vaidyakshastratil swayam-prayog

swayam-prayog mhanje vaidnyanik prayog jyamadhye prayogkarta swatahvar prayog karato. anekada yacha arth assa hoto qee prayogcha designer, operator, vishay, vishleshak aanee vaparkarta kinwa reporter heey serve samaan asatat. swayam-prayogcha vaidyakeey kshetratil eka dirgh aanee uttam dastaivajikaran kelela itihas aahe joou aajahi suru aahe. yapaiki kahee prayog khoop maulyavan tharale aahet aanee aushadhanchya vividh kshetranmadhye naveen aanee anekada anpekshit antardrushti detat.
aatmaparikshanasathi anek prerana aahet. yamadhye lavkar parinam midvanyachi aanee aupcharik sanghatanatmak sanrachanechi garaj talhanyachi ichcha, svayamsevakanpramanech jokhim ghenyachi naitik bhoomika ghene kinwa keval manavatesathi changle karanyachi ichcha yancha samavesh hoto. itar naitik samasyanmadhye sanshodhakane swayam-prayog karava qee nahee yacha samavesh hoto kaaran sanshodhkala milanara laabh rahila swayamsevkala milanar nahee aanee svayamsevakachi mahitipurn sammati kharokharach sanshodhan karyakramachya bahereel lock deu shakatat qaa yaa prashnacha samavesh hoto.
kiman paach nobel vijetyansah anek pratishthit shastradnyanni swayam-prayog haatee ghetale aahet; anek prakarananmadhye, aatm-prayog shakya jhalelya nishkarshansathi haah puraskar denyat aala hota. anek prayog dhokadayak hote; vividh lock rogkarak, vishari kinwa kiranotsargi samgrichya samparkat aale. jessy lezier aanee daniele alsides carrion yanchyasarkhe kahee swayam-sanshodhak tyanchya sanshodhanachya darmyan maran pavale. swayam-sanshodhakanchi ullekhaneey udaharane anek kshetranmadhye aadhaltat; sansargjanya rog (jais lezierh pivala taap, max wonn pettencoferh pataki), lus sanshodhan aanee vikas (daniele zagurih eds, time frydeh snakebite), karkarog (nicolas saine, jeane-louis-marqa elebert), rakt (carl landsteiner, william jeey. harrington), aanee aushadhashastra (albert hoffman aanee itar anek). sanshodhan heey rog aanee aushadhanpurate maryadit rahilele nahee. johnn stapney manvi mandatechya maryadanchi chachani kelee, humphrey devine shvasat nitrus auxide ghetala aanee nicolaus senane chhidranche nidan karnyasathi paddhatichi upayuktata tapasanyasathi tyachya jatharantra margat hydrogen pump keela.
vyakhya.
aatm-prayog mhanje kaay yachee konatihi aupcharik vyakhya nahee. eka kadak vyakhya kadachit tee asha prakarananparyant maryadit thevu shakate jithe eka-vishay prayog aahe aanee prayogkarta swatahvar prakriya karato. qamee vyakhyemadhye prayogkartyanni swatahla prayogasathi svayamsevkanmadhye thewale ashee prakarane samavisht asoo shakatat. ess. nusar. see. nyu south wells vidyapithachya gandevia, jeey yaa prashnakade naitikatechya drushtikonatun pahat hote, tyanantarchya konatyahi prakashit peparvar swa-parikshak mhanoon naav dile gele tarr teey keval swa-prayog aahe. mhanjech, jyaa vyaktila prayogasathi shaikshanik shrey milel tee vyakti dekhil tyacha vishay asane aavashyak aahe.
prerana.
prayog karnare swa-chachani karnyacha nirnay ghenyachi anek karane aahet, parantu sarvat moolbhut mhanje naitik tattva aahe qee prayogkartyane prayogatil sahbhaginna konatyahi prakriyes adheen karoo naye, jeey teey swatah karnyas tayar nastil. hii kalpana pahilyanda 1947 madhye neuremberg sanhitet sanhitabaddha karnyat aalee hotee, jee neuremberg khatalyanmadhil nazi doctoranchya khatalyancha parinam hotee, jyavar maulyaheen prayoganmadhye piditanchi hatya aanee chhal kelyacha aarop hota. yapaiki anek doctoranna fashi denyat aalee. neuremberg sanhitechya pachvya binduvar, joparyant prayogkarte swatahi bhag ghet naheet toparyant vishayansathi dhokadayak assa konatahi prayog keela jaau naye. neuremberg kodane jagbharatil vaidyakeey prayoganchya aacharsanhitevar prabhav padala aahe, tasech kukhyat tuskeggy syphilis prayogasarkhya prayoganchya pradarshanamule tyache anusaran karnyat apayash aale aahe.
swayam-parikshankartyanche samikshak sadhya aatm-vadhisarkhya itar qamee chavdar preranankade nirdesh karatat. kahee shastradnyanni tyanchya sansthechya sambandhit naitik samitikadun parvanagi magnyachi 'laal fiti' talhanyasathi swayam-prayogcha avalamb keela aahe. verner forsemanne tyacha aatmaparikshan pudhe nenyacha itka nirdhar keela hota qee parvanagi nakarlyanantarhi too too suru thewala. yaa upkramasathi tyanna donada badtarf karnyat aale hote, parantu tyanchya karyache mahatva akheris nobel puraskarane olakhale gele. kahee sanshodhak, varvar pahata, asey manatat qee aatm-prayogas parvanagi nahee. tathapi, heey kharey nahee, kiman americet taree jethe prayogcha vishay kona aahe yachee parva naan karata samaan niyam lagoo hotat.
parinamanchi achook dakhal naan gheta, eka muddah siddha karnyas utsuk asalelya atee-utsahi sanshodhakanchya jokhamisathi dekhil aatm-prayogavar teeka kelee jaate. yaa virodhat, swayam-prayogala pathimba pathimba assa yuktivad aahe qee vaidyakiyadrushtya prashikshit vyakti lakshane samajoon ghenyasathi aanee nondavanyasathi adhik changlya sthiteet asatat aanee swayam-prayog sahasa svayamsevakanchi bharati honyapurvi karyakramachya agadi suruvatichya tappyat asato.
aatmahatya karanyachi ichcha kadhikadhi aatmaparikshanasathiche kaaran mhanoon mandali jaate. tathapi, laurence keey. altman, 'kona pratham jaate?' yaa pustakache lekhak.: aushadhatil aatm-prayogachi katha, "heey kadhikadhi ghadu shakate heey manya karat asatana, vyapak sanshodhananantar aatm-prayogadvare aatmahatyechya prayatnache keval eka satyapit prakaran sapadale. haah nobel paritoshik vijeta ellie matchnicoff hota, jyane 1881 madhye nairashyane grast houn swatahla punha tapache injection dile. aatmahatyecha haah tyacha dusra prayatna hota, parantu tyachi patni olga hichya matey, tyane mrutyuchi hii paddhat nivadali jenekarun tee aushadhansathi fayadeshir tharel. tathapi, matchnicoff bachavala aanee 1892 madhye dekhil patakicha swayam-anubhav ghetala, parantu haah aatmahatyecha prayatna asalyache manale jaat nahee.
jokhim kahihi asso, manavatesathi kahitari fayadeshir karanyachi sadhee paropkari ichcha hii kadachit sarvat udatt prerana aahe. tyat nishchitach dhoke aahet, kaaran jessy leziercha, jaanunbujun swatahla sankramit kelyanantar pivalya tapane mrutyu jhaala tevha tyala tyachi kimmat mojavi lagali. max wonn pettencofer, patakiche jivanu khallyanantar mhanalah
sidney vidyapithatil jaivanitishastrache pradhyapak iaan kerij yanchya matey, aatmaparikshan karnyache sarvat samanya kaaran itake udatt kahihi nahee, tarr "eka atrupt vaidnyanik jidnyasa aanee tyanchya swatachya sanshodhanat jawalun sahbhagi honyachi garaj" aahe.
naitikta.
aadhich namood kelyapramane, heey eka naitik tattva aahe qee sanshodhakane swayamsevkanvar asey kahihi ladoo naye jeey sanshodhak tyachyasathi kinwa swatahsathi karnyas tayar nasel, parantu sanshodhak nehmi prayogasathi yogya kinwa agadi shakyahi nasato. udaharanarth, jarr sanshodhan mahilansathi samprerak upcharanmadhye asel, kinwa teey khoop mhatare kinwa khoop lahan asoo shakatat, tarr sanshodhak chukiche ling asoo shakate. sanshodhakanna naitik prashna assa aahe qee jarr teey svayamsevakanpramanech sthiteet asateel tarr teey prayogas sahmat hotil qaa?
aanakhi eka muddah joou sanshodhakanna bhag naan ghenyas pravrutt karoo shakato too mhanje sanshodhkala prayogat bhag ghetalyane kahee fayda hoil qaa. heey eka naitik tattva aahe qee swayamsevakanni sanshodhanacha kahee fayda midvanyasathi ubhe rahile pahije, jaree teey ekhadya rogasathi upchar milanyachi bhavishyatil durvarchya shakyata asali taree tyanna sansarg honyachi shakyata qamee aahe. upchar naan karata yenyajogya sthitichya rugnanvar kadhikadhi prayogik aushadhanvaril chachanya kelya jaatat. jarr sanshodhkala tee sthitee nasel tarr tyanna vaiyaktikaritya konatahi sambhavya fayda houu shakat nahee. udaharanarth, ronald see. tyane swatah vikasit kelelya eds lasichi chachani qaa kelee nahee yavar pratikriya detana desrosuresne sangitale qee tyala edscha dhoka nahee mhanoon kadachit fayda houu shakat nahee. tyaulat, naveen aushadhachya chachaniche prarambhik tappe sahasa keval padarthachya surakshitatevar kendrit asatat, tyaeivaji tyache konatehi fayade asoo shakatat. yaa tappyasathi nirogi vyakti aavashyak aahet, lakshya sthitine grast svayamsevak nahee, mhanoon jarr sanshodhak nirogi asel tarr too kinwa tee chachanisathi sambhavya umedvar aahe. lus sanshodhanat madat karnyasathi eka vaishishtyapurn muddah assa aahe qee chachani svayamsevakanchya raktat etch. aay. vhee. pratipinde sodel, jyamule chachani kelyavar vyakti etch. aay. vhee. vahakanchya samparkat nasali tarihi etch. aay. vhee. positive disun yeil. yamule svayamsevkansathi (konatyahi swayam-parikshakansah) jeevan vimyachya samasyansarkhya anek samajik samasya udbhavu shakatat.
mahitipurn sanmatichi naitikta aatm-prayogashi sambandhit aahe. prayogatil swayamsevakanni honar asaleli prakriya purnapane samajoon ghetali pahije, tyat samavisht asalelya serve jokhaminchi jaaniv thewali pahije aanee prayogat sahbhagi honyasathi tyanchi sammati aadhich dilee pahije, heey tattva mahitipurn sammati aahe. mahitipurn sanmatiche tattva pratham yuu. ess. madhye lagoo karnyat aale.ess. 1901 madhye kyubamadhye pitjwarababat lashkarache sanshodhan. tathapi, tyaveli konatehi samanya kinwa adhikrut margadarshan navhate. neuremberg sanhitechya masudyat pivalya tapachya karyakramacha sandarbh mileparyant heey asech rahile. 1964 madhye jaagtik vaidyakeey sanghatnene helsinkichya ghoshanet heey pudhe vikasit kele hote, jeey tevhapasoon naitik samityanchya margdarshak tattvancha paya banale aahe.
kahee sanshodhakanche asey mutt aahe qee prayogik sanshodhan heey samanya lokansathi itake klisht aahe qee teey yogya mahitipurn sammati deu shakat naheet. asach eka sanshodhak mhanje yujeen jee. laufort, jyacha assa vishvas aahe qee prayogat sahbhagi honare sanshodhak svayamsevkansathi kayadeshir sammati formpeksha adhik maulyavan aahet. dusare dusare nobel paritoshik vijete roselyn ess. yalo, jyane mhatale, "aamchya prayogshalet aamhi nehmich swatacha vapar keela kaaran keval aamhich aahot jeey kharokhar mahitipurn sammati deu shakatat."nanyachya rahila bajula, sanshodhan pathakachya sadasyanna samvayaskanchya dabavamule sahbhagi honyasathi bhag ghenyachi sakti honyachi shakyata aahe.
naveen prayogat hii prakriya pratham kona karoon pahanar haah prashna naitik aahe. tathapi, altmanchya matey haah assa prashna nahee jyavar yashasviritya kayade kele jaau shakatat. swayam-chachanichi aavashyakta asalela kayada sanshodhakanna kadhikadhi ayogya tharoo shakanari jokhim ghenyas bhag padel. tyavar bandee ghalanara code maulyavan shodhanna adthala aanoo shakato.
vaidyakeey shikshanat swayam-prayogachi bhoomika aahe. aata protsahan midale nasale taree, purvichya kalat vaidyakeey vidyarthyanni teey lihoon denar asalelya aushadhancha swatahsathi vapar karava ashee apeksha karane heey agadi pramanik hote. charles-edward braun-sequard, jyanchya swatachya aatm-prayoganmule tyanna aata harmon mhanatat tyaa sankalpanekade nele, teey ekonisavya shatkatil yaa pratheche samarthak hoteh
moolya.
pratham parinam vegane midvanyat aatmaparikshanala mahatva aahe. kahee prakarananmadhye, jase qee adhikrut parvangila virodh karoon forcemanchya prayoganmule, asey parinam miloo shakatat jeey anyatha kadhihi prakashat aale nasate. tathapi, swayam-prayogamadhye mothya prayogacha sankhyikeey vaidhatecha abhav aahe. ekach vyaktivar kelelya prayogatoon tyache samanyikaran karane shakya nahee. udaharanarth, carl landsteinerchya kamavarun aata aaplyala maheet aahe qee, ekach yashasvi rakt sankramanacha arth assa nahee qee konatyahi done yadruchchik lokanmadhil asey serve sankraman dekhil yashasvi hoil. tyachpramane, ekahi apayshala purnapane siddha hott nahee qee prakriya nirupayogi aahe. jethe vaidnyanik niyantrane thevane shakya nahee asha ekal-vyaktichya swayam-prayogat pushti purvagrah aanee placibo prabhav yasarkhya mansik samasya apariharya aahet.
jarr swayam-sanshodhak haah anek svayamsevakanpaiki eka asel (joparyant swayam-sanshodhak dekhil parinamanchya nondanisathi jababdar nasel) parantu tyachya kinwa tichya upasthitila ajunahi moolya asel tarr asha chinta itakya lagoo hott naheet. varr namood kelyapramane, heey itar sahbhaginna aashvast karoo shakate. prayog naitik aahe qee dhokadayak yacha vichar kartana too prayogkartyavar tapasani mhanoon dekhil karya karato.
ullekhaneey udaharane.
bhoolbhulaiya.
dantvaidhya horace wells yanni bhool deuun sodavanyasathiche tyanche upayog nishchit karnyacha prayatna kartana nitrus auxide, diethyl ether aanee chloroforms anek prayog kele. 1844 madhye aayojit kelelya pahilya chachanimadhye, tyacha sahayyak johnn riggs yane tyala nitrus oxideche doses dile aanee nantar tyacha eka daat kadhala. nantar 1848 madhye tyane eather aanee chloroformcha swayam-prayog keela aanee akheris ativaparamule tyala chloroformche vyasan lagale. 24 janewari 1848 roji aatmahatya karnyapurvi tyanni chloroformla bhool mhanoon shvasat ghetale.
lidocane, pahila amino emide-prakarcha sthanik bhool deuun sodanara padarth, pratham 1943 madhye swedish rasayanshastradnya nills lofgrain yanni 'zylocane' yaa navane sanshleshit keela. tyanche sahkari bengt lundqvist yanni swatahvar pahile injection bhool deuun sodanyache prayog kele.
dumm.
roser altonianne swatahvar prayog karoon, madhyapurvetil paramparik upay asalelya khela yaa aushadhavar aadharit, damyasathi upay mhanoon soodiyam chromoglycate vapar vikasit keela.
rakt.
aii. bii. oo. rakt gut pranali.
dow. carl landsteinerne 1900 madhye ebo raktagat pranalicha shodh lavala, joou tyachya swatahsah tyachya prayogshaletil sahaa sahaa raktachya namunyanchya vishleshanavar aadharit hota.
thrombocytopenia.
1950 madhye harrington-hollingsworth prayogat, william jeey. harringtonne swatamadhye aanee thrombocytopenic rugnamadhye rakt sankraman kele, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpuracha rogpratikarak aadhar shodhun kadhala aanee svayampratirakshechya astitvache purave dile.
karkarog.
1901 madhye, nicolaus senane karkarog sansargjanya hota qee nahee yacha tapas keela. tyane shastrakriya karoon tyachya tvachekhali othancha karkarog asalelya rugnachya karkarogyukt lasika granthicha eka tukada takala. done aathvadyannantar, pratyaropan mandavanyas suruvat jhaali aanee senane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee karkarog sansargjanya nahee.
khoop aadhi, 1808 madhye, jeane-louis-marqa elebertne stanachya karkarogapasun mukt honyacha injection lavala. injectionchya thikani sooj aalee, parantu karkarog jhaala nahee.
karkarogaviruddha lasikaran shakya aahe heey siddha karnyachya prayatnat, gerhard domagkane 1949 madhye manvi karkarogachya nirjantukikaran kelelya arkane swatahla injection dile.
sansargjanya rog aanee lus.
covid-19
februwari 2020 madhye, tianzin vidyapithatil rogpratikarak shastradnya huang jinhai yanni dawa keela qee tyanni tyanchya prayogshalet vikasit kelelya covid-19 lasiche chaar doses pranyanvar chachani honyapurvich ghetale hote.
march 2020 madhye, jalad upayojan lus sahyogi (redwack mhanoon dekhil olakhali jaate) neey modular, intranasal covid-19 lasisathi tantrik vaishishtye vikasit kelee, tayar kelee aanee prakashit kelee. samoohachya lus vikasavar pratyaksh aanee apratyakshapane kaam vikasit asankhya shastradnyannihi prakalpachya anek lus umedvarancha vapar karoon swayam-prayog suru keela.
march 2020 madhye, tubingen vidyapithatil rogpratikarakshastrache pradhyapak aanee curevache saha-sansthapak hans-george ramncy yanni swatahvar covid-19 lasichi chachani suru kelee.
meey 2020 madhye, gamaleya research institute auph epidemiology andd microbiology sanchalak alekzandar gintsberg yanni jaheer kele qee anek lus tadnyanni sputnik vhee covid-19 lasisah swayam-prayog suru kele aahet.
lasisathi madat karate.
1986 madhye daniele zaguri haah tyachya prastavit eds lasichi chachani ghenara pahila vyakti hota.
bartenlosis.
1885 madhye daniele alsides carrionne eka mahila rugnachya jambhalya chamkhil (veruga peruana) madheel poomule swatahla sankramit kele. carrionmadhye bartenlosischa eka tivra prakar vikasit jhaala jyala aata carrion rog kinwa orea taap mhanoon olakhale jaate. haah eka durmil rog aahe joou keval peru aanee dakshin amerikechya itar kahee bhaganmadhye aadhalato. tyanni tyanchya sthitichi savistar nond thewali aanee yaa swayam-prayogadvare heey dakhavanyat yash midavale qee junat aanee tivra swarupancha rog ekach hota. kahee aathvadyannantar yaa aajarane tyanche nidhan jhaale. heey kaam karnyat jakhaminla madat vikasit eka vidyarthyala atak karnyat aalee aanee tyachyavar hatyecha aarop thevanyat aala, parantu nantar tyachi sutka karnyat aalee.
pataki.
max wonn petenkopharne aktoobar 1892 madhye, patakichya jivanunchya mothya matrene jaanunbujun sankramit jhalelya bouilanche sevan kele. haah rog keval 'vibrio collara' yaa jivanumule hoto yaa robbert kochchya siddhantache khandan karnyacha prayatna petenkophar karat hota. potatil aamlane jivanu nasht kele yaa kochchya davyacha pratikar karnyasathi pettencoferne sodyache bicarbonate dekhil ghetale. petenkophar saumya lakshanansah bachavala aanee yashasvi jhalyacha dawa keela, parantu aadhunik mutt asey aahe qee tyala kharokharach pataki hotee, sudaivane fakt eka saumya prakaran aanee kadachit mageel prakaranapasun tyala thodi pratikarshakti hotee.
atisar.
ess.oo. etch saha levinson.jeey. shagness aanee itaranni 1942 teey 1947 darmyan, tyanna atisarachya viruddha lus dilee. yaa lasichi chachani yapurvi undaranvar karnyat aalee hotee, jeey serve kahee minitantach maran pavale hote aanee manavanvar honara parinam purnapane adnyat hota. prayog karnare bachavale parantu tyanna tivra dushparinam bhogave lagale.
jatharshoth aanee peptic alsar.
"helicobacter pilory".
1984 madhye pashchatya austreliyan shastradnya dow. barry marshal yanni 'helicobacter pilory' (tyaveli 'campylobacter pilory' mhanoon olakhale jaanare) aanee jatharshoth yanchyatil sambandh shodhala. heey swayam-prayoganchya malikevar aadharit hote jyat gastroscopy aanee biopsy, "etch" chey sevan samavisht hote. pilory, "regastroscopy aanee biopsy aanee tyanantarchya upcharanmadhye tinidazole. tyacha ekmev paryay aatm-prayog hotah naitik upayayojananmule tyala 'etch' chalavanyas manai hotee. itar konatyahi vyaktila pilory. 2005 madhye, marshal aanee tyanche dirghakalin sahkari robbin warren yanna shariravidnyan kinwa aushadhatil nobel puraskar pradan karnyat aala, "helicobacter pilory" yaa jivanucha shodh aanee jatharshoth aanee peptic alsar rogatil tyachya bhoomikesathi ".
marshalchya prayogane vaidyakeey vyavasayacha dirghkalapasunacha vishvas fetalala qee tanav heey jatharshothache kaaran hote. yamule jatharshoth aanee peptic alsarsathi pratijaivik upcharanchya vikasacha marg mokala jhaala aanee 'etch' chya sambhavya bhoomikebaddal sanshodhanachi eka naveen ola tayar jhaali. pilory "potachya karkarogamadhye.
"campylobacter jejuni".
marshalchya tapasapurvi david aaa hota. robbinson, jyane 1980 madhye, gayichya dudhat aadhalanara 'campylobacter jejuni' haah jivanu, 'see' neey sankramit dudh pyayalyane jatharshoth houu shakato qaa yacha tapas karnyasathi ghetala. jejuni."parinami robbinson aajari padala. robinsonla manvi prayog karanyachi garaj hotee kaaran gayinvar chachani karane haah paryay vyavharya navhata kaaran sankramit gayee varanvar aajari padat naheet.
"stephylococcus".
american society phaur microbiology majee adhyaksh gell monro dack (1901-1976) yanni 'staphylococcus' neey dooshit kelela keek khaun swatahla annat vishbadha karoon ghetale.
syphilis.
constantin levaditi (1874-1953) neey syphilisne grast sasachya spirocateche injection ghetale parantu tyala swatah haah rog jhaala nahee.
pivala taap.
kyuba, yuu.ess. walter reedchya sanshodhan pathakachya lashkari doctoranni james caroll, aristides agramonte aanee visheshtah 1900 madhye pivalya tapachya guntaguntimule maran pavalelya jais leziers pivalya tapane swatahla sankramit kele. yaa prayatnancha parinam shevati pivalya tapachya sankramanachya dasjanya swarupacha purava jhaala aanee asankhya jeev vachavale. 18 vya shatkachya akheris stubbins fufforth yanni yaa rogachya sansargjanya swarupachi tapasani kelee hotee.
reedchya sanghala nobel paritoshik denyachi moheem ayashasvi tharali. konatyahi paristhitit, lezierla haah puraskar deela jaau shakala nahee kaaran too maranottar kadhihi deela jaat nahee. tathapi, nantarcha pitjwar sanshodhak aanee swayam-sanshodhak, max theller yanna nobel puraskar pradan karnyat aala, jyanni 1951 madhye pivalya tapachi pahili lus vikasit kelee aanee tee pratham vaparoon pahili.
trachoma.
1961 madhye anatoli all 'bertowich shatkinne tyachya dolhyachya netrashleshma thakeet trachoma vishanucha injection deela aanee vegane trachoma vikasit keela. 26 divas tyanni yaa sthitivar upchar suru kele naheet.
systosomiasis.
julai 1944 madhye, doctor sanshodhak claude barlo yanni gharguti gogalgayanna sansarg houu shakato qee nahee yacha abhyas karnyasathi aanee americet haah rog yeu shakato qaa yacha abhyas karnyasathi egyptahoon americet parat nenyasathi 200 hoon adhik systosome krumee ghetalya. sankramit gogalgayanna, madhyavarti yajmanala, meldware pathvanyache prayatna ayashasvi tharale hote. pudhil abhyasasathi undy naan gamavavi mhanoon decemberparyant atyant aajari asoonahi tyane upchar karnyas nakar deela. akheris tyane tyachya viryat 4,630 undy aanee tyachya mutrat 200 undy dilee. yuu.ess. sarkarne undy naan vaparnyacha nirnay ghetala, tyamule tyachya aatmabalidanacha kahee upayog jhaala nahee. november 1945 madhye tyanni tarter emeticne upchar kelyanantar serve parjivi shevati saaf kele.
sansargjanya nasalele rog.
raktakshay.
1926 madhye william bosworth casalne darroj sakali kachchya gomansala bareek chirun khalle, eka tasanantar teey punha tayar kele aanee nantar ghatak raktakshayane grast asalelya tyachya rugnanna teey dile. casal tyachya siddhantachi chachani ghet hota qee samanya potat eka aantarik ghatak tayar hoto jyamule bahya ghatakache (aata jivansatva buub 12 mhanoon olakhale jaanare) grahan mothya pramanat vadhale, jyachya abhavamule ghatak raktakshay hoto. gomans haah buub 12 chaa changla srot aahe, parantu rugna keval gomansane pratisad dett naheet. killyane tark keela qee tyanchyat aantarik ghatakache utpadan nahee aanee too teey swatachya potatoon deu shakato. killyala hii vaganuk midali nasali taree, tyachi katha 'kona pratham jaate?' madhye samavisht aahe.: vaidyakshastratil aatm-prayogachi katha aanee lekhakadvare aatm-prayog manali jaate.
hyperthyroidism.
elliot katalarne (1888-1947) swatahla hyperthyroidism denyasathi aanee mutrapindachya karyavar yaa sthitichya parinamacha abhyas karnyas saksham karnyasathi puresa thyroid ark ghetala.
scurvy.
juuna 1769 madhye londonmadhye, vilyam starkney swatahvar aaharatil prayoganchya malikansah skarviche kaaran shodhanyache uddisht thewale. tyanni 24 aahar prayoganchi malika tayar kelee aanee tapman aanee havamanachi sthitee, tyanni khallelya serve ann aanee panyache vajan aanee dainandin utsarjanache vajan yanche achook mojmap kele. tyane bhakari aanee panyachya moolbhut aaharapasun suruvat kelee aanee too 'nistej aanee beparvaicha' jhaala. jevha too barah jhaala, tevha tyane olive teel, dudh, bhajalela huns aanee itar asha vividh khadyapadarthanchi bharr ghaloon prayog suru kele. done mahinyanantar tyanna skarvichi lakshane disali. november 1769 paryant too madh pudding aanee cheshire chijashivay dusare kahihi naan jagata jagoo lagla hota. februwari 1770 madhye tyanche nidhan jhaale tevha tyanni taji fale aanee bhajyanchi chachani ghenyacha vichar keela.
aushadhe.
koken.
1936 madhye edwin katskine kokencha khoop motha doses ghetala. tyanni tyanchya karyalayachya bhintivar nondi lihinyacha prayatna keela, parantu prayog jasjasa pudhe sarkala tastashi tyaa adhikadhik avaidh hott gelya. rahila divashi sakali katsky mrutavasthet aadhalala.
diasulfirum.
1945 madhye, denmarkchya german tabyat asatana, erich jacobson aanee gens halled heey danish aushadh company medicinecomadhye (jyat swatahla 'death batalian' batalian' utsahi swayam-parikshakancha eka gut hota) aatadyansambandhi parajivinvar upchar karnyasathi diasulfiramchya sambhavya vaparacha shodh ghet hote aanee swatahvar chachani ghetana, daroo pyayalyavar tyache parinam chukun aadhalale, jyamule anek varshannantar antabuse navachya aushadhacha vapar jhaala.
furan.
chaunsi dii. 1930 madhye, galatine espirinsathi sambhavya paryay mhanoon furan ghetale, parantu tyamule tyala fakt dokedukhi aanee vednadayak laghvi jhaali jee teen divas chalali.
drakshancha rus.
david jee. bellie, 1989 madhye, tatkalin prayogik aushadh phelodipine ghetana daroo pyayalyane pyayalyane parinamanvar sanshodhan karat hota. asha prakarchya sanshodhanat alcoholmadhye santryachya rus misalane nehamiche hote, parantu belila yaa peyachi chav aavadali nahee, mhanoon tyaeivaji drakshancha rus vaparla. belila aadhalale qee tyachya aanee sahkari sanshodhakanchya raktat santricha rus vaparat asalelya itar shastradnyanni nondavalelya raktapeksha tippat jaast phelodipin hote. nantar asey aadhalun aale qee drakshancha rus mothya sankhyene vividh aushadhe todanyas jababdar asalelya enzymela dadapato.
ibuprofen.
1960 chya dashakat ibuprofen vikasit vikasit chamoocha eka bhag mhanoon, stuart admusney suruvatila hangoverver tyachi chachani kelee.
cycoactive aushadhe.
1804 madhye friedrich certernerne afoopasoon morphene vegale kele. morphene heey konatyahi vanaspatipasun vegale kelele pahile alkalide hote. certernerla swatahvar aanee itar teen mitranvar sarvajanik prayog karoon tyache nishkarsh tyachya tyachya siddha karayache hote.
jacq-joseph morone 1845 madhye tyacha abhyas 'du hachish ett dii laal' eleanation maintel 'prakashit keela. tyane hashishcha swatah anubhav ghetala aanee itar lokanvar tyache vegvegale parinam pahile. manoskriy padarthanni nirman kelelya chetanechya badalalelya avasthanchi samaj midvanyasathi sanshodhakanni swayam-prayog karava, assa aagrah moreu yanni dharala.
manochikitsak arther hefter yanni 1897 madhye peyot cactusemadhun mescallin vegale kele aanee swatahvar peyot aanee mescalinechya parinamanchi tulana karoon tyachya parinamanvar prayog kele.
ell. ess. dii. chey cycadelic gunadharm albert hofmanne 1943 madhye chukun shoshun gheuun aanee nantar tyache parinam ell. ess. dii. mule jhaale aahet heey padtalnyasathi jaanunbujun sevan karoon shodhale. cylocybin mashroomspasoon cylocybin vegale karnare aanee cylocybin mashroomschya cycoactive prabhavanche sakriy tattva asalyache siddha karnyasathi tyacha swayam-prayog karnare teey pahile hote.
timothi lirine ell. ess. dii. ghetali aanee 1960 chya dashakat too aushadhachya samajik vaparacha eka prasiddha samarthak hota.
alekzandar shulginane vividh prakarchya manoskriy aushadhansah, visheshtah emm. dii. emm. aii. saha sanshleshit aanee swayam-prayog keela. tyanni tyanchya sanshodhan gatasathi cycadelixchya swayam-prayogadarmyan vaparnyasathi shulgin raiting scale mhanoon olakhali jaanari eka pranali vikasit kelee.
vayoo.
hydrogen.
1886 chya sumaras, nicolaus senane tyachya guddwaratun sumare sahaa litter hydrogen pump keela. senane guddwarat ghalanyat aalelya rabarchya nalishi jodalelya chaar american gallencha rubber phuga vaparla. eka sahayyakane gudashay daboon nalivar shikkamortab kele. manometervaril dabavar laksh thevun phuga daboon hydrogen ghatale gele. senane yapurvi kutrevar haah prayog aatade futanyachya maryadeparyant keela hota. golichya jakhmanmadhil golee aatadyanchya margat ghusali hotee qee nahee heey nirdharit karnyasathi heey tantra vaparnyat saine heey agrani hote. kutryanna jhalelya bandukichya golichya jakhmanvar kelelya prayoganmadhye, seenane prakash ghaloon heey siddha kele qee jakhametoon baher padnara vayoo hydrogen hota.
yaa prayogat senane vaparlele helium jawaljawal nishchitpane chukiche aahet asey ahwal aahet. helium pahilyanda 1882 madhye pruthvivar aadhalun aala, parantu 1895 paryant vegala keela gela nahee aanee 1903 paryant kadhanyayogya satha sapadala nahee.
krutrim vayoo.
humprey devine anek vegvegalya vayunchya shvasochchhavasaha swayam-prayog keela, visheshtah nitrus auxide.
januke.
januk upcharansah swayam-prayog nondavale gele aahet. pratyek januk upcharpaddhatimadhye hanicha eka anokha dhoka asato, jyamadhye januk vitaran paddhatishi sambandhit jokhim (i.eae., vishisht vishanu vahak kinwa sankramanacha prakar) joou vaparla jaato aanee vishisht anuvanshik badalashi sambandhit dhoka. kahee januk upcharansathi sambhavya jokhaminchya udaharananmadhye uutinche nuksan aanee itar anekanmadhye paradeshi dii. aine. aii. laa rogpratikarak pratisad yancha samavesh hoto.
vedna.
thomas louis aanee jonas kelgren yanni 1930 chya dashakat vedanecha abhyas keela. heey karnyasathi, tyanni tyanchya swatachya sharirachya vividh bhaganmadhye hypertonic kshar injection dile.
1983 madhye, kitshastradnya justine oo. schmitne eka pepper prasiddha keela jyat tyane schmitt sting paine index mhatale aahe, jyala tyane hymenoptera kramatil vividh kitkanchya danshambaddalchya tyachya swatachya vaiyaktik pratikriyanvar aadharit kele, tyanna 0 teey 4 chya shreneet moolyankan kele. tyachya 1990 chya sudharit peparmadhye asha 78 prajatincha samavesh hota.
sharirik prayog.
latkat aahe.
1900 chya dashakachya suruvatila bucharst yetheel nyayvaidhyak vidnyanache pradhyapak nikole minovisi yanni fashisathi anek prayog kele. suruvatila tyane zopatana tyachya manevar fanda ghatala aanee eka sahayyakane dorivar taana deela. tyanantar too manene purn latakalelya avasthet gela. shevati, tyane tyane fashichya gathine nilambanacha prayatna keela, parantu vedna tyachyasathi pudhe chaloo thevanyasathi khoop mothee hotee. too eka mahina giloo shakala nahee. minovicine dow. yanni sthapit kelela vikram modanyacha nirdhar keela. erlangencha fleachman, jyane 1832 madhye done minite aatm-shwas ghetala. tathapi, minovisi yachya jawal jaau shakala nahee aanee fleachmancha tyavar avishvas hota.
galfas gheuun aatmaparikshan karnare minovisi aanee fleachman heey ekmev naheet. newyorkmadheel doctor grem hammond yanni 1882 madhye haah prayog keela. francis bekan yanni 1623 madhye tyahunahi aadhichya eka ghataneche varnan kele, jevha swayam-sanshodhakane manevar dori thevun stoolvaroon paul thewale, parantu madtishivay too punha stoolver paay thevu shakala nahee.
jalad praveg.
johnn paul stap, 1954 madhye, satatyane adhik hinsak chachanyanchya maliket pattyanvarun sodanyat aalelya rockett slejmadhye basala. 631 mail pratitas itka veg, jawaljawal aavajachya vegaevadha. aajahi astitvat asalelya manavyukt railway vahanacha haah veg vikram aahe. margachya shevati slagene panyachya eka kundala dhadak dilee jyamule too sumare 1.4 sekandat vegane thambla. sarvat gambhir chachanimadhye, rockett engine vahanacha veg vadhavalyamule aanee vahan thambavalyamule 46 gramm mandavalyamule (eka vikram dekhil) stapcha veg 20 gramm jhaala. yaa chachanyanmadhye stapla anek dukhapati jhalya (aadhichya pranyanchya chachanyanmadhye asey disun aale hote qee keval havechya pravahat khechale gelyane hatpay modale jaau shakatat) aanee anek aaghat jhaale. shevatchya chachanimadhye tyachya dolhyanmadhye raktavahinya futalyane tyache dolhe raktane makhalele hote.
vaimanikanna konatya shaktinna samore jaave lagoo shakate heey tharvanyasathi aanee adhik changlya prakare pratibandhatmak pattyanchi rachana karnyas saksham karnyasathi amerikechya havai dalasathi yaa chachanya karnyat aalya hotya.
vajan santulan.
santorio santorione 30 varshancha motha bhag eka vyaspithavar rahat, tyache dainandin vajan aanee tyache sevan aanee visarjan yanche kaljipurvak mojmap karoon gallenchya yaa siddhantachi chachani ghenyachya prayatnat ghalavale qee shwasan tvachedvare 'pasinecha sanvedanheen' (asanvedanshil gham) mhanoon hote. tyacha parinam mhanje 1614 saalee 'dii statica medicina' ('vaidyakeey mojamapanvar') heey prakashan.
vishari padarth.
kalya vidhva kolee vish.
1933 madhye alabama vidyapithachya alaan blairne jaanunbujun eka kalya vidhva koleela tyala chavnyas pravrutt kele. tyaa velee kahee piditanchi nondavaleli lakshane kolee chavanyacha parinam kinwa itar kahee karananmule hotee yabaddal kahee shanka hotee. blairchya prayogcha hetu haah muddah nikali kadhane haah hota. blair gambhir aajari padala aanee tyala anek divas mothya vedanet rugnalayat dakhal karnyat aale, parantu too vachala.
hydrogen cyanide.
joseph barcroftney 1917 madhye pahilya mahayuddhat vishari vayuvareel sanshodhanacha eka bhag mhanoon swatahvar hydrogen sinidechi chachani kelee. tyala kutryasah eka kholeet bund karnyat aale aanee too gasschya samparkat aala. kutryala titanic aakadi yeuun too melela disat asatanahi barcroftney haah prayog suru thewala. prayog done minitanpeksha qamee kaal suru rahila. rahila divashi sakali kutra jiwant aadhalala aanee too purnapane barah jhalyache disun aale. kutryanna manavanpeksha vayucha jaast sansarg qaa hoto heey maheet nahee.
sapache vish.
uchch pratikarshakti prapt karnyasathi, team friede yane sarp danshaviruddha, mambachya charahi prajatinmadhil shuddha vishachya injectioncha aanee nagachya chaar prajatincha vapar karoon swatachi lus tayar kelee. tyachi lus vikasit kartana too sahaa vela anaphylactic shockmadhunahi vachala. itaranni saap vishapasoon pratikarshakti nirman karnyasathi dekhil vish dile aaheh biil hast, harrold miyarki, reey hunter, joel laa roqa, hershell phule, martin crimmin aanee charles tanner.
tetrachloroathylene aanee carbon tetrachloride.
1921 madhye, mauris crother hallney hukavarmavar upchar mhanoon tyacha sambhavya vapar karnyachya drushtine tyachya surakshitatechi chachani ghenyasathi carbon tetrachloride sevan kele. hallney saumya dushparinam nondavale. tevhapasoon carbon tetrachloridemule yakrut tivraritya nikami jhalyache aadhalun aale aahe. 1925 madhye, hallney tyach uddeshane tetrachloroathylene (sarvat samanya koradi swachchata drav) sevan kele.
kiranotsargi padarth aanee samasthanik.
garry earl linbackne 1972 madhye biopsysathi kiranotsargi iodine aanee eka chakoo eka naliket gilala. linback steatoriache nidan karnyachya naveen paddhaticha shodh ghet hota.
keneth gorden scotney 1949 madhye plutonium aanee uraniumche aerosol shvasat ghetale.
bharee paanee.
1935 madhye, aushadhashastradnya clouse hanson yanni sajivanvar tyache parinam nirdharit karnyasathi judd paanee pyayale. tyachya pahilya matrecha konatahi dushparinam naan jhalyane, tyane darroj vadhati matra ghenyas suruvat kelee. eka varshanantar jaaree kelelya pathpuravyachya ahavalat tyachi prakruti changli asalyachi pushti jhaali aanee too vayachya 75 vya varshaparyant jagala.
shastrakriya aanee mansik prakriya.
hriday catheterization.
1930 chya dashakat verner forsemanne tyachya swatachya hatachya brachial naset eka catheter ghatale, tyala tyachya ujavya aalindat fluorooscoopic paddhatine margadarshan kele aanee tyache ksh-kiran chitra ghetale, jyamule hrudayavishayak catheterization vaidyakeey vapar suru jhaala. forsemanne hii prakriya parvangishivay kelee. tee yaa prayogcha vishay honar aahe ashee tichi fasavanuk karoon tyane eka paricharikechi madat ghetali. catheter swatachyach hatat ghalatana tyane tiche haat bandhale, fakt teela asha velee sodale jevha badalayala khoop usheer jhaala hota aanee tyala tichya madatichi garaj hotee. heey swayam-prayog kelyabaddal forcemanla donada kadhoon taknyat aale hote, parantu yaa kamgirisathi 1956 madhye sharirshastra kinwa vaidyakshastratil nobel paritoshik samayik kele gele. hriday shastrakriyemadhye aata hriday catheterization hii eka niyamit prakriya aahe.
swayam-shastrakriya.
shalyachikitsakanchi swatahvar shastrakriya karanyachi anek prakarane samore aalee aahet, parantu bahutek vela tee prayogapeksha aapatkalin swarupachi rahili aahet. ashee eka ghatana leonid rogozovchi hotee, jyala hivalyat antarcticamadhye adakalelya 1961 madhye swatache appendix kadhoon takane bhag padale hote. tathapi, heey swayam-shastrakriyeche kaam karnare pahile shalyachikitsak, evan oo 'niil qeena yanni 1921 madhye, prayogacha eka ghatkasah asey kele. jaree kenchi shastrakriya aavashyak asali taree tee swatah karanyachi aavashyakta navhati, jenekarun tee swatach prayogik hotee. tyahoon adhik, kenla tyachya rugnanvar prakriya karnyacha prayatna karnyapurvi sthanik bhool deuun shastrakriya anubhavayachi hotee. kenane shalyachikitsakandware samanya bhool deuun deuun aushadhacha vapar qamee karnyache samarthan kele.
sanvedanatmak abhav.
johnn see. liline pahili sanvedanatmak vanchitata taakee vikasit kelee aanee ekhadya vyaktila bahya uttejananpasun vegale karnare vatavaran tayar karoon chetaneche mool aanee mendushi asalelya tyachya sambandhancha abhyas karnyachya uddeshane tyanchi swayam-chachani kelee.
tapman aanee daab.
joseph barcroftney, 1920 madhye, unchivar shvasochavasachi tapasani karnyasathi seelband kachechya kakshat sahaa divas ghalavale. prayog jasjasa pudhe sarkat gela tasatasa oxygencha aanshik daab suruvatila 163 emm. emm. etch. jee. hota joou 84 emm. emm. etch. jee. (18,000 phoot unchichya samatulya) paryant khalee ghasarala. barcroft johnn scott haldenchya yaa siddhantache khandan karnyacha prayatna karat hota qee fuffuse qamee oxygenchya aanshik dabachya paristhitit sakriyapane raktat auxigen sravatat (keval nishkriy prasarachya prakriyedvare navhe). barcroftla gambhir hypoxiacha tras hota. prayogacha shevati, barcroftchya davya trijya dhamanicha kahee bhag tapasanisathi kadhoon taknyat aala.
1931 madhye, barcroftney nagna asatana swatahla swatahla tapmanala samore jaave lagale. prayogacha shevati tyane hypothermiachya antim tappyanchi chinhe darshavali. too mrutyuchya jawal asalyache manale jaat hote aanee aanee tyachi sutka karavi.
neural pratyaropan.
kevin varvikchya davya hatachya madhyavarti majjatantu tantunmadhye 100 electrodecha eka sanch fekala gela hota. yaa jaagi, 3 mahinyanchya kalavadhit, tyane tyachya majjasansthela internetshee jodanare anek prayog kele.
sthairyasathi majjatantu anukulan.
menduchya halchalinvar niyantran niyantran paripathanvar sthir aajaar kinwa dukhapatincha kassa parinam hoto heey tapasanyasathi niko dosenbackne tyachya ujavya hatavar (akhand) gulabi rangat done aathvade dheeg ghatala hota. tyanni darroj 30 minitancha vishrantichya sthiticha eff. emm. aar. aay. abhyas keela aanee vaparlelya shareer rachnashastravar niyantran niyantran motor kshetranmadhye aar. ess.-eff. emm. aar. aay. signalchya spandanancha naan shodhalela namuna olakhala.

