
apratyaksh nivadanuka

apratyaksh nivadanuk kinwa "shrenibaddha matdan" hii eka ashee nivadanuk aahe jyamadhye matdar thet umedvar kinwa pakshanmadhun padachi (thet matdan pranali) nivad karat naheet, parantu tyaa badalyat umedvar kinwa paksh nivadana lokanchi nivad karatat. haah nivadanukanchya sarvat junya prakaranpaiki eka aahe aanee anek desh rajya pramukhansathi (jase qee adhyaksh), mantrimandal, sarkar pramukhansathi (jase qee pantpradhan) aanee/kinwa varchya sabhagruhansathi yacha vapar karatat. kahee atireki vidhimandalansathihi yacha vapar keela jaato.
apratyakshapane nivadaleli padey kayamswarupi sansthedvare (udaharanarth sansad) kinwa keval tyaa uddeshasathi bolavalelya vishesh sansthedvare (udaharanarth nivadanuk mandal) nivadali jaau shakatat.
jawaljawal serve prakarananmadhye karyakari shakhevar niyantran thevanari sanstha (udaharanarth mantrimandal) apratyakshapane nivadali jaate. yamadhye bahutansh sansadiy pranalinchya mantrimandalacha samavesh hoto; janata khasdaranchi nivad karate, jeey nantar mantrimandal nivadatat. uchch sadane, visheshtah sanghiy prajasattakanmadhye, bahudha apratyakshapane, ektar sambandhit kanishth sabhagruh kinwa mantrimandaladware nivadali jaatat. tyachpramane, atireki vidhimandalanchi nivad ghatak deshanchya vidhimandalandware kinwa karyakari sarkarandware apratyakshapane kelee jaau shakate. apratyaksh lokshahi electoral college kinwa adhyaksh chalavatat.
nivadanuk anshatah apratyaksh asoo shakate, udaharanarth apratyaksh ekal hastantaraniy matdanachya babatit, jethe keval vagalalele umedvar tyanchya matancha vaataa hastantarit karnyasathi itar umedvaranchi nivad karatat.
rajyache pramukh.
rashtracha pramukh haah deshacha adhikrut neta aanee pratinidhi asato. rajyachya pramukhanche padd maryadit adhikar asalelya aupcharik pramukhanpasun teey shaktishali netyaparyant, sarkari rachana aanee deshachya aitihasik varshanusar badaloo shakate. udaharanarth, kahee prakarananmadhye rajyanchya pramukhanna rajeshahidware padd varsa mhanoon milate, tarr itar apratyakshapane kinwa rashtrapatinpramane nivadoon aalele nirdeshit asatat. kahee udaharane khalee dilee aahet.
united states.
amerikeche rashtradhyaksh apratyakshapane nivadle jaatat. amerikechya rashtradhyakshapadachya nivadanukit, janateche patra sadasya electoral collegechya matdaranna matdan karatat, jyanni purvi ekhadya vishisht rashtrapatipadachya umedwarala pathimba denyache jahirpane vachan dile aahe. jevha electoral college basato, tevha nivadanukinantar lagechach, electoral collegechya sadasyanpaiki bahumat midavalelya umedvarachi aupcharik nivad karato. uparashtrapatisaha sanghiy mantrimandalache sadasya vyavharat rashtrapatindware namnirdeshit kele jaatat aanee asha prakare apratyakshapane nivadle jaatat. electoral college haah yuu. aii. madhye eka vadgrast muddah aahe.ess. rajkaran, visheshtah rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukanantar jevha matdan bhaugolikdrushtya asha prakare dhruvikrut kele jaate qee matdar mandal lokpriy matanpaiki purn bahumat naan midvananya umedvarachi nivad karate. rashtriy lokpriy mutt aantarrajya karar, jarr lagoo jhaala tarr, apratyaksh nivadanukichi jaaga electoral kolejdware "vastavik" bahulatevar aadharit thet nivadanukine gheil.
chean.
peaples republic auph chayanachya sanvidhanat apratyaksh lokshahichi pranali nirdisht kelee aahe. national peaples congress adhyaksh nivadte, jyala rajya adhyaksh mhanoonahi olakhale jaate, joou rajyache pramukh mhanoon kaam karato. adhyakshapadachi satta hii mukhyatve aupcharik asate, bahusankhya satta communist pakshacha neta aanee lashkarache pramukh mhanoon rashtrapatinchya padavarun nirman hote.
european union.
european aayogachya adhyakshala european parishadedvare namankit kele jaate aanee thet nivadoon aalelya european sansadedvare tyala pushti kinwa nakar deela jaato (european sansadechya nivadanuka pahaa).
sansadiy pranali.
sansadiy pranali asalele prajasattak sahasa apratyakshapane tyanche rajyapramukh nivadatat (udaa.jee. germany, itali, estonia, latvia, malta, hangeri, bharat, israyal, bangladesh). ireland, austriya, croatia, bulgaria aanee check prajasattak yasarkhi anek sansadiy prajasattaka, pantpradhananpeksha vegalya thet nivadoon aalelya adhyakshasah ardh-rashtrapati pranalicha vapar karoon kaam karatat.
sarkarche pramukh.
sarkarche pramukh heey sarkarchya dainandin kamkajache aanee kendra sarkarchya sansthanche nirikshan karnyache kaam pahatat. rashtrapati vyavasthemadhye rashtrapati heey sarkarche pramukh aanee rajyache pramukh asatat. sansadiy vyavasthanmadhye, vidhimandalat sarvadhik jaaga asalelya pakshacha neta haah samanyatah sarkarcha pramukh asato. apratyaksh nivadnukandware nivadalya gelelya sarkarpramukhanchi anek udaharane khalee saranshit kelee aahet.
pantpradhan.
sansadiy lokshahitil sarvat pramukh sthan mhanje pantpradhanpad.
westminster pranali antargat, jyala united kingdamchya sansadene naav dile aanee tyache swaroop dile, pantpradhan (kinwa pratham mantri, pantpradhan kinwa mukhyamantri) hii ashee vyakti aahe jee sansadetil samarthakanchya sarvat mothya yuteela aadnya deu shakate. jawaljawal serve prakarananmadhye, pantpradhan haah sansadet kinwa kanishth sabhagruhat (jase qee haus auph commons) bahumat asalelya rajkiy pakshacha (kinwa yuticha) neta asato, kinwa konatyahi eka pakshala bahumat nasalyachya paristhitit sarvat motha paksh kinwa lahan pakshanchi yutee alpasankhyak sarkar sthapan karnyacha prayatna karoo shakate. asha prakare pantpradhan apratyakshapane nivadala jaato kaaran rajkiy paksh antargat lokshahi prakriyedvare swatacha neta nivadatat, tarr samanya janata vividh rajkiy pakshanchya kinwa apkshanchya sthanik umedvaranpaiki nivadte.
austreliya, canada, newzealand, singapur aanee united kingdoms anek rashtrakul deshanmadhye westminster modelcha vapar suruch aahe. yavyatirikt british samrajyane vasahat kelelya anek rashtranna tyanchya swatantryanantar westminster model varshane midale.
spainmadhye, pratinidhinchi congress rajachya umedvarachya (nehmi pakshacha neta jyacha paksh kongresvar niyantran thevato) vishvasadarshak tharavavar aanee umedvarachya rajkiy jahiranamyavar matdan karate, jeey spainchya pantpradhananchya apratyaksh nivadanukiche udaharan aahe.
federal kulpati.
germanymadhye, federal chanceller-federal patalivaril sarvat shaktishali padd-apratyakshapane bundstagdware nivadle jaate, jeey tyaa badalyat loksankhyedvare nivadle jaate. federal adhyaksh, rajyache pramukh, kulpati karyalayasathi umedvar prastavit karatat. jaree asey kadhihi ghadale nasale taree, siddhantatah bundstag dusya vyaktila padavar nivadane dekhil nivadu shakato, jeey rashtrapatinna swikarave lagate.
niyukti.
kahee deshanmadhye nihpakshapati sarkarpramukh asatat, jyanchi niyukti rashtrapati karatat, udaharanarth singapurche pantpradhan.
varchya sadnika.
german matdar rajya sarkar nivadanare landtag sadasya nivadatat, jeey bandesratsathi sadasyanchi niyukti karatat.
purviche sansadiy sabhagruh asalele chinache yuan heey niyantran apratyakshapane deshbharatil tyachya sambandhit vidhimandalandware nivadle jaat aseh pratyek prantatoon paach, thet prashasit pratyek nagarpaliketun done, mangoliyatoon aath (1948 paryant fakt aateel mangolian prantanche pratinidhitva hote), tibetmadhun aath aanee paradeshi chiinii samudayanmadhun aath. mulat kalpana kelyapramane, yuan yaa niyantran sansthecha adhyaksh aanee upadhyaksh yaa doghanchi nivad jagbharatil itar anek sansadiy sansthanchya adhyakshanpramanech sadasyankadun kelee jaanar hotee. lokshahikaranantar 1993 madhye niyantran yuan hii taivanmadhil ekmev shravan sanstha bunley.
francemadhye sansadechya varchya sabhagruhachi, senetchi nivadanuk apratyaksh aahe. matdar (jyanna 'grands electors' mhanatat) heey sthanik patalivar nivadoon aalele pratinidhi asatat.
bharatiy rajyasabha (sansadeche uchch sabhagruh) apratyakshapane, mukhytah rajya vidhimandalandware nivadali jaate; manmohan sing heey rajyasabheche sadasya hote parantu loksabhetil (sansadeche kanishth sabhagruh) bahumat asalelya pakshane 2004 madhye pantpradhan mhanoon nivadle; tyamule, pantpradhan mhanoon sinh yanni kadhihi thet kinwa lokpriy nivadanuk jinkley navhati aanee tyanna tantradnya mhanoon sadar karnyat aale.
mageel shatkatil anek prayatnannantar 1913 madhye amerikechya sanvidhanatil 17 vya durustila manyata mileparyant, united states sinetchi apratyakshapane rajya vidhimandalanni nivad kelee hotee.
kahee prakarananmadhye, rashtriy aanee uparashtriy vidhimandalachya bahutek sadasyansah bahutek adhikari apratyakshapane nivadoon aalele manale jaau shakatat, kaaran teey rajkiy pakshandvare purvanirdharit kele jaatat. asha prakarchi pranali sanyukt rajya america, federal aanee rajya asha donhi staranvar darshavate. mhanje prathamik nivadanuka aanee/kinwa cocus heey umedvar nivadanyasathi jababdar asatat, jyanchya purvanirvachanas pakshachya adhiveshanane manyata dilee jaate.
apratyakshapane nivadoon aalelya atirashtriy vidhimandalanchya kahee udaharananmadhye pudhil goshtincha samavesh hotoh europe, oo. ess. see., veyu aanee natochya sansadiy sabha-yaa serve prakarananmadhye matdar rashtriy khasdaranchi nivad karatat, jeey tyanchya swatachya kahee sadasyanchi vidhansabhesathi nivad karatat. rashtriy sarkarne nivadalelya pratinidhinni sthapan kelelya sansthanna dekhil hetch lagoo hote, udaa.jee. sanyukt rashtranchi sarvasadharan sabha-asey gruheet dharoon qee vicharadhin rashtriy sarkare prathamatah lokshahi paddhatine nivadali jaatat.
pakistanatil sinetchya kahee sadasyanchi nivad karnyasathi apratyaksh ekal hastantaraniy matdanacha vapar keela jaato.