
megabat

megabats heey chiroptera (vatvaghale) kramankache terropodidae kutumb aahe. tyanna falanche vatvaghale, june jaagtik falanche vatvaghale kinwa-visheshtah 'asserodon' aanee 'petropus'-prajatiche-udanare colhey asehi mhanatat. teey super family teropodoidiache ekmev sadasya aahet, jeey upvarg yinpterochiroptera madheel done super familipaiki eka aahe. 1917 madhye upkutumbancha pratham prastav aalyapasun teropodideche antargat vibhag vegvegale aahet. 1917 chya vargikaranatil teen upkutumbanpaiki sahaa aata vividh jamatinsah manyataprapt aahet. 2018 paryant, megabatchya 197 prajatinche varnan karnyat aale hote.
megabatschya utkranticha agraganya siddhant pramukhyane anuvanshik mahitidvare nirdharit keela gela aahe, kaaran yaa kutumbachi jivashma nond serve vatvaghalanpaiki sarvat khandit aahe. teey bahudha austreliyamadhye vikasit jhaale, serve jiwant pectoropodidsche samaan purvaj andaje 31 dashalaksh varshanpurvi astitvat hote. tyanchya anek vanshancha ugam bahudha melaneshiyamadhe jhaala asava, nantar kalantarane ashiya, bhoomadhya aanee aafriket mukhya bhoomivar pasarla. aaj teey eurasia, africa aanee oshiniyachya ushnakatibandhiy aanee uposhnakatibandhiy bhagat aadhaltat.
megabat kutumbat vatvaghalachya sarvat mothya prajati aahet, jyat kahee prajatinchya vyaktinche vajan aanee tyanchya pankhanche aakarman itake aahe. serve megabat heey mothe shareer nasatat; serve prajatinpaiki jawaljawal eka trutiyansh prajatinche vajan tyapeksha qamee asate. tyanche kutryasarkhe chehare, panjanche dusare ank aanee qamee jhalele europatagium yamule teey itar vatvaghalanpeksha vegale kele jaau shakatat. notopteris yaa ekach vanshatil sadasyanna shepati asatat. megabatsmadhye uddanasathi anek rupantar aahet, jyat jalad oxygencha vapar, prati minit 700 peksha jaast dhabke hrudayache thoke tikavoon thevanyachi kshamata aanee fuffusanche mothe praman yancha samavesh aahe.
kahee prajati divasa sakriy asalya taree bahutek megabat heey ratrapaliche kinwa crapschooler asatat. nishkriyatechya kalat teey zadanmadhye kinwa guhanmadhye rahatat. kahee prajatinche sadasya ektech rahatat, tarr itar daha lakhanparyant vyaktinchya vasahati tayar karatat. kriyakalapanchya kalavadhit, teey ann sansadhanancha pravas karnyasathi uddan vapartat. kahee apavad vagalata, teey ecolocation karoo shakat naheet, tyaeivaji ann shodhanyasathi aanee shodhanyasathi drushti aanee vaas yanchya tivra indriyanvar avalambun asatat. bahutek prajati pramukhyane falbhakshi asatat aanee kahee amrutbhakshi asatat. itar qamee samanya ann sansadhananmadhye paaney, paragkan, fandya aanee saal yancha samavesh hoto.
teey haloohaloo laingik paripakvata gathatat aanee tyanche punarutpadak utpadan qamee asate. bahutek prajatinna chaar teey sahaa mahinyanchya garbhadharanenantar eka velee eka santati asate. yaa qamee punarutpadak utpadanacha arth assa aahe qee loksankhya qamee jhalyanantar tyanchi sankhya haloohaloo parat yete. serve prajatinpaiki eka chaturthansh prajati pramukhyane adhivasacha naash aanee atibhakshipanamule dhokyat aahet. megabat haah kahee bhagat lokpriy ann srot aahe, jyamule loksankhya qamee hote aanee namshesh hote. teey sarvajanik aarogyashi sambandhit asalelyansathi dekhil swarasyapoorn aahet kaaran teey anek vishanunche naisargik sathye aahet jeey manavanvar parinam karoo shakatat.
vargikaran aanee utkranti.
vargikaran itihas.
british pranishastradnya johnn edward grey yanni 1821 madhye pratham pateropodidae kutumbache varnan kele. tyane yaa kutumbala 'teropidae' ('teropus' vanshavarun) asey naav dile aanee tyala aata-nishkriy asalelya fructivora kramane thewale. fructivoramadhye aanakhi eka kutumb hote, aata-nishkriy sephalotidae, jyamadhye eka vansh aahe, sephalotes (aata 'dobsonia' chey samanarthi mhanoon olakhale jaate). greche shabdalekhan bahudha 'teropus' chya pratyayatil gairsamajavar aadharit hote. "" "teropus" "haah shabd pracheen greek shabd" "terro" "mhanje" "pankh" "aanee" "puus" "mhanje" "paay" "pasoon aala aahe". teropus' chaa greek shabd 'poss' haah 'podd-' yaa mool shabdapasoon aala aahe; mhanoon, 'teropus' laa lattinmadhye yogyaritya samavisht kelyane 'terropod-' haah upsarg tayar hoto. french jivashastradnya charles lucien bonapart yanni 1838 madhye sudharit spelling teropodidecha vapar keela.
1875 madhye pranishastradnya george edward dobson yanni chiroptera (vatvaghale) kramankache done upvarganmadhye vibhajan keleh megachiroptera (kadhikadhi macrociroptera mhanoon soochibaddha) aanee microkiroptera, jeey samanyatah megabat aanee microbat mhanoon sankshipt kele jaatat. done gatanchya sharirachya aakaratil farkancha sanket denyasathi dobsonne hii nave nivadali, jyat anek phal khanare vatvaghale keetak khanare vatvaghale peksha mothe hote. megachiropteramadhye samavisht kelele terropodidae heey ekmev kutumb hote.
2001 chya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee megabat aanee microbatchya dvibhajana tyanche utkranti sambandh achookpane pratibimbit kele naheet. megachiroptera aanee microkiropteraivi, abhyasachya lekhakanni naveen upvarg yimpterochiroptera aanee yangochiroptera prastavit kele. yaa vargikaran yojanechi nantar anek vela padtalani karnyat aalee aahe aanee 2019 paryant vyapak samarthan aahe. 2005 pasoon, yaa upvargala paryayipane "teropodiforms" asey mhatale gele aahe. yinpterochiropteramadhye purvi megachiroptera (serve terropodidae) madhye samavisht asalelya prajati hotya, tasech microkiropteramadhye purvi samavisht asalelya anek kutumbeh megadermatidae, rhinolophidae, nayakteride, cresonicteridae aanee rhinopomatidae. done super familymadhye yinpterochiroptera samavisht aaheh rhinolophoidia-jyat purvi microkiroptera madhye vareel family asatat-aanee teropodoidia, jyamadhye fakt terropodidae asate.
1917 madhye danish sastanshastradnya node anderson yanni pataropodideche teen upkutumbanmadhye vibhajan keleh macroglossine, patropine (pateropodinemadhye durust) aanee harpionicterine. 1995 chya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee macroglossine, jyat purvi paribhashit kelyapramane, 'ionicteris', 'notopteris', 'macroglosus', 'cyconicteris', 'melonicteris' aanee 'megalglosus' hii janare paraphyllatic hotee, mhanje upkutumbane samaan purvajanchya serve vanshajanna gatbaddh kele nahee. tyanantarchya prakashananmadhye macroglocini hii teropodinemadhil eka jamaat manali jaate jyamadhye fakt 'macroglosus' aanee 'cyconicteris' asatat. "ionicteris" aanee "melonicteris" heey teropodinemadhil itar jamatinmadhye aahet, "megaloglosus" heey rusetine upkutumbatil myonicterrini jamatimadhye thevanyat aale hote aanee "notopteris" anishchit sthanavar aahe.
andersonchya 1917 chya prakashanapasun teropodidemadhil itar upkutumb aanee jamatinmadhye dekhil badal jhaale aahet. 1997 madhye, paropodidsche tyanchya aakarshastra kinwa sharirik vaishishtyanchya aadhare sahaa upkutumbanmadhye aanee nauu jamatinmadhye vargikaran karnyat aale. 2011 chya anuvanshik abhyasane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee yapaiki kahee upkutumb paraphyllatic hote aanee mhanoon tyanni megabat prajatinmadhil sambandh achookpane chitrit kele naheet. 1997 madhye aakarshastravar aadharit prastavit teen upkutumbanna pathimba midalah cyanopterine, harpionicterine aanee nayaktimenine. yaa abhyasat sapadalelya itar teen vanshanmadhye macroglocini, epomophorina + rusetini aanee teropodini + "melonicteris" yancha samavesh hota. 2016 chya anuvanshik abhyasat keval african teropodidsvar (harpionicterine, rusetina aanee epomophora) laksh kendrit kele gele aanee 1997 chya vargikaranala aavhan dile gele. purvi epomophorinamadhye samavisht asalelya serve prajatinna rusetine yethe halavanyat aale, jyache atirikt jamatinmadhye vibhajan karnyat aale. purvi rusetinichya rusetini jamatitil "edolan" vansh tyachya swatachya upkutumbat, idoline yethe halavanyat aala.
1984 madhye, propotinine yaa atirikt terropodid upkutumbala prastavit karnyat aale, jeey aafriket sapadalelya 'propoto likeyi' yaa jivashmatun varnan kelelya eka namshesh jhalelya prajatiche pratinidhitva karate. 2018 madhye jivashmanchi punha tapasani karnyat aalee aanee teey lemurche pratinidhitva karnyasathi nishchit karnyat aale. 2018 paryant, megabatchya 197 varnan kelelya prajati hotya, jyapaiki sumare eka trutiyansh prajati "teropus" jaatiche udanare colhey aahet.
utkrantivadi itihas.
jivashma nondi aanee vichalanacha kaal.
terropodid vatvaghalanchi jivashma nond hii konatyahi vatvaghal kutumbatil sarvat apoorn aahe. jaree chiropterachi kharab sangadyanchi nond bahudha vatvaghalanche sangad kitee najuk aahet yavarun asali taree, samanyatah sarvat mothe aanee sarvat majboot sangadyansah asoonahi teropodidemadhye ajunahi sarvat apoorn sangad aahet. heey dekhil aashcharyakarak aahe qee terropodidae sarvat qamee pratinidhitva kelele aahet kaaran teey vegale honara pahila pramukh gut hota. itake qamee patropodid jivashma qaa sapadale aahet heey anek ghatak spasht karoo shakatatah europe aanee uttar amerikechya tulanet tyanche jivashma aadhalu shaktil asey ushnakatibandhiy pradesh qamee namune ghetalele aahet; ushnakatibandhiy pradeshat jivashma nirmitichi paristhiti kharab aahe, jyamule ekoon qamee jivashma nirman houu shakatat; aanee jivashma tayar jhaale tarihi, tyanantarchya bhoogarbhiy kriyakalapandware teey nasht kele jaau shakatat. assa andaj aahe qee 98 takkyanhun adhik terropodid jivashmancha itihas gahal aahe. jivashmanshivayahi, ganansheel jatijananshastracha vapar karoon kutumbache vay aanee vichalanachya velecha andaj lavala jaau shakato. pateropodidae heey super family rhinolophoidiapasun (jyamadhye upvarg yinpterochiropterachi itar serve kutumbe aahet) andaje 58 mayae (dashalaksh varshanpurvi) vegale jhaale. teropodidechya mukut gatache purvaj kinwa serve jiwant prajati andaje 31 mayae jagalya.
jaiv bhoogol.
jaivbhaugolik punarachanevar aadharit, terropodidae kutumbacha ugam bahudha austreliyamadhye jhaala asava. itar jaivbhaugolik vishleshananni asey suchavale aahe qee naveen ginisah melanesian bete, cyanopterine vagalata bahutek megabat upkutumbanchya utpattisathi eka vajvi umedvar aahet; cyanopterinscha ugam bahudha sunda shelfwar sahaa aanvik aanee mitochondrial janukanchya bharit purvajanchya kshetrachya vishleshanachya parinamanvar aadharit aahe. yaa pradeshanmadhun, paropodidsne ashiya aanee aafrikesah itar bhaganmadhye vasahat kelee. megabat kiman chaar vegvegalya ghatananmadhye aafriket pohochale. 2016 chya abhyasanusar, chaar prastavit ghatana (1) "scotoniacteris", (2) "rusets", (3) scotoniacterini aanee (4) "sthanik africa vansh" dware darshavilya jaatat, jyat stenonecterini, plerotini, myonecterrini aanee epomophorini yancha samavesh aahe. megabat aafriket kevha pohochale heey adnyat aahe, parantu myoseenchya uttaradhat anek jamati (scotoniacterini, stenonecterini, plerotini, myonecterrini aanee epomophorini) upasthit hotya. megabat aafriket kase pohochale heey dekhil adnyat aahe. myoseenchya shevati teey adhik shushk honyapurvi teey madhya purvetoon aale asavet asey prastavit kele gele aahe. yaulat, africa aanee arabi dweepkalpala eurasiashi jodana gomphotherium bhoo puladware teey khandat pohochu shakale asate. aafrikechya mukhya bhubhagavar naan aadhalanari 'teropus' (udanari colhey) hii prajati bharatiy mahasagarat betanvarun udat melaneshiyatun vikhurali gelyachi shakyata aahe; itar megabat vanshasathi hii shakyata qamee aahe, jyanche shareer aakarane lahan aahe aanee tyamule tyanchi uddan kshamata adhik maryadit aahe.
ecolocation.
megabat heey vatvaghalanche ekmev kutumb aahe jeey swarayantra ecolocation karnyas asamarth aahe. serve vatvaghalanche samaan purvaj ecolocation karnyas saksham hote qee nahee heey spasht nahee aanee asha prakare megabat vanshamadhye ecolocation haravale hote, kinwa anek vatvaghal vanshavalinni swatantrapane ecolocation karanyachi kshamata vikasit kelee (super family rhinolophoidia aanee suborder yangochiroptera). vatvaghalachya utkrantichya yaa adnyat ghatkala 'jivashastratil mothe aavhan' mhatale gele aahe. vatvaghalachya auntogenichya (bhrun vikas) 2017 chya abhyasat asey purave aadhalale aahet qee megabat bhrunat suruvatila ecoloting microbatssarkhe mothe, vikasit kokliya asatat, jaree janmachya velee tyanchyat naun-ecoloting sastan pranyansarkhe lahan kokliya asatat. heey purave heey siddha karatat qee swarayantratil ecolocation ekada vatvaghalanmadhye vikasit jhaale aanee donada swatantrapane vikasit honyaeivaji teey paropodidsmadhye haravale. rusets" vanshatil megabats tyanchya jibhevar click karoon adim ecolocation karnyas saksham aahet. kahee prajati-gumpha amrut vatvaghale ('ionicteris spelia'), qamee lahan naak asalele phal vatvaghale ('cyanopterus bracotis') aanee lamb tondi falanche vatvaghale ('macroglosus sobrinus')-tyanchya pankhancha vapar karoon ecoloting vatvaghalesarkhech cleak tayar karatat asey darshavile gele aahe.
ecolocation aanee uddan yaa donhi urjakshampane mahagadya prakriya aahet. ecollocating vatvaghale uddanasathi guntalelya yantranesah dhwani utpadan jodatat, jyamule tyanna ecolocation atirikt urja oze qamee karata yete. dhwani nirmitisathi havechya gathivar dabav taknyaivaji, swarayantradvare uchchrunkhal honare vatvaghale bahudha tyanchya pankhanchya khalchya thokyachya shakticha vapar havevar dabav taknyasathi karatat, pankhanchya thokya aanee uchchrunkhal sthan samkramit karoon urjavan kharch qamee karatat. ecolocation nuksan (kinwa yaulat, tyachya utkranticha abhav) megabatmadhil uddan aanee ecolocation naan julanyamule asoo shakate. ecoloting vatvaghalanchya tulanet megabatchya mothya sarasari shariracha aakar asey soochit karato qee sharirachya mothya aakaramule uddan-ecolocation jodanimadhye vyatyay yeto aanee ecollocationla megabatmadhye sanrakshit karnyasathi khoop urjavanpane mahag kele jaate.
vanshanchi yadee.
terropodidae kutumb sahaa upkutumbanmadhye vibhagale gele aahe, jeey 46 vanshandvare darshavile jaateh
pateropodidae kutumb
varnan.
dekhava.
megabats heey tyanchya mothya vajanasathi aanee aakarasathi olakhale jaatat; sarvat motha, motha udanara kolha ('patropus neohibernicus') vajanaparyant asato; 'asserodon' aanee 'patropus' chya kahee sadasyanchya pankhanchya pattya tyanchyaparyant pohochatat. sukshmajiv aanee megabat vegale karnyasathi dobson vaparat asey, shariracha aakar heey eka paribhashit vaishishtya asoonahi, megabatchya serve prajati sukshmajivanpeksha mothya nasatat; thipkedar pankhanche phal asalele vatvaghale ("balionicteris mcculata"), megabat, keval vajan asate. teropus' aanee 'asserodon' chya udananya kovalyanna anekada sharirachya aakarachya drushtine sampoorn kutumbache udaharan manale jaate. pratyakshat, yaa vanshavali bahya aahet, jyamule bahutek megabat prajatinchya khyan aakaracha gairsamaj nirman hoto. 2004 chya eka punaravalokanat asey mhatale gele aahe qee megabatchya 28 takke prajatinche vajan tyapeksha qamee aahe.
megabats heey tyanchya kutryasarkhe chehare, dusya ankee panjanchya upasthitine (megabat#postcrania pahaa) aanee tyanchya sadhya kananni sookshmabatsapasun vegale kele jaau shakatat. qaan sadhe disanyache kaaran kahee pramanat traggycha abhav (qaan nalisamor prakshepit honare upasthi flaps) aahe, jeey anek microbat prajatinmadhye aadhaltat. nictimine" vanshatil megabats kutryasarkhe qamee disatat, jyanche chehare lahan asatat aanee nakpudya nalikayukt asatat. 2011 saalee 167 megabat prajatinchya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee bahutansh (63 takke) prajatinmadhye phara eksaman rangache asale taree yaa kutumbat itar namune disun yetat. yamadhye chaar takke prajatinmadhye prati-aachchadan, paach takke prajatinmadhye maan patti kinwa aavaran, daha takke prajatinmadhye patte aanee ekonis takke prajatinmadhye thipke yancha samavesh hoto.
microbates ulat, megabatsmadhye mothya pramanat qamee jhalele europatagium asate, jeey mageel avayavanmadhye dhavana uddan padadyacha vistar aahe. yavyatirikt, lamb shepati asalelya "notopteris" prajati vagalata shepati anupasthit asate kinwa mothya pramanat qamee hote. bahutek megabatche pankh bajula ghusavatat (sharirala thet bajunna jodalele asatat). dobsonia" prajatinmadhye, pankh mankyachya jawal jodale jaatat, jyamule tyanna "nange-pathee" kinwa "nange-paath asalele" phal vatvaghale asey samanya naav milate.
hadancha kanaa.
kavati aanee dantchikitsa.
megabatschya mothya kaksha asatat, jyaa mage suvikasit postaurbital prakriyanni vedhalelya asatat. postaurbital prakriya kadhikadhi jodalya jaatat aanee postaurbital baar tayar karatat. itar vatvaghalanchya kutumbanmadhye disalyapramane, naak disanyas sope asate aanee tyat farsa badal keela jaat nahee. nakanchi lambi vanshanusar badalate. premexila hii suvikasit aanee samanyatah mukt asate, yacha arth tee maxillashi jodali jaat nahee; tyaeivaji, tee snayundware maxillashi spasht hote, jyamule tee muktapane halavata yete. premexilamadhye nehmich paletal shakhecha abhav asato. lamb naak asalelya prajatinmadhye kavati sahasa kamani asate. lahan chehare asalelya vanshamadhye ('pentheter', 'nictimine', 'dobsonia' aanee 'myonicteris') kavatila vakane qamee asate kinwa nasate.
megabat prajatinmadhye datanchi sankhya badalate; vividh prajatinsathi ekoon 24 teey 34 paryant asate. serve megabatmadhye varchya aanee khalchya pratyeki done kinwa chaar chhedanbindu asatat, apavad mhanoon bulberche phal vatvaghale ("approtels bulmere"), jyat purnapane chhedanbindu nasatat aanee saao tooma collar kelele phal vatvaghale ("myonicteris brackisephala"), jyat done varchya aanee teen khalchya chhedanbindu asatat. yamule tee asampramanat dant sootra asaleli ekmev sastan prani prajati banate.
serve prajatinna kutryanche done varche aanee khalche daat asatat. varchya aanee khalchya chaar kinwa sahaa premolars, premolarchi sankhya badalat rahate.
pahilya varchya aanee khalchya daadh nehmi asatat, mhanje serve megabatsmadhye kiman chaar daadh asatat. urvarit daadh upasthit asoo shakatat, upasthit asoo shakatat parantu qamee kinwa anupasthit asoo shakatat. megabat daadh aanee premolar sope kele jaatat, jyamule cups aanee kadyanmadhye ghat hote jyamule adhik sapat mukut tayar hoto.
bahutek sastan pranyanpramanech, megabat heey diaphyodont asatat, mhanje lahan mulanmadhye panzadi datancha (dudhache daat) sanch asato joou baher padato aanee tyachya jaagi kayamswarupi daat yetat. bahutek prajatinmadhye 20 panzadi daat asatat. sastan pranyansathi vaishishtyapurn aahe tyapramane, panzadi sanchamadhye dadhancha samavesh nasato.
postcrania.
megabatchya scapulanche (khandyachya blade) varnan konatyahi chiropteran kutumbatil sarvat adim mhanoon kele gele aahe. khandyachi rachana sarvasadharanpane sadhee aahe, parantu tyat kahee vishesh vaishishtye aahet. clavical (collerbone) pasoon scapulamadhye omohyoid snayuche adim antarsthapan parshvikaritya visthapit hote (sharirachya bajula adhik)-heey vaishishtya phylostomidaemadhye dekhil disun yete. khandyavar snayu slipchi (snayunchya arund pattya jyaa mothya snayunna vadhavtat) eka suvikasit pranali dekhil asate jee ausipitopolicallys snayuchya snayula (manechya talapasoon angathyachya talaparyant dhavana vatvaghalanmadhil snayu) tvachevar langada ghalate.
microbates pudhil angathyanvar keval panje asatat, tarr bahutek megabatsche panje dusare ank dekhil asatat; fakt 'ionicteris', 'dobsonia', 'notopteris' aanee 'neopterics' madhye dusare panje nasatat. pahila ank sarvat lahan asato, tarr tisra ank sarvat lamb asato. dusra ank lavchikta karnyas asamarth aahe. megabatsche angathe microbatschya tulanet tyanchya pudhil avyavanchya tulanet lamb asatat.
megabatschya magchya anganmadhye manvansarkhech hadanche ghatak asatat. bahutek megabat prajatinmadhye calcaniuspasoon udbhavnari upasthi spur, calcar navachi atirikt rachana asate. kahee lekhak yaa sanrachanecha sandarbh paryayipane europatagial spurr mhanoon detat, jyamule tee microbates calcurspasoon vegali hote, jyaa vegalya sanrachanechya asatat. europatagium sthir karnyasathi rachana astitvat aahe, jyamule vatvaghalanna uddanadarmyan padadyachya camberla samayojit karata yete. calcare kinwa sparcha abhav asalelya megabatsmadhye "notopteris", "cyconicteris" aanee "harpionicteris" yancha samavesh hoto. samanya sastan pranyanchya abhimukhatachya tulanet sampoorn paay nitambakade firavala jaato, mhanje gudghe mage tond karatat. payanche serve pachahi ank sagittal pratalachya dishene valatat, jyat pakshyanchya payanpramane viruddha dishene valanyas saksham assa konatahi ank nasato.
antargat pranali.
uddan heey atishay urjavanpane mahag aahe, jyasathi hriday v raktavahinyasambandhi pranalishi anek rupantaranchi aavashyakta asate. uddanadarmyan, vatvaghale satatchya kalavadhisathi tyanche oxygenche sevan vees patine kinwa tyahoon adhik vadhavu shakatat; manvi kheladu jastit jaast kahee minitansathi vees ghatakanchi vaadh sadhya karoo shakatat. 1994 saalee pendha-rangache falanche vatvaghale ("edolan helvam") aanee hatoda-dokyache vatvaghale ("hypesignathus monstrosus") yanchya abhyasat andaje 0.78 chey sarasari shwasan vinimay gunottar (carbon dioxideche utpadanah oxygencha vapar) aadhalale. yaa done prajatinpaiki, rakhadi-dokyache udanare kolha ("paropus polyocephalus") aanee egyptian falanche vatvaghale ("rusets egyptiacus"), uddanatil kamal hriday darr 476 beats prati minit (rakhadi-dokyache udanare colhey) aanee 728 beats prati minit (egyptian falanche vatvaghale) darmyan bhinn hote. prati minit shvasachi kamal sankhya 163 (rakhadi-doke asalela udanara kolha) teey 316 (pendha-rangache falanche vatvaghale) ashee hotee. yavyatirikt, megabatsmadhye tyanchya aakarachya tulanet fuffusanche praman apavadatmakaritya mothe asate. shrusarkhya sthaliy sastan pranyanche fuffusanche praman sharirachya vajanachya prati gramm 0.13 centimeter asate (sharirachya vajanachya prati auns 0.05 inch), tarr vahalbargchya appolated fruit batt ("epomophorus wahlbergy") sarkhya prajatinche fuffusanche praman 4.3 putt jaast asate, jeey prati gramm 0.13 centimeter asate (prati auns 0.22 inch 3).
megabatsmadhye jalad pachan pranali asate, aatadyanchya sankraman kalavadhi ardha taas kinwa tyapeksha qamee asato. pachan pranalichi rachana shakahari aaharaparyant kelee jaate, jee kadhikadhi mauu fale kinwa amrutaparyant maryadit asate. shakahari pranyansathi pachan yantranechi lambi qamee asate (tasech kitakbhakshi sookshm kiropateransachya tulanet qamee asate), kaaran tantumay samagri bahutekda talhu, jeebh aanee datanchya krutidvare vegali kelee jaate aanee nantar takoon dilee jaate. anek megabatsche pooat yuu-aakarache asate. lahan aanee mothe aatade yaat konatahi vegala farak nahee, kinwa gudashayachi vegali suruvat nahee. tyanchyat aatadyansambandhi sukshmabhakshichi ghanata khoop jaast asate, jyamule poshak tattvanchya shoshanasathi prushthbhagache mothe kshetra tayar hote.
jivashastra aanee paryavaran.
genome aakar.
itar sastan pranyanpeksha serve vatvaghalanpramanech megabatsche genome khoopach lahan asatat. 2009 saalee 43 megabat prajatinchya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee tyanchya janukanmadhye pendha rangachya falanchya vatvaghalatil 1.86 picogram (pii. jee., 978 emm. bii. pii. prati pii. jee.) teey lileschya udatya kolha ("teropus lailee") madheel 2.51 pii. jee. paryantcha samavesh hota. serve moolye sastan pranyanchya sarasari 3.5 pii. jee. peksha khoopach qamee hotee. megabatsmadhye microbatspeksha dekhil lahan genome asatat, jyanche sarasari vajan 2.58 pg chya tulanet 2.20 pg asate. assa andaj bandhala jaat hota qee haah farak megabat vanshavalinni resha 1-eka prakarcha lamb antarit anoo ghatakacha vilupta honyacha anubhav ghetala aahe yaa vastusthitishi sambandhit asoo shakato. resha 1 manvi genomecha 15-20% aahe aanee sastan pranyanmadhye sarvat prachalit dirgh antarit anoo ghatak manla jaato.
indriye.
baghane.
phaar qamee apavad vagalata, megabat ecolocation karat naheet aanee mhanoon navigate karnyasathi drushti aanee gandhavar avalambun asatat. tyanche mothe dolhe tyanchya dokyachya samore sthit asatat. heey serve vatvaghalanchya samanya purvajanpeksha mothe aahet, eka abhyasat teropodidsmadhye dolhyancha aakar vadhanyacha cull suchavala gela aahe. 18 megabat prajatinchya dolhyanchi tapasani karananya abhyasat asey nishchit jhaale qee samanya fulalelya vatvaghalache ('cyconicteris australis') dolhe sarvat lahan asoon tyancha vyas 'see' aahe, tarr sarvat mothe dolhe mothe udanare kolha ('teropus vampirus') yanche aahet. megabat iris samanyatah tapkiri asatat, parantu teey "desmalopex", "mirimiri", "terralopex" aanee kahee "teropus" pramane laal kinwa naringi asoo shakatat.
uchch prakash patalivar, megabat drushya tikshnata manavanpeksha qamee asate; qamee prakashatevar tee adhik changli asate. kahee "rusets", "epomophorus", "edolon" aanee "teropus" prajatinchya dolhyanchi tapasani karananya eka abhyasat asey nishchit jhaale qee pahilya teen prajatinmadhye "tapetum lucidam" aahe, jee dolhyanchi eka paravartak rachana aahe jee qamee prakash patalyanvar drushti sudharate, tarr "teropus" prajati tase karat naheet. tapasalelya serve prajatinmadhye rodd peshi aanee shankuchya peshi yaa donhisah retina hote, parantu keval 'patropus' prajatinmadhye ess-coone hote, jeey prakashachi sarvat lahan taranglambi shodhatat; kaaran opsinsche spectral tuning drishyaman navhate, tyamule 'patropus' prajatinchya ess-konala nila kinwa atinil prakash aadhalato qee nahee heey aspasht aahe. "teropus" vatvaghale dvivarniy asatat, jyat done prakarchya shankuchya peshi asatat. ess-shankunchya abhavamule itar teen prajati ekvarni aahet, rung pahanyas asamarth aahet. serve vanshanmadhye rodd peshinchi ghanata khoop jaast hotee, parinami prakashaprati uchch sanvedansheelata nirman hote, jee tyanchya ratrichya kriyakalapanchya namunyanshi sambandhit asate. teropus" aanee "rusets" madhye, mojalelya rodd selchi ghanata prati chauras millimeter 1000 peksha qamee hotee, jee gharguti undeer, paliv manjar aanee gharguti sassa yasarkhya itar nishachar kinwa crapschooler pranyanchya barobarichi kinwa tyahoon adhik hotee.
gandh yeto.
megabats fale aanee amrut yasarkhe ann srot shodhanyasathi gandh vapartat. tyanchyakade vaas ghenyachya tivra sanvedana aahet jyaa paliv kutryachya pratispardhyat asatat. purvekadil tube-nozed vatvaghal ("nictimine robbinson") sarkhya tube-nosed falanchya vatvaghalanmadhye styrio ghran asate, mhanje teey tri-aayami gandhyukt pattyancha nakasha banavanyas aanee tyanche anusaran karnyas saksham asatat.
bahutek (kinwa kadachit serve) vatvaghalachya itar prajatimbarobarach, megabat maata aanee santati dekhil ekmekanna olakhanyasathi tasech vyaktinna olakhanyasathi sugandh vapartat. udananya kovalyanmadhye, naranchya khandyavar androgen-sanvedanshil cbasius granthi vadhatat, jyaa teey tyanchya pradeshanna sugandh-chinhankit karnyasathi vapartat, visheshtah samagam hangamat. yaa granthiche srav prajatinnusar badaltat-chaar prajatinchya granthinpasoon vegale kelelya 65 rasayanik sanyuganpaiki, serve prajatinmadhye konatehi sanyug sapadale nahee. purush dekhil mootra dhunyat kinwa swatachya mutrat swatahla lepanyat guntalele asatat.
chav.
megabatsmadhye "taas1aar2" januk asate, mhanje tyanchyat annatil godapana shodhanyachi kshamata asate. heey januk raktpishachyavaril vatvaghale vagalata serve vatvaghalanmadhye asate. itar serve vatvaghalanpramanech, 'taas1aar1' januk naslyamule megabats 'umami' chaa swad gheu shakat naheet. itar sastan pranyanmadhye, keval vishal pandanmadhye yaa janukacha abhav asalyache disun aale aahe. megabatsmadhye anek "taas2aar" januke dekhil asatat, jee soochit karatat qee teey katuta chakhu shakatat.
punarutpadan aanee jivanchakra.
megabat, itar vatvaghalanpramanech, sastan pranyansathi tyanchya aakarachya tulanet dirghkal tikatat. kahee captive megabatsche ayushya tees varshanpeksha jaast hote. tyanchya aakarachya tulanet, megabatsche prajnan utpadan qamee asate aanee laingik paripakvatela vilamb hoto, bahutek prajatinchya maadee eka kinwa done varshanchya hoiparyant janm dett naheet. kahee megabats varshbhar prajnan karnyas saksham asalyache disate, parantu bahutek prajati bahudha hangami prajnan karnare asatat. kombadichya thikani samagam hote. garodarpanachi lambi badalat rahate, parantu bahutek prajatinmadhye tee chaar teey sahaa mahinyanchi asate. megabatschya vegvegalya prajatinmadhye punarutpadak rupantar asatat jeey sambhog aanee janm denyamadhil kalavadhi vadhavtat. pendha rangachya falanchya vatvaghalasarkhya kahee prajatinmadhye vilambit pratyaropanache punarutpadak rupantar asate, mhanje maithun juuna kinwa julaimadhye hote, parantu zaigot kahee mahinyanantar novembarparyant garbhashayachya bhintimadhye pratyaropit hott nahee. fisherchya pigmi fruit vatvaghalala (haplonicteris fisheri), pratyaropanantarchya vilambamule, konatyahi vatvaghal prajatichya garbhadharanechya kalavadhipeksha, 11.5 mahinyanparyant, sarvat jaast kalavadhi asato. pratyaropanantarchya vilambamule garbhashayachya bhintivar pratyaropan kelyanantar aath mahinyanparyant garbhacha vikas thambato, joou tyachya khoop dirgh garbhadharanesathi jababdar asato. teen mahinyanchya kalavadhisah mothya lahan-naak asalelya falanchya vatvaghalamadhye ("cyanopterus sphinx") garbhadharanechi qamee lambi aadhalate.
serve megabatcha kachara aakar sahasa eka asato. khaleel prajatinmadhye julya mulanchi durmil nond aaheh madgascan flying fox ("petopus rufus"), dobsoncha appolated fruit batt ("epomops dobsoni"), rakhadi dokyacha flying fox, kaala flying fox ("petopus electo"), chashmavachak flying fox ("petopus conspicillatus"), mothe lahan naak asalele falanche vatvaghale, pietersche appolated batt fruit ("epomophorus crypturus"), hatoda-dokyache vatvaghale, pendhyachya rangache falanche vatvaghale, lahan collar asalele falanche vatvaghale ("myonicteris torricata"), egyptian falanche vatvaghale aanee leschenoltsche roltet (lesichus). julya mulanchya babatit, donhi santati jiwant rahane durmil aahe. kaaran megabats, serve vatvaghalanpramanech, prajnan darr qamee asatat, tyanchi loksankhya ghasaranitun savrayla santh asate.
janmachya velee, megabat santati, sarasari, tyanchya aaichya prasavanantarchya vajanachya 17.5% asate. konatyahi vatvaghal kutumbasathi heey aaee-santatiche sarvat lahan gunottar aahe; serve vatvaghalanmadhye, navjat baal heey tyanchya aaichya prasutinantarchya vajanachya 22.3% peksha qamee asate. megabat santatiche sahajpane paramparik shreninmadhye vargikaran kele jaat nahee, jase qee paropkari (janmachya velee asahayya) kinwa purvasamajik (janmachya velee saksham). mothya chhotya nakanchya falanchya vatvaghalasarkhya prajati dolhe ughade thevun janmala yetat (purvasamajik santatiche lakshan), tarr egyptian falanchya vatvaghalanchya santatiche dolhe janmanantar nauu divasanparyant ughadat naheet (parkeey santatiche lakshan).
jawaljawal serve vatvaghalanchya prajatinpramanech, narr heey matanchya palakanchya dekharekhimadhye madat karat naheet.
mule dudh sodavat nahee toparyant tyanchya matansobat rahatat; dudh sodayala kitee vel lagato heey sampoorn kutumbat badalate. serve vatvaghalanpramanech megabatsche dekhil tulanene dirgh stanpan kalavadhi asatatah chimukale nasalelya sastan pranyanmadhil praudh shariratil 40 takkechya tulanet, praudh shariratil vastumanachya andaje 71 takke hoiparyant santati stanpan karel. micropteropus' vanshatil prajati saat teey aath aathvadyanchya vayaparyant tyanchya lahan mulanna dudh sodavtat, tarr bharatiy udanara kolha ('patropus medius') paach mahinyanchya vayaparyant aaplya lahan mulanna dudh sodavat nahee. atishay asamanyapane, bismark mukhavata asalela udanara kolha ("patropus capistrates") aanee dayak falanche vatvaghale ("diacopterus spadicious") yaa done megabat prajatinchya narr vyakti dudh tayar kartana disun aale aahet, parantu balala stanpan karananya naranche kadhihi nirikshan jhalele nahee. stanpan karyatmak aahe qee nahee aanee purush pratyakshat pillanchi palat thevatat qee teey tanav kinwa kuposhanacha parinam aahe heey spasht nahee.
vartan aanee samajik vyavastha.
megabatchya anek prajati atyant ekatra kinwa samajik asatat. megabat ekmekanshi sanvad sadhanyasathi aavaj uthavatat, vividh vanshanmadhye 'aavajache trikutasarkhe sphot', horn vajavane kinwa mothyane, bleetsarkhe coll mhanoon varnan kelele aavaj nirman karatat. egyptian phal vatvaghale hii kiman eka prajati, gayan nirmiti shikshan navachya eka prakarchya gayan shikshanas saksham aahe, jyachi vyakhya 'vishishtateshi sanvad sadhatana swaranmadhye badal karanyachi kshamata' ashee kelee jaate. egyptian falanche tarun vatvaghale tyanchya matanche tasech tyanchya vasahatinmadhil itar vyaktinche mhanane aikoon bolibhasha prapt karnyas saksham aahet. udaharanarth, yaa bolibhashanmadhil farkanmule vegvegalya vasahatinchya vyakti vegvegalya varanvartevar sanvad sadhu shakatat asey gruheet dharale gele aahe.
megabat samajik vartanat keval punarutpadanapeksha jaast laingik vartanancha vapar karane samavisht aahe. purava asey soochit karato qee egyptian falanche maadee vatvaghale laingik sambandhanchya badalyat purushankadun ann ghetat. pitrutva chachanyanni pushti kelee qee jyaa purushankadun pratyek stree ann ghasate, tyaa purushanmadhye, khokalelya madichya santatiche vadil honyachi shakyata jaast asate.
bonin flying fox ("teropus pselaphone") yaa kiman eka prajatimadhye samalingi felecio disun aala aahe. thund havamanat anyatha-virodhi purushanchya vasahatichya nirmitila protsahan denyasathi yaa samalingi falacioche anuman lavale jaate.
megabat heey bahutek ratriche aanee crypscular asatat, jaree kahee divasabharat udatana disun aale aahet. betanchya kahee prajati aanee upprajati dainandin aahet, jeey shikari pranyanchya kamatarates pratisad mhanoon gruheet dharale jaatat.
dainandin karpranalimadhye kalya kanancha udanara kolha ('teropus melanotus natalis'), mauritian udanara kolha ('teropus niger'), carolin udanara kolha ('teropus molosinus'), 'teropus pelagicus' ('pii. pii. insularis), aanee seashells falanche vatvaghale ("teropus seachellensis").
roasting.
1992chya 41 megabat vanshanchya saranshat namood kele aahe qee 29 hii vruksh-roasting vansh aahet. aanakhi akra vansh guhanmadhye rahatat aanee urvarit sahaa vansh itar prakarchya thikani (udaharanarth, manvi sanrachana, khanee aanee phaat) rahatat. vruksh-roasting prajati ekaki kinwa atyant vasahatvadi asoo shakatat, jyamule daha lakhanparyant vyaktincha samooh tayar hoto. guhanmadhye kondannya prajati daha vyaktinpasoon teey kityek hajaranparyantche ektrikaran karatat. atyant vasahatvadi prajati anekada vishvasarhata darshavtat, mhanje tyanchi zaade kinwa guha anek varshe kombadya mhanoon vaparali jaau shakatat. ekaki prajati kinwa qamee sankhyene ektrit honanya prajatinchi tyanchya kombadyanprati nishtha qamee asate.
aahar aanee chaara.
bahutek megabat pramukhyane mitavyayi asatat. sampoorn kutumbat, sumare 188 vanaspati vanshatil vividh prakarchya falancha vapar keela jaato. kahee prajati amrutbhakshi dekhil asatat, mhanje tyaa fulanche amrut dekhil pitat. austreliyamadhye, nilgirichi phule haah visheshtah mahattvacha ann srot aahe. itar ann sansadhananmadhye paaney, ankur, kalya, paragkan, biyane, rus, shanku, saal aanee fandya yancha samavesh hoto. teey vilakshan khanare aahet aanee tyanchya swatachya sharirachya vajanachya adich putt falanche sevan karoo shakatat.
megabat heey roasting aanee chaara sansadhanansathi udatat. teey samanyatah vatvaghalansathi saral aanee tulanene vegane udatat; kahee prajati adhik kushalatesah haloo asatat. prajati eka ratrimadhye pravas karoo shakatat. edolan", "teropus", "epomophorus", "rusets", "myonicteris" aanee "nanonicteris" yaa vanshanchya sthalantarit prajati antaraparyant sthalantar karoo shakatat. bahutek megabatsche aakarman sarasaripeksha qamee asate, jeey pankhanchya aanee pankhanchya kshetrashi sambandhit mojmap aahe. pankhanche bhaar, jeey pankhanchya kshetrafalachya sapeksh vajan mojate, teey megabatmadhye sarasari kinwa sarasaripeksha jaast asate.
biyane vitareet karane.
biyane vitareet karnyat megabat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavtat. tyanchya pradirgh utkrantichya itihasacha parinam mhanoon, kahee vanaspatinni vatvaghoolanchya indriyanshi susangat vaishishtye vikasit kelee aahet, jyat jordar sugandhit, chamakdar rangeet aanee parnasamuhapasun door asalelya pramukhpane ughad jhalelya falancha samavesh aahe. falanche chamakdar rung aanee sthitee heey megabatsche drushya sanketanvarche avalambitva aanee avyavasthetun margkraman karnyat asamarthata pratibimbit karoo shakate. chalisahoon adhik anjir prajatinchya falanche parikshan karananya abhyasat, keval eka anjir prajatiche pakshi aanee megabat yaa doghanni sevan kele; bahutek prajati eka kinwa dusyadiiivaaareeii khalle jaatat. pakshyanni sevan kelelya anjiranchi sankhya anekada laal kinwa naringi asate, tarr megabatne sevan kelelya anjiranchi sankhya anekada pivali kinwa hiravi asate. aatadyanchya jalad sankraman velemule bahutek biya sevananantar lagechach utsarjit hotat, parantu kahee biya aatadyat baaraa tasanpeksha jaast kaal rahoo shakatat. yamule mool zadanpasun door biyane vitareet karanyachi megabatchi kshamata vadhate. atyant gatishil falbhakshi prani mhanoon, megabatsmadhye vruksh biyane jangaltodichya bhupradeshat pasaravun vilag jangalanchya tukadyanmadhil jungle punarsanchayit karanyachi kshamata aahe. hii vikhuranyachi kshamata lahan biyanyanchya vanaspatinparyant maryadit aahe, jyaa lambipeksha qamee aahet, kaaran yapeksha mothee biyane ghetali jaat naheet.
shikari aanee parjivi.
megabats, visheshtah betanvar rahana lokanmadhye, kahee sthanik shikari asatatah lahan udananya kolha ("patropus hypomelanus") sarkhya prajatinmadhye konatehi dnyat naisargik shikari nasatat. udananya kovalyanchya sthanik nasalelya shikari pranyanmadhye paliv manjari aanee undarancha samavesh hoto. kharfuticha monitor, joou kahee megabat prajatinsathi sthanik shikari aahe parantu itaransathi parichay asalela shikari aahe, too eka saksham vruksharohi asalyane sandhisadhu megabatchi shikar karato. tapkiri vruksh saap hii dusari prajati megabatchya loksankhyevar gambhir parinam karoo shakate; guaammadheel eka mool nasalela shikari mhanoon, saap itakya santaticha upbhog gheto qee tyane mariana falanchya vatvaghalanchi ("teropus marianus") sankhya moolatah shunyavar aanali. heey bett aata mariana falanchya vatvaghalasathi eka sink manale jaate, kaaran tethil loksankhya yashasvi punarutpadanaivaji tyala ball denyasathi jawalchya rota betavarun sthalantarit honanya vatvaghalanvar avalambun asate. megabatsshee naisargikaritya sahanubhooti asalelya shikari pranyanmadhye magri, saap aanee mothya sarade yasarkhya sarpatananya pranyanbarobarach baaj, baaj aanee ghubade yasarkhya pakshyancha samavesh hoto. uttar austreliyatil magarichya potachya samgrichya vishleshanavar aadharit, kharya panyatil magri haah megabatscha eka dnyat shikari aahe. atyant ushnatechya ghatananmadhye, lahan laal udanara kolha ("teropus scapulatus") yasarkhya megabatsna thund karane aanee jalmargatun pioon punha paanee dene aavashyak aahe, jyamule tyanna godya panyatil magarinchya sandhisadhu apavitratesathi sanvedanshil banavate.
megabat heey anek parjivi vargikarananche yazman aahet. dnyat parajivinmadhye nayakteribide aanee strabliday prajati (vatvaghale masha), tasech "demodex" vanshatil sukshmajivancha samavesh hoto. haemoproteeday kutumbatil rakt parjivi aanee toxocaridaeche aatadyansambandhi sutrakrumi dekhil megabat prajatinvar parinam karatat.
parisar aanee adhivas.
megabat heey sampoorn africa, ashiya, austreliya aanee sampoorn hindi mahasagar aanee oshaniya betanvar aadhalanaya junya jagachya ushnakatibandhiy pradeshat mothya pramanat pasarlele aahet. 2013 paryant, aafriket megabatchya chauda prajati aahet, jyaa aththavis prajatinche pratinidhitva karatat. tyaa aththavis prajatinpaiki chovis prajati keval ushnakatibandhiy kinwa uposhnakatibandhiy havamanat aadhaltat. urvarit chaar prajati bahutek ushnakatibandhiy pradeshat aadhaltat, parantu tyanchya shrenimadhye samshitoshna hawaman dekhil samavisht aahe. adhivas prakaranchya sandarbhat, aath keval kinwa mukhytah vann adhivasat aadhaltat; nauu jangale aanee savana yaa donhimadhye aadhaltat; nauu keval kinwa mukhytah savana madhye aadhaltat; aanee done betanvar aadhaltat. lamb kesanchi rusette (rusets lanosus) hii keval eka african prajati, mukhytah dongral parisansthanmadhye aadhalate, parantu atirikt tera prajatinchi shreni dongral adhivasat vistarte.
aagney aashiyabaher, megabatchya prajatinchi samruddhi ashiyamadhye tulanene qamee aahe. egyptian phal vatvaghale hii ekmev megabat aahe, jyachi shreni mukhytah palaearctic kshetrat aahe; tee aanee pendha rangache phal vatvaghale hii madhyapurvet aadhalanari ekmev prajati aahe. egyptchya falanchya vatvaghalachya parvatarangancha sarvat uttarekadil vistar ishanya bhoomadhya aahe. purv ashiyamadhye, megabat keval chean aanee japanmadhye aadhaltat. chinmadhye, megabatchya keval sahaa prajati nivasi manalya jaatat, tarr itar saat prajati kirkol (tyanchya shrenichya kathavar), sanshayaspad (sambhavya chukichi olakh asalyamule) kinwa aakasmik sthalantarit mhanoon upasthit aahet. chaar megabat prajati, serve "pectoropus", japanmadhye aadhaltat, parantu tyateel paach mukhya betanvar ekahi nahee. dakshin ashiyamadhye, megabat prajatinchi samruddhata maldivmadhil done prajatinpasun teey bharatatil tera prajatinparyant aahe. aagney aashiyatil megabat prajatinchi samruddhata hii singapur yaa chhotya deshat paach prajati aanee indoneshiyamadhye 76 prajati itaki qamee aahe. ashiyamadhye aadhalanaya megabatchya atthavannav prajatinpaiki, jungle heey tyanchya panchanvya prajatinche adhivassthan aahe. itar adhivas prakaranmadhye manav-sudharit jameen (66 prajati), lenya (23 prajati), savana (7 prajati), zudupanchi jameen (4 prajati), khadkal kshetre (3 prajati), gavatal pradesh (2 prajati) aanee valvant (1 prajati) yancha samavesh hoto.
austreliyamadhye megabatchya paach prajati aanee aath prajati aahet. yaa prajati aahet "teropus", "cyconicteris", "dobsonia", "nictimine" aanee "macroglosus". "austreliyachya 'teropus' prajati kharfutiche varchasva asaleli jangale, varshavne aanee austreliyan zadachya olya sclerophil junglans vividh adhivasanmadhye aadhaltat. austreliyan 'teropus' heey bahutekda manavanchya sahkaryane aadhaltat, kaaran teey tyanchya mothya vasahatinna shahari bhagat sthit karatat, visheshtah meey aanee junmadhye jevha 'teropus' prajatinchya loksankhyeche sarvat mothe praman yaa shahari vasahatinmadhye aadhalate.
oshaniyamadhye palau aanee tonga yaa deshanmadhye pratyeki eka asalelya megabatchya prajati sarvat qamee aahet. papua nyu gineemadhye chhattis prajatinsah sarvadhik prajati aahet. oshaniyachya panchechalis prajatinpaiki jungle heey aththavis prajatinche adhivas aahe. itar adhivas prakaranmadhye manav-sudharit jameen (42 prajati), lenya (9 prajati), savana (5 prajati), zudupanchi jameen (3 prajati) aanee khadkal bhag (3 prajati) yancha samavesh hoto. serve megabat prajatinpaiki andaje ekonis takke prajati ekach betasathi sthanik aahet; serve vatvaghal kutumbanpaiki, keval myzopodidae-jyamadhye done prajati aahet, donhi eka-bett sthanik aahet-jyat eka-bett sthanikatecha darr jaast aahe.
mansanshi asalele sambandh.
ann.
megabats marle jaatat aanee tyanchya sampoorn shreneet zadiche maans mhanoon khalle jaatat. vatvaghale sampoorn ashiyamadhye, tasech paschim bharat mahasagar aanee prashant mahasagaratil betanmadhye mothya pramanat khalle jaatat, jithe 'pectoropus' prajatincha mothya pramanat shikar keela jaato. africa khandat jithe konatihi "pectoropus" prajati rahat nahee, tyaa pradeshatil sarvat motha megabat, pendha rangacha falancha vatvaghool heey shikar karnyache pasantiche lakshya aahe.
guaammadhye, mariana falanche vatvaghale khallyane sthanikanna neurotoxin beeta-methylamino-ell-alanine (bii. emm. aii. aii.) hoto, jyamule nantar neurodegenerative rog houu shakatat. udatya colhey khanarya manavanmadhye bii. emm. aii. aii. visheshtah jaiv-vardhit houu shakate; udananya colhey cycade fale khallyane bii. emm. aii. aii. chya samparkat yetat.
rogache jalashay mhanoon.
megabats heey anek vishanunche jalashay aahet jeey manavanvar parinam karoo shakatat aanee rogas karanibhoot tharoo shakatat. teey ibola vishanu (ibov) aanee "marberg vishanu" yasah philovirus vahoon neuu shakatat. marberg vishanu rogas karanibhoot asalelya "marberg vishanu" chya upasthitichi pushti egyptian phal vatvaghal yaa eka prajatimadhye jhaali aahe. haah rog durmil aahe, parantu udrekacha mrutyudar 88 takkyanparyant pohochu shakato. 1967 madhye marberg aanee frankfurt yaa german shaharanmadhye tasech sarbiyatil belgrademadhye ekach velee udrek jhalyanantar haah vishanu pahilyanda olakhala gela, jithe 31 lock aajari padale aanee saat janancha mrutyu jhaala. ugandamadhil vervet makadanchya prayogshaletil kamatoon udrekacha shodh lagla. haah vishanu vatvaghalachya aashraydatyakadun manavamadhye sankramit houu shakato (jyane sahasa khaneet kinwa gumphet barach kaal ghalavala aahe jithe egyptian falanche vatvaghale rahatat); tethoon, too rakt aanee viryasah sankramit sharirik dravpadarthachya samparkadvare vyakti-teey-vyaktimadhye pasaru shakato. united states center phaur disease controll andd preventionay 1967 teey 2014 yaa kalavadhit marberg vishanu rogachya ekoon 601 pushti jhalelya prakarananchi yadee kelee aahe, jyapaiki 373 lock maran pavale (ekoon mrutyuche 62 takke).
jyaa prajatinmadhye ibovchya upasthitichi chachani sakaratmak aalee aahe, tyamadhye franketche appolated fruit batt ("epomops frankwaity"), hatoda-dokyache fruit batt aanee lahan collar asalele fruit batt yancha samavesh hoto. yavyatirikt, pendha rangache falanche vatvaghale, gambian appolated falanche vatvaghale ("epomophorus gambianus"), pietersche dwarf appolated falanche vatvaghale ("micropteropus pucillus"), weldcampche dwarf appolated falanche vatvaghale ("nanonicteris weldcampy"), lationaultche rauset aanee egyptian falanche vatvaghale yamadhye ibovchya virodhat pratipinde aadhalali aahet. manwala ibola vishanucha sansarg kassa hoto heey bahutek adnyat aahe. shastradnyanche asey anuman aahe qee, suruvatila megabat kinwa manvetar narvanshiy pranyasarkhya sankramit pranyanchya samparkatoon manavanna sansarg hoto. megabats heey ibola vishanuche naisargik jalashay asalyache manale jaate, parantu heey drudhpane sthapit jhalele nahee. vishanucha satha mhanoon sukshmajivanchi dekhil tapasani kelee jaat aahe, jevha 2019 madhye vishanuchya janukeey rachanecha pachva bhag (jaree pratyaksh vishanuchi chachani sakaratmak aalee nasali taree) ekada aadhalalelya mothya lamb botanchya vatvaghalasaha ("miniopterus inflates"). ibola sansarg aanee "sankramit pranyanpasun maans shikar karane, kasai karane aanee prakriya karane" yanchyatil sambhavya sambandhamule, anek paschim africi deshanni bushmeetvar (megabats) bandee ghatali kinwa 2013-2016 mahamarichya kalat tyabaddal chetavani jaaree kelee; tyanantar anek bandee uthavanyat aalya aahet.
rogache jalashay mhanoon samavisht kelele itar megabat pramukhyane 'teropus' prajati aahet. visheshtah, udanare colhey austreliyan vatvaghal lisavirus sankramit karoo shakatat, jyamule rabies vishanusah rabies hoto. austreliyan batt lisavirus pahilyanda 1996 madhye olakhala gela; too phaar kvachitach manavanmadhye sankramit hoto. sansarg jhalelya pranyachya chavnyane kinwa khajanyane sankraman hote parantu sansarg jhalelya pranyachi laal shleshmal padadyamadhye kinwa khulya jakhmemadhye aalyane dekhil houu shakate. udananya kolhache rakt, mootra kinwa vishthechya samparkat aalyane austreliyan vatvaghal lisaviruscha sansarg houu shakat nahee. 1994 pasoon, queenslandmadhye lokanna yachee lagan jhalyachi teen nond jhaali aahe-pratyek prakaran pranghatak hote.
udanare colhey heey hendra vishanu aanee nipah vishanu yasarkhya henipaviruses dekhil jalashay aahet. 1994 madhye hendra vishanu pahilyanda olakhala gela; too kvachitach manavanmadhye aadhalato. 1994 teey 2013 yaa kalat, lokanvar parinam karananya hendra vishanuchi saat prakarane nondavali gelee aahet, jyapaiki chaar jivgheni hotee. manvi sansargacha purvkalpit prathamik marg mhanje udatya colhey mutrachya samparkat aalelya ghodyanchya samparkat yene. udanare colhey aanee manav yanchyat thet sankramanachi konatihi nond keleli udaharane naheet. 2012 paryant, sansarg aanee sankramanachi shakyata qamee karnyasathi ghodyansathi lus upalabdh aahe.
nipah vishanu pahilyanda 1998 madhye maleshiyat aadhalun aala. 1998 pasoon maleshiya, singapur, bharat aanee bangladeshmadhye nipahcha anek udrek jhaala aahe, jyamadhye 100 hoon adhik lock mrutyumukhi padale aahet. 2018 saalee bharatatil keralmadhye jhalelya udrekamule 19 lokanna sansarg jhaala-17 janancha mrutyu jhaala. ekoon mrutyu darr 40-75% aahe. udananya colhey kinwa tyanchya dravpadarthachya thet samparkatoon, paliv dukransarkhya madhyavarti yajmananchya samparkat aalyane kinwa sankramit vyaktichya samparkat aalyane manavanna nipah vishanucha sansarg houu shakato. bharatiy udanara kolha aanee nipah vishanuchya 2014 chya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee udananya kovalyanna pradhanya asalelya bhagat nipah vishanucha udrek honyachi shakyata jaast asali taree, "aat aanee swatah madhye vatvaghale asane haah nipah vishanuchya sansargasathi dhokadayak ghatak manla jaat nahee."tyaeivaji, khajurachya rasancha vapar haah sankramanacha eka mahattvapoorn marg aahe. khajuracha rus gola karnyachya prathemadhye khajurachya zadanvar gola karnari bhandi thevane samavisht aahe. bharatiy udanare colhey heey rus chatatana, tasech teey bhandyanchya jawal shauch karat aanee laghvi kartana, teey bhandimadhye vahatana disun aale aahet. asha prakare, paam wine pinari manse henipaviruses samparkat yeu shakatat. bhandi gola kartana bambuchya skartcha vapar kelyane vatvaghalachya mutratoon dooshit honyacha dhoka qamee hoto.
udanare colhey anek pranghatak nasalelya roganche sankraman dekhil karoo shakatat, jase qee menengal vishanu aanee nelson beey vishanu. heey vishanu kvachitach manavanna prabhavit karatat aanee kahee prakarane nondavali gelee aahet. megabats heey corona vishanuche vahak asalyacha sanshay nahee.
sanskratimadhye.
megabat, visheshtah udanare colhey, heey sthanik sanskruti aanee paramparanmadhye disun yetat. austreliya aanee papua nyu ginimadhil lokkatha tyanna darshavtat.
anek jiwant udaharanandware disun yete qee, tyancha samavesh austreliyan sthanik guha kalet dekhil karnyat aala hota.
oshaniyatil sthanik samajanni karyatmak aanee aupcharik shastransathi udananya kovalyanche kahee bhag vaparale. soloman betanvar lokanni bhale banavanyasathi tyanchya hadanmadhun barb tayar kele. nyu caledoniamadhye, jedpasoon banavalelya aupcharik kuhnadanna udananya kolhachya faranchya veshtyanni sajavale jaat asey. indoneshiyatil asmat lokanchya yuddh dhalanvar udananya kolhachya pankhanche chitran kele gele hote; tyancha assa vishvas hota qee pankhanmule tyanchya yoddhyanna sanrakshn milate.
chalan mhanoon vaparlya jaanarya udatya kolhachya upautpadananche aadhunik aanee aitihasik sandarbh aahet. nyu caledoniamadhye, veniyukt udananya kolha farcha vapar ekekali chalan mhanoon keela jaat asey.
soloman betancha bhag asalelya makira betavar, sthanik lock ajunahi datansathi tasech zadachya mansasathi udananya kovalyanchi shikar karatat.
kutryanche daat chalan mhanoon vaparlya jaanarya haranvar ekatra bandhale jaatat. dweepkalpiy udananya kolhache ('patropus tonganus') daat visheshtah maulyavan asatat, kaaran teey sahasa chhidra padnyaitke mothe asatat. makira udanara kolha ('patropus cognets') tyache daat lahan asoonahi tyacha dekhil shikar keela jaato. lokanna udanare kolha daat chalan mhanoon vaparnyapasun rokhane heey prajatinsathi hanikarak asoo shakate, aanee 'eka mahattvapoorn sanskrutik sansadhan pradan karananya prajati atyant maulyavan asoo shakatat', asey levery aanee fassie yanni namood kele aahe."sanskrutik chalan jatan karnyasathi udananya kovalyanchya shashvat shikarivar bharr dene heey sanskrutik chalan sodoon denyas protsahan denyapeksha adhik prabhavi tharoo shakate. jaree udananya kovalyanchi datansathi shikar kelee gelee nasati, tarihi tyanna zadachya mansasathi marle jaeel; mhanoon, tyanche sanskrutik moolya tikavoon thevalyane shashvat shikar paddhatinna protsahan miloo shakate. lavery mhanale, "heey sakaratmak aahe, nakaratmak nahee, qee tyanche daat sanskratikdrushtya itake maulyavan aahet. vatvaghalancha shikar karanyachi pratha thambavalich pahije asey nahee, tarr tee shashvatpane vyavasthapit karane aavashyak aahe."
sanwardhan.
sthitee.
2014 paryant, international union phaur conservation auph necharne (aay. yuu. see. aine.) serve megabat prajatinpaiki eka chaturthansh prajatinche moolyankan dhokyat asalyache kele, jyat gambhirpane dhokyat asalelya, dhokyat asalelya aanee asurakshit mhanoon soochibaddha prajatincha samavesh aahe. megabatschee khadyapadarth aanee aushadhi vaparasathi shikar kelee jaat asalyane tyanna manavankadun mothya pramanat dhoka aahe.
yavyatirikt, shetila, visheshtah falanchya utpadanas jhalelya vastavik kinwa kathit hanisathi tyanchi kattal kelee jaate. 2019 paryant, aay. yuu. see. aine. neey 187 megabat prajatinche moolyankan kele hote. sthitiche vibhajan khalilpramane aaheh
ghat ghadavun aananare ghatak.
manavvanshjanya srot.
megabatsna manavanchya adhivasachya nashamule dhoka aahe. tyanchya adhivasanchya jangaltodimule gambhir adhivas nasht jhaala aahe. jangaltodimule annasampada dekhil nasht hote, kaaran sthanik fale denari zaade kapali jaatat. adhivasache nuksan aanee parinami honare shaharikaran yamule naveen raste bandhale jaatat, jyamule megabat vasahatinna jaast kapanisathi pravesh karane sope hote. yavyatirikt, jangaltodimule adhivasache nuksan naisargik dhokyanna sanyug karate, kaaran vikhandit jangale chakrivadal-shakti vanyanmule honanya nukasanas adhik sanvedanshil asatat. gumphanmadhye roosting megabats tyanchya roostchya thikani manvi ashantatemule dhokyat aahet. gwano khankam haah tyanchya shrenitil kahee deshanmadhye upajivikecha marg aahe, jyamule lock guhanmadhye jaatat. khanij khankam aanee guha paryatan yamulehi lenya aswasth aahet.
megabats dekhil manavakadoon jaanunbujun aanee nakalat marle jaatat. serve megabat prajatinpaiki nimmya prajatincha aaharasathi shikar keela jaato, tarr kitakbhakshi prajatinchya keval aath takke prajatinchya tulanet, tarr pikanchya nukasanamule udbhavnara manvi chhal dekhil mrutyucha eka motha srot aahe. kahee megabatsna falanchya pikanpeksha sthanik falanchya zadanna pradhanya asalyache dastaivajikaran kele gele aahe, parantu jangaltod tyanchya annadhanyacha puravatha qamee karoo shakate, jyamule teey falanchya pikanvar avalambun rahoo shakatat. tyanchi loksankhya qamee karnyasathi tyanna golya ghaloon marlya jaatat, marhan kelee jaate kinwa vish dile jaate. vatvaghalanna fale khanyapasun rokhanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya jaalyat apghati adakoon padalyamule dekhil mrutyu hoto. marnyachya mohimanmule megabatchi loksankhya lakshaniyaritya qamee houu shakate. maurishasmadhye, 2014 teey 2016 darmyan 40,000 hoon adhik mauritian udanare colhey marle gele, jyamule prajatinchi loksankhya andaje 45 takkyanni qamee jhaali. vijecha dhakka lagoon megabat dekhil marle jaatat. eka austreliyan baget, assa andaj aahe qee aath aathvadyanchya kalavadhit 21,000 hoon adhik vatvaghale vijechya dhakkyane maran pavale. shetkari tyanche peak khanyapurvi megabat marnyasathi tyanchya falanchya zadanvar vidyutikrut jaali bandhatat. pikanche nuksan rokhanyasathi jaali sanshayaspadaritya prabhavi aahet, asha jaaliche sanchalan karananya eka shetakyane assa andaj vartavala aahe qee eka varshat udananya kovalyanmule tyanchi fale ajunahi gelee aahet. vijecha dhakka lagoon honare kahee mrutyu dekhil apghati asatat, jase qee vatvaghale varchya vijechya taranmadhye udatat.
hawaman badalamule udananya kolhacha mrutyu hoto aanee prajatinchya satatyasathi too chintecha vishay aahe. 1994 teey 2008 yaa kalat 30,000 hoon adhik udananya kovalyanchya mrutyus austreliyatil ushnatechya tivra laata jababdar aahet. maadee aanee tarun vatvaghale atyant ushnatesathi sarvat jaast sanvedanshil asatat, jyamule loksankhyechya barey honyachya kshamatevar parinam hoto. hawaman badalashi sambandhit samudraspatitil vadhimule megabatla dhoka aahe, kaaran anek prajati sakhal pravalprachitansathi sthanik aahet.
naisargik srot.
anek prajati ekach betavar sthanik asalyamule, tyaa chakrivadalasarkhya yadruchchik ghatanansathi asurakshit asatat. 1979chya chakrivadalane udananya kovalyanchi ('patropus rodricensis') urvarit loksankhya ardhi kelee. chakrivadalanmule apratyaksh mrutyuhi hotatah chakrivadalanmule zaade virghalatat, tyamule teey megabat adhik drishyaman banavtat aanee tyamule manav adhik sahajpane tyanchi shikar karatat. mothya vadalannantar vatvaghalansathi annasampada durmil hote aanee megabat jaminivarun padaleli fale khanyasarkhya dhokadayak charyachya dhoranancha avalamb karatat. tethe, tyanna paliv manjari, kutre aanee dukaranchya shoshanacha adhik dhoka asato. megabatchya anek prajati bhoo-prushthiy drushtya sakriy asalelya agnichakrat asalyamule, tyanna jwalamukhichya udrekamule dekhil dhoka aahe. 2003 madhye suru jhalelya udrekanchya malikenantar luptapray mariana phal vatvaghalasaha udanare colhey anatahan betavarun jawaljawal nasht jhaale aahet.