aadhunik kalatil suruvatichya kalatil jadutona chachanya

aadhunik kalatil suruvatichya kalat, 1400 teey 1782 darmyan jadutona chachanya pahilya gelya, jithe teey jadutona karat asalyachya sanshayavarun sumare 40,000 teey 60,000 lock marle gele. yaa chachanya pramukhyane europemadhye jhalya aanee pavitra roman samrajyachya kahee bhaganmadhye visheshtah gambhir hotya. kahee jadutonyanchi shikar anek varshe tickel aanee kahee strotancha andaj aahe qee 100,000 chachanya jhalya. jadutona (jaduchya vaparadvare saitanashi vyaktiche sahkarya) yaa sankalpanevar paya 13 vya shatkachya suruvatilach khrishchan dharmashastradnyanni vikasit keela hota. tathapi, 1560 teey 1630 yaa kalat prati-sudharana aanee european dharmik yuddhanchya kalat jadutonyachya prathesathi khatala keval uchch patalivar pohochala, kahee pradeshanni jyanna doshi tharavale hote tyanna jaalale, jyapaiki andaje 80 takke mahila hotya, bahutek 40 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya hotya.
madhyayugeen parshvabhoomi.
khrishchan siddhant.
madhyayugeen yugat, mukhya pravahatil khrishchan siddhantane jadutona aanee jadutonyanchya astitvavaril vishvas nakarla hota aanee tyala murtipujak andhavishvas mhanoon ninda kelee hotee. kahinni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee 13 vya shatkatil dominican thomas equinaschya karyane khrishchan siddhantat badal ghadavun aananyas madat kelee, jyadvare kahee khrishchan dharmashastradnyanni akheris saitanashi (lokanshi) sahyog karanyachi shakyata swikaranyas suruvat kelee, parinami ekhadya vyaktila kahee vastavik alaukik shakti midalya.
dakshin francemadhil chaukashichi eka shakha.
1233 madhye, gregory Ix neey popchya bailane francechya tolus yethe dominicanchya netrutvakhali chaukashichi eka naveen shakha sthapan kelee. vidharmi manalya chhalalya cather aanee waldentian yansarkhya khrishchan gatanvar khatala chalavanyacha yacha hetu hota. sudharananpurvichya varshanmadhye, jadutona kelyacha aarop asalelya vyaktinche sarvat utsahi vakeel mhanoon dominican akheris vikasit jhaale.
nondi sahasa french tapaskartyandvare thevalya jaat asat parantu yapaiki bahutansh nondi tikoon rahilya naheet aanee 1880 madhye kaam karnara eka itihaskar charles molinear, astitvat asalelya nondincha ullekh keval qamee kachara mhanoon karato. molinear namood karatat qee, tapasanis swatach tyanchya nondi kaljipurvak surakshit thevanyachya tyanchya prayatnanche varnan karatat, visheshtah jevha teey eka shaharatoon shaharatoon shaharat jaat asat. tapaskartyancha mothya pramanavar dvesh keela jaat asey aanee tyanchyavar rastyavar hallah keela jaat asey, parantu tyanchya nondi tapaskartyanpeksha adhik vela lakshya kelya jaat asat [adhik 'desirux encore dii raveer leesa pappiers kyu porte leey juge kyu dii leey phair perir lui-meme'] ('nyayadhish swatah nasht honyapeksha nyayadhishankade asaleli kagadpatre ghene changle'). tyanchya vanshajachi pratishtha aanee pratishtha vachavanyasathi, asha prakare karyavahit todafod karanyachi kinwa tyat ayashasvi honyachi ichcha balgoon, anekada aaropinni kinwa tyanche mitra aanee kutumbiyanni nondinna lakshya kele asalyache disate. jyanna jadutona karnyacha aarop karnyat aala hota, tyanchyasathi heey adhik kharey tharel. nantarchya shatkanmadhye shatkanmadhye mothya jadutonyanchya chachanya samajoon ghenyat adchan mhanje jeey shillak aahe tyatoon kitee vegale kele jaau shakate heey tharvane.
14 weey shatak.
chaudavya shatkat rakshasi jadutonyachi konatihi sankalpana navhati, keval nantarchya kalat eka ekikrut sankalpnene hanikarak jaduchya kalpana, saitanashi kelela karar aanee saitanachya upasanesathi jadugaranchi sabha, yaa goshtinna gunhegarichya eka shreneet ekatra kele. nantarchya shatkanchya tulanet jadutonyanchya chachanya kvachitach hott asat aanee tyapaiki eka lakshaniy praman francemadhye aayojit kele jaat asey. 1330 paryant khatale church kinwa rajkaranatil pramukh vyaktinshi, pidit mhanoon kinwa aaropi sanshayit mhanoon jodale gele hote aanee nimmyahoon adhik francemadhye jhaale, jithe thet capatian reshet shahee mrutyuche spashtikaran denyacha haah nehmicha marg hota. johnn xxii chey popshahi heey jadutona aaropanche aanakhi eka engine hote. keval ingland aanee germanymadhye dekhil lakshaniy sankhyene chachanya jhalya. shulk sadharanpane saumya hote. dushtachakrat, jyamadhye ratrichya velee barvikmadhye angbhedacha samavesh asato aanee paramparikaritya pakhandanchya aaropanshi jodalela asato, haah jadutonyanchya khatalyanmadhye eka durmil aarop hota. 1334 nantar jadutona aaropanche rajkiy aayam nahise jhaale, tarr aarop saumya rahile. 1375 paryantchya bahutansh chachanya france aanee germanymadhye hotya. 1375 nantar jadutonyanchya khatalyanchi sankhya vadhali, jevha anek nagarpalika nyayalayanni chaukashi prakriya sweekarli aanee khotya aaropansathi dand radd karnyat aala. france, germany, switzerland aanee itali hii jadutona khatalyanchi pramukh kendre hotee. italimadhye eka naveen vikas jhaala jevha dushtabuddhiche aarop haloohaloo adhik samanya jhaale aanee khatala chalavanyat adhik mahatvache jhaale, jaree teey jadutonyasathichya khatalyanpeksha qamee samanya hote. yaa shatkatil jadutonyanchya khatalyanchya nondinmadhye jadutonyanchya baithakanche vistrut varnan dekhil navhate.
1329 madhye, jawalchya evinonmadhye popshahisah, carcasonchya tapaskartyane pieter recordy navachya carmelite bhikshula janmathepechi shiksha sunavali aanee shikshecha sandarbh deela... "multis ett diverses demonam conjurations ett invocations"... aanee too varanvar jadutona yaa shabdapramanech lattin samanarthi shabd, 'sortilegia' vaparato-joou 1595 pasoon nicolaus remichya kamachya shirshak prushthavar aadhalato, jithe assa dawa keela jaato qee 900 vyaktinna 'sortilegi crimmin' sathee fashi denyat aalee hotee. striyanna fasavanyasathi premachi jaadoo vaparnyacha aanee saitanala aavahan karnyacha aanee tyala phulpakharu arpan karnyacha tyachyavar aarop hota.
lamoth-langon.
jadutonyavaril purvichya kamanni chaudavya shatkachya suruvatila dakshin francemadhye mothya sankhyene rudhiprayogatil jadutona chachani kelee. 1829 madhye 'histoir dii laal' inquisition aine france 'prakashit pooja etienne-leone dii lamothe-langoncha haah parinam aahe. tyane samoohik jadutonyanchya khatalyachya achanak udrekache varnan kele, jyacha shevat shekado fashichya shikshanmadhye jhaala aanee aaropinche chitran eka rudhivadi rakshasi jadutona mhanoon kele gele. chaukashichya nondinmadhun anuvadit kelelya shabdancha tyanni mothya pramanat ullekh keela. tyanche pustak prabhavi tharale. joseph hansonne yaa pustakatil mothe ansh samavisht kele, jaree ekonisavya shatkachya akheris lamoth-langonche srot sapadale naheet. itar lekhakanchya punarvaparadvare, lamothe-langonchya karyane assa drushtikon sthapit keela qee jadutona shikar achanak madhyayugachya uttaradhat suru jhaala aanee catherismshy sambandh soochit keela. norman kohan aanee richard keycafer yanni 1970 chya dashakat swatantrapane dakhavun dile qee 'histoir dii laal' inquisition 'madheel kathit nondi atyant sanshayaspad aanee sambhavya banavat aahet, toparyant eka srot mhanoon lamoth-langonver shikshantadnya avalambun rahile. kikhefar namood karato qee 1855 madhye carcasonechya chaukashichya nondinmadhun saransh yadiche prakashan lamoth-langonchya karyashi ajibat julat navhate. yashivay, kathit nondinmadhil bhasha aanee rudhiprayog kalbahya hote. lamothe-langonchi tyachya purvajambaddal anek vanshavali tayar karnyatahi nond hotee aanee sensorshipchya virodhat tyachya vadatoon tyacha rajkiy hetu disun aala. itihaskaranni tyache kaam nakarle toparyant teey jadutonyachya lokpriy pratimemadhe aadhich ghattapane rujalele hote.
hote shatkatil chachanya aanee naveen heterodox drushtikonachi vaadh.
15 vya shatkat jevha dusht jadutonyachi sankalpana udayas yeu lagali tevha jadutonyanchya chachanya ajunahi asamanya hotya. valles, burnies alps aanee dowfinchya jawalchya pradeshatil ghatananshi sambandhit chaar itihasachya abhyasane 1430 chya dashakat paschim switzerlandchya aaspaschya pradeshat jadutonyasambandhichya kahee kalpana prachalit hott asalyachya vidvattapoorn prastavala pathimba deela aahe, jyat jadutonyachya prathechi eka vyakti aanee saitan yanchyatil yutee mhanoon punaravrutti kelee gelee aahe jee samajachya khrishchan payache nuksan karel aanee dhoka nirman karel.
1465 madhye switzerlandmadhye khatala chalavanyat aalela perisona gapit khatala, astitvat asalelya nondichya sakholatesathi prasiddha aahe.
sanshayaspad siddhant episcopinni anek samarthak kayam thewale, aanee ajunahi 1398 pasoon tyanchya aadeshat parris vidyapithatil dharamshastriy pradhyapkankadun pathimba midalyache disate, aanee popal deshanmadhil bahusankhya bishapanni kinwa agadi trent parishadene dekhil adhikrutpane nakarle nahee, jeey khatalyachya shikharapurvi hote. parantu 1428 madhye, sahaa teey aath varshe chalalelya valles jadutonyanchya khatalya french bhashik khalchya valesmadhye suru jhalya aanee akheris german bhashik pradeshanmadhye pasarlya. haah kaal besel parishadeshi (1431-1437) dekhil julala aanee kahee vidvananni suchavale aahe qee yaa parishademadhye upasthit asalelya kahee dharamshastradnya aanee chaukashikartyanmadhye jadutona virodhi eka naveen saiddhantik drushtikon pasarla asava, kaaran valles chachanyanvar charcha jhaali hotee. kahee kalanantar, cannon episcopychya shaktishali virodhakancha eka samooh udayas aalah jeane winnet navacha karkasonmadhil eka dominican chaukashikarta, avila alphonso tostadocha bishop aanee nicolaus jacquier navacha aanakhi eka dominican chaukashikarta. yaa tighanna ekmekanchya kamachi mahitee hotee qee nahee heey spasht nahee. tyanchya samayik drushtikonachi sahavikas hii "eka samaan aavhanah jagatil rakshasi kriyakalapanchya vastavavar avishvas" yaa bhovati kendrit aahe."
cannon episkopiyaviruddha nicolaus jackviercha pradirgh aanee guntagunticha yuktivad lattin bhashet lihila gela hota. 1452 madhye eka grunth mhanoon tyachi suruvat jhaali aanee 1458 madhye tyacha vistar eka purn monographmadhye karnyat aala. anek pratee hatane banvilya gelya aahet asey disate (nauu hastalikhit pratee ajunahi astitvat aahet), parantu 1561 paryant tyaa chhapalya gelya navhatya. jacquierne swatah sakshidar asalelya anek chachanyanche varnan kele aahe, jyat gilam edeline navachya eka vyakticha samavesh aahe, jyachya virodhat mukhya aarop assa aahe qee tyane jadutona haah keval eka bhram hota assa dawa pooja cannon episcopychya samarthanarth dharmopadesh deela hota. bahudha chhalakhali asatana edleenne akheris haah drushtikon mage ghetala.
1486: 'mallius maleficarum'.
naveen heterodox drushtikonas protsahan denare sarvat mahattvache aanee prabhavshali pustak heinrich cramerche 'mallius maleficarum' hote. cramerney tyache kaam cannon episcopychya virodhat suru kele, parantu vichitra mhanje, too jackviercha ullekh karat nahee aanee tyala tyachya karyabaddal kadachit mahitee nasel. bahutek jadutona-dveshi lekhakanpramanech, cramerla tyachya vipareet drushtikonacha virodh virodh tivra pratikar midala hota; yamule tyala tyache kaam prachar aanee samaan vicharanchya utsahi lokansathi eka pustika mhanoon lihinyas prerana midali. gutenberg mudranalay nuktach raeen nadichya kathavar shodhala gela hota aanee kremarne tyache kaam chhapanyasathi aanee francemadhil tapasanis aanee dharmashastradnyanni vikasit kelelya kalpanancha reinlandmadhye prasar karnyasathi tyacha purnapane vapar keela. cramerney samarthan keleli dharamshastriy matey prabhavshali hotee parantu tee vadgrast rahili aanee pustakachi prarambhik aavrutti 1490 madhye charchane bandee ghatalelya lokanchya yaditahi disali. tarihi 1486 aanee 1520 darmyan 13 vela 'malayus maleficarum' chhapale gele aanee-protestant sudharananchya unchishi unchishi 50 varshanchya viramanantar-cramerchya dharamshastriy drushtikonambabat gup rahilelya trentchya mahattvapoorn parishadenantarchya dashakanmadhye tee punha 16 vela (1574-1669) chhapali gelee. tyane jeane bodinchya prabhavshali karyasarkhya anek tatsam kamanna prerana dilee aanee harvard mahavidhyalayache tatkalin adhyaksh, increes mather yanni 1692 salaparyant tyacha ullekh keela.
mallius malefikerammadhye cramerney vyakt kelelya atyant andhavishvas aanee jadutona-bhitibaddalcha dhokyacha ansh haah protestant sudharanansathi aadhar tayar karnyas madat pooja asankhya ghatakanpaiki eka asoo shakato qee nahee heey adnyat aahe.
chachanyanche shikharah 1560-1630.
sarvat sakriy tappyasah aanee jyamadhye sarvadhik mrutyu 1560 teey 1630 darmyan jhaale asey disate, asha european jadutonyanchya chachanyancha kalavadhi. 1560 teey 1670 yaa kalavadhit 40,000 hoon adhik mrutyu jhaale.
catholic kinwa protestant pradeshat jadutonyanchya chachanya adhik tivra hotya qee nahee yavar lekhakanni vadavivad keela aahe. tathapi, yaa tivratecha catholic kinwa protestantvadashi farsa sambandh navhata kaaran donhi pradeshanmadhye jadutona atyacharanchi vividh tivrata anubhavali gelee. udaharanarth, catholic spain aanee portugalmadhye, jadutonyanchya khatalyachi sankhya qamee hotee kaaran spanish aanee portugij chaukashit jadutonyachya gunhyapeksha sarvajanik pakhandanchya gunhyavar laksh kendrit karane pasant kele gele, tarr protestant scotlandmadhye jadutonyanchya khatalyachi sankhya khoop jaast hotee. yaulat, protestant netherlandsmadhil jadutonyanchya khatale aadhi thambale aanee teey europemadhil sarvat qamee sankhyanpaiki eka hote, tarr dakshin germanytil catholic rajkumar-bishapanchya swayatt pradeshanmadhye jhalelya mothya pramanat samoohik jadutonyanchya khatale sampoorn pashchatya jagaat kukhyat hote aanee samkalin lekhak herman lohr yanni varnan kele qee tyanni tyanchya aatalya loksankhyevar kassa parinam kelah
roman catholic lock, shetkari, madya utpadak aanee episcopal deshantil karagir heey pruthvivaril sarvat bhaybhit lock aahet, kaaran khotya jadutonyanchya chachanya france, spain, itali kinwa protestantapeksha german episcopal deshanvar atulaniyapane adhik parinam karatat.
1560 aanee 1620 chya darmyan dakshin catholic germanymadhye latanmadhye jhalelya samoohik jadutonyanchya chachanya. kahee khatale anek varshe chaloo rahile aanee parinami serve ling, vay aanee varganna shekado fashi dilee gelee. yamadhye trier diane trials (1581-1593), fulda diane trials (1603-1606), eichstat diane trials (1613-1630), wurjberg diane trials (1626-1631) aanee bamberg diane trials (1626-1631) yancha samavesh hota.
1590 madhye, uttar barwik jadutona chachanya scotlandmadhye jhalya aanee raja james sahava swatah tyat sameel jhaala mhanoon tyaa vishesh lakshaniy hotya. jamesla ashee bheeti vatali hotee qee tyach varshachya suruvatila tyachi vadhoo annavour dawa karnyasathi denmarkla pravas kartana tyala vadalane grasalyanantar jadugaranni tyala thaar maranyachi yojana aakhali hotee. scotlandla paratalyanantar, rajane uttar barvikmadhye barvikmadhye khatalyambaddal aikale aanee sanshayitanna tyachyakade aananyache aadesh dile-tyanantar tyala asey vatale qee eka kuleen, francis karbhari, donhi bavalyancha 5 vaa earl, eka jadutona hota aanee nantarcha tyachya jivanachya bhitine paloon gelyanantar, tyala deshdrohi mhanoon bekaydeshir tharvanyat aale. tyanantar rajane aaplya rajyatil jadugaranchi shikar karnyasathi shahee aayog sthapan kele, sanshayitanna hataltana chhal karanyachi shifaras kelee aanee 1597 madhye tyane jadugaranni samajala nirman kelelya dhokyabaddal 'demonology' navache eka pustak lihile.
1612 madheel pendale diane khatale heey ingraji itihasatil sarvat pramukh khatale aahet, parinami khatala chalavalelya akra paiki daha jananna fashi denyat aalee.
17 vya shatkat nantar europechya adhik durgam bhaganmadhye, tasech uttar americet jadutona-yasarkhya bhitidayak ghatana pohochalya, tyapaiki salzberg jadutona chachanya, swedish torsacker jadutona chachanya aanee kahee kalanantar, 1692 madhye, vasahati nyu englandmadhil salem jadutona chachanya.
chachanyanchi ghatah 1630-1750.
khatalyambabat sanshayachi kamatarata kadhich navhati. 1635 madhye, roman chaukashichya khrishchan manya kele qee tyanchya swatachya khatalyanmadhye "kvachitach eka khatala kayadeshiraritya chalavala gela hota". deshanmadhye shatkachya madhyat, kayadeshir prakriyenusar jadutona siddha karnyatil adchanimule jadutona prakarananna savadhgirine hatalanyachya sallyache palan karoon rothenberg (german) neey yogdan dile.
jaree deshanmadhye shatkachya madhyaparyant europechya bahutansh bhagat jadutonyanchya khatale sampushtat yeu lagale asale, taree teey europechya simevar aanee american vasahatinmadhye suru rahile. nordic deshanmadhye, deshanmadhye shatkachya uttaradhat anek kshetranmadhye khatale sarvoch patalivar pohochleh sweedenchya torsekar diane chachanya (1674), jithe ekach divasat 71 lokanna jadutona kelyabaddal fashi denyat aalee, swedish finlandmadhye diane shikarche shikhar aanee austriyatil salzberg diane khatale (jithe 1675 teey 1690 darmyan 139 lokanna fashi denyat aalee).
1692 salem diane chachanya haah diane-fobiacha eka sankshipt udrek hota joou naveen jagaat europemadhye hii pratha qamee hott asatana jhaala. 1690 chya dashakat, winefred raja benham aanee tichi mulgi winefred yanchyavar teen vela jadutona karnyasathi wallingford, connecticut yethe khatala chalavanyat aala, joou nyu englandmadhil asha prakarchya khatalyanpaiki shevatcha hota. jaree teey nirdosh aadhalale asale taree tyanna wallingford sodoon newyorkmadheel stetton betavar sthayik honyas bhag padale gele. 1706 madhye, virginiachya grace sherwoodwar dakingdware khatala chalavanyat aala aanee kathitpane jadutona kelyabaddal turungat taknyat aala.
18 vya shatkatil tarkvadi itihaskaranche asey mutt hote qee, atyacharanchya vaparamule chukichi saksh midali aahe.
francemadhye, vidvananna asey aadhalale aahe qee vadhiv vittiy kshamata aanee majboot kendra sarkarmule jadutona aarop qamee houu lagale. tethe jhalelya jadutonyanchya khatale kamkuvat kayadeshir vyavastheche lakshan hote aanee "jyaa pradeshat dandadhikari prasthapit kayadeshir kayadyanpasun door gele tyaa pradeshat jadutonyanvar khatala chalavanyachi aanee tyanna doshi tharvanyachi shakyata hotee".
hotee" shatkachya suruvatila hii pratha qamee jhaali. 1712 madhye englandmadhil eka vishisht jadutona khatalyachya shevatchya vishayanpaiki jaine weinham haah eka hota, parantu teela doshi tharvalyanantar aanee mukt kelyanantar tyala kshama karnyat aalee. englandmadhye jadutonyasathichi shevatchi fashi 1716 madhye jhaali, jevha merrie hicks aanee tichi mulgi elizabethla fashi denyat aalee. 1727 madhye skotlandmadhye jadutonyasathi janette hornla fashi denyat aalee. 1735 chya jadutona kayadyane brittenmadhye kayadeshir gunha mhanoon jadutonyachya paramparik swarupacha ant keela. naveen kayadyantargat jeey aaropi aahet, teey keval aatmyanna pravrutt karnyache natak natak maryadit hote (samanyatah sarvat sanshayaspad vyavsayik bhavishya sanganare aanee madhyam) aanee shiksha halki hotee.
austriya madhye, maria theresa hiney 1768 madhye jadutona jaalane aanee chhal karane bekaydeshir tharavale. maria poyerchi shevatchi rajdhani khatala 1750 madhye salzbergmadhye jhaali, jee tyaveli austriyan kshetrabaher hotee.
1750 nantar turalak jadutona-shikar.
18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat, jadutonyachi pratha sampoorn europemadhye faujdari gunha manali jaane bund jhaale hote, parantu ashee anek prakarane aahet jee tantrikdrushtya jadutonyanchya khatalya navhatya, parantu tyamadhye jadutonyanvar vishvas asalyacha sanshay aahe, kiman, tyanni padadyamagil vishvas samavisht keela asava. asha prakare, 1782 madhye, annah goldila glarus, switzerlandmadhye fashi denyat aalee, adhikrutpane, teela "vishbadha" (ticha malak, jyala asey vatat hote qee tine tyachya mulivar jadutona kelee hotee) sathee fashi denyat aalee-tyaa velicha nirnay sampoorn switzerland aanee germanymadhye nyayik hatya mhanoon mothya pramanat nishedh keela gela. annah goldipramanech, barbara zdankla 1811 madhye prushiyamadhye tantrikdrushtya jadutonyasathi navhe tarr jaalpol karnyasathi fashi denyat aalee. polandmadhye, 1783 madhye dorochov jadutona khatale jhaale aanee 1793 madhye jadutona karnyasathi done atirikt mahilanna fashi denyat aalee, jyavar kayadeshir nyayalayane khatala chalavala, parantu sanshayaspad vaidhatesah.
jadutonyasathichya khatale adhikrutpane sampale asale taree, europechya kahee bhaganmadhye jadutona kelyacha aarop asalelyanchya adhunmadhun aanee anadhikrut jadutona-shikar aanee hatya hott rahilya, jase qee denmarkmadhil annah clemens (1800), polandmadhil christina sinova (1836) aanee englandmadhil sibal headinghamchi jadutona dummy (1863). francemadhye turalak hinsachar jhaala aanee 1830 chya dashakat hatya dekhil jhaali, jyat nordmadhil gavatil chaukat eka mahilela jaalanyat aale.
1830 chya dashakat, eka tarun mahilechya aarogyavar tyachya kathit prabhavachya aadhare, joseph kinwa william stout navachya tenasi yaa fantress countymadhil eka purushaviruddha jadutonyasathi khatala suru karnyat aala. kathit jadutona viruddhacha khatala, jyane tyachya virodhat warrantchi shapath ghetali hotee, too aaropi pidit khatala dakhal karnyat ayashasvi tharalyane fetalanyat aala. tathapi, tyachya itar kahee aaropinna yaa prakaranatil tyanchya bhoomikesathi faujdari aaropanvar doshi tharvanyat aale aanee vividh badnamichya karvai karnyat aalya.
1895 madhye, brijet claryla tichya patine irelandmadhye marhan kelee aanee jaalun takale kaaran tyala sanshay hota qee parinni kharee brijet ghetali aahe aanee tichya jaagi eka jadutona aanali aahe.
aaplya aaplya dusht jadutona kelyacha sanshay asalelya lokanchi hatya vaparla aanee aanee shatkaparyant suru rahili. 1997 madhye, done russian russian eka mahilechi hatya kelee aanee tichya kutumbatil paach sadasyanna jakhami kele kaaran tyanna asey vatale hote qee tyaa mahilene aanee tichya natevaikanni tyanchyaviruddha lock jaaducha vapar keela hota. 2005 teey 2011 yaa kalat tanzaniyamadhye linch jamavane jadutona kelyachya aaropakhali 3,000 hoon adhik lokanna thaar maralyache nondavale gele aahe. 1971 teey 2013 paryant papua nyu gineemadhye jadutona haah adhikrutpane gunha hota.
prakriya aanee shiksha.
purava.
jadutonyasathi vishisht manke lagoo kelee jaatat jyamule kahee prakarche purave midatat jeey aata tathyashi sambandhit marg aahet aanee anek varshanpurvi kele gele aahet. bachav mhanoon alibi denyachi shakyata navhati kaaran jadutonyala aaropichya ghatanasthali upasthitichi aavashyakta navhati. hetu aanee parinamanchi saksh denyasathi sakshidaranna bolavale gele kaaran asey manale jaat hote qee jadutonyachya adrushya shaktiche sakshidar hone ashakya aaheh "ardhe purave dile pahijet aanee teey sanshayachi changli karane aahet".
chaukashi aanee chhal.
aaropinchya sakshidaranvar kabulijbab karnyas bhag padnyasathi aanee tyanna kathit saha-katkaryanchi nave denyas pravrutt karnyasathi aaropinchya jadugaranvar atyachar karnyachya vividh krutyancha vapar keela jaat asey. bahutek itihaskar sahmat aahet qee yaa jadutonyanchya khatalyanmadhye chhalalya gelelya bahusankhya lock saitanachya upasanet konatyahi prakarcha sahbhag asalyabaddal nirdosh hote. 1468 nantar jadugarancha chhal varanvar vadhu lagla, jevha popane jadutona asalyache ghoshit kele aanee tyadvare purava shodhane katheen asalelya prakarananmadhye chhal lagoo karnyavaril serve kayadeshir maryada kadhoon takalya.
italimadhye, eka aaropi jadutonyala chalis tasanparyantchya masik palisathi zope milat navhati. heey tantra englandmadhyehi vaparale jaat hote, parantu velevar maryada naan thevata. laingik upman vaparla jaat asey, jase qee aaropi stree saitanashi laingik krutye karnar nahee yaa davyasah laal-garam stoolver jabardastine basane. bahutansh prakarananmadhye, jyanni kabuli naan deta chhal sahan keela tyanna sodanyat aale.
eka aaropi jadutonyachya khatalyache vyapak samajik dahashatimadhye rupantar karnyasathi chhal vaparane haah eka pramukh ghatak mhanoon olakhala gela aahe, kaaran chhalalya chhalalya itar sthanik vyaktinvar dekhil jadutona asalyacha aarop karanyachi shakyata jaast hotee.
shiksha.
jadutonyasathi doshi doshi turungwas, kode marane, dand kinwa haddapar yasah vividh shikshancha vapar keela jaat asey. visheshtah pahilya gunhyasathi, fashi naan denyachi shiksha englandmadhye sarvat samanya hotee. 1542 purvi, church nyayalaye englandmadhil bahutansh prakarane hatalat hotee aanee bahutek nirbandh kathor shikshanpeksha prayashchitt aanee prayashchittasathi nirdeshit kele jaat hote. anekada doshi pakshala pandhare patrak ghaloon aanee kathee gheuun parrish charchmadhye upasthit rahanyache aanee sudharit jeevan jaganyachi shapath ghenyache aadesh dile jaat asat. junya karar pustakat mhatale aahe, "tuu ekhadya jadugaranila jagoo deu nakos". anekanna jadutonyasathi ektar dandivar jaalun, fashi deuun kinwa shirachhed karoon fashichi shiksha bhogavi lagali. tyachpramane, nyu englandmadhye jadutona kelyachya doshinna fashi denyat aalee.
fashichya ekoon sankhyecha andaj.
jadutonyasathi fashichya ekoon sankhyevar vidvananche ekmat 40,000 teey 60,000 paryant aahe (aaropi jadutonyanchya anadhikrut linchingcha samavesh nahee, jyaa nondavalya gelya naheet parantu tarihi aadhunik kalatil suruvatichya kalat kahee pramanat durmil asalyache manale jaate). turungvasachya asvachch paristhitimule vividh vyaktincha mrutyu jhaala asava, asehi ghadale asate, parantu punha heey fashichya sankhyemadhye nondavale jaat nahee.
jadutonyasathi ekoon fashichya sankhyecha andaj lavnyachya prayatnancha itihas 18 vya shatkatil jadutonyanchya shikarichya kalachya shevataparyant mage jaato. keval vaparla shatkachya uttaradhat vidvattapoorn ekmat udbhavate aanee vaparlelya paddhatinusar aitihasik andaj mothya pramanat badaltat. suruvatiche andaj atishayoktipurna asatat, kaaran teey ajunahi keval aitihasik vidvatteaivaji jadugaranchya chhalaviruddha alankarik yuktivadancha bhag hote.
visheshtah, 1784 madhye goatfried khrishchan voigt yanni waltairchya "kityek laakh" chya andajavar teeka kartana, 90 laakh balee padalyachi aakadevari dilee hotee. 20 vya shatkat, visheshtah strivadi aanee nava-murtipujak sahityat, prabhavi lokpriy mithak mhanoon voigtchi sankhya lakshaniyaritya lavchik asalyache disun aale aahe. lavane shatkat, kahee vidwan adnyeyavadi hote, udaharanarth, jacob griim (1844) yanni "aganit" piditambaddal aanee charles mackay (1841) yanni "hajaranvar hajaro" asey naav dile. yaulat, yaulat eka lokpriy vruttat, "ektya gret brittenmadhye" 3,192 balee padalyache namood kele aahe. vaparla shatkachya suruvatila, fashichya sankhyebabat kahee vidvattapoorn andaj ajunahi lakhochya aaspas hote. 1970 chya dashkatil shishyavruttimadhye haah andaj keval 100,000 peksha qamee hota.
karane aanee arth.
pradeshik farak.
jadutonyanchya khatale jyaa paddhatine jhaale tyamadhye anek pradeshik farak hote. kahee bhagat khatale swatah adhunmadhun samore aale, parantu shejarchya bhaganvar tyacha farsa parinam jhaala nahee. sarvasadharanpane, france aanee pavitra roman samrajyachya tulanet spain aanee italichya popchya pradeshat jadutona-yapasooncha darr qamee asalyache disate.
british betanmadhye khoop pradeshik bhinnata hotee. udaharanarth, irelandmadhye mojkya chachanya jhalya.
ingraji aanee khandiy jadutona-shikar paramparanmadhye visheshtah mahattvache farak aahet. englandmadhye chhal durmil hota aanee paddhati adhik sanyamit hotya. jevha samratane adhikrut kele tevhach deshane tyala aupcharik parvanagi dilee aanee sampoorn ingraji itihasat 81 peksha jaast yatna warrant jaaree kele gele (serve gunhyansathi). scotlandmadhil mrutanchi sankhya englandpeksha qamee jhaali. ingraji itihasachya eka bhagavarun heey dekhil spasht hote qee, 1640 chya dashakachya suruvatila yadavi yuddhadarmyan, jadutona-shikari udayas aale, jyapaiki sarvat kukhyat purv angliamadhil mathyu hopkins hote aanee tyanni swatahla 'jadutona karnara senapati' ghoshit kele.
italimadhye jadutona karnyache aarop qamee jhaale aahet aanee jadutona khatalyanchi amalbajavani sampaleli prakarane aanakhi qamee aahet. 1542 madhye, roman catholic chaukashichya sthapanene tyachya prabhavakhalil dharmnirpeksh nyayalayanna atyachar aanee fashichya udarpane vapar karnyapasoon prabhavipane pratibandhit kele. jadutonyanchya shikarisathi "yogya" niyamavali mhanoon kaam pooja paddhatshir soochananmadhye, doshinna ghaighait doshi tharvanyaviruddha aanee nishkaljipane fashi denyababat ishara denyat aala. europechya itar bhaganchya ulat, venesian pavitra karyalayane kelelya khatalyanmadhye dusht jadutona kinwa "durbhavanapurna" gunhyasathi kadhihi shiksha jhaleli disali nahee. kaaran dusht panthachi kalpana lokpriy sanskruti kinwa catholic chaukashi dharamshastrasathi vishvasarh navhati, asha chaukashi prabhavakhalil bhagat samoohik aarop aanee jadugaranchya shabbathavaril vishvas kadhihi rujalela nahee.
1500-1700 chya varshanmadhye (pradeshanusar) jadutonyasathi prayatna kelelya lokanchi sankhya khalilpramane aaheh pavitra roman samrajyah 50,000 polandah 15,000 switzerlandah 9,000 french bhashik europeh 10,000 spanish aanee italian dweepkalpah 10,000 scandinavia 4,000.
samajik-rajkiy asthirata.
aadhunik jagachya suruvatichya kalatil samajik-rajkiy ashantatela pratisad mhanoon jadutona chachanya udayala aalya, asha vividh soochana karnyat aalya aahet. yacha eka prakar mhanje jadutonyanvar khatala chalvane hii pikanche nuksan, yuddh kinwa rog yasarkhya samudayavar aalelya aapattichi pratikriya hotee. udaharanarth, middlefortney asey suchavale qee nairutya germanymadhye, yuddh aanee dushkalamule sthanik samuday asthir jhaale, parinami 1620 chya dashakat dashakat khatala chalavala gela. samajik-rajkiy asthiratemule jadutonyanchya khatalyachya sankhyet vaadh, annachya tanchaivar alp himyugachya parinamanvar bharr aanee tyanantar havamanatil badalanchya parinamansathi balicha bakra mhanoon jadutonyancha vapar yavar bharr dene asehi 'behringer' suchavato.
1300 teey 1850 yaa darmyan darmyan chhotya himyugache vaishishtya mhanje tapman aanee parjanyaman sarasaripeksha qamee aahe. wolfgang behringer, emily auster aanee hartmut lehmann yanchyasarkhya itihaskarancha assa yuktivad aahe qee yaa thund tapmanamule peak nikami jhaale, yuddh jhaale aanee rog pasarale aanee yaa ashantatesathi nantar jadugaranna doshi dharale gele. aitihasik tapman nirdeshank aanee jadutona chachanichi mahitee asey soochit karate qee, samanyatah, yaa kalat tapman qamee jhalyamule jadutona chachanya vadhalya. yavyatirikt, jadutonyanchya chhalanche shikhar 1570 aanee 1580 madhye udbhavalelya upasamarichya sankatanshi julate, jeey nantarche eka dashak tikale. yaa siddhantansathi samasyapradhanpane, heey adhorekhit kele gele aahe qee, tyaa pradeshat, jadutonyanchya shikarit 1630 chya dashakat ghat jhaali, asha velee jevha tethe tethe samudayanna plaig, dushkal, aarthik patan aanee tees varshanchya yuddhachya parinami vadhiv aapattila samore jaave lagat hote. shivay, hii paristhiti spashtapane sarvatrik spashtikaran deu shakanar nahee, kaaran yuddh, dushkal kinwa mahamaripasoon mukt asalelya bhagatahi chachanya jhalya. yavyatirikt, yaa siddhantanna-visheshtah vartakanna-atee saralikaran mhanoon label kele gele aahe. jaree thode himyug aanee tyanantarcha dushkal aanee rog heey jadutonyancha chhal vadhavanyasathi yogdan denare ghatak hote yache purave asale taree durant assa yuktivad karato qee yaa samasya aanee jadutonyancha chhal yanchyat serve sandarbhanmadhye thet sambandh jodata yet nahee.
shivay, solavya shatkachya uttaradhat pahilya lagnache sarasari vay haloohaloo vadhale hote; vadhichya kalavadhinantar loksankhya sthir jhaali hotee aanee aanee aanee jaminichi upalabdhata qamee jhaali hotee. yaa shatkachya shevatchya dashakanmadhye, ingland aanee khalchya deshanmadhye lagnache vay mahilansathi sarasari 25 aanee purushansathi 27 paryant vadhale hote, kaaran nantar lagn kelelya kinwa paishanchya kinwa sadhansampattichya kamataratemule avivahit rahilelya aanee jivanmanat ghat jhalyamule, aanee hii sarasari jawaljawal done shatake uchch rahili aanee vayavya europemadhil sarasarine asech kele hote. protestant sudharanandarmyan math bund karnyat aale, jyamule anek nun visthapit jhalya. anek samudayanmadhye avivahit mahilanche praman 10 takkyanpeksha qamee teey 20 takkyanparyant aanee kahee prakarananmadhye 30 takkyanparyant vadhale, jyanna aarthikdrushtya kase samavoon ghyave heey kahee samudayanna maheet hote. miguel (2003) assa yuktivad karatat qee jadutona hatya hii kutumb kinwa samajache aarthik oze door karanyachi prakriya asoo shakate, jyanna khayala dene aavashyak aahe asha vruddha mahilanche nirmulan karoon aanee avivahit mahilanchya sankhyet vaadh jhalyamule hii prakriya vadhel.
catholic viruddha protestant sangharsh.
ingraji itihaskar hyoog traver-ropperne yaa kalpaneche samarthan kele qee jadutona chachanya aadhunik europechya suruvatichya kalat roman catholic aanee protestant yanchyatil sangharshancha bhag mhanoon udayas aalya. aarthik niyatkalikat" 2017 saalee jhalelya abhyasat, "sadepach shatkanchya kalavadhit 21 european deshanmadhye 43,000 hoon adhik lokanni jadutona karnyacha prayatna keela", asey aadhalun aale qee "adhik tivra dharmik-bajaratil spardhanmule jadutona-chachaniche kriyakalap adhik tivra jhaale. aanee, dharmik-bajar spardhechya tulanet, vidyaman gruhitak dawa karatat qee jadutona-khatalyanchya kriyakalapansathi hawaman, utpann aanee rajya kshamata-mahattvache ghatak navhate."
alikadeparyant, yaa siddhantala yaa vishayatil itar tadnyankadun maryadit samarthan midale. yache kaaran asey qee ektar roman catholic protestantvar jadutona kelyacha aarop karat hote kinwa protestant roman kaithalikanvar aarop karat hote yacha purava qamee aahe. yavyatirikt, qamee kinwa konatahi aantar-panthiy sangharsh nasalelya aanee mukhyatve dharmikdrushtya ekroop asalelya, jase qee essex, sakhal scoatland, jineva, venis aanee spanish basqa desh asha pradeshanmadhye jadutonyanchya chachanya niyamitpane ghadalya. kahee purave dekhil aahet, visheshtah pavitra roman samrajyatun, jyamadhye shejaril roman catholic aanee protestant pradesh kathit sthanik jadutonyanvishayi mahitichi devanghevan karat hote, tyaa doghansathi eka samaan dhoka mhanoon pahat hote. yavyatirikt, anek khatale dharmik kinwa dharmnirpeksh khrishchan chithawale naheet, tarr loksankhyetil lokpriy magnyandvare kele gele, jyamule aaropanmage vishisht aantar-panthiy karane asanyachi shakyata qamee jhaali.
economic journal" madheel 2017 chya abhyasatil alikadil sanshodhanat assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee catholic aanee protestant doghannihi jadutonyanchya sampradayachi parva naan karata, shakti aanee prabhav vadhavanyachya spardhatmak prayatnanmadhye jadutonyanchya shikaricha vapar keela.
nairutya germanymadhye, 1561 teey 1670 darmyan, 480 jadutona chachanya jhalya. nairutya germanymadhye jhalelya 480 chachanyanpaiki 317 chachanya catholic bhagat aanee 163 chachanya protestant pradeshat jhalya. 1561 teey 1670 yaa kalavadhit, germanychya nairutya bhagat jadutona kelyabaddal kiman 3,229 lokanna fashi denyat aalee. yapaiki 702 jananvar protestant pradeshat aanee 2,527 jananvar catholic pradeshat khatala chalavanyat aala aanee tyanna fashi denyat aalee.
ibri bhashetil anuvadah jadutona kinwa vishari?
assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee king james baybalmadhil anuvad nivadine "bhayanak manavadhikaranche ullanghan aanee jagbharatil jadutona aarop aanee chhalanchya mahamarila chalana [edd] dene" nyayya tharavale aahe. anuvadatil muddah nirgaman 22:18 shhee sambandhit aahe, "dont pev aaa...[ektar 1) vishari kinwa 2) jadutona]...jaganyasathi."king james aanee geneva baibal, jeey king jameschya aavruttichya 51 varshanpurvi aahet, yaa doghannihi yaa shlokasathi" "diane" "haah shabd nivadala". nirgaman 22:18 madheel ibri shabdacha yogya anuvad aanee vyakhya yaa vishayavar khatale aanee jadutona-bhitichya kalat khoop charcha jhaali.
1970 chya dashkatil lokkathanvar bharr deela jaato.
jaato dashakapasun, suruvatichya aadhunik jadutonyanchya chachanyanchya abhyasasathi "vidvattapoorn utsahacha prachand sphot" jhaala. samajshastra, manavvanshashastra, sanskrutik abhyas, tattvadnyan, vidnyanache tattvadnyan, gunheshastra, sahityik siddhant aanee strivadi siddhant yasah vividh shakhanmadhil vidvananni yaa ghatanecha tapas karnyas suruvat kelee aanee yaa vishayat bhinn antardrushti aanali. yachyabarobar chachanichya nondi aanee jyaa samajik-sanskrutik sandarbhanvar tyaa udayala aalya, tyanche vishleshan kele gele, jyamule chachanyanchi vividh samaj nirman jhaali.
karyatmakata.
manavvanshashastradnyanni jagatil bigger-europeey bhaganmadhye hott asalelya vanshikdrushtya nondavalelya jadutonyanchya chachanyanpasun prerit houn, vividh itihaskaranni suruvatichya aadhunik jadutonyanchya chachanyansathi karyatmak spashtikaran magitale aahe, jyamule tyanchya samudayanmadhye chalalelya chachanyanchi samajik karye suchavali aahet. yaa abhyasanni heey spasht kele aahe qee jadutonyachya aaropanni samajik tanav door karnyat kinwa eka pakshasathi avanchhit jhalele vaiyaktik sambandh sampushtat aananyat kashee bhoomika bajavali aahe.
strivadi arth lavane.
lavane aanee vaparla shatkat, jadutonyanchya khatalyanche vividh strivadi arth lavane sadar kele gele aanee prakashit kele gele. asey pooja sarvat suruvatichya vyaktinpaiki eka american matilda joslin gej yaa lekhika hotya, jyaa mahilanchya matadhikarasathichya pahilya latechya strivadi chalvalit kholvar sahbhagi hotya. 1893 madhye, tine 'women, church andd steet' heey pustak prakashit kele, jyavar 'mool sanshodhanasathi jaaga naan naan rajkiy sakriyatetun ashrudhurachya ghaeet aanee kalantarane hiskavoon ghenyat aale' ashee teeka karnyat aalee. jadutona-sanskarachya jewels michelchya kamancha kadachit prabhav padala asava, tine assa dawa keela qee aadhunik kalatil suruvatichya kalat chhalalya gelelya jadutona yaa eka mahan devichi pooja pooja pracheen dharmache palan pooja murtipujak pujari hotya. tine anek german lekhakanchya kamanmadhun ghetalelya chukichya vidhanachi punaravrutti kelee, qee jadutonyanchya shodhat nauu dashalaksh lock marle gele hote. yaa strivadi vyakhyansathi america heey vikasache kendra banale aahe.
1973 madhye, done american american strivadi, barbara ehrenrich aanee diardray inglish yanni eka vistarit patrak prakashit kele jyamadhye tyanni hii kalpana mandali qee chhalalya gelelya striya yaa samajatil paramparik upcharak aanee suini hotya, jyanna purush vaidyakeey aasthapananni jaanunbujun kadhoon takale hote. yaa siddhantane yaa vastusthitikade durlaksh kele qee chhal jhalelya lokanpaiki bahusankhya barey karnare kinwa suini navhate aanee europechya vividh bhaganmadhye yaa vyakti samanyatah chhalala protsahan protsahan hotya. 1994 madhye, annie levelin barsto yanni tyanche pustak 'diancrez' prakashit kele, jyache nantar daag aanee callo yanni mahilanvaril paddhatshir purush hallah mhanoon chachanyanche chitran karnyacha 'kadachit sarvat yashasvi' prayatna mhanoon varnan kele.
itar strivadi itihaskaranni ghatanancha haah arth nakarla aahe; itihaskar diane purkis yanni tyache varnan 'rajkiyadrushtya upayukt nahee' asey kele aahe kaaran tyat mahilanche satat 'pitrusatteche asahay balee' mhanoon chitran kele aahe aanee tyamule samkalin strivadi sangharshanmadhye tyanna madat hott nahee. tiche palan karnare kattarpanthi strivadi tyanchya davyanchya aitihasiktekade durlaksh karatat, tyaeivaji tyacha prachar karatat kaaran teey pitrusattak samajaviruddhachya nirantar sangharshala adhikrut karnare manale jaate, heey adhorekhit karoon tyanni vastusthititil chukisathi dekhil tyacha nishedh keela. tine thampane sangitale qee anek kattarpanthi strivadi tarihi tyache 'pauranik mahatva' aanee julami aanee shoshit yanchyatil drudhpane rekhatalelya sanrachanemule tyala chikatoon rahile.
purush aanee stree sangharsh aanee purvichya strivadi abhyasambaddalchi pratikriya.
suruvatichya aadhunik jadutonyanchya khatalyanmadhil aaropinpaiki andaje 75 teey 85 takke mahila hotya aanee jadutonyancha chhal chhal stridveshache nishchitach purave aahet, heey "manavatechi hii ghaan, [jadutona], pramukhyane strilingi lingatoon ghetali jaavi heey [heey] avastav nahee" (nicolaus remi, see. 1595) kinwa "saitan tyancha vapar karato, kaaran tyala mahit aahe qee striyanna sharirik sukh aavadate aanee asha manya uttejak upayanni tyanna tyachya nishtheshi bandhane yacha arth aahe."vidwan curt baschwitz yanni yaa vishayavaril tyanchya pahilya ekatmata lekhanat (duchmadhye, 1948), jadutona khatalyanchya yaa pailoocha ullekh agadi" "vruddha mahilanviruddhache yuddh" "mhanoon keela aahe".
tathapi, assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee jadutonyavaril kamancha kathit strivirodhi ajenda "mallius maleficarum" chya kahee sambandhit parichhedanchi nivadak punaravrutti karnyachya aadhare atishayokti kelee gelee aahe. asey qaa ghadale yachee vividh karane aahet. aadhunik europechya suruvatichya kalat, asey mothya pramanavar manale jaat hote qee striya purushanpeksha qamee hushar asatat aanee papas adhik balee padatat.
anek aadhunik vidwan assa yuktivad karatat qee jadutonyanchya shikariche purush stridvesh abhivyakti mhanoon sadhepanane spashtikaran dile jaau shakat nahee, kaaran kharokharach itar striya striyanvar varanvar aarop karat asat, itake qee kamitakami sthanik staravar, jadutonyanchya shikariche varnan pramukhyane "mahilanchya bhandanan" dware kele gele aahe. visheshtah europechya kathavar, eyesland, finland, estonia aanee russiamadhye, aaropinpaiki bahutansh purush hote.
barsto (1994) neey assa dawa keela qee vadhatya vetan-kendrit arthvyavasthet kamgar mhanoon purushanna dilele adhik moolya aanee striyanna swabhavikpane white mananyachi adhik bheeti yasah anek ghatakanchya sanyogane, mahilanvaril aarop jaree purushanviruddhachya aaropansarkhech asale tarihi, mahilanvaril praman vadhale.
thursten (2001) yane yala madhyayugeen uttaradhatil aanee aadhunik kalatil suruvatichya kalatil samanya stridveshancha eka bhag mhanoon pahile, jyache varnan tyanni madhyayugeen suruvatichya kalat jyaa "chhal sanskruti" pasoon kele hote tyaa kalat vadhale hote. gunnar hensohan aanee oto stegger yanni 1982 chya eka prakashanat assa andaj vartavala hota qee jadutona-shikaranmadhye visheshtah janmaniyantranababatche dnyan mitavanyachya aanee kalya mrutyuchya loksankhyechya aapattinantar europemadhye punha loksankhya vadhavanyachya prayatnat suininmadhye kushal asalelya mahilanna lakshya kele jaate; haah drushtikon mukhya pravahatil itihaskaranni nakarla aahe. vaidyakshastracha itihaskar david harley yane, suini-jadugar haah jadutona shikarancha eka prachalit prakar aahe yaa kalpanevar teeka kelee aanee hensohan aanee stegger heey, suinichya itihasache chukiche chitran pooja vadvadhyanchya eka gatache aahet asey mhatale.
jadutona kahee prakarat hotya qaa?
atharavya aanee ekonisavya shatkat, european loksankhyechya sushikshit kshetranmadhye samanya vishvas hota qee jadutonyancha konatahi kharaa panth kadhich navhata aanee jyaa lokancha chhal keela gela aanee tyanna fashi denyat aalee teey serve lock jadutonyachya gunhyasathi nirdosh hote. tathapi, yaa velee, vividh vidvananni asey suchavale qee khrishchan khrishchan chhal keela hota aanee tyacha mool khristipurv hota. haah siddhant pudhe aananari pahili vyakti berlin vidyapithache faujdari kayadyache german pradhyapak carl ernst jark hote, jyanni 1828 madhye hii kalpana mandali; tyanni suchavale qee jadutona haah eka purv-khrishchan german dharm hota joou saitanvadat vikrut jhaala hota. jaree yaa panthachi utpatti german nasoon greek hotee assa yuktivad jaree tyanni keela, taree german itihaskar franz joseph mone yanni 1839 madhye jarkchya kalpana swikarlya.
1862 madhye frenchman jewels micheletne 'laa sorcier' prakashit kele, jyamadhye tyane jadutona murtipujak dharmache palan karat asalyachi kalpana mandali. egyptologist margaret murre yanni jevha haah siddhant swikarla tevha yaa siddhantakade adhik laksh vedhale gele, jyanni 'daad diane-cult inn western europe' (1921) aanee 'daad godd auph daad viches' (1931) yaa donhi goshti prakashit kelya, jyat tine dawa keela qee diane purv-khrishchan dharmache palan karat hotya, jyala tine 'diane-cult' aanee 'dharmik jadutona' asey sambodhale.
murre yanni assa dawa keela qee haah vishvas murtipujak shing asalelya dewala samarpit hota aanee tyat darvarshi chaar jadugaranchya shabbathancha samavesh hotah hallovin, imbolk, belten aanee lughansad. tathapi, tyaa velee tayar kelelya murrechya kamabaddalachya bahutek vidvattapoorn punaravalokne mothya pramanat tikatmak hotee aanee tichya pustakanna suruvatichya aadhunik jadutona chachanyanmadhil tadnyancha pathimba kadhich midala nahee. tyaeivaji, tichya suruvatichya prakashananpasun tichya anek kalpananna tichya "tathyatmak chuka aanee paddhatshir apayash" varr prakash prakash aavhan dile.
tathapi, 'encyclopedia britannica' madhye murre prabandh prakashit jhalyamule too 'patrakar, chitrapat nirmate, lokpriy kadambarikar aanee thararpat lekhak' yanna upalabdh jhaala, jyanni too 'utsahane' swikarla. sahityachya kamanvar prabhav prabhav yaa lekhnamule aldos huxley aanee robbert kabari yanchya likhanala prerana midali.
tyanantar, 1939 madhye, gerald gardner navachya eka ingraji ingraji dawa keela qee naveen vann karar mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya murtipujak jadutona-sampradayachya jiwant gatamadhye tyachi suruvat jhaali aahe, jaree aadhunik aitihasik tapasamule vidvananna asey vatate qee haah karar malichya matey pracheen navhata, parantu tyaeivaji 1920 kinwa 1930 chya dashakat murichya siddhantanvar aadharit punarujjivit jadutona-sanskruti tayar karoo karoo jadutonyanni tyachi sthapana kelee. yaa naveen vann kararatil shraddha aanee prathanna aadhar mhanoon gheuun, malvyagatane bagayati vikka shodhala, joou samkalin murtipujak dharmatil sarvat pramukh paramparanpaiki eka aahe, jyala aata vikka mhanoon olakhale jaate, joou shing asalelya dev aanee devichi pooja, "sabbat" mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya sanancha utsav aanee vidhee jaaducha sarav yanchyabhovati firate. tyanni aitihasik jadutona-cult, 'aaj jadutona' (1954) aanee 'jadutonacha arth' (1959) yabaddal anek pustake lihili aanee yaa pustakanmadhye, maline european aanee uttar american jadutona khatalyanchya sandarbhat 'daad burning times' haah vakyansh vaparla.
vaparla shatkachya suruvatila, europemadhye, pramukhyane brittenmadhye aanee tyanantar ameriketahi anek vyakti aanee gut udayas aale, jyanni margaret murre yanchya karyat varnan kelelya murtipujak jadutona-kaltache jiwant avashesh asalyacha dawa keela. yapaiki pahila pratyakshat 19 vya shatkachya shevatchya kahee varshant disala, eka hastalikhit jeey american lokkathakar charles leyland yanni dawa keela qee teey italitil tuscanymadhye lucifer dev aanee dyna devichi pooja pooja jadugaranchya gatachya sadasya asalelya eka mahilene dile hote. tyanni 1899 madhye 'aradia, kinwa jadugaranchi suvarta' mhanoon heey kaam prakashit kele. itihaskar aanee lokkathakaranni gospelmadhye lokkatha ghatak aahet heey manya kele asale taree konihi too too tuscan dharmik gatacha majkoor mhanoon swikarla nahee aanee too ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhatil rachanecha asalyache manatat.
vichakananni jadutona-sanvardhanababat vividh prakare dave kele, udaharanarth, jadutonashi sambandhit british lokkathancha vapar karoon pragaitihasik sthalanshi jodale gele, asey thampane sangitale qee jadutona-sanvardhanacha vapar asha thikanancha dharmik sanskaransathi keela jaat asey, asey kelyane samkalin vichancha tyancha vapar vaidh tharato.
1990 chya dashkaparyant, anek vikkansane jadutona-shikavan siddhantachi achookata olakhali hotee aanee tee pauranik mool katha mhanoon sweekarli hotee.

