jaagtik vyapar sanghatana

jaagtik vyapar sanghatana (doubleu. tii. oo.) hii eka aantarsarkari sanstha aahe jee aantarrashtriy vyaparache niyaman aanee suvidha puravate. prabhavi sahkaryane 
sanyukt rashtranchya vyavasthet, sarkare aantarrashtriy vyapar niyantrit karnare niyam sthapit karnyasathi, tyat sudharana karnyasathi aanee tyanchi amalbajavani karnyasathi sansthecha vapar karatat. 1994 chya marakesh kararanusar, 1 janewari 1995 roji adhikrutpane kaam suru jhaale, asha prakare 1948 madhye sthapan jhalelya darr aanee vyaparavaril (jee. tii.) samanya kararachi jaaga ghetali. doubleu. tii. oo. hii jagatil sarvat mothee aantarrashtriy aarthik sanstha aahe, jyamadhye 164 sadasya desh jaagtik vyapar aanee jaagtik jee. dii. pii. chya 98 takkyanhun adhik pratinidhitva karatat.
vyapar kararansathi vataghati karnyasathi eka chaukat pradan karoon sahbhagi deshanmadhye vastoo, seva aanee bauddhik sampatticha vyapar sulabh karane, jyacha uddesh samanyatah shulk, kota aanee itar nirbandh qamee karane kinwa kadhoon takane haah asato; yaa kararanvar sadasya sarkaranchya pratinidhinni kararanvar kelya aahet aanee tyanchya vidhimandalanni tyanna manyata dilee aahe. doubleu. tii. oo. sahbhaginche vyapar kararanche palan karnyasathi aanee vyapar-sambandhit vivad sodavanyasathi swatantra vivad nivaran dekhil chalavate. hii sanstha vyapari bhagidaranmadhil bhedbhavas pratibandh karate, parantu paryavaran sanrakshn, rashtriy suraksha aanee itar mahattvachya uddishtansathi apavad pradan karate.
doubleu. tii. oo. chey mukhyalay jineva, switzerland yethe aahe. serve sadasya deshanchi banaleli aanee sahasa dvivarshik baithak honari mantri parishad hii tyachi nirnay ghenari sarvoch sanstha aahe; serve nirnayanmadhye ekmatavar bharr deela jaato. serve sadasyanchya pratinidhinni banalelya sarvasadharan parishadedvare dainandin karye hatalali jaatat. mahasanchalak aanee chaar pratinidhi yanchya netrutvakhalil 600 hoon adhik adhik sachivalay prashasakeey, vyavsayik aanee tantrik seva pradan karate. doubleu. tii. oo. chey varshik andajpatrak andaje 220 dashalaksh americi dollars aahe, jeey sadasyanni tyanchya aantarrashtriy vyaparachya pramananusar dile aahe.
abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee doubleu. tii. oo. neey vyaparala chalana dilee aahe aanee vyaparatil adthale qamee kele aahet. tyacha samanyatah vyapar kararavarhi prabhav padala aahe; 2017 chya vishleshanat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee tyaa tappyaparyantche bahusankhya pradhanya vyapar karar (pii. tii. aii.) doubleu. tii. oo. chaa spashtapane sandarbh detat, jyat majkurache lakshaniy bhag doubleu. tii. oo. kararanmadhun coppy kele jaatat. sanyukt rashtranchya shashvat vikas uddishtanchya 10 vya uddishtane dekhil doubleu. tii. oo. kararanna asamanata qamee karanyachi sadhane mhanoon sandarbhit kele. tathapi, mukt vyaparache fayade samaan pramanat samayik kele jaat naheet assa tikakarancha yuktivad aahe.
itihas.
jaagtik banq (1944 madhye sthapan jhaleli) aanee aantarrashtriy vittiy nidhi (1944 kinwa 1945 madhye sthapan jhaleli) yasarkhya aantarrashtriy aarthik sahkaryasathi samarpit asalelya itar naveen bahupakshiy sansthanchya parshvabhumivar, aalee mahayuddhanantar 1947 madhye 23 deshanchya bahupakshiy kararadvare doubleu. tii. oo. purvavarti shulk aanee vyaparavaril samanya karar (gatt) sthapan karnyat aala. aantarrashtriy vyapar sanghatana mhanoon olakhali jaanari, vyaparasathichi eka tulanatmak aantarrashtriy sanstha, yu. ess. mhanoon kadhihi suru jhaali nahee.ess. aanee itar swaksharikartyanni aasthapana kararala manyata dilee nahee aanee tyamule gatt haloohaloo eka "vastavik" aantarrashtriy sanstha bunley.
urugvayachya aadhi gatt vataghati.
gutt antargat (1949 teey 1979) vataghatichya saat vyapar jhalya. pahilya vastavik gatt vyapar vyapar (1947 teey 1960) shulk aanakhi qamee karnyavar kendrit hotya. tyanantar sathchya dashakachya madhyat jhalelya kenedi fereene gatt anty-dumping karar aanee vikasavar eka vibhag aanala. sattarchya dashkatil tokio fereene daranche roop naan naan vyapar adthalyanna tond denyacha aanee pranali sudharanyasathicha pahila motha prayatna darshavila, gair-shulk adthalyanvaril kararanchi malika sweekarli, jyane kahee prakarananmadhye vidyaman gatt niyamancha arth lavala aanee itaranmadhye purnapane naveen paya modala. kaaran serve gut sadasyanni heey bahupakshiy karar sweekarle naheet, tyanna anekada anaupacharikpane "sanhita" mhatale jaat asey. (urugue fereene yapaiki anek sanhitanmadhye sudharana kelya aanee tyanche rupantar serve sadasyanni swikarlelya bahupakshiy vachanbaddhatet kele. keval chaar bahupakshiy rahile (sarkari kharedi, gomans, nagri viman aanee dugdhajanya utpadane), parantu 1997 madhye sadasyanni gomans aanee dugdhajanya karar radd karnyas sahmati darshavali, keval done urale.) 1950 aanee 1960 chya dashakachya madhyat aantarrashtriy vyaparasathi kahee prakarchi sansthatmak yantrana sthapan karnyache prayatna karoonahi, tatpuratya aadharavar ardh-sansthatmak bahupakshiy karar shasson mhanoon jawaljawal ardha shatakparyant heey gut karyarat rahile.
urugue fereeh 1986-1994.
gatchya gatchya vardhapan dinachya khoop aadhi (1987-1988 madhye dey), gatt sadasyanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee jagatikikaranachya jaagtik arthvyavastheshi julavun ghenyasathi gatt pranali taanat aahe. 1982 chya mantripadachya ghoshanet olakhalya gelelya samasyanna pratisad mhanoon (sanrachanatmak kamatarata, jaagtik vyaparavar kahee deshanchya dhorananche parinam, jeey gatt vyavasthapit karoo shakale naheet, ii.), urugvetalya punta dell este yethe jhalelya eka baithakit september 1986 madhye aathvi gatt pherii suru jhaali-jyala urugvay pherii mhanoon olakhale jaate.
vyaparavaril vataghaticha aataparyantcha sarvat motha aadesh manya karnyat aala, urugve feritil charchecha uddesh vyapar pranalicha anek naveen kshetranmadhye vistar karane, visheshtah seva aanee bauddhik sampada vyapar, aanee krishi aanee vastrodyogachya sanvedanshil kshetranmadhil vyaparat sudharana karane haah hota; serve mool gatt lekhancha aadhava ghetala jaanar hota. urugue fericha samarop vataghati aanee doubleu. tii. oo. rajvatichi adhikrutpane sthapana vataghati antim kayadyavar 15 april 1994 roji marakesh, morokko yethe jhalelya mantristariy baithakit kararanvar karnyat aalya-mhanoon tyala marakesh karar mhanoon olakhale jaate.
gatt ajunahi doubleu. tii. oo. chaa vastoonchya vyaparasathicha chhatra karar mhanoon astitvat aahe, joou urugue ferichya vataghatimule adyayavat karnyat aala (gatche adyayavat bhag 'gatt 1994' aanee 'gatt 1947', mool karar joou ajunahi gatt 1994 chaa kendrabindu aahe, yaat farak keela aahe). tathapi, 1994 haah ekmev kayadeshiraritya bandhankarak karar nahee, joou marakesh yetheel antim kayadyadvare samavisht karnyat aala aahe; sumare 60 karar, sanlagnata, nirnay aanee samanjasya yanchi eka lamb yadee swikaranyat aalee. karar sahaa mukhya bhaganmadhye yetatah
shulk "kamal maryada-bandhan" shhee sambandhit doubleu. tii. oo. chya tattvachya sandarbhat (nahee. 3), vikasit aanee vikasansheel donhi deshandware bandhankarak bandhilaki vadhavanyat urugue pherii yashasvi jhaali aahe, jeey 1986-1994 charchepurvi aanee nantar bandhalelya shulkanchya takkevarimadhye disun yete.
mantristariy parishada.
doubleu. tii. oo. chee sarvoch nirnay ghenari sanstha, mantri parishad, sahasa darr done varshanni bhetate. heey doubleu. tii. oo. chya serve sadasyanna ekatra aanate, jeey serve desh kinwa simashulk sanghatana aahet. mantri parishad konatyahi bahupakshiy vyapar kararantargat serve babinvar nirnay gheu shakate. kahee baithakanmadhye, udaharanarth singapurmadhil udghatan mantri parishad aanee 2003 madheel radd jhalelya parishadet vikasit aanee vikasansheel arthvyavasthanmadhil vaad, jyanna "singapurche mudde" mhanoon sambodhale jaate, udaharanarth krishi anudan, yancha samavesh hota; tarr 1999 madheel seatle parishadesarkhya itar baithakanmadhye mothya nidarshananna uttejan midale. 2001 madhye doha yetheel chauthya mantri parishadene doubleu. tii. oo. madhye chinchya praveshala manjuri dilee aanee doha vikas pherii suru kelee, jyala sahavya doubleu. tii. oo. mantri parishadene (hongkongmadhye) purak kele, jyat krishi niryat anudan tappyatappyane kadhoon taknyas aanee alp vikasit deshanmadhil vastunvaril shulk tappyatappyane qamee karnyasathi european unionchya shastrastranchya upkramashivay serve kahee swikaranyas sahmati darshavili gelee. december 2005 madhye jhalelya sahavya mantristariy parishadet, aamhi vyapar upkramasathi madat suru karnar aahot aanee visheshtah shashvat vikasache uddisht 8 madhye samavisht kelyapramane vyaparat vikasansheel deshanna madat karnyasathi aahe, jeey vyapar samarthan aanee aarthik vadhisathi madat vadhavane aahe.
baravi mantri parishad (emm. see. 12) juuna 2020 madhye kazakhstanchya noor-sultan yethe honar hotee, parantu covid-19 mahamarimule tee radd karnyat aalee.
doha pherii (doha ajenda): 2001-sadhya.
doubleu. tii. oo. neey november 2001 madhye doha, katar yethe jhalelya chauthya mantristariy parishadet vataghatichi sadhyachi pherii, doha vikas pherii suru kelee. jagatikikaran adhik sarvasamaveshak banavanyasathi aanee jagatil garibanna madat karnyasathi, visheshtah shetitil adthale aanee anudan qamee karoon haah eka mahatvakankshi prayatna asanar hota. prarambhik ajendyat pudhil vyapar udarikaran aanee naveen niyam-nirmiti yaa donhincha samavesh hota, jeey vikasansheel deshanna bhareev sahayya balkat karnyachya vachanbaddhatevar aadharit hote.
audhyogik darr aanee vyaparasathi visheshtah european union aanee america yanchyatil tyanchya krishi anudananchya dekhbhalivar aanee tyanchyamadhye asalelya bigger-shulk adthalyansarkhya muddyanvar vikasit desh aanee pramukh vikasansheel deshanmadhil matbhedanmule pragati thambali-vyapar adthale mhanoon prabhavipane kaam karnyasathi pahile jaate. 2013 madhye baalee mantripadachya ghoshanecha sweekar kelyane vanijyatil nokarshahitil adthale door jhaale asale taree, vataghati punarujjivit karnyache varanvar kelele prayatna ayashasvi tharale.
doha feriche bhavishya anishchit rahileh karya karyakramat 21 vishayanchi yadee aahe jyamadhye 1 janewari 2005 chee mool mudat chukali hotee aanee pherii apoorn rahate. audhyogik vastoo aanee sevanvaril mukt vyapar, parantu deshantargat krishi kshetranna (vikasit deshanni vinanti kelelya) krishi anudanavaril sanrakshanvad kayam thevane aanee krishi utpadananvaril (vikasansheel deshanni vinanti kelelya) nyayya vyaparache samarthan yanchyatil sangharsh heey pramukh adthale rahile aahet. yaa pechamule doha vikas ferichya palikade naveen vataghati suru karane ashakya jhaale aahe. parinami, sarkaranmadhye, dweepakshiy mukt vyapar kararanchi sankhya vadhat aahe. sadhyachya rakhadalelya krishi vyapar vataghatisathi doubleu. tii. oo. pranalimadhye vividh vataghati gut hote.
karye.
vyapar sulabh karoon vikasala protsahan dene heey doubleu. tii. oo. chey sarvat mahattvache karya aahe. itar mahattvachya karyanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
yavyatirikt, rashtriy vyapar dhoranancha aadhava ghene aanee tyancha prachar karane aanee jaagtik aarthik dhoran nirmitivar dekhrekh thevun vyapar dhorananche susangatata aanee pardarshakta sunishchit karane heey tyache kartavya aahe. tantrik sahkarya aanee prashikshanadvare doubleu. tii. oo. chey niyam aanee shakhanshi julavun ghenyasathi sankramanat vikasansheel, alp-vikasit aanee qamee utpann asalelya deshanna madat karane heey doubleu. tii. oo. chey aanakhi eka pradhanya aahe.
vareel paach soochi jaagtik vyapar sanghatanechi atirikt karye aahet. aajchya samajat jagatikikaran jasjase pudhe jaat aahe, tasatase vyapar pranali vyavasthapit karnyasathi aantarrashtriy sansthechi garaj atyant mahattvachi rahili aahe. vyapar vadhato tasha pratyek deshachya vyapar niyamanmadhil farkanmule sanrakshanvad, vyaparatil adthale, anudan, bauddhik sampattiche ullanghan yasarkhe mudde udbhavtat. jevha asha samasya udbhavtat tevha jaagtik vyapar sanghatana rashtranmadhye madhyasth mhanoon kaam karate. doubleu. tii. oo. laa jagatikikaranache utpadan aanee aajchya jagatikikrut samajatil sarvat mahattvachya sansthanpaiki eka mhanoon sambodhale jaau shakate.
doubleu. tii. oo. heey aarthik sanshodhan aanee vishleshanache kendra dekhil aaheh tyachya varshik prakashananmadhye jaagtik vyapar chitrache niyamit moolyankan aanee vishisht vishayanvaril sanshodhan ahwal sansthedvare tayar kele jaatat. shevati, doubleu. tii. oo. heey breton woods pranalichya aay. emm. eff. aanee jaagtik bankechya itar done ghatkanshi jawalun sahkarya karate.
vyapar pranalichi tattve.
doubleu. tii. oo. vyapar dhoranansathi eka chaukat sthapit karate; tee parinamanchi vyakhya kinwa nirdisht karat nahee. mhanjech, teey "vyapar dhoran" chey niyam nishchit karnyashi sambandhit aahe."1994 purviche gatt aanee doubleu. tii. oo. donhi samajoon ghenyasathi paach tattve vishesh mahattvachi aaheth
yaa dishene teen prakarchya tartudi aaheth
emm. eff. aine. tattwala apavad mhanoon vikasansheel desh, pradeshik mukt vyapar kshetre aanee simashulk sanghatananna pradhanya denyachi parvanagi aahe.
sanghatanatmak rachana.
mantri parishad hii doubleu. tii. oo. chee sarvoch satta aahe, jee kiman darr done varshanni baithak ghene aavashyak aahe. mantristariy parishadechi baithak agadi alikadech juuna 2022 madhye jineva yethe jhaali.
pratyek mantristariy parishadedarmyan, dainandin kaam teen sansthandvare hatalale jaate jyanche sadasyatva samaan aahe; teey keval pratyek sansthechi sthapana konatya sandarbh atinnusar kelee jaate tyanusar bhinn asatat.
2020 paryant newzealandche david walker heey jyache adhyakshapad bhushavat aahet, tyaa samanya parishadechi khaleel sahayyak sanstha aahet jyaa vividh kshetrantil samityanvar dekhrekh thevatatah
seva parishademadhye teen sahayyak sanstha aaheth vittiy seva, deshantargat niyam, gett niyam aanee vishisht vachanbaddhata. parishademadhye anek vegvegalya samitya, karyakari gut aanee karyakari paksh aahet. vyapar aanee paryavaran; vyapar aanee vikas (alpavikasit deshanvaril upasamiti); pradeshik vyapar karar; deyakanche santulan nirbandh; aanee arthsankalp, vitt aanee prashasana yaa vishayanvar khaleel samitya aahet. khaleel goshtinvar karyarat paksh aaheth pravesh. vyapar, karj aanee vitt aanee vyapar aanee tantradnyan hastantaran yaa vishayanvar kaam karnare gut aahet.
31 december 2019 paryant, niyamit andajpatrakavar 338 mahila aanee 285 purushanchi sankhya aahe.
nirnay ghene.
doubleu. tii. oo. neey swatache varnan "eka niyam-aadharit, sadasya-sanchalit sanstha-serve nirnay sadasya sarkarandware ghetale jaatat aanee niyam heey sadasyanmadhil vataghaticha parinam asatat" asey kele aahe. doubleu. tii. oo. karar asha matancha andaj lavto jithe ekmat houu shakat nahee, parantu nirnay ghenyachya prakriyevar sarvasanmaticha sarav varchasva gajavato.
richard harrold steinberg (2002) assa yuktivad karatat qee doubleu. tii. oo. chey sarvasamaveshak shasson model jaree kayadyavar aadharit prarambhik saudebaji pradan karat asale, taree europe aanee yuu. ess. chya bajoone satta-aadharit saudebajidware vyapar vyapar jawal yetat.ess., aanee kadachit paretto sudharana houu shakat nahee.
vaad mitavane.
doubleu. tii. oo. chee vivad-nirakaran pranali "gatt 1947 antargat jawaljawal ardhya shatkat vikasit jhalelya niyam, karyapaddhati aanee paddhatinchya utkranticha parinam aahe". 1994 saalee, doubleu. tii. oo. sadasyanni 1994 saalee marakeshmadhye kararanvar jhalelya "antim kayadya" shhee sanlagn vivadanchya nirakaranas (dii. ess. yuu.) niyantrit karnare niyam aanee karyapaddhatimbaddal sahmati darshavali. doubleu. tii. oo. dware vivad nivaran haah bahupakshiy vyapar vyavasthecha kendriya stambh aanee "jaagtik arthvyavasthechya sthiratesathi eka adviteey yogdan" mhanoon manla jaato. doubleu. tii. oo. sadasyanni sahmati darshavali aahe qee, jarr tyanna vatat asel qee sahkari sadasya vyapar niyamanche ullanghan karat aahet, tarr teey ektarfi karvai karnyaivaji vivad sodavanyachi bahupakshiy pranali vaparnar aahet.
doubleu. tii. oo. vivad nivaran prakriyechya karyat vivad nivaran sanstha (dii. ess. bii.), apeal sanstha, mahasanchalak aanee doubleu. tii. oo. sachivalay, lavad aanee sallagar tadnyanni niyukt kelelya prakaran-vishisht samityancha samavesh asato.
pradhanya heey paraspar sahmatine todga kadhanyachya madhyamatoon vivadanche nirakaran karane heey aahe aanee prakriya karyaksham aanee velevar paar padanyachi tartud karnyat aalee aahe jenekarun "jarr ekhadya prakaranacha nikal lagla tarr panelchya nirnayasathi samanyatah eka varshapeksha jaast vel laganar nahee aanee jarr khatala apeal keela gela tarr 16 mahinyanpeksha jaast kaal laganar nahee... takrardarala jarr prakaran tatadiche vatat asel tarr prakaranachya vicharasathi aanakhi qamee vel lagel. doubleu. tii. oo. sadasya rashtranna hii prakriya ananya aanee anivarya mhanoon swikarane bandhankarak aahe.
journal auph politics' madheel 2018 chya abhyasanusar, jevha rajyanvar ullanghan pasarate tevha rajyanmadhye ullanghananchi amalbajavani karanyachi shakyata qamee aanee mand asate. yache kaaran asey qee, rajyanna khatale chalavatana samoohik karvaichya samasyanna samore jaave lagteh teey serve itar rajyanni khatalyacha kharch uchalava ashee apeksha karatat. 2016 saalee 'aantarrashtriy abhyas traimasik' madhye jhalelya abhyasat, vaad nivaran pranalimule vyaparat adhik vaadh hote, ashee aavhane aahet.
tathapi, rajkiy matbhedanmule udbhavnare vyapar vivad sodavanyasathi vivad nivaran pranalicha vapar keela jaau shakat nahee. jevha katarne sanyukt rashtranni ladalelya upayayojanambabat vivad samitee sthapan karanyachi vinanti kelee, tevha itar jee. see. see. desh aanee americene rashtriy suraksheche mudde rajkiy aahet aanee teey vivad vyavasthesathi yogya naheet asey sangoon tyanchi vinanti rajkiy baab mhanoon twarit fetalali.
pravesh aanee sadasyatva.
doubleu. tii. oo. sadasya honyachi prakriya pratyek arjdar deshasathi adviteey aahe aanee praveshachya atty deshachya aarthik vikasachya tappyavar aanee sadhyachya vyapar vyavasthevar avalambun asatat. yaa prakriyela sarasari sumare paach varshe lagatat, parantu desh jarr yaa prakriyesathi purnapane vachanbaddha nasel kinwa rajkiy samasyanni hastakshep keela tarr tee jaast kaal tiku shakate. sarvat lahan pravesh vataghati kyrgyz prajasattakachi hotee, tarr sarvat lamb rashiyachi hotee, jyane 1993 madhye gatmadhye sameel honyasathi pahilyanda arj keela hota, december 2011 madhye sadasyatvasathi manjur karnyat aale aanee 22 august 2012 roji doubleu. tii. oo. sadasya jhaale. kazakhstanchi dekhil dirgh pravesh vataghatichi prakriya hotee. kazakhstanchya vilinikaranasathi karyarat pakshachi sthapana 1996 madhye jhaali aanee 2015 madhye sadasyatvasathi tyala manyata denyat aalee. aalee kramankacha sarvat pradirgh paksh vanuatu hota, jyacha vanuaatuchya vilinikaranasathi karyarat paksh 11 julai 1995 roji sthapan karnyat aala. aktoobar 2001 madhye karyakari pakshachya antim baithakinantar, vanuaatoone tyachya vilinikaran atinvar vichar karnyasathi adhik vel magitala. 2008 madhye, tyane punha suru karnyasathi aanee tyache vilinikaran purn karnyasathi aapali swarasya darshavili. vanuaatuchya bhavishyatil sadasyatvavar charcha karnyasathi vanuaatuchya praveshababat karyarat pakshachi 4 april 2011 roji anaupacharikpane punarrachana karnyat aalee. punha bolavanyat aalelya karyakari pakshane 2 meey 2011 roji aapala aadesh purn keela. sarvasadharan parishadene 26 aktoobar 2011 roji vanuaatuchya praveshachya packagela aupcharik manyata dilee. 24 august 2012 roji, doubleu. tii. oo. neey vanuaatuche 157 weey sadasya mhanoon swagat kele. ichchuk pakshanmadhye ekmat jhalyavarach praveshacha prastav deela jaato.
2017 chya abhyasat assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee "muddah-kshetrachya karyatmak labhanaivaji rajkiy sambandh heey kona sameel hote heey tharavatat" aanee "sadasyatvachi magani aanee puravatha bajoo bhoo-rajkiy sanrekhan kase aakar dete" heey darshavate. gatt/doubleu. tii. oo. madhye sameel honyasathi rajye pratham vyapar udarikrut karatat yaa drushtikonas nishkarsh aavhan detat. tyaeivaji, lokshahi aanee pararashtra dhoranatil samanata rajyanna sameel honyas protsahit karate."
pravesh prakriya.
doubleu. tii. oo. laa manyata deu ichchinara desh sarvasadharan parishadekade arj sadar karato aanee doubleu. tii. oo. kararanvar parinam vataghati tyachya vyapar aanee aarthik dhoranachya serve pailunche varnan karave lagate. doubleu. tii. oo. kadey arj eka nivedanpatrat sadar keela jaato jyachi serve ichchuk sadasyansathi khule asalelya karyarat pakshadvare tapasani kelee jaate.
serve aavashyak parshvabhumichi mahitee midvalyanantar, karyakari paksh doubleu. tii. oo. niyam aanee arjdarachi aantarrashtriy aanee deshantargat vyapar dhorane aanee kayade yanchyatil visangatichya muddyanvar laksh kendrit karato. karyakari paksh arjdar rashtrasathi doubleu. tii. oo. madhye praveshachya atty aanee sharti tharvato aanee doubleu. tii. oo. niyamanche palan karnyasathi deshanna kahee mokali mokali parvanagi denyasathi sankramankalin kalavadhicha vichar karoo shakato.
praveshachya antim tappyat, curr patalivaril savalati aanee vachanbaddhata aanee vastoo aanee sevansathi bajarpethet pravesh yababat arjdar desh aanee itar karyarat pakshachya sadasyanmadhil dwipakshi vataghati samavisht asatat. jaree tyanchyashi dwaipakshik vataghati kelya jaat asalya taree, serve sadasyanna samanya bhedbhav naan karnyachya niyamannusar samanpane lagoo karane hii naveen sadasyachi bandhilaki aahe. udaharanarth, doubleu. tii. oo. madhye sameel honyacha parinam mhanoon, armeniyane vastunsathichya tyachya bajarpethet pravesh karnyasathi 15 takke kamal maryada shulk darr deu keela. darr bandhane heey mulyavardhan asalyane konatehi vishisht kinwa chakravadh darr naheet. shivay, audhyogik aanee krishi utpadananvar konatehi darr-aarakshan nahee. kahee chadhautar asoonahi, armeniyachi aarthik aanee vyapar kamgiri 2010 madheel tyachya pahilya punaravalokanapasun, visheshtah 2008 chya jaagtik aarthik sankatatoon tyache punarujjivan, sarasari varshik 4% jee. dii. pii. vadhichya darasah nondavali gelee. armeniyachi arthvyavastha qamee chalanwadh, qamee hott jaanari garibi aanee tyachi sthool aarthik sthirata vadhavanyasathi aavashyak pragatine chinhankit kelee hotee, jyamadhye vastoo aanee sevanchya vyaparane, jee. dii. pii. chya 87 takke samatulya, vadhanari bhoomika bajavali hotee.
jevha dwipakshi charcha sampate, tevha karyakari paksh sarvasadharan parishadela kinwa mantri parishadela eka pravesh package pathavato, jyamadhye serve karyakari pakshachya baithakancha saransh, pravesh protocol (sadasyatvacha masuda karar) aanee sadasyanchi ("velapatrak") yadee ("velapatrak") yancha samavesh asato. ekada samanya parishad kinwa mantri parishadene praveshachya ateenna manyata dilee qee, arjdarachya sansadene sadasya honyapurvi praveshachya niyamavalila manyata dene aavashyak aahe. janewari 2007 madhye adhikrut sadasya honyapurvi 11 varshanhun adhik kaal ghetalelya vataghati vataghati vhietanamsarkhya itar doubleu. tii. oo. sadasyanshi vataghatidarmyan vataghatidarmyan aavhananmule kahee deshanna kadachit adhik katheen aanee dirgh praveshachya prakriyecha samna karava lagla asel.
sadasya aanee nirikshak.
doubleu. tii. oo. madhye 164 sadasya aanee 25 nirikshak sarkare aahet. 14 julai 2016 roji liberia 163 vaa sadasya banala aanee 29 julai 2016 roji afghanistan 164 vaa sadasya jhaala. rajyanvyatirikt, european union aanee pratyek european union desh tyachya swatachya adhikarat sadasya aahe. sadasya purnapane swatantra rajye asanyachi garaj nahee; teey keval tyanchya bahya vyavsayik sambandhanchya aacharanat purn svayatta asalele simashulk kshetra asane aavashyak aahe. asha prakare hongkong 1995 pasoon (1997 pasoon "hongkong, chean" mhanoon) peaples republic auph chayanachya aadhi sadasya aahe, jeey 15 varshanchya vataghatinantar 2001 madhye sameel jhaale. 2002 madhye, 'taiwan, penghu, natevaik aanee matsu' haah vegala simashulk pradesh mhanoon, taivanane doubleu. tii. oo. madhye pravesh keela."doubleu. tii. oo. sachivalayat kayamswarupi pratinidhi aanee up kayamswarupi pratinidhi yaa padvi vagalata, doubleu. tii. oo. chya kayamswarupi missionchya sadasyanchi adhikrut padvi (udaharanarth sallagar, pratham sachiv, dviteey sachiv aanee truteey sachiv) vagalali jaate.
2007 paryant, doubleu. tii. oo. sadasya deshanni jaagtik vyaparache 96.4% aanee jaagtik jee. dii. pii. chey 96.7% pratinidhitva kele. iran, tyanantar algeria, hii sarvat mothee jee. dii. pii. asaleli arthvyavastha aahe aanee aanee aakadevaricha vapar karoon doubleu. tii. oo. chya baher vyapar karate. pavitra darshan vagalata, nirikshak banalyanantar paach varshanchya aat nirikshakanni praveshachya vataghati suru kelya pahijet. anek aantarrashtriy aantarsarkari sansthanna doubleu. tii. oo. sansthanna nirikshakacha darja dekhil denyat aala aahe. daha yuu. aine. sadasyancha doubleu. tii. oo. shhee konatahi sambandh nahee.
karar.
doubleu. tii. oo. sumare 60 vegvegalya kararanvar dekhrekh thevate, jyanna aantarrashtriy kayadeshir majkuracha darja aahe. sadasya deshanni praveshavaril serve kararanvar kararanvar karane aanee tyanna manyata dene aavashyak aahe. kahee sarvat mahattvachya kararanvar charcha pudhe kelee jaate.
1995 chya suruvatila doubleu. tii. oo. chya sthapanesah krishi karar amalat aala. aii. oo. aii. chya teen kendriya sankalpana kinwa 'stambh' aaheth deshantargat pathbal, bajarpethet pravesh aanee niryat anudan.
jyapramane darr aanee vyaparavaril samanya kararane (gatt) vyapari vyaparasathi ashee pranali pradan kelee hotee, tyach prakare seva kshetraparyant bahupakshiy vyapar pranalicha vistar karnyasathi sevanmadhil vyaparavaril samanya karar tayar karnyat aala hota. janewari 1995 madhye haah karar lagoo jhaala.
bauddhik sampada adhikaranchya vyapar-sambandhit pailoonvaril kararamadhye bauddhik sampada (aay. pii.) niyamananchya anek prakaransathi kiman manke nishchit kelee aahet. 1994 madhye shulk aanee vyaparavaril (gatt) samanya kararachya urugue ferichya shevati yavar vataghati karnyat aalya.
swachchatechya aanee phytosanatory upayayojananchya vaparavaril karar-jyala ess. pii. ess. karar asehi mhanatat-haah urugue ferichya gatt darmyan vataghati karnyat aala aanee 1995 chya suruvatila doubleu. tii. oo. chya sthapanesah lagoo karnyat aala. ess. pii. ess. kararantargat, doubleu. tii. oo. neey ann suraksheshi sambandhit sadasyanchya dhorananvar (jivanu dooshit padarth, kitakanashake, tapasani aanee labeling) tasech prani aanee vanaspatinchya aarogyavar (aayat kelelya keetak aanee rog) nirbandh ghatale.
vyaparatil tantrik adthalyanvaril karar haah jaagtik vyapar sanghatanecha aantarrashtriy karar aahe. darr aanee vyaparavaril samanya kararachya urugue feridarmyan vataghati karnyat aalya aanee 1994 chya akheris doubleu. tii. oo. chya sthapanesah teey lagoo jhaale. tantrik vataghati aanee manke, tasech chachani aanee pramanikaran prakriya, vyaparat anavashyak adthale nirman karat naheet yachee khatri karane haah uddesh aahe.
simashulk mulyankanavaril karar, jyala aupcharikpane gatchya kalam VII chya amalbajavanivaril karar mhanoon olakhale jaate, sadasyanni palaychya simashulk mulyankanachya paddhati vihit karato. pramukhyane, too "vyavhar moolya" drushtikon swikarato.
december 2013 madhye, doubleu. tii. oo. madheel sarvat motha karar swakshari karnyat aala aanee tyala baalee package mhanoon olakhale jaate.
mahasanchalak karyalay.
doubleu. tii. oo. chya mahasanchalakanchya niyuktichi prakriya janewari 2003 madhye adyayavat karnyat aalee aanee tyat chaupat varshik atincha samavesh aahe. yavyatirikt, chaar upasanchalak aahet. mahasanchalak engoji okonjo-ivela yanchya netrutvakhali chaar upasanchalak aaheth
mahasanchalakanchi yadee.
strotah adhikrut sanketsthal
2020 chya mahasanchalak nivad.
meey 2020 madhye, mahasanchalak roberto azevedo yanni jaheer kele qee teey 31 august 2020 roji rajinama deteel. sadhya aath umedvaransah namankan aanee nivad prakriya suru aahe aanee 164 sadasya deshanchya ekmatane 7 november 2020 roji antim nivad apekshit aahe. nagoji okonjo-ivela yanchya umedvaribabat eka bhakkam ekmat jhaale hote, parantu 28 aktoobar roji amerikechya pratinidhine tyanchya niyuktila virodh kelyache samore aale.
doubleu. tii. oo. chya sadasyanni 15 februwari 2021 roji itihas rachala jevha sarvasadharan parishadene nigeriachya nagoji okonjo-ivela yanchi sanstheche satve mahasanchalak mhanoon nivad karnyasathi ekmatane sahmati darshavali.
okonjo-ivela yaa mahasanchalak mhanoon nivadalya nivadalya pahilya mahila aanee pahilya african thartil. ticha karyakal, akshay, 31 august 2025 roji sampanar aahe.
arthsankalp.
doubleu. tii. oo. laa tyachya varshik arthsankalpasathiche bahutansh utpann tyachya sadasyanchya yogdanatoon milate. aantarrashtriy vyaparatil tyanchya vatyavar aadharit sutranusar heey sthapit kele jaatat.
teeka.
jaree gatt aanee doubleu. tii. oo. mule darr aanee itar vyapar adthale lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaale asale, taree mukt vyaparamule aarthik vikasala gatee milel, garibi qamee hoil aanee lokanche utpann vadhel yaa aashvasanavar anek tikakaranni prashnachinh upasthit kele aahe. kahee pramukh sanshayvadi all salvadorche udaharan detat. 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila tyanni aayativaril serve parimanatmak adthale door kele aanee daranmadhye kapatahi kelee. matra, deshachi aarthik vaadh kamkuvat rahili. dusarikade, 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat keval aaplya arthvyavasthet sudharana karnyas suruvat kelelya vietnamla, chinchya aarthik pratimeche anusaran karnyacha nirnay gheuun aanee deshantargat vanijyasathichya surakshitatechya amalbajavanisaha haloohaloo udarikaran karoon mothe yash midale. mothya pramanat vyapari adthale twarit door naan karata aarthik vikasala gatee denyat aanee garibi qamee karnyat vietnam mothya pramanat yashasvi jhaale aahe.
arthshastradnya haah-juuna chang assa yuktivad karatat qee mukt vyaparababat navudarvadi vishvasanmadhye eka virodhabhas aahe kaaran vikasansheel deshanchi aarthik vaadh 1980-2000 kalavadhichya tulanet 1960-1980 kalavadhit jaast hotee, jaree tyanchi vyapar dhorane aata purvipeksha khoop adhik udarmatvadi aahet. tasech, sanshodhanache asey parinam aahet jeey darshavtat qee naveen desh lakshaniy shrimant jhalyanantarach vyaparatil adthale sakriyapane qamee karatat. abhyasachya nikalanvarun, vyapar udarikaran aarthik vadhichi hummy dett nahee aanee nishchitpane daridrya nirmulan dett nahee assa yuktivad tikakar karatat.
mukt vyapar sulabh karnyapasoon milanare fayade samaan pramanat samayik kele jaat naheet, asehi tikakaranni mutt mandale. yaa tikela sahasa vataghatichya parinamanchya aitihasik nondi aanee/kinwa aakadevaridvare samarthan dile jaate, jeey darshavate qee shrimant aanee garib yanchyatil daree vadhatach aahe, visheshtah chean aanee bharatat, jithe aarthik vaadh khoop jaast asali taree tyaa velee aarthik asamanata vadhat hotee. yavyatirikt, vyaparatil adthale qamee karnyachya uddeshane chalalelya marganmule vikasansheel deshanna haanee pohochu shakate. konatyahi pramukh deshantargat adthalyanshivay khoop lavkar jhalele vyapar udarikaran vikasansheel arthvyavasthanna prathamik kshetrat adakavanyachi bheeti aahe, jyasathi anekada kushal kamgaranchi aavashyakta nasate. aanee jevha heey vikasansheel desh audhyogikikaran vaparoon tyanchi arthvyavastha pudhe nenyacha nirnay ghetat, tevha akali deshantargat udyog apekshepramane lagech gaganala bhidu shakat naheet, jyamule jyaa deshanche udyog adhik pragat aahet asha itar deshanshi spardha karane katheen hote.
prabhav.
abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee doubleu. tii. oo. neey vyaparala chalana dilee. sanshodhan asey darshavite qee doubleu. tii. oo. chya anupasthitit, sarasari deshala tyanchya niryativaril shulkat 32 takke ankanchi vaadh karavi lagel. doubleu. tii. oo. madheel vivad nivaran yantrana haah eka marg aahe jyamadhye vyapar vadhavala jaato.
journal auph international economic low' madheel 2017 chya abhyasanusar, 'jawaljawal serve alikadil pradhanya vyapar karar (pii. tii. aii. ess.) spashtapane doubleu. tii. oo. chaa sandarbh detat, anekada anek adhyayanmadhye dazanbhar vela. tyachpramane, yapaiki anek yach pii. tii. aii. madhye aaplyala aadhalate qee kararachya bhasheche mahattvapoorn bhag-kadhikadhi eka adhyayacha bahutansh bhag-doubleu. tii. oo. kararatoon shabdasha nakkal kelele asatat... kalantarane ptsmadhe doublutyochi upasthiti vadhali aahe."

