kayadeshir vyakti

kayadyat, kayadeshir vyakti mhanje konatihi vyakti kinwa 'gosht' (qamee sandigdhapane, konatihi kayadeshir sanstha) jee manvi vyakti samanyatah kayadyat karoo shakanari kaame karoo shakate-jase qee karar karane, khatala dakhal karane aanee khatala dakhal karane, malmatta asane ityadi. kayadeshir" vyakti "yaa shabdache kaaran mhanje kahee kayadeshir vyakti lock nasatatah kampanya aanee mahamandal heey kayadeshiraritya bolanare" vyakti "asatat (samanya vyakti karoo karoo bahutek goshti teey kayadeshiraritya karoo shakatat), parantu teey shabdasha arthane lock naheet (manav).
tyamule done prakarchya kayadeshir sanstha aaheth manvi aanee amanaviy. kayadyanusar, manvi vyaktila 'naisargik vyakti' (kadhikadhi 'sharirik vyakti' dekhil) mhatale jaate aanee amanaviy vyaktila 'nyayik vyakti' (kadhikadhi 'nyayik', 'nyayshastriy', 'krutrim', 'kayadeshir' kinwa kalpanik vyakti) dekhil mhatale jaate.
kayadeshir vyakti mhanje mahamandal, sanstha (kahee adhikarkshetranmadhye) aanee anek sarkari sanstha yasarkhya sanstha. tyanna kayadyane vyakti asalyasarkhe vagavale jaate.
naisargik vyakti keval janm ghetalyamule (kinwa tyapurvi, kahee adhikarkshetranmadhye) kayadeshir vyaktimatva prapt karatat, tarr kayadeshir vyaktinche kayadeshir vyaktimatva tyanna kahee 'anaisargikaritya' kayadeshir prakriyedvare pradan kele gele pahije aanee yach karanastav tyanna kadhikadhi 'krutrim' vyakti mhatale jaate. sarvat samanya prakaranat (vyavasayacha samavesh), kayadeshir vyaktimatva sahasa yaa uddeshasathi sthapan kelelya sarkari sansthet nondani karoon prapt kele jaate. itar prakarananmadhye heey prathamik kayadyadvare asoo shakateh eka udaharan mhanje brittenmadhil dharmaday aayog. sanyukt rashtranche shashvat vikas uddisht 16 2030 chya ajendyacha bhag mhanoon 2030 paryant janm nondanisah sarvansathi kayadeshir olakhichi tartud karnyache samarthan karate.
kayadeshir vyaktimatva hii kayadeshir kshamatechi purvat aahe (konatyahi kayadeshir vyaktichi sudharana karanyachi kshamata-i.eae. pravesh qaraa, hastantaran qaraa ii. - adhikar aanee aanee), aantarrashtriy sansthesathi swatachya navane aantarrashtriy kararanvar swakshari karnyas saksham asane hii purvat aahe.
kayadeshir vyakti" haah shabd sandigdha asoo shakato kaaran too anekada "keval" haah gair-manvi kayadeshir ghatakancha sandarbh sandarbh sandnyancha samanarthi shabd mhanoon vaparla jaato, visheshtah "naisargik vyakti" chya virodhabhasi aahe.
kayadeshir vyakti.
krutrim vyaktimatva, kayadeshir vyaktimatva kinwa kayadeshir vyaktimatva heey kayadyane vyaktimatvacha darja asalelya nirjiv sanstheche vaishishtya aahe.
kayadeshir kinwa krutrim vyaktiche (; kayadeshir vyakti dekhil) kayadeshir naav asate aanee naisargik vyaktipramanech tyache kahee adhikar, sanrakshn, visheshadhikar, aanee aanee kayadeshir dayitve asatat. kayadeshir vyaktichi sankalpana hii eka moolbhut kayadeshir kalpana aahe. teey kayadyachya tattvadnyanashi sambandhit aahe, kaaran teey mahamandalavar (mahamandal kayada) parinam manai kayadyansathi aavashyak aahe.
kayadeshir vyaktimatvamule eka kinwa adhik naisargik vyaktinna ('universitas personrum') kayadeshir karanansathi ekach ghatak (corporate sanstha) mhanoon kaam karanyachi parvanagi milate. anek adhikarkshetranmadhye, krutrim vyaktimatva tyaa sansthela tyachya vaiyaktik sadasyanpasun swatantrapane kayadyantargat vicharat ghenyachi parvanagi dete (udaharanarth sambhaganni, tyachya bhagdharkandware maryadit asalelya companyt). teey khatala dakhal karoo shakatat aanee tyanchyavar khatala dakhal keela jaau shakato, karar karoo shakatat, karj gheu shakatat aanee malmatteche malak asoo shakatat. kayadeshir vyaktimatva asalelya sansthanna curr bharnyasarkhya kahee kayadeshir aaninchaa dekhil samna karava lagoo shakato. kayadeshir vyaktimatva asaleli sanstha aaplya sadasyanna vaiyaktik dayitvapasun vachavu shakate.
kahee samanya kayadyachya adhikarkshetranmadhye 'mahamandal ektrit' (udaharanarth, anek sadasyanni banaleli company) aanee 'mahamandal ekal', jeey padd dharan manai vyaktipasoon vegale kelele kayadeshir vyaktimatvache sarvajanik karyalay aahe (yaa sansthanche swatantra kayadeshir vyaktimatva aahe), yaat farak keela jaato. aitihasikdrushtya bahutek nigam heey keval churchche swarupache hote (udaharanarth, canterberrychya aarchbishapche karyalay heey ekmev mahamandal aahe), parantu itar anek sarvajanik karyalaye aata keval mahamandal mhanoon sthapan kelee gelee aahet.
kayadeshir vyaktimatvachi sankalpana paripoorn nahee. "corporate burkha vindhane" mhanje companychya krutimadhye kinwa nirnayat sahbhagi asalelya pratinidhi mhanoon kaam manai vaiyaktik naisargik vyaktinkade pahane; yacha parinam kayadeshir nirnayat houu shakato jyamadhye mahamandal kinwa public limited companyche adhikar kinwa kartavye tyaa mahamandalachya sadasyanche kinwa sanchalakanche adhikar kinwa dayitve mhanoon manali jaatat.
nyayvishayak vyaktichi sankalpana aata samanya kayada aanee nagri kayada asha donhi deshanmadhye pashchatya kayadyachya kendrasthani aahe, parantu tee aksharshah itar pratyek kayadeshir vyavasthetahi aadhalate.
udaharane.
kayadeshir vyaktinchya kahee udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
serve sansthanche kayadeshir vyaktimatva nasate. udaharanarth, mahamandal, vidhimandal kinwa sarkari sanstheche sanchalak mandal samanyatah kayadeshir vyakti nasatat, kaaran teey jyaa mahamandalacha kinwa rajkiy sansthecha bhag aahet tyaa sansthepasun swatantrapane kayadeshir adhikar vaparanyachi tyanchi kshamata nasate.
itihas.
lokanchya sanghatanansathi kayadeshir vyaktimatvachi sankalpana kiman pracheen romaitakich junie aaheh vividh mahavidhyalayin sansthanna roman kayadyantargat laabh midala.
yaa siddhantala pope nirdosh 4 laa shrey dile gele aahe, jyane lattinmadhye jyala 'vyaktimatva kalpanik' mhanatat tyaa kalpanecha prasar karnyas kiman madat kelee asey disate. siddhant kayadyat, 'vyaktimatva kalpanik' yaa siddhantamule mathanna bhikshunvyatirikt kayadeshir astitva miloo shakale, jyamule bhikshunni vaiyaktik daridryachi shapath ghetali asali taree asha gatanna payabhoot suvidha milanyachya garajemadhye santulan sadhanyatil adchan sulabh jhaali. yacha aanakhi eka parinam assa hota qee, eka kalpanik vyakti mhanoon, ekhadya mathala aatma naslyamule, aajubajuchya samudayanshi karar nasalelya aaninpasoon sanstheche sanrakshn karnyat madat kelyamule, bhrashtatecha doshi tharavata yet nahee. yamule sansthemadhyech kaam manai vyaktinvar, sanrachanache sanrakshn kartana, ashee jababdari prabhavipane ladali gelee, kaaran vyaktinmadhye aatma asalyache manale jaat asey aanee tyamule tyaa nishkaljipana karnyas saksham aanee bahishkrut honyas saksham hotya.
samanya kayadyachya paramparet, keval ekhadya vyaktilach kayadeshir adhikar miloo shakatat. tyanna kaam karanyachi parvanagi denyasathi, mahamandalache kayadeshir vyaktimatva paach kayadeshir adhikar samavisht karnyasathi sthapit kele gele-samanya khajinyacha kinwa khajinyacha adhikar (malmattechya malkichya adhikarasah), corporate shikkyacha adhikar (mhanje.eae.karar karnyacha aanee tyavar swakshari karnyacha adhikar), khatala dakhal karnyacha aanee khatala dakhal karnyacha adhikar (kararanchi amalbajavani karnyacha), pratinidhi (karmchari) niyukt karnyacha adhikar aanee upaniyam banavanyacha adhikar (swashasana).
(swashasana) shatkapasoon, kayadeshir vyaktimatvacha arth pudhe tyala rajyache nagrik, rahivasi kinwa adhivas (samanyatah vaiyaktik adhikarkshetrachya uddeshane) banavanyasathi lavala gela aahe. louisville, see. & see.aar. qoo. vhee. letson, "2 kase? 497, 558, 11 ell.edd. 353 (1844), daad yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane asey mhatale qee, sadhyachya khatalyachya uddeshane, mahamandalala 'eka naisargik vyakti jitke, [jyaa rajyacha nirman jhaala] titkech nagrik mhanoon vagavale jaau shakate."daha varshannantar, tyanni letsonchya parinamachi pushti kelee, jaree kahee vegalya siddhantavar qee" jeey corporate naav vapartat aanee tyanni pradan kelelya pradhyapakancha vapar karatat ", tyanna nigmachya nigmachya sthitiche nagrik asalyache nishchitpane gruhit dharale pahije. marshal vhee. baltimore aanee ohayo aar. qoo., 16 kase. 314, 329, 14 ell.edd. 953 (1854). yaa sankalpana kayadyane yuu mhanoon sanhitabaddha kelya aahet.ess. adhikarkshetratil kayade visheshtah mahamandalanchya adhivasala sambodhit karatat.
adhikar aanee aanee.
bharat.
bharatiy kayada done prakarchya "kayadeshir vyakti" chee vyakhya karato, manav tasech kahee amanaviy sanstha jyanna manvansarkhech kayadeshir nyayik vyaktimatva dile jaate. kayadyane "kayadeshir vyakti" chaa darja dilelya amanaviy sansthanna "adhikar aanee saha-sambandhit kartavye aahet; teey khatala dakhal karoo shakatat aanee tyanchyavar khatala dakhal keela jaau shakato, malmatta dharan karoo shakatat aanee hastantarit karoo shakatat". heey amanaviy ghatak 'aavajahin' asalyane tyanche kayadeshir hakkancha dawa karnyasathi aanee tyanchi kayadeshir kartavye aanee aanee purn karnyasathi tyanche kayadeshiraritya 'palak aanee pratinidhindware' pratinidhitva kele jaate. kayadeshir vyakti" chaa darja dilelya vishisht amanaviy sansthanmadhye "corporate vyaktimatva, rajkiy sanstha, dharmaday sanghatana ii.", tasech vishvast malmatta, devata, mandire, church, mashidi, rugnalaye, vidyapithe, mahavidhyalaye, kinare, railway, nagarpalika aanee grampanchayati (graam parishada), nadya, serve prani aanee pakshi yancha samavesh hoto.
corporate aanee vishvast.
corporateshee sambandhit nyayalayin prakarananmadhye, bhagdharak companychya karjasathi jababdar nasatat parantu company swatach eka "kayadeshir vyakti" asalyane tee karj fednyasathi kinwa karjachi paratfed naan kelyabaddal khatala bharnyasathi jababdar asate.
pranyanche samrajya.
pranyansambandhichya nyayalayin prakarananmadhye, pranyanna 'kayadeshir vyakti' chaa darja aahe aanee pranyanchya kalyanasathi 'loko palak' mhanoon kaam karane heey manvi kayadeshir kartavya aahe, jase palakanni alpavayin mulambaddal kele aahe. 2014 madhye 'bharatiy pashu kalyan mandal viruddha nagraj' yaa prakaranacha nirnay detana nyayalayane anivarya kele qee bharatiy rajyaghatanechya kalam 21 madhye namood kelelya swatantryachya moolbhut adhikaracha pranyannahi haqq aahe.eae. jaganyacha adhikar, vaiyaktik swatantrya aanee sanmanane marnyacha adhikar (nishkriy ichchamrutyu). operachya eka prakaranat, uttarakhand rajyatil nyayalayane pranyannahi manavanpramanech samaan adhikar asalyache aadesh dile. goo taskarichya aanakhi eka prakaranat, panjab aanee haryana uchch nyayalayane aadesh deela qee "pakshi aanee jalchar prajatinsah sampoorn prani samrajyache" "jiwant vyaktiche sambandhit adhikar, kartavye aanee aanee asalele vegale kayadeshir vyaktimatva aahe" aanee prani kalyan, pashuvaidhyakiy upchar, chaara aanee niwara yasathiche nikash tharvatana manav "loko palak" aahet, udaa.jee. charpeksha jaast manse asalelya pranyanchya dabyanmadhye bhaar vahoon vahoon pranyanna nirdisht maryadechya palikade bharit kele jaau naye aanee jevha pranyanna utaravar bhaar uchalava lagato tevha tyaa maryada ardhyavar aanalya pahijet.
dharmik devata.
dharmik ghatkanshi sambandhit nyayalayin prakarananmadhye, devata (devata kinwa dev haah daivi kinwa pavitra manla jaanara alaukik prani aahe) hii dekhil eka 'kayadeshir vyakti' aahe jee 'vishvast' kinwa 'mandiracha prabhari vyavasthapan mandal' yanchya madhyamatoon kayadeshir prakarananmadhye sahbhagi houu shakate. bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayane (esasi) ramjanmabhoomichya ayodhya prakaranacha nirnay detana 2010 madhye nirnay deela qee vishisht mandiratil raam hii eka 'kayadeshir sanstha' aahe jee devatechya vatine kaam manai vishvastanni niyukt kelelya tyanchya swatachya vakiladvare pratinidhitva karnyacha haqq aahe. tyachpramane, 2018 madhye ess. see. neey nirnay ghetala qee bhagwan ayyappan yanchya sabarimala mandirat mahilanchya praveshashi sambandhit nyayalayin prakaranat ayyappan hii devata 'gopaniyatecha adhikar' asaleli 'kayadeshir vyakti' aahe.
shabitship.
bharatiy kayadyanusar, 'shebashship' hii 'kayadeshir vyakti' mhanoon devata kinwa murtichya malkichi malmatta aahe. devatesathi kaam karnyasathi niyukt kelelya manavanna 'shebet' mhanatat. devatechya adhikarache rakshan karnyasathi aanee devatechi kayadeshir kartavye purn karnyasathi shebet devacha palak kinwa snrakshak mhanoon kaam karate. dev kinwa mandirakade kayadeshiraritya nondanikrut vishvast kinwa sanstha asalyas shebait heey vishvastasarkhech asate. hindu kayadyanusar, vidhee kinwa denagi mhanoon bhet dileli kinwa arpan keleli malmatta, ityadi purnapane devatechi asate, shebaitachi nahee. udaharanadakhal, "prafulla crone requite viruddha satya choron requite, air 1979 ess. see. 1682 (1686): (1979) 3 ess. see. see. 409: (1979) 3 ess. see. aar. 431. (ii)" aanee "shambhu charan shukl viruddha thakur ladali radha chandra madan gopalji maharaj, air 1985 ess. see. 905 (909): (1985) 2 ess. see. see. 524: (1985) 3 ess. see. aar. 372".
nadyansarkhya naisargik ghatak.
bharat aanee newzealand yaa doghanni 2017 madhye nadyanchya kayadeshir hakkanna manyata dilee. naisargik ghatkanshi sambandhit nyayalayin prakarananmadhye, uttarakhand uchch nyayalayane ganga aanee yamuna tasech serve jalsrote hii 'jiwant vastoo' aahet asey aadesh dile.eae. "kayadeshir vyakti" aanee manavanmule manavanmule pradushanapasun nadyanchya hakkanche rakshan karnyasathi teen manavanchi vishvast mhanoon niyukti kelee. udaa.jee. "yatrekarunchya snan vidhee".
newzealand.
newzealand biil auph rites ect 1990 chya kalam 28 madhye ashee tartud aaheh.. yaa adhikar vidheykachya tartudi serve kayadeshir vyaktinchya fayadhyasathi tasech serve naisargik vyaktinchya fayadhyasathi, shakya asel toparyant lagoo hotat."
united states.
kayadeshir vyakti keval naisargik vyakti aanee tyanchya sanstha aahet yaa tattvavar aadharit aanee anshatah 'vyakti' yaa shabdachya vaidhanik vyakhyechya itihasavar aadharit, amerikechya sarvoch nyayalayane varanvar asey mhatale aahe qee kahee ghatanatmak adhikar kayadeshir vyaktinche (jase qee mahamandal aanee itar sanstha) sanrakshn karatat. "santa clara county wii. yaa nishkarshasathi kadhikadhi 'dakshin prashant railway' chaa ullekh keela jaato kaaran nyayalayachya patrakarachya tippanyanmadhye maukhik yuktivad suru honyapurvi mukhya nyayadhishanni dilele vidhan samavisht hote, jyat khatalyachya purv sunavanidarmyan vakilanna sangitale hote qee, 'rajyala tyachya adhikarkshetratil konatyahi vyaktila kayadyanche samaan sanrakshn nakarnyas manai manai sanvidhanachya chaudavya durustitil tartud yaa sansthanna lagoo hote qaa yaa prashnavar nyayalay yuktivad aikoo ichchit nahee. asey vatate asey aaplya sarvanche mutt aahe."
nantarchya matanmadhye yaa purv-yuktivad tippanyancha kayadeshir nirnayacha bhag mhanoon arth lavala gela. parinami, pahilya durustimule, congress ekhadya mahamandalachya kinwa rajkiy krutee gatachya abhivyakti swatantryavar nirbandh ghalanara kinwa sthanik vruttapatrachya prasaravar nirbandh ghalanara kayada karoo shakat nahee aanee yogya prakriya khandamule, rajya sarkar kayadyachi yogya prakriya vaparlyashivay aanee nyayya nuksanbharpai dilyashivay mahamandalachi malmatta gheu shakat nahee. heey sanrakshn keval mahamandalanna navhe tarr serve kayadeshir sansthanna lagoo hote.
sarvoch nyayalayacha nirnay haah sambandhit prakaran kayadyacha eka pramukh ghatak aahe "citizens united v. federal nivadanuk aayogane, "jyane nivadnukandarmyan corporate prachar kharchavar kahee nirbandh asanvaidhanik tharavale.
united stateschya itar kayadyanmadhye khaleel babincha samavesh aaheh
lokpriy sanskruti.
gilbert aanee sullivan yanchya 1889 chya operachya operachya bhagat, "daad gondolears", giuseppe pamiyeri (joou sanyuktapane tyacha bhau marco yachyabarobar, bartariyacha raja mhanoon kaam karato), tyala aanee tyachya bhawala dekhil vaiyaktikaritya manyata denyachi vinanti karato jenekarun tyanna pratyeki annache swatantra bhag miloo shaktil kaaran tyanna "done swatantra bhook" aahet. tathapi, tyala sanyukt niyam mhanoon nyayalayane (sahkari gondolirine banalele) nakarle aahe... kayadeshir vyakti aahe aanee kayadeshir vyakti gambhir goshti aahet."

