
namnirdeshit qaraa (scaling paddhat)

nominate (nominal three-step estimation sankshipt roop) haah eka bahuayami scaling anuprayog aahe joou us rajkiy shastradnya keath tii yanni vikasit keela aahe. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila, pole aanee howard rosenthal yanni kayadeshir roll-coll matdan vartanasarkhya pradhanyachya aanee nivadichya mahitiche vishleshan kele. tyachya sarvat prasiddha anuprayogamadhye, american congresschya sadasyanna dvimiteey nakashavar thewale jaate, jyat vaicharikdrushtya samaan asalele rajkarani (i.eae. jeey anekada samaan mutt detat) jawalche asane. yaa done parimananpaiki eka parichit davya-ujavya rajkiy varnapatala (united statesmadhil udarmatvadi-puranmatvadi) anuroop aahe.
sanganakeey kshamata jasjashi vadhat gelee, tastashi pool aanee rosenthal yanni tyanchya namnirdeshit prakriyechi anek punaravrutti vikasit keleeh mool dii-namnirdeshit paddhat, doubleu-namnirdeshit aanee sarvat alikade deedblue-namnirdeshit (gatishil, bharit namnirdeshit). 2009 madhye, pool aanee rosenthal yanna tyanchya namnirdeshan vikasasathi rajkiy paddhaticha sarvotkrusht sankhyikeey software puraskar societyne pahilyanda prapt keela. 2016 madhye societyne poole yanna tyancha karkird kamgiri puraskar deuun mhatale qee, "yuu. aii. chaa aadhunik abhyas.ess. vidhimandal roll coll matdan gunanchi namnirdeshan kelyashivay congresscha vichar karane ashakya asel."
prakriya.
rajkiy nivad mahitisathi bahuayami scaling tantrancha vapar hii mukhya prakriya aahe. yaa prakarchya nominate scaling prakriyanmadhye mahattvache tantrik farak asale taree; serve samaan moolbhut gruhitkannusar karya karatat. pratham, tyaa paryayi nivadicha andaj moolbhut, qamee-aayami (anekada dvi-aayami) euclidean jaaget lavala jaau shakato. dusare mhanje, tyaa jaaget, vyaktinchi upayuktata karye asatat jee ghanta-aakarachi (samanyatah vitarit) asatat aanee tyanchya aadarsh binduvar jastit jaast asatat. kaaran vyaktinmadhye samamiteey, eka-shikhar upayuktata karye dekhil asatat jee tyanchya aadarsh binduvar kendrit asatat, aadarsh guna heey vyaktinchya sarvat pasantichya parinamanche pratinidhitva karatat. mhanjech, bahutek lokanna tyanchya aadarsh binduchya jawalche parinam havey asatat aanee teey sarvat jawalchya parinamachi nivad/matdan kartil.
samaan pradhanye darshavananya vyakti, bhinn paddhatine vagnadhyanpeksha adhik jawalun thevalelya, nirikshan nivaditun aadarsh guna punarprapt kele jaau shakatat. yaa prakriyechi tulana shaharanmadhil vahan chalavanyachya antarachya aadhare nakashe tayar karnyashi karane upayukt tharel. udaharanarth, losses angelis sentpasoon sumare 1,800 mail antaravar aahe. lui; seent. lui heey miyamipasoon sumare 1,200 mail antaravar aahe; aanee miyami heey losses angelispasoon sumare 2,700 mail antaravar aahe. yaa (dis) samanatechya aakadevarivarun, yaa teen shaharanchya konatyahi nakashat miyamila losses angelispasoon door sents thewale pahije. lui kuthetari darmyan (jaree losses engelispeksha miyamichya thode jawal asale taree). jyapramane losses angelis aanee sann francisco sarkhya shaharancha nakashavar samooh asel, tyachpramane vaicharikdrushtya samaan aamdaranchi (udaa.jee., udarmatvadi senators barbara boxer (dii-california.) aanee all franken (dii-miin.)) ekmekanchya jawal, aanee bhinn aamdaranpasun door (udaa.jee., puranmatvadi sinetara tomm coburn (aar-okla.)) tyanchya roll coll matdanachya nondinmadhil kararachya pramanavar aadharit. namankit prakriyanchya kendrasthani (aanee itar bahuayami scaling paddhati, jase qee poolchi ishtatam vargikaran paddhat) algoridam aahet jeey teey vyakti aanee nivadi qamee aayami (samanyatah dvi-aayami) jaaget vyavasthit karnyasathi vapartat. asha prakare, namnirdeshit guna vidhimandalache "nakashe" pradan karatat.
pahilya congresspasoon teey vidhansabheparyantchya congressional roll coll matdan vartanacha abhyas karnyasathi namnirdeshit karyapaddhaticha vapar karane
sadhyachya, pool aanee rosenthal yanni 1997 madhye 'kongresah roll coll matdancha rajkiy-aarthik itihas' aanee 2007 madhye sudharit aavrutti 'vichardhara aanee congress' prakashit kelee. 
2009 madhye, pool aanee rosenthal yanna tyanchya namnirdeshan vikasasathi rajkiy karyapaddhatichya sarvotkrusht sankhyikeey software puraskarasathi societyche pahile praptakarta mhanoon naav denyat aale, hii manyata "mahattvapoorn sanshodhan yogdan denare sankhyikeey software vikasit karnyasathi (vyaktinna)" pradan kelee gelee. 2016 madhye, keath tii. poole yanna rajkiy karyapaddhatisathi societycha karkird kamgiri puraskar pradan karnyat aala. yaa puraskarachya prashastipatrat, kahee pramanat, "konihi agadi barobar aanee konatyahi atishayoktishivay mhanoo shakatoh yuu chaa aadhunik abhyas.ess. vidhimandal roll coll matdan gunanchi namnirdeshan kelyashivay congresscha vichar karane ashakya asel. nominetene ashee mahitee tayar kelee aahe jyavar aamchya shakhechya sampoorn sansthanni-aanee prasarmadhyamanmadhil anekanni-yuu samajoon ghenyasathi avalambun aahe.ess. congress."
pariman.
pool aanee rosenthal yanni dakhavun dile qee-congressche pratinidhitva aanee rajkaranachya anek guntagunti asoonahi-american itihasachya sampoorn kalat sabhagruh aanee synet yaa donhi thikani matdan aayojit kele jaau shakate aanee donpeksha jaast parimananni spasht kele jaau shakat nahee. pahila pariman (aadva kinwa ex-aksh) haah aarthik babinvar parichit daway-ujave (kinwa udarmatvadi-snrakshak) varnapat aahe. dusra aayam (anulamb kinwa vaay-aksh) cross-cutting, tyaa kalatil mukhya samasyanvar (jyat gulami, dwimitiyata, nagri haqq, pradeshik aanee samajik/jivanshailichya samasyancha samavesh aahe kinwa tyat samavesh aahe) drushtikon uchalato. rosenthal aanee pool yanni suruvatila assa yuktivad keela aahe qee pahile pariman samajik-aarthik babincha aanee dusare pariman vansh-sambandhancha sandarbh dete. tathapi, dusya aayamache anekada gondhalat takanare aanee avashisht swaroop yamule dusya parimanakade itar sanshodhakanni mothya pramanat durlaksh kele aahe. 
bahutansh bhagasathi, congressional matdan heey eka-aayami aahe, matdanachya paddhatinmadhil bahutek bhinnata udarmatvadi-puranmatvadi pahilya parimanasah sthanadvare spasht kelya aahet. dii. doubleu.-namankit gunanche pahile pariman 83 takke achookatesah parinamancha andaj lavnyas saksham asale, taree dusya parimanachi bharr padalyane achookata keval 85 takkyanparyant vadhate. shivay, dusya parimanane keval kongresasathi achookatet lakshaniy vaadh kelee 1-99.1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, dusra pariman garbhpat aanee bandukichya hakkanchya muddyanmadhil pakshapati vibhajan mojanyas saksham hota. tathapi, 2017 chya vishleshanat asey aadhalun aale qee 1987 pasoon, american congresschi matey eka-aayami modelmadhye sarvat yogya basaleli hotee, jee 1987 nantar pakshache dhruvikaran vadhalyache soochit karate.
namnirdeshit gunancha arth lavane.
udaharanatmak hetunsathi, khaleel plotcha vichar qaraa jeey congresschya sadasyanna mojanyasathi doubleu-nomination gunancha vapar karatat aanee sambhavya matdan modelcha vapar karatat (jyamadhye 'hoy' aanee 'nahee' parinamanmadhil 'cutting line' pasoon door asalele aamdar andajit paddhatine matdan karanyachi shakyata jaast asate) 1990 chya dashkatil kahee pramukh congress matey spasht karnyasathi. yapaiki kahee matey, udaharanarth adhyaksh clinton yanchya kalyankari sudharana packagevaril sabhagruhachya mutt (1996 chaa vaiyaktik jababdari aanee kamachi sandhee kayada) pahilya (aarthik udarmatvadi-puranmatvadi) aayamachya vaparadvare sarvottam paddhatine tayar kelee gelee aahet. kalyankari sudharana matdanachya velee, jawaljawal serve prajasattak sadasyanni vidheykala matdan kartana sabhagruhatil lokshahivadyanchya madhyam-puranmatvadi gatamadhye pravesh keela, tarr virodhi paksh aksharshah sabhagruhachya sarvat udarmatvadi lokshahivadyanpurta maryadit hota. truti (cutting reshechya chukichya bajuche pratinidhi jeey andajit 'hoy' aanee andajit 'naay' vegale karatat) samanyatah cutting reshechya jawal asatat, jyachi aapan apeksha karoo. thet cutting linever asalela aamdar mojamapachya 'hoy' aanee 'nahee' matdanamadhye udaseen asato. serve sadasya plotchya davya panelvar dakhavale jaatat, tarr ujavya panelvar fakt truti darshavilya jaatatah
1995 chya santulit arthsankalpiy durustivar sinetchya matavar aarthik vicharsaraniche dekhil varchasva aaheh
matra, itar matambabat dusra pailu (joou alikadech sanskrutik aanee jivanshailichya muddyanvaril drushtikonache pratinidhitva karnyasathi aala aahe) mahattvacha aahe. udaharanarth, bandukichya niyantranavaril matdanachya ferya niyamitpane pakshanchya yutimadhye phoot padatat, samajikdrushtya puranmatvadi 'blue dogg' democrats atirikt niyamananna virodh karnyat bahutek republicansana sameel hotat aanee bandukichya niyantranala pathimba denyat samajikdrushtya udarmatvadi republicans bahutek democratsna sameel hotat. dusya aayamachi bharr padane heey yaa aantar-pakshiy farkansathi karanibhoot aahe aanee cutting line ubhya peksha adhik aadvi aahe (mhanje yaa matanvaril pahilya parimanapeksha dusya parimanavar phoot aadhalate) haah namuna 1991 chya haus vhotmadhye spasht jhaala hota, jyat handgunver pratiksha kalavadhi aavashyak hotah
rajkiy vichardhara.
rajkiy abhinete, rajkiy paksh aanee rajkiy sansthanchya rajkiy vichardhareche varnan karnyasathi dwa-nominated scoarcha mothya pramanavar vapar keela gela aahe. udaharanarth, pahilya parimanatil guna jeey donhi khambanchya jawal aahe yacha arth assa aahe qee assa guna udarmatvadi-snrakshak pramanatil eka tokavar sthit aahe. tarr, 1 chya jawalche guna heey puranmatvadi mhanoon varnan kele jaatat tarr −1 chya jawalche guna heey udarmatvadi mhanoon varnan kele jaau shakatat. shevati, shunyavar kinwa shoonyachya jawal asalelya gunanche varnan madhyam asey kele jaate.
rajkiy dhruvikaran.
pool aanee rosenthal (tyanchya 1984 chya lekh 'american rajkaranache dhruvikaran' pasoon suruvat karoon) yanni dekhil heey darshavinyasathi namnirdeshit detacha vapar keela aahe qee, 1970 chya dashakapasun congressmadhil paksh pratinidhimandal vaicharikdrushtya eksandh aanee ekmekanpasun door jhaale aahet (eka ghatana jyala 'dhruvikaran' mhanoon olakhale jaate). dii. doubleu.-nominated scoarcha vapar karoon (jeey kalantarane vegvegalya congress sadasyanmadhil thet tulana karnyas anumati detat), rajkiy shastradnyanni congressmadhil vaicharik vibhajanancha vistar darshavila aahe, jyamule alikadachya dashakanmadhye prajasattak aanee lokshahivadi yanchyat tivra pakshapatala chalana midali aahe. samkalin rajkiy dhruvikaranache american sarvajanik dhoranavar mahattvapoorn rajkiy parinam jhaale aahet, jase qee pool aanee rosenthal (sahkari rajkiy shastradnya nolan mccarty yanchyasobat) tyanchya 2006 chya 'polarized americah daad dance auph ideology andd equival ritch' yaa pustakat dakhavtat.
anuprayog.
namankit vyakticha vapar united states congressche vistrut siddhant aanee models tapasanyasathi, parishkrut karnyasathi aanee/kinwa vikasit karnyasathi keela gela aahe. vichardhara aanee congress" (pru. 270-271), pool aanee rosenthal heey sahmat aahet qee tyanche nishkarsh 'party cartell' modelshee susangat aahet jeey cocks aanee mckibbins tyanchya 1993 chya 'legislative leviethan' yaa pustakat sadar karatat. cath crehbl, congressmadhil paksh jababdar paksh sarkarchya (aar. pii. jee.) atinchi purtata karatat qee nahee yaa tyanchya chachanyanmadhye garry cocks aanee mathyu mckibbins yanchyapramanech, tyancha "nirnayak rajkaran" siddhant vikasit karnyasathi congresschya donhi sabhagruhancha vaicharik kram nishchit karnyasathi namnirdeshit gunancha vapar karatat.
rajkiy sanstha aanee nivadoon aalele adhikari kinwa umedvaranchya rajkiy vichardhareche mojmap mhanoon 'daad newyork times' aanee 'daad washington poost' sarkhya lokpriy madhyamanni namnirdeshit gunancha vapar keela aahe. rajkiy blogger nett sylver aanee tyanchya pachshe athara varshanchya chamoone pramukh rajkiy vyakti aanee sansthanche vaicharik sthan mojanyasathi varanvar dii. doubleu.-nominated scoarcha vapar keela aahe.
namnirdeshit prakriya aanee sambandhit roll coll scaling tantre united states congress vyatirikt itar anek vidhimandal sansthanvar dekhil lagoo kelee gelee aahet. yamadhye sanyukt rashtranchi sarvasadharan sabha, lattin americetil european sansadechya rashtriy sabha aanee french chauthe prajasattak yancha samavesh aahe. vichardhara aanee congress" (2007) chya 11 vya adhyayat pool aanee rosenthal yanni namood kele aahe qee yapaiki bahutek vishleshananmadhye asey aadhalun aale aahe qee roll coll matdan keval kahee parimananni (sahasa done) aayojit kele jaateh "heey nishkarsh suchavatat qee sansadiy bahumat tayar karanyachi garaj parimanala maryadit karate."