barmamadhil british rajvat

barmamadhil british rajya 1824 teey 1948 paryant tikale, tyanantarchya teen anglo-bermi yuddhanpasun british bharatacha prant mhanoon 'berma' tayar honyapasoon swatantra prashasit vasahat sthapan karnyaparyant aanee shevati swatantrya. britishanchya niyantranakhalil pradesh british berma mhanoon olakhala jaat hota aanee 1886 pasoon adhikrutpane berma () mhanoon olakhala jaat hota. arakan aanee tenasserims bermi pradeshanche vividh bhag pahilya anglo-bermi yuddhatil vijayanantar britishanni tabyat ghetale; karat) anglo-bermi yuddhanantar 1852 madhye loar berma tabyat ghenyat aala. tabyat ghetalelya pradeshanna 1862 madhye british barmacha 'kirkol' prant (mukhya aayuktapad) mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale.
1885 madheel madheel anglo-bermi yuddhanantar, varchya barmacha taba ghetala gela aanee pudhchya varshi, british bharatatil "berma" prant tayar jhaala, joou 1897 madhye eka "pramukh" prant (leftnunt-governorship) banala. hii vyavastha 1937 paryant tikali, jevha barmache prashasana bharat aanee barmachya rajya sachivanchya antargat berma karyalayadvare swatantrapane suru jhaale. karat) mahayuddhadarmyan japanchya deshachya bahutansh bhagavarchya tabyat asatana british rajvat viskalit jhaali. 4 janewari 1948 roji barmala british rajvatipasun swatantrya midale.
desh chalavanyat aanee vasahatvadi lokanni bajavalelya mothya bhoomikemule barmala kadhikadhi 'scottish vasahat' mhanoon sambodhale jaate, surr james scott heey sarvat ullekhaneey aahet. vasahat vyavasthapit karnyat aanee prashasit karnyat bharatiy uchchabhru lokanni bajavalelya mothya bhoomikesathi dekhil heey olakhale jaat hote, visheshtah teey british rajvaticha bhag asatana; kahee itihaskaranni yala saha-vasahatvadache udaharan mhatale aahe.
britishanchya vijayapurvi.
jaree swayampurn shetee haah arthvyavasthecha paya asala taree, tyachya sthanamule, chean aanee bharat yanchyatil vyapar marg deshatoon jaat hote, jyamule vyaparadvare berma samruddha rahila. bharatiy bharatiy bahutek bermi lock jithe rahat hote tyaa pradeshanmadhye kinarpatti aanee nadyanchya (visheshtah irawadi nadee) bajoone pravas keela, jyamule bharatiy sanskrutik prabhav tyaa deshat aala joou aajahi astitvat aahe. mothya pramanavar bauddha dharm dharm pahilya aagney ashiyai deshanpaiki berma haah eka desh asalyane, too bahutansh loksankhyecha adhikrut aashray dharm mhanoon britishanchya adhipatyakhali kayam rahila.
britishancha vijay aanee vasahatvadapurvi, sattadhari konbong rajvanshane sarkarche eka ghatt kendrikrut swaroop palale. raja haah serve babinvar antim nirnay denara mukhya karyakari hota, parantu too naveen kayade karoo shakat navhata aanee keval prashasakeey aadesh jaaree karoo shakat hota. deshat done kayade hote, dhamathat aanee sarkar kendra asalele hluttav, heey teen shakhanmadhye vibhagale gele hote-vittiy, karyakari aanee nyayik. siddhantatah, raja serve hluttocha prabhari hota, parantu hluttone tyanna manyata deiparyant tyacha konatahi aadesh lagoo jhaala nahee, asha prakare tyachi satta tapasali gelee. deshache aanakhi vibhajan karat, prantanvar rajyapalanche rajya hote, jyanna hluttone niyukt kele hote aanee gavanvar rajane manjur kelelya vanshparamparagat pramukhanche rajya hote.
britishanche aagman.
jevha konbong rajvanshane bharatatil britishanchya tabyat asalelya chitagongchya jawal asalelya aasam rajyatil arakanmadhye vistar karnyacha nirnay ghetala tevha berma aanee britishanmadhye sangharsh suru jhaala. yamule pahile anglo-bermi yuddh (1824-26) jhaale. britishanni eka mothee sagari moheem pathavali, jyane 1824 madhye ladhai naan karata rangoon ghetale. danufuemadhye, ayyarwadi tribhuj pradeshat, bermi senapati mahaa bandula marla gela aanee tyache sainya parabhoot jhaale. barmala aasam aanee itar uttarekadil prant sodanyas bhag padale gele. 1826 chya yandabochya tahamule aupcharikpane pahile anglo-bermi yuddh sampale, jeey british bharatachya itihasatil sarvat pradirgh aanee sarvat mahagade yuddh hote. pandhra hazar european aanee bharatiy sainik marle gele, jyat adnyat sankhyene bermi sainya aanee nagri hatahat jhaale. yaa mohimesathi britishanna 5 teey 13 dashalaksh paund sterling (2020 madhye 18 teey 48 abj yu. ess.) kharch aala.ess. dollar) jyamule 1833 madhye british bharatat aarthik sankat nirman jhaale.
1852 madhye, karat) anglo-bermi yuddhala ingrajanni chithavani dilee, jyanni khalchya barmamadhil sagwan jangale tasech kalkatta aanee singapur darmyan bandar shodhale. 25 varshanchya shantatenantar, british aanee bermi ladhai navyane suru jhaali aanee britishanni serve khalchya berma tabyat gheiparyant suru rahili. yaa yuddhat ingraj vijayi jhaale aanee parinami tyanna tyanchya navyane jinkalelya pradeshantil sagwan, teel aanee manikat pravesh midala.
ajunahi vyapalela deshacha bhag asalelya varchya barmamadhye, king mindonne samrajyavadachya takdishi julavun ghenyacha prayatna keela hota. tyane prashasakeey sudharana lagoo kelya aanee barmala paradeshi hitsambandhambaddal adhik sanvedanshil banavale. parantu ingrajanni tisare anglo-bermi yuddh suru kele, jeey november 1885 darmyan done aathvadyanpeksha qamee kaal chalale. british sarkarne barmacha shevatcha swatantra raja thibo miin haah eka atyachari hota aanee too francela deshat adhik prabhav padanyacha cutt rachat hota assa dawa karoon tyanchya krutiche samarthan kele. 28 november 1885 roji british sainyane mandalaymadhye pravesh keela. asha prakare, teen yuddhanni deshache vividh bhag jinkalyanantar, britishanni sadhyachya myanmarcha serve bhag tabyat ghetala, jyamule 1 janewari 1886 roji haah pradesh british bharatacha prant banala.
prarambhik british shasson.
bermi sashastr pratikar anek varshe adhunmadhun suru rahila aanee british senapatila kaam suru thevanyasathi uchch nyayalayavar jabardasti karavi lagali. jaree yuddh adhikrutpane keval done aathvadyannantar sampale asale, taree 1890 paryant uttar barmamadhye pratikar suru rahila, akheris ingrajanni serve chhapamar kriyakalap thambavanyasathi gavancha paddhatshir naash aanee naveen naveen niyukti kelee.
rajeshahicha ant houn aanee dharm aanee rajya vegale jhalyane paramparik bermi samajat mothya pramanat badal jhaala. europeey aanee bermi yanchyatil aantarvivahamule anglo-bermi mhanoon olakhalya kelya sthanik eurasian samudayala janm midala, jeey bermi lokanpeksha varr, parantu britishanpeksha khalee vasahatvadi samajavar varchasva gajavanyasathi aale.
brittonne sampoorn berma tabyat ghetalyanantar, tyanna dukhapat houu naye mhanoon tyanni chinala khandani pathvane suru thewale, parantu yamule nakalatpane chiinii manat tyancha darja qamee jhaala. 1886 madhye berma adhiveshanat heey manya karnyat aale qee chean varchya barmachya brittonchya tabyat manyata deil tarr brittonne darr daha varshanni peckingla bermankadoon khandani dene suru thewale.
prashasana.
britishanni tyanchya naveen prantavar thet rajvatidvare niyantran thewale, aanee aadhichya sarkari sanrachanet anek badal kele. rajeshahi radd karnyat aalee, raja thibola haddapar karnyat aale aanee dharm aanee rajya vegale jhaale. heey visheshtah hanikarak hote, kaaran ektritpane sangh mhanoon olakhale jaanare bauddha bhikshu rajeshahichya prayojaktvavar jordar avalambun hote. tyach velee, sanghane rajeshahila vaidhata dilee aanee bauddha dharmache pratinidhi mhanoon bhikshunni janatela rashtriy rajkaran adhik mothya pramanat samajoon ghenyachi sandhee dilee.
ingrajanni dharmnirpeksh shikshan pranalihi lagoo kelee. naveen vasahatvar niyantran asalelya bharatiy vasahatvadi sarkarne, ingraji aanee bermi yaa donhi bhashanmadhye bhashanmadhye dharmnirpeksh shaala sthapan kelya, tarr khrishchan dharmpracharkanna shalanna bhet denyasathi aanee shodhanyasathi protsahit kele. yaa donhi prakarchya shalanmadhye bauddha dharm aanee paramparik bermi sanskratila virodh keela jaat asey.
prashasakeey vibhag.
1885 nantar berma prantache prashasana khalilpramane hoteh
vagalalele kshetra" kinwa "anusuchit kshetra" mhanoonahi olakhale jaanare "simavarti kshetra" aaj barmamadhye bahutansh rajye tayar karatat. barmanchya seema sevesah britishanni tyanche swatantrapane prashasana kele aanee nantar barmasobat ekatra yeuun aaj myanmarchi bhaugolik rachana tayar kelee. simavarti bhagat hanuvati, shaan, kachin aanee kareni yasarkhya vanshik alpasankhyak lock rahat hote.
1931 paryant barmamadhye 9 vibhag hote, jeey anek jilhyanmadhye vibhagale gele.
arthvyavastha.
paramparik bermi arthvyavastha hii rajyane nishchit kelelya sarvat mahattvachya vastoonchya kimmatinsah punarvitaran karnari hotee. bahusankhya loksankhyesathi, vyapar haah swayampurn shetiitka mahattvacha navhata, parantu bharat teey chinparyantchya pramukh vyapar marganvar deshachya sthiticha arth assa hota qee paradeshi vyapar sulabh kelyane tyala lakshaniy pramanat paisa midala. britishanchya aagamanane bermi arthvyavastha jaagtik bajarpethechya shaktinshi jodaleli jhaali aanee vasahatvadi niryat arthvyavasthecha bhag bananyas bhag padali gelee.
barmachya vilinikaranane aarthik vikasachya navya kalkhandachi suruvat jhaali. samajache aarthik swarupahi lakshaniyaritya badalale. ingrajanni irawadi tribhuj pradeshachya sabhovatalachya jaminichya samruddha maticha fayda ghenyas suruvat kelee aanee ghandat kharfutichi jangale kadhoon takali. europemadhye, visheshtah 1869 madhye suez kalvyachya bandhkamanantar, tandalachi mothee magani hotee, tee mukhya niryat hotee. tandalache utpadan vadhavanyasathi, anek bermi lokanni uttarekadil madhyavarti bhagatoon tribhuj pradeshat sthalantar kele, loksankhyeche praman badalale aanee sampatti aanee sattecha aadhar badalala.
lagvadisathi naveen jameen tayar karnyasathi, british banka gahan thevi dett naslyamule, naslyamule bharatiy savkarankadun uchch vyajdarane karj ghetale, jyanna chettiyar mhanatat. bharatiy savkaranni gahan thevanyache karj dile, parantu karjdaranni chook kelyas teey twarit bund kele.
tyach velee, hajaro bharatiy majur barmamadhye (bermi bharatiy) sthalantarit jhaale aanee qamee paishasathi kaam karnyachya tyanchya ichchemule, bermi bermi twarit visthapit kele. encyclopedia britannica mhanate tyapramanehe "bermi gavkari, berojgar aanee vighatit samajat haravalele, kadhikadhi kirkol choree aanee darodyala balee padale aanee lavkarach britishanni tyanna aalashi aanee shist nasalele mhanoon darshavile. bermi samajatil apkriya patali hatyanmadhil natyamay vadhitoon ughad jhaali."
yaa vegane vegane arthvyavasthemule kahee pramanat audhyogikikaran jhaale, sampoorn iravadichya iravadichya railway bandhali jaat hotee aanee shekado vafechya boaty nadichya kathavarun jaat hotya. yaa serve vahtook paddhati britishanchya malkichya hotya. asha prakare, jaree vyaparacha samtol british barmachya bajoone hota, taree samaj itka moolbhootpane badalala qee vegane vegane arthvyavasthecha fayda anekanna jhaala nahee.
nagri sevet pramukhyane anglo-bermi aanee bharatiy karmchari hote aanee vanshik bermi lokanna lashkari sevetoon jawaljawal purnapane vagalanyat aale hote, jyat pramukhyane bharatiy, anglo-bermi, carren aanee itar bermi alpasankhyak gut karmchari hote. 1887 madhye rangoonmadhye british general hospital barmyachi sthapana karnyat aalee. jaree desh samruddha jhaala, taree bermi lock mothya pramanat tyache phal midvanyat ayashasvi tharale. (barmamadhil britishanchya kalpanik vruttasathi george aurvelchi 'bermies days' hii kadambari pahaa.) 1941 madheel bermi lokanchya upajivikechya paristhitiche varnan vatchal eka british british vruttat bermi lokanchya adchaninche varnan kele aaheh
paradeshi jamindarpana aanee paradeshi savkaranchya vyavharanmule deshachya sansadhananchya mothya pramanat niryat vadhali hotee aanee shetkari aanee sampoorn deshacha pragatishil garibeela tond futale hote.... shetkari vastusthitinusar garib jhaala hota aanee berojgari vadhali hotee....bermi samajik vyavasthechya patnane samajik vivek ksheen jhaala, jyamule garibi aanee berojgarichya paristhitit gunhegarit mothee vaadh jhaali."
rashtravadi chalval.
 yaa shatkachya akheris, vasahatvadi vasahatvadi dharmik sanghatananna parvanagi dilyane, yamkanusar tayar kelelya young mains bauddha associationchya (yamba) swarupat eka rashtravadi chalval aakar gheu lagali. nantar bermi sanghatananchya samanya parishadene (jee. see. bii. aii.) tyanchi jaaga ghetali, jee 'vuntanu athin' kinwa sampoorn barmatil gavanmadhye udayas aalelya rashtriy sanghatananshi sambandhit hotee. 1900 teey 1911 darmyan 'ayrish bauddha' yuu dhammalokane khristi dharm aanee shahee shaktila sarvajanikaritya aavhan dile, jyamule deshdrohachya done khatale jhaale.
visavya shatkachya suruvatila sushikshit vargatoon bermi netyanchi eka naveen pidhi udayas aalee, jyapaiki kahinna kayadyacha abhyas karnyasathi londonla jaanyachi parvanagi hotee. sudharanandware bermi paristhiti sudharali jaau shakate yaa vishvasane teey paratale. 1920 chya dashakachya suruvatila jhalelya purogami ghatanatmak sudharananmule bharatachya prashasanat maryadit adhikar asalele vidhimandal, vidyapith aanee barmasathi adhik svayatta nirman jhaali. nagri sevet bermi lokanche pratinidhitva vadhavanyasathi prayatna karnyat aale. kahee lokanna asey vatoo lagale qee badalacha darr puresa vegwan nahee aanee sudharana puresha vyapak naheet.
1920 madhye naveen vidyapith kayadyachya nishedharth vidyarthi sump suru jhaala, jyacha keval uchchabhru vargala fayda hoil aanee vasahatvadi rajya kayam raheel asey vidyarthyanna vatat hote. 'vasahatvadi shikshan vyavasthechya nishedharth deshbharat 'rashtriy shaala' udayala aalya aanee sump 'rashtriy deane' mhanoon sajra keela gela. 1920 chya uttaradhat 'vuntanu aathin' chya netrutvakhali aanakhi sump aanee karvirodhi nidarshane jhaali. rajkiy karyakartyanmadhye pramukh mhanje bauddha bhikshu (hpongi), jase qee uu ottama aanee uu senda, jyanni nantar british aanee nantar swatantryanantar rashtravadi sarkarchya virodhat sashastr bandache netrutva kele aanee yuu visara, turungat pradirgh uposhananantar maran pavnara chalvalicha pahila shaheed.
december 1930 madhye, tharrawadi yetheel saay saan yanni kelela sthanik curr nishedh lavkarach aadhi pradeshik aanee nantar sarkarviruddha rashtriy uthav jhaala. done varshe chalalela gallen bund, jyala naag pahilacha shatru asalelya pauranik pakshi garudavarun naav denyat aale.eae. bandkhoranni vahoon ghetalelya shilevar chhapalelya britishanna, pudhil rajkiy sudharananchya aashvasanansah hajaro british sainikanna dadapanyachi garaj hotee. saay sanchya antim khatalyachya, jyala fashi denyat aalee, tyamule tyachya bachavat sahbhagi jhalelya dow. baa maav aanee yuu sausah bhavishyatil anek rashtriy netyanna prasiddhi miloo shakali.
meey 1930 madhye, 'doaba aseon' (aamhi burman sanghatana) chee sthapana jhaali, jyache sadasya swatahla 'thakin' mhanat hote (bharatiy 'saheb' pramanech-'thakin' mhanje bermi bhashet 'master' assa virodhabhasatmak arth-vasahatvadi malakanni balkavalelya shabdacha haqq asalele teey deshache kharey malak asalyache jaheer karat). karat) vidyapithachya vidyarthyancha 1936 madheel sump, rangoon vidyapithachya vidyarthi sanghatanechya netyanchya, 'aung saan andd qoo nuu' yanchya hakalpattimule suru jhaala, jyanni tyanchya vidyapithachya masikat lekh lihilelya lekhakache naav ughad karnyas nakar deela, jyane vidyapithachya varishtha varishtha ekavar jordar hallah keela. too mandalayparyant pasarla jyamule serve berma vidyarthi sanghatanechi sthapana jhaali. tyanantar vidyarthi rajkaranatun rashtriy rajkaranakade vatchal vatchal thakin chalvalit aung saan aanee nuu sameel jhaale.
bharatapasun vegale hone.
1 april 1937 roji britishanni berma prant british bharatapasun vegala keela aanee vasahatila eka naveen sanvidhan dile jyat bermi lokanna anek adhikar deuun, purnapane nivadoon aalelya vidhansabheche aavahan kele gele, parantu haah eka vibhajankari muddah asalyache siddha jhaale kaaran kahee bermi lokanna vatale qee haah tyanna pudhil konatyahi bharatiy sudharananpasun vagalanyacha daav hota. baa maav yanni barmache pahile pantpradhan mhanoon kaam kele, parantu 1939 madhye yuu see yanni tyanna baher kadhale, jyanni 1940 pasoon pantpradhan mhanoon kaam kele aanee 19 janewari 1942 roji japani lokanshi sanvad sadhalyabaddal britishanni tyanna atak kelee.
1938 madhye madhya barmachya telkshetratun suru jhalelya sump aanee nidarshananchi laat durgami parinamansah eka samanya sump bunley. rangunmadhye vidyarthi nidarshakanni, vasahatvadi sarkarche peeth asalelya sachivalayala yashasviritya gheralyanantar, british ghudsavar polisanni lathimar karoon aanee rangoon vidyapithachya vidyarthyachi hatya kelyacha aarop keela. mandale yethe bauddha bhikshunchya netrutvakhalil nidarshakanchya jamavavar polisanni golibar keela, jyat 17 lock thaar jhaale. hii chalval 'hatang thaun yaa bayai idoban' (bermi dindarshika varshavarun '1300 kranti' asey naav denyat aale) mhanoon olakhali jaau lagali aanee 20 december haah pahila shaheed aung kyav kosalanyacha divas hota, jyaa divashi vidyarthi 'boow aung kyav divas' mhanoon sajra karatat.
dusare mahayuddha.
japanchya samrajyane december 1941 madhye barmavar aakraman kele aanee 1942 chya akheris vasahatchya bahutansh bhagavar niyantran midavale. 1943 madhye berma rajya rangunmadhye ghoshit karnyat aale, april 1942 madhye turungatoon paloon gelelya baa maav yaa rajyachya pramukhanchya netrutvakhali japani niyantranakhali eka kathputali rajya mhanoon chalavale jaanare sarkar. tathapi, sampoorn vasahat purnapane jinkanyat japan kadhihi yashasvi jhaala nahee aanee bandkhor kriyakalap vyapak hote, jaree too itar purvichya vasahatinsarkha muddah navhata. 1945 paryant, pramukhyane british bharatiy sainyachya british netrutvakhalil sainyane meey 1945 madhye rangbhumi punha tabyat gheuun bahutek vasahativar niyantran midavale hote.
japani lokanni aung sanchya hatyesamor sharanagati patkarali.
japani lokanchya sharanagatimule barmamadhye lashkari prashasana aale. british prashasanane aung sann aanee british bharatiy sainyachya itar sadasyanvar deshdrohacha aanee japani lokanshi sahkarya kelyabaddal khatala chalavanyacha prayatna keela. laurd mountbattenla samajale qee, aung sanchya lokpriy aavahanacha vichar karata khatala hone ashakya aahe. yuddh sampalyanantar, british governor curnell surr reginald dorman-smith paratale. punarsanchayit sarkarne eka rajkiy karyakram sthapan keela joou deshachya bhautik punarachanevar laksh kendrit karat hota aanee swatantryachya charchela vilambit karat hota. facistvirodhi peaples friedam leegne (aii. eff. pii. eff. ell.) sarkarla virodh keela jyamule deshat rajkiy asthirata nirman jhaali. communist aanee aung saan yanchyat aanee samajvadi yanchyat dhoranavarun matbhed nirman jhaale hote, jyamule julai 1946 madhye toon yanna sarchitanispadacha rajinama denyas bhag padale gele aanee tyanantarchya octobermadhye see. pii. bii. laa aii. eff. pii. eff. ell. madhoon hakalpatti karnyat aalee.
dorman-smithchya jaagi mejar-generalchi niyukti karnyat aalee
surr hubert rans heey naveen rajyapal mhanoon aanee rangoon polis sampavar gele. september 1946 madhye suru jhalela sump nantar polisankadun sarkari sarkari pasarla aanee sump samanya honyachya jawal aala. ransney aung sanla bhetun aanee aii. eff. pii. eff. ell. chya itar sadasyansah rajyapalanchya karyakari parishadet sameel honyasathi tyala patvoon deuun paristhiti shant kelee. naveen karyakari parishadene, jyane aata deshatil vishvasarhata vadhavali hotee, bermi swatantryasathi vataghati suru kelya, jyaa 27 janewari 1947 roji londonmadhye aung sann-atley karar mhanoon yashasviritya purn jhalya.
yaa kararamule aii. eff. pii. eff. ell. chya samyavadi aanee puranmatvadi shakhanche kahee bhag asamadhani jhaale, jyamule thakin sooe yanchya netrutvakhalil laal faliche samyavadi bhoomigat jhaale aanee puranmatvadi virodhi pakshat gele. 12 februwari roji 'sangh deane' mhanoon sajra kelya kelya panglong parishadet eksandh barmyasathi vanshik alpasankhyakanshi karar karnyat aung saan yashasvi jhaala. tyanantar thodyach velat, jyeshth sadhu yuu senda yanchya netrutvakhali arakanmadhye bandkhori suru jhaali aanee tee itar jilhyanmadhye pasaru lagali. april 1947 chya sanvidhan sabhechya nivadanukit jevha tyanni prachand vijay midavala tevha aii. eff. pii. eff. ell. chee lokpriyata, jyat aung saan aanee samajvadi yanche varchasva hote, shevati pushti jhaali.
tyanantar 19 julai 1947 roji eka mahattvapoorn ghatanene deshala hadaravun takale. tumhi pahile, barmyachya yuddhapoorv puranmatvadi pantpradhanane, sachivalayat baithak ghetana, aung saan aanee tyacha motha bhau baa wiin, aajchya national leag phaur democracyche janak, nirvasit-sarkar nete dow. seane wiin yanchyasah tyachya mantrimandalatil anek sadasyanchi hatya kelee. tevhapasoon 19 julai haah divas barmamadhye shaheed deane mhanoon sajra keela jaato. samajvadi nete thakin noo yanna aata naveen mantrimandal sthapan karnyas sanganyat aale aanee 4 janewari 1948 roji berma swatantrya kayada 1947 antargat sthapan kelelya bermi swatantryachya adhyakshapadachi dhura tyanni bhushavali. swatantryanantar barmane british varchasva naan gheta purnapane swatantra prajasattak banane nivadle. heey bharat aanee pakistan yaa donhi deshanchya swatantryachya viruddha hote, jyacha parinam adhipatyacha darja prapt karnyat jhaala. tyaveli barmamadhye britishvirodhi lokpriy bhavna prabal asalyamule heey ghadale asave.

