tokio adhiveshan

vimanat kelelya gunhyanvaril aanee vimanat kelelya kahee itar krutyanvaril karar, jyala samanyatah tokio karar mhanatat, haah eka aantarrashtriy karar aahe, joou 14 september 1963 roji tokio yethe jhaala. too 4 december 1969 roji lagoo jhaala aanee 2022 paryant 187 pakshanni tyala manyata dilee aahe.
dandatmak kayadyavirodhatil gunhyanna aanee "uddanadarmyan" aanee aantarrashtriy havai nauvahanat guntalelya nagri vimanatil vyaktinchi kinwa malmattechi suraksha dhokyat dhokyat konatyahi krutyanna heey adhiveshan lagoo aahe. yaa vyaptimadhye konatyahi kararbaddha rajyachya havai kshetravyatirikt, uchch samudra aanee konatyahi rajyachya kshetrachya palikade asalelya konatyahi bhagatoon uddan kartana kararbaddha rajyat nondanikrut vimanavaril gunhe kinwa itar kahee krutye karnyacha hetu samavisht aahe. nondanichya sthitivyatirikt itar kararbaddha rajyandvare maryadit atinnusar, mhanje jevha bahupakshiy aantarrashtriy aantarrashtriy, rashtriy surakshechya hitasathi aanee itar karanansathi adhikarkshetracha vapar aavashyak asato, tevha faujdari adhikarkshetracha vapar keela jaau shakato.
aantarrashtriy vimanchalan kayadyachya itihasat prathamach, adhiveshan viman commanderche kahee adhikar aanee pratibandh manya karate, joou aantarrashtriy uddananvar konatyahi vyaktila (vyaktinna) pratibandhit karoo shakato, jyala vishvas thevanyas vajvi kaaran aahe qee too jahajavaril vyaktinchya kinwa malmattechya surakshitatemadhye hastakshep karnyas jababdar asalela kinwa suvyavastha aanee shist dhokyat aananara gunha karnar aahe.
katekorpane deshantargat prakarananmadhye yaa adhiveshanala lagoo hott nahee aanee prasthan kinwa 'ichchit' utaranyacha bindu tyaa rajyachya baher asel kinwa viman nondanichya rajyashivay rajyachya havai haddit pravesh karel, udaharanarth deshatoon rajyachya simevarun chalavalya deshantargat uddanat asel, tarr vagalata nondani rajyachya havai haddit keleli krutye aanee gunhe vagalale jaatat.
parichay.
vimanachya kayadeshir sthitichya prashnacha abhyas haah 1902 saalee french nyayshastradnya paul fauchile yanchya agraganya karyapasoon charchecha vishay hota aanee itar goshtimbarobarach, 'comitte international technic dii' experts juridics erins '(havai kayadeshir tadnyanchi aantarrashtriy tantrik samitee),' institute dii droit international '(aantarrashtriy kayada sanstha), aantarrashtriy gunhegari polis aayog aanee aantarrashtriy kayada sanghatana yasarkhya suruvatichya sansthanni tyala varanvar bhet dilee hotee. aantarrashtriy nagri viman vahtook sansthechya 13 varshanchya pradirgh purv-kayadeshir prayatnancha 4 december 1969 roji 'vimanat kelelya gunhyanvaril adhiveshan aanee itar kahee kayadyanvar' parinam hoiparyant haah prashna sarvat mahattvachya kayadeshir samasyanpaiki eka rahila.
kayadyachya vatavaranashi sambandhit asey phaar qamee vishay aahet jyavar vakilanni itake lihile aahe kinwa jyachi tyanni aantarrashtriy parishadanmadhye vimanavaril gunhe mhanoon varanvar charcha kelee aahe.
- jeey. richard aurme wilberforce, "vimanatil gunhe", 67 "journal auph daad royal aeronautical society", pru. 175 (march 1963)
aaykao.
kalam 43 madheel aantarrashtriy nagri vimanchalan kararane kalam 44 "chya uddeshane aanee uddeshane aantarrashtriy nagri vimanchalan sanghatanechi sthapana kelee...aantarrashtriy havai nauvahan tattve aanee tantre vikasit karane aanee aantarrashtriy havai vahatukiche niyojan aanee vikasala chalana dene jenekarun... [pii] aantarrashtriy havai nauvahanamadhye uddanachi surakshitata vadhavane... "
24 juuna 1946 roji antarim parishadene sthapan kelelya aanee 23 meey 1947 roji pahilya sabhene manjur kelelya aaykaochya kayadeshir samiteene, mexican pratinidhichya prastavavar kaam karat, 1950 madhye tyachya karya karyakramat vimanachya kayadeshir sthiticha prashna upasthit keela. samiteene dow. enrique emm. yaa vishayavaril pratinidhi mhanoon loeza (mexico). 15 meey 1953 roji ikao parishadene kayadeshir sthiticha muddah upasthit keela aanee kayadeshir aayogala yaa vishayavar kaam suru karnyache nirdesh dile. tyanusar, kayadeshir parishadene 25 august teey 12 september 1953 yaa kalavadhit reo dii janeiro yethe jhalelya jhalelya satrat, pramukhyane yuddhakalin adhiveshanachya jaagi yenyachya uddeshane masuda adhiveshanachya majkuracha abhyas aanee sudharana karnyasathi, vimanachya kayadeshir sthitivar up-samitee sthapan kelee.
viman upasamitichi kayadeshir sthitee
reo dii jainero yethe jhalelya 9 vya satradarmyan aay. see. aii. oo. kayadeshir samiteene sthapan kelelya "viman upasamitichi kayadeshir sthitee" vimanavaril gunhyanshi sambandhit samasyancha abhyas karnyasathi samarpit hotee. 1954 madhye kayadeshir samitichya 10 vya satradarmyan, vimanachya kayadeshir sthiticha abhyas kartana kartana kayadeshir samasyancha pudhil vichar karnyasathi anusaran karavayachi sarvottam prakriya nishchit karnyasathi upasamitine baithka ghetalya. heey siddha karnyat aale qee, lagoo asalelya kayadyavar vimanat parinamacha vichar karoon, gunha ghadatana viman jithe asel tithe pratyaksh paristhiticha vichar keela pahije.
janmashi sambandhit mahattvachya samasyanpaiki ekah
30 august 1956 roji aaykao vrutt prakashanatun arkah
belgian kayadyanusar belgian vimanat janm manla jaato.
belgiummadhye ghadale asave. british kayadyanusar british jahajavar janm
viman gret brittenmadhye jhaale asey manale jaate. matra, jarr
tyaveli viman french pradeshachya varr hote, janm khalilpramane manla jaato
french kayada francemadhye jhaala asava. nantarchya prakaranat mool asey
tyamule tyanna done rashtriyatva aahet aanee kadachit eka trutiyansh, tyachya vadilanche, jarr
nantarche heey jaminivar rajyache nagrik aahet, jyachya kayadyanmadhye ashee tartud aahe qee mool
nehmi tyachya vaidh vadilanche rashtriyatva ghete.
matra, jarr janm jhaala tarr paristhiti vegali asel
eka rajyachya pradeshavarun uddan karat asalelya french vimanat hii ghatana ghadali
francepeksha. belgiumchya pradeshavar french vimanat janm
belgium aanee french yaa donhi kayadyannusar francemadhye heey ghadale asalyache manale jaate.
dusarikade, jarr viman british pradeshavarun udat asel tarr
jyaa kshani janm jhaala., janm ghetala asalyache francene manale aahe
british pradeshat aanee gret britandware francemadhye jhaale.
yaa prakaranat, joparyant mull nishchit kele jaat nahee toparyant mulakade konatehi rashtriyatva nasate.
tyachya palkandware.
gunhegarichya babatit ashach samasya udbhavtat. kelele gunhe
belgian vimanat belgiummadhye bandhale gele asalyache manale jaate
aanee parinami belgium dand sanhitedvare niyantrit kele jaatat. tathapi, jarr aaa
belgiumche alracraft switzerlandavarun uddan karat asatana gunha jhaala.
nantarcha swis dandatmak kayadyachya adheen asoo shakato joou purnapane pradan karoo shakato
vegvegale dand.
yaa kayadeshir adchaninvyatirikt, sharirik swarupachya mothya adachani dekhil aahet. jevha heey siddha hote qee pradeshik kayada vimanat vimanat ekhadya kayadyala lagoo hoto aanee nantarchya vyaktine anek rajyanchya pradeshavar salag uddan kele, tevha aadhunik vimanachya samanya paribhraman gatichya drushtine, kayada pratyakshat kuthe jhaala heey achook bhaugolik sthan sthapit karane ashakya nasale taree katheen asoo shakate. tyachpramane, jevha vimanat ekhada gunha keela jaato aanee tyacha kalavadhi kahee kaal vistarato, tevha gunhyache vividh bhag konatya rajyane konatya rajyakshetravar kele hote heey nishchitpane tharvane aanee lagoo asalelya kayadyanusar nirnayak manale jaanare bhag kuthe kele gele heey nirdisht karane ashakya asoo shakate.
jineva satra, 1956
yaa upasamitine 3 september 1956 roji jineva yethe pahile purn adhiveshan aayojit kele, jyat aantarrashtriy todgyachi aavashyakta asalelya sarvat mahattvachya samasyanchi yadee hotee. abhyasachi vyapti gunhegari pailunparyant maryadit thevanyachya kararamule upasamitiche kaam mothya pramanat qamee jhaleh
(1) viman nondanichya rajyanchya kayadyantargat aanee jyaa rajyat haah kayada jhaala tyaa rajyachya kayadyantargat gunhe karnari krutye;
(2) vareel (1) madhye namood kelelya rajyanpaiki eka rajyachya kayadyanusar gunhe karnari krutye.
vimanamule jaminivar jaminivar pakshanna jhalelya nukasanachi baab rome kararadvare hatalali jaat asatana, vimanache rashtriyatva, vimanavaril haqq, janm, mrutyu, vivah, kararancha nishkarsh, vimanat udatanachi ichcha tayar karane ityadi samasya hatalalya jaat hotya. rahile.
montriyal masuda, 1958.
september 1958 madhye montriyal yethe jhalelya tyachya purn deshatoon satradarmyan kelelya abhyasacha parinam mhanoon up-samiteene vimanachya kayadeshir sthitivar pahila aay. see. aii. oo. masuda karar vikasit keela, joou vimanat kelelya gunhyanchya samasyevar laksh kendrit karat hota.
kayadyanchya sangharshavar, nondani rajyachya adhikarkshetrachi tartud kalam 3 (1) madhye karnyat aalee hotee, tasech kahee atinchya adheen rahoon oghalalelya pradeshik rajyanchya adhikarkshetrachi tartud karnyat aalee hotee.
munich masuda, 1959.
munic yethe jhalelya jhalelya satrat kayadeshir samiteene september september upasamitichya adhiveshanacha masuda aanee ahwal vicharat ghetala. viman commanderchya kayadeshir sthiticha prashna aanee havai takkaranvaril kararacha masuda tapasane haah dekhil munich satracha uddesh hota.
myoonichmadhil tyachya adhiveshanacha parinam mhanoon kayadeshir samiteene vimanat vimanat gunhe aanee itar krutyanvar eka masuda karar tayar keela. masudyat, vimanatil gunhyanvaril adhikarkshetrachya tattvasathi kalam 3, donada khatala chalavalya chalavalya gunhegaranviruddha surakshesathi kalam 4, viman commander, vimanatil karmchari aanee pravashanchya kartvyambabat aanee hakkambabat kalam 5 teey 8, vimanat kelelya kahee krutinchya sanrakshanasathi kalam 9 aanee karar kelelya rajyanchya rajyanchya aanee hakkansathi kalam 10 aanee 11 yaa tartudincha samavesh hota. masudyat, oghalalelya pradeshik rajyachya adhikarkshetrasathi, utaranyachya sthitisathi aanee vimanachya nondanichya sthitisathi tartud karnyat aalee hotee.
kalam 3 (1) madhye ashee tartud karnyat aalee aahe qee, "konatyahi lagoo asalelya adhikarkshetravar avalambun, vimanachya nondanichi sthitee vimanat kelelya gunhyanvar adhikarkshetra vaparnyas saksham aahe."yaa tartudine sagari kayadyala samantar 'kujus ist solam, ijas ist yusk edd koelam ett edd inferos' yaa avyavharya mhanichya bajoone kele aanee uchch samudravaril 'lakes lokee delicti kamishi' chee samasya sodavali. dhwaj kayadyache tattva 1902 aanee 1910 madhye paul fauchile yanni aanee 1937 madhye belgian kayadeshir itihaskar fernand dii visture yanni prastavit kele hote.
kalam 3 (2) pradeshik rajyache adhikarkshetra aanee utaranyachya sthitishi sambandhit aahe, jyat pudhil babinchi tartud aaheh
jyaa rajyachya havai haddit gunha karnyat aala asel, jarr asey rajya vimanachya nondanichi sthitee nasel kinwa jethe viman utarate tyaa rajyache asel, tarr khaleel prakarnanvyatirikt, uddanadarmyan vimanavar kelelya konatyahi gunhyachya sandarbhat tyacha vapar keela jaanar naheeh
jarr oghalalele pradeshik rajya nondanichi sthitee kinwa utaranyachi sthitee nasel, tarr tyache adhikarkshetra upapantak (aaa)-(eae) dware maryadit aahe. fernand dii visher yanni tyanchya 1937 chya ahavalachya kalam 1 (3) madhye upapantracha (aaa) prastav mandala hota. 1919 chya naan swikarlelya parris adhiveshanachya kalam 23 madhye shantata parishadet upapantracha (buub) prastav thevanyat aala hota. 1902 madhye paul fauchile yanni rashtriy surakshechya tattvavaril uppera (qa) prastavit keela hota. uppera (daad) 1919 chya parris kararachya masudyatil kalam 23 (2) shhee sambandhit hota. tyamule uppera (eae) hii ekmev naveen sankalpana hotee.
kalam 3 (2) neey vimanat kelelya gunhyanvar adhikarkshetra vaparnyasathi landing rajyala adhikar dile. jaree fernand dii visturene tyachya 1937 chya ahavalachya kalam 1 (4) madhye 'institute dii droit international' chya luxemberg satrat sadar kelelya ahavalat too prastavit keela hota.
asha prakare munich masudyane teen rajyanchya samvarti adhikarkshetrasathi eka sadhan sthapit kele. "munich masudyat pradhanyachi pranali samavisht karnyache prastav ayashasvi jhaale aahet, anshatah sambandhit rajyanmadhye pradhanyachya kramanusar karar shodhanyat adchan aalyane aanee anshatah kaaran pradhanyacha prashna mothya pramanat pratyarpan karar kitee pramanat astitvat hote yavar avalambun asel."
aantarrashtriy havai kayadyachya itihasat prathamach, vimanatil konachya taree krutimule tyachya vimanachi aanee tyachya pravashanchi suraksha dhokyat aalee asalyas aavashyak karvai karnyacha viman commandercha adhikar masudyane manyata dilee. tyane paristhitinusar kahee vajvi karvai karayachi asel tarr senapatichi pratikarshakti dekhil manya kelee. yavyatirikt, uddan surakshitatela dhoka nirman nirman konatyahi vyaktila utaravanyacha kinwa asha vyaktila konatyahi kararbaddha rajyachya saksham saksham, jyamadhye too utaroo shakato, nirbandhakhali pohochavanyacha, tasech tasech deshasathi tyachya kayadyannusar doshi vyaktila tabyat ghenyachi, tyachyavar khatala chalavanyachi, tyache pratyarpan karanyachi kinwa vilamb naan karata tyachi sutka karanyachi tartud, yaa adhikarala tyane manyata dilee.
apaharananshi sambandhit pudhil tartudi. apaharan kelele viman kayadeshiraritya haqq asalelya konatyahi vyaktila parat karnyas aanee apaharankartyanna saksham adhikarkshetrantargat khatala chalvanyasathi rashtriy kayadyantargat tabyat ghenyas rajye sahmat hotil.
montriyal redraft, 1962.
27 november 1961 roji aay. see. aii. oo. parishadene kayadeshir samitichya adhyakshanna 1959 chya munic masudyavar rajya aanee aantarrashtriy sanghatananchya tippanyancha vichar karnyasathi vimanachya kayadeshir sthitivar up-samitee niyukt karanyachi vinanti kelee. kayadeshir samiteene 26 march teey 5 april 1962 paryant montriyalmadhye bolavalelya up-samitinusar kaam kele. up-samiteene kahee badal kele aanee naveen taratudinvyatirikt paryayi tartudi deu kelya.
rome draft, 1962.
1962 madhye rome yethe jhalelya 14 vya satradarmyan, upasamitichya ahavalacha vichar kelyanantar kayadeshir samiteene montriyal redraftcha adhik abhyas keela aanee tyat sudharana kelee. vimanat kelelya gunhyanvaril aanee itar kahee kayadyanvaril kararacha masuda' haah antim masuda tayar karnyat aala.
amerikechya pratinidhine asey manale qee "neey biis inn idem" (duheri dhokyachi sthitee) heey tattva adhikarkshetrachya sangharshanchya nirakaranat yogdan denyat ayashasvi tharel, jyamule samitila tee tartud hatvavi lagel. itar kahee badal aanee sudharanancha masuda karnyabarobarach montriyal redraft kayam thevanyat aala. apaharan karnyachya prashnavar eka naveen lekh sadar karnyat aala.
kayadeshir samiteene aapala navintam masuda mutsaddi parishadet sadar karnyasathi yogya manla aanee masuda adhiveshananchya manjurisathi kayadeshir samitichya prakriyechya kalam 1 chya anushangane too ahavalasah parishadela pathavala.
rome masuda 20 august 1963 roji tokio yetheel havai kayadyavaril aantarrashtriy parishadesamor thevanyat aala, asha prakare aantarrashtriy havai kayadyatil kahee pramukh pralambit samasyanvaril anek dashakanche vadavivad aanee vataghati sampalya.
1963 madheel tokio adhiveshan.
rome masudyavar pudhil vichar, antim roop, sweekar aanee swaksharisathi prarambh karnyachya uddeshane 20 august teey 14 september 1963 yaa kalavadhit aaykao parishadene shevati tokio yethe hii parishad bolavali. yaa parishadet 61 rajye aanee paach aantarrashtriy sanghatananche pratinidhitva karnyat aale hote.
charchedarmyan antim kalmansah kahee tartudinchya jodanisah kahee badal karnyat aale.
14 september 1963 roji tokio adhiveshan sadhyachya swarupat udayas aale. 4 december 1969 roji heey adhiveshan lagoo jhaale jyamule 1950 pasoon yaa vishayavar aaykaochya prayatnanna ant aala aanee viman vahatukichya pahate upasthit asalelya suruvatichya agraganya nyayshastradnyanchya anek aadarshanchi jaaniv jhaali.
pann aata eka teey 200 lock ekatra udatat, samanyatah chaar teey saat taas, kadhikadhi 12 teey 15 taas. teey surakshitata aanee aaramdayi paristhitit udatat. tyanchyakade firayala jaaga aahe. tyat donhi lingancha samavesh aahe. tyanna madak uttejak padarth bharpur pramanat puravale jaatat... aanee asamanya vartanachya nivval sankhyikeey shakyata spashtapane mothya pramanat vadhalya aahet. shivay, jaminivaril simanvar kaljipurvak niyantran thevata yeil asha simanvarun viman vegane jaate. teey eka deshatoon deshatoon deshat hastantaranasathi mothya sandhee detat... jyaa vastunsathi jaast kimmat dilee jaeel aanee jyaa jameen kinwa samudra margane tyanchya sarvat fayadeshir bajarpethet jaau shakat naheet asha vastunchih sone, aushadhe, hire, gupt yojana aanee rachana yasarkhya goshti. yaa vimanatil pravashansathi aanee tyanchya tyanchya yaa vyavasayansathi upkarane mhanoon swatahla haatee ghene kinwa karj dene heey khoop aakarshak aahe.- surr richard aurme wilberforce, "havai kayadyatil tadnyanchi aantarrashtriy tantrik samitee", aantarrashtriy ell.kyu., pru. 175 (1947)
manyata.
2022 paryant, tokio adhiveshanala 187 rajyanni manyata dilee aahe. yaa ekunanmadhye sanyukt rashtranchya nauu sadasya deshanvyatirikt serve cook bete aanee nyu plus yancha samavesh aahe. (aath pakshapati nasaleli rajye aahet,,,,,, aanee.) pavitra sakshidarane kararavar swakshari kelee parantu tyala manyata dilee nahee.

