
internetchi upalabdhata

internetcha vapar mhanje sanganak terminal, sanganak aanee itar upkaranancha vapar karoon internetshee jodale jaanyachi vyakti aanee sansthanchi kshamata; aanee email aanee world wide vebasarkhya sevanmadhye pravesh karane. internet seva puravathadar (aay. ess. pii.) vividh networking tantradnyanadvare deta hastantaran daranchya vistrut shrenivar sampark pradan karatat. vadhatya nagarpalika sansthansah anek sanstha, mofat wireless pravesh aanee landline dekhil pradan karatat.
internetchi upalabdhata ekekali maryadit hotee, parantu tee zapatyane vadhali aahe. 1995 saalee, jagatil keval takke loksankhyela pravesh hota, united statesmadhye rahana nimmyahoon adhik lokanna, aanee grahakancha vapar dial-apdware hota. 21vya shatkachya pahilya dashkaparyant, vikasit deshanmadhil anek grahakanni vegwan broadband tantradnyanacha vapar keela aanee 2014 paryant, jagatil 41 takke loksankhyela broadband upalabdh hota, broadband jagbharat jawaljawal sarvavyapi hota aanee jaagtik sarasari jodanicha veg prati sekand eka megabitpeksha jaast hota.
itihas.
arpanetmadhun internet vikasit jhaale, jyala americi sarkarne sarkarmadhil aanee americetil vidyapithe aanee sanshodhan prayogshalanmadhil prakalpanna pathimba denyasathi nidhi deela hota-parantu kalantarane jagatil bahutek mothee vidyapithe aanee anek tantradnyan companyanchya sanshodhan shakhancha samavesh karnyasathi tyat vaadh jhaali. vyapak prekshakandware vapar keval 1995 madhye aala jevha vyavsayik rahdari vahoon nenyasathi internetchya vaparavaril nirbandh uthavanyat aale.
1980 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun madhyaparyant, internetcha bahutansh vapar vaiyaktik sanganak aanee karyasthananvarun thet lokal eriya networkshee (lann) jodalele kinwa modem aanee analogue telephone linescha vapar karoon dial-up jodanitun hott asey. lann samanyatah 10 emm. bii. tii./seey. varr chalatat, tarr modem deta-darr 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila 1200 biit/seey. varoon 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat 56 keey. bii. tii./seey. paryant vadhale. suruvatila, terminal kinwa terminal emulation software chalavanaya sangankanpasun teey lanveryl terminal sarvharparyant dial-up jodani kelee jaat asey. yaa dial-up jodanyanni internet protocolchya shevatparyantchya vaparas samarthan dile nahee aanee keval hoost jodanyansathi terminal pradan kele. anukramik reshevaril internet protocol (slip) laa samarthan denanya network pravesh serverchi olakh aanee nantar point-too-point protocolne (ppp) internet protocolcha vistar keela aanee dial-up vaparkartyansathi internet sevanchi sampoorn shreni upalabdh karoon dilee; jaree dial-apcha vapar karoon upalabdh asalelya qamee deta daranmule, haloohaloo.
internetchya praveshachya vegane vaadh honyamagcha eka mahattvacha ghatak mhanje mosfet (mose transister) tantradnyanatil pragati. mosfet, moolatah 1959 madhye mohammed atalla aanee davon kahang yanni shodhala hota, haah internet dursanchar jaalyacha aadharstambh aahe. lesar, moolatah charles etch. yanni pradarshit kele. 1960 madhye moss light wave systemsathi townes aanee arther leonard shallocha avalamb 1980 chya sumaras karnyat aala, jyamule internet bandwidthchi ghatankiy vaadh jhaali. tyanantar satatchya mosfet scalingmule darr 18 mahinyanni online bandwidth duppat hott gelee aahe (edholmcha kayada, joou moorchya niyamashi sambandhit aahe), dursanchar jaalyanchi bandwidth bits prati sekand teey terrabit prati sekandparyant vadhat aahe.
broadband internet pravesh, jyala anekada fakt broadband asey sankshipt kele jaate, tyachi vyakhya fakt 'nehmi chaloo asalela aanee paramparik dial-up praveshapeksha vegwan internet pravesh' ashee kelee jaate aanee tyamule tyat tantradnyanachi vistrut shreni samavisht aahe. yaa broadband internet tantradnyanacha gabha purak mose (see. emm. oo. ess.) digital circuit aahet, jyachya gatee kshamata navinyapurn rachana tantransah vadhavanyat aalya hotya. broadband jodani samanyatah sanganakachya ethernet networking kshamatemadhye tayar kelelya kinwa nick vistar cardcha vapar karoon kelee jaate.
bahutek broadband seva satat "nehmi chaloo" jodani pradan karatat; dial-inn prakriyechi aavashyakta nahee aanee tee durdhvani olinchya aavajachya vaparat hastakshep karat nahee. broadband internet sevanmadhye sudharit pravesh pradan karate jase keeh
1990 chya dashakat, yuu. ess. madheel rashtriy mahitee payabhoot suvidha upkram.ess. broadband internetcha vapar haah sarvajanik dhoranacha muddah banala. 2000 saalee, bahutek gharanmadhye internetchi suvidha dial-apcha vapar karoon dilee jaat hotee, tarr anek vyavasay aanee shaala broadband jodani vaparat hotya. 2000 saalee 34 oo. see. dii. deshanmadhye 15 kotinpeksha qamee dial-up sadasyatva aanee 2 kotinpeksha qamee broadband sadasyatva hote. 2005 paryant, broadband vadhala hota aanee dial-up qamee jhaala hota, jyamule sadasyanchi sankhya andaje pratyeki 130 dashalaksh itaki hotee. 2010 saalee, itar deshanmadhye, 90 takkyanhun adhik internet pravesh sadasyatvanmadhye broadbandcha vapar keela gela, broadbandchi sankhya 300 dashalakshahun adhik jhaali aanee dial-up sadasyatva 3 kotinpeksha qamee jhaale.
broadband tantradnyan digital grahak line (dii. ess. ell.), aii. dii. ess. ell. aanee kebal internet praveshasathi vyapakpane vaparale jaate. naveen tantradnyanamadhye durdhvani aanee kebal prakalpanmadhye grahakanchya jawal vistarit vhee. dii. ess. ell. aanee optical fiber yancha samavesh aahe. fiber-optic sampreshan, alikadech parisarat aanee pratibandhatmak yojnanmadhye vaparale jaat asatana, tambe taar tantradnyanapeksha jaast kharchik, khoop jaast deta darane mahitiche prasaran karoon broadband internet pravesh saksham karnyat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali aahe.
aii. dii. ess. ell. kinwa kebaldware seva naan dilya jaananya bhagat, kahee samudayik sanstha aanee sthanik sarkare vaay-phay network sthapit karat aahet. wireless, upgrah aanee microwave internetcha vapar grameen, avikasit kinwa wired internet sahaj upalabdh nasalelya bhagat keela jaato.
sthir (sthir) aanee bhramandhvani broadband praveshasathi tainat kelya jaananya naveen tantradnyanamadhye wymax, ell. tii. eae. aanee sthir wireless yancha samavesh aahe.
andaje 2006 pasoon, etch. ess. pii. aii., eae. vhee.-duu., etch. ess. pii. aii. + aanee ell. tii. eae. sarkhya "3jee" aanee "4jee" tantradnyanacha vapar karoon grahak staravar bhramandhvani broadbandcha vapar adhikadhik upalabdh hott aahe.
upalabdhata.
gharoon, shaletoon aanee kamachya thikani internetchi upalabdhata upalabdh asanyavyatirikt, granthalaye aanee internet kaifesarkhya sarvajanik thikananvar internetchi upalabdhata upalabdh asoo shakate, jithe internet jodani asalele sanganak upalabdh aahet. kahee granthalaye vaparkartyanchya laptopla lanshey pratyakshapane jodanyasathi sthanke pradan karatat.
vimantal sabhagruhachya sarvajanik thikani wireless internet pravesh bindu upalabdh aahet, kahee prakarananmadhye ubhe asatana fakt thodya velasathi. kahee pravesh bindu naane-sanchalit sanganak dekhil pradan karoo shakatat. sarvajanik internet kiosk", "sarvajanik pravesh terminal" aanee "web pephone" yasarkhya vividh sandnya vaparlya jaatat. anek hotelsmadhye sarvajanik terminal dekhil asatat, jeey sahasa shulkavar aadharit asatat.
laptop kinwa pii. dii. aii. sarkhi swatachi wireless-saksham upkarane aanananya vaparkartyansathi, coffey dukane, shopping malls aanee itar thikani sanganakachya networkmadhye wireless pravesh vadhato, jyala hotspot mhanatat. yaa seva sarvansathi mofat, keval grahakansathi mofat kinwa shulk-aadharit asoo shakatat. vaay-phay hotspot heey maryadit sthanapurate maryadit asanyachi garaj nahee kaaran anek ektritpane sampoorn parisar kinwa udyan vyapoo shakatat kinwa sampoorn shahar dekhil saksham kele jaau shakate.
yavyatirikt, mobile broadband pravesh smartphone aanee itar digital upkarananna tyaa mobile networkchya kshamatechya adheen rahoon, jyaa thikanahun mobile phone coll keela jaau shakato tyaa konatyahi thikanahun internetshee jodanyachi parvanagi deto.
veg.
dial-up modemsathi biit darr 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat 110 biit/seey itake qamee hote, 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat 33 teey 64 keey. biit/seey. (vhee. 90 aanee vhee. 92) paryantche hote. dial-up jodanyansathi samanyatah durdhvani reshecha samarpit vapar aavashyak asato. deta sampidan dial-up modem jodanisathi prabhavi biit darr 220 (v.42bis) varoon 320 (vhee. 44) keey. biit/seey. paryant vadhavu shakate. tathapi, pathavalya jaananya mahiticha prakar, durdhvani kramankachi sthitee aanee itar anek ghatkanvar avalambun, mahitee sampikanachi parinamkarakta barich badalanari asate. pratyakshat, ekoon deta darr kvachitach 150 kbit/s peksha jaast asato.
broadband tantradnyan dial-apapeksha barech jaast biit darr puravate, samanyatah niyamit durdhvani vaparat vyatyay naan aanata. broadbandchya vyakhyanmadhye 64 kbit/s teey 4.0 mbit/s paryant vividh kiman deta darr aanee kamal vilamb vaparale gele aahet. 1988 madhye see. see. tii. manak sansthene broadband sevechi vyakhya ashee kelee qee, prathamik darapeksha 1.5 teey 2 emm. bii. tii./seey. paryantchya biit daranna samarthan denyas saksham prasaran vahinyanchi aavashyakta asate. aarthik sahkarya aanee vikasasathichya 2006 chya sansthechya (oo. see. dii.) ahavalat broadbandchi vyakhya ashee kelee aahe qee download deta hastantaran darr 256 keey. bii. tii./seey. chya barobariche kinwa tyapeksha vegwan aahet. aanee 2015 madhye yuu.ess. federal communications kamishanane (eff. see. see.) 'besik broadband' chee vyakhya kiman 25 emm. bii. tii./seey. downstream (internetpasoon vaparkartyachya sangankaparyant) aanee 3 emm. bii. tii./seey. upstream (vaparkartyachya sangankapasun internetparyant) deta transmission speed mhanoon kelee aahe. uchch deta darr seva upalabdh hott asatana broadband vyakhyechi maryada vadhavanyacha cull aahe.
uchch deta darr dial-up modem aanee anek broadband seva "asamamiteey" aahet-uploaded (internetkade) peksha downloadsathi (vaparkartyakade) khoop jaast deta daranna samarthan detat.
yaa lekhat dilelya aakadevarisah, deta darr samanyatah kamal kinwa sarvoch download daranusar paribhashit aanee jahirat kele jaatat. vyavharat, heey kamal deta darr grahakansathi nehmich vishvasarhpane upalabdh nasatat. anek ghatakanmule vastavik shevat teey shevat deta darr qamee asoo shakatat. juuna 2016 chya uttaradhat, jaagtik staravar internet jodanicha veg sarasari sumare 6 emm. bii. tii./seey. hota. bhautik jodanichi gunavatta antaranusar aanee bhupradesh, hawaman, imaratiche bandhkam, antena basavane aanee itar redio strotankadun hastakshepasah wireless praveshasathi badaloo shakate. antim vaparkartyapasun durastha server kinwa vaparlya jaananya seveparyantchya margavar kuthehi network adthale asoo shakatat aanee antim vaparkartyala internet pravesh pradan karananya pahilya kinwa shevatchya duvyavar nahee.
jaalyachi gardi.
vaparkarte samanya jaale payabhoot suvidhandvare pravesh samayik karoo shakatat. bahutek vaparkarte tyanchi purn jodani kshamata nehmich vaparat naslyamule, hii ektrikaran ranniti (jyala vivadit seva mhanatat) sahasa changli karya karate aanee vaparkarte kiman alp kalavadhisathi tyanchya purn deta daraparyant pohochu shakatat. tathapi, peear-too-peear (pii2pii) file samayikaran aanee uchch darjachya pravahit vhidiosathi vistarit kalavadhisathi uchch deta-daranchi aavashyakta asoo shakate, jeey yaa gruhitakanche ullanghan karate aanee sevechi atee sadasyata gheu shakate, parinami gardi aanee kharab kamgiri houu shakate. tii. see. pii. protocolmadhye pravah-niyantran yantrana samavisht aahe jee networkchya gardichya kalat vaparlya jaananya bandwidthwar aapoaap parat yete. heey yaa arthane yogya aahe qee gardicha anubhav ghenanya serve vaparkartyanna qamee bandwidth milate, parantu grahakansathi tee nirashajanak asoo shakate aanee ispsathi eka mothee samasya asoo shakate. kahee prakarananmadhye pratyakshat upalabdh asalelya bandwidthche praman, ekhadya vishisht seves samarthan denyasathi aavashyak asalelya maryadepeksha qamee asoo shakate, jase qee video conferencing kinwa thet video pravahit karane, jyamule seva prabhavipane upalabdh hott nahee.
jevha rahdari visheshtah jaast asate, tevha isp jaanunbujun vaparkartyanchya vargansathi kinwa vishisht sevansathi upalabdh bandwidth parat aanoo shakato. yala rahdari aakar dene asey mhanatat aanee atyant vyast jaalyanvarhi velechya mahattvapoorn sevansathi sevecha changla darja sunishchit karnyasathi kaljipurvak vapar keela jaau shakato. tathapi, jevha kahee prakarchi rahdari gambhirpane kinwa purnapane avarodhit kelee jaate, tevha ativaparamule nishpakshata aanee jaal tatasthatebaddal kinwa sensorshipche aarop dekhil udbhavu shakatat.
bund padane.
sthanik sanket vyatyayanmule internet bund kinwa bund houu shakate. panbudi sanchar cableschya vyatyayamule mothya bhagat blackout kinwa mandee houu shakate, jase qee 2008 chya panbudi kebal vyatyay. qamee kshamatechya duve asalyamule qamee vikasit desh adhik asurakshit aahet. jaminivaril tarahi asurakshit aahet, kaaran 2011 madhye jevha bhangar dhatusathi khodkam karananya eka mahilene armeniya deshasathi bahutansh sampark todala hota. jawaljawal sampoorn deshanvar parinam karnare internet blackout heey internet sensorshipcha eka prakar mhanoon sarkarandware sadhya kele jaau shakatat, jase qee egyptmadhil internetchya adthalyamadhye, jyat sarkarvirodhi nidarshanansathi ekatra yene thambavanyachya prayatnat 2011 madhye andaje 93 takke networkmadhye pravesh navhata.
25 april 1997 roji manvi truti aanee software bagchya sanyogamule, maay network sevetil (virginia internet seva pradata) chukichya margdarshak saranicha pathlag backbone routersmadhye jhaala aanee kahee tasansathi internet rahdarimadhye motha vyatyay aala.
tantradnyan.
jevha modem vaparoon internetcha vapar keela jaato, tevha digital detache rupantar telephone aanee kebal networksarkhya analogue networkwar prasaranasathi analogmadhye kele jaate. internetvar pravesh karnara sanganak kinwa itar upkaran ektar internet seva pradatyashi (isp) sanvad sadhananya modemshi thet jodalele asel kinwa modemche internet connection landware samayik kele jaeel jeey ghar, shaala, sanganak prayogshala kinwa karyalayin imaratisarkhya maryadit kshetrat pravesh pradan karate.
jaree lanshey jodani lanmadhye khoop uchch deta-darr pradan karoo shakate, taree vastavik internet pravesh veg ispchya varchya duvyamule maryadit aahe. dabe wired kinwa wireless asoo shakatat. aaj dabe tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaanare done sarvat samanya tantradnyan mhanje ethernet over twisted payer cabling aanee vaay-phay, parantu archnet, tokan ring, localtock, eff. dii. dii. aay. aanee itar tantradnyan purvi vaparale jaat hote.
ethernet heey bhautik lann sampreshanasathi aay. eae. eae. eae. <aay. dii. 2> manakache naav aahe aanee vaay-phay heey wireless lokal eriya networkche (doubleu. ell. aii. aine.) eka vyapar naav aahe jeey aay. eae. eae. eae. <aay. dii. 1> manakanpaiki eka vaparte. ethernet cables switch aanee routerdware ekmekanshi jodalelya asatat. vaay-phay jaale heey eka kinwa adhik wireless antena vaparoon tayar kele jaatat jyanna pravesh bindu mhanatat.
anek modem (kebal modem, dii. ess. ell. getway kinwa optical network terminal (oo. aine. tii. ess.)) lann hoost karnyasathi atirikt karyakshamta pradan karatat, tyamule aaj bahutek internet pravesh landware hoto, jase qee modem kinwa combo modem routershee jodalelya wify routerdware tayar kelele, bahutekda fakt eka kinwa done upkarane jodalelya agadi lahan landware. aanee lann haah internet praveshasathi eka mahattvacha prakar asala taree, yamule lann swatach urvarit jaagtik internetshee kassa aanee konatya deta darane jodala gela aahe haah prashna upasthit hoto. khalee varnan kelele tantradnyan heey jodani karnyasathi vaparale jaate, kinwa dusya shabdant, grahakanche modem (grahak-parisar upkarane) bahutek vela internet seva pradatyanshi (aay. ess. pii. ess.) kase jodale jaatat.
dial-up tantradnyan.
dial-up pravesh.
dial-up internet praveshamadhye ispdware chalavalya jaananya modemchya poolashi jodanyasathi sarvajanik switch kelelya telephone networkwar (pstn) thevalele modem aanee phone coll vaparale jaatat. modem sanganakachya digital signalche rupantar analogue signalmadhye karato, joou durdhvani companychya switching suvidhanparyant kinwa kendriya karyalayaparyant (qoo) pohocheparyant durdhvani reshechya sthanik loopvaroon pravas karato, jithe too dusya phone linever switch keela jaato, joou jodanichya durastha tokavaril dusya modemshi jodala jaato.
ekach vahinivar chalanare dial-up jodani phone linever maktedari thevate aanee internetcha vapar karnyachya sarvat santh paddhatinpaiki eka aahe. dial-up haah grameen bhagat upalabdh asalela internetcha ekmev prakar aahe kaaran internetshee jodanyasathi aadhich astitvat asalelya durdhvani jaalyachya palikade konatyahi naveen payabhoot suvidhanchi aavashyakta nasate. samanyatah, dial-up jodanya 56 kbit/s chya vegapeksha jaast nasatat, kaaran tyaa pramukhyane 56 kbit/s downstream (antim vaparkartyakade) aanee 34 kinwa 48 kbit/s upstream (jaagtik internetchya dishene) chya kamal deta darane kaam karananya modemcha vapar karoon tayar kelya jaatat.
bahu-duva dial-up.
multilink dial-up channell bondingdware anek dial-up jodanya aanee tyanna ekach deta channell mhanoon pravesh karoon vadhiv bandwidth pradan karate. tyasathi done kinwa adhik modem, phone lines aanee dial-up khaatee, tasech bahujodanila samarthan denare isp aavashyak aahe-aanee arthat konatehi line aanee deta shulk dekhil duppat kele jaate. aay. ess. dii. aine., dii. ess. ell. aanee itar tantradnyan upalabdh honyapurvi haah ulat bahugunak paryay kahee uchch-stariy vaparkartyanmadhye thodya kalasathi lokpriy hota. hire aanee itar vikretyanni bahujodanila aadhar denyasathi vishesh modem tayar kele.
hardwired broadband pravesh.
broadband yaa sandnyemadhye tantradnyanachi vistrut shreni samavisht aahe, jee serve internetvar uchch deta darr pravesh pradan karatat. nantar varnan kelelya wireless broadbandchya ulat khaleel tantradnyanat taar kinwa kebalacha vapar keela jaato.
ekatmik seva digital network.
ekatmik seva digital network (aay. ess. dii. aine.) hii eka switch keleli durdhvani seva aahe jee aavaj aanee digital deta vahoon nenyas saksham aahe aanee internetchya sarvat junya pravesh paddhatinpaiki eka aahe. aay. ess. dii. aine. chaa vapar aavaj, video conferencing aanee broadband deta anuprayogansathi keela gela aahe. aay. ess. dii. aine. europemadhye khoop lokpriy hote, parantu uttar americet qamee prachalit hote. dii. ess. ell. aanee kebal modem tantradnyanachya upalabdhatepurvi 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat tyacha vapar shikharavar pohochala.
aay. ess. dii. aine.-brii mhanoon olakhalya jaananya aay. ess. dii. aine. chya moolbhut daramadhye done 64 keey. biit/seey. vahak kinwa bii. vahinya aahet. yaa vahinya voice kinwa deta colsathi swatantrapane vaparlya jaau shakatat kinwa 128 kbit/s seva pradan karnyasathi ekatra bandhalya jaau shakatat. 128 kbit/s peksha jaast deta darr pradan karnyasathi anek ISDN-bri resha ekatra bandhalya jaau shakatat. prathamik darr aay. ess. dii. aine., jyala aay. ess. dii. aine.-prai mhanoon olakhale jaate, tyat 1.5 emm. bii. tii./seey. (yuu. ess. manak) chya ektrit deta darasathi 23 vahak vahinya (pratyeki 64 keey. bii. tii./seey.) aahet. aay. ess. dii. aine. eae. 1 (european manak) reshet 30 vahak vahinya asatat aanee ektrit deta darr 1.9 emm. bii. tii./seey. asato.
bhadepattivaril resha.
bhadepattivar dilelya resha yaa sarvajanik durdhvani jaalyachya kinwa itar pradatyanchya vidyaman payabhoot suvidhancha vapar karoon internetshee lann aanee campus jaalyanna jodanyasathi pramukhyane isps, vyavasay aanee itar mothya udhyogandvare vaparlya jaanarya samarpit resha aahet. wire, optical fiber aanee rediocha vapar karoon vitarit kelelya bhadepattivaril reshancha vapar thet internet pravesh pradan karnyasathi tasech bandhkam khandansathi keela jaato jyatoon internet pravesh itar anek prakar tayar kele jaatat.
tii-vahak tantradnyan 1957 salche aahe aanee teey 56 aanee (dii. ess. 0) teey (dii. ess. 1 kinwa tii 1) teey (dii. ess. 3 kinwa tii 3) yaa shrenitil deta darr pradan karate. tii1 linemadhye 24 voice kinwa deta channell (24 ds0ess) asatat, tyamule grahak kahee channell deta sathee aanee itar voice trafficsathi vaparu shakatat kinwa serve 24 channell spasht channell deta sathee vaparu shakatat. dii. ess. 3 (tii. 3) reshet 28 dii. ess. 1 (tii. 1) vahinya asatat. 56 aanee 56 darmyanche deta darr pradan karnyasathi apurnank tii1 resha dii. ess. 0 chya gunankanmadhye dekhil upalabdh aahet. tii-vahak reshanna vishesh samapti upkarananchi aavashyakta asate jee router kinwa swichpasoon vegali kinwa ektrit kelee jaau shakate aanee jee ispkadoon kharedi kinwa bhadepattivar dilee jaau shakate. japanmadhye samatulya manak jeey1/jeey3 aahe. europemadhye, kinchit vegale manak, eae-vahak, eae1 () varr 32 vaparkarta vahinya () aanee eae3 () varr 512 vaparkarta vahinya kinwa 16 eae1 pradan karate.
synchronous optical networking (yu madhye sonnet.ess. canada aanee canada) aanee samkramit digital padanukram (ess. dii. etch., urvarit jagaat) heey manak bahugunit protocol aahet jeey lesar kinwa prakash utsarjak diode (ell. eae. dii.) pasoon atyant susangat prakash vaparoon optical fiberver uchch-deta-darr digital biit-pravah vahoon nenyasathi vaparale jaatat. qamee pareshan daranvar deta vidyut interfacedware dekhil hastantarit keela jaau shakato. chaukatiche moolbhut ekak heey oo. see.-3see. (optical) kinwa ess. tii. ess.-3see. (electrical) aahe jeey vahoon netat. asha prakare oo. see.-3see. teen oo. see.-1 (<aay. dii. 1> emm. biit/seey.) payload vahoon neil, jyapaiki pratyekamadhye purn dii. ess. 3 samavisht karanyachi pureshi kshamata aahe. uchch deta darr oo. see.-12see. (), oo. see.-48see. (), oo. see.-192see. () aanee oo. see.-768see. (<aay. dii. 2> jee. biit/seey.) pradan karananya charchya oo. see.-3see gunankanmadhye vitarit kele jaatat. oo. see. labelchya shevati asalela 'see' mhanje 'ektrit' aanee anek bahugunit deta pravahanaivaji ekach deta pravah darshavito. prati otn vahini 400 gbt/seey paryantchya uchch deta pareshan gatisathi sonetaivaji optical transport network (otn) vaparale jaau shakate.
1, 10, 40 aanee 100 gigabit ethernet aay. eae. eae. eae. manke (802.3) digital deta 100 meterchya antaravar tamr wayaringdware aanee 100 meterchya antaravar optical fiberdware vitarit karnyas anumati detat.
kebal internetchi upalabdhata.
kebal internet heey moolatah durchitravaniche sanket vahoon nenyasathi vikasit kelelya hibrid fiber coexial (etch. eff. see.) wiringwar kebal modemcha vapar karoon pravesh pradan karate. ektar fiber-optic kinwa samakshiy tambe kebal kebal drop mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya jodanivar grahakachya sthanashi node jodu shakate. kebal modem termination pranalicha vapar karoon, shejarchya kebal grahakansathi serve nodes kebal companychya madhyavarti karyalayashi jodale jaatat, jyala "haid end" mhanoon olakhale jaate."kebal company nantar vividh madhyamancha vapar karoon internetshee jodali jaate-sahasa fiber optic kebal kinwa digital upgrah aanee microwave prasaran. dii. ess. ell. pramanech, broadband kebal aay. ess. pii. saha satat jodani pradan karate. 
downstream, vaparkartyakade jaanari disha, kahee deshanmadhye biit darr 1000 emm. bii. tii./seey. paryant asoo shakatat, doxis 3.1 chya vaparasah. vaparkartyakadun udbhavnari upstream rahdari, 384 keey. bii. tii./seey. teey 50 emm. bii. tii./seey. peksha jaast asate. doxis 4.0 heey downstream 10 gb/seey aanee upstreamadhye 6 gb/seey paryantche aashvasan dete, tathapi heey tantradnyan adyap vastavik jagaat vaparat aanale gele nahee. broadband kebalacha vapar qamee vyavsayik grahakanna seva deto kaaran vidyaman durdarshan kebal network nivasi imaratinna seva detat; vyavsayik imaratinmadhye nehmich samakshiy kebal networksathi wiringcha samavesh nasato. yavyatirikt, broadband kebal grahak samaan sthanik marg samayik karatat, tyamule shejarchya grahakanni sanvad thambavale jaau shakatat. kebal network niyamitpane grahakankade aanee tyanchyakadun yenanya mahitisathi encryption yojana pradan karatat, parantu yaa yojana ayashasvi houu shakatat.
digital grahak shreni (dii. ess. ell., aii. dii. ess. ell., ess. dii. ess. ell. aanee vhee. dii. ess. ell.).
digital grahak line (dii. ess. ell.) seva durdhvani jaalyachya madhyamatoon internetshee jodani pradan karate. dial-apchya ulat, dii. ess. ell. voice phone colsathi durdhvani reshecha samanya vapar naan karata ekach durdhvani resha vaparoon kaam karoo shakate. dii. ess. ell. uchch varanvarta vaparte, tarr reshechi qamee (aikoo yenyajogi) varanvarta niyamit durdhvani sampreshanasathi vinamulya thewali jaate. yaa varanvarta pattya nantar grahakachya aavarat sthapit kelelya galkandware vegalya kelya jaatat.
dii. ess. ell. haah moolatah 'digital grahak loop' sathee hota. dursanchar vipananat, digital grahak ola yaa shabdacha arth asamamit digital grahak ola (aii. dii. ess. ell.) assa hoto, jee dii. ess. ell. chee sarvat samanyatah sthapit keleli vividhata aahe. dii. ess. ell. tantradnyan, reshechya paristhiti aanee seva-patalivaril amalbajavani yavar avalambun, grahak dii. ess. ell. sevanche deta thruput samanyatah grahakachya dishene (khalchya dishene) 256 keey. bii. tii./seey. teey 20 emm. bii. tii./seey. paryant asate. aii. dii. ess. ell. madhye, varchya dishene deta thruput, (i.eae., seva pradatyachya dishene) khalchya dishene (i.eae. grahakala), mhanoon asamamityache padnam. samamiteey digital grahak reshesah (ess. dii. ess. ell.), khalchya aanee varchya bajus deta darr samaan aahet.
atishay uchch-biit-darr digital grahak marg (vhee. dii. ess. ell. kinwa vhee. etch. dii. ess. ell., itoo g.993.1) heey 2001 madhye manjur kelele digital grahak marg (dii. ess. ell.) manak aahe jeey 52 emm. bii. tii./ess. paryantche downstream aanee 16 emm. bii. tii./ess. paryantche deta darr tamr taranvar aanee 85 emm. bii. tii./ess. paryantche daun-aanee upstream coexial kebalvar pradan karate. vhee. dii. ess. ell. ekach pratyaksh jodanidware uchch-vyakhya durchitravani, tasech durdhvani seva (voice over aay. pii.) aanee samanya internet pravesh yasarkhya anuprayoganna samarthan denyas saksham aahe.
vhee. dii. ess. ell. 2 (aay. tii. yuu.-tii. <aay. dii. 1>) hii dusya pidhichi aavrutti aahe aanee vhee. dii. ess. ell. chee vardhan aahe. februwari 2006 madhye manjur karnyat aalelya yaa sansthene varchya aanee khalchya donhi dishanna ekach velee 100 emm. bii. tii./seey. peksha jaast deta darr pradan karnyas saksham aahe. tathapi, kamal deta darr sumare 300 meterchya shreneet prapt keela jaato aanee antar aanee loop ksheenata vadhalyane kamgiri qamee hote.
dii. ess. ell. rings.
dii. ess. ell. rings (dii. ess. ell. aar.) kinwa bandhit dii. ess. ell. rings hii eka ring topology aahe jee vidyaman tambe durdhvani taranvar dii. ess. ell. tantradnyanacha vapar karoon 400 emm. bii. tii./seey. paryantche deta darr pradan karate.
fiber gharee.
fiber-too-daad-hoome (eff. tii. tii. etch.) haah fiber-too-daad-ex (eff. tii. tii. ex.) kutumbatil eka sadasya aahe jyamadhye fiber-too-daad-building kinwa talghar (eff. tii. tii. bii.), fiber-too-daad-premices (eff. tii. tii. pii.), fiber-too-daad-desk (eff. tii. tii. dii.), fiber-too-daad-curb (eff. tii. tii. see.) aanee fiber-too-daad-node (eff. tii. tii. aine.) yancha samavesh hoto. yaa serve paddhati optical fibervaril antim vaparkartyachya jawal deta aanatat. paddhatinmadhil farak mukhytah antim vaparkartyachya kitee jawal yeto yachyashi sambandhit asato. kebal internet pravesh pradan karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya sankarit fiber-coexial (etch. eff. see.) pranalinshi yaa serve vitaran paddhati karya aanee sanrachanemadhye samaan aahet. grahakansathi fiber internet jodani ektar eoin (sakriy optical network) kinwa adhik samanyatah pone (nishkriy optical network) asatat. fiber optic internet pravesh manakanchi udaharane mhanje g.984 (jee. pii. oo. aine., jee-pone) aanee 10 jee.-pone (ex. jee.-pone). aay. ess. pii. tyaeivaji corporate aanee sansthatmak grahakansathi metro ethernet vaparu shakatat.
optical fibercha vapar tulanene jaast antaravaril detache praman khoop jaast deto. bahutek uchch kshamateche internet aanee kebal television backbones aadhich fiber optic tantradnyanacha vapar karatat, grahakanparyant antim vitaranasathi deta itar tantradnyanakade (dii. ess. ell., kebal, ell. tii. eae.) badalala jaato.
2010 madhye, austreliyane 93 takke austreliyan ghare, shaala aanee vyavasayansathi fiber-optic cablescha vapar karoon deshbharat aapale rashtriy broadband network suru karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanantarchya lnp sarkarne sankarit fttn rachanechya bajoone haah prakalp sodoon deela, joou adhik mahag asalyache nishpann jhaale aanee vilamb jhaala. itali, canada, bharat aanee itar anek deshanmadhye ashach prakarche prayatna suru aahet (deshanusar parisarache fiber pahaa).
power-line internet.
power-line internet, jyala broadband over power lines (bii. pii. ell.) asehi mhanatat, too vidyut urja pareshanasathi dekhil vaparlya jaanarya vahkavar internet deta vahoon netat. aadhich astitvat asalelya vyapak veej taranchya payabhoot suvidhanmule, heey tantradnyan grameen aanee qamee loksankhya asalelya bhagatil lokanna naveen pareshan upkarane, cables kinwa taranchya babatit qamee kharchat internetcha vapar karoo shakate. detache darr asamamiteey asatat aanee samanyatah 256 kbit/s teey 2.7 mbit/s paryant asatat.
yaa pranali itar over-daad-air sampreshan sevansathi vatap kelelya redio spectrumche kahee bhag vapartat, tyamule sevanmadhil hastakshep haah power-line internet pranalichya parichayat eka maryadit ghatak aahe. aay. eae. eae. eae. pii. 1901 manak nirdisht karate qee serve power-line protocolne vidyaman vapar olakhala pahije aanee tyat hastakshep karane talhale pahije.
power-line internetcha vikas europemadhye yuu. ess. peksha adhik vegane jhaala aahe.ess. urja pranali rachana tattvadnyanatil aitihasik farkamule. deta signal vaparlelya step-daun transformermadhun jaau shakat naheet aanee mhanoon pratyek transformerver repeater basavane aavashyak aahe. yuu madhye.ess. eka transformer ekapasoon kahee gharanchya chhotya samoohala seva deto. europemadhye, kahee pramanat mothya transformersathy 10 teey 100 gharanchya mothya samoohanna seva dene adhik samanya aahe. tyamule eka vaishishtyapurn yuu.ess. shaharala tulanatmak european shaharapeksha adhik punaravrutti karananya parimananchya kramachi aavashyakta asate.
aii. tii. emm. aanee frame rile.
atulyakalik hastantaran paddhati (aii. tii. emm.) aanee frame rile hii vistrut kshetrachi networking manke aahet jee thet internet pravesh pradan karnyasathi kinwa itar pravesh tantradnyanache aadharstambh mhanoon vaparali jaau shakatat. udaharanarth, anek dii. ess. ell. amalbajavani ekach duvyavar anek bhinn tantradnyan saksham karnyasathi nimn-stariy bitstream tharavar aii. tii. emm. thurr vapartat. grahak lann samanyatah aii. tii. emm. switch kinwa frame rile nodashi jodalya jaatat, jyat deta daranchya vistrut shrenivar bhadepattivaril resha vaparlya jaatat.
ajunahi mothya pramanavar vaparale jaat asatana, optical fiberver ethernetchya aagamanane, emm. pii. ell., vhee. pii. aine. aanee kebal modem aanee dii. ess. ell. sarkhya broadband seva, aii. tii. emm. aanee frame rile aata tyanni purvi keleli pramukh bhoomika bajavat naheet.
wireless broadband pravesh.
wireless broadbandcha vapar khaleel tantradnyanasaha sthir aanee bhramandhvani asha donhi prakarchya internetcha vapar karnyasathi keela jaato.
upgrah broadband.
upgrah internet pravesh nishchit, portable aanee mobile internet pravesh pradan karato. detache darr 2 kbit/s teey 1 gbit/s paryant khalchya dishene aanee 2 kbit/s teey 10 mbit/s varchya dishene asatat. uttar golardhat, serve bhusthaitik upgrahanchya vishuvavruttiy sthitimule upgrah antenachya padarthanna dakshin aakashakade spasht drushti reshechi aavashyakta asate. dakshin golardhat, hii paristhiti ulatali aahe aanee padarth uttarekade nirdeshit kele aahet. aadrata, paus aanee barfamule (jyala raine pheda mhanatat) sevevar viparit parinam houu shakato. pranalisathi kaljipurvak lakshyit dishatmak antenachi aavashyakta asate.
bhusthir pruthvichya kakshet (geo) asalele upgrah pruthvichya vishuvavruttavaril eka nishchit sthiteet karya karatat. prakashachya vegane (sumare), redio signalla pruthvivarun upgrahakade aanee parat jaanyasathi eka chaturthansh sekand lagato. jevha itar switching aanee margkraman vilamb jodale jaatat aanee purn pherii-prakshepanas parvanagi denyasathi vilamb duppat keela jaato, tevha ekoon vilamb 0.75 teey 1.25 sekand asoo shakato. 0.015 teey 0.2 sekandanparyantchya vishisht vilambansah internetchya itar prakaranchya tulanet hii vilambata mothee aahe. dirgh vilamb kahee anuprayoganvar nakaratmak parinam karatat jyanna vastavik-velecha pratisad aavashyak asato, visheshtah online game, voice over ip aanee remot controll upkarane. tii. see. pii. tuning aanee tii. see. pii. praveg tantre yapaiki kahee samasya qamee karoo shakatat. bhoo-upgrah pruthvichya dhruviy bhaganna vyapat naheet. hugsnet, exday, aii. tii. andd. tii. aanee dish networkmadhye bhoo-pranali aahet.
pruthvichya khalchya kakshet (lio, khalee) aanee madhyam pruthvichya kakshet (meo, darmyan) asalele upgrah qamee unchivar karya karatat aanee pruthvichya varr tyanchya sthiteet sthir nasatat. tyanchya qamee unchimule, jagbharatil vyaptisathi adhik upgrah aanee prakshepan vahananchi aavashyakta aahe. yamule prarambhik aavashyak guntavanuk khoop mothee hote jyamule suruvatila vanveb aanee iridiumne diwalkhori ghoshit kelee. tathapi, tyanchya qamee unchimule qamee vilambata aanee uchch veg midato jyamule vastavik-veleteel parasparsanvadi internet anuprayog adhik vyavharya hotat. lio pranalinmadhye globalstar, starlink, vanveb aanee iridium yancha samavesh hoto. oo3bii nakshatr hii 125 mschya vilambasah eka madhyam pruthvi-kakshiy pranali aahe. comstellation tii. emm. hii eka lio pranali aahe, jee 2015 madhye prakshepit honar aahe, jyamadhye keval 7 mschi vilambata asanyachi apeksha aahe.
mobile broadband.
mobile broadband hii mobile phone towersdware (cellular network) sanganak, mobile phone (uttar america aanee dakshin aafriket 'seela phone' aanee ashiyamadhye 'hand phone' mhanatat) aanee portable modemcha vapar karnari itar digital upkarane yanna vitarit kelelya wireless internet praveshasathi vipanan sandnya aahe. kahee bhramandhvani seva tethering navachya prakriyecha vapar karoon ekach cellular jodanicha vapar karoon ekapeksha jaast upkarananna internetshee jodanyachi parvanagi detat. modem laptop sanganak, tablet, mobile phone aanee itar upkarnanmadhye tayar kele jaau shakate, sanganak card, yuu. ess. bii. modem aanee yuu. ess. bii. stick kinwa dongal vaparoon kahee upkarnanmadhye jodale jaau shakate kinwa swatantra wireless modem vaparale jaau shakatat.
naveen bhramandhvani tantradnyan aanee payabhoot suvidha veloveli sadar kelya jaatat aanee tyat samanyatah sevechya moolbhut swarupat badal, mage naan jaanyache susangat pareshan tantradnyan, uchch shikhar deta darr, naveen frequency band, heartzmadheel vistrut channell frequency bandwidth upalabdh hote. yaa sankramananna pidhya mhanatat. pahilya mobile deta seva dusya pidhichya (2jee) kalat upalabdh jhalya.
varr dilele download (vaparkartyasathi) aanee uploaded (internetvar) deta darr heey sarvoch kinwa kamal darr aahet aanee antim vaparkartyanna samanyatah qamee deta darr anubhavata yeteel.
2005 madhye wireless mobilities nishchit wireless seva denyasathi wymax moolatah vikasit karnyat aale hote. see. dii. pii. dii., see. dii. emm. aii. 2000 eae. vhee.-duu. aanee emm. bii. doubleu. aii. aata sakriyapane vikasit kele jaat naheet.
2011 madhye, jagatil 90 takke loksankhya 2jee vyapti asalelya bhagat rahat hotee, tarr 45 takke 2jee aanee 3jee vyapti asalelya bhagat rahat hotee.
5G chee rachana tyachya purvavarti 4G peksha vegwan aanee qamee vilambata asel asha prakare karnyat aalee hotee. yacha vapar smartphonemadhe mobile broadbandsathi kinwa wify utsarjit karnare swatantra modem kinwa yuu. ess. bii. dware sangankashi kinwa sthir vayaralesasathi keela jaau shakato.
nishchit wireless.
upgrah naan vaparta kinwa smartphonesarkhya halana upkarananna aadhar denyasathi tayar keleli sthir wireless internet jodani, udaharanarth, antenasarkhya grahakanchya aavaratil upkarananchya vaparamule, jee ispkadoon signal gamavalyashivay lakshaniy bhaugolik kshetravar halavata yet nahee, smartphone ulat. microwave wireless broadband kinwa 5jee sthir vayaralesasathi vaparale jaau shakate.
wimax.
microwave accessathi jaagtik aantarsanchalaniyata (wymax) haah wymax manchadvare pramanit wireless-network manakanchya aay. aay. eae. eae. 802.16 kutumbachya aantarsanchalniy amalbajavanicha sanch aahe. heey "kebal aanee dii. ess. ell. laa paryay mhanoon shevatchya mailachya wireless broadband praveshache vitaran" saksham karate. aata 'fixed wymax' mhanoon olakhale jaanare mool aay. eae. eae. eae. <aay. dii. 1> manak 2001 madhye prakashit jhaale aanee tyat 30 teey 40 megabit-prati-sekand deta darr pradan kele gele. 2005 madhye gatishilata samarthan jodale gele. 2011 chya adyayavatatemadhye nishchit sthankansathi 1 jee. bii. tii./seey. paryantche deta darr pradan kele aahet. wymax sumare 50 kiimii (30 mail) chya signal trijyasah metropolitan eriya network pradan karate, jeey paramparik vaay-phay lanchya 30 meater (100 phoot) wireless shrenila mage takte. vaay-fayapeksha wymax signal dekhil imaratichya bhintinmadhye adhik prabhavipane pravesh karatat. wymaxcha vapar bahutekda nishchit wireless manak mhanoon keela jaato.
wireless isp.
wireless internet seva puravathadar (whisps) mobile phone operatorpasoon swatantrapane kaam karatat. dnyantadnya samanyatah durvarchya thikananna (lamb pallyachya vaay-phay) jodanyasathi qamee kimatichya aay. aay. eae. eae. eae. <aay. dii. 1> vaay-phay redio pranalincha vapar karatat, parantu microwave aanee wymax sarkhya itar uchch-shaktichya redio sampreshan pranalincha dekhil vapar karoo shakatat.
paramparik 802.11a/b/g/n/ac hii 100 teey 150 meater (300 teey 500 phoot) darmyan vistaranyasathi tayar keleli eka parwana nasaleli sarvadishiy seva aahe. dishatmak antenacha vapar karoon redio signalvar laksh kendrit karoon (jethe niyamandware parvanagi aahe), 802.11 anek kiimii (mail) antaravar vishvasarhpane karya karoo shakate, jaree tantradnyanachya drushti reshechya aavashyakta dongral kinwa mothya pramanat parnapati bhupradesh asalelya bhagat sampark sadhanyat adthala aanatat. yavyatirikt, haard-wired connectivitychya tulanet, suraksha jokhim aahet (majboot suraksha protocol saksham kelyashivay); deta darr sahasa mand asatat (2 teey 50 putt mand); aanee itar wireless upkarane aanee networkchya hastakshepamule, hawaman aanee drushtichya reshechya samasyanmule network qamee sthir asoo shakate.
tyach 2.4 gigahertz bandwar karyarat asalelya asambandhit grahak upkarananchya vadhatya lokpriyatemule, anek puravathadaranni 5 gigahertz aay. ess. emm. bandmadhye sthalantar kele aahe. jarr seva pradatyakade aavashyak spectrum parwana asel, tarr too gardichya parwana nasalelya yantranshivay swatachya bandwar kaam karnyasathi auph-shelf vaay-phay hardwarechya vividh brandchi punarrachana dekhil karoo shakato. uchch varanvarta vaparnyache vividh fayade aaheth
motorola chhatra aanee prayojakatv yasarkhya malkichya tantradnyanacha vapar vaay-phay kinwa wymaxcha vapar karoon pohochane katheen asalelya grameen aanee itar bajarpethanmadhye wireless pravesh pradan karnyasathi eka vipdware keela jaau shakato. hii seva denanya anek kampanya aahet.
sthanik bahu-bindu vitaran seva.
sthanik bahu-bindu vitaran seva (ell. emm. dii. ess.) heey broadband wireless pravesh tantradnyan aahe jeey 26 gigahertz aanee 29 gigahertz darmyan karyarat asalelya microwave signalcha vapar karate. mulat digital television transmissionsathi (dii. tii. vhee.) tayar kelele, shevatalya mailachya vaparasathi nishchit wireless, point-too-multipoint tantradnyan mhanoon tyachi kalpana kelee jaate. deta darr 64 kbit/s teey 155 mbit/s paryant asatat. antar samanyatah sumare maryadit asate, parantu kahee paristhitinmadhye bases stationparyantche duve shakya aahet.
ell. tii. eae. aanee wymax mankandware tantrik aanee vyavsayik kshamata yaa donhi babatit ell. emm. dii. ess. laa mage takale gele aahe.
sankarit pravesh jaale.
kahee pradeshanmadhye, visheshtah grameen bhagat, tambyachya reshanchya lambimule jaale chalkansathi uchch-bandwidth seva pradan karane katheen hote. eka paryay mhanje nishchit-pravesh jaale, samanyatah ex. dii. ess. ell., wireless jaale, samanyatah ell. tii. eae. saha ekatra karane. broadband manchane asha sankarit pravesh jaalyansathi eka rachana pramanit kelee aahe.
internet seva vaparnyasathi bigger-vyavsayik paryay.
talagalatil wireless networking chalvali.
shahar-vyapi wireless network tayar karnyasathi kadhikadhi anek sanlagn vaay-phay pravesh bindu tainat karane vaparale jaate. heey sahasa sthanik nagarpalikekadun vyavsayik dnyanavarun magavale jaate.
talagalatil prayatnanmule, vikasansheel aanee vikasit asha donhi deshanmadhye wireless samudayik jaale mothya pramanat tainat karnyat aale aahet. grameen wireless-isp pratishthapan samanyatah vyavsayik swarupache nasatat aanee tyaeivaji redio mast aanee manore, shetee sathavan sailo, khoop unch zaade kinwa itar konatyahi unch vastoo upalabdh aahet, tyavar antena basavinanya chhandaswantanni tayar kelelya pranalinche eka patchwork asatat.
jethe redio spectrumche niyaman samuday-anukool nasate, vahinyanmadhye gardi asate kinwa jevha sthanik rahivashanna upkarane parvadat naheet, tevha havetil bindu teey bindu prasaranasathi (fiber optic kebalaivaji) mukt-antaral optical sampreshan dekhil ashach prakare tainat kele jaau shakate.
packett redio.
packett redio heey redio haushi lokandware chalavale jaanare sanganak kinwa sampoorn networkla internetcha vapar karnyachya paryayasah jodate. hamm parvanyat namood kelelya niyamak niyamannusar, internetcha vapar aanee email heey hardware shaukinanchya upkramanshi katekorpane sambandhit asale pahijet heey lakshat ghya.
snickernet.
internet' kinwa 'ethernet' madhye 'nett (kaam)' varr 'jeebh-inn-gaal khel' haah shabd, mahitisathi vahtook yantrana mhanoon sneakers ghalanyacha sandarbh deto.
jyanchyakade gharee broadband upalabdh nahee kinwa tyanna parvadat nahee, tyanchyasathi mothya fayali download karane aanee mahiticha prasar kamachya thikani kinwa granthalay jaalyandvare prasarit karoon keela jaato, gharee nele jaate aanee snikarnetdware shejayanshi samayik kele jaate. cuban "ell paket semnal" heey yache eka sanghatit udaharan aahe.
wireless (bluetooth, vaay-phay jaali, pii2pii kinwa hotspot) aanee bhautikaritya jodalele (yuu. ess. bii. storage, ethernet ii.) asha donhi prakarchya upalabdh interfacecha vapar karoon heey purnapane svayanchalit karnyache uddisht asalele vividh vikendrikrut, vilamb sahansheel peear too peear anuprayog aahet.).
deta suraksha vadhavanyasathi kinwa mothya deta vaparachya prakaranansathi ekoon utpadan vadhavanyasathi sanganak network deta hastantaranachya sanyogane dekhil snickernetcha vapar keela jaau shakato. yaa bhagat aajahi navkalpana suru aahe; udaharanarth, aii. doubleu. ess. neey alikadech snobalchi ghoshana kelee aahe aanee anek sanshodhan sanstha aanee sarkari sansthandvare mothya pramanat deta processing dekhil ashach paddhatine kelee jaate.
kimmat aanee kharch.
kimmat aanee kharch karnyasathi upalabdh sansadhane yanchyatil sambandhamule internetchi upalabdhata maryadit aahe. nantarchya sandarbhat, assa andaj aahe qee jagatil 40 takke loksankhyekade mahitee aanee dalanvalan tantradnyanavar (aay. see. tii.) kharch karnyasathi darvarshi 20 americi dollarpeksha qamee upalabdh aahet. mexicomadhye, samajatil 30 takke garib lock varshala andaje 35 americi dollar (darmaha 3 americi dollar) mojatat aanee brazilmadhye, loksankhyechya sarvat garib 22 takke lock aay. see. tii. varr (darmaha 0.75 americi dollar) kharch karnyasathi varshala fakt 9 americi dollar mojatat. lattin amerikemadhun asey dnyat aahe qee aay. see. tii. hii aavashyak vastoo mhanoon aanee aay. see. tii. hii eka lakzari vastoo mhanoon asaleli simaresha andaje prati vyakti darmaha 10 dollar kinwa prati varsh 120 dollar itaki 'jadui sankhya' aahe. hii rakkam aay. see. tii. kharch karanyachi lock moolbhut garaj manatat. sadhyache internetche darr anek deshanmadhye upalabdh sansadhananpeksha mothya pramanat jaast aahet.
dial-up vaparkarte sthanik kinwa lamb pallyache phone coll karnyasathi kharch detat, sahasa masik sadasyata shulk bharatat aanee teey prati minit atirikt kinwa rahdari aadharit shulkanchya adheen asoo shakatat aanee tyanchya ispdware velechi maryada jodatat. purvichya tulanet aaj qamee prachalit asale taree, dial-up sevecha bhag mhanoon banner jahirati pahanyachya badalyat kahee dial-up pravesh "vinamulya" deela jaato. netziro, bluelite, juno, freenet (enzed) aanee free-nett hii mofat pravesh pradan karananya sevanchi udaharane aahet. kahee wireless samudayik jaalyanni mofat internet suvidha pradan karanyachi parampara kayam thewali aahe.
sthir broadband internet pravesh anekada prati minit kinwa rahdari aadharit shulkapeksha grahakane nivadalelya kamal deta daradvare nirdharit kelelya kimmatisah, amaryadit kinwa sapat darr kimmatichya model antargat vikala jaato. prati minit aanee rahdari aadharit shulk aanee rahdari maryada yaa mobile broadband internet praveshasathi samanya aahet.
facebook, wikipedia aanee gugalsarkhya internet sevanni mobile network operator (emm. aine. oo.) sobat bhagidari karnyasathi vishesh karyakram tayar kele aahet, jenekarun tyanchya detachya pramanasathichya kimmatila "shoonya-manankan" dile jaeel, jenekarun tyanchi seva vikasansheel bajarpethanmadhye adhik vyapakpane upalabdh hoil.
maganinusar video aanee peear-too-peear file sharing yasarkhya streaming samagrisathi grahakanchi vadhati magani, bandwidthchi magani vegane vadhali aahe aanee kahee ispsathi sapat darr moolya model asthir houu shakate. tathapi, broadband seva pradan karnyachya kharchachya 80-90% chey pratinidhitva karnara andajit nishchit kharch asalyane, atirikt rahdari vahoon nenyasathicha kirkol kharch qamee aahe. bahutek aay. ess. pii. tyanchya kharchachi mahitee dett naheet, parantu 2011 madhye eka gigabyte deta prasarit karnyasathi andaje $0.003 kharch apekshit hota.
kahee aay. ess. pii. chaa andaj aahe qee tyanchya vaparkartyanpaiki thodya sankhyene ekoon bandwidthcha asman bhag vapartat. pratisad mhanoon kahee isp rahdari aadharit kimmat, divasachi vel kinwa 'shikhar' aanee 'shikhrabaher' kimmat aanee bandwidth kinwa rahdari maryada yanche sanyojan vicharat ghet aahet, prayog karat aahet kinwa amalat aanale aahet. itarancha assa dawa aahe qee atirikt bandwidthchi kirkol kimmat khoop qamee asalyane 80 teey 90 takke kharch nishchit keela jaato, vapar patalichi parva naan karata, asha payya anavashyak aahet kinwa antim vaparkartyala bandwidth pohochavanyachya kharchavyatirikt itar chintanmule prerit aahet.
canadamadhye, rosers hye-speed internet aanee bail canadane bandwidth maryada ladalya aahet. 2008 saalee time wornerne texaschya beaumontmadhye vapar-aadharit kimmatincha prayog karnyas suruvat kelee. 2009 madhye newyorkchya rochester bhagat vapar-aadharit kimmati vadhavanyacha velecha ishara denara prayatna, matra, tyala sarvajanik pratikarala samore jaave lagale aanee too sodoon denyat aala.
1 august 2012 roji nashville, tenacy yethe aanee 1 aktoobar 2012 roji tuxon yethe arizona comcastne asha chachanya suru kelya jyaa parisaratil rahivashanvar deta maryada ladatat. nashvillemadhye 300 jee. bii. aay. tii. maryada olandatana 50 jee. bii. aay. tii. atirikt detachi tatpurati kharedi karane anivarya aahe.
digital vibhajan.
prachand vaadh hounahi, aantarjal suvidha deshanmadhye kinwa deshanmadhye samaan pramanat vitarit kelee jaat nahee. digital vibhajan mhanje "mahitee aanee dalanvalan tantradnyanamadhye (aay. see. tii.) prabhavi pravesh asalelya lokanmadhil aanee atyant maryadit kinwa pravesh nasalelya lokanmadhil antar". internetcha vapar karananya aanee internet nasalelyanmadhil antar heey digital vibhajanachya anek pailunpaiki eka aahe. konala internetcha vapar karata yeto qee nahee heey aarthik sthitee, bhaugolik sthan tasech sarkari dhorananvar mothya pramanat avalambun asoo shakate. "qamee utpann, grameen aanee alpasankhyak loksankhyela tantrik 'nahee' mhanoon vishesh chhanani midali aahe."
qamee seva asalele gut, pradesh aanee deshansathi internetchi upalabdhata aananyat kinwa maryadit karnyat sarkari dhorane mothee bhoomika bajavtat. udaharanarth, aarthik aadhunikikaranasathichya aaplya mohimela chalana denyachya uddeshane aakramak aay. tii. dhoran rabavat asalelya pakistanmadhye, internet vaparnanchi sankhya 2000 madheel 133,900 varoon (loksankhyechya 0.1%) 2011 madhye 31 dashalaksh (loksankhyechya 17.6%) paryant vadhali. uttar koriyamadhye, rajkiy asthiratechya bhitimule, jee jaagtik internetchya praveshachya fayadhyansamvet asoo shakate, tulanene qamee internet upalabdh aahe. yuu.ess. vyapar bandee haah kyubamadhye internetchya praveshavar maryada aananara adthala aahe.
internetchya praveshachi patali nishchit karnyasathi sanganakachi upalabdhata haah eka pramukh ghatak aahe. 2011 saalee vikasansheel deshanmadhye 25 takke gharanmadhye sanganak aanee 20 takke gharanmadhye internetchi suvidha hotee, tarr vikasit deshanmadhye 74 takke gharanmadhye sanganak aanee 71 takke gharanmadhye internetchi suvidha hotee. vikasansheel deshantil bahutansh lokanna internetchi suvidha nahee. sumare 4 abj lokankade internet suvidha nahee. 2007 madhye kyubamadhye sanganak kharedila kayadeshir manyata denyat aalee tevha sanganakanchi khajgi malki vadhali (2008 madhye betavar 6,30,000 sanganak upalabdh hote, 2007 chya tulanet 23 takke vaadh).
internetchya vaparane anek lokancha vichar karanyachi paddhat badalali aahe aanee too lokanchya aarthik, rajkiy aanee samajik jivanacha avibhajya bhag banala aahe. sanyukt rashtranni heey manya kele aahe qee jagatil adhik lokanna internetchi suvidha upalabdh karoon dilyane tyanna internetvar upalabdh asalelya "rajkiy, samajik, aarthik, shaikshanik aanee karkirdichya sandhincha" laabh gheta yeil. 2003 madhye geneva yethe sanyukt rashtranni bolavalelya mahitee samajavaril jaagtik shikhar parishadet swikarlelya 67 tattvanpaiki anek tattve digital darivar thet laksh kendrit karatat. aarthik vikasala chalana denyasathi aanee digital vibhajan qamee karnyasathi, jagbharat parvadananya uchch-gatee internetchi upalabdhata vadhavanyasathi rashtriy broadband yojana vikasit kelya jaat aahet aanee kelya jaat aahet. jagbharatil payabhoot suvidhanchya vikasala madat karnyasathi european unioncha pudhakar asalelya global getwene 2021 teey 2027 darmyan digital kshetrasah sampark prakalpansathi 300 abj euro ubharanyachi yojana aakhali aahe.
vaparkartyanchya sankhyet vaadh.
1993 madheel andaje 1 kotee lock, 1995 madheel sumare 4 kotee lock, 2002 madhye 67 kotee lock aanee 2013 madhye 2.7 abj lock ashee internetchi upalabdhata vadhali. bajarpethetil paripoornatesah, internet vaparkartyanchi sankhya audhyogik deshanmadhye mandavat aahe, parantu ashiya, africa, lattin america, caribean aanee madhyapurvet tee suruch aahe. sampoorn aafriket, andaje 90 kotee lock ajunahi internetshee jodalele naheet; jyanna asey aahe tyanchyasathi, sampark shulk samanyatah mahag rahate aanee bandwidth anek thikani gambhirpane maryadit aahe. tathapi, aafriketil bhramandhvani grahakanchi sankhya itar serve thikananpeksha vegane vadhat aahe. bhraman vittiy seva dekhil utpadane aanee sevanchya twarit deykas parvanagi detat.
2011 madhye andaje 0.6 abj sthir broadband grahak aanee sumare 1.2 abj mobile broadband grahak hote. vikasit deshanmadhye lock sthir aanee mobile broadband network donhi varanvar vapartat. vikasansheel deshanmadhye, mobile broadband hii bahudha upalabdh asaleli ekmev pravesh paddhat aahe.
bandwidth vibhajan.
paramparikpane heey vibhajan sadasyatva aanee digital upkarananchya sadhyachya sankhyechya ("sadasyatvanchi sankhya aahe aanee nahee") drushtine mojale gele aahe. alikadil abhyasanni digital vibhajan tantrik upkarananchya drushtine navhe tarr prati vyakti vidyaman bandwidthchya drushtine (dardoi keey. biit/seey. madhye) mojale aahe. bajuchya aakrutimadhye darshavilyapramane, keey. biit/seey madheel digital vibhajan ekaraspane qamee hott nahee, parantu pratyek naveen navkalpanasah punha ughadate. udaharanarth, 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat 'narrow-band internet aanee mobile phonecha prachand prasar' yamule digital asamanata vadhali, tasech 'id1' darmyan broadband dii. ess. ell. aanee kebal modemcha prarambhik parichay asamanatela vadhavala. yache kaaran asey qee, eka naveen prakarchi jodani ekach velee sampoorn samajat twarit aanee eksamanpane kadhihi sadar kelee jaat nahee, parantu samajik networkdware haloohaloo pasarate. aakadyanusar, 2000chya dashakachya madhyat, 1980chya dashakachya uttaradhat, jevha fakt sthir-resheche durdhvani astitvat hote, tyaa tulanet dalanvalan kshamata adhik asamanatene vitarit kelee gelee hotee. digital samantetil sarvat alikadil vaadh navintam digital navkalpananchya mothya prasaramule udbhavali aahe (i.eae. sthir aanee bhramandhvani broadband payabhoot suvidha, udaa.jee. 3 jee aanee fiber optics phoot). aakrutimadhye darshavilyapramane, bandwidthchya babatit internetcha vapar 1990 chya dashakachya madhyat hota, tassa 2014 madhye adhik asamanatene vitarit keela gela aahe.
udaharanarth, aafriketil keval 0.40% loksankhyekade nishchit broadband sadasyatva aahe. bahutansh internet vaparkarte mobile broadbandware yacha vapar karatat.
grameen pravesh.
sarvasadharanpane internetchya praveshasathi aanee visheshtah broadbandchya praveshasathi eka mothe aavhan mhanje shetkari, pashupalak aanee lahan shaharansarkhya qamee loksankhyechya ghanatechya bhagat sambhavya grahakanna seva pradan karane. jyaa shaharanmadhye loksankhyechi ghanata jaast aahe, tethe seva pradatyasathi upkaranancha kharch vasool karane sope aahe, parantu pratyek grameen grahakala jodanyasathi mahagadya upkarananchi aavashyakta asoo shakate. pyu internet andd american life projectnusar, 2010 madhye 66 takke amerikanankade internet jodani hotee, tarr grameen bhagat tee sankhya keval 50 takke hotee.
virgine madhyamanni united kingadammadhil 100 hoon adhik shaharanmadhye, see. doubleu. emm. bii. aar. aii. pasoon teey clydebankparyant, jahirat kelee, jyanna tyanchya 100 emm. bii. tii./ess. sevemadhye pravesh aahe.
grameen bhagasathi wireless internet seva puravathadar (whisps) vegane broadbandcha eka lokpriy paryay banat aahet. tantradnyanachya drushti reshechya aavashyaktanmule dongral aanee daat parnapati bhupradesh asalelya kahee bhaganmadhye sampark vyavasthet adthala yeu shakato. tathapi, durastha skotlandmadhil yashasvi prayogik tegola prakalp heey darshavito qee wireless haah eka vyavharya paryay asoo shakato.
grameen nova skotiya upkramasathi broadband haah uttar americetil pahila karyakram aahe joou ekhadya pradeshatil "nagri pattyanchya 100%" praveshas hummy deto. heey motorola chhatra tantradnyanavar aadharit aahe. november 2011 paryant, 1000 peksha qamee gharanmadhye pravesh samasyanchi nond jhaali aahe. eka chhatra pradatyadvare (eastlink) naveen seela networkchya upayojanane, chhatradvare seva dene katheen asalelya bhagansathi, kadachit vishesh meater nasalelya darane, 3jee/4jee sevecha paryay upalabdh hone apekshit hote.
newzealandmadhye, grameen broadband aanee mobile phone vyapti sudharanyasathi sarkarne eka nidhi sthapan keela aahe. sadhyachya prastavanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh (aaa) fiber coverage vadhavane aanee vhee. dii. ess. ell. laa samarthan denyasathi tambe adyayavat karane, (buub) cellphone tantradnyanache coverage sudharnyavar laksh kendrit karane kinwa (qa) pradeshik wireless.
anek deshanni network operatorna tyanche ex. dii. ess. ell. aanee ell. tii. eae. network karyakshamatene ekatra karnyas saksham karoon grameen bhagat jalad internet seva pradan karnyasathi sankarit pravesh network suru kele aahe.
nagri kinwa manvi adhikar mhanoon pravesh.
khalee namood kelelya krutee, vidhane, matey aanee shifarshinmule internetcha vapar haah swatach nagri kinwa kadachit manvi adhikar aahe kinwa jhaala pahije ashee soochana jhaali aahe.
anek deshanni kayade sweekarle aahet jyat rajyane internetcha vapar vyapakpane upalabdh aahe yachee khatri karnyasathi kinwa ekhadya vyaktichya mahitee aanee internetvaril praveshavar avastav nirbandh ghalanyapasun rajyala rokhanyasathi kaam karane aavashyak aaheh
december 2003 madhye sanyukt rashtranchya tatvavadhanakhali mahitee samajavaril jaagtik shikhar parishad (doubleu. ess. aay. ess.) aayojit karnyat aalee hotee. sarkare, vyavasay aanee nagri samaj pratinidhi yanchyatil pradirgh vataghatinantar, manvi hakkanchi dekhbhal aanee balkatikaran karnyasathi mahitee samajache mahatva punha pushti karnyasathi doubleu. ess. aay. ess. tattvanchi ghoshana swikaranyat aalih
tattvanchi doubleu. ess. aay. ghoshana, 'mahitee samajat' abhivyakti swatantryachya adhikarache mahatva namood kartana vishisht sandarbh deteh
30 november 2009 teey 7 februwari 2010 darmyan bbc jaagtik sevesathi 14,306 internet vaparkartyansah 26 deshantil 27,973 praudhanchya sarvekshanat asey aadhalun aale qee jagbharatil pachpaiki chaar internet vaparkarte aanee gair-vaparkarte yanna internetcha vapar karane haah moolbhut adhikar asalyache vatale. 50 takke lokanni thampane sahmati darshavali, 29 takke lokanni kahee pramanat sahmati darshavali, 9 takke lokanni kahee pramanat asahmati darshavali, 6 takke lokanni tivra asahmati darshavali aanee 6 takke lokanni konatehi mutt dile nahee.
sanyukt rashtranchya aamsabhechya manavadhikar parishadela meey 2011 madhye dilelya ahavalat mutt aanee abhivyakti swatantryachya adhikarachya prachar aanee sanrakshanasathi vishesh pratinidhine kelelya 88 shifarshinmadhye internetchya praveshachya adhikarachya prashnavar asalelya anek shifarshincha samavesh aaheh
network tatasthata.
network tatasthata (nivval tatasthata, internet tatasthata kinwa nivval samanata dekhil) heey tattva aahe qee internet seva puravathadar aanee sarkaranni internetvaril serve detala samanpane hatalale pahije, vaparkarta, samagri, site, platform, anuprayog, sanlagn upkaranancha prakar kinwa sampreshanachya paddhatidvare bhedbhav kinwa shulk aakarle jaau naye. nett nutralitychya samarthakanni broadband pradatyanchya internet anuprayog aanee samagri (udaa.jee. sanketsthale, seva aanee niyam) aanee agadi spardhakanna avarodhit karnyasathihi. pratispardhyancha dawa aahe qee nivval tatasthateche niyam broadband payabhoot suvidha sudharanyasathi guntavanukila adthala aanatil aanee tutaleli nasaleli gosht durust karnyacha prayatna kartil. april 2017 madhye, navyane niyukt jhalele eff. see. see. chey adhyaksh, ajith varadraj paee, americetil nivval tatasthateshi tadjod karnyachya alikadil prayatnanvar vichar karat aahet. nivval tatasthata radd karayachi qee nahee yavar 14 december 2017 roji matdan jhaale aanee nivval tatasthata radd karnyachya bajoone 3-3 ashee phoot padali.
naisargik aapatti aanee pravesh.
naisargik aapattimule internetchya praveshat kholvar vyatyay yeto. heey mahattvache aahe-keval networkchya malkichya dursanchar companyansathi aanee tyancha vapar karananya vyavsayansathich navhe tarr aapatkalin karmchari aanee visthapit nagarikansathihi. aapatti pratisadasathi aavashyak asaleli rugnalaye kinwa itar imarati tyancha sampark gamavatat tevha paristhiti aanakhi bighadte. naisargik aapattinmule bhootkalat internetvar jhalelya adthalyancha abhyas karoon midavalele dnyan niyojan kinwa punarpraptimadhye vaparale jaau shakate. yavyatirikt, naisargik aanee manavnirmit asha donhi aapattinmule, mothya pramanat vyatyay talhanyasathi aata jaalyachya lavchiktevar abhyas keela jaat aahe.
naisargik aapattincha internet jodanivar parinam karnyacha eka marg mhanje antim up-jaalyanche (subnet) nuksan karane, jyamule teey pohochata yet naheet. catarina chakrivadalanantar sthanik networkwaril abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee vadal vyaptitil 26 takke subnet pohochanyayogy navhate. catarina chakrivadalachya tivratechya shikharavar asatana, misisipimadhil jawaljawal 35 takke jaalyanmadhye veej navhati, tarr louisianache sumare 14 takke jaalyanmadhye vyatyay aala. tyaa pohochata naan yenanya subnetpaiki 73 takke chaar aathvade kinwa tyahoon adhik kaal viskalit hote aanee 57 takke 'networkchya kathavar' hotya, jyaa rugnalaye aanee sarkari sanstha yasarkhya mahattvachya aapatkalin sanstha hotya. mothya pramanavar payabhoot suvidhanche nuksan aanee durgam kshetre hii seva parat yenyas dirghkal vilamb hott asalyachi done karane hotee. sisko companyne eka jaale aapatkalin pratisad vahan (nerve) ughad kele aahe, joou eka truck aahe joou paramparik jaale viskalit hounahi aapatkalin pratisadkartyansathi portable sampreshan shakya karato.
naisargik aapattinmule internet jodani nasht honyacha dusra marg mhanje panbudichya kebal-aantarrashtriy internet jodani pradan karananya sagari talashi thevalelya fiber-optic cables-todane. samudrakhalil bhookampanchya kramane taivanshi jodalelya saat aantarrashtriy kebalsmadhil sahaa cablesla todale aanee tsunamila karanibhoot tharale jyamule tyache eka kebal aanee landing station nasht jhaale. ashiya-prashant pradeshat tasech pradesh aanee america aanee europe darmyan paach divas internet connection mand kinwa aksham jhaale.
claude sangananachya vadhatya lokpriyatemule, naisargik aapattichya velee claude-hoost kelelya detamadhye pravesh karnyababat chinta vadhali aahe. april 2011 aanee juuna 2012 madhye mothya network outagemule amazon web seva (aii. doubleu. ess.) batmyanmadhye aahet. aii. doubleu. ess., itar pramukh claude hosting kampanyanpramanech, backup power tasech itar thikanchya backup deta centers samanya outages aanee mothya pramanat naisargik aapattinsathi tayari karate. aii. doubleu. ess. heey pruthviche paach pradeshanmadhye vibhajan karate aanee nantar pratyek pradeshache upalabdhata kshetranmadhye vibhajan karate. eka upalabdhata kshetratil deta centercha backup vegalya upalabdhata kshetratil deta centerdware ghetala pahije. saiddhantikdrushtya, naisargik aapatticha ekapeksha jaast upalabdhata kshetravar parinam honar nahee. joparyant manvi truti yaa mishranat jodali jaat nahee toparyant haah siddhant lagoo hoto. juuna 2012 chya mothya vadalane keval prathamik deta center aksham kele, parantu manvi trutine duyyam aanee trutiyak backup aksham kele, jyamule netflix, pinterest, redit aanee instagram sarkhya kampanyanvar parinam jhaala.