jaivik neuron model

jaivik neuron models, jyanna spiking neuron models mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaate, heey majjasansthetil vishisht peshinchya gunadharmanche ganiteey varnan aahe jeey tyanchya peshi patalavar tikshna vidyut kshamata nirman karatat, andaje eka milisekand kalavadhi, jyala krutee kshamata kinwa spikes (anjir) mhanatat. 2). spike heey akshatantumadhun aanee synapschya bajoone neuron neuron neuronmadhun itar anek neuronsmadhye prasarit hott asalyane, spike neurons heey majjasanstheche eka pramukh mahitee prakriya ekak manale jaatat. spiking neuron models vegvegalya shreninmadhye vibhagalya jaau shakatatah sarvat tapshilvar ganiteey models mhanje biophysical neuron models (jyanna hodgkin-huxley models dekhil mhanatat) jeey membrain voltageche varnan input currentche karya aanee aayan vahinyanchya sakriyateche karya mhanoon karatat. ganitiyadrushtya sope mhanje integrate-andd-phayar models aahet jeey membrain voltageche input currentche karya mhanoon varnan karatat aanee krutee kshamatechya velechya margala aakar parvanagi jaivbhautik prakriyanche varnan naan karata spike velecha andaj lavtat. aanakhi amoort models keval uddipan karya mhanoon utpadan spikescha (parantu puttle voltage nahee) andaj lavtat jithe uttejana sanvedanatmak inputdware kinwa aushadhshastriyadrushtya houu shakate. haah lekh jevha jevha prayogik ghatanansathi shakya asel tevha vividh spiking neuron models aanee duvyanche sankshipt vihangavalokan pradan karato. tyat nirdharak aanee sambhavya pratimancha samavesh aahe.
parichayah neuron modelschee jaivik parshvabhoomi, vargikaran aanee uddishte.
naun-spiking peshi, spiking peshi aanee tyanche mapan
majjasansthetil serve peshi spikecha prakar tayar karat naheet jeey spike nirdharit neuron modelschee vyapti paribhashit karatat. udaharanarth, coclear kesanchya peshi, retinal receptor peshi aanee retinal bipolar peshi vadhat naheet. shivay, majjasansthetil anek peshi neurons mhanoon vargikrut kelya jaat naheet, parantu tyaeivaji glia mhanoon vargikrut kelya jaatat.
majjatantunchya kriyakalapanche mojmap vegvegalya prayogik tantranni kele jaau shakate, jase qee "sampoorn peshi" mapan tantra, jeey ekach majjatantunchya spiking kriyakalapanna pakadate aanee purn amplitude krutee kshamata tayar karate.
bahyakoshikiy mapan tantransah eka electrode (kinwa anek electrodechi shreni) bahyakoshikiy jaaget sthit asate. vidyutdhruvacha aakar aanee strotanchya jawalik yavar avalambun, anekada anek spike strotankadun yenare spike, signal processing tantradvare olakhale jaau shakatat. bahyakoshikiy mojamapache anek fayade aaheth 1) prayogikdrushtya midvane sope aahe; 2) majboot aahe aanee jaast kaal tikate; 3) prabhavi parinam pratibimbit karoo shakate, visheshtah jevha anek samaan peshi asalelya sharirik pradeshat aayojit kele jaate.
neuron modelsche vihangavalokan
pratirupachya antarveshachya bhautik ekkannusar neuron pratikruti done shreninmadhye vibhagalya jaau shakatat. pratyek shreni amurtata/tapasheel patalinusar aanakhi vibhagali jaau shakateh
jaree vidnyan aanee abhiyantrikimadhye vegvegalya amurtata/tapasheel staransathi anek varnanatmak namune asane asamanya nasale taree, vegvegalya, kadhikadhi virodhabhasi, jaivik neuron namunyanchi sankhya apavadatmakaritya jaast aahe. hii paristhiti anshatah anek vegvegalya prayogik paristhitincha parinam aahe aanee ekach neuronchya aantarik gunadharmanna mojamapache parinam aanee anek peshinchya parasparsanvadapasun (jaale parinam) vegale karnyatil adchan aahe. ekatmik siddhantashi abhisaranala gatee denyasathi, aamhi pratyek shrenitil anek modelschee yadee karato aanee jethe lagoo asel tethe, sahayyak prayoganche sandarbh dekhil deto.
neuron modelschee uddishte
shevati, jaivik neuron modelche uddisht majjasansthechya karyat antarbhut asalelya yantrana spasht karane heey asate. tathapi, anek drushtikon adhik vastavadi modelspasoon vegale kele jaau shakatat (udaa.jee.yantrikaritya tayar kelele namune) teey adhik vyavharik namune (udaa.jee., ghatanashastriy namune). modelling prayogik mahitiche vishleshan karnyas aanee neuronchya spikecha sanvedi uttejanashi kinwa hatachya halchalinsarkhya motor kriyakalapanshi kassa sambandh aahe yasarkhya prashnanna sambodhit karnyas madat karate? majjasansthedware vaparla jaanara majjasansthecha code konata aahe? neuroprosthetic upkarnandware menduchi haravaleli karyakshamta punarsanchayit karnyachya sandarbhat dekhil models mahatvache aahet.
vidyut input-output puttle vidyutdab pratikruti.
yaa shrenitil models input tappyavar neuronal membrain current aanee output tappyavar membrain voltage yanchyatil sambandhanche varnan karatat. yaa shrenimadhye 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatila hodgkin-haksalechya karyane prerit (samanyikrut) integrated-andd-phayar models aanee biophysical modelscha samavesh aahe, jyat peshi patlala chhidra nirdharit aanee vishisht puttle voltage/karantala balkat karanyachi parvanagi parvanagi prayogik mandanicha vapar keela gela aahe.
bahutek aadhunik vidyut majjatantu interfaces padada chhidran talhanyasathi atirikt-koshikeey vidyut uttejana lagoo karatat jyamule peshincha mrutyu aanee uutinche nuksan houu shakate. tyamule, vidyut neuron models bahya-pesheey uttejanasathi kitee pramanat dharan karatat heey spasht nahee (eae pahaa.jee.).
hodgkin-huxley.
hodgkin-huxley model (etch andd etch model)
heey neuronal peshi patalavar ionic pravahancha pravah aanee peshichya patalatil vidyutdab yanchyatil sambandhanche eka pratirup aahe. yaat squid giant axonchya peshi patalat pravesh nirdharit aayan vahinyanchya vartanache varnan nirdharit nonlinear differential samikaranancha sanch asato. yaa kamasathi hodgkin aanee huxley yanna 1963 madhye shariravidnyan kinwa aushadhatil nobel puraskar pradan karnyat aala.
aapan vidyutdab-vartaman sambandh lakshat gheto, jyamadhye anek vidyutdab-aadharit pravah peshi patlala kshamatene charge karatat. 
vareel samikaran heey capacitancechya niyamache vel vyutpann aahe, jethe ekoon chargecha badal haah pravahanvaril berries mhanoon spasht karane aavashyak aahe. pratyek pravah deela jaato
conductance kinwa inverse registance kuthe aahe, joou tyachya kamal conductance aanee sakriyakaran aanee nishkriyata apurnankanchya drushtine vistarla jaau shakato aanee anukrame, upalabdh puttle vahinyanmadhun kitee aayan vahoo shakatat heey nirdharit karate. haah vistar deela aahe
aanee aapale apurnank pratham-kramankachya gatishastrache anusaran karatat
tyach prakarchya gatishilatesaha, jethe aapan ektar aanee kinwa aanee aaplya gett apurnankanchi vyakhya karoo shakato.
atirikt ionic pravah samavisht karnyasathi hodgkin-huxley modelcha vistar keela jaau shakato. samanyatah, yamadhye aatalya dishene vahanare see. aii. 2 + aanee aine. aii. + input pravah, tasech 'galatee' pravahasah keey + bahya pravahanche anek prakar samavisht asatat.
antim parinam chhotya tokavaril 20 mapdandanvar asoo shakato jyacha achook pratimanasathi andaj lavane kinwa mojane aavashyak aahe. neuronschya guntaguntichya pranalinchya pratimanat, samikarananche sankhyatmak ektrikaran heey sangankiyadrushtya mahag aahe. tyamule hodgkin-huxley modelchi kaljipurvak saralikaran aavashyak aahe.
gating variables darmyan sthapit kele jaau jaau gatishil sambandhanmule model done parimananparyant qamee kele jaau shakate. sandratechi utkranti (mool modelmadhye nishchit manale jaate) lakshat gheuun tyacha vistar karane dekhil shakya aahe.
paripoorn integration-andd-phayar.
neuronchya sarvat suruvatichya pratimanpaiki eka mhanje paripoorn integrated-andd-phayar model (jyala naun-leaky integrated-andd-phayar dekhil mhanatat), jyachi pratham 1907 madhye louis lapikekne tapasani kelee. neuronche pratinidhitva tyachya patalatil voltagedware kele jaate jeey input karantanusar uttejanadarmyan velenusar vikasit hote.
jeey capacitancechya niyamache fakt vel vyutpann aahe. jevha input current lagoo keela jaato, tevha padada voltage too sthir thresholdparyant pohocheparyant kalanusar vadhato, jyaa kshani delta function spike hote aanee voltage tyachya vishranti kshamatevar reset kele jaate, jyanantar model chaloo rahate. asha prakare input current vadhat asatana modelchi "firing frequency" baddh naan hota reshiyaritya vadhate.
tyaa kalat neuronla golibar karnyapasoon rokhoon, neuronchya golibar varanvartela maryadit karnara apavartak kalavadhi sadar karoon model adhik achook kele jaau shakate. sthir inputsathi, shunyapasoon suru jhalyanantar ekikaran velenantar threshold voltage gathale jaate. reset kelyanantar, apavartak kalavadhi eka deed time sadar karato jenekarun pudhil golibaraparyantcha ekoon vel asel. firing frequency hii ekoon inter-spike intervalchi (deed times) ulat asate. tyamule sthir input currentche karya mhanoon firing frequency aahe
yaa pratikrutichi eka kamatarata mhanje tyat naan anukulan kinwa naan galatiche varnan kele aahe. jarr modella kahee velee maryadepeksha qamee vidyutpravah spandanasah qamee vidyutpravah midala, tarr too voltage vaadh kayamcha tikavoon thewel-joparyant dusra input nantar tyala aag lavat nahee. heey vaishishtya spashtapane nirikshan kelelya majjatantunchya vartanashi susangat nahee. khaleel vistaranmule jaivik drushtikonatun integrated-andd-phayar model adhik vajvi tharate.
galatee ektrikaran aanee aag.
licky integrate-andd-phayar model, jeey lui lapicakemadhye shodhale jaau shakate, tyat, naun-leaky integrate-andd-phayar modelchya tulanet, zilli sambhavya samikaranatil eka 'galatee' sandnya asate, jee zillitun aayancha prasar pratibimbit karate. modelche samikaran asey disate
peshi patalavaril vidyutdab kuthe aahe aanee puttle pratirodh kuthe aahe. (naun-leaky integrate-andd-phayar model anant maryadet punarprapt kele jaate, i.eae. jarr padada eka paripoorn avahak asel). aadarsh samikaran heey maryada gathalya jaiparyant aniyantrit velevar avalambun asalelya inputsathi vaidh aahe; tyanantar puttle kshamata punha seet kelee jaate.
sthir inputsathi, thresholdparyant pohochanyasathi kiman input aahe. shunyavar reset kele tarr, asha prakare firing frequency disate
jeey mothya input pravahansathi mageel galatee-mukt modelmadhye apavartak kalavadhisah ekatra yete. heey model avarodhak neuronsasathi dekhil vaparale jaau shakate.
galatee jhalelya samakalan aanee agni neuroncha sarvat motha tota mhanje tyat neuronal anukulan nasate jenekarun teey sthir input karantala pratisad mhanoon prayogikdrushtya mojalelya spike trainche varnan karoo shakat nahee. haah tota samanyikrut integrated-andd-phayar modelmadhye door keela jaato jyamadhye eka kinwa anek anukulan-variables dekhil asatat aanee vartaman injection antargat cortical neuronschya spike velecha uchch pramanat achookata andaj lavnyas saksham asatat.
anukool samakalan aanee aag.
neuronal anukulan mhanje somamadhye satat current injectionchya upasthitit dekhil, output spikesmadhil antar vadhate. eka anukool samakalan aanee agni neuron model voltageche galatee ekikaran eka kinwa anek anukulan chalansah ekatra karate (pathyapustakachya neuronal dynamixmadhil adhyay 6.1 pahaa)
jethe sootra _ 11 haah puttle vel sthirank aahe, too anukulan vartaman sankhya aahe, nirdeshank "keey" saha, sootra _ 12 haah anukulan vartamanacha vel sthirank aahe, vishranti kshamata aahe aanee neuroncha firing vel aahe aanee greek delta diarac delta karya darshavito. jevha jevha voltage firing thresholdparyant pohochate tevha voltage firing threasholdchya khalee asalelya mulyavar reset kele jaate. reset moolya heey modelchya mahattvachya mapdandanpaiki eka aahe. anukulanchya sarvat sopya pratimanamadhye keval ekach anukulan chull aahe aanee k vareel berries kadhoon takali jaate.
eka kinwa anek anukulan chalansah ekatmik aanee agni neurons satatchya uttejanala pratisad mhanoon vividh prakarchya neuronal firing namunyansathi jababdar asoo shakatat, jyat anukulan, sphot aanee prarambhik sphot yancha samavesh aahe. shivay, anek anukulan chalansah anukulansheel samakalan aanee agni neurons somamadhye velevar avalambun asalelya vartaman injection antargat cortical neuronschya spike velecha andaj lavnyas saksham aahet.
apurnank-kramane galatee aanee aag ektrit karane.
sanganakeey aanee saiddhantik apoorn gananetil alikadil pragatimule pratikruticha eka naveen prakar tayar hoto, jyala apurnank-kram galatee samakalan aanee aag mhanatat. yaa pratikruticha eka fayda assa aahe qee tee ekach chalasah anukulan prabhav midvu shakate. modelche khaleel swaroop aahe 
ekada voltage threasholdla pohochale qee teey reset kele jaate. prayogik mahitimadhye majjatantusambandhi anukulan karnyasathi apurnank ektrikaranacha vapar keela gela aahe.
'exponential integration-andd-phayar' aanee 'adaptive exponential integration-andd-phayar'.
ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni modelmadhye, samikarananusar spike nirmiti ghatankiy aaheh
jethe sootra _ 15 heey puttle kshamata aahe, sootra _ 16 heey aantarik puttle kshamata threshold aahe, sootra _ 11 heey puttle vel sthirank aahe, sootra _ 18 heey vishranti kshamata aahe aanee sootra _ 19 heey kriya kshamata prarambhachi tikshnata aahe, samanyatah cortical pyramidal neuronsasathi sumare 1 emm. vhee. ekada puttle kshamata sootra _ 16 olandali qee, tee maryadit velet anantatekade valate. sankhyatmak anukaranamadhye jarr puttle kshamata aniyantrit threasholdver (sootra _ 16 peksha khoop mothee) pohochali, jyavar puttle kshamata moolyat reset kelee gelee asel tarr ektrikaran thambavale jaate. voltage reset moolya heey modelchya mahattvachya mapdandanpaiki eka aahe. mahattvache mhanje, vareel samikaranachya ujavya bajula eka nonalinearity aahe jee prayogik detamadhun thet kadhali jaau shakate. yaa arthane ghatankiy araikhikta prayogik puravyandvare jordarpane samarthit aahe.
anukulansheel ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni neuronmadhye, voltage samikaranachi vareel ghatankiy araikhikta anukulan chull doubleu saha jodali jaate.
jethe time scale sutrasah anukulan pravah darshavito. voltage reset moolya, aantarik threshold sootra _ 16, vel sthirank sootra _ 24 aanee sootra _ 11 tasech jodani mapdand aanee mahatvache model mapdand aahet. anukool ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni modella ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni modelchi prayogikdrushtya vyutpann voltage nonalinearity varshane milate. parantu yaa pratimechya palikade jaaun, satatchya uttejanala pratisad mhanoon, julavun ghene, futane aanee prarambhik fatane yasah vividh prakarchya majjatantunchya ushmankasathi dekhil heey karanibhoot tharoo shakate. tathapi, anukulan heey vidyut pravahachya swarupat asalyane, apbhransh hyperpolarisation disu shakate. hii samasya chalakata mhanoon vyakt karoon sodavanyat aalee.
patalatil vidyutdab aanee spike veleche yadruchchik namune.
yaa shrenitil models heey samanyikrut integrated-andd-phayar models aahet jyat vishisht patalichya yadruchchikatecha samavesh aahe. prayoganmadhye cortical neurons velevar avalambun asalelya inputla vishvasarh pratisad detana aadhaltat, jaree tyach uttejanachi punaravrutti jhalyas eka chachanimadhye aanee aanee chachanimadhye thodya pramanat farak aadhalato. neuronsemadhil yadruchchikateche done mahattvache srot aahet. pratham, agadi niyantrit prayogatahi jethe input current thet somamadhye inject keela jaato, tethe aayan vahinya yadruchchikpane ughadatat aanee bund hotat aanee yaa vahinyanchya aavajamule puttle kshamatechya achook moolyat aanee output spikeschya achook velet thodya pramanat parivartansheelata hote. dusare mhanje, cortical networkmadhye embed kelelya neuronsathi, achook input niyantrit karane katheen aahe kaaran bahutek input mendutil itaratra kuthetari naan pahilelya neuronsmadhun yetat.
spiking neuron modelmadhye done moolbhut bhinn swarupat yadruchchikta aanali gelee aaheh ektar (i) neuron modelchya vibhedak samikaranat eka gongat input current jodala jaato; kinwa (ii) spike nirmitichi prakriya gongat aahe. donhi prakarananmadhye, ganiteey siddhant satat velesathi vikasit keela jaau shakato, joou nantar, sanganakachya anukarananmadhye vaparnyasathi ichchit asalyas, eka swatantra-vel modelmadhye rupantarit keela jaato.
neuron modelmadhil aavajacha spike train aanee neural kodachya parivartaniyateshi asalela sambandh neural kodingmadhye aanee pathyapustakachya neuronal dynamixchya 7 vya adhyayat charcha kelee aahe.
dhwani input model (pasarnara aavaj).
jaalyamadhye antarbhut asalelya neuronla itar neuronskadoon spike input milate. spikechya aagmanachi vel prayogik tadnyadvare niyantrit kelee jaat naslyamule tee yadruchchik manali jaau shakatat. asha prakare, f (v) hii nonalinearity asalele (sambhavya nonlinear) integrate-andd-phayar model done input prapt karateh eka input sootra _ 28 jeey prayogkartyandvare niyantrit kele jaate aanee eka gongat input current sootra _ 29 jeey aniyantrit parshvabhoomi inputche varnan karate.
steinche model heey galatee jhalelya integrated-andd-phayar neuronche vishesh prakaran aahe aanee sarasari shoonya aanee ekak bhinnatesah sthir pandhara aavaj current sootra _ 31 aahe. subthresshold vyavasthemadhye, yaa gruhitkanmule ornstein-uhlenbeck prakriyeche samikaran milate
tathapi, manak ornstein-uhlenbeck prakriyechya ulat, jevha jevha "vhee" hii firing threasholdla dhadakte tevha membrain voltage reset kele jaate. threasholds sthir inputsathi ornstein-uhlenbeck modelchya madhyantar vitaranachi ganana kelyane pratham-marg velechi samasya udbhavate. sthir input pravahantargat vastavik neuronsmadhun spike trainchya interspike interval vitarnanmadhye basnyasathi steinche neuron model aanee tyache prakar vaparale gele aahet.
ganiteey sahityat, ornstein-uhlenbeck prakriyeche vareel samikaran yaa swarupat lihile aahe.
jethe sootra _ 34 heey dhwani inputche amplitude aahe aanee "dw" hii winer prakriyechi vaadh aahe. velechya tappyasah swatantra-velechya amalbajavanisathi dii. tii. voltage adyatane aahet
jethe shoonya sarasari ekak bhinnata asalelya gossian vitaranatoon y kadhale jaate. jevha too aag lavnyachya maryadeparyant pohochato tevha voltage reset kele jaate.
dhvaniyukt input modelcha vapar samanyikrut integrate-andd-phayar modelsmadhye dekhil keela jaau shakato. udaharanarth, dhvaniyukt inputs ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni model vachate
sthir nirdharak input sootra 37 sathee sootra 38 chey karya mhanoon sarasari firing darr mojane shakya aahe. heey mahatvache aahe kaaran varanvarta-vartaman sambandh (eff-aay-vakr) anekada prayogshastradnya neuronche vaishishtya darshavinyasathi vapartat. heey hastantaran karya dekhil aahe
spiking neuronschya jaalyanchya vishleshanat dhvaniyukt inputs galatee samakalit aanee aag mothya pramanat vaparali gelee aahe. dhvaniyukt inputla 'defucive noise' asehi mhanatat kaaran yamule dhwani-mukt prakshepavajabhovati subthresshold membrain potentialcha prasar hoto (johannesma, dhvaniyukt inputs spike neuronschya siddhantacha aadhava 'neuronal dynamics' yaa pathyapustakachya adhyay 8.2 madhye ghetala aahe.
dhwani output model (escape noise).
nirdharak integrate-andd-phayar modelsmadhye, padada kshamata threshold sootra _ 39 laa sparsh kelyas spike tayar hoto. gongat utpadan modelsmadhye kadak threasholdchi jaaga khalilpramane gongat asalelya thresholdne ghetali jaate. tii velechya pratyek kshani, tatkal yadruchchik tivratesah kinwa 'sutakecha darr' saha eka spike yadruchchikpane tayar hoto."
teey patalatil vidyutdab aanee threshold sootra _ 39 madheel kshanik farkavar avalambun asate. 'palayan darr' sootra _ 42 sathee eka samanya paryay (joou jaivik mahitishi susangat aahe) aahe
jethe formula 44 haah eka vel sthirank aahe joou ekada puttle kshamata thresholdparyant pohochalyanantar spike kitee lavkar sodala jaato yache varnan karato aanee formula 45 haah eka tikshnata mapdand aahe. sootra _ 46 sathee threshold tikshna hote aanee jevha puttle kshamata khaloon threasholdla dhadakte tevha spike firing nirnayakpane hote. prayoganmadhye aadhalanare tikshnateche moolya sootra _ 47 aahe, jyacha arth assa aahe qee puttle kshamata aupcharik prakshepan threasholdchya kahee emm. vhee. khalee yetach neuronal firing heey nagany hott jaate.
neuronal dynamics' yaa pathyapustakachya 9 vya adhyayat, saumya thresholdware sutanyachya darachya prakriyecha aadhava ghetala aahe."
swatantra velet modelsathi, sambhavyatesah spike tayar hoto
heey velechya sutratil puttle vidyutdab aanee threshold sutratil kshanik farkavar avalambun asate. f heey karya anekada krutrim majjatantu jaalyanmadhil adyayavat gatishilatepramanech, steepness parameter sutrasah manak sigmoidal sootra mhanoon ghetale jaate. parantu f chey karyatmak swaroop heey satatchya velet, formula 54 mhanoon varr sadar kelelya yadruchchik tivratechya formula _ 42 pasoon dekhil ghetale jaau shakate, jethe formula _ 55 heey threasholdche antar aahe.
output aavajasah integrate-andd-phayar modelscha vapar aniyantrit velevar avalambun asalelya input antargat vastavik neuronschya pii. ess. tii. etch. chaa andaj lavnyasathi keela jaau shakato. gair-anukuli samakalan aanee agni neuronsasathi, sthir uttejanantargat madhyantar vitaran sthir nutanikaran siddhantavarun mojale jaau shakate. ""
spike pratisad model (ess. aar. emm.).
"mukhya lekh": spike pratisad model
spike pratisad model (ess. aar. emm.) heey subthresshold membrain voltagesathi eka samanya resheey model aahe jeey spike nirmitisathi nonlinear output aavaj prakriyesah ektrit kele jaate. tii' velevaril patalatil vidyutdab aahe
neuronchya spike kramank f chaa phayar vel kuthe aahe, inputchya anupasthitit vishranti voltage aahe, tii-ess velevaril input current aahe aanee sootra _ 57 heey eka resheey filter aahe (jyala curnell dekhil mhanatat) jeey tii-ess velevaril input current pulsechya yogdanache varnan karate. time formula _ 58 madheel spikemule spikemule voltagemadhil yogdanache varnan refractory curnell formula _ 59 dware kele jaate. visheshtah, formula _ 59 madhye spike nantar reset aanee spike nantar spike-afterpottentialchya time courseche varnan kele aahe. tyamule teey apavartaniyata aanee anukulan yanche parinam vyakt karate. voltage v (t) chaa arth, galatee jhalelya samakalan aanee agni pratikrutichya vibhedak samikaranachya ektrikaranacha parinam mhanoon lavala jaau shakato, joou spike-prerit anukulan chalanchya aniyantrit sankhyeshi jodalela asato.
spike firing heey yadruchchik asate aanee velevar avalambun asalelya yadruchchik tivratesah (tatkal darr) ghadate.
sootra _ 44 aanee sootra _ 45 aanee dware dilele gatishil threshold sootra _ 64 saha
yethe sootra _ 66 heey nishkriy neuronche firing threshold aahe aanee sootra _ 67 heey time formula _ 58 varr spike nantar threasholdchya vadhiche varnan karate. nishchit threasholdchya babatit, sootra _ 67 = 0 seet karate. sootra _ 70 sathee threshold prakriya nirdharak aahe.""
spike pratisad modelche vaishishtya vaishishtya filter sootra _ 71 chaa vel abhyaskram prayogik detamadhun thet kadhala jaau shakato. optimize kelelya parameters ess. aar. emm. 2 emm. vhee. chya achookatesah velevar avalambun asalelya inputsathi subthresshold membrain voltage veleche varnan karate aanee 4 emm. ess. chya achookatesah bahutek output spikeschya velecha andaj lavu shakate. ess. aar. emm. chaa resheey-resheey-poison cascade modelshee jawalcha sambandh aahe (jyala samanyikrut resheey model dekhil mhanatat). samanyikrut resheey pratimansathi vikasit kelelya paddhatincha vapar karoon ess. aar. emm. sarkhya sambhavya neuron pratimanchya mapdandanchya andajavar 'neuronal dynamics' yaa pathyapustakachya 10 vya adhyayat charcha kelee aahe.
spike pratisad model heey naav udbhavate kaaran jaalyamadhye, neuron i sathee input current itar neuronschya jodyandware tayar hoto jenekarun jaalyachya babatit voltage samikaran banate
jethe sootra _ 73 heey neuron jeey (i.eae.(, tyachi spike train), aanee sootra _ 74 heey spikechya veleche aanee neuron i sathee spike nantarchya sambhavyateche varnan karate, sootra _ 75 aanee sootra _ 76 heey precineptic neuron jeey chya spike sootra _ 73 mule mule uttejak kinwa avarodhak postsyneptic sambhavyatechya (pii. ess. pii.) amplitude aanee velechya prakriyeche varnan karatat. pii. ess. pii. chey time course sootra _ 78 heey, membrain filter sootra _ 57 saha neuron jeey pasoon precineptic spikechya aagamanane jhalelya postsyneptic current sootra _ 28 chya convolutionmule hote.
ess. aar. emm. 0.
ess. aar. emm. heey eka yadruchchik neuron model aahe jeey velevar avalambun asalelya araikhik nutanikaran siddhantashi aanee spike renose modelchya (ess. aar. emm.) saralikaranashi sambandhit aahe. varr sadar kelelya ess. aar. emm. chya voltage samikaranacha mukhya farak assa aahe qee refractory curnell sootra _ 81 asalelya sandnyemadhye mageel spikever konatehi yog chinh naheeh fakt "sarvat alikadil spike" (vel sootra _ 82 mhanoon darshavile jaate) mahattvache aahe. aanakhi eka farak mhanje maryada sthir aahe. ess. aar. emm. 0 heey model swatantra kinwa satat velet tayar kele jaau shakate. udaharanarth, satatchya velet, eka-neuron samikaran aahe
aanee ess. aar. emm. chee jaali samikarane ashee aahet
jethe sootra _ 85 heey "shevatchya firing time neuron" i aahe. lakshat ghya qee pratisanketan darmyan padada chalakatamadhye jhalelya badalache varnan karnyasathi, postsyneptic sambhavya sootra _ 86 chaa kalkram dekhil neuron i chya shevatchya spikepasoonchya velevar avalambun rahoo deela jaato. tatkal golibar darr (yadruchchik tivrata) aahe
jethe sootra _ 39 hii eka nishchit agniprahar threshold aahe. asha prakare neuron I chey spike firing keval tyachya inputvar aanee neuron I neey tyacha shevatcha spike sodalyapasoonchya velevar avalambun asate.
ess. aar. emm. saha, sthir inputsathi interspike-interval vitaran ganitiyadrushtya apavartak curnell sootra _ 89 chya aakarashi jodale jaau shakate. shivay sthir varanvarta-vartaman sambandh haah apavartak curnell sootra _ 89 saha sanyogane sutanyachya daravarun mojala jaau shakato. karnalchya yogya nivadisah, ess. aar. emm. haah hodgkin-huxley modelchya gatishilatecha uchch pramanat achookata darshavito. shivay, aniyantrit velevar avalambun asalelya inputla pii. ess. tii. etch. chya pratisadacha andaj lavala jaau shakato.
galves-locherback model.
galves-locherback model heey eka yadruchchik neuron model aahe jeey spike pratisad model ess. aar. emm. aanee galatee integrated-andd-phayar modelshee jawalun sambandhit aahe. heey swabhavikpane yadruchchik aahe aanee velevar avalambun asalelya araikhik nutanikaran siddhantashi jodalelya ess. aar. emm. pramanech aahe. pratimanatil vaishishtye pahata, dilelya neuron sutramadhye _ 91 spikechi sambhavyata _ 92 yaa kalmaryadechya sutrat varnan kelee jaau shakate
jethe sootra _ 94 heey eka synaptic vajan aahe, jyamadhye neuron sootra _ 95 chya neuron sootra _ 91 varr prabhavache varnan kele aahe, sootra _ 97 galatee vyakt karate aanee sootra _ 98 sootra _ 92 chya aadhi neuron sootra _ 91 chaa spiking itihas pradan karate, tyanusar
mahattvache mhanje, neuron i chee spike sambhavyata keval tyachya spike inputvar (curnell sootra _ 102 neey filter kelele aanee ghatak sootra _ 103 neey bharit kelele) aanee tyachya sarvat alikadil output spikechya velevar (sootra _ 104 dware saranshit) avalambun asate.
puttle vidyutdabanche upadeshatmak khelani namune.
yaa shrenitil models atyant sopee khelani models aahet jee inputche karya mhanoon padada voltageche gunatmak varnan karatat. teey pramukhyane shikshanat upadeshatmak karanansathi vaparale jaatat parantu mothya pramanat anukaran kinwa deta fittingsathi vaidh neuron model manale jaat naheet.
fitzagh-nagumo.
1961 aanee 1962 madhye fitzagh aanee nagumo yanni hodgkin-haksaleche vyapak saralikaran kele. nonlinear positive-feedback membrain voltagedware 'punarutpadak aatm-uttejana' aanee rekheey nakaratmak-feedback gett voltagedware punarpraptiche varnan karnyacha prayatna karat, tyanni varnan kelele model vikasit kele
jithe punha eka patalasarkhe vidyutpravah aanee input pravah asato jyamadhye samanya getche santh vidyutpravah aanee prayogikdrushtya nirdharit mapdand asatat. jaree heey jivashastratun spashtapane vyutpann kele jaat nasale taree heey model kshullak saralikaran naan karata, eka saralikrut, lagech upalabdh gatishil karnyas anumati dete. prayogik aadhar kamkuvat aahe, parantu tappyachya samtal vishleshanachya madhyamatoon spike nirmitichi gatishilata sadar karnyasathi heey model eka upadeshatmak sadhan mhanoon upayukt aahe. neuronel modelingchya paddhati' yaa pathyapustakamadhil adhyay 7 pahaa."
morris-laker.
1981 madhye mauris aanee lekar yanni hodgkin-huxley aanee fitzagh-nagumo models voltage-gated calcium channell modelmadhye vilambit-sudharak potassium channels ekatra kele, jyache pratinidhitva karatat
jethe sootra _ 107. modelcha prayogik aadhar kamkuvat aahe, parantu fages plain vishleshanadvare spike nirmitichi gatishilata sadar karnyasathi heey model eka upadeshatmak sadhan mhanoon upayukt aahe. neuronel modelingchya paddhati' yaa pathyapustakamadhil 7 vaa adhyay pahaa.
mauris-laker modelsarkhech dvimiteey neuron model hodgkin-huxley modelpasoon tappyatappyane kadhale jaau shakate. neuronal dynamics yaa pathyapustakamadhil adhyay 4.2 pahaa.
hindmarsh-gulab.
fitzagh-nagumo modelver aadharit, hindmarsh aanee rose yanni 1984 madhye teen jodalelya pratham-kramatil vibhedak samikarananni varnan kelelya neuronal kriyakalapanche model prastavit keleh
saha, aanee jenekarun chull fakt atishay haloohaloo badalate. hii atirikt ganiteey guntagunt puttle kshamatesathi vividh prakarchya gatishil vartananchi parvanagi dete, jyache varnan modelchya chaladware kele jaate, jyat astavyast gatishilatecha samavesh asato. yamule hindmarsh-gulab neuron model khoop upayukt tharate, kaaran ajunahi sope asalyane, prayoganmadhye nirikshan kelelya krutee kshamatechya, visheshtah burstingchya, anek vegvegalya firing namunyanche changle gunatmak varnan karata yete. tarihi, teey khelanyanche model aahe aanee prayogik mahitishi julavun ghetale gele nahee. bursting dynamixsathi sandarbh model mhanoon yacha mothya pramanavar vapar keela jaato.
theeta model aanee quadratic integrate-andd-phayar..
theeta model kinwa ermentruit-coppel canonical prakar I model heey ganitiyadrushtya quadratic integrate-andd-phayar modelchya samatulya aahe jeey ghatankiy integrate-andd-phayar model aanee hodgkin-huxley modelche andaje aahe. yala canonical model mhanatat kaaran heey dwibhajan binduchya jawal sthir inputsathichya samanya modelpaiki eka aahe, jyacha arth mook teey punaravrutti firingchya sankramanachya jawal aahe.
theeta modelche manak sootra aahe
chaturbhuj samakalan aanee agni pratikrutiche samikaran aahe (pathyapustakachya neuronal dynamixmadhil adhyay 5.3 pahaa)
theeta model aanee quadratic integrated-andd-firechi samanata udaharanarth spiking neuron modelchya 4.1.2.2 adhyayat punaravalokan kelee aahe.
kalantarane badalat asalelya kinwa vibhajanachya bindupasoon door asalelya input i (t) sathee, ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni models kaam karane shreyaskar aahe (jarr ekhadyala eka-aayami neuron modelchya vargat rahayache asel tarr), kaaran vastavik neurons ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni modelchi araikhikta pradarshit karatat.
sanvedi input-stimulus encoding neuron models.
prakash, aavaj, sparsh kinwa gandh yasarkhya naisargik uttejanancha samavesh asalelya prayoganantar yaa shrenitil namune tayar karnyat aale. yaa prayoganmadhye, pratyek uttejak sadarikaranamule nirman honara spike namuna chachaninusar bhinn asato, parantu anek chachanyanmadhun milanara sarasari pratisad anekada spasht namunyat villin hoto. parinami, yaa shrenitil namune input uttejana aanee spike ghatananmadhye sambhavya sambandh nirman karatat. mahattvache mhanje, nond kelelya neuronsla anekada sanvedi neurons nantar anek prakriya prakriya aadhaltat, jenekarun yaa models prakriya prakriyanchya kramache parinam sankshipt swarupat saranshit karatat.
naun-homogenous poison process model (seabert).
shravan pranalishi sambandhit prayoganantar, seabertney eksandh nasalele poison prakriya model vaparoon neuron spike firing patternche pratirupan kele. seabertchya matey, vel madhyantar sootra _ 111 varr spike ghatana honyachi sambhavyata hii naun negative function sootra _ 112 chya pramanat asate, jethe sootra _ 113 heey kachche uttejana aahe.:
seabertney anek karye sootra 112 manali, jyat qamee uttejana tivratesathi sootra 116 samavisht aahe.
seabertchya pratimecha mukhya fayda mhanje tyachi sadhepana. khaleel ghatana yogyaritya pratibimbit karnyat asamarthata hii modelchi kamatarata aaheh
yaa kamataratanche nirakaran vay-aadharit bindu prakriya model aanee done-sthitee markov modeldware kele jaate.
apavartaniyata aanee vay-aadharit bindu prakriya model.
berry aanee mester yanni eka yadruchchik pratiman vaparoon neuronal apavartanacha abhyas keela, jeey spikecha andaj done sandnyanche gunakar mhanoon lavte, eka karya f (s (t) jeey velevar avalambun asalelya uttejanavar avalambun asate s (t) aanee eka punarprapti karya sootra _ 117 jeey shevatchya spikepasoonchya velevar avalambun asate.
yaa pratimala 'inhomogenous markov interval (ii. emm. aay.) process' asehi mhanatat. shravnendriya tantrikashastrat anek varshanpasun ashach prakarchya namunyancha vapar keela jaat aahe. model shevatchya spike velechi smrutee thevat asalyane teey naun-poison aahe aanee velevar avalambun asalelya nutanikaran modelchya vargat yete. heey ess. aar. emm. 0 modelshee ghatankiy palayan darasah jawalun sambandhit aahe. mahattvache mhanje, vay-aadharit bindu prakriya pratikrutiche mapdand basavane shakya aahe jenekarun keval pii. ess. tii. etch. pratisadach navhe tarr aantarspaik-madhyantar aakadevariche dekhil varnan karata yeil.
resheey-resheey poison cascade model aanee jee. ell. emm.
rekheey-rekheey-poison cascade model heey rekheey galan prakriyeche eka cascade aahe, tyanantar eka rekheey nasaleli spike nirmiti payari aahe. resheey galan prakriyedvare, utpadan spikes parat midalyas, aapan eka modelver pohochato jeey neurosciencemadhye samanyikrut resheey model (jee. ell. emm.) mhanoon olakhale jaate. jii. ell. emm. heey ganitiyadrushtya spike pratisad model ess. aar. emm. chya samatulya aahe) escape noiges; parantu ess. aar. emm. madhye antargat chalancha arth puttle kshamata aanee firing threshold assa lavala jaato, tarr jee. ell. emm. madhye antargat chull heey amoort praman aahet jeey antim tappyat spike tayar honyapurvi inputchya nivval parinamacha (aanee alikadil output spike) saransh detat.
done-rajya markov model (nocension aanee messer).
nocension andd mesarche spiking neuron model bahya kinwa aushadhashastriy uttejananche karya mhanoon spike phayar karanyachi neuronchi sambhavyata nirman karate. aakruti 4 madhye darshavilyapramane yaa pratimanamadhye receptor layer modelcha eka zara aanee spiking neuron modelcha samavesh aahe. bahya uttejana aanee spiking sambhavyatemadhil sambandh done prakriyanmadhye keela jaatoh pratham, receptor seela model kachche bahya uttejanache neurotransmitter ekagratemadhye bhashantar karate, nantar, spiking neuron model neurotransmitterchya ekagratemadhye firing retshee (spiking sambhavyata) jodate. asha prakare, spiking neuron model swatach input tappyavar neurotransmitterchya ekagratevar avalambun asate.
yaa pratimeche eka mahattvache vaishishtya mhanje neuronschya firing rait patterncha andaj joou qamee sankhyene mukt parameterscha vapar karoon capture karato, vaishishtyapurn kathane uttejak nadila neuronschya pratisadavar bharr deela, ankimadhye darshavilyapramane. 5. neural spike firingchi samanya sambhavyata aanee peshidvare sodanyat aalelya neurotransmitterchya pravahachya pramananusar praman mhanoon, golibar darr olakhala jaato. agniprahar darasathiche samikaran khaleel swarupat yeteh
kuthe, 
kuthe ganana samanyatah yular paddhaticha vapar karoon punaravrutti kelee jaau shakate, parantu uttejan spandanachya babatit teey eka sadhe bund swarupache abhivyakti dete.
sutrasah _ 122 hii uttejana shaktichi alpakalin sarasari aahe (watt kinwa itar urja prati vel unitmadhye dilee jaate).
yaa modelchya itar andajanmadhye heey samavisht aaheh
1) unfieltered mojmapanmadhye anek neuronschya loksankhyemule udbhavnari sarasari pratisad kshamata (eae. aar. pii.) hii aag lagnyachya darasarkhi asate.
2) ekadhik neuron kriyakalapanmule kriyakalapanche voltage bhinnata, agniprahar darasarkhe asate (jyala bahu-ekak-kriyakalap shakti kinwa myua asehi mhanatat).
3) aantar-spike-madhyantar sambhavyata vitaran heey karyasarkhe gamma-vitaran mhanoon aakar ghete.
aushadhashastriy input uttejana neuron model.
yaa shrenitil namune aushadhashastriy uttejan samavisht asalelya prayogansathi andaj tayar karatat.
synaptic sankraman (koch aanee segev).
koch aanee segev yanchya pratimananusar, vaiyaktik neurotransmitterla neuroncha pratisad haah manak aanee gair-manak donhi gatiman pravahansah shastriy hodgkin-huxley pratimanacha vistar mhanoon pratirupit keela jaau shakato. chaar neurotransmittercha pramukhyane see. aine. ess. varr prabhav asato. ampa/kinet receptors heey jalad uttejak madhyasth asatat tarr aine. emm. dii. aii. receptors heey lakshaniyaritya mand pravahanmadhye madhyasthi karatat. jalad avarodhak pravah gaba receptorsmadhun jaatat, tarr gabab receptorsmadhun duyyam 'jee'-prathine-sakriy potassium vahinyadvare madhyasthi kelee jaate. madhyasthichi hii shreni khaleel vartaman gatishilata nirman karateh
jethe kamal chalakata (sumare 1s) aahe aanee dilelya aayan kinwa transmitterchi (aii. emm. dii. aii., aine. emm. dii. aii., see. ell. kinwa keey.) samtol kshamata aahe, tarr ughade asalelya receptorschya apurnankache varnan karate. aine. emm. dii. aii. sathee, "magneshiyam block" chaa eka lakshaniy parinam aahe joou intracellular magneshiyamchya ekagratevar avalambun asato. gababsathi, heey 'jee'-prathinanche praman aahe aanee potassiumchya getshee bandhatana 'jee' chya pruthakkaranche varnan karate.
yaa adhik guntaguntichya pratimechya gatishilatecha prayogikdrushtya changla abhyas keela gela aahe aanee atishay jalad synaptic samarthya aanee nairashya, mhanje jalad, alpakalin shikshanachya drushtine mahattvapoorn parinam nirman karatat.
nocension aanee messer yanche yadruchchik model input tappyavar neurotransmitterchya ekagrateche utpadan tappyavar neurotransmitter sodanyachya sambhavyatemadhye bhashantar karate. yaa pratikrutichya adhik tapshilvar varnanasathi, vareel done rajya markov pratikruti vibhag pahaa.
etch. tii. emm. neuron model.
etch. tii. emm. neuron model jeff hockins aanee neumenta yetheel sanshodhakanni vikasit kele hote aanee heey 'aun intelligence' yaa pustakat varnan kelelya padanukramit laukik smrutee navachya siddhantavar aadharit aahe. heey majjatantushastra aanee manvi menduchya neocortexmadhil pyramidal neuronschya shariravidnyan aanee parasparsanvadavar aadharit aahe. <bii. aar.>
 
anuprayog.
spiking neuron modelscha vapar vividh anuprayoganmadhye keela jaato jyanna neuroprosthesis aanee retinal prosthesisah kinwa krutrim avyav niyantran aanee sanvedana yasarkhya mendu-sanganak interfacechya sandarbhat neuronal spike trainmadhye encoding kinwa decoding aavashyak aahe. arj haah yaa lekhacha bhag nahee; yaa vishayavaril adhik mahitisathi kripaya mukhya lekhacha sandarbh ghya.
krutrim aanee jaivik neuron modelsmadhil sambandh.
neuronchya sarvat moolbhut pratimanamadhye kahee synaptic vajan vectors input aanee output nirdharit nirdharit neuronchya aat sakriy karya kinwa hastantaran karya asate. krutrim neuronsasathi vaparali jaanari hii moolbhut rachana aahe, jee neural networkmadhye anekada ashee disate
neuronche output kuthe aahe, heey input neuron signal aahe, neurons aanee darmyanche synaptic vajan (kinwa jodanichi takad) aahe aanee heey sakriyakaran karya aahe. yaa pratimanala yantra-shikshan anuprayoganmadhye yash midale asale taree, vastavik (jaivik) neuronsasathi heey eka kharab pratiman aahe, kaaran tyat input aanee outputmadhye velevar avalambun rahanyacha abhav aahe.
jevha input tii velee chaloo kele jaate aanee tyanantar sthir thewale jaate, tevha jaivik neurons spike train utsarjit karatat. mahattvache mhanje hii spike train niyamit nahee parantu eka tatpurati rachana darshavate jee anukulan, fatane kinwa prarambhik fatnyanantar niyamit spikedware darshavili jaate. anukuli ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni model, spike pratisad model kinwa (resheey) anukuli samakalan aanee agni model yasarkhe samanyikrut samakalan aanee agni model heey neuronal firing namune pakadanyas saksham aahet.
shivay, mendutil majjatantunche input velevar avalambun asate. vel-aadharit inputche rupantar jatil resheey aanee araikhik filterdware outputmadhil spike trainmadhye kele jaate. punha, spike pratisad model kinwa anukool integrated-andd-phayar model aniyantrit velevar avalambun asalelya inputsathi outputmadhil spike traincha andaj lavnyas saksham karate, tarr krutrim neuron kinwa eka sadhee galatee integrated-andd-phayar karat nahee.
jarr aapan hodkin-huxley modella prarambhik bindu mhanoon ghetale tarr samanyikrut integrated-andd-phayar models tappyatappyane saralikaran prakriyet paddhatshirpane midavata yetat. heey ghatankiy samakalan aanee agni model aanee spike pratisad modelsathi spashtapane darshavile gele aahe.
jaivik neuronche pratirupan karnyachya babatit, "vajan" aanee "hastantaran karya" yasarkhya amurtatechya jaagi bhautik pratirup vaparale jaatat. eka neuron bharala jaato aanee tyachya bhovati vidyutbhar vahoon vahoon aayanyukt panyane vedhalela asato. neuron eka insulating peshi patalane bandhalela asato aanee donhi bajunna charge kelelya aayanche praman rakhu shakato jeey capacitance nirdharit karate. neuronchya udhvansamadhye peshimadhye aayanchi halchal samavisht asate jee neurotransmittermule peshi patalavaril aayan vahinya ughadatat tevha hote. aapan yache varnan bhautik velevar avalambun asalelya pravahadvare karato. yasah voltagemadhye badal hoto, kinwa peshi aanee tyachya sabhovatalachya vidyut sambhavya urjetil farak yeto, jyacha parinam kadhikadhi voltage spikemadhye disun yeto jyala action potential mhanatat jeey peshichya lambicha pravas karate aanee pudhil neurotransmitter sodanyas trigger karate. voltage, mug, vyajache praman aahe aanee dware dile jaate.
jarr input pravah sthir asel tarr bahutek neurons kahee kaal anukulan kelyanantar kinwa niyamit spike trainchya suruvatichya sphotanantar utsarjit hotat. sthir pravahala pratisad mhanoon niyamit golibaranchi varanvarta varanvarta-vartaman sambandhadvare varnan kelee jaate jee krutrim majjatantu jaalyanchya hastantaran karya sootra _ 128 shhee sambandhit aahe. tyachpramane, serve spiking neuron modelsasathi hastantaran karya sootra _ 128 sankhyatmak (kinwa vishleshanatmak) paddhatine mojale jaau shakate.
kebal siddhant aanee vibhagani model.
vareel serve nirdharak namune heey bindu-neuron namune aahet kaaran teey neuronchya avkashiy sanrachanecha vichar karat naheet. tathapi, dendrite inputche outputmadhye rupantar karnyat yogdan dete. bindu neuron model teen prakarananmadhye vaidh varnan aahet. (i) jarr input current thet somamadhye inject keela gela asel. (2) jarr synaptic input pramukhyane somavar kinwa tyachya jawal pohochat asel (jawalik hii khalee sadar kelelya lambichya praman sutradvare paribhashit kelee jaate. (3) jarr dendritever synaps kuthehi pohochat asel, parantu dendrite purnapane resheey asel. shevatchya prakaranat kebal resheey filter mhanoon karya karate; heey resheey filter gunadharm spike pratisad modelsarkhya samanyikrut integrated-andd-phayar modelchya nirmitimadhye samavisht kele jaau shakatat.
filterche gunadharm kebal samikaranavarun mojale jaau shakatat.
aapan seela membraincha dandgolakar kebalachya swarupat vichar karuya. kebalvareel sthitee x neey darshavili jaate aanee peshi patalavaril voltage v neey darshavili jaate. kebalache vaishishtya mhanje prati ekak lambisathi anudairdhya pratirodh sootra _ 131 aanee puttle pratirodh sootra _ 132. jarr serve kahee resheey asel tarr, veleche karya mhanoon voltage badalate, davya bajula lambi scale sootra _ 133 aanee ujavya bajula vel sthir sootra _ 134 sadar karate. kebal samikaran aata tyachya kadachit sarvat prasiddha swarupat lihile jaau shakateh 
vareel kebal samikaran ekach dandgolakar kebalsathi vaidh aahe.
rekheey kebal siddhantat neuronchya dendritic arberche varnan zadatil fandyanpramane, dvibhajyatechya niyamit namunyatoon jaat asaleli dandgolakar rachana asey kele aahe. ekach nalakachya kinwa sampoorn vrukshasathi, talavaril sthir input chalakata (jethe vruksh peshichya bhagala kinwa asha konatyahi seema gathato) ashee paribhashit kelee jaate
nalakachi vidyutatantuk lambi kuthe aahe jee tyachi lambi, vyas aanee pratikarshakti yavar avalambun asate. eka sadha punaravarti algoridam shakhanchya sankhyes resheey pramanat mojato aanee tyacha vapar zadachya prabhavi chalakata mojanyasathi keela jaau shakato. heey dile jaate
jethe zadache ekoon prushthbhagache kshetrafal ekoon lambiche aahe aanee tyachi ekoon electrotonic lambi aahe. sampoorn neuronsathi jyamadhye peshi shareer chalakata aahe aanee prati ekak kshetra puttle chalakata aahe, aaplyala serve vruksh aanee soma chalakata jodoon dendrite vrukshansathi ekoon neuron chalakata aadhalate,
jethe aapan nond karoon prayogikdrushtya samanya sudharana ghatak shodhu shakato.
resheey kebal model bund vishleshanatmak parinam denyasathi anek saralikarane karate, mhanje dendritic arberney nishchit namunyat qamee hott asalelya jodyanmadhye shakha karane aavashyak aahe aanee dendrite resheey aahet. eka vibhagiy model aniyantrit shakha aanee lambisah konatyahi ichchit vruksh topologiesathi tasech aniyantrit nonlinearitijsathi parvanagi dete. hii moolatah nonlinear dendriteschi eka viveki sanganakeey amalbajavani aahe.
dendritecha pratyek tukada kinwa dabba haah aniyantrit lambi aanee vyasachya saral nalkandware tayar keela jaato joou konatyahi shakhanchya nalkanshi nishchit pratikarasah jodala jaato. aapan vya cylinderche chalakata gunottar asey paribhashit karato, jethe sootra _ 138 aanee vartaman compartment aanee pudhil madheel pratirodh aahe. samanya gatishilatemadhye sudharana karoon aapan eka dabyat aanee baher chaalan gunottarasathi samikarananchi malika midvato, jase qee
jethe shevatche samikaran shakhanmadhil 'palak' aanee 'mulee' yanchyashi sambandhit aahe aanee sootra _ 142. dendrites peshichya sharirashi (soma) jodale jaatat, jithe chaalan gunottar aahe, too bindu mileparyant aapan yaa samikarananchi punaravrutti vrukshadvare karoo shakato. mug sthir inputsathi aapala ekoon neuron chalakata khalilpramane deela jaatoh
mahattvache mhanje, sthir input heey eka atishay vishesh prakaran aahe. jivashastratil mahitee velevar avalambun asate. shivay, dendrite nehmich resheey nasatat.
dendritechya bajoone aniyantrit thikani thevalelya aayan vahinyandvare vibhagani models nonalinearities samavisht karnyas saksham karatat. sthir inputsathi, kadhikadhi compartmentchi sankhya qamee karane (sanganakeey veg vadhavane) aanee tarihi mukhya vidyut vaishishtye kayam thevane shakya aahe.
menduchya karya tattvachya vyapak sandarbhat neuronchya bhoomikebabatche anuman.
neurotransmitter-aadharit urja shodh yojana.
neurotransmitter-aadharit urja shodh yojana suchavate qee majjatantu ootee rasayanikdrushtya radarsarkhi shodh prakriya amalat aanate.
anjirmadhye dakhavalyapramane. 6, mojalelya vidyut kshamatecha eka dushparinam mhanoon sandarbh detana, nidan karya karyanvit karnyasathi neurotransmitter ekagrata, neurotransmitter nirmiti aanee neurotransmitter kadhoon takanyache darr heey mahattvache praman mhanoon ganane hii yaa anumanatil mukhya kalpana aahe, joou pratyek tappyachya karyatmak uddeshashi keval vishisht paristhitinmadhye julato. shodh yojana radarsarkhich 'urja shodh' sarkhich aahe kaaran tyat urja shodhakapramanech signal varg, tatpurati berries aanee threshold switch yantrana samavisht aahe, parantu tyat eka ekak dekhil samavisht aahe jeey uttejana kadaa aanee chull smrutee lambivar (chull smrutee) jore dete. yaa andajanusar, urja chachanichya aakadevariche sharirik samatulya mhanje neurotransmitter ekagrata aanee agnipravahacha darr neurotransmitter currentshee sambandhit aahe. yaa vyakhyecha fayda assa aahe qee yamule eka ekak susangat spashtikaran milate jeey electrophysiological mojmap, jaivarasayanik mojmap aanee psychophysical parinam yanchyat pool karnyas anumati dete.
yaa sanshodhanat punaravalokan kelelya puravyanvarun karyakshamatela uutishastriy vargikaranamadhye khaleel sambandh soochit hotoh
lakshat ghya qee fig.6 madheel electrophysiological signal jaree bahutekda functional signalsarkhech asale (signal power/neurotransmitter concentration/snayu force), taree kahee tappe aahet jyamadhye vidyut nirikshan sambandhit tappyachya functional uddeshapeksha vegale aahe. visheshtah, nocension aanee itar. asey suchavale gele qee glia threshold crossing karya vikiran kelelya electrophysiological signalchya tulanet purnapane vegale asate aanee nantarche keval glia breakcha dushparinam asoo shakate.

