
charles darwin

charles robbert darwin (; 12 februwari 1809-19 april 1882) heey eka ingraji nisargshastradnya, bhoogarbhshastradnya aanee jivashastradnya hote, jeey utkrantivadi jivashastratil tyanchya yogdanasathi mothya pramanat olakhale jaatat. jivanachya serve prajati eka samaan purvajapasun udbhavalelya aahet haah tyancha prastav aata samanyatah swikarla jaato aanee vidnyanat eka moolbhut sankalpana manali jaate. alfried russell wallace yanchya sanyukt prakashanat tyanni tyancha vaidnyanik siddhant mandala qee utkranticha haah shakhaprakar naisargik nivad navachya prakriyemule jhaala aahe, jyamadhye astitvasathichya sangharshacha parinam nivadak prajananat samavisht asalelya krutrim nivadisarkhach hoto. darwinche varnan manvi itihasatil sarvat prabhavshali vyaktinpaiki eka mhanoon kele gele aahe aanee westminster mathat daphan karoon tyacha sanman karnyat aala.
darwinla nisargatil suruvatichya swarsyamule edinberg vidyapithatil tyachya vaidyakeey shikshanakade durlaksh karave lagale; tyaeivaji, tyane sagari aksherukancha shodh ghenyas madat kelee. 1828 teey 1831 yaa kalat cambridge khraist mahavidhyalayatil tyanchya abhyasamule naisargik vidnyanaprati asalelya tyanchya utkatatene tyanna protsahan midale. 1831 teey 1836 yaa paach varshanchya tyanchya pravasane darwinla eka prakhyat bhuvaidnyanik mhanoon sthapit kele, jyanchya nirikshananni aanee siddhantanni charles layalchya kramik bhoogarbhiy badalachya sankalpanela pathimba deela. tyachya samudraparyatanachya niyatkalikachya prakashanane darwinla eka lokpriy lekhak mhanoon prasiddha kele.
samudraparyatanadarmyan tyanni gola kelelya vanyajeev aanee jivashmanchya bhaugolik vitaranamule gondhaloon gelelya darwinne tapshilvar tapas suru keela aanee 1838 madhye naisargik nivadicha siddhant tayar keela. jaree tyanni anek nisargshastradnyanshi tyanchya kalpananvar charcha kelee asali, taree tyanna vyapak sanshodhanasathi vel havah hota aanee tyanchya bhoogarbhiy karyala pradhanya hote. 1858 madhye teey tyancha siddhant liheet asatana alfried russell wallace yanni tyanna eka nibandh pathavala jyamadhye tyach kalpaneche varnan kele gele, jyamule tyanche donhi siddhant londonchya linian societykade tatkal sanyuktapane sadar karnyas pravrutt jhaale. darwinchya karyane badalansah utkrantivadi vansh prasthapit keela, jeey nisargatil vividhateche pramukh vaidnyanik spashtikaran aahe. 1871 madhye, tyanni 'manushyachya vanshatil manvi utkranti aanee laingik nivadichi aanee lingsambandhachya sandarbhat nivadichi' tapasani kelee, tyanantar 'manushya aanee pranyanmadhil bhavananchi abhivyakti' (1872). vanaspatinvaril tyanche sanshodhan pustakanchya malikanmadhye prakashit jhaale aanee 'daad formation auph vegetory molled thru daad actions auph verms' (1881) yaa tyanchya antim pustakat tyanni gandool aanee mativaril tyanchya parinamachi tapasani kelee.
darwinne 1859 madhye 'aun daad origine auph speesheej' yaa tyachya pustakat utkranticha siddhant prabhavi puravyansah prakashit keela. 1870 chya dashkaparyant, vaidnyanik samuday aanee bahusankhya sushikshit lokanni utkranti hii vastusthiti mhanoon sweekarli hotee. tathapi, anekanni spardhatmak spashtikarananna pasanti dilee jyane naisargik nivadila keval eka kirkol bhoomika dilee aanee 1930 teey 1950 chya dashkaparyant aadhunik utkranti sanshleshanachya udayaparyant eka vyapak ekmat vikasit jhaale jyamadhye naisargik nivad hii utkrantichi moolbhut yantrana hotee. darwincha vaidnyanik shodh haah jivashastracha ektrikaran siddhant aahe, joou jivanachya vividhateche spashtikaran deto.
charitra.
prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan.
charles robbert darwincha janm 12 februwari 1809 roji shroosbury, shropshire yethe tyachya kutumbachya mount yaa gharee jhaala. shrimant samajache doctor aanee arthatadnya robbert darwin aanee susanna darwin ('nee' wayswood) yanchya sahaa mulanpaiki teey pachve hote. tyache aajoba erasmus darwin aanee joshiya wedgwood heey doghehi pramukh nirmulanvadi hote. erasmus darwinne tyachya 'zoonomiya' (1794) madhye utkrantichya aanee samanya vanshachya samanya sankalpananchi prashansa kelee hotee, jee tyachya natyane vistarlelya sankalpanancha andaj ghenanya avikasit kalpanansah haloohaloo nirmitichi kavyatmak kalpana aahe.
jaree wedgwood lock ingrajicha avalamb karat hote, taree donhi kutumbe mothya pramanat ekatma hotee. robbert darwin yaa muktachintakane november 1809 madhye charles yaa balala shrewsbury yetheel anglican seent chadd charchmadhye baptisma deela, parantu charles aanee tyache bhawande tyanchya icah sthanik ekatma charchmadhye upasthit rahile. aath varshiy charlesla naisargik itihasachi aanee sangrahanachi chav aadhich hotee jevha too 1817 madhye tyachya dharmopadeshakane chalavalelya day skoolmadhye sameel jhaala. tyaa julaimadhye tyachya aaiche nidhan jhaale. september 1818 pasoon, too tyachya mothya bhawala jawalil anglican shrewsbury shalet boarder mhanoon shikanyasathi sameel jhaala.
aktoobar 1825 madhye tyacha bhau erasmus yachyabarobar edinberg vaidyakeey shalet jaanyapurvi, darwinne 1825 chaa unhala shaprintis doctor mhanoon, tyachya vadilanna shropshirechya garibanvar upchar karnyat madat karat ghalavala. darwinla vyakhyane kantalvani aanee shastrakriya trasdayak vatali, mhanoon tyane tyachya abhyasakade durlaksh kele. dakshin amerikechya parjanyavanat charles watertonsobat aalelya johnn edmonstone yaa mukt jhalelya krishnavarniy gulamakadoon too sumare 40 dainandin tasbhar chalana satranmadhye taxidermy shikala.
darwinchya vidyapithatil dusya varshat, too plinion society yaa vidyarthi naisargik-itihas gatat sameel jhaala, jyamadhye chaitanyashil vadavivad hote, jyamadhye bhautikvadi drushtikon asalelya kattarpanthi lokshahi vidyarthyanni vidnyanachya rudhivadi dharmik sankalpananna aavhan dile. tyanni robbert edmond grant yanchya sagari aprushthavanshi pranyanchya shareer rachnashastra aanee jivanchakrachya tapasanit madat kelee aanee 27 march 1827 roji plinion yethe tyancha swatacha shodh sadar keela qee oysterchya kavchanmadhye aadhalanari kalee bijkan hii skate janchachi undy hotee. eke divashi, grantne lamarkchya utkrantivadi kalpananchi prashansa kelee. anudanachya dhadsane darwin aashcharyachakit jhaala, parantu alikadech tyane tyachya aajobanchya erasmus niyatkalikanmadhye ashach kalpana vachalya hotya. neptunism aanee plutonism yanchyatil vadavivadasaha bhuvidnyan samavisht asalelya robbert gemsonchya naisargik-itihasachya abhyaskramamule darwinla baram vatat hote. tyanni vanaspatinche vargikaran shikale aanee tyaa kalatil europemadhil sarvat mothya sangrahalayanpaiki eka asalelya vidyapith sangrahalayachya sangrahavar kaam karnyat madat kelee.
vaidyakeey abhyasakade darwinchya durlakshamule tyachya vadilanna raag aala, jyanni tyanna janewari 1828 madhye cambridge yetheel khraist collegemadhye, batchler auph arts padvisathi shikanyasathi pathavale, jeey eka anglican country parson honyachya dishene pahile paul hote. darwin cambridgechya "tripose" parikshansathi patra navhata aanee tyaeivaji tyala samanya padvi abhyaskramat sameel hone aavashyak hote. tyane abhyasapeksha ghodeswari aanee golibar karane pasant kele.
khraist collegemadhye darwinchya nondanichya pahilya kahee mahinyant, tyacha dusra chulat bhau william darwin fox ajunahi tithe shikat hota. kolha tyachya phulpakhar sangrahane tyala prabhavit karat hota, tyane darwinla kitakshastrat pravesh deela aanee tyala bhring sangrahit karnyasathi prabhavit kele. tyane heey utsahane kele aanee tyache kahee shodh james francis stephenchya 'british kitakshastrachi chitre' (1829-32) madhye prakashit kele.
foxchya madhyamatoon darwin haah vanaspatishastratil pradhyapak johnn stevens henslo yancha jawalcha mitra aanee anuyayi banala. too itar aaghadichya parson-nisargshastradnyanna bhetala, jyanni vaidnyanik karyakade dharmik naisargik dharamshastra mhanoon pahile, aanee yaa donsna 'daad mann huu walk with henslo' mhanoon olakhale gele. jevha tyachya swatachya pariksha jawal aalya, tevha darwinne tyachya abhyasasathi swatahla lagoo kele aanee william palechya 'khrishchanatvache purave' (1795) chya bhasha aanee tarkshastrane too khoosh jhaala. janewari 1831 madhye jhalelya antim parikshet darwinne changli kamgiri kelee aanee 'samanya' padvisathi 178 umedvaranpaiki dahava kramank patkavla.
darwinla juuna 1831 paryant cambridge yethe rahave lagale. tyane palechya 'naisargik dharamshastra kinwa devatechya astitvache aanee gunadharmanche purave' (pratham 1802 madhye prakashit) yancha abhyas keela, jyane nisargatil daivi rachnesathi yuktivad keela, nisargachya niyamandware karya karnara dev mhanoon anukulan kele. tyanni johnn hershell yanche 'preliminary discorse aun daad studdy auph natural philosophy' (1831) heey naveen pustak vachale, jyat naisargik tattvadnyanache sarvoch uddisht nirikshanavar aadharit prerak tarkadvare asey niyam samajoon ghene asey varnan kele aahe aanee alekzandar wonn humbolt yanche 1799-1804 madheel vaidnyanik pravasanche 'vaiyaktik kathan'. yogdan denyasathi 'prakhar utsah' neey prerit houn, darwinne padvi ghetalyanantar kahee vargmitransah tenerifla bhet deuun ushnakatibandhiy pradeshatil naisargik itihasacha abhyas karanyachi yojana aakhali. tayarisathi, too edam sedgavikchya bhoogarbhshastra abhyaskramat sameel jhaala, tyanantar 4 august roji velsmadhye staranche nakashe kadhanyasathi pandharvadyacha pravas karnyasathi tyachyasobat gela.
etch. emm. ess. 'beagle' varr sarvekshan pravas.
velsmadhye sedgavik sodalyanantar darwinne kahee divas barmouth yethe vidyarthi mitransobat ghalavale. too 29 august roji gharee paratala aanee tyala heinsloche eka patra midale jyat tyala capton robbert fitzroys swayam-anudanit atirikt jagesathi yogya (apoorn asalyas) nisargshastradnya mhanoon prastavit kele gele, jeey "keval sangrahak" aivaji eka sajjan vyaktisathiche padd hote. dakshin amerikechya kinarpatticha aarakhada tayar karnyasathi chaar aathvadyant heey jahaj ravana honar hote. robbert darwinne aaplya mulachya niyojit done varshanchya pravasala aakshep ghetala, tyala velecha apavyay mhanoon sambodhale, parantu tyacha mehuna joshiya wedgwood dusra yane tyachya mulachya sahbhagasathi (aanee nidhisathi) sahmat honyasathi tyala patvoon dile. darwinne aaplya sangrahavar niyantran thevanyasathi khajgi kshamatet rahanyachi kalji ghetali, aanee too eka pramukh vaidnyanik sanstha banvaycha hetu thewala.
vilambanantar, 27 december 1831 roji haah pravas suru jhaala; too jawaljawal paach varshe chalala. fitzroychya ichchepramane, darwinne tyaa velecha bahutansh kaal bhuvidnyan tapasanyat aanee naisargik itihas sangrah karnyat ghalavala, tarr etch. emm. ess. bigalane samudrakinanyanche sarvekshan kele aanee taliche chart kele. tyane tyachya nirikshane aanee saiddhantik andajanchi kaljipurvak nond thewali aanee samudraparyatanadarmyan antarane tyache namune tyachya kutumbasathi tyachya niyatkalikachya pratisah patransah cambridgela pathvanyat aale. bhuvidnyan, bhring sangrah aanee sagari aprushthavanshiy pranyanche vichhedan karnyat tyanna kahee kaushalya hote, parantu itar serve kshetranmadhye, teey eka navshikya aanee tadnya mulyankanasathi kushalatene gola kelele namune hote. samudravikarane khoop trast asoonahi, darwinne jahajavar asatana bharpur nondi lihilya. tyachya bahutek pranishastratil nondi sagari aksherukambaddal aahet, jyachi suruvat shant kalat gola kelelya planktonpasoon hote.
cape verde yetheel seent jago yetheel kinanyavar tyanchya pahilya thambyavar darwinla aadhalale qee jwalamukhichya khadakanchya unchavaril pandhya pattyamadhye seashelscha samavesh hota. fitzroyne tyala charles layalchya "bhuvidnyan tattvancha" pahila khand deela hota, jyat prachand kalavadhit haloohaloo vadhana kinwa kosalananya jaminichya eksaman sankalpana mandalya gelya hotya aanee darwinne bhuvidnyanavar pustak lihinyacha vichar karoon, siddhant tayar karoon, layalchya paddhaticha vichar keela. jevha teey brazilala pohochale, tevha darwin ushnakatibandhiy jangalamule anandi jhaala, parantu gulamgiriche drushya pahoon tyala tiraskar vatala aanee tyane yaa muddyavar fitzroyshi vaad ghatala.
dakshinekade petagoniamadhye sarvekshan suru rahile. teey bahiya blanca yethe thambale aanee punta alta darvinjavalachya kadyanvar aadhunik samudra kavchanchya bajula namshesh jhalelya sastan pranyanchya jivashma hadancha motha shodh lagla, jeey havamanat badal kinwa aapattichi konatihi chinhe naan disalyane alikadchya namshesh honyache sanket dete. tyala sthanik aarmdilosvar kavchanchya vishal aavruttisarkhya hadanchya plates sapadalya. jabada aanee datatoon tyane prachand "megatherium" olakhale, nantar kuviyarchya varnanavarun asey vatale qee kavach yaa pranyache aahe. shodh englandla pathvanyat aale aanee shastradnyanna khoop swarasya asalele jivashma sapadale. patagoniamadhye, darwinla haah pradesh sarpatananya pranyanpasun mukt aahe assa chukicha vishvas vatoo lagla. 
bhoogarbhashastracha shodh ghenyasathi aanee adhik jivashma gola karnyasathi aatalya bhagat gauchosah pravas kartana, darwinne krantichya velee sthanik aanee vasahatvadi lokambaddal samajik, rajkiy aanee manavvanshashastriy antardrushti midavali aanee heey jaanun ghetale qee done prakarchya riyache vegale parantu parasparvirodhi pradesh hote. pudhe dakshinekade, tyane shingalchi payaryanchi maidane aanee samudrapudyanchi unchavaril samudrakinare mhanoon unchichya malikanmadhye pahile. tyanni layelcha dusra khand vachala aanee prajatinchya "nirmitichya kendrambaddal" tyache mutt sweekarle, parantu tyanchya shodh aanee siddhantane layelchya sahaj satatya aanee prajatinchya namshesh honyachya kalpananna aavhan dile.
englandmadhye khrishchan shikshan dilelya pahilya "beagle" samudraparyatanadarmyan pakadale gelele jahajavaril teen fugian, eka dharmpracharkasaha paratat hote. darwinla teey maitripurna aanee susanskrut vatale, tarihi terra dell fugo yethe tyala paliv pranyanpeksha jangali pranyanitakech vegale, "dayaneey, apmanit jangali" bhetale. hii vividhata asoonahi, serve manav heey samayik utpattishi aanee sanskratichya dishene sudharana karnyachya kshamateshi parasparanshi sambandhit aahet yachee tyanna khatri hotee. tyachya shastradnya mitranpramane, aata tyala vatale qee manav aanee prani yanchyat konatehi apoorn antar nahee. eka varshanantar, mission sodoon denyat aale hote. jemmi button asey tyanni jyaa fujianche naav thewale hote too itar mool lokanpramanech jagala, tyala eka patni hotee aanee tyala englandla paratanyachi ichcha navhati.
darwinla 1835 madhye chilimadhye bhookamp jhaala aanee tyala jaminichi unchi nuktich vadhalyachi chinhe disali, jyat bharatichya unchavyanvar adakalelya musel-bedcha samavesh hota. andicechya unchavar tyane samudrapudyanche kavach aanee valuchya kinanyavar vadhaleli anek jivashma zaade pahili. tyane assa siddhant mandala qee jasjashi jameen vadhali tastashi sagari bete budali aanee tyanchya bhovati praval khadak vadhat gele aanee pravaldweep tayar jhaale.
bhaugolikdrushtya naveen galapagos betanvar, darwinne junya "nirmitichya kendra" shhee vanyajeev jodanyache purave shodhale aanee chilimadhil pakshyanshi sanlagn asalele pann betanusar bhinn asalele mockingbird aadhalale. tyane aikale qee kasavanchya kavchanchya aakarat kinchit badal disun aale qee teey konatya betavarun aale aahet, parantu jahajavar ann mhanoon ghetalelya kasav khallyanantarhi teey gola karnyat teey ayashasvi tharale. austreliyamadhye, marsupial under-kangaru aanee platypus itake asamanya vatale qee darwinla vatale qee heey jawaljawal done bhinn nirmate karyarat asalyasarkhe aahe. tyala aadivasi "vinodi aanee anandadayi" aadhalale, tyanchi sankhya european vasahatimule qamee jhaali.
fitzroy yanni cocos (keeling) betanche pravaldweep kase tayar jhaale yacha tapas keela aanee sarvekshanane darwinchya siddhantala pathimba deela. fitzroyne 'beagle' samudraparyatananchi adhikrut 'katha' lihayala suruvat kelee aanee darwinchi diary vachalyanantar tyane tee lekhat samavisht karnyacha prastav thewala. darwinche 'journal' akheris bhoogarbhshastra aanee naisargik itihasavar swatantra tisra khand mhanoon punarlikhit karnyat aale.
dakshin aafriketil cape townmadhye, darwin aanee fitzroy johnn hershella bhetale, jyanni alikadech layelala lihilelya patrat tyanchya eksamantavadachi prashansa kelee hotee, jyane "goodh rahasyanche rahasy, namshesh jhalelya prajatinchi itarandvare badali" yaa "chamatkarik prakriyechya virodhabhasachi naisargik" naisargikta "yaa vishayavar dhadsi andaj ughadale hote.
jahaj gharee jaat asatana tyachya nondi vyavasthit kartana darwinne lihile qee, jarr mockingbird, kasav aanee fockland betanvaril kolha yanchyavishayi tyachya vadhatya shanka yogya asateel, tarr "asha tathyanmule prajatinchi sthirata qamee hote", tarr savadhgirine jodale qee "teey" qamee karnyapurvi "hoil. tyanni nantar lihile qee asha tathyanmule "mallah prajatinchya utpattivar kahee prakash padato asey vatale".
darwinla naan sangata, henslo yanna lihilelya tyachya patranmadhil ark vaidnyanik sansthanna vachoon dakhavanyat aale hote, cambridge tatvik sansthechya sadasyanmadhye khajgi vitaranasathi eka patrak mhanoon chhapanyat aale hote aanee 'daad ethanium' saha masikanmadhye ahwal denyat aala hota. darwinne pahilyanda cape townmadhye yabaddal aikale aanee ascension betavar sedgavikchya bhavishyavanibaddal vachale qee darwinla "europechya nisargshastradnyanmadhye eka mothe naav milel".
darwinchya utkrantivadi siddhantachi suruvat.
2 aktoobar 1836 roji, cornwallchya fallmouth yethe 'beagle' neey lunger takala. darwinne tyachya gharee jaanyasathi aanee natevaikanna bhetanyasathi lagechach shrusburyla lambcha pravas keela. tyanantar too henslola pahanyasathi kembrijla dhawla, jyane tyala darwinchya pranyanchya sangrahanchi yadee tayar karnyasathi aanee vanaspatishastriy namune ghenyasathi upalabdh nisargshastradnya shodhanyacha sallah deela. darwinchya vadilanni guntavanukiche aayojan kele, jyamule tyacha mulga eka swayam-vittaposhit sajjan shastradnya banoo shakala aanee utsahi darwin londonchya sansthanmadhye firala aanee sangrahanche varnan karnyasathi tadnyancha shodh ghetala. sampoorn british samrajyat naisargik itihasachya sangrahala protsahan dile jaat asalyane aanee namune fakt sathavanukit thevanyacha dhoka asalyamule, tyaa velee british pranishastradnyankade kamacha motha pralambit sanch hota.
charles lile 29 aktoobar roji darwinla pahilyanda utsukatene bhetala aanee lavkarach tyala udayonmukh shareer rachnashastradnya richard ovenshi olakh karoon dilee, jyanchyakade darwinne gola kelelya jivashma hadanvar kaam karnyasathi royal college auph sarjanchya suvidha hotya. ovenchya aashcharyakarak parinamanmadhye itar prachand namshesh jhalelya jaminivaril aalshipana tasech darwinne olakhala asalela 'megatherium', adnyat 'scalidotherium' chaa jawaljawal sampoorn sangada aanee 'toxodon' navachya hippopotamus-aakarachya undirasarkhya kavaticha samavesh hota, jee eka vishal capybarashi samya asaleli hotee. kavachanche tukade pratyakshat 'glyptodon' yaa mothya aarmadilosarkhya pranyache hote, jase darwinne suruvatila vichar keela hota. heey namshesh jhalele prani dakshin americetil jiwant prajatinshi sambandhit hote.
decemberchya madhyat, darwinne tyachya sangrahanche tadnya vargikaran karnyasathi aanee prakashanasathi swatache sanshodhan tayar karnyasathi kembrijmadhye rahanyachi soya kelee. tyachi diary 'kathan' madhye kashee jodaychi yache prashna mahinyachya akheris sodavale gele jevha fitzroyne broadripcha vegala khand banavanyacha sallah swikarla aanee darwinne tyachya 'niyatkalik aanee tippanya' varr kaam karnyas suruvat kelee.
darwinchya pahilya peparmadhye asey disun aale qee dakshin american bhoobhag haloohaloo vadhat hota aanee layalchya utsahi pathimbyane tyane 4 janewari 1837 roji londonchya bhoogarbhiy societyla teey vachale. tyach divashi tyane tyache sastan prani aanee pakshyanche namune pranishastra samajasamor sadar kele. pakshishastradnya johnn goaled yanni lavkarach jaheer kele qee jyaa galapagos pakshyanna darwinne blackbird, 'gross-beaks' aanee finchche mishran manale hote, teey pratyakshat finchchya baaraa vegvegalya prajati aahet. 17 februwari roji, darwinchi bhoogarbhiy samajachya parishadevar nivad jhaali aanee layelchya adhyakshiy bhashanat darwinchya jivashmanvaril ovenche nishkarsh sadar kele gele, jyat tyachya eksamantavadi kalpananna samarthan denanya prajatinchya bhaugolik satatyavar bharr denyat aala.
marchchya suruvatila, darwin yaa kamajaval rahnyasathi londonla gela, aanee charles baibejsarkhya shastradnyanchya aanee tadnyanchya layelchya samajik vartulat sameel jhaala, jyanni devache varnan kayadyacha programmer mhanoon kele. darwin tyachya mukt vicharshil bhavasobat rahila, joou yaa vigi vartulacha bhag hota aanee lekhak harriot martinocha jawalcha mitra hota, jyane kalyanala atirikt loksankhya aanee adhik garibi nirman karnyapasoon rokhanyasathi vadgrast vigi garib kayada sudharananna aadhar denanya malthushiyanvadala protsahan dile. eka ektavadi mhanoon, tyanni geophroyne prabhavit kelelya anudan aanee tarun shalyachikitsakandware protsahan dilelya prajatinchya sankramanachya aamulagra parinamanche swagat kele. samajik vyavastheche rakshan karananya ingrajansathi sankraman hii shapdayak hotee, parantu pratishthit shastradnyanni yaa vishayavar ughadpane charcha kelee aanee naveen prajatinchya utpattiche naisargik kaaran shodhanyacha marg mhanoon layelchya drushtikonachi prashansa karananya johnn hershelchya patrat vyapak rus hota.
gauld darwinla bhetala aanee tyala sangitale qee vegvegalya betanvaril galapagos mockingbird hii keval jaatee nasoon, vegalya prajati aahet aanee darwinla 'raine' asey jeey vatale hote teey finch gatamadhye hote. darwinne finchla betanusar label dilele navhate, parantu jahajavaril itaranchya nondinvarun, jyat fitzroycha samavesh hota, tyane betanna prajati vatap kelya. done riya vegalya prajati hotya aanee 14 march roji darwinne dakshinela jaaun tyanche vitaran kase badalale heey jaheer kele.
1837 chya marchchya madhyaparyant, englandla paratalyanantar avaghya sahaa mahinyanni, darwin tyachya 'laal notebook' madhye, 'eka prajati dusya prajatimadhye badalate' yaa shakyatevar andaj lavat hota, jyamule reus sarkhya jiwant prajatinche bhaugolik vitaran spasht hoil aanee namshesh jhalelya sastan pranyansarkhya 'macrouchania' sarkhya prajati, jyaa eka vishal guanako, lama sambandhishi julatat. julaichya madhyachya sumaras, tyane tyachya 'bii' notebookmadhye tyache ayushya aanee pidhyanpidhya honanya badalanvishayiche tyache vichar nondavale-galapagos kasav, mockimbird aanee riya yanmadhye tyane pahilelya badalanche spashtikaran dile. tyanni shakhanchya vanshavaliche rekhachitra kadhale aanee nantar ekach utkranti vrukshachya vanshavalitil shakhanche rekhachitra kadhale, jyamadhye "eka prani dusya pranyapeksha unch aahe asey bolane nirathak aahe", jyamule uchch swarupakade jaananya swatantra vanshavalichi lamarkchi kalpana sodoon dilee.
ativyavasay, aajarpan aanee vivah.
sankraman yaa sakhol abhyasacha vikas kartana darwin adhik kamat adakala. tarihi tyanni tyanche 'journal' punha lihile, tyanni tyanchya sangrahanvaril tadnya ahavalanche sampadan aanee prakashan suru kele aanee hensalochya madatine echchya samudraparyatanachya yaa bahu-khandachya 'pranishastra' laa prayojit karnyasathi £1,000 chey koshagar anudan midavale.emm.ess. beagle, 2021 madhye sumare 115,000 poundchya samatulya rakkam. tyane bhoogarbhashastravaril tyachya niyojit pustakancha samavesh karnyasathi nidhi vadhavala aanee prakashkashi avastav tarkhanvar sahmati darshavali. victorian yug suru hotach, darwinne tyache 'journal' lihinyas suruvat kelee aanee august 1837 madhye mudrakache purave durust karnyas suruvat kelee.
darwin dabavakhali kaam karat asalyane tyachi prakruti khalavali. 20 september roji, tyanna "hrudayachi dhaddhad aswasth jhaali", mhanoon tyanchya doctoranni tyanna "serve kaame bund karoon" kahee aathvade deshat rahanyache aavahan kele. shrewsburyla bhet dilyanantar, too staffordshirechya meer hallmadhye tyachya wayswood natevaikansobat gela, parantu tyanna tyachya pravasachya kathansathi khoop utsuk vatale jyamule tyala jaast vishranti miloo shakali nahee. darwinpeksha nauu mahine mothee asaleli tyachi mohak, buddhiman aanee susanskrut chulat baheen emma wedgwood tyachya avaidh mavshichi kalji ghet hotee. tyache kaka joshiah yanni jaminichya eka bhagakade laksh vedhale jethe valukhali cinder gayab jhaale hote aanee suchavale qee heey gandulanche kaam asoo shakate, jyamule matichya nirmititil tyanchya bhoomikebaddal "eka naveen aanee mahattvacha siddhant" prerit jhaala, joou darwinne 1 november 1837 roji bhoogarbhiy samajat sadar keela. tyache "journal" chhapale gele aanee februwari 1838 chya akheris prakashit honyasathi tayar hote, tasech "katha" chaa pahila khand hota, parantu fitzroy ajunahi tyacha swatacha khand purn karnyasathi kathor parishram ghet hota.
william vvelane darwinla bhoogarbhiy sansthechya sachivpadachi jababdari swikaranyas pravrutt kele. suruvatila kaam nakarlyanantar, tyanni march 1838 madhye heey padd sweekarle. 'beagle' ahwal lihine aanee sampadit karane jaree katheen asale taree, darwinne parivartan karnyavar lakshaniy pragati kelee, pratyek sandhicha vapar karoon tadnya nisargshastradnyanna aanee, aparamparikpane, shetkari aanee kabutar premi yasarkhya nivadak prajananacha vyavharik anubhav asalelya lokanna prashna vicharale. kalantarane, tyachya sanshodhanat tyache natevaik aanee mule, kautumbik butler, shejari, vasahatvadi aanee majee jahajatil sathidarankadun mahitee ghetali gelee. tyanni suruvatipasunach manavjaticha tyanchya andajanmadhye samavesh keela aanee 28 march 1838 roji pranisangrahalayat eka orangutan pahilyavar tyachya balsangopanachya vartanachi nond kelee.
tanatanavacha fatka basala, junparyant potdukhi, dokedukhi aanee hrudayachi lakshane yamule tyala anek divas vishranti dilee jaat hotee. potdukhi, ulatya, tivra phood, dhaddhadane, thartharane aanee itar lakshane, visheshtah sabhanna upasthit rahane kinwa samajik bhetee dene yasarkhya tanavachya velee, tyanchya urvarit ayushyabhar teey varanvar aksham rahile. darwinchya aajarache kaaran adnyat rahile aanee upcharanchya prayatnanna keval tatpurte yash midale.
23 juuna roji tyane vishranti ghetali aanee scotlandmadhye bhuvidnyanasathi gela. teen unchivaril tekadyanmadhye kapalele samantar "raste" pahanyasathi tyanni glain royla vaibhavshali havamanat bhet dilee. nantar tyanni tyanche mutt prakashit kele qee heey sagari samudrakinare hote, parantu nantar teey eka praglesiyal talavachya kinarpatti aahet heey swikarave lagale.
purnapane barey houn too julaimadhye shrewsbury yethe paratala. pranyanchya prajananabaddal dainandin nondi lihoon thevayala lagananya, tyanni lagn, karkird aanee bhavishyatil shakyata yanvishayiche vilakshan vichar kagadachya done tukadyanvar lihile, ekavar 'lagn qaraa' aanee 'lagn karoo nakaa' asey stambh hote. lagn' antargat milananya fayadhyanmadhye 'satatcha jodidar aanee mhatarpanatil mitra' yancha samavesh hota... pustakansathi qamee paise" aanee "velecha bhayankar tota" yasarkhya gunanchya viruddha, kutryapeksha heey kasehi changle aahe. lagnachya bajoone nirnay ghetalyanantar tyane tyachya vadilanshi yavar charcha kelee, nantar 29 julai roji too tyachya chulat bhavachya emmala bhetayala gela. too prastav thevanyas tayar jhaala nahee, parantu tyachya vadilanchya sallyachya virodhat tyane sankramanavaril tyachya kalpanancha ullekh keela.
malthus aanee naisargik nivad.
londonmadhye tyanche sanshodhan suru thevat, darwinchya vyapak vachanat aata malthaschya "loksankhyechya tattvavaril nibandh" chya sahavya aavrutticha samavesh hota. 28 september 1838 roji tyanni tyacha dawa nondavala qee manvi "loksankhya, jevha aniyantrit asate, tevha darr panchvis varshanni swatahla duppat karat jaate kinwa bhaumitik gunottarat vadhate", hii eka bhaumitik pragati aahe jenekarun loksankhya lavkarach malthusian aapatti mhanoon olakhalya jaananya ann purvathyapeksha jaast hoil. derwin yachee tulana augustein dii candolchya vanaspatinchya "prajatinshi ladha" aanee vanyajeevanmadhil astitvasathichya sangharshashi karnyasathi changlya prakare tayar hota, jyat prajatinchi sankhya andaje kashee sthir rahate heey spasht kele gele. prajati nehmich upalabdh sansadhananchya palikade prajnan karat asalyane, anukool badalanmule jeev jaganyat aanee tyanchya santatimadhye badal ghadavun aananyat adhik changle hotil, tarr pratikool badal nasht hotil. tyanni lihile qee, "yaa serve faata padanyache antim kaaran, yogya rachana kramvari lavane aanee badalanshi julavun ghene heey asale pahije", jenekarun "eka laakh faata sarkhi shakti pratyek prakarchya julavun ghetalelya sanrachanet nisargachya arthvyavasthetil antaranmadhye ghusanyacha prayatna kareet aahe kinwa tyaeivaji kamkuvatanna baher kadhoon antar nirman karat aahe"."yamule naveen prajati tayar hotil. pudhe tyanni tyanchya aatmacharitrat lihileh
decemberchya madhyaparyant, nivadak prajananat sarvottam pashusampattichi nivad karnare shetkari aanee aakasmik prakaranmadhun nivadanare malthusian nisarg yanchyat samanata darwinne pahili, jenekarun "navyane midavalelya sanrachanecha pratyek bhag purnapane vyavharik aanee paripoorn asel", hii tulana "majhya siddhantacha eka sunder bhag" aahe asey samajoon. nantar tyanni tyanchya naisargik nivadichya siddhantala, jyala tyanni nivadak prajananachya 'krutrim nivadi' asey mhatale, tyachyashi tulana kelee.
11 november roji too meer yethe paratala aanee tyane punha ekada aaplya kalpana teela sangoon emmala prastav thewala. tine sweekarle, tyanantar premal patranchya devanghevanit tine dakhavun dile qee tyanche matbhed samayik karnyachya tyachya khulyapanala tine kase mahatva dile, tarr tichya majboot ekatma vishvas aanee tyachya pramanik shanka maranottar jeevanat tyanna vegale karoo shakatat yaa chinta vyakt kelya. too londonmadhye gharcha shodh ghet asatana, aajarache prasang suru rahile aanee emmane tyala thoda aaram karnyache aavahan karat lihile, jawaljawal bhavishyasuchak tippani karat, "mhanoon joparyant mea tujhyabarobar rahoon tuzi kalji gheu shakat nahee toparyant aanakhi aajari padoo nakos, majhya priy charley."tyanna gover streetwar (tyachya aateel bhagachya gondasatemule) jyala" "makav cottage" "mhanatat teey sapadale, nantar khrisamasachya velee tyanni tyanche" "sangrahalay" "halavale". 24 janewari 1839 roji darwin royal societycha (eff. aar. ess.) sadasya mhanoon nivadala gela.
29 janewari roji, darwin aanee emma wedgwood yanche lagn meer yethe eksandh lokansathi aayojit kelelya eka ingraji samarambhat jhaale, tyanantar tyanni lagech londonla jaanari gaadee aanee tyanchya naveen gharakade dhaav ghetali.
bhoogarbhashastrachi pustake, barnacle, utkrantivadi sanshodhan.
darwinkade aata tyachya naisargik nivadichya siddhantachi chaukat hotee, jyadvare 'konatya paddhatine kaam karave', haah tyacha 'pramukh chhand' hota. tyanchya sanshodhanat vanaspati aanee pranyanche vistrut prayogik nivadak prajnan, prajati nishchit kelya gelya naheet yacha purava shodhane aanee tyanchya siddhantala parishkrut aanee pushti denyasathi anek tapshilvar kalpanancha tapas karane yancha samavesh hota. pandhra varshe heey kaam bhuvidnyanavar lihinyachya aanee "beagle" sangrahanvar, visheshtah barnaclever tadnya ahwal prakashit karnyachya tyanchya mukhya vyavasayachya parshvabhumivar hote.
fitzroyche pradirgh vilambit 'kathan' meey 1839 madhye prakashit jhaale. darwinchya 'journal andd remains' laa tisra khand mhanoon changle punaravalokne midali aanee 15 august roji teey swatach prakashit jhaale. 1842 chya suruvatila, darwinne charles layalala tyachya kalpanambaddal lihile, jyane nondavale qee tyacha mitra "prajatinchya pratyek pikachi suruvat pahanyas nakar deto".
darwinche 'daad structure andd distribution auph coral reifs' heey pustak tyachya praval prastar nirmitichya siddhantavar teen varshanhun adhik kaal kaam kelyanantar meey 1842 madhye prakashit jhaale aanee tyanantar tyane tyachya naisargik nivadichya siddhantache pahile 'pencil sketch' lihile. londonchya dabavapasun vachanyasathi, septembermadhye kutumb kentmadhil grameen bhagat rahayala gele. 11 janewari 1844 roji darwinne vanaspatishastradnya joseph dalton hooker yanna dilelya tyachya siddhantacha ullekh keela aanee madhur vinodi vinodane lihile qee, "heey eka hatyechi kabuli dilyapramane aahe". hookarne uttar dile, "majhya matey, vegvegalya thikani utpadananchi malika jhaali asel aanee prajatinmadhye haloohaloo badalahi jhaala asel. haah badal jhaala asava asey tumhala kase vatate heey aikoon mallah anand hoil, kaaran sadhya kalpana keleli konatihi matey yaa vishayavar majhe samadhan karat naheet."
julaiparyant, darwinne tyache 'sketch' 230 pananche 'nibandh' kele hote, jeey tyache akali nidhan jhalyas tyachya sanshodhan parinamansah vistarle jaeel. novembermadhye, anamikpane prakashit jhalelya 'nirmitichya naisargik itihasachya avasheshanni' sankramanat vyapak rus aanala. darwinne tyachya haushi bhoogarbhshastra aanee pranishastrala tiraskar keela, parantu swatachya yuktivadancha kaljipurvak aadhava ghetala. vaad nirman jhaala aanee shastradnyanni tiraskarpurvak barkhast karoonahi tyachi changli vikri suru rahili.
darwinne 1846 madhye aapale tisare bhoogarbhiy pustak purn kele. tyane aata samudratil aprushthavanshi pranyambaddalche aakarshan aanee kaushalyache nutanikaran kele, jeey tyachya vidyarthi divasanpasun anudanane, tyane samudraparyatanadarmyan gola kelelya kotharanche vichhedan aanee vargikaran karoon, sunder sanrachananche nirikshan karoon aanee sanlagn sanrachananshi tulana karnyacha vichar karoon kele. 1847 madhye, hookarne "nibandh" vachala aanee asha nondi pathavalya jyaa darwinla aavashyak asalelya shant tikatmak abhiprayasah pradan karatat, parantu swatahla vachanbaddha karnar naheet aanee nirmitichya nirantar krutinna darwinchya virodhavar prashnachinh upasthit kele.
tyachi dirghakalin prakruti sudharnyachya prayatnat, darwin 1849 madhye dow. james galichya malvern spamadhye gela aanee hydrotherapycha kahee fayda pahoon tyala aashchary vatale. tyanantar, 1851 madhye, tyanchi maulyavan mulgi enee aajari padali, jyamule tyancha aajaar aanuvanshik asoo shakato yaa bhitiche punarujjivan jhaale aanee dirgh sankatannantar tee maran pavali.
barnacleveril aath varshanchya kamat, darwinchya siddhantane tyala "samarupata" shodhanyat madat kelee, jeey darshavate qee kinchit badallele sharirache bhag naveen paristhitichi purtata karnyasathi bhinn karye karatat aanee kahee vanshanmadhye tyala hermafroditeswar sookshm narr parjivi aadhalale, jeey bhinn linganchya utkrantitil madhyavarti tappa darshavitat. 1853 madhye, yamule tyanna royal societyche shahee padak midale aanee tyamule jivashastradnya mhanoon tyanchi pratishtha nirman jhaali. 1854 madhye, teey londonchya linian societyche sadasya banale, tyanchya granthalayat tapal pravesh midala. tyanni tyanchya prajatinchya siddhantache mothe punarmulyankan suru kele aanee novembermadhye tyanchya lakshat aale qee vanshajanmadhil bhinnateche spashtikaran teey "nisargachya arthvyavasthetil vaividhyapurn thikananshi" julavun ghetalyane kele jaau shakate.
naisargik nivadichya siddhantache prakashan.
1856chya suruvatiparyant, samudratil prajatincha prasar karnyasathi undy aanee biyane samudratil panyachya pravasatoon jagoo shakatat qaa yacha darwin tapas karat hota. hookerla prajati nishchit aahet yaa paramparik drushtikonavar adhikadhik shanka hotee, parantu tyancha tarun mitra thomas heinry huxley ajunahi prajatinchya sankramanala thampane virodh karat hota. darwinchya andajanmule tyanchi vyapti lakshat naan gheta layalala utsukata lagali. jevha tyanni alfried russell wallace yancha 'naveen prajatinchya parichayavar niyantran thevana kayadyavar' haah lekh vachala, tevha tyanna darwinchya vicharanshi samya disale aanee pradhanya sthapit karnyasathi prakashit karnyache aavahan kele.
jaree darwinla konatahi dhoka disala nahee, taree 14 meey 1856 roji tyane eka chhota lekh lihayala suruvat kelee. katheen prashnanchi uttare shodhane tyala varanvar khatakat rahile aanee tyane tyachya yojanancha vistar 'naisargik nivad' navachya 'prajatinvaril mothya pustakaparyant' keela, jyat tyachi 'manushyavaril nond' samavisht hotee. tyanni tyanche sanshodhan chaloo thewale, jagbharatil nisargshastradnyankadun mahitee aanee namune midavale, jyat borneomadhye kaam karananya valescha samavesh hota.
1857 chya madhyat, tyane eka vibhag shirshak jodale; "siddhant manushyachya vanshanna lagoo hoto", parantu yaa vishayavar majkoor jodala nahee. 5 september 1857 roji, darwinne american vanaspatishastradnya aas grey yanna tyanchya kalpananchi tapshilvar ruparesha pathavali, jyat manvi utpatti aanee laingik nivad vagalalelya 'naisargik nivadichya' saranshasah. decembermadhye, darwinla wallacekadoon eka patra midale jyat heey pustak manvi utpattiche parikshan karel qaa asey vicharale gele. tyane uttar dile qee too too vishay talhel, "itka purvgrahane vedhalela", tarr wallachya siddhantala protsahan dett aanee "mea tumchyapeksha khoop pudhe jaato" asey jodat."
darwinche pustak keval anshatah lihile gele hote, jevha 18 juuna 1858 roji tyala naisargik nivadiche varnan karnara eka kagad midala. tyala 'jangalbandi' karnyat aalee yacha dhakka basala, darwinne tyaa divashi too layelala pathavala, wallachya vinantinusar aanee jaree wallacene prakashan magitale nasale taree, darwinne suchavale qee too too wallacene nivadalelya konatyahi niyatkalikat pathvel. tyache kutumb sankatat hote, gavatil mule scarlett tapane maran pavali aanee tyane goshti tyachya mitranchya hatat dilya. kahee charchenantar, valescha samavesh karnyacha konatahi vishvasarh marg nastana, layel aanee hooker yanni 1 julai roji linian societymadhye 'prajatinchi jaatee tayar karanyachi pravrutti; aanee nivadichya naisargik madhyamandvare jaatee aanee prajatinche shashvatpan' yavar sanyukt sadarikaran karnyacha nirnay ghetala. 28 junachya sandhyakali, darwinchya lahan mulacha jawaljawal eka aathvadyachya gambhir aajaranantar scarlett tapane mrutyu jhaala aanee too upasthit rahnyas khoop vyathit hota.
yaa siddhantachya ghoshanekade tatkal farse laksh dile gele nahee; linian societychya adhyakshanni meey 1859 madhye tippani kelee qee heey varsh konatyahi krantikari shodhanni chinhankit kelele nahee. keval eka punaravaloknamule darwinla nantar teey aathavata aale; dublinche pradhyapak samuel hogton yanni assa dawa keela qee "tyat jeey kahee naveen hote teey serve khote hote aanee jeey kharey hote teey june hote". durdhar aajarane grast asalelya, parantu tyachya vaidnyanik mitrankadun satat protsahan milananya tyachya 'mothya pustakacha' saransh tayar karnyasathi darwinla tera mahine sangharsh karava lagla. johnn murrene too prakashit karanyachi vyavastha lilene kelee.
"22 november 1859 roji pustak vikretyanna vikrisathi pathvanyat aalelya 1,250 pratinchya sampoorn sathyasah, prajatinchya utpattivar 'anpekshitpane lokpriy tharale. pustakat darwinne tapshilvar nirikshane, nishkarsh aanee apekshit aakshepancha vichar karnyababat' eka dirgh yuktivad 'mandala. samanya vanshacha muddah mandatana, tyane manav aanee itar sastan pranyanmadhil samarupateche purave samavisht kele. laingik nivadichi ruparesha aakhun, tyane asey sanket dile qee teey manvi vanshanmadhil farak spasht karoo shakate. tyanni manvi utpattichi spasht charcha talhali, parantu vakyasah tyanchya karyache mahatva soochit kele; "manushyachya utpattivar aanee tyachya itihasavar prakash takala jaeel."tyacha siddhant parichayamadhye fakt namood keela aaheh
pustakachya shevati tyanni assa nishkarsh kadhala keeh
pustakachya pahilya paach aavrutyanmadhye 'utkrant' haah shevatcha shabd ekmev prakar hota. "tyaa velee 'utkrantivad' haah itar sankalpananshi sambandhit hota, sarvat samanyapane garbhashastriy vikasashi. darwinne 1872 madhye 'prajatinchya utpatti' chya 6 vya aavruttit samavisht karnyapurvi, 1871 madhye 'manushyachya vansh' madhye utkranti haah shabd pahilyanda vaparla.
prakashanala pratisad.
yaa pustakane aantarrashtriy swarasya nirman kele, lokpriy aanee qamee vaidnyanik "nirmitichya naisargik itihasachya avasheshanche" swagat karnyapeksha qamee vadavivad jhaale. jaree darwinchya aajarane tyala sarvajanik vadavivadanpasun door thewale asale, taree tyane vaidnyanik pratisadachi aaturatene chhanani kelee, vruttapatratil nondi, punaravalokne, lekh, upahas aanee vyangchitre yavar bhashya kele aanee jagbharatil sahkanyanshi sanvad sadhala. yaa pustakat manvi utpattivar spashtapane charcha kelee gelee nahee, parantu manavanchya pranyanchya vanshavalibaddal anek sanket samavisht kele gele aahet jyatoon nishkarsh kadhala jaau shakato.
pahilya punaravalokanat vicharale gele, "jarr makad manus jhaala asel tarr manus kaay honar nahee?"samanya vachkansathi heey khoop dhokadayak aahe mhanoon heey dharmashastradnyanvar sodale pahije asey tyat mhatale aahe. suruvatichya anukool pratisadanmadhye, haksalechya samikshanni huxley ulthavoon taknyacha prayatna karat asalelya vaidnyanik aasthapaneche nete richard owen yanchyavar swipe kele.
eprilmadhye, ovenchya punravloknene darwinchya mitranvar hallah keela aanee tyachya kalpana namrapane fetalalya, jyamule darwin santapt jhaala, parantu owen aanee itaranni alaukik margdarshit utkrantichya kalpananna protsahan denyas suruvat kelee. patrick mathyune tyachya 1831 chya pustakakade laksh vedhale, jyat eka sankshipt appendix hota, jyamadhye naisargik nivadichi sankalpana suchavali gelee hotee, jee naveen prajatinna chalana dett hotee, parantu tyane hii kalpana vikasit keleli navhati.
church auph englandcha pratisad sammishra hota. darwinche june cambridge shikshak sedgavik aanee henslo yanni yaa kalpana fetalalya, parantu udarmatvadi padrinni naisargik nivadicha arth devachya rachaneche eka sadhan mhanoon lavala, aanee dharmaguru charles kingsley yanni tyakade "devatechi kalpana mhanoon udatt" mhanoon pahile. 1860 madhye, saat udarmatvadi ingraji dharmashastradnyanni kelelya "nibandh aanee punravloknan" chya prakashanane darwinche karkunanche laksh valavale. uchch tikansah tyachya kalpananvar charchchya adhikaanyaanee pakhand mhanoon hallah keela. tyat, beden powellne assa yuktivad keela qee chamatkaranni devache niyam modale, mhanoon tyanchyavaril vishvas nastik hota aanee tyane "shree. darwin yanchya nisargatil swayam-vikasit shaktinchya bhavya tattwala [samarthan] denanya utkrusht granthachi" prashansa kelee.
aasa grene darwinshee teleologiver charcha kelee, jyane aastik utkrantivar greche patrak aayat kele aanee vitarit kele, "naisargik nivad naisargik dharamshastrashi visangat nahee". sarvat prasiddha sangharsh 1860 madhye sarvajanik auxford utkranti vadavivadat british association phaur daad advancement auph sciencechya baithakit jhaala, jithe auxford samuel wilberforce bishop, jaree prajatinchya sankramanala virodh karat nasale taree, darwinchya spashtikaranaviruddh aanee vanaranpasun manvi vanshachya virodhat yuktivad karat hote. joseph hookarne darwinsathi jordar yuktivad keela aanee thomas haksalecha pauranik pratyuttar, qee tyane aaplya bhetvastuncha gairavapar kelelya mansanpeksha too vanaratoon aala asel, heey dharmavaril vidnyanachya vijayache prateek banale.
darwinche jawalche mitra grey, hooker, huxley aanee lile yannihi ajunahi vividh aakshep vyakt kele, parantu itar anekanpramanech, visheshtah tarun nisargshastradnyanni jordar pathimba deela. grey aanee lile yanni shraddheshi samet ghadavun aananyacha prayatna keela, tarr huxley yanni dharm aanee vidnyan yanchyatil dhruvikaranache chitran kele. vyavsayik shastradnyanchya naveen pidhichya bajoone ovenchya netrutvakhalil padri aanee kuleen haushi lokanche varchasva ulthavoon taknyachya uddeshane tyanni shikshanatil padrinchya adhikaraviruddha kathorpane moheem rabavali. menduchya sharirshastrane manav haah vanaranpeksha vegala jaivik kram asalyache siddha kele assa ovencha dawa huxleyne kingsleyne 'gret hippocampus prashna' mhanoon upahasit kelelya dirghkal chalalelya vadat khota asalyache dakhavale aanee ovenla badnam kele.
jivanache mool spasht kele gele nahee yaa aakshepanna uttar mhanoon, darwinne gurutvakarshanache kaaran adnyat asale taree newtonchya niyamachya swikrutikade laksh vedhale.
darwinwad hii utkrantivadi kalpananchya vistrut shrenicha samavesh karnari chalval bunley. 1863 madhye, layelchya "manushyachya prachinatechya bhoogarbhiy puravyanni" pragaitihasik itihas lokpriy keela, jaree utkrantivishayichya tyachya savadhgirimule darwin nirash jhaala. kahee aathvadyannantar haksalechya "nisargatil manushyachya sthanavishayichya puravyanvarun" asey disun aale qee sharirikdrushtya manav heey wanner aahet, tyanantar heinry walter bates yanni 'amazon nadivaril nisargshastradnya' mhanoon naisargik nivadiche anubhavjanya purave dile. lobbingmule brittoncha sarvoch vaidnyanik sanman, royal societyche kopali padak, 3 november 1864 roji pradan karnyat aale. tyaa divashi, huxleyne 'vidnyan, shuddha aanee mukt, dharmik siddhantanni mukt' mhanoon samarpit prabhavshali 'ex club' bunley, tyachi pahili baithak aayojit kelee. dashakachya akheris, bahutek shastradnyanni utkranti jhaali yavar sahmati darshavali, parantu keval alpasankhyakanni darwinchya yaa drushtikonache samarthan kele qee mukhya yantrana naisargik nivad hotee.
prajatinche mool' heey anek bhashanmadhye bhashantarit jhaale, aanee haksalechya vyakhyananmadhye sahbhagi jhalelya 'kamgar purush' yanchyasah jivanachya serve starantoon vicharshil laksh aakarshit karnara eka mukhya vaidnyanik grunth banala. darwincha siddhant tyaa kalatil vividh chalvalinna pratidhvanit jhaala aanee lokpriy sanskraticha eka pramukh bhag banala. vyangchitrakaranni pranyanchya vaishishtyansah manavanna dakhavanyachya junya paramparet pranyanchya purvajanchi vidambana kelee aanee brittenmadhye, yaa droll pratimanni darwinchya siddhantala dhokadayak margane lokpriy banavanyasathi madat kelee. 1862 madhye aajari asatana darwinne dadhi vadhavanyas suruvat kelee aanee 1866 madhye jevha too punha sarvajanikaritya disala, tevha wanner mhanoon tyachya vyangchitranmule serve prakarchya utkrantivadala darwinwadashi olakhanyat madat jhaali.
"manushyache vansh", laingik nivad aanee vanaspatishastra.
tyachya aayushyachya shevatchya bavis varshant varanvar aajarpan aale taree darwinche kaam suruch rahile. tyanchya siddhantacha saransh mhanoon 'prajatinchya utpattivar' prakashit kelyanantar, tyanni tyanchya 'mothya pustakache' prayog, sanshodhan aanee lekhan suru thewale. tyanni samajachi utkranti aanee mansik kshamatansah, tasech vanyajeevanmadhil sajavatiche saundarya samajavun sangane aanee navinyapurn vanaspati abhyasanmadhye vividhata aanane yasah purvichya pranyanpasun aalelya manvi vanshacha samavesh keela.
keetak paraganavishayichya chaukashimule 1861 madhye vanya orkidcha naveen abhyas jhaala, jyat pratyek prajatila vishisht patang aakarshit karnyasathi aanee cross fertilisation sunishchit karnyasathi tyanchya fulanche anukulan darshavile gele. 1862 madhye 'orkidchya fertilisation' neey jatil paryavaraniy sambandh spasht karnyasathi naisargik nivadichya samarthyache pahile tapshilvar pratyakshik dile, chachaniyogya andaj kadhale. tyanchi prakruti khalavat asatana, teey chadhaichya vanaspatinchya halchalincha magova ghenyasathi shodhak prayoganni bharalelya kholeet tyanchya aajari padadyavar padale. abhyagatanchya kautukamadhye lammerkwad aanee goethechya aadarshavadacha samavesh asalelya darvinavadachya utsahi samarthak ernst hekalacha samavesh hota. jaree too adhikadhik adhyatmachya dishene valala, taree bhales tyala pathimba dett rahila.
darwinche 'daad variation auph animal andd plants under domestication' (1868) heey pustak tyachya niyojit 'bigg book' chaa pahila bhag hote aanee tyat aanuvanshikta spasht karnyacha prayatna karananya pangenesischya tyachya ayashasvi gruhitkancha samavesh hota. aakar jaree asala taree suruvatila tyachi vegane vikri jhaali aanee anek bhashanmadhye tyache bhashantar jhaale. tyanni naisargik nivadivar bahutansh dusra bhag lihila, parantu too tyanchya aayushyat aprakashit rahila.
lilene manvi pragaitihasik itihasala aadhich lokpriy kele hote aanee huxleyne heey dakhavun dile hote qee sharirikdrushtya manav heey wanner aahet. 1871 madhye prakashit jhalelya 'daad decent auph mann andd selection inn relations auph ling' yaa pustakasah, darwinne anek strotankadun purave dile qee manav heey prani aahet, jeey sharirik aanee mansik gunadharmanchi satatya darshavitat aanee manav serve ekach prajati aahet yavar bharr detana moranchya pisanchi tasech sanskratichi manvi utkranti, linganmadhil farak aanee sharirik aanee sanskrutik vanshik vargikaran yasarkhya avyavharik pranyanchi vaishishtye spasht karnyasathi laingik nivad sadar kelee. nechar journalchya eka sampadkiyanusarah "jaree charles darwinne gulamgirila virodh keela aanee manavanna samaan purvaj aahet assa prastav mandala, taree tyane itaranpeksha pandhare lock uchch asalelya vanshanchya padanukramache samarthan kele."
pratima vaparoon kelelya tyanchya sanshodhanacha vistar tyanchya 1872 chya 'daad expression auph daad emotions inn mann andd animal' yaa pustakat karnyat aala, jeey chhapil chhayachitranche vaishishtya asalelya pahilya pustakanpaiki eka hote, jyat manvi manasshastrachi utkranti aanee pranyanchya vartanashi asalelya tyachya satatyavar charcha karnyat aalee hotee. donhi pustake khoop lokpriy tharali aanee jyaa sarvasadharan manyatesah tyanchi matey prapt jhaali hotee, tyamule darwin prabhavit jhaala aanee mhanala qee, "pratyekjan dhakka naan basata tyabaddal bolat aahe."tyacha nishkarsh assa hota qee," jyaa manushyane tyachya serve udatt gunansah, jyachi sarvat qamee bhavna asalelya lokambaddal sahanubhooti aahe, jyacha vistar keval itar mansanparyantach nahee tarr sarvat namr sajivanparyant hoto, jyachya daivi buddhine saurmalechya halchalinmadhye aanee rachnet pravesh keela aahe-yaa serve udatt shaktinsah-manushya ajunahi tyachya sharirik chaukatit tyachya nimn utpatticha amit thasa dharoon aahe."
tyanchya utkrantishi sambandhit prayog aanee tapasamule "kitakbhakshi vanaspati, bhajipalyachya samrajyatil cross aanee self fertilisation parinam", ekach prajatichya vanaspatinvar fulanche vividh prakar aanee "vanaspatinmadhil halchalinchi shakti" yaa vishayanvar pustake prakashit jhaali. tyanni mahitee gola karane aanee jagbharatil vaidnyanik vartaharankadun matanchi devanghevan karane suru thewale, jyat merrie treatcha samavesh hota, jyanna tyanni tyanchya vaidnyanik karyat satatya rakhanyas protsahit kele. vanaspatinmadhye mansahariche mahatva olakhanare teey pahile vyakti hote. tyanchya vanaspatishastravishayak kamacha arth lavala gela aanee anudan elon aanee etch. saha vividh lekhakanni lokpriy kele. jee. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatila vanaspati vidnyanat parivartan ghadavun aananyas madat jhaali.
mrutyu aanee antyasanskar.
1882 madhye, tyanna 'anjaina pectoris' asey mhatale jaanare nidan jhaale, jyacha arth tevha coronary thrombosis aanee hrudayacha rog assa hota. tyachya mrutyuchya velee, doctoranni 'anginal attack' aanee 'haart failure' chey nidan kele; tevhapasoon tyachya ayushyabhar chalalelya aarogyachya samasyambaddal vidvattapoorn andaj lavale jaat aahet.
19 april 1882 roji tyanche nidhan jhaale. tyanche shevatche shabd tyanchya kutumbala, emmala sangtana hote, "mallah mrutyuchi ajibat bheeti vatat nahee. majhya serve mulanna teey majhyasathi kitee changle aahet heey aathavanyasathi tumhi kitee changli patni aahat heey lakshat thewa". tine vishranti ghetali asatana, tyane henrietta aanee francis yanna varanvar sangitale, "tumchyakadun kalji ghene aajari padane jawaljawal fayadeshir aahe".
tyala daun yetheel seent merrie charchyardmadhye daphan kele jaanyachi apeksha hotee, parantu darwinchya sahkanyanchya vinantivarun, sarvajanik aanee sansadiy yachikenantar, william spottiswood (royal societyche adhyaksh) yanni darwinla johnn hershell aanee isaq neuton yanchya jawal westminster abbay yethe daphan karoon sanmanit karanyachi vyavastha kelee. budhwari 26 april roji jhalelya antyavidhila kutumb, mitra, shastradnya, tatvadnya aanee manyavaransah hajaro lock upasthit hote.
varsa aanee smaranotsav.
alfried russell wallacene mhatalyapramane, darwinne "aaplya kalatil konatyahi mansanpeksha-kinwa kadachit konatyahi velee manvi vicharanmadhye eka chaturthansh shatkat mothee kranti kelee hotee", aamhala jivanachya jagachi eka naveen sankalpana dilee hotee aanee eka siddhant joou swatach sanshodhanache eka shaktishali sadhan aahe; serve vegvegalya kamgar varganni gola kelelya sampoorn tathyanna eka susangat sampoorn tathyat kase ekatra karave heey aamhala dakhavale aahe aanee tyadvare nisargachya sampoorn abhyasat kranti ghadavun aanali aahe.
bahutek shastradnyanna aata utkranti hii badalansah utarati mhanoon patali hotee, jaree kahijan darwinshee sahmat hote qee naisargik nivad heey "mukhya aahe parantu parivartanache ekmev sadhan nahee". darvinavadachya grahan" darmyan shastradnyanni paryayi yantranecha shodh ghetala. tyanantar ronald fisherne "naisargik nivadichya janukeey siddhantat" mendelian janukshastracha samavesh keela, jyamule loksankhyeche janukshastracha aanee aadhunik utkranti sanshleshan vikasit hott rahile, jeey satat vikasit hott aahe. vaidnyanik shodhanni darwinchya pramukh antardrushtila pushti dilee aahe aanee pramanit kele aahe.
tyachya navanusar bhaugolik vaishishtyanmadhye darwin sound aanee mount darwin, yaa donhi navancha samavesh aahe, jyache naav too 'beagle' samudraparyatan karat asatana thewale gele hote aanee darwin bandar, jyache naav tyachya pudhchya samudraparyatanadarmyan tyachya majee jahajatil sathidaranni thewale hote, jeey akheris austreliyachya uttarekadil pradeshachi rajdhani asalelya darwinche sthan banale.darwinche naav, aupcharik kinwa anaupacharikpane, asankhya vanaspati aanee pranyanna denyat aale hote, jyat tyane samudraparyatanadarmyan gola kelelya anek pranyancha samavesh hota. 1 julai 1858 roji darwin aanee wallace yanni tyancha siddhant prakashit kelelya shodhanibandhanchya sanyukt vachanapasun pannas varshe purn hott asatana, londonchya linian societyne 1908 madhye darwin-wallace padak puraskar denyas suruvat kelee. 1958 aanee 2008 madhye aanakhi puraskar denyat aale, 2010 pasoon padak puraskar varshik aahet. 1964 madhye sthapan jhalelya cambridge vidyapithatil padvyuttar mahavidhyalay asalelya darwin mahavidhyalayala darwin kutumbache naav denyat aale aahe. 2000 teey 2017 yaa kalat banq auph englandne jaaree kelelya 10 paundachya banknotanmadhye, eka hummingbird aanee etch. emm. ess. beagles, darwinche chitra mage chhapalele hote.
mule.
darvinanna daha mule hotih done balpanatach maran pavale aanee vayachya dahavya varshi enichya mrutyucha tichya palkanvar vinashkari parinam jhaala. charles heey eka samarpit vadil hote aanee aaplya mulankade asamanyapane laksh dett asat. jevha jevha teey aajari padatat, tevha tyanna bheeti vatate qee tyanchi patni aanee chulat baheen emma wedgwood yanchyashi asalele jawalche kautumbik sambandh yamule tyanna vanshparamparagataritya prajananamule kamkuvatpana aala asel. anek prajatinmadhye bahirgaman karnyachya fayadhyanshi tulana karoon tyanni tyanchya likhanat antargarbhache parikshan kele. 
december 1856 madhye janmalela charles warring darwin haah mulanpaiki dahava aanee shevatcha hota. emma darwin janmachya velee 48 varshanchi hotee aanee mool manasikdrushtya aswasth hote aanee kadhihi chalayala kinwa bolayala shikale navhate. tyala kadachit daun syndrome hota, jyache vaidyakeey varnan tevha kele gele navhate. vilyam erasmus darwinne baal aanee tyachya aaiche chhayachitra heey purava aahe, jyat dokyacha eka vaishishtyapurn aakar aanee mulachi kutumbachi nirikshane darshavili aahet. 28 juuna 1858 roji charles warring yanche scarlett tapane nidhan jhaale, jevha darwinne tyachya niyatkalikat lihile, "garib priy baal maran pavale." 
tyachya jiwant mulanpaiki, george, francis aanee horace heey anukrame khagolshastradnya, vanaspatishastradnya aanee nagri abhiyanta mhanoon pratishthit shahee samajache sadasya banale. yaa tighannahi nitechi padvi denyat aalee hotee. dusra mulga, leonard, pudhe sainik, rajkarani, arthshastradnya, sujananshastradnya aanee sankhyikishastradnya aanee utkrantivadi jivashastradnya ronald fisher yancha margdarshak banala.
matey aanee matey.
dharmik matey.
darwinchi kautumbik parampara ekatmata navhati, tarr tyache vadil aanee aajoba muktachintak hote aanee tyacha baptisma aanee boarding school hii church auph ingland hotee. anglican padri honyasathi cambridgela jaatana, tyane "baybalmadhil pratyek shabdachya kathor aanee shabdasha satyavar kiman shanka ghetali nahee". tyane johnn hershelche vidnyan shikale, jyane, william palechya naisargik dharmashastrapramanech, chamatkaranaivaji nisargachya niyamanmadhye spashtikaran magitale aanee prajatinche anukulan haah rachanecha purava mhanoon pahila. etch. emm. ess. 'beagle' varr, darwin agadi rudhivadi hota aanee naitiktevar adhikar mhanoon baybalacha ullekh karato. vitaran spasht karnyasathi tyane 'nirmitichi kendre' shodhali aanee austreliya aanee englandmadhye sapadalelya agadi samaan shinge daivi hatacha purava asalyache suchavale.
parat aalyavar, tyane baibal haah itihas aahe yavar teeka kelee aanee serve dharm samanpane vaidh qaa nasavet assa prashna tyane upasthit keela. pudhil kahee varshant, bhoogarbhshastra aanee prajatinchya sankramanavar sakholpane andaj lavtana, tyanni dharmacha khoop vichar keela aanee tyanchya patni emma yanchyashi ughadpane charcha kelee, jyanchya shraddha ashach prakare sakhol abhyas aanee prashna vicharoon aalya.
pally aanee thomas malthus yanchya siddhantane paropkari nirmatyachya niyamancha parinam mhanoon upasmarisarkhya white goshtinche samarthan kele, jyacha ekandar changla parinam jhaala. darwinparyant, naisargik nivadimule anukulateche changle utpadan jhaale parantu rachanechi garaj door jhaali aanee tyala serve vedna aanee dukkhat sarvashaktiman devateche karya disu shakale nahee, jase qee pneumon tantu tyachya andyansathi jiwant ann mhanoon survantanna ardhangvayu deto. jaree tyane dharmala aadivasi jaganyache dhoran manale asale, taree darwin antim kayada denara mhanoon devachi kalpana sodanyas nakhush hota. too dushtatechya samasyemule adhikadhik aswasth hott hota.
darwinche daunche padri johnn broady ines yanchyashi jawalche mitra rahile aanee charchchya parishchya kamat pramukh bhoomika bajavat rahile, parantu 1849 chya aaspas tyache kutumb charchala jaat asatana ravivari firayala jayache. eka manus utkat aastik aanee utkrantivadi asoo shakato yabaddal shanka ghene heey betuke aahe asey tyanni manale aanee jaree tyanchya dharmik matambaddal teey udaseen asale taree, 1879 madhye tyanni lihile qee, "mea devache astitva nakarnyachya arthane kadhihi nastik rahilelo nahee. mallah sadharanpane asey vatate... adnyeyavadi heey majhya manachya sthitiche sarvat yogya varnan asel.
1915 madhye prakashit jhalelya 'lady hope story' madhye dawa karnyat aala hota qee darwin tyachya aajari padadyavarun khristi dharmat paratala aahe. darwinchya mulanni heey dave fetalale aanee itihaskaranni teey khote asalyache nakarle aahe.
manvi samaj.
samajik aanee rajkiy mudyanvaril darwinchya matanmadhye tyacha kaal aanee samajik sthitee pratibimbit hote. too eka susanskarachya kutumbat motha jhaala, jyanni tyache kaka joshiya wedgwood yanchyasarkhech nivadanuk sudharananna aanee gulamanchya muktis pathimba deela. ingraji karkhanyatil kamgar kinwa nokaranchya kamkajachya paristhitimadhye konatihi samasya disat nasatanahi darwin gulamila tivra virodh karat hota.
1826 madhye mukt jhalelya gulam johnn edmonstonekadun taxidermiche dhade ghetalyane, jyala darwinne khoop kalapasoon "eka atishay sukhad aanee buddhiman manus" mhanoon aathvan karoon dilee, tyane tyacha vishvas drudh keela qee krishnavarniy lock samaan bhavna samayik karatat aanee itar vanshanchya lokanpramanech buddhiman asoo shakatat. beagle' chya pravasat bhetalelya sthanik lokambaddalhi tyane ashich vrutti dakhavali. tyaa velee brittenmadhye jaree samanya asale taree, silliman aanee batchman yanchya lakshat gulam-malkichya amerikeshi virodhabhas aala. sumare vees varshannantar, varnabhed heey british samajache eka vaishishtya banale, parantu darwin gulamgirichya virodhat, tathakathit vanshanna vishisht prajati mhanoon sthan denyachya virodhat aanee sthanik lokanshi gairvartan karnyachya virodhat thaam rahile.
etch. emm. ess. bigalchya dusya samudraparyatanadarmyan jemi batansarkhya yaghananshi (fugian) darwinchya sanvadacha sthanik lokambaddalachya tyachya drushtikonavar kholvar parinam jhaala. terra dell fuego yethe aagman jhalyavar tyane 'fugian ranti' lokanche rangiberangi varnan kele. jevha too yadnya lokanna adhik tapshilvar olakhat gela tevha haah drushtikon badalala. yaghancha abhyas karoon darwinne assa nishkarsh kadhala qee vegvegalya manvi gatanchya anek moolbhut bhavna sarkhyach hotya aanee mansik kshamata sadharanpane europeey lokanpramanech hotya. yadnya sanskratit rus asatana, darwin 1850 chya dashkaparyant tyanchya sakhol paryavaraniy dnyanache aanee vistrut vishvashastrache kautuk karnyat ayashasvi jhaala, jevha tyane 32,000 shabdancha tapasheel asalelya yadnyachya shabdakoshala tapasale. tyanni pahile qee european vasahatvadamule anekada sthanik sanskruti namshesh hotil aanee "naisargik itihasachya samaan sanskratichya utkrantivadi itihasat vasahatvad samakalit hoil".
mahilambaddal darwincha drushtikon assa hota qee purushanche tyanchyapeksha shreshthatva heey laingik nivadicha parinam hote, yaa drushtikonavar antonet braun blackwellne tichya 1875 chya 'daad sexus arrow nechar' yaa pustakat aakshep ghetala hota.
1865 madhye tyachya savatra chulat bhavachya francis galtonchya, aanuvanshiktechya sankhyikeey vishleshanatun asey disun aale qee naitik aanee mansik manvi vaishishtye varshane miloo shakatat aanee prani prajananachi tattve manavanna lagoo houu shakatat, yaa yuktivadamule darwin aashcharyachakit jhaala. manushyache vansh' madhye darwinne namood kele qee, durbalanna jaganyasathi aanee kutumbe midvinyasathi madat karane naisargik nivadiche fayade gamavoo shakate, parantu ashee madat rokhalyane sahanubhootichya antahpreranes dhoka nirman hoil, 'aaplya svabhavacha sarvat udatt bhag' aanee shikshanasarkhe ghatak adhik mahattvache asoo shakatat. jevha galtonne suchavale qee prakashan sanshodhan "naisargikaritya pratibhavant asalelyanchya" "jatimadhye aantarvivahala protsahan deu shakate, tevha darwinne vyavharik adchanincha purvavalokan keela aanee mallah vatale qee" ekmev vyavharya, tarihi mallah manavjat sudharanyasathichya prakriyechi kalpana, aadarshavadi bheeti vatate ", keval varshache mahatva jaheer karane aanee nirnay vyaktinvar sodane pasant kele. 1883 madhye darwinchya mrutyunantar francis galtonne yaa abhyas kshetrala 'eugenics' asey naav dile aanee eugenic dhorananna protsahan denyasathi tyachya siddhantancha ullekh keela gela.
utkrantivadi samajik chalvali.
darwinchi prasiddhi aanee lokpriyata yamule tyache naav kalpana aanee chalvalinshi sambandhit jhaale, jyaa kahee vela tyachya lekhanashi keval apratyaksh sambandh thevatat aanee kahee vela tyachya spasht tippanyanchya thet virodhat jaatat.
thomas malthasne assa yuktivad keela hota qee sansadhananchya palikade loksankhya vaadh hii manwala utpadakpane kaam karnyasathi aanee kutumbe midvanyat sanyam dakhavanyasathi devane niyukt kelee hotee; 1830 chya dashakat yacha vapar kamachya thikananche aanee mukt-nyaypurn arthshastrache samarthan karnyasathi keela gela. toparyant utkrantikade samajik parinam mhanoon pahile jaat hote aanee herbert spensorche 1851 chey pustak 'soshal statics' tyachya lamarchian utkranti siddhantavar manvi swatantrya aanee vaiyaktik swatantryanchya kalpananvar aadharit hote.
1859 madhye 'mool' prakashit jhalyanantar lagechach, tyaa kalatil ingraji audhyogik bhandavalshahiche malthusian samarthan mhanoon astitvasathichya sangharshachya tyachya varnanachi tikakaranni khilli udavali. darwinwad" haah shabd itaranchya utkrantivadi kalpanansathi vaparla gela, jyat mukt-bajarpethechi pragati mhanoon spensorchya "sarvat yogyateche astitva" aanee ernst hekalchya manvi vikasachya bahujananvadi kalpanancha samavesh aahe. lekhakanni naisargik nivadicha vapar, vividh, anekada parasparvirodhi, vichardharansathi, jase qee 'leices-phair dogg-eat-dogg capitalism', vasahatvad aanee samrajyavad yansathi keela. tathapi, darwinchya nisargavishayichya sarvangin drushtikonat "eka vyaktiche dusya vyaktivar avalambitva" samavisht hote; asha prakare shantatavadi, samajvadi, udarmatvadi samaj sudharak aanee pieter kropotkin yanchyasarkhya arajaktavadi lokanni prajatinchya sangharshavar sahkaryachya mulyavar bharr deela. samajik dhoran heey keval sangharsh aanee nivadichya sankalpanandware nirdeshit kele jaau naye, assa aagrah darwinne swatah dharala.
1880 chya dashakapasun, jaivik varshachya kalpananvar sujananshastra chalval vikasit jhaali aanee tyanchya kalpananchya vaidnyanik samarthanasathi darvinavadachya kahee sankalpananna aakarshit kele. brittenmadhye, bahutekanni aichchhik sudharanambabat darwinchi savadh matey samayik kelee aanee sakaratmak sujananshastrat changli vaishishtye asalelyanna protsahit karnyacha prayatna keela. darvinavadachya grahan" darmyan, mendelian janukshastrane sujananshastrasathi eka vaidnyanik paya pradan keela hota. durbal manache' lock kadhoon taknyasathi nakaratmak sujananshastra america, canada aanee austreliyamadhye lokpriy hote aanee united statesmadhil sujananshastrane anivarya nasbandi kayade lagoo kele, tyanantar itar anek deshanni kele. tyanantar, nazi sujananshastrane yaa kshetrachi badnami kelee.
1890 chya sumaras 'samajik darwinwad' haah shabd kvachitach vaparla jaat hota, parantu 1940 chya dashakat jevha richard hoffstadder yanni sudharana aanee samajvadala virodh karnanyansarkhya william graham sumner yanchyasarkhya lokanchya leices-phair rudhivadavar hallah karnyasathi vaparla tevha too eka apmanaspad shabd mhanoon lokpriy jhaala. tevhapasoon, utkrantiche naitik parinam aahet asey tyanna vatananya shabdanna virodh karnanyankadun durupyogachi sandnya mhanoon yacha vapar keela jaat aahe.
kaam karate.
darwin heey eka yashasvi lekhak hote. utkrantivaril tyanchya kamanche prakashan jhaale nasate, taree 'daad vivage auph daad beagle' chey lekhak, dakshin amerikevar mothya pramanat prakashit kelele aanee praval pravalanchya nirmitiche kode sodavnare bhuvaidnyanik aanee barnaclever nishchit kaam prakashit karnare jivashastradnya mhanoon tyanchi lakshaniy pratishtha jhaali asatee. prajatinchya utpattivar" tyachya karyabaddalachya samajutinvar varchasva gajavat asatana, "manushyachya utpattivar" aanee "manushya aanee pranyanmadhil bhavananchya abhivyaktivar" lakshaniy parinam jhaala aanee "vanaspatinmadhil halchalinchi shakti" yasah vanaspatinvaril tyachi pustake navinyapurn abhyas hotee, tasech "kruminchya krutidvare bhajipalyachya sachechi nirmiti" yaa vishayavarche tyache antim karya hote.
nondi.
. baybalsambandhichya shabdavadachya pravasanantar robbert fitzroy prasiddha honar hote, parantu yaveli tyanna lilechya kalpananmadhye lakshaniy rus hota aanee jevha lile yanni dakshin americet nirikshane karnyas sangitale tevha teey samudraparyatanapurvi bhetale. patagoniatil santa cruze nadichya chadhanichya velee fitzroychya dindarshiket tyanche mutt nondavale gele aahe qee maidani bhag samudrakinare unch kele gele hote, parantu paratalyavar, eka atishay dharmik mahileshi navyane lagn karoon, tyanni yaa kalpana mage ghetalya.
. prajatinchya utpattivaril' chya 'adhyay xiii chya' aakarvidnyan 'vibhagat, darwinne manav aanee itar sastan pranyanmadhil samaroop hadanchya namunyanvar tippani kelee, asey lihitatah' pakadanyasathi tayar jhalela manasacha haat, khodanyasathicha tantu, ghodyacha paay, porpoisecha paddle aanee vatvaghalache pankh, heey serve ekach namunyavar bandhale gele pahijet aanee tyach hadancha samavesh samaan sapeksh sthiteet keela pahije yapeksha adhik utsukata kaay asoo shakate?"aanee shevatchya adhyayatah" hadanchi rachana manushyachya hatat, vatvaghalache pankh, porpoiseche pankh aanee ghodyachya payat sarkhich asate... haloohaloo aanee thodyasha kramik badalansah utaran siddhantache spashtikaran lagech dya."
prajatinchya utpattivar" darwinne aaplya nishkarsh tippanimadhye manvi utpatticha ullekh keela qee "durchya bhavishyat mallah adhik mahattvachya sanshodhanasathi mokali kshetre disatat. manasshastra eka naveen payavar aadharit asel, pratyek mansik shakti aanee kshamata shrenibaddha karoon aavashyakpane midvane. manushyachya utpattivar aanee tyachya itihasavar prakash takala jaeel."
adhyay 6: siddhantavaril adachani" madhye tyanni laingik nivadicha sandarbh dilah "mea yach uddeshane purushanchya vanshanmadhil farak jodala asel, jeey itake drudhpane chinhankit kele aahet; mea heey jodu shakato qee yaa farkanchya ugmavar, pramukhyane eka vishisht prakarchya laingik nivadidvare, kahee pramanat prakash takala jaau shakato, parantu yethe bharpur tapasheel naan deta majha tark nirathak vatel."
1871 chya 'daad decent auph mann' madhye darwinne pahilya parichhedachi charcha keleeh
"anek varshant mea yaa vishayavar prakashit karnyacha konatahi hetu naan thevata, parantu prakashit naan karnyachya drudhnishchayane, mansachya utpattivar kinwa vanshavar nondi gola kelya, kaaran mallah vatale qee asha prakare mea keval majhya matanviruddha purvagrah vadhvayala havah. majhya 'prajatinchya utpatti' chya pahilya aavruttit, mallah heey soochit karane purese vatale qee yaa karyadvare 'manushyachya utpattivar aanee tyachya itihasavar prakash takala jaeel;' aanee yacha arth assa aahe qee yaa pruthvivaril tyachya swarupachya sandarbhat konatyahi samanya nishkarshat manushyala itar sendriya pranyansah samavisht kele gele pahije."1874chya dusya aavruttichya prastavnet tyanni dusya muddyacha sandarbh jodalah" anek samikshakanni asey mhatale aahe qee jevha mallah aadhalale qee naisargik nivadidvare manasachi rachana spasht karata yet nahee, tevha mea laingik nivadicha shodh lavala; tathapi, mea 'prajatinchya utpatti' chya pahilya aavruttit yaa tattvache eka sahan karnyayogya spasht rekhachitra dile aanee mea tithe sangitale qee teey manushyala lagoo hote."
. udaharanarth, diborah emm. yanni lihilele 'charlote perkins gillman andd daad feminisation auph education' heey 'villa khand 4' pahaa. dii simonah "gillmanne vicharvantanchya pidhishi anek moolbhut shaikshanik kalpana samayik kelya, jeey darwinchya prajatichya ugmamule jhalelya" bauddhik arajakatechya "kalat paripakv jhaale. vyakti manvi aanee samajik utkrantila margadarshan karoo shakatat yaa vishvasane chinhankit, anek purogami lock shikshanakade samajik pragatila chalana denyasathi aanee shaharikaran, garibi kinwa sthalantar yasarkhya samasyanche nirakaran karnyasathi ramban upay mhanoon pahat aale."
. udaharanarth, gilbert aanee sulivan yanchya 'princess ida' madheel 'aaa lady phair auph lijan haee' heey gaane pahaa, jeey purushachya vanshache varnan karate (parantu striche nahee!) vanaranpasun.
. kalya lokanmadhye europeey lokanpramanech aavashyak manavata aahe aanee tyanchyat anek mansik samanata aahet yaa darwinchya vishvasala 1826 madhye johnn edmonstone yanchyakadun midalelya dhade adhik drudh jhaale. 'beagle' pravasachya suruvatila, jevha tyane fitzroychya sanrakshanavar aanee gulamgirichi stutee karnyavar teeka kelee tevha darwinne jahajavaril aapale sthan jawaljawal gamavale. tyanni gharee lihile qee, "nivadanukit dakhvilyapramane, gulamgirichya virodhat samanya bhavna kitee sthirpane vadhat aahe. englandla purnapane radd karnara too pahila european desh asel tarr englandsathi kitee abhimanachi gosht aahe! ingland sodanyapurvi mallah sanganyat aale hote qee gulam deshanmadhye rahilyanantar majhi serve matey badalali jaatil; mallah mahit asalela ekmev badal mhanje nigro patracha khoop jaast andaj tayar karane."fugian lokambaddal, too" "kroor aanee susanskrut mansanmadhil farak kitee vyapak aahe yavar vishvas thevu shakala nasatah too jangali aanee paliv pranyanpeksha motha aahe, kaaran mansamadhye sudharanyachi mothee shakti aahe", parantu tyala jemi batansarkhe susanskrut fugian mahit hote aanee aavadateh "jevha mea tyachya serve changlya gunancha vichar karato, tevha mallah ajunahi aashchary vatate, qee too ekach vanshatil asava aanee tyach charitryacha bhag asava, jyaa dayaneey, apmanit jangali lokansah aapan yethe pahilyanda bhetalo hoto." 
manushyachya vansh' madhye, 'tathakathit vanshanna vegalya prajati mhanoon sthan denyachya' virodhat yuktivad kartana tyane fugian aanee edmonstonechya manachi samanata european lokanshi namood kelee.
tyane sthanik lokanshi honara gairvartan nakarle aanee udaharanarth, petagonian purush, striya aanee mulanchya hatyakandambaddal lihile, "ithalya pratyekala purnapane khatri aahe qee heey sarvat nyayya yuddh aahe, kaaran teey anagarik lokanviruddha aahe. khristi susanskrut deshat asey atyachar kele jaau shakatat yavar yaa yugat kona vishvas thewel?"
. janukshastradnyanni manvi aanuvanshiktecha mendelian varsa mhanoon abhyas keela, tarr sujanan chalvalinni united kingadammadhil samajik vargavar aanee americetil apangatva aanee vanshiktevar laksh kendrit karoon samajache vyavasthapan karnyacha prayatna keela, jyamule janukshastradnyanni yaa chalvalikade avyavharik chhadmavidnyan mhanoon pahile. swayamsevi vyavasthepasun "nakaratmak" sujananshastrakade valanyamadhye sanyukt rajyanmadhil anivarya nasbandi kayadyancha samavesh hota, jyachi naji germanyne vishanujanya varnabhed aanee "vanshik swachchata" yavar aadharit nazi sujananshastrasathi aadhar mhanoon nakkal kelee hotee.()
. david quamen tyachya "siddhantabaddal lihito qee [darwin] yaa rahasyamay vanaspatishastriy abhyasakade valala-ekapeksha jaast pustake tayar kelee jee ghattapane anubhavjanya, vivekpurnapane utkrantivadi hotee, tarihi eka 'bhayanak booar' hotee-kiman anshatah jenekarun orkhade aanee devadute aanee aatmyambaddal ladhanare orkhade karnare vadgrast tyala sodoon jaatil... ektech ". david quamen, 'daad brilliant pladder' (qeena thompsonche punaravalokan, 'darwinchi sarvat adbhut vanaspatih tyachya vanaspatishastriy varshacha daura', shikago vidyapith press, 255 peepi.; elizabeth hennessy, "kasavanchya pathivarah darwin, galapagos aanee utkrantivadi edenche bhavitavya", yell university press, 310 peepi.; biil jenkins, "evolution biphore darwinh theories auph daad transmutation auph speesheej inn edinberg, 1804-1834", edinberg university press, 222 peepi.), 'daad newyork review auph books', khand. lxvi, nahee. 7 (23 april 2020), pru. 22-24. quamen, pru. tyachya punaravalokanachya 24.