vayavad

vayavad, jyala ajizam asehi mhanatat, too vyakti kinwa gatanna tyanchya vayanusar bhedbhav karane hoy. jyeshthanprati asalelya bhedbhavache varnan karnyasathi aanee laingikta aanee varnadveshachya namunyanusar haah shabd 1969 madhye robbert niil butler yanni tayar keela hota. butlerne 'vayavad' chee vyakhya teen jodalelya ghatakanche sanyojan mhanoon kelee. mulat heey pramukhyane vruddha lock, vruddhatva aanee vruddhatva prakriyebaddal olakhale jaat hote; vruddha lokanviruddha bhedbhavpurn paddhati; aanee vruddha lokambaddalachya rudhivadi dharana kayam kayam sansthatmak paddhati aanee dhorane.
vayavad" haah shabd vruddha lokandware tarun lokanvar sanghatit atyacharache varnan karnyasathi dekhil vaparla gela aahe, udaharanarth 1976 madhye aine arbor, meechya youth liberation prakashit kelelya patrakat. brittenmadhye, bracknell vann parishadechya baithakit (march 1983), councillar richard thomas yanni, vayacha bhedbhav tarun tasech vruddha lokanviruddha kaam karato yakade laksh vedhale. visheshtah kishoravayin mule aanee mulanviruddha purvagrah aanee bhedbhavachya sandarbhat yacha vapar khoop nantar (februwari 2021) karnyat aala aahe, jase qee tyanna matdanacha adhikar, rajkiy padasathi dhavane kinwa vaidyakeey upchar nakarane, kararanvar swakshari karane ityadi praudhansathi samanyatah rakheev asalele kahee adhikar aanee visheshadhikar nakarane. yamadhye tyanchya kalpana aanee yogdanakade durlaksh karane dekhil samavisht asoo shakate kaaran teey "khoop tarun" manale jaatat kinwa tyanchya lahan vayamule tyanni vishisht prakare vagale pahije asey gruheet dharale jaate. tarunanviruddhachya vayavadamadhye vay-aadharit lashkari bharatisarkhya vay-aadharit sainyat bharati karnyapeksha keval tarun lokanvar kinwa mothya pramanat ladalelya dandacha, ozecha kinwa aavashyaktancha dekhil samavesh hoto. matra, yuva-kendrit samajat, vayatil bhedbhav aanee bhedbhavacha fatka vruddha lokanna basato. vruddha lock swatah sakhol vayavadi asoo shakatat, jyanni vruddhatvabaddalchya nakaratmak rudhiprayoganche ayushyabhar antargat kele aahe. vruddhatva heey bahudha mrutyu aanee apangatvachya bhitila karanibhoot tharate, jyat vruddha lock talhane, vegale karane aanee nakarane hii paristhiti hatalanyachi yantrana mhanoon kaam karate jyamule lokanna tyanchya swatachya mrutyudarabaddal vichar karane talhata yete. sharirik kinwa mansik kshamata qamee honyabhovati kalank aanee bhedbhav haah pratyakshat sakshamatavad aahe, vayavad nahee aanee vruddhatva heey ayushyabhar tikanare aahe. itar prakarchya purvgrahanpramanech, vayavad haah jivashastravar aadharit nasoon samajikdrushtya tayar kelela aahe.
vargikaran.
itar vay-sambandhit purvgrahanpasun farak.
samanya bolani aanee vay abhyasatil vayavad haah samanyatah vruddha lock, tyanchya madhyam vayatil lock, kishoravayin aanee mulanviruddha nakaratmak bhedbhavpurn paddhatincha sandarbh deto. vayashi sambandhit purvgrahanche anek prakar aahet. praudhatva hii praudhanprati asaleli pravrutti aahe, jee mule, tarun aanee serve tarun lokanviruddha pakshapati mhanoon pahili jaate jyanna sambodhale jaat nahee kinwa praudh mhanoon pahile jaat nahee. yamadhye rajkiy umedvaracha, abhinetrinchya aanee sanskrutik vyavasthecha samavesh aahe, jithe praudhatvachya manalya vikalya adhik naitik aanee/kinwa bauddhik kathoratepeksha yuvakanchya adhik jomdar aanee/kinwa sharirik saundaryache adhik kautuk kele jaate. praudh kendritata mhanje "praudhancha atishayoktipurna ahankar". "praudhatva" hii samajik parampara aahe jee "paripakvata" aanee "aparipakvata" paribhashit karate, praudhanna saiddhantik aanee vyavharik asha donhi prakare tarun lokanvar varchasva prasthapit karate. gerontocracy haah alpajantantratmak rajvaticha eka prakar aahe jyamadhye ekhadya sansthevar bahutansh praudh loksankhyepeksha lakshaniy vayane mothe nete rajya karatat. kalkramvad haah pramukhyane assa vishvas aahe qee manavatechi eka vishisht sthitee mageel aanee/kinwa bhavishyatil serve kalapeksha shreshth aahe.
vayavadachya sankalpanatmak vishleshanavar aadharit, 2009 madhye iversion, larson aanee solam yanni vayavadachi naveen vyakhya sadar kelee. hii vyakhya vayavadabaddalchya bhavishyatil sanshodhanat uchch vishvasarhata aanee vaidhatecha paya rachate aanee tyachi guntagunt vayavadavaril siddhantanna paddhatshir karnyacha eka naveen marg pradan karateh "vayavadachi vyakhya vruddha lokanviruddha nakaratmak kinwa sakaratmak, purvagrah aanee/kinwa bhedbhav (kinwa tyanchya fayadhyasathi) vruddha lokanviruddha tyanchya kalkramanusar vayachya aadhare kinwa 'vruddha' kinwa 'vruddha' asalyachya aakalanachya aadhare kelee jaate. vayavad antarnihit kinwa spasht asoo shakato aanee sookshm, messo-kinwa macrow-staravar vyakt keela jaau shakato (iversion, larson aanee solam, 2009).
vay gatanshi sambandhit bheeti kinwa tiraskar yaa itar paristhitinchi swatachi nave aahet, visheshatah pedophobia, arbhake aanee mulanchi bheeti; ephebiphobia, tarunyavishayichi bheeti, jyala kadhikadhi paugandavasthechi atarkik bheeti kinwa kishoravayin mulanprati purvagrah mhanoon dekhil sambodhale jaate; aanee gerontophobia, vruddha lokanchi bheeti.
antarnihit vayavad.
antarnihit vayavad mhanje janivpurvak jagrukteshivay karya karnare aanee dainandin jeevanat aapoaap nirman honare vichar, bhavna aanee nirnay. heey sakaratmak aanee nakaratmak vichar aanee bhavananche mishran asoo shakate, parantu vruddhapkalatil tadnya bekka levy ahwal detat qee teey "bahutek nakaratmak asatat".
rudhivadi.
rudhiprayog heey aakalanshaktiche eka sadhan aahe jyamadhye gatanmadhye vargikaran karane aanee yaa gatanna vaishishtye dene samavisht aahe. mothya pramanat mahitivar prakriya karnyasathi rudhiprayog aavashyak aahet, jeey anyatha ekhadya vyaktivar atibhar taktil aanee kahee rudhiprayog chukiche asale taree samanyatah gut vaishishtyanche achook varnan karnare asatat. tathapi, bahutek gatachya sandarbhat jevha rudhrupachi samagri chukichi asate kinwa jithe rudhrupachi rachana itaki thampane dharali jaate qee tee purava adhorekhit karate jee darshavate qee ekhadi vyakti tyachyashi susangat nahee tevha teey haanee pohochavu shakatat. udaharanarth, vay-aadharit rudhiprayog jevha ekhadya vruddha aanee tarun praudhala pathdukhi kinwa langadapana disato tevha khoop bhinn nishkarsh kadhatat. apghatanantar, tarun vyaktichi sthitee tatpurati aanee upchar karnyayogya aahe asey konee gruheet dharoo shakate, tarr vruddha vyaktichi sthitee dirghakalin aahe aanee hastakshepasathi qamee sanvedanshil aahe. sarasari, heey kharey asoo shakate, parantu barech vruddha lock apghat hotat aanee lavkar barey hotat aanee tyach paristhitit khoop tarun lock (jase qee arbhake, lahan mule aanee lahan mule) kayamswarupi apang houu shakatat. rastyavarun konitari jaat asatana jarr konee dolhe mitoon heey kele tarr yaa gruhitakacha konatahi parinam honar nahee, parantu jarr upchar deu kendrit aarogya vyavsayikane kinwa vyavsayik aarogyabaddal vichar kendrit vyavasthapakanni teey ghetale tarr teey tyanchya krutinvar ayogya parinam karoo shakate aanee vay-sambandhit bhedbhavas karanibhoot tharoo shakate.
erdman palmore yanni, vruddha kamgaranna badalas pratirodhak, sarjansheel, savadh, nirnay ghenyas santh, sharirik kshamatet qamee, tantrik badalanmadhye rus nasalele aanee prashikshan dene katheen asey rudhiprayogane sanganare vyavasthapak asey aarop kele aahet. aanakhi eka udaharan mhanje jevha lock mulanshi tyanchya uchch aavajamule, jaree teey dayalu aanee vinamra asale tarihi, asabhy vagatat. kamachya thikanchya vayatil rudhiprayoganshi sambandhit sanshodhan sahityacha aadhava 2009 madhye 'journal auph management' madhye prakashit karnyat aala hota.
vanshavad aanee lingwad yasarkhya rudhiprayogachya samanya aanee adhik spasht prakaranchya ulat, vayavad badalas adhik pratirodhak aahe. udaharanarth, jarr ekhadya mulacha vruddhanviruddhachya vayavadi kalpanevar vishvas asel, tarr qamee lock tyat sudharana karatat aanee parinami, vyakti vayavadi kalpananvar, agadi swatah jyeshthanvarhi vishvas thevatat. thevatat shabdant, vayavad hii eka swayampurak bhavishyavani banoo shakate.
vruddhanviruddhachya vayavadi shraddha aajchya samajat samanya aahet. udaharanarth, ekhadi gosht visaroon jaanari vruddha vyakti tyaa vidhanachya vayavadachi jaaniv naan jhalyane tyala 'varishtha kshan' mhanoo shakate. lock anekada 'ghanerada mhatara manus' kinwa 'dusare balpan' yasarkhi vayavadi vakyehi uchcharatat aanee aanee kadhikadhi vayavadi bhav chukatat.
1994 madhye eka abhyasat sanshodhakanni vruddhanmadhye vruddhatvache parinam tapasale. tyanni teen nivadak gatanvar smrutee chachanya kelyah chinmadhil rahivasi, uttar americetil bahire aanee uttar americetil shravanaksham. teen gatanmadhye, chiinii rahivasi bahudha vayavadachya sarvat qamee samparkat hote, jyanna paramparikpane junya pidhyanchi pooja kendrit sanskraticha aajivan anubhav hota. ayushyabhar bahire rahilelya uttar american lokanna dekhil samanya shravanshakti asalelyanchya tulanet vayavadachya qamee samparkat yene sahan karave lagale, jyanni bahudha tyanche sampoorn ayushya vayavadi tippanya aikalya asateel. smrutee chachanyanchya nikalanvarun asey disun aale qee vruddhatvacha smaranshaktivar lakshaniy parinam hoto.
samanya shravanshakti asalelya tarun aanee vruddha uttar americananmadhil gunanche antar uttar americetil bahire lokanpeksha duppat aanee chiinii sahbhaginpeksha paach putt jaast hote. parinam darshavtat qee vayavad tyachya aatm-paripoornatechya swabhavadvare kshamata qamee karato. haah abhyas stereotype dhokyachya parinamachi tapasani karat hota, jyacha shodh smrutichya kamatarateche sambhavya kaaran mhanoon ghenyat aala aahe, jaree stereotype dhokyavar teeka karnyat aalee aahe.
dusarikade, jevha vadildhari lock tyanchya jeevanat mothe swatantrya aanee niyantran dakhavtat, vayavadi gruhitkankade durlaksh karatat, tevha teey tyanchya vayachya itar lokanpeksha mansik aanee sharirikdrushtya nirogi asanyachi shakyata jaast asate.
sanshodhan asey soochit karate qee vruddha lock aaveg, sakriyata, vaimansya aanee mokalepanachya upayayojananmadhye qamee guna midavatat asey rudhiprayogat thewale jaate, tarr tarun lock yaa upayayojananmadhye jaast guna midavatat asey rudhiprayogat thewale jaate. heey serve sanskratinmadhye sarvatrik asalyache aadhalun aale aanee jaree farak satatyane atishayoktipurna asale taree teey vajavipane achook asalyache dekhil aadhalun aale (achukateche moolyankan kase kele gele aanee rudhiprayogachya prakaravar avalambun badalat hote). 
tathapi, 2020 paryant, serve sanskratinmadhil jyeshthanchya samajik sthitivar ajunahi thode sanshodhan jhaale aahe.
ekhadi vyakti kitee tarikh lavnyayogya aahe yaa samajutimadhye dekhil vayavad prakat houu shakato, jyachi parinati 'sexpiration dett' sarkhya atinmadhye jhaali aahe, jeey tyaa vayala soochit karate jyanantar ekhadi vyakti aata aakarshak nahee.
purvagrah.
vayavadi purvagrah haah eka prakarcha bhavna aahe joou anekada rudhiprayogachya sandnyanatmak prakriyeshi jodalela asato. tyat apmanaspad manovrutti vyakt karane samavisht asoo shakate, jyamule nantar bhedbhavpurn vartanacha vapar houu shakato. jethe mothe kinwa tarun spardhak heey kharab kalakar aahet yaa vishvasane nakarle gele hote, heey rudhiprayogacha parinam asoo shakate. parantu, sarvottam kheladunna lakshya karane yogya tharel asha khelatil eka manchavar vruddha lokannahi matdan kele gele. heey keval vruddha lokanprati avachetan bhavnik pratikriyedvare spasht kele jaau shakate; yaa prakaranat, purvgrahane tiraskarache aanee vruddha lokanchya sahavasatoon swatahla vagalanyachya ichcheche roop ghetale.
samajatil vegvegalya gatanviruddhachi rudhiprayog aanee purvagrah heey samaan swaroop ghet naheet. vay-aadharit purvagrah aanee rudhiprayogamadhye sahasa vruddha kinwa tarun lokanna dayaa, upekshit kinwa aashray dene samavisht asate. yache varnan 'paropkari purvagrah' asey kele jaate kaaran dayaa karanyachi pravrutti vruddha kinwa tarun lokanna 'maitripurna' parantu 'aksham' mhanoon pahanyashi jodaleli aahe. vayavishayak sarvekshanat "paropkari purvagrah" chaa bhakkam purava samore aala. 48 takke lokanni sangitale qee 70 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya lokanna maitripurna manale jaate (30 varshankhalil lokambaddal asech asech 27 takke lokanchya tulanet). darmyan, keval 26 takke lock manatat qee 70 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya lokanna saksham manale jaate (41 takke lock 30 varshanpeksha qamee vayachya lokambaddal asech mhanatat).
digital yugvad.
digital yugvad mhanje digital jagaat vruddha praudhanna praudhanna purvgrahancha sandarbh aahe. sanskrutik pratinidhitva, sanshodhan aanee dainandin jeevanat digital yugvad jyaa sookshm marganni karya karato tyachi kahee udaharaneh pidhyantil pruthakkaranamule yuvak digitaldrushtya parangat aanee june digital dansarkhe hotat. tathapi, vruddha aanee tarun lokanmadhil digital vibhajanasathi konatahi anubhavjanya purava nahee, pahila kadhihi nahee aanee dusra nehmich digital madhyam vaparnyas saksham asato; digital spectrumche adhik achook varnan aahe. vruddha lokanchya kshamata qamee honyachya mithakache kaaran asey asoo shakate qee anek sanskrutik pratinidhinmadhye dirgh itihas aahe, jyat jivanchakrachya pratima donger mhanoon punarutpadit kelya jaatat, jithe aapan madhyayugat shikharavar pohochato aanee nantar qamee hoto. vruddha praudhanche anubhav anekada digital madhyamanvaril sanshodhan karyasuchitun vagalale jaatat aanee jansanchar abhyasasarkhya shakhanmadhye vayavad samavisht keela jaato. udaharanarth, prasarmadhyamanchya prasarvadi drushtikonatun, jyeshthanchya paddhati ektar nagany kinwa mage mage mhanoon darshavilya jaatat aanee vaiyaktik malkisah prasarache samikaran seela phone samayikaran kinwa vruddha jodpyanni nishchit utpannavar vaparlele missed coll yasarkhe vyavharik 'upay' lapavoo shakate.
sankhyikitil vayavad.
aakadevari gola karnyachya paddhatinmadhye dekhil vayavad anavdhanane antarbhut keela jaato. udaharanarth, mothya vayogatanchya varganchya aadhare gola keleli mahitee (udaa.jee.60 +') 60 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya konalahi 'grey zoan' madhye dhakalane jyamule farak aspasht hoto. vruddha lock nehmich tarun kamgaranchya dekhbhalivar avalambun asatat yaa vayavadi gruhitkavar aadharit asalyache sangoon sanyukt rashtranchya manavadhikar uchchayuktanchya karyalayane avalambitva gunottaravar teeka kelee aahe.
drushya vayavad.
drushya vayavad' haah shabd 2018 madhye looj aanee ivan yanni tayar keela hota. teey 'drushya vayavad' chee vyakhya 'vruddha lokanche drushyadrushtya qamee pratinidhitva karanyachi kinwa tyanna purvgrahyukt paddhatine chukiche pratinidhitva karanyachi samajik pratha' ashee karatat. aapan qamee pratinidhitva aanee vruddha lokanche nakaratmak pratinidhitva pratinidhitva drushya vayavadapasun vruddhatvache pratinidhitva kendrit vruddhatvachya pratinidhitvakade valat aahot, jeey rudhivadipane arthane vayogatatil vruddha praudhanchya (jivanacha anand ghet aanee tyanchi "suvarn varshe" jagat) pratimandware darshavile jaate, tarr vruddha praudh tyanchya chauthya vayat (nishkriy aanee swatantrapane jaganyas asamarth) adrushya rahatat. europe aanee uttar americet 1950 pasoon kelelya anubhavjanya abhyasanchya punaravalokanatun asey disun yete qee 20 vya shatkachya shevatchya dashakat chhapil aanee durchitravani jahiratinni vruddha praudhanchya tyanchya vayachya adhik sakaratmak drushya pratinidhitvakade heey sankraman suru kele, tyanantar kahee varshannantar durchitravani karyakram, tarr tyanchya chauthya vayatil vruddha praudh adrushya rahatat.
heey kadachit prasarmadhyamanmadhil arthane vayachi vaktrutve vadhane, vruddha lokanna nirogi aanee sambhavya grahak mhanoon chitrit karane, jivanacha anand ghene aanee tyanchi suvarn varshe jagane yamule aahe. vruddha lokanchi prasarmadhyamanmadhil pratinidhya drushya qamee aanee chukiche sadarikaran (nakaratmak pratima) varoon adhik sakaratmak chitranakade valale aahe. aajkal, prasarmadhyamanmadhil drushya vayavad vruddha lokanchya arthane vayogatatil pratinidhinchya sakaratmak gunadharmanchya aadd gundalalela asato, tarr chauthya vayogatatil praudhanche pratinidhitva qamee hott rahate. yache eka sambhavya spashtikaran asey aahe qee nirogi truteey vruddha kadachit chauthya vruddhanshi sambandhit naan rahnyas pradhanya deu shakatat, kaaran teey tyanchya swatachya najikchya bhavishyat kaay aahe yachee tyanna khoop spashtapane aathvan karoon detat. jaree hii aswasthata kinwa mrutyuchi bheeti nirvivadpane samanya asali taree, samajik drushtikonatun yaa prakarcha (swayam) vayavad haah gut mhanoon chauthya vayatil lokansathi aanee eka arthane arthane vayatil lokansathi dekhil hanikarak aahe, kaaran tyanna eka divas swatah chauthya vayatil honyacha dhoka asato.
bhedbhav.
vayacha bhedbhav haah vayanusar lokanna sandhee nakarnyasathi kinwa maryadit karnyasathi kelelya krutincha parinam aahe. hii sahasa aekhadyachya vayavadi shraddha aanee manovruttincha parinam mhanoon keleli krutee asate. vay bhedbhav vaiyaktik aanee sansthatmak asha donhi staravar hoto. vaiyaktik staravar, ekhadya vruddha vyaktila sangitale jaau shakate qee too kahee sharirik kriyakalapanmadhye sahbhagi honyasathi khoop mhatara aahe, jase qee mitra aanee kutumb yanchyatil basketbalcha anaupacharik khel. kinwa (aajchya pashchatya samajat sarvat samanya) aajtagayat khoop mhatare asalyache kinwa khoop tarun lokankade laingikdrushtya aakarshit asalyache aanee khoop lahan jodidar asane kinwa sarvasadharanpane vay-asamanateviruddha purvagrah thevanyas sangitale jaau shakate, mug teey naate bhavnik/laingik asso kinwa agadi tatvik.
englandsathi baal haqq aaghadi aanee rashtriy baal beurone kelelya 2006/2007 sarvekshanat 4,060 mule aanee tarunanna vicharale qee tyanna vividh nikashanchya (vansh, vay, ling, laingik abhimukhata ii.) aadhare kadhee anyaykarak vaganuk dilee gelee aahe qaa?). sarvekshanat sahbhagi jhalelya ekoon 43 takke british tarunanni tyanchya vayanusar bhedbhav anubhavalyache nondavale, jeey ling (27 takke), vansh (11 takke) kinwa laingik abhimukhata (6 takke) yasarkhya itar prakarchya bhedbhawala mage takte. satatyane, european samajik sarvekshanavar aadharit abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee 35 takke europeey lokanni vayavadachya samparkat aalyabaddal sangitale, tarr keval 25 takke lokanni laingiktavadachya samparkat aalyabaddal aanee 17 takke lokanni varnadveshachya samparkat aalyabaddal sangitale.
rojgar aanee aarogya seva yaa done vishisht kshetranmadhye vruddhatvache lakshaniy parinam hotat. vay bhedbhavamule purush aanee mahilanmadhil aarogyatil vishamata nirman jhaali aahe. vruddhatva aanee lingbhed qamee kelyane doctor-rugna sambandh sudhartil aanee aarogyaseva udhyogatil vruddhatvavadi rudhiprayog qamee hotil.
rojgar.
vruddhatvachi sankalpana mulat vruddha lock aanee madhyamvayin lokanviruddha purvagrah aanee bhedbhav darshavinyasathi vikasit kelee gelee hotee, parantu mule aanee kishoravayin mulancha samavesh karnyasathi vistar jhaala aahe. madhyamvayin kamgar, sarasari, tarun kamgaranpeksha jaast kamavatat, jeey shaikshanik kamgiri aanee anubhav pratibimbit karate. jangananechya aakadevarinusar, united statesmadhil vayomaryadeche shikhar 45 teey 54 varshe darmyan aahe. jyeshthatva sarvasadharanpane lokanche vay jasjase vadhate tasatase aadarane julate, jyamule vay qamee hote.
tarun mahila kamgaranshi aitihasikdrushtya, tarun purushanshi bhedbhav keela jaat asey, kaaran ashee apeksha hotee qee, balantpan kendrit tarun striya mhanoon, tyanna mule honyasathi kayamswarupi kinwa veloveli karyabal sodave lagel. tathapi, madhyamvayin mahila kamgarannahi tyanchya swarupachya aadhare bhedbhav anubhavata yeu shakato aanee jyaa sanskratit saundaryache manyataprapt manak rakhanyavar bharr deela jaato, udaa.jee. 'patal, sunder, pandhara aanee tarun'. tathapi, tyach manakacha tyach vayogatatil purush purush konatahi parinam houu shakat nahee.
united states federal sarkarne 1967 chya rojgar kayadyat (aii. dii. eae. aii.) vay bhedbhavantargat vay bhedbhavavar nirbandh ghatale aahet. tyaa kayadyat chalis varshanpeksha jaast vayachya kamgaranna, jyanchyakade vees kinwa tyahoon adhik karmchari aahet asha niyoktyasathi kaam kendrit kamgaranna rojgar sanrakshn dile jaate. sanrakshit kamgaransathi, nokarichya serve staranvaril, bharati aanee bharatipasoon, rojgar sambandhandware aanee chhatani kinwa rojgar sambandh sampushtat aananyachya nirnayandvare bhedbhav karnyas pratibandh karate. jyaa paristhitit vay heey 'vishisht vyavasayachya samanya kamkajasathi vajavipane aavashyak asaleli pramanik vyavsayik patrata [bii. eff. oo. kyu.]' asalyache darshavile gele aahe, asha paristhititach sanrakshit kamgaransathi vayachi maryada kayadeshiraritya nirdisht kelee jaau shakate (pahaa). vyavharat, vayache bii. eff. oo. kyu. heey spasht (chitrapatat tarun patra sakaranyasathi tarun abhinetyachi nemanook) kinwa sarvajanik suraksha dhokyat asatana (udaharanarth, vaimanik aanee bus chalakanchya vayachi maryada) maryadit asatat. 40 varshanpeksha lahan asala tarihi, vruddha vruddha, lahan lahan adhik anukool banavanyapasun niyoktyala adia rokhat nahee.
yuu. keey. madhye, 2006 pasoon vruddha lokanviruddhachya vayacha bhedbhav rojgarat pratibandhit aahe. 2010 madhye bhedbhavvirodhi kayadyanmadhye aanakhi sudharana karnyat aalya.
americet nokarivar thevanyachya babatit vayacha bhedbhav disun aala aahe. samaan rojgar sandhee aayogachi pahili takrardar mahila uddan paricharika hotya, jyaa (itar babimbarobarach) vayacha bhedbhav karat asalyachi takrar karat hotya. 1968 madhye, eae. oo. see. neey 1964 chya nagri haqq kayadyachya shirshak VII antargat uddan sevakanchya rojgaravaril vayache nirbandh bekaydeshir laingik bhedbhav asalyache ghoshit kele. tathapi, texas aii andd emm yetheel busch school auph government andd public sarvhisachya pradhyapika joanna lehee yanna alikade aadhalale qee kampanya nokarichya arjdarachya tulanet tarun praudh nokri arjdarachi mulakhat ghenyachi shakyata 40 takkyanhun adhik aahe. tarun tarun nokarichi niyukti purn karnyasathi, kampanya tyanchya garja purn karnyasathi bharati kampanyankade valatat. anek srot bharati paddhatinvar dosharop karatat kaaran haah eka marg aahe jyamule vayatil bhedbhav itaranchya hatoon guptapane jaau shakato. sophika (2012) mhanate, "1999 saalee washingtonmadhye jhalelya abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee 84 takke bharati sanstha bhedbhav karat aahet, tarr tyanchya swatachya 29 takke kampanya bhedbhav karat aahet."dobson mhanatat qee wezbeckchya (2017) sanshodhananusar," "lokanmadhye swatahsarkhya lokanna kamavar thevanyasathi swabhavik purvagrah asato" "(pru. 3). lehee' (2008) neey aaplya sanshodhanat asehi mhatale aahe qee, 'tyanna qaa kamavarun kadhoon taknyat aale heey tharvanyapeksha mulakhat qaa midali nahee heey tharvane kamgaransathi adhik katheen asalyane, jyaa kampanya khatala naan bharata keval eka vishisht prakarchya kamgarala kayam thevu ichchitat tyaa kampanya rojgar prakriyechya konatyahi tappyapeksha kamavar thevanyachya rajyat bhedbhav karnyas pradhanya deteel' (pru. 31). americetil serve rajye 14 varshankhalil tarunanna mojkya apavad vagalata kaam karnyas manai karatat aanee 18 varshankhalil tarunanna dhokadayak vyavasayat kaam karnyas manai karatat. tyanna qamee kiman vetan dekhil dile jaate aanee purnavel kaam karanyachi parvanagi nahee.
europemadhyehi, belgium, ingland, france, spain aanee sweedenmadhye vayacha bhedbhav vyapak pramanat aadhalato. vruddhatva ughad kendrit nokarichya umedvaranna 39 takke (belgiummadhye) teey 72 takke (francemadhye) qamee nokarichya mulakhatichya aamantrane midatat, tarr samaan umedvaranni qamee vay ughad kele aahe. yavyatirikt, englandmadhil kent vidyapithachya sarvekshanat, 29 takke pratisadkartyanni sangitale qee tyanna vayacha bhedbhav sahan karava lagla hota. heey ling kinwa vanshik bhedbhavapeksha jaast praman aahe. vidyapithatil samajik manasshastrache pradhyapak dominiq abrams yanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee, vayavad haah brittonchya loksankhyemadhye anubhavala jaanara purvagrah sarvat vyapak prakar aahe. vayane mothe umedvar tyanchya atirikt shikshananantarchya varshant haatee ghetalelya kriyakalapanmule bhedbhav haah vaividhyapurn asalyache aadhalun aale aahe. belgiummadhye, jarr tyanchyakade adhik varshe nishkriyata kinwa aprasangik rojgar asel tarach tyanchyat bhedbhav keela jaato.
robbert emm. dakshini california vidyapithachya marshal school auph businessmadhil vyavasthapan sanvadache sahyogi pradhyapak mccain, vruddha kamgaranna jaree sookshmapane badnam karat asale, taree karmchari utpadakta aanee corporate nafyavar tyacha mothya pramanat nakaratmak parinam houu shakato. american mahamandalansathi, vayacha bhedbhav lakshaniy kharchanna karanibhoot tharoo shakato. 2006 chya aarthik varshat, yuu.ess. samaan rojgar sandhee aayogala vayachya bhedbhavache sumare 17,000 aarop midale, 14,000 peksha jaast nirakaran kele aanee 5 kotee 15 laakh dollarsche aarthik laabh vasool kele. khatalyanche nirakaran aanee nirnayancha kharch kotyavadhiparyant jaau shakato, visheshtah 2003 madheel tadjod kararantargat california sarvajanik sarvajanik nivrutti pranaline (calpers) dilelya 25 kotee dollars.
hollywood.
tarunaichi prashansa kelyapasoon teey vruddha abhinetrinchya abhinetrinchya abhav yaparyant, hollywoodmadheel, visheshtah mahilanchya babatit, vayavad gahan aahe. yuvakanchi jyaa prakare prashansa kelee jaate, teey madhyamanmadhye vruddha mahilanna jyaa prakare sadar kele jaate, tyavar thet pratibimbit hote. american association auph advertising agencysche adhyaksh aanee mukhya karyakari adhikari, oo. berch drake, sampoorn prasarmadhyamandhye vruddha mahilanchya pratinidhitvachya sandarbhat bolale, jyat mhatale aahe qee "vruddha mahilanche chitran ajibat kele jaat nahee; kalji karanyachi konatihi kalpana nahee."pannas varshanpeksha jaast vayachya mahila laksh vedhoon ghenyachya kendrasthani nasatat aanee jarr ekhadi abhinetri mothee asel tarr tyanni tyanchya vayavyatirikt kahihi abhinay karane apekshit asate. chitrapatatil mahilansathi nishchit keleli manke tarunya, laingikta aanee saundarya yavar nishchit kelee jaatat. vayane mothya asalelya striyanna tyanchya swatachya vayachi bhoomika kartana dakhavnare chitrapat atishayoktipurna aanee avastav vatatat kaaran teey chitrapat aanee madhyamanmadhil mahilanshi sambandhit nikashanshi julat naheet. parinami, vruddha abhinetrinna rojgarachya kamkuvat sandhinna samore jaave lagate.
chitrapat udhyogat chitrit kelelya maryadit vayamule aanee jyeshth abhinetrinchya abhavamule, sampoorn samajat laingikta aanee vruddhatvababat niraksharatecha eka prakar aahe. vruddha mahila kaay karnyas saksham aahet, tyaa kaay karatat aanee tyanna kase vatate yabaddal jawaljawal antarnihit purvagrah aahe. anek vela plastic shalyachikitsakanchya hatakhali swatahla sharirikaritya badaloon, serve vayogatatil abhinetrinmadhye tarunyapurn aanee saundarya mankanshi julavun ghenara disanyacha prayatna keela jaato. mahilanna, tyanna surkutya, cellulite kinwa vruddhatvache itar konatehi soochak asalyasarkhe kaay disel yachee bheeti vatate. jasjasha striya chalis aanee pannaschya dashakat pohochatat, tasatase chitrapat aanee madhyamanmadhye tweetmadhe samajik saundarya nikashanche palan karnyacha dabav naveen saundaryaprasadhan prakriya aanee utpadananchya babatit tivra hoto, jeey 'kayamche tarun' swaroop rakhatil. laingikatechya babatit, jyeshth mahilankade chitrapatanmadhye anakalaneey, kadoo, dukkhi aanee ayashasvi mhanoon pahile jaate. prasarmadhyame aanee chitrapat udhyoganmadhye, visheshtah hollywoodmadhe vruddha mahilanche pratinidhitva naan kelyamule, qamee kamgiri, kurupata aanee tiraskar yaa vicharanmule vruddha mahilanchya manat gardi hote kaaran tyaa saundaryachya nikashanchi purtata karnyat ayashasvi tharatat. yamule nairashya, chinta aanee sarvasadharanpane aatmasanmanache prashna udbhavu shakatat. "eka sarvekshanat, mahilanna tyanchya hastamaithunachya paddhati kinwa samalingi laingik samparkanpeksha tyanchya vayabaddal adhik laaj vatate."
jevha ekhadya strila tee mhatari asalyache sangitale jaate, tevha tee aahe yavar vishvas thevu shakate. eka stree tichya vishvasapeksha vayane mothee asalyasarkhe vagoo shakate kaaran tee itar lock kaay mhanat aahet aanee teey tichyabaddal kaay vichar karatat heey antarbhut karate.
chitrapatat striche shareer poshakhachya vegvegalya avasthanmadhye chitrit kele jaate aanee abhinetrichya vayanusar vegale chitrit kele jaate. tyanche kapade patrachi olakh chinhak mhanoon vaparale jaatat. tarun striyanna ughad aanee madak veshbhushemadhye thewale jaate tarr vruddha striya anekada bonut kinwa epran paridhan kelelya aaichi kinwa aajichi bhoomika bajavtat. aata aadarsh mahila modelche pratinidhitva naan karnyavyatirikt, rajonivruttinantarchya mahilanna manasikdrushtya asthir mhanoon rudhibaddha kele jaate. "teey bhandanare, trasdayak aanee atishayi, kshullak aanee kadoo banatat; mhanje teey purvi nasalelya samanyatah kroor aanee gud-kamuk vaishishtye pradarshit karatat...(fried 1958,323-24) "
aarogyaseva.
aarogya sevemadhye vruddhanviruddha bhedbhav kelyache lakshaniy purave aahet. heey visheshtah tapasani prakriya, mahitichi devanghevan aanee upcharanche nirnay yasarkhya doctor-rugna sanvadachya pailunsathi kharey aahe. rugna-doctoranchya parasparsanvadat, doctor aanee itar aarogya seva puravathadar vruddha rugnanviruddha vruddhatvashi sambandhit manovrutti, vishvas aanee vartan thevu shakatat. abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee kahee doctor vruddha lokanchya vaidyakeey samasyanvar upchar karnyababat konatihi kalji kinwa kalji darshavit naheet. mug, nokarivar asalelya yaa vruddha rugnanshi sanvad sadhatana, doctor kadhikadhi tyanchyakade tiraskarane pahatat aanee tyanche varnan nakaratmak paddhatine karatat, jase qee "nirashajanak" kinwa "vedepanache". tapasani prakriyesathi, vruddha lokanchi karkarogasathi tapasani honyachi shakyata tarun lokanpeksha qamee asate aanee yaa pratibandhatmak upayayojananchya abhavamule, tyanchya sthitichya suruvatichya tappyat nidan honyachi shakyata qamee asate.
sambhavya barey houu deu rogache nidan jhalyanantar, vruddha lokanshi aanakhi bhedbhav keela jaato. jaree tyanchi sthitee burry karoo deu uchch jaganyachya darasah shastrakriya kinwa shastrakriya asoo shakatat, taree vruddha rugnanna serve aavashyak upchar milanyachi shakyata tarun rugnanpeksha qamee asate. udaharanarth, aarogya vyavsayik vruddha rugnanmadhye qamee aakramak upchar paryayancha pathpurava karatat aanee qamee praudhanchi naveen aushadhanchya chachanyanmadhye nondani kelee jaate. asey manale gele aahe qee yache kaaran asey aahe qee doctoranna bheeti vatate qee tyanche vruddha rugna sharirikdrushtya barey karnare upchar sahan karnyasathi purese majboot naheet aanee shastrakriyedarmyan guntagunt honyachi shakyata jaast asate jee mrutyoot jaau shakate.
hrudayavikarachya rugnanvar itar sanshodhan abhyas kele gele aahet aanee yaa prakarananmadhye, vruddha rugnanna tyanchya aarogyachya samasyanchya tivratevar avalambun, pudhil chachanya kinwa upchar milanyachi shakyata qamee hotee. asha prakare, vruddha lokanchya upcharancha drushtikon haah rog rokhanyasathi kinwa barah karnyaivaji tyache vyavasthapan karnyavar kendrit aahe. aarogyachi gunavatta qamee honyasathi vruddhatvachi hii naisargik prakriya aahe aanee mhanunach vruddhatvachi apariharya ghasaran rokhanyacha prayatna karnyat kahee arth nahee yaa rudhiprayogavar heey aadharit aahe.
shivay, kalji ghenare vruddha rugnanna khoop jaast madat karoon, tyanche swatantrya qamee karoon aanee serve vruddhanna kamkuvat manoon aanee samanya dharana karoon tyanchyavar upchar karnyas aanakhi kamkuvat karatat.
vruddha lokanchya bhinn vaidyakeey upcharancha tyanchya aarogyachya parinamanvar lakshaniy parinam houu shakato, eka bhinn parinam joou kassa taree sthapit sanrakshananpasun vachato.
2017 madhye, european manavadhikar nyayalayane maria ivone carvalho pinto dii sausa moraisachya bajoone nikal deela, jichyavar shastrakriya karnyat aalee hotee jee chukichya paddhatine hatalali gelee hotee aanee jyamule tee laingik sambandh thevu shakali nahee. portugij nyayadhishanni yapurvi 2014 madhye teela jhaleli nuksan bharpai qamee kelee hotee, tevha nirnay deela hota qee tee 50 varshanchi asatana jhaleli shastrakriya, "asha vayat jhaali hotee jevha laingik sambandh heey tarun vayapramane mahattvache nasatat."european manavadhikar nyayalayane too nirnay fetalala, bahusankhyanchya nikalat anshatah asey mhatale aahe qee," yethe prashna vay kinwa ling yancha vichar nasoon, 50 varshiy stree aanee done mulanchya aaisathi laingikta titaki mahattvachi nahee, jitaki lahan vayachya vyaktisathi aahe. hii dharana stree laingikatechi paramparik kalpana moolatah balantpanachya uddeshanshi jodaleli asalyache pratibimbit karate aanee asha prakare lock mhanoon mahilanchya aatm-purtatesathi tyachya sharirik aanee mansik prasangikatekade durlaksh karate."
vayavadache parinam.
vruddha aanee tarun lokanvar vruddhatvacha lakshaniy parinam hoto. heey parinam vegvegalya staranmadhye disu shakatatah vyakti, nivadaleli company, sampoorn arthvyavastha. bhashela aashray deuun vruddha aanee tarun lokanchya rudhiprayog aanee balpanamule vruddha aanee tarun lokanchya aatmasanmanacha aanee vartanacha parinam hoto. vruddha kinwa tarun lock nirupayogi aahet ashee eka rudhiprayog varanvar aikalyanantar, vruddha aanee tarun lokanna samajatil aashrit, yogdan naan denarya sadasyansarkhe vatoo shakate. teey swatahla kachechya drushtine samajoon gheu shakatat-mhanje samajatil itar lock tyanna jyaa prakare pahatat tyach prakare. abhyasanni asehi visheshtah dakhavun dile aahe qee jevha vruddha aanee tarun lock tyanchya kathit akshamata aanee nirupayogipanabaddal yaa rudhiprayogambaddal aikatat, tevha teey kshamata aanee smaranshaktichya mojamapanvar white kamgiri karatat. yaa rudhiprayog nantar swayampurak bhavishyavanya banatat. bekka levichya rudhrupachya moort swarupachya siddhantanusar, vruddha aanee tarun lock dekhil tyanchya sanskratichya vayachi rudhroopi dharana gheuun, swa-rudhiprayoganmadhye guntu shakatat-jyachyashi teey jivankramat ughad jhaale aahet-aanee tyanna swatakade aatalya dishene nirdeshit karatat. mug heey vartan vruddhanchya sadhyachya rudhiprayoganna aanee vagnyala balkati dete.
anekjan yaa rudhiprayoganvar maat karatat aanee tyanna havey tase jagatat, parantu kholvar rujalela purvagrah talhane katheen asoo shakate, visheshtah jarr konee balpanat kinwa paugandavasthet vruddhatavadi drushtikonanchya samparkat aala asel.
catholic church.
1970 madhye pope paul sahava yane nirnay deela qee, 80 varshe vayache cardinals naveen popchya nivadicha bhag houu shakat naheet. tyanni tyaa varshi asehi jaheer kele qee tyanchya 80 vya vadhadivsachya velee cardinals yapudhe prashasakeey vibhag aanee itar kayamswarupi vatican sansthanche sadasya rahnar naheet. tyaa varshi tyanni pudhe sangitale qee roman curia aanee itar kayamswarupi kendriya church sansthanchya vibhaganche prabhari cardinalsne vayachya 75 vya varshi swechhene rajinama dyava aanee pratyek rajinama vaiyaktik aadharavar swikarayacha qee nahee heey pope tharvatil.
covid-19 mahamari.
2020 chya suruvatila covid-19 mahamarichya kalat vruddhatva heey pramukhyane vruddhanna asurakshit gut mhanoon darshavinari mahitee samore aalyane jhaale hote. daad journals auph gerontology' madhye prakashit jhalelya 2020 chya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee vruddha praudhanchi asurakshitata hii saktichi aanee anishchit vibhajan kinwa vilgikaranadvare sodavali jaanari samasya mhanoon pahili jaat hotee aanee asha upayankade samajane mothya pramanat swikararh mhanoon pahile hote. tyanantarchya talhebandi aanee nirbandhansathi anekada vruddha praudhanna doshi dharale jaat asey. samajshastriy punaravalokan" madhye prakashit jhalelya 2021 chya abhyasat mahamarichya kalat jyeshthanvar kelelya upcharanna "aantar-pidhikadil savalat" asey darshavile aaheh "kaljichya paraspar aayuktanchya bighad, dhongipanache aarop, naraji aanee ragachi abhivyakti aanee vishanuche varnan 'boomer remover' mhanoon."visheshtah, abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee tarun pidhyanni mahamarila hawaman badalashi tulana karata yene heey eka sankat mhanoon pahile aanee hawaman badal qamee karnyat karnyat ayashasvi parinam junya pidhyanvar 'karmik' mhanoon pahila. march 2020 paryant 65,000 hoon adhik tweetmadhe tweetmadhe 'boomer remover' yaa shabdacha yaa rogache topananav mhanoon tweeterwar trained jhaala.
africa.
nigeria.
november 2011 madhye, nigerian pratinidhi sabhagruhane eka vidheyak vicharat ghetale jeey rojgaratil vay bhedbhavavar bandee ghalel. september 2022 madhye, swatantra manavadhikar tadnya claudia mahler yanni sangitale qee, "vayavad aanee vay-bhedbhav, agadi sarkari sarkari, vruddha vyaktinvaril hinsachar heey eka naan bolalele vastav aahe."
america.
canada.
canadachya adhikar aanee swatantryanchya sanadechya kalam 15 (1) madhye asey mhatale aahe qee, "pratyek vyakti kayadyapudhe aanee kayadyantargat samaan aahe aanee teela bhedbhav naan karata aanee visheshtah bhedbhav naan karata kayadyache samaan sanrakshn aanee samaan laabh milanyacha adhikar aahe... vay (tasech itar sanrakshit varg).
canadamadhye, faujdari sanhitechya kalam (aaa) (aay) madheel 718.2 yaa lekhat, itar paristhitimbarobarach, "gunhegari jyaa karananmule prerit hota tyacha purava", ashee gambhir paristhiti mhanoon vyakhya kelee aahe... vay ".
december 2011 madhye canadamadhye anivarya nivrutti mothya pramanat sampushtat aalee hotee, parantu 74 takke canadian ajunahi vayacha bhedbhav hii eka samasya manatat.
canadian vimanchalan vaimanikansathi nivruttiche vay pratyek viman kampanidware 60 varshe nishchit kele jaate, parantu canadian manavadhikar kayadyatil badalanmule viman kampanyanni nishchit kelelya nivruttiche vay maryadit kele aahe.
kolambiya.
covid-19 chaa prasar rokhanyasathi kolambiyatil vruddha lokanvar visheshtah kathor upayayojana karnyat aalya. sarkarne 70 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya konalahi gharabaher padnyas manai kelee aahe. janatechya tikedarmyan, heey nirbandh nyayalayat nele gele aanee teey radd karnyat aale.
united states.
united statesmadhye, pratyek rajyache vayacha bhedbhav karnyababat swatache kayade aahet aanee federal kayade dekhil aahet. californiamadhye, nyayya rojgar aanee gruhnirman kayada 40 varshe aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya vyaktinshi bekaydeshir bhedbhav karnyas manai karato. feha haah californiacha pramukh kayada aahe, joou niyokta, kamgar sanghatana, rojgar sanstha, shikau karyakram aanee/kinwa bhedbhavpurn krutya karnyas madat karnari, protsahan denari, uttejit karnari, sakti karnari kinwa sakti karnari konatihi vyakti kinwa sanstha samavisht karoon rojgarachya bhedbhavavar bandee ghalato. vayavyatirikt, too vansh kinwa rung, dharm, rashtriy mool kinwa vansh, apangatva, mansik prakar kinwa vaidyakeey sthitee, vaivahik sthitee, ling kinwa laingik abhimukhata aanee garbhadharana, balacha janm kinwa sambandhit vaidyakeey paristhiti yavar aadharit rojgar bhedbhavas pratibandhit karato. jaree vay-aadharit bhedbhavasathi vruddha kamgaranviruddha anek sanrakshn asale (varr darshavilyapramane) taree tarun kamgaransathi qamee sanrakshn aahe.
kolambiya jilha aanee baaraa rajye (california, florida, ayova, havai, cances, louisiana, maine, minnesota, nebrasca, nyu mexico, newyork aanee vermont) dveshyukt gunhyansathi vishisht prerana mhanoon vayachi vyakhya karatat.
1967 chya rojgar kayadyat (aii. dii. eae. aii.) vay bhedbhavantargat federal sarkarne vayacha bhedbhav pratibandhit keela aahe. tyaa kayadyat chalis varshanpeksha jaast vayachya kamgaranna, jyanchyakade vees kinwa tyahoon adhik karmchari aahet asha niyoktyasathi kaam kendrit kamgaranna rojgar sanrakshn dile jaate. sanrakshit kamgaransathi, nokarichya serve staranvaril, bharati aanee bharatipasoon, rojgar sambandhandware aanee chhatani kinwa rojgar sambandh sampushtat aananyachya nirnayandvare bhedbhav karnyas pratibandh karate. jyaa paristhitit vay heey 'vishisht vyavasayachya samanya kamkajasathi vajavipane aavashyak asaleli pramanik vyavsayik patrata [bii. eff. oo. kyu.]' asalyache darshavile gele aahe, asha paristhititach sanrakshit kamgaransathi vayachi maryada kayadeshiraritya nirdisht kelee jaau shakate (pahaa). vyavharat, vayache bii. eff. oo. kyu. heey spasht (chitrapatat tarun patra sakaranyasathi tarun abhinetyachi nemanook) kinwa sarvajanik suraksha dhokyat asatana (udaharanarth, vaimanik aanee bus chalakanchya vayachi maryada) maryadit asatat. 40 varshanpeksha lahan asala tarihi, vruddha vruddha, lahan lahan adhik anukool banavanyapasun niyoktyala adia rokhat nahee.
kayadyadvare niyantrit kelele kahee udyog aanee vyavasay vagalata, aanee bahutekda sarkarcha bhag asalele (jase qee lashkari seva aanee federal polis agency, jase qee federal beuro auph investigation), vayamule anivarya nivrutti ghene samanyatah americet bekaydeshir aahe. minnesota yanni serve nyayadhishansathi vayachya 70 vya varshi (adhik tantotant, mahinyachya shevati nyayadhish tyaa vayaparyant pohochato) anivarya nivruttichi vaidhanik sthapana kelee aahe. minnesota vidhimandalala 1956 pasoon nyayik nivruttiche vay nishchit karnyacha ghatanatmak adhikar aahe, parantu 1973 paryant 70 varshe vay nishchit karoon asey kele gele nahee. 1986 madhye kayada banalelya rojgar kayadyatil federal vay bhedbhavane, minnesota nyayvyavasthecha samavesh naan karata, anek anek vayachya 70 vya varshi anivarya vay-sambandhit nivrutti samapt kelee; dusra apavad mhanje serve madhyamik shikshananantarchya sanstha (mahavidhyalaye ii.).) haah apavad 31 december 1993 roji sampala. anubhavi vaimanikansathi nyayya vaganuk kayada (sarvajanik kayada 110-135) 13 december 2007 roji lagoo jhaala, jyane vaimanikansathi anivarya nivruttiche vay mageel 60 varoon 65 paryant vadhavale.
september 2016 madhye, california 1 janewari 2017 roji lagoo honara rajya vidheyak aii. bii.-1687 haah vruddhatvirodhi kayada manjur keela, jyamadhye sashulk grahakanna mahitee sadar karanyachi aanee punha suru karanyachi (jase qee aay. emm. dii. bii. pro.) parvanagi yogdan "vyavsayik online karamanook rojgar" sevanchi aavashyakta hotee, jenekarun tyanche vay aanee vadhadivas kadhoon taknyachya vinantyancha sanman keela jaau shakel. yaa vidheykala saag-aftrache majee aanee vidyaman adhyaksh qeena howard aanee gabriel carteris yanni pathimba deela hota, jyanna vatale qee haah kayada manoranjan udhyogatil vruddhatva qamee karnyas madat karel. 23 februwari 2017 roji, yuu.ess. jilha nyayadhish wins girdhari chhabaria yanni pudhil sunavani pralambit asatana vidheykala sthagiti dilee, assa dawa karat qee 1687 salchya pahilya durustiche ullanghan kase houu shakale nahee yachee kalpana karane katheen hote kaaran yamule vastusthitichya mahiticha sarvajanik vapar rokhala gela hota. februwari 2018 madhye, girdharine haah kayada asanvaidhanik asalyacha nikal deela, assa yuktivad keela qee california rajyane heey darshavile nahee qee vayashi sambandhit mahiticha eka srot anshatah kadhoon takalyane manoranjan udhyogat sanghatit vayacha bhedbhav lakshaniyaritya qamee hoil."sadosh-aftra yanni yaa nirnayavar teeka kelee, assa aarop karat qee nyayalayane" "konatahi vivadit vastusthiticha muddah nasalyache chukiche nishkarsh kadhale, tarr pakshanna atirikt purave midvanyapasun kinwa khatala chalavanyas parvanagi denyas manai kelee". yaa nirnayala akheris apeal karnyat aale, parantu navvya circuit apeal nyayalayane 2020 madhye teey kayam thewale.
ashiya aanee oshiniya.
austreliya.
rojgarachya babatit, austreliyachya pratyek rajyat aanee pradeshanmadhye vayachya aadhare bhedbhav karane bekaydeshir aahe. rashtriy staravar, austreliya haah anek aantarrashtriy karar aanee adhiveshanancha paksh aahe, jeey vayacha bhedbhav door karnyasathi karnyasathi ladatat.
austreliyan manavadhikar aayog kayada 1986 neey austreliyan manavadhikar aayogachi sthapana kelee aanee yaa aayogala vayacha bhedbhav samavisht kendrit anek aantarrashtriy karar aanee adhiveshananchya sandarbhat karye pradan kelee. 1998-1999 darmyan, yaa kayadyantargat aayogala midalelya 15 takke takrari vayachya aadharavar bhedbhav karnyababat hotya.
rashtriy staravaril vay bhedbhav kayade, 2004 yaa vay bhedbhav kayadyadvare balkat karnyat aale, jyamule rojgar, vastoo aanee sevanchi tartud, shikshan aanee austreliyan sarkarche kayade aanee karyakramanche prashasana yasah sarvajanik jivanachya vividh kshetranmadhye lokanna vay bhedbhawala samore jaave laganar nahee yachee khatri karnyas madat hote. tathapi, yaa kayadyat kahee kshetranmadhye savalatinchi tartud aahe, tasech sakaratmak bhedbhavachi tartud aahe, mhanje, vishisht vayogatatil lokanna tyanchya vayamule gairsoy anubhavanyas madat kendrit krutee.
2011 madhye, austreliyan manavadhikar aayogamadhye vay bhedbhav aayukt padd tayar karnyat aale. varishtha austreliyan tasech tarun karmchari karyabalat deu deu fayadeshir yogdanabaddal niyoktyanmadhye jagrukta nirman karane, hii aayuktanchya aayuktanchya samavisht aahe. austreliyatil pratyek rajyat chalkansathi probationary plate pranali aahe. yala parvanagi aahe kaaran vay bhedbhav kayada mhanato qee, kahee paristhitinmadhye, ekhadyala tyachya vayamule vegalya paddhatine vagavane kayadyachya virodhat nahee. yala suut mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee tyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
gelya kahee varshant, manavadhikar aayogane 2021 madhye vayacha tyachyashi kaay sambandh aahe, 2021 madhye vruddha kamgaranna rojgar dene aanee tyanna kayam thevane aanee kaam karnyas ichchuk asaneh 2016 madhye nirogi vruddhatvacha pepper yasah vayavadavar anek sanshodhan prakalp aayojit kele aahet.
gelya kahee varshant, manavadhikar aayogane 2021 madhye vayacha tyachyashi kaay sambandh aahe, 2021 madhye vruddha kamgaranna rojgar dene aanee tyanna kayam thevane aanee kaam karnyas ichchuk asaneh 2016 madhye nirogi vruddhatvacha pepper yasah vayavadavar anek sanshodhan prakalp aayojit kele aahet.
itar sakriy sansthanmadhye vay mojanicha samavesh aahe-bahutek rajyanmadhye kaam kendrit aanee vayanusar austreliyan lokanche haqq, hitsambandh aanee changlya bhavishyasathi protsahan yogdan vruddha austreliyan aanee kota (vruddhatvavaril parishad) yanchyaviruddha vayavad hatalanyachya uddeshane chalavaleli eka vakili moheem.
itar sakriy sansthanmadhye vay mojanicha samavesh aahe-bahutek rajyanmadhye kaam kendrit aanee vayanusar austreliyan lokanche haqq, hitsambandh aanee changlya bhavishyasathi protsahan yogdan vruddha austreliyan aanee kota (vruddhatvavaril parishad) yanchyaviruddha vayavad hatalanyachya uddeshane chalavaleli eka vakili moheem.
samuday aadharit sanghatananvyatirikt, nokarichi niyukti, bharati, swayamrojagarachi kaushalye aanee vyavsayik kaushalye, jyat raupya aanee shahanpana, paripakv bharati 50 peksha jaast aanee vruddha kamgarancha samavesh aahe, asha paripakv austreliyananna madat kendrit anek labhdayi sanstha aahet.
phillipines.
deshatil rojgaratil vayacha bhedbhav door karnyasathi phillipineschya phillipineschya congressamore kiman done vidheyke dakhal karnyat aalee aahet. 30 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya lokanna kamavar ghenyachya virodhat asalelya purvgrahamule gharatil upajivikechi jababdari kutumbatil tarun sadasyankade gelee aahe, assa dawa blass opel dhoran kendra yaa eka swayamsevi sansthene keela aahe. vay bhedbhavamule berojgariche praman vadhate aanee deshatil sarvasamaveshak vikasat adthala mhanoon kaam karate asehi sanghatnene mhatale aahe. paradeshat kaam shodhanyasathi paradeshatoon paradeshatoon philipino kamgaranna vayacha bhedbhav honyachi shakyata asalyache mhatale gele.
europe.
european union.
european nagrikatva heey vayachya aadharavar bhedbhavapasun sanrakshn midvanyacha adhikar pradan karate. european unionchya moolbhut hakkanchya sanadechya anuchhed 21-1 nusar, "konatyahi aadharavar aadharit konatahi bhedbhav... vay, pratibandhit kele jaeel.
vayobhedachya virodhat atirikt sanrakshn heey framework directive 2000/78 eae. see. madhoon milate. tyat rojgar kshetrat vayachya aadharavar bhedbhav karnyas manai aahe.
germany.
18 august 2006 roji, samanya samaan upchar kayada (algemines gleachbehandlungsjessetz, aii. jee. jee.) lagoo jhaala. vayasah vividh karananvar bhedbhav rokhane aanee too door karane haah yaa sanghatanecha uddesh aahe.
alikadil eka abhyasat asey suchavale gele aahe qee germanytil tarunanna vayacha bhedbhav jaanavato.
france.
francemadhye, kalam 225-3 madhye purvanishchit kelelya prakarnanshivay, vastoo aanee sevanchya vaparashi sambandhit, aarthik kriyakalapanchya vaparashi sambandhit, kamgar bajarpeth kinwa internshipshi sambandhit vayacha bhedbhav yeto tevha dand sanhitechya 225-1 teey 225-4 yaa lekhanmadhye vayavadachya shikshecha tapasheel deela aahe.
belgium.
belgiummadhye, 25 februwari 2003 chaa kayada "bhedbhavaviruddha ladhanyachi pravrutti" haah vayavadala shiksha karato jevha "vastunishtha aanee vajvi samarthanacha abhav asalelya vaganukitil farak thet yavar aadharit asato... vay ". jevha ekhadi vastoo kinwa seva pradan karane kinwa pradan karane, kaam kinwa rojgarashi sambandhit atty, atty niyukti kinwa padonnati aanee tarihi "janatela upalabdh asalelya aarthik, samajik, sanskrutik kinwa rajkiy karyat" pravesh kinwa sahbhag yacha sandarbh asel tevha bhedbhav pratibandhit aahe (kalam 2, § 4). bhedbhav, dvesh kinwa ekhadya vyaktiviruddha kinwa gataviruddha hinsacharachi prerana dene... vay (kalam 6) turungwas aanee/kinwa dandane shiksha hote.
tathapi, martin kohli aanee itaranchya matey, yach deshantil anek deshanmadhye tyanchya madhalya varshant lokanchya rojgarachya sandhee bighadat aahet."" "sevanivruttisathi vel" "(1991) madhye".
sweeden.
swedish bhedbhav kayada (2008:567) 2008 madhye lagoo karnyat aala aanee tyat asey mhatale aahe keeh "yaa kayadyacha uddesh bhedbhavacha samna karane aanee itar marganni lingbhed naan karata samaan adhikar aanee sandhinna protsahan dene haah aahe... kinwa vay."
united kingdam.
british pressure groupche sansthapak barbara robb, sarkari sansthanmadhil vruddhansathi madat (aii. eae. jee. ess.) yanni, vruddhansathi puravalelya dekhbhalichya dekhbhalichya goshtinche tapasheel denare eka vadgrast pustak, 'serve kahee naan karatah uttar denyasathi eka prakaran' sankalit kele, jyane 1976 madhye brittenmadhye deshvyapi ghotalyala chalana dilee. jaree suruvatila yaa aaropanchya adhikrut chaukashit asey nondavale gele qee teey 'purnapane niradhar kinwa atishayoktipurna' hote, tichya mohimanmule gairvartanachya itar ghatanancha khulasa jhaala jeey sweekarle gele aanee sarkarla aine. etch. ess. dhoranatil badal lagoo karnyas pravrutt kele.
march 1983 madhye bracknell vann parishadechya baithakit, councillar richard thomas yanni suruvatichya tappyatach vayacha bhedbhav haah muddah upasthit keela. tyanni laksh vedhale qee hii duheri prakriya aahe, jyamadhye vruddha aanee tarun asha donhi nagarikanviruddha bhedbhav keela jaato.
yuu. keey. madhye, vay bhedbhav kayade pahilyanda aktoobar 2006 madhye lagoo karnyat aale aanee teey samanata kayada 2010 madhye aadhalu shakatat, jeey samaan vaganuk chaukat nirdesh 2000/78 eae. see. lagoo karate aanee karmcharyanna thet bhedbhav, apratyaksh bhedbhav, chhal aanee balee padnyapasun sanrakshn dete. samanata kayada 2010 nusar vastoo aanee sevanchya tartudimadhye vayachya aadhare bhedbhav karane samanyatah bekaydeshir aahe.
anek ullekhaneey prakarane samore aalee aahet aanee adhikrut aakadevarinusar, aakadevarinusar madheel davyanmadhye 37 takke vaadh jhaali aahe aanee aanee madheel aanakhi 31 takke vaadh jhaali aahe. udaharananmadhye rolls-royce, brittonchya yugane aanalele 'hyday' prakaran aanee bbc (2011) viruddha miriam oo 'railey prakaran yancha samavesh aahe.
2011 madheel european samajik abhyas sarvekshanat asey disun aale aahe qee pachpaiki jawaljawal done lock tyanchya vayamule aadar nasalyacha dawa karatat. sarvekshanat asey suchavale gele aahe qee, yuu. keey. heey aantar-pidhyanchya vibhajanamule ulgadale aahe, ardhe lock heey manya karatat qee tyanna 70 varshanpeksha jaast vayacha ekahi mitra nahee; yachee tulana portugij, swees aanee german lokanpaiki keval eka trutiyansh lokanshi hote, jeey mhanatat qee tyanna tyaa vayacha kinwa tyahoon adhik vayacha mitra nahee. 2012 madheel eka demo abhyasat asey disun aale qee brittenmadhil teen chaturthansh lokanna asey vatate qee vruddha aanee tarun lokanna ekatra bhetanyasathi aanee kaam karnyasathi puresha sandhee naheet.
grey pride' mohimene vruddhansathi mantryache samarthan kele aahe aanee 2011 madhye jevha majee kamgar nete edd milliband yanni liz kendall yanchi vruddhansathi chhaya mantri mhanoon niyukti kelee tevha tyanna kahee pramanat yash midale.
2011 madhye, qalaa jagatatil vay bhedbhavachya virodhat spashtavakta vakeel, kalakar michael friedman mhanato qee "majhyasarkhe paripakv vidyarthi, aayushyat ushirach kalekade yetat, tarr mug aaplyala dand aanee nirash qaa kele jaate? ayushyabhar shikane aanee lavchik karyabal yaa kalpaneche kaay jhaale?"
vayavadachya virodhat samarthan.
1899 chya newsboychya sampane amerikechya ishanyekadil mothya vruttpatra syndicatesdware tarunanna lakshya kelelya vruddha rojgar paddhatincha samna keela. anek divas shaharbhar aandolakanni nidarshane kelee, donhi vruttapatranche prasar prabhavipane thambavale, tasech englandchya anek naveen shaharanmadhye batmyanche vitaran kele. sump done aathvade chalala, jyamule politzerchya 'newyork world' neey darroj vikalya vikalya 360,000 vruttapatranvarun 125,000 paryant tyachi vikri qamee kelee. jaree kagadpatranchi kimmat qamee kelee gelee nasali taree sampamule 'world' aanee 'journal' yanna tyanchya vikretyanna sampoorn punarkharid karnyas bhag padnyat yash aale, jyamule batmyanna tyanchya kamasathi midalelya paishachi rakkam vadhali.
yuu. ess. madheel yuvakanchya hakkansathi vakili karnyasathi 1935 madhye american youth congress kinwa aii. aay. see. chee sthapana karnyat aalee.ess. rajkaran. 1940 madhye tee sampali.
aii. aar. pii. chee sthapana 1958 madhye ethel persey andrus (californiatil nivrutt shikshak) aanee leonard davis (nantar vima companyanchya vasahatvadi paine samoohache sansthapak) yanni kelee hotee. tyache ghoshit dhyey "lokanna tyanche vayanusar teey kase jagatat heey nivadanyasathi saksham karane" heey aahe. haah americetil eka prabhavshali lobbing gut aahe joou vruddhanvar parinam kendrit samasyanvar pramukhyane laksh kendrit karato.
sarkari sansthanmadhil vruddhansathi madat (egis) haah eka british dabav gut hota jyane rashtriy aarogya seva mansopchar rugnalayanchya dirghkal rahilelya prabhaganmadhye vruddha lokanchi kalji sudharanyasathi moheem rabavali. yaa gatachi sthapana 1965 madhye barbara robney kelee hotee aanee 1976 madhye tichya mrutyuparyant too sakriy hota.
americet anivarya nivrutti kadhoon taknyachya uddeshane maggy kuhnane 1970 madhye grey pantherschee sthapana kelee hotee; teey aata vayavad door karnyasah anek samajik nyayachya muddyanvar kaam karatat.
1970 saalee yuvakanna protsahan denyasathi aanee vayavadashi ladhanyasathi aine aarbarchi yuva mukti suru jhaali.
mishiganmadhil paramparik vayavadi sarkari sanrachananmadhye yuvakanchya sahbhagala protsahan denyasathi 1976 madhye teen vajanyachya lobbychi sthapana karnyat aalee.
badalasathi sanghatit sanghatit junya lesbianschi sthapana 1987 madhye jhaali; nyay aanee serve junya lesbianschya kalyanasathi kaam kendrit anek parshvabhoomitil junya lesbian strivadi karyakartyanchya sahkari samudayachya madhyamatoon 'vayavadacha chhal door karane aanee serve atyacharanviruddha ekjutine ubhe rahane' heey yaa sanstheche dhyey aahe."tyanchi prarambhik bhet 1983 madhye barbara mcdonald aanee synthia ritch yanni lihilelya" "look mea inn daad aayh old women, aging andd aegism" "yaa pustakachya prakashanapasun prerit hotee".
1996 madhye, tarun lokanviruddhache lakshya asalele vayavadi kayade kadhoon taknyachya madhyamatoon tarunanchya nagri aanee manavadhikaranna pudhe nenyasathi aanee americetil tarunanna vayavadacha samna karnyas madat karnyasathi, american phaur aaa society phaur aaa aij nirbandh mukt samajachi sthapana karnyat aalee.
united statesmadhil tarunanmadhye kayadeshir aanee manavadhikarambabat jagrukta nirman karnyasathi 1998 madhye rashtriy yuva haqq sanghatana suru jhaali.
2001 madhye americet, vayavadashi ladha deuun samajik badalat yuvakanchya sahbhagasathi vividh sandhee olakhane, ektrikaran karane aanee tyanna protsahan dene yasathi mukt baal prakalpachi sthapana karnyat aalee.
sambandhit mohima.
digdarshak paul whitz yanni sangitale qee, tyanni 2004 madhye 'changlya sahvasat' haah chitrapat lihila, jyane yuvak aanee praudhanvar vayavad kassa parinam karato heey ughad kele.
2002 madhye mukt baal prakalpane yuva hakkanvar laksh kendrit kendrit yuva sanghatana aanee shalanna sansadhane pradan karnyasathi mahitee aanee prashikshan upkram tayar keela.
2006 madhye lydia gimenez-lort yaa barcelonachya swayatt vidyapithatil mansopchar vibhagachya sahayyak pradhyapika aanee sanshodhak yanni 'congress day laa gent gran dii serdaniyola dell valles' (barcelona, spainmadhil serdaniyola dell valeschya vruddhanchi congress) yethe 'snow white syndrome' hii sandnya tayar kelee, jee tyachya virodhat rachnatmak bhavna vikasit kartana vayavadachi vyakhya sopya aanee adhik maitripurna paddhatine karnyasathi eka roopak aahe. heey roopak snow white parikathechya dusht ranine pradarshit kelelya swayam-vruddhatva aanee praudhatva yaa donhivar tasech aarshane prateek kelelya samajik yugvadavar aadharit aahe.
2008 pasoon barcelona swayatt vidyapithatil lydia gimenez-lort aanee paula ramirez-boix yanni kelelya 'aantar-pidhi abhyas' chaa uddesh aajee-aajoba aanee natwande yanchyatil (sakaratmak kautumbik sambandh) sambandhancha aadhar shodhane haah aahe, jyamule vruddhanprati asalele vay qamee houu shakate. anek spanish vidyapithanchya vidyarthyanni yaa abhyasat navanondani kelee aahe, joou lavkarach america, nigeria, barbados, argentine aanee meksikomadhyehi keela jaeel. prathamik nikalanvarun asey disun yete qee 'aantar-pidhi abhyas prashnavali' tarunanna itar asambandhit vruddha lokanprati dakhavalelya tyanchya aantar-pidhi sambandhanche pratikshipt aanee swatahvar teeka karnare vishleshan karnyas pravrutt karate, jyache parinam vayavadala aavhan denyasathi khoop sakaratmak asatat. losses angelis ciity collegemadhil tommus sunnier yanni 'aantarrashtriy abhyas' baddal eka cortometrase nirdeshit aanee tayar keela aahe.
16 varshanchya matancha uddesh united kingadammadhe matdanache vay 16 paryant qamee karane, vayavad qamee karane aanee 16 varshanchya mulanna rashtriy kiman vetanavar samaan vetan dene haah aahe. yaa gatacha dawa aahe qee 16 varshanchya mulanna tyach kamasathi vruddha lokanpeksha qamee paise midatat, jyamule anek 16 varshanchya mulanna raag yeto. teey asehi gruheet dharatat qee 16 varshanchya mulancha aavaj vruddha lock adhik vela aikatil.
chillion digdarshak sebastian lelio yanni eka yuu tayar keela.ess. 2013 madhye pradarshit jhalelya tyanchya 'gloria "yaa chitrapatachi aavrutti. mahilanche vay jasjase vadhate tasatase teey sanskratikdrushtya 'adrushya' hotat; teey shaktishali, vanchhaniy aanee laingikdrushtya sakriy rahoo shakatat yaa kalpanela mool chitrapat aavhan deto. 2018 chya ingraji punarnirmitimadhye, 'gloria bail' yaa shirshakane, abhinetri julien moorne mukhya patra sakarle.
vayavadache aarop.
2005 chya eka mulakhatit, abhineta piercey brosnan yane 2006 madhye pradarshit jhalelya 'casino royal' yaa bond chitrapatatil james bondchi bhoomika suru thevanyas tyala qaa sangitale gele nahee, yasathi yogdan yogdan ghatakanpaiki eka mhanoon vayavadacha ullekh keela.
tasech, yashasvi gayika aanee abhinetri madonna hiney tichya 50 chya dashakat vayavad aanee samajachya nikashanche ullanghan karnyachya tichya ladhyabaddal bhashya kele. 2015 madhye, bii. bii. see. redio 1 varr, stationane tiche naveen ekal tyanchya playlistmadhye naan jodalyamule, vayavadacha aarop karnyat aala. tyachpramane, 'seeks andd daad ciity' starr kiim catral yanehi vayavadacha muddah upasthit keela aahe.
aahe pyu sanshodhan kendrachya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee bahusankhya american matdar dilelya vayanantar adhyakshanna matdan karanyachi shakyata qamee kartil, 45 takke lock mhanatat qee vay kahee farak padat nahee.
margaret morgenroth gulletche 2017 chey pustak, 'vruddhatvacha ant karane kinwa vruddha lokanna kase golee naan marane', heey vayavadachya vyapakateche spashtikaran denyasathi anek udaharane dete aanee krutisathi aavahan karate.

