
ipagians

ii. sha. puu. pahilya sahasrakachya suruvatipasun ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkachya darmyan aagney italian dweepkalpachya eapgia (aadhunik apulia) navachya tyach navane asalelya pradeshat rahnare eapgian kinwa apulian (;, "Âāpyges";, ambrian "iabuscer") heey indo-european bhashik lock hote. teey teen aadivasi gatanmadhye vibhagale gele hoteh dauniyan, pusatian aanee mesapian. chauthya shatkachya uttaradhapasun roman lokanni haloohaloo tyanchya jamini vasahat kelya aanee akheris ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkachya suruvatiparyant roman prajasattakat sameel jhalyanantar, ipgian purnapane lattin jhaale aanee roman sanskratit villin jhaale.
naav.
ii. sha. puu. 5vya shatkatil greek lock yaa pradeshala 'ipygia' (ιαπyγία) aanee tethil rahivashanna 'ipise' (ιάπyγες) mhanoon olakhat hote. bahudha sthanik lock swatahla niyukt karnyasathi vaparat asaleli hii sandnya hotee. ipise" yaa navachi tulana uttar dalmatiyatil "ipide" yaa ilerian jamatishi dekhil kelee gelee aahe.
kahee pracheen srot ipgian aanee mesapian yanna samanarthi manatat aanee roman kalatil anek lekhak tyanna uttarela 'apuli', madhyabhagi 'poedikuli' aanee dakshinela 'salentini' kinwa 'callabry' mhanoon sambodhatat. yaa shabdanchya visangativarun asey soochit houu shakate qee up-vanshik ipagian sanrachana asthir aanee kadhikadhi khandit hotya. tisya shatkachya madhyaparyant, ipigean samanyatah samkalin nirikshakandware teen lokanmadhye vibhagale gele hoteh uttarela dauniyan, madhyabhagi pusatian aanee dakshinela messepian.
bhoogol.
ipgia (aadhunik apulia) heey italian dweepkalpachya aagney bhagat, appenine parvat aanee adriatic samudradarmyan sthit hote.
monte garganochya (1,055 meater) vastumanane varchasva asalela yaa pradeshacha ishanya bhag mukhyatve shetisathi ayogya hota aanee jangalanna sodoon denyat aala hota. garganochya dakshin aanee paschimela dweepkalpiy italiche sarvat mothe maidan, tavolier dele pugali pasarale. jaree tyat pramukhyane valoo aanee khadkal maticha samavesh asala taree, maidan anek nadyanni dekhil paar kele aahe. pracheen kalee hii jameen trundhanyanchya lagvadisathi aanee sarvat mahattvache mhanje hivalyat mendhyanchya kuranasathi sarvat yogya hotee. italian dweepkalpatil sarvat lamb nadyanpaiki eka asalelya auphanto nadine maidanachi dakshin seema chinhankit kelee. tyanche naav asoonahi, maidanachya paschimes asalele abhedya dauniyan parvat (1,152 mea.), auscan-bhashik sumnite jamati hirpinichya tabyat hote.
madhya ipagia heey nadibahul kshetra asalelya merge patharane (686 meater) banalele hote. bhupradeshacha pashchimekadil ardha bhag keval mendhya charavanyasathi yogya hota; samudrajavalil jameen lagvadishi adhik julavun ghet hotee aanee bahudha pracheen kalat dhanya utpadanasathi vaparali jaat hotee.
salento dweepkalpat, jaree nadee nirman jhaali nasali taree, bhupradesh adhik vaividhyapurn hota. yaa bhagat romanpurv kalat olivechi lagwad kelee jaat asalyache dnyat aahe, parantu utpadanache praman anishchit aahe. anek greek vasahati tarantochya aakhatachya kinanyavar, dakshin ipagiatil sthanik mesapiyansajaval, visheshtah ii. sha. puu. 8vya shatkachya uttaradhat sthapan jhalelya tarra aanee 7vya shatkachya uttaradhat sthapan jhalelya metaponsionjaval hotya.
sanskruti.
bhasha.
ipagian haah eka 'tulanene eksandh bhashik samuday' hota, joou eka gair-tatvik, indo-european bhasha bolato, jyala samanyatah 'mesapic' mhanatat. greek varnamalanchya vividh prakaranmadhye lihileli hii bhasha ii. sha. puu. 6vya shatkachya madhyapasoon ii. sha. puu. 2yyaa shatkachya uttaradhaparyant pramanit aahe. kahee vidvananni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee tyaa bolibhashancha sandarbh denyasathi 'ipgian bhasha' yaa shabdala pradhanya dile pahije aanee 'mesapik' haah shabd salento dweepkalpat sapadalelya shilalekhansathi rakheev thewala pahije, jithe vishisht mesapian lock purv-roman yugat rahat hote. mesapikchi sarvat jawalchi bhasha albanian aahe, jichyadvare tee 'hillested andd joseph' (2022) madhye 'ilrick' navachi eka samanya shakha tayar karate. alikadil granthasuchishi sahmat houn highlested andd joseph (2022) hii grico-frigian hii albanian-mesepikchya sarvat jawalchi shakha mhanoon olakhate. yaa done shakha armenians eka kshetriy gut tayar karatat-jyala anekada 'balkan mhanje' mhanatat.
ii. sha. puu. 6vya shatkat, mesapiya aanee adhik kirkol pusesia, pramukhyane jawalchya taramadhun hellinising sanskrutik prabhavatoon gele. yaa kalat laconian-tarantine varnamala sampadan aanee mesapic bhasheshi tyache anukulan karoon lekhan paddhatincha vapar suru karnyat aala. dusari mothee hellinising laat ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkat aalee, yaveli yaat dauniyacha samavesh hota aanee junya mesapic lipichi jaaga ghenanya hellenistic varnamalechya sthanik prakarat, pusatian aanee dauniyan shilalekh nondinchi suruvat jhaali.
tyachya vasahatipasun, mesapic yaa pradeshatil italian bhashanchya samparkat hota. roman vilinikaranapurvichya shatkanmadhye, mesapik aanee auscan yanchyatil seema frentania-irpiniya-lucania-apulia marge jaat asey. eka "auscanization" aanee "samnitikaran" prakriya haloohaloo jhaali jee vasahatinsathi duheri olakh pramanit karoon samkalin strotanmadhye pramanit kelee jaate. yaa pradeshanmadhye auscan/lucanian loksankhya aanee eka motha dauniyan ghatak vegvegalya prakare misalala gela aahe. larynum yaa vasahatane auscan onomasticscha motha bhag tayar keela aahe, jyache varnan 'dauniyan shahar' aanee 'horace' asey kele jaate, jeey dauniyan aanee lucanian yanchyatil seemapar bhagat venusiyapasun hote aanee tyanni swatache varnan 'lucanian kinwa apulian' asey kele. ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkachya suruvatinantar dakshin italimadhye roman vasahatinchya nirmiticha yaa kshetrachya lattinkarnavar motha parinam jhaala.
ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkaparyant, madhya aaypigiyatil shilalekh asey suchavatat qee sthanik karagir vargane greek bhashet kahee pramanat praveenata midavali hotee, tarr sampoorn pradeshik abhijat varg ii. sha. puu. tisya shatkaparyant lattin shikanyasathi vaparla gela hota. tyaa kalat italian lokanni haah pradesh vyaplyanantar auscan bhasha dekhil vyapak jhaali. mesapic bolibhashansaha, greek, auscan aanee lattin heey romankaranachya kalat ipagiachya sampoorn pradeshat ektritpane bolale aanee lihile gele aanee greek aanee mesopicmadhil dvibhashikta bahudha salento dweepkalpat samanya hotee.
dharm.
ipigeanscha uttaradhatil purv-roman dharm greek ghatkanshi misalalelya sthanik vishvasancha eka thurr mhanoon disato. roman vijayane ii. sha. puu. 8vya shatkapasoon magna greciashi aadhich asalelya samparkanmule prabhavit jhalelya pradeshachya helanikaranala kadachit gatee dilee. asha prakare eapgiamadhye ephrodite aanee ethenachi anukrame "aprodita" aanee "athana" mhanoon pooja kelee jaat asey. zis' ('aakash-dev'), 'menzan' ('ghodyancha swami'), 'veena' ('ichcha'), 'taotar' ('lock, samuday') aanee kadachit 'damatura' ('matru-pruthvi') yasarkhya mool moolchya kahee devatanvar vidvananni prakash takala aahe.
purv-roman dharmik panthanni dekhil kahee bhautik khuna sodalelya aahet. jatan kelele purave asey soochit karatat qee sthanik ipgian vishvasanmadhye menzan dewala jiwant ghodyanche balidan, balee dilelya ivechya tvachemadhye gundallelya konasathihi oraclechi purtata aanee greek kathanmadhye jatan kelelya podalyrius devachya "heron" madheel panyachya upcharatmak shaktincha samavesh aahe. kinanyavar anek guha abhayaranye olakhali gelee aahet, visheshtah grotta porcinara abhayaranya (santa maria dii leuka), jyamadhye messepian aanee greek nausainik doghehi bhintivar tyanchya shapath liheet asat.
bahudha pusetian lokanmadhye sarvajanik imaratinchi aavashyakta nasaleli konatihi nagri panth navhati aanee jarr shahari abhayaranye dauniyamadhye (tanum apulam, lavelo kinwa canosa yethe) olakhali gelee asateel tarr romankaranachya kalapurvi konatihi thalak imarati aadhalat naheet.
poshakh.
ipgian lock tyanchya sajavatichya poshakhasathi prasiddha hote. ii. sha. puu. 7vya shatkaparyant, dauniyan kulinavargane atyant alankrut poshakh aanee barech dagine paridhan kele hote, hii pratha shastriy kalaparyant kayam rahili, jyat lamb cases asalelya ipgiansche chitran hote, vistrut kathansah atyant namunedar lahan angarkhe paridhan kelee hotee. tarun striyanna kambarevar lamb angarkhene, samanyatah shirastran kinwa mungya ghaloon chitrit kele gele hote. vidhee kinwa aupcharik prasangi, madhya aaypigiyachya striya tyanchya dokyavar eka vishisht prakarcha aavaran paridhan karat asat jyamule kapalavarchi patti drishyaman hott asey.
daphan.
eapgian antyasanskruti parampara shejarchya italian lokanpeksha vegalya hotyah tarr nantarchya lokanni praudh dafanbhoomi tyanchya vasahatinchya kathavar fekoon dilee, iepigiyachya rahivashanni tyanchya mrutanna tyanchya swatachya vasahatinchya baher aanee aat purale. jaree kadhikadhi mahilanna shastre, shastre aanee kavach gheuun purale jaat asale, taree asha kabari-vastoo samanyatah purushanchya antyasanskaransathi rakheev thevalya jaat asat.
ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkachya shevataparyant, donian aanee pusatian lokanmadhil samanya pratha mhanje sharirala garbhachya sthiteet chhatichya dishene paay varr karoon thevane, jeey kadachit pruthvi matechya garbhatil aatmyachya punarjanmache prateek hote. yaulat, itar italian lokanpramanech, mesapian lokanni tyanchya mrutanna vistarit sthiteet thewale. ii. sha. puu. tisya shatkapasoon, pathivar padalele shareer asaleli vistarit dafansthane daunia aanee pusetiamadhye disu lagali, jaree kahee bhagat purvichi pratha ii. sha. puu. 2yyaa shatkaparyant tikoon rahili.
itihas.
mool.
pracheen strotandvare aadhich namood kelele aanee puratatviy puravyandvare samarthit asalele vidvananche pramukh mutt asey aahe qee eapgian heey bahudha dakshinekadil ilirian hote jeey ii. sha. puu. pahilya sahasrakachya suruvatila paschim balkanmadhun aagney italikade sthalantarit jhaale hote.
purv-roman kalavadhi.
ii. sha. puu. 11vya shatkapasoon eapgian lock bahudha adriaticchya purv kinarpattivarun italila gele, jeey aadhipasoon astitvat asalelya italian aanee mycenian sanskratinmadhye villin jhaale aanee nirnayak sanskrutik aanee bhashik chhap pradan kelee. dauniyan, pusatian aanee messepian yaa teen mukhya eapgian aadivasi gatanni tyanchya vikasachya pahilya tappyat eka ullekhaneey sanskrutik ekata rakhali. ii. sha. puu. 8vya shatkanantar, tathapi, tyanni antargat aanee bahya karananmule bhinnatechya prakriyedvare chinhankit kelela eka tappa suru keela.
ii. sha. puu. 8vya shatkachya akheris aanee taranchya sparton vasahatichya sthapanenantar mesapian aanee greek yanchyatil sampark tivra jhaala, tyapurvi purvichya vasahatvadpurv mycenian ghuskhorichya darmyan, jyaa darmyan taranchya thikanane aadhich mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali asey disate. tathapi, 7vya shatkachya akheriparyant, eapgia samanyatah greek vasahatvadi pradeshanchya prabhavachya kshetrat samavisht navhata aanee taras vagalata, rahivasi yaa pradeshatil itar greek vasahati talhanyas saksham hote. ii. sha. puu. 6vya shatkat mesapiya aanee tyahunahi kirkol pusesia, pramukhyane jawalchya taramadhun hellinising sanskrutik prabhavatoon gele.
mesapian aanee tarrentine yanchyatil sambandh kalantarane bighadale, parinami ii. sha. puu. 5vya shatkachya suruvatipasun donhi lokanmadhil sangharshanchi malika suru jhaali. turrentinechya done vijayanantar, eapgian lokanni tyanchyavar nirnayak parabhav keela, jyamule kuleen sarkarche patan jhaale aanee taramadhye lokshahichi amalbajavani jhaali. tyane greek aanee sthanik lokanmadhil sambandhahi sumare ardhya shatkaparyant gothavale. keval 5vya aanee 6vya shatkachya uttaradhat tyanni sambandh punha prasthapit kele. dusari mothee hellinising laat ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkat aalee, yaveli tyat dauniyachahi samavesh hota.
roman vijay.
chauthya shatkachya uttaradhat canucini aanee teenenschya adhinatesah, romananni ipgia jinkanyas suruvat kelee. yamule sampoorn dweepkalpat roman varchasvacha marg mokala jhaala, kaaran tyanni yaa pradeshatil tyanchya pragaticha vapar sumnite shaktila niyantrit karnyasathi aanee sumnite yuddhandarmyan tyanchya pradeshala vedhanyasathi keela. tisya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, romne ipagia aanee samniumchya simevar luceria (314) aanee venusia (291) yaa done mokyachya vasahati lavalya hotya.
samajik sanghatana.
suruvatichya kalat, ipagian gruhnirman pranali sampoorn pradeshat vikhuralelya zopadyanchya chhotya gatanni banaleli hotee, jee nantarchya greek-roman shaharanchya paramparepeksha vegali hotee. grameen jilhyantil rahivasi samaan nirnay ghenyasathi, mejavanisathi, dharmik pratha aanee sanskaransathi aanee bahya hallyanpasoon swatache rakshan karnyasathi ekatra yet asat.
ii. sha. puu. 6vya shatkapasoon, ii. sha. puu. pahilya sahasrakachya suruvatichya sumaras ubharalya gelelya mothya parantu qamee vyapalelya vasahatinna adhik sanrachit swaroop miloo lagale. tyanchyapaiki sarvat mothya lokanni haloohaloo dagadi snrakshak bhinti ubharanyasathi aanee akheris tyanchi swatachi nanee tayar karnyasathi prashasakeey kshamata aanee manushyabal midavale, jeey shaharikaran aanee rajkiy svayattatecha dawa yaa donhinche sanket dete.
thucidideschya matey, yapaiki kahee ipgian samudayanvar ii. sha. puu. 5vya shatkachya uttaradhat shaktishali vyaktinche rajya hote. tyapaiki kahee chhotya vasahati itakya mothya tatbandichya vasahatinmadhye vikasit jhalya hotya qee teey bahudha chauthya shatkachya akheris swatahla swayatt shahar-rajye manat hote aanee tyaa kalat uttarekadil kahee shaharanche vyapak pradeshavar niyantran hote. arpy, jyanchyakade lohyugatil aaypigiyachi sarvat mothee matichi tatbandi hotee aanee canutium, jyacha pradesh bahudha kinanyapasun venusiyaparyant auphanto nadivar pasarlela hota, teey pradeshik varchasvavadi shaktinmadhye vikasit jhalyache disate.
shahari sattecha haah pradeshik padanukram, jyamadhye kahee pramukh shahar-rajye maryadit sansadhananvar swatache varchasva prasthapit karnyasathi ekmekanshi spardha karat hotee, bahudha vividh ipagian gatanmadhye varanvar antargat yuddh jhaale aanee tyanchyat aanee paradeshi samudayanmadhye bahya sangharsh jhaale.
yuddh.
kabari aanee yoddhyanmadhye sapadalelya vastoo aanee laal aakrutichya fuldanichya chitranvar dakhavalelya vastunvarun purava midato qee, iepigyan dhaal, kadhikadhi chamadyache shirastran aanee jerkin, apavadatmakapane chhatichi patti yapeksha itar thodyasha bachavatmak kavachane ladhala. tyanche sarvat varanvar vaparale jaanare shastra mhanje bhala, tyanantar bhala, tarr talwari tulanene durmil hotya. kansya pattya dekhil yoddhyanchya kabarinmadhye aadhalanari eka samanya vastoo hotee.
laal aakrutichya fuldanichya chitranvar chitrit kelelya ladhaichya drushyanvarun heey dekhil disun yete qee vividh eapgian samuday varanvar ekmekanshi sangharshat guntalele hote aanee yuddhakaidyanna khandanisathi kinwa gulamgirit vikanyasathi nele jaat hote.
arthvyavastha.
puratatviy purave asey suchavatat qee ii. sha. puu. pahilya sahasrabdidarmyan purv-roman ipagiamadhye transhumenscha sarav keela jaat hota aanee yaa pradeshatil vistrut bhag transhument mendhyansathi kuran puravanyasathi rakheev hota. ii. sha. puu. 5vya aanee 4thya shatkat vinakam haah kharokharach eka mahattvacha upkram hota. lokaripasoon banavalele kapad bahudha greek vasahatitil tarantomadhye vikale jaat asey aanee eapgian pashupalakanche hiwali gantvyasthan bahudha tavoliyarchya maidani bhagat hote, jithe vinakam udyog ii. sha. puu. satvya kinwa sahavya shatkachya suruvatiparyant aadhich changlya prakare vikasit jhaala hota, yacha purava vinakaranchya chitravarun midato.