anglo-french yuddh (1778-1783)

anglo-french yuddh, jyala jyala yuddh kinwa brittenmadhil borban yuddh asehi mhanatat, haah france aanee gret britton yanchyat, kadhikadhi tyanchya sambandhit mitrapakshansobat, 1778 teey 1783 darmyan ladhala gelela lashkari sangharsh hota. parinami, gret brittenla american swatantryayuddha (uttar americetil tera vasahatinni kelele bund) ladhanyasathi vaparleli sansadhane europe, bharat aanee west indigemadhil chitrapatgruhanmadhye valvavi lagali aanee tyachya uttar american mohimanmadhye nishthavant samarthanache chimera kaay tharale yavar avalambun rahave lagale. 1778 teey 1783 paryant, tyanchya mitrarashtransaha kinwa tyashivay, france aanee britton yanni ingraji vahini, bhoomadhyasagar, bharatiy mahasagar aanee caribeanmadhil varchasvasathi ladha deela.
bergoynechya sharanagatichya batmyanchya francemadhye pohochalyanantar kahee divasantach, raja lui solava yane americananshi vataghati karnyacha nirnay ghetala, jyacha parinam aupcharik franco-american yutimadhye aanee french yuddhat praveshat jhaala, jyamule sangharsh jaagtik staravar gela. aranjuezchya gupt tahanusar francecha mitra mhanoon spain 1779 paryant yuddhat utarala nahee. brittenberoberchya french yuddhanantarchya vergencechya mutsaddi halchalincha nantarchya dutch prajasattakachya yuddhatil praveshavar aanee rashiyasarkhya itar mahattvachya bhoo-rajkiy kheladunchya tatasthatechya ghoshananvar dekhil bhautik parinam jhaala. mahagadya yuddhala virodh vadhat hota aanee juuna 1780 madhye londonmadhye "gherav dangli" mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya ashantatemadhye yogdan dile.
tyach velee francene britishanchya tabyat asalelya menorca aanee gibraltar tasech caribeanmadhil betanvaril karvait spanish lokanna madat kelee. caribeanmadhil anek betanpramanech 1781 madhye menorca tabyat ghenyat aala. tathapi, 1782 madhye eprilmadhye sentchya ladhait dii grasscha parabhav aanee taba tasech septembermadhye gibraltarchya mothya vedhyat apayash aalyane franco-spanish yuteela tivra adthalyancha samna karava lagla. aarthik adchaninna tond tond francela shantata havee hotee, jyacha arth tichya spanish mitrala vataghati karnyas bhag padane assa hota.
yavyatirikt, edmiral edward hugs aanee piyare andrey dii sufferen yanchyatil naudal ladhayanchi malika brittenla tichya bharatiy pradeshanmadhun visthapit karnyachya french prayatnat ladhali gelee. yetheel ladhai mothya pramanat anirnit hotee parantu french britishanna visthapit karoo shakale naheet aanee 1783 chya tatpuratya anglo-french-spanish shantata kararanchi mahitee midalyavarach ladhai sampali.
borban yuddhane amerikeche swatantrya surakshit karnyas aanee pahilya british samrajyacha ant karnyas madat kelee parantu french mukutasathi teey hanikarak tharale. american yuddhat sahbhag ghenyachya kharchamule sahaa varshannantar franceche swatache diwalkhori jhaale, jyamule french krantisathi munch tayar jhaala.
parshvabhoomi.
saat varshanchya yuddhapasun, francechya pararashtra mantryanni, choisulpasoon suruvat karoon, brittonchya uttar american vasahatinche swatantrya francesathi changle aanee britainsathi white asel aanee shivay naveen franceche kahee bhag parat midvanyache french prayatna tyaa karanasathi hanikarak asateel yaa samanya kalpaneche palan kele hote. 1775 madhye jevha yuddh suru jhaale, tevha tatkalin pararashtra mantri comte dii vergence yanni prastavanchya malikechi ruparesha aakhali, jyamule french aanee spanish bandkhor chalvalila gupt pathimba midala aanee tyanchya naudalachya vistarasah yuddhachi tayari jhaali. yuddhat french sahbhagache uddisht pudhe nenyasathi, vergence uttar america aanee londonmadhil batmyanvar barkaine laksh thevun hote aanee yuddhat spanish sahbhagasathiche adthale door karnyasathi kaam karat hote. august 1776 madhye raja lui solavya yachyapudhe yuddh prastavit karnyaparyant vergensene prayatna kele, parantu hovene newyork shahar tabyat ghetalyachya batamine tyaa yojanela vilamb jhaala.
1777 paryant tera vasahatinche bund bund varshat pravesh karat hote. saratogachya ladhait johnn bergoynechya sharanagatimule asey sanket midale hote qee american vasahatinviruddhacha sangharsh apekshepeksha jaast kaal aanee mahag honyachi shakyata aahe. britishanchya parabhavanantar french hastakshep aanee european yuddhachi shakyata vadhali hotee. franceberober yuddhachya bhitine uttar koriyachya sarkarne american vasahatinshi salokha sadhanyacha prayatna keela aanee yasathi yogya pramanat svayatta denyas tayar hote, parantu 1775 madhye jeey purese asel teey 1778 paryant purese rahnar navhate. uttarela swatantrya denyacha konatahi hetu navhata, parantu saratogachya parshvabhumivar aanee french yutichi shakyata asalyane, american qamee attinshi sahmat honyachi shakyata navhati.
german rajyanmadhye aapala prabhav tikavoon thevanyat jaree titkach rus asala taree francela duheri samasya hotee. uttar americetil bandkhor british vasahatincha samarthak mhanoon, khandiy sahbhag talhane heey francechya hitache hote. europeksha uttar americetil britishanche france adhik nuksan karoo shakato. 1756 madheel rajnaitik punarrachanene 200 varshanchya french pararashtra dhoranala ulthavoon takale hote, jyane french mukut aanee french janatela habsberg gharanyachya virodhat ekatra aanale, jyamule habsberg austriya aanee habsberg spenshee varanvar jhalelya yuddhanmadhye francela mothya pramanat pradeshik laabh midala. 1756 madhye heey dhoran ulatalyane europemadhil french pararashtra dhoran viennashi jodale gele. hii punarrachana asoonahi, versoy yetheel french darbarat aanee francemadhye samanyatah, eka majboot austriyan-virodhi bhavna astitvat hotee. hotee rajnaitik kranti, kranti lui, 'vienoischa daufin' aanee austriyan archdueches merrie antonet yanchya vaiyaktik sanyogane (lagnasathi rajnaitik sandnya) anek french lokanchya najaret rajkiy aanee vaivahik 'vivah' donhi manali jaat asey. 200 varshanchya french pararashtra dhoranasamor teey udale, jyamadhye kendriya swasiddhant "habsberg gharanyashi vair hota". french pararashtra mantri, comte dii vergence yanni 1756 chya yutipurvichya austriyan lokanshi kholvar shatrutva rakhale. tyanni francechya paramparik bandhanchya badalas manyata dilee navhati aanee ostriyananna avishvasaniy manale hote. 1778 paryant too francela austriyala sopavalelya tatkal lashkari lashkari baher kadhanyat yashasvi jhaala.
yuddh.
anglo-french naudal sankat 1778.
4 december 1777 roji, philadelphiya kosalale aahe aanee bergoyne aatmasamarpan kele aahe ashee batami versailis yetheel benjamin franklinparyant pohochali. done divasannantar lui solavya yane yutisathi vataghati karnyas sahmati darshavali. 6 februwari 1778 roji kararavar kararanvar karnyat aalya aanee eka mahinyanantar francene britanviruddha yuddh jaheer kele, junmadhye ushant yethe jhalelya naudal chakmakipasun, visheshtah 17 juuna 1778 chya karvaipasoon, shatrutva suru jhaale. george tisra yane franceshee yuddhache swagat kele nahee, parantu too tyasathi "tayar" hota. rajala asey vatale qee tyane sangharsh talhanyacha prayatna keela hota, parantu "france aakramak honyachi nivad karato" aanee brittonne "yuddhat sampale tarr aavashyak tee serve pavale uchalali hotee". saat varshanchya yuddhat tyaa borban shaktivaril britishanchya vijayanche smaran karoon too franchamberober sashastr sangharshasathi "tayar" hota.
tyaa sangharshadarmyan, france khandiy shaktinshi ladhatana europemadhye adakala hota, tarr brittonne french naudlala parabhoot kele aanee bharat, west indies aanee uttar americet vijay midavala. tathapi, apayshamule suruvatila brittonchi dhoranatmak sthitee sthitee teela labhalelya sthitipeksha khoopach vegali hotee. russiachya rajyashi asaleli yutee geleeh geleeh britton rajnaitikdrushtya alipta aanee european mitranshivay hota. yaa varshachya pahilya mahinyant, brittonne francechya satteshi nigadit honyasathi mahadvipiy mitra shodhanyacha prayatna keela, parantu too ayashasvi tharala. yaa apayshamule apayshamule yuddhache madhyavarti dhoranatmak tathya nirman jhaleh franceche samarthya aatmasat karnyasathi konatyahi spardhatmak european mohima honar naheet. shantikalat european algikaran aprasangik hote, parantu fransviruddhachya yuddhat european mitrarashtranshivay britton gambhir gairsoyichya sthiteet hota.
frenchanviruddhachya aadhichya yuddhanpramane, ashiya aanee americetil yuddhanaivaji europemadhye ladhane nivadane yasarkhe kahee dhoranatmak paryay brittenla heey deu kartil. 1778 madhye shatrutva suru jhalyanantar jagatikikaranachya yuddhachya bhaganpaiki eka mhanoon france aanee britton yaa naukechya niyantranasathi ladhale. yuddhachya suruvatila, european jalkshetratil pahili tafyatil karvai 27 julai 1778 roji, naukechya mukhashi asalelya ushant yaa betachya paschimes 100 mail antaravar ladhali gelee. pratyeki 30 jahajansah samaan shaktiche done french aanee british yuddhanauka, anek taas ekmekanshi hinsakpane ladhanyasathi aalya aanee donhi bajunni spasht vijay midavala nahee. tevhapasoon yaa ladhaiche varnan tyachya nikalanmadhye anishchit asey kele gele hote.
caribean, 1778-1779.
pashchimekadil dhoranatmak aanee karyanvit paristhiti guntaguntichi hotee. tyat naudalachya varchasvasathichya ladhaya, shatruchya tukadya aanee vasahatinvar chhape aanee american swatantryachya yuddhat yuddhat bajunchya samarthanarth kelelya uddanancha samavesh hota. frenchanni brittonche sarvat mahatvache sakhar utpadak, barbado aanee jamaikala adavale, tyanna ann aanee purvathyapasun door thewale, hajaro lock upasamar aanee aajarpanamule maran pavale. vasahatvadi sainyane keval maryadit sahayyak bhoomika bajavalya aanee french aanee british sainik ladhaipeksha caribean hawaman aanee rogamule adhik maran pavale. french tabyat asalele martiniqa aanee gwadelop darmyan asalele aanee 1761 madhye brittonne tabyat ghetalele west indies bett heey dominica heey eka vishesh swarasyapoorn kshetra hote. bett punha tabyat ghetalyane betanmadhil sampark sudharel aanee french nauvahanavar shikar swagat khajgi lokanna dominican bandarancha vapar nakarta yeil. august 1778 madhye, martinikche french governor-general markis dii baule, francois claude amore yanna yuddh ghoshit jhalyachi batami midali.
french yuddhanauka "concord" 17 august roji pariskadoon lavkarat lavkar dominica ghenyachya aadeshasah martinikala pohochali aanee dii boilane asha operationsathi twarit yojana aakhali. british prashasanachya kalat mothya pramanat french rahilelya dominican loksankhyemadhye tyanni sampark rakhale hote. parinami, tyachyakade dominican sanrakshn dalachya sthitiche achook chitra hote aanee betavaril chhavanichi sankhya "kartvyasathi yogya asalele pannas sainikanpeksha qamee" aahe heey tyala maheet hote. edmiral samuel barringtonchya british leavered betanchya tafyachya thavthikanabaddalhi tyala chinta hotee, jeey tyachya lashkari samarthyapeksha lakshaniyaritya jaast hote. dii bouilala maheet nasalela, barrington, jyane nuktech aapale padd sweekarle hote, pudhil soochana mileparyant tyacha bahutek tafa barbados yethe thevanyache aadesh denyat aale hote. betavaril british niyamit sainya, jyachi ekoon sankhya sumare 100 hotee, rajdhani rozzo, tyakade durlaksh swagat tekdyanmadhil sanrakshn aanee catchacru yethe vitarit karnyat aale.
dii baulene martinikavar aapale sainya tayar karnyas suruvat kartana dominican dominican vyavhar kartana shantatecha agrabhag kaljipurvak rakhala. 2 september roji tyane aanee leftnunt governor stuart yanni eka kararavar kararanvar kelya, jyat khajgi dalala lutanyas aupcharikpane bandee ghalanyat aalee. aanee divashi dii baulene aaplya eka eka prince rupertchya upasagarat (sadhyachya portsmouthjaval) shahee naudalache yuddhanauka ajunahi lunger ghalat aahet qaa heey pahanyasathi dominicala pathavale. tyaa mansavar sanshay asalelya stuartne tyachi chaukashi kelee aanee nantar tyachi sutka kelee. 5 september roji dii bouilala kalavanyat aale qee yuddhanauka barbadosasathi ravana jhaali aahe. september 1778 madhye dominica yethe britishancha parabhav karoon tyane vegane hallah keela. dii baulene betavar 800 (700 french niyamit aanee 100 mukt krishnavarniy sainya) sainikanchi eka chhawani sodali, tyachi kamaan markis dii dachilokade valavali aanee martinikala paratala. yuddhadarmyan caribean betanvar niyantran badalanyat parinami lashkari karvaichya maliketil yaa ghatana pahilya hotya, jyamadhye dii baule anekada sahbhagi hota.
dominikachya padnyachya batmila londonmadhye aashchary vatale; yaa reshechya ekach jahajane hallah rokhala asava heey lakshat gheta, edmiral barringtonla yaa nukasanisathi mothya pramanat doshi tharavale gele aanee tyachya aadeshanche khoop jawalun palan kelyabaddal tyanchyavar teeka karnyat aalee. french edmiral comte dii 'estying december 1778 chya suruvatila paschim indigemadhye aala, jyat yaa reshechi 12 jahaje aanee anek lahan jahaje hotee. tyach velee edmiral william hothamchya netrutvakhalil british tafa dekhil aala, jyane edmiral samuel barringtonchya west indies tafyat vaadh kelee. jyaa aadesh aanee atirikt tukadya ushira aalya hotya, tyanni barbados yethe edmiral barringtonla thewale hote, teey frenchanchya tabyat asalelya sentvar hallah karayache hote. lucia, jee nantar britishanni december 1778 madhye tabyat ghetali. dii 'estaingne madat karnyacha prayatna keela taree, britishanni seent. lucia martiniqa yetheel pramukh french talavar dekhrekh thevate, jithe dii 'estying mukhyalay hote.
british leavered ilands stationchi kamaan kamaan edmiral johnn byron yanchya netrutvakhalil daha jahajanni janewari 1779 madhye british tafyala aanakhi balkati dilee. spenne purvardhat donhi tafyanna aanakhi sainyabal midale, jyanantar french tafa britishanpeksha shreshth hota. shivay, byron sentane nighun gela. seent yethe yethe british vyapari jahajanna anurakshan seva puravanyasathi 6 juuna roji lucia. europela olakhalya tafyasathi kiit, dii 'estayangla abhinay karnyasathi mukt sodate. dii 'estying aanee dii baule yanni jawalchya british malmatteviruddha mohimanchi malika suru karanyachi sandhee ghetali. seent vincentchya dakshinekadil seent vincent bett heey tyanche pahile lakshya hote. lucia. too 18 juuna roji padala aanee dii 'estyingne tyache laksh itar betankade valavale. britishancha pramukh taba asalelya barbadosvar kabja karanyachi tyala aasha hotee, parantu purvela pasarlelya vyapari vyapari konatihi pragati naan karata tyane grenadekade laksh kendrit kele. french tafa 2 julai roji grenada yethoon aala aanee 3 julai roji usheera suru jhalelya tyachya mukhya sanrakshanavar hallah keela. 4 tarkhela sharanagatichya atinvar sahmati jhaali.
1779 madhye french vice admiral dii 'estying yanni uttarekade pahili mothee moheem haatee ghetali. britishanchya tabyat asalelya savana pradeshavar aakraman karnyachya prayatnat, frenchanni 20 jahaje aanee 3,000 sainik georgiachya vahatukisathi aanale. washington tyachya mitranna sahkarya karnyat ayashasvi jhaala asala taree, newyork shaharatil britishanvar hallah karnyas tayar asatana, dii 'estingne francemadhye paratanyapurvi americananna madatisathi sainya pathvile, jase tyala karnyache aadesh denyat aale hote. 9 aktoobar 1779 roji, mahadvipiy sainyachya tukadisobat, french naudalpramukhane vedhalelya shaharavar hallah suru keela. susanrakshit british sainyane aakramankartyanna mage hatvale; dii 'estying gambhir jakhami jhaala aanee tyala europela ravana vhave lagale. yogya dhoranatmak sankalpana asoonahi, sanlagn sahkarya yashasvi parichalan amalbajavanipasun vanchit rahile.
east indies, 1778-1780.
1778 teey 1783 darmyan purv indigemadhye anglo-french spardhechya nutanikaranacha eka spasht parinam mhanje aashiyatil navyane midavalelya tyanchya malmattechya dhoranatmak garjambaddal britishanni kelele mothe kautuk. anek sthanik bharatiy yuddhanvar european shaktinmadhil jaagtik sangharshachya adhipatyakhali yenyane british east india companyla aswasth kele aanee tyachya adhyakshanna gambhirpane laaj vatali. shivay, yaa yuddhane frenchanchya pratispardhi bhoo-rajkiy mahattvakanksha ughad kelya aanee tyaa badalyat adhik thaam, pratibimbit naan swagat britishanna samrajyache swatache tark tayar karnyas pravrutt kele. 1778 madhye jevha france yuddhat pravesh keela aahe ashee batami bharatat pohochali, tevha companyne tethil french vasahatvadi chaukya tabyat ghenyasathi vegane halchali kelya, visheshtah done mahinyanchya vedhyanantar pondicherry tabyat ghetale.
march 1779 madhye british sainyane frenchankadun maahe ("maahe") jinkale; nires ("nayahir") yaa hindu samudayavar matamrutyunche rajya hote aanee (kahee pramanat) bahupatneetva palat hota, tyanni hyder alichya rajvativiruddha bund karanyachi hii sandhee ghetali. yaa uthawala, jarr chithavani dilee gelee nasel, tarr britishanni pathimba deela, parantu dadapun takale aanee 1780 madhye frenchanni hyder alichya madatine maahe punha tabyat ghetale.
spain yuddhat pravesh karato, 1779-1780.
april 1779 madhye france aanee spenne aranjuezchya kararavar kararanvar kelya, jyat borban yuddhachya uddishtancha saransh deela gela. spenne floridatil gibraltar aanee minorka, mobile aanee pensacola parat midvanyacha aanee hondurasachya upasagaratil aanee campechechya newfoundland lakud kapanyacha tyancha adhikar sampushtat aanoon spanish madhya amerikemadhun britishanna baher kadhanyacha prayatna keela. francene ghoshit kele qee britishanna newfoundland matsyavyavasayatun hakaloon dene, dunkerkveril french sarvbhaumatvavaril nirbandh sampushtat aanane, bharatatil mukt vyapar punha midvane, senegal aanee dominica punarprapt karane aanee anglo-french vyaparashi sambandhit utract tartudincha taha punarsanchayit karane heey tiche uddisht hote.
1704 madhye englandkadoon haravalelya gibraltarla parat midvanyache eka uddisht thevun spenne yuddhat pravesh keela. tyachya chhavanit brittonche sainya aanee hannoverchya matdarancha samavesh hota. spenne aupcharikpane juuna 1779 madhye gibraltarchya chaudavya aanee sarvat lamb vedha ghalanyas suruvat kelee, jyat spanish lokanni gibraltarchya khadkajaval jameen nakabandi kelee. spanish dhoranane samudratil halle aanee morokkola puravatha marg bund karnyachya prayatnansah jaminivarun gibraltarvar satatyane bombsfot keela aanee gibraltarla adavoon aanee tyachya chhavanila upashi thevun punha tabyat ghenyacha vichar keela. barobarichi naudal nakabandi tulanene kamkuvat hotee aanee britishanna aadhalale qee lahan vegwan jahaje nakabandi nakabandi vachoo shakatat, tarr mand aanee mothee puravatha jahaje samanyatah karoo shakat naheet. tathapi, spenne uttaradhat, gibraltarmadhil puravatha gambhirpane qamee jhaala hota aanee tyacha senapati general george eleotne londonla madatisathi aavahan kele.
puravatha tafa aayojit karnyat aala aanee december spenne uttaradhat edmiral surr george bridges rodney yanchya netrutvakhali brittenhoon eka motha tafa ravana jhaala. jaree rodneyche antim aadesh west indigechya tafyala aadesh dene hote, taree tyala pratham gibraltar aanee minorka punha purvathyachya gupt soochana hotya aanee 4 janewari 1780 roji tafa vibhagala gela, jahaje paschim indigechya dishene paschim dishela jaat hotee. yaa rodney gibraltarla puravatha swagat jahajansah olakhalya reshechya ekonis jahajanchya adhipatyakhali daav sodala.
puravatha tafa 19 janewari roji gibraltarla ravana jhaala, jyane chhotya nakabandichya tafyala aljesirasachya surakshitatekade mage hatanyasathi nele. anek divasannantar rodney aala aanee purvathyache aagman aanee rajkumar william henrichya upasthitimule british sainyadlala anand jhaala. minorkahoon jahaje paratalyanantar, rodney 13 februwari roji punha samudrat utaroon west indijsathi, vahinichya tafyatil tukadi tyachya margavar teen divasanchya pravasasathi tyachyabarobar aalee aanee nantar bakshise gheuun brittenla ravana jhaali. yaa paratichya pravasat, bharatiy mahasagarat, ill dii francela olakhalya done chausasht-chaughanchya tafyasah, pandhra french puravatha jahajansah, yuddh jahajanpaiki eka, "protey" aanee teen bhandarvahu jahaje ghetali gelee.
uttar americet, louisianacha spanish governor, bernardo dii galvez yane amerikechya dakshin bhagavar hallah keela aanee british sainyala aashcharyachakit kele.
gret brittenver aakraman karnyacha prayatna, 1779.
itar aaghadyanvaril dabav qamee karnyasathi, france aanee tyacha naveen mitra desh spenne spenne unhalyachya uttaradhat gret brittenver aakraman karnyache niyojan kele aanee prayatna kele. mageel spanish aakraman prayatnacha sandarbh dett, dett spanish naudlala naudlala naudal asey sambodhale gele. prastavit yojana hotee, 'aail auph white' tabyat ghene aanee nantar portsmouthcha british naudal tall tabyat ghene. french aanee spanish sanyukt tafyat yaa resheteel 66 jahaje hotee, jyanche uddisht aakramanasathi tayar asalelya 30-40,000 sainikanchya utaranyachya tayareet rajvadyatun shahee naudlala udavoon dene heey hote.
ingraji vahinitil british tafyapeksha sankhyeche varchasva asoonahi, nauvahan, gairsanvad, rog, annadhanyachi kamatarata aanee kharab hawaman yaa vinodpurn goshtinmule sanyukt french-spanish operation ayashasvi jhaale. 3 september roji, british tafyala nirnayakaritya guntavanyat ayashasvi tharalyanantar, jyane toparyant solentmadhye majboot sanrakshanatmak sthitee ghetali hotee, mahan naudalachya netyanni sumare 8,000 lokanna aajarane grast karoon maghar ghenyacha nirnay ghetala. yaa aakramanamule brittenmadhye bhitiche vatavaran nirman jhaale, parantu george tisra tyachya apayshamule protsahit jhaala.
uttar america, 1780-1781.
dii 'esta francela paratalyanantar, washington nyu jarsimadhye adakala, aanee uttar amerikechya panyat french naudalachi satat upasthiti magat hota. julai 1780 madhye jevha leftnunt general comte dii rochambue 6,000 sainikanchya sainyasah newportwar pohochala, tevha tyane paristhitiche varnan keleh "konatyahi mohimet aanee serve paristhitinmadhye, nirnayak naudal shreshthatva heey eka moolbhut tattva manale pahije aanee jyaa aadharavar shevati yashachi pratyek aasha avalambun asali pahije". dutch lock caribeanmadhil tyanchya bandaranmadhun banduka aanee darugola vikoon american bandkhoranna madat karat hote. december 1780 madhye netherlandsviruddha yuddh ghoshit karnyasathi ingrajanni yacha bahana mhanoon vapar keela. edmiral rodney yanni 1780 aanee 1781 chee varshe caribeanmadhye dutch caribean betanchi luut aanee padchyut karnyasathi ghalavali.
december 1780 paryant uttar americetil yuddh eka nirnayak tappyavar pohochale hote. tyaa varshachya suruvatila mahadvipiy sainyala mothe parabhav bhogave lagale hote, dakshinekadil charleston aanee camdenchya ladhait tyachya dakshinekadil sainyane ektar kabja keela kinwa vikhurale, tarr george washington aanee uttar amerikesathiche british commander-inn-chief surr heinry clinton yanchya sainyane uttarekadil newyork shaharbhar ekmekanna pahile. rashtriy chalan aksharshah nirupayogi hote, yuddhasathicha janatecha pathimba, tyachya sahavya varshat pravesh karnar hota, qamee hott hota aanee lashkari sainya vetan aanee atinvarun bandkhor hott hote.
french lashkari niyojakanna 1781 chya mohimesathi spardhatmak magnyanmadhye samtol sadhava lagla. amerikechya sahkaryachya ayashasvi prayatnanchya malikenantar (newport, road bett aanee savana, georgia yethe ayashasvi prayatnanna karanibhoot), tyanni uttar americet adhik sahbhag aavashyak asalyache tharavale. britishanchya jamaikatil balekilla gathanyat sambhavya swarasya asalyane tyanna tyanchya krutee spenshee samanvay sadhanyachihi garaj hotee. heey disun aale qee, vedha ghatalelya gibraltarla balkati denyachya apekshit british prayatnancha samna karnyaparyant spanish lokanna jamaikaviruddhachya mohimanmadhye rus navhata aanee tyanna fakt west indigechya tafyachya halchalinchi mahitee havee hotee.
march 1781 madhye french tafa breast sodanyachi tayari karat asatana, anek mahattvache nirnay ghenyat aale. comete dii grassechya netrutvakhalil west indigechya tafyala, windward betanvaril mohimannantar, spanish operationsna madat karnyasathi konati sansadhane aavashyak asateel heey nirdharit karnyasathi cap-frankesmadhye (sadhyache cap-hattien) jaanyache nirdesh denyat aale. vahatukichya abhavamule, francene atirikt sainya puravanyakherij american yuddh prayatnanna pathimba denyasathi 60 laakh livre dekhil pradan kele. newport yetheel french tafyala comte dii baras haah naveen senapati denyat aala. dii barasla nova skotiya aanee newfoundland yethoon british jahajanna tras denyasathi newportcha tafa ghenyache aadesh denyat aale aanee newport yetheel french sainyala newyorkchya baher washingtonchya sainyasah ekatra yenyache aadesh denyat aale.
general washingtonla jaanunbujun purnapane naan dilya gelelya aadeshanmadhye, dii grassla cap-frankesmadhye thambalyanantar uttar american mohimanmadhye madat karnyachya soochana denyat aalya. french senapati, comte dii rochambula washingtonla sanganyas sangitale gele qee dii grasse "konatyahi vachanbaddhateshivay madat karoo shakel". (washingtonla parismadhye tainat asalelya johnn laurenskadoon kalale qee dii grasseskade uttarekade yenyacha vivek hota.)
julaimadhye dii gracella hii patre sadharanpane tyach velee midali jevha cornwallis virginiachya yorktownavar kabja karanyachi tayari karat hota. dii grassene rochambeushi sahmati darshavali aanee tyanantar augustchya akheris too chespikparyant pohochel asey soochit karnara eka paath pathavala, parantu spanish lokanshi jhalelya kararancha arth too fakt octoberchya madhyaparyant rahoo shakato. tyachya pathavalelya sainyachya aagamanane franco-american sainyala vharjiniyasathi kooch suru karnyas pravrutt kele. dii grasse niyojit kelyanusar chespikmadhye pohochala aanee cornwallischya nakabandimadhye lafayetchya sainyala madat karnyasathi tyache sainya pathvanyat aale. daad grasechya chespikvaril niyantranala tond denyasathi pathavalelya british tafyacha 5 september roji chespikchya ladhait frenchanni parabhav keela aanee newportchya tafyane mitrarashtranche lashkari aagman purn karnyasathi french vedha train dilee. yorktownla vedha ghalane aanee 19 aktoobar roji cornwallisne kelelya aatmasamarpanantar uttar americetil mothee vaimansya sampavanyat nirnayak tharale.
march 1782 madhye british haus auph commonsney yorktownchya sharanagatimule amerikeviruddha 'aakramak yuddh naan' karoon sansadet matdan kele hote. yorktown, menorkachya sharanagatichya aanee west indigemadhil nukasanichya batmyanni nantar sarkarla khalee aanale. rockinghamchya netrutvakhalil naveen sarkarne lavkarach parisachya shantatesathi vataghati suru kelya. amerikeviruddhachya aakramak mohima sampalya asalya taree paschim aanee purv indies tasech gibraltarmadhye itaratra yuddh suru rahile. julaimadhye rockinghamchya mrutyunantar laurd shelburnchya niyuktimule sarkarmadhye aanakhi eka badal karnyas bhag padale gele. tathapi, shelburnne purvashartanshivay amerikeche swatantrya sweekarle. hotee unhalyat jaree french naudalachya mohimene hudson khaditil british vyapari chaukya nasht kelya hotya, taree pratyakshat konatahi pradesh tabyat ghenyat aalela navhata.
britton aanee atlantic 1780-1782.
brittenmadhye mahagadya yuddhala virodh vadhat hota aanee juuna 1780 madhye londonmadhye gadbandichya dangli mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya ashantatemadhye yogdan dile.
1780 paryant atalantikmadhil yuddh thapp jhaale hote. janewari 1781 madhye france jersey, channell betanvar aakraman karnyacha tyancha prayatna ayashasvi jhaala, jarsichya ladhait tyanchya landing forcecha parabhav jhaala. french naudlala lavkarach tichya mool jalkshetrat shahee naudalakadun jhalelya parabhavanchya malikanna samore jaave lagale jeey keval lashkarich navhe tarr aarthikdrushtya dekhil mahag asalyache siddha jhaale. pratham december 1781 madhye ushant yethe, jethe comete dii guichenchya netrutvakhalil jahajanchya sanrakshanakhali anek vahtook richard kempenfeltchya netrutvakhalil shahee naudalachya tafyane tabyat ghetali hotee, tyamule anek french sainik gamavale. pudhchya varshi eprilmadhye ashantchi tisari mothee ladhai eprilmadhye jhaali, jyat samuel barringtonchya netrutvakhalil shahee naudalachya tafyane yaa resheteel done maulyavan french jahaje tabyat ghetali, parantu tyanchya snrakshak tafyatil done trutiyansh jahajahi tabyat ghetale. haah parabhav gambhir hota-french khajinyache aarthik nuksan lakshaniy hote aanee hindi mahasagarat karyarat asalelya french sainyasathihi too eka dhakka hota. 4 september 1782 chya karvait naveen yuddhanauka hebchya haninantar aanakhi parabhav jhaale, jithe shavelier dii vignila pandhra varshanchya turungvasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee-tyachya padd aanee sevechya babatit tyala sevesathi ayogya ghoshit karnyat aale. pudhil karvai hii american krantikari yuddhachi shevatchi naudal ladhai asalyache siddha jhaale, jyat 12 december 1782 roji james luttrell auph ferrolne franco-american tafyacha parabhav keela. haah tafa american vasahati lokanna piyare beaumarchisechya puravatha sakhalicha bhag hota.
caribean, 1781-1783.
aktoobar 1781 madhye, west indigemadhil french tafyacha commander dii grasse aanee spanish indijsathiche general beuro, darbar pratinidhi aanee louisianache spanish governor, bernardo dii galvez yanche sahayyak, francisco savedra dii sangronis yanchyat eka yojana tayar karnyat aalee hotee. paschim indigemadhil franco-spanish lashkari dalanna khaleel uddishte sadhya karnyasathi margadarshan karane hii yaa yojanechi dhoranatmak uddishte hotih
hii yojana 'daad grasse-savedra adhiveshan' mhanoon olakhali jaau lagali aanee september 1781 madhye yorktownchya vedhyat general cornwallischya netrutvakhali british sainyachya sharanagatimule pahila uddesh purn jhaala. daad grasse aanee tyachya tafyane tyaa vijayat nirnayak bhoomika bajavali hotee, jyanantar teey caribeanla ravana jhaale. november 1781 madhye seent domingue yethe aagman jhalyanantar tyala batami denyat aalee qee jamaikavar vijay midvinyasathi pudhe jaanyasathi yojanela manjuri denyat aalee aahe.
jamaik haah naveen jagatil sarvat fayadeshir britishancha taba hota, visheshtah sarvat thalak asaleli vastoo sakhar hotee; tera american vasahatinchya ektrit tulanet tee british arthvyavasthesathi adhik maulyavan hotee. king george tisra yane laurd sandwichla lihilelya patrat tyane jaheer kele qee brittonchya jokhamivar brittonchya mahattvachya caribean betanche sanrakshn karnyacha too dhoka patkarnar aahe aanee 1779 madhye heey dhoran lagoo karnyat aale. serve british aayatipaiki sakhareche praman 20 takke hote aanee tambakhupeksha tyache moolya pachpat hote. tasech french aanee spanish lokanni paschim indigemadhun britishanchi haloohaloo hakalpatti kelyane, british arthvyavasthevar motha fatka basanyacha haah vijay hota. done varshanpasun mahagadi aapatti rahilelya gibraltarvar kabja karnyachya spanish aanee french prayatnancha paryay mhanoon parris aanee madrid yetheel darbaranmadhye aakraman kele gele asey manale jaat hote.
dii grasse jamaika moheem haatee ghenyasathi atirikt sainyachi vaat pahat asatana, tyane seent. februwari 1782 madhye kitts. urvarit pavanmargi bete (antigua, seent lucia aanee barbados) ajunahi britishanchya niyantranakhali rahili, tarr edmiral george rodney pudhil mahinyat caribean theatermadhe pohochale, tyanni atirikt sainya aanale. yamadhye yaa resheteel satra jahajancha samavesh hota aanee britishanna sankhyemadhye thoda fayda jhaala.
7 april 1782 roji, dii grasse martinikhoon 35 jahajansah, done 50-bandukichi jahaje aanee 100 hoon adhik malavahu jahajancha motha tafa, yaa reshechya 12 jahajancha samavesh asalelya spanish tafyala bhetanyasathi nighala. yavyatirikt dii grasse jamaikyachya uttar uttar utaroon vijayasathi rakhoon thevalelya seent domingue yethe 15,000 sainikansah bhetanar hota. heey kalalyavar rodney aanee divashi 36 jahajansah seent luciahoon pathalagasathi pravas keela.
toparyant british jahajanche kaath hote jeey tambyachya aavaran yaa prakriyetoon gele hote; sagari vaadh aanee dooshit tasech mithachya panyachya ganjapasoon tyanche sanrakshn karnyache eka vyavharya sadhan asalyache aadhalun aale. yacha parinam assa jhaala qee, changlya changlya tyancha veg aanee naukanayan kamgirimadhye lakshaniy sudharana jhaali.
9 april 1782 teey 12 april 1782 darmyan edmiral george bridges rodney yanchya netrutvakhalil british tafyane sentchya ladhait comte dii grasse yanchya netrutvakhalil french tafyacha parabhav keela. frenchanche nuksan prachand hote; sumare 8,000 teey 9,000 lock jakhami jhaale kinwa pakadale gele aanee resheteel paach jahaje gamavali, jyapaiki chaar pakadali gelee. asha prakare jamaikavar aakraman karnyachya french aanee spanish yojana radd karnyat aalya. british tafyane jamaikala marg kadhala, jithun rodney yuddhatoon vachalelya konatyahi apang kinwa kharab jhalelya french jahajancha shodh ghenyasathi hoodchi magani kelee. hoodchya tera jahajanche vibhajan sann domingochya dishene nighale aanee moona margavarun pravas kartana, tyanni anek french jahaje pahili aanee tabyat ghetali jee santanchya ladhaipurvi vegali jhaali hotee aanee cap-frankesla jaat hotee.
junmadhye yaa yuddhachi batami francemadhye pohochali aanee tyala nairashyacha samna karava lagla. veele dii parris' gamavanyabarobarach jhalela parabhav haah french raja lui solavya hyasathi eka vinashkari dhakka hota. naudal mantri markis dii castridgene yaa batamiche 'eka gambhir aapatti' mhanoon swagat kele. french naudalachya aatmavishvasat kamipana jaanavala.
hotee akheris french caribeanmadhye bachavatmak hote, jyamule samudratil gatirodh soochit jhaala. tarisuddha, shahee naudal cap francois aanee phorta royalvar nakabandi karnyas tasech havanah varr najar thevanyas saksham hote. tyach velee british yuddhanauka spanish aanee french asha donhi khajgi lokanshi ladhat hotya.
east indies, 1782-1783.
eka aakramak ladhau aanee nirnayak karvaicha shodh ghenara, sufferen yane 1781 chya suruvatila cape ghenyacha britishancha prayatna hanoon padala, cape verde betanvaril porto priya yethe shahee naudalachya tukadivar hallah keela, jeey aafrikechya paschimes sumare 450 mail antaravar atalantikmadhye aahet. eka varshanantar too dakshin bharatat aala. jaminivar, frenchanni british east india kampaniviruddhachya yuddhat hyder alila pathimba deela. 1782 aanee 1783 darmyan safarenane sagari yuddhat british east indigechya tafyaviruddha paach tivra aanee kathor ladhaya ladhalya. vice edmiral edward hyoojes yanna maheet hote qee french uddesh british aarthik shoshan aanee lashkari varchasva hatvane haah hota aanee bharatat britishanchya astitvachya astitvasathi tyachya tukadiche jatan karane mahattvapoorn hote. 1783 chya suruvatila britton, france aanee spenne shantata kararanvar kararanvar kelya asalyachya batamya aalya tevhach donhi samaan kshamatechya aanee drudhnishchayi tafyanni tyanche paraspar aavhan modoon kadhale. jevha bharatatil samarik paristhitimule shantatechya batamya galalya gelya hotya, tevha dekhil gatirodh sampala hota.
shantata vataghati.
britton, france aanee spain yanchyat gambhir vataghati suru jhalya (jyasathi brittonche mukhya vataghatikar elene fitzerbert aanee spainche count auph aranda hote). veloveli, bharatatoon jaminivaril yuddhanmadhye (jyamadhye french keval sthanik shasakanche samarthak mhanoon sameel hote) aanee naudal yuddhanmadhye, donhi thikani satatyane gatirodh suru asalyachya batamya yet asat; tyanni 1778-79 madhye tabyat ghetalela serve french pradesh britishankade ajunahi asalyache disun yet hote, tarr frenchankade britishancha pradesh navhata. dusarikade, west indigemadhye, frenchanni tyanni tabyat ghetalela serve pradesh ajunahi tabyat ghetala hota, tarr britishanni seent. lucia. tathapi, santanchya yuddhanantar dhoranatmak pudhakar britishankade sopavanyat aala, jyanche samudravaril varchasva punha prasthapit karnyat aale aanee franco-american yutee kosalanyache sanket dile. parinami, shelburn aanee franklin yanchya madhyamatoon america aanee britton yanchyat charcha britishanni naveen 'united states' laa manyata denyas sahmati darshavalyane suru jhaali.
spenberoberchya yutee kararanusar, spainchya kararashivay france shantata prasthapit karoo shakala nahee; gibraltar spenla sopavale jaeel yaa hamishivay nahee. eka motha rajnaitik haat midvanyasathi, gibraltar tabyat ghenyachya aashene, doghannahi tyavar tyancha motha hallah vegwan karayacha hota. asha prakare gibraltar haah shantata charchetil eka mukhya ghatak banala. french sainyane french naudalachya jahajansah spanishla balkati dilee hotee. french senapati duke dii krillen aata franco-spanish operationscha prabhari hota.
gibraltar aanee yuddhacha shevat.
18 september roji mitrarashtranni sampoorn uttar american khandat purvipeksha jaast sainikancha samavesh asalelya daha french rachana asalelya tarangatya batteries tyancha bhavya hallah suru keela. tyaa divashi aanee aanee divashi sakali jhalela hallah matra eka prachand mahagada ayashasvi tharala aanee serve daha tarangatya battery nasht jhalya. 27 septemberparyant aapattichi batami parris aanee madridparyant pohochali hotee aanee donhi rashtranni nirash kele hote. gibraltarla mukt karnyachya margavar asalelya british squadronchya parabhavavar aata serve aasha khilkhilya aahet. french aanee spanish lokanna aasha hotee qee tyancha parabhav kinwa apayshamule chhavaniche aatmasamarpan hoil jyamule vataghati suru hotil. tafa konatyahi adchanishivay paar padala aanee british tafyala parabhoot karnyacha prayatna cape spartelchya ladhait ayashasvi jhaala. yaa pudhil apayashachya batamine french aanee spanish sankalp modala. eprilmadhye centus yethe rodneychya vijaysah gibraltar surakshit asalyane, shantata charchetil britishanchya maganya aata mothya pramanat majboot jhalya hotya aanee yorktownmadheel yashache swagat swagat french vishvasala dhakka basala hota. spenne tyachya bahutansh labhancha vyapar karanyachi aupher dilee asali taree, british mutsadyanni gibraltarshi vegale honyas thaam nakar deela.
frenchanni spanish lokanna tyanche aavashyak yuddh uddisht sadhya karnyat madat karnyasathi sarvatopari prayatna kele hote aanee paryayi nirgaman dhorananvar gambhir charcha suru kelee, french mutsaddi comte dii vergence yanni gibraltarchya badalyat brittenla kahee khoop mothya savalati denyasathi spenla midvanyacha prayatna keela. arandachya gananekhalil spanish lokanni madridchya darbarala naan vicharta sammati dilee.
vergence shantatesathi betab hota-francemadhye yuddhachi kimmat haah eka motha muddah banala hota, tyanni paise udhar ghenyachya kshamatechya maryadeparyant pohochale hote. yaa kharchat sarvat pudhe french naudal hote-yuddhachya pahilya chaar varshant french naudalane yaa resheteel chaar jahaje gamavali hotee, tyapaiki teen apghatanmadhye gamavali hotee. hotee darmyan matra, tyat pandhra resha gamavalya gelya (yapaiki jawaljawal ardhe ektya eprilmadhye). yaa jahajanche aarthik nuksan lakshaniy hote-tarihi luine aanakhi jahaje bandhanyache aashvasan dile. asha prakare naveen curr aakarle gele-french arthamantri jeane-francois jolly dii fluoryne yashasviritya wingtium aaykar jodala-pracheen shasanatil asha prakarcha tisra aanee shevatcha.
gibraltarla dilasa midalyanantar lagechach vergensene tatadine vataghati punha suru kelya. frenchanni 30 november roji gret britton aanee america yanchyatil prathamik shantata karar swikarla, nishedhasah parantu konatihi karvai kelee nahee. 20 janewari 1783 roji britton, france aanee spensobat prathamik kararanvar kararanvar karnyat aalya. teen divasannantar gibraltarcha vedha uthavanyat aala parantu junparyant bharatiy jalkshetratil shantatechya batamya pohochalya navhatya.
parinam.
shantatecha parinam mhanoon france aanee britton 1778 pasoon ekmekankadun ghetalele jawaljawal serve pradesh ekmekanna parat dile.
frenchansathi yuddhache parinam sammishra hote; teey americela britainpasoon vegale karnyachya tyanchya yuddh uddeshane yashasvi jhaale. matra, laabh alp hota-1781 madhye tyanni tabyat ghetalele tobagoche chhote bett aanee aafriketil senegal nadichya sabhovatalacha kahee pradesh, joou 1763 madhye britainkadoon gamavala hota. newfoundland newfoundland masemarichya sampoorn vyavasthebabat americananna denyat aalelya adhikaranmule punha vataghati karavya lagalya. bharat, canada aanee brittonchya paschim bharatiy vasahatincha upman 1762 madhye france mage gheu shakala nahee-1762 pasoonche serve laabh abadhit rahile. kahee vilap vagalata, brittenla amerikechya hanimule dhakka basala nahee. americedermyan sanskrutik aanee aarthik sambandh lavkarach punarujjivit jhaale hya vastusthitivyatirikt, brittonne jaagtik yuddhache shevatche varsh prabhavipane jinkale hote. antim shantata kararachya kahee mahinyantach tyanche tyanchya purvichya vasahatvadyanshi changle vyapari sambandh prasthapit jhaale aanee tyanni francecha vyapar sodala. french pararashtra mantri vergence yanni nantar mhatalyapramane, "ingraj shantata nirman karnyaivaji tee vikat ghetat".
francesathi matra yuddhachi kimmat gambhir chhap sodanar hotee; paach varshanchya sangharshat 130 kotinhoon adhik 'livre' kharch karnyat aale hote. saat varshanchya yuddhanantar french jahaj bandhanichya kharchavyatirikt, karjamule mothya aarthik aanee rajkiy samasya nirman jhalya aanee deshane aapale karj fednyasathi sangharsh keela, tyamule akheris 1786 chey aarthik sankat aanee shevati 1789 madheel french krantila tond dyave lagale.

