
aadhunik kalatil france

aadhunik kalatil suruvatichya kalatil franceche rajya, punarujjivanapasun krantiparyant (1789-1804), heey haus auph borban (capatian cadett shakha) dware shasit rajeshahi hote. heey tathakathit 'pracheen shasson' ('juna niyam') shhee sambandhit aahe. yaa kalat francecha pradesh vadhala, jover aadhunik deshachi vyapti samavisht jhaali aanee tyat paradeshatil pahilya french vasahatvadi samrajyache pradesh dekhil samavisht hote.
yaa kalkhandat 'surya raja' lui chaudavya (tyache 1643-1715 chey rajya itihasatil sarvat pradirgh kalapasoonche eka) yanchya aakrutiche varchasva aahe, jyanni madhyayugeen saranjamshahiche avashesh nasht karnyat yash midavale aanee eka paripoorn rajachya netrutvakhali kendrikrut rajya sthapan kele, eka pranali jee french krantiparyant aanee tyapalikade tickel.
bhoogol.
15vya shatkachya madhyat, france aajchya tulanet lakshaniyaritya lahan hota aanee anek simavarti prant (jase qee rucillon, serdagne, callace, barn, navare, foixchee county, flanders, artois, lauren, alses, trius-iveches, franch-comte, savoy, brace, buge, jakes, nayas, provence, coursica aanee britney) swayatt kinwa paradeshi tabyat hote (ingland samrajyapramane); commett venaisinsarkhe paradeshi antakshetra dekhil hote. yavyatirikt, francemadhil kahee prant heey spashtapane kuleen kutumbanche vaiyaktik jagirdar hote (jase qee borbone gharanyachya tabyat asalele borbone, march, forez aanee overgney prant, 1527 madhye charles tisra, duke auph borbonechya patananantar prant jabardastine shahee adhipatyakhali villin hoiparyant).
15vya, 16vya aanee 17vya shatkanchya uttaradhat francecha prachand pradeshik vistar jhaala aanee tyache prant adhik changlya prakare prashasakeey sampurnatet samakalit karnyacha prayatna jhaala. yaa kalat, piccardy, bargandi, anjou, mene, provence, britney, franch-komete, french flanders, navare, rucillon, duchy auph lauren, alses aanee coursica yanchya adhigrahanadvare francene jawaljawal tyachya aadhunik pradeshik maryadeparyant vistar keela.
1461-1789 kadoon french adhigrahanah
fakt duchy auph savoy, changle shahar aanee itar kahee lahan pope (udaa.jee., evinon) aanee paradeshi malmatta nantar adhigrahit kelee jaatil. (aitihasik french prantanchya nakashasathi, franceche prant pahaa). francene america (nyu france, louisiana, martiniqa, gwadelop, haiti, french gayana), bharat (pondicherry), bharatiy mahasagar (runion), sudur purv aanee kahee african vyapari chaukyansah shodh, vasahatvad aanee vyapari devanghevan dekhil suru kelee.
jaree parris hii francechi rajdhani asali, taree nantarchya valois rajanni mothya pramanat heey shahar tyanche prathamik nivassthan mhanoon sodoon dile, tyaeivaji loar khoyatil aanee parisachya grameen bhagatil vividh shaitona pradhanya dile. heinry IV neey parisla aapale prathamik nivassthan banavale (khajgi havelinmadhye mothya imaratinchya bharbharatila protsahan), parantu lui chaudavyane tyachya karkirdichya shevatchya dashakanmadhye punha ekada shaharatoon maghar ghetali aanee pudhil shatkachya bahutansh kalasathi versoy heey french rajeshahiche prathamik sthan banale.
yaa kalatil francemadhil prashasakeey aanee kayadeshir vyavasthela samanyatah pracheen shasson mhanatat.
loksankhyashastra.
kalya mrutyune 1348 madhye francechya loksankhyepaiki andaje eka trutiyansh lokancha balee ghetala hota. ekach velee jhalelya shambhar varshanchya yuddhane punarprapti mandavali. 14 vya shatkachya madhyat loksankhya parat yenyapurvicha haah 16 vya shatakacha prarambh asel.
1400 madhye andaje 1 kotee 10 laakh, 17 vya shatkat 2 kotee aanee 1789 madhye 2 kotee 80 laakh loksankhya asalela france haah 1795 paryant europemadhil sarvadhik loksankhya asalela desh hota (agadi russiachya saradampeksha pudhe aanee britton kinwa dutch prajasattakachya duppat aakaracha) aanee keval chean aanee bharatanantar jagatil tisra sarvadhik loksankhya asalela desh hota.
jaree sampoorn france haah eka sakhol grameen desh rahila asala taree yaa jansankhyikiy badalanmule shahari loksankhyet dekhil prachand vaadh jhaali. parris heey europemadhil sarvadhik loksankhya asalelya shaharanpaiki eka hote (1550 madhye andaje 4,00,000 rahivasi; 18 vya shatkachya akheris 6,50,000). itar pramukh french shaharanmadhye lyon, ruen, bordex, tolus aanee marcelli yancha samavesh aahe.
yaa shatkanmadhye yuddhanmule aanee hawaman badalamule anek vela sathichya rogancha aanee pikanchya apayashacha kaal pahila gela. (itihaskar 1550-1850 yaa kalkhandala "lahan himyug" mhanoon sambodhatat.) 1693 teey 1694 darmyan, francene aapali 6 takke loksankhya gamavali. 1709chya atyant kathor hivalyat francene aapali 3.5 takke loksankhya gamavali. gelya 300 varshant, french lokansathi konatahi kaal itka pramananurup pranghatak navhata, jyamadhye donhi mahayuddhancha samavesh hota.
bhasha.
bhashikdrushtya francemadhil farak atyant tivra hote. punarujjivanapurvi, francechya uttarela bolali jaanari bhasha hii oil bhasha navachya vividh bolibhashancha sangrah hotee, tarr lekhee aanee prashasakeey bhasha lattin rahili. 16 vya shatkaparyant, franche eka pramanit swaroop (jyala madhya french mhanatat) vikasit jhaale hote, jeey 17 vya aanee 18 vya shatkatil pramanit "aadhunik" frencha aadhar asel, jeey europeey khandachi bhasha banale. (1539 madhye, willers-kotaratsachya adhyadeshasah, francechya pahilya francisne keval french bhashela kayadeshir aanee kayadeshir krutyansathi bhasha banavale.) tarisuddha, 1790 madhye, keval nimmya loksankhyela manak french bolata yete kinwa samajate.
deshachya dakshin ardhya bhagat oxytan bhasha (jase qee provenkal) bolalya jaat rahilya aanee itar rahivasi breton, catalan, basqa, dutch (west flemish) aanee franco-provenkal bolat hote. francechya uttarela, grameen samudayanmadhye vividh bhashanchya pradeshik bolibhasha bolalya jaat rahilya. french krantichya kalat serve shalanmadhye french shikavanukila protsahan denyat aale. french hii kayadeshir pranali asel, jee krantipurvi francechya nyayalayanmadhye bolalya jaananya frenchpeksha vegali hotee. french krantichya vaktyanpramanech, pratyek shabdacha uchchar hii naveen bhasha banel.
19vya shatkachya akheriparyant france bhashechya drushtine eksandh desh honar navhata.
prashasakeey sanrachana.
pracheen shasson, french shabd jyala ingerjit 'june rajya', 'june rajya' kinwa fakt 'june rajya' asey sambodhale jaate, too pramukhyane 15 vya shatkapasoon (andaje) 18 vya shatkaparyant francemadhye usheera asalelya valois aanee borban rajvanshachya kalat sthapan jhalelya kuleen, samajik aanee rajkiy vyavasthecha sandarbh deto. pracheen rajvatichya prashasakeey aanee samajik sanrachana rajya-ubharani, kayadevishayak kayade (jase qee khalanayakancha adhyadesh), antargat sangharsh aanee yadavi yuddhancha parinam hotya, parantu french kranti prashasakeey visangatiche kattarpanthi daman kareet asatana hoiparyant tyaa sthanik visheshadhikar aanee aitihasik farkanche eka gondhalat takanare mishran rahile.
rajkiy itihas.
parshvabhoomi.
etapleschi shantata (1492) hii kahee lokansathi, francemadhil aadhunik kalatil suruvatichi suruvat aahe.
shambhar varshanchya yuddhanantar (1337-1453), gulabanchya yuddhanmadhye lancastrianschya bajoone pathimba aanee pickwignicha taha (1475)-tyachi adhikrut shevat tarikh-1492 aanee 1493 madhye, bosworth fieldchya ladhait pathbal midalyanantar, francechya charles VIII neey englandchya heinry VIII, habsbergchya maximilian I aanee aragonchya ferdinand II yanchyashi anukrame ataples (1492), senalis (1493) aanee barcelona (1493) yethe teen atirikt kararanvar swakshya kelya. 15 weey shatak jasjase jawal yet gele, tasatase french raje englandla tyanchya pradeshatoon bahutek vela hakaloon dile gele hote aanee tyamule teey aata vistarvadi pararashtra dhoran suru karoo shaktil yaa vastusthitivar vishvas thevu shakale. 1494 madhye charles VIII neey italivar kelelya aakramanamule habsberg (italian yuddhe) yanchyashi 62 varshe yuddh suru jhaale.
yuddh.
14 vya shatkatil krishnavarniy mrutyunantar jalad loksankhyashastriy aanee aarthik punarpraptichi suruvat jhaali asali taree, mageel ardhashatabdiche laabh aanakhi pradirgh sangharshanchya malikemule dhokyat aale hote, italian yuddhe (1494-1559), jithe varchasva midvinyachya french prayatnancha ant germanychya habsberg pavitra roman samratanchya vadhiv samarthyat jhaala.
1445 madhye, french raje paramparikaritya jyaa white shistabaddh bhadotri bandwar avalambun hote, tyapaiki niyamit sainya tayar karnyachya dishene pahili pavale uchalanyat aalee. madhyayugeen samajachi vibhagani, "jyanni ladhale (kuleen), jyanni prathna kelee (padrivarg) aanee jyanni kaam kele (itar sarvajan)" ashee jhaali, tarihi teey majboot hote aanee yuddh heey kulinanche kshetra manale jaat hote. charles VIII yane kuleen ghodeswar aanee aaa-utkrusht padatik sainikanchya mukhya sainyasah italimadhye kooch kele, parantu kalantarane nantarchya sainyachi bhoomika adhik majboot jhaali jenekarun 16 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant francemadhye 5000 ghodadal aanee 30,000 payadalanche ubhe sainya hote. prantadvare (norman leason, gascon leason ii.) bharati kelelya sainyadalachya pranalitoon sainyachi punarrachana karnyat aalee.) regimentsathi, eka vyavastha jee pudhil shatkaparyant kayam rahili. tathapi, kuleen varg aanee sainya anekada rajashi vishvasghatane vagayache, jaree teey purnapane bandkhor nasale taree, aanee shevati french sainyache aadnyakari sainyat rupantar karnyasathi lui chaudavyane aanakhi eka lashkari sudharana karavi lagali.
milancha duke ludovico sphorza yane, venisachya prajasattakaviruddha mitrapaksh shodhatana, francechya charles VIII laa napleschya sinhasanavar, nantar aragonese niyantranakhali, eka nimitt mhanoon, anjevincha dawa karoon italivar aakraman karnyas protsahit kele. 1494 madhye jevha naplescha ferdinand pahila maran pavala, tevha charlesne dweepkalpavar aakraman kele. italian shahar-rajyanchya "condotierry" sainyane tyancha pratikar karane ashakya asalyane, anek mahine french sainya aksharshah binvirodh italitoon gele. matra, tyanchya napalchya galatimule shevati pratikriya umatali aanee tyanchyaviruddha venis leegchi sthapana jhaali. italian sainyane fornovochya ladhait frenchancha parabhav keela, jyamule charlesla francemadhye maghar ghenyas bhag padale. ludovicone fornovo yethe frenchancha vishvasaghat karoon, 1499 paryant aapale simhasana kayam thewale, jevha charlescha uttaradhikari francecha lui solava yane lombardiver aakraman kele aanee milan tabyat ghetale.
1500 madhye lui solava, nepalache vibhajan karnyasathi aragonchya ferdinand dusra yachyashi karar karoon, milanpasoon dakshinekade kooch kele. 1502 paryant, french aanee aragonese sainyane ektritpane rajyacha taba ghetala hota; falanichya atimbabat matbhedanmule lui aanee ferdinand yanchyat yuddh jhaale. 1503 paryant, lui, seregnolachya ladhait aanee gariglianochya ladhait parabhoot jhalyanantar, nepalsmadhun maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele, jeey spanish viceroy, ramon dii cardonachya niyantranakhali sodale gele. gaston dii foixchya netrutvakhalil french sainyane 1512 madhye ravenachya ladhait spanish sainyacha jabardast parabhav keela, parantu yuddhadarmyan foix marla gela aanee sweesne milanvar kelelya aakramanamule frenchanna italitoon maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele, jyane maximilian sphorza ducal sinhasanavar punha sthapit keela. vijayi rahileli pavitra leag, lootinche vibhajan karnyachya vishayavarun tutali aanee 1513 madhye venisne franceberober yutee kelee aanee tyanchyat lombardiche vibhajan karnyas sahmati darshavali.
luine milanvar aanakhi eka aakraman kele, parantu novarachya ladhait tyacha parabhav jhaala, jyanantar laa motta, ginnigate aanee floaden yethe pavitra leag vijayanchi malika jhaali, jyamadhye french, venesian aanee scottish sainyacha nirnayak parabhav jhaala. tathapi, pope juliouschya mrutyunantar prabhavi netrutva naan gheta sangh sodala gela aanee jevha luicha uttaradhikari, francis pahila yane 1515 madhye marignano yethe sweesacha parabhav keela, tevha sangh kosalala aanee noyon aanee braselsachya kararandware, francechya aanee venisachya sampoorn uttar italichya sharanagati patkarlya.
spainchya charleschi pavitra roman samrat mhanoon unnati, francisla havey asalele padd, yamule france aanee habsbergmadhil sambandh kosalale. 1519 madhye, navarevar spanish aakraman, nammatra french jagir, francisla samanya yuddh suru karnyache nimitt pradan karate; french sainyane italimadhye puur aanala aanee charlesla naplespasoon hakaloon denyachi moheem suru kelee. tathapi, purnapane vikasit spanish tertio davpechanni frenchanna mage takale aanee tyanna fernando dii 'avalos yanchya netrutvakhalil spanish sainyaviruddha bikoka aanee seshiya yethe anek apang parabhavancha samna karava lagla. milanla swatah dhoka asatana, francisne vaiyaktikaritya 1525 madhye french sainyache lombardymadhye netrutva kele, parantu paviachya ladhait tyacha parabhav jhaala aanee tyala tabyat ghenyat aale; madridmadhye turungat damboon, francisla "madridcha taha" (1526) madhye tyachya italian pradeshanvar vyapak savalati denyas sahmat honyas bhag padale gele.
charles aanee francis yanchyatil anirnit tisare yuddh milancha duke francesco dusra sphorza yachya mrutyunantar suru jhaale. jevha charlescha mulga philipala duchy varsa midala, tevha francisne turin tabyat gheuun italivar aakraman kele, parantu milanla tabyat ghenyat too ayashasvi jhaala. pratyuttarat, charlesne provensver aakraman kele, ikes-aine-provenskade vatchal kelee, parantu jordar tatbandi asalelya evinonver hallah karnyaivaji spenla mage hutley. naisachya yuddhaviramamule yuddh sampale, jyane turin frenchanchya haatee sodale parantu italichya nakashat konatahi lakshaniy badal jhaala nahee. ottoman samrajyachya suleiman pahila yachyashi yutee karoon francisne italivar antim aakraman kele. august 1543 madhye franco-autman tafyane nayas shahar tabyat ghetale aanee killyala vedha ghatala. bachavkartyanna eka mahinyachya aat dilasa midala. frenchanni, francois, count dii 'angian yanchya netrutvakhali, 1544 madhye seresolchya ladhait shahee sainyala parabhoot kele, parantu french lock pudhe lombardymadhye pravesh karnyat ayashasvi tharale. tyanantar englandche charles aanee heinry VIII yanni uttar francever aakraman kele aanee bologne aanee soyson yanna tabyat ghetale. spanish aanee ingraji sainyatil sahkaryachya abhavamule, vadhatya aakramak ottoman hallyansah, charlesla heey vijay sodoon punha ekada yathasthiti punarsanchayit karavi lagali.
1547 madhye, francechya dusya heinryne, joou francechya sinhasanavar basala hota, tyane itali punha midvanyachya aanee habsburgaivaji frenchanche european vyavharanvar varchasva sunishchit karnyachya uddeshane charlsviruddha yuddh jaheer kele. laurenviruddhache suruvatiche aakraman yashasvi jhaale, parantu 1553 madhye frenchanni tuscaniver kelelya aakramanacha marcianochya ladhait parabhav jhaala. 1556 madhye charleschya padatyagimule spaincha phillip dusra aanee ferdinand pahila yanchyat habsberg samrajya vibhajit jhaale aanee yuddhache laksh flanderskade valavale, jethe philipane savoycha duke emmanuel philibert yachya sanyukt vidyamane seent yethe frenchancha parabhav keela. quentin. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat englandchya yuddhat praveshamule frenchanni french mukhya bhoomivaril englandcha shevatcha taba asalelya calesvar kabja keela aanee french sainyane khalchya deshanmadhil spanish malmatta lutali; parantu tarihi henriela catoo-cambressischi shantata swikaranyas bhag padale gele, jyamadhye tyane italivareel pudhil konatehi dave sodoon dile.
dharmachi yuddhe.
italichi yuddhe kvachitach sampali, jevha france durgami parinamansah deshantargat sankatat budala hota. france aanee popshahi (1516) yanchyatil samanjsyane, varishtha charchchya niyuktyanmadhye mukutala atulaneey adhikar deuun, francever roman catholic europechi ekata todanyachya protestant sudharananchya prayatnancha kholvar parinam jhaala. vadhatya shahari protestant alpasankhyakanna (nantar 'hugunotes' mhanoon sambodhale gele) francis pahilacha mulga raja heinry dusra yachya rajvatit adhik kathor dadapshahila samore jaave lagale. heinry dusarachya eka sangharshat jhalelya durdaivi mrutyunantar, deshavar tyachi vidhva catherine dii medisi aanee tiche mulge francis dusra, charles Ix aanee heinry III yanni rajya kele. shaktishali veshdhari rajputranchya netrutvakhali navyane catholic pratikriyecha shevat hugunoteschya hatyakandat (1562) jhaala, jyamule french dharmik yuddhanpaiki pahili ladhai suru jhaali, jyaa darmyan ingraji, german aanee spanish sainyane pratispardhi protestant aanee catholic sainyachya bajoone hastakshep keela. sampoorn rajeshahichya virodhat, huguenots monarcomaxony yaa kalat bandkhoricha adhikar aanee julami karvayanchi vaidhata siddha kelee.
dharmik yuddhancha shevat teen henridgechya yuddhat jhaala jyamadhye heinry tisra yane spanish samarthit catholic leegcha neta heinry dii gise yachee hatya kelee aanee tyaa badalyat rajachi hatya karnyat aalee. herrie auph bhes (1588) aanee heinry III (1589) yaa doghanchya hatyenantar, navarrecha protestant raja heinry IV (borban rajvanshacha pahila raja) mhanoon rajyarohan karoon aanee tyanantar 1593 madhye prabhavi protestantvadacha (1592 chaa prayojak) tyag karoon, bahutek catholic aasthapananni (1594) aanee pope (1595) yanni tyala sweekarle aanee nantescha aadesh (1598) mhanoon olakhalya jaananya sahishnutechya aadeshacha muddah, jyane khajgi upasana aanee nagri samanatechya swatantryachi hummy dilee, yamule sangharsh sampushtat aala.
17vya aanee 18vya shatkatil france.
heinry IV chya netrutvakhali francechya shantatemule francechya european varchasvachya udayasathi barachsa paya rachala gela. sarvat prashansaneey french rajanpaiki eka asalelya henriever 1610 madhye eka catholic dharmandhane chakoone vaar kele kaaran spenshee yuddhala dhoka hota. tyachi ranee merrie dii medisichya netrutvakhalil rajpratinidhitvadarmyan haloohaloo adachani nirman jhalya. 17vya shatkachya akheris france sarvadoor vistarla hotah frenchanni bharat aanee madgaskarmadhye vyapar suru keela, kyubekchi sthapana kelee aanee uttar americetil gret lakes aanee misisipimadhye pravesh keela, west indigemadhye vruksharopan arthvyavastha sthapan kelee aanee leventmadhye tyanche vyapar sampark vistarle aanee tyanchya vyapari sagari vistar keela.
heinry 4 chaa mulga lui xiii aanee tyacha mantri (1624-1642) cardinal richeliu yanni germanychya pavitra roman samrajyachya bhoomimadhye futalelya tees varshanchya yuddhadarmyan (1618-1648) spain aanee german samrataviruddhache dhoran vistrut kele. ingraji-samarthit hugenot bund (1625-1628) parabhoot jhaale, francene tichya mitrapakshachya (protestant) sweedenchya prarambhik yashavar aadhar naan midalyanantar vyapak european sangharshat thet hastakshep keela (1635).
raja aanee cardinal yaa doghanchya mrutyunantar, westfeliyachya shantatemule (1648) germanychya rajkiy aanee dharmik vibhajanachi sarvatrik sweekruti midali, parantu austriyachya enee aanee tichya mantri cardinal mazarin yanchya rajpratinidhitvane fronde (1648-1653) mhanoon olakhalya jaananya nagri uthawala samore jaave lagale, jyacha vistar franco-spanish yuddhat (1653-1659) jhaala. pyrenichya tahane (1659) alpakalin catalan prajasattak chiradalyanantar francechya rusilonchya spanish pradeshachya tabyat (1642) aupcharik manyata dilee aanee thodya kalasathi shantata prasthapit kelee.
lui chaudavya (1643-1715) chya bahutansh karkirdit, france hii europemadhil pramukh shakti hotee, jyala richeliucha uttaradhikari (1642-1661) cardinal mazarinchya mutsaddegirichi aanee colbertchya aarthik dhorananchi (1661-1683) madat midali. aarthik vikasala chalana denyasathi aanee naveen udhyoganchya nirmitisathi colbertche prayatna farse yashasvi jhaale naheet aanee lui chaudavyachya karkirdit francemadhye konatyahi prakarchi audhyogik kranti jhaali nahee. kharey tarr, yaa kalat french grameen bhagacha barachsa bhag garib aanee atee loksankhya asalela rahila. kahee rajeshahi samarthakanchya matey, batate swikaranyacha shetkyancha pratikar aanee trundhanyanchya pikanvar avalambun rahoon itar naveen krishi navkalpananmule urvarit paschim europemadhye teey thambalyanantar byanch kalanantar varanvar vinashkari dushkal padala. lui chaudavyachya karkirdipurvi, french sainik varanvar anwani aanee shastranshivay ladhait jaat asat. dusarikade, 18 vya shatkaparyant francecha uchch janmadar tyachya rajyakartyansathi fayadeshir tharala kaaran yacha arth desh tyachya shejanyanpeksha mothe sainya tainat karoo shakato. kharey tarr, rajache pararashtra dhoran, tasech tyachya bhavya darbar aanee bandhkam prakalpanmule desh mothya karjat budala. versailscha rajwada bandhkam suru asatana dekhil atiabhimani asalyache mhanat tyachyavar teeka karnyat aalee hotee, parantu sampoorn europemadhye dazanbhar anukarane bandhali gelee. navyane suru jhalelya yuddhane (hastantaran yuddh 1667-1668 aanee franco-dutch yuddh 1672-1678) aanakhi pradeshik laabh midvoon dile (artois aanee western flanders aanee free county auph burgandy, 1482 madhye samrajyavar sodale gele), parantu pratispardhi shaktinchya vadhatya ektrit virodhamule.
french sanskruti haah french varchasvacha bhag hota. shatkachya suruvatichya kalat french chitrakaranna tyanche prant (nicolaus pusin, claude lauren) sodavanyasathi romla jaave lagale, parantu sayman woetne charles leey brunechya chitrat aanee french girardenchya shilpat, ekedemi dii pintur ett dii skalpacharmadhye chitrit kelelya french barokche vaishishtya asalelya abhijat barokchi chav gharee aanali. palace du luxemberg, cheto daad maisan aanee walks-leey-vicometes, french shastriy vastukaleche versoy kinwa peraultchya lauvar kolonanedachya nirmitipurvich paradeshat kautuk kele jaat hote. parician saloon sanskratine 1630 chya dashakapasun swadat bhedbhav karnyache manak nishchit kele aanee pascal, decartes, bail, corneil, racine aanee moliers france europeche sanskrutik kendra banale. kulinanna bandkhori karnyapasoon aanee aaplya adhikarala aavhan denyapasun rokhanyachya prayatnat, luine darbaratil shishtacharanchi eka atyant vistrut pranali lagoo kelee, jyachi kalpana ashee hotee qee teey shikane heey kulinancha bahutansh vel vyapel aanee teey bandkhorichi yojana aakhu shakanar naheet. 18vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, francemadhil kullinverg prabhavipane nishprabh jhaala hota aanee punha kadhihi mukutapeksha jaast shakti tyanchyakade nasel. tasech, jyanni rajyachi vishisht seva kelee hotee, tyanna luine swechhene kulinatechi padvi dilee, jenekarun tee bund jaatee banoo naye aanee samanya lokanna samajik padanvarun pudhe jaane shakya hoil. 1685 madhye nantesacha hukum radd karoon rajane deshavar sampoorn dharmik eksamanta ladanyacha prayatna keela. dragonadeschi kukhyat pratha sweekarli gelee, jyamadhye kattar sainikanna protestant kutumbanchya gharat thewale gele aanee tyanna tyanchyabarobar jaanyachi parvanagi dilee gelee. anek protestantanni france sodoon palayan kele, jyamule deshala anek buddhijivi, karagir aanee itar maulyavan lock gamvave lagale. jyaa gatane swatantra ichchhashakti nakarli hotee aanee popanni aadhich tyacha nishedh keela hota asha jansenwadi lokansarkhya aparamparik kaithalikanparyant chhal pasarla. lui haah dharamshastradnya navhata aanee tyala jansenvadachya guntaguntichya siddhantanchi farshi samaj navhati, aanee tyanni rajyachya ektela dhoka nirman keela yaa vastusthitine swatahla santusht kele. yamadhye, tyane popshahichi maitri midavali, jee purvi franceshee vaimansyapurn hotee kaaran deshatil serve church malmatta romaivaji rajyachya adhikarkshetrat thevanyachya tyachya dhoranamule.
cardinal mazarinane french naudalachya nirmitiche nirikshan kele jeey englandchya naudalashi spardha karat hote, aanee teey 25 jahajanvarun jawaljawal 200 paryant vistarle. sainyacha aakar dekhil lakshaniyaritya vadhavanyat aala.
1670 chya dashakapasun, lui chaudavyane tathakathit chambers auph runionchi sthapana kelee, jyamadhye kahee habsberg pradesh francechya malakiche aahet qee nahee heey nyayadhish tharvatil. raja westfeliyachya tahatil kahise aspasht shabdanvar avalambun hota, tarr kahee madhyayugeen kalatil junya french davyanchi dekhil chhanani karat hota. yadvare, tyane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee dhoranatmakdrushtya mahattvache shahee shahar strasberg 1648 madhye francemadhye gele asave. september 1681 madhye french sainyane shahar tabyat ghetale, jeey ekach velee jordar tatbandi hote. tevha samrajyavadi sainya ottoman samrajyashi ladhanyat vyast asalyane, teey anek varshe yabaddal kahihi karoo shakale naheet. francela adhik sahajpane sanrakshanksham seema dene aanee kamkuvat thipke door karane (strasbergcha vapar anekada habsberg lock francemadhye pravesh karnyasathi karat asat) haah luichya pararashtra dhoranacha moolbhut uddesh hota.
1688 madhye dutch prince william auph aurenjane ingraji aanee scottish sinhasanavar vhig sthapan kelyanantar, 1689 chee french virodhi "mahaaghadi" sthapan karnyat aalee. turk aata maghar ghet asalyane, samrat bibtya tyache laksh franskade valavoo shakat hota. mahayutiche yuddh pudhil kalat 'id1' pasoon suru jhaale. 3,00,000 hoon adhik sainik aanee done naudal tukadya tainat karnyachya kharchane francechi sansadhane nirnayak tappyaparyant vistarli gelee. 1692-1693 madheel dushkalat 20 lakhanparyant lock marle gele. sattecha ant jhalyane 1697 madhye ladhai sampali, toparyant frenchanni spanish netherlands aanee kataloniyache niyantran midavale hote. tathapi, luine aapale vijay parat dile aanee keval haiti midavali. yuddhatil tyanche balidan vyarth gele asey vatat french lokanni tyala kadhihi maaf kele nahee.
laa haugchi ladhai (1692) hii yuddhatil nirnayak naudal ladhai hotee aanee englandchya shahee naudalachya tikau varchaswala pushti dilee.
november 1700 madhye, gambhir aajari asalela spanish raja charles dusra maran pavala, jyamule tyaa deshatil habsberg vansh sampushtat aala. luine yaa kshanachi khoop kaal vaat pahili hotee aanee aata phillip, duke auph anjo, yaa borban sambandhila sinhasanavar basavanyachi yojana aakhali hotee. moolatah, spain haah francecha aadnyadharak upgrah honar hota, jyavar eka rajache rajya hote, joou versailchya aadeshanchi amalbajavani kareel. yamule sattecha samtol kassa bighadel heey lakshat yetach itar europeey shasak santapt jhaale. tathapi, bahutek paryay titkech avanchhaniy hote. udaharanarth, aanakhi eka habsberg sinhasanavar basavalyas charles wii. chey samrajya punha nirman hoil, jyamule satteche santulan dekhil mothya pramanat bighadel. nauu varshanchya thakvyachya yuddhanantar, luila dusari sangharshachi shevatchi gosht havee hotee. tathapi, urvarit europe spainmadhil tyachya mahattvakankshanna saath denar navhata aanee tyamule mahaaaghadichya yuddhanantar keval teen varshanni spanish uttaradhikarache yuddh suru jhaale.
yuddhachya aapatti (aanakhi eka dushkalasaha) itakya mothya hotya qee 1709 paryant france kosalanyachya umbarathyavar hota. nirash houn rajane french lokanna tyancha desh vachavanyache aavahan kele aanee asey kelyane hajaro naveen sainyatil bharati jhalya. tyanantar, tyache general marshal viller mitrapakshanchya sainyala mage khechanyat yashasvi jhaale. 1714 madhye, utract aanee rastadtachya kararansah yuddh sampale. francene konatahi pradesh gamavala nahee aanee habsbergla flander kinwa alses parat karnyababat konatihi charcha jhaali nahee. anjoucha duke spaincha raja phillip pachva mhanoon swikarla gela, parantu french aanee spanish sinhasne kadhihi ekatra yeu nayet yaa atikhali heey kele gele. akheris, francene jacobiteche dhong karananya ingrajanchya sinhasanavar basnyas pathimba dene thambavanyas sahmati darshavali. yuddh sampalyanantar lagechach, 72 varshe francever rajya karoon lui maran pavala.
anekada julami aanee yuddhonmadi (visheshtah englandmadhye) manale jaat asale taree, lui chaudavya heey 20 vya shatkat konatyahi prakare hukumshaha navhate. francechya paramparik pratha aanee sansthanni tyachi satta maryadit kelee aanee konatyahi paristhitit, dalanvalan kharab hote aanee konatehi rashtriy polis dall astitvat navhate.
ekandarit, 16vya aanee 17vya shatkatil francecha asantosh aanee bund 1789 paryant pohochu shakale naheet. frondsarkhya ghatana eka bhola, avyavharik asantosh hotya aanee lokanni rajachya rajya karnyachya adhikarala aavhan dile nahee kinwa tyanni churchwar prashna upasthit kele naheet.
lui XV chya karkirdit (1715-1774) phillip II, duke auph orleanschya rajpratinidhitvakhali (1715-1723) shantata aanee samruddhikade prarambhik paratava disala, jyachi dhorane cardinal fluory, pantpradhan yanni mothya pramanat (1726-1743) chaloo thewali hotee, parantu naav vagalata serve. done mothya yuddhannantar europecha hasad houn dirghkal shantata prasthapit jhaali, keval aay. dii. 1 pasoon polandachya uttaradhikarachya yuddhasarkhya kirkol sangharshanmule vyatyay aala. austriyan uttaradhikarachya yuddhane (aay. dii. 2) mothya pramanat yuddh punha suru jhaale. parantu britton aanee russiachya vadhatya satteviruddha paramparik habsberg shatrushi (1756 chee "rajnaitik kranti") yutimule saat varshanchya yuddhat (1756-1763) mahag apayash aale aanee francechya uttar american vasahati gamavalya gelya.
ekandarit, 18 vya shatkat rajeshahi aanee prasthapit vyavasthebaddal asantosh vadhat gela. lui chaudawa haah tyachya laingik atirekansathi, ekoon kamkuvatpanasathi aanee canada britishankadun gamavalyabaddal atyant apriy raja hota. lui chaudavya sarkhya majboot shaskane rajeshahichi sthitee vadhavali, tarr lui chaudavyane tee kamkuvat kelee. voltearsarkhya tattvadnyanche lekhan heey asantoshache spasht lakshan hote, parantu rajane tyanchyakade durlaksh karane nivadle. 1774 madhye too shitpittane maran pavala aanee tyachya nidhanane french lokanni kahee ashru ovalale. englandmadhye suru jhalelya audhyogik kranticha francela adyap anubhav aala nasla taree, francemadhye kharaa saranjamshahi astitvat nasla tarihi, shaharanmadhil vadhatya madhyamvargala moorkh, kshullak, durvarchya aanee puratan vatananya vyavasthemule aanee shasakanmule adhikadhik nirash vatoo lagale.
18 vya shatkatil francemadhye, deshachya sapeksh samatavadamule, sansthavirodhi kalpana kahee pramanat ulgadalya. tyach kalat englandpeksha qamee udarmatvadi asoonahi, french rajeshahine vienna, berlin, seent. pietersberg aanee kahee pramanat sthir lock, kaaran vikendrikrut, saranjamdar samaj mhanoon deshachya paramparik vikasane rajachya sattevar pratibandh mhanoon kaam kele. francemadhil vegvegalya samajik varganna pratyekiche swatache ananya visheshadhikar hote jenekarun konatahi eka varg itaranvar purnapane varchasva gajavoo shakanar nahee.
lui chaudavyachya mrutyunantar tyacha natoo lui solava raja jhaala. suruvatila lokpriy asalela too dekhil 1780 chya dashkaparyant mothya pramanat tiraskarala balee padala. punha eka kamkuvat shasak, tyache lagn austriyan archdueches, merrie antonetshee jhaale, jyachya bholyapanamule aanee durvarchya/alipta versailschya ayushyane karjachya paishachya khyan udhalpattibaddal aanee vyarth vaparababat adnyanta nirman kelee (merrie antonet tichya purvavartinpeksha lakshaniyaritya adhik kifayatshir hotee). amerikechya swatantryaladhyat french hastakshep dekhil khoop mahag hota.
desh mothya karjat budalyamule lui solavya yane turgott aanee menherbschya aamulagra sudharananna parvanagi dilee, parantu udatt asantoshamule turgotchi hakalpatti jhaali aanee 1776 madhye menherbscha rajinama lagla. tyanchya jaagi jacks nekarne jaaga ghetali. 1788 madhye punarsanchayit honyapurvi, calone aanee bryan yanni badalanyasathi 1781 madhye nekarne rajinama deela hota. tyaa varshichya kathor hivalyamule annadhanyachi vyapak tanchai jhaali aanee toparyant france sphotasathi tayar asalela eka powder kegg hota.
1789chya french krantichya purvasandhyela, france sakhol sansthatmak aanee aarthik sankatat hota, parantu dnyanachya kalpana samajatil sushikshit varganmadhye pasaru lagalya hotya.
21 september 1792 roji french pahile prajasattak ghoshit karoon french rajeshahi prabhavipane radd karnyat aalee.
raje.
valoice (1328-1498)
"charles VIII nantar, thet valoice vanshatil shevatcha raja, capet gharanyachya itar teen shakhanni 1792 madhye pracheen rajvatichya patanaparyant francemadhye rajya keleh"
valois-orleans (1498-1515)
valois-angoleme (1515-1589)
haus auph borban (1589-1792)
samajik itihas.
pracheen rajvatitil francene sumare 2 kotee 20 laakh lokanna 1700 madhye pathimba deela. kiman 96 takke loksankhya shetkari hotee. europemadhye francechi loksankhya sarvadhik hotee, tarr 2 kotee loksankhya asalelya european russiasah dusya kramankavar hota. brittenmadhye sumare 60 laakh, spainmadhye 80 laakh aanee austriyan habsbergmadhye sumare 80 laakh hote. 1700 nantar itar desh vegane vadhat asalyane francechi aaghadi haloohaloo qamee jhaali.
grameen samaj.
17 vya shatkat, bajar arthvyavastheshi sambandh asalelya shrimant shetkyanni krishi vikasasathi aavashyak asaleli bahutansh bhandavali guntavanuk puravali aanee teey varanvar gavagavanmadhye (kinwa shaharat) sthalantarit hott asat. thet bajarpetheshi jodaleli bhaugolik gatishilata aanee guntavanuk bhandavalachi garaj haah samajik gatishilatecha mukhya marg hota. french samajacha "sthir" gabha, shaharanche lock aanee grameen kamgar, yaat aashcharyakarak samajik aanee bhaugolik satatya asalelya prakaranancha samavesh hota, parantu yaa gabhache niyamit nutanikaran karane dekhil aavashyak hote. yaa done samajanche astitva, tyanchyamadhil satatcha tanav aanee bajar arthvyavastheshi jodaleli vyapak bhaugolik aanee samajik gatishilata swikarane hii suruvatichya aadhunik francechya samajik sanrachanechi, arthvyavasthechi aanee agadi rajkiy vyavasthechi utkranti spasht samajoon ghenyachi gurukilli aahe. collins (1991) assa yuktivad karatat qee varshik shaley pratimanane bajar arthvyavasthechya bhoomikecha qamee andaj lavala; grameen arthvyavasthetil bhandavali guntavanukiche swaroop spasht karnyat teey apayashi tharale; aanee samajik sthiratela atishayokti kelee.
mahila aanee kutumbe.
catholic mathanchya pramukhanpramanech, phaar qamee striyankade satta hotee-kahee ranyanni tee kelee. dnyanachya kalat, tatvadnya jeane-jacks ruso yanchya likhanane pracheen rajvatichya sudharanansathi eka rajkiy karyakram deela, jyachi sthapana deshantargat paddhatinchya sudharananvar aadharit hotee. khajgi aanee sarvajanik kshetranmadhil sambandhanchi rusochi sankalpana aadhunik samajshastrat aadhalanaya sankalpanepeksha adhik eksandh aahe. mahilanchi gharguti bhoomika hii 'aadhunik' samajasathi eka sanrachanatmak purvat aahe, assa yuktivad ruso yanni keela. suruvatichya aadhunik samajat, shahari karagir vargachya striya anek sarvajanik upkramanmadhye sahbhagi hott asat aanee purushansobat kamachya thikani dekhil sahbhagi hott asat (jaree tyanna kaame, vetan aanee malmattechya babatit samanyatah vanchit rahave lagat hote.)
salik kayadyane mahilanna rajya karnyas manai kelee; tathapi, rajpratinidhinchya babatit, jevha raja swatahun rajya karnyas khoop lahan hota, tevha kayadyanni ranila sattechya kendrasthani aanale. ranee ekach velee rajvanshachya satatyala aashvasan detana, tichya divangat patipasoon tichya lahan mulaparyant eka rajakadoon dusya rajakade satta hastantarit karanyachi khatri deu shakat hotee.
mulinche shikshan.
church aanee rajyala tyanche bhavee prashasak mhanoon kaam karnyasathi karyakartyancha puravatha karnyasathi shaikshanik aakanksha vadhat hotya aanee adhikadhik sansthatmak hott hotya. mulinnahi shikshan dile jaat hote, parantu rajkiy jababdari swikaranyasathi nahee. mulee netrutva padansathi apatra hotya aanee samanyatah tyanchya bhavanpeksha tyanchi buddhi qamee hotee asey manale jaat asey. francemadhye anek chhotya sthanik shaala hotya jithe kamgar vargachi mule-mule aanee mulee-vachanyas shikali, jitke changle "dewala jaanun ghene, prem karane aanee seva karane". kuleen aanee burjuva uchchabhru lokanchya mulge aanee mulinna matra agadi vegale shikshan dile geleh mulanna uchch shalet, kadachit vidyapithat, pathvanyat aale, tarr tyanchya bahininna (jarr tyanna ghar sodanyache bhagya labhale asel tarr) kanventmadhye shikshan purn karnyasathi pathvanyat aale. dnyanodayane yaa pratimala aavhan dile, parantu stree shikshanasathi konatahi kharaa paryay sadar jhaala nahee. keval gharatil shikshanadvarech dnyani mahila tayar hott asat, sahasa tyanchya saloonana chamkavanyachya ekmev tokaparyant.
savatra kutumbe.
mothya pramanat mule tutalelya gharanmadhye kinwa mishrit kutumbat rahat asat aanee tyanna ekach nivassthani savatra bhawande aanee savatra bhavandanchya upasthiticha samna karava lagat asey. palkatvachya kalat bhau-bahini anekada vegale hott asat aanee tyanchyapaiki kahijan tyanchya balpanat bahutansh vegvegalya thikani vadhale. savatra bhawande aanee savatra bhawande tyanchya vayatil farak, janm kramank kinwa lingbhed yamule thodya kalasathi ekatra rahat asat. mulanche jeevan tyanchya varshachya prashasanashi jawalun jodalele hoteh jevha tyanchya maata aanee vadil doghehi maran pavale, tevha dusarya natevaikane palakanchi jababdari ghetali aanee anekada mulanna savatra palakanchya gharatoon kadhoon takale, asha prakare savatra bhawand vegale jhaale.
savatra matrutvacha anubhav nakaratmak rudhiprayoganni vedhalela hota; cindrella katha aanee itar anek vinod aanee kathanni dusya patnichi khilli udavali. bhasha, rangbhumi, lokpriy mhan, charchchi sthitee aanee nyayshastradnyanchya likhanamule savatra matechi olakh nirman karane katheen jhaale. tathapi, purush punarvivahanche mahatva asey soochit karate qee kautumbik ghatakanchi punarrachana karane aavashyak hote aanee vyaktinni tyanchya samudayanmadhye pasarana nakaratmak samajutinna virodh keela. vidhuranna dusari patni ghenyas ajibat sankoch vatala nahee aanee tyanna sahasa lavkarach eka jodidar sapadala joou savatra aaee honyas tayar hota. yaa mahilansathi, savatra aaee asane haah aayushyatil anubhav kinwa tyanchi olakh kaay paribhashit karate heey aavashyak navhate. tyancha anubhav, sanyogacha kalavadhi, kautumbik sanrachana badalane aanee tyanchya patinni ghetalelya aarthik pravrutti yasarkhya ghatkanvar mothya pramanat avalambun hota.
16vya shatkachya suruvatila swikarlelya dhorananusar, pracheen rajvatit vyabhichari mahilanna tyanchya patinni maaf kelyashivay mathat aajivan shiksha sunavali jaat asey aanee vidhva asoonahi kvachitach tyanna punarvivah karanyachi parvanagi dilee jaat asey.
dharm.
french krantipurvi, catholic church haah france samrajyacha adhikrut rajya dharm hota. francela paramparikpane charchchi sarvat mothee mulgi (frencha "phiilii enee dii laal 'aglis") manale jaat asey aanee francechya rajane nehmich popashi jawalche sambandh thewale. tathapi, french rajeshahine lakshaniy pramanat svayatta rakhali, mhanje tyachya 'galicanism' chya dhoranadvare, jyadvare rajane popshahiaivaji bishop nivadle.
16vya shatkachya madhyat protestant sudharanandarmyan, francene eka mothee aanee prabhavshali protestant loksankhya vikasit kelee, pramukhyane sudharit kabulijbab; french dharamshastradnya aanee padri johnn calvin yanni francemadhye sudharana suru kelyanantar, french protestantanchi (huguenots) sankhya loksankhyechya 10 takke kinwa andaje 18 laakh lokanparyant satatyane vadhali. french dharmachi yuddhe, aanee visheshtah seent. bartholomeuchya divashi jhalelya hatyakandane huguenot samudayala nasht kele; 16vya shatkachya akheris protestant rajyachi loksankhya saat teey aath takkyanparyant qamee jhaali. nanteschya aadeshamule 17 vya shatkachya uttaradhat lui chaudavyane too radd kareparyant anek dashake vishranti midali. francechya rajyatoon huganotschya parinami jhalelya palayanamule menducha nichara jhaala, kaaran tyanchyapaiki anekanni samajat mahattvachi padey vyapali hotee.