phillipinescha faujdari kayada

phillipinesche faujdari kayade heey kayadyache eka bhag aahet aanee philipinesmadhye tyachya shikshanchi vyakhya karatat.
itihas.
jevha spanish vasahatikartyanni phillipinesvar vijay midavala, tevha spanish 'kodigo dandatmak' lagoo karnyat aala aanee 1870 chya shahee aadeshadvare philipinesparyant vistar karnyat aala. yachee jaaga junya dandatmak sanhitene ghenyat aalee jee spanish sarvajanik lagoo kelee aanee 14 julai 1876 roji philipinesmadhye lagoo jhaali. haah kayada philipinesmadhye american vasahatikaran hoiparyant prabhavi hota. keval 8 december 1930 roji, jevha kayadyantargat tyat sudharana karnyat aalee. nahee. 3815, phillipineschya sudharit dand sanhitechya (sudharit dand sanhitechya) adhiniyamnasah.
sudharit dand sanhita.
sudharit dand sanhita 1 janewari 1932 roji lagoo jhaali. tyat done bhag aahet-sudharit dand sanhitepaiki eka pustak kayadyachya amalbajavanivaril samanya tartudi aanee faujdari kayadyachi samanya tattve pradan karate. gunhegari dayitvavar parinam gunhe gunhegari aanee paristhitichi vyakhya, gunhegari dayitwala suut denari, qamee karnari kinwa vadhavnari paristhiti aanee paristhitiche samarthan karane aanee gunhegari dandache vargikaran, kalavadhi aanee parinam paribhashit karane. shevati, tyat gunhegari aanee nagri nagri namshesh hone aanee tikoon rahane yachee tartud aahe.
dusarikade sudharit dand sanhitechya asha pustakat pratyek gunhyasathi vishisht gunhe aanee aakarnyayogya dandanchi vyakhya kelee aahe. gunhe heey rashtriy suraksheviruddhache gunhe (jase qee deshdroh, hergiri aanee choree), rajyachya moolbhut kayadyanviruddhache gunhe (bandkhori, bandkhori, deshdrohache aanee sarvajanik vikar), sarvajanik hitaviruddhache gunhe (chalani nota banavat karane, sarvajanik kagadpatranche khotepana), sarvajanik naitikateviruddhache gunhe, sarvajanik sarvajanik kelele gunhe, vyaktinviruddhache gunhe (paricide, hatya, sharirik dukhapati, balatkar), suraksheviruddhache gunhe (apaharan) aanee malmatteviruddhache gunhe (luut, choree) asha itaranmadhye vargikrut kele aahet. sudharit dand sanhitenusar faujdari nishkaljipana dekhil gunha aahe. sudharit dand sanhitenusar, kayadyane dandaniy krutye aanee vagalanyala gunhe mhanatat. tyamule, gunha mananyasathi eka krutee kinwa chook asane aavashyak aahe.
gunhyanchya samaptiche praman.
gunhe purn kele jaau shakatat, nirash kele jaau shakatat aanee prayatna kele jaau shakatat. jevha tyachi amalbajavani aanee kamgirisathi aavashyak asalele serve ghatak upasthit asatat tevha gunha purn hoto. jevha gunhegar fashichi serve krutye karato jyamule parinami gunha nirman hoto parantu tarihi, gunhegaranchya ichchhepasun swatantra karananmule tee sadar karat nahee tevha too nirash hoto. jevha gunhegar thet kinwa ughadpane gunhegari karnyas suruvat karato aanee tyachya swatachya utsfurt pratikaravyatirikt itar kahee karanastav kinwa apghatamule gunhegari nirman hoil ashee serve fashichi krutye karat nahee, tevha eka prayatna hoto.
jevha done kinwa adhik vyakti ekhadya gunhyachya ghadamodimbabat karar karatat aanee too karnyacha nirnay ghetat tevha cutt rachala jaato. uddeshachi ekata' yaa kalpanevar aanee samaan rachnekade rachnekade krutinvar aadharit cutt dekhil siddha keela jaau shakato. jevha gunhegari karnyacha nirnay ghetalelya vyaktine tyachya fashicha prastav itar ekhadya vyaktila kinwa vyaktinna deela aahe, tevha prastav yeto. cutt rachane aanee deshdrohacha, bandkhoricha aanee bandkhoricha prastav vagalata cutt rachane aanee gunha karnyacha prastav samanyatah dandaniy nasato. samanyatah dandaniy nasale taree, gunhegari dayitva nishchit karnyasathi cutt rachane heey gunhegari gunhyanmadhye sahbhagache praman nishchit karoo shakate.
gunhegari dayitvavar parinam karnari paristhiti.
vishisht paristhitichya upasthiticha parinam vyaktinche gunhegari dayitva kadhoon takane, qamee karane kinwa vadhavane assa hoto. paristhitiche samarthan kartana gunhe gunhe vyaktinna faujdari kinwa diwani dayitva bhogave lagat nahee. swasanrakshanasathi krutee karane hii yaa nyayya paristhitipaiki eka aahe.
dusarikade, suut suut paristhitichi upasthiti gunhegarala faujdari dayitvapasun suut deil parantu diwani dayitvapasun nahee. yapaiki kahee apavadatmak paristhiti mhanje murkhapana kinwa tarunya. dusarikade, ekhada gunha keela jaato tevha eka kinwa adhik qamee karnari paristhiti asane, dand qamee karnyasathi upayogi tharoo shakate. eka udaharan mhanje aichchhik aatmasamarpan.
shevati, gambhir paristhitichi upasthiti, doshi tharalyavar gunhyakhali ladalya ladalya shikshet vaadh karel. kahee udaharane mhanje sarvajanik pradhikaranacha avman kinwa upman.
gunhyanmadhye sahbhag.
sudharit dand sanhitenusar, jevha ekapeksha jaast vyakti gunhegarit sahbhagi hotat, tevha kayada tyanchya sahbhagakade pahato kaaran gunhegaranna shiksha kartana, sudharit dand sanhitenusar tyanche mukhyadhyapak, sathidar kinwa sahayyak mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate. (aaa) gunhyachya amalbajavanit thet bhag ghene, (buub) itaranna too karnyas thet bhag padane kinwa pravrutt karane, kinwa (qa) jyachyashivay too purn jhaala nasata asha asha krutidvare gunha karnyas sahkarya karane yasathi ekhadi vyakti mukhyadhyapak mhanoon jababdar asoo shakate. sahayyak mhanje tyaa vyakti, jyaa mukhyadhyapak mhanoon kaam karat nasalya taree, purvichya kinwa ekach velee kelelya krutyandvare gunhyachya amalbajavanimadhye sahkarya karatat.
shevati, upkarane mhanje jeey gunhe ghadalyachi mahitee asalele aanee tyat sahbhagi naan jhalele, eka tarr mukhyadhikari kinwa sahkari mhanoon, tyachya krutyanantar pudhilpramane sahbhagi hotatah (aaa) swatah laa napha midvoon dene kinwa gunhegarala gunhyachya parinamancha fayda ghenyas madat karane, (buub) gunhyacha mukhya bhag lapavane kinwa nasht karane, kinwa tyache parinam kinwa sadhane, tyacha shodh talhanyasathi, kinwa (qa) gunhyachya mukhya sutradharanna aashray dene, lapavane kinwa tyatoon bachav karnyat madat karane.
mukhyadhyapakanna tyanchya sathidaranpeksha adhik kathor shiksha dilee jaate, jyanna sahayyak upkarananpeksha adhik kathor shiksha dilee jaate. tathapi, jevha cutt rachala jaato, tevha ekhadi vyakti mukhyadhikari, sahkari kinwa sahayak mhanoon kaam karate qee nahee yabaddal yapudhe bhedbhav rahnar nahee, kaaran jevha cutt rachala jaato, tevha sarvanchi gunhegari jababdari samaan asel, kaaran ekache karya heey sarvanche karya aahe.
hatya.
sudharit dand sanhitechya kalam 248 madhye hatya mhanje khaleel sahaa paristhitinpaiki konatyahi paristhitit kutumbatil sadasyashivay itar konachi taree hatya karane ashee vyakhya kelee aaheh
hatyesathi 'reclusion perpua' (20 teey 40 varshe turungwas) ashee shiksha aahe. yaa sahaa gambhir paristhitinpaiki konatyahi paristhitishivay, hatya karane heey tyaeivaji samoohik hatyedvare dandaniy aahe. fashimadhye sadhane, paddhati kinwa formcha vapar karoon hatya 'vishvasghatane' kelee jaate, jee thet aanee visheshtah tyachya fashichi hummy denyasathi pravrutt hote, gunhegarala bachavatoon bachavatoon jokhmishivay jee pidit paksh karoo shakato. vishvasghatache saar asey aahe qee hallah konatyahi konatyahi aanee vegwan, jaanunbujun aanee anpekshit paddhatine hoto, jyamule asahayya, nihshastra aanee sanshay naan balgata piditala pratikar karanyachi kinwa paloon jaanyachi sandhee milat nahee. vishvasghatacha vichar karnyasathi, done ghatakanmadhye ekmat asale pahijeh (1) jyaa vyaktinvar hallah keela jaato tyanna swatacha bachav karanyachi kinwa pratyuttar denyachi sandhee naan deta fashichya sadhanancha vapar karane; aanee (2) fashichi sadhane jaanunbujun kinwa janivpurvak sweekarli gelee.
vishesh dandatmak kayade.
sudharit dand sanhitet dandatmak gunhyanvyatirikt, bekaydeshirpane thevane aanee dhokadayak ammali padarthanchi taskari, munny laundering aanee bekaydeshirpane banduka balgane yasarkhya krutyanna dandatmak asey itar anek gunhegari kayade manjur karnyat aale aahet. yaa kayadyanna 'vishesh dandatmak kayade' mhanatat aanee teey phillipineschya faujdari kayadyancha bhag aahet. sudharit dand sanhita aanee vishesh dand kayadyantargat shiksha jhalelya gunhyanmadhye kahee farak aahet.
sudharit dand sanhitet soochibaddha kelelya gunhyanchya ullanghanancha sandarbh 'maalaa inn seey' assa aahe, jyacha shabdasha arth assa aahe qee heey krutya swabhavikpane white kinwa white kinwa chukiche aahe. dusarikade, vishesh dandatmak kayadyanchya ullanghananna samanyatah 'malam nishiddha' kinwa chukiche krutya mhanoon sambodhale jaate kaaran teey pratibandhit aahe. asha prakare, vishesh dandatmak kayadyantargat shiksha jhalelya gunhyansathi jababdar asalelya vyaktila shodhanyasathi konatyahi faujdari hetuchi aavashyakta nahee. joparyant heey krutya kele jaate, toparyant kayadyanusar too gunha mhanoon dandaniy aahe.
vishesh dandatmak kayadyanche serve ullanghan 'maalaa nishiddha' nasate. jaanunbujun kelele gunhe heey nehmich durdevi asale taree, vishesh kayadyanche ullanghan karoon kelelya nishiddha krutyanna nehmich durdevi manale jaate asey nahee.
sudharit dand sanhita aanee vishesh dand kayadyantargat dandaniy gunhyanmadhye kahee mahattvache farak aahet. tyapaiki eka mhanje sudharit dand sanhitantargat shiksha jhalelya gunhyanmadhye, gunhegaranche naitik vaishishtya vicharat ghetale jaate. mhanunach dandaniy krutya karnyat gunhegari hetu kinwa nishkaljipana asel tevhach dayitva udbhavate. vishesh dandatmak kayadyantargat shiksha jhalelya gunhyanmadhye, gunhegaranchya naitik vaishishtyancha vichar keela jaat nahee; pratibandhit krutya swechhene kele gele heey purese aahe.

