
bharatatil fashichi shiksha

bharatatil fashichi shiksha hii deshatil mukhya moolbhut dandatmak kayade, bharatiy dand sanhita tasech itar kayadyannusar kahee gunhyansathi kayadeshir shiksha aahe. dand prakriya sanhita, 1973 chya kalam 354 (5) antargat dileli prathamik paddhat mhanje 'galyane latkavane' mhanje fashi deuun fashi dilee jaate aanee tee keval 'durmil prakarananmadhye' dilee jaate. 
sadhya bharatat sumare 488 kaidi fashichya shikshevar aahet. bharatatil sarvat alikadil fashi march 2020 madhye jhaali, jevha 2012 madheel dilli samoohik balatkar aanee hatya prakaranatil chaar gunhegaranna dillitil tihar turungat fashi denyat aalee.
itihas.
faujdari prakriya sanhita (see. aar. pii. see.), 1898 madhye mrutyu hii hatyesathichi purvaniyojit shiksha hotee aanee sambandhit nyayadhishanna tyaeivaji janmathepechi shiksha dyaychi asel tarr tyanni tyanchya nirnayat karane sangane aavashyak hote. 1955 madhye see. aar. pii. see. madhye durusti karoon, fashichi shiksha naan lagoo karnyasathi lekhee karananchi aavashyakta kadhoon taknyat aalee, jyamule done shikshanmadhye konatehi kayadeshir pradhanya nahee heey disun yete. 1973 madhye jevha see. aar. pii. see. madhye aanakhi sudharana karnyat aalee, tevha janmathepecha niyam banala aanee keval apavadatmak prakarananmadhyech fashichi shiksha thothavavi lagali, visheshtah jarr kelelya ghor gunhyala gunhegarala 20 varshannantar samajat paroldware sodanyasathi 'vicharat' ghenehi dhokadayak vatat asel (parolshivay janmathepeche astitva bharatat nahee kaaran dhokadayak gunhegaranna ayushyabhar muktapane khayala dene aanee tyanna gharee thevane khoop mahag aahe aanee janmathepenantar parolchi shakyata door kelyane vartan sudharanyasathi sakaratmak aanee punarvasanatmak protsahan door hote; aay. pii. see. 57 nusar, bharatat janmathepechi shiksha bhoganare serve gunhegar 20 varshe shiksha bhogalyanantar aapoaap parolsathi patra asatat) aanee 'vishesh karane' aavashyak asatat. yaa mahattvapoorn badalane bharatat fashichi shiksha maryadit karanyachi ichcha darshavali. 1973 chya see. aar. pii. see. neey faujdari khatalyachi swatantra sunavanisah done tappyat vibhagani kelee, eka doshasiddhisathi aanee dusra shikshesathi.
prakriya.
nyayalayin sunavani.
faujdari prakriya sanhitene vihit keleli karyavahi purn kelyanantar, nyayadhish kalam 235 antargat ekhadya prakaranat nirnay detat. aaropila doshi tharvalyas, kalam 235 (2), faujdari prakriya sanhitenusar shikshepurvichi sunavani anivarya asel. faujdari prakriya sanhita, 1973 madhye fashichya shikshechya vishesh karanasandarbhatahi tartud aahe. sanhitechya kalam 354 (3) madhye ashee tartud aahe qee nyayalayane shiksheche samarthan karnari "vishesh karane" nondavali pahijet aanee 'janmathepecha niyam aahe aanee fashichi shiksha apavad aahe' yaa tattvanusar paryayi shiksha yaa prakaranat nyayachya uddishtanchi purtata qaa karnar nahee heey namood kele pahije.
uchch nyayalayakadun pushti.
satra nyayalayane dilela nirnay aanee shiksha dilyanantar, fashichi shiksha vaidh honyasathi uchch nyayalayala tyachi pushti karane aavashyak aahe. uchch nyayalay satra nyayalayane dilelya fashichya shikshechi pushti karoo shakate, kayadyane hummy dileli itar konatihi shiksha deu shakate, doshasiddhi radd karoo shakate, satra nyayalayane tyanna doshi tharavalelya konatyahi gunhyasathi tyaa vyaktila doshi tharvu shakate, tyach kinwa sudharit aaropanvar naveen khatalyacha aadesh deu shakate kinwa faujdari prakriya sanhitechya kalam 368 antargat aaropi vyaktila nirdosh mukt karoo shakate. uchch nyayalay kalam 386 (see), see. aar. pii. see. nusar satra nyayalayane sunavaleli shiksha fashichya shikshet dekhil vadhavu shakate. uchch nyayalay asha vadhiviruddha kaaran dakhvinyachi vajvi sandhee dilyashivay aaropila denyat aalelya shikshet vaadh karnar nahee aanee asey kaaran dakhavtana, aaropi satra nyayalayane sunavalelya shikshechi nirdosh muktata kinwa kapat karnyasathi dekhil vinanti karoo shakato. yavyatirikt, rajya sarkar kinwa kendra sarkar kalam 377, see. aar. pii. see. antargat sarkari vakilala satra nyayalayane dilelya shikshechya virodhat uchch nyayalayat apurtichya aadharavar apeal karnyache nirdesh deu shakate. pudhe, kalam 397, kalam 401, see. aar. pii. see. saha pathit see. aar. pii. see. antargat aaplya swatahun punarikshan adhikarancha vapar karoon, uchch nyayalay, apeal nasatanahi satra nyayalayane sunavalelya shikshet vaadh karoo shakate. uchch nyayalay sanhitechya kalam 367 nusar doshi vyaktichya aparadh kinwa nirdoshateshi sambandhit konatyahi muddyavar pudhil chaukashi kinwa atirikt purave ghenyache nirdesh deu shakate. uchch nyayalayane nirdesh dilyashivay, yaa chaukashichya yaa kalavadhit kinwa atirikt purave ghetale jaatat tevha aaropila upasthit rahanyachi garaj nahee. uchch nyayalayala see. aar. pii. see. chya kalam 407 antargat adhinastha nyayalayasamor pralambit asalele prakaran mage ghenyacha aanee khatala chalavanyacha adhikar aahe aanee too fashichi shiksha deu shakato.
vishesh suttichi yachika.
uchch nyayalayane fashichya shikshela dujora dilyanantar, sanvidhanachya kalam 136 antargat vishesh parvanagi yachikedware (ess. ell. pii.) apeal dakhal kele jaau shakate. sarvoch nyayalay yaa mudyancha vichar kelyanantar aaplya vivekbuddhine sanvidhanachya kalam 136 antargat apeal karnyasathi vishesh parvanagi deu shakate. kalam 136 antargat aaplya adhikaracha vapar karoon, vishesh parvanagi yachikevar apeal mhanoon sunavani viola havee qee nahee heey sarvoch nyayalay tharavate. maryadet' (konatihi tapshilvar karane naan deta threasholdver vishesh parvanagi yachika fetalane) samavisht asalelya slaps fetalanyacha purvicha cull durust karat, baba saheb maruti kambale viruddhachya done prakarananmadhye asey mhatale gele hote. maharashtra rajya, november 2018 aanee jitendra @jeetu wii. madhya pradesh aanee itar rajya, julai 2020 madhye, jyaa prakarananmadhye khaleel nyayalayanni fashichi shiksha sunavali aahe, tyaa prakarananmadhye dakhal keleli vishesh parvanagi yachika, kiman kaaran naan deta, kiman mrutyudandachi shiksha naan deta, fetalali jaau naye. asha prakarananmadhye mrutyudandachya samarthanasathichya karanansah sakhol chhanani nyayalayakadun kelee jaavi asey mutt vyakt karnyat aale.
punaravalokanache punaravalokan aanee punha ughadane.
sarvoch nyayalayane dilelya nirnayacha kinwa aadeshacha fervichar karanyachi yachika, sanvidhanachya kalam 137 anvaye, asha nirnayachya kinwa aadeshachya tarkhepasun tees divasanchya aat sarvoch nyayalayasamor dakhal kelee jaau shakate. sarvoch nyayalayanusar, mohammed arif @ashfaq wii. september 2014 madhye, sarvoch nyayalay aanee anya, kulasachiv, fashichya shikshechya prakaranansathichya fervichar yachikanchi sunavani khulya nyayalayat viola havee, parantu tondi sunavanisathi 30 minitanchi kalmaryada asel. ashee prakriya nyayya aanee nyayya asel. teen nyayadhishanchya khandpithadware prakarananchi sunavani kelee jaeel aanee vishesh prakriya fashichya shikshechya serve prakarananna lagoo hoil, jethe punaravalokan fetalanyat aale hote parantu shikshechi amalbajavani adyap jhaleli navhati, jyat dahashatvadi aanee vighatankari kriyakalap (pratibandh) kayadyantargat aanalelya prakaranancha samavesh aahe. emm. sarkhya vividh prakarananmadhye. aaa. antony @antappan wii. keral rajya, april 2009, emm. dii. mannan @abdul mannan wii. bihar rajya, april 2011, ambadas lakshman shinde aanee ors wii. maharashtra rajya, aktoobar 2018, vareel nikalanantar khulya nyayalayat sunavanisathi yapurvi barkhast jhalyanantar punha ughadanyat aale, jyacha parinam badal aanee nirdosh muktatemadhye jhaala.
upcharatmak yachika.
sarvoch nyayalayachya nirnayanusar rupa ashoke hurra wii. ashoke hurra aanee itar, april 2002 madhye fervichar yachika fetalalyanantar, naisargik nyayachya tattvanche ullanghan jhaale aahe kinwa nyayadhishankadun pakshapat keela jaat asalyachi bheeti asalyache siddha jhalyas sarvoch nyayalay sudharatmak yachikela tyachya nirnayacha kinwa aadeshacha punarvichar karanyachi parvanagi deu shakate. yaa prakaranat sarvoch nyayalayane asey mhatale aahe qee, tyachya prakriyecha gairavapar rokhanyasathi aanee nyayachi ghor chook door karnyasathi, teey aaplya antarnihit adhikarancha vapar karoon aaplya nirnayancha punarvichar karoo shakatat. sudharana yachika upalabdh asalyas, tyach khandpithasamor kinwa sarvoch nyayalayachya teen sarvat varishtha nyayadhishansamor prasarit kelee jaeel, jyane fervichar yachikecha nirnay deela. sarvoch nyayalayane anyatha aadesh dilyashivay, sudharatmak yachika maukhik yuktivadanshivay nikali kadhali jaeel.
dayaa.
sanvidhanache kalam 72 aanee 161 heey bharatache rashtrapati aanee rajyapal yanna kahee prakarananmadhye maafee denyacha aanee shiksha nilambit karnyacha, maaf karnyacha kinwa qamee karnyacha adhikar detat. rashtrapati kinwa rajyapal doshichya prakaranacha vichar karoo shakatat aanee fashichi shiksha maaf karoo shakatat.
dayechya yachikeshi sambandhit vividh kayadeshir samasya varanvar udbhavalya aahet, tyapaiki eka vilamb aahe. vhee. madhye. shriharan @murugan wii. bharatiy sangharajya, februwari 1947, sarvoch nyayalayane punaruchchar keela qee kalam 72/161 antargat dayechi prakriya doshi kaidi aanee tyanchya kutumbatil sadasyanna fashichi shiksha janmathepet rupantarit karnyasathi aashecha kiran pradan karate aanee mhanunach, karyakari yantranane paul uchalale pahije aanee rajyaghatanet hummy dilelya dayechya adhikarachya tyachya velechya paramparecha vajvi velet vapar keela pahije. shatrughan chauhan wii. chya babatit. bharatiy sangharajya, janewari 2014, sarvoch nyayalayachya teen nyayadhishanchya khandpithane fashichya shikshevar eka aitihasik nikal dilah visheshtah, mrutyudandachi shiksha purn karnyat jaast vilamb haah parivartanachya yachiketil eka aavashyak qamee karnara ghatak hota. heey aadhichya triveniben vhee. prakaranat dekhil aayojit kele gele hote. februwari 1989 madhye gujarat aanee itar rajya, asey namood karat qee dayechya yachikecha nipatara karnyat anavashyak dirgh vilamb jhaala qaa; rajya vilambkarak vartanasathi doshi hote qaa aanee vilamb konatyahi karanastav jhaala hota qaa yacha nyayalay vichar karoo shakate.  jaree atee vilamb haah eka mahattvacha ghatak asala taree, too swatach amalbajavanila asanvaidhanik banavoo shakat nahee. pudhe, nyayalayanni itar kahee paryavekshan paristhiti dekhil manya kelya aahet, jyancha dayechya yachikedarmyan vichar keela pahije, jase qee mansik aajaar/vedepana, aaghat, ekantvas ii.
mrutyucha aadesh.
jyaa prakarananmadhye fashichi shiksha sunavali jaate, tyaa prakarananmadhye form kra. faujdari prakriya sanhitechya dusya anusuchit, 1973 madhye 42 madhye 'mrutyudand' kinwa 'kaala dandadesh' chey swaroop aahe. too sambandhit turungachya adhikshakala sambodhit keela jaato, jyane fashichi shiksha paar padali gelyache pramanit kelyanantar nyayalayala warrant parat karane apekshit aahe. jarr satra nyayalayane nyayik aanee prashasakeey prakriya sampanyapurvi mrutyu warrant jaaree kele, tarr teey sarvoch nyayalayane shabnam wii. madhye namood kelelya kayadyache gambhir ullanghan tharel. bharatiy sangharajya, meey 2015, jyane pudra wii. yaa prakaranat allahabad uchch nyayalayane tharavalelya margdarshak tattvanna dujora deela. bharatiy sangharajya, janewari 2015. shabnam wii. bharatiy sangharajya, sarvoch nyayalayane asey mhatale qee naisargik nyayachi tattve mrutyudandachya karyavahimadhye vachali pahijet. apeal, fervichar aanee dayechya yachikansarkhya upalabdh asalelya serve kayadeshir upayancha vapar karanyachi parvanagi doshila dilee jaavi. mrutyudandache aadesh jaaree karnyapurvi pudar prakaranat dilelya margdarshak tattvanche palan karane aavashyak aahe.
fashichi shiksha ghatanatmak aahe.
bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayachya tapasanipurvi, loksabheche sadasya raghunath sing yanni mandalelya tharawala pratisad mhanoon 35 vya vidhee aayogachya ahavaladvare bharatatil fashichi shiksha radd karanyachi tapasani karnyat aalee. bharatatil paristhiti 'fashichi shiksha radd karnyachya' prastavachya viruddha sthitichi magani karate aanee fashichi shiksha kayam thewali jaavi assa nishkarsh kadhala, yaa tarkavar bharatiy vidhee aayogane bharr deela. tyat asey mhatale aahe qee, sangopanachi vividhata, loksankhyechi vividhata, shikshan aanee naitikatechya patalivaril vishamata aanee kayada aanee suvyavastha rakhanyachi sarvoch garaj heey moolbhut ghatak aanee mudde hote jeey bharatala fashichi shiksha radd karnyasathi anukool bhoomika ghenyapasun rokhatat. tathapi, bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayane dilelya vividh aitihasik nikalanmadhye fashichya shikshesambandhiche nyayshastra atishay badalale.
fashichya shikshechya ghatanatmak vaidhatevar bharatache sarvoch nyayalay.
bharatatil fashichya shikshela pahile aavhan 1973 chya jagmohan sing viruddhachya prakaranat aale. yuu. chee sthitee.pii, aktoobar 1972. haah nirnay nyayalayasamor aala, jyamadhye fashichi shiksha hii apavadatmak shiksha hotee. fashichi shiksha jeevan aanee samanatechya adhikarache ullanghan karate aanee bharatiy rajyaghatanene hummy dilee aahe assa yuktivad karnyat aala. yavyatirikt, fashichi shiksha thothavanyasathi nyayadhishanmadhil aniyantrit aanee aniyantrit vivekbuddhi bharatiy rajyaghatanechya kalam 14 chey ullanghan karate aanee yachikakartyanni assa yuktivad keela qee fashichi shiksha aanee janmathepedarmyanacha nyayik nirnay ghenyasathi nishkarsh aanee tark ghoshit karnyasathi paristhiticha vichar karanyachi prakriya see. aar. pii. see., 1898 antargat upalabdh nahee, mhanoon tyane bharatiy rajyaghatanechya anuchhed 21 chey ullanghan kele. tathapi, bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayane haah yuktivad swikaranyas nakar deela aanee asey mhatale qee, gambhir aanee qamee karananya paristhitichi tapshilvar nond aanee moolyankan kelyanantar fashichi shiksha sunavali jaate, asha prakare ashee prakriya fashichi shiksha ladanyache samarthan karate aanee bharatiy rajyaghatanechya kalam 21 chey ullanghan karat nahee. shivay, shiksha nishchit karnyavishayi nyayadhishanvar nyayadhish-kendrit kinwa vyapak vivekbuddhichi teeka karane heey varishtha nyayadhishanchya chhananichya adheen aahe aanee teey changlya manyataprapt nyayik tattvanvar aadharit aahe. yaa nikalat amerikechya sarvoch nyayalayachya ferman wii. madheel nirnayavarhi charcha karnyat aalee. georgia, aktoobar 1971, jithe amerikechya sarvoch nyayalayane fashichi shiksha yojana radd kelee, kaaran tee americi sanvidhanachya aathvya durustiche kroor aanee asamanya shiksha mhanoon ullanghan karate. parantu, bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayane haah tark swikaranyas nakar deela aanee mhatale qee fashichi shiksha asanvaidhanik mhanoon samapt karnyasathi konatahi tarksangat aadhar nahee kaaran bharatiy rajyaghatanet aathvya durustichya samatulya nahee.
fashichya shikshechya ghatanatmakatevaril aitihasik prakarane.
faujdari prakriya sanhita, 1898 samavisht kelyapasoon, fashichi shiksha thothavat asatana, fashichi shiksha naan thothavanyasathi nyayalaye 'vishesh karane' denyas bandhil hotee. 1973 madhye punha lagoo karnyat aalelya faujdari prakriya sanhita lagoo kelyanantar, apavad mhanoon mrutyudandachya shikshepasunache kharey vegalepan aale. see. aar. pii. see. 1973 neey kalam 354 (3) lagoo kele, jyaa kalmat nyayadhishanni fashichi shiksha denyasathi kinwa ladanyasathi 'vishesh karane' pradan karane aavashyak aahe. tasech, see. aar. pii. see. 1973 neey kalam 235 (2) sadar kele, jyane shikshevaril doshasiddhinantarchya sunavanila parvanagi dilee, jyamule nyayshastrat mothya pramanat badal jhaala aanee mrutyudandachya nyayshastrachya bhovati firana paristhitiche kaljipurvak moolyankan aanee vishleshan karnyas parvanagi midali.
rajendra prasad wii. uttar pradesh rajya, februwari 1979.
1973 chya see. aar. pii. see. chya punarnirmana nantar, fashichi shiksha thothavanyasathi 'vishesh karananchya' nyayshastrachya samajutimadhye sandigdhata hotee.  rajendra prasad wii. yaa prakaranat sarvoch nyayalay. uttar pradesh rajya, februwari 1979 madhye shikshechya vivekbuddhivar kayadeshir dhoran hatalale gele aanee apavadatmak karananvarun fashichi shiksha denyamagil 'vishesh karananchya' arthachi sarvasamaveshak charcha kelee. nyayalayane pratidavachya siddhantapasun door jaaun samajik uddishte mhanoon pratibandh aanee sudharanashil siddhantavar bharr deela. yavyatirikt, nyayalayane asey mhatale qee fashichi shiksha thothavanyasathi aavashyak asaleli 'vishesh karane' gunhyashi sambandhit nasavit, parantu gunhegarivar laksh kendrit kele pahije.
bachan sing wii. panjab rajya, meey 1980.
mrutyudandachya ghatanatmak vaidhatela bachan sing wii. madhye punha aavhan denyat aale. panjab rajya, meey 1980 madhye, aanee teey anek naveen ghadamodinvar aadharit hote. pratham, see. aar. pii. see. 1973 chya punarnirmanachya madhyamatoon mrutyudandacha apavad mhanoon, gunhyansathi janmathepechya niyamanmadhye janmathepecha aanee fashichi shiksha yanchyatil paryay samavisht aahe. dusare mhanje, rajendra prasadcha hukum wii. februwari 1979 madhye uttar pradesh rajyane jyaa nikashavar 'fashichi shiksha' gunhegaranchya paristhitishi sambandhit asali pahije, gunhyashi nahee, yacha arth lavala hota. tisare mhanje, tyat maneka gandhi wii. chya prakashat fashichya shikshecha aadhava ghenyat aala. bharatiy sangharajya, janewari 1978 kaaran pratyek dandatmak karvaine bharatiy rajyaghatanechya kalam 14,19 aanee 21 chya suvarn trikon chachaniche samadhan kelyanantar tarkbuddhichi chachani purn kelee pahije.  bachan sing wii. madheel fashichya shikshesamoril prathamik aavhane. panjab rajya, meey 1980 madhye asey hote qee fashichi shiksha anavashyak, kroor, amanaviy aanee apmanaspad vaganuk aahe aanee fashichi shiksha pratibandhatmak hetune purn karat nahee. yavyatirikt, aay. pii. see. chey kalam 302 aanee see. aar. pii. see. chey kalam 366 (2) yanchya ghatanatmak vaidhatela yaa prakaranat fashichi shiksha manmani aanee lahari aahe yaa aadharavar aavhan denyat aale hote. tathapi, sarvoch nyayalayane 4:1 chya bahumatane haah yuktivad swikarla nahee aanee fashichya shikshechi ghatanatmak vaidhata pushti kelee parantu 'durmilatam' haah siddhant mandala kaaran jevha paryayi paryay nihsanshaypane bund keela jaato tevhach mrutyudandachi shiksha 'durmilatam prakarananmadhye' lagoo kelee jaau shakate."shivay, sarvoch nyayalayane heey nishchit kele qee fashichi shiksha denyachya sandarbhat" "vishesh karananni" "gunha aanee gunhegari yaa donhincha yogya vichar keela pahije aanee fashichi shiksha sunavanyachi vishesh karane sangnyapurvi sambandhit vajan vadhavnari aanee qamee karnari paristhiti donhi dilee pahije". sarvoch nyayalayane heey manya kele qee qamee karananya ghatakanmadhye mansik sthitee, aaropinche vay, sudharana honyachi shakyata kinwa tyaa vyaktine sarvoch aadeshannusar gunha keela aahe. sarvoch nyayalayane fashichi shiksha dilelya vyaktila manyata dilee aanee tyavar bharr deela, nyayalayane shreni tayar karnyas nakar deela, tyaeivaji nyayadhishanna pratyek vaiyaktik prakaranat fashichi shiksha denyacha tattvanishth tark ulgadananya aanee qamee karananya paristhitichya aadhare lagoo karnyacha vivek pradan keela.
nyaymurtinni lihilelya asahmatichya matanusar pii. aine. august 1982 madhye, bahumatane nirnay ghetalyanantar done varshanni, tyanni fashichi shiksha asanvaidhanik asalyache mhatale. tyanni asey mutt vyakt kele qee, jyaa fashichi shiksha pranalila tyachya arthavar konatyahi margdarshanashivay 'vishesh karananchi' aavashyakta hotee, tee moolatah nirnay ghene vaiyaktik nyayadhishanchya vyaktinishth mulyankanavar sodoon dete, jyamule tee manmani banate.
mithu vhee. panjab rajya, april 1983.
yaa prakaranat, nyayalayane aay. pii. see. chya kalam 303 varr charcha kelee, jyamadhye janmathepechi shiksha bhogananya gunhegaranna anivarya fashichi shiksha denyachi tartud aahe. haah kalam yaa tarkavar aadharit hota qee, joou konatahi gunhegar janmathepesathi doshi tharavala gela aahe aanee tarihi ekhadyala thaar maroo shakato too sudharanechya palikade aahe aanee tyamule, keval yogya shiksha mrutyu asel. yaa kalamacha masuda tayar karnyamagil mool kalpana turungatil karmchanyanvar janmathepechya doshinni kelelya hallyanna paravrutt karane hii hotee, parantu vidhimandalane nivadaleli bhasha tyachya hetupeksha mothya pramanat jaast hotee, ashee charcha jhaali. kalam 303 heey sanvidhanachya kalam 14 aanee 21 antargat pradan kelelya samanatechya adhikarache, jivanachya adhikarache aanee vaiyaktik swatantryache ullanghan karate asey mutt vyakt karnyat aale.
chanulal verma wii. chhattisgarh rajya, november 2018.
chanulalmadhye sarvoch nyayalayane nyaymurti kurian joseph yanchya madhyamatoon namood kele qee fashichya shikshechya ghatanatmakatecha aadhava ghenyasathi aanee shikshechya sudharanatmak pailuncha vichar karnyasathi hii yogya vel aahe. fashichya shikshechya yogyatechya prashnavar asahmati vyakt kartana, khandpithatil urvarit done nyayadhishanni nyayalayanchi matey jaree bahumatachya viruddha asali taree, ghatanatmakdrushtya yogya asanyachya kartvyavar bharr deela. janmat heey samanyatah bhavnikdrushtya prerit varnanandvare tayar kele jaate, jeey kayadeshiraritya yogya, yogya mahitee asane aavashyak nahee. teey nyayalaye jyaa moolyanna bandhil aahet, tyaa kayadyache rajya aanee ghatanavadachya mulyanchya viruddhahi asoo shakatat. nyayalayane santosh kumar satishbhushan bariyar viruddha. yaa prakaranat yaa matacha punaruchchar keela. maharashtra rajya qee fashichya shikshet janmat hii gunhegarishi sambandhit vastunishtha paristhiti nahee kinwa gunhegarasathi nahee. apilkartyachya sudharanechi aanee punarvasanachi shakyata vicharat ghetalyanantar fashichi shiksha janmathepet rupantarit karnyat aalee, jyacha purava turungatil tyachya changlya vartanatoon midato.
amalbajavanichya paddhati.
fashi deuun fashi.
fashi hii fashichi eka pracheen paddhat aahe jee roman kayada, anglo-saxon kayada, ingraji kayada, french kayada aanee german kayadyacha eka bhag hotee. 1965 madhye united kingadammadhe fashichi shiksha radd hoiparyant fashi hii fashichi eka prachalit aanee manak paddhat hotee. fashichya yaa paramparik paddhatimadhye doshila shwas gudmaroon mrutyu hoiparyant fashi kinwa crossbeampasoon nilambit karane samavisht asoo shakate, kinwa doshi vyakti sapalyachya daravar ubhi rahoo shakate aanee jevha sapala sodala jaato tevha too tyachya manebhovati bandhalelya dorane thambato toparyant done meater khalee padato kinwa fasatil gaath piditechya dokyala jordarpane mage dhakalanyas madat karate jyamule maan modanyas madat hote. amalbajavanichya yaa paddhativar mothya pramanavar charcha hote aanee vidhee aayogane 2015 madheel aaplya ahavalat mhatale aahe qee fashipasoon adhik pragat paddhatinkade sthalantarit hone bharatatach kele pahije.
deane viruddha bharat sangharajya, september 1983 chya prakaranat, kalam 354 (5) kotinkhali vichar kelyapramane fashichya karanastav fashichya fashichya ghatanatmak vaidhatela aavhan denyat aale hote.pii.see heey pashvi aanee amanaviy hote aanee tyamule vyaktichya jaganyachya adhikarache ullanghan hote. nyayalayane vividh aitihasik prabhavanvar tasech vidhee aayogachya ahavalanvar charcha kelee aanee asey mhatale qee fashi hii kalam 21 chya arthantargat eka nyayya, nyayya aanee vajvi prakriya aahe aanee mhanoon tee ghatanatmak aahe.
hrishee malhotra viruddhachya babatit. bharatiy sangharajya, aktoobar 2017, fashichi paddhat mhanoon fashila aavhan denanya eka riit yachiket assa yuktivad karnyat aala hota qee kalam 354 (5) see. aar. pii. see. heey keval berber, amanaviy aanee kroorach nahee tarr sanyukt rashtranchya aarthik aanee samajik parishadene (eae. see. oo. ess. oo. see.) swikarlelya tharavanchya virodhatahi hote. yaa prakaranane vividh vikasit deshanmadhye fashichya itar pragat paddhatinkade valanyabaddalchi charcha samore aanali. aantarrashtriy mankannusar, fashi shakya titaki jalad aanee sopee asali pahije aanee tyamule twarit beshuddhavasthet mrutyula samore jaave lagel, yavarhi charcha jhaali.
golibaradvare fashi.
fashi vyatirikt, bharatiy kayadyantargat parvanagi asaleli fashichi dusari paddhat mhanje golibar, jee lashkari kayada, naudal kayada aanee havai dall kayadyantargat pradan kelee aahe. havai dall kayada, 1950 chey kalam 34, havai dall kayada, 1950 chya kalam 34 (aaa) teey (oo) madhye namood kelelya gunhyansathi fashichi shiksha thothavanyacha court marshalala adhikar dete. hii paddhat fashi kinwa golibarachi aahe qee nahee heey court marshalchya vivekbuddhivar avalambun aahe. lashkar aanee naudal kayadyanmadhye samaan tartudi aahet. kayadyachya kalam 163 madhye fashichya shikshechya swarupachi tartud aahe; 
shikshechi prakriya aanee chaukatah aitihasik prakarane.
shikshechi prakriya.
see. aar. pii. see. chey kalam 235 (2) heey done bhaganmadhye chalana khatalyachi tartud karate, jyamadhye doshasiddhi aanee shiksha hii swatantra karyavahi asel.  sarvoch nyayalayachya pudhil nikalanmadhye yachee pushti karnyat aalee aahe.
santa sing vhee. panjab rajya, august 1976.
sarvoch nyayalayane asey mhatale qee shiksha haah faujdari nyay denyachya prakriyetil eka mahattvacha tappa aahe aanee tyasathi aantarshakhiy drushtikonachi aavashyakta aahe. faujdari prakriya sanhita, 1973 chya kalam 235 (2) madheel 'aaropinchi sunavani qaraa' yaa shabdancha arth assa lavala gela qee aaropila shiksheshi sambandhit vividh paristhiti nyayalayat mandanyachi sandhee dyavi lagel aanee tee keval tondi sunavanipurati maryadit navhati. kalam 235 (2) chey palan naan karane hii faujdari prakriya sanhita, 1973 chya kalam 465 antargat upcharadhin aniyamitata nahee, kaaran tee khatalyacha eka mahattvacha tappa vagalane aahe, asey pudhe namood karnyat aale. aaplya ekmatane, nyaymurti fazal allie yanni mhatale qee shikshechya sandarbhat purava denyachi sandhee milanyasathi sthagan aavashyak asoo shakate aanee vilamb talhanyasathi, sthagan samanyatah 14 divasanpeksha jaast nasave. doshinna shikshebabat nivedan karanyachi sandhee denyasathi heey prakaran trial kortat pathvanyat aale hote.
daggadu vhee. maharashtra rajya, april 1977.
sarvoch nyayalayane asey mhatale qee santa sing viruddha prakaranatil nirnay. panjab rajya, august 1976 heey asey mhananyasathi vachata yet nahee qee shikshechya prashnavar aaropichi 'sunavani' karnyat nyayalayachya apayashacha arth, khatalyachya nyayalayat kothadi milane aavashyak aahe. aaropila doshi tharvalyanantar, nyayalayanni shikshechya prashnavar nihsanshaypane tyache mhanane aikale pahije parantu jarr tyanni tase karane talhale tarr shikshechya prashnavar aaropila pratyaksh aanee prabhavi sunavani deuun ullanghanache nirakaran karane uchch nyayalayasathi khule asel. aaropila shikshechya prashnavar tyala sadar karayachi asaleli serve mahitee nyayalayasamor sadar karanyachi parvanagi dilee gelee pahije. aaropila shikshevar nivedan denyasathi puresa vel denyasathi nyayalay prakaran tehkoob karoo shakate. parinami, sarvoch nyayalayane aaropi vyaktinna shikshechya prashnavar sahitya sadar karnyache swatantrya dile.
mukesh wii. dilliche aine. see. tii. rajya, meey 2017.
pratyek aaropichya babatit khatalyachya nyayadhishanni trasdayak aanee qamee karananya paristhiticha vichar keela nahee, assa yuktivad aaropi vyaktinni keela. sarvoch nyayalayane santa sing viruddha prakaranamadhye dilelya kayadyavarun nyayalayane parikshan kele. panjab rajya, august 1976 aanee daggu wii. maharashtra rajya, april 1977, aanee asey mhatale qee shikshechya doshanvar upchar karnyasathi done paddhati aahet-1. prakaranala tabyat ghene; 2. aaropi vyaktinna aavashyak mahitee sadar karnyache aanee shikshechya prashnavar yuktivad pudhe nenyache nirdesh dene. dusya paddhatinusar, nyayalayane aaropi vyaktinna qamee karnari paristhiti darshavina kagadpatransah pratidnyapatra dakhal karanyachi sandhee dilee. aaropi vyaktinshi sanvad sadhanyasathi aanee aavashyak pratidnyapatra aanee sahitya dakhal karnyasathi aaropinchya vakilanna darroj turungat jaanyachi parvanagi hotee. aaropinni dakhal kelelya pratidnyapatranchya uttarat pratidnyapatra dakhal karnyache swatantryahi firyadila denyat aale hote. yaa prakaranatil antim nikal 5 meey 2017 roji denyat aala.
shikshechi chaukat.
bachan sing wii. panjab rajya, meey 1980, bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayachya paach nyayadhishanchya khandpithane bharatatil fashichya shikshechi ghatanatmakata kayam thevat, shikshechi eka vistrut chaukat dekhil nishchit kelee, jyat shiksha denanya nyayadhishanna keval 'durmilatam' prakarananmadhye shiksha thothavane aavashyak hote. bachan singmadhye vikasit jhalelya 'durmilatam' siddhantanusar, fashichi shiksha hii yogya shiksha aahe qee nahee heey tharvatana nyayadhishanni trasdayak aanee qamee karnari paristhiti santulit karane aavashyak aahe. durmilatam' chaukativar vistarane bhashya kelele itar aitihasik nirnay khalilpramane aaheth
machee sing wii. panjab rajya, julai 1983.
sarvoch nyayalayane machee sing wii. madheel durmilatam yaa siddhantacha shodh ghenyacha prayatna keela. panjab rajya, julai 1983, bachan sing viruddhachya teen varshannantar. panjab rajya, meey 1980 chaa nikal. nyayalayane bachan sing prakaranat prastavit shikshechya dhoranachya tattvanvar punha jore deela. tasech, nyayalayane vaiyaktik prakarananmadhye fashichi shiksha thothavanyapurvi uttar dene aavashyak asalelya done prashnanchi yadee kelee. pratham, kelela gunha itka apavadatmak aahe qaa qee anya konatihi shiksha denyas vav nahee? dusare mhanje, qamee karananya paristhitila mahatva dile jaat asale taree paristhiti ajunahi fashichi shiksha dete qaa? asey mutt vyakt karnyat aale hote qee nyayadhishanni gunhegari aanee gunhegarichi paristhiti vadhavnari aanee qamee karnari taleband tayar kelee pahije aanee fashichi shiksha aanee janmathepetil nivad karnyapurvi ghatakanche vishleshan kele pahije. tathapi, sarvoch nyayalayane asey mhatale qee, nyayik adhikari fashichi shiksha deu shakatat ashee apeksha balgananya samajachya samoohik vivekala dhakka basato, yaa aadharavar fashichi shiksha thothavali jaau shakate. tyanantar, tyat mrutyudandachi shiksha yogya asalelya prakarananchya paach shreni soochibaddha kelya. (1) jyaa paddhatine gunha keela gelah atyant kroor, vichitra, dusht, bandkhor kinwa tivra paddhatine keleli hatya, jenekarun samajat tivra aanee tivra santap nirman hoil; (2) gunhegari krutyamagil hetooh sampoorn dushtata aanee nirarthakpana darshavina hetune keleli hatya; (3) gunhyache swarupah samajik santap nirman karnari hatya (udaharanarth ess. see./ess. tii. kinwa alpasankhyak samudayashi sambandhit vyaktichi hatya, hunda-mrutyu ii.); (4) gunhyache pramanah eka kutumbachya kinwa eka vishisht jaatichya, samudayachya kinwa parisaratil mothya sankhyene vyaktinchya anek hatya; aanee (5) pidit vyaktichi sthiteeh eka nishpap mulachi kinwa asahay mahilechi kinwa vruddhatva kinwa ashaktapanamule asahayya jhalelya vyaktichi hatya; varchasva kinwa vishvasachya sthiteet asalelya ekhadya vyaktichi hatya kinwa samanyapane samajane kelelya sevesathi aanee khoonasathi samajane prem kelelya aanee aadar kelelya sarvajanik vyaktimatvachi hatya karananya khuneene keleli hatya aanee hatya vaiyaktik karananvyatirikt itar rajkiy kinwa tatsam karanansathi kelee jaate. tyat fashichya shikshechya shikshechya dhoranavar 'gunhegari ghatak' kinwa swikarlelya 'gunhegari kendrit drushtikonavar' adhik laksh kendrit kele gele. yavyatirikt, mrutyudand thothavanyasathi gambhir aanee qamee karnari paristhiti samtol sadhanyachya prathekade teey gele, jethe bachan singchya nikalat janmathepechi aut nirvivadpane bund asel tarr fashichi shiksha thothavane anivarya hote. asha prakare, yaa purvavarti aanee tyanantarchya prakarananni, fashichya shikshevar nyayik vivekbuddhicha vapar karnyasathi, gunhegaranchi paristhiti vicharat naan gheta, gunhyachi paddhat, swaroop aanee gambhirya yavar fashichya shiksheche samarthan paddhatshirpane karnyas parvanagi dilee hotee.
ravji wii. rajsthan rajya, december 1995.
mrutyudandachya sandarbhat shiksha dhoranache laksh gunhegari aanee gunhegari yaa donhinkade valale, heey bachan sing yanche moolbhut yogdan hote. tathapi, heey nyayik yogdan ravji wii. madhye mothya pramanat badalale gele. rajsthan rajya, december 1995. sarvoch nyayalayachya done khandpithanni asey mhatale qee janmathepechi aanee fashichi shiksha yapaiki eka nivad karnyasathi, gunhegarala navhe tarr gunhyache swaroop aanee gambhirya hii yogya paddhat manali pahije. tyanantar, ravjimadhil purvavarti haah adhikrut purvavarti mhanoon avalambun hota. yaa nirnayanni gunhegaranshi sambandhit konatyahi saumya paristhiticha vichar naan karata fashichya shikshechi pushti kelee. hii bhoomika bachan sing viruddhachya ghatanatmak khandpithane dilelya nirnayachya thet viruddha hotee. panjab rajya, meey 1980. shevati, ravji wii. rajsthan rajya, bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayane dilela december 1995 chaa nirnay, sarvoch nyayalayachya dusarya khandpithane santosh kumar satishbhushan bariyar viruddha prakaranatil nishkarshanusar deela hota. maharashtra rajya, meey 2009.
santosh kumar satishbhushan bariyar wii. maharashtra rajya, meey 2009.
santosh kumar satishbhushan bariyar wii. maharashtra rajya, meey 2009 chaa nikal, sarvoch nyayalayachya pramukhyane nyayik vivekbuddhiche niyaman karnyachya aanee fashichya shikshechya sandarbhat nyaypalikechya shikshechya vivekbuddhit satatya aananyachya prayatnat eka mahattvache sthan rakhoon thevato. bariyar yetheel sarvoch nyayalayane asey mhatale qee ravji wii. madhye pradan kelelya gunhyavar vishesh laksh kendrit kele aahe. rajsthan rajya, december 1995 chaa purvavarti, heey agadi purvkalpanapramane aahe, kaaran teey bachan sing wii. madhye prastavit durmilatmatil durmilatam yaa siddhantavar aadharit tattvanche ullanghan karate. panjab rajya, meey 1980. bariar nikalat punha ekada jore deela gela qee shikshechya vivekbuddhishi sambandhit vadhanari aanee qamee karnari paristhiti keval gunhyapurati maryadit nasavi, tarr gunhegari aanee gunhegari yaa donhi ghatakancha vichar keela pahije. tyane bachan singchya vaktavyacha, visheshtah fashichya shikshechya pailuvar, aamulagrapane arth lavala aahe.  fashichya shikshechya babatit shikshechya vivekbuddhichya pailumadhye susangatata aanee susangatatecha abhav aahe ashee chinta nyayalayane vyakt kelee. bariar nirnayache pahile aanee pramukh yogdan mhanje tyane nihsanshaypane vivekbuddhichi katekor disha nakarli kinwa vishisht prakarchya gunhyanche vargikaran fashichya shikshela patra aahe. sarvoch nyayalayane yavar bharr deela qee, vadhana aanee qamee karananya paristhitila dilele mahatva pratyek khatalyachya aadharavar tharavale gele pahije. shivay, fashichi shiksha thothavanyasathi 'samoohik vivekala dhakka' yaa kalpanechi dekhil tee manak mhanoon punarrachana karate. nyayalayane spashtapane sangitale qee 'janmat' chee prasangikta aanee vanchhaniyata, nyayshastra aanee fashichya shikshechya nirnayat aata mahattvachi nahee. fashichi shiksha thothavanyasathi nikash mhanoon samajik garajekadehi tyanni durlaksh kele. nyaypalika hii eka bahusankhyakvirodhi sanstha aahe aanee vaiyaktik adhikaranna adhik mahatva dile pahije, asey nyayalayane thampane sangitale.
sangeet vhee. haryana rajya, november 2012.
sangeet wii. madhye sarvoch nyayalay. haryana rajyane, november 2012 madhye, gambhir aanee qamee karananya paristhitiche vishleshan karnyachya sandarbhat shiksha dhoranachya visangat aanee visangat vaparabaddal gambhirpane aakshep vyakt keela. nyayalayane gambhir aanee qamee karananya paristhitiche taleband kadhanyachya prakriyevar teeka kelee aanee sangitale qee tyanchi ekmekanshi tulana kelee jaau shakat nahee kaaran pratyek ghatak ghataneche done vegale aanee bhinn ghatak aahet. shivay, nyayalayane swatach kabool kele qee durmilatam yaa siddhantache yogya prakare palan kele jaat nahee aanee 'tattvanishth shiksha' pasoon mrutyudandachya nyayadhish-kendrit shiksha dhoranakade valale aahe. yavyatirikt, sarvoch nyayalayane machee sing viruddha hatyechya gunhyache vargikaran (hatya karanyachi paddhat, hatya karnyacha hetu, gunhyache asamajik kinwa samajikdrushtya ghrunaspad swaroop, gunhyachi tivrata aanee hatyecha balee tharalelya vyaktiche vyaktimatva) yavarhi teeka kelee. panjab rajya, julai 1983. nyayalayane namood kele qee machee singchya gunhyachya pramanikaranamule fashichi shiksha thothavanyachi vyapti lakshaniyaritya vadhali, jee bachan sing viruddha. panjab rajya, meey 1980 aanee fashichya shikshechya shikshechya dhoranat pramanikaran haah paripoorn kinwa lavchik niyam mhanoon ghetala jaanar nahee, asehi tyanni pushti kelee.
shankar kisanrao khade wii. maharashtra rajya, april 2013.
shankar kisanrao khade wii. prakaranatil sarvoch nyayalay. maharashtra rajyane, april 2013 madhye, 'durmilatam' chaa vapar karnyatil adchanichi kabuli dilee, kaaran hatya (fashichi shiksha naan milane) aanee hatya (shiksha midvane) yaa dohonchi tulana karnyasathi anubhavjanya mahiticha abhav aahe. nyayalayane fashichi shiksha sunavatana naveen tiheri chachanichi kalpana kelee aanee tyasathi 'gunhegari chachani' aavashyak hotee. 'gunhegari chachani' aanee 'durmil chachanitil durmil chachani' aanee hii chachani 'santulan chachani' chya samatulya navhati. nyayalayane mhatale qee, ekada tyanni 'gunhegari chachani 100%', 'gunhegari chachani 0 takke' (aaropinchya bajoone konatihi saumya paristhiti nasavi), udaharanarth sudharananchi shakyata, aaropinche tarun vay, gunha karnyacha hetu nasane, gunhegari nond nasane, ashee samadhankarak chachani purn kelee tarach fashichi shiksha dilee jaau shakate. ekada gambhir paristhiti purn pramanat aalee aanee konatihi qamee karnari paristhiti aalee nahee, tarr durmil prakarananpaiki durmil prakarnavar nyayalayane samadhan manane aavashyak aahe. mrutyudandachya shikshela samaj manyata deto qee nahee, heey 'nyayadhish kendrit' aivaji 'samaj kendrit' varr avalambun asane aavashyak aahe.
rajendra pralhadrao vasik wii. maharashtra rajya, december 2018.
yaa prakaranat aaropila teen varshanchya mulivar balatkar aanee hatya kelyaprakarani doshi tharvanyat aale hote. fervichar kartana teen nyayadhishanchya khandpithane tyachi shiksha janmathepet badalali. bachan sing yancha ullekh karat nyayalayane asey nirikshan nondavale qee sudharana aanee punarvasanachya sambhavyatecha vichar karane aavashyak aahe, tyachi shakyata kinwa tyachi ashakyata nahee... 'doshimadhye sudharana kinwa punarvasan karata yenar nahee, ashee shakyata aahe, heey puravyandvare nyayalayasamor siddha karane heey firyadiche kartavya aahe'. nyayalayane asehi mhatale qee, shiksha detana keval eka kinwa adhik faujdari khatalyanchi pralambitata haah vichar karnyacha ghatak asoo shakat nahee.
manoharan wii. police nirikshakadvare rajya, august 2019.
sarvoch nyayalayane, nyaymurti nariman yanchya bahumatachya matanusar, apilkartyala thothavanyat aaleli fashichi shiksha kayam thewali. nyaymurti sanjeev khannah yanni shikshechya prashnavar asahmati darshavali aanee mafishivay janmathepechi qamee shiksha nivadali. aaplya asahmatichya matat, nyaymurti khannah yanni namood kele qee nyayalayane machee sing viruddha. panjab rajya, julai 1983 madhye, ekhade prakaran durmilatam aahe qee nahee heey nirdharit karnyasathi done prashnanchi uttare dene aavashyak hote. janmathepechi aut apuya tharananya gunhyat kahitari asamanya hote qaa aanee gunhyachi paristhiti ashee hotee qaa qee fashichi shiksha thothavanyashivay paryay navhata. nyaymurti khannah yanni mutt vyakt kele qee nyayalayane machee sing wii. madhye darshavilelya paach shreni. panjab rajya, julai 1983 (hatyechi paddhat, hatyecha hetu, gunhyache asamajik kinwa ghrunaspad swaroop, gunhyachi tivrata aanee piditeche vyaktimatva) pahilya prashnashi sambandhit. dusya prashnache uttar dekhil dyave lagel jeey qamee hott asalelya paristhitichya sandarbhat kele jaau shakate. tyanni punaruchchar keela qee, fashichi shiksha keval tevhach lagoo kelee jaau shakate jevha nirvivadpane janmathepechi shiksha purvavat kelee jaeel. yaa khatalyatil tathyanmadhye, nyaymurti khannah yanni namood kele qee apilkartyane dandadhikanyansamor sakti naan karata gunhyachi kabuli dilee hotee aanee heey, teey mhanale, samajat parat yenyache pahile paul hote aanee hii eka saumya paristhiti mhanoon manali pahije. tyamule yaa prakaranat yogya shiksha mhanje maafee naan deta janmathepechi shiksha asel asey mutt tyanni vyakt kele.
janmat bhoomika.
machee sing wii. chya prakaranadvare fashichya shikshechya chaukatit janamtala pratham pradhanya midale. panjab rajya, julai 1983, jyane gunhyachya asamajik kinwa samajikdrushtya ghrunaspad swarupachya babatit fashichi shiksha thothavanyas parvanagi dilee.
tyanantar, dhananjay chutterjee viruddha. paschim bangal rajya, janewari 1994 madhye sarvoch nyayalayane asey mhatale qee shiksha gunhyachya yogya asavi jenekarun nyayalaye gunhyacha sarvajanik tiraskar pratibimbit kartil. nyayalayanni yogya shikshechya prashnacha vichar kartana keval gunhegaranchya hakkanchach navhe tarr pidit aanee samajachya adhikaranchahi vichar keela pahije, asey mutt nyayalayane vyakt kele.
alikadech, maii antoney vhee. keral rajya, december 2018 madhye sarvoch nyayalayane fashichi shiksha janmathepet rupantarit kelee aanee nondavale qee khatalyachya nyayalayane gunhyamule samajachya samoohik vivekala honara adthala lakshat gheuun chook kelee aahe. kroor gunhyatil doshila shiksha detana janmat aanee nyayadhishanna samajacha samoohik vivek kaay aahe asey vatanare sandarbh talhale pahijet asey mutt vyakt karnyat aale.
tathapi, mukesh wii. saha bharatatil anek prakarananmadhye fashichi shiksha thothavanyat janmat aanee samoohik vivekane mothee bhoomika bajavali aahe. aine. see. tii. dilli rajya, meey 2017, jyacha parinam march 2020 madhye dillit eka tarunivar samoohik balatkar aanee hatya kelyachya chaar doshinna fashi denyat aala.
uraleli shanka.
ashoke debbarma wii. tripura rajya, march 2014 madhye sarvoch nyayalayane fashichi shiksha kiman vees varshanchya janmathepet rupantarit kelee. tyane bharatiy shikshechya nyayshastrat 'avashisht shanka' hii sankalpana qamee karnari paristhiti mhanoon sadar kelee. nyayalayane mhatale qee, 'vajvi sanshayachya' palikade, parantu 'sampoorn nishchitatechya' khalee, kayamswarupi anishchitatechi sthitee astitvat asoo shakate.
2019 madhye sarvoch nyayalayane ravishankar viruddha ravishankar yaa prakaranatil ashoke debbarmachya 'avashisht shanka tattva' chaa punaruchchar keela. madhya pradesh rajya, aktoobar 2019 aanee asey mhatale qee ekhadyala fashichi shiksha denyasathi 'vajvi shankechya palikade' maryadechya palikade aanee tyahoon adhik uchch darjacha purava tayar karato.
maafee kinwa parolshivay janmathepechi shiksha.
bharatiy sangh wii. vhee. sridharan murugan, december 2015.
swami shradhanada @murali manohar mishra viruddha yanni tayar kelelya vakyachya vishesh shrenichya vaidhateshi sambandhit prashnanpaiki eka prashna hota. karnatak rajya, julai 2008. nyayalayane asey mhatale qee swami shradhnada @murali manohar mishra yanni nirman keleli vishesh shrenichi shiksha wii. karnatak rajya, julai 2008 heey kayadyane vaidh hote. ashee shiksha keval uchch nyayalaye kinwa sarvoch nyayalayach ladoo shakate, asehi tyat pudhe mhatale aahe. tathapi, kalam 72 aanee 161 antargat mafichya ghatanatmak adhikaranvar asha shikshecha konatahi parinam honar nahee. virodhi nyayadhish lalit aanee srey yanni lalitdware bolatana asey mutt vyakt kele qee ashee shiksha kayadyat vaidh nahee kaaran tee naveen shiksha kayade karnyaitakich asel aanee tee karyakarichya karyakshetrat dekhil ghusali aahe.
mansik aajaar aanee fashichi shiksha.
kayadyane kahee vyaktinna faujdari kayadyane ladalelya dayitvanna apavad mhanoon tartud kelee aahe. 7 varshankhalil mule aanee vedya vyakti yansarkhya vyakti tyanchya krutiche parinam samajoon ghenyas asamarth aahet asey kayadyat gruheet dharale aahe aanee tyamule tyanna konatyahi gunhyasathi jababdar dharale jaat nahee. haah niyam pudhe fashichya shiksheparyant dekhil vistarato, i.eae. jyaa vyakti vedya aahet aanee saksham nyayalayane ghoshit kelya aahet, tyanna fashichi shiksha dilee jaau shakat nahee. fashichi shiksha aanee aaropichya mansik aajarashi tyacha sambandh yavar bharatiy nyayvyavasthene vividh prakarananmadhye charcha kelee.
devendra paal sing bhullar (navneet kaur wii. aine. see. tii. dilli, march 2014), nyayalayane shikshechya amalbajavanila honara atee vilamb aanee yachikakartyala bhedasavana mansik aarogyachya samasyanchya aadhare doshichi fashichi shiksha maaf kelee.
shatrughan chauhan wii. chya babatit. bharatiy sangharajya, janewari 2014, itar vividh supervening paristhitivar charcha kartana, jyamule fashichi shiksha qamee kelee jaeel, asey manale gele qee kaidicha mansik aajaar haah eka ghatak asel jyamule badali hoil aanee konatyahi mansik aajari vyaktila fashi dilee jaau shakat nahee.
aaropi x v. maharashtra rajya, april 2019 madhye, sarvoch nyayalayane yaa prakaranat fashichya shiksheche janmathepet rupantar karnyasathi mansik aajarala eka qamee karnara ghatak mhanoon manyata dilee. ess. see. neey namood kele qee, 'gambhir mansik aajaar' chey moolyankan karnyasathi konatehi nishchit vikar kinwa apangatva disat nahee, jeey 'tivratechi chachani' heey tyaa mansik aajaranna olakhanyasathi margdarshak ghatak mhanoon namood kele aahe jeey sootsathi patra aahet. nyayalayane nondavale qee yaa vikaranmadhye samanyatah schizophrenia, itar gambhir mansik vikar aanee schizophreniashi sambandhit vibhedak vikarancha samavesh hoto. mhanoon, yethe namood kelelya chachanimadhye asey soochit kele aahe qee gunhegarala gambhir mansik aajaar kinwa apangatva asane aavashyak aahe, jyacha saral arth assa aahe qee vaidyakeey vyavsayik haah aajaar vastunishthapane sarvat gambhir manla jaeel jenekarun tyala asha shikshechya ladnyamagil swaroop aanee uddesh samajoo kinwa samajoo shakanar nahee. mrutyudandachi kalpana aanee tyatoon yenanya dukkhamule asamarthata nirman hote aanee pratibandhatmak bhavna nirman karnyasathi aadarsh aahe. jarr aaropila tyachya apangatvamule tyachya fashicha parinam aanee uddesh samajalela nasel, tarr fashicha uddesh swatach sampushtat yeto.
laingik hinsachar aanee fashichi shiksha denyachi magani.
nirbhaya aanee nyay verma samiticha ahwal.
nirbhaya balatkar prakaran mhanoonahi olakhalya jaananya kuprasiddha aanee kroor samoohik balatkar prakaranane laingik hinsacharacha muddah janata, prasarmadhyame aanee bharat sarkarchya nidarshanas aanala. nidarshane aanee mohimanna pratisad dett sarkarne bharatache majee sarnyayadhish jeey.ess. verma, nyaymurti leela seth aanee bharatache majee solicitor general shree. gopal subramenium. samiteene 23 janewari 2013 roji aapala ahwal sadar keela. balatkar, laingik chhal, taskari, baal laingik shoshan, piditanchi vaidyakeey tapasani, police, nivadanuk aanee shaikshanik sudharananshi sambandhit kayadyambabat shifarasi kelya.  samiteene laingik gunhyansathi fashichi shifaras keleli nahee. samiteene punha punha gunhegaranna shiksha mhanoon 'doshinchya urvarit naisargik aayushyasathi janmathepecha' prastav mandala. laingik gunhyansathi fashichya shikshebabatchya nishkarshat samiteene asey mhatleh
faujdari kayada (durusti) kayada 2013.
nyay verma samiteene kelelya shifarshinchya anushangane, bharat sarkarne 'id1' varr durusti kayada lagoo keela. bharatiy dand sanhita, 1860, faujdari prakriya sanhita, 1973 aanee bharatiy purava kayada, 1872 madhye faujdari kayada (durusti) kayada, 2013 dware sudharana karnyat aalya.
yaa durustimule chaar naveen kalame samavisht karnyat aalee aahet aanee kahee kayadyanna gunhe mhanoon manyata denyat aalee aahe. assid attack, viewrism aanee pathlag yasarkhe naveen gunhe bharatiy dand sanhitechya kalam 326aii, 326bii, 354aii, 354bii, 354see aanee 354dii antargat samavisht karnyat aale. yaa durustine kalam 375 antargat balatkaracha arth vadhavun aay. pii. see. madheel balatkar kayadyanna niyantrit karananya kalmanmadhye kahee mahattvapoorn badal kele. pudhe kalam 376aii jodanyat aale jyamadhye asey mhatale gele aahe qee, jarr ekhadya vyaktine laingik atyacharacha gunha keela, "ekhadya vyaktila dukhapat kelee jyamule tyaa vyakticha mrutyu hoto kinwa tee vyakti satat vanaspatijanya sthiteet rahate, tarr tyala vees varshanpeksha qamee nasananya kathor karavasachi shiksha hoil, parantu jee janmathepeparyant vadhu shakate, mhanje tyaa vyaktichya urvarit naisargik aayushyacha kinwa mrutyuparyantcha arth hoil."yaa durustimadhye balatkarachya punaravrutti gunhyansathi kalam 376eae madhye fashichi shiksha dekhil lagoo karnyat aalee aahe.
yaa vishisht gunhyansathi fashichi shiksha verma samitichya madhyamatoon balatkarachya gunhyasathi fashichya shiksheviruddha spashtapane shifaras karnyat aalee hotee.
rajya durusti aanee faujdari kayada durusti kayada, 2018.
kathua aanee unnav balatkar prakarananvaril lokanchya asantoshachya parshvabhumivar, laingik atyachar aanee balatkar hatalananya kayadyanmadhye motha badal jhaala. madhya pradesh, haryana, rajsthan aanee arunachal pradesh yasarkhya anek rajyanni aapapalya vidhansabhanmadhye vidheyke manjur karoon 12 varshanpeksha qamee vayachya mulinvar balatkar karnanyanna fashichi shiksha nishchit kelee. nantar, faujdari kayada (durusti) adhyadesh, 2018 april 2018 madhye aanala gela. heey vidheyak sansadechya donhi sabhagruhanni 6 august 2018 paryant manjur kele aanee tyala rashtrapatinchi manjuri midali. aadhava ghetana rajyasabhetil kahee khasdaranni yala virodh keela. faujdari kayada durusti kayada, 2018 neey bharatiy dand sanhita, 1860, bharatiy purava kayada, 1872, faujdari prakriya sanhita, 1973 aanee laingik gunhyanpasoon mulanche sanrakshn kayada, 2012 madhye sudharana kelee. 12 varshankhalil mulinvar balatkar kelyas fashichi shiksha mhanoon aay. pii. see. madhye sudharana karnyasathi haah kayada lagoo aahe. serve balatkarachya prakarananmadhye khatala purn karanyachi mudat done mahinyanchi asel. balatkarachya prakarananmadhil apilanchya nikali kadhanyasathi sahaa mahinyanchi mudatahi nishchit karnyat aalee aahe. 16 varshanpeksha qamee vayachya mulivar balatkar kinwa samoohik balatkar kelyachya aaropakhalil vyaktila atakpoorv jaminachi tartudahi nasel. 2019 madhye, laingik gunhyanpasoon mulanche sanrakshn kayada, 2013 (pocso) madhye durusti karoon yaa kayadyantargat serve mulanna samavisht karnyacha prayatna keela gela.
bharatat charcha.
bharatacha itihas sthagitichya virodhat matdan karat aahe.
fashichi shiksha radd karane haah sarvatra charchecha vishay rahila aahe aanee vividh aantarrashtriy manchanvar tyavar charcha karanyachi magani karnyat aalee aahe.  nagri aanee rajkiy hakkanvaril aantarrashtriy kararanusar (aay. see. see. pii. aar.) aantarrashtriy manavadhikar kararat jivanachya adhikaracha eka bhag mhanoon fashichi shiksha niyantrit kelee gelee aahe. kararat fashichi shiksha radd kelee jaat nahee parantu kalam 6 antargat asey mhatale aahe qee kayada aanee kararatil itar tartudinnusar keval sarvat gambhir gunhyansathi fashichi shiksha lagoo kelee jaau shakate. pudhe fashichi shiksha sunavalelya doshila maafee magnyacha kinwa shiksha qamee karnyacha adhikar asel aanee 18 varshanpeksha qamee vayachya vyaktila kinwa garbhavati mahilanna fashichi shiksha thothavali jaau shakat nahee. mulanchya hakkanvaril kararat (see. aar. see.) ashach tartudi namood kelya aahet jyat asey mhatale aahe qee konatyahi mulala (athara varshankhalil vyakti) sutakechya shakyateshivay chhal kinwa janmathepesarkhya itar kroor vagnukila samore jaau shakat nahee. chhal aanee kroor, amanaviy kinwa apmanaspad vaganuk kinwa shiksheviruddhache adhiveshan kinwa chhal adhiveshan swatach fashichi shiksha hii yatna kinwa kroor, amanaviy kinwa apmanaspad vaganuk kinwa shiksha mhanoon ghoshit karat nahee, tarr fashichya paddhati aanee fashichya shikshechya prakriyevar bhashya karate. varr namood kelelya karar aanee kararanpaiki bharatane aay. see. see. pii. aar. aanee see. aar. see. laa manyata dilee aahe aanee keval yatna kararavar swakshari keleli aahe. parantu kararanchya kayadyanvaril vienna adhiveshanachya kalam 18 nusar, kararacha uddesh parabhoot karananya krutyanpasoon door rahane rajyasathi bandhankarak aahe. deshantargat kayadyannusar, kalam 2 (1) (dii) madheel manavadhikar sanrakshn kayada, 1994 madhye asey mhatale aahe qee, "manavadhikar" mhanje sanvidhanane hummy dilele kinwa aantarrashtriy kararanmadhye moort kelele aanee bharatatil nyayalayandware lagoo karnyayogya vyaktiche jeevan, swatantrya, samanata aanee pratishtheshi sambandhit adhikar. yavyatirikt kalam 2 (1) (eff) madhye asey mhatale aahe qee, "aantarrashtriy karar" mhanje aay. see. see. pii. aar.... kalam 2 (1) (dii) aanee 2 (1) (eff) ekatra vachoon asey mhatale jaau shakate qee aay. see. see. pii. aar. haah manvi hakkanche rakshan karananya dilelya kayadyat samavisht karnyat aala aahe.
sanyukt rashtra mahasabhene anek tharavandware mrutyudandachya shikshechya vaparavar sthagiti denyachi magani kelee aahe. 2007 madhye, sarvasadharan sabhene fashichya shikshechya vaparavar nirbandh ghaloon, fashichi shiksha thothavanaya gunhyanchi sankhya qamee karoon aanee manvi pratishthecha aadar karnyasathi aanee manvi hakkancha vikas vadhavanyasathi fashivar sthagiti ladoon purogami paul uchalanyache aavahan kele. tyanantarchya 2008,2010,2012,2014 yaa varshant mahasabhene sthagitisathichya yaa tharavanna punha dujora deela. bharatane yaa tharavanchya virodhat matdan kele aahe, jyamadhye mhatale aahe qee teey deshachya vaidhanik kayadyachya virodhat jaeel, jyamadhye mhatale aahe qee durmil prakarananpaiki durmil prakarananmadhye fashichi shiksha thothavali jaau shakate.
vidhee aayogacha ahwal.
35 vaa ahwal (1967).
fashichi shiksha radd karnyachya muddyavar kayada aayogacha pahila ahwal 1967 madhye prasiddha karnyat aala. aayogane fashichi shiksha kayam thevanyachi shifaras kelee. nishkarshaparyant pohochanyasathi vicharat ghetale jaanare ghatak pramukhyane sanskrutik aanee samajik jivanachya samanya ghatkanvar aadharit hote, jase teey tevha astitvat hote. kayada aayogane asey nirikshan nondavale qee prakaranancha nirnay ghetana nyayalayacha vyaktinishth vivek samadhankarakpane palala jaato aanee too nyayik tattvanchya kakshet yeto. ahavalat asey nirikshan nondavale gele aahe qee vivekbuddhicha vapar sthanik paristhiti, bhavishyatil ghadamodi aanee samudayachya naitik bhavnechi utkranti, vishisht velee kinwa thikani gunhegarichi sthitee aanee itar anek anpekshit vaishishtyanvar avalambun asoo shakato. shivay, vidhee aayogachya ahavalat fashichya shikshemadhye nyayalayachya vivekbuddhichya manmani vaparababatchya shankanvar tapshilvar charcha keleli nahee. ahavalat bharatiy dand sanhiteche kalam 303 kayam thevanyachi soochana dekhil karnyat aalee aahe, jyamadhye anivarya fashichi shiksha denyat aalee aahe, jee sarvoch nyayalayane mitthu viruddhachya prakaranat asanvaidhanik asalyache pudhe manya kele. panjab rajya, april 1983.
fashichi shiksha aanee chukichya doshasiddhichya aparivartaniyatechya babinvar, dayeche, apeal aanee punaravalokanache adhikar tasech kayadeshir sahayya yasarkhya ghatanatmak aanee vaidhanik sanrakshananni trutichi shakyata kameet qamee thewali jaeel, asey nirikshan ahavalat nondavale aahe. aayogane kelele nishkarsh bachan sing wii. yanchya aitihasik nirnayachya aadhiche aahet. panjab rajya, meey 1980 aanee 1973 madhye faujdari prakriya sanhitet kelelya vividh sudharananmadhyehi.
187 vaa ahwal (2003).
aaplya 187 vya ahavalat, vidhee aayogane fashichya shikshebabatche prakaran 'fashichi shiksha aanee aanushangik babinchya amalbajavanichi paddhat' yaa sankalpanekhali hatalale. aayogane 'vidnyan, tantradnyan, aushadh, bhool deuun sodavane yaa kshetratil tantrik pragati' chaa aadhava ghet haah muddah 'swatahun' ghetala aanee tyamule fashichi shiksha radd karnyachya vadavar uttar dile nahee kinwa matey sadar kelee naheet.
262 vaa ahwal (2015).
bharatiy vidhee aayogane 2015 madhye bharatatil fashichya shikshechya muddyavar aapala 262 vaa ahwal sadar keela. nyaymurti aaa. yanchya adhyakshatekhalil vidhee aayogakade haah muddah aala.pii. shaah heey santosh kumar satishbhushan bariyar viruddhachya prakaranat. maharashtra rajya, april 2009 aanee shankar kishanrao khade wii. maharashtra rajya, april 2013. aayogane mrutyudandachya vividh pailuncha, jase qee pratibandhatmak bhoomika, margdarshak tattvanchi eksaman amalbajavani, pidit nyay yancha vyapak abhyas keela aanee dahashatvadachya babinvyatirikt shiksha radd kelee jaavi assa nishkarsh kadhala. yaa prakaranacha sakhol abhyas kelyanantar aayogane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee fashichi shiksha heey janmathepepeksha jaast pratibandhatmak shiksheche uddisht sadhya karat nahee. heey konatehi ghatanatmakdrushtya vaidh dandatmak uddisht sadhya karnyat apayashi tharale asey mutt vyakt karnyat aale. piditanna nyay milanyacha antim upay mhanoon fashichya shikshevar laksh kendrit kartana nyayache punarujjivan aanee punarvasanache pailu durlakshale jaatat assa nishkarshahi vidhee aayogane kadhala.[18] nyayadhishancha vivekadhin adhikar aanee bachan singcha asman vapar v. panjab rajya, meey 1980 yaa prakarananmadhye ghatanatmak tattve aanee samanatechya tattvanchya virodhat jaate, jyamule sampoorn prakriya nyayadhishanchya ichchhenusar manmani aanee vyaktinishth hote. aayogane sansadhanancha abhav, tapasachya kalbahya paddhati, atee-vistarit polis dall, aprabhavi khatala aanee mrutyudandachya prashasanas chukancha dhoka nirman karnari kharab kayadeshir madat yasarkhya kahee paddhatshir adthale dekhil olakhale. aayogane assa nishkarsh dekhil kadhala qee kalam 72 aanee kalam 161 yasarkhya ghatanatmak aanee vaidhanik suraksha dekhil yaa adthalyanpasun hakkanche rakshan karnyat ayashasvi tharalya aahet. dahashatvadi prakarananmadhye doshi tharalelyanna mrutyuche samarthan karane aanee deshaviruddha yuddh pukarnyachya sandarbhat, ahavalat kabool kele gele aahe qee dahashatvadala itar gunhyanpeksha vegale vagavanyache konatehi vaidh dandatmak samarthan nahee, parantu yaa gunhyansathi fashichi shiksha kadhoon takane rashtriy surakshevar parinam karel hii kalachi chinta asalyache disate.
bhinn matey.
sadhya bharatat mrutyudandababat vividh matey aahet, jyavar charcha suru aahe. asha amanaviy shikshechya upasthiticha sadhyachya kalat konatahi upayog hott nahee assa yuktivad anek shikshantadnya aanee anek sanshodhan gatanni keela aahe. bharatala tyachi nakkich garaj nahee kaaran tyacha konatahi uddesh nahee.  assa yuktivad keela jaato qee konatyahi abhyasatoon asey disun aalele nahee qee fashichi shiksha janmathepepeksha hatyela jaast pratibandh karate aanee teey purave yachya ulat aahet. kaam karnyapasoon rokhanyasathi shikshechi tivrata shikshechya nishchitatesah aanee vegvantesaha sahastitvat asane aavashyak aahe.[19] assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee, jyanna samajacha kinwa paishacha pathimba nahee asha garib aanee upekshitanna fashichi shiksha lakshya karate. fashichi shiksha hii vyaktiparak swarupachi aahe aanee pratyek prakaranacha nyayya kinwa tarkshuddhapane nirnay ghene jawaljawal ashakya aahe. nyayalayanni vividh prakarananmadhye tyanchya kalpanevar kaam kele aahe aanee manmanipane hii sarvat tokachi shiksha thothavali aahe. bharatane swikarlelya punarvasan gunhegari nyay vyavasthechya [19] viruddha hii sankalpana karya karate assa yuktivad dekhil keela jaato.  pudhe, tyachi upayuktata kinwa pratibandhatmak parinam kahihi asso, too swatah kroor aahe assa yuktivad dekhil keela gela aahe.
dusarikade, assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee rajya-manjur fashichi shiksha kayadyala aanee bhavishyatil gunhegaranna pratibandh mhanoon kaam karananya kayadyachya bhitila protsahan denyasathi utprerak mhanoon kaam karate. piditanna madat karnyasathi aanee shikshechya badalachya namunyache palan karnyasathi dekhil prayatna kele jaatat.
pranaligat samasya.
samanya mansala samajalyapramane fashichi sankalpana mhanje shiksha aanee fashi. kayadyachya tartudi aanee tyachi amalbajavani karnyachya vastavanmadhil mothee daree hii jyakade laksh dile jaat nahee. hii sampoorn prakriya mothya sankhyene paddhatshir aanee sanrachanatmak adthalyanna balee padoo shakate. chhal aanee swayam-dosharop yansarkhya sarvat moolbhut sanrakshananchehi ughad ullanghan, tasech saksham pratinidhitva pradan karnyat kinwa mrutyudandachya prakarananmadhye prabhavi shiksha prakriya haatee ghenyat pranaligat asamarthata heey atyant spasht karate qee aaplya faujdari nyay vyavasthetil sankatane rupantar kele aahe. kayadeshir pratinidhitvachi gunavatta hii atyant gambhir chinta mhanoon samore aalee aahe. tyanchya vakilanshi konatahi pratyaksh sanvad nasane, tyanna samjat nasaleli nyayalayin karyavahi aanee apeal tappyavar tyanchya khatalyatil pragatiche vastavik dnyan nasane yamule fashichya shikshechya kaidyanche dukkh vadhate.
gunhegari nyay vyavasthetil mudde.
bharatiy sanvidhan, faujdari prakriya sanhita, purava kayada yasarkhe ghatanatmak aanee kayadeshir sanrakshn ekhadya vyaktila rajyachya manmani adhikaranpasun sanrakshn detat. tathapi, asey asoonahi adhikar aniyantrit aahet aanee varanvar tyanche ullanghan kele jaate. kothaditil chhal, puravyanchi banavat nirmiti, purava kayadyachya kalam 27 chaa gairavapar heey asha ullanghanache kahee prakar aahet.
kayadeshir pratinidhitva.
kayadeshir madat pranali samadhankarak nahee heey nyayadhishanni manya kele aahe aanee samajik-aarthikdrushtya upekshit vyaktinvar yaa vyavasthechya bhinn parinamambaddal chinta vyakt kelee aahe. garibi aanee kayadeshir pratinidhitvacha darja yanchyat eka drudh sambandh aahe. yamule gunhegari nyay vyavastheche sankat adhik tivra hote. nyay vyavasthene vikasit keleli kayadeshir madat pranali aapale uddisht sadhya karnyat apayashi tharate aanee aapali ghatanatmak aashvasne purn karnyat apayashi tharate.
chukichya manyata.
gunhegari nyay vyavasthechya sansthanchi sahaj hatalani bharatat mothya pramanat hott aahe. puravyanchya sakshichya tukadya midvanyasarkhya tapasachya tappyanmule chukichya shikshela samore jaane heey gunhegari nyay vyavasthetil mahattvapoorn sankat bindu darshavate. chhal, puravyancha banavat vapar, kharab kayadeshir pratinidhitva yamule faujdari nyay vyavasthevar prashnachinh nirman hote aanee ekhadya vyaktila fashi denyasathi kinwa tyala fashichya shikshevar taknyasathi puravyanvar avalambun rahane sanshayaspad tharate.
bharatatil fashichya shikshevar sanshodhan.
pranghatak lottery bharatatil fashichi shiksha.
pranghatak lottery bharatatil fashichi shiksha haah 'amnesty international' neey sadar kelela ahwal aahe, joou 'peaples union phaur sivil liberties' chya yogdanasah sadar keela aahe. bharatatil fashichi shiksha pranali ghatak doshankhali kaam karate aanee tee radd kelee jaavi, asey mutt ahavalat mandale aahe. 50 varshanhun adhik kalavadhichya fashichya shikshebabat sarvoch nyayalayachya 700 nikalanche vishleshan kelyanantarchya ahavalat namood kelyapramane (1950-2006) asey soochit kele aahe qee fashichya shikshechya kaidyanche bhavitavya lotteriever avalambun asate kaaran bharatiy nyayvyavastha gelya kahee varshant swatachi eksaman manke aanee itar aantarrashtriy staravar swikarlelya manakanchi purtata karnyat ayashasvi jhaali aahe. mrutyudandachya sandarbhat suvarn niyamache, 'durmil prakarananpaiki durmil' prakarananmadhye palan kele gele nahee. puravyancha vichar kartana chuka, apuri kayadeshir pratinidhitva aanee shikshetil manmani asha vividh prashasakeey truti soochit karatat qee fashichi shiksha hii doshinna shiksha denyache manmani, achook aanee apmanaspad sadhan aahe jee rajyaghatanechya bhavnechya virodhat jaate.
fashichya shikshetoon kaidyanche aavaj.
reena merrie george yanni fashichya shikshepasun kaidyanche aavaj kaidyanchya jansankhyikiy profilever aanee fashichya shikshevar kharch kelelya kalavadhivar charcha karatat. atak karnyapasoon teey doshasiddhiparyant aanee shevati fashichi shiksha thothavalya jaanyaparyantchya vaiyaktik prakarananchya prakriyechi dekhil tyat nond aahe. fashichya shikshecha fashichya shikshechya kaidyanchya kutumbiyanvar honanya parinamachihi tyat savistar nond aahe.  abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee garibi, upekshitpana aanee bahishkar heey fashichya shikshepurviche aahet.
mrutyudandacha bharatacha ahwal.
meey 2016 madhye prakashit jhalelya national low university, dilli yetheel project 39echya death penalty india reportmadhye (dii. pii. aar.) death penalty research projectche (dii. pii. aar. pii.) nishkarsh aahet. dii. pii. aar. madhye bharatatil fashichi shiksha sunavanyat aalelya kaidyanchi sankhya, mrutyudandachya shikshevar tyanni ghalavalela sarasari kalavadhi, gunhyanche swaroop, tyanchi samajik-aarthik parshvabhoomi aanee tyanchya kayadeshir pratinidhitvacha tapasheel, kaidyanche police kothaditil anubhav, khatala aanee apeal prakriyedvare, fashichi shiksha sunavanyat yene aanee tyanchya kutumbavar honara parinam yabaddalchi parimanatmak mahitee asate. tyaveli fashichya shikshevar asalelya 385 kaidyanpaiki 373 kaidyanchi aanee tyanchya kutumbanchi mulakhat ghenyat aalee. yaa prakalpat polisanchya tapasatil kaidyanchya anubhavanche, kayadeshir pratinidhitvacha pravesh, nyayalayatil anubhav, fashichi shiksha bhogalele jeevan, turungatil varshanuvarshe kutumbashi asalele sambandh aanee itar sambandhit pailunche dastaivajikaran dekhil kele gele aahe. tyat asey aadhalun aale qee mulakhat ghetalelya kaidyanpaiki 74.01% kaidi aarthikdrushtya asurakshit hote. mrutyudandachi shiksha sunavanyat aalelya kaidyanpaiki mothya takkevarine tyanche madhyamik shikshan purn kelele navhate asehi tyat aadhalun aale. aanakhi eka motha nishkarsh assa hota qee 76 takke kaidi magasvargiy samudayatil hote. ahavalat asehi aadhalun aale aahe qee, 'id1' yaa kalavadhit trial kortanni fashichi shiksha sunavalelya 1700 hoon adhik kaidyanpaiki, apeal nyayalayanni shevati keval 4.5 takke shikshanchi pushti kelee. sumare 30 takke kaidi fashichi shiksha bhogoon serve aaropanmadhun mukt jhaale, tarr sumare 65 takke fashichi shiksha janmathepet badalanyat aalee.
nirnayache mudde.
nirnayache vishay heey bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayachya 60 majee nyayadhishansobat faujdari nyay pranali aanee fashichya shikshevar mutt abhyas aahe. haah abhyas dillitil rashtriy vidhee vidyapithatil prakalp 39aii dware aayojit karnyat aala hota aanee november 2017 madhye prakashit karnyat aala hota. 60 majee nyayadhishanni 1975-2016 yaa kalavadhit vegvegalya tappyanvar tyanchyamadhye 208 fashichya shikshechya prakarananmadhye nirnay deela. haah abhyas bharatachya faujdari nyay vyavasthemadhye fashichya shikshechya prashasanavar niyantran thevana nyayik vichar aanee nyayniwada prakriya samajoon ghenyacha prayatna hota.majee nyayadhishanchya mulakhati mukhya vyapak vishayanvar ghenyat aalya, jyat tapas aanee khatalyachi prakriya, fashichya shikshechya prakarananmadhye shiksha aanee fashichya shikshebaddal nyayik drushtikon yancha samavesh hota. abhyasatoon heey spasht jhaale qee 'durmilatam durmil' siddhantanchya aavashyaktambaddal konatihi eksaman samaj nahee jyamule nyayadhish-kendrit shikshecha paddhatshir muddah nirman jhaala aahe.
nyayalayanmadhye fashichi shiksha.
dilli yetheel rashtriy vidhee vidyapithachya 39aii prakalpane kelelya yaa abhyasat 2000 teey 2015 yaa kalat dilli, madhya pradesh aanee maharashtra yaa rajyanchya nyayalayanni tharavalelya serve bhandavali khatalyanchya abhyasache nishkarsh aahet. 215 nikalanche (dillihoon 43, madhya pradeshmadhun 82 aanee maharashtratun 90) vishleshan karoon, yaa abhyasatoon mrutyudandachya shikshechya chaukatitil pramanatmak aanee prakriyatmak antar disun yete, jeey bachan sing viruddha maharashtra yaa kayadyacha varsa rahile aahe. panjab rajya, meey 1980 chaa nikal.
mrutyudandacha varshik sankhyiki ahwal.
2016 pasoon, dillichya rashtriy vidhee vidyapithatil prakalp 39aii darvarshi fashichya shikshecha sankhyiki ahwal prakashit karato. yaa ahavalat bharatatil fashichya shikshechya loksankhyetil halchali tasech fashichi shiksha aanee faujdari nyay vyavasthechya prashasanatil rajkiy aanee kayadeshir ghadamodincha samavesh aahe. 2018 madhye trial kortanni thothavalelya 162 fashichya shikshanchi sankhya 2000 nantarchya eka calendar varshatil sarvadhik aahe. 2019 madhye hii sankhya 102 varr aalee.
swatantryapasun fashi.
turung aanee itar sarkari vibhagankade bharatat fashi dilelya vyaktinchya sankhyechi achook nond nahee. vividh adhikrut strotanmadhil samanvayachya abhavamule yaa vishayavaril achook mahitichya sankalanat adthala nirman jhaala aahe. yaa maryada asoonahi, prakalp 39aii neey bharatat fashi dilelya lokanchi yadee tayar karnyacha prayatna keela aahe. tathapi, 1947 teey 1967 yaa darmyan 1000 peksha jaast sankhya asalyache namood karananya bharatiy vidhee aayogachya 35 vya ahavalatil aakadevarinusar, hii sankhya fashi dilelya lokanchya vastavik sankhyepeksha lakshaniyaritya qamee aahe.  
hii vastusthiti bharatatil faujdari nyay vyavasthevaril aakadevarishi nigadit mothya chinteshi bolali jaate, jevha deshakade mrutyudandachi shiksha sunavanyat aalelya lokanchya sankhyechya nondi dekhil naheet.
27 april 1995 roji, 6 lokanchya hatyeprakarani auto shankarala tamilanadutil salem yetheel salem madhyavarti karagruhat fashi denyat aalee. 
1991 madhye 8 varshanchya mulivar balatkar karoon tichi hatya kelyaprakarani 27 meey 1997 roji kamata prasad tiwarila jabalpur madhyavarti karagruhat fashi denyat aalee.
14 august 2004 roji alipur madhyavarti karagruhat, dhananjoy chutterjee yanna paschim bangalmadhil bhawanipur yetheel 14 varshiy hetal parekhchya apartment nivassthani 5 march 1990 roji jhalelya hatyeprakarani (balatkaranantar) fashi denyat aalee. jevha chutterjee yanchi dayaa yachika rashtrapati aaa. pii. jeey. abdul kalam, dayechi yachika fetalanyasathi tasech tyachya fashisathi paschim bangalmadhye vividh rajkiy gut aanee sanghatananni pathimba darshavala. 4 august 2004 roji dayecha arj fetalanyat aala.
id1' dahashatvadi hallyatil tyachya bhoomikemule ajmal kasabla fashi denyapurvi jagbharatil lokanni rashtrapati pranav mukerjea yanna patra lihoon dayaa yachika fetalalyabaddal aanee fashichya konatyahi niyojit tarkhebaddal tyanchya kutumbiyanna aanee janatela kalvave asey mhatale hote. kasabla 21 november 2012 roji yerwada madhyavarti karagruhat guptapane fashi denyat aalee. 
afzal gurula 2001 chya bharatiy sansadevaril hallyachya sandarbhat cutt rachalyabaddal doshi tharvanyat aale hote aanee 9 februwari 2013 roji dillichya tihar madhyavarti karagruhat tyala fashi denyat aalee. bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayane 4 august 2005 roji hii shiksha kayam thevat, yaa hallyane "samajachya vivekala motha dhakka basala" assa nikal deela."20 aktoobar 2006 roji afzalla fashi dilee jaanar hotee, parantu shikshela sthagiti denyat aalee.
1993 chya bombsfotansathi doshi tharalelya yakub memanla 30 julai 2015 roji nagpurchya nagpur madhyavarti karagruhat fashi denyat aalee. 21 march 2013 roji sarvoch nyayalayane hallyanna vittapuravatha karoon cutt rachalyabaddal memanla doshi tharvalyachi aanee fashichi shiksha sunavalyachi pushti kelee. 30 julai 2013 roji sarvoch nyayalayane memancha tondi sunavanisathicha arj fetalala aanee tyachi fervichar yachika prasarit karoon fetalali. rashtrapati pranav mukerjea yanni 11 april 2014 roji memanchi dayechi yachika fetalali. memanane nantar sarvoch nyayalayat sudharatmak yachika dakhal kelee, jee 21 julai 2015 roji fetalanyat aalee.
2012 chya dilli samoohik balatkar aanee hatyeteel mukesh sing, akshay thakur, vinay sharma aanee pawan gupta yaa chaar praudh gunhegaranna, jeey khatalyachya sunavanitun bachavale hote, pahate 5:30 vajata fashi denyat aalee.emm. pradirgh kayadeshir ladhainantar 20 march 2020 roji dillitil tihar madhyavarti karagruhat.
21vya shatkat fashi denyat aalelya gunhegaranchi yadee.
2000 salapasoon bharatat aath fashi denyat aalya aahet, serve fashi fashidware denyat aalya aahet.