
pratikar karnyacha adhikar

virodh karnyacha adhikar haah manvi adhikar aahe, jaree tyachi vyapti aanee aashay vadgrast aahet. pratikar karnyacha adhikar, tyachi vyakhya kashee kelee jaate yavar avalambun, julami sarkar kinwa paradeshi adhiniveshaviruddha nagri avadnya kinwa sashastr pratikar yache roop gheu shakato; too gair-julami sarkaranparyantahi vistarato qee nahee heey vadgrast aahe. jaree sarvat pratishthit nyayshastradnyanpaiki eka, hersch lotterpatchtne sarvoch manvi adhikaracha virodh karnyacha adhikar mhatale asale, taree aantarrashtriy manavadhikar kayadyatil yaa adhikarachi sthitee ksheen aahe aanee kvachitach charcha kelee jaate. manav aanee lokanchya hakkanvaril african sanadepramane bavis desh pratikar karnyachya ghatanatmak adhikarala spashtapane manyata detat.
itihas.
tatvadnya heiner belefelt yanchya matey, "prasthapit adhikaraviruddhachya hinsak pratikarasah-pratikar vaidhatecha prashna rajkiy aanee samajik vicharanitakach juna aahe."virodh karnyacha adhikar aantarrashtriy kayadyachya suruvatichya aavrutyanmadhye aanee vividh tatvik paramparanmadhye encode keela gela hota. pratikar karnyachya adhikarache samarthan roman kayada, hibru baibal, muslim jagatil jihad, rajvanshvadi chiinii rajkiy tattvadnyanatil swargacha aadesh aanee up-sahara aafrikechya maukhik paramparanmadhye samavisht asalelya juloomchya pracheen greek siddhantat aadhalu shakate. aitihasikdrushtya, pashchimatya vicharvantanni hukumshaha aanee julami yanchyat farak keela aahe, keval nantarchya virodhat pratikar karnyas adhikrut kele aahe kaaran yaa rajyakartyanni tyanchya lokpriy vaidhatechya abhavavyatirikt moolbhut hakkanche ullanghan kele aahe. kaant aanee hobbs yanchyasah kahee vicharvantanni pratikar karnyachya adhikarache astitva purnapane nakarle. johnn lokene keval malmattechya sanrakshanasathi teey sweekarle. pratikar karnyacha adhikar haah yathasthiti punarsanchayit karnyachya palikade jaato qee ghatanatmak vyavastheche rakshan karnyachya palikade jaato yavar matey bhinn aahet. prasthapit vyavastha badalanyachya pratikarala pathimba denyat marksvadi french krantichya lekhakanpeksha adhik pudhe gele; mao tse tung mhanale qee "pratikriyavadi lokanviruddha bund karane yogya aahe". 
jaree sarvat pratishthit nyayshastradnyanpaiki eka, hersch lotterpatchtne sarvoch manvi adhikaracha virodh karnyacha adhikar mhatale asale, taree aantarrashtriy manavadhikar kayadyatil yaa adhikarachi sthitee ksheen aahe aanee kvachitach charcha kelee jaate. manavadhikaranchya sanrakshakanchya aadeshavaril sanyukt rashtranchya vishesh pratinidhine, adhikaranchya ullanghanachya tivratechi parva naan karata, keval shantatapurn margancha vapar naan karananya konalahi vagalale aahe. shannonbrook marfichya matey, pratikar karnyachya adhikaracha aadar naan karane heey yaa vastusthitishi visangat aahe qee jarr tyanchya samarthakanni aksh shaktinviruddha balacha vapar keela nasata tarr sanyukt rashtra aanee manavadhikaranchi sampoorn rachana astitvat nasati. shivay, murphy assa yuktivad karatat qee haah niyam sarvat white paristhitit manavadhikar rakshakansathi anyaykarak aahe aanee tyachya parinamamule "eka vikrut paristhiti nirman jhaali aahe jyamadhye aantarrashtriy manavadhikar kayada gambhir kinwa mothya pramanat manavadhikaranchya ullanghanancha samna karananya bahusankhya lokanna prabhavipane sodoon deto". 1964 madhye, nelson mandelane varnabhedavirodhi sangharshat hinsacharala haat ghalanyacha bachav keela, tyanchya bhashanat, "mea marnyasathi tayar aahe". rajkiy tatvadnya gwillim david blunt yanchya matey, "pratikar karnyacha adhikar haah manavadhikaranchya rajkiy sankalpanecha eka aavashyak bhag aahe". tyashivay, adhikar heey keval visheshadhikar asateel, parantu pratikar karnyacha adhikar haah "manavadhikaranchya ullanghananvar antim upay" pradan karato.
prakarane.
pratikar viruddha. dahashatvad.
algeria, palestine aanee irelandmadhye ghadalelya hinsacharacha vapar karananya rashtriy mukti chalvalinni anekada dahashatvad mhanoon ninda karane aanee dadapshahicha pratikar karnyasathi kadhikadhi balacha vapar karane aavashyak aahe yaa davyadarmyan sammishra pratikriya dilya aahet. rajkiy siddhantkar christopher finale yanni 'just warr theary' varr aadharit eka pustak lihile, jyat tyanna asey vatate qee sashastr pratikar nyayya aahe. 
eka vishisht udaharan mhanje palestini pradeshanvar israyali kabja karnyas virodh karnyacha palestini adhikar, jyala israyalane nakarle aahe.
dahashatvadacha pratikar aanee pratikar.
visheshtah 'id1' hallyanantar, anek sanghatananna dahashatvadi sanghatana mhanoon pratibandhit karane, jaree tyaa aantarrashtriy staravar manyataprapt tattvannusar pratikar karnyachya kayadeshir adhikaracha vapar karatat asey manale jaau shakate, asha rajya dahashatvadvirodhi dhorananmadhye samavisht hote. visheshtah, yaa rajyanna virodh karananya sanghatananvar bandee ghalanari rajye pratikar karnyacha adhikar nakarnyacha uchch dhoka nirman karatat. marqa mueller kyu. see. yanni united kingdamchya dahashatvad kayada 2000 chaa ullekh assa kayada mhanoon keela aahe, joou sashastr moheem rabvinanya konatyahi bigger-rajya sanghatanecha sambhavya samavesh karoo shakato aanee jyamadhye swayamnirnayachya kayadeshir saravasathi kinwa lokshahivirodhi aanee dadapshahichya virodhat ladhanyasathi apavad nahee. ekhadya krutiche vegalya paddhatine moolyankan karananya spardhatmak kayadeshir chaukatichi samasya talhanyasathi, george gesk yanni assa prastav mandala aahe qee dahashatvadvirodhi kayadyanni spashtapane gunhegari karvayanvar laksh kendrit kele pahije jeey kaaran kahihi asso, nyayya tharoo shakat naheet, tarr kathit anyaykarak rajyaviruddha hinsak pratikarakade, prakaran siddha jhalyashivay dahashatvad mhanoon pahile jaau naye.
jaagtik garibi aanee anyay.
jaree rajkiy siddhantkaranni jaagtik garibi aanee anyayachya parshvabhumivar shrimantanchya konatya jababdanya aahet yavar vadavivad keela asala, taree yaa shasananchya piditanna nyay midvanyasathi kaay karnyacha adhikar aahe yavar qamee vichar keela gela aahe. rajkiy siddhantkar sayman canny yanchya matey, dalitanna jaagtik anyayacha pratikar karnyacha adhikar aahe; "bhavishyat adhik nyay midvoon denyasathi anyay kayam thevana antarnihit samajik, aarthik aanee rajkiy sanrachananmadhye parivartan ghadavun aanananya krutimadhye sahbhagi honyacha". aavashyakatechya tattvavar aadharit, canny assa yuktivad karato qee kahee lokanna tyanche jivanman twarit sudharanyasathi thet karvai karnyacha adhikar aahe. tyanni dilelya udaharananmadhye seema niyantrane talhane; tyanna parvadanare aavashyak ann, aushadhe kinwa urja chorane; aanee bauddhik sampada kayadyache ullanghan karane yancha samavesh aahe. dusya prakarchya pratikaramadhye adhik nyay midvoon denyasathi anyaykarak jaagtik vyavasthanmadhye badal karnyacha prayatna karane samavisht aahe; teey jaminivaril vyavasayancha ullekh karatat; udaharanarth paryavaranache rakshan karnyasathi adthale aanee nakabandi; vidhvans; karj fednyas nakar; dangal; aanee bund, udaharanarth haitian kranti kinwa vasahatvadvirodhi yuddhe. agadi kayadyaviruddhahi, jaagtik dakshinetil garib lokanna jaagtik uttaret sthalantar karoon tyanchya sthiticha pratikar karnyacha adhikar aahe, assa spasht yuktivad too karato; too gulamanchya tyanchya malakanna sodoon paloon jaaun pratikar karnyachya adhikarashi yache pratirupan karato.
kayadeshir tartudi.
adhikarachi samanyatah manya keleli kayadeshir vyakhya nahee. toney onorchya aadhare, murphy suchavato qee 'pratikar karnyacha adhikar' haah kahee atinnusar, samajik, rajkiy kinwa aarthik badal ghadavun aananyachya uddeshane karvai karnyacha adhikar aahe, jyat kahee prakarananmadhye samanyatah bekaydeshir asanari krutye karnyacha adhikar dekhil samavisht aahe. yaa adhikaracha vapar vaiyaktikaritya kinwa ektritpane keela jaau shakato, adhik maryadit uddishtandvare pranali ulthavoon taknyapasun aanee nagri avadnya teey hinsak pratikaraparyantchya serve bekaydeshir krutincha samavesh aahe. haah adhikar aantarrashtriy manavadhikar kayadyanshi susangat uddisht sadhya karnyasathi aavashyak aanee pramanbaddh asanyavar sashart aahe aanee itaranchya hakkanche ullanghan karnyache samarthan karoo shakat nahee.
aantarrashtriy kayada.
aantarrashtriy kayadyat, pratikar karnyacha adhikar haah aatmanirnay tattvanshi jawalun sambandhit aahe. vasahatvadi varchasva, paradeshi vyavasay aanee janjatichya rajkiy sahbhagachya eka bhagala nakarnanya varnadveshi shasananchya paristhitit aatmanirnay karnyacha adhikar udbhavato heey sarvadoor olakhale jaate. aantarrashtriy kayadyanusar, rajye swanirnayachya kayadeshir saravaviruddha balacha vapar karoo shakat naheet, tarr swanirnay ichchukanna tyanchi uddishte sadhya karnyasathi dusra konatahi marg naslyas lashkari balacha vapar karata yeto. fayez sayegh yanna sanyukt rashtranchya sanadetoon aakramakatechya parshvabhumivar rashtriy swasanrakshanasathichya antarnihit adhikarachi manyata milanyacha virodh karnyacha adhikar prapt hoto. sanadechya aadhare, 1970 chya sanyukt rashtranchya sarvasadharan sabhechya tharav 2625 madhye "parkeey adhinata, varchasva aanee shoshanala lokanchya adhinata" laa virodh karnyachya adhikarala spashtapane samarthan dile gele. yaa aadharavar, anek vidwan assa yuktivad karatat qee, jithe swanirnay haah muddah aahe, tyaa paramparik aantarrashtriy kayadyat pratikar karnyacha adhikar astitvat aahe.
kahee vidvananni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee dadapshahicha pratikar karnyacha adhikar aantarrashtriy manavadhikar vidheyakat antarbhut aahe. manavadhikaranchya sarvatrik ghoshanechya prastavnet mhatale aahe qee, "jaree manushyala juloom aanee dadapshahiviruddha bund karnyasathi shevatcha upay mhanoon aashray ghenyas bhag padale jaat nasel, tarr manvi hakkanche sanrakshn kayadyachya rajvatidvare kele gele pahije". tathapi, ghoshanechya masudyancha hetu pratikar karnyacha adhikar vagalanyacha hota. european aanee aantar-american pradeshik manavadhikar kararanmadhye pratikar karnyacha adhikar samavisht nahee.
manvi aanee lokanchya hakkanvaril african sanadechya kalam 20 (2) madhye asey mhatale aahe qee, "vasahatvadi kinwa shoshit lokanna" aantarrashtriy samudayane manyata dilelya konatyahi madhyamacha avalamb karoon varchasvachya bandhanatun swatahla mukt karnyacha adhikar aahe. itar manavadhikar kararanmadhye ashee konatihi tartud nahee. murphy asey suchavate qee paradeshi aakraman aanee vyapavyatirikt, "manavteviruddhache gunhe kinwa narsamhar, uthav kinwa itar asanvaidhanik niyamanchya mothya ullanghanancha samna karnare lock patra tharoo shakatat."manvi hakkanvaril sudharit 2004 arab sanad, parantu 1994 chya purvavarti nahee, paradeshi vyaparacha pratikar karnyacha ayogya adhikar dete.
sanvidhan.
pratikar karnyachya adhikarachi hummy magna kartamadhye denyat aalee hotee aanee 1791 madhye french krantidarmyan jaaree kelelya manvi aanee nagarikanchya hakkanchya ghoshanechya madhyavarti ghatakanpaiki eka aahe. hii tartud francechya 1958 chya sanvidhanachya prastavnet samavisht kelee aahe. 2012 paryant, 42 deshanni tyanchya sanvidhanat pratikar karnyachya adhikarala manyata dilee aanee aanakhi teen deshanni purvi asha adhikarala manyata dilee. yapaiki bahutansh desh lattin america, paschim europe kinwa aafriket sthit aahet. bahutansh tartudi chaar laharinmadhye swikarlya gelyah "krantikari prajasattak, uttar-facist, uttar-vasahatvad aanee uttar-soviet". lattin americet asha ghatanatmak tartudi samanyatah sattapalatanantar swikarlya gelya, tarr itaratra yaa tartudi lokshahichya mage padnyachya virodhat eka agragami vichar mhanoon hotya. 
pratikar karnyachya ghatanatmak adhikaracha tatvik aadhar vegala aahe; kahee prakarananmadhye naisargik kayadyavar aadharit; itaranmadhye nagarikanna asanvaidhanik satta japt karnyaviruddha karvai karnyas bhag padane; aanee vaiyaktik hakkanmadhye rajya hastakshepa virodhat karvai karnyas adhikrut karananya deshanchya tisya sanchat. pratikar karnyacha adhikar haah aichchhik aahe qee nagarikanche kartavya yatahi farak aahe. kayade vyaptit bhinn aahet; kahee bekaydeshir uthav kinwa paradeshi aakramanacha pratikar karnyacha adhikar detat tarr itar adhik vyapak aahet, jyat manavadhikaranche ullanghan kinwa itar dadapshahicha samavesh aahe. 
krantikari sarkaranni sthapan kelelya pratikar karnyachya ghatanatmak adhikaracha ullekh nantar yaa sarkaranche virodhak karoo shakatat. 1953 madhye, fidel castrola monkada barreckvaril hallyasathi atak karnyat aalee. aaplya bachav bhashanat, "itihas mallah nirdosh tharvel", asey mhanat tyanni "sarvatrik manyataprapt tattva" aanee kyubachya pratikar karnyachya ghatanatmak adhikaracha vapar keela.
moolbhut kayadyachya kalam 20 parichhed 4 madhye dilela pratikar karnyacha adhikar haah germanychya federal republickchya udarmatvadi lokshahi moolbhut vyavasthecha bhag aahe aanee too moolbhut adhikarachya samatulya adhikar manla jaato. haah adhikar 1968 chya german aapatkalin kayadyancha eka bhag mhanoon sadar karnyat aala hota aanee itar konatahi upay shakya nastana ghatanatmak tattve (kalam 1-20 jeejee) radd karnyache vachan denanya konalahi konatyahi germanla virodh karanyachi parvanagi deto. sarvat mahattvache mhanje, rajkiy nirnayanchya madhyamatoon vidyaman ghatanatmak vyavastha radd karnyacha prayatna karananya ghatanatmak sansthanviruddhach heey nirdeshit kele jaate. jaree ghatanatmak sanstha kayadyachya aadhare kaam karat asot (1933 chya saksham adhiniyamantargat nazi satta japt karane), taree tyaa asanvaidhanikpane vagoo shakatat yaa dnyanavar heey aadharit aahe. pratikar karnyacha adhikar haah eka dirgh aitihasik vikasacha parinam aahe, jyane, nirankush kinwa kayadeshir sakaratmak parshvabhoomichya aadhare, asey gruheet dharale qee rajya karvai kadhihi chukichi asoo shakat naheeh "raja kahihi chukiche karoo shakat nahee". kelele konatehi gunhegari gunhe aanee hakkanche itar ullanghan heey pratikar karnyachya adhikaradvare nyayya tharatat. tathapi, jarr tyala heey shakya asel tarr virodhkane nehmich saumya sadhanancha vapar keela pahije. assa ghatanatmak niyam jagbharat farsa vyapak nahee.
2021 madhye, italian sarvoch nyayalayane 'vos thalasa' prakaranatil done sthalantaritanchi julai 2018 madhye 'vos thalasa' jahajavar jhalelya nishedhachi shiksha radd kelee, jyamadhye tyanni libiyala parat yenyas virodh keela, kaaran tyaa deshat chhal aanee gairvartanukicha dhoka hota.