
khaare (aushadh)

kshar (jyala kshardrav mhanoonahi olakhale jaate) heey soodiyam chloride (meeth) aanee panyache mishran aahe. jakhama swachchh karane, contact lains kadhoon takane aanee sathavane aanee korade dolhe door karnyat madat karane yasah aushadhanmadhye yache anek upayog aahet. raktavahinyanmadhye injection deuun, tyacha vapar jatharantrashoth aanee madhumehachya ketoesidosisarkhya nirjalikaranavar upchar karnyasathi keela jaato. mothya pramanat dravpadarthancha atibhar, sooj, aamlata aanee uchch rakt soodiyam houu shakate. dirghkalapasun qamee rakt soodiyam asalelyanmadhye, ativaparamule ausmotic demyelination syndrome houu shakato. 
kshar heey aushadhanchya sfatikeey kutumbatil aahe. heey samanyatah prati litter 9 gramm mithache nirjantukikaran (0.9%) dravan mhanoon vaparale jaate, jyala samanya kharat padarth mhanatat. uchch aanee qamee sandrata dekhil adhunmadhun vaparali jaau shakate. kshar heey 5.5 phs (pramukhyane vighatit carbon dioxidemule) amleey asate.
kharacha vaidyakeey vapar 1831 chya sumaras suru jhaala. too jaagtik aarogya sanghatanechya aavashyak aushadhanchya yadeet aahe. 2020 madhye, 1 dashalakshahun adhik prescriptions soodiyam heey united statesmadhil 274 weey sarvat samanyatah vihit kelele aushadh hote.
ekagrata.
sandrata qamee teey samanya teey uchch ashee badalate. uchch sandrata kvachitach aushadhanmadhye vaparali jaate parantu aanvik jivashastrat varanvar vaparali jaate.
samanya.
samanya kharat ("aine. ess. ess.", "aine. ess." kinwa "aine./ess.") haah samanyatah vaparla jaanara vakyansh aahe, joou aine. aii. see. ell. chya 0.90% doubleu/vhee, 308 mosam/ell kinwa 9 graam prati literchya dravanasathi vaparla jaato. qamee samanyatah, yaa dravanala "sharirik kshar" kinwa "samasthanik kshar" asey sambodhale jaate (kaaran teey raktatil raktadravyache andaje samasthanik aahe, jyamule teey sharirikdrushtya samanya dravan banate). jaree yapaiki konatihi nave tantrikdrushtya achook nasali taree samanya kharat rakt raktdravasarkhe nasate, parantu teey samanyatah disanara vyavharik parinam vyakt karatatah kamitakami hypotonicta kinwa hypertonicities changle drav santulan. jyaa lokanna tondawate dravpadarth gheta yet naheet aanee jyanna nirjalikaran kinwa hypovolemia honyacha dhoka aahe kinwa vikasit jhaala aahe asha lokansathi antahshira thembanmadhye (aay. vhee. ess.) aine. ess. varanvar vaparla jaato. aine. ess. chaa vapar aseptic uddeshasathi dekhil keela jaato. jevha hypovolemia rakt parisancharanachya puresha pramanala dhoka nirman karnyasathi puresa gambhir asato tevha samanyatah aine. ess. haah pahila dravpadarth vaparla jaato aanee mothya pramanat lavkar denyasathi sarvat surakshit drav asalyache byanch kalapasoon manale jaate. tathapi, aata heey dnyat jhaale aahe qee aine. ess. chya jalad otanyamule chayapachay aamlata houu shakate.
dravan mhanje 9 gramm soodiyam chloride (aine. aii. see. ell.) panyat virghalale jaate, jeey ekoon 1000 miilii (prati ekak khand vajan) asate. samanya kharat padarthachya 1 millilitreche vastuman 22°seey. varr 1.0046 gramm asate. soodiyam chlorideche aanvik vajan andaje 58.4 gramm prati moll aahe, mhanoon 58.4 gramm soodiyam chloride 1 molchya barobariche aahe. samanya kharat padarthamadhye 9 gramm aine. aii. see. ell. asalyane, tyache praman 9 gramm prati litter bhagile 58.4 gramm prati moll kinwa 0.154 moll prati litter asate. kaaran aine. aii. see. ell. soodiyam aanee chloride yaa done aayananmadhye vighatit hote-1 moller aine. aii. see. ell. mhanje 2 ausmolar. asha prakare, aine. ess. madhye naa + chey 154 emm. kyu./ell. aanee samaan pramanat see. ell.-asate. heey 154 + 154 = 308 chya ausmolaritikade nirdesh karate, jeey jaast aahe (i.eae. prati litter adhik drav (andaje 285). tathapi, jarr parasaran gunank (aadarsh nasalelya dravanansathi sudharana) vicharat ghetala tarr ksharyukt dravan samasthanikapeksha barech jawal aahe. nacklecha parasaran gunank sumare 0.93 aahe, jyamule 0.154 × 1000 × 2 × 0.93 = 286.44 chee parasaranta milate. mhanoon, samanya ksharyukt dravanachi parasaranta hii raktachya parasaranshaktichya jawalchi andaje aahe.
vapar.
vaidyakeey karanansathi, kshardravyacha vapar anekada jakhama aanee tvachevaril ghasa fodanyasathi keela jaato. tathapi, sanshodhan asey soochit karate qee heey pinyayogya nalatil panyapeksha adhik prabhavi nahee. samanya kharat padarth lagoo kelyavar jalanar nahee kinwa dansh honar nahee.
aay madhye dekhil ksharyukt padarth vaparla jaato.vhee. upcharpaddhati, lokanna punha paanee denyasathi shiranmadhye atirikt paanee puravane kinwa tondawate gheu naan shakananya vyaktichya dainandin paanee aanee mithachya garja ("dekhbhal" garja) puravine. kaaran qamee dravaniyata dravan otalyane himolisisasarkhya samasya udbhavu shakatat, qamee ksharyukt sandrata (0.9% peksha qamee) asalelya antahshira dravnanmadhye samanyatah qamee soodiyam chloride pradan kartana surakshit dravaniyata rakhanyasathi dextrose (glucose) jodala jaato. samanyatah bharalelya kshardravyache praman mukhyatve vyaktichya garjanvar avalambun asate (udaa.jee. satat honara atisar kinwa hrudayavikaracha tras).
nasikashoth aanee samanya sardichi kahee lakshane door karnyasathi anunasik dhunyasathi dekhil ksharyukt padarthancha vapar keela jaato. heey dravan shleshmalavar mauu aanee shithil karnara prabhav takte jenekarun balansathi aanee praudhansathi anunasik marg dhune aanee saaf karane sope hote. atishay durmil ghatananmadhye, amiba "negleriya fowlery" dware pranghatak sansarg houu shakato jarr too nakadvare sharirat pravesh karato; mhanoon nalatil panyacha vapar anunasik sinchanasathi keela jaau naye. jarr teey nirjantuk, aasavan, ukalalele, filter kelele kinwa nirjantukikaran kelele asel tarach paanee yaa uddeshasathi yogya aahe.
stanachya vadhichya shastrakriyesathi stun pratyaropan bharnyasathi, tuberus stanachi vikrutee yasarkhya janmajat vikrutee sudharanyasathi aanee stanachi vishamata sudharanyasathi nirjantuk isotonic kshar dekhil vaparale jaate. stanchhedanantarchya punarrachanatmak shastrakriyesathi dekhil kharat stun pratyaropan vaparale jaate.
dolhe.
dolhyanche themb heey dolhyavar vaparale jaanare kharat themb asatat. upchar kelya jaananya sthitinusar, tyat steroids, antihistamines, sampathomematics, beeta receptor blocker, parasympathomatics, parasympatholytics, prostaglandins, naun-steroidal anty-inflammatory drugs (aine. ess. aii. dii. ess.), pratijaivike kinwa samyik bhool deuun sodanari aushadhe asoo shakatat. dolhyanchya thembanmadhye kadhikadhi aushadhe nasatat aanee teey keval vangan ghalanare aanee ashru-pratisthapan karnare upay asatat.
naak.
khaare anunasik sinchan, gendyachya dahachya dirghakalin prakarananmadhye madat karoo shakate, asey tatpurte purave aahet. alp kalavadhichya rhinocenitischya prakarananmadhye vaparnyache purave aspasht aahet.
hypertonic saline.
hypertonic kharat padarth-7 takke nackle dravan heey shleshmal ghatak manale jaatat aanee tyamule varr aanee baher khokane (cuff) sope karnyasathi jaad srav (shleshma) hydrate karnyasathi vaparale jaatat. 3 takke hypertonic kharat dravanancha vapar gambhir kaljichya settingsmadhye, intracranial dabat tivra vaadh kinwa gambhir hyponetremia dekhil keela jaato. hypertonic kshar shvasochavasamule shvasanachya itar samasyanmadhye, visheshtah bronchiolytismadhye dekhil madat hote asey disun aale aahe. cystic fibrosis foundationdware cystic fibrosis upchar paddhaticha prathamik bhag mhanoon hypertonic kshardravyachi sadhya shifaras kelee jaate.
zylitolche 11 takke dravan 0.65% ksharyukt kelyane nasopharynx dhunyas uttejan milate aanee anunasik rogkarak jivanunvar parinam hoto. yacha upayog purak aanee paryayi aushadhanmadhye keela gela aahe.
itar.
samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya itar sandratanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
atirikt ghatkansah upay.
aushadhanmadhye, ksharanchya samanya prakaranmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
aanee peshi jivashastrat, vareel vyatirikt khaleel goshti vaparlya jaatatah
itihas.
1831 madhye sampoorn europemadhye pasarlelya bharatiy nilya patakichya mahamarichya kalat kharepanacha ugam jhaala asey manale jaat hote. edinberg vaidyakeey shaleche nuktech padvidhar william brook oo 'shoghnessy yanni vaidyakeey niyatkalikela dilelya lekhat,' daad lancet 'madhye,' shiranchya pranalitil sarvatrik sthairya aanee raktachya dhamanikaran jalad thambavane 'yavar upchar karnyasathi,' atyant oxygenyukt ksharanni patakine sankramit lokanna injection denyacha prastav deela. tyala kutryanvar tyache upchar nirupadravi vatale aanee lavkarach doctor thomas latta yanni pataki asalelya lokanvar fayadeshir parinamkarak upchar karnyacha tyacha prastav swikarla. pudhil dashakanmadhye, pataki asalelya lokanvar upchar karnyasathi lattachya dravanache vaividhya aanee paryay tapasale gele aanee vaparale gele. yaa dravnanmadhye soodiyam, chloride, potassium, carbonate, phosphet aanee hydroxidechi anek sandrata hotee. sharirik sandrata prapt karnyatil pragati 1880 chya dashakachya suruvatila sidney ringarne purn kelee, jevha tyane bedkachya hrudayachya snayunchya uutinchi aakunchanakshamta rakhanyasathi mithachi ishtatam sandrata nishchit kelee. samanya kharat padarth haah purv-ringer dravanancha vanshaj manla jaato, kaaran ringerche nishkarsh dashakannantarparyant sweekarle gele navhate aanee mothya pramanat vaparale gele navhate. dutch sharirshastradnya hartog jacob hamberger yanni 1882-83 madhye kelelya abhyasanshivay, 'samanya kharat' yaa shabdala farsa aitihasik aadhar nasalyache disate; laal peshichya lisisachya yaa inn vitro abhyasanni chukiche suchavale qee 0.9% heey manvi raktatil mithache praman hote (0.6% aivaji, kharey praman).
aadhunik aushadhanmadhye samanya kshar mothya pramanavar vaparale jaat aahe, parantu vastavik raktashi visangati asalyamule, itar upay adhik changle siddha jhaale aahet. 2018 madhye atidakshata vibhagat 15,000 lokanvar kelelya yadruchchik, niyantrit chachanichya prakashanat asey disun aale aahe qee samanya ksharyukt dravanachya tulanet, dugdhajanya ringarchya dravanane mrutyucha sanyukt dhoka, atirikt dialysischi aavashyakta kinwa mutrapindachya satatchya samasya 15 takkyanvarun 14 takkyanparyant qamee kelya, jyamule rugnanchi mothee sankhya lakshat gheta lakshaniy ghat jhaali aahe.
samaj aanee sanskruti.
samanya khaare paanee upalabdh nasalelya bhagat samanya khaare panyachya jaagi naralache paanee vaparale gele aahe. matra, tyachya vaparacha changla abhyas jhalela nahee.