
samajik olakh siddhant

samajik olakh haah ekhadya vyaktichya swayam-sankalpanecha bhag aahe joou sambandhit samajik gatatil sadasyatvatun prapt hoto.
1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakat samajik manasshastradnya heinry tajfel aanee johnn turner yanni moolatah tayar kelyapramane, samajik olakh siddhantane aantarsamuh vartanache spashtikaran denyacha eka marg mhanoon samajik olakh hii sankalpana sadar kelee. "samajik olakh siddhant 'antarg' aanee 'bahyasamuh' chya ghatanecha shodh gheto aanee yaa drushtikonavar aadharit aahe qee olakh hii sapeksh kinwa lavchik paddhatine paribhashit kelelya farkachya prakriyedvare tayar kelee jaate, jee ekhadi vyakti konatya kriyakalapanmadhye guntaleli aahe yavar avalambun asate" yaa siddhantache varnan assa siddhant mhanoon kele jaate joou gut sthititil farak, tyaa sthititil farkanchi manyata aanee sthirata aanee eka gatatoon dusya gatamadhye jaanyachi kshamata yaa aadharavar kahee aantarsamuh vartanancha andaj lavto. manvi samajik aatmyanvishayichya samanya siddhantancha sandarbh denyasathi 'samajik olakh siddhant' haah shabd vaparla jaato asha prasanganshi heey virodhabhas aahe. shivay, aanee jaree kahee sanshodhakanni yala asey manale asale taree, samajik olakh siddhant haah samajik vargikaranacha samanya siddhant asanyacha hetu kadhich navhata. samajik olakh siddhantachya maryadit vyaptibaddalchi jaaniv yamulech johnn turner aanee tyanchya sahakanyanni swayam-vargikaran siddhantachya swarupat eka chulat bhau siddhant vikasit keela, joou samajik olakh siddhantachya antardrushtivar aadharit hota aanee swatahbaddal aanee gut prakriyebaddal adhik samanya mahitee tayar karat hota.
samajik olakh siddhant aanee swayam-vargikaran siddhant yaa donhichya sanyukt yogdanache varnan karnyasathi samajik olakh "drushtikon" kinwa samajik olakh "drushtikon" hii sandnya suchavali jaate. samajik olakh siddhant asey suchavato qee ekhadi sanstha vaiyaktik vartanook badaloo shakate, jarr tee tyanchi swatachi olakh kinwa tyanchya aatm-sankalpanecha bhag joou gatachya dnyanatun aanee bhavnik bandhilakitun prapt hoto tyat badal karoo shakate.
vikas.
aitihasik parshvabhoomi.
samajik olakh siddhant' yaa shabdane 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhatach shaikshanik chalan prapt kele, parantu visavya shatkachya suruvatiparyant tyachyashi sambandhit moolbhut moolbhut sankalpana udayas aalya hotya. william jee. 1906 madhye lihilelya sumnerne, tyachya prabhavshali 'lokmargah upayog, shishtachar, pratha, aachar aanee naitikatechya samajik mahatvancha abhyas' yaa granthachya yaa anshatil prathamik gatishilata tipali aaheh
1920 chya dashakachya uttaradhat samuhikvadi drushtikon mukhya pravahatil samajik manasshastratun nahisa jhaala hota. pannas varshanhun adhik kalanantar, 'samajik olakh siddhant' yaa shabdachya pahilya aupcharik vaparachya sumaras, samajik manasshastrachya sthitivar tajfelne heey lihileh
asha prakare, samajik olakh siddhant kahee pramanat swayam aanee samajik gatanchya samajik manashastrakade adhik samoohik drushtikon punha sthapit karanyachi ichcha pratibimbit karato.
pailu.
aantarvaiyaktik-aantarsamuh satatya.
samajik olakh siddhant sangato qee samajik vartanamule ekhadya vyaktine gatamadhye asatana tyanche vartan badalave asey vatel. aantarvaiyaktik vartan aanee aantarsamuh vartan yanchyatil satatyanusar teey badalate. purnapane aantarvaiyaktik vartan heey keval done lokanmadhye astitvat asalelya vaiyaktik vaishishtyandvare aanee aantarvaiyaktik sambandhandware nirdharit vartan asel. purnapane aantarsamuh vartan heey keval donpeksha jaast lokanna lagoo honanya samajik shrenichya sadasyatvadvare nirdharit kelele vartan asel. samajik olakh siddhantache lekhak mhanatat qee vastavadi samajik paristhitit purnapane aantarvaiyaktik kinwa purnapane aantarsamuh vartan aadhalanyachi shakyata nahee. tyaeivaji, vartan heey done tokachya tadjodidware prerit hone apekshit aahe. vaiyaktik viruddha chey sandnyanatmak swaroop. samajik olakh aanee tyanchyamadhil sambandh heey swayam-vargikaran siddhantat adhik purnapane vikasit jhaale aahet. tyaeivaji samajik olakh siddhant samajik sanrachanatmak ghatkanvar laksh kendrit karato, jeey vartanukichya swarupansah, varnpatatil konatya tokala ekhadya vyaktichya vartanavar sarvat jaast prabhav padel yacha andaj lavel.
sakaratmak vaishishtyapurnata.
samajik olakh siddhantatil eka pramukh dharana ashee aahe qee vyakti sakaratmak vegalepana prapt karnyasathi aantarikpane prerit asatat. mhanje, vyakti "sakaratmak aatm-sankalpanesathi prayatna karatat". vegvegalya patalyanchya vyaktinna tyanchya sambandhit samajik olakhindware (aantarvaiyaktik-aantarsamuh satatyanusar) paribhashit aanee mahitee dilee jaau shakate, tyamule samajik olakh siddhantat pudhe asey mhatale jaate qee "vyakti sakaratmak samajik olakh prapt karnyasathi kinwa rakhanyasathi prayatna karatat". sakaratmak aatm-sankalpanesathi yaa prayatnanche achook swaroop haah vadacha vishay aahe (aatmasanmanache gruhitak pahaa). aantarvaiyaktik-aantarsamuh satatya aanee sakaratmak vishishttechya preranechi dharana, heey donhi kiman gut abhyasanchya nishkarshanche parinam mhanoon udbhavale. visheshtah, asey aadhalun aale qee kahee vishisht paristhitinmadhye vyakti sansadhananchya vitaranala manyata deteel jyamule vaiyaktik swarthachya kimmativar gatabaheril gatachya tulanet gatatil sakaratmak vegalepana jastit jaast vadhel.
sakaratmak vishisht dhorane.
vareel ghatkanvar aadharit, samajik olakh siddhant vividh dhoranancha tapasheel deto, jyaa sakaratmak vegalepana sadhya karnyasathi vaparlya jaau shakatat. vyaktichi vartanachi nivad mukhyatve samajalya jaananya aantarsamuh sambandhanvar avalambun asate. visheshtah dhoranachi nivad haah gut simanchya pargamyatecha parinam aahe (udaa.jee., gatacha sadasya nimn darjachya gatatoon uchch darjachya gatamadhye jaau shakato qaa), tasech aantarsamuh sthitee padanukramachi dharana keleli sthirata aanee vaidhata. samajik olakh siddhantat tapshilvar swa-vadhavna dhorananche tapshilvar tapasheel khalee dile aahet. mahattvache mhanje, jaree tyanchyakade qamee darjachya gatachya sadasyachya drushtikonatun pahile jaat asale, taree uchch darjachya gatachya sadasyandvare dekhil tulanatmak vartanecha avalamb keela jaau shakato.
vaiyaktik gatishilata.
assa andaj vartavala jaato qee jyaa paristhitit gatachya seema pargamya manalya jaatat asha paristhitit vyakti vaiyaktik halchalinchya dhoranat guntalelya asanyachi shakyata jaast asate. mhanjech, vyakti "gatapasoon vegale hotat aanee tyanchya gatapeksha tyanchi vaiyaktik sthitee sudharanyasathi tayar kelelya vaiyaktik uddishtancha pathpurava karatat".
samajik sarjansheelata.
jethe gut seema abhedya manalya jaatat aanee jethe sthitee sambandh vajavipane sthir manale jaatat, tethe vyakti samajik sarjansheel vartanat guntalele asatat assa andaj vartavala jaato. yethe, qamee darjache gut sadasya ajunahi gut kinwa bahya gatachi vastunishtha sansadhane anivaryapane naan badalata tyanchi sakaratmak vishishtata vadhavanyas saksham aahet. kahee naveen parimananvar antargrahanchi bahyasamuhanshi tulana karoon, gatachya gunavisheshanna niyukt keleli moolye badaloon aanee antargrahanchi tulana karnyasathi paryayi bahyasamuh nivadoon heey sadhya kele jaau shakate.
samajik spardha.
yethe eka antarg gut sakaratmak vegalepana shodhato aanee antargrah pakshapatachya swarupat bahyasamuhabarobar thet spardhedvare sakaratmak bhinnatechi aavashyakta asate. heey spardhatmak manale jaate, kaaran yaa prakaranat gatasathicha pakshapat serve sambandhit samajik gatanni samayik kelelya mulyanchya parimanavar hoto (samajik sarjanshilatechya paristhitichya ulat). jevha gatanchya seema abhedya manalya jaatat aanee jevha sthitee sambandh vajavipane asthir manale jaatat tevha samajik spardha udbhavel assa andaj vartavala jaato. yaa siddhantat jaree visheshadhikaracha laabh nasla taree yaa sakaratmak vishishttechya dhoranakadech sarvadhik laksh vedhale gele aahe.
rajkiy manasshastra.
rajyashastrat, samajik olakh siddhant haah pratinidhyatil upaprasangiy rajkiy siddhant mhanoon samavisht keela gela aahe. yaa siddhantanusar rajkiy uchchabhru vyaktigatdrushtya tarksangat asatat aanee teey kiman vijayi matdarsangh (udaa.jee., jahiratinchya "microtargating" dware). 2016 chya rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukivar parinam kelyacha aarop asalelya soshal media jahiratincha russian vapar heey microtargating eka udaharan aahe. swatantrapane, alikadil 'vidnyan pragati' lekh janmat matdan detacha vapar karoon prinston rajkiy shastradnya nolan mccarty yanni vikasit kelelya gatatil pakshapat aanee rajkiy arthvyavasthechya sanganakeey modella pramanit karato.
parinam.
gatatil pakshapat.
gatatil pakshapat (yaa shabdavar turnerchya aakshepannantarhi, 'gatatil pakshapat' mhanoon dekhil olakhala jaato) haah eka assa parinam aahe jithe lock jevha ekach gatatil asalyache manale jaate tevha itaranna pradhanya detat. samajik olakh antargat pakshapatachya karanas sakaratmak vishishttechya mansik garjeshi sambandhit aahe aanee asha paristhitinche varnan karate jithe antargat pakshapat honyachi shakyata aahe (gut sthitee, vaidhata, sthirata aanee pargamyateche karya mhanoon). kiman gut abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee donhi aniyantrit gatansathi (udaa.jee. nanefek sahbhagi kheladunna 'haid' gut aanee 'tails' gatamadhye vibhajit karoo shakate) tasech manasvi nasalelya gatanmadhye (udaa.jee. sanskruti, ling, laingik abhimukhata aanee pratham bhashanvar aadharit gut).
samajik vargikaran aanee antargrehi pakshapat yanchyatil sambandhanchya nirantar abhyasane antargrehi pakshapat viruddha antargrehi pakshapat yaa sapeksh vyapticha shodh ghetala aahe. gatbahya bhedbhav, gatantargat pakshapatachya vividh abhivyaktincha shodh ghetala aanee gatantargat pakshapat aanee itar mansik nirbandhanmadhil sambandhancha shodh ghetala (udaa.jee., astitwala dhoka).
samajik olakh siddhantavar aadharit aanee vanchit gatanchya sadasyanchya bahyasamuh pakshapatasarkhya antargrah pakshapatapasun mahattvapoorn vichalan samajoon ghenyasathi (jost andd banaji, 1994; jost, 2020) 1994 madhye johnn jost aanee mahzarin banaji yanni pranali samarthan siddhant prastavit keela hota.
samajik vartane.
samajik olakh vyaktinna itaranprati samajik vartanat guntanyas pravrutt karoo shakate. udaharananmadhye annapadarth kharedi kinwa agadi samayik kharedi paddhati yasarkhya sandarbhancha samavesh hoto, jase qee motorcycleswaransathi houu shakate. manoranjak baab mhanje, grahakankade up-olakh asoo shakatat jyaa mothya olakheet gumphalelya asatat. parinami, "jevha grahak ekoon samudayashi olakh karoon ghetat, tevha teey itar grahakanna madat karatat. tathapi, upasamuhasah olakh karoon ghetana grahak ekoon samudayatil grahakanna madat karanyachi shakyata qamee asate.
olakh-sambandhit parinamanvar paij lavnyas anichha.
samajik olakh haah swatacha eka maulyavan pailu aahe aanee lock dilelya samajik gatashi sambandhit asalyachi aatm-dharana rakhanyasathi tyanchya aarthik swarthacha tyag kartil. rajkiy pakshapati aanee creeda sanghanche chahate (udaa.jee.republican aanee democrats, kinwa emm. ell. bii., aine. eff. ell., aine. see. aii. aii. chey chahate) tyanchya pakshachya kinwa sanghachya yashachya virodhat paij lavnyas nakhush asatat kaaran asha paijasathi nidanatmak kharch tyanna tyaa bajus olakhayala lagel. parinami, pakshapati aanee chahate olakh-sambandhit ichchit parinamanchya viruddha agadi anukool paij dekhil nakartil. aine chya 45 takkyanhun adhik.see.aaa.aaa. udaharanarth, basketball aanee hockeychya chahatyanni, tyancha sangh aagami samna harlyas $5 kamavanyachi vinamulya, kharee sandhee nakarli.
vaad.
aatmasanmanache gruhitak.
samajik olakh siddhant asey suchavato qee lock swatahbaddal sakaratmak sankalpana sadhya karnyasathi aanee rakhanyasathi prerit hotat. michael hogg aanee dominic abrams yanchyasah kahee sanshodhak asha prakare sakaratmak samajik olakh aanee aatmasanman yanchyatil byanpaiki thet sambandh prastavit karatat. aatmasanmanache gruhitak" mhanoon olakhale jaanare aatmasanman done prakare gatatil purvgrahanshi sambandhit asalyacha andaj vartavala jaato. pratham, yashasvi aantarsamuh bhedbhavamule aatmasanman vadhato. dusare mhanje, udaseen kinwa dhokyat aalela aatmasanman aantarsamuh bhedbhawala protsahan deto. yaa andajanna anubhavjanya samarthan sammishrapane midale aahe.
johnn turners kahee samajik olakh siddhantkar, aatmasanmanache gruhitak heey samajik olakh siddhantashi susangat nahee asey manatat. kharey tarr, aatmasanmanache gruhitak heey siddhantachya tattvanshi virodhabhasi asalyacha yuktivad keela jaato. assa yuktivad keela jaato qee aatmasanmanache gruhitak samajik olakh aanee vaiyaktik olakh yanchyatil farak gairsamaj karoon ghete. tyaa dhartivar, johnn turner aanee penny oaks heey aatmasanmanachi thet garaj kinwa purvgrahakade ardh-jaivik chaal mhanoon sakaratmak vishishttechya vyakhyeviruddha yuktivad karatat. tyaeivaji teey sakaratmak aatm-sankalpanechya kahee adhik guntaguntichya sankalpanela, vicharvantanchya vichardhara aanee samajik mulyanche pratibimb mhanoon, samarthan karatat. yavyatirikt, assa yuktivad keela jaato qee aatmasanmanache gruhitak samajik olakh siddhantat (i.eae., vaiyaktik gatishilata aanee samajik sarjansheelata).
sakaratmak-nakaratmak vishamata.
jyala sakaratmak-nakaratmak vishamata ghatana asey sambodhale gele aahe, tyat sanshodhakanni asey dakhavun dile aahe qee gatabaherchya vyaktila shiksha kelyane aatmasanmanache fayade gatatil vyaktila bakshis denyapeksha qamee hotat. yaa shodhatoon asey spasht kele gele aahe qee samajik olakh siddhant tyamule nakaratmak parimananvaril purvagrah hatalanyas asamarth aahe. tathapi, samajik olakh siddhantkar asey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee aantarsamuh pakshapat nirman honyasathi samajik olakh "manasikdrushtya thalak asane aavashyak aahe" aanee nakaratmak parimananna "aatm-vyakhyesathi qamee yogya aadhar" mhanoon anubhavale jaau shakate. hii mahattvachi patrata samajik olakh siddhantat sookshmapane upasthit aahe, parantu swa-vargikaran siddhantat pudhe vikasit kelee aahe. yaa drushtikonasathi anubhavjanya samarthan astitvat aahe. asey disun aale aahe qee jevha prayogatil sahbhagi antargrah paribhashit karnari nakaratmak parimane swa-nivadu shakatat tevha sakaratmak-nakaratmak vishamata aadhalat nahee.
aantarsamuh samanata.
asey manale gele aahe qee samajik olakh siddhant asey suchavato qee samaan gatanna ekmekanpasun vegale honyasathi adhik prerana midayala havee. tyanantar, anubhavjanya nishkarsh jethe samaan gatanmadhye aantarsamuh aakarshanachi vadhaleli patali aanee gatatil purvagrah qamee jhalyache darshavile gele aahe, tyancha yaa siddhantasathi samasyapradhan mhanoon arth lavala gela aahe. itaratra asey suchavale gele aahe qee aantarsamuh sthitee padanukramachya samajalya gelelya sthiratechya aanee vaidhatechya mahattvavar samajik olakh siddhantachya bharavar laksh deuun hii spasht visangati sodavali jaau shakate.
bhavishyavanichi shakti.
samajik olakh siddhantavar bhavishyavanichya samarthyapeksha barich jaast spashtikaranatmak shakti asalyabaddal teeka kelee gelee aahe. mhanjech, swatantra chull aanee parinami aantarsamuh vartan yanchyatil sambandh mage valoon pahatana siddhantashi susangat asoo shakatat, parantu too vishisht parinam sahasa suruvatila andajit keela gelela nasato. yaa aaropache khandan asey aahe qee aantarsamuh sambandh samajoon ghenyasathi yaa siddhantachi kadhihi nishchit uttar mhanoon jahirat kelee gelee nahee. tyaeivaji asey mhatale jaate qee samajik olakh siddhant vicharadhin asalelya vishisht samajik sandarbhabaddal puresha samajutisah hatat haat ghaloon gela pahije. nantarcha yuktivad samajik olakh siddhantachya lekhakanni "vastunishtha" ghatakanchya bhoomikevar dilelya spasht mahattvas susangat aahe, jyamadhye asey mhatale aahe qee konatyahi vishisht paristhitit "[samajik olakh siddhant] chalanche parinam mageel samajik, aarthik aanee rajkiy prakriyandvare prabhavipane nirdharit kele jaatat".
halake basaa.
kahee sanshodhak samajik olakh siddhantacha arth samajik gatashi olakh aanee antargrah pakshapat yanchyatil thet sambandh rekhatane assa karatat. yache kaaran asey qee samajik olakh siddhant haah kiman gut pratimanamadhye antargrah pakshapat sarvavyapi asalyache spasht karnyacha eka marg mhanoon prastavit karnyat aala hota. udaharanarth, charles stanger aanee johnn jost mhanatat qee "samajik olakh siddhantacha mukhya aadhar mhanje gatatil sadasya itar gatanpeksha tyanchya swatachya gatala anukool asateel". haah arth itar sanshodhakanni nakarla aahe. udaharanarth, elex haslam mhanato qee "jaree samajik olakh siddhantachya ashleel aavrutya assa yuktivad karatat qee 'samajik olakh aapoaap bhedbhav aanee purvgrahakade netat', kharey tarr...bhedbhav aanee sangharsh keval maryadit paristhitit apekshit aahet. samajik olakh siddhantachi tulana samajik spardha aanee gatantargat pakshapat yanchyashi karane heey anshatah yaa vastusthitila karanibhoot aahe qee siddhantachya suruvatichya vidhananmadhye gatantargat pakshapatachi anubhavjanya udaharane samavisht hotee, tarr paryayi sakaratmak vishishtata dhorane (udaa.jee.samajik sarjansheelata) tyaa tappyavar saiddhantik dave hote. kahee vartulanmadhye, kahihi jhaale taree, thet olakh-aadhar parasparsambandhachya andajane "samajik olakh siddhant-prakash" heey nindaniy shirshak midavale aahe. yamule samajik olakh siddhant kharokharach kanishth gut pratimanamadhye antargrah pakshapat sarvyapiteche spashtikaran deto qee nahee, heey prashna upasthit hoto, jeey moolatah tajfelne prastavit kelelya parantu nantar sodoon dilelya samanya aadarsh gruhitkala aashray naan deta aahe.