samantar matdan

samantar matdan hii eka prakarchi mishra nivadanuk pranali aahe jyamadhye done kinwa adhik bhinn pranalincha vapar karoon pratinidhinna ekach sabhagruhat matdan kele jaate, bahutek vela paksh-yadee pramanbaddh pratinidhitvasaha (pii. aar.) first-past-daad-poost matdan (eff. pii. tii. pii.). mishra sadasya bahusankhyavadi pratinidhitva (emm. emm. emm.) chaa haah sarvat samanya prakar aahe, mhanunach yaa sandnya anekada ekmekanshi samanarthipane vaparlya jaatat. kahee deshanmadhye, samantar matdanala purak sadasya (ess. emm.) pranali mhanoon olakhale jaate, tarr shaikshanik sahityat yala kadhikadhi mishra pranalinmadhye superposition paddhat mhatale jaate. 
mishra sadasya bahusankhyavadi (ardh-praman) pratinidhitvacha eka prakar mhanoon samantar matdan, rashtriy sansadechya tasech itali, japan, taiwan, lithuania, russia aanee argentine yasarkhya vividh thikanchya sthanik sarkaranchya nivadanukit vaparale jaate. mishra-sadasya pramanbaddh pratinidhitva (emm. emm. pii.) kinwa atirikt sadasya pranali (aii. emm. ess.) mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya mishra nivadanuk pranalipeksha tee vegali aahe. emm. emm. pii./aii. emm. ess. antargat, jilhyachya jaaga bharalya jaatat aanee pakshachya jilha jaganmadhye "avval" karoon, pratyek pakshala vidhimandalat kitee pramanatil jaaga midatil heey pakshache mutt tharavate. samantar matdanantargat, sadasyanchya done gatanchi nivadanuk konatyahi prakare jodaleli nasate, fakt teey ekach kakshat kaam kartil.
samantar matdanat eff. pii. tii. pii. aanee pii. aar. hii sarvat samanya jodee asali taree itar anek jodya shakya aahet. ekoon jaganchya tulanet yaditil jaganche praman vyapak aahe; udaharanarth, taivanmadhye 30 takke, japanmadhye 37.5% aanee aarmeniyamadhye 68.7%.
vyakhya.
jaree yaa sandnya pranali ekach pranalila lagoo kelya jaat asalya taree, mishra-sadasya bahusankhyavadi pratinidhitva aanee samantar matdan yaa sandnyancha arth vegvegalya goshti aahe.
samantar matdanat done pramanbaddh ghatak dekhil vaparale jaau shakatat kinwa tyat eka ardh-pramanbaddh aanee eka pramanbaddh ghatak (udaa.jee. ess. aine. tii. vhee. aanee pii. aar. japanmadhye vaparale jaatat). yaa karanastav samantar matdan nehmich mishra-sadasya bahusankhyavadi nasate. kahee mishra-sadasya bahusankhyavadi pranali done staranmadhil kahee parasparsanvad (nuksan bharpai) vapartat (udaa.jee. hangeri kinwa dakshin koria), jeey samantar matdan karat nahee.
itar mishra-sadasya bahusankhyavadi pranali, udaharanarth italimadhye (rosatelam) vaparlya jaanarya, ekach matancha vapar karatat, jyamule teey samantar matdan mhanoon samaan up-paddhatinpaiki (superposition) kahee vaparat asale tarihi tyanna samantar matdanapeksha vegale karatat.
samantar matdanacha aanee nivadanuk vyavasthecha gondhal houu naye, jithe done kinwa adhik vastavik pranali samantar paddhatine vaparlya jaatat, kaaran purvanirdharitapane, paksh-yadee pramanbaddh pratinidhitva vaparale jaeel, parantu jilhe asha prakare tayar kele jaatat qee kahinna fakt ekach jaaga asel. yaa prakaranat, samantar matdanachya ulat, pratyek matdarala fakt ekach mutt asate aanee tyanche mutt keval tyanchya jeelhyat mojale jaeel (jaaga samtol rakhanyasathi dekhil jaaga vaparlya jaat nasalya tarr).
prakriya.
samantar matdanachya sarvat samanya prakarantargat, vidhimandalachya jagancha eka bhag first-past-daad-poost paddhatidvare (eff. pii. tii. pii./ess. emm. pii.) bharala jaato, mhanje pratyek jilha eka sadasya nivadato aanee eka ferichya nivadanukit sarvadhik matey midavanara umedvar jaaga jinkato. paryayanmadhye done-pherii pranali (tii. aar. ess.) vaparnyacha samavesh aahe, asha paristhitit pahilya fereet konatyahi umedwarala 50 takkyanpeksha jaast matey naan midalyas, kinwa ess. aine. tii. vhee. kinwa block matdanasarkhya bahu-sadasya jilha pranalinmadhye, pahilya done umedvar kele ferichya nivadanukit bhag ghetat. itar jaaga pakshanchya yaditil matanvar aadharit yadee-pii. aar. pranalidware bharalya jaatat, konatyahi pratinidhitva sadhya karnyasathi pakshanna anekada vishisht maryada, visheshtah eka lahan takkewari, matdan karane aavashyak asate (anek pramanbaddh pranalinmadhye dekhil samanya aahe). pakshane jinkalelya konatyahi purak jaaga samanyatah namnirdeshit umedvaranchya kramvarit dilelya yaditoon bharalya jaatat, parantu yadee khulee asate. 
samantar matdanamadhye, matdaranni pranalimadhye asalelya pratyek prakarchya paddhatisathi done (kinwa adhik) matpatrika dilya parantu yaa matancha itar paddhatinmadhil jaganchya gananevar konatahi parinam hott nahee. jarr eff. pii. tii. pii. aanee list pii. aar. yanche sanyojan vaparale gele tarr matdar ekach velee hii matey taktat. done ferichi pranali vaparlyas, matdaranni tyanchya pakshachya yaditil pahilya fereet matdan kele aanee dusari pherii keval asha jilhyanmadhye ghetali jaate jethe sthanik umedvaranchya matanpaiki pahilya fereet konatyahi umedwarala bahumat midale nahee. kadhikadhi ekhadi pranali kahee matdaranna matdarsangh aanee paksh-yadee donhi matdanachi parvanagi dett nahee, udaharanarth anivasi lokankade bhaugolik matdarsangh nasel aanee mhanoon teey keval pakshanchya yadisathi matdan karoo shakatat.
mishra-sadasya pramanbaddh pratinidhitvachya ulat, jethe pakshachya yadya vidhimandalat ekoon pramanbaddh nikal sadhya karnyasathi vaparlya jaatat, samantar matdanantargat, pramanbaddhata keval yadichya jaganparyant maryadit asate. tyamule, jyaa pakshala 5 takke matey midali, tyaa pakshala yaditil keval 5 takke jaaga midatil, vidhimandalachya serve jaganpaiki 5 takke nahee.
fayade aanee tote.
chhotya pakshanche pratinidhitva.
samantar pranalinchi pramukh teeka ashee aahe qee tyaa ekoon pramanbaddhatechi hummy deu shakat naheet. mothya pakshanna tyanchya takkevarichya tulanet khoop mothe bahumat miloo shakate.
samantar matdan pranali lahan pakshanna, jeey vaiyaktik nivadanuka jinku shakat naheet, teey kiman kahee pratinidhitva midvu shakatat; tathapi, pramanbaddh pranalichya vipareet, tyanchyakade ekoon matanchya tyanchya vatyapeksha lakshaniyaritya qamee pratinidhimandal asel. pramanbaddh vyavasthechya samarthakanna heey keval aadhi-aadhi-padacha vapar karoon nivadanukanpeksha changle vatate, parantu tarihi lahan pakshanchya ghatakanprati anyaykarak aahe. jarr yaditil jagansathihi maryada asel, tarr jyaa pakshanchi maryada gathane phaar qamee aahe, teey konatehi pratinidhitva sadhya karoo shakat naheet, joparyant tyanchyakade vaiyaktik jaaga midvanyasathi vishisht matdarsanghanmadhye khoop majboot aadhar nasato. 
mothe paksh ajunahi varchasva gajavat asalyane lahan paksh ajunahi vanchit aahet. chhotya pakshanche matdar tyanche matdarsanghatil mutt vaya ghalavu naye mhanoon mothya pakshanchya umedvaranna davpechane matdan karoo shakatat. jarr maryadechya jawalcha lahan paksh tyanchya pasantichya pakshala mothya pakshachya bajoone matdan karnyapasoon door rahoo shakato jenekarun tyanchi yaditil matehi vaya jaau nayet. jyaa deshanmadhye eka prabhavi paksh aanee vibhajit virodhi paksh aahe, tyaa deshanmadhye prabhavi virodhala parvanagi denyasathi pramanbaddh jaaga aavashyak asoo shakatat.
jeey bahusankhyavadi vyavasthela pathimba detat tyancha assa yuktivad aahe qee pramananusar vatap kelelya purak jaganmule konatyahi pakshala vidhansabhet bahumat milanyachi shakyata vadhate, jyamule alpasankhyak kinwa yutee sarkare hotat.sarkar sthapan karnyasathi sarvat mothya pakshanna lahan pakshanchya pathimbyavar avalambun rahave lagoo shakate. jeey pramanbaddh pratinidhitvala anukool aahet teey yakade eka fayda mhanoon pahatat kaaran paksh ektyane shasson karoo shakat naheet, parantu tadjod karavi lagel. samantar matdanamule pramanbaddh pratinidhitvachya shuddha swarupantargat paksh vyavasthet vyavasthet vikhandanachya pramanat parinam hott nahee, assa yuktivadahi keela jaato.
done prakarche pratinidhi.
matdaranna done matey asatat, eka matdarsanghatil umedvarasathi aanee eka yadisathi, eka teeka aahe qee done varg pratinidhi samantar matdan pranali antargat udayas yetilah eka varg tyanchya matdar jagekade pahato aanee dusra keval tyanchya pakshashi sambandhit asato. kahijan yala eka fayda manatat kaaran sthanik tasech rashtriy hitsambandhanche pratinidhitva kele jaeel. kahijan asha pranalila pradhanya detat jithe pratyek matdarsangh aanee pratyek ghatakacha keval ekach pratinidhi asato, tarr itar asha pranalila pradhanya detat jithe pratyek khasdar sampoorn matdaranche pratinidhitva karato kaaran heey nivadanuk vyavasthet dekhil pratibimbit hote.
emm. emm. pii. aanee aii. emm. ess. chya tulanet.
samantar pranali pranali mishra-sadasya praman pranali (emm. emm. pii.) kinwa atirikt sadasya pranali (aii. emm. ess.) shhee viruddha asatat. yaa vishisht tulananvar lagoo honare fayade aanee tote yancha eka adviteey sanch aahe.
sthanik jilhyanmadhye bhatkanti karoo shakanara paksh tyachya vatyapeksha jaast jaaga jinku shakato. tyamule samantar pranalinna jilhyachya seema kadhanyasathi yogya nikashanchi aavashyakta asate. (emm. emm. pii. antargat eka jarrymander sthanik umedwarala madat karoo shakato, parantu too mothya pakshacha jaaga vadhavu shakat nahee, tarr aii. emm. ess. antargat jerrymandering parinam nuksanbharpaine qamee hotat)
japan aanee tyanantar thayaland aanee russiane pakshatil adhik ekatmatesathi protsahan denyasathi samantar pranali sweekarli. netrutvasathi surakshit jaganchi hummy dett, paksh aaplya yadeet avval sthanavaril umedvaranchi nivad karel heey nishchit aahe. yaulat, emm. emm. pii. kinwa aii. emm. ess. pranali antargat sthanik jaganmadhye changli kamgiri matdan pakshala konatyahi nuksan bharpai yadichya jaganchi aavashyakta nahee kinwa tyanna milanar nahee, tyamule netrutvala sthanik jaganmadhye nivadanuk ladhvavi lagoo shakate.
kahee prakarchya aii. emm. ess. laa davpechatmak matdanadware aanee pakshanchya decoy yadicha vapar karoon 'vastavik' samantar pranali banavata yete, jyaa (itar) emm. emm. pii. pranali samanyatah talhtat. yaa vishisht prakarche dhoranatmak matdan samantar matdan pranalinmadhye hott nahee kaaran tyachya pranalinmadhye asha prakare gairfayda ghenyasathi konatahi parasparkriya hott nahee jyamule teey aprasangik banate. tathapi, itar prakarche dhoranatmak matdan (jase qee tadjod karane) aii. emm. ess. peksha samantar matdanat adhik prasangik aahet aanee emm. emm. pii. antargat aksharshah aprasangik aahet. sansadet pravesh karnyasathi madat karnyasathi, mothya pakshanchya samarthakanni, ekhadya maryadechya jawal asalelya mitrapakshanchya chhotya pakshanchya bajoone, konatyahi samantar, aii. emm. ess. kinwa emm. emm. pii. pranalimadhye, nivadanuk maryadesah, dhoranatmak matdan karanyachi shakyata aahe.
emm. emm. pii. kinwa aii. emm. ess. pranalinpeksha samantar pranali eka-pakshiy bahumat nirman karnyas adhik samarthan detat, heey matdaranchya drushtikonavar avalambun sakaratmak kinwa nakaratmak asoo shakate.
vapara.
sadhyacha vapar.
sadhya khaleel deshanmadhye samantar matdan vaparale jaateh
phillipines.
kongresasathi phillipineschi nivadanuk pranali heey eka apavadatmak udaharan aahe. paksh-yaditil jagansathi jagansathi rajkiy pakshanna kayadeshiraritya matdarsanghatil jaganpeksha purnapane vegale asane aavashyak aahe. yashivay, rajkiy pakshanna (61 paiki) 3 jaaga denyat aalya aahet. parinami, philipinesmadhye vaparali jaanari mishra-sadasya pranali, purn pramanbaddh pratinidhitva pranalitil lokanchi eka gosht sodoon, samanya rajkiy pakshanna (agadi mishra-sadasya bahusankhyavadi pranalinmadhye dekhil) dekhil) matanchya serve bhagachi pratinidhi nahee.
vaparasathi prastav.
newzealandne samantar matdan swikaranyacha vichar keela parantu tyaeivaji emm. emm. pii. adhik lokpriy hote.
newzealandmadhye, nivadanuk pranalivaril shahee aayogane 1985-86 madheel nivadanuk pranalicha aadhava ghetala aanee ess. emm. haah tyaa velee vaparat asalelya bahusankhyak matdanacha sambhavya paryay manla. tyanni suchavale qee newzealandmadhye ess. emm. chee amalbajavani khaleel vaishishtyansah kelee jaau shakateh pratyek matdarala 2 matey asateel, 1 matdarsanghatil umedvarasathi aanee dusra pakshachya yadisathi; ekoon 120 jaaga asateel, jyat 90 jaaga matdarsanghatil matandware aanee urvarit 30 jaaga pakshanchya yaditoon tharvalya jaatil; pakshachya ekoon matanchya pramanat jaganchya yadiche vatap karnyasathi sudharit sente-legu paddhaticha vapar keela jaeel, pakshanna jaaga vatap karnyapurvi 5 takke maryada suchavanyat aalee hotee.
newzealandchya purvichya bahusankhyak nivadanuk pranalichya (eff. pii. pii.) kamataratanvar ess. emm. maat karoo shakanar naheet, assa nishkarsh aayogane kadhala. ekhadya pakshane jinkalelya ekoon jaaga tyanchya matanchya vatyachya pramanabaher rahanyachi shakyata aahe-"matancha vaataa aanee ekoon jagancha vaataa yanchyat lakshaniy asantulan" asel-aanee kirkol pakshanvar (jeey matdarsanghatil jaaga jinkanyasathi sangharsh karatat) anyay hoil. 1992 chya soochak nivadanuk janmatsangrahat, ess. emm. heey paryayi nivadanuk pranalichya chaar paryayanpaiki eka hote (emm. emm. pii., aii. vhee. aanee ess. tii. vhee. sobat), parantu keval 5.5 takke matansah teey shevatche sthan patkavale. spasht bahumatane, shahee aayogane shifaras kelyapramane emm. emm. pii. madhye badal karnyas pathimba denyat aala aanee tyanantar 1993 chya nivadanuk janmat chachaninantar too swikaranyat aala.
2011 madheel aanakhi eka sarvamatat, 57.77% matdaranni emm. emm. pii. pranali chaloo thevanyasathi matdan kele. kele pranalimadhye badal karnyasathi matdan matdan 42.23% paiki, eka bahulatene (46.66%) 1994 purvichya bahulata nivadanuk pranalikade (jyala first-past-daad-poost, eff. pii. tii. pii. mhanoonahi olakhale jaate) parat jaanyas pradhanya dile. 24.14% matansah purak sadasya haah dusra sarvat lokpriy paryay hota.

