united states electoral college

united states electoral college haah rashtrapati aanee uparashtrapati yanchi niyukti karnyachya ekmev uddeshane sanvidhananusar darr chaar varshanni sthapan honara rashtrapatipadachya matdarancha gut aahe. pratyek rajya aanee kolambiyacha jilha tyachya vidhimandalane varnan kelelya paddhatinnusar, tyachya congress pratinidhimandalachya (pratinidhi aanee senators) sankhyeitakech. synet sadasya aanee pratinidhinsaha federal karyalay dharak matdar asoo shakat naheet. sadhya 538 matdaranpaiki, adhyaksh aanee upadhyaksh nivadanyasathi 270 kinwa tyahoon adhik "matdar matanche" purn bahumat aavashyak aahe. jarr konatyahi umedwarala tithe purn bahumat midale nahee, tarr rashtrapati nivadanyasathi pratinidhi sabhagruh aanee uparashtrapati nivadanyasathi sinetdware aakasmik nivadanuk ghetali jaate.
kahee rajya kayade avishvasu matdaranna pratibandhit karat asatana, tyanni rashtrapati aanee uparashtrapatila kase matdan karnyache vachan dile aahe, yachya aadhare matdar nivadanyasathi, rajye aanee kolambiya jilha novembermadhye nivadanukichya divashi rajyavyapi kinwa jilhaprati lokpriy matdan aayojit karatat. maine aanee nebrasca vagalata serve rajye tyanche matdar nivadanyasathi pakshatil matdan rokhanyachi kinwa samanya tikit paddhat vapartat, mhanje tyanche serve matdar eka vijayi tikitavar jaatat. maine aanee nebrasca heey pratyek congress jilhyasathi eka matdar aanee rajyabharat sarvadhik matey asalelya tikitasathi done matdar nivadatat. matdar decembermadhye bhetatat aanee matdan karatat aanee adhyaksh aanee uparashtrapatinche udghatan jaanevarit hote.
nivadanuk mahavidhyalay vyavasthechi yogyata haah charchecha vishay aahe. samarthakancha assa yuktivad aahe qee jinkanyasathi rashtrapatipadachya umedvaranna deshbharat vyapak aavahan karane aavashyak aahe, tarr rajyancha vichar naan karata pahile tarr teey deshachya lokpriy ichcheche pratinidhi nahee assa tikakarancha yuktivad aahe.
rajyandvare tyachi amalbajavani tikela samore jaau shakate; vijetya-serve vyavasthanna, visheshtah loksankhyechya rajyanmadhye, 'eka vyakti, eka mutt' yaa tattvashi susangat nasoo shakate. yaa pranaliantargat paddhatimule rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukanpaiki jawaljawal 10 takke nivadnukanmadhye rashtravyapi lokpriy matanchya vijetyanchi nivad jhaleli nahee.
tikakarancha assa yuktivad aahe qee thet lokpriy matanpeksha electoral college pranali qamee lokshahi aahe aanee mahavidhyalay "eka vyakti, eka mutt" yaa lokshahi tattvache ullanghan karate."
asha prakare, 1824,1876,1888,2000 aanee 2016 madhye ghadalelya rashtriy lokpriy matey naan jinkalela adhyaksh nivadoon yeu shakato. matdaranchya vitaranamule, qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyanmadhil vaiyaktik nagarikanna mothya rajyanchya tulanet "pramananusar adhik" matdan adhikar asalyachya asamantevar tikakaranni aakshep ghetala. yache kaaran asey qee pratyek rajya niyukt karat asalelya matdaranchi sankhya tyachya congress pratinidhi mandalachya aakarachya barobarichi asate, pratyek rajya loksankhyechi parva naan karata kiman teen lokanna patra aahe aanee urvaritanchi vaidhanik nishchit sankhya vibhagani keval sadharan pramanat asate. yavyatirikt, avishvasu matdar tyanchya pratidnyenusar matdan karoo shakat naheet. aanakhi aakshep assa aahe qee deshatil pratyek matdaravar samaan kharch karnyaivaji, umedvar tyanchya mohimanche laksh keval kahee swing rajyanvar kendrit karatat.
prakriya.
 amerikechya sanvidhananusar pratyek rajyala tyaa rajyachya congress pratinidhi mandalachya (pratinidhi sabhagruhache sadasya aanee done senators) barobariche matdar niyukt karnyache nirdesh dile jaatat. haach kalam pratyek rajya vidhimandalala tyaa rajyache matdar konatya paddhatine nivadle jaatat heey tharvanyacha adhikar deto parantu sangharajyiy paddharkanchi matdar mhanoon nave ghenyas manai karato. novembermadhil pahilya somvaranantarchya pahilya mangalvari rashtriy rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukinantar, pratyek rajya aanee sanghiy jilha, tyachya kayadyannusar tyache matdar nivadatat. lokpriy nivadanukinantar, rajye tyanchya niyukt matdaranna 'nishchitatechya pramanpatrat' olakhatat aanee nondavtat aanee niyukt jhalele matdar nantar tyanchya sambandhit adhikarkshetrat bhetatat aanee tyanchya umedvarasathi 'mutt pramanpatra' sadar karatat; donhi pramanpatre nantar ughadanyasathi aanee mojanyasathi kongreskade pathavali jaatat.
50 paiki 48 rajyanmadhye, rajya kayadyanmadhye rajyavyapi lokpriy matanchya bahusankhyatechya vijetyala tyaa rajyachi serve nivadanuk matey milane anivarya aahe. maine aanee nebraskamadhye, asha prakare done matdar matey dilee jaatat, tarr urvarit matdar matey tyanchya pratyek congress jilhyatil matanchya bahulatechya aadhare vatap kelee jaatat. federal district, washington, dii.see., tyachya ekach jilha nivadanukitil vijetyala tyachi 3 matdar matey vatap karate. rajyanna samanyatah matdaranni tyaa rajyachya vijayi tikitasathi matdan karanyachi pratidnya ghene aavashyak asate; matdaranna vishvasghatak matdar honyapasoon rokhanyasathi, bahutek rajyanni matdaranchya pratidnyanchi amalbajavani karnyasathi vividh kayade sweekarle aahet.
pratyek rajyache matdar decemberchya ahavalachya budhvaranantarchya pahilya somwari (13 teey 19 december darmyan) aapapalya rajyachya rajdhanit matdan karnyasathi bhetatat. nikal kongreskade pathavale jaatat aanee mojale jaatat, jithe teey janevarichya pahilya aathvadyat sinetchya sanyukt baithakipurvi aanee vidyaman uparashtrapatinchya adhyakshatekhalil pratinidhi sabhagruhachya adhyakshapadi sinetche adhyaksh mhanoon soochibaddha kele jaatat. umedwarala bahumat midale nahee tarr aakasmik nivadanuk hoteh sabhagruhamadhye rashtrapatipadache nivadanuk satra asate, jithe pannas rajyanpaiki pratyek rajyadvare eka mutt dile jaate; upadhyaksh nivadanyasathi synet jababdar asate, pratyek sinetala eka mutt asate. nivadoon aalele adhyaksh aanee upadhyaksh 20 janewari roji udghatan karatat.
1964 pasoon 538 matdar aahet. rajye 535 matdaranchi nivad karatat, hii sankhya tyanchya congresschya ekoon pratinidhinchya sankhyeshi julate. 1961 madhye manjur jhalelya tevisavya durustitun atirikt teen matdar yetat, jyat tartud aahe qee jilha sangharajya sarkarche sthan mhanoon sthapit jhaala (mhanje, washington, dii.see.) sarvat qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyaitkech matdar milanyacha hakkadar aahe. vyavharat, tyacha parinam washington dii. madhye hoto.see. 3 matdarancha haqq.
parshvabhoomi.
1787 madheel ghatanatmak adhiveshanane virginia yojanecha charchecha aadhar mhanoon vapar keela, kaaran virginia prastav haah pahila hota. virginia yojanene congressla adhyaksh nivadanyachi haak dilee. bahutansh rajyanmadhil pratinidhinni yaa prakarchya nivadanukila sahmati darshavali. matra, vadavivadanantar, adhikaranchya vibhajanache ullanghan houu shakate yaa karanastav pratinidhi congresschya namnirdeshanala virodh karnyasathi aale. tyanantar james willsonne adhyaksh nivadanyachya uddeshane matdaransathi prastav mandala.
nantar adhiveshanamadhye, matdaransathi antim shifarashi, congressmadhil tyanchya pratinidhinchya sankhyeitakich rajyanmadhye vibhagalelya lokancha eka gut (jyaa sutrasathi dirgh vadavivadat todga kadhala gela hota, parinami connecticut tadjod aanee teen-panchmansh tadjod jhaali hotee), parantu pratyek rajyane "tyachya vidhimandalachya nirdeshanusar" nivadalelya lokansah rashtrapatinchya nivadichi paddhat yasah vividh tapasheel tayar karnyasathi eka samitee sthapan kelee. samitee sadasya governor mauris yanni badalachi karane spasht kelee; itar goshtimbarobarach, niyamitpane ekatra kshamatetun purushanchya eka chhotya gatane adhyaksh nivadle tarr "cutt" honyachi bheeti hotee, tasech kongreskadoon nivadoon aalyas adhyakshanchya swatantryachi chinta hotee.
tathapi, ekada electoral collegecha nirnay jhaala qee, anek pratinidhinni (messon, butler, mauris, willson aanee maddison) nivadanuk prakriyeche sanrakshn gut, bhrashtachar, cutt aanee gatapasoon karanyachi tyachi kshamata ughadpane olakhali. james willson aanee james maddison yanchyasah kahee pratinidhinni karyakari pakshachya lokpriy nivadanukila pradhanya dile. maddisonne manya kele qee lokpriy mutt aadarsh asale taree, dakshinet gulamgiricha prasar pahata prastavavar ekmat hone katheen hoilah
6 september 1787 roji adhiveshanane samitichya electoral collegechya prastavala kirkol badalansah manjuri dilee. connecticut, nyu jersey aanee maryland yasarkhya qamee loksankhya kinwa maryadit jameen kshetra asalelya rajyanmadhil pratinidhinni samanyatah rajyancha vichar karoon electoral collegela pasanti dilee. pahilya paach umedvaranmadhye ahavalachya kramankachi sandhee milanyachya tadjodivar, chhotya rajyanna asey vatale qee pratyek rajya pratinidhimandal eka mutt deuun, bahutansh nivadanukancha nirnay pratinidhi sabhagruh gheil.
federalist papers" madhye james maddison yanni adhyaksh aanee sanvidhanachya nivadibabat aapale mutt spasht kele. federalist kra. 39, maddisonne assa yuktivad keela qee rajya-aadharit aanee loksankhya-aadharit sarkarche mishran mhanoon rajyaghatanechi rachana karnyat aalee aahe. congressmadhye done sadane asatilah rajya-aadharit synet aanee loksankhya-aadharit pratinidhi sabhagruh. darmyan, adhyakshanchi nivad done paddhatinchya mishranane kelee jaeel.
alekzandar hamilton sangharajya kra. 12 march 1788 roji prakashit jhalelya 68 yaa pustakat, tyanna jeey mutt hote teey matdar mandalache pramukh fayade hote. matdar thet lokankadoon yetat aanee keval tyanchyasathi, keval tyach uddeshasathi aanee keval tyach kalasathi. yamule pratyek nivadanukipurvi paradeshi hitsambandhancha prabhav padoo shakanari paksh-sanchalit vidhimandal kinwa kayamswarupi sanstha talhali gelee. hamiltonne spasht kele qee serve rajyanmadhye nivadanuka honar hotya, tyamule konatyahi rajyatil konatahi bhrashtachar tyanchya nivadimadhye 'lokanchya mahan sansthela' kalankit karoo shakat nahee. bahusankhya matdar mandalane nivad karayachi hotee, kaaran bahusankhya rajvat hii prajasattak sarkarchya tattvansathi mahattvachi aahe. hamiltonne assa yuktivad keela qee rajyanchya rajdhanyanmadhye paddhatimule matdaranchya baithakit dursancharapurvichya kalat samanya janatela mahitee upalabdh navhati. hamiltonne asehi yuktivad keela qee konatahi federal padadhikari matdar asoo shakat naslyamule, konatyahi matdarala konatyahi rashtrapatipadachya umedvarachi pasanti milanar nahee.
aanakhi eka vichar assa hota qee haah nirnay "gondhal aanee gondhal" naan hota ghetala jaeel, kaaran haah vividh thikani ekach velee keela jaanara vyapak-aadharit nirnay asel, jithe nirnay ghenare vajavipane vichar karoo shaktil, nirnay nirnay dhamkavale jaau shakel kinwa dhamkavale jaau shakel asha ekach thikani nahee. jarr electoral collegene nirnayak bahumat midavale nahee, tarr pratinidhi sabhagruhane pahilya paach umedvaranpaiki adhyaksh nivadane hote, kayadyanche prashasana prashansa pithasin pithasin nivadichi khatri karane kshamata aanee changle charitrya donhi asel. hamiltonla ekhadya patra nasalelya vyaktichi pann 'qamee cutt rachanyachi aanee lokpriyatechya chhotya kalanchi' pratibha asalelya vyaktiche uchch padd midvanyachihi chinta hotee.
yavyatirikt, federalist kra. 10, james maddison yanni nivadanuk vyavasthetil "swarasyapoorn aanee atibhar lavnare bahumat" aanee "gatachya dushtai" yanvirodhat yuktivad keela. tyanni gatachi vyakhya ashee kelee qee, "bahusankhya kinwa alpasankhyak asey anek nagrik, jeey itar nagarikanchya hakkanna pratikool asalelya, kinwa samajachya kayamswarupi aanee ektrit hitsambandhansathi asalelya, utkatatechya kinwa hitsambandhanchya kahee samaan aavegane ekjoot aanee prerit aahet."prajasattak sarkar (i.eae.pratyaksh lokshahichya viruddha pratinidhi lokshahi aanee sangharajyavadachya tattvancha (matdar hakkanche vitaran aanee sarkari adhikaranche vibhajan) samanvay sadhalyas, gatanchya virodhat pratikar hoil. maddisonne federalist no.10 madhye pudhe asey mhatale qee prajasattakachi loksankhya aanee vistar jitka jaast asel, vibhagiyatesarkhya samasyanmule gatanna sanghatit karnyat titakich adchan yeil.
jaree united stateschya rajyaghatanene 'matdar' aanee 'matdar' yancha sandarbh deela asala, taree matdaranche ektrit varnan karnyasathi 'electoral college' kinwa itar konatehi naav vaparale jaat nahee. parasparsambandh shatkachya suruvatiparyantach 'electoral college' heey naav adhyaksh aanee uparashtrapatipadasathi matey taknyasathi nivadalelya matdaransathi samoohik padnam mhanoon samanya vaparat aale. 1845 madhye haah vakyansh pahilyanda federal kayadyat lihila gela aanee aaj haah shabd shirshakamadhye aanee majkurat 'matdaranche mahavidhyalay' mhanoon aadhalato.
itihas.
mool yojana.
 sanvidhanane mool yojana pradan kelee jyadvare matdaranni rashtrapatinna matdan kele. mool yojnenusar, pratyek matdarane adhyakshapadasathi done matey dilee; matdaranni upadhyakshapadasathi matdan kele nahee. matdarankadun jyala bahumat milel too adhyaksh hoil, aanee dusari sarvadhik matey midavanari vyakti upadhyaksh hoil.
nivadanuk mandalachi mool yojana sanvidhan nirmatyanchya anek gruhitke aanee apekshanvar aadharit hotih
nivadanuk tadnya, william see. kimberling, mool hetuvar khalilpramane pratibimbit hoteh
"rashtrapati nivadanyat matdar mahavidhyalayachya karyachi tulana pope pope cardinals mahavidhyalayachya roman catholic charchashi kelee jaau shakate. mool kalpana pratyek rajyatil sarvat jaankar aanee mahitipurn vyaktinsathi hotee qee tyanni keval gunvattechya aadhare aanee mool sthitee kinwa rajkiy pakshacha vichar naan karata adhyaksh nivadave."
sarvoch nyayalayache nyaymurti robbert etch. jackson, asahmatipurn matanusar, matdar konatyahi vishisht umedwarala pathimba denyas bandhil naheet asey vatatil, parantu bahya dabavapasun mukt rahoon, tyanchya vivekala mutt deteel, haah nirmatyancha mool hetu hota.
"aaplya itihasashi vishvasoo konihi heey nakaru shakat nahee qee yaa yojnet moolatah vichar keela gela hota, jeey tyachya majkurat antarbhut aahe, qee matdar heey swatantra pratinidhi asateel, deshachya sarvoch padansathi sarvottam patra asalelya purushambaddal swatantra aanee nihpakshapati nirnay ghetil."
tyanchya matala pathimba detana nyaymurti jackson yanni sangharajyavadi kra. 68:
'jyaa vyaktisathi vishvasarhata itaki mahattvachi aahe, tyaa vyaktichya nivadimadhye lokanchi bhavna karya karane isht hote. konatyahi purv-sthapit sansthela navhe, tarr lokanni vishesh uddeshasathi aanee vishisht sanyogane nivadalelya purushanna teey banavanyacha adhikar deuun yaa uddeshache uttar dile jaeel... stationshee julavun ghetalelya gunanche vishleshan karnyas aanee vicharvinimayasathi anukool asalelya paristhitit karya karnyas aanee tyanchya nivadivar niyantran thevanyasathi yogya asalelya serve karane aanee prerananche vivekpurn sanyojan karnyas saksham asalelya purushanni tatkal nivadanuk karavi, heey titkech isht hote. samanya jansamuhatun tyanchya sahkari nagarikanni nivadalelya thodya sankhyene asha guntaguntichya tapasasathi aavashyak asaleli mahitee aanee vivek asel.'
dow. phillip jeey. pardu vidyapithache vanfassen spasht karatat qee matdarancha mool uddesh nagarikanchi ichcha pratibimbit karane haah navhata, tarr tyaeivaji 'sahajpane dishabhul houu houu janatevar niyantran thevane' haah hota."
dow. randle calvert, seent washington yetheel washington vidyapithat sarvajanik vyavhar aanee rajyashastrache eagleton pradhyapak aahet. lui mhanale, "adhik jaankar aanee jababdar asanyachi apeksha asalele matdar pratyakshat nivad kartil, haah aarakhadyachya rachnet adhik mahattvacha vichar hota."
vibhajan aanee punaravalokan.
matdaranchi nivad samoohik nivadanukidware kelee jaanar hotee assa hamiltoncha dawa asoonahi, suruvatila, rajya vidhimandalanni bahutansh rajyanmadhil matdaranchi nivad kelee. lokpriy nivadanukannusar haloohaloo rajye nivadikade valali. 1824 madhye, ashee sahaa rajye hotee jyat matdaranchi ajunahi vidhimandaliy niyukti kelee jaat hotee. 1832 paryant, keval dakshin carolinache sankraman jhaale navhate. 1864 pasoon, pratyek rajyatil matdaranchi nivad, nivadanukichya divashi jhalelya lokpriy nivadanukivar aadharit kelee jaate. matdaransathichi lokpriy nivadanuk mhanje rashtrapati aanee uparashtrapati yanchi nivad nagarikankadun apratyaksh nivadanukidware kelee jaate.
paksh aanee mohimancha uday.
rajyaghatanechya nirmatyanna rajkiy pakshanchi apeksha navhati. kharey tarr 1796 madhye george washingtonchya nirop bhashanat asha pakshanna talhanyasathi tatadichya aavahanancha samavesh hota. adhyakshapadasathi "sharyat" ladhavanare umedvarhi framersony apekshit kele navhate. matra, rajyaghatanechya manyatenantar kahee varshantach donhi ghatana amerikechya rajkiy paridrushyatil kayamswarupi vaishishtye banalya.
rajkiy pakshancha uday aanee rashtriy staravar samanvit nivadanuk mohima yamule 1796 aanee 1800 chya nivadnukanmadhye lavkarach guntaguntichi baab nirman jhaali. 1796 madhye, sangharajyavadi pakshache umedvar johnn addams yanni adhyakshiy nivadanuk jinkley. democratic-republican pakshache umedvar thomas jefferson heey ahavalachya sthanavar rahile, jeey sangharajyavadi pakshache virodhak hote aanee upadhyaksh jhaale. yamule adhyaksh aanee upadhyaksh heey vegvegalya rajkiy pakshanche hote.
1800 madhye, democratic-republican pakshane punha jeffersonla adhyakshapadasathi namankit kele aanee punha aaron barala upadhyakshapadasathi namankit kele. matdaranni matdan kelyanantar, jefferson aanee burr yanna pratyeki 73 matdar matey midali. matpatriket adhyakshapadasathichya matanmadhye aanee upadhyakshapadasathichya matanmadhye farak naslyamule, jefferson hii spashtapane tyanchya pakshachi pahili pasanti asoonahi, tantrikdrushtya barsathi takalelya pratyek matpatrikechi ganana adhyakshapadasathichya mutt mhanoon kelee jaate. ghatanatmak mankannusar spasht vijetyacha abhav asalyane, sanvidhanachya aakasmik nivadanuk tartudinusar pratinidhi sabhagruhane nivadanuk tharvavi lagali.
aadhich adhyakshiy spardha haralyanantar, langadya duck hausachya adhiveshanatil sangharajyavadi pakshachya pratinidhinni jeffersonvar burr nivadanyacha prayatna karoon tyanchya virodhakanchi laaj vatanyachi sandhee ghetali. konatyahi umedwarala sabhagruhat rajya pratinidhimandalache aavashyak bahumat midalyamule (nirnayak nivadanukisathi nauu rajyanchya matanchi aavashyakta hotee) 35 matansathi sabhagruh thapp jhaale.). jhaale.) matpatrikevar, delawareche ekmev pratinidhi, james aii. bairdney heey ughad kele qee asey karnyat ayashasvi jhalyas sanghachya bhavishyala dhoka nirman houu shakato yaa bhitine too haah pech modoon kadhanyacha hetu balgato. dakshin carolina, maryland aanee vermontmadhil bayered aanee itar sangharajyavadi anupasthit rahile, jyamule gatirodh tutala aanee jeffersonla bahumat midale.
tyaa nivadanukanchya samasyanna pratisad detana congressne 9 december 1803 roji prastav mandala aanee teen chaturthansh rajyanni 15 juuna 1804 roji, baravya durustidware manyata dilee. 1804 chya nivadanukipasun suru jhalelya yaa durustimadhye matdaranni kalam 2, kalam 1, kalam 3 madhye namood kelelya pranalichya jaagi adhyaksh aanee uparashtrapatisathi swatantra matdanachi aavashyakta aahe.
nirvivad matdaranpasun vachanbaddha matdaranparyant utkranti.
pratyek matdar jilhyachya nagarikandware nivadala jaeel aanee adhyaksh honyasathi kona sarvat yogya aahe yabaddal matdar 'vishleshan' aanee 'jaanunbujun' karnyas swatantra asava, assa sansthapak pityancha hetu hota.
federalist kra. 68 alekzandar hamiltonne matdaranchi nivad kashee kelee jaeel yabaddal sansthapak pityanchya drushtikonache varnan keleh 
tathapi, jevha matdaranna vishisht umedwarala matdan karnyache vachan dile gele, tevha rajyane nivadalelya matdaranchi yadee aata mukt pratinidhi, swatantra vicharvant kinwa vicharshil pratinidhi rahili nahee. teey nyaymurti robbert etch. banale. jacksonne lihile, "pakshatil swayamsevi nokar aanee bauddhik gair-sanstha."hamiltonchya matey, 1788 madhye lihilelya likhananusar, adhyakshanchi nivad" [adhyaksh] yanchya sthankashi julavun ghetalelya gunanche vishleshan karnyas sarvat saksham asalelya purushanni kelee pahije."hamiltonne sangitale qee matdaranna sambhavya adhyakshanchya yadiche" "vishleshan" "karayache hote aanee sarvottam nivadayache hote". tyanni 'jaanunbujun' hii sandnya dekhil vaparali."yuu. chya 2020 chya matanusar.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane, matdaranchya nivadimadhye vivek aanee vivek pratibimbit hoil, yaa johnn jeey yanchya matacha dekhil hawala deela."
yaa mool hetuvar pratibimbit karat, aaa yuu.ess. 1826 madheel sinetchya ahavalat pranalichya utkrantivar teeka kelee geleeh
heey matdar, tyanchya shreshth vivekbuddhimule, sadgun aanee mahitimule lokanni aapapasatun nivadalele swatantra purushanche mandal asavet aanee yaa nivadak sansthela, lokanchya sanstheche thodesehi niyantran naan thevata, "tyanchya swatachya ichchhenusar" nivadanuk karnyasathi sodale pahije, haah rajyaghatnecha hetu hota. pratyek nivadanukit haah hetu tyachya uddeshat ayashasvi jhaala aahe, heey itake sarvatrik kuprasiddhiche satya aahe qee konihi tyavar vaad ghaloo shakat nahee. tyamule matdaranni tyanchya sansthechya aarakhadyala uttar dilele nahee. teey swatantra shareer aanee shreshth patre naheet jee tyancha hetu hota. tyanna tyanchya swatachya nirnayacha vapar karnyavar sodale jaat naheeh ulatpakshi, teey tyanchya matdaranchya ichchhenusar tyanche mutt detat kinwa teey denyasathi swatahla bandhatat. jyaa prakaranat konatyahi agencychi aavashyakta nasate aanee jethe agent nirupayogi asala pahije asha prakaranat teey keval agentmadhye rupantarit jhaale aahet...
1833 madhye sarvoch nyayalayache nyayadhish joseph story yanni, nivadanuk prakriyecha 'vidhvans' kitee white paddhatine karnyat aala, yacha tapasheel dilah
"konatyahi babatit rajyaghatna nirmatyanchi matey itaki purnapane nirash jhaleli naheet jitaki matdar mahavidhyalayanmadhil matdaranchya swatantryashi sambandhit aahet. matdaranchi aata purnapane vishisht umedvaranchya sandarbhat nivad kelee jaate aanee tyanna matdan karnyache maun balgoon vachan dile jaate, heey kukhyat aahe. nahee, kahee prasangi matdar sarvajanikpane ekhadya vishisht vyaktila matdan karanyachi pratidnya karatat aanee tyamule, pratyakshat, itakya vistratpane bandhalelya vyavasthecha sampoorn paya uddhvast hoto.
ekhadya matdarane rajyaghatanechya nirmatyanni jeey karave ashee apeksha kelee hotee, teey jarr tyane kele, tarr tyala anaitik manale jaeel, asey kathet namood kele aaheh
jenekarun matdaranvar tyanchya nivadinantar kahihi shillak rahnar nahee, parantu aadhich vachan dilelya matanchi nondani karane; aanee swatantra nirnayacha vapar karane, rajkiy balkatikaran, vyakticha upman aanee tyachya matdaranchi fasavanuk mhanoon manale jaeel.
samanya tikitakade utkranti.
 rajyaghatanet mhatale aaheh
hamilton aanee maddison yanchya matey, heey jilhya-jilhyanusar hoil assa tyancha hetu hota. jilha yojana shevatchi mishiganmadhye 1892 madhye rabavanyat aalee hotee. udaharanarth, massatusetsmadhye 1820 madhye, niyamat asey mhatale hote qee "lokanni matpatrikedware matdan karave, jyavar jilhyasathi matdar mhanoon konala matdan kele jaeel heey niyukt kele kele shabdant, rashtrapatipadachya umedvarache naav matpatrikevar" "nahee" "asey hote". tyaeivaji, nagarikanni tyanchya sthanik matdaranna matdan kele.
kahee rajya netyanni heey dhoran swikaranyas suruvat kelee qee tyanchya rajyatil lokanmadhil aavadatya pakshapati rashtrapatipadachya umedwarala tyanchya rajyane nivadalelya serve matdaranni tyach prakare matdan karanyachi khatri asel tarr adhik changli sandhee milel-pakshachya umedwarala vachan dilelya matdaranche "samanya tikit". ekada eka rajyane heey dhoran sweekarle qee, nivadanukivar sarvat jaast prabhav padnyasathi spardha karnyasathi itaranna teey palane bhag padale.
electoral collegeche done sarvat mahattvache vastuvisharad james maddison aanee alekzandar hamilton yanni jevha kahee rajyanni heey dhoran haatee ghetalyache pahile, tevha tyanni tivra virodh keela. maddison mhanale qee jevha rajyaghatna lihili gelee, tevha tyachya serve lekhakanni asey gruheet dharale qee vaiyaktik matdar tyanchya jilhyanmadhye nivadoon yeteel aanee rajyane nirdeshit kelelya matdaranche "samanya tikit" yaa sankalpaneche sthan gheil heey akalpaneey hote. maddisonne george heey yanna lihileh 
pratyek rajya sarkar aaplya matdaranchi nivad karnyasathi swatachi yojana aakhanyas swatantra hote aanee rajyanni tyanche matdar lokpriyapane nivadave ashee rajyaghatanet spashtapane aavashyakta nahee. tathapi, federalist#68, sansthapakancha hetu pratibimbit karat asatana, matdaranchi nivad "samanya jansamuhatil tyanchya sahkari nagarikandware kelee jaeel" asey namood karate aanee matdar nivadanyachya sandarbhat, tyanni [framersney] prathamatah amerikechya lokanchya tatkal kruticha sandarbh deela aahe."matdar nivadanyachya anek paddhatinche varnan khalee kele aahe.
maddison aanee hamilton heey 'samanya tikitanchya' pravruttimule itake naraj hote qee tyanni jilha yojnevyatirikt itar kahihi rokhanyasathi ghatanatmak durustiche samarthan kele. hamiltonne matdar nivadanyasathi jilha yojana anivarya prashansa sanvidhanatil durusticha masuda tayar keela. tathapi, 1804 madhye aaron barsobatchya dvandvayuddhat hamiltonchya akali mrutyune tyala tyachya prastavit sudharananna pudhe nenyapasun rokhale. "jilhyannusar rashtrapatipadachya matdaranchi nivad hii eka durusti aahe jee pudhe aanane atishay yogya aahe", asey maddisonne 1823 madhye george heey yanna sangitale. maddisonne eka ghatanatmak durusticha masuda dekhil tayar keela joou framerschya mool "jilha" yojanecha vima utarvel. jefferson hamilton aanee maddison yanchya mhananyashi sahmat hote, "jilhyannusar nivadanuk sarvottam tharel yavar serve sahmat aahet."durustila manyata dilyabaddal tyanna shanka qaa hotee heey jeffersonne madisonchya sanvadatyala samajavun sangitaleh" rajye aata itaki sankhyabalavar aahet qee mea sanvidhanachi aanakhi eka durusti pahanyas nirash aahe."
nivad yojananchi utkranti.
1789 madhye, sarvadoor lokpriy mutt, vijete-serve ghenyachya paddhatichi suruvat pensylvania aanee merilandpasoon jhaali. massatusates, virginia aanee delaware yanni lokpriy matanni jilha yojanecha vapar keela aanee rajya vidhimandalanni nivadanukit sahbhagi paddhatimule itar paach rajyanmadhye (connecticut, georgia, nyu hampshire, nyu jersey aanee south carolina) nivad kelee. newyork, uttar carolina aanee road betanni nivadanukit bhag ghetala nahee. newyorkchya vidhimandalat gatirodh nirman jhaala aanee teey anupasthit rahile; uttar carolina aanee road betane adyap sanvidhanala manyata dileli navhati.
1800 paryant virginia aanee road betanni mothya pramanat matdan kele; kentki, maryland aanee uttar carolina yanni jilhyadvare lokpriy matdan kele; aanee akra rajyanni rajya vidhimandaladvare matdan kele. 1804 pasoon rajyavyapi lokpriy matansathi sarvancha vijay ghenyachya pranalikade nishchit cull hota.
1832 paryant, keval dakshin carolina kayadeshiraritya aapale matdar nivadle aanee 1860 nantar tyanni hii paddhat sodoon dilee. maryland heey jilha yojana vaparnare ekmev rajya hote aanee 1836 pasoon 20 vya shatkaparyant jilha yojana vaparat aalya naheet, jaree mishiganane 1892 sathee jilha yojana vaparali hotee. jilhyanusar lokpriy matey matey rajyanmadhye deshatil serve pradeshantil daha rajyancha samavesh aahe.
1836 pasoon, matdaransathi serve rajyavyapi vijete-serve lokpriy matdan hii jawaljawal sarvatrik pratha aahe. sadhya, maine (1972 pasoon) aanee nebrasca (1996 pasoon) jilha yojana vapartat, jyat done mothya matdaranna rajyavyapi lokpriy matanchya vijetyala pathimba denyasathi niyukt kele jaate.
lokpriy matey aanee electoral college matey yanchyatil parasparsambandh.
parasparsambandh shatkachya madhyapasoon, jevha serve matdaranchi lokpriy nivad jhaali aahe, tevha 1876,1888,2000 aanee 2016 yaa chaar nivadanuka vagalata, electoral collegene deshbharat sarvadhik (jaree bahumat nasale taree) lokpriy matey midavanara umedvar nivadala aahe. 1824 madhye, jevha sahaa rajye hotee jyat matdaranchi niyukti lokpriyapane nivadanyaivaji vidhimandalane kelee jaat hotee, tevha kharey rashtriy lokpriy mutt anishchit hote. 1824 madhye matdar vijayi umedvarachi nivad karnyat ayashasvi jhaale, tyamule pratinidhi sabhagruhane yaa prakaranacha nirnay ghetala.
teen-panchmansh kalam aanee gulamgirichi bhoomika.
mool sanvidhanat manya jhalelya prarambhik andajannantar, teen-panchmansh gulamanchi ganana karoon sudharit kelelya loksankhyetil badal pratibimbit karnyasathi dashvarshik jangananenusar congress aanee nivadanuk mandalache punarvitaran karnyat aale. pahilya jangananenantar yaa aadharavar, matdar mandalane ajunahi gulam malkichya rajyanchya mukt purushanna (parantu kadhihi gulam navhate) yaa vanchit lokanchya gananechya aadhare yuu. ess. chya nivadimadhye atirikt adhikar (matdar) dile.ess. adhyaksh.
ghatanatmak adhiveshanat, mahavidhyalayin rachana, siddhantatah, uttarekadil rajyansathi (gulamgiri radd karnyachya prakriyet) 49 matey aanee gulam-dharak rajyansathi (delavers) 42 matey hotee. yaa prakaranat, pahila (i.eae. 1788) rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukit apramanit road bett (3) aanee uttar carolina (7) aanee newyork (8) sathee, jeey khoop ushira nondavale gele, matey aanee matdarancha abhav hota; uttarekadil bahumat 38 teey 35 hote. pudhil done dashkansathi, teen-panchmansh khandamule dakshinekadil rajyanpeksha 8 takke aanee 11 takke jaast sankhya asalelya mukt-matichya uttarekadil rajyanche matdar jhaale. nantarchya lokanni, tadjodimadhye, tyanchya gulamanpaiki done panchmansh mojani sodali hotee aanee 1810 nantar, tyanchi sankhya 15.4% teey 23.2% neey jaast jhaali hotee.
dakshinekadil rajyansathi sabhagruhachya sadasyanna sarasarine vaadh karnyat aalee, tarr yaa suruvatichya prajasattak aanee purvakalin kalat mahavidhyalayatil mukt-matiche bahumat kayam rahile. vidwan pudhe assa nishkarsh kadhatat qee gulamgiri radd karnyachya uttarekadil, sanghiy upkramachya babatit, uttarekade spasht bahumat nakarlyashivay, teen-panchmansh kalamacha vibhagiy praman aanee gatbaddh samarthyavar qamee parinam jhaala. asha 'gulam bonus' mule dakshines midalelya jaaga pakshanmadhye agadi samaan pramanat vibhagalya gelya. pratham paksh pranalimadhye (1795-1823), jefferson prajasattakanna gulam bonasmadhun 1.1 takke adhik anuyayi midale, tarr sangharajyavadi samaan pramanat gamavale. ahavalachya pakshachya vyavasthet (1823-1837) udayonmukh jaxonianna keval 0.7 takke adhik jaaga midalya, tarr virodhi pakshanna 1.6 takke jaaga gamvavya lagalya.
teen-panchmansh gulam-ganana niyam teen kinwa chaar parinamanshi sambandhit aahe, 1792-1860:
pahilya 'jeffersonian' aanee 'jaxonian' vijayanna khoop mahatva hote kaaran tyanni anek congress aanee adhyakshiy pakshachya kalkhandat pakshatil kayam bahumat midavale.
1808 purvichya sanvidhanat kongresvar paradeshi kinwa deshantargat gulamanchya vyaparache niyaman karnyas bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee aanee rajyanvar paloon gelelya "sevet thevalelya vyaktinvar" paratanyache kartavya hote, kayadeshir vidwan akhil reed amar assa yuktivad karatat qee gulamadharkanni mulat gulamgirila chalana denyasathi eka snrakshak mhanoon mahavidhyalayacha sallah deela hota. sanvidhanachya majkurat dilelya teen-panchmansh tadjodichya andajasah, congresschya vibhaganimadhye, "virginia pahilya fereet [1788 madheel washingtonchya pahilya adhyakshiy nivadanukisathi] nivadanuk jinkanyasathi aavashyak asalelya [matanpaiki] eka chaturthanshpeksha jaast [matansah] motha vijeta mhanoon udayas udayas jangananenantar, jangananenantar jangananetil sarvat jaast loksankhya asalele rajya virginia hote, jethe 39.1% gulam hote, kinwa 292,315 teen-panchmansh mojale gele, jyamule congresschi vibhagani karnyasathi 175,389 chee ganana kelee gelee. "mukt" pensylvania rajyat vharjiniyapeksha 10 takke adhik mukt vyakti hotya parantu tyanna 20 takke qamee matdar matey midali."0.00 takke gulamanchi loksankhya asalelya rajyat 53 takke bahumat asalelya jeffersonchya bajoone, jefarsansathi pensylvania aath teey saat vibhagali gelee. itihaskar erich phoner heey sanvidhanachya teen panchmansh tadjodine gulamgirila sanrakshn dile aahe heey manya karatat.
tyanni gulamgiricha bachav keela yaa aaropanvar mahavidhyalayachya samarthakanni anek prativad kele aahet. gulamgiri radd karnyat madat karnare rashtradhyaksh abraham linken yanni nagarikanchi 39.8% matey jinkalyanantarhi 1860 madhye mahavidhyalayin bahumat midavale. matra, chaar pramukh umedvaranmadhye vibhagalelya lokpriy matanchi hii spasht bahusankhya hotee.
sampoorn gulamanchi loksankhya "dardoi" aadharavar mojali gelee asatee tarr jeffersonchya vijayacha pahila farak adhik vyapak jhaala asata, asey benner namood karatat. tyanni asehi namood kele qee ghatanatmak adhiveshanat rashtriy lokpriy matanche kahee sarvat mukhar tikakar heey swatantra rajyanmadhil pratinidhi hote, jyat pensylvania governor mauris, jyanni ashee pranali "cable aanee bhrashtacharachya mothya dushtatekade nenar asalyache ghoshit kele aanee massatusets elbridge geree, jyanni rashtriy lokpriy matala" aamulagra dusht "mhatale. teen varshanpurvi haloohaloo mukti kayada kayada connecticut rajyachya pratinidhi oliver elsworth aanee roser sherman yannihi rashtriy lokpriy matanvar teeka kelee. 1800 madhye rashtradhyakshapadache umedvar asalele admuschya federalist pakshache sadasya charles kotsworth pinkani yanchahi asach drushtikon hota. teey dakshin carolinache rahivasi hote aanee gulam hote. 1824 madhye, tenesicha gulam dharak andreau jackson yacha ashach prakare gulamgiricha tivra tikakar johnn quincy admusney parabhav keela.
chaudavya durusti.
chaudavya durustichya kalam 2 madhye, rajyane 21 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachya konatyahi purush nagrikala matdanacha adhikar nakarlyas, "bandkhorimadhye sahbhag kinwa itar gunhyanchya" aadhare naslyas, pratinidhi sabhagruhat rajyache pratinidhitva qamee karane aavashyak aahe. asha lokanna mutt nakarle gelyane hii kapat pramananusar hoil. hii durusti 'amerikechya rashtradhyaksh aanee uparashtrapatipadasathi matdaranchya nivadisathi konatyahi nivadanukit matdanacha adhikar' (itar nivadnukambarobarach) sandarbhit karate. sadhya rajyaghatnecha haah ekmev bhag aahe, joou matdaranchi nivad lokpriy matanni kelee jaat asalyache soochit karato.
8 meey 1866 roji, chaudavya durustivaril charchedarmyan, pratinidhi sabhagruhatil prajasattak pakshache nete thadius stevens yanni durustichya hetuvar bhashan kele. kalam 2 baddal teey mhanaleh
federal kayada () kalam 2 chaa aadesh lagoo karato.
matdaranchi baithak.
 matdaranni jyaa divashi matdan karave, too divas tharvanyasathi sanvidhan congressla adhikrut karate, joou sampoorn americet tyach divashi asane aavashyak aahe. aanee tyachi jaaga nirnay donhi aanee baravya durustimadhye asey nirdisht kele aahe qee, "sinetche adhyaksh, synet aanee pratinidhi sabhagruhachya upasthitit, serve pramanpatre ughadel aanee tyanantar matey mojali jaatil."
1887 madhye congressne nivadanuk ganana kayada manjur keela, joou aata united states kodachya shirshak 3, adhyay 1 madhye sanhitabaddha keela gela aahe, jyamule nivadanuk matanchya mojanisathi vishisht prakriya sthapan jhalya aahet. 1876 chya vadgrast rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukila pratisad mhanoon haah kayada manjur karnyat aala, jyamadhye anek rajyanni matdaranche spardhatmak slate sadar kele. tyachya tartudinpaiki, kayadyane rajyanni tyanche matdar nivadatana, vivad sodavtana aanee tyanni tyanchi matdar matey kevha dyavi lagtil yasathichi mudat nishchit kelee.
1936 pasoon, congressne electoral collegechya baithakisathi nishchit keleli tarikh "tyanchya niyuktinantar decembermadhil ahavalachya budhvaranantarchya pahilya somwari asate".
kalam 2, kalam 1, kalam 2, serve nivadoon aalele aanee niyukt kelele sanghiy adhikari matdar honyasathi apatra tharavatat. federal rajistarchya karyalayavar electoral collegeche prashasana chalavanyacha bhaar asato.
matdananantar, pratyek rajya tyanchya matdar matanchi pramanit nond kongreskade pathavate, jyala mutt pramanpatra mhanatat. kayadyane dusari tarikh nirdisht kelee nahee tarr 6 janewari roji paddhatimule congresschya sanyukt adhiveshanat hii pramanpatre ughadali jaatat aanee vidyaman upadhyakshane "sinetche adhyaksh" mhanoon tyanchya kshamatenusar kaam karat mothyane vachale jaate. jarr konatyahi vyaktila matdar matanche purn bahumat midale tarr tyaa vyaktila vijeta ghoshit kele jaate. jarr barobari asel kinwa donhipaiki konatyahi eka kinwa donhi padansathi konatyahi umedwarala purn bahumat midale nahee, tarr nivad hii aakasmik nivadanuk mhanoon olakhalya manalya prakriyet kongreskade jaate.
aadhunik yantrashastra.
saransh.
jaree ekoon rashtriy lokpriy matanchi ganana rajya adhikari, madhyam sanstha aanee sanghiy nivadanuk aayogadvare kelee jaat asali, taree lock apratyakshapane adhyaksh aanee upadhyaksh nivadatat. amerikeche adhyaksh aanee upadhyaksh electoral kolejdware nivadle jaatat, jyat pannas rajyanmadhil 538 matdar asatat aanee washington, dii.see. pratyek rajyachya kayadyannusar matdaranchi nivad rajya-darr-rajya kelee jaate. 1824 chya nivadanukipasun, bahutansh rajyanni nivadanukanchya divashi rajyavyapi lokpriy matdanachya serve nikalanchya aadhare tyanche rashtrapatipadache matdar nivadle aahet. 1972 pasoon aanee 1996 pasoon nebraskamadhye, donhi congress jilha paddhat vaparat asalyane, mene aanee nebrasca heey apavad aahet. bahutek rajyanmadhye, lokpriy matpatrikevar rashtrapati aanee uparashtrapatipadachya umedvaranchi (jeey tikitavar dhavtat) nave soochibaddha kelee jaatat. vijayi tikitache pratinidhitva prashansa matdaranchi yadee tyaa done karyalayanna matdan karel. matdar pakshadvare namnirdeshit kele jaatat aanee sahasa, jyaa tikitala vachan dile jaate tyala teey matdan karatat. anek rajyanmadhye jyaa umedwarala matdar vachanbaddha aahe tyala matdan karnyasathi matdar aavashyak asato, parantu kahee 'avishvasu matdaranni' itar umedvaranna matdan kele aahe kinwa matdan karane talhale aahe.
adhyakshapad kinwa upadhyakshapad jinkanyasathi umedwarala nirvachak matanche (sadhya 270) purn bahumat milane aavashyak aahe. adhyaksh kinwa uparashtrapatipadasathichya nivadanukit konatyahi umedwarala bahumat naan midalyas, baravya durustidware sthapit aakasmik prakriyedvare nivadanuk nishchit kelee jaate. asha paristhitit, sabhagruh adhyaksh mhanoon pramukh teen rashtrapatipadachya nivadanuk mutt vijetyanpaiki eka nivadte, tarr synet upadhyaksh mhanoon pramukh done uparashtrapati nivadanuk mutt vijetyanpaiki eka nivadte.
matdar.
vibhagani.
rajyachya matdaranchi sankhya hii united states congressmadhye asalelya pratinidhinchi sankhya aanee cinetersasathi done matdaranchya barobarichi asate. pratyek rajyachya pratinidhinchi sankhya tyanchya sambandhit loksankhyechya aadhare vibhagali jaate, jee darr daha varshanni amerikechya jangananedware nirdharit kelee jaate.
tevisavya durustinusar, washington, dii.see., rajya asate tarr jitke matdar asat titke vatap kele jaate parantu sarvat qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyapeksha jaast matdar nasatat. kaaran sarvat qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyat (2020 chya jangananenusar, vyoming) teen matdar aahet, dii.see. teenpeksha jaast matdar asoo shakat naheet. jaree dii.see. jarr rajya asel tarr tethil loksankhya tyala keval teen matdarancha haqq deil. prati matdar mutt tyachya loksankhyechya aadhare, dii.see. vyoming aanee vermontnenter tyache matdar mandalache dardoi pratinidhitva tisare sarvadhik aahe.
sadhya, 538 matdar aahet, jyat 435 pratinidhi, pannas rajyanmadhil 100 senators aanee washingtonmadhil teen matdarancha samavesh aahe.see. california (54), texas (40), florida (30), newyork (28), eleanoy (19) aanee pensylvania (19) hii sarvadhik matdar asaleli sahaa rajye aahet. kolambiya jilha aanee alaska, delaware, uttar dakota, dakshin dakota, vermont aanee vyoming yaa sahaa sarvat qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyanmadhye pratyeki teen matdar aahet.
namankane.
manyataprapt rajkiy pakshanna sambhavya matdaranchi nivad karanyachi parvanagi denyachi pratha lavkar vikasit jhaali. samkalin vyavharat, pratyek rashtrapati-uparashtrapatipadachya tikitavar sambhavya matdaranchi eka sambandhit slate asate. tyanantar nivadanukichya divashi matdar tikit nivadatat aanee tyadvare sambandhit matdar nivadatat.
matdaransathi umedvaranchi namnirdeshan rashtriy staravar kendrit asalelya rajkiy pakshanchya rajya shakhandvare nivadanukichya aadalya mahinyant kelee jaate. itar rashtrapatipadachya umedvaranna jyapramane namankit kele jaate, tyach prakare kahee rajyanmadhye matdaranna prathamik nivadnukanmadhye matdaranni namankit kele jaate. oklahoma, virginia aanee uttar carolina yasarkhya kahee rajyanmadhye, paksh adhiveshananmadhye matdaranchi nemanook kelee jaate. pensylvaniamadhye, pratyek umedvarachi prachar samitee tyanchya sambandhit electoral college umedvaranchi nave jaheer karate (avishvasu matdaranna paravrutt karnyacha prayatna). rajyanusar badaltana, matdaranchi nivad rajya vidhimandalandware kinwa pakshandvare swatah kelee jaau shakate.
nivad prakriya.
 rajyaghatanechya pratyek rajya vidhimandalala rajyasathi matdar kase nivadayache heey tharvane aavashyak aahe, parantu united stateschya antargat vishvast kinwa nafyache padd dharan karnari konatihi vyakti matdar honyasathi tee apatra tharavate. chaudavya durustichya kalam 3 antargat, rajya kinwa sanghiy padd dharan karnyasathi united stateschya sanvidhanala pathimba denyachi shapath ghetalelya aanee nantar thet united stateschya virodhat bund karoon kinwa asey asey madat karoon, konatihi vyakti matdar mhanoon apatra tharavali jaate. tathapi, congress pratyek sabhagruhat done trutiyansh matanni hii apatrata kadhoon takoo shakate.
sadhya serve rajye lokpriy matanni rashtrapatipadachya matdaranchi nivad karatat. 2020 paryant, aath rajye matpatrikevar matdaranchi nave detat. bahutansh vela, "lahan matpatrika" vaparali jaate; lahan matpatrikemadhye sambhavya matdaranchi nave darshavinyaivaji adhyaksh aanee uparashtrapatipadasathichya umedvaranchi nave darshavili jaatat. kahee rajye lekhee umedvaransathi matdanala pathimba detat; jyanna lekhee umedvarachi purv-nondani karavi lagoo shakate, tyaveli matdaranchi padnamani kelee jaat asate. 1996 pasoon, done vagalata serve rajyanni matdaranche vatap karanyachi paddhat palali aahe, jyadvare rajyavyapi lokpriy matey matey tikitasathi slatever naav asalelya pratyek vyaktila rashtrapati matdar mhanoon naav dile jaate. hii paddhat naan vaparnari keval maine aanee nebrasca hii rajye aahet. tyaa rajyanmadhye, pratyek congress jilhyatil lokpriy matanchya vijetyala eka matdar deela jaato aanee rajyavyapi matanchya vijetyala nantar rajyatil urvarit done matdar dile jaatat. hii paddhat 1972 pasoon menmadhye aanee 1996 pasoon nebraskamadhye vaparali jaat aahe. sarvoch nyayalayane yapurvi rajyala congresschya jilhyanchya aadhare matdar nivadanyacha adhikar kayam thewala hota, asey mhanat qee mcfursion wii. madhye matdaranchi niyukti kashee kelee jaate heey tharvanyacha purn adhikar rajyanna aahe. kaala, ".
novembermadhil pahilya somvaranantarcha mangalvar haah federal nivadanuka ghenyacha divas mhanoon nishchit karnyat aala aahe, jyala nivadanukicha divas mhanatat. nivadanukinantar, pratyek rajya nishchitatechi saat pramanpatre tayar karate, pratyekamadhye adhyaksh aanee uparashtrapatipadasathiche umedvar, tyanche pratidnyat matdar aanee pratyek umedvarisathi midalelya ekoon matanchi yadee asate. eka pramanpatra, shakya titkya lavkar, nivadanukichya divasanantar washingtonmadhil rashtriy sangrahakartyakade pathavale jaate. rajya shikka aanee rajyapalanchi (kinwa dii. chey mahapour) swakshari asane heey nishchit karnyachya pramanpatransathi anivarya aahe.see.).
baithka.
nivadanuk mandal kadhihi eka sanstha mhanoon bhetat nahee. matdar tyanchya sambandhit rajyanchya rajdhanyanmadhye tyach divashi (kolambiyatil matdar jilhyachya matdaranchi jilhyatach baithak hote) bhetatat (congressne decembermadhil ahavalachya budhvaranantar somwar mhanoon tharavalela) jyaa divashi teey rashtrapati aanee uparashtrapatisathi swatantra matpatrikevar tyanchi nivadanuk matdan karatat.
pratyek rajyatil karyapaddhati thodi vegali asali taree, matdar samanyatah samaan samaan anusaran karatat, baithakichi suruvat nivadanuk pramanpatra adhikari karatat-bahutekda tyaa rajyache rajya sachiv kinwa samkaksh-jeey nirdharan pramanpatra vachatat. matdar matdanasathi konachi nivad karnyat aalee heey yaa dastaivajat namood kele aahe. matdaranchi upasthiti ghetali jaate aanee konatihi rikt padey lekhee nondavali jaatat. pudhil payari mhanje baithakicha adhyaksh kinwa adhyaksh nivadane, kadhikadhi upadhyakshadekhil nivadane. baithakiche tapasheel ghenyasathi matdar kadhikadhi sachiv nivadatat, anekada matdar navhe. anek rajyanmadhye, rajkiy adhikari yaa tappyavar karyavahit chhoti bhashane detat.
jevha matdanachi vel yete, tevha matdar vakte mhanoon kaam karnyasathi eka kinwa done lokanchi nivad karatat. kahee rajye matdar matey (matdaranchya rajkiy pakshachya adhyakshapadacha umedvar) prapt karnyasathi umedvarachya namnirdeshanasathi tartud karatat. pratyek matdar rashtrapatipadachya umedvarachya navasah lekhee matpatrika sadar karato. matdanache swaroop rajyannusar badalateh udaharanarth, nyu jarsimadhye, matdar purv-mudrit cardver umedvarache naav tapasoon matdanacha haqq bajavtat; uttar carolinamadhye, matdar rikt cardaver umedvarache naav lihitat. vakte matpatrika mojatat aanee nikal jaheer karatat. pudhil payari mhanje uparashtrapatisathi matdan karane, jeey ashach paddhatiche anusaran karate.
nivadanuk ganana kayadyantargat (adyayavat aanee sanhitabaddha), pratyek rajyachya matdaranni matdanachi sahaa pramanpatre purn karane aavashyak aahe. matdanachya pratyek pramanpatravar (kinwa "mutt pramanpatra") serve matdaranni swakshari karane aavashyak aahe aanee pratyek matdanachya pramanpatrala khatriche pramanpatra sanlagn karane aavashyak aahe. matdanachya pratyek pramanpatrat rashtrapati kinwa uparashtrapatipadasathi nivadanuk mutt mateinchee nave asane aavashyak aahe. matdar matdanachya pramanpatranna pramanit karatat aanee pramanpatranchya pratee nantar khaleel paddhatine pathavalya jaatatah
sinetchya adhyakshancha karmchari sadasya matdanachi pramanpatre gola karato aanee teey congresschya sanyukt adhiveshanasathi tayar karato. pramanpatranchi mandani-naan ughadaleli-varnanukramanusar kelee jaate aanee done vishesh mahogani chaukatit thewali jaate. misaurimadhun (kolambiya jilhyasah) alabama eka peteet aanee vyomingdware montana ahavalachya peteet thewale jaatat. 1950 purvi, rajya sachiv karyalayane pramanpatranchi dekhrekh kelee hotee, parantu tevhapasoon sangrahakartyachya karyalayatil federal rajistarche karyalay sangrah aanee congresshee julanyasathi pathavalelya kagadpatranche aanee serve aupcharikteche palan kele gele aahe yachee khatri karnyasathi tyancha aadhava ghete, kahivela rajyanna kagadpatra durust karane aavashyak asate.
avishvasu matdar.
matdar pratyek karyalayasathi matdan karato, parantu yapaiki kiman eka mutt (adhyaksh kinwa upadhyaksh) tyaa matdarasah tyach rajyacha rahivasi nasalelya vyaktila dile jaane aavashyak aahe. avishvasu matdar' mhanje joou tyaa pakshachya umedwarala nivadanuk mutt dett nahee, jyasathi tyaa matdarane matdan karnyache vachan dile aahe. vishvas nasalele matdar tulanene durmil asatat kaaran matdar samanyatah paksh aanee pakshachya umedvarasathi aadhich vaiyaktikaritya vachanbaddha asalelyanpaiki nivadle jaatat. tehatis rajye aanee kolambiya jeelhyat vishvas nasalelya matdaranviruddha kayade aahet, jeey 2016 chya nivadanukinantar pahilyanda lagoo karnyat aale hote, jithe daha matdaranni tyanchya pratidnyanchya viruddha matdan kele kinwa matdan karnyacha prayatna keela.
avishvasu matdaranni yuu chaa nikal kadhihi badalala nahee.ess. rashtrapatipadachi nivadanuk. 2016 chya nivadanukiparyant ekoon 23,529 matdaranni nirvachak mandalat bhag ghetala aahe; keval 165 matdaranni tyanchya pakshachya umedvarashivay itar konala taree mutt dile aahe. tyaa gatatil 71 sadasyanni asey kele kaaran 1872 madhye rashtrapatipadache umedvar horace greely yanche nidhan jhaale tevha 63 democratic pakshache matdar maran pavale hote; aanee 1912 madhye aath republican pakshache matdar, jevha uparashtrapatipadache umedvar james ess. sherman maran pavala.
avishvasu matdaranni konatyahi rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukicha nikal kadhihi badalala nasla taree, asey done prasang aahet jevha uparashtrapatipadachya nivadanukivar avishvasu matdarancha prabhav padala aaheh
kahee ghatanatmak vidvananni assa yuktivad keela qee kalam 2 aanee baravya durustichya aadhare aavhan dile tarr rajya nirbandh radd kele jaatil. tathapi, united stateschya sarvoch nyayalayane satatyane nirnay deela aahe qee rajya nirbandhanna rajyaghatanenusar parvanagi aahe. reey vhee. madhye. , nyayalayane rajya kayadyanchya bajoone nikal deela, jyat matdaranni vijayi umedwarala matdan karanyachi pratidnya karane aavashyak aahe, tasech pratidnya karnyas nakar nakar matdaranna kadhoon takane aavashyak aahe. nirnayat namood kelyapramane, matdar heey rajyache padadhikari mhanoon kaam karat aahet, kendra sarkarche nahee. chiafalo wii. madhye. washington, "591 yuu.ess. _ _ (2020), aanee sambandhit prakaranat, nyayalayane asey mhatale qee matdaranni tyanchya rajyachya kayadyannusar matdan kele pahije. vishvas nasalelya matdaranna tyanchya rajkiy pakshakadunahi tikecha samna karava lagoo shakato, kaaran tyanchi nivad sahasa tyanchya pakshachya vishvasoopane kelee jaate.
congressche sanyukt adhiveshan.
baravya durustinusar, matdar matey mojanyasathi aanee nivadanukitil vijetyanchi ghoshana karnyasathi congress sanyukt adhiveshanat ekatra yene anivarya aahe. rashtrapatipadachya matdaranchya baithakinantar lagechach calendar varshat 6 jaanevarila adhiveshan hone samanyatah aavashyak asate. visavya durustipasoon, navyane nivadoon aalelya sanyukt congressne nivadanukicha vijeta ghoshit keela; 1936 purvichya serve nivadanuka nivartaman sabhagruhadvare tharvalya jaat hotya.
federal rajistarchya karyalayavar electoral collegeche prashasana chalavanyacha bhaar asato. hii baithak dupari 1 vajata hote.emm. yuu chya kakshat.ess. pratinidhinche sabhagruh. vidyaman uparashtrapati adhyakshapad bhushavatil ashee apeksha aahe, parantu anek prakarananmadhye sinetchya "hangami adhyaksh" yanni karyavahiche adhyakshapad bhushavale aahe. upadhyaksh aanee sabhagruhache adhyaksh manchavar basatat, tarr upadhyaksh sabhagruhachya adhyakshanchya ujavikade basatat. sinetchi prushthe pratyek rajyache pramanit mutt asalele done mahogani boxes aanatat aanee teey senators aanee pratinidhinsamor tablower thevatat. pratyek sabhagruh mutt mojanyasathi done vaktyanchi niyukti karate (samanyatah pratyek rajkiy pakshacha eka sadasya). matdanachya pramanpatrache sambandhit bhag pratyek rajyasathi varnanukramanusar vachale jaatat.
jarr aakshep lekhee swarupat sadar keela gela asel aanee congresschya pratyek sabhagruhachya kiman eka sadasyachi swakshari asel tarr congress sadasya konatyahi rajyachya matgananevar aakshep gheu shakatat. kiman eka senator aanee eka pratinidhine pathimba dilelya aakshepanantar sanyukt adhiveshan nilambit kele jaeel aanee congresschya pratyek sabhagruhat swatantra vadavivad aanee matey dilee jaatil; donhi sabhagruhanni aakshepavar vichar kelyanantar, sanyukt adhiveshan punha suru kele jaate.
jarr congresschya donhi sabhagruhanni sadhya bahumatadvare aakshep swikaranyasathi matdan kele tarach rajyache mutt pramanpatra nakarle jaau shakate, mhanje sambandhit rajyatil matey mojali jaat naheet. vaiyaktik matehi nakarli jaau shakatat aanee mojalihi jaat naheet.
jarr konatehi aakshep nastil kinwa serve aakshep radd kele gele asateel, tarr pithasin adhikari keval matdanachya pramanpatrat ghoshit kelyapramane, rajyachya matancha adhikrut aakadevarit samavesh karato.
serve rajyanmadhil pramanpatre vachalyanantar aanee sambandhit matey mojalyanantar, pithasin adhikari keval matdanachi antim sthitee jaheer karato. hii ghoshana sanyukt satracha samarop karate aanee nivadoon aalelya adhyaksh aanee nivadoon aalelya uparashtrapatinchya manyatela aupcharik manyata dete. tyanantar synet sadasya sabhagruhatun nighun jaatat. antim aakadevari synet aanee haus journalsmadhye chhapali jaate.
aitihasik aakshep aanee nakar.
jaree kahee vela asey ghadale asale taree, matdar matanchya gananevar kvachitach aakshep ghetale jaatat.
aakasmikta.
sabhagruhanusar aakasmik rashtrapatipadachi nivadanuk.
jarr adhyakshapadasathi konatyahi umedwarala matdar matanpaiki purn bahumat midale nahee (1964 pasoon, 538 matdar matanpaiki 270), tarr baravya durustinusar, rashtrapati nivadanyasathi pratinidhi sabhagruhane tabadtob adhiveshan bharave lagate. yaa prasangi, rashtrapatipadasathi sarvadhik matdar matey matey teen umedvaranpaiki nivadanyapurate pratinidhi sabhagruh maryadit aahe. pratyek rajya pratinidhimandal 'gatbaddh' mutt dete-pratyek pratinidhimandalala ekach mutt asate; kolambiya jilhyala matdan karanyachi mubha nasate. umedwarala rajya pratinidhimandalachya matanpaiki purn bahumat milane aavashyak aahe (i.eae.1959 pasoon (jeey shevatchya velee naveen rajyala sangharajyat pravesh denyat aala hota), kiman 26 matey) tyaa umedwarala 'adhyaksh-nivadoon' honyasathi. yavyatirikt, matdanasathi serve rajyanmadhil kiman done trutiyansh pratinidhinni upasthit rahane aavashyak aahe. adhyaksh nivadalyashivay sabhagruh matdan karat rahate.
pratinidhi sabhagruhala keval donada adhyaksh nivadane aavashyak aaheh 1801 madhye kalam 2, kalam 1, kalam 3; aanee 1825 madhye baravya durustinusar.
sinetdware aakasmik uparashtrapatipadachi nivadanuk.
jarr uparashtrapatipadasathi konatyahi umedwarala sampoorn matdar matey midali naheet, tarr uparashtrapati nivadanyasathi sinetane satrat jaane aavashyak aahe. synet heey upadhyakshapadasathi sarvadhik matdar matey matey done umedvaranpaiki nivadanyapurate maryadit aahe. sadharanpane yacha arth done umedvar, mhanje sabhagruhat upalabdh asalelya umedvaranchya sankhyepeksha eka qamee. tathapi, haah majkoor asha prakare lihila gela aahe qee sarvadhik aanee ahavalachya kramankachi matdar matey asalele "serve" umedvar synet nivadanukisathi patra aahet-hii sankhya saiddhantikdrushtya donpeksha jaast asoo shakate. yaa prakaranat synet samanya paddhatine matdan karate (i.eae.matpatrika pratyek senatordware vaiyaktikaritya takalya jaatat, rajya pratinidhidaladvare nahee). matra, matdanasathi done trutiyansh synet sadasya upasthit asane aavashyak aahe.
yavyatirikt, baravya durustimadhye asey mhatale aahe qee nivadanukisathi sinetchya "sampoorn sankhyechya bahumat" chee (sadhya 100 paiki 51) aavashyakta aahe. pudhe, sinetchya matanchya purn bahumatachi aavashyakta asalelya bhashemule vidyaman upadhyakshanna houu shakanari konatihi bandh tutanyapasun rokhale jaate, jaree kahee shikshantadnya aanee patrakaranni yachya ulat andaj lavala aahe.
1837 madhye sinetane uparashtrapati nivadanyachi ekmev vel hotee. tyaa velee sinetane varnanukramik roll coll swikarla aanee mothyane matdan kele. niyamanmadhye pudhe mhatale aahe qee, "[i] jarr synet sadasyanchya sankhyechya bahumatane richard emm. johnson kinwa francis granger, tyala amerikechya sanvidhanikaritya nivadoon aalelya upadhyakshanchya adhyakshiy adhyakshiy ghoshit kele jaeel "; sinetane johnsonchi nivad kelee.
nivadanukicha pech pralambit.
visavya durustichya kalam 3 madhye asey namood kele aahe qee jarr pratinidhinchya sabhagruhane udghatanasathi (20 janewari roji dupari) velevar 'nivadoon aalela adhyaksh' nivadala nasel, tarr sabhagruh adhyaksh nivadat nahee toparyant 'nivadoon aalela upadhyaksh' karyakari adhyaksh banato. kalam 3 asehi nirdisht karate qee udghatanala velevar nivadoon aalela adhyaksh kinwa upadhyaksh nivadoon aalela nasel tarr kona karyakari adhyaksh asel yachee tartud congress vaidhanikpane karoo shakate. 1947 chya rashtrapati uttaradhikar kayadyanusar, sabhagruh adhyaksh nivadat nahee kinwa synet upadhyaksh nivadat nahee toparyant sabhagruhache adhyaksh karyakari adhyaksh hotil. yapaiki ekahi paristhiti kadhihi udbhavali nahee.
kalanukramik sarani.
strotah rashtrapatipadachya nivadanuka 1789-2000 pephos yethe (addam karche nivadanuk sangrah)
teepah 1788,1792,1796 aanee 1800 madhye pratyek matdarane adhyakshapadasathi done matey dilee.
matdar nivadanyachya paryayi paddhati.
paddhati shatkachya suruvatila (nivad prakriyet varnan kelyapramane) 'alpakalin matpatrike' chya aagmanapurvi rashtrapatipadachya matdaranchi nivad karnyache sarvat samanya sadhan 'samanya tikit' hote. samanya tikit sadhyachya pranalisarkhech aahe aanee anekada tyachyashi gondhalalele asate. sarvasadharan tikitamadhye, matdaranni rashtrapatipadachya matdarasathi matdarasathi vyaktinsathi matdanacha haqq bajavala (tarr chhotya matpatriket matdaranni matdaranchya sampoorn slatesathi matdanacha haqq bajavala). sarvasadharan tikitamadhye, rajya pracharpatra matdaransathi pratyek umedvarasathi dilelya matanchi sankhya nondwell, newyorksarkhya rajyanmadhye anek padey bharnyasathi eka klisht prakriya aahe. sarvasadharan tikit aanee alpakalin matpatrika yaa donhi goshti bahudha serve matdanat mothya pramanat kinwa vijetyachya matey mhanoon manalya jaatat. chhotya matdanacha vividh rajyanni vegvegalya velee sweekar keela; 1932 madhye uttar carolina aanee ohiyone too vaparasathi swikarla. alabama ajunahi 1960 chya uttaradhat samanya tikit vaparat hota aanee chhotya matpatrikevar switch prashansa shevatchya rajyanpaiki eka hote.
rajya sanvidhan vidhimandalachya matdar nivadanyachya paddhatichya nivadivar kitee maryada aanoo shakatat yaa prashnavar done yuu madhye charcha karnyat aalee aahe.ess. sarvoch nyayalayatil prakarane. mcfursion wii. ," nyayalayane kalam 2, kalam 1, kalam 2 chaa hawala deela, jyamadhye asey mhatale aahe qee rajyachya matdaranchi nivad "vidhimandal jyaa prakare nirdeshit karel asha prakare kelee jaate" aanee heey shabd "kayadevishayak adhikarala vedhanyachya konatyahi prayatnachya sandarbhat rajyavar maryada mhanoon karya qaraa [eae]" asey lihile. busch vhee. madhye. paam beach county canvassing board, florida sarvoch nyayalayacha nirnay 'mcfursion' varr aadharit rikama (ulat nahee) karnyat aala. dusarikade, busch wii. madheel teen asahmat nyayadhish. gore yanni lihileh "sanghiy sanvidhanachya kalam 2 madheel kahihi rajya vidhimandalala rajya sanvidhanatil nirbandhanpasun mukt karate jyane teey tayar kele."2019 madhye collin velke, dylan shearer aanee reelee waggy yanni nivadanuk vatpachya paryayi paddhatinvar vyapak sanshodhan kele aahe.
rajya vidhimandaladvare niyukti.
suruvatichya rashtrapatipadachya nivadnukanmadhye, matdar nivadanyachi rajya vidhimandalachi nivad hii sarvat samanya paddhat hotee. 1792 (15 paiki 9) aanee 1800 (16 paiki 10) yaa donhimadhye bahutansh rajya vidhimandalanni rashtrapatipadache matdar nivadle aanee tyapaiki nimmya 1812 madhye nivadalya. 1824 chya nivadanukitahi, rajya vidhimandalanchya eka chaturthansh (24 paiki 6) matdaranni nivad kelee. (tyaa nivadanukit, lokpriy matey aanee tyanche pratinidhitva prashansa matdar matanchi sankhya asoonahi andreau jackson parabhoot jhaale kaaran sahaa rajya vidhimandalanni matdaranchi nivad kelee jyamule tyancha matdarancha pathimba ulatala.) kahee rajya vidhimandalanni keval matdar nivadle, tarr itar rajyanni sankarit paddhat vaparali jyamadhye rajya vidhimandalanni lokpriy matanni nivadoon aalelya matdaranchya gatatoon nivad kelee. 1828 paryant, jaxonian lokshahichya udayasah, keval delaware aanee dakshin carolina yanni vidhimandalachya nivadicha vapar keela. delaverne pudhil nivadanukit (1832) aapali pratha sampushtat aanali, tarr dakshin carolina december 1860 madhye sangharajyapasun vegale hoiparyant hii paddhat vaparane suru thewale. dakshin carolina 1868 chya nivadanukit prathamach lokpriy matancha vapar keela.
dakshin carolina vagalata, 1832 nantar keval chaar paristhitinmadhye vidhimandal niyukticha vapar karnyat aalah
2000 chya nivadanukit vidhimandalachya niyuktichi shakyata mhanoon olakh patavali gelee. jarr punha matdan chaloo rahile, tarr matdar nivadanyasathichi federal surakshit-aashray mudat chuku naye mhanoon florida vidhimandal matdaranchi prajasattak slate niyukt karnyasathi tayar hote.
rajyaghatanene pratyek rajya vidhimandalala aaplya rajyatil matdaranchi nivad kashee kelee jaate heey tharvanyacha adhikar deela aahe aanee matdar tharvanyasathi nivadanuka ghenyasathi vidhimandal rachana tayar karnyapeksha rajya vidhimandalala keval matdaranchi yadee niyukt karane sope aanee swast asoo shakate. varr namood kelyapramane, yadavi yuddhanantar jyaa done paristhitinmadhye vidhimandalachya nivadicha vapar keela gela aahe, tyaa donhi paristhiti nivadanukanchya tayarisathi puresa vel kinwa paisa naslyamule aahet. tathapi, rajya vidhimandalachya niyuktiche nakaratmak parinam houu shakatatah matdaranpeksha dvisadaniy vidhimandalanmadhye adhik sahajpane gatirodh nirman houu shakato. 1789 madhye jevha vidhimandal konatyahi matdaranchi niyukti karnyat ayashasvi tharale tevha newyorkmadhye nemke hetch ghadale.
nivadanuk jilhe.
yuu madhye suruvatila vaparali jaanari dusari paddhat.ess. rajyachi nivadanuk jilhyanmadhye vibhagani karnyacha itihas hota. yaa paddhatidvare, pratyek jilhyatil matdar tyanni pathimba dilelya matdaransathi matdanacha haqq bajavatil aanee pratyek jilhyatil vijeta matdar hoil. sadhya jyaa prakare rajyanna congress jilhyanmadhye vibhagale jaate tyachprakare heey hote. tathapi, pratyek rajyat nehmich congress jilhyanpeksha done adhik nivadanuk jilhe asatat yaa vastusthitimule haah farak udbhavato. congress jilhyanpramanech, hii paddhat jerimandaringsathi asurakshit aahe.
congresschi jilha paddhat.
congressional jilha paddhatichya done aavrutya aaheth eka maine aanee nebrasca yethe lagoo karnyat aalee aahe; dusari 1828 madhye newyorkmadhye vaparali gelee aanee vharjiniyamadhye vaparnyasathi prastavit kelee gelee. amalbajavani kelelya paddhatinusar, pratyek congress jilhyatil (yuu. ess. sathee) lokpriy matanchya bahumatinusar eka nivadanuk mutt jaate.ess. pratinidhi sabhagruh); aanee rajyavyapi lokpriy matanusar done. yamule adhik pramanbaddhata yeu shakate. 1992 madhye george etch. yanchya kalat, tyane anekada itar rajyanpramane kaam kele aahe. doubleu. busch yanni nebraskachya serve pachahi matdar matey 47 takke matanvar spasht bahumatisah jinkley; nivadanukit arthane pramanbaddh pranalimadhye, tyanna teen matey midali asatee aanee biil clinton aanee ross perot yanna pratyeki eka midali asatee.
2013 madhye virginia prastav mandanyat aala. itar congress jilha paddhatinpramanech, yamule virginiachya 11 congress jilhyanpaiki pratyekamadhye lokpriy mutt vijetyachya aadhare nivadanuk matey vitarit kelee gelee asatee; done rajyavyapi nivadanuk matey konatya umedvarane sarvadhik congress jilhe jinkale yachya aadhare dilee jaatil. ashich paddhat 1828 madhye newyorkmadhye vaparali geleeh mothya matdaranmadhye doghanchi nivad jilhyanmadhye nivadalelya matdarandware kelee gelee.
pahilya-mageel-padala bhang karnyachya mukhya done pakshanchya virodhamule, virodhamule paddhatichya itar paryayanpeksha congresschi jilha paddhat udbhavanyachi shakyata jaast aahe. hii paddhat vaparnyasathi rajya kayade purese aahet. yaa paddhatiche samarthak manatat qee hii pranali matdaranchya jaast sankhyela protsahan dete kinwa umedvaranna eka pakshasathi surakshit manalya manalya kahee rajyanna bhet denyasathi aanee aavahan karnyasathi protsahit karate. serve vijetya vyavasthekadun hajaro matankade durlaksh hote; californiamadhye lokshahit prajasattak jilhe aahet, texasmadhye lokshahit jilhe aahet. umedvaranna spardhatmak jilhyanmadhye prachar karnyasathi protsahan asalyane, jilha yojnesah, umedvaranna sumare saat "swing" rajyanchya tulanet teesahoon adhik rajyanmadhye sakriyapane prachar karnyasathi protsahan milate. tathapi, yaa vyavasthechya virodhakancha assa yuktivad aahe qee umedvar sampoorn rajyaivaji keval kahee yuddhbhumichya jilhyanmadhyech vel ghalavu shakatat aanee rajkiy paksh shakya titke surakshit jilhe kadhanyacha prayatna karat asalyane gairvyavaharanchi prakarane vadhu shakatat.
congresschya sadhya jilhyanchya tulananchya ulat, 2008 chya nivadanukit jilha yojanechya lokpriy mutt bonasamule obamanna 56 takke matdar sangh midala asata, tarr tyanni jinkalelya 68 takke matdaranna; tyane "jinkalelya lokpriy matanchya takkevaricha adhik jawalun andaj lavala asata [53 takke]". tathapi, jilha yojanene obamanna 2012 madhye 49 takke matdar sangh deela asata aanee jaree obamanni romnivar sumare 4 takke (51.1-47.2) lokpriy matey midavali asali taree romanila electoral collegemadhye vijay midvoon deela asata.
amalbajavani.
44 bahu-jilha rajyanpaiki, jyanche 517 matdar mutt yaa paddhatila anukool aahet, keval maine (4 eae. vhee.) aanee nebrasca (5 eae. vhee.) teey lagoo karatat. 1972 chya nivadanukit mainene congresschi jilha paddhat vaparnyas suruvat kelee. 1992 chya nivadanukipasun nebrascane congresschi jilha paddhat vaparali aahe. mishiganane 1892 chya adhyakshiy nivadanukisathi hii pranali vaparali aanee itar anek rajyanni 1840 purvi jilha yojaneche vividh prakar vaparleh virginia, delaware, maryland, kentki, north carolina, massatusates, eleanois, maine, misauri aanee newyork.
congresschi jilha paddhat rajyala anek umedvaranmadhye aapali nivadanuk matey vibhajit karanyachi sandhee dete. 2008 purvi, meine kinwa nebrasca doghannihi tyanchya matdar matanchi kadhihi vibhagani keleli navhati. 2008 madhye nebrascane prathamach aaplya matdar matanche vibhajan kele, jyamule johnn mccain yanna rajyavyapi matdar aanee done congress jilhyanche matdar midale, tarr barak obamane nebraskachya ahavalachya congress jilhyache nivadanuk mutt jinkale. 2008 chya falaninantar, kahee nebrasca prajasattakanni congresschi jilha paddhat sodoon vijetya-serve ghenyachya pranalikade paratanyache prayatna kele. janewari 2010 madhye, nebrasca vidhimandalat sarvana jinkanyachya pranalikade parat jaanyasathi eka vidheyak sadar karnyat aale; march 2011 madhye heey vidheyak samiteet maran pavale. prajasattakanni 1995 aanee 1997 madhye tase karnyasathi vidheyke manjur kelee hotee, jyanna lokshahi governor baine nelson yanni nakaradhikar deela hota.
itar rajyanmadhye alikadech sodoon dilele dattak.
2010 madhye, pensylvaniatil prajasattak, jyanni vidhimandalachya donhi sabhagruhanvar tasech governorshipwar niyantran thewale, tyanni rajyachya winner-take-aul pranalila congressional jilha paddhat pranalimadhye badalanyachi yojana mandali. pensylvania yanni mageel paach adhyakshiy nivadnukanmadhye lokshahi umedwarala matdan kele hote, tyamule lokshahichi nivadanuk matey hiravoon ghenyacha haah prayatna asalyache disun aale. democratic barak obama yanni 2008 madhye 55 takke matansah pensylvania jinkale. jilha yojanene tyanna tyanchya 21 paiki 11 matdar matey dilee asatee, jee 52.4% hotee jee lokpriy mutt takkevarichya khoop jawal hotee. yaa yojanela nantar pathimba midala nahee. mishigan rajyache pratinidhi piit lund, aar. aine. see. chey adhyaksh reins prebus aanee wisconsinche governor scott walker yanchyasah itar prajasattakanni ashach kalpana mandalya aahet.
pramanbaddh matey.
pramanbaddh pranalimadhye, matdaranchi nivad rajyavyapi bahusankhyak matadvare nivadanyaivaji tyanchya umedvarasathi kinwa pakshasathi dilelya matannusar kelee jaeel.
samkalin samasya.
samasya shatkatil matdan aakadevarivarun asey disun yete qee bahusankhya american satatyane rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukisathi thet lokpriy matdanache samarthan karatat. electoral collegechi lokpriyata 35 teey 44 takkyanchya darmyan rahili aahe.
sadhyachya nivadanuk vyavastheche samarthak aanee virodhak yanchyatil vadanmadhye chaar vegvegale parantu sambandhit vishay samavisht aaheth apratyaksh nivadanuk, kahee rajyandvare asman matdanacha adhikar, serve vitaran paddhati (50 paiki 48 rajyanni aanee kolambiya jilhyane nivadaleli) aanee sangharajyavad. sarvasadharan charchet electoral collegechya virodhat yuktivad pramukhyane rajyanmadhye matdanachya adhikarachya vatpababat kendrit asatat. electoral college radd karnyasathi prastavit ghatanatmak sudharananvaril congresschya vadavivadanche garry bugh yanchya sanshodhanatun asey disun yete qee sudharana virodhakanni anekada pratinidhitvachya paramparik prajasattak aavruttila aavahan kele aahe, tarr sudharana vakilanni adhik lokshahi drushtikonacha sandarbh denyacha cull darshavila aahe.
teeka.
lokpriy matanchi anishchitata.
1876, 1888, 2000 aanee 2016 chya nivadnukanmadhye eka electoral college vijeta tayar jhaala jyala kiman rashtravyapi lokpriy matanchi bahusankhyata midali nahee. 1824 madhye, ashee sahaa rajye hotee jyat matdaranchi nivad lokpriyaritya karnyaivaji kayadeshiraritya kelee jaat asey, tyamule serve rashtrapatipadache matdar lokpriyapane nivadoon aale asate tarr rashtriy lokpriy matey kaay asatee heey anishchit aahe. 1824 madhye jevha konatyahi rashtrapatipadachya umedwarala matdar matey bahumat midale nahee, tevha nivadanuk pratinidhi sabhagruhane tharavali hotee aanee tyamule serve rajyanmadhye matdaranchi lokpriy nivad asalelya nantarchya chaar nivadanukanpeksha vegali manali jaau shakate. 1960 chya nivadanukit nivadanukit rashtriy lokpriy matanchi dekhil anishchitata hotee aanee vijetyachi bahulata hii alabama matdaransathi matey kashee dilee jaatat yavar avalambun asate.
nivadanuk mandalachya virodhakancha dawa aahe qee asha parinamanmadhye lokshahi pranaline kase kaam kele pahije yaa manak sankalpaneche tarkikpane palan hott nahee. eka mutt asey aahe qee nivadanuk mandal rajkiy samanatechya tattvache ullanghan karate, kaaran rashtrapatipadachya nivadanuka eka vyakti eka mutt tattvadvare tharvalya jaat naheet. yaa prakarchya parinamanche shrey vyavasthechya sanghiy swarupala jaate. nivadanuk mahavidhyalayachya samarthakancha assa yuktivad aahe qee umedvaranni eka lokpriy aadhar tayar keela pahije joou bhaugolikdrushtya vyapak aanee matdaranchya hitsambandhanmadhye eka tarr sadhya rashtriy bahusankhya kinwa bahumatapeksha adhik vaividhyapurn aahe. pratyek rajyachya matdaranchya yadiche vatap karnyachya vijetya-sarvanchya paddhatimule paddhatimule adhyakshanchya madhyavarti nivadanuka heey dekhil yaa vaishishtyache kaaran nahee. rajyachya lokpriy matanchya pramanat matdaranche vatap kelyane haah parinam qamee houu shakato.
rashtriy lokpriy matanche samarthak asey darshavtat qee 50 sarvat mothya shaharanchi (mahanagar kshetrancha samavesh naan karata) ektrit loksankhya loksankhyechya keval 15 takke aahe. teey asehi thampane sangatat qee lokpriy nivadnukanmadhye umedvar rajyapal aanee yuu.ess. synet aanee rajyavyapi matdar matanchya vatpasathi, qamee loksankhya asalelya bhagatil matdarankade durlaksh karoo nakaa. yavyatirikt, keval 12 sarvadhik loksankhya asaleli rajye jinkun aavashyak 270 matdar matey jinkane aadhich shakya aahe; sadhya asha nikalala jeey pratibandhit karate teey mhanje tyaa rajyanmadhil (teen vishvasarh prajasattak rajye, chaar swing rajye aanee paach vishvasarh lokshahi rajye) sendriya rajkiy vividhata, swatah nivadanuk mahavidhyalayacha konatahi antarnihit guna nahee.
jyaa nivadnukanmadhye vijayi umedvar rashtriy lokpriy matey gamavato, tyaa nivadanukancha parinam samanyatah tevha hoto jevha vijeta rajyanchi aavashyak rachana qamee farkane karato (aanee asha prakare tyanchi matdar matey midvato), parantu haralelya umedwarala urvarit rajyanmadhye mothya matdaranche antar milate. yaa prakaranat, itar rajyanmadhye parabhoot jhalelya umedvarane midavalele khoop mothe antar rashtriy staravar takalelya matpatranchya bahusankhyatemadhye ektrit hoil. tathapi, tikakaranni asey nidarshanas aanoon dile aahe qee electoral college pranali antargat palale jaanare rashtriy lokpriy mutt heey rashtriy lokpriy matdan pranali antargat palale jaanare lokpriy mutt pratibimbit karoo shakat nahee, kaaran pratyek nivadanuk sanstha rashtrapatipadachya mohimansathi vegvegale protsahan aanee ranniti nivadi tayar karate. electoral college pranali antargat rashtriy lokpriy matey aprasangik asalyane, samanyatah asey manale jaate qee umedvar tyanchya prachar dhoranancha aadhar electoral collegechya astitvabhovati karatat; konatyahi jawalchya sharyatit umedvaranni nirnayakpane aavashyak asalelya swing rajyanmadhye tyanchya gett-out-daad-woat prayatnanvar laksh kendrit karoon aanee tyanchyasathi kinwa tyanchya virodhkansathi "surakshit" manalya manalya rajyanmadhil antar vadhavanyasathi maryadit prachar sansadhanancha vapar karoon kinwa antar qamee karnyasathi rashtriy lokpriy matanchi ekoon sankhya vadhavanyacha prayatna naan karata, electoral collegechya astitvabhovati umedvaranchi prachar dhorane asatat. yaulat, rashtriy lokpriy matdan pranalichi sansthatmak rachana umedvaranna jithe jithe matey miloo shaktil tithe matdaranchya matdanacha pathpurava karnyas protsahit karel, agadi surakshit rajyanmadhye dekhil teey aadhich jinkanyachi apeksha aahe aanee surakshit rajyanmadhye tyanna jinkanyachi aasha nahee.
2020 chya nivadanukiche nikal swing rajyanmadhye ulatavanyacha donald trump yancha prayatna haah electoral college kadhoon taknyasathi tikakarancha yuktivad aahe. arizona, georgia, mishigan, pensylvania kinwa wisconsinmadhil done kinwa teen rajyanchya nivadanukanche nikal ulatavane purese tharale asate. yaa tulanet, lokpriy matey ulatavane heey eka khoop mothe kaam asate, jyasathi tyanna tyanchya 7,052,770 matanchi toot door karavi lagat asey.
mothya swing rajyanvar vishesh laksh kendrit karane.
tikakarancha assa yuktivad aahe qee electoral college rashtriy thet lokpriy matanpeksha qamee lokshahi aahe aanee vishvas nasalelya matdaranmule tyat gairprakar keela jaato; hii vyavastha lokshahichya virodhat aahe jee 'eka vyakti, eka mutt' yaa mankansathi prayatna karate; aanee asha nivadanuka houu shakatat jithe eka umedvar rashtriy lokpriy mutt jinkato parantu dusra nivadanuk mutt jinkato, 2000 aanee 2016 chya nivadanukanpramane. matdar mandalachya 5 takke loksankhya asalelya qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyanmadhil vaiyaktik nagarikankade adhik loksankhya asalelya rajyanpeksha pramananusar adhik matdan shakti aahe aanee umedvar tyanchi sansadhane keval kahee 'swing states' varr kendrit karoon jinku shakatat.
yaa tikanusar, nivadanuk mandal rajkiy pracharkanna urvarit deshakade durlaksh karat kahee tathakathit swing rajyanvar laksh kendrit karnyas protsahit karate. jyaa loksankhyechya rajyanmadhye nivadanukipurviche nikal spasht pasantiche disat naheet, tyaa rajyanmadhye pracharachya bhetee, durchitravanivaril paripoorn jahirati, pakshachya aayojakanche matdanatoon baher padanyache prayatna aanee vadavivadancha puur aala aahe, tarr eka mulyankananusar, rashtriy nivadanukitil pachpaiki chaar matdarankade "purnapane durlaksh kele jaate". bahutek rajye vijetyachya serve matanchi vyavastha vapartat, jyamadhye tyaa rajyatil sarvadhik matey asalelya umedwarala rajyachi serve nivadanuk matey midatat, tyamule keval kahee pramukh anirneet rajyanvar laksh kendrit karnyasathi spasht protsahan aahe; alikadchya nivadnukanmadhye, yaa rajyanmadhye 2004 aanee 2008 madhye pensylvania, ohayo aanee florida yancha samavesh aahe aanee 2012 madhye koloradocha samavesh aahe. yaulat, california, texas aanee newyork yasarkhya mothya loksankhyechya rajyanna alikadchya nivadnukanmadhye eka vishisht pakshasathi surakshit manale gele aahe-california aanee newyorksathi lokshahi aanee texassathi republican-aanee tyamule pracharasathi qamee vel aanee paisa kharch hoto. anek lahan rajye done rajkiy pakshanpaiki eka pakshasathi surakshit manali jaatat aanee pracharkankadunahi samanyatah durlakshit kelee jaatatah samikshak george see. yanchya matey, 13 sarvat lahan rajyanpaiki sahaa rajya vishvasarh lokshahi aahet, sahaa rajya vishvasarhpane prajasattak aahet aanee keval nyu hampshire heey swing rajya manale jaate. 2011 madhye edwards 3. edwards yanni asehi thampane sangitale qee 2008 chya nivadanukit, mohimanmadhye deshvyapi prayatna kele gele naheet tarr nivadak rajyanvar laksh kendrit kele gele.
matdan aanee sahbhagavar bahishkar.
jawalun ladhanari swing rajye vagalata, bahutansh rajyanmadhye rajkiy pakshanche varchasva asalyamule matdanachya nikalanvar parinam hott nahee. matdar mandal, tyaa swing rajye vagalata, matdaranna baher padnyas protsahit karnyasathi rajkiy paksh kinwa mohimecha fayda qamee karate. jarr rashtrapatipadachi nivadanuk rashtriy lokpriy matanni tharavali gelee asatee, tarr yaulat, prachar aanee pakshanna sarvatra matdan vadhavanyasathi kaam karnyasathi jordar protsahan milel. tyachpramane, lokanna tyanche mitra aanee aanee matdanasathi baher padnyasathi patvoon denyasathi adhik protsahan milel. sadhyachya electoral college pranalinusar swing rajye aanee naun-swing rajyanmadhil matdanatil farak asey soochit karato qee electoral collegechya jaagi thet nivadanuk karoon lokpriy matanni matdan aanee sahbhagat lakshaniy vaadh hoil.
rajyanmadhye matadhikarapasun vanchit rahane.
yaa tikanusar, electoral college nivadanuka keval eka vishisht rajyachya matdaranchya sankhyeparyant qamee karate aanee parinami, teey eka vishisht rajyatil matdanachya konatyahi samasyanna aspasht karate. udaharanarth, jarr ekhadya vishisht rajyane kahee gatanna matdan karnyapasoon rokhale, kadachit vachak chachani, matdan curr, nondani aavashyakta lagoo karane kinwa vishisht alpasankhyak gatanna kayadeshiraritya matadhikar nakarane yasarkhya matdar dadapshahi paddhatindware, tarr tyaa rajyat matdan qamee hoil, parantu rajyachi matdar sankhya sarkhich asalyane, matadhikar nakarnyacha ekoon nivadanuk aakadevarivar konatahi parinam honar nahee. tikakarancha assa yuktivad aahe qee asha matadhikarapasun vanchit rahane heey matdar mandaladvare anshatah aspasht aahe. sambandhit yuktivad assa aahe qee matdar mandalamule matdaranchya matdanachya sankhyevar parinam houu shakatoh rajyanna nivadanukit tyancha samavesh karnyasathi aaplya adhik nagarikanparyant pohochanyasathi konatehi protsahan nahee kaaran rajyachi nivadanuk ganana konatyahi paristhitit nishchit rahate. yaa drushtikonanusar, jarr nivadanuka lokpriy matanni jhalya asatya, tarr rajyanna nivadnukanmadhye adhik nagarikancha samavesh karnyas prerit kele jaeel kaaran tevha rajyacha rashtriy staravar adhik rajkiy prabhav asel. tikakarancha assa yuktivad aahe qee nivadanuk mahavidhyalay pranali rajyanna nakaratmak prasiddhipasun tasech nagarikanchya upasamuhanna matadhikar nakarlyabaddal sambhavya federal dandanpasun door thevate.
vakeel amar aanee vikram amar yaa kayadeshir vidvananni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee mool nivadanuk mahavidhyalay tadjod anshatah lagoo karnyat aalee hotee kaaran yamule dakshinekadil rajyanna tyanchya gulamanchya loksankhyepasun vanchit rahnyas saksham kele gele hote. tyane dakshinekadil rajyanna mothya sankhyene gulamanche matadhikar kadhoon takanyachi parvanagi dilee, tarr yaa rajyanna rajkiy prabhav rakhanyachi aanee teen-panchmansh tadjodicha vapar karoon mahasanghamadhye uttarekadil varchasva rokhanyachi parvanagi dilee. tyanni nondavale qee james maddison yanna asey vatate qee gulamanchya gananecha prashna eka gambhir aavhan aahe, parantu "matdaranchya badalyane hii adchan door jhaali aanee ekandarit qamee aakshepanna jababdar asalyache disate."akheel aanee vikram amar yanni jodaleh
teravya durustine gulamgiri radd kelyanantar, dakshinekadil rajyanmadhil rajyanmadhye matdaranna teen-panchmansh tadjod radd kelyane fayda jhaala kaaran serve majee gulamanchi ganana, 5 paiki keval 3 aivaji, sadanatil dakshinekadil rajyanche pratinidhitva aanee matdar mandalatil matdaranchi tyanchi sambandhit sankhya vadhavanyat aalee. dakshinekadil rajyanni asey kayadehi lagoo kele jeey majee gulamanchya matdanavar nirbandh aanatat, jyamule dakshinekadil goryanchya matanche matdar vajan vadhate.
yoochya matadhikaracha abhav.ess. pradesh.
yuu.ess. rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukit pradeshanna matdar milanyacha adhikar nahee. ghatanatmakdrushtya, fakt yuu.ess. rajye (prati) aanee washington, dii.see. (tevisavya durustinusar) matdaranna haqq aahet. yaa nirbandhancha parinam mhanoon, yu. ess. madheel uttar mariana betanvaril puerto rikomadhye andaje 40 laakh american.ess. virgine bete, american samoa aanee guam yanna rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukit mutt nahee. parinami vividh vidwan assa nishkarsh kadhatat qee yuu.ess. rashtriy-nivadanuk prakriya purnapane lokshahi nahee. yaa vastusthitikade laksh vedhanyasathi 1980 chya dashakapasun gwamne adhyakshapadasathi gair-bandhankarak pendha nivadanuka ghetalya aahet. lokshahi aanee prajasattak pakshanni, tasech itar truteey pakshanni, matra, yuu. ess. madheel lokansathi heey shakya kele aahe.ess. pakshachya adhyakshiy prathamik nivadnukanmadhye matdan karnyasathiche pradesh.
rajyachya loksankhyevar aadharit laabh.
asha apratyaksh nivadanukit konatya rajyanchya matdarancha sarvadhik parinam hoto heey mojanyacha sanshodhakanni vividh prayatna keela aahe.
pratyek rajyala loksankhyechi parva naan karata kiman teen matdar matey midatat, jyamule qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyanna dardoi matdaranchi sankhya asman milate. udaharanarth, californiatil matdar mutt heey vyomingchya tulanet jawaljawal charpat lokanche pratinidhitva karate. alp loksankhya asalelya rajyanche matdar mandalat kalantarane jaast pratinidhitva honyachi shakyata aahe, kaaran american lock mothya shaharankade adhikadhik jaat aahet aanee visheshtah sarvat mothya rajyanmadhye shahare vadhat aahet. heey vishleshan lahan rajyanna eka motha fayda dete, parantu mothya rajyanchya eka gut mhanoon tyanchi matey denyachya kshamatetun kshamatetun konatyahi atirikt prabhavakade durlaksh karate.
sambhavyatechya siddhantavar aadharit banzaf shakti nirdeshank (bii. pii. aay.) modelsarkhe, nivadanuk matdan gatanche aakarman vicharat ghenare prati-vishleshan matdaranchya sapeksh samarthyabaddal khoop bhinn nishkarsh kadhatat. 1968 madhye johnn eff. banzaf III (jyane banzaf shakti nirdeshank vikasit keela) yane tharavale qee newyork rajyatil matdarala, itar konatyahi yuu. ess. madheel matdarapeksha, rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukit sarasari 3.312 putt jaast matdan adhikar aahe.ess. rajya. 1990 chya jangananenusar aanee vibhajananusar, sarvat mothe rajya asalelya californiatil vaiyaktik matdaranna kiman teen matdaranche vatap prashansa rajyanpaiki sarvat mothya montanachya matdaranpeksha adhyaksh nivadanyacha 3 patine adhik vaiyaktik adhikar hota. banjhafchya paddhatimule rajyanchya jansankhyikiy rachnekade durlaksh hott asalyane, matey swatantra nanee-paltisarkhi manalya jaat asalyabaddal tyanchyavar teeka kelee gelee aahe. matdar mandalache vishleshan karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya anubhavjanya namunyanmadhye satatyane asey aadhalun aale aahe qee, qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyanna, adhik loksankhya asalelya rajyanmadhye rajyanmadhye lokanchya matanpeksha tyanchya rahivashanchya matanchi ganana adhik kelyane fayda hoto.
truteey pakshansathi gairsoy.
vyavharat, rajyachya matdaranche vatap karnyachya sarvasvi vijetya paddhatimule samanyatah lahan pakshanche mahatva qamee hote.
pathimba deela.
deshachya sangharajya swarupachi dekhbhal karane.
united states auph america heey eka sanghiy prajasattak aahe jyamadhye ghatak rajyancha samavesh aahe. sadhyachya vyavastheche samarthak assa yuktivad karatat qee agadi lahan rajyache samoohik mutt dekhil mothya loksankhyechya rajyachya chhotya, jaree sankhyatmakdrushtya samatulya bhagala dilelya tulanet federal staravar adhik laksh vedhale jaane yogya aahe. hii pranali pratyek rajyala, matdan aanee matadhikaravar, matdanachi sankhya jastit jaast karnyasathi anavashyak protsahanashivay, ghatanatmak maryadet swatache kayade tayar karnyache swatantrya dekhil dete. matdaranchi sankhya lokshahichya aarogyache pramukh soochak asalyane, matdan prashansa nagarikanchi sankhya nivadkaritya qamee karnyachya kshamatekade sadhyachya yu. ess. chaa sakaratmak pailu mhanoon pahile pahije, yaa lokshahi prashasanache samarthak thampane asahmat aahet.ess. kayada. qamee matdan heey sarvasamanyapane aajari lokshahiche lakshan mhanoon pahile jaate.
deshachya itihasachya suruvatichya anek varshanpasun, jaxonian yugaparyant (1830), anek rajyanni rajya vidhimandalachya matadvare tyanchya matdaranchi niyukti kelee aanee samarthak assa yuktivad karatat qee, shevati, rashtrapatinchi nivadanuk ajunahi pratyek rajyachya nirnayanvar avalambun asali pahije, kinwa united statesche federal swaroop rajyanna haanee pohochavanyasathi ekach mothya, kendrikrut sarkarla marg deil.
pradhyapak larry sabato yanni tyanchya 'aaa morr perfect constitution' yaa pustakat, matdar mandalachya yaa fayadhyabaddal tapshilvar sangitale, 'tyat sudharana qaraa, too sampavu nakaa' assa yuktivad keela, kaaran umedvaranna qamee loksankhyechya rajyankade laksh denyas bhag padnyat aanee sangharajyavadat rajyanchi bhoomika balkat karnyat tyachi upayuktata aahe.
jawalchya rajyanmadhil alpasankhyak gatanchya pradhanyachi gambhirata.
matdaranchya matdanachi sankhya qamee karoon alpasankhyak gatanchi takad qamee karnyaivaji, samarthakancha assa yuktivad aahe qee dilelya rajyachya matanmadhye serve kinwa kahich nahee assa vishay banavoon alpasankhyak gut nirnayak aaghadi pradan karatat jyamule umedwarala jawalche yuddh rajya jinkata yete. yamule tethil umedvaranna asha vividh prakarchya alpasankhyak aanee vakili gatanna nyayalayin sunavanisathi protsahit kele jaate. tathapi, alpasankhyak heey asamanatene bigger spardhatmak rajyanmadhye sthit aahet, jyamule ekoon nivadanukivar tyancha prabhav qamee hoto. nivadanukicha nirnay nirnay swing rajyanmadhye rajyanmadhye matdaranche pratinidhitva jaast asate.
dvidaleey vyavasthedvare sthairyala protsahan dene.
electoral collegeche samarthak tyacha tyacha pakshanvar honara nakaratmak parinam fayadeshir manatat. tyancha assa yuktivad aahe qee donhi pakshanchya vyavasthene sthairya pradan kele aahe kaaran tee vegwan rajkiy aanee sanskrutik badalachya kalat vilambit samayojanala protsahan dete. tyancha assa vishvas aahe qee, joparyant teey deshbharat vyapak, dirghakalin pathimba midvinyasathi tyanchya vicharanna madhyam karoo shakat naheet, toparyant heey samarthak pradeshik alpasankhyak mhanoon mhanoon niyantranapasun deshatil sarvat shaktishali karyalayala sanrakshn dete. rashtrapatipadasathi rashtriy lokpriy matanche samarthak asey suchavatat qee haah parinam lokpriy matanchya nivadanukanmadhyehi lagoo hoil. udaharanarth, 1948 teey 2009 yaa kalat jhalelya rajyapalpadachya 918 nivadanukanpaiki 90 takkyanhun adhik nivadanuka 50 takkyanhun adhik matey matey umedvaranni jinkalya hotya aanee 35 takkyanpeksha qamee matey matey umedvaranpaiki konihi jinkalele navhate.
rashtrapatipadachya umedvaracha mrutyu jhalyas lavchikta.
yaa yuktivadanusar, matdar mandal heey keval sankhyeaivaji vastavik lokanni banalele aahe, heey vastusthiti manvi nirnay ghenyas aanee nirnayachi lavchikta pradan karate, jarr asey ghadale qee nivadanukidarmyan umedvaracha mrutyu hoto kinwa too kayadeshiraritya aksham hoto, jaree matdaranna bandhankarak karnare rajya kayade aanee matdaranchi ekach sabha nasane heey eksandh nivadiche samanvay guntaguntiche karate.
sadhyachya pranaliche samarthak assa yuktivad karatat qee samanya matdar lokanpeksha yogya paryay nivadanyasathi manvi matdar adhik changlya sthiteet asatilah yaa drushtikonanusar, matdar decemberchya madhyaparyant jevha matdaranni aupcharikpane matdanacha haqq bajavala tevha rajyachya matpatrakanmadhye matpatrikechya nivadi nishchit kelya jaatat tyaa darmyanchya nirnayak kalavadhit matdar nirnayakpane karya karoo shakatat.
1872 chya nivadanukit, parabhoot udarmatvadi republican umedvar horace greely yaa kalat maran pavale, jyacha parinam lokshahi pakshasathi gondhal jhaala, jyane greeleela pathimba dekhil deela, 66 paiki 63 greely matdaranni tyanchi matey chaar paryayi adhyakshiy umedvaransathi vibhagali. ashee paristhiti udbhavali nahee, jyamadhye vijayi umedvaracha mrutyu jhaala.
1912 chya nivadanukit, uparashtrapati sherman yanche nivadanukipurvi sahaa divas nidhan jhaale, jevha rajyanna tyanche naav tyanchya matpatriketun kadhoon taknyas khoop usheer jhaala hota; tyanusar, sherman yanna maranottar soochibaddha karnyat aale, tyanna midaleli aath matdar matey nicolaus murre butleraivaji taknyat aalee asatee.
nivadanukanchya samasyanche vilgikaran.
nivadanuk mahavidhyalayache kahee samarthak nondavtat qee teey konatyahi nivadanuk fasavanukicha kinwa asha itar samasyancha parinam jyaa rajyat hoto tyaa rajyavar vegala padate. eka rajyat varchasva asalela paksh apramanikpane umedvarachi matey vadhavu shakato aanee tyamule nivadanuk nikalavar parinam houu shakato asha ghatana heey pratibandhit karate. udaharanarth, punha matmojani keval rajya-darr-rajya aadharavar hote, rashtravyapi nahee. tathapi, 2000 madheel florida sarkhya lokpriy matey khoop jawal asalelya ekach rajyache nikal rashtriy nivadanuk tharvu shakatat.
sarkarchi satatyata aanee satteche shantatapurn hastantaran.
federalist kra. 68, alekzandar hamiltonne assa yuktivad keela qee nivadanuk mahavidhyalay tayar karnyasathi ghatanatmak adhiveshanala karanibhoot karanibhoot eka chintechi baab mhanje rashtrapati prashasanatil sankramanadarmyan satteche shantatapurn sankraman aanee sarkarchi satatya sunishchit karane, asey mhantah
hota... gondhal aanee gondhal ghalanyasathi (rashtrapatinchya nivadanukit) shakya titkya qamee sandhee dene heey visheshpane isht aahe. ... vicharadhin vyavasthet jyaa savadhgirichya upayayojana itakya anandane kelya gelya aahet, tyaa yaa dushtabuddhipasun prabhavi surakshitateche aashvasan detat. matdaranchi madhyavarti sanstha tayar karnyasathi 'anek' nivadane, konatyahi vilakshan kinwa hinsak chalvalinsah samudayala aakarshit karnyasathi khoopach qamee yogya asel... pratyek rajyat nivadalele matdar, jyaa rajyat tyanchi nivad kelee jaate, tyaa rajyat ekatra yeuun matdan karnar asalyane, yaa alipta aanee vibhajit paristhitimule tyanna ushnata aanee ushmaghat qamee hotil, jeey tyanna lokandware (lokanparyant) pohochavale jaau shakatat, tyaeivaji jarr teey serve ekach velee, ekach thikani bolavale gele asate. ...<aanakhi eka aanee qamee mahattvache uddisht mhanje, karyakari mandalane swatah lokanvyatirikt sarvanvar aaplya padavar kayam rahnyasathi swatantra asale pahije. ... haah fayda hoil... mahattvachi nivad karnyachya ekach uddeshane samajadvare niyukt kelelya pratinidhinchya vishesh sansthevar avalambun rahnyasathi tyachi punha nivad karoon surakshit kele jaeel.
yaa prakaranat prashna sadar karnyat aalela nahee heey manya karat sarvoch nyayalayane 'chiafalo wii. washington "(2020) neey asey mhatale aahe qee," rajyanna matdaranna mrut umedvarashi bandhanyachi parvanagi denyasathi yaa matanusar kahihi ghetale jaau naye ", heey lakshat gheuun qee ekoon avishvasu matdaranpaiki eka trutiyanshpeksha jaast matdar matdan karatat.ess. 1872 chya rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukicha itihas tyaa kalat nondavala gela jevha udarmatvadi republican aanee democratic pakshache umedvar horace greely yanche matdan jhalyanantar aanee rajyanni matanchi sarani purn kelyanantar, parantu electoral collegene matdanacha haqq bajavanyapurvi nidhan jhaale aanee yachikakartyanna matdanachya divashi aanee electoral collegechya baithkandarmyan rashtrapatipadachya umedvarachya mrutyumule houu houu sambhavya ashantatebaddal chinta asalyache manya kele. 1872 chya nivadanukit, greelyne 6 rajyanmadhye (georgia, kentki, maryland, misauri, tenacy aanee texas) lokpriy matey ghetali hotee aanee tyala 66 matdar matey dilee hotee, parantu 29 november 1872 roji tyachya mrutyunantar, 63 matdaranni tyala vachan dilele vishvas naan thevata matdan kele, tarr 3 matey (georgia) jee tyala vachan denyat aalee hotee, tee 12 februwari 1873 roji electoral collegechya matgananemadhye nakarnyat aalee.
1804 madhye manjur jhalelya 12 vya durustinusar, rashtrapatipadachya matdaranni tyanchya rajyatil rashtrapati aanee uparashtrapatinsathi tyanchi matey tyanchya rajyatach bhetane aanee takane, tyanchya rajyachya nivadanuk matanchya mojanichya swakshari aanee pramanit yadya tayar karane aanee sinetchya adhyakshanna pramanpatre pathvane aavashyak aahe aanee nantar, congresschya sanyukt adhiveshanat, sinetchya adhyakshanna serve pramanpatre ughadane aavashyak aahe aanee pramanpatre mojane aavashyak aahe. 1876 chya rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukinantarche ghatanatmak sankat aanee 1880 aanee 1884 chya rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukanmadhil qamee antaranantar, 49 vya united states congressne 1887 madhye electoral count ect (eae. see. aii.) manjur keela. nantar 1948 madhye united states kodachya shirshak 3 madhye sanhitabaddha kele, eae. see. aii. neey electoral college surakshit bandar mudat, khatrichi governoral pramanpatre aanee matanchi pramanpatre, electoral collegechya matanchi ganana karanyachi prakriya aanee electoral collegechya matanchya gananemadhye uparashtrapatichi bhoomika sthapit kelee. shirshak 3 chey kalam 1 novemberchya pahilya somvaranantarcha pahila mangalvar (2-8 november) mhanoon rashtrapatipadachya matdaransathi nivadanukicha divas tharvato. shirshak 3 chey kalam 7 decemberchya ahavalachya budhvaranantarchya mangalvari (december 14-20) nivadanuk mandalachya baithakanche velapatrak aakhate.
shirshak 3 chya kalam 6 madhye pratyek rajyachya nishchitatechya pramanpatrachya sahaa nakkalinchi pratyek rajyachya matdaranna nivadanuk mandalachya baithakidware aanee mool united stateschya abhilekhakakade nondanikrut meldware aanee rajya shikkyakhali "shakya titkya lavkar" sadar karane aavashyak aahe, tarr shirshak 3 chya kalam 5 madhye nishchitatechya pramanpatravar parinam prashansa konatyahi vivadanchya nirakaranasathi surakshit bandar mudat nishchit kelee aahe, tee nivadanuk mandalachya baithakichya (december 7-13) 6 divas aadhi aahe. shirshak 3 chya kalam 9 teey 11 madhye pratyek rajyatil matdaranni matdanachya pramanpatrachya sahaa nakkal karane aanee nondanikrut meldware abhilekhakakade done pratee pathvane aavashyak aahe, tarr shirshak 3 chya kalam 12 madhye mutt sadar karnyachya pramanpatrachi mudat decembercha chautha budhwar (december 22-28) mhanoon nishchit kelee aahe. kalam 6 madhye united stateschya sangrahakartyane 3 janewari roji congresschya donhi sabhagruhanna prapt jhaleli serve pramanpatre pathvane aavashyak aahe aanee shirshak 3 chey kalam 15 kayadyane badallyashivay 6 janewari roji electoral college matgananesathi congresschya sanyukt satrache velapatrak aakhate. 1933 madhye manjur jhalelya 20 vya durustichya kalam 3 madhye asey aavashyak aahe qee jarr nivadoon aalelya rashtrapaticha udghatanachya divasapurvi mrutyu jhaala (20 vya durustiche jeey kalam 1 20 jaanevarila badalale gele) tarr upadhyaksh-nivadoon aalela adhyaksh banato, tarr jarr nivadoon aalela adhyaksh nivadala gela nahee kinwa patra honyas ayashasvi jhaala tarr upadhyaksh-nivadoon aalela adhyaksh patra hoiparyant adhyaksh mhanoon kaam karato. jarr nivadoon aalela adhyaksh kinwa nivadoon aalela upadhyaksh patra nasel, tarr asha paristhitit kaay ghadate heey nirdisht karnyasathi, adhyaksh mhanoon kona kaam karel heey ghoshit karnyasathi kinwa adhyaksh kinwa upadhyaksh patra hoiparyant karyakari adhyaksh nivadanyasathi nivad prakriya tayar karnyasathi kayada manjur karnyacha adhikar kongreskade sopavala jaato.
tathapi, yell low schoolche pradhyapak akhil amar yanni namood kele aahe qee 20 vya durustichya spasht majkurat rashtrapatipadachya tikitache umedvar adhikrutpane rashtrapati-nivadoon aalele aanee uparashtrapati-nivadoon aalele kadhee hotat heey nirdisht kelele nahee aanee kalam 2, kalam 1 aanee 12 vya durusticha majkoor asey soochit karato qee adhyaksh aanee uparashtrapatisathiche umedvar keval electoral collegechya matanchya mojanivar aupcharikpane nivadle jaatat. 2009 madhye, sarkari aayogachya satatyane eka ahwal jaaree keela jyamadhye namood kele gele qee 80 vya united states congressmadhye 1947 chya rashtrapati uttaradhikar kayadyantargat rashtrapatipadachya uttaradhikarasathi aut mhanoon "patra tharnyat apayash" samavisht aahe aanee assa yuktivad keela qee jarr adhyaksh-nivadoon aalele aanee upadhyaksh-nivadoon aalele doghehi maran pavale asateel tarr congress 20 vya durustichya kalam 3 antargat karya karnyasathi tyachpramane adhikrut aahe. joou bidenchya adhyakshiy sankramanadarmyan 2020 chee adhyakshiy nivadanuk ulatavanyachya prayatnannantar aanee 2021 chya electoral college matgananedarmyan 6 janewari roji united states capitolveryl hallyanantar, eae. see. aii. aanee 1963 chya adhyakshiy sankraman kayadyat 117 vya united states congressne 2022 chya nivadanuk ganana sudharana aanee adhyakshiy sankraman sudharana kayadyantargat sudharana kelee hotee, joou ektrit viniyog kayada, 2023 chya vibhag pii mhanoon samavisht karnyat aala hota.
paradeshi hastakshep aanee deshantargat cutt.
federalist kra. 68, alekzandar hamiltonne asehi yuktivad keela qee electoral college rashtrapatipadachya nivadnukanmadhye paradeshi hastakshep aanee deshantargat cutt rokhel, asey mhanat, "pratyek vyavharya adthala cable, katala virodh karava yapeksha adhik kahihi apekshit navhate... bhrashtachar... [aanee] paradeshi shaktinchi ichcha... sangharajyachya mukhya mukhya haah tyancha swatacha eka prani aahe, parantu ghatanatmak adhiveshanane yapurvi astitvat asalelya konatyahi purushanchya sansthanvar avalambun rahnyasathi rashtrapatinchi niyukti [naan karoon] yachya virodhat sanrakshn dile hote... pann... [sandarbh dett] pahilyanda amerikechya lokanchya tatkal kruticha, niyukti karnyachya tatpuratya aanee ekmev uddeshane vyaktinchya nivadimadhye lagoo keela jaava. congresschya sadasyanna kinwa united stateschya itar konatyahi konatyahi matdar mhanoon kaam karanyachi parvanagi naan deuun, hamiltonne assa yuktivad keela qee ghatanatmak adhiveshanane rashtrapatinchya nivadiche sanrakshn asha konakadunahi kele aahe, jyanna "paristhitimule rashtrapatinprati khoop jaast bhakti asalyacha sanshay yeu shakato. asha prakare lokanchya sansthela bhrasht naan karata, nivadanukitil tatkal pratinidhi kiman dusht pakshapatapasun mukt rahoon kaam kartil."
vilamet university college auph lauche pradhyapak norman aar. vilyamsane assa yuktivad keela aahe qee ghatanatmak adhiveshan pratinidhinni adhyaksh nivadanyasathi electoral collegechi nivad kelee, mukhytah mahasanghachya kalatil anubhavachya pratisadat, jethe rajya vidhimandalandware anekada rajya rajyapalanchi nivad kelee jaat asey aanee naveen federal sarkarchi karyakari shakha asavi ashee ichcha hotee jee prabhavipane vidhimandal shakhepasun swatantra hotee. julai 2019 madhye, yuu.ess. synet guptachar samiteene 2016 chya adhyakshiy nivadanukit russian hastakshepavaril aaplya ahavalacha pahila khand prasiddha keela jyamadhye amerikechya virodhat russian hastakshepavaril samitichya nishkarshancha tapasheel denyat aala.ess. nivadanukanchya payabhoot suvidha. guptachar vibhagane aadhava ghetalelya samitisamor, serve 50 rajyanna kadachit nivadanuk payabhoot suvidhanmadhil asurakshitata olakhanyasathi russian cyber abhinetyanni scanning operationsathi lakshya kele hote, asey aadhalun aale asale taree mutt mojanichya prakriyeshi tadjod karnyat aalee hotee kinwa konatyahi matdan yantranmadhye ferfar karnyat aala hota yacha konatahi purava samitila sapadala nahee (hastakshepavar janewari 2017 chya vargikrut guptachar samudayachya mulyankanache nishkarsh vishvasaniy asalyache aadhalale). 2 rajyanmadhil matdar nondani detabasemadhye pravesh kelyache aanee matdar nondanichi kahee mahitee shodhanyapurvi baher kadhanyat aalyache samiteene pahile, parantu samitila matdar nondanichi konatihi mahitee sudharit kinwa hatavanyat aalee asalyacha konatahi purava sapadala nahee.
samitisamorchya sakshidarpanat, ekadhik yuu.ess. guptachar samudayachya samudayachya sangitale qee yuu. madhye anek tapasanya aanee anavashyakta aahet.ess. nivadanukanchya payabhoot suvidha aanee nivadanuk vyavastheche vikendrikrut swaroop heey tyachya cyber surakshesathi fayadeshir aahe aanee tyamule nivadanukitil payabhoot suvidhanmadhye hastakshep karane heey shodhalyashivay hone jawaljawal ashakya aahe. kalam 2, kalam 1 chya rashtrapati matdaranchya kalmantargat, pratyek rajyala rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukansathi nivadanuk prashasanashi sambandhit nivadanuk kayadyanchi swatachi chaukat tayar karnyacha adhikar denyat aala aahe. tathapi, yuu.ess. janewari 2017 madhye, gruhsuraksheche sachiv jeh johnson yanni nivadanukanchya payabhoot suvidhanna mahattvapoorn payabhoot suvidha mhanoon niyukt kele aanee congressne help america woat kayadyantargat tayar kelelya sutranusar ektrit viniyog kayada, 2018 antargat nivadanuk prashasanachi cybersuraksha sudharanyasathi rajyanna 38 kotee dollarsche vatap kele. samiteene assa nishkarsh kadhala qee russian cyber kriyakalap nivadanukanchya payabhoot suvidhanmadhil asurakshitatekade navyane laksh denyachi magani karatat, samiteene ashee shifaras dekhil kelee qee rajye nivadanuk prashasanat thampane aaghadivar rahtil aanee federal sarkarne heey sunishchit kele pahije qee rajyanna cyber surakshechya dhokyanshi sambandhit aavashyak sansadhane aanee mahitee milel (tarr alpasankhyak samitichya sadasyanni atirikt matey dilee jee ahavalachya pahilya khandachya kahee shifarshinpasun asahmat hotee).
tyaeivaji, hastakshepabaddal vishesh sallagar tapasadvare jaaree kelelya ahavalachya pahilya khandapramane, aktoobar 2016 madhye homeland security vibhag aanee rashtriy guptachar sanchalakanchya karyalayane jaaree kelele sanyukt press nivedan aanee janewari 2017 madhye jaaree kelele vargikrut guptachar samuday moolyankan, aktoobar 2019 aanee august 2020 madhye anukrame prakashit jhalelya synet guptachar samitichya ahavalachya ahavalachya aanee pachvya khandanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee russian hastakshep pramukhyane lokshahi rashtriy samitee, lokshahi congress moheem samitee aanee clinton mohimechya mohimechya antargat sanvadanna lakshya karoon hacking aanee dumping operationsdware jhaala aanee sakriy upay soshal media mohima (visheshtah facebook aanee tweeterwar) matdaranna prabhavit karnyasathi sarvatrik nivadanukit hiilarii clintonchya varr donald trump yanna matdan karnyasathi. tyanantar guptachar samudayache moolyamapan aanee 2018 chya nivadanuka, 2020 chya nivadanuka aanee 2022 chya nivadnukanmadhye russian hastakshepavar charcha karnari prasiddhipatre, yach prakare nishkarsh kadhatat kinwa sangatat qee hastakshep pramukhyane tumchyavar cyber halle karnyaivaji samajik madhyamanchya sakriy upayayojananmule mohimanvar prabhav takalyamule jhaala aahe.ess. nivadanukanchya payabhoot suvidha (tumchyavaril vishvas qamee karnyasathi nivadanukanchya payabhoot suvidhanchya surakshebaddal chukichi mahitee pasaravane yasah).ess. nivadanuk prakriya aanee united statesmadhil lokshahimadhye american janatedware).
tyachpramane, yuu sathee eka ahwal tayar keela.ess. janewari 2018 madhye jaaree jhalelya sinetchya pararashtra sambandh samiteene 2016 chya united kingdam european union sadasyatva sarvamatat russian sarkarchya hastakshepache tapshilvar aarop kele jyat soshal mediavaril sakriy upayayojanancha samavesh aahe, tarr sansadechya guptachar aanee suraksha samiteene julai 2020 madhye eka ahwal prasiddha keela jyamadhye tyachpramane namood kele aahe qee mukt srot abhyasanni assa nishkarsh kadhala aahe qee sarvamatat russian hastakshep jhaala aahe jyat soshal mediavaril sakriy upayayojanancha samavesh aahe-jeey sansadechya matadvare navhe tarr sampoorn united kingdamchya lokpriy sarvamatat ghadale. vishesh sallagar tapasat assa nishkarsh kadhala gela qee trump mohimene russian sarkarshi samanvay kinwa cutt rachala nahee, parantu donald trump yanni adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kartana kelelya vishesh sallagar tapasat adthala aananare thos purave sapadale, tarr 2000 chya kayadeshir sallagar karyalayachya matanusar ahwal nishkarsh kadhala-qee vidyaman adhyakshanna federal gunhyasathi doshi tharavata yenar nahee kaaran teey karyakari shakhela tyachi ghatanatmak niyukt karye paar padnyapasun rokhel aanee vidyaman adhyakshanvar aarop lavalyane federal mahabhiyog prakriya purvavat hoil.
radd karnyache kinwa sudharana karnyache prayatna.
1800 pasoon, yaa vyavasthet sudharana karnyasathi kinwa tee nasht karnyasathi 700 hoon adhik prastav congressmadhye mandanyat aale aahet. yaa prastavanchya samarthakanni assa yuktivad keela qee electoral college pranali thet lokshahi nivadanukichi tartud karat nahee, qamee loksankhya asalelya rajyanna fayda dete aanee umedwarala sarvadhik matey naan jinkat adhyakshapad jinkanyachi parvanagi dete. yapaiki konatyahi prastavala sanvidhanat sudharana karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya congresschya done trutiyansh aanee teen chaturthansh rajyanchi manjuri midaleli nahee.
beh-seller durusti.
durusti kongresdarmyan (1969-1971) electoral college radd karnyachya sarvat jawalche america aale aahe. aahe nivadanukit richard nixonla 301 matdar matey (matdaranchya 56 takke), hubert humphrela 191 (35.5%) aanee george wallacela 46 (8.5 takke) lokpriy matansah midali. tathapi, nixonla hamphrepeksha fakt 511,944 adhik lokpriy matey midali hotee, 43.5% teey 42.9%, jee rashtriy ekoon matanchya 1 takkyanpeksha qamee hotee.
pratinidhi emmanuel seller (dii-newyork), sabhagruh nyaypalikechya samitiche adhyaksh, yanni lokpriy matey aanee nivadanuk matey yanchyatil vishamatebabatchya janatechya chintanna pratisad dett, sabhagruh sanyukt tharav 681 sadar keela, eka prastavit ghatanatmak durusti jee matdar mandalachi jaaga rashtriy lokpriy matanvar aadharit sopya bahulata pranaline ghetali asatee. yaa pranalinusar, sarvadhik matey midavanare umedvar (adhyaksh aanee upadhyakshapadasathi ladhanare) rashtrapatipad aanee upadhyakshapad jinkatil, jarr tyanni rashtriy lokpriy matanchya kiman 40 takke matey jinkley asateel. jarr konatyahi jodila 40 takke lokpriy matey midali naheet, tarr eka upantya nivadanuk ghetali jaeel jyamadhye pahilya nivadanukit sarvadhik matey midalelya done jodyanmadhun adhyaksh aanee upadhyaksh nivadle jaatil.
29 april 1969 roji sabhagruhachya nyaypalikechya samiteene yaa prastavala manjuri denyasathi 28 viruddha 6 matey dilee. 11 september 1969 roji pratinidhinchya purn sabhagruhasamor prastavavaril charcha sampali aanee akheris 18 september 1969 roji dvidaleey pathimbyane 339 viruddha 70 matanni manjur karnyat aalee.
30 september 1969 roji, adhyaksh nixon yanni prastav swikaranyasathi aapali manyata dilee, sinetala prastavachi tyachi aavrutti manjur karnyas protsahit kele, jyala sinetche synet sanyukt tharav 1 mhanoon sinetche sinetche synet sadasya berch beh (dii-indiana) yanni prayojit kele hote.
8 aktoobar 1969 roji, 'newyork times' neey nondavale qee 30 rajya vidhimandalanni 'cinetmadhye antim congress chachani uttirn kelyas thet nivadanuk yojanecha samavesh asalelya ghatanatmak durustila ektar nishchit kinwa manyata denyachi shakyata aahe."swikaranyasathi 38 rajya vidhimandalanchi manyata aavashyak hotee. itar sahaa rajyanni adyap pradhanya dilele nahee, sahaa rajyancha virodhakade cull hota aanee aath rajyancha thaam virodh hota, asehi vruttapatrane nondavale.
14 august 1970 roji sinetchya nyaypalikechya samiteene haah prastav purn cinetmadhye manjur karnyache samarthan karnara aapala ahwal pathavala. nyaypalikechya samiteene 11 viruddha 6 matanni prastavala manjuri dilee hotee. yaa yojanela virodh karnare sahaa sadasya, mississipiche james eastland, arkansasache johnn litil mcclellan aanee uttar carolinache samm vervin, nebrascache republican senators roman hraska, havaiche hiram fong aanee dakshin carolinache strom thurmond yanchyasah, sarvanni assa yuktivad keela qee sadhyachya vyavasthet sambhavya truti asalya taree tee varshanuvarshe changli kaam karat hotee. sinetche sadasya bayah yanni soochit kele qee yaa upkramache samarthak sampoorn synet manjur karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya 67 matanpeksha sumare eka dozen matey mage ghet hote. yaa prastavala pathimba denyasathi anirneet republican cinetersna patvoon denyacha prayatna karnyache aavahan tyanni rashtradhyaksh nixon yanna kele. matra, nixonne tyachya aadhichya manyatepasun maghar naan gheta, yaa prastavala pathimba denyasathi yapudhe konatehi vaiyaktik apeal naan karnyacha nirnay ghetala.
8 september 1970 roji sinetane yaa prastavavar ughadpane charcha suru kelee aanee prastav twarit manjur karnyat aala. yaa prastavala virodh karnare pramukh nete, mukhytah dakshinekadil synet sadasya aanee lahan rajyanmadhil, lokshahivadi aanee prajasattakvadi, asey donhi, puranmatvadi hote, jyanni assa yuktivad keela qee electoral college radd kelyane tyanchya rajyancha rajkiy prabhav qamee hoil. 17 september 1970 roji, rakt gothvan sampushtat sampushtat, guthalya padnyachya prastavala, guthalya padnyasathi 36 viruddha 54 matey midali, tevha aavashyak asalele done trutiyansh synet sadasyanche matdan midvanyat too apayashi tharala. 29 september 1970 roji raktachya guthalisathicha dusra prastavahi 53 teey 34 paryant ayashasvi jhaala. tyanantar, sinetche bahumat asalele nete, montanache mike mansfield yanni haah prastav bajula thevanyacha nirnay ghetala jenekarun synet itar kamanmadhye sahbhagi houu shakel. tathapi, yaa prastavavar punha kadhihi vichar karnyat aala nahee aanee 3 janewari 1971 roji 91 vee congress sampalyavar too sampushtat aala.
carter prastav.
22 march 1977 roji rashtradhyaksh jimmi carter yanni congressla sudharananche patra lihile, jyat tyanni nirvachak mandal radd karnyachya abhivyaktichahi samavesh hota. patra kahee pramanat asey lihile aaheh
electoral collegechya sudharanansathi adhyaksh carter yancha prastavit karyakram yaa kalat aadhunik adhyakshansathi atishay udarmatvadi hota aanee package kahee pailunmadhye too mool apekshanchya palikade gela.
daad newyork times' sarkhya vruttapatranni tyaa velee adhyaksh carter yancha prastav 'eka samanya aashchary' mhanoon pahila kaaran carterne soochit kele qee tyala keval matdaranna kadhoon taknyat rus asel parantu sudharit swarupat nivadanuk mutt pranali kayam thevanyas rus asel.
carterchya prastavavar vruttapatranchya pratikriyanmadhye yaa prastavachi prashansa prashansa kahee sampadakiy lekhanpasoon teey itar sampadakiy lekhanparyant, jase qee 'shikago tribune' madhye, nivadanuk mahavidhyalayacha ant prastavit kelyabaddal rashtrapatinvar teeka kelee gelee.
daad newyork times' laa lihilelya patrat, pratinidhi jonathan bii. bingham (dii-newyork) neey done pramukh rajyanmadhye 10,000 peksha qamee matanchya badalamule jimmi carterchya rashtravyapi 17 laakh matanchya farkane asoonahi adhyaksh gerald phorda 1976 chee nivadanuk kashee jinkale asate heey adhorekhit karoon 'electoral collegechya sadosh, kalbahya jhalelya yantranecha' dhoka adhorekhit keela.
radd karnyasathiche sadhyache prastav.
3 janewari 2019 pasoon, sanyukt tharav karnyat aale aahet jyat ghatanatmak durusti prastavit karnyat aalya aahet jyaa matdar mandalachya jaagi adhyaksh aanee uparashtrapati yanchya lokpriy nivadanukicha samavesh asel. bahee-seller durustichya ulat, nivadanukisathi 40 takke maryada asalelya yaa prastavanmadhye umedwarala nivadoon yenyasathi matanchi vishisht takkewari midvane aavashyak nahee.
rashtriy lokpriy mutt aantarrajya karar.
meey 2023 paryant, sola rajye aanee kolambiya jilha rashtriy lokpriy mutt aantarrajya kararat sameel jhaale aahet. jarr aanee jevha bahusankhya matdar (kiman 270) pratibimbit karatat, tevha jeey kararat sameel hotat, teey ekatra kaam karatat aanee rashtriy lokpriy matanchya vijetyala tyanche matdar vachanbaddha karatat. sanvidhanacha karar lagoo hoto, joou pratyek rajya vidhimandalala matdaranchi nivad kashee karate heey tharvanyacha purn adhikar deto.
kahee vidvananni asey suchavale aahe qee karar lagoo karnyajoga honyapurvi sanvidhanasathi congresschi sammati aavashyak aahe; asha prakare, congresschya sammatishivay karar lagoo karnyacha konatahi prayatna kelyas tyachya ghatanatmakatesathi nyayalayin aavhananna samore jaave lagoo shakate. itaranni asey suchavale aahe qee 'chiafalo wii.' dware kararatil kayadeshirata majboot jhaali. washington, jyamadhye sarvoch nyayalayane matdaranchya pratidnyanchi amalbajavani karnyacha rajyancha adhikar kayam thewala.
kararatil satra anuyayankade 205 matdar aahet, jeey 270 paiki 76 takke aahet, jeey too lagoo honyasathi aavashyak aahe kinwa nyayya manale jaatat.
14 vya durustivar aadharit khatala.
assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee united stateschya rajyaghatanechya chaudavya durustichya samaan sanrakshn kalmat rajyandvare matdaranchi serve vibhagani jinkanyas manai aahe; yaa yuktivadanusar, yuktivadanusar pakshachi matey purnapane nakarli jaatat, jyamule ekach rajyatil vegvegalya matdaranmadhye asman sthitee nirman hote. california, massatusates, texas aanee dakshin carolinamadhye yasathi khatale dakhal karnyat aale aahet, jaree serve ayashasvi tharale aahet.

