laurence bragg

surr william laurence bragg, (31 march 1890-1 julai 1971) heey austreliyat janmalele british bhautikshastradnya aanee ksh-kiran sphatikalekhak, bragchya ksh-kiran vivartan niyamache shodhak (1912) hote, jeey sphatik sanrachanechya nirdharanasathi moolbhut aahe. ksh-kirananchya madhyamatoon sphatik sanrachanechya vishleshanatil tyanchya sevesathi, 1915 madhye bhautikshastratil nobel paritoshik (tyanche vadil, william heinry bragg yanchyasobat) teey sanyukt praptakarta hote; ksh-kiran sphatikshastrachya vikasatil eka mahattvache paul.
bragla 1941 madhye nitechi padvi denyat aalee. 2023 paryant, too bhautikshastratil sarvat tarun nobel puraskar vijeta aahe, jyala vayachya 25 vya varshi haah puraskar midala aahe. james dii. yanni dii. aine. aii. chya sanrachanecha shodh lavala tevha bragg cavendish prayogshala, cambridgeche sanchalak hote. februwari 1953 madhye watson aanee francis crick.
charitra.
suruvatichi varshe.
bragcha janm dakshin austreliyatil edelide yethe edelide vidyapithatil ganeet aanee bhautikshastrache jyeshth pradhyapak surr william heinry bragg (1862-1942) aanee dakshin austreliyache sarkari khagolshastradnya surr charles todd yanchi mulgi gwendolin (1869-1929) yanchya potee jhaala.
1900 madhye, bragg queens school, north edelaid yethe vidyarthi hota, tyanantar paach varshe seent peaters college, edelaid yethe hota. vayachya 16 vya varshi teey ganeet, rasayanshastra aanee bhautikshastracha abhyas karnyasathi edelaid vidyapithat gele, 1908 madhye padvi prapt kelee. tyach varshi tyanchya vadilanni leads vidyapithat bhautikshastrache cavendish cheear sweekarle aanee kutumbala englandmadhye aanale. bragney bragney sharad rututil cambridge yetheel triiniity mahavidhyalayat pravesh ghetala aanee pneumoniachi lagan houn antharunavar asatana pariksha deunahi ganitat mothee shishyavrutti midavali. suruvatila ganitat utkrusht kamgiri kelyanantar, tyanchya abhyasachya nantarchya varshanmadhye tyanchi bhautikshastra abhyaskramat badali jhaali aanee 1911 madhye pratham shreni sanmanasah padvi prapt kelee. 1914 madhye bragg yanchi triiniity mahavidhyalayatil shishyavruttisathi nivad jhaali-cambridge mahavidhyalayatil shishyavruttimadhye prabandh sadar karane aanee tyacha bachav karane samavisht aahe.
bragchya itar aavadimadhye kavach gola karane heey hote; tyachya vaiyaktik sangrahat sumare 500 prajatinche namune hote; heey serve dakshin austreliyatun vaiyaktikaritya gola kele gele hote. tyane cuttlefishchi eka naveen prajati shodhali-'sepiya braggy', jyala joseph verco yanni tyache naav dile.
karkird.
ksh-kiran aanee bragg samikaran.
ksh-kirananchi rachana adnyat hotee, tyanchya vadilanni assa yuktivad keela qee ksh-kiran heey kananche pravah aahet, tarr itaranni assa yuktivad keela qee tyaa lahari aahet. max wonn low yanni chhayachitran platesmore sphatikavar ksh-kiran kiran nirdeshit keela; jyaa thikani kiran padala tyaa thikanchya bajula vikshepit kirananche atirikt thipke hote-mhanoon ksh-kiran lahari asatat. 1912 madhye, cambridge, doubleu. yethe pahilya varshacha sanshodhan vidyarthi mhanoon. ell. bragg, nadijaval firat asatana, anoonchya samantar patrakanpasun tayar jhalele sphatik tyanchya prushthbhagavar bahutek konanvar konanvar ksh-kiran kirananna vegale karnar naheet ashee antardrushti hotee kaaran anoonchya takkarane vikshepit jhalele ksh-kiran tappyabaher asateel, jyamule ekmekanna radd kele jaeel. tathapi, jevha ksh-kiran kiran sphatikatil anupatrakanmadhil antar ksh-kirananchya tarangalambichya barobariche asate asha konat dhadakato tevha teey vikshepit tappyat asatat aanee jawalchya patalavar eka thasa tayar karatat. yaa antardrushtitun tyanni ksh-kirananchi taranglambi aanee sadhya sphatikatil anupatrakanmadhil antar jyaa konanvar eka avarodhak ksh-kiran kiran paravartit hoil tyachyashi sambandhit sadhe bragg samikaran lihile.
tyachya vadilanni eka upkaran tayar kele jyamadhye pratibimbanchi urja mojtana sphatikala achook konanvar firavale jaau shakate. yamule vadil aanee mulala anek sadhya sfatikanmadhye anupatrakanmadhil antar mojata aale. tyanni sphatik aanee avogadro sthirankachya vajanapasoon anoonche antar mojale, jyamule tyanna ksh-kiran nalikanmadhil vegvegalya dhatuchya lakshyandvare tayar kelelya ksh-kirananchi taranglambi mojata aalee. doubleu. etch. bragney sabhanmadhye aanee eka peparmadhye tyanche nikal nondavale, yaa samikaranache shrey 'tyachya mulala' (adnyat) dile, parantu saha-lekhak mhanoon nahee, jyamule tyachya mulala 'kahee vedna' jhalya, jyaa tyane kadhihi maat kelya naheet.
dhwani shrenivar kaam qaraa.
pahilya mahayuddhachya suruvatila bragla shahee ghodyachya tofkhanyat leicessire batterycha dusra leftnunt mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale hote. 1915 madhye, shatrunchya tofkhanyanche sthanikkaran karanyachi paddhat vikasit karnyasathi, tyanchya golibaramule jhalelya usalipasoon, shahee abhiyantyanni tyanna pathimba deela. 2 september 1915 roji gallipoli mohimedarmyan tyacha bhau marla gela. tyanantar thodyach velat tyanna aanee tyanchya vadilanna bhautikshastratil nobel paritoshik denyat aale. teey 25 varshanche hote aanee vidnyan puraskar vijete mhanoon sarvat tarun aahet. dhwani shrenichi samasya ashee hotee qee judd banduka itakya qamee varanvartevar bharr ghalat hotya qee tyaa microfondware shodhalya jaau shakat navhatya. anek mahinyanchya nirashajanak apayshanantar tyane aanee tyachya gatane eka garam taar havah tarang shodhak tayar keela jyane samasya sodavali. yaa kamat tyala charles galton darwin, william sansum tucker, harrold ropper robbinson, edward andrad aanee heinry harrold hemming yanni madat kelee. british dhwani shreni khoop prabhavi hotee; pratyek british sainyat eka tukadi hotee aanee jevha tyanni yuddhat pravesh keela tevha american lokanni tyanchi pranali sweekarli. yuddhadarmyanchya tyanchya kamasathi tyanna lashkari cross aanee aurder auph daad british empireche adhikari mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. 16 juuna 1916,4 janewari 1917 aanee 7 julai 1919 roji pathavalelya sandeshanmadhyehi tyacha ullekh hota.
midale mahayuddhat hott wire sound rangingcha vapar karnyat aala hota, jyaa darmyan tyanni nagri sallagar mhanoon kaam kele.
1919 teey 1937 yaa yuddhandarmyan tyanni manchesterchya victoriya vidyapithat bhautikshastrache bhashavardhak pradhyapak mhanoon kaam kele. 1937 madhye teey teddington yetheel rashtriy bhautik prayogshaleche sanchalak jhaale.
midale mahayuddhanantar, bragg cavendish prayogshaleche sanshodhan gatanmadhye vibhajan karoon cambridgemadhye paratala. tyancha assa vishvas hota qee "sahaa teey baaraa shastradnyanpaiki eka aanee kahee sahayyak heey aadarsh sanshodhan ekak aahe".
manchester vidyapith (1919-1937).
jevha too vighatit jhaala tevha too cambridge yetheel sphatikalekhanakade paratala. vadil sendriya sphatikancha abhyas kartil, mulga ajaivik sanyugancha abhyas karel yavar tyanni sahmati darshavali hotee. 1919 madhye jevha arnest rutherford haah dirghkalcha kautumbik mitra cambridgela gela, tevha laurence bragg yanni tyachya jaagi manchesterchya victoria vidyapithat bhautikshastrache bhashavardhak pradhyapak mhanoon kaam kele. tyanni majee dhwani rangers utkrusht pradhyapakanchi bharati kelee, parantu tyancha assa vishvas hota qee tyanche bhautikshastrache dnyan kamkuvat aahe aanee tyanna vargatil anubhav nahee. vidyarthi, anek majee sainik, gambhir aanee aakramak hote. too khoop hadarla hota, parantu kutumbachya pathimbyane tyane swatahla ekatra aanale aanee vijay midavala. too aanee aar. doubleu. james yanni paravartit ksh-kirananchi paripoorn urja mojali, jyane see dware prapt kelelya sutrala pramanit kele. jee. yuddhapurvi darwin. aata teey paravartit lakshyanmadhil electronchi sankhya nishchit karoo shakale aanee silicatesarkhya adhik klisht sfatikanchya sanrachanancha arth kadhu shakale. heey ajunahi katheen hoteh varanvar andaj lavane aanee punha prayatna karane aavashyak hote. 1920 chya dashakachya uttaradhat tyanni mahitivar forier transform vaparoon vishleshan sope kele.
1930 madhye, londonchya imperial collegemadhun nokarichya prastavavar vichar kartana teey khoop aswasth jhaale. tyanchya kutumbane gardi kelee aanee tyanni 1931 madhye myoonichmadhye ghalavalyavar tyanni aapale santulan punarprapt kele, jithe tyanni sanshodhan kele.
rashtriy bhautik prayogshala (1937-1938).
1937 madhye teey teddington yetheel rashtriy bhautik prayogshaleche sanchalak jhaale aanee kahee kahee sobat aanale. matra, prashasana aanee samityanni tyancha barachsa vel karyapithapasun door thewala.
cambridge vidyapith (1938-1954).
rutherford maran pavala aanee shodh samiteene cavendish prayogshaleche digdarshan digdarshan cavendish pradhyapakanchya ranget laurence bragche naav pudhe thewale. prayogshalecha anoo bhautikshastrat eka prakhyat itihas hota aanee kahee sadasya sphatikalekhakapasun savadh hote, joou summ-hatane kelelya prashasanadvare badbad karoon varr gela. tyane vivartan namunyancha arth lavnyavar kaam kele. chhotya sfatikshastra gatamadhye margdarshak nasalela nirvasit sanshodhan vidyarthi hotah max perutz. tyane haemoglobinmadhun milanari ksh-kiran vivartan mahitee darshavali, jyat asey suchavale gele qee vishal jaivik renunchi rachana samajoon ghetali jaau shakate. bragney perutzchi sanshodhan sahayyak mhanoon niyukti kelee aanee kahee mahinyantach rockfeller foundationchya anudanane tyala atirikt pathbal midale. midale mahayuddhadarmyan jevha perutzla shatru pargrahvasi mhanoon najarkaidet thevanyat aale aanee nantar lashkari sanshodhanat kaam kele tevha heey kaam sthagit karnyat aale.
yuddhadarmyan cavenditione eka sankshipt padvidhar abhyaskram deu keela, jyamadhye radarsathi aavashyak asalelya electronicswar bharr denyat aala. bragney dhatunchya sanrachanevar kaam kele aanee sonar aanee dhwani shrenivar sallah ghetala, jyasathi ajunahi tucker microphone vaparla jaat hota. bragla nitechi padvi denyat aalee aanee 1941 madhye surr laurence jhaale. 1942 madhye tyachya vadilanchya nidhananantar, bragney canadamadhye vaidnyanik sampark adhikari mhanoon sahaa mahine kaam kele. tyanni ksh-kiran vishleshanavar niyatkalik parishadanche aayojan kele, jyacha lashkari sanshodhanat mothya pramanat vapar keela jaat asey.
yuddhanantar bragney aantarrashtriy sfatikshastra sanghatanechya sthapaneche netrutva kele aanee tyache pahile adhyaksh mhanoon tyanchi nivad jhaali. eka kinwa adhik pratham shreni vadya yantrashastra aanee karyashala jyamadhye upkarananche samanya sanchalan kele jaau shakate, tyanchya madatine sahaa teey baaraa shastradnya aanee kahee sahayyakanpaiki eka haah aadarsh sanshodhan ghatak aahe, assa vishvas darshavinyasathi tyanni yaa karyachi ekkanmadhye punarrachana kelee."varishtha kelee."varishtha aata karyalaye, durdhvani aanee sachiviy pathbal hote. redio khagolshastravaril naveen units vibhagachi vyapti vadhavanyat aalee. ksh-kiran aanee electron sukshmadarshak yaa donhicha vapar karoon bragchya swatachya karyat dhatunchya sanrachanevar laksh kendrit kele gele. 1947 madhye tyanni vaidyakeey sanshodhan parishadela (emm. aar. see.) aanvik jivashastrachi prayogshala mhanoon prathinanchi rachana nishchit karnyachya 'shoor prayatna' mhanoon varnan kelelya prayatnala pathimba denyasathi patvoon dile, jyat suruvatila perutz, johnn kendru aanee done sahayyak hote. bragney tyanchyasobat kaam kele aanee 1960 paryant tyanni myoglobinchi rachana anoo staravar sodavali hotee. yaa bragcha samavesh qamee jhalyanantar; pratyek renumadhye paryache done anoo chinhak mhanoon samavisht kelyanantar tyanche haemoglobin vishleshan sope jhaale. emm. aar. see. chaa pahila bhavya vijay mhanje james watson aanee francis crick yanni dii. aine. aii. chya sanrachaneche decoding karane. bragney 8 april 1953 roji beljiyammadhil prathinanvaril dravanachya parishadet yaa shodhachi ghoshana kelee, jaree prasarmadhyamanni tyachi nond kelee nahee. tyanantar tyanni guruwari, 14 meey 1953 roji londonmadhil guise hospital medical skoolmadhye bhashan dile, jyacha parinam ritchie calderne shukravari, 15 meey 1953 roji londonchya 'news chronicle' madhye 'tumhi qaa aahat' yaa shirshakacha eka lekh lihila. jivanache adhik jawalche rahasy. bragney crick, watson aanee mauris wilkins yanna 1962 chya shariravidnyan kinwa vaidyakshastratil nobel puraskarasathi namankit kele; wilkinschya sambhagane kings college londonmadhil ksh-kiran sphatikalekhakanchya yogdanala manyata dilee. tyapaiki rosalind franklin hote, jyanche 'chhayachitra 51' darshavite qee dii. aine. aii. heey duheri helics hote, linus pollingne prastavit kelele tiheri helics nahee. puraskar (joou keval jiwant lokanna jaato) pradan honyapurvi franklincha mrutyu jhaala.
shahee sanstha (1954-1971).
1953 madhye heey brags londonmadhil shahee sansthetil nivasi pradhyapkansathichya mohak flatmadhye gele, jyaa padavar tyanche vadil tyanche nidhan jhaale tevha hote. 1934 aanee 1961 madhye laurence yanni royal institute khrismas vyakhyan dile hote aanee 1938 pasoon teey sansthet naisargik tattvadnyanache pradhyapak hote aanee varshik vyakhyan dett hote. tyachya vadilanchya vadilanchya hii sanstha kamkuvat kelee hotee, tyamule bragla tee punha bandhavi lagali. tyanni corporate prayojakanchi yadee karoon aarthik ball vadhavale, shukravari sandhyakali sandhyakali paramparik pravachanantar vaktyasathi dinner party aanee darvarshi 120 hoon adhik sambhavya aashraydatyanchi kaljipurvak nivad karnyat aalee. "1965 madheel yapaiki done pravachananni tyanna vishesh anand deela. 7 meey roji, lady bragg, jee vivah aanee ghatasfotavaril shahee aayogachi sadasya hotee (1951-55) aanee rashtriy vivah margadarshan parishadechi adhyaksh hotee, tine 'vivah aanee ghatasfotatil badalatya paddhati' yaa vishayavar vyakhyane dilee; aanee 15 november roji, bragney tyacha abhiyanta-mulga stephen yane dilele 'jett enginemadhil dolan aanee aavaj' yaa vishayavarche pravachan abhimanane aikale, joou tevha rolls-royce limitedmadhye mukhya shastradnya hota aanee nantar brunell vidyapithacha kulguru jhaala."tyanni atyant pratishthit shalanchya vyakhyanancha eka karyakram dekhil suru keela, joou sanstheche vaishishtya asalelya vistrut nidarshananmule prerit jhaala. yapaiki teen vyakhyane tyanni 'veej' yaa vishayavar dilee.
talgharatil davy-farrade prayogshalet aanee shejarchya gharat kaam karnyasathi eka chhotya gatachi bharati karoon tyanni sansthemadhye sanshodhan suru thewale, jyala tyanni midavalelya anudanacha pathimba hota. prayogshaletil eka abhyagatala lysozyme yaa enzyme judd dhatoo ghalanyat yash aale; tyachya sphatikanchi rachana 1965 madhye shahee sansthet dii. see. phillips aanee tyanche sahkari, london vidyapithat digital sangankavar sadar kelelya 9,040 pratibimbanvaril gananesah, jyamule kaam mothya pramanat sulabh jhaale. sakhalitil amino aesidchya sthitichi done chitre bragdware kadhali gelee hotee. myoglobinchya ulat, jyamadhye jawaljawal 80 takke amino-acid avashesh alfa-helics rachnet asatat, lysozyme alfa-helics samagri chaar mukhya pattyanmadhye pattyanmadhye amino-acid avasheshanpaiki keval 40 takke asate. itar pattya 310 helixchya aahet, jee tyanni aadhi prastavit keleli rachana aahe. yaa rachnet, pratyek tisra peptide hydrogen-bandhane asalelya pahilya peptideshy jodala jaato, asha prakare daha anoo asaleli eka vartul tayar hote. bragchya bragchya vadhadivsachya velee tyanchyakade eka utsechakachi sampoorn rachana hotee. 1966 madhye teey manad pradhyapak jhaale.
prathinanchya sanrachaneche ksh-kiran vishleshan tyanantarchya varshant bharbharatila aale, jyamule jagbharatil prayogshalanmadhil prathinanchya sankhyechya sanrachana nishchit jhalya. ksh-kiran vishleshanacha vapar karoon kelelya kamasathi aththavis nobel paritoshike denyat aalee aahet. yaa paddhaticha tota assa aahe qee tee sfatikanvar kelee gelee pahije, jyamule jevha enzymes thurr aanee tyasarkhya goshti bandhatat tevha aakarat badal pahanyas pratibandh hoto. cryo-electron sukshmadarshika yaa eka gothalelya renuchi pratima kadhanyasathi sudharit electron sukshmadarshakancha vapar karoon, suru kelelya aanakhi eka reshechya bragchya vikasadvare hii samasya sodavali gelee.
shahee sanstheshi asalelya tyachya pradirgh sambandhat too hotah
vaiyaktik jeevan.
1921 madhye tyane yuddhat marlya gelelya eka mitrachya chulat bhavachya ellis hopkinsonshee (1899-1989) lagn kele. tyanna chaar mule hotee, abhiyanta stephen laurence (1923-2014), david william (1926-2005), margaret ellis (1931-2022), (jyane mutsaddi marqa heathshey lagn kele) aanee dhairya merrie, janm 1935.1937 madhye bragchi rashtriy bhautik prayogshaleche sanchalak mhanoon niyukti hoiparyant ellis withington gearls skoolmadhye karmchari hotee. tee anek sarvajanik sansthanmadhye sakriy hotee aanee 1945-46 pasoon cambridgechya mahapour mhanoon kaam karat hotee.
bragchya chhandanmadhye chitrakala-kautumbik patranche chitra jeevant rekhachitransaha chitrit kele gele hote-chitrakala, sahitya aanee bagkamat aajivan rus. jevha too londonla gela, tevha tyala eka baag chukali aanee tyamule too tyachya niyoktyane naan olakhala gelela anshakalik maalee mhanoon kaam karat hota, joparyant gharatil eka pahunyane tyala tithe pahoon aashchary vyakt kele. waldringfield, aay. pii. ess. vhee. etch., suffock yetheel tyachya gharajavalil rugnalayat tyacha mrutyu jhaala. tyala cambridgechya triiniity collegemadhye daphan karnyat aale; tyacha mulga devidla cambridgemadhil aarohan dafanbhumichya parishmadhye daphan karnyat aale aahe, jithe bragcha mitra, joou too jiwant rahila asata tarr tyacha mehuna rudolph cecil hopkinsonla dekhil daphan karnyat aale asate.
august 2013 madhye, bragche natevaik, prasarak melvin bragg yanni 1915 chya bhautikshastratil nobel vijetyanna bii. bii. see. redio 4 karyakram ('bragg aun daad brags') sadar keela.
sanman aanee puraskar.
bragg 1921 madhye royal societycha (eff. aar. ess.) sadasya mhanoon nivadala gela-"eka ashee patrata jee itaranna aprasangik banavate". banavate" navavarshachya sanmanarth raja george sahava yane tyala nitechi padvi dilee aanee tyala kopali padak aanee shahee samajache shahee padak donhi midale. jaree grem shikarine, 'prakash haah eka sandeshvahak aahe' yaa tyachya pustakamadhye, too bhautikshastradnyapeksha adhik sphatikalekhak hota assa yuktivad keela asala, taree bragchya aajivan kriyakalapanni vegale darshavile-too itar konatyahi goshtipeksha adhik bhautikshastradnya hota. asha prakare, 1939 teey 1943 paryant tyanni londonchya institute auph physicsche adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. kele naveen varshachya sanmanarth ranee elizabeth dviteey yanni tyanchi sanmananiy sathidar mhanoon niyukti kelee.
1967 pasoon bhautikshastra sansthene laurence bragg padak aanee puraskar pradan kele aahet. yavyatirikt 1992 pasoon, austreliyan institute auph physicsne laurence bragg (padakachya samore) aanee tyache vadil william bragg yanchya smaranarth bhautikshastratil utkrushtatesathi bragg suvarnapadak pradan kele aahe, austreliyan vidyapithatil vidyarthyane kelelya sarvotkrusht ph. dii. prabandhasathi.

