jivashastratil samamiti

jivashastratil samamiti mhanje vanaspati, prani, burshi aanee jivanu yasah jivanmadhye aadhalanari samamiti hoy. keval ekhadya jivakade pahoon bahya samamiti sahajpane pahili jaau shakate. udaharanarth, manushyachya manushyachya madhyabhagi samamitiche pratal asate kinwa devdar shanku spasht samamiteey sarpil namuna darshavito. antargat vaishishtye dekhil samamiti darshavu shakatat, udaharanarth manvi shariratil nalya (vayoo, poshak aanee kachara utpadananchya vahatukisathi jababdar) jyaa dandgolakar asatat aanee samamitichi anek pratale asatat.
jaivik samamiti haah jivanachya shariratil nakkal kelelya sharirachya bhaganche kinwa aakaranche santulit vitaran mhanoon vichar keela jaau shakato. mahattvache mhanje, ganitachya ulat, jivashastratil samamiti nehmich andaje asate. udaharanarth, vanaspatinchi paaney-samamiteey manali jaat asali taree-ardhya dumadalyavar kvachitach julatat. samamiti haah nisargatil namunyancha eka varg aahe jyamadhye pratibimb kinwa firkidware namuna ghatakachi jawaljawal punaravrutti hote.
tarr spunge aanee placozoan heey pranyanchya done gatanche pratinidhitva karatat jeey konatihi samamiti darshavat naheet (i.eae. asamamiteey asatat), bahutek bahukoshikiy jivanchya shareer yojana kahee pramanat samamiti darshavtat aanee tyaa dware paribhashit kelya jaatat. shareer yojnanmadhye shakya asalelya samamitiche fakt kahee prakar aahet. hii trijya (dandgolakar), dwaipakshik, dwaipakshik aanee golakar samamiti aahet. vishanuche "jeev" mhanoon vargikaran vadgrast rahile asale taree, vishanumadhye icosahedral samamiti dekhil asate.
samamitiche mahatva yaa vastusthitivarun spasht hote qee pranyanchya gatanchi vyakhya paramparikpane vargikaran gatatil yaa vaishishtyane kelee gelee aahe. radial samamiti asalele prani, radiota, georges kuviyarchya prani samrajyachya vargikaranachya chaar shakhanpaiki eka banale. darmyan, bilatoria haah eka vargikaranatmak gut aahe joou aajahi garbhatil dwaipakshik samamiti asalelya jivanche pratinidhitva karnyasathi vaparla jaato.
trijya samamiti.
trijya samamiti asalele jeev madhyavarti akshabhovati punaravrutticha namuna darshavtat, jase qee madhyabindumadhun kapalyavar teey payachya tukdyansarkhe anek samaan tukadyanmadhye vibhagale jaau shakatat. samanyatah, yaat akshabhovati shariracha bhag 4,5,6 kinwa 8 vela punaravrutti karane samavisht asate-jyala anukrame tetramerism, pentamerism, hexamerism aanee octamerism mhanatat. asha jivanna davi kinwa ujavi bajoo nasate parantu tyanna varcha aanee khalcha prushthbhag kinwa samorcha aanee magcha prushthbhag asato.
george kuvier yanni trijya samamiti asalelya pranyanche vargikaran kartan vikiranamadhye ('zoofites') kele, jeey aata samanyatah vegvegalya pranyanchya vanshanche ektrikaran mhanoon sweekarle jaate, jeey ekach samaan purvaj (eka polyphylatic gut) samayik karat naheet. bahutek trijya samamiteey prani tond asalelya tond prushthbhagachya madhyabhagapasun viruddha (aboral) tokaparyant pasarlelya akshabaddal samamiteey asatat. jaree anek sagari animones aanee cinedariamadhil kahee pravalanmadhye cyphonoglyphe yaa ekach sanrachanedvare paribhashit keleli dwipakshi samamiti asali, taree fayala sinideriya aanee ichinodermatamadhil prani samanyatah trijya samamiti darshavtat. trijya samamiti visheshtah sagari animone sarkhya asthir pranyansathi, jelifishsarkhya tarangatya pranyansathi aanee starfishsarkhya santh gatine gatine jivansathi yogya aahe; tarr dwaipakshik samamiti suvyavasthit shareer tayar karoon halchal karnyas anukool aahe.
anek phule trijya samamiteey kinwa "actinomorphic" dekhil asatat. fulanchya aakarmanat sadharanpane eksarkhich rachana-pakalya, shile aanee punkesar-fulachya akshachya bhovati niyamit antarane aadhaltat, joou bahutekda stree prajnan avyav asato jyamadhye carpel, shaili aanee kalank asato.
trijya samamitiche upprakar.
aurelia marginalis" sarkhe kahee jelifish, chaar putt trijya samamitisah tetramerism darshavtat. jelifishchya ardhpardarshak shariratoon shariratoon chaar gonadchya upasthitimule jelifishkade pahatana heey lagech spasht hote. jelifishla serve dishanni dishanni uttejana (pramukhyane ann aanee dhoka) shodhanyasathi aanee tyanna pratisad denyasathi hii trijya samamiti paryavaraniyadrushtya mahattvachi aahe.
fulanchya vanaspatinmadhye tyanchi anek phule aanee fale paach patine samamiti kinwa pentamerism darshavtat. eka safarchandamadhye paach carpel (biyanyanche khise) ghaloon, jevha teey aadvya dishene kapale jaate, tevha heey sahajpane disun yete. pranyanmadhye, keval samudri taare, samudri archin aanee samudri lilly yasarkhe echinoderms praudh mhanoon panchtatviy asatat, jyanche paach haat tondala vedhalele asatat. tathapi, dwaipakshik prani asalyane, teey suruvatila alya mhanoon aarshatil samamitisah vikasit hotat, nantar nantar panchpatal samamiti prapt karatat.
 praval aanee sagari animones (varg anthozoa) madhye aadhaltat, jeey tyanchya samamitichya aadhare done gatanmadhye vibhagale jaatat. upvarg hexacoreliamadhil sarvat samanya pravalanmadhye shatkoniy shareer yojana asate; tyanchya polipmadhye sahaa putt antargat samamiti aanee anek tamboo asatat jeey sahachya gunakar asatat.
 heey aktokoreliyachya upvargatil pravalanmadhye aadhalate. yamadhye aath tamboo aanee ashtaamerik radial samamiti asalele polypse asatat. octopusche aath bhuje asoonahi, tyala matra dwaipakshik samamiti aahe.
tribhuj samamiti hii tribhujsamuhamadhye idiyakaran kalkhandachya uttaradhapasun astitvat hotee.
icosahedral samamiti.
icosahedral samamiti eka jivanmadhye udbhavate jyamadhye 20 mukhanni, pratyek sambahu trikonane aanee 12 12 tayar kelele 60 upghatak asatat. icosahedronmadhye 2 putt, 3 putt aanee 5 putt samamiti asate. canine parvovirus' saha anek vishanu, icosahedral vishanuchya kavchamule samamitiche heey swaroop darshavtat. ashee samamiti vikasit jhaali aahe kaaran yamule vishanu kanala maryadit sankhyene sanrachanatmak prathinancha (vishanu janukandware encode kelele) samavesh asalelya punaravrutti upaghatakanchi nirmiti karata yete, jyamule vishanuchya januksanchat jaaga vachate. icosahedral samamiti ajunahi 60 peksha jaast upghatkansah rakhali jaau shakate, parantu keval 60 chya ghatakanmadhye. udaharanarth, tii = 3 "tomato zadiyukt stunt vishanu" madhye 60x3 prathin upghatak asatat (tyach sanrachanatmak prathinanchya 180 pratee). jaree yaa vishanoona anekada 'golakar' mhanoon sambodhale jaat asale, taree teey kharee ganiteey golakar samamiti darshavat naheet.
naheet shatkachya suruvatila, ernst hekalane (heckle, 1904) radioleriachya anek prajatinche varnan kele, jyapaiki kahee sangadyanche aakarman vividh niyamit polyhedrasarkhe aahe. udaharananmadhye 'circoporus octahedrus', 'circogonia icosahedra', 'lithocubus geometrics' aanee 'sarkoregma dodekahedra' yancha samavesh hoto. yaa pranyanche aakar tyanchya navanvarun spasht asavet. calimitra agness' madhye chatushkoniy samamiti nasate.
golakar samamiti.
golakar samamitiche vaishishtya mhanje shariratoon antaheen, kinwa mahan parantu maryadit, samamiti akshanchi sankhya kadhanyachi kshamata. yacha arth assa qee ekhadya jivachya kendratoon abhyasalya konatyahi kapanidware jarr teey done samaan ardhya bhagat kapale jaau shakale tarr jivanmadhye golakar samamiti udbhavate. pranyanchya sharirachya yojnanmadhye kharee golakar samamiti aadhalat nahee. andaje golakar samamiti bahya) jivanmadhye godya panyatil hiravya alga "volvox" chaa samavesh hoto.
jivanunna anekada 'golakar' aakar asalyache mhatale jaate. jivanu tyanche aakarmananusar teen varganmadhye vargikrut kele jaatatah kokee (golakar aakar), basilus (kathichya aakarachya) aanee spirocates (sarpil aakarachya) peshi. pratyakshat, heey eka gambhir atee-saralikaran aahe kaaran jivanu peshi vakr, vakalelya, sapat, aayatakruti spheroids aanee itar anek aakarachya asoo shakatat. kokee (jarr ekach peshi asel tarr cocus) mhanoon ganalya abhyasalya jivanunchya mothya sankhyemule, heey serve kharey golakar samamiti darshavitat ashee shakyata nahee. sajivanche sahajpane varnan karnyasathi 'golakar' shabdacha samanyikrut vapar aanee golakar samamiticha kharaa arth yaat farak karane mahatvache aahe. vishanunchya varnanatahi ashich paristhiti disun yete-'golakar' vishanu samanyatah icosahedral asalyane golakar samamiti darshavat naheet.
dwaipakshik samamiti.
dwaipakshik samamiti asalelya jivanmadhye samamitiche ekach pratal asate, sagital pratal, jeey jiwala done andaje pratibimbit pratima davya aanee ujavya ardhya bhagat vibhajit karate-andaje paravartan samamiti.
dwaipakshik samamiti asalelya pranyanche bilatoria navachya mothya gatamadhye vargikaran kele jaate, jyamadhye serve pranyanpaiki 99 takke prani (32 peksha jaast vansh aanee 10 lakhanhun adhik varnan kelelya prajatincha samavesh) asatat. serve dwaipakshikanmadhye kahee asamamit vaishishtye asatat; udaharanarth, sharirachi bahya dwaipakshik samarupata asoonahi manvi hriday aanee yakrut asamamit sthiteet asatat.
dwaipakshikanchi dwaipakshik samamiti heey eka jatil vaishishtya aahe jeey anek janukanchya abhivyaktimule vikasit hote. dwaipakshik dhruviyatechya done aksh aahet. pahila mhanje eka agravarti-prushthiy (aii. pii.) aksh aahe jyachi kalpana ekhadya jivanachya dokyapasoon kinwa tondapasoon shepatiparyant kinwa itar tokaparyant jaanara kalpanik aksh mhanoon kelee jaau shakate. dusra prushthiy-ventral (dii. vhee.) aksh aahe joou aii. pii. akshala lambpane dhavto. vikasadarmyan aii. pii. aksh nehmi dii. vhee. akshapurvi nirdisht keela jaato.
jyala 'dusra bhrun aksh' mhanoon olakhale jaate.
bilatoriachi dhruviyata paribhashit karnyasathi aanee jiwala disha denyasathi samore aanee mage vikasas anumati denyasathi aii. pii. aksh aavashyak aahe. pudhil toke sharirachya urvarit bhaganpurvichya vatavaranacha samna karato, tyamule dolhyansarkhe sanvedanatmak avyav tethe samoohbaddha asatat. heey dekhil teey thikan aahe jithe tond vikasit hote kaaran too annacha samna karnara shariracha pahila bhag asato. tyamule, madhyavarti majjasanstheshi jodalele indriye asalele eka vegale doke vikasit honyacha cull asato. vikasachya yaa namunyala (eka vegala doke aanee shepatisah) sephalisation mhanatat. assa yuktivad dekhil keela jaato qee halchalinmadhye aii. pii. akshacha vikas mahattvacha aahe-dwaipakshik samamiti sharirala eka aantarik disha dete aanee odh qamee karnyasathi suvyavasthit honyas anumati dete.
pranyanvyatirikt, kahee vanaspatinchi phule dekhil dwaipakshik samamiti darshavtat. asha vanaspatinna zygomorphic mhanoon sambodhale jaate aanee tyat aurkid (orchidacy) aanee vatane (fabacy) kutumbe aanee bahutek anjir kutumbatil (scrofularicy) vanaspati samavisht aahet. vanaspatinchi paaney dekhil samanyatah andaje dwaipakshik samamiti darshavtat.
dvidaleey samamiti.
dwaipakshik aanee trijya samamitichi aakarshastriy vaishishtye (antargat kinwa bahya) bahya) jivanmadhye dwaipakshik samamiti aadhalate. trijya samamiteey jivanchya ulat, jeey anek staranvar samanpane vibhagale jaau shakatat, dvidaleey jivanna keval done staranvar samaan ritine kapale jaau shakate. heey trijya samamiteey purvajakadun jhalelya dwaipakshik samamitichya utkrantitil madhyavarti tappyache pratinidhitva karoo shakate.
sarvat spasht dvidaleey samamiti asalela prani gut mhanje tenophores. tenoforcemadhye samamitichi done pratale aahet (1) grahansthalache pratal aanee (2) grasaniche pratal. yaa gatavyatirikt, 'paripoorn trijya' godya panyachya polype hydramadhye (eka niderian) dekhil dvidaleey samamitiche purave sapadale aahet. visheshtah antargat aanee bahya donhi vaishishtyancha vichar kartana, moolatah ganalya abhyasalya samamitipeksha, dvidaleey samamiti adhik samanya aahe.
samamitichi utkranti.
jivanchya serve vaishishtyanpramanech, samamiti (kinwa kharokhar vishamata) jivanchya fayadhyamule vikasit hote-naisargik nivadichi prakriya. yamadhye samamitishi sambandhit janukanchya varanvartemadhye veloveli badal samavisht asatat.
vanaspatinmadhil samamitichi utkranti.
suruvatichya fulanchya vanaspatinmadhye trijya samamiteey phule hotee parantu tevhapasoon anek vanaspatinmadhye dwaipakshik samamiteey phule vikasit jhaali aahet. dwaipakshik samamitichi utkranti hii 'cycloidia' janukanchya abhivyaktimule hote. cycloidia" januk kutumbachya bhoomikesathiche purave yaa janukanmadhil utparivartananmadhun yetat jyamule trijya samamitimadhye ulat hote. cycloidia" januke pratilekhan ghatak, prathine jeey itar janukanchya abhivyaktivar niyantran thevatat, tyanna sanketikrut karatat. yamule tyanchya abhivyakticha samamitishi sambandhit vikasatmak marganvar prabhav padato. udaharanarth, 'anteerhinam majasmadhye', 'cycloidia' fulanchya maristemchya prushthbhagachya kshetrachya prarambhik vikasadarmyan vyakt keela jaato aanee nantar prushthbhagachya pakalyanmadhye tyancha aakar aanee aakar niyantrit karnyasathi vyakt keela jaato. asey manale jaate qee vishesh paraganakanchi utkranti trijya samamiteey fulanchya dwaipakshik samamiteey fulanmadhye sankraman karnyat bhoomika bajavu shakate.
pranyanmadhil samamitichi utkranti.
pranyanchya utkrantisathi anekada samamiti nivadali jaate. heey aashcharyakarak nahee kaaran vishamata heey bahudha tandurustiche lakshan asate-ektar vikasachya darmyan dosh kinwa ayushyabhar dukhapat. heey sambhogadarmyan sarvat spasht hote, jyaa darmyan kahee prajatinchya maadee atyant samamiteey vaishishtyansah narr nivadatat. udaharanarth, udaharanarth samamiti manvi aakarshanachya manvi nirnayanvar prabhav takte. yavyatirikt, maadee kothar gilate, eka prajati jithe praudhanna lamb shepatiche pravahak asatat, tyaa sarvat samamiteey shepati asalelya purushanshi sangopan karnyas pradhanya detat.
samamiti hii nivadikhali asalyache dnyat asale taree, pranyanmadhil vividh prakarchya samamiticha utkranti itihas haah vyapak vadacha vishay aahe. paramparikpane asey suchavale gele aahe qee, ubhaychar prani trijya purvajanpasun vikasit jhaale aahet. trijya samamiti asalele prani asalela eka vanshasamuh, sinidarian haah dwaipakshikanshi sarvat jawalcha sambandh asalela gut aahe. niderian heey suruvatichya pranyanchya done gatanpaiki eka aahet, jyanna paribhashit rachana manale jaate, dusare mhanje tinephore. tenophores dvidaleey samamiti darshavtat jyamule teey trijya samamitipasun dvidaleey samamitichya utkrantitil madhyavarti payariche pratinidhitva karatat ashee soochana hote.
keval aakarshastravar aadharit arth lavane heey samamitichya utkrantiche spashtikaran denyasathi purese nahee. niderian aanee bilatoriatil vegvegalya samamitisathi done bhinn spashtikaran prastavit kele aahet. pahili soochana ashee aahe qee, sinidarian aanee bilatorian vegvegalya utkranti vanshavalinmadhye vibhakt honyapurvi, purvajanchya pranyanchi samamiti (asamamiteey) navhati. trijya samamiti nantar nideriyansmadhye aanee dwaipakshikanmadhye dwaipakshik samamiti vikasit houu shakali asatee. vaikalpikaritya, dusari soochana ashee aahe qee niderian aanee bilaterianchya purvajanna niderian vikasit honyapurvi aanee radial samamitine vegale honyapurvi dweepakshiy samamiti hotee. donhi sambhavya spashtikaranancha shodh ghetala jaat aahe aanee purave vadavivadala chalana dett aahet.
vishamata.
jaree vishamata samanyatah ayogya asanyashi sambandhit asali taree kahee prajati eka mahattvapoorn anukulan mhanoon vishamatapoorn mhanoon vikasit jhalya aahet. jaree kahee trijya samamiteey asale taree, filum poriferachya (spunge) anek sadasyanmadhye samamiti nasate.
samamiti todane.
yaa asamamit vaishishtyanchya upasthitisathi vanaspati aanee prani yaa doghanmadhyehi vikasadarmyan samamiti todanyachi prakriya aavashyak asate. aapan nirikshan karat asaleli sharirik vishamata nirman karnyasathi samamiti todane anek vegvegalya patalyanvar hote. yaa staranmadhye asamamiteey januk abhivyakti, prathin abhivyakti aanee peshinchi kriyashilata yancha samavesh hoto.
udaharanarth, undaranchya garbhanmadhye sastan pranyanmadhil davya-ujavya vishamatachi mothya pramanat tapasani kelee gelee aahe. asha abhyasanmule nodal flow hypothesisla samarthan midale aahe. garbhachya node mhanoon olakhalya abhyasalya bhagat kesansarkhya lahan sanrachana (monosilia) asatat jyaa serve eka vishisht dishene ekatra firatat. yamule sanket sanket renuncha ektarfi pravah nirman hoto jyamule heey sanket garbhachya eka bajula jamaa hotat, hotat bajula nahee. yamule pratyek bajula vividh vikasatmak marg sakriy hotat aanee tyanantar vishamata nirman hote.
samamiti bhang honyachya anuvanshik aadharavar bahutek tapas kombadyanchya bhrunavar keela gela aahe. kombadyanchya bhrunamadhye davi bajoo "nodal" aanee "lefty 2" navachi januke vyakt karate jee davya bajuchya sanrachananchya vikasache sanket denyasathi "petex 2" sakriy karate. tarr, ujavi bajoo 'petex 2' vyakt karat nahee aanee parinami ujavya bajuchya sanrachana vikasit hotat. prushthachya bajula asalelya pratimet adhik sampoorn marg darshavila aahe.
pranyanmadhil samamiti todanyabaddal adhik mahitisathi kripaya davya-ujavya samamiti prushthacha sandarbh ghya.
vanaspatinmadhye dekhil vishamata disun yete. udaharanarth, sarvat samanyapane abhyasalya abhyasalya 'arabidopsis' yaa pratikruti vanaspatimadhye helical vadhichi disha davya hatachi vaadh darshavate. manoranjak baab mhanje, yaa vishamtashi sambandhit januke pranyanchya vishamtashi samaan (jawalun sambandhit) aahet-'lefty 1' aanee 'lefty 2' donhi bhoomika bajavtat. pranyanpramanech, vanaspatinmadhye samamiti todane heey aanvik (januke/prathine), upkoshikeey, pesheey, ootee aanee avyavanchya staravar houu shakate.

