mashanmadhye drushti

bahutek mashanchya prajatinsathi drushti hii eka mahattvachi sanvedana pranali aahe. mashanche dolhe heey pakshi aanee sastan pranyansarkhya sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanchya dolhyansarkhe asatat, parantu tyanchyakade adhik golakar drushtikon asato. pakshi aanee sastan prani (manavansah) samanyatah tyanchya lenscha aakar badaloon phocus samayojit karatat, parantu maase samanyatah lains retinyachya jawal kinwa pudhe halavoon phocus samayojit karatat. mashanchya drushtipatalanmadhye samanyatah rodd peshi aanee shankuchya peshi (scotopic aanee photopic drushtisathi) donhi asatat aanee bahutek prajatinna rung drushti asate. kahee maase atinil pahoo shakatat aanee kahee dhruvikrut prakashasathi sanvedanshil asatat.
jabada nasalelya mashanmadhye, lampreche dolhe suvikasit asatat, tarr hagfishche dolhe keval adim asatat. aadhunik hagfishche purvaj, jyanna protovertebrate manale jaate, tyanna spashtapane atishay khol, gadad panyat dhakalale gele hote, jithe teey asamanya shikari pranyanna qamee asurakshit hote aanee jethe bahirmukh dolha asane fayadeshir aahe, jeey sapat kinwa avtal peksha adhik prakash gola karate. mashanchi drushti tyanchya drushya vatavaranashi utkrantivadi rupantar darshavate, udaharanarth khol samudratil mashanche dolhe gadad vatavaranala anukool asatat.
drushya vatavaran mhanoon paanee.
maase aanee itar jalchar prani sthaliy prajatinpeksha vegalya prakash vatavaranat rahatat. paanee prakash shoshun ghete jenekarun vadhatya kholinusar upalabdh prakashache praman patkan qamee hote. panyachya prakashshastriy gunadharmanmule prakashachi vegvegalya taranglambi vegvegalya anshanparyant shoshali jaatat. udaharanarth, lamb tarangalambicha drishyaman prakash (udaa.jee. laal, naringi) qamee tarangalambichya (hirwa, nila) prakashapeksha panyat adhik shoshale jaate. atinil prakash (jambhalyapeksha agadi qamee tarangalambicha) drushya varnpatapeksha kholvar pravesh karoo shakato. panyachya yaa sarvatrik gunanvyatirikt, panyatil vegvegale lavan aanee/kinwa rasayanik upasthitimule panyache vegvegale srot vegvegalya tarangalambicha prakash shoshun gheu shakatat.
yenare prakash shoshun ghenyasathi paanee khoop prabhavi aahe, tyamule samudrat pravesh gola prakashache praman kholtesah vegane qamee hote (qamee hote). samudrachya swachchh panyat, eka meater kholivar, samudrachya prushthbhagavar padnari saur urja keval 45 takke rahate. 10 meater kholivar keval 16 takke prakash ajunahi aahe aanee 100 meater kholivar mool prakashachya keval 1 takke urala aahe. 1000 meterchya palikade konatahi prakash pravesh karat nahee.
ekoon kshinatevyatirikt, mahasagar vegvegalya daranni prakashachi vegvegali taranglambi shoshun ghetat. drishyaman varnpatanchya tokavaril taranglambi madhalya tarangalambipeksha vegane qamee hotat. jaast lambichi taranglambi pratham shoshali jaate. spasht samudrachya panyat laal 10 meater varr, naringi sumare 40 meater varr shoshale jaate aanee pivala 100 meterpoorvi nahisa hoto. nila aanee hirwa prakash sarvat kholvar pohochat asatana, qamee taranglambi pudhe pravesh karatat. mhanunach goshti panyakhali nilya disatatah dolhyala rung kase disatat heey dolhyala dolhyala prakashachya tarangalambivar avalambun asate. ekhadi vastoo dolhyala laal disate kaaran tee laal prakash pratibimbit karate aanee itar rung shoshun ghete. tyamule dolhyaparyant pohochanara ekmev rung laal aahe. nila haah panyachya kholvar upalabdh asalela prakashacha ekmev rung aahe, tyamule too ekmev rung aahe joou dolhyavar parat paravartit houu shakato aanee pratyek goshticha panyakhali nila rung asato. kholvar laal vastoo laal disanar nahee kaaran vastuche paravartan karnyasathi laal prakash upalabdh nahee. panyatil vastoo keval tyaa prushthbhagajaval tyanche vastavik rung mhanoon disatil jithe prakashachi serve taranglambi ajunahi upalabdh aahet, kinwa prakashachi itar taranglambi krutrimpane pradan kelee gelee asalyas, udaharanarth, vastoola dubkichya prakashane prakashit karane.
rachana aanee karya.
mashanche dolhe itar prushthavanshiy pranyansarkhech asatat-visheshtah tetrapod (ubhaychar, sarpatanare prani, pakshi aanee sastan prani-jeey serve mashanchya purvajanpasun vikasit jhaale aahet). prakash netrapatalat pravesh karato, netrapatalitun lensparyant pohochanyasathi jaato. bahutek mashanchya prajatinmadhye putalicha aakar nishchit asato asey disate, parantu elasmobranchmadhye (shark aanee kiranansarkhe) snayuyukt bubul asate jyamule putalicha vyas samayojit karata yeto. putalicha aakar badalato aanee eae asoo shakato.jee. golakar kinwa chidasarkhe.
lains samanyatah golakar asatat parantu kahee prajatinmadhye kinchit lambvartulakar asoo shakatat. jaminivaril prushthavanshiy pranyanchya tulanet, mashanche lains samanyatah adhik daat aanee golakar asatat. jalchar vatavaranat parpatalachya aanee aajubajuchya panyachya apavartak nirdeshankat (jaminivaril havechya tulanet) motha farak nasato, tyamule bahutek apavartan lensla karave lagate. lensmadhil apavartak nirdeshank pravanata-jyachi optical siddhantatun apeksha kelee jaeel," yamule mashanche golakar lains golakar vichalanapasun mukt tikshna pratima tayar karnyas saksham asatat.
ekada prakash lensmadhun gela qee, too prakashgrahakansah drushtipatalaparyant pohocheparyant too pardarshak drav madhyamadvare prasarit hoto. itar prushthavanshiy pranyanpramanech, prakashgrahak heey aateel tharavar asatat, tyamule prakash itar neuronschya tharanmadhun tyanchyaparyant pohochanyapurvi jaane aavashyak aahe. drushtipatalat rodd peshi aanee shankuchya peshi asatat.
mashanchya dolhyanmadhye aanee itar prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhye samanata aahe. sahasa, prakash haah mashanchya dolhyatoon parpatalachya aat pravesh karato aanee netrapatalaparyant pohochanyasathi putalyatoon jaato. bahutek mashanchya prajatinmadhye putalicha aakar nishchit asato tarr kahee prajatinmadhye snayuyukt bubul asato jyamule putalicha vyas samayojit karata yeto.
itar sthaliy prushthavanshiy pranyanpeksha mashanchya dolhyanmadhye adhik golakar drushtikon asato. sastan prani aanee pakshyanmadhye laksh kendrit karnyache samayojan samanyatah dolhyachya lenscha aakar badaloon kele jaate, tarr mashanmadhye heey lains retinapasoon pudhe kinwa jawal halavoon kele jaate. mashanchya drushtipatalat samanyatah rodd peshi aanee shankuchya peshi donhi asatat jyaa scotopic aanee photopic drushtisathi jababdar asatat. bahutek mashanchya prajatinna rangeet drushti asate. kahee prajati asha aahet jyaa atinil pahanyas saksham aahet tarr kahee dhruvikrut prakashasathi sanvedanshil aahet.
mashanchya drushtipatalat rodd peshi asatat jyaa qamee prakashat uchch drushya sanvedansheelata pradan karatat aanee shankuchya peshi asatat jyaa rodd peshi jeey saksham aahet tyapeksha uchch tatpurte aanee avkashiy resolution pradan karatat. teey vividh prakarchya shankunmadhye shoshanachya tulanet rung drushtichi shakyata nirman karatat. marshal aanee itaranchya matey.", sagari adhivasatil bahutek pranyanna konatihi kinwa tulanene sadhee rung drushti nasate. tathapi, samudratil rung drushtimadhye jaminipeksha jaast vividhata aahe. heey pramukhyane photic adhivasatil atimatre aanee ranganchya vartananmule aahe.
retina.
drushtipatalat, rodd peshi qamee prakashat vaparlya olakhalya uchch drushya sanvedansheelata (tikshnatechya kimmativar) pradan karatat. shankuchya peshi rodpeksha jaast avkashiy aanee tatpurte resolution pradan karatat aanee vegvegalya prakarchya shankunmadhil shoshanachi tulana karoon rung drushtichi shakyata nirman karatat, jeey vegvegalya tarangalambisathi adhik sanvedanshil asatat. rodd aanee shankunche praman sambandhit mashanchya prajatinchya paryavaranavar avalambun asate, "udaa.jee.", jeey pramukhyane swachchh panyat divasa sakriy asatat, tyanna qamee prakashat prushthbhagavar shankunpeksha jaast shanku asatat. upalabdh tarangalambichya vyapak shreni asalelya vatavaranat rung drushti adhik upayukt aahe.jee.", khol panyapeksha swachchh panyat prushthbhagajaval jethe tarangalambicha keval eka arund patt kayam rahato.
drushtipatalat prakashgrahakanche vitaran eksaman nasate. kahee bhagat shankuchya peshinchi ghanata jaast asate, udaharanarth (fovia pahaa). mashanmadhye uchch tikshnatesathi vishesh done kinwa teen kshetre asoo shakatat (udaa.jee. shikar pakadanyasathi) kinwa sanvedansheelata (udaa.jee. khaleen khaleen mand prakashatoon). vyaktichya vikasadarmyan prakashgrahakanche vitaran dekhil kalantarane badaloo shakate. heey visheshtah asey ghadate jevha prajati samanyatah tyachya jivanchakradarmyan vegvegalya prakash vatavaranat firate (udaa.jee. uthal teey khol paanee, kinwa samudrakade jaanare taje paanee). kinwa jevha annachya varnapatat badal hoto tevha antarctic iosphish champsocephalus gunnarimadhye disalyapramane mashanchya vadhisobat badal hoto.
kahee prajatinmadhye eka paravartak thurr asato, joou prakashala usalato aanee retinamadhun parat tyatoon jaato. yamule photonna photoreceptordware pakadanyachi dusari sandhee deuun, ratrichya aanee khol samudratil prajatinsarkhya qamee prakashachya paristhitit sanvedansheelata vadhate. tathapi, heey qamee resolutionchya kharchavar yete. kahee prajati, garaj bhasalyas gadad rangdravyachya tharane zakoon, chamakdar paristhitit tyanche tapkiri aavaran prabhavipane bund karnyas saksham asatat.
itar bahutek uutinchya tulanet padada bharpur auxigen vaparato aanee ishtatam kamgiri sunishchit karnyasathi bharpur oxygenyukt rakt puravale jaate.
nivas.
samayojan hii eka prakriya aahe jyadvare prushthavanshiy dolha ekhadya vastuvar laksh kendrit karato kaaran tee jawal kinwa pudhe jaate. pakshi aanee sastan prani tyanchya dolhyanchya lensla vikrut karoon samayojan karatat, tarr maase aanee ubhaychar samanyatah lains retinapasoon jawal kinwa pudhe halavoon phocus samayojit karatat. teey eka vishesh snayu vapartat jeey drushtipatalapasun lensche antar badalate. hadanchya mashanmadhye snayula "retractor lentice" mhanatat aanee jawalchya drushtisathi shithil kele jaate, tarr cartilaginus mashansathi snayula "protrector lentice" mhanatat aanee durchya drushtisathi shithil kele jaate. asha prakare hadanche maase drushtipatlala drushtipatalajaval halavoon durchya drushtisathi samavoon ghetat, tarr cartilaginus maase drushtipatalapasun lains pudhe halavoon nikat drushtisathi samavoon ghetat.
pratima sthir karane.
dokyachya jalad halchalinchya darmyan pratima sthir gola kahee yantranechi aavashyakta aahe. heey vestibulo-aucular reflexdware sadhya kele jaate, jeey eka reflex dolhyachi halchal aahe jee dokyachya halchalinchya viruddha dishene dolhyanchya halchali nirman karoon drushtipatalavaril pratima sthir karate, asha prakare drushya kshetrachya madhyabhagi pratima jatan karate. udaharanarth, jevha doke ujavikade sarakate, tevha dolhe davikade sarakatat aanee ulat. manvi vestibulo-aucular reflex hii eka reflex dolhyanchi halchal aahe jee dokyachya halchalichya viruddha dishene dolhyachi halchal tayar karoon dokyachya halchalidarmyan drushtipatalavaril pratima sthir karate, asha prakare drushya kshetrachya madhyabhagi pratima jatan karate. ashach prakare, mashanmadhye vestibulo-aucular reflex asato joou tyachi shepati halvatana drushtipatalavaril drushya pratima sthir karato. manavansah anek pranyanmadhye, aateel qaan heey dolhe halavoon pratima sthir karnyasathi, camera pratima sthirikaran pranalinmadhye pravegakmapiche jaivik pratirup mhanoon karya karate. jevha dokyache paribhraman aadhalate, tevha eka bajuchya bahya netra snayunna pratibandhatmak sanket aanee sharirachya bajuchya snayunna uttejak sanket pathavala jaato. parinam mhanje dolhyanchi nuksan bharpai karnari halchal. manvi dolhyanchya samanya halchali dokyachya halchalinmadhye 10 mspeksha qamee mage jaatat.
ujavikadil aakruti haad aanee cartilaginus mashanmadhil aadve vestibulo-aucular reflex circuitary darshavate.
atinil.
mashanchi drushti chaar drushya rangdravyandvare madhyasthi kelee jaate jee prakashachi vividh taranglambi shoshun ghetat. pratyek rangdravya chromophore aanee transmembrane prathinanpasun tayar kele jaate, jyala opsin mhanatat. opsinmadhil utparivartananmule tarangalambichya shoshanatil badalasah drushya vividhatesathi parvanagi midali aahe. ess. doubleu. ess.-1 rangdravyachya opsinchya utparivartanamule kahee prushthavanshiy prani yuu. vhee. prakash (± 360 nm) shoshu shakatat, jenekarun teey yuu. vhee. prakash paravartit karnyasathi vastoo pahoo shakatat. mashanchya prajatinchya vistrut shrenine utkrantidarmyan heey drushya vaishishtya vikasit kele aahe aanee kayam thewale aahe, jeey soochit karate qee teey fayadeshir aahe. yuvi drushti haah chaara, sanvad aanee jodidarachya nivadishi sambandhit asoo shakato.
nivadak mashanchya prajatinmadhye yuvi drushtichya utkrantivadi nivadisambandhicha agraganya siddhant jodidarachya nivaditil tyachya majboot bhoomikemule aahe. vartanukichya prayoganvarun asey disun yete qee african sicklids jodidarachi nivad kartana drushya sanket vapartat. tyanchi prajnan sthale samanyatah uthal panyat uchch spashtata aanee yuu. vhee. prakash praveshasah asatat. purush african sicklids haah mukhytah nila rung asato joou yuu. vhee. prakashat paravartit hoto. jevha heey pratibimbit drushya sanket asatat tevha striya tyanchya prajaticha jodidar yogyaritya nivadu shakatat. heey soochit karate qee yu. vhee. prakash shodhane heey yogya jodidarachya nivadisathi mahattvapoorn aahe. yuu. vhee. pratibimbit ranganche namune guppy aanee teen-kanyachya sticklebackmadhye purushanche aakarshan dekhil vadhavtat. prayogik paristhitinmadhye, mahila guppies uv-paravartak rung asalelya purushanchi tapasani karnyat uv paravartan avarodhit asalelyanpeksha lakshaniy jaast vel ghalavatat. tyachpramane, yuu. vhee. avarodhak filtermadhye filtermadhye purn varnapatat varnapatat purushanna teen mankyanchya maadee sticklebackne pradhanya dile. heey parinam laingik nivadimadhye yuu. vhee. shodhanyachi bhoomika aanee asha prakare, prajanankshamta jordarpane soochit karatat. mashanchya jodidarachya nivadimadhye yuu. vhee. prakash shodhanyachya pramukh bhoomikemule kalantarane heey vaishishtya tikavoon thevata aale aahe.
yuu. vhee. drushti hii chaara aanee itar sanvad vartananshi dekhil sambandhit asoo shakate.
mashanchya anek prajati jambhalya rangachya palikade, varnpatatil atinil toke pahoo shakatat.
atinil drushti kadhikadhi mashanchya jivanchakrachya keval kahee bhagat vaparali jaate. udaharanarth, kishore tapkiri trout uthal panyat rahatat jithe teey pranisangrah shodhanyachi tyanchi kshamata vadhavanyasathi atinil drushti vapartat. jasjase tyanche vay vadhate tasatase teey khol panyat jaatat jithe qamee atinil prakash asato.
done pattyanche damself phisha, "dacillus reticulatus", atinil-pratibimbit rangeet asatat, jeey teey tyanchya prajatichya itar mashansathi dhokyacha sanket mhanoon vapartat. jarr tyanchi drushti atinil rangaprati sanvedanshil nasel tarr shikari prajati heey pahoo shakat naheet. yaa drushtikonasathi aanakhi purave aahet qee kahee maase atinil rung "shikari pranyanpasun lapalele uchch-vishvasarh gupt sampreshan marg" mhanoon vapartat, tarr itar prajati samajik kinwa laingik sanket denyasathi atinil rung vapartat.
dhruvikrut prakash.
jaree maase dhruvikrut prakashasathi sanvedanshil aahet qee nahee heey sthapit karane sope nahee, taree teey anek varganmadhye asanyachi shakyata aahe. ancoviesmadhye heey spashtapane dakhavale gele aahe.
dhruvikrut prakash shodhanyachi kshamata sthalantarit prajatinsathi adhik changli virodhabhas aanee/kinwa dishatmak mahitee pradan karoo shakate. dhruvikrut prakash pahate aanee sandhyakali sarvadhik pramanat asato. mashanchya skelmadhun paravartit honara dhruvikrut prakash itar mashanna pasarlelya parshvabhumivar teey adhik changlya prakare shodhanyas saksham karoo shakato aanee shejarchya mashanchya tulanet tyanchya jawalik aanee abhimukhatabaddal shalkari mashanna upayukt mahitee pradan karoo shakato. kahee prayog asey soochit karatat qee, dhruvikaranacha vapar karoon, kahee maase tyanchi drushti julavun gheu shakatat jenekarun tyanna tyanche samanya shikar pahanyache antar duppat hoil.
duheri shanku.
bahutek mashanmadhye duheri shanku asatat, shankuchya peshinchi eka jodee ekmekanna jodali jaate. duheri shankuchya pratyek sadasyacha uchch shoshakatv bhinn asoo shakate aanee vartanukicha purava yaa kalpanela samarthan deto qee duheri shankumadhil pratyek prakarcha vaiyaktik shanku swatantra mahitee pradan karoo shakato (i.eae. duheri shankuchya vaiyaktik sadasyankadun yenara sanket aavashyakpane ektrit keela jaat nahee).
adhivasashi julavun ghene.
sumare 200 meetarparyant prushthbhagachya panyat rahnare maase, dweepsamuhiy maase, suryaprakashat rahatat, jethe drushya shikari drushya pranalincha vapar karatat, jyaa apekshit asalelya jawaljawal rachana kelelya asatat. parantu tarihi, asamanya rupantar houu shakatat. chaar dolhyanchya mashanche dolhe dokyachya varchya bajula unch kele jaatat aanee done vegvegalya bhaganmadhye vibhagale jaatat, jenekarun teey ekach velee panyachya prushthbhagachya khalee aanee varr pahoo shaktil. chaar dolhyanchya mashanna pratyakshat fakt done dolhe asatat, parantu tyanche dolhe tyanchya prushthbhagavar prushthbhagavar jivanshailisathi visheshtah anukool aahet. dolhe dokyachya varchya bajula sthit asatat aanee pratyek dolhyacha fakt khalcha ardha bhag panyakhali asatana maase panyachya prushthbhagavar tarangatat. done ardhbhag uutinchya pattyane vibhagale jaatat aanee dolhyala done putale asatat, jee bubulachya bhagane jodaleli asatat. dolhyacha varcha ardha bhag havetil drushtisathi, tarr khalcha ardha bhag panyatil drushtisathi anukool aahe. havah aanee paanee yanchya apavartak nirdeshankanmadhil farak lakshat gheuun dolhyachya lenschee jaadi varpasoon khalparyant badalate. heey maase tyancha bahutansh vel panyachya prushthbhagavar ghalavatat. tyanchya aaharat mukhytah prushthbhagavar upalabdh asalelya sthaliy kitkancha samavesh asato.
mesopelagic maase godhulichya kshetrat 1000 meterchya kholaparyant khol panyat rahatat, jithe upalabdh asalelya suryaprakashache praman prakashsanshleshanala aadhar denyasathi purese nasate. heey maase qamee prakashat sakriy jeevan jaganyasathi anukool aahet. tyapaiki bahutek mothe dolhe asalele drushya shikari aahet. kahee khol panyachya mashanna mothya lenses nalikeey dolhe asatat aanee keval varchya dishene asamanya rodd peshi asatat. heey durbini drushti aanee lahan prakash sanketambaddal mothee sanvedansheelata detat. heey rupantar parshvik drushtichya kimmativar sudharit antim drushti dete aanee shikarila squid, cuttlefish aanee lahan maase nivadanyachi parvanagi dete jeey tyanchya vareel udasit sylhoot kelele asatat. qamee prakashat adhik sanvedanshil drushtisathi, kahee mashanmadhye drushtipatalamage eka retro reflector asato. flashlight mashanmadhye heey adhik photophore asatat, jeey teey itar mashanmadhil eishine shodhanyasathi ekatra vapartat.
panyachya stambhachya aanakhi kholvar, 1000 meterchya khalee, bathypalogic maase aadhaltat. yaa kholvar samudra kaala asato aanee maase baithi asatat, jeey atishay qamee ann aanee suryaprakash nasalelya adhivasat kiman urja nirman karnyasathi anukool asatat. yaa kholvar upalabdh asalela bioluminasions haah ekmev prakash aahe. prakashachya yaa kamtaratecha arth assa aahe qee jivanna drushti vyatirikt itar indriyanvar avalambun rahave lagate. tyanche dolhe lahan asatat aanee kadachit teey ajibat karya karnar naheet.
samudrachya agadi talashi sapat maase aadhaltat. sapat maase heey nakaratmak taranganare benthic maase aahet, tyamule teey samudraspativar vishranti gheu shakatat. jaree sapat maase talavar rahnare asale taree teey sahasa khol samudratil maase nasatat, parantu pramukhyane nadimukh aanee khandiy shelfwar aadhaltat. jevha sapat mashanche alya ubatat tevha tyancha aakar haah vishisht hadanchya mashansarkhach lamb aanee samamiteey asato. alya talashi rahat naheet, parantu plankton mhanoon samudrat tarangatat. akheris teey praudh swarupat rupantarit houu lagatat. eka dolha dokyachya varchya bajula aanee sharirachya sharirachya bajula sthalantarit hoto, jyamule maase eka bajula aandhale rahatat. alya aapala pohanara mutrashay aanee kanaa gamavatat aanee talashi budatat aanee tyachi aandhali bajoo antarnihit prushthbhagavar thevatat. utkrantivadi rupantaranche udaharan mhanoon richard dockins yache spashtikaran detat.
...eka niyam mhanoon hadanchya mashanchi ubhya dishene sapat honyachi lakshaniy pravrutti asate... tyamule, jevha [sapat mashanche] purvaj samudrachya talashi gele, tevha teey eka bajula padale asavet heey swabhavik hote... pann yamule samasya nirman jhaali qee eka dolha nehmi valumadhye khalee pahat hota aanee too prabhavipane nirupayogi hota. utkrantimadhye, khalchya dolhyane varchya bajula goal 'halavoon' hii samasya sodavali.
shikarinche dolhe sahasa tyanchya dokyachya bajunna asatat, tyamule tyanna disanyache eka mothe kshetra asate, jyatoon shikari talhata yetat. shikari pranyanche dolhe sahasa tyanchya dokyapudhe asatat, tyamule tyanna sakholpane adhik changle samajate. sapat mashansarkhya benthic shikari pranyanche dolhe vyavasthit asatat jenekarun teey talashi asatana tyanchya varr kaay aahe yache durbini drushya tyanna disel.
rung.
mashanni rangsangati vaparnyache atyadhunik marg vikasit kele aahet. udaharanarth, shikari mashankade rung vaparnyache marg aahet jyamule drushya shikari pranyanna teey pahane adhik katheen hote. pelagic mashanmadhye, heey anukulan pramukhyane chhaychitratil ghat, mhanje chhadmavaranacha eka prakar yanchyashi sambandhit aahet. heey sadhya karanyachi eka paddhat mhanje sharirachya bajukadil sankuchit karoon tyanchya savaliche kshetra qamee karane. dusari paddhat, chhadmavaranacha eka prakar dekhil aahe, tee mhanje dweepsamuhatil mashanchya babatit prati-aachchadan aanee mesopelagic mashanchya babatit prati-prakashan. mashanchya varchya bajula gadad rangdravye aanee talashi halake rangdravye asha prakare rangvoon, qee rung parshvabhoomishi julatil, pratichayachi rachana kelee jaate. jevha varchya bajoone pahile jaate, tevha pranyache gadad prushthbhagache kshetra khalchya panyachya andharat misalate aanee jevha khalee pahile jaate, tevha halake ventral kshetra prushthbhagavarun suryaprakashat misalate. panyachya khalchya bajukadil prakashachi tivrata aanee parshvabhoomitil prakashachya tivratechi julvajulav karnyachya uddeshane, ventral photophorcemadhun prakash tayar karoon bioluminasonsdware pratipradeep prapt keela jaato.
samudratalavar vishranti ghenare benthic maase valoot budavoon kinwa kinwa aanee cranymadhye mage hatoon kinwa parshvabhoomit misaloon kinwa khadak kinwa samudri shaivalasarkhe pahoon swatahla lapvoon ghetat.
hii sadhane shikari talhanyachi yantrana mhanoon prabhavi asoo shakatat, parantu tee swatah shikarisathi titakich prabhavi sadhane mhanoon dekhil kaam karatat. udaharanarth, khol panyatil makhmali pett kandil shark tyachya shikarapasun lapavanyasathi prati-prakashyojanacha vapar karato.
kahee mashanchya prajati dekhil dolhyanche khote daag dakhavtat. sharirachya pratyek bajuchya mageel bhagavaril eka mothya gadad thipkyavarun phoorii butterflyfishla tyache naav midale aahe. heey thikan dolhyanchya thipkyasarkhe asamanya eka chamakdar chamakdar angathyane vedhalele aahe. dokyavaril eka kalee ubhi patti patti dolhyatoon jaate, jyamule tee pahane katheen hote. yamule shikarila maase tyachyapeksha mothe aahet asey vatoo shakate aanee mageel toke aanee pudhil toke gondhalat takoo shakate. dhamki dilee jaate tevha butterflyfishchi pahili pravrutti mhanje paloon jaane, khote netrapat dokyapeksha shikarichya jawal thevane. bahutek shikari dolhyanna lakshya karatat aanee heey khote netrapat shikarila fasavoon vishvas thevatat qee maase aadhi shepativarun paloon jaatil.
johnn dorry haah eka benthopelogic kinarpattivaril massa aahe jyache shareer uchch bajukadoon sankuchit aahe. tyache shareer itake patal aahe qee teey samorun kvachitach disu shakate. tyat donhi bajunna eka motha gadad thipka dekhil asato, joou dhoka jawal aala tarr 'white dolha' chamkavanyasathi vaparla jaato. dokyachya samoril mothe dolhe tyala shikar pakadanyasathi aavashyak asaleli dvi-phokal drushti aanee sakhol dharana pradan karatat. tyachya sharirachya bajula asalele johnn doriche dolha dekhil shikarala gondhalat takte, jeey nantar tyachya tondat shoshale jaate.
barrelly.
barrelly heey lahan, asamanya asamanya mesopelegic mashanche eka kutumb aahe, jyanna tyanchya nalichya aakarachya, nalikanchya dolhyansathi naav denyat aale aahe, jeey samanyatah upalabdh shikariche chhayachitra shodhanyasathi varchya dishene nirdeshit kele jaatat. barrellyche mothe, durdarshak dolhe asatat jeey kavativar varchasva gajavatat aanee baher padatat. heey dolhe samanyatah varchya dishene pahatat, parantu kahee prajatinmadhye teey pudhe dekhil firavale jaau shakatat. tyanchya dolhyanmadhye eka motha lains aanee eka drushtipatal asato jyamadhye apavadatmak sankhyene rodd peshi aanee rhodopsinchi ("drushya jambhalya" rangdravya) uchch ghanata asate; tethe coone peshi nasatat.
barrelly prajati, "macropinna microstoma", chya dokyachya varchya bajula eka pardarshak snrakshak ghumat aahe, kahee pramanat vimanachya cockpitvaril ghumatasarkhe, jyadvare tyachya dolhyanche lains pahile jaau shakatat. ghumat khadatar aanee lavchik aahe aanee bahudha cyphonophoreschya nematosystspasoon (dansh gola peshi) dolhyanche sanrakshn karate, jyatoon barrelly ann chorato asey manale jaate.
aanakhi eka barrelly prajati, brounsnout spookfish, haah ekmev prushthavanshiy prani aahe joou tyachya dolhyat pratima kendrit karnyasathi, lenschya ulat, aarshacha vapar karato. heey pahanyasathi apavartak aanee paravartak prakashshastra yaa donhicha vapar karane heey asamanya aahe. mukhya nalikeey dolhyat diarticulum navachi parshvik andakosh sooj asate, jee mothya pramanat dolhyapasun septamdware vegali kelee jaate. dolhyachya aateel bahutek bhagamadhye drushtipatal resha asatat aanee done parpatalache chhidra asatat, eka varr aanee dusare khalee nirdeshit kele jaatat, jeey anukrame mukhya dolha aanee vichalanmargat prakash aanatat. itar mashanpramanech mukhya dolha tyachi pratima kendrit karnyasathi eka lains vaparato. tathapi, diverticulumchya aat prakash paravartit hoto aanee retinal tepetamadhun midavalelya vakr sammishra aarshadvare retinavar kendrit hoto, joou kadachit gwannin sphatikanpasun banavalelya lahan paravartak plateschya anek tharanni banalela asato. brounsnout spookfishchya dolhyachi vibhajit rachana mashanna ekach velee varr aanee khalee donhikade pahanyas anumati dete. yavyatirikt, prakash gola karnyat aarshachi pranali lenspeksha shreshth aahe. mukhya dolha suryaprakashachya viruddha chhayankit kelelya vastoo shodhanyasathi karya karato, tarr diverticulum bajunni aanee khalee bioluminacent flash shodhanyasathi karya karato.
shark.
sharkche dolhe itar prushthavanshiy pranyanchya dolhyansarkhech asatat, jyat samaan lains, cornia aanee retina yancha samavesh aahe, jaree tyanchi drushti tapetum lucidam navachya uutinchya madatine sagari vatavaranashi changlya prakare julavun ghetali jaate. hii ootee drushtipatalamage asate aanee prakash parat tyavar paravartit karate, jyamule gadad panyat drushyamanata vadhate. uutinchi parinamkarakta badalate, kahee sharkche ratriche anukulan adhik majboot asate. anek shark tyanchya putalyanna sankuchit aanee vistaru shakatat, manavanpramanech, jeey konatehi teleost maase karoo shakat naheet. sharkchya papanya asatat, parantu teey dolhe mitat naheet kaaran aajubajuche paanee tyanche dolhe swachchh karate. tyanchya dolhyanche sanrakshn karnyasathi kahee prajatinmadhye nirjalikaran karnare padade asatat. shikar kartana aanee sharkvar hallah hott asatana haah padada dolhe zakato. tathapi, gret white shark ("carcarodon carcheria") saha kahee prajatinmadhye haah padada nasato, parantu shikar kartana tyanche sanrakshn karnyasathi tyanche dolhe mage firavatat. sharkchya shikarichya vartanat drushtiche mahatva yavar vadavivad hoto. kahijan asey manatat qee vidyut aanee rasayan-grahan adhik mahattvapoorn aahet, tarr itar lock drushti mahattvachi aahe yacha purava mhanoon nictating membrainkade nirdesh karatat. bahudha, shark tyachya dolhyanche sanrakshn karnar nahee, jarr teey mahattvache nastil. drushticha vapar kadachit prajati aanee panyachya paristhitinusar badalato. sharkche drushti kshetra kadhihi monocular aanee stereoscopicmadhye adlabadal karoo shakate. sharkchya 17 prajatinchya sookshm-varnapat-chitramiti abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee 10 prajatinmadhye keval rodd photoreceptor hote aanee tyanchya drushtipatalat shankuchya peshi navhatya jyamule tyanna ratrichi changli drushti milate aanee tyamule teey rangandhale hotat. urvarit saat prajatinmadhye rodd vyatirikt ekach prakarcha shanku prakashgrahak hota joou hiravya rangala sanvedanshil hota aanee keval rakhadi aanee hiravya ranganchya chhata dakhavnara hota, too prabhavipane rangandhala asalyache manale jaate. abhyas asey soochit karato qee vastoo shodhanyasathi, rangapeksha parshvabhoomichya viruddha vastoocha virodhabhas adhik mahattvacha asoo shakato.
itar udaharane.
lahan maase anekada surakshitatesathi ekatra shikatat. shikari mashanna drushyadrushtya gondhalat takane aanee shareer mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya shalesathi anek dolhe pradan karane, yaa donhidware yache drushya fayade asoo shakatat. shikari gondhal prabhav' haah yaa kalpanevar aadharit aahe qee shikarisathi gatanmadhun vaiyaktik shikar nivadane katheen hote kaaran anek halanari uddishte shikarichya drushya vahinicha sanvedanatmak bhaar nirman karatat. "shoaling maase samaan aakarache aanee chandiche asatat, tyamule drushti kendrit shikarisathi shikarisathi, valananya mashanchya samoohatoon ekhadya vyaktila nivadane katheen asate aanee nantar too sholmadhye adrushya honyapurvi tyacha shikar pakadanyasathi puresa vel asato."anek dolhyancha parinam" yaa kalpanevar aadharit aahe qee jasjasa gatacha aakar vadhato tasatase shikari pranyansathi vatavaran scan karnyache karya anek vyaktinmadhye pasaravale jaau shakate, eka samoohik sahkarya bahudha uchch patalichi dakshata pradan karate.
maase samanyatah thund raktache asatat, jyanche sharirache tapman aajubajuchya panyasarkhech asate. tathapi, kahee sagari shikari maase, jase qee talwar maase aanee kahee shark aanee tuna prajati, jevha teey khol aanee thund panyat shikar karatat tevha tyanchya sharirache kahee bhag ubdar karoo shakatat. atyant drishyaman talwar maase tyachya snayuncha samavesh asaleli garam pranali vapartat jyamule tyachya dolhyanche aanee menduche tapman 15°seey. paryant vadhate. retinache tapman vadhalyane tyachya shikarane kelelya vegwan halchalinmadhil badalanna dolhe jyaa darane daha patine pratisad detat tyat sudharana hote.
kahee mashanna dolhyanchi patti asate. dolhyanmadhil prakash gola gola tapetum lucidam navachya tharacha parinam mhanje eishine, joou pandhara prakash pratibimbit karato. heey manavanmadhye hott nahee, parantu headlightmadhe harnasarkhya itar prajatinmadhye disu shakate. aayshainmule maase qamee-prakashat tasech asvachch (rangalele kinwa khadbadit, tutalele) panyat changle disu shakatat, jyamule tyanna tyanchya shikarapeksha fayda hoto. yaa vardhit drushtimule maase mahasagaratil kinwa talavachya khol pradeshanmadhye vastee karoo shakatat. visheshtah, godya panyatil walleyla tyanche netrapat asalyamule asey naav denyat aale aahe.
catfishchya kutumbatil lorikeridechya anek prajatinmadhye 'omega iris' navache sudharit iris asate. bubulancha varcha bhag eka loop tayar karnyasathi utarato jyala bubul operculum mhanatat; jevha prakashachi patali jaast asate, tevha putalyacha vyas qamee hoto aanee valanacha vistar houn putalyachya madhyabhagi aachchadan hote jyamule ardhchandrakar aakaracha prakash prasarit karnara bhag tayar hoto. yaa vaishishtyala tyache naav ulate-khalee asalelya greek akshar 'omega' (ω) shhee asalelya samyavarun midale aahe. yaa sanrachanechi utpatti adnyat aahe, parantu asey suchavale gele aahe qee atyant drishyaman dolhyanchi ruparesha todalyane bahutekda atyant chikhalache prani asalelya pranyanmadhye chhadmavaran nirman hote.
antar sanvedi pranali.
drushya pranali yaa antar sanvedi pranali aahet jyaa mashanna thet sparsh naan karata antaravar asalelya sthan kinwa vastumbaddal mahitee pradan karatat. asha dursanvedak pranali mahattvachya aahet, kaaran tyaa itar mashanshi sanvad sadhatat aanee ann aanee shikarichya thikanabaddal aanee matsya shalanmadhye adthale talhanyabaddal kinwa sthitee rakhanyabaddal mahitee detat. udaharanarth, kahee shaley prajatinchya bajunna 'shaley guna' asatat, jase qee drushyamanpane thalak patte jeey sandarbh guna pradan karatat aanee shejarchya mashanna tyanchya sapeksh sthitiche moolyankan karnyat madat karatat. parantu ashee karye karoo shakanari keval drushya pranali nahee. kahee shaley mashanchya sharirachya lambiitakii bajuchi resha dekhil asate. hii parshva resha mashanna tyachya sharirala lagoon asalelya panyachya dabatil aanee ashantatetil badal jaanavanyas saksham karate. yaa mahiticha vapar karoon, shaley maase jarr khoop jawal aale kinwa khoop door bhatakale tarr teey shejarchya mashanpasoonche tyanche antar samayojit karoo shakatat.
mashanmadhil drushya pranali tulanatmak kinwa purak karyansah itar samvedan pranalindware vadhavali jaate. kahee maase andh asatat aanee teey purnapane paryayi samvedan pranalinvar avalambun asatat. itar indriye jee sthan kinwa durchya vastumbaddal mahitee dekhil pradan karoo shakatat tyamadhye shravan aanee ecolocation, electroreception, magnetoception aanee chemoriception (gandh aanee chav) yancha samavesh hoto. udaharanarth, catfishchya sampoorn sharirat chemoriceptor asatat, jyacha arth teey sparsh karatat tyaa konatyahi goshtichi chav ghetat aanee panyatil konatyahi rasayanancha vaas ghetat. "catfishmadhye, annachi disha aanee sthanamadhye swad hii prathamik bhoomika bajavate".
cartilaginus maase (shark, stingrey aanee chimera) magnetoception vapartat. tyanchyakade 'empule auph laurenzini' navache vishesh vidyutgrahak asatat, jeey vidyut kshamatetil thodasa farak shodhatat. mashanchya tond aanee nakajaval asalele heey receptors, vahakatoon firnare vel-badalatya chumbakeey kshetramule vahakachya tokanvar vidyut kshamata nirman hote yaa tattvanusar karya karatat. ampula mashanna panyachya tapmanatil badal shodhanyas dekhil anumati deu shakate. pakshyanpramanech, magnetoception hii mahitee puravu shakate jee mashanchya sthalantar margancha nakasha tayar karnyas madat karate.

