
rumm saltanat

rumche saltanat heey sanskratikdrushtya turk-pertian sunni muslim rajya hote, jyachi sthapana manjikartchya yuddhanantar (1071) anatoliamadhye pravesh kelyanantar seljuk turkanni anatoliatil byzantine pradesh aanee lokanvar (room) kelee. aadhunik turkey bhashet ajunahi astitvat asalyane, 'room' heey naav madhyayugeen purvekadil roman samrajya aanee tethil lokanche samanarthi hote. heey naav pracheen romchya arami (rhπmè) aanee parthian (frwm) navanvarun ghetale gele aahe, jeey shevati greek (romay) pasoon ghetale gele aahe.
1077 madhye suleiman ibn kutalmishchya netrutvakhalil mahan seljuk samrajyapasun rumche saltanat vegale jhaale, madhya anatoliatil byzantine prant manzikartchya ladhait (1071) jinkalyanantar fakt sahaa varshanni. tyachi rajdhani aadhi nikeya yethe aanee nantar iconium yethe hotee. 12 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 13 vya shatkachya suruvatila jevha bhoomadhya aanee kalya samudrachya kinarpattivaril pramukh byzantine bandare tabyat ghenyat teey yashasvi jhaale tevha teey tyachya shaktichya shikharavar pohochale. purvekade saltanat lake vanparyant pohochali. iran aanee madhya aashiyatil anatoliadware vyapar haah karvanseraichya pranalidware vikasit karnyat aala hota. yaa kalat tayar jhalelya genoiseshi visheshtah majboot vyapari sambandh. vadhalelya sampattimule saltanatis byzantine anatoliachya vijayanantar sthapan jhalelya itar turkey rajyanna shoshun ghenyas parvanagi midalih danishmendids, mengujekche ghar, sultukids, artucids.
seljuk sultananna dharmayuddhancha motha fatka basala aanee akheris 1243 chya kose dagchya ladhait mangol aakramanala balee padale. 13 vya shatkachya urvarit kalasathi, seljukanni ilkhanetche samant mhanoon kaam kele. 13vya shatkachya uttaradhat tyanchi shakti vighatit jhaali. ilkhanetchya seljuk samant sultananpaiki shevatcha, mesud dusra, 1308 madhye marla gela. seljuk rajyachya vighatanane anek lahan anatolian beilik (turkey rajye) mage sodale, tyapaiki ottoman rajvanshachya, jyanni akheris urvarit jinkale aanee anatoliala punha ekatra aanoon ottoman samrajya banale.
itihas.
sthapana.
1030 chya dashakapasun, kuranbhumichya shodhat asalelya sthalantarit turkey gatanni byzantine simanmadhye anatoliyamadhye pravesh keela hota. 1070 chya dashakat, manzikartchya yuddhanantar, aalp arsalancha durcha chulat bhau aanee seljuk samrajyachya sinhasanasathi majee davedar seljuk commander suleiman ibn qutulmish paschim anatoliamadhye sattevar aala. 1075 aanee 1081 chya darmyan, tyane nikeya (sadhyache iznik) aanee thodya velasathi nicomedia (sadhyache ismit) yaa byzantine shaharanvar niyantran midavale. sumare done varshannantar, tyane eka sansthan sthapan kele, jeey suruvatila eka byzantine samant rajya asale taree, sahaa teey daha varshannantar adhikadhik swatantra jhaale. asey asale taree, asey disate qee suleimanla byzantine samrat alexios aay comnenos yane 1085 madhye antiocover punha vijay midvanyache kaam sopavale hote aanee pahila gupt margane tethe pravas karat hota, bahudha byzantindware margdarshit.
1086 madhye jevha suleimanne aleppo jinkanyacha ayashasvi prayatna keela, tevha too syriacha seljuk shasak tutush pahila yachya virodhat ain salmchya ladhait ektar tyachya shatrunkadun kinwa aatmahatya karoon maran pavala. tyanantar suleimancha mulga killies arslan pahila yala turungat taknyat aale aanee tyacha senapati abul-kasim yane nikeyamadhye satta ghetali. jevha sultan mallick shaah 1092 madhye maran pavala, tevha killies arsalanla sodanyat aale aanee 1092 teey 1094 darmyan, bahudha mallick shahcha mulga aanee uttaradhikari barkyarukh yachya manyatesah, tyane tyachya vadilanchya pradeshat swatahla sthapit kele.
dharmayuddha.
killies arslan, jaree 1096chya lokanchya dharmayuddhat vijayi jhaala asala taree, pahilya dharmayuddhatil sainikanni tyacha parabhav keela aanee dakshin-madhya anatoliamadhye parat pathavala, jithe tyane konya yethe rajdhanisah aapale rajya sthapan kele. 1101 chya dharmayuddhat tyane teen dharmayuddha tukadyancha parabhav keela. 1107 madhye tyane purvekade kooch kele aanee mosul tabyat ghetale parantu tyach varshi mallick shaah yancha mulga mehmed taparashi ladhatana tyacha mrutyu jhaala. dharmyuddhanviruddha ladhanara too pahila muslim senapati hota.
darmyan, aanakhi eka rumm seljuk, mallick shaah (tyach navachya seljuk sultanshi gondhal ghaloo naye) yane konya tabyat ghetala. 1116 madhye killies arsalancha mulga mesud pahila yane danishmendschya madatine shahar tabyat ghetale. 1156 madhye mesudchya mrutyunantar, saltanatine jawaljawal sampoorn madhya sharirarachana niyantrit kelee. 
mesudcha mulga, killies arslan dusra haah pahila dnyat seljuk shasak aahe, jyane sultan hii padvi vaparali aanee shevatchya danishmendmadhun shiv aanee malatyanchya aaspasche urvarit pradesh tabyat ghetale. 1176 madhye myriocaphalone ladhait, killies arslan dusra yane manuel aay comnenos yanchya netrutvakhalil byzantine sainyacha dekhil parabhav keela. 1190 madhye pavitra roman samrajyachya tisya dharmayuddhatil sainyane konyavar tatpurata kabja karoonahi, saltanatane aapali satta parat midvane aanee balkavane jalad kele. killies arslan dusra yachya karkirdichya shevatchya varshanmadhye, saltanatine kaikhusrau pahila yachyashi niyantran rakhanyasathi ladhatana aanee 1196 madhye tyacha bhau suleiman dusra yachyakadun parabhoot houn yadavi yuddh anubhavale.
suleiman dusra yane aaplya samanti ameeranna ekatra aanale aanee georgiaviruddh kooch kele, 150,000-400,000 chya sainyasah aanee basiani khonyat tall thokala. georgiachya tamarne tichya sampoorn malmattet twarit sainya tainat kele aanee tee tichi patni, david sosalanchya adhipatyakhali thewali. david sosalanchya netrutvakhalil georgian sainyane achanak basiyanimadhye aagekuch kelee aanee 1203 kinwa 1204 madhye shatruchya chhavanivar hallah keela. eka khadatar ladhait, seljukid sainyane georgian lokanche anek halle mage ghenyat yash midavale parantu akheris teey bharavun gele aanee tyancha parabhav jhaala. sultancha zenda georgian lokansamor gamavalyamule seljukchya gatat ghabarat pasarali. suleimanshah swatah jakhami jhaala aanee erzuramla parat gela. rumm seljuk aanee georgian sainyachya donhi sainyanna mothya pramanat jivitahani jhaali, parantu samanvit bajukadil hallyanni georgian lokansathi ladhai jinkley.
suleiman dusra 1204 madhye maran pavala aanee tyacha mulga killies arslan tisra, jyache rajyakal apriy hote, too tyachya jaagi aala. pratham kaikhusrau yane 1205 madhye konya tabyat gheuun tyache rajya punha sthapit kele. tyachya rajvatit aanee tyachya done uttaradhikari, kycouse pahila aanee kayakbad pahila yanchya rajvatit, sharirarachanashastratil seljuk shakti tyachya apojiparyant pohochali. 1207 madhye bhoomadhya samudrakinaryavaril atalia (antalya) bandar tabyat ghene heey kaikhusrauche sarvat mahattvache yash hote. tyacha mulga kaykausne sinop tabyat ghetale aanee 1214 madhye trabizondche samrajya tyacha jagirdar banavale. tyane silician armeniya dekhil tabyat ghetala parantu 1218 madhye all-kamilkadoon midavalelya aleppo shaharala sharan jaanyas bhag padale gele. 1221 teey 1225 yaa kalat kayakbadne bhoomadhyasagariy kinanyavaril jameen sampadan karane suru thewale.
1220 chya dashakat tyane kalya samudravarun eka moheem dall krimiyala pathavale. purvekade tyane mengujekidancha parabhav keela aanee aartukidanvar dabav aanoo lagla.
mangolancha vijay.
kaikhusrau dusra (1237-1246) yane diyarbakarchya aaspascha pradesh tabyat gheuun aaplya rajvatichi suruvat kelee, parantu 1239 madhye tyala baba ishaq navachya lokpriy upadeshkane kelelya uthawala samore jaave lagale. teen varshannantar, jevha tyane shevati bund dadapale, tevha crimean pythya haravalya aanee rajya aanee saltanatiche sainya kamkuvat jhaale. yaa paristhititach tyala aanakhi dhokadayak dhokyacha, mhanje vistarat asalelya mangolanchya dhokyacha samna karava lagla. mangol samrajyachya sainyane 1242 madhye erzuram tabyat ghetale aanee 1243 madhye, kose dagchya (shiv aanee erzinkan shaharanmadhil parvat) ladhait baijoone sultanala chiradale aanee seljuk turkanna mangolanshi nishtha balganyachi shapath ghenyas bhag padale gele aanee teey tyanche samant banale. 1243 chya yuddhanantar sultan swatah antalyala paloon gela hota, jithe too 1246 madhye maran pavala, tyachya mrutyune tripakshiy kalavadhi suru jhaala aanee nantar 1260 paryant duheri rajya kele.
seljuk samrajya kaikhusrauchya teen mulanmadhye vibhagale gele hote. sarvat jyeshth, kycouse dusra (1246-1260) yane, kiziliramak nadichya pashchimekadil bhagat rajya kele. tyache lahan bhau, killies arslan chautha (1248-1265) aanee kayakbad dusra (1249-1257), heey mangol prashasanakhali nadichya purvekadil pradeshanvar rajya karnyasathi tayar hote. aktoobar 1256 madhye, bayajoone aksarejaval kycouse dusaracha parabhav keela aanee sampoorn shareer rachana adhikrutpane monke khanchya adheen jhaali. 1260 madhye kycouse dusra konya yethoon krimiyala paloon gela jithe 1279 madhye tyacha mrutyu jhaala. 1265 madhye killies arslan IV laa fashi denyat aalee aanee kaikhusrau tisra (1265-1284) mangol kinwa sulatanchya prabhavshali rajpratinidhinni vaparlelya moort samarthyasah sampoorn anatoliacha nammatra shasak banala.
vighatan.
seljuk rajya lahan amiratimadhye (beilik) vibhagale jaau lagale hote, jyanni mangol aanee seljuk yaa donhi niyantrananpasun adhikadhik antar rakhale. 1277 madhye, anatoliachya aavahanala pratisad detana, mamluk sultan baibaranni anatoliavar hallah keela aanee albistanchya ladhait mangolancha parabhav keela, tatpurte seljuk samrajyacha prashasak mhanoon tyanchi jaaga ghetali. parantu tyala anatoliala bolavnanya sthanik sainyane jaminichya sanrakshanasathi swatahla prakat kele nahee, tyamule tyala egyptmadhil tyachya mool talavar parat jaave lagale aanee mangol prashasana adhikrut aanee kathorpane punha gruheet dharale gele. tasech, siliciachya armeniyan rajyane selenopasun teey celluciaparyantcha bhoomadhya samudrakinara, tasech seljukkadun 1240 chya dashakat marash aanee behisni hii shahare tabyat ghetali.
tyachya rajvatichya akheris, kaikhusrau tisra keval konyachya aaspaschya bhubhagavar thet sarvbhaumatvacha dawa karoo shakat hota. kahee beilik (suruvatichya ottoman rajyasah) aanee anatoliache seljuk governor, jaree nammatra asale taree, konyamadhil sulatanache varchasva olakhane, tyanchya sarvbhaumatvala manyata denyasathi konyatil sulatananchya navane khutbah vitarit karane suru thewale aanee sultan swatahla 'fahraddin', 'islamcha abhiman' mhanat rahile. 1284 madhye jevha kaikhusrau tisra yala fashi denyat aalee, tevha seljuk rajvanshala antargat sangharshancha aanakhi eka dhakka basala, joou 1303 paryant chalala, jevha kycouse dusra yacha mulga mesud dusra yane kayserimadhye sultan mhanoon swatahla sthapit kele. 1308 madhye tyachi hatya karnyat aalee aanee tyanantar lagechach tyacha mulga mesud tisra. seljuk rajvanshachya eka durchya natevaikane kahee kalasathi swatahla konyacha amir mhanoon sthapit kele, parantu tyacha parabhav jhaala aanee 1328 madhye karmanidanni tyachya jamini jinkalya. saltanatichya aarthik prabhavache kshetra thode jaast kaal tikale aanee samanyatah vishvasarh manalya jaananya seljuk pudina nanyancha vapar 14 vya shatkat punha ekada ottoman lokansah keela jaat rahila.
sanskruti aanee samaj.
ramchya seljuk rajvanshane, mahan seljukanche uttaradhikari mhanoon, aapala rajkiy, dharmik aanee sanskrutik varsa pertian-islamik parampara aanee grico-roman paramparevar aadharit keela, agadi tyanchya mulanchi pertian nave thevanyaparyant. turkey-pertian sanskratichi abhivyakti mhanoon, rumm seljukanni pertian qalaa, vastukala aanee sahityala aashray deela. seljuk samrajyachya ulat, ramchya seljuk sultananna kaay-khusro, kaay-kubad aanee kaay-kaus ashee pertian nave hotee. tyanchya rajyatil nokarshaha aanee dharmik abhijat varg pertian vanshache hote. 13vya shatkat, pramukh sharirshastriy shahari kendranmadhil bahusankhya muslim rahivasi pertian hii tyanchi mukhya bhasha mhanoon bolat hote. yaa shatkatach prashasana, dharm aanee sanskratichya babatit iranche anukaran karanyachi vyapti tyachya shikharavar pohochali, parinami anatoliamadhye 'dusra iran' tayar jhaala.
turkey mool asoonahi, seljukanni prashasakeey karanansathi persiancha vapar keela, agadi tyancha itihas, jyane arabichi jaaga ghetali, too dekhil parshiyanmadhye hota. tyanchya turkey bhashechya vaparala kvachitach protsahan denyat aale. agadi sultan killies arslan dusra dekhil lahanpani pertian darbaranshi bolala. khanbaghi mhanatat qee irani patharavar rajya karananya seljukanpeksha anatolian seljuk adhik pertian hote. muhammad biin allie ravandi yanni pertian bhashet lihilele 'rahat all-sudur', mahan seljuk samrajyacha itihas aanee tyache vighatan, sultan kaikhusara pahila yala samarpit hote. ramchya saltanaticha anamik itihas 'tarikh-aii-all-aii-saldjuk' dekhil pertian bhashet lihila gela hota.
tethil sarvat prasiddha pertian lekhakanpaiki eka asalelya rumeene rajyache naav badaloon tyache naav ghetale. shivay, saltanatit byzantinecha prabhav dekhil lakshaniy hota, kaaran byzantine greek kullinverg seljuk kulinancha bhag rahila aanee sthanik byzantine (room) shetkari yaa pradeshat asankhya rahile. 14 vya shatkat, visheshtah ottoman lokanchya haloohaloo udayadarmyan, anatoliatil sanskrutik turkikaran pahilyanda suru jhaale.
karvansarai, madarse aanee mashidinchya bandhkamat, rumm seljukanni vita aanee plasterchya irani seljuk vastukaleche dagadanchya vaparat bhashantar kele. yapaiki, thambe, vyapari chaukya aanee karvansathi sanrakshn mhanoon vaparale jaanare 'carvancerais' (kinwa 'hahns'), aanee jyapaiki sumare shambhar sanrachana anatolian seljuk kalat bandhalya gelya hotya, visheshtah ullekhaneey aahet. pertian prabhavansah, jyacha nirvivad parinam jhaala, seljuk vastukala sthanik byzantine (room) vastuvishardanpasun prerit hotee, udaharanarth gock medres (shivas) aanee armeniyan. asha prakare, anatolian vastukala islamik vastukalechya sampoorn itihasatil kahee sarvat vishisht aanee prabhavi bandhkamanche pratinidhitva karate. nantar, hii sharirshastriy vastukala bharatiy saltantila varshane midali.
sarvat motha karvanserai mhanje sultanhanchya upnagaratil konya aanee aksare shaharanmadhil rastyavar sultan hahn (1229 madhye bandhalela). done karvansarai aahet jyat 'sultan hahn' heey naav aahe, dusare kayaseri aanee shiv yanchya darmyan aahe. yashivay, sultanhaninvyatirikt, turkeymadhil itar paach shaharanna tethe bandhalelya karvansaraijchi nave dilee jaatat. heey aahet, kangalmadhil alakahan, duragan, heckiman aanee kadinhani, tasech denizely mahanagar kshetratil aakhanchi vastee. hekimanchya karvanseraimadhye, samanya arabi shilalekhakhali, imaratishi sambandhit mahitisah, armeniyan aanee syriakmadhil aanakhi done shilalekh asane adviteey aahe, kaaran teey sultan kayakbad ii. chya doctorne ("hekim") bandhale hote, joou islammadhye dharmantarit jhalela majee khrishchan hota asey manale jaate. seljuk commander hamdin temuralu yane sthapan kelelya alakajavalachya (pracheen hittait sitela lagoon asalelya) vasahatisarkhi itar vishisht prakarane aahet, jyanni kose dagchya ladhaitil parabhavanantar yaa pradeshat aashray ghetala hota aanee eka killa, eka madarsa, eka vastee kshetra aanee eka karvanserai asaleli eka vastee sthapan kelee hotee, jee nantar 16 vya shatkachya aaspas sodoon denyat aalee hotee. shodh naan lagalelya karvansaraichya vyatirikt sarvancha shodh 1960 chya dashakat qalaa itihaskar okte aslanpa yanni lavala aanee shodh tasech anek kagadpatre yaa thikani eka spasht vasahat astitvat asalyache pramanit karatat, jase qee 1463 chya ottoman farmanmadhye madarshachya mukhyadhyapakanna shalet navhe tarr karvansaraimadhye rahanyache nirdesh dile aahet.
seljuk rajwade, tasech tyanchya sainyat gulam (bahuvachan 'ghilman'), bigger-muslim samudayanmadhun, pramukhyane purvichya byzantine pradeshantil greekankadoon ghetale gelele gulam tarun hote. gulam thevanyachya prathene automan samrajyachya kalat nantarchya devashirmasathi eka namuna deu keela asava.
rajvansh.
sulatananchya navanchya sandarbhat, ektar sultananni vaparlelya arabi lipichya pertian prakarache lipyantaran karnyachya vishvasoopane kinwa aadhunik turkey dhvanyatmak aanee varnalekhanshi sambandhit pratipadanasathi, eka strotane kinwa dusya strotane darshavilelya pradhanyannusar roop aanee varnalekhanat prakar aahet. kahee sulatananchi done nave hotee jee tyanni tyanchya varshachya sandarbhat paryayipane vaparanyachi nivad kelee. aladin kequbad pahila yane bandhalelya done rajvadyanna qubadabad rajwada aanee kekubadiya rajwada hii nave aahet, tarr tyane konya yetheel tyachya mashidila aladin masheed aanee tyane tabyat ghetalelya alanya bandar shaharala "alay" asey naav dile. tyachpramane, kayserimadhye kaikhusrau pahila yane bandhalelya medresla, tyachi baheen gaver nesibe hiila samarpit kelelya sankulat ("kulli"), giasiye medres asey naav denyat aale aanee kycouse pahila yane sivasmadhye izediy medres mhanoon bandhalelya medresla.