eksandh

encomienda () hii eka spanish kamgar pranali hotee, jyane vijetyanna jinkalelya bigger-khrishchan lokanchya shramancha puraskar deela. siddhantatah, majuranna, jyanchyasathi tyanni parishram ghetale, tyaa vijetyankadun lashkari sanrakshn aanee shikshanasah laabh pradan kele jaat hote. murish pradeshanvar khrishchananni punha vijay midvalyanantar (khrishchananna 'reconquista' mhanoon olakhale jaanare) spainmadhye 'encomienda' chee sthapana jhaali aanee america aanee spanish east indigechya spanish vasahatikaranachya kalat teey mothya pramanat lagoo karnyat aale. jinkale gelele lock spanish rajache samant manale jaat asat. mukutane eka vishisht vyaktila anudan mhanoon 'encomienda' pradan kele. solavya shatkachya suruvatichya vijay yugat, anudan dharkane kayamswarupi dharan kelelya, sthanik lokanchya vishisht gatanchya shramanvar anudan hii maktedari manali jaat asey, jyala 'encomendero' mhanatat; 1542 chya naveen kayadyannusar, 'encomendero' chya mrutyunantar, encomenda sampala aanee tyachi jaaga repartimentone ghetali.
encomiendas tyanchya mool iberian rupatoon "sampradayik" gulamgirichya rupat vikasit jhaale. encomienda" madhye, spanish mukutane ekhadya vyaktila vishisht samudayatil sthanikanchi vishisht sankhya dilee parantu samajatil konatya vyaktinna tyanche shram dyave lagtil heey nirdharit kele nahee. mulyankit khandani aanee shram gola karnyacha aarop sthanik netyanvar thevanyat aala. tyaa badalyat, "encomienda" mool rahivashanna catholic aanee spanish bhashet soochana dilya jaatil yachee khatri karane, tyanna tyanna jamatinpasun kinwa samudri chachyanpasun sanrakshn dene; spanish lokanviruddha bund dadapane aanee payabhoot suvidha rakhane heey "encomiendros" chey uddisht hote. sthanikanni dhatoo, makaa, gahoo, dukarache maans aanee itar krishi utpadananchya swarupat khandani dilee.
1500 madhye christopher kolambasachya hakalpattinantar, spanish mukutane tyachya jaagi francisco dii bobadilachi jaaga ghetali. bobadilachya jaagi, aupcharik 'encomienda' pranali sthapan karnara, rajgharanyacha rajyapal, phrai nicolas dii ovando, aala. anek prakarananmadhye sthanikanna kathor parishram karnyas bhag padale gele aanee tyanni virodh kelyas tyanna atyant kathor shiksha aanee mrutyudand thothavanyat aala. tathapi, castillechi ranee isabela pahili hiney sthanik loksankhyechya gulamgirila manai kelee aanee sthanikanna "mukutche mukt samant" manale. 1512 pasoon bharatiyanchya kayadyanchya vividh aavruttyanni vasahati aanee mool rahivasi yanchyatil parasparsanvadache niyaman karnyacha prayatna keela. sthanik aanee spanish yaa doghannihi doghannihi shrotyanna 'encomienda' pranali antargat dilasa midava asey aavahan kele.
"encomiendas" heey anekada gulamanche bhaugolik visthapan aanee samuday aanee kautumbik ghatak tutane asey vaishishtyapurn aahe, parantu naveen spainmadhye, "encomienda" neey vidyaman samudayik shrenikramandware mukutchya mukt jagirdaranvar rajya kele aanee mool rahivasi tyanchya kutumbansah tyanchya vasahatinmadhye rahile.
itihas.
encomienda" aanee "encomendero" chey hriday spanish kriyapad "encomender", "sopavane" madhye aahe. encomienda' hii 'reconquista' sansthevar aadharit hotee, jyamadhye 'adelantado' yanna tyanni jinkalelya aanee punarvasan kelelya bhagatil musalman kinwa itar itar khandani ghenyacha adhikar denyat aala hota.
yaa pradeshavar castillion kayada lagoo kelyamule 'encomienda' pranali americet gelee. hii pranali madhyayugat tayar karnyat aalee hotee aanee 'punarrachana' darmyan simavarti jaminichi punha loksankhya aanee sanrakshn karnyas parvanagi denyasathi tee mahattvapoorn hotee. granada yuddhatil murish parabhavanantar 1492 madhye nirvasit honyapurvi muslimankadun (moors) shram aanee khandani kadhanyasathi spainchya dakshinekadil catholicanmadhye yaa pranalicha ugam jhaala. hii pranali moorscha parabhav kaam sainikanna aanee dhanikanna bakshis denyachi eka paddhat hotee. encomienda" neey saranjami sambandhansarkhich eka pranali sthapan kelee, jyamadhye lashkari sanrakshanacha vyapar vishisht khandanisathi kinwa vishisht kamasathi keela jaat asey. simavarti bhaganchya sanrakshanachi jababdari sopavalelya lashkari aadeshanmadhye heey visheshtah prachalit hote. rajane sahasa kararachya nishpakshatechi hummy deuun aanee gairavapar jhalyas lashkari hastakshep karoon, pratyaksh kinwa apratyakshapane bandhpatrat hastakshep keela.
spanish americetil 'encomienda' pranali dweepkalpiy sansthepeksha vegali hotee. jyaa jaminivar mool rahivasi rahat hote, tyaa jaminichi malki 'samvasti' kadey navhati. yaa vyavasthemadhye 'sambhag' dware thet jaminicha karyakal samavisht navhata; mool jamini tyanchya samudayanchya tabyat rahaychya hotya. yaa adhikarache aupcharik sanrakshn castilechya mukutane kele hote kaaran naveen jagatil prashasanache adhikar yaa mukutakade hote aanee sampoorn catholic rajanche navhate.
"" "sambhag".
encomendero' navachya 'encomienda' pranaliche pahile anudandharak, sahasa vijete hote jyanna yashasvi vijayat sahbhag ghetalyamule heey shram anudan midale. nantar, nyu spainmadhye (mexico) 'encomienda' midavanare kahee swatah vijayi navhate, parantu purese changle jodalele hote qee tyanna anudan midale.
suruvatichya vasahatvadi meksikochya 'encomendero' chya abhyasat, robbert hemerich vaay valencia yanni vijetyanna hernan corteschya mool mohimecha bhag asalelya lokanmadhye vibhagale, tyanna 'pahile vijete' aanee jeey nantarchya narvez mohimeche sadasya hote, tyanna 'vijete' mhatale. nantarche cortschya tukadit samavisht kele gele. hemerich yanna "pobladores antiguos" (june vasahatkar) mhanoon niyukt kele gele, jeey naveen spainmadhil anirdharit sankhyene "encomendero" chaa eka gut aahe, jeey purush spanish eztech samrajyavar vijay midvanyapurvi caribean pradeshat rahat hote.
naveen jagaat, mukutane 'conquistador' laa 'encomendero' mhanoon pradan kele, joou spanish rajvatikhali asalelya mool rahivashankadun shram aanee khandani kadhanyacha adhikar aahe. kolambasne tyachya aagmananantar aanee hispaniola betavar sthayik jhalyanantar sthanikanna shraddhanjali vahane kinwa kroor shikshanna samore jaane aavashyak asalelya 'encomienda' pranalichi sthapana kelee. shraddhanjali sonyat bharavi lagat hotee. matra, yaa kalat sonyachi kamatarata hotee.
kahee mahila aanee kahee sthanik uchchabhru dekhil 'samalingi' hote. marina aanee vijete juan jaramilo yanchi mulgi maria jaramilo hiila tichya mrut vadilanchya 'encomiendas' kadoon utpann midale. moctezumachya done mulee, isabelle moctezuma aanee tichi dhakati baheen, leonor moctezumala hernan cortessne kayamswarupi vyapak 'encomiendas' pradan kele. leonor moctezumane salag done spaniardshee lagn kele aanee 'encomienda' tichya tichya patichya mulivar sodale. vijayanantar niyukt jhalelya samant inka shasakannihi "encomienda" magitale aanee tyanna dile gele.
vasahatikaranantarchya pahilya dashakanmadhye uttar, madhya aanee dakshin amerikevar spanish rajmukutane aapale niyantran tikavoon thevanyasathi 'encomienda' aavashyak hota. haah khandavar sthapan kelela pahila motha sanghatanatmak kayada hota, joou yuddh, eurasian roganmule roganmule vyapak roganchya sathimule aanee parinami udbhavalelya ashantatemule prabhavit jhaala hota. suruvatila, caribeanmadhil suruvatichya krishi arthvyavasthanchya garja purn karnyasathi 'encomienda' pranali tayar karnyat aalee hotee. nantar peru aanee varchya peruchya khaan arthvyavasthet tyacha sweekar karnyat aala. solavya shatkachya suruvatipasun teey sataravya shatkaparyant 'encomienda' tikala.
phillip dusra yane 11 juuna 1594 roji philipinesmadhye 'encomienda' sthapan karnyasathi kayada keela, jithe tyane sthanik kulinanna ('principlia') anudan dile. tyanni mothya bhubhagachi malki midvinyasathi 'encomienda' chaa vapar keela, jyapaiki anek (jase qee makati) ajunahi shrimant kutumbanchya malkichya aahet.
sthapana.
1501 madhye castillechya isabela 1 neey mool american lokanna mukutasathi vishay mhanoon ghoshit kele aanee mhanoon, castillion mhanoon aanee kayadeshir spanish castillionchya barobariche. yacha arth assa hota qee, agadi vishisht atinvyatirikt tyanna gulam banvine bekaydeshir hote. tyane 'encomiendas' chee sthapana karnyas dekhil parvanagi dilee, kaaran 'encomiend' bandhpatra haah mukutavaril purn prajansathi rakheev adhikar hota. 1503 madhye, mukutane vijete aanee aanee mukut sevesathi bakshis mhanoon aupcharikpane 'encomiendas' denyas suruvat kelee. naveen shahare aanee loksankhya sthapan karnyachya uddeshane, tajane sthanikanna 'reducions' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya lahan bandaranmadhye sanghatit kelyane 'encomiendas' pranalila madat jhaali.
pratyek 'reducian' madhye tyachya samajatil majurancha magova ghenyasathi jababdar eka sthanik pramukh hota. encomienda" pranaline lokanna jameen dilee nahee, parantu vasahatinchya jameen adhigrahanat apratyakshapane madat kelee. suruvatila paribhashit kelyapramane, 'samadeshak' aanee tyachya varasanni heey anudan kayamswarupi thevanyachi apeksha kelee hotee. 1542 madhye naveen kayade mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya eka mothya taaj sudharana kelyanantar, 'encomendero' kutumbanvar done pidhyansathi anudan thevanyapurate nirbandh hote. 1535 chya spanish vijayanantar lagechach jevha mukutane perumadhye dhoran lagoo karnyacha prayatna keela, tevha spanish praptakartyanni mukutaviruddha bund kele, viceroy blasco nunez vela yacha mrutyu jhaala.
mexicomadhye, viceroy antonio dii mendoja yanni sthanik paristhiti aanee ashach prakarchya vijayi bandachya sambhavyatecha hawala dett sudharana lagoo naan karnyacha nirnay ghetala. mukutala too mhanala, "mea mukut adhikar palato pann yaa aadeshache palan karat nahee."1720 madhye, jevha rajane hii sanstha radd karnyacha prayatna keela, tevha" "encomienda" "pranali kayadeshiraritya sampushtat aalee". tyanantar 'encomendoro' laa urvarit 'encomenda' majuranna tyanchya kamasathi paise dyave lagale.
encomienda' khoop bhrasht aanee kathor jhaale. santo domingochya uttares laa concepsionchya parisarat, santiyagochya "edelantado" neey 15,000 sainikanchya sainyane bandkhori karnyacha bett aakhalyachya afava aikalya. heey aikalyavar, 'edelantado' neey tyat sameel asalelya 'cassic' laa pakadale aanee tyapaiki bahutekanna fashi dilee.
nantar, gwarioex navachya sardarane tyachya netrutvakhali sumare 3,090 sainyane sigwana lokanna parabhoot karnyapurvi grameen bhagacha vidhvans keela. jaree yuddharat jamatinpasun spanish sanrakshanachi apeksha asali taree betavaril lokanni spanish sainyat sameel honyacha prayatna keela. tyanni spanish lokanna aajubajuchya vatavaranababatchya tyanchya adnyanala samore jaanyas madat kelee.
namood kelyapramane, done pidhyannantar 'encomendado' laa mukutavar parat aananyachi aavashyakta asalelya badalakade varanvar durlaksh kele jaat asey, kaaran vasahati kamgaranna shram kinwa satta sodaychi navhati. koke osun', vasahatvadi kalatil anek eztech sanhitanpaiki (swadeshi hastalikhite) eka, jyat nahuaatlamadhil sthanik chitra aanee varnamala majkoor aahe, asey purave aahet qee sthanikanna vaiyaktik 'encomendero' aanee mukutane dharan kelelya sthanik samudayanmadhil farkachi changli jaaniv hotee.
sudharana aanee nirmulan.
suruvatiche vaad.
spain aanee tyachya pradeshanmadhye jawaljawal suruvatipasunach 'encomienda' pranali vadacha vishay hota. 1510 madhye, valenzuela navachya eka hispaniola 'encomendero' neey sthanik american netyanchya eka gatachi hatya kelee, jyanni purn vishvasane shantata charchesathi bhetanyas sahmati darshavali hotee. 1519 teey 1533 darmyan, samrat charles wii. yane, 1538 madhye, tyno bandache gambhirya lakshat gheuun, 'encomiendas' madhye kaam kaam lokanshi vagnyache niyam badalale. laas kasascha drushtikon manya karat, tyno aanee 'audiencia' yanchyatil shantata karar akheris chaar teey paach varshant viskalit jhaala. bergosche kayade (1512-13) aanee indigeche naveen kayade (1542) yanchya madhyamatoon 'encomienda' pranalichya durupyogavar dekhil tajane sakriyapane khatala chalavala.
hispaniolache pujari aanee majee 'encomendero' bartolome dii laas kaas yanni sthanik lokanvaril atyachar pahilyanantar sakhol dharmantar kele. tyanni aapale jeevan lekhan aanee lobbingsathi samarpit kele, jyamule 'encomienda' pranali radd kelee gelee, jee tyanna paddhatshirpane naveen jagatil mool lokanna gulam banavali asey vatale. laas kaas yanni eka mahattvachya vadavivadat bhag ghetala, jithe tyanni naveen kayade lagoo karnyasathi aanee 'encomienda' pranalicha ant karnyasathi jore deela. vasahati virodhamule bergoche kayade aanee bharatiyanche naveen kayade ayashasvi jhaale aanee kharey tarr peruchya viceroilitymadhye naveen kayade pudhe dhakalanyat aale. jevha perucha pahila viceroy blasco nunez vela yane naveen kayadyanchi amalbajavani karnyacha prayatna keela, jyat 'encomienda' haloohaloo radd karanyachi tartud hotee, tevha anek 'encomendoros' tyanche palan karnyas tayar navhate aanee tyanni tyachyaviruddha bund kele.
kele naveen kayade.
jevha yaa paristhitichi aanee sansthechya gairavaparachi batami spainmadhye pohochali, tevha americetil pranaliche niyaman aanee haloohaloo radd karnyasathi tasech mool american lokanna gulam banvinyachya bandicha punaruchchar karnyasathi naveen kayade manjur karnyat aale. naveen kayade manjur hoiparyant, 1542 madhye, spanish rajane paradeshat paramparik kayadyanche palan niyantrit aanee yogyaritya sunishchit karnyat tyanchi asamarthata manya kelee hotee, mhanoon tyanni sthanik american lokanna vishisht sanrakshn dile, jase qee gunhegari kinwa yuddhachya babatitahi tyanna gulam banavnyavar bandee. heey atirikt sanrakshn gulamgirichya aniyamit davyancha prasar talhanyacha prayatna hota.
naveen viceroy blasco nunez vela yane peruchya pravasadarmyan sampoorn spanish samrajyat bandivasat thevalelya hajaro mool american lokanchya muktatemule, tyachi akheris hatya jhaali aanee 'encomenderos' aanee spanish mukut yanchyatil sashastr sangharsh jhaala, jyacha ant tyaa 'encomenderos' chya fashisah jhaala.
antim nirmulan.
16 vya shatkat adhigrahit kelelya bahutek spanish kshetranmadhye 'encomienda' hii ghatana keval kahee dashake tikali. tathapi, peru aanee nyu spainmadhye 'encomienda' sanstha khoop jaast kaal tikali.
dakshin chilimadhil chilo dweepsamuhat, jithe 1712 madhye bandkhori karnyas puresa 'encomienda' durupyog keela gela hota, 1782 madhye 'encomienda' radd karnyat aala. urvarit chilimadhye 1789 madhye too radd karnyat aala aanee sampoorn spanish samrajyat 1791 madhye.
"punaravrutti".
solavya shatkachya madhyanantar sampoorn spanish americet 'encomienda' pranalichi jaaga samanyatah mukut-vyavasthapit 'repartimiento' pranaline ghetali. encomienda' pramanech, naveen 'repartimento' madhye jaminiche shrey konalahi dile jaat navhate, tarr keval sthanik kamgaranche vatap samavisht hote. parantu teey thet mukutala denyat aale, jeey sthanik mukut mukut madhyamatoon tyanna tharavik kalavadhisathi, sahasa anek aathvadyansathi vasahatisathi kaam karnyasathi niyukt kartil. repartimento' haah 'saktichya majuriche shoshan qamee karnyacha' eka prayatna hota. sthanikanchi sankhya qamee hott gelee aanee sataravya shatkat khankamanchya jaagi krishi upkramanchi jaaga ghetali gelee, tevha hassinda kinwa mothya bhusampatti, jyamadhye kamgaranna thet hassinda malakanni ("handado") nokri dilee hotee, tee udayas aalee kaaran jaminichi malki saktichya majuranchya adhigrahanapeksha adhik fayadeshir jhaali.
mrutyu, rog aanee vanshahatyeche kinwa narsamharache aarop.
raffale lemkin (narsamhar yaa shabdache rachnakar) yanni spenne amerikechya mool loksankhyevar kelele atyachar heey sanskrutik aanee agadi thet narsamhar asalyache manale, jyat 'encomienda' pranalicha durupyog dekhil samavisht aahe. tyanni gulamgiriche varnan 'sanskrutik narsamhar utkrushtata' asey kele aanee 'sanskruti nasht karanyachi, manavanche samajikaran karanyachi hii sarvat prabhavi aanee sakhol paddhat aahe' asey namood kele. aarthik itihaskar timothi jeey. yegarne assa yuktivad keela qee, 'encomienda' haah paramparik gulamgirinpeksha ghatak hota, kaaran tyach jaminitil majurane tyachya jaagi basalyamule eka vaiyaktik majuranche jeevan kharch karnyayogya hote. havai vidyapithache itihaskar david stannard yanni 'encomienda' chey varnan 'eka narsamhar pranali' mhanoon kele aahe, jyane 'madhya aanee dakshin americetil lakho mool lokanna lavkar aanee vednadayak mrutyunkade nele hote.
yell vidyapithachya narsamhar abhyas karyakramache samarthan hispaniola madheel atyacharansambandhichya yaa drushtikonashi aahe. yaa karyakramamadhye 1492 teey 1514 yaa kalat hispaniolachi taino loksankhya ghatalyache narsamharache udaharan mhanoon namood kele aahe aanee namood kele aahe qee sthanik loksankhya 100,000 teey 1,000,000 darmyanchya loksankhyevarun keval 32,000 paryant ghasarali aahe, 68 takke ghat houn 96 takkyanhun adhik jhaali aahe. itihaskar andrus resendez yancha assa yuktivad aahe qee sone aanee chandichya khaninmadhil gulamgiri heey hispaniolachi mool american loksankhya itaki lakshaniyaritya qamee honyache prathamik kaaran hote, kaaran mool lokanna gulamgirit, jabardastine sthalantarit honyapasoon teey tasbhar kathor shramanparyantchya paristhitimule rogacha prasar honyas hatbhar lagla. udaharanarth, manavvanshashastradnya jasson hickell yanchya matey, darr sahaa mahinyanni eka trutiyansh aravak kamgar khaninmadhye jabardastine kaam kelyamule maran pavtat.
narsamharachya aaropambaddal sanshay.
encomienda' aanee spanish vijay aanee amerikechya vasahatishi sambandhit narsamhar aaropambaddal sanshayvadamadhye samanyatah udatt david kuksarkhe yuktivad samavisht asatat, jyamadhye vidwan asey manatat qee narsamharache aarop heey spanish krishna aakhyayikeche satatya aahe. krishna aakhyayika aanee amerikevar vijay midvanyavishayi lihitana, kukane lihile, "junya aanee naveen jagachya samparkanantar pahilya shatkat maran pavalelya lakho lokanna marnare khoop qamee spanioreds hote" aanee tyaeivaji hispaniolachya sthanik loksankhyecha jawaljawal sampoorn naash soochit karato kaaran tee bahutek vela shitpittasarkhya aajaranmule jhaali hotee. too assa yuktivad karato qee spanish lokanni nakalat heey rog naveen jagaat nele.

