
alfried stevens (chitrakar)

alfried emil leopold stevens (11 meey 1823-24 august 1906) haah eka belgian chitrakar hota, joou tyachya mohak aadhunik mahilanchya chitransathi olakhala jaato. tyanchya vastavadi shailimadhye aanee kaljipurvak purn kelelya tyanchya kamanmule 17 vya shatkatil dutch shailichya chitrakalecha prabhav disun yeto. garib bhatkya lokanchi durdasha darshavina samajik vastavadi chitradvare tyachya karkirdichya suruvatichya kalat laksh vedhoon ghetalyanantar, tyane tyachya uchch-madhyamvargiy parician jivanatil drushyandvare mothe tikatmak aanee lokpriy yash midavale. tyach pratikrutincha varanvar vapar karnyacha tyacha cull hota aanee tyaa serve abhijat navhatya. "tyachya varanvarchya modelpaiki kiman teen modelschee olakh veshyanchya kukhyat pustakat karata yete, parisachya upkakshanchya palat thevanyachya files asalelya chamadyachya bandhalelya sheersh gupt pustakat", lekhak summer brenan lihitat. 
kautumbik parshvabhoomi.
stevenscha janm braselsmadhye jhaala. too drushya kalanshi sambandhit asalelya kutumbatoon aala hotah tyacha motha bhau joseph (1816-1892) aanee tyacha mulga leopold (1866-1935) chitrakar hote, tarr dusra bhau arther (1825-1899) haah eka qalaa vikreta aanee samikshak hota. netherlandschya pahilya vilyamchya sainyat napolean yuddhanmadhye ladhalele tyache vadil eka qalaa sangrahak hote jyanchyakade itar kalakaransah yujeen delacroxchya anek jalaranganchi malki hotee. tyachya aaiche ivadil braselsmadhye cafey dii laal 'emity chalvat asat, jeey rajkarani, lekhak aanee kalakaranchya bhetiche thikan hote. serve stevens mulanna tithe bhetalelya lokancha aanee mahattvachya lokanchya aaspas vadhoon tyanni midavalelya samajik kaushalyancha fayda jhaala.
shikshan.
1837 madhye tyachya vadilanchya mrutyunantar, stevensney braselsmadhil akadami royal days beaux-artsmadhye abhyas suru karnyasathi madhyamik shaala sodali, jithe too nava-shastriy chitrakar aanee jacks-louis devidcha majee vidyarthi, joou tyacha sanchalak aanee stevenschya aajobancha juna mitra hota, too francois nevzla olakhat hota. paramparik abhyaskramanusar, tyanni pahili done varshe shastriy shilpakalechya kalakaranmadhun rekhatale aanee nantar jiwant pratikrutinmadhun rekhatale. 1843 madhye stevens parisla gela aanee aadhich tithe asalela tyacha bhau joseph yachyabarobar gela. parismadhil sarvat mahattvachya qalaa vidyalayat, ecole days beaux-artsmadhye tyala pravesh denyat aala. jaree asey mhatale jaate qee too tyache digdarshak jeane auguste dominic ingresacha vidyarthi jhaala, taree heey kadachit kharey nahee. stevensche prarambhik chitra, 'daad perfon' kinwa 'absolution' (ashram, seent. pietersberg), jyane 1849 madhye swakshari kelee aanee dinankit kele, tyat 17 vya shatkatil dutch shailichya chitrakaleche shrey asalelya paramparik naisargik shailivaril tyache prabhutva darshavile aahe. belgian chitrakar aanee mitra, jyanchyabarobar too parismadhye rahila hota, florent willems (1823-1905) yanchyasarkhe stevens yanni gerard tair borch aanee gabriel metsu yansarkhya chitrakaranchya kamancha kaljipurvak abhyas keela.
karkirdichi suruvat.
1851 madhye stevensche kaam pahilyanda sarvajanikaritya dakhavanyat aale, jevha tyanchi teen chitre braseels saloonmadhye dakhal karnyat aalee. 1853 madhye parris saloonmadhye tyala truteey shreniche padak aanee 1855 madhye parismadhil sarvatrik pradarshanat dviteey shreniche padak denyat aale. tyachya 'see. eae. kyu' aun epel leey wagabondays [jyala vagrancy mhanatat] '(musey dii' aursey, parris) neey napolean tisra yache laksh vedhale, jyane chitratil drushyacha parinam mhanoon, sainikanna yapudhe rastyanvarun garibanna uchalanyasathi vaparale jaau naye asey aadesh dile. tyaa varshi antwerpmadheel saloonmadhye tyanni pradarshit kelelya 'chez soee' kinwa 'ett hoome' (sadhyache thikan adnyat) aanee 'daad painter andd hij model' (walters aart museum, baltimore) yaa done chitranni 'laa vhi modern' chey vishay sadar kele, jyasathi teey prasiddha jhaleh samkalin poshakhatil eka mohak tarun stree aanee tyachya studiomadhil kalakar. 1857 madhye, stevensney tyachi pahili mahattvachi vikri eka khajgi sangrahkala kelee, jevha berlin sangrahak aanee vikreta raven yanni afava pasaravalelya 6,000 frankla 'santvan' vikat ghetale. tyach velee, too aanee tyacha bhau parisachya qalaa jagacha bhag banat hote, goncourt bandhu, theophile gautier aanee alekzandar dumas yasarkhya lokanna rajkumari mathildechya saloonmadhye tasech lokpriy cafemadhye bhetat hote. 
1858 madhye, stevensney fanny juliet albertin merrie hortens blankshee (1836-1891) lagn kele, joou belgiumchya shrimant kutumbatoon aala hota aanee stevenschya junya mitranpaiki hota. yujeen delacrocks yaa samarambhat sakshidar hotee.
yaa jodpyala ekatra chaar mule hotil-bibtya, jeane, catherine aanee pier. stevensney tyachya patniche chitra anek vela rangavale, jyat pashchattap aanee aathvani (clark institutemadhye) samavisht aahet. jevha tee maran pavali, tevha tyane lihile qee too "kayamcha asahya hota." 
paripakv karkird.
1860 chya dashakat, stevens eka atyant yashasvi chitrakar banala, joou tyachya mohak aadhunik mahilanchya chitransathi olakhala jaato. parris aanee braselsmadhil saloonmadhil tyachya pradarshananni anukool samikshakanche laksh aanee kharedidar aakarshit kele. yaa kalatil tyachya karyache eka utkrusht udaharan mhanje 1866 madhye rangavalele 'laa dame aine gulab' kinwa 'gulabi rangatil stree' (belgium, braselsachya lalit kalanchi shahee sangrahalaye), jyamadhye japani vastoonchya tapshilvar tapasanisah aateel bhagat fashionyukt kapade ghatalelya mahileche drushya ektrit kele aahe, jyasathi japani vastoo, jyasathi stevens haah suruvaticha utsahi hota, ashee eka fashionable chav. 1863 madhye tyanna french sarkarkadoon leason auph aunar (shavalier) midala. 1867 madhye, parismadhil sarvatrik pradarshanat tyane pratham shreniche padak jinkale, jithe too aanee janewari august hendrick leey heey belgian vibhagache taare hote aanee tyanna sanmanit sainyadalache adhikari mhanoon padonnati denyat aalee. tyachya mitranmadhye edward manette, eder degas, charles bodeler, berth morisot, james ebot mcneil visler, fredrick bazil aanee poovis dii chavens yancha samavesh hota aanee parismadhil cafey gerbois yethe jamana gatat too niyamit hota.
franco-russian yuddhat parisachya vedhyadarmyan stevens frenchansathi ladhala, parantu parris samudayasamor tyachi patni aanee kutumbasah belgiumla paratala. yuddhanantar teey paratale aanee stevensney samikshakanchi prashansa tasech sangrahakambarobar mothe yash midvane suru thewale. 1875 madhye, tyane parismadhil ruu days shahidanvaril eka bhavya ghar aanee baag vikat ghetali, jee tyachya chitranmadhye tasech 1873 pasoon edward manetchya 'daad crocket party' (stadel museum, frankfurt emm maine) saha itar kalakaranchya chitranmadhye disali. (tathapi, 1880 madhye tyala naveen rastyachya bandhkamasathi marg kadhanyasathi ghar sodave lagale, jyala tyachya navavarun naav denyat aale.) 1878 madhye, tyanna sanmanit sainyadalacha senapati karnyat aale aanee saloonmadhye tyanna aanakhi eka pratham shreni padak midale.
tyachya chitranchya vikritoon lakshaniy utpann midvat asoonahi, kharab guntavanuk aanee atikharch yanchya sanyogamule 1880 chya dashakat tyala mothya aarthik adachani aalya, asey stevensla aadhalale. samudra kinanyavaril unhalyapasun atirikt kharch aala, joou 1880 madhye eka doctoranni stevensla tyachya aarogyasathi aavashyak asalyache sangitale. tyamule parisacha vyapari georges petitane tyaa kalat tayar kelelya chitranchya badalyat tyachya suttisathi 50,000 frankchi tartud kelee tevha kalakarala heey manya kartana anand jhaala. teen varshe chalalelya yaa kararamule samudra haah tyachyasathi eka mahattvacha vishay banala aanee tyachya urvarit karkirdit tyane normandy kinanyavaril lokpriy resorts aanee dakshinekadil midichi shekado drushye rangavali. tyapaiki anek rekhatalelya shailit rangvilele aahet jeey prabhavavadyancha prabhav darshavtat. stevensney khajgi vidyarthyannahi ghenyas suruvat kelee, jyat saara bernhardt, jee jawalchi vaiyaktik maitreen bunley aanee william merritt chez. itar vidyarthi berthe aart, charles bail berch, jewels caron, merrie collert-henrotein, louis dii heema, harriot campbelle phos, georget munior, lila cabot peree, jeane-paul synibaldi aanee fernand tossent hote.
karkird usheera.
stevenschya karkirdichya uttaradhatil sarvat mahattvache kaam mhanje 'panorama du seekl, 1789-1889', jeey tyane heinry gervaxney rangavale. stevensney pandhra sahayyakanchya madatine striyanna aanee tapashilanna rangavale aanee purushanna khilavun thewale. 1889 madhye parris yethe jhalelya aantarrashtriy pradarshanat tyache khoop kautuk jhaale. tyanna anek mahan vyavsayik shraddhanjali dekhil midali. 1895 madhye, tyachya kamache eka mothe pradarshan braselsmadhye aayojit karnyat aale hote. 1900 madhye, parismadhil ecole days beaux-artsney stevenscha sanman keela aanee jiwant kalakarala dilele pahile purvalakshi pradarshan hote. comtese dii grefulhchya netrutvakhalil aashraydatyanchya pathimbyane, tyane samajik cashey tasech lokpriy yash midavale. 1905 madhye, braselsmadhil belgian kalechya purvalakshi pradarshanat pradarshan karanyachi parvanagi asalela too ekmev jiwant kalakar hota. yaa pradarshanannantarhi, aarthikdrushtya changle vyavasthapan karnyasathi teey tyanche kaam purese vikoo shakale naheet. tyache bhau aanee tyache bahutek mitra jagale, 1906 madhye parismadhye tyache nidhan jhaale, too tyachya chaar mulanchya samparkat asatana sadhya kholyanmadhye ekta rahat hota.