik atirikt pramanat kadhu shakel. urvarit uranium-235 chee hii punarsamruddhi punarprapti aata jagachya kahee bhaganmadhye vyavharat aahe; udaa.jee. 1996 madhye eka russian karkhanyat 6000 metrik tanpeksha jaast utpadan vadhavanyat aale.
aprasiddha indhanacha vapar karoon nagri urja nirmiti karananya anubhattyanchi rachana karane shakya aahe, parantu aataparyant bandhalelya (jase qee candoo anubhatti) keval 10 takke anubhattya tyaa tantradnyanacha vapar karatat. bahutek nagri anubhattya tasech serve naudal anubhattya aanee anvastransathi kendrit yuu-235 asalele indhan aavashyak asate aanee tyaa indhanachya utpadanatun qamee jhalele uranium tayar hote.
1970 chya dashakat, panchbhujane nondavale qee soviet sainyane yuddhanauka karar takyansathi kavach aachchadan vikasit kele hote, jyat natocha darugola ghusu shakat navhata. panchbhujane ghanatapurn kavach-bhedak prakshepke tayar karnyasathi samagricha shodh ghenyas suruvat kelee. vividh dhatunchi chachani kelyanantar, shastrastra sanshodhakanni qamee jhalelya uraniumvar todga kadhala.
1991chey aakhati yuddh, bosnia yuddh, sarbiyavar bombsfot, 2003chey irakvareel aakraman aanee 2015madhye syriatil aay. ess. aay. ess. varr havai halle karnyat america aanee natochya sainyane du penetrator feiiah vaparlya. 1991 chya aakhati yuddhat 315 teey 350 tunn du vaparale gele assa andaj aahe.
utpadan aanee upalabdhata.
naisargik uranium dhatumadhye sumare, aanee sumare asate. samasthanik pruthakkaran vaparoon samruddha uraniumche utpadan kelyane keval 0.20 teey 0.40 takke asalele "ksheen uranium" tayar hote. naisargik uranium itakya qamee takkevarine suru hott asalyane, sanwardhan mothya pramanat qamee jhalele uranium tayar karate. udaharanarth, samruddha uraniumchya utpadanasathi naisargik uraniumchi aavashyakta asate aanee sumare qamee jhalele uranium keval asate.
anoo niyamak aayogane (aine. aar. see.) 'ksheen uranium' chee vyakhya uranium mhanoon kelee aahe, jyachya isotopachi takkewari vajanapeksha qamee aahe (10 see. eff. aar. 40.4 pahaa). lashkari vaishishtye soochit karatat qee yu dware vaparlele du.ess. sanrakshn vibhagat (dii. oo. dii.) peksha qamee asate. pratyakshat, dodd keval du vaparato jyamadhye andaje asate.
qamee jhalele uranium pudhe kharch kelelya anoo indhanachya punarvaparadvare tayar kele jaate, asha paristhitit tyat neptunium aanee plutoniumche ansh asatat. heey praman itake qamee aahe qee eae. see. aar. aar. dware tyanna gambhir kiranotsargi mahatva manale jaat nahee.
uranium hexafluoride.
bahutek qamee jhalele uranium hexafluoride, eka vishari sfatikeey ghan mhanoon sathavale jaate, (daad) steelchya jangrodhak aanee sukananya-pratirodhak cylindermadhye sanwardhan prakalpanchya jawal khulya havetil sathavan yardmadhye sathavale jaate. pratyek nalkathiparyant dharoon thevato. yuu madhye.ess. 1993 paryant sathavalelya sathavanukichya cylinderpacky 57,122 cylinder ohayochya portsmouthjaval, tenesichya oka rijjaval aanee kentakichya padukajaval hote.
(daad) tyachya rasayanik asthiratemule paryavaraniy, aarogya aanee surakshitata dhokyat aanate. jevha havetil panyachya vafechya samparkat yete, tevha teey aadrateshi pratikriya dett (uranil fluoride), eka ghan aanee (hydrogen fluoride), eka vayoo tayar karate, jeey donhi atyant vidravya aanee vishari asatat. uranil fluoride ghan galatee thambavanyasathi karya karate, jyamule qamee jhalela bhag baher padane maryadit hote. hydrogen fluoride vayuche vatavarnamadhye sodane dekhil plug tayar jhalyamule mand hote.
itar konatyahi uranium sanyugapramanech, teey kiranotsargi aahe aanee savadhgiri balgali pahije. teey atyant vishari dekhil aahe. uranil fluoride heey shwasan, sevan kinwa tvacheche shoshan kelyavar sanksharak aanee hanikarak asate. aat ghene kinwa shwas ghene heey ghatak tharoo shakate. pradarshanache parinam vilambit houu shakatat.
united statesmadhye uranium hexafluoride samavesh asalele anek apghat jhaale aahet, jyat eka 1986 madhye oklahoma yetheel vyavsayik uranium rupantaran suvidha asalelya gor yethe 32 kamgaranchya dhaganchya aanee tyachya pratikriya utpadananchya samparkat aale hote. eka vyakticha mrutyu jhaala; tarr jaast sampark asalelya kahee kamgaranna mutrapindache alpakalin nuksan jhaale (udaa.jee., mutratil prathine), uraniumchya samparkat aalyane tyapaiki konihi kayamswarupi nuksan darshavale nahee. yuu.ess. sarkar vaparasathi kinwa vilhewat lavnyasathi qamee jhalelya uranium oxidesmadhye rupantarit karat aahe. sampoorn dii inventorychya asha vilhewat lavnyasathi lakho teey dashalkshanparyant kharch yeu shakato.
lashkari anuprayog.
qamee jhalele uranium khoop daat asate; 19,050 kilo/ghanmeetarvar, teey shisepeksha 1.67 putt jaast daat asate, tungsten aanee sonyapeksha fakt kinchit qamee daat asate aanee ausmiyam kinwa iridiyampeksha keval 16 takke qamee asate, jeey manak (i.eae., pruthvi-prushthbhag) daab. parinami, dilelya vastumanachya du prakshepakacha vyas samatulya lead prakshepkapeksha qamee asato, jyat qamee vayugatikiy odh aanee prabhavachya binduvar uchch daab asalyamule khol pravesh asato. du prakshepke hii swabhavikpane dahak asatat kaaran lakshyavar parinam kelyavar tee pyrophoric banatat.
kavach plate.
tyachya uchch ghanatemule, qamee jhalele uranium heey steelchya kavach platechya patrakanchya darmyan sandwich kelelya takichya kavchamadhye dekhil vaparale jaau shakate. udaharanarth, 1998 nantar usheera tayar jhalelya kahee emm1aii1 aanee emm1aii2 abrams takyanmadhye du modules tyanchya chobham kavchamadhye ektrit kele aahet, jeey kavach aachchadanacha bhag mhanoon prushthbhagachya samore aanee burujchya samore aahe aanee urvarit adyayavat karnyasathi eka karyakram aahe.
anvastre.
ksheen jhalele uranium heey vikhandan bombmadhye chhedchhad kinwa neutron paravartak mhanoon vaparale jaau shakate. du sarkhya uchch ghanateshi chhedchhad kelyane dirghkal tikanara, adhik urjavan aanee adhik karyaksham sphot hoto.
darugola.
qamee jhalelya uraniumcha bahutansh lashkari vapar 30 miimii shastrastre mhanoon keela gela aahe, pramukhyane amerikechya havai dalane vaparlelya aii-10 thunderbolt II chya gauu-8 badala ghenanya tofatoon 30 miimii pii. jee. yuu-14/bii. kavach-bhedak dahak pherii. yuu varr basavalelya emm. 242 bandukit 25 miimii. duu. feiiah vaparlya gelya aahet.ess. lashkarache bradley ladhau vahan aanee mareen corpsche lave-25.
yuu.ess. mareen corps aii. vhee.-8bii harrierchya gauu-12 equalizer tofane dagalelya 25 miimii pii. jee. yuu.-20 ferimadhye aanee aah-1 cobra helicopter ganshipavar basavalelya 20 miimii emm. 197 bandukit dekhil ducha vapar karate. amerikechya naudalachya falenx see. doubleu. ess. chya emm61 valkan gattling ganmadhye 20 miimii kavach-bhedak bhedak feiiah vaparlya gelya, jyat plasticchya sabotcha vapar keela gela aanee eka gabha qamee jhalelya uraniumcha vapar karoon tayar keela gela, nantar too badaloon tungsten karnyat aala.
qamee jhalelya uraniumcha aanakhi eka vapar mhanje gatij urja penetrators, anty-armer fekyanmadhye, jase qee british challenger 1, challenger 2, emm 1 aii 1 aanee emm 1 aii 2 abramskadoon 120 mimichya vidhvansak fekyanmadhye keela jaato. gatij urja bhedak fekyanmadhye lamb, tulanene patal bhedak asato jyachya bhovati fekoon dilelya vidhvansakane vedhalele asate. stabloy heey ksheen jhalele uraniumche dhatuche mishradhatu aahet, jyat itar dhatunche praman khoopach qamee asate, samanyatah titanium kinwa molybdenum. eka formulationmadhye qamee jhalelya uraniumchya vastumananusar 99.25% aanee titaniumchya vastumananusar 0.75% chee rachana asate. stabloy heey shisepeksha andaje 1.67 putt jaast daat asatat aanee gatiman urja penetrator kavach-bhedak darugola vaparnyasathi tayar kele jaatat. americi lashkar sumare 3.5 takke titanium asalelya mishradhatut ducha vapar karate.
qamee jhalele uranium heey penetratorsathi anukool aahe kaaran teey swatah tikshna aanee jwalansheel aahe. bakhtarband vahanasarkhya katheen lakshyavar aadalalyavar, kathiche naak asha prakare modate qee teey tikshna hote, jyamule tungsten penetrators honare failav rokhate. duu penetrators heey tungsten fekyanpeksha 20 takke adhik prabhavi asatat. ushnata urjecha parinam aanee tyanantarche prakashan oxygenchya samparkat asatana tee prajvalit hote. jevha du penetrator bakhtarband vahanachya aateel bhagat pohochato, tevha tyala aag lagate, jyamule anekada darugola aanee indhan petate aanee kadachit vahanacha sphot hoto. yu dware du vaparale jaate.ess. emm1 abrams takivar 120 miimii kinwa 105 miimii tofancha vapar karoon sainya tainat kele jaate. 
vividh darugolyanmadhye 20 miimii prakshepkanmadhye 180 gramm, 25 miimii prakshepkanmadhye 200 gramm, 30 mimimadhye 280 gramm, 105 mimimadhye 3.5 kilo aanee 120 miimii penetratorsmadhye 4.5 kilo ashee du samagri asate. 1990 chya dashakachya madhyat yuu. aii. madhye ducha vapar keela gela.ess. hatbomb aanee jaminichya khanee tayar karnyasathi, parantu teey anuprayog bund karnyat aale aahet, asey alliant tantradnyan pranalinnusar. amerikechya naudalane tyachya 20 miimii falenx see. doubleu. ess. bandukanmadhye ducha vapar keela, parantu 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat kavach-bhedak tungstenkade valale.
keval america aanee brittonne duu shastrancha vapar kelyachi kabuli dilee aahe. soviet union aanee russiane 125 miimii taakee tofansathi tayar kelelya 3bm-32 vantpasoon du shastrastrancha vapar keela aahe. 2018 madhye, tasane nondavale qee russia tyachya kahee tii-80 modelsna 3bm 60 swinits-2 duu feyansah shastrasajj karat aahe. irakmadhil 1991 chya yuddhadarmyan 782,414 dua rounds chalavanyat aale, jyat bahutansh american sainyane. 2003 madhye irakmadhil teen aathvadyanchya sangharshachya kalat, assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota qee 1,000 teey 2,000 tunn qamee jhalele uranium shastrastre vaparali gelee hotee. 2003 chya yuddhadarmyan 300,000 peksha jaast dua rounds taknyat aale, jyat bahutansh american sainyane kele.
march 2023 madhye, britton sarkarne pushti kelee aahe qee teey russian aakramanadarmyan tyachya pratispardhi 2 takyansah tyachya 120 miimii darugolyasaha ukrainla du raund pathvat aahet.
shastranmadhye kayadeshir sthitee.
1996 madhye, aantarrashtriy nyayalayane (aay. see. jeey.) "anvastranchya dhokyachi kinwa vaparachi kayadeshirata" yavar sallagar mutt dile. yamule, parichhed 54,55 aanee 56 madhye heey spasht jhaale qee vishari shastranvaril aantarrashtriy kayada-29 julai 1899chee dusari hegg ghoshana, 18 aktoobar 1907chee hegg adhiveshan 4 aanee 17 juuna 1925chee geneva niyamavali-aanvik shastrancha samavesh karat nahee, kaaran tyancha mukhya kinwa ananya vapar vish kinwa shwas gudamaravane assa navhata. heey aay. see. jeey. mutt anvastrambaddal hote, parantu "rajyanchya saravat, tyanchya samanya arthane, jyaa shastrancha mukhya kinwa agadi vishisht parinam vish kinwa shwas gudamaravane aahe, tyaa shastranna aachchadan mhanoon yaa sandnya samajalya gelya aahet", heey vakya, qamee jhalelya uranium shastrastranna dekhil tyach kararanchya vyaptitoon kadhoon takte, kaaran tyancha prathamik vapar vish kinwa shwas gudamaravane nahee, tarr samagri nasht karane aanee sainikanna gatij urjedware marane aahe.
sanyukt rashtra manavadhikar aayogachya alpasankhyakanchya bhedbhav aanee sanrakshanavaril up-aayogane done prastav manjur kele-pahila 1996 madhye aanee dusra 1997 madhye. tyanni samoohik vidhvansak shastre, kinwa andadhund parinam asaleli kinwa anavashyak dukhapat kinwa anavashyak dukkh nirman karnari shastre soochibaddha kelee aanee serve rajyanna asha shastranche utpadan aanee prasar rokhanyache aavahan kele. yaa yadeet qamee jhalele uranium asaleli shastre samavisht hotee. samiteene manavadhikar aanee manavtavadi nikashanchya sandarbhat shastranchya karyakari patrala adhikrut kele.
vinanti kelela 'unn working pepper' 2002 madhye vaay. neey vitarit keela hota. keey. jeey. manavadhikar tharav 2001/36 chya prachar aanee sanrakshanavaril up-aayoganusar yung sick yuen. tyancha assa yuktivad aahe qee up-aayogane soochibaddha kelelya itar shastransah shastranmadhye ducha vapar karane khalilpaiki eka kinwa adhik kararanche ullanghan karoo shakateh manavadhikaranchi sarvatrik ghoshana, sanyukt rashtranche sanade, narsamhar adhiveshan, atyacharaviruddha sanyukt rashtranche adhiveshan, protocol I, 1980 chey paramparik shastranvaril adhiveshan aanee rasayanik shastranche adhiveshan yasah geneva adhiveshan. yung sick yuen parichhed 133 madhye "naveen shastra mhanoon du asalelya shastranche kayadeshir palan" yaa shirshakakhali lihitatah
majee yugoslaviasathi aantarrashtriy faujdari nyayadhikaranache mukhya abhiyojak louis arber yanni shastranmadhye duchya vaparaviruddha sambhavya karar pratibandhanchi chaukashi karnyasathi karmchari vakilanchya samitiche netrutva kele. tyanche nishkarsh asey hoteh
united nations institute phaur disarmament researchnusar, joparyant darugola tayar kelela nahee kinwa tyachya rasayanik kinwa radiological prabhavanmule marnyacha kinwa jakhami karnyacha hetu nahee, toparyant ksheen jhalele uranium anoo, radiological, vish, rasayanik, vish kinwa dahak shastranchya kayadeshir vyakhyanchi purtata karat nahee.
lashkari vaparavar sthagitichi vinanti.
aantarrashtriy manavtavadi kayadyat visheshatva asalelya anek yuddhavirodhi karyakartyanni, qamee jhalelya uranium shastranchya satatchya vaparachya kayadeshiratevar prashnachinh upasthit kele aahe, aanee heey parinam (nagrik aanee lashkari karmchari yanchyatil) bhed tattvache ullanghan karoo shakatat heey adhorekhit kele aahe. 155 hoon adhik bigger sarkari sanghatananchya uranium shastranvar bandee ghalanyasathi kahee rajye aanee aantarrashtriy yuteene, qamee jhalelya uranium shastranchya utpadan aanee lashkari vaparavar bandee ghalanyachi magani kelee aahe.
european sansadene varanvar qamee jhalelya uranium darugolyachya pudhil vaparavar twarit sthagitichi vinanti karnare tharav manjur kele aahet, parantu france aanee britton-sanyukt rashtranchya suraksha parishadeche kayamswarupi sadasya asalele ekmev european desh-yanni bandichi magani satatyane nakarli aahe, tyacha vapar kayadeshir aahe aanee aarogyache dhoke niradhar aahet.
2007 madhye, france, britton, netherlands aanee check prajasattak yanni sanyukt rashtranchya aamsabhet 2009 madhye qamee jhalelya uranium asalelya shastre aanee darugolyanchya vaparachya parinamambaddal charcha karnyachya tharavavirodhat matdan kele. itar serve european union deshanni bajoone matdan kele kinwa anupasthit rahile. netherlandschya rajdootane, "manvi aarogya aanee paryavaranavar qamee jhalelya uraniumchya shastranchya vaparachya sambhavya hanikarak parinamambaddalachya" tharavachya prastavnet dilelya sandarbhamule, jeey aamchya matey, sambandhit aantarrashtriy sanghatananni kelelya nirnayak vaidnyanik abhyasadvare samarthit kele jaau shakat nahee, asey tyanche nakaratmak mutt spasht kele."sanyukt rashtranchya suraksha parishadechya itar konatyahi kayamswarupi sadasyanni yaa tharawala pathimba deela nahee kaaran chean matdanasathi anupasthit hota, russia anupasthit rahila aanee americene tharavavirodhat matdan kele.
september 2008 madhye, aanee 2007 chya sarvasadharan sabhechya tharawala pratisad mhanoon, sanyukt rashtra mahasanchalakanni aantarrashtriy anuurja sanstha (aay. aii. eae. aii.) aanee jaagtik aarogya sanghatana (jeey. etch. oo.) yanchya matesah 15 rajyanchi matey prakashit kelee. aay. aii. aii. aii. aanee kona purava yaa muddyavar mageel vidhananpeksha farsa vegala navhata. haah ahwal mukhyatve finland, kyuba, japan, serbia, argentine yasarkhya qamee jhalelya uraniumchya vaparababat chintit asalelya rajyanmadhye aanee pramukhyane natto sadasyanmadhye vibhagala gela hota, jeey qamee jhalelya uraniumchya shastrastranchya vaparas samasyapradhan manat naheet.
december 2008 madhye, 141 rajyanni eka tharawala pathimba deela, jyat vinanti karnyat aalee hotee qee teen sanyukt rashtra paryavaran karyakram (unep), jeey aanee aay. aii. eae. aii. 2010 chya akheris uranium shastranchya prabhavavaril tyanche sanshodhan adyayavat karatat-mahasabhechya 65 vya satrashi julanyasathi, charanni virodhat matdan kele, 34 anupasthit rahile aanee 13 anupasthit hote, britton aanee francene tharavavirodhat matdan kele. itar serve european union deshanni bajoone matdan kele kinwa anupasthit rahileh 2007 madhye tharavachya virodhat matdan karananya netherlandsney, tasech 2007 madhye anupasthit rahilelya finland aanee norweyne, tarr 2007 madhye tharavachya virodhat matdan karananya check prajasattakane anupasthit rahile. tharavavirodhat matdan karnari itar done rajye israyal aanee america (jyanni 2007 madhye virodhat matdan kele) hotee, tarr purvipramanech chean matdanasathi anupasthit hota aanee russia anupasthit hota.
juuna 2009 madhye, belgium bandee ghalanara jagatil pahila desh tharalah "nishkriy darugola aanee kavach jyamadhye qamee jhalele uranium kinwa itar konatehi audhyogik utpadit uranium aahe."22 march 2007 roji yaa muddyavar ekmatane jhalelya sansadiy matdananantar heey paul uchalanyat aale. 2007 chya kayadyachya majkurane too lagoo hoiparyant done varshansathi manjur karanyachi parvanagi dilee. april 2009 madhye, belgian sinetane belgian bankanchya qamee jhalelya uranium shastranchya utpadakanmadhye guntavanukivar nirbandh ghalanyasathi ekmatane matdan kele.
september 2009 madhye, lattin american sansadene uranium shastranchya vaparavar, utpadanavar aanee kharedivar pradeshik sthagitichi magani karnara tharav manjur keela. tyane parlatinochya sadasyanna aantarrashtriy uranium shastrastra kararasathi kaam karnyache aavahan kele.
november 2010 madhye ayrish sinetane ksheen jhalelya uranium shastranvar bandee ghalanyache vidheyak manjur kele, parantu delane manyata denyapurvich teey radd jhaale.
december 2010 madhye, 148 deshanni sanyukt rashtranchya aamsabhechya tharawala pathimba deela, jyat sangharshat qamee jhaleli uranium shastre vaparnari rajye, jyaa deshane tyancha vapar keela aahe tyaa deshane asey karnyas sangitalyavar shastre kuthe sodanyat aalee aahet heey ughad karnyasathi aavahan kele.
april 2011 madhye costa rikachya congressne aaplya pradeshat uranium shastranvar bandee ghalanara kayada manjur keela, asey karnara too jagatil dusra desh tharala.
december 2012 madhye 155 deshanni sanyukt rashtranchya sarvasadharan sabhechya tharawala pathimba deela, jyat sanyukt rashtranchya paryavaran karyakramadvare olakhalya gelelya ksheen jhalelya uraniumchya dirghakalin paryavaraniy parinamambabat suru asalelya anishchitatemule, rajyanni tyachya vaparasathi savadhgiricha drushtikon swikarla pahije, heey lakshat aale.
december 2014 madhye, 150 deshanni sanyukt rashtranchya aamsabhechya tharawala pathimba deela, jyamadhye rajyanna qamee jhalelya uranium shastranchya vaparamule prabhavit rajyanna, visheshtah dooshit thikane aanee samagri olakhanyasathi aanee vyavasthapit karnyasathi madat karnyas protsahit kele gele. mageel dvivarshik tharavanchya ulat, germanyne tharavanna pathimba denyapasun door rahane suru kele. matdanachya aadhi, juuna 2014 madhye prakashit jhalelya 2012 chya tharavadvare vinanti kelelya sanyukt rashtranchya sarchitanisanna dilelya ahavalat, iraqne qamee jhalelya uranium shastranvar jaagtik karar bandee ghalanyache aavahan kele hote.
nagri anuprayog.
qamee jhalelya uraniumchi ghanata khoop jaast asate aanee tee pramukhyane itar kiranotsargi samagrisathi snrakshak samagri mhanoon aanee bhaar mhanoon vaparali jaate. udaharananmadhye, palvichya botinchya killi, pratibhar mhanoon aanee audhyogik radiography cameanmadhye sanrakshn mhanoon samavisht aahet.
kiranotsarg sanrakshn.
uranium anoonchya uchch anubharamule, vajananusar qamee jhalele uranium heey sarvottam kiranotsarg sanrakshn aahe; samagri tyanchya anubharaitke jaast kiranotsarg rokhanyas adhik saksham asatat aanee uranium haah sarvat judd naisargik ghatakanpaiki eka aahe. seesa, sarvat judd sthir ghatak, haah sarvat samanya qamee kimaticha paryay aahe, parantu samatulya sanrakshn pradan karnyasathi seesa kavach heey du shildpeksha sumare tippat jaad asane aavashyak aahe. uraniumcha vitalanyacha bindu dekhil khoop jaast aahe aanee tyachi taana shakti poladachya takdisarkhich aahe.
audhyogik radiography cameanmadhye khoop uchch kriyakalap asalelya gamma kiranotsargacha srot (samanyatah 10 tii. bii. kyu. peksha jaast kriyakalap asalelya aay. aar.-192) samavisht asato. gamma strotapasun vyaktinche sanrakshn karnyasathi cameanmadhye qamee jhalele uranium anekada dhaal mhanoon vaparale jaate. samanyatah, uranium kavach aushnik, yantrik aanee auxidation sanrakshanasathi polyurethane foammadhye samarthit aanee bund kelele asate.
grahak utpadananmadhye rung.
naisargik datanchya pratidipikaranache anukaran karnyasathi khotya datansathi vaparlya jaanarya dant matichya bhandyat aanee rasayanshastra prayogshalanmadhye vaparlya jaanarya uranium-vahak abhikarmakanmadhye (udaa.jee. uranil actate, vishleshanatmak rasayanshastrat aanee electron sukshmadarshanat daag mhanoon vaparale jaate). uranium (khalavalele uranium aanee naisargik uranium donhi) 19vya aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatipasun madhyaparyant cheeni matiche bhande aanee kachesathi rangdravya mhanoon mothya pramanat vaparale jaat hote. 20 vya shatkachya uttaradhat hii pratha mothya pramanat bund karnyat aalee. 1999 saalee, francemadhye dantvalk rangdravye tayar karananya chrystailery dii seent-pauldware tayar kelya jaananya pivalya dantvalk choornamadhye 10 takke qamee jhalelya uraniumchi sandrata vaparali jaat hotee. yaa choornat vaparlele ksheen jhalele uranium kogemachya pierlett suvidhedware vikale gele. februwari 2000 madhye kogemane dantvalk aanee kachechya utpadakanna qamee jhalelya uraniumchi vikri bund kelee.
vimanat vajanache tream qaraa.
jyaa vimanat pankh sthir karnyasathi aanee prushthbhag niyantrit karnyasathi (jase qee boing 747-100) qamee jhalele uranium triim vajan asoo shakate, tyat duchya darmyan asoo shakate. haah anuprayog vadgrast aahe kaaran viman kosalalyas du vatavaranat pravesh karoo shakate. aagit dhatuche auksidikaran houn bareek pudadekhil houu shakate. anek naveen vimananmadhye tyacha vapar tappyatappyane bund karnyat aala aahe. 1980 chya dashakat boing aanee mcdonnell-dugglus yanni du counterwaite vaparane bund kele. 4 aktoobar 1992 roji all all flight 1862 chya apaghatadarmyan ksheen uranium sodale gele, jyamadhye teey haravale hote, parantu eka cases studdyne assa nishkarsh kadhala qee vimanatoon qamee jhalele uranium konatyahi aarogyachya samasyanshi jodanyacha konatahi purava nahee. joparyant plating abadhit aahe toparyant cademium platingne tayar kelele du counterwaite dhokadayak manale jaatat.
us aine. aar. see. samanya parwana.
us nuclear regulatory commissionche 10 see. eff. aar. 40.25 vareel niyam mothya pramanat vaparasathi audhyogik utpadane kinwa upkarnanmadhye asalelya qamee jhalelya uraniumchya vaparasathi samanya parwana sthapit karatat. haah samanya parwana konalahi adhikrut karanansathi ksheen jhalele uranium balganyachi kinwa vaparanyachi parvanagi deto. samanyatah, sahitya naan sodanyachya vachanbaddhatesah nondani arj aavashyak asato. karar rajyanmadhye samaan kinwa adhik kathor niyam asoo shakatat.
palvi nauka.
"paine duke vhee" hii sharyatisathi design keleli aanee vaparali jaanari boat, qamee jhalelya uraniumchya kaleene susajj hotee. yacha fayda assa aahe qee, uraniumchya khoop jaast ghanatemule, dilelya vajanasathi killi patal asoo shakate aanee tyamule samanya killipeksha qamee pratikarshakti asate. nantar tyachi jaaga manak lead keelane ghetali.
uchch-urja kann bhautikshastratil shodhkansathi calorimeterche namune ghene.
qamee jhalele uranium tyachya uchch ghanatemule aanee naisargik kiranotsargamule anek sampling calorimetermadhe (jase qee dii0 aanee zius detectormadhye) vaparale gele aahe.
aarogyachi kalji ghya.
mootrapind, mendu, yakrut, hriday aanee itar anek pranalinchya samanya karyavar uraniumchya samparkat aalyane parinam houu shakato kaaran uranium haah eka vishari dhatoo aahe, jaree arsenic aanee paaraa yasarkhya itar judd dhatunpeksha qamee vishari asala taree. too kamkuvat kiranotsargi aahe parantu tyachya dirgh ardhayushyamule 'satat' aahe. vishari padarth aanee rog nondani sansthene mhatale aahe keeh "uraniumchya kiranotsargachya samparkat yenyasathi, tumhala teey khane, pine kinwa shwas ghene kinwa teey tumchya tvachevar aanane aavashyak aahe."jarr du kann ekhadya vyaktimadhye pravesh karat asateel, tarr jokhimcha prakar prastut hoto-vishari viruddha. radiological-aanee jyaa avayavala yacha sarvadhik fatka basanyachi shakyata asate, too kananchya vidravyatevar avalambun asato.
du-vardhit prakshepakanchya tyanchya lakshyansah honanya prabhavanmule udbhavananya aerosolmadhil du kanancha shwas ghene hii du-yuddhasamagrishi sambandhit lashkari sangharshanmadhye pramukh chinta aahe. jevha qamee jhalele uranium shastrastra kavchamadhye ghusatat kinwa jalatat, tevha teey dhoolichya swarupat qamee jhalele uranium auxides tayar karatat jeey shvasadvare aat ghetale jaau shakatat kinwa jakhama dooshit karoo shakatat. greesmadheel atiki yetheel anoo tantradnyan-vikiran sanrakshn sansthene nondavale aahe qee, "ksheen jhalelya uraniumchya shastrastranchya prabhav aanee jwalan darmyan tayar honare aerosol sambhavyapane prabhav sthalanchya sabhovatalachya vistrut bhagala dooshit karoo shakate kinwa nagrik aanee lashkari karmchari shvasadvare aat gheu shakatat". aarogyachya sambhavya pratikool parinamanmule aanee teey vatavaranat sodalyamule, dahak darugola vaparane vadgrast aahe.
yuu.ess. sanrakshn vibhagacha dawa aahe qee konatyahi prakarcha manvi karkarog naisargik kinwa qamee jhalelya uraniumchya samparkat aalyane jhalela nahee. lashkarat tyanchya sainikanna jokhim-qamee karnyachya prakriya byanch kalapasoon suru aahet aanee abhyasanmadhye satatyane sahmati aahe qee, jyaa diggajanni duu-vardhit shastrastrancha vapar keela tyanna karkarogacha dhoka vadhalela nahee (khalee aakhati yuddh aanee balkan vibhag pahaa). nagri loksankhyevar duche parinam matra tivra aanee chaloo asalelya vadacha vishay aahet.
1997 chya suruvatilach, british lashkarachya doctoranni sanrakshn mantralayala ishara deela qee qamee jhalelya uraniumchya samparkat aalyane fuffus, lasika aanee menducha karkarog honyacha dhoka vadhato aanee suraksha khabardarichya malikanchi shifaras kelee. doctoranchya sallyacha saransh dett jaaree kelelya ahavalanusar, "adravya uranium dioxide dhool shvasat ghetalyane fuffusanmadhye khoop santhapane jamaa hoil-jarr kahee asel tarr. ... rasayanik vishaktata qamee asali taree fuffusanchya sthanik kiranotsargache nuksan houu shakate jyamule karkarog houu shakato."ahavalat assa ishara denyat aala aahe qee" serve karmchari... uraniumchya dhoolane shvasat ghetalyane dirghakalin dhoka asato yachee jaaniv asali pahije... [dhool] fuffus, lasika aanee menducha karkarog honyacha dhoka vadhavate asey disun aale aahe." 
2003 madhye, royal societyne punha ekada, ksheen jhalelya uraniumchya sambhavya aarogya aanee paryavaraniy parinamankade tatadine laksh denyache aavahan kele aanee sanyukt rashtranchya paryavaran karyakramachya qamee jhalelya uraniumne prabhavit jhalelya sthalanchya vaidnyanik mulyankanachya aavahanala pathimba deela. 2004 chya suruvatila, yuu. keey. nivruttivetan apeal nyayadhikaran sevene februwari 1991 chya aakhati yuddhatil eka diggaj sainikakadun jhalelya janmadoshachya davyanna uranium vishbadha qamee honyache kaaran dile. 2005chya mahamarishastra punravalokanacha nishkarsh assa aaheh "ektritpane manvi mahamarishastravishayak purave heey duchya samparkat aalelya vyaktinchya santatimadhye janmajat doshanchya vadhiv jokhamishi susangat aahet."sanvardhit peshi aanee prayogshaletil kruntakancha vapar karoon kelele abhyas dirghakalin samparkamule leukemogenic, anuvanshik, punarutpadak aanee majjasansthevaril parinamanchi shakyata soochit karatat.
rasayanik vishaktata.
qamee jhalelya uraniumchi rasayanik vishaktata naisargik yureniyamsarkhich asate aanee duchya radiological dhokyapeksha sumare daha laakh putt jaast 'inn vivo' asate, mootrapind haah mukhya lakshya avyav manla jaato. duche aarogya parinam heey pradarshanachi vyapti aanee teey antargat kinwa bahya hote qee nahee yasarkhya ghatkandware nirdharit kele jaatat. teen mukhya marg astitvat aahet jyadvare uraniumche antargatkaran houu shakateh shwas ghene, sevan karane aanee antarbhut tukade kinwa goliche pradushan. fages (udaa.jee. kann kinwa vayoo), auxidation sthitee (udaa.jee. dhatoo kinwa syremic) aanee uranium aanee tyachya sanyuganchi vidravyata tyanchya shoshan, vitaran, sthanantar, nirmulan aanee parinami visharipanavar prabhav takte. udaharanarth, uranium trioxide () sarkhya hexavalent uranium (vi) uranil sanyuganchya tulanet dhatuche uranium qamee vishari asate.
sookshmapane vibhajit kelyavar uranium pyrophoric asate. teey vidravya uranium (4) aanee vidravya uranium (6) kshar tayar karnari havah aanee panyachya prabhavakhali nasht hoil. vidravya uranium kshar heey vishari asatat. yakrutachya, pleehachya aanee mutrapindasarkhya anek avayavanmadhye uranium haloohaloo jamaa hote. jaagtik aarogya sanghatnene sharirachya vajanachya samanya lokansathi kinwa praudhansathi vidravya uranium ksharanche dainandin "sahansheel sevan" sthapit kele aahe.
prayogshaletil pranyanvaril mahamarishastriy abhyas aanee vishashastriy chachanya heey carcinogenic aanee leukemogenic sambhavyatesah immunotoxic, terratogenic, neurotoxic asalyache darshavtat. 2005 saalee mahamarishastradnyanni dilelya ahavalat assa nishkarsh kadhala aaheh "manvi mahamarishastriy purave heey duu rogachya samparkat aalelya vyaktinchya santatimadhye janmajat doshanchya vadhiv jokhamishi susangat aahet."
qamee jhalelya uranium aerosolchya samparkachya prarambhik abhyasat asey gruheet dharale gele aahe qee uranium jwalan utpadanache kann havetoon patkan sthayik hotil aanee tyamule lakshyit bhagapasoon kahee kilometerpeksha jaast loksankhyevar parinam houu shakanar naheet aanee asey kann, jarr aat ghetale tarr teey dirghkalaparyant fuffusat virghalalele rahnar naheet aanee tyamule mutrat shodhale jaau shakatat. uraniumche hinsakpane jalanare themb tyanchya mool vastumanatil uraniumchya sumare ardhe asalele vayuyukt waf tayar karatat. uranium oxidesmadhil uranil aayan dooshit hone heey du yuddhasamagrichya aagichya avasheshanmadhye aadhalun aale aahe.
paanee, ann aanee havechya samanya sevanamule manvi sharirat sarasari naisargik uranium astitvat aahe. bahutek hadanchya hadat asatat. qamee jhalele uraniumche jaivarsayanshastra heey naisargik yureniyamsarkhech aahe.
vikiranshastriy dhoke.
shuddha ksheen jhalelya uraniumpasoon kiranotsargacha prathamik dhoka haah alfa kananmule aahe, jeey havetoon phaar door jaat naheet aanee kapadyanmadhye pravesh karat naheet. tathapi, eka mahina kinwa tyahoon adhik kalavadhit, shuddha ksheen jhalelya uraniumchya namunyamule thorium-234 aanee protactinium-234chey thode praman tayar hoil, jeey uraniumchya alfa kananchya utsarjanapramanech adhik bhedak beeta kann utsarjit karatat. yache kaaran asey qee uranium-238 thet thorium-234 madhye kshay hote, jeey 24 divasanchya ardhayushyasaha protactinium-234 madhye kshay hote, jeey kahee tasant dirghkal tikanare uranium-234 madhye kshay hote. tyamule 24 divasanchya kahee gunakanchya aat ardh-sthir sthitee gathali jaate.
upalabdh purave asey soochit karatat qee rasayanik dhokyachya tulanet kiranotsargacha dhoka qamee aahe.
aakhati yuddhasandarbhat jyeshthanshi sambandhit puravyanche sarvekshan kartana, 2001 madhye 'bmj' madheel eka sampadakiyane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee tyaa sangharshatil diggajanmadhye fuffusacha karkarog aanee leukemiachya kiranotsarg-prerit davyanche samarthan karane shakya nahee. sampadakiy nishkarshashi sahmat asatana, eka uttarat namood kele gele qee nakaratmak nishkarshachi hummy denyat aalee hotee, kaaran "jaagtik matra andaj kinwa ganiteey modeling parinam heey ekhadya vaiyaktik anubhavi vyaktisathi matra moolye mhanoon vaparnyasathi khoop chukiche aahet" aanee april 2001 paryant, pratyek anubhavi vyaktila apekshit asalelya lahan matra mojanyachi konatihi vyavharik paddhat suchavali gelee navhati. uttar lekhak, eka kiranotsarg shastradnya, 1986 chya chernobyl apghatanantarsaha, yapurvi anek vela vaparali geleli eka paddhat suchavat gela. iraq yuddhat doocha vyapak vapar karoonahi, sangharsh suru houn kiman eka varshanantar, brittonchya sainyasathi chachani adyap keval charchechya tappyat hotee.
qamee jhalelya uraniumchya shastranchya (aar. ess. dii. yuu. jee.) aarogyachya dhokyanvaril royal societychya karyakari gatane 2002 madhye assa nishkarsh kadhala qee qamee jhalelya uraniumchya vaparashi sambandhit aarogyache dhoke "khoop qamee" hote, jaree tyanni asehi tharavale qee, "[i] atyant gambhir paristhitit aanee sarvat white paristhitit" fuffus aanee mutrapindache nuksan houu shakate aanee "sarvat white paristhitit ann kinwa panyat uraniumchi uchch sthanik patali udbhavu shakate jyacha mutrapindavar pratikool parinam houu shakato". 2003 madhye, royal societyne qamee jhalelya uraniumchya vastavik aarogya aanee paryavaraniy parinamachi chaukashi karnyasathi aanakhi eka tatadichi haak dilee. tyach varshi, aakhati yuddhatil diggajanchya ektrit abhyasat, pudhil abhyasachi shifaras kelee gelee asali taree, samanyatah karkarogacha kinwa visheshtah konatyahi vishisht karkarogacha konatahi vadhalela dhoka aadhalala nahee.
jaagtik aarogya sanghatanenusar, du pasoon kiranotsargacha doses samaan vastuman asalelya shuddha kelelya naisargik uraniumchya sumare 60 takke asel; tyachya dirgh ardh-aayushyamule aanee adhik kiranotsargi samasthanik kadhoon takalyamule kiranotsargi dhoke qamee aahet.
gulph warr syndrome aanee sainikanchya takrari.
1991 pasoon, jyaa varshi aakhati yuddh sampale, majee sainik aanee tyanchya kutumbiyanni tyanantarchya aarogya samasyambaddal chinta vyakt kelee. 1999 madhye, sanrakshn mantralayachya aakhati yuddh vaidyakeey moolyankan karyakramat sahbhagi asalelya pahilya 1,000 majee sainikanchya mulyankanat, gatamadhye aadhalalelya lakshanancha namuna spasht karnara, sharirik kinwa mansik asha ekach aajaracha konatahi purava aadhalala nahee. 1999 madhye, medactne majee sainik aanee iraqi nagarikanmadhil aajaranchi chaukashi kona karave yasathi yachika dakhal kelee. us institute auph medicine samiteene 2006 madhye samvayaskanni punaravalokan kelelya sahityachya eka pramukh punaravalokanat assa nishkarsh kadhala qee, "[buub] lakshane vyaktinmadhye khoop badalat asalyane, teey aakhati yuddhatil diggajansathi adviteey lakshansamuchchayakade nirdesh karat naheet, jaree tyanchya ahavalat asey manya kele gele aahe qee vastunishtha purv-upayojan aarogya mahiticha abhav mhanje nishchit nishkarsh prabhavipane ashakya hote. 
iomchya punaravalokanache saymanne white kautuk kele aanee namood kele qee, konatehi naveen lakshansamuchchay astitvat nasalyacha madhyavarti nishkarsh asoonahi, tyachya itar nishkarshanmule "aakhati yuddhatil sevecha kahee karmchanyanchya aarogyavar viparit parinam jhaala heey titkech spasht jhaale". yuddhanantarchya nivrutt sainikanchya aarogyachya vishleshanasathi margadarshan karnyasathi aadharbhut mahiticha abhav vagalata, jevha majee sainikanni sevet pravesh keela tevha konatihi tapshilvar aarogya tapasani kelee gelee navhati, hazar-bahya abhyasasarkhya kahee abhyasanmadhye aanakhi eka motha adthala mhanje vishay yadruchchik namunyapeksha swayam-nivadle jaatat, jyamule samanya nishkarsh kadhane ashakya hote.
1991 chya aakhati yuddhatil eka chaturthanshahun adhik ladhvayya diggajanmadhye rogpratikarak pranali vikaranche vadhate praman aanee dirghakalin vedna, thakwa aanee smaranshakti qamee hone yasah itar vyapak lakshane nondavali gelee aahet. aakhati yuddhatil diggajanchya aajaranvaril sanshodhan sallagar samitidvare ksheen jhalelya uraniumchya shastrastranpasunchya jwalan utpadananna sambhavya karananpaiki eka manale jaat aahe, kaaran ducha vapar pahilyandach 30 miimii aanee 25 miimii tofanchya fekyanmadhye mothya pramanat keela gela hota. pertian aakhat, bosnia aanee kosovomadhil sangharshatil diggajanchya janukanmadhye gunasutranchya vikrutinchya nehamichya patalipeksha 14 putt jaast asalyache aadhalun aale aahe. sirammadhye virghalanare genotoxic terratogens janmajat vikar nirman karatat aanee pandhya raktpeshinmadhye rogpratikarak pranaliche nuksan karatat.
2005chya mahamarishastra punravalokanacha nishkarsh assa aaheh "ektritpane manvi mahamarishastravishayak purave heey duchya samparkat aalelya vyaktinchya santatimadhye janmajat doshanchya vadhiv jokhamishi susangat aahet."2001 saalee 15,000 februwari 1991 chaa yuu. ess. chaa abhyas.ess. aakhati yuddhatil diggaj aanee 15,000 niyantranatil diggajanna asey aadhalale qee aakhati yuddhatil diggajanna janmajat dosh asaleli mule honyachi shakyata 1.8 (pita) teey 2.8 (maata) putt jaast hotee. done varshannantar mulanchya vaidyakeey nondi tapasalyanantar, janmadoshachya darat 20 takkyanhun adhik vaadh jhalih
2004 chya suruvatila, yuu. keey. nivruttivetan apeal nyayadhikaran sevene februwari 1991 chya aakhati yuddhatil eka diggaj sainikakadun jhalelya janmadoshachya davyanna uranium vishbadha qamee honyache kaaran dile. samanyatah 'janmajat dosh' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya janmajat vikrutinsarkhya anuvanshik aajaranni grast asalelya brittonchya aakhati yuddhatil diggajanchya mulancha dhoka pahata, eka abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee itar diggajanchya tulanet aakhati yuddhatil diggajanmadhye konatyahi vikruticha ekoon dhoka 50 takke jaast hota. 
yuu.ess. lashkarane ksheen jhalele uranium aanee tangstansarkhya itar prakshepya shastra samgrichya sambhavya jokhaminvar chaloo sanshodhan suru kele aahe, jeey yuu. ess.ess. 1993 pasoon duchya jaagi naudal vaparale jaat aahe. yuu. aii. chya abhyasanusar.ess. sashastr dalanchya radiobiology sanshodhan sansthene assa nishkarsh kadhala aahe qee qamee jhalelya uranium kinwa uraniumchya madhyam samparkat aalyane eka lakshaniy vishashastriy dhoka nirman hoto.
2003 madhye, royal societychya qamee jhalelya uraniumvaril karyakari gatache adhyaksh pradhyapak bryan sprat eff. aar. ess. mhanaleh "prarambhik dekhrekh aanee swachchata kona karate haah prashna vaidnyanik prashna nasoon rajkiy aahe" aanee "sanyutine heey manya karane aavashyak aahe qee qamee jhalele uranium haah eka sambhavya dhoka aahe aanee kuthe aanee kitee qamee jhalele uranium tainat kele gele aahe yabaddal khulepanane teey hatalanyasathi marg tayar karane aavashyak aahe."
2008 saalee, 2007chya akherparyant, vaidyakeey-samikshan kelelya niyatkalikanmadhye, majee sainikanchya anek samooh abhyasansah, aalelya serve sambandhit lekhanchya punaravalokanat, neoplasmchya atirikt jokhamincha konatahi susangat purava aadhalala nahee, jyacha duchy kahee sambandh asoo shakato aanee "gulph warr aanee balkanchya diggajanchya samooh abhyasat karkarogachya ekoon ghatananmadhye vaadh jhaleli nahee".
jaree adhik vyapak moolyankan shakya asale taree, balkanmadhye seva dilelya italian sainikanchya karkarogachya bhitibaddal 2011 chya adyayavat ahavalat serve karkaroganchya ghatananche praman apekshepeksha qamee aadhalale, haah nishkarsh iraq, bosnia aanee kosovochya bhagat tainat asalelya itar deshanchya sainikanmadhye karkarogachya vadhiv ghatananchya puravyanchya abhavas susangat aahe, jithe kavach-pravesh qamee jhalelya uraniumchya kavachancha vapar keela gela aahe."
jyanna jaast dhoka asoo shakato asha majee sainikanchya eka vishisht upasamuhat, jyanni golichya jakhmanpasun duche tukade antargatpane rakhoon thewale aahet, tyancha samavesh hoto. sashastr dalanchya radiobiology sanshodhan sansthene tayar kelelya undaranvar prayogshalet kelelya abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee, 6 mahinyanchya abhyas kalavadhinantar, pratyaropit golyanmadhun yenanya ksheen uraniums upchar kelelya undaranni, rakhoon thevalelya du tukdyansah valvantatil vadalatil diggajanchya mutratil sarasari patalishi tulana karata, niyantran gatachya sandarbhat vajan qamee karanyachi lakshaniy pravrutti vikasit kelee hotee.
tyanchya mendut aanee madhyavarti majjasansthet uraniumche lakshaniy praman jamaa hott hote aanee bahya uttejananna pratisad mhanoon hippocampusemadhil majjasansthetil kriyakalapanmadhye lakshaniy ghat disun aalee. abhyasachya nishkarshanvarun asey disun yete qee junat uraniumchya ammali padarthanmule mendula nuksan hone heey purvichya kalpanepeksha qamee matret shakya aahe. 1997 madhye kelelya sanganak-aadharit neuro cognitive chachanyanchya nikalanmadhye mutratil uranium aanee karyakshamateche aanee achukateche moolyankan karananya svayanchalit chachanyanvaril samasyapradhan kamgiri yanchyatil sambandh disun aala."
2021 chya ahavalat assa nishkarsh kadhala gela aahe qee sphot jhalelya yureniyammule 1991 chya pertian aakhati yuddhat tainat kelelya diggajanmadhye aakhati yuddh aajaar (jee. vhee. aay.) jhaala nahee. abhyasat uraniumchya samasthanik gunottaranchya sravat jee. vhee. aay. chya pramanit-prakaran vyakhya purn karnadhyanpeksha konatahi farak aadhalala nahee aanee jee. vhee. aay. shivay niyantran diggaj. sanshodhak mhanatat qee janewari 1991 madhye iraqi rasayanik shastranchya sathavan suvidhanchya nashamule mukt jhalelya sareen cheta vayuchya vyapak nimn-patalichya samparkat yene hii jee. vhee. aay. chee sarvat jaast shakyata asaleli karane aahet. heey kadachit anty-enerve agent aushadhancha vapar aanee yutee dalanmadhye kitakjanya rog talhanyasathi kitkanashakancha vapar yamule adhik vadhale.
iraqi loksankhya.
2001 pasoon, dakshin irakmadhil basra rugnalayat sadam hussenchya niyantranakhalil iraqi rajya aarogya sevesathi kaam karananya vaidyakeey karmchanyanni aakhati yuddhanantarchya dashakat janmalelya balanmadhye baal leukemia aanee anuvanshik vikrutichya ghatananmadhye tivra vaadh nondavali aahe. iraqchya doctoranni yaa vikruteenna duchya sambhavya dirghakalin parinamanna jababdar dharale, asey mutt anek vruttapatranni pratidhvanit kele. 2004 madhye, leukemiyamule mrutyuche praman irakmadhye konatyahi deshapeksha sarvadhik hote. 2003 madhye, shahee samajane pashchatya sainyanna irakmadhye tyanni kuthe aanee kitee duu vaparale heey ughad karnyache aavahan kele jenekarun prabhavit bhagat kathor aanee aashadayak nirnayak abhyas karata yeteel. uranium shastranvar bandee ghalanyachya aantarrashtriy aaghadine (aay. see. bii. yuu.) tyachpramane iraqi doctoranchya vinantinusar, basra pradeshat mahamarishastriy abhyas karava, asey aavahan kele, parantu basra yethe adyap konatahi samvayask-punaravalokan abhyas haatee ghenyat aalela nahee.
julai 2010 madhye prakashit jhalelya 'faluja, irakmadhil karkarog, balmrutyu aanee janm ling gunottar' yaa vaidyakeey sarvekshanat asey mhatale aahe qee,..karkarog aanee janmajat doshanmadhye vaadh...teey dhokadaykaritya jaast aahet aanee balmrutyu 2009/2010 haah 13.6% paryant pohochala aahe. gut 2004 madhye yuddhakalat sansarg jhalyanantar paach varshanni jhalelya natyamay vadhichi tulana balkan yuddhannantar italian shantata rakshakanni vikasit kelelya lymphomashy aanee chernobilchya ghasaranyamule sweedenchya kahee bhaganmadhye karkarogachya vadhiv jokhamishi karato. aanuvanshik tanav nirman karananya carcinogenic agentchi utpatti aanee tyachi olakh karanyachi vel yaa gatane vegalya ahavalat sambodhit kelee aahe. ahavalat qamee jhalele uranium heey eka 'sambhavya sambandhit sampark' mhanoon namood kele aahe parantu strotabaddal konatahi nishkarsh kadhala nahee.
fallujachya dusya ladhait yutee sainyane qamee jhalelya uraniumchya vaparatil sambandhancha tapas karnare chaar abhyas 2012 madhye aayojit karnyat aale hote, jyapaiki ekane fallujachya lokanche varnan kele aahe qee "aataparyant abhyas kelelya konatyahi loksankhyemadhye anuvanshik haniche praman sarvadhik aahe."yaa abhyasanna pratisad mhanoon, ross kaiputi, eka majee yu.ess. ladhait sahbhagi jhalelya marinane eka snrakshak lekh lihila jyamadhye united states sarkarla yaa prakaranacha swatacha abhyas karnyache aavahan kele hote.
balkan.
2001 madhye, jaagtik aarogya sanghatnene ahwal deela qee kosovochi mahitee anirnit hotee aanee pudhil abhyasachi magani kelee. tyach varshi, anek european deshanchya, visheshtah italichya sarkaranni, balkan shantata mohimanmadhye kaam kelelya diggajanmadhye aajaranmadhye aanee karkarogachya vikasat vaadh jhalyache nondavale.
2003 saalee sanyukt rashtranchya paryavaran karyakramane (unep) bosnia aanee herzegovina yetheel kelelya abhyasat asey mhatale aahe qee, duu-penetrator prabhav bindunvar pinyachya panyat aanee havetil kananmadhye dooshit padarthanchi patali qamee aadhalali. patali dhokyache kaaran nahee asey mhatale gele. tarihi, yunep duu prakalpanche adhyaksh pekka havisto mhanale, "yaa abhyasache nishkarsh sangharshanantarchya paristhitit yogya swachchata aanee nagri sanrakshn upayayojananchya mahattvavar punha jore detat."
siena vidyapithachya italian shastradnyanchya chamoone 2005 madhye nondavale qee, jaree abhyas kshetrat matimadhye du "spashtapane" jodale gele asale taree hii ghatana sthanik patalivar khoop maryadit hotee aanee ekoon uraniumchi sandrata matitil ghatakachya naisargik shreneet aalee. shivay, sampoorn uranium sandrata asey soochit karate qee abhyas kelelya gandool prajatinche konatehi pradushan jhaale navhate."
2018 madhye, serbiane 1999 madhye dakshin sarbiyatil yugoslaviavar natochya bombusfotadarmyan qamee jhalelya uraniumchya vaparache parinam aanee nagarikanmadhye, visheshtah 1999 nantar janmalelya lahan mulanmadhye rog aanee arbudanmadhye vaadh honyashi tyacha sambandh yabaddal chaukashi aayogachi sthapana kelee. mahamarishastradnya aanee serbian vaidyakeey sanghatanechya naitikta samitiche adhyaksh zoran radovanovic yanni bombsfot jhalelya bhagat karkarogachya prakarananmadhye vaadh jhalyache nakarle. teey pudhe mhanale qee serbian lock anekada astitvat nasalelya karkarogachya sathibaddal kalji karatat. 1999 chya bombsfotanmadhye vaparlya gelelya darugola madhye sapadalele ksheen jhalele uranium aarogyachya pratikool parinamanshi jodalele nahee assa dawa natone varanvar keela aahe.
okinawa, japan.
1995 teey 1996 darmyan, yuu.ess. mareen aii. vhee.-8bii harrier jett vimananni aakasmikpane toree shima gunnery renjvar 1,500 hoon adhik dua rounds fekale. janewari 1997 paryant lashkarane japani sarkarla soochit kele nahee.
sardiniya, itali.
italian sardiniya betavaril salto dii kwira shastranchya chachani shrenijaval janm dosh aanee karkarogachya uchch ghatananmadhye sambhavya yogdan denara ghatak mhanoon qamee jhalelya uraniumche naav dile gele aahe.
afghan yuddhamule jhalele pradushan.
canadachya uranium vaidyakeey sanshodhan kendrane jalalabadmadhil bombsfot jhalelya nagri bhagatoon laghaviche namune midavale jyat qamee naan jhalelya uraniumche praman disun aale, jeey british loksankhyetil ± chya samanya sandratepeksha khoopach jaast hote.
remshed, germany.
8 december 1988 roji, united states havai dalache aii-10 thunderbolt II heey hallyache viman paschim germanytil remshed shaharatil nivasi bhagat kosalale. viman eka sadnika sankulachya varchya majalyavar kosalale. pilot vyatirikt paach janancha mrutyu jhaala. itar pannas jann jakhami jhaale, tyapaiki anek gambhir hote. apaghatanantarchya varshanmadhye jevha apghatachya aaspaschya karkarogachya prakarananchi sankhya asamanatene vadhali, tevha jetmadhil qamee jhalela uranium bhaar heey kaaran asoo shakate assa sanshay vadhala.
amerikechya lashkarane heey nakarle hote. matra, apaghatsthalichi 70 tunn varchi maatee kadhoon eka depomadhye nenyat aalee. varchya matichya kadhanichya velee ghetaleli chitrapat samagri kiranotsargachi chetavani denari chinhe darshavate. 120 rahivasi aanee bachav karmchanyanni tvachechya aajaranchi nond kelee. vaidyakeey nidanane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee hii lakshane vishari jaljal karananya tvachechya dahashi sambandhit aahet.
abhyas heey nagany parinam darshavtat.
2005 aanee tyapurvichya abhyasanni assa nishkarsh kadhala aahe qee darugola vaparnyamule aarogyavar mojata yenyajoge konatehi hanikarak parinam hott naheet.
1999 saalee rand corporation kelelya sahitya punaravalokanat asey mhatale aaheh "karkarogachya sahityat kinwa qamee jhalelya kinwa naisargik uraniumchya samparkat aalyane prapt honanya kiranotsargashi sambandhit konatyahi nakaratmak aarogya parinamanmadhye, agadi jaast matret shvasat ghetalyas kinwa aat ghetalyas, konatahi purava nondavala gelela nahee" aanee yuu. ess. neey lihilelya rand ahavalat mhatale aahe.ess. duu dhokyanche moolyankan karnyache kaam asalelya sanrakshn vibhagachya upasachivanni hii charcha vaidnyanikpeksha adhik rajkiy asalyache manale.
2001 chya oncology abhyasane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee "sadhyache vaidnyanik ekmat asey aahe qee jyaa thikani du darugola tainat keela gela hota tyaa thikani manavanshi sampark sadhalyane karkarogas janm milanyachi shakyata phaar qamee aahe". natoche majee sarchitanis laurd robertson yanni 2001 madhye sangitale qee, "sadhyache vaidyakeey ekmat spasht aahe. qamee jhalelya uraniumcha dhoka khoop maryadit aahe aanee agadi vishisht paristhitipurata maryadit aahe.
austreliyan sanrakshn mantralayachya 2002 chya abhyasat assa nishkarsh kadhala gela aahe qee "uranium prakriya udhyoganmadhye uraniumchya samparkat aalelya kamgaranmadhye mrutyu kinwa vikruteet konatihi prasthapit vaadh jhaleli nahee... aakhati yuddhatil diggajanchya abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee, jyanni ladhayashi sambandhit dukhapatinantar qamee jhalele uraniumche tukade rakhoon thewale aahet, tyanchyat mutratil uraniumchi patali vadhavane shakya jhaale aahe, parantu mutrapindatil vishaktata kinwa qamee jhalelya uraniumshi sambandhit itar pratikool aarogya parinam eka dashkanantar naheet."aantarrashtriy anuurja sanstha (aay. aii. eae. aii.) seabersdorff + prayogshaleche tatkalin sanchalak pier roberto denacy yanni 2002 madhye sangitale qee" "du haah aarogyasathi dhoka nahee yavar aata ekmat aahe".
aay. aii. eae. aii. neey 2003 madhye nondavale qee, "vishvasarh vaidnyanik puravyanchya aadhare, manvi karkarogatil vaadh aanee itar lakshaniy aarogya kinwa paryavaraniy parinam yanchyat konatahi siddha sambandh nahee", jaree "itar judd dhatunpramanech, du sambhavya vishari aahe. puresha pramanat, jarr duche sevan kele gele kinwa shvasat ghetale gele tarr tyachya rasayanik visharipanamule teey hanikarak tharoo shakate. uchch ekagratemule mutrapindache nuksan houu shakate."aay. aii. eae. aii. neey assa nishkarsh kadhala qee, qamee jhalele uranium heey sambhavya carcinogen asale taree, teey manavanmadhye carcinogenic asalyacha konatahi purava nahee.
sandia rashtriy prayogshalanchya all marshal yanni 2005 madhye kelelya abhyasat 1991 chya aakhati yuddhadarmyan qamee jhalelya uraniumchya apghati samparkat yenyashi sambandhit sambhavya aarogya parinamanche vishleshan karnyasathi ganiteey modelscha vapar keela. marshalchya abhyasane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee du exposuremule karkarogachya jokhamichya ahavalanna tyachya vishleshanadvare kinwa anubhavi vaidyakeey aakadevaridvare samarthan dile jaat nahee. marshalne qamee jhalelya uraniumchya kiranotsargamule honanya sambhavya anuvanshik parinamanchi dekhil tapasani kelee. tyanantarchya niyatkalikat, qamee jhalelya uraniumchya samparkat yenyashi sambandhit sambhavya punarutpadak samasyansah rasayanik parinamanvar kahee tapshilvar charcha karnyat aalee.
lashkari karvaimule vatavaranatil pradushan.
brittenmadhil anek dekhrekh sthalanvar brittonchya anushastra aasthapanane ghetalelya havechya namunyanmadhye atishay qamee patalichya vatavaraniy qamee jhalelya uranium pradushanashi susangat asalelya uchch kiranotsargachi patali aadhalali aahe. heey uchch mapan afaganistanatil operation anaconda aanee dusya aakhati yuddhachya suruvatichya dhakka aanee vismay bombsfot mohimeshi julate asey disate.
itar dooshit prakarane.
4 aktoobar 1992 roji, eka ell all boing 747-eff malavahu viman (uddan 1862) amsterdammadhil eka sadnika imaratit kosalale. apghat aanee tyanantar lagalelya aagidarmyan dhokadayak sahitya sodanyamule udbhavalelya vividh naan spasht jhalelya aarogya samasyambaddal sthanik rahivasi aanee bachav karmchanyanni takrar kelee. adhikaanyaanee 2000 saalee apghatane prabhavit jhalyache manalya jaananya lokanvar mahamarishastriy abhyas keela. abhyasane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee nondavalelya konatyahi aarogya takrarinshi qamee jhalele uranium (vimanachya liftwar pratibantuman vajan mhanoon vaparale jaanare) jodanyacha konatahi purava nahee.
suraksha aanee paryavaraniy samasya.
aataparyant utpadit jhalelya uraniumpaiki sumare 95 takke uranium hexafluoride mhanoon (daad) uf6 mhanoon, sanwardhan prakalpanchya jawalil khulya havetil steelchya cylindermadhye sathavale jaate. pratyek nalkamadhye yu. eff. 6 chey 12.7 tunn (kinwa 14 american tunn) asate.ess. ektya, 1993 paryant 560,000 tunn qamee jhalele yu. eff. 6 jamaa jhaale hote. 2005 madhye, portsmouth, ohayo, oka rij, tenacy aanee paduka, kentakijaval 57,122 sathavan cylindermadhye 686,500 tunn hote.
duff6chyyaa rasayanik asthiratemule tyachya dirghakalin sathavanukimule paryavaraniy, aarogya aanee surakshitata dhokyat yete. jevha yuu. eff. 6. olsar havechya samparkat yete, tevha teey havetil panyashi pratikriya dete aanee yuu. oo. 2. eff. 2 (uranil fluoride) aanee etch. eff. (hydrogen fluoride) tayar karate, jeey donhi atyant vidravya aanee vishari asatat. ganj aanee galatichi chinhe aadhalalyas sathavan cylinderchi niyamit tapasani karane aavashyak aahe. polad cylinderche andaje ayushya dashakanmadhye mojale jaate.
americet uranium hexafluoride anek apghat jhaale aahet.
dahashatvadi hallyasathi duff6 sathavan cylinderchi asurakshitata haah sarvajanik ahavalancha vishay nahee. tathapi, yuu.ess. sarkar vilhewat lavnyasathi duff6cheeii ghan uranium oxidesmadhye rupantar karat aahe.
sampoorn duff6 malvikrichi vilhewat lavnyasathi 15 teey 450 dashalaksh dollarsparyant kharch yeu shakato.
bahya duve.
vaidnyanik sanstha