sayman nucumb

sayman nucumb (12 march 1835-11 julai 1909) haah canadian-american khagolshastradnya, upayojit ganitshastradnya aanee swayam-vibhajak bahuayami hota. tyanni amerikechya naudalat aanee johns hopkins vidyapithat ganitache pradhyapak mhanoon kaam kele. nova skotiyamadhye janmalelya, vayachya 19 vya varshi navoditane tyachya vadilanna massatusetsmadhye sameel honyasathi eka shikau nokri sodali, jithe teey shikavat hote.
nucumbche shaley shikshan jaree thodech paramparik asale taree tyanni 1858 madhye harvard yethe bii. ess. see. purn kele. nantar tyanni vel palanyat tasech arthshastra aanee sankhyiki yasarkhya upayojit ganitachya itar kshetranmadhye mahattvapoorn yogdan dile. anek bhashanmadhye askhalitpane askhalitpane tyanni anek lokpriy vidnyan pustake aanee eka vidnyan katha kadambari dekhil lihili aanee prakashit kelee.
charitra.
prarambhik jeevan.
nova skotiyatil wallace shaharat sayman newkambacha janm jhaala. johnn berton nucumb aanee tyachi patni miriam steves heey tyache ivadil hote. tyache vadil eka pravasi shaleche shikshak hote aanee canadachya vividh bhaganmadhye, visheshtah nova skotiya aanee prince edward betavar shikavanyasathi teey varanvar sthalantarit jhaale. tyachya aaidware, sayman nucumb haah canadachya federationche vadil, william heinry steves yancha durcha chulat bhau hota. tyaa vanshatil tyanche sthalantarit purvaj heinrich stiif hote, jeey germanyhoon sthalantarit jhaale aanee 1760 chya sumaras nyu bransvikmadhye sthayik jhaale.
navagantukane thode paramparik shaley shikshan ghetale hote aanee tyala tyachya vadilanni shikavale hote asey disate. 1851 madhye dow. yanchyakade tyanchi alpakalin shikau padvihi hotee. foshe, nyu brunsvikmadhil eka charlatton vanaushadhishastradnya. pann tyachya vadilanni tyala tarunanche bhavishyatil shikshan ghenyasathi eka utkrusht paya deela. nucumbla dow. vayachya 16 vya varshi foshe yanni karar keela qee navodit paach varshanchya shikshaki shikshikesathi kaam kartil, tyaa kalat foshe tyanna aajaranvar upchar karnyasathi aushadhi vanaspati vaparnyache prashikshan deil. done varshannantar navodit adhikadhik dukkhi aanee nirash jhaala hota, kaaran tyala samajale qee foshecha drushtikon avaidnyanik aahe aanee too eka chalak aahe. tyane foshe sodale aanee tyancha karar modala. too maine yetheel callace bandarakade chaalat gela. tithe too eka jahajachya captainla bhetala, jyane tyala massatucets salemla nenyas sahmati darshavali, jithe tyache vadil adhyapanachya nokarisathi gele hote. 1854 chya sumaras, navodit tyachya vadilansobat salemmadhye sameel jhaala aanee doghanni ekatra marylandcha pravas keela.
nucumbane marylandmadhye 1854 teey 1856 yaa kalat done varshe shikavale; pahilya varshi massichya cross roads, kent countymadhil country skoolmadhye, nantar queen enichya countymadhil suddlersvillemadhye jawalil eka varsh. donhi purvekadil purvekadil mothya pramanat grameen bhagat sthit hote. tyanchya mokalya velet navoditanni rajkiy arthvyavastha aanee dharm yasarkhya vividh vishayancha abhyas keela, parantu tyanche sakhol abhyas ganeet aanee khagolshastrat jhaale.
visheshtah tyanni yaa velee izac newtonche 'principia' (1687) vachale. 1856 madhye nucumbane washington, dii. see. jawal khajgi shikshak mhanoon padd sweekarle. teey anekada shaharatil granthalayanmadhye ganitacha abhyas karnyasathi shaharat jaat asat. tyane smithsonian sansthechya granthalayatun nathaniel bodichya piyare-sayman laplesschya 'tratte dii macanic celeste' chya bhashantarachi prat ghetali, parantu tyachya palikade ganeet sapadale.
nucumb yanni swatantrapane ganeet aanee bhautikshastracha abhyas keela. 1857 madhye massatucets cambridge yetheel sagari panchang karyalayat manvi sanganak (gananecha prabhari adhikari) honyapurvi kahee kaal tyanni swatahla shikavoon ghetale. tyach velee tyanni harvard vidyapithachya laurence vaidnyanik shalet pravesh ghetala aanee 1858 madhye bii. ess. see. saha padvi prapt kelee.
peers kutumb.
nucumbane benjamin piercechya margdarshanakhali ganitacha abhyas keela, joou anekada garib vidwanala tyachya gharee aamantritahi karat asey. nucumbche charitrakar brent yanni tyanchya 1993 chya pustakat mhatale aahe qee tyaa tarunala piercecha mulga charles sanders piercey aavadat navhata aanee tyachyavar see. chya 'yashasvi naash' chaa aarop hota. ess. pearschee karkird. visheshtah, johns hopkins vidyapithache adhyaksh daniele coat gillman heey see. yanna karyakal pradan karnyachya muddyavar hote asey mhatale jaate. ess. tathapi, nucumbane tyala rokhanyasathi padadyamagil hastakshep karnyapurvi. brent mhanatat qee sumare 20 varshannantar, nucumbane karnegi sansthechya vishvastanna karnegi anudan nakarnyasathi ashach prakare prabhavit kele. ess. peers. yamule pearcela tyachya jivanache karya prakashit karnyapasoon rokhale gele. yaa anudanala andreau karnegi, theodor roozvelt, william james aanee itaranni pathimba deela, jyanni tyala pathimba denyasathi lihile.
khagolshastratil karkird.
american yadavi yuddhachya purvasandhyela, dakshinekadil parshvabhoomi asalelya anek americi naudalachya naudalachya seva sodali. 1861 madhye, nucumbane rikt jaagecha fayda ghetala aanee washington dii. yetheel united states nevel observatorymadhye ganeet aanee khagolshastradnyache pradhyapak mhanoon tyanchi niyukti karnyat aalee.see. grahanchya gatichya siddhantanmadhye adhikadhik rus ghet, nauvahanala madat mhanoon grahanchya sthitichya mojamapasathi kaam karnyasathi navodit tayar jhaale.
1870 madhye nucumbane francechya parisla bhet dilee toparyant tyala maheet hote qee pieter andreas hansonne mojalelya chandrachya sthitiche table chukiche hote. parismadhye asatana, tyachya lakshat aale qee, hansonne vaparlelya 1750 teey 1838 yaa aakadevarivyatirikt, 1672 paryant purvichya aakadevarichi nond hotee. parantu french samrat napolean tisra yacha franco-russian yuddhat parabhav aanee khandatoon french samrajyacha ant ant uthawala sakshidar asalyane tyachyakade vishleshanasathi vel navhata. tyanantarchya dangalidarmyan nucumb shaharatoon paloon jaanyat yashasvi jhaala; tyamule parris samuday tayar jhaala aanee parris vedhshalenehi tyacha taba ghetala. nucumbane hansonchya sarnyanmadhye sudharana karnyasathi 'naveen' mahiticha vapar keela.
1875 madhye tyanna harvard mahavidhyalay vedhshalechya sanchalak padachi aupher denyat aalee hotee, parantu tyanni nakar deela, kaaran toparyant tyanni tharavale hote qee tyanchi aavad nirikshanapeksha ganitat aahe.
sagari panchang karyalayache sanchalak.
1877 madhye teey sagari panchang karyalayache sanchalak jhaale, jethe george william hiill yanchya karyaksham madatine tyanni serve pramukh khagolshastriy sthirankanchi punha ganana karnyacha karyakram suru keela. 1884 pasoon tyanni baltimoremadhil johns hopkins vidyapithat ganeet aanee khagolshastrache pradhyapak mhanoonahi eka maganichi bhoomika purn kelee.
aaa saha. emm. doubleu. khalee utartana, nucumbane khagolshastriy sthirankanchya vishayavaril barech aantarrashtriy gondhal sodavanyasathi eka yojana aakhali. meey 1896 madhye parris, france yethe jhalelya pramanikaran parishadela teey upasthit rahile toparyant, aantarrashtriy ekmat asey hote qee serve alpakalin goshti newkambachya gananevar aadharit asavyatah newkambachya "surya sarani". 1950 paryant, aanakhi eka parishadene newkambachya sthirankanna aantarrashtriy manak mhanoon pushti dilee.
vaiyaktik jeevan.
american yadavi yuddhadarmyan, nucumbane 4 august 1863 roji merrie carolin haslershee vivah keela. yaa jodpyala teen mulee aanee eka mulga hota joou balpanatach maran pavala. merrie carolin haslerche aaee-vadil us navie sarjan dow. charles augustus hasler aanee tyachi patni. tiche aajoba ferdinand hasler heey heey sarvekshanache pahile adhikshak hote.
nucumb yanche nidhan washington, dii.see.11 julai 1909 roji mutrashayachya karkarogacha. arlington rashtriy smashanbhumit rashtrapati william howard taft yanchya upasthitit tyanna lashkari sanmanane daphan karnyat aale.
newkambachi mulgi anita nucumb mcgui (1864-1940) vaidyakeey doctor jhaali aanee tine armi nurse corpschee sthapana kelee. spanish-american yuddhadarmyanchya tichya sevesathi teela spanish yuddh seva padak midale. japanmadhil tichya nantarchya kamasathi teela japani shahee aurder auph daad valuable kraun, japani reed cross decoration aanee japani sarkarkadoon done ruso-japani yuddh padake denyat aalee. teela purn lashkari sanmanane tichya vadilanchya shejari daphan karnyat aale.
newkambachi mulgi annah josepha newyorkmadheel aart studants leegmadhye shikali. tyaa matadhikar chalvalit sakriy hotya. 1912 madhye, mahilanchya matdanachya adhikarachya samarthanarth tyanni pahili cornwall baithak aayojit kelee. joseph nucumbane edward baldwin vitnishi vivah keela, joou pradhyapak william dwite whitney aanee tyachya patnicha mulga hota aanee us sinetara aanee connecticut governor rogger sherman baldwincha natoo hota. tyanni amerikeche sahayyak mahadhivakta mhanoon kaam kele. tyancha natoo hasler whitney haah eka ganitshastradnya aanee pradhyapak banala.
kaam.
prakashacha veg.
1878 madhye, nucumbane prakashachya vegache naveen aanee achook mojmap karnyache niyojan suru kele hote. anek khagoliy sthirankanchya achook mulyancha hishob karane aavashyak aahe asey tyanche mutt hote. jevha tyala eka tarun naudal adhikari aanee bhautikshastradnya albert abraham michelson yanche patra midale, jeey dekhil asha mojamapache niyojan karat hote, tevha tyane aadhich lyon faucaultchya paddhatiche parishkaran vikasit karnyas suruvat kelee hotee. asha prakare eka dirgh sahyog aanee maitri suru jhaali. 1880 madhye, michelsonne phorta myer aanee nantar potomac nadijaval asalelya amerikechya naudal vedhshalet asalelya upkaranansah newkambachya prarambhik mojamapat madat kelee. nucumbane vedhshala aanee washington smarak yanchyat mojamapachi dusari sanch vyavastha kelee toparyant michelson swatacha prakalp suru karnyasathi nighun gela hota. jaree michelsonne 1880 madhye tyache pahile mojmap prakashit kele asale, taree nucumbche mojmap lakshaniyaritya vegale hote. 1883 madhye, michelsonne tyachya mojamapat newkambachya jawalche moolya asey sudharit kele.
benfordcha niyam.
1881 madhye, nucumbane aata benfordcha niyam mhanoon olakhale jaanare sankhyikeey tattva shodhun kadhale. laghuganak ganana karnyasathi tyaa velee vaparlya olakhalya laghuganak pustakanchi purvichi paaney nantarchya pananpeksha khoopach jaast kharab jhaali hotee, asey tyanche nirikshan hote. yamule tyanni heey tattva tayar kele qee, detachya aniyantrit sanchatoon ghetalelya sankhyanchya konatyahi yadeet, itar konatyahi ankapeksha jaast sankhya "1" neey suru hotil.
chandler wable.
1891 madhye, aata chandler wable mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya akshanshatil 14 mahinyanchya bhinnatecha seth carlo chandlerne shodh lavlyanantar kahee mahinyantach, nucumbane nirikshan kelelya halchali aanee andajit kalavadhimadhil spasht sangharsh spasht keela. haah siddhant purnapane kathor vastuvar aadharit hota, parantu pruthvi thodi lavchik aahe. nucumbane pruthvichya lavchikatecha andaj lavnyasathi akshansh nirikshanachya bhinnatecha vapar keela, jyamule tee poladapeksha thodi adhik kathor asalyache aadhalale.
itar kaame.
nucumb haah eka svayamsiddha aanee bahuayami hota. tyanni arthshastravar lihile aanee tyanchya 'rajkiy arthvyavasthechi tattve' (1885) chey varnan johnn menard keynes yanni kele hote, "tyaa mool granthanpaiki eka, jee eka naveen vaidnyanik munn, rudhivadi goshti jaast vachoon vikrut naan houn, arthshastrasarkhya ardh-rachana vishayat veloveli tayar karoo shakate."nucumbla, paishachya praman siddhantat vaparlelya paise aanee vastunmadhil devanghevanichya samikaranachya pahilya dnyat uchcharasah, chidalelya machchimaranni shrey dile. too french, german, italian aanee swedish bolat asey; too eka sakriy giryarohak hota; aanee mothya pramanat vachala. tyanni anek lokpriy vidnyan pustake aanee 'hij vision daad defender' (1900) hii vidnyan katha kadambari dekhil lihili. 1901 madhye bhubhautikiy ghatana havetil chamak pahanari nucumb hii pahili vyakti hotee. 
khagolshastrachya sthitibaddal.
1888 madhye sayman nucumbane lihileh "aapan kadachit khagolshastrabaddal aaplyala mahit asalelya serve goshtinchya maryadechya jawal aahot."
1900 madhye, american book companyne tyanche 'khagolshastrache ghatak' prakashit kele.
matra, 1903 paryant tyanche mutt badalale hote. vidnyan' madheel eka lekhat tyanni lihileh 
"aaplyasamor jeey aahe teey eka amaryad kshetra aahe, jyachya astitvacha daha varshanpurvi kvachitach sanshay hota, jyacha shodh aaplya bhautik prayogshalanchya kriyakalapanna aanee aaplya khagolshastriy nirikshakanchya aanee tapaskartyanchya mothya samoohala jitkya pidhyanparyant vidyut vidnyanala tyachya sadhyachya sthiteet aananyasathi aavashyak hote titke changlya prakare shoshun gheu shakato."
udatya yantrachya ashakyatevar.
flying machine' tayar karane ashakya aahe asey manoon nucumb prasiddhapane uddhrut kele gele aahe."teey" havai jahaj shakya aahe qaa? "yaa shirshakacha lekh suru karatat."tippanisah", heey sarvat aadhi, aapan aavashyak vaidnyanik shodh ghyayache qee nahee yavar avalambun aahe."havai vahanache bandhkam" yaa tippanisah too shevat karato... jyachya aanandat ekahi mansala eka thikanahun khandatoon thikani neuu shakat asel, tyasathi kahee naveen dhatoo kinwa kahee naveen shakticha shodh ghene aavashyak aahe."
22 aktoobar 1903 roji 'daad independent' chya ankat navoditanni eka prasiddha tippani kelee qee 'kadachit aamche yantriki nastil... shevati havai uddan hii eka mothee samasya aahe jee manushya kadhihi hatalu shakat nahee heey manya karnyas bhag padale jaate aanee tyacha samna karnyache serve prayatna sodoon dile jaatat?", tyane suchavale qee jaree ekhada manus udala taree too thambu shakat nahee. "ekada tyane tyacha veg qamee keela qee too khalee padoo lagato. ekada too thambla qee too mrut vastupramane padato."nucumbla airfoilchi kalpana navhati. tyache viman eka vakalela 'patal sapat falak' hota. tyamule too kadhihi purushache vajan uchaloo shakat nahee assa nishkarsh tyane kadhala.
nucumbane visheshtah samuel pierpont langlechya kamavar teeka kelee, jyane dawa keela qee too vafechya injindware chalanare uddan yantra tayar karoo shakato, parantu jyache uddanatil prarambhik prayatna sarvajanik apayashi tharale. matra, 1903 saalee navodit dekhil mhanat hote, 
"bahudha 20 weey shatak naisargik shakti pahanyasathi niyat aahe, jyamule aapan eka pakshyapeksha khoop jaast vegane eka khandatoon khandatoon khandat uddan karoo shakoo. parantu jevha aapan aaplya dnyanachya sadhyachya sthiteet havai uddan shakya aahe qaa heey vicharato; aaplyajaval asalelya asha samagrisah, polad, kapad aanee vayarche sanyojan kele jaau shakate qaa, jeey veej kinwa vafechya samarthyane halavale jaeel, eka yashasvi uddan yantra tayar karel, tevha drushtikon purnapane vegala asoo shakato."
nucumbla rait bandhunchya prayatnanchi mahitee navhati, jyanche kaam sapeksh aspashtatet kele gele hote (santos-dumontne tyache 14-bii. aay. ess. keval 1906 madhye parismadhye udavale) aanee antargat jwalan enginechya adhik changlya shakti-teey-vajanachya gunottarabaddal spashtapane anbhidnya hote. 1908 madhye jevha navoditane raitchya uddanabaddal aikale, tevha tyane teey twarit sweekarle.
nucumbane firnare pankh (helicopters) aanee havet havet (zagamgat) havai jahajanchya vikasala pasanti dilee. kahee dashkant, zeppellins niyamitpane europe aanee united states darmyan pravashanchi vahtook karat asey aanee graph zeppeline pruthvichi pradakshina ghatali.
mansik sanshodhan.
nucumb heey american society phaur cycical recerche pahile adhyaksh hote. jaree sanvedanabahya dharana aanee kathit adhisamanya ghatanambaddal sanshay asala taree, tyancha assa vishvas hota qee haah vishay tapasas patra aahe. 1889 paryant tyanche tapas nakaratmak hote aanee tyancha sanshay vadhala. charitrakar albert eae. moyarne nondavale aahe qee navoditane "itaranchi khatri patavali aanee tyanna patvoon denyachi aasha vyakt kelee qee, paddhatshir aadharavar, mansik sanshodhan haah eka vaidnyanik ant hota."
granthasuchi.
1882 teey 1912 darmyan lihilelya anek khagolshastriy, bhautik aanee ganiteey kagadpatrancha ullekh yethe aahe. 

