
phosatum africa

phosatum africa ("african khandak") hii eka kinwa adhik resheey sanrakshanatmak rachana (kadhikadhi "chunkhadi" mhanoon olakhali jaate) aahe jee uttar aafriket roman samrajyachya kalat aafriketil samrajyachya dakshin simanche sanrakshn aanee niyantran karnyasathi bandhali gelee hotee. too roman aafriketil mothya seema vyavasthecha bhag manla jaato.
brittenmadhil samrajyachya uttarekadil simanpaiki eka asalelya hadrianchya bhintishi bandhkamat anek samanata asalyache manale jaate.
itihas.
roman aafriket bandhali jaanari fosa regia hii pahili seema resha hotee, jee suruvatila numediachya burber rajyala ii. sha. puu. dusya shatkat romananni jinkalelya karthejchya pradeshapasun vibhajit karnyasathi vaparali jaat hotee, parantu hii phosatum aafrikepasun swatantra manali jaate. 
20 vya shatkapurvichya aitihasik sahityat phosatamcha (tassa) keval ekach ullekh aahe. heey saha-samrat onarius aanee theodosius dusra yanni 409 madhye 'vicarius afric' yaa gaudentiusla lihilelya patrat aadhalate aanee 'codex theodosianus' madhye jatan kele aahe. phosetum' hii 'pracheen' lokanni sthapan kelee hotee heey lakshat gheuun, samratanni aafrikechya roman nagarikanna ishara deela qee jarr tyanni 'chunkhadi' aanee 'phosetum' rakhale nahee tarr nokri (sambandhit jameen haqq aanee itar fayadhyansah) maitripurna jangali jamatinna dilee jaeel. 
parinami, phosetum kevha bandhanyat aale heey nishchitpane maheet nahee. arthat, yaa aakarachi rachana shatkanushatke keleli asel aanee tyachya margavaril anek kille aanee shaharanchya puratatva utkhananamule dusya shatkatil hadrianchya karkirdipasun chauthya shatkat sthir honyachya anek tarkha prapt jhalya aahet. 1949 madhye baradez yanni kelelya charchepasun sadhyache mutt pudhe gele nahee, jyanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee kadachit 122 madhye hadrianchya aafrikechya pahilya bhetinantar (aanee 128 madhye tyanchya dusya bhetipurvi kinwa nantar) bandhkam suru jhaale asave. haah nishkarsh brittenmadhil hadrianchya bhintishi asalelya samanatevar aanee samrajyache rakshan karnyachya hadrianchya chintebaddal jeey dnyat aahe tyavar aadharit aahe. 3yyaa shatkat gordian 3chya karkirdit aanee shevati vidhvansak aakramananantar 430-440 madhye phosetamcha tyag kartana bandhkamala eka naadee asalyachehi baradez yanni gruheet dharale.
jordar vaare aanee vahana valuchya shushk pradeshat bandhale gelyamule, phosetamchi twarit zeej hote aanee fakt khuna shillak aahet. madhyayugat, banoo hilalchya arab bhatkya lokanni bahutansh bhag vyapala aanee tyanna biscrachya nairutyela eka khandak disala jyala tyanni "sakia" (sinchan kalwa) mhatale aanee tyache shrey eka prasiddha arab ranee bint all-khas (kinwa all-crass) hiila dile, jine makka yethe yatrekarunna paanee puravanyasathi teey bandhale asave asey manale jaat hote. itaratra avashesh
phosatamshi sambandhit bhintiche shrey 'all-faraun' (pharoo) yala dile gele.
19vya shatkatil itihaskar aanee puratatvashastradnyancha assa vishvas suruvatiparyant rahila qee haah sinchan kalwa hota
20 vya shatkat tyala 'codex theodosianus' chya 'phosetum' neey yogyaritya olakhale.
tathapi, dusya mahayuddhanantar, jevha puratatviy sthale shodhanyasathi havai chhayachitranacha vapar koldware keela jaat asey, toparyant phosetamchi sampoorn vyapti dnyat navhati. jeane baradez. tyane jaminivaril marg aanee tyachya margavar anek thikani utkhanan karoon havai kamacha pathpurava keela. anek havai aanee jaminivaril chhayachitransaha tyache parinami pustak, sandarbhasathiche manak karya aahe.
baradezchya kalapasoon phosetamchya uddeshavaril kalpana vikasit jhalya aahet. baradez haah eka lashkari manus hota aanee dusare mahayuddha nuktech khandakancha lashkari vapar khoop lakshat gheuun sampale, tarr phosetamchya lashkari pailuvar bharr denyat aala. madhye
adhik shantatapurn aadhunik yugat, simashulk aanee sthalantar niyantran mhanoon phosetamcha vapar samore aanala gela aahe, jeey zarai yetheel shilalekhandware suchavale gele aahe jyat utpadane aanee daranchi lamb yadee dilee aahe.
bandhkam.
baradezne prastavit kelelya fossetmadhye kiman chaar vibhag hoteh
tobanachya uttares aanakhi eka bhag asoo shakato.
samanyatah fossetmadhye khandkatil samagricha vapar karoon donhi bajunna khandak aanee matiche bandh asatat. kadhikadhi tatbandila eka kinwa donhi bajunna koradya dagadi bhinti purak asatat; kvachitach, khandkashivay dagadi bhinti asatat. phosetamchi rundi samanyatah asate parantu apavadatmak prakarananmadhye titakich asoo shakate. jithe shakya asel tithe tee kinwa tichi sarvat unch bhint countercarpower bandhali jaate.
jemelajavalachya utkhananat tithe kholee asalyache disun aale, jyachi rundi talashi rund houn varchya bajula rund jhaali.
yaa phosetamsobat anek lahan paharekari manore aanee asankhya kille aahet, jeey anekada ekmekanchya najaret bandhale jaatat.
uttar aafrikechya itar bhaganmadhye samaan, parantu lahan, 'fosata' aahet. aadhunik tunitiatil matmata aanee tabaga parvataranganchya darmyan eka 'phosetum' aahe, jyachi dusya mahayuddhadarmyan nakkal karnyat aalee hotee. morokkotil boow regreg yethe eka 'phosetum' dekhil asalyache disate, jaree heey 'codex theodosianus' chya ghoshanechya kakshet nasale asate kaaran tyaveli haah prant aafriket navhata, prashaskiyadrushtya sangayache tarr.