
terra sigillata

terra sigillata haah kiman teen bhinn arth asalela shabd aaheh madhyayugeen aushadhi pruthviche varnan mhanoon; puratatvashastrat, roman samrajyachya vishisht bhagat banavalelya chamakdar prushthbhagachya slips kahee bareek laal pracheen roman matichya bhandyansathi eka samanya sandnya mhanoon; aanee agadi alikade, pracheen matichya bhandyanpasun prerit asalyache manale jaanare samkalin studio matichya bhandyanchya tantrache varnan mhanoon. samanyatah 'seelband pruthvi' mhanoon anuvadit, 'terra sigilata' chaa arth 'chhotya pratima asaleli chikanmati' (lattin 'sigila') aahe, 'seelband (abhedya) prushthbhag asaleli chikanmati' nahee. tathapi, puratatviy sandnya sadhya prushthbhagavaril bhandi tasech koreev kaam kelelya aakrutyanni sushobhit kelelya bhandi yanna lagoo kelee jaate.
puratatviy sandnya mhanoon terra sigillata haah pramukhyane roman samrajyachya kalat itali aanee gaul (france aanee reinland) madhye banavalelya eka vishisht prakarchya sadhya aanee sushobhit tablewarecha sandarbh deto. yaa jahajanmadhye mauu chamak teey chamakdar chakakisarkhya chamakdar prushthbhagachya slip asatat, fikat naringi teey chamakdar laal asha vaishishtyapurn ranganchya shreneet; teey manak aakar aanee aakarat tayar kele gele hote aanee audhyogik staravar tayar kele gele hote aanee mothya pramanat niryat kele gele hote. jithe matichi bhandi banavanyachya parampara astitvat hotya aanee jithe matiche sathe yogya siddha jhaale, asha bhagat sigillata udyog vadhale. italian karyashalanchi utpadane aarezochya eretine ware mhanoon dekhil olakhali jaatat aanee punarujjivanapasun tee gola kelee jaatat aanee tyanche kautuk kele jaate. gaulish karkhanyanmadhye banavalelya vastoonna ingraji bhashik puratatvashastradnya anekada samian ware mhanoon sambodhatat. roman samrajyachya uttar africi aanee purv prantanmadhye tayar kelelya matichya bhandyanchya kapadanna samanyatah terra sigillata mhanoon sambodhale jaat nahee, parantu adhik vishisht navanni, udaa.jee. african laal slip vastoo. puratatvashastradnyans yaa serve prakarchya matichya bhandya mahattvapoorn aaheth tyaa byavachada jawalun kalbaddha kelya jaau shakatat aanee tyanchya vitaranamule pracheen roman arthvyavasthechya pailoonvar prakash padato.
aadhunik "terra sig" heey kahee kumbharanni jaanunbujun punarnirmiti karoon aanee roman paddhati vaparoon kelelya roman vastoonchya jawalun kelelya punarutpadanapeksha spashtapane vegale kele pahije. studio kumbharanni 'terra sigillata' navachi purnank olsar chikanmatipasun tayar kelee jaau shakate, atishay patal drav slip mhanoon misalali jaau shakate aanee terra sigillata mhanoon vaparlya jaananya keval sarvottam kananna vegale karnyasathi sthir kelee jaau shakate. chikanmatichya naan lavalelya prushthbhagavar lavlyas, gulgulit reshami chamak teey uchch chamak ashee chamak prapt karnyasathi "terra sig" mauu kapadane kinwa brushney polish kele jaau shakate. pracheen terra sigillata jahajanchya prushthbhagavar yaa jalatya kinwa chamkavanyachya prakriyechi aavashyakta navhati. roman kalat kahee vastunvar burnishing heey tantra vaparale jaat hote, parantu terra sigillata tyapaiki eka navhate. qamee-agni maryadet golibar kelyasach polish kelela prushthbhag kayam thewala jaau shakato aanee jaast dabalyas tyachi chamak gamavel, parantu tarihi aakarshak reshami gunavatta pradarshit karoo shakato.
aushadhi pruthvi.
terra sigillata yaa shabdacha sarvat juna vapar lemnos betavaril aushadhi chikanmatisathi hota. nantarchya kekala 'seelband' asey mhatale jaat asey kaaran tyateel keek ekatra dabale jaat asat aanee tyavar artemisachya dokyane shikkamortab kele jaat asey. nantar, tyavar ottoman sulatanacha shikka hota. yaa matimadhye vishisht khanij samagri ashee hotee qee, punarujjivanachya kalat, vishbadheviruddha purava mhanoon, tasech konatyahi sharirik ashuddhatevar samanya upchar mhanoon yakade pahile jaat asey aanee aushadh aanee aushadhi ghatak mhanoon tee atyant maulyavan hotee.
1580 madhye, adrias berthold navachya eka khaan kamgarane germanybhovati pravas keela aanee striga shaharabaheril tekdyanmadhun khodalelya, aata polandmadhil strezgome yaa tekdyanpasun tayar kelelya aanee lahan pattyanmadhye prakriya kelelya vishesh chikanmatipasun tayar kelelya sileshiyan terra sigilatachi vikri kelee. tyane pratyek prakarche vish aanee playgs anek roganviruddha prabhavi ramban upay mhanoon tyacha prachar keela. bertholdne adhikanyanna tyachi chachani ghenyasathi aamantrit kele. done prakarananmadhye, doctor, rajkumar aanee nagarpramukhanni kutryancha samavesh asalelya chachanya ghetalya, jyanna ektar vish dile gele aanee tyanantar fakt aushadh kinwa vish dile gele; jyaa kutryanna lus midali tee jiwant rahili aanee jyaa kutryanna vish midale teey ektech maran pavale. 1581 madhye, eka rajkumarane doshi gunhegaravar yaa aushadhachi chachani kelee, joou jiwant rahila.
1588 madhye ingraji vanshikshastradnya aanee anuvadak thomas harriot yanni 'virginiachya navyane sapadalelya bhoomicha sankshipt aanee kharaa ahwal' madhye lihile qee madhya-atlantic pradeshatil algonqvian lokanni vividh vran aanee jakhmanvar 'vapih' neey upchar kele, eka prakarcha terra sigilata joou ingraji shalyachikitsak aanee doctoranna samkalin european prakarapeksha samaan prakarcha 'shirobindu aanee adhik prabhavi' asalyache aadhalale.
roman laal chamakdar matichi bhandi.
puratatviy vaparat, pudhil patrateshivay 'terra sigilata' haah shabd samanyatah italitil arezo yethe banavalelya ereteenchya vastoo aanee dakshin gaulmadhye, visheshtah laa grouffacenk yethe, millaujaval, aanee nantar lezox aanee clermont-ferandjavalil jawalchya thikani aanee trier, sinzig aanee reinzaburn sarkhya purv gaulish sthalanvar tayar kelelya gaulish samiyanchya vastoo darshavito. hii uchch darjachi tableware visheshtah ii. sha. puu. 50 teey ii. sha. chya tisya shatkachya suruvatiparyant paschim roman samrajyat lokpriy aanee vyapak hotee. tii. ess.' chya vyakhya pracheen abhyasachya suruvatichya kalapasoon vadhalya aahet aanee tyaa susangat naheet; shastriy kalechya eka sarvekshanat asey mhatale aaheh 'terra sigillata'... aadhunik vidvananni sushobhit laal-chamakdar matichya bhandyanchya vargala niyukt karnyasathi vaparleli hii eka lattin sandnya aahe... serve laal-chamakdar vastoo sajavalya gelya navhatya aanee mhanunach 'samian ware' hii adhik samaveshak sandnya kadhikadhi tyachya serve prakaranche vaishishtya darshavinyasathi vaparali jaate.
- tarr anthony kingchi vyakhya, roman matichya bhandyanchya tadnyanmadhil adhik nehamichya pratheche anusaran karat, sajavaticha ullekh karat nahee, parantu asey sangate qee terra sigillata 'paryayipane samian ware' mhanoon olakhala jaato. tathapi, 'samian ware' samanyatah keval pracheen gaulmadhye banavalelya terra sigillatachya upvargala sandarbhit karnyasathi vaparale jaate. ingraji, terra sigilata kinwa anuvad (udaa.jee. "terre sigili"), nehmich italian aanee gaulish asha donhi utpadanansathi vaparale jaate. ekhadya vishayachya sanshodhanachya suruvatichya tappyat namkaran sthapit karave lagate aanee 18vya aanee 19vya shatkatil puratatvashastradnya anekada asha sandnya vaparat asat jyaa aapan aaj nivadanar nahee, parantu joparyant tyancha arth spasht aanee susthapit aahe, toparyant yane kahee farak padat nahee aanee sandnyechya itihasacha tapshilvar abhyas haah kharokharach eka bajucha muddah aahe joou keval shaikshanik swarsyacha aahe. ingrajimadhye lihinare vidwan aata vyakhyeche heey mudde talhanyasathi aanee roman kalatil itar anek vastoo paramparik sigilata kapadyansah tantrache pailu samayik karatat mhanoon anekada 'reed gloss wares' kinwa 'reed slip wares' vapartat.
italian aanee gaulish tii. ess. bhandi pramanit aakarat tayar kelya jaat asat, jyat julanare padarth, vadge aanee serve karnari bhandi samavisht asat. kalantarane hya badalalya aanee vikasit jhalya aanee atishay sookshmapane vargikrut kelya gelya aahet; german shastriy puratatvashastradnya hans dragendorff (1895) yanni tayar keleli pahili mothee yojana ajunahi vaparat aahe (udaa.jee. "dr.29" "), aanee dechelet, norr, hermet, walters, curl, loshake, returling, hermet aanee ludovici yanche vargikaran aanee agadi alikade, aretin swarupanche" "conspects" "aanee african reed slip aanee eastern sigilatasachya hejchya prakar-malikesarkhe itar anek prakar jhaale aahet". yaa sandarbhanmule kadhikadhi 20 varshe kinwa tyahoon qamee kalavadhit tutalelya sajavalelya sherdchya utpadanachi tarikh tharvane shakya hote.
qamee aakarachya aakrutyanni sushobhit kelele bahutek prakar matichya bhandyanchya sanchemadhye fekale jaat asat, jyanche aateel prushthbhag matichya shikkya kinwa mushtya (samanyatah 'poincon' mhanoon sambodhale jaatat) aanee kahee mukt hatane kelele kaam vaparoon sajavale jaat asat. tyamule sache tyachya aateel prushthbhagavar prabhavit, antargarbhachya (pokal) rachanechya sampoorn sajavatichya rachanene sushobhit kele gele hote jeey tyat tayar jhalelya konatyahi vadgyavar qamee aaramat disel. vadga sukat asatana, too sachalelya aakaratoon kadhoon ghenyasathi, konatyahi antim kamasathi, jyat payanchya ringschee bharr ghalane, rims aakar dene aanee purn karane aanee serve prakarananmadhye slipcha vapar karane samavisht asoo shakate, sachchidrata pureshi hotee. bund swarupat asalelya patranna sajavanyasathi kadhikadhi barbotin aanee applique ('spriesed') tantre vaparali jaat asat. kahee prakarananmadhye sajavatichya vaishishtyapurn rachana aanee sajavatimadhye samavisht kelelya karyashalanchya naav-mudrankancha abhyas aanee kahivela sache banavnanyanchya vakr swakshyansah udhyogache atishay tapshilvar dnyan tayar karane shakya karate. tyamule aajtagayat sigilatachya abhyasat anubhav asalelya puratatvashastradnyas aanee tutalela shared olakhanyasathi form aanee kapad yanche kaljipurvak nirikshan karane purese aaheh kumbharanchi shikke kinwa aakarleli sajavat aanakhi achook purave pradan karate. 1920 madhye prakashit jhalelya oswald aanee pricechya abhijat margdarshakane anek tattve mandali, parantu yaa vishayavaril sahitya 19 vya shatkat parat jaate aanee aata teey atyant mothe aahe, jyat vishisht pradeshanvaril anek monographs, tasech sigilata vastunche lakshaniy sanch tayar kelelya mahattvachya sthalanvaril utkhananache ahwal aanee shikalelya niyatkalikanmadhil lekh, jyapaiki kahee roman matichya bhandyanchya abhyasasathi samarpit aahet.
koreev vastunvaril rachana aanee rachana, devatanche chitran, dantkatha aanee dantkathanche sandarbh aanee shikar aanee kamuk drushyansarkhya lokpriy sankalpnansah, greco-roman sajavatichya kalanchya samanya paramparanna pratidhvanit karatat. patrachya aakarasarkhe vaiyaktik aakruti-prakar vargikrut kele gele aahet aanee anek prakarananmadhye teey vishisht kumbhar kinwa karyashalanshi jodale jaau shakatat. kahee sajavat samkalin sthapatyakalechya alankaranshi sambandhit aahe, jyat undy aanee jeebh (andakosh) moulding, acanthus aanee velanchya gundalya aanee yasarkhya goshti aahet. jaree areteenchya vastunchi sajavat anekada shailit atyant naisargik asate aanee tyach kalatil chandichya tablewareshee jawalun tulana kelee jaau shakate, tarr prantiy karagiranni shastriy vishayancha avalamb karoon banavalelya gaulish utpadananvaril rachana, tyanchya 'romanization' chya abhivyaktisathi, shastriy aanee sthanik sanskrutik aanee kalatmak paramparanche mishran, manoranjak aahet.
anek gaulish utpadan sthalanche mothya pramanat utkhanan aanee abhyas karnyat aala aahe. dakshin galmadhil laa grouffacenk yethe, kulvantyanchi nave aanee bhandi sankhya denare, eka bhatti-bharane ughadpane udavalelya yadee kinwa aakrutichya swarupat dastaivaj purave dirghkalapasun dnyat aahet aanee teey 25,000-30,000 jahajancha khoop motha bhaar suchavatat. yaa kinwa itar utpadan sthalanvaril serve bhatti itakya mothya nasalya taree, laa grouffacenk yetheel 'grand phoor' (mothe bhatti), jeey pahilya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee dusya shatkachya suruvatila vaparale jaat hote, tyache utkhanan udhyogachya pramanala pushti dete. hii 11.3 meater lambichi aayatakruti dagadane bandhaleli rachana aahe. 6. 8 mea. paryant. bahyadrushtya, mool unchi 7 meater asalyacha andaj aahe. aat nauu majali (pratyek golibaranantar nasht), matichya nalyanchya kinwa nalyanchya swarupat tileche majale aanee ubhya stambhanni tayar kelele, jeey ushnata chalvanyasathi dekhil kaam karatat, assa andaj vartavala gela aahe qee teey sumare 1000°seey. tapmanat eka velee 30,000-40,000 jahaje chalavanyas saksham hote.
2005chya eka abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee slip hii pramukhyane silicon aanee aluminium oxideschi eka matricks aahe, jyamadhye hematite aanee korandamche sub-microscopic chrystals nilambit aahet. matrixmadhye swatah konatehi dhatuche aayan nasatat, hematitela aluminium aanee titaniummadhye badalale jaate tarr korandamla lohamadhye badalale jaate. done sphatikanchi loksankhya matrixmadhye eksamanpane vikhuraleli asate. hematitecha rung sphatik aakaravar avalambun asato. yaa khanijanche mothe sphatik kaale asatat parantu aakar qamee houn sub-micron hott jaato tasatasa rung laal hoto. aluminiumchya anshacha parinam sarkhach asato. purvi asey manale jaat hote qee 'laal' aanee 'kaala' samiyanmadhil farak bhattitun qamee honare vayoo (kaale) kinwa anupasthiti (laal) mule hota aanee bhattiche bandhkam itake vyavasthit kele gele hote qee indhanatoon qamee honare vayoo matichya bhandyanchya samparkat yeu nayet. maatee/slipmadhye loh oxideschi upasthiti lohachya auxidation sthitinusar rangat pratibimbit hote asey manale jaat hote (laal rangasathi phay [3] aanee kalya rangasathi phay [3], nantarche qamee honare vayoo matichya bhandyanchya samparkat aalyane tayar hote). aata heey alikadil kamacha parinam mhanoon disun yete qee asey nahee aanee chamakdar slipcha rung pratyakshat matricks kachemadhye vikhuralelya khanijanchya sphatik aakarapeksha jaast nahee.
agraganya.
aretin ware, tyache atishay vishisht swaroop asoonahi, hellenistic aanee prarambhik roman kalatil greco-roman jagatil sookshm syremic tablewarechya vyapak chitracha eka avibhajya bhag hota. teey chitrach chandichya vilasi tablewarchya sandarbhat pahile gele pahije. italian terra sigilata tayar honyachya shatakanpurvi, etic rangavalele fuldane aanee nantar italimadhye banavalelya tyanchya pradeshik prakaranmadhye, konatyahi pollishing kinwa burningchi aavashyakta naan thevata chamakdar prushthbhagavar golibar karananya slipney jhakalelya atishay bareek chikanmatichya vastuchi tayari samavisht hotee. greek rangeet vastunmadhye kaala aanee laal ranganche virodhabhas sadhya karnyasathi golibar paristhitichi achook samaj aanee niyantran dekhil samavisht hote.
jaree rangeet sajavatane sopya mudrankit rachana aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, aaramat aakarlelya upayojit rachana yanna marg deela, taree etruria aanee campaniamadhye banavalelya chamakdar-galalelya kalya matichya bhandyanni hii tantrik parampara kayam thewali. ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkachya madhyat arretin udhyogacha vistar suru jhaala toparyant greece aanee ashiya minormadhye sampoorn jahaje qamee aakarat sajavanyachi parampara dekhil changlya prakare prasthapit jhaali hotee aanee udaharane italimadhye aayat kelee gelee hotee. aaramdayi-sajavalele cup, kahee shise-chamakdar vastunmadhye, anek purvekadil kendranvar tayar kele gele aanee nihsanshaypane sushobhit aretinchya tantrik aanee shailibaddha utkrantimadhye bhoomika bajavali, parantu pramukhyane greece aanee ashiya minormadhye banavalelya megerian vadgyankade sahasa sarvat thet prerana mhanoon pahile jaate. hii payanchya ringanshivay lahan, ardhgolakar vadga aahet aanee tyanchi sajavat anekada samkalin chandichya vadgyanchi aathvan karoon dete, jyat paaney aanee fulanchya aupcharik, vikiraneey namune asatat. sadhya padarthanche aanee kapanche kurkurit aanee tantotant roop dekhil ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkatil bhoomadhya jagatil chav aanee fashionchya naisargik utkranticha bhag hote.
aretin ware.
ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkachya madhyapurvi arezo (tuscany) yethe aanee tyachya jawal ereteenchya vastunche utpadan suru jhaale. roman rajkiy aanee lashkari prabhav italichya palikade pasarat asatana, samrat augustus (regg) yachya karkirditil roman samrajyachya pahilya prantatil rahivashansathi, yaa udhyogacha vegane vistar jhaala."ii. sha. puu. 27-ii. sha. 14), yaa tablewarene, tyachya achook rupansah, chamakdar prushthbhagasaha aanee sushobhit patranvar, shastriy qalaa aanee pauranik kathanshi tyachya drushya parichayane samrajyachya naveen uttarekadil prantanmadhil kahee rahivashanna kholvar prabhavit kele asave. nishchitach teey roman chav aanee tantrik kaushalyachya kahee pailunche prateek hote. aata aapan jyala ishanya france aanee belgium mhanato tyaa bhagatil kumbharkam udhyoganni aata gallo-belgic mhanoon olakhalya jaananya vastunmadhye sadhya arretin padarthanchya aakaranchi aanee kapanchi nakkal karnyas suruvat kelee aanee dakshin aanee madhya gallmadhye, sthanik kumbharannihi sache-nirmit sajavat aanee chamakdar laal slipche anukaran karnyas suruvat kelee.
sarvat olakhanyayogya sushobhit aretin prakar mhanje dragendorff 11, joou unch payathyashi asalela eka motha, khol goblet aahe, joou tyach kalatil kahee chandichya tablechya patranshi jawalun disato, jase qee warren cup. pratimashastra dekhil, chandichya pattyavar disanare vishay aanee shaili, mhanje pauranik aanee shailitil drushye, jyat kamuk vishayancha samavesh aahe, aanee swag, pananchya maalaa aanee andakar (undy aanee jeebh) simanche lahan sajavatiche tapasheel, jyachi tulana auguston sthapatyakalechya alankaranchya ghatkanshi kelee jaau shakate, tyanchyashi julanyacha cull hota. dr.11 chya khol swarupamule manvi aanee pranyanchya aakrutinche sanche banavanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya 'poincons' (shikke) byanpaiki mothe, bahutekda sumare 5-6 centimeter unch asoo shakatat aanee modelling anekada kharokharach khoop paripoorn hote, jyamule aadhunik qalaa-itihaskar tasech puratatvashastradnyanchi ruchi aakarshit hote. pramukh karyashala, jase qee emm.pereneus tigranus, pru. cornelius aanee see. aine. khanyachya vastoo, tyanchya utpadananvar shikke aanee karkhanyatil malak aanee kamgaranchi nave, jee anekada purn jhalelya vadgyanvar aanee sadhya vastunvar disatat, tasech jahajanche prakar aanee tapasheel yancha mothya pramanat abhyas keela gela aahe.
italian sigilata keval aarezomadhyech kinwa tyachya jawalach tayar keela jaat naseh arezochya kahee mahattvachya vyavasayanchya peesa yethe shakha karkhane hote aanee ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, etius aanee rasinius karyashalanni madhya gaulmadhil lyonjaval laa muet yethe shakha karkhane ubharale hote. tasech auguston kalatil abhijat aretin vastoo, italimadhye banavalelya terra sigillatache ekmev prakar navhteh nantar poe khoyatil aanee itaratra sigillata udhyoganni hii parampara kayam thewali. italitil sigilata utpadanacha itihas hays 1997, prushthe 41-52 madhye sankshiptapane saranshit keela aahe.
madhyayugat, aarezomadhye paya khodatana aakasmikpane sapadalelya bhandyanchi udaharane 13 vya shatkachya suruvatilach kautukaspad laksh vedhoon ghet hotee, jevha restoro dii 'aarezochya vishal vishvakoshat tyachya mool shaharat sapadalelya parishkrut roman bhandyanchi stutee karnara eka adhyay samavisht hota, "shastriy kalapasoon lihilelya pracheen kalechya pailooche kadachit pahile varnan kaay aahe". itihaskar jiovanni vilani yanehi yaa bhandyacha ullekh keela aahe.
1841 madhye fabronymadhye arretin warecha pahila prakashit abhyas jhaala aanee 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, visheshtah german vidvananni germanymadhye utkhananat asalelya roman lashkari sthalanvar jhalelya arretin ware aanee gaulish samian yaa donhi goshtincha paddhatshir abhyas aanee samajoon ghenyat mothee pragati kelee hotee. dragendorfchya vargikaranacha vistar ess. saha itar vidvananni keela. loshakene tyachya italian sigilatachya abhyasat, prarambhik roman haltonchya thikani utkhanan kele. arretin warewaryl sanshodhan sampoorn 20 vya shatkat aanee 21 vya shatkat khoop sakriyapane suru rahile aahe, udaharanarth auks-comfortche prakashan aanee punaravalokan aanee formchya 'conspects' neey, tapal tikite aanee aakaranvar purviche kaam adyayavat kele. serve pracheen matichya bhandyanchya abhyasapramane, pratyek pidhi naveen prashna vicharte aanee uttare shodhanyachya prayatnat naveen tantre (jase qee matiche vishleshan) lagoo karate.
dakshin gaulish samian ware.
ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkachya uttaradhat bram, montains, laa grouffacenk, leey rossier aanee banasack yasah dakshin francemadhil anek kendranvar sadhya aanee sushobhit asha donhi prakarchya sigilata jahajanchi nirmiti kelee jaat aseh yapaiki laa grouffacenk, joou milaujaval hota, haah pramukh utpadak aanee niryatdar hota. jaree sthanik magani purn karnyasathi aanee aayat kelelya italian vastoonchya kimmati qamee karnyasathi suruvatila gaulmadhye sigillata kumbharkamanchi sthapana jhaali asali taree, teey tyanchya swatachya drushtine prachand yashasvi jhaale aanee ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkachya uttaradhat, dakshin gaulish samian keval samrajyachya vayvyekadil itar prantanmadhyech navhe tarr itali aanee bhoomadhyasagariy, uttar africa aanee agadi purvekadil samrajyachya itar pradeshanmadhyehi niryat kelee jaat hotee. august 79 madhye vesuviyasachya udrekane nasht jhalelya pompeichya avasheshanmadhil eka shodh, dakshin gaulish sigilatachi eka khep hotee, jee ajunahi tyachya packing cratemadhil hotee; vesuvian sthalanvaril serve sapadalelya vastunpramanech, matichya bhandyancha haah satha purava mhanoon amoolya aahe.
dakshin gaulish samiyanmadhye samanyatah lalsar padada aanee italian sigilatapeksha khol gulabi kapad asate. utkrusht slip, spasht laal aanee jawaljawal aarshasarkhi chamak, claudian aanee suruvatichya neronian kalat (claudius, "regg". jahirat 41-54; niro, "regg". jahirat 54-68). tyach kalat, kahee karyashalanni sangamarvari laal aanee pivalya rangachya slips sankshipt prayog kele, joou eka prakar samanyatah kadhihi lokpriy jhaala nahee. dakshin gaulmadhil sadhya rupanche prarambhik utpadan suruvatila italian namunyanche barkaine anusaran karat hote aanee vaishishtyapurn aretin sushobhit swaroop, dragendorff 11 dekhil tayar kele gele. parantu anek naveen aakar zapatyane vikasit jhaale aanee ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkachya uttaradhat, jevha italian sigillata aata prabhavshali rahila nahee, tevha dakshin gaulish samianne tyachya swatachya vaishishtyapurn swarupanchi soochi tayar kelee hotee. done pramukh sushobhit prakar mhanje dragendorff 30, eka khol, dandgolakar vadga aanee dragendorff 29, eka carinated ('killid') uthal vadga jyacha coone chinhankit keela gela hota, jyavar aakarmanachya madhyabhagi, aakarmanachya madhyabhagi jore deela gela hota. payathyashi qamee asate aanee kumbharanche shikke sahasa aateel payathyashi thevalelya vadga-nirmatyachya khuna asatat, jenekarun tyach kinwa samantar sachanpasun banavalelya patranna vegvegali nave asoo shakatat. 29 chey kaath, aakarachya suruvatichya udaharananmadhye lahan aanee saral, parantu pahilya shatkachya 70 chya dashkaparyant khoop khol aanee adhik ulate, rulated sajavatine purn kele gele aahe aanee aaram-sushobhit prushthbhag anivaryapane done arund kshetranmadhye yetat. heey sahasa suruvatila fulanchya aanee parnapati aakarachya pushpaguchchanni aanee gundalyanni sajavale jaat asatah yaa lekhachya mukhya vibhagat chitrit kelelya tyachya kathavar visavalele dr.29 heey eka prarambhik udaharan aahe, jeey 60 aanee 70 chya dashkatil vikasit swarupapeksha qamee koneey aahe, jyat sadhya, atishay mohak paan-gundalyancha samavesh asalelya sajavatisah aahe. lahan manvi aanee pranyanchya aakrutya aanee vegalya patalanmadhye tayar kelelya adhik jatil rachana, pahilya shatkachya 70 chya dashkaparyant adhik lokpriy jhalya. mothya manvi aanee pranyanchya aakrutya dr.30 jahajanvar vaparlya jaau shakatat, parantu yapaiki anekanmadhye mothe aakarshan asale taree, dakshin gaulish karagiranni tyanchya kahee italian samkakshanche shastriy nisargvad kadhich sadhya kele nahee aanee kadachit kadhihi ichcha balgali nahee.
pahilya shatkachya shevatchya done dashakanmadhye, sadhya saral kathasah khol, golakar jahaj asalelya dragendorff 37 neey lokpriyatet 29 laa mage takale. haah sadha aakar eka shatkapeksha jaast kaal serve gaulish utpadan pradeshanmadhil pramanit gaulish samian upaskar-sushobhit prakar rahila. decialate 67 aanee norr 78 heey form dakshin gallmadhye dekhil lahan aaram-sushobhit beaker banavale gele, tasech adhunmadhun 'vann-auph' kinwa mothya patal-bhintinchya flagon aanee flask sarkhya atishay mahatvakankshi sache-nirmit bhandi tayar kelya gelya. parantu ii. sha. 1lya shatkatil roman sthalanvar aadhalanaya dakshin gaulish samiyanchya vastumanat sadhya padarth, vadgya aanee cup asatat, visheshtah dr.18 (eka uthal padarth) aanee dr.27 (profilela vishisht duheri vakr asalela eka chhotasa cup), jyapaiki anekanmadhye kumbharanchya naav-mudrank asatat aanee mothya sushobhit rupanmadhye 29,30 aanee 37 asatat.
ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkat iberian prantanmadhye, aretin aanee dakshin gaulish aayatipasoon prerit sthanik udyog vadhala. "terra sigillata hispanicane" swatache vishisht prakar aanee rachana vikasit kelya aanee roman kalatil uttaradhat, ii. sha. chya chauthya aanee pachvya shatkaparyant utpadan suru thewale. itar pradeshanna tyachi niryat kelee jaat navhati.
madhyavarti gaulish samian ware.
pramukh madhyavarti gaulish samian matichi bhandi lezox aanee leesa martress-dii-vier yethe hotee, jee overgenemadhil clermont-ferendpasoon phaar door navhati. auguston kalat (augustus, "regg") lezox yethe utpadan aadhich suru jhaale hote. 27 ii. sha. puu. 14), parantu trajanchya karkirdiparyant (ii. sha. 1) aanee dakshin gaulish niryat vyaparat ghasaran honyachya suruvatiparyant, madhyavarti gaulish samian vastoo tyachya swatachya pradeshabaher mahattvachya tharalya. jaree tyane dakshin gaulish karkhanyanche vyapak bhaugolik vitaran kadhich sadhya kele nahee, parantu ingland aanee gaull prantanmadhye, too ii. sha. chya dusya shatkat vaparat asalela, sadhya aanee sushobhit, sarvat samanya prakarcha bareek tableware hota. vastoo aanee slipchi gunavatta sahasa utkrusht asate aanee visheshtah leesa martress-dii-vhiyarchi kahee utpadane chamakdar slip aanee atishay kadak, daat sharirasah utkrusht asatat. prushthbhagacha rung dakshinekadil vishisht gaulis slippeksha adhik naringi-laal rangachya dishene jaato.
dakshin gallmadhye banavalelya patra-prakaranche utpadan suruch rahile, jaree dashake jaat asatana, teey fashionchya samanya badalannusar vikasit aanee badalale aanee kahee naveen aakar tayar kele gele, jase qee kathakhali aadvya bajusah saada vadga, dr.38. morteriya, aateel prushthbhagasaha ann-tayarichi vadge, 2 vya shatkachya uttaradhat madhya gaulis samian kapadat dekhil tayar kelee gelee (dr.45). jaree kalya terrasgillata aanee itar bareek kalya-chamakdar vastunmadhil vibhajan resha, jee yaa bhagat tayar kelee jaat hotee, tee kadhikadhi dhusar asali taree, chamakdar kalya slips madhyavarti gaulish samian warecha eka lahan upvarg aahe. jevha ekhade patra abhijat samian swarupache asate aanee ekhadya dnyat samian kumbharapramane korivkamane sushobhit kele jaate, parantu lalaivaji kalya slipney purn kele jaate, tevha tyache vargikaran kalya samian mhanoon kele jaau shakate.
jaree madhyavarti gaulish prakar chaloo rahile aanee dakshin gaulish paramparanvar bandhale gele asale taree, mukhya sushobhit prakar, dr.30 aanee dr.37, yanchi sajavat vishisht hotee. naveen manvi aanee pranyanchya aakruti-prakar disu lagale, jeey samanyatah laa grouffacenk aanee itar dakshin gaulish kendranpeksha adhik vastavad aanee susanskratateche model hote. aakruti-prakar aanee sajavatichya tapashilanche vargikaran kele gele aahe aanee bahutekda vishisht karyashalanshi jodale jaau shakate, lezoxchya vastunmadhye barboteenchya aaramane sushobhit fuldanya, applic motifs aanee samanyatah 'cutt-glass' sajavat mhanoon sandarbhit eka varg dekhil samavisht asato, jyat ghasaranyapurvi aanee golibar karnyapurvi jahajachya prushthbhagavar jyamiteey namune kapale jaatat. madhyavarti gallmadhye mothya sankhyene banavalelya done manak 'sadhya' prakaranmadhye barbotin sajavat, dr.35 aanee 36, eka julanara cup aanee vakr aadvya kathasah, aaramat asalelya pananchya shailibaddha gundalisah sushobhit kelela padarth samavisht hota.
dusya shatkachya uttaradhat, upashaman-sushobhit vadge banvina kahee lezox karyashalanni, sarvat mahattvache mhanje dalchinichya, tyanchya mothya utpadanamule bajarat varchasva gajavale. dalchini, patterns, divists, doex, advoxisus, albusius aanee itar kahee vastunmadhye anekada mothya, sahajpane supath naav-mudrankancha samavesh hota, jeey spashtapane brand-nave kinwa jahirati mhanoon kaam karat asat. jaree hii jahaje atishay karyakshamatene tayar kelee gelee asali taree purvichya gaulish samiyanchya vastoonchya tulanet tee judd aanee kahishi khadbadit aakarachi aanee purnatvachi asatat.
dusya shatkachya akheris, madhyavarti gallmadhun sigillatachi niryat vegane, kadachit agadi achanakahi thambali. kumbharkam utpadan suruch rahile, parantu tisya shatkat too punha sthanik udhyogat paratala.
purv gaulish samian ware.
purv gallmadhye terra sigilata tayar karananya anek kumbharkamgar hotya, jyat alses, sarland aanee gend aanee mosal pradeshancha samavesh hota, parantu luxual, laa medlean, chemeri-fockwaymont, lavoye, remagen, sinjig, blickweller aanee itar thikananmadhil samian matichi bhandi pramukhyane tadnyansathi swarasyapoorn aanee mahattvachi aahet, done srot vegale aahet kaaran tyanchi vastoo anekada tyanchya jawalchya kshetrabaher aadhaltat, mhanje reinzaburn, spiyarjaval aanee trier.
trier kumbharkamanni ii. sha. 2yyaa shatkachya suruvatila samian jahaje tayar karnyas suruvat kelee aanee tisya shatkachya madhyaparyant teey ajunahi sakriy hote. shaili aanee kumbharanchi vidvanandvare done mukhya tappyanmadhye vibhagani karnyat aalee aahe, pratham aanee dviteey. nantarchya kahee sache-nirmit dr.37 vadgya atyant nikrusht darjachya aahet, jyat kachchya sajavaticha aanee nishkalji finishingcha samavesh aahe.
wilheim ludovisi (1855-1929) yane 1901 madhye tethe utkhanan suru kelyapasoon aanee tyache parinam tapshilvar ahavalanchya maliket prakashit kelyapasoon reinzaburn bhatti aanee tyanchya utpadanancha abhyas keela gela aahe. dusya shatkachya madhyapasoon sumare eka shatkasathi reinzaburnne sushobhit aanee sadhya asha donhi prakarchya rupanchi nirmiti kelee. kahee dr.37 vadga, udaharanarth ianuschya karyashalechya shikkyasah, tyach tarkhechya madhyavarti gaulish utpadananshi tulana karatatah itar qamee yashasvi asatat. parantu rayanzabarn udhyogachi kharee takad tyachya changlya darjachya samian cup, beaker, flaggen aanee fuldanya yanchya vyapak utpadanat aahe, jeey barechase barbotin designsne kinwa 'cutt-glass' cheed kelelya tantrane kalpanashilpane sushobhit aahet. ludovicine swatachi prakar-malika tayar kelee, jee kadhikadhi itar sigilata tadnyanchya prakaranshi julate. ludovisiche prakar sadhya sankhyanaivaji mothya aanee lahan aksharanchya sanyogancha vapar karatat, pahile akshar samanya aakaracha sandarbh dete, jase qee 'tii' mhanje 'teller' (dish).
sarvasadharanpane, purvekadil gaulish udhyoganchi utpadane, guntaguntichya rupat tayar kelelya padarth aanee cup aanee sachanmadhye banavalelya alankrut vadgyanchya suruvatichya shahee bhoomadhya paramparepasun door gelee aanee uttarekadil prantanmadhil matichi bhandi banavanyachya nantarchya roman sthanik paramparanshi villin jhaali, muktapane fekalelya, golakar rupancha vapar karoon aanee mukt hatane slip-trailings aaramdayi designs tayar karat. uttam tablewarsche fashion badalat hote. kahee purvekadil gaulish utpadak keval rullet kinwa shikke lavalelya sajavatine sushobhit keleli vadge aanee cup banavat asat aanee tisya aanee chauthya shatkat, argon ware, lahan shikkyanchya sampoorn namunyanni sushobhit, kathanchya purvekadil bhagat banavali jaat asey aanee mothya pramanat vyapar keela jaat asey. argon ware haah ajunahi moolatah sigilatacha eka prakar hota aanee sarvat vaishishtyapurn prakar mhanje eka lahan, majboot dr.37 vadga. paramparik madat-sushobhit samian bhandi banavanyachya chhotya, sthanik prayatnanmadhye brittenmadhil colchester yethe eka sankshipt aanee ayashasvi upkram samavisht hota, joou varvar pahata sinjig yetheel purv gaulish karkhanyanmadhil kumbharanni suru keela hota, jeey kendra swatach trier karyashalanchi eka shakha hote.
purvekadil sigillatas.
roman samrajyachya purvekadil prantanmadhye, ii. sha. puu. 2yyaa shatkachya madhyapasoon, italian sigilata karyashalanchya udayapurvi, gulgulit, chamakdar-ghasaralelya prushthbhagansaha bareek laal tableware banvinare anek udyog hote. ii. sha. puu. 1lya shatkaparyant, tyanchi rupe anekada arretin sadhya-patranchya aakaranna agadi jawalun samantar asat. syriamadhye utpadanachi kendre spashtapane hotee; paschim turkeymadhye, efesodware niryat kelee jaat hotee; pergammanmadhe; Çandarlı, pargamanjaval; aanee sayprasvar, parantu puratatvashastradnya anekada uttar syriatil purv sigilata aaa, ashiya minormadhil tralessmadhil purv sigilata bii, pracheen pittenmadhil purv sigilata see aanee sayprasmadhil purv sigilata dii (kinwa cypriot sigilata) yancha sandarbh detat, kaaran yaa samagribaddal adyap barech kahee shikayache aahe. purv sigillata see heey sanderlinmadhun (pracheen pitane) aale asalyache dnyat asale taree, pergamonchya vistrut pradeshat itar karyashala asanyachi shakyata aahe. ii. sha. chya dusya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, jevha uttar prantanmadhil bajarpethanvar gaulish samianche purnapane varchasva hote, tevha bhoomadhya aanee purv samrajyatil african laal parchichya vastoonchya vadhatya mahattvamule purvekadil sigillata swatah visthapit houu lagale hote. ii. sha. chya chauthya shatkat, foken laal patti purv sigilata see. chaa uttaradhikari mhanoon disate.
1980 chya dashakat purv bhoomadhya khoyatil purv terra sigilatachya done prathamik gatanna tyanchya rasayanik botanchya thipkyanchya aadhare, vadya neutron sakriyan vishleshanadvare (aay. aine. aii. aii.) kelelya vishleshanadvare darshavilyapramane, eae. tii.-aay. aanee eae. tii. ess.-aay. mhanoon olakhale gele. etus-aayacha ugam purvekadil sayprasmadhye jhaala, tarr etus-3 bahudha parje, espendo aanee bajula asalelya patrakat tayar keela gela hota. tathapi, yaa vargikaranavar teeka karnyat aalee aahe aanee teey sarvatrikpane sweekarle jaat nahee. dakshin turkey kinanyavaril sagalasosmadhil kumbharanchya eka quarterche 1987 madhye shodh laglyapasoon utkhanan karnyat aale aahe aanee tyacha maal yaa pradeshatil anek thikani sapadala aahe. ii. sha. 25 teey 550 yaa kalat too sakriy hota.
african laal slip ware.
african reed slip ware (aii. aar. ess.) haah terra sigilatacha antim vikas hota. italian aanee gaulish laal-chamakdar udhyoganchi utpadane bharbharatila aalee aanee tyanchya utpadan sthalanvarun pratyeki jastit jaast eka kinwa done shatkanparyant niryat kelee gelee, tarr aii. aar. ess. utpadan 500 varshanhun adhik kaal chaloo rahile. aafriketil proconsularis, byzessena aanee numedia yaa roman prantanmadhye, mhanje aadhunik tunicia aanee purv algeriacha bhag, utpadanachi kendre hotee. ii. sha. chya chauthya shatkapasoon, ashiya minor, purv bhoomadhya aanee egypts itar anek pradeshanmadhyehi kapad aanee swarupanchya saksham pratee tayar kelya gelya. utpadanachya dirgh kalavadhit, donhi prakaranmadhye aanee kapadanmadhye barech badal aanee utkranti jhaali. 1lya aanee 2yyaa shatkat italian aanee gaulish asha donhi sapat rupanni aarsvar prabhav padala (udaharanarth, gavat 2, barboteenchya pananni sajavalela cup kinwa dish, hii dakshin aanee madhya gallmadhye banavalelya samiyan form dr.35 aanee 36 chee thet prat aahe), parantu kalantarane eka vishisht aars sangrah vikasit jhaala.
tethe vividh prakarchya bhandi aanee vadga hotya, jyat anek rulated kinwa shikke lavalelya sajavatasah aanee bund swarupache, jase qee safarchand alankarasah unch andakar zendyansah (171 pasoon tayar honare gavat). madhyabhagi aanee rund kathanvar (gavat 56 aakarache) aaramdayi sajavat asalele mahattvakankshi mothe aayatakruti padarth, spashtapane chauthya shatkatil sushobhit chandichya thalyanpasun prerit hote, jeey aayatakruti aanee bahubhuj aakarat tasech paramparik golakar swarupat tayar kele gele hote. sajavatichya rachnemadhye keval bhoomadhyasagarachya greco-roman parampara pratibimbit hott naheet, tarr akheris khrishchan dharmacha uday dekhil disun yeto. tapal tikitanmadhye monogram cross aanee sadhya crosschee mothee vividhata aahe.
aadhunik matichi bhandi.
puratatviy vaparachya ulat, jyamadhye 'terra sigillata' haah shabd matichya bhandyanchya sampoorn vargacha sandarbh deto, samkalin syremic kalemadhye, 'terra sigillata' heey keval panyane shuddha kelelya slipche varnan karate, jee qamee agni tantranmadhye chamakdar prushthbhagachya prabhavanna protsahan denyasathi kachchya matichya prushthbhagache jwalan sulabh karate, jyat adim aanee chamakdar nasalelya paryayi pashchatya shailitil raku firingcha samavesh aahe. uchch tapmanat chamakdar syremic tantranmadhye terra sigilata haah eka brush karnyayogya sajavatiche rangdravya mhanoon dekhil vaparla jaato.
1906 madhye german kumbhar carl fisherne roman darjachya terra sigilata banavanyachya paddhaticha punha shodh lavala aanee berlinmadhil "kaisarliche patentmat" yethe yaa prakriyesathi paytant sanrakshn midavale.
aadhunik terra sigillata tayar karane.
aadhunik terra sigilata heey matichya kananna kananchya aakaranusar tharanmadhye vegale houu deuun tayar kele jaate. sookshm kananche tall kinwa samuchchay vegale karane sulabh karnyasathi soodiyam silicate kinwa soodiyam hexametaphosphetsarkhe difloclulent anekada panyache chikanmati/panyachya slip mishranat misalale jaate. pardarshak containermadhye sthir jhalelya vikshipt defloculated slipsathi, heey thurr sahasa 24 tasanchya aat disatat. varcha thurr paanee aahe, madhya star terra sigilata aahe aanee khalcha thurr gaal aahe. chikanmatiche sarvat lahan kann asalelya "sig" chya madhalya tharanchi galatee kelyane terra sigilata tayar hoto. urvarit mothe chikanmati-kananche talache thurr fekoon dile jaatat.
terra sigilata sahasa swachchh keela jaato kinwa koradya kinwa jawaljawal koradya naan chalalelya vastunvar patal tharanmadhye favarani kelee jaate. terracigilatatil paanee sachchidra sharirat kinwa kadak, gulgulit prushthbhagavaril vastoone bhijanyapurvi bhandi nantar mauu kapadane jaalali jaate. jalaleli bhandi, sadharan 900°seey. chya samanya dvi-ushnatechya tulanet qamee tapmanat, udavali jaate. uchch tapmanacha jalalela parinam door karnyacha cull asato kaaran chikanmatiche kann punha sfatikikaran karoo lagatat.
roman matichya bhandyancha punha vapar.
18 vya shatkapasoon pandhya aanee hiravalichya khadijaval samudrat samian bhandi puresha sankhyene sapadalya aahet jyacha vapar sthanik lock svayampakasathi karat asat.