
ganeet aanee vastukala

ganeet aanee vastukala yancha sambandh aahe, kaaran itar kalanpramanech vastuvisharad anek karanansathi ganitacha vapar karatat. abhiyantriki imaratinsathi aavashyak asalelya ganitashivay, vastuvisharad bhoomiticha vapar karatatah imaratiche avkashiy swaroop paribhashit karnyasathi; ii. sha. puu. sahavya shatkatil pythagorienspasoon, susanvadi manali jaanari rupe tayar karnyasathi aanee asha prakare ganiteey, saundarya aanee kadhikadhi dharmik tattvannusar imarati aanee tyancha parisar tayar karnyasathi; tessellationsarkhya ganiteey vastoonsah imarati sajavanyasathi; aanee unch imaratinchya payathyashi vaachaa veg qamee karane yasarkhi paryavaraniy uddishte purn karnyasathi.
pracheen egypt, pracheen greece, bharat aanee islami jagaat, dharmik karanansathi pyramid, mandire, mashidi, rajwade aanee samadhi yasah imarati vishisht pramanat ubharalya jaat asat. islami vastukalemadhye, aateel aanee bahereel imarati sajavanyasathi bhaumitik aakar aanee bhaumitik tileche namune vaparale jaatat. kahee hindu mandiranchi rachana fractalsarkhi asate, jithe sampoorn bhag sarkhe disatat, jeey hindu vishvashastratil anantatebaddal sandesh detat. chiinii sthapatyakalet, fujian prantachi tulu golakar, jaatiy sanrakshanatmak rachana aahet. ekvisavya shatkat, sarvajanik imaratinna aachchadan denyasathi ganiteey alankarancha punha vapar keela jaat aahe.
punarujjivanachya vastukalemadhye, leone battista alberty, sebastiano cerlio aanee andrea palladio yansarkhya vastuvishardandvare samamiti aanee pramanavar jaanunbujun bharr denyat aala hota, jyavar pracheen rommadhil vitruviuschya 'dii architecture' aanee pracheen greesmadheel pythagorianschya ankganitacha prabhav hota.
ekonisavya shatkachya akheris, rashiyatil vladimir shukhov aanee barcelonatil antoney gaudi yanni hyperboloid sanrachananchya vaparacha pudhakar ghetala; sagrada familiamadhye, gaudimadhye hyperbolic paraboloids, tessellations, catainary kamaan, catanoids, helicoids aanee shasit prushthbhag dekhil samavisht kele gele. visavya shatkat, aadhunik vastukala aanee vighatanvadasarkhya shailinni ichchit parinam sadhya karnyasathi vividh bhoomiticha shodh ghetala. denver aantarrashtriy vimantalapramane tambusarkhya chhappar aachchhadananmadhye kiman prushthbhagancha vapar keela gela aahe, tarr richard buckminster fullerne geodesic ghumat mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya majboot patal-kavach sanrachananchya vaparacha pudhakar ghetala.
jodaleli kshetre.
vastuvisharad michael ostwald aanee kiim williams yanni vastukala aanee ganeet yanchyatil sambandhancha vichar karoon nond ghetali qee samanyatah samajali jaanari kshetre keval kamkuvatpane jodaleli disat aahet, kaaran vastukala haah eka vyavasay aahe joou imarati banavanyachya vyavharik babinshi sambandhit aahe, tarr ganeet haah sankhya aanee itar amoort vastooncha shuddha abhyas aahe. parantu, teey assa yuktivad karatat qee, heey donhi drudhpane jodalele aahet aanee pracheen kalapasoon aahet. pracheen rommadhye, vitruviusne eka vastuvishardache varnan assa keela aahe qee jyala itar anek vishayanchi, pramukhyane bhoomitichi pureshi mahitee hotee, jyamule tyala rajmistri aanee sutar yasarkhya itar serve aavashyak kshetrantil kushal karagiranvar dekhrekh karnyas saksham karata yeil. madhyayugatahi hetch lagoo hote, jithe padvidhar vyakaran, tarkshastra aanee vaktrutva (kshullak) yaa moolbhut abhyaskramambarobarach ganeet, bhoomiti aanee saundaryashastra shikat asat, jyanni anek karagiranna margadarshan kelelya kushal bandhkam vyavsayikanni tayar kelelya bhavya sabhagruhanmadhye. tyachya vyavasayachya shirshasthani asalelya kushal bandhkam vyavasayikala vastuvisharad kinwa abhiyanta hii padvi denyat aalee. punarujjivan kalat, ankganit, bhoomiti, sangeet aanee khagolshastracha chaturthansh haah leone battista albertisarkhya punarujjivanachya manasakadun apekshit asalela atirikt abhyaskram banala. tyachpramane englandmadhye, surr christopher raine, jeey aaj vastuvisharad mhanoon olakhale jaatat, teey sarvapratham eka prasiddha khagolshastradnya hote.
german samajshastradnya theoder orgeno yanchya drushtikonanusar 1500 pasoon ganeet aanee vastukalechya parasparsanvadache adhik vihangavalokan kartana, williams aanee ostwald, vastuvishardanmadhil teen pravrutti olakhatat, tyaa mhanjeh 'krantikari' hone, purnapane naveen kalpana sadar karane; 'pratikriyavadi', badal aananyat ayashasvi hone; kinwa 'punarujjivanvadi', pratyakshat mage jaane. punarujjivanachya kalat vastuvishardanni preranasathi ganitacha shodh ghene talhale aahe assa tyancha yuktivad aahe. 19vya shatkatil englandmadhil gothick punarujjivanasarkhya punarujjivanvadi kalkhandat vastukalecha ganitashi farsa sambandh qaa navhata heey yavarun spasht hoil. tyachpramane, teey lakshat ghetat qee 1520 teey 1580 yaa kalatil italian paddhativad kinwa 17 vya shatkatil barok aanee paladian chalvalinsarkhya pratikriyavadi kalat ganitacha kvachitach sallah ghetala jaat asey. yaulat, 20vya shatkachya suruvatichya krantikari chalvalinmadhye, jase qee bhavishyavad aanee rachnatmakvad, junya kalpana sakriyapane nakarat, ganeet swikarat aanee aadhuniktavadi vastukalekade neuun gele. 20vya shatkachya akheris dekhil, imaratinna manoranjak aanee aakarshak aachchadan pradan karnyasathi, vastuvishardanni fractal bhoomitivar twarit kabja keela, tasech aperiodic tyle dekhil.
vastuvisharad anek karanansathi ganitacha vapar karatat, imaratinchya abhiyantrikimadhye ganitacha aavashyak vapar bajula saratat. pratham, teey bhoomiti vapartat kaaran tee imaratiche avkashiy swaroop paribhashit karate. 
dusare mhanje, teey sunder kinwa susanvadi manalya jaananya swarupanchi rachana karnyasathi ganitacha vapar karatat. pythagorianschya kalapasoon tyanchya sankhyechya dharmik tattvadnyanasah, pracheen greece, pracheen rome, islamik jug aanee italian punarujjivanatil vastuvishardanni ganiteey tasech saundarya aanee kadhikadhi dharmik tattvannusar bandhalelya vatavaranache praman-imarati aanee tyanchya rachanecha parisar nivadala aahe. tisare mhanje, teey imarati sajavanyasathi tessellationsarkhya ganiteey vastooncha vapar karoo shakatat. chauthe, teey paryavaraniy uddishte purn karnyasathi sanganakachya modelingchya swarupat ganitacha vapar karoo shakatat, jase qee unch imaratinchya payathyashi firnare haveche pravah qamee karane.
dharmnirpeksh saundaryashastra.
pracheen rome.
vitruvius.
prabhavshali pracheen roman vastuvisharad vitruviusne assa yuktivad keela qee mandirasarkhya imaratichi rachana praman aanee samamiti yaa done gunanvar avalambun asate. praman heey sunishchit karate qee imaraticha pratyek bhag pratyek itar bhagashi susangatpane sambandhit aahe. "vitruviuschya vaparatil 'cemetria' chaa arth aarshachya samamitipeksha ingraji sandnya modularitychya jawal kahitari aahe, kaaran punha teey sampoorn imaratit (modular) bhaganchya jodanishi sambandhit aahe. phano yetheel tyachya besilikamadhye, too lahan purnankanche gunottar vaparato, visheshtah trikoni sankhya (1,3,6,10,)...) sanrachaneche (vitruvian) modulesmadhye praman karane. asha prakare basilicachi rundi teey lambi 1:2 aahe; tyachya sabhovatalacha galiyara rund aahe titkach unch aahe, 1:1; stambh paach phoot jaad aanee pannas phoot unch aahet, 1:10.
vitruviusne tyachya 'dii architecture' madhye sthapatyakalesathi aavashyak asalelya teen gunanchi nave dilee aahet. 15 buub.see.: drudhata, upayuktata (kinwa heinry wattonchya 16 vya shatkatil ingrajimadhil "vastoo"), aanee anand. sthapatyakalet ganitacha vapar konatya prakare keela jaato yache vargikaran karnyasathi hya shreni mhanoon vaparlya jaau shakatat. drudhatemadhye imarat ubhi raheel yachee khatri karnyasathi ganitacha vapar samavisht aahe, mhanoon rachana aanee bandhkamala samarthan denyasathi ganiteey sadhane vaparali jaatat, udaharanarth sthirata sunishchit karnyasathi aanee namuna kamgirisathi. upayuktata kahee pramanat ganitachya prabhavi vaparatoon, rachneteel avkashiy aanee itar sambandhambaddal tark karane aanee tyanche vishleshan karnyapasoon prapt hote. anand heey parinami nirman honanya imaratiche eka vaishishtya aahe, jeey imaratitil ganiteey sambandhanchya moort swarupamule hote; tyat saundarya, kamuk aanee bauddhik gunancha samavesh aahe.
devdevta.
romanmadhil devdevta akhandapane tikoon aahe, shastriy roman rachana, praman aanee sajavat darshavate. mukhya rachana eka ghumat aahe, jyache shikhar prakashat yeu denyasathi golakar netra mhanoon ughade thewale jaate; tyachya samore trikoni pediments lahan stambh aahe. netrapeshichi unchi aanee aateel vartulacha vyas samaan aahe, tyamule sampoorn aateel bhag agadi ghanamadhye basel aanee aateel bhagat samaan vyasacha goal asoo shakel. pracheen roman mojamapachya ekkanmadhye vyakt kelyavar yaa parimananna adhik arth midatoh ghumat 150 roman phoot pasarlela aahe); netrapat 30 roman phoot vyasacha aahe; darvaja 40 roman phoot unch aahe. devdev haah jagatil sarvat motha sakti naan kelela concreetcha ghumat aahe.
punarjagaran.
sthapatyakalevaril pahila punarujjivan grunth haah leone battista albertycha 1450 madheel 'dii reey ediphicatoria' (imaratichi qalaa) hota; teey 1485 madhye sthapatyakalevaril pahile mudrit pustak banale. teey anshatah vitruviuschya 'dii architecture' varr aadharit hote aanee nikomakasdware, pythagorean ankganit. albertychi suruvat ghanane hote aanee tyatoon gunottar milate. asha prakare mukhbhagacha karn 1: gunottar deto, tarr ghanala vedhana golyacha vyas 1 deto. albertyne philipo bruneleshichya resheey drushtikonachya shodhache dastaivajikaran kele, jeey soyiskar antaravarun pahilyas sunder pramanat disana imaratinchi rachana saksham karnyasathi vikasit kele gele.
pudhil pramukh grunth sebastiano sarliyocha 'regol generally dii' architetura '(vastukaleche samanya niyam) hota; pahila khand 1537 madhye venismadhye prakashit jhaala; 1545 khandat (pustake 1 aanee 2) bhoomiti aanee drushtikon samavisht hota. drushtikon tayar karnyasathi sarliochya done paddhati chukichya hotya, parantu yamule tyache kaam mothya pramanat vaparale jaane thambale nahee.
1570 madhye, andrea palladione venismadhye prabhavshali 'aay quatro libri dell' architetura '(sthapatyakalechi chaar pustake) prakashit kelee. heey mothya pramanavar chhapalele pustak, ingraji mutsaddi heinry watton yanchyasarkhya samarthakanni tyanchya 1624 chya 'vastukaleche ghatak' saha madat karoon, sampoorn europemadhye italian punarujjivanachya kalpanancha prasar karnyasathi mukhyatve jababdar hote. vhilamadhil pratyek kholiche praman 3h4 aanee 4:5 sarkhya sadhya ganiteey gunottaranvar mojale gele aanee gharatil vegvegalya kholya yaa gunottarandware ekmekanshi sambandhit hotya. purvichya vastuvishardanni yaa sutrancha vapar ekach samamiteey darshani bhagache santulan rakhanyasathi keela hota; tathapi, paladiochya rachana sampoorn, samanyatah chauras, vhilashi sambandhit hotya. palladione 'quatro libri' madhye gunottaranchya shrenila parvanagi dilee, asey namood karatah
1615 madhye, vincenzo scamogene usheera punarjagaran grunth 'laal' idea dell 'architetura universal' (sarvatrik vastukalechi kalpana) prakashit keela. tyane shahare aanee imaratinchya rachanecha sambandh vitruvius aanee pythagorianschya kalpananshi aanee palladiochya alikadil kalpananshi jodanyacha prayatna keela.
ekonisavya shatkat.
ekonisavya shatkachya akheris vladimir shukhov yanni khamb, deepgruhe aanee sheetak manonyansathi hyperboloid sanrachanancha vapar keela. tyancha aakarshak aakar saundaryatmakdrushtya manoranjak aanee majboot donhi aahe, jyamadhye aarthikdrushtya sanrachanatmak samagricha vapar keela jaato. shukhovcha pahila hyperboloidal buruj 1896 madhye nizni novgorod yethe pradarshit karnyat aala.
visavya shatkat.
visavya shatkachya suruvatichya chalvalimadhye russian rachanatmakatedware agraganya aadhunik sthapatyakalet rectilinear euclidean (jyala cartasian dekhil mhanatat) bhoomiticha vapar keela gela. dii stizzle halchalimadhye, aadvya aanee ubhya bhagakade sarvatrik rachana mhanoon pahile gele. sthapatyakalechya prakarat, 1924 chya gerrit ritweldchya retweld schroeder hauspramane, chhatavaril vimane, bhintivaril vimane aanee balkani vaparoon yaa done dishatmak pravrutti ekatra thevanyacha samavesh aahe, jyaa ektar mage sarakatat kinwa ekmekanna chhedatat.
aadhuniktavadi vastuvisharad vakr aanee vimanancha vapar karnyas swatantra hote. charles holdenchya 1933 chya arnos sthankavar sapat konkreetchya chhapparasah vitanmadhye golakar tikit sabhagruh aahe. 1938 madhye, bauhos chitrakar laslo moholi-nagine raul heinrich frankeche saat jaivtantradnyan ghatak, mhanje sphatik, goal, shanku, samtal, (ghan) patti, (dandgolakar) kathee aanee sarpil, nisargane prerit vastukaleche moolbhut aadharstambh mhanoon sweekarle.
lii carbusier yanni vastukaletil pramananche manavshastriy praman, mhanje modular, eka mansachya manalya jaananya unchivar aadharit prastavit kele. leey corbusierchya 1955 chya chappell notre-dame du hatmadhye ganiteey sutranmadhye varnan karnyayogya nasalelya mukt-swaroop vakrancha vapar keela aahe. aakar heey jahajacha ogh kinwa prathna karnare haat yasarkhya naisargik swarupanche uddisht asalyache mhatale jaate. rachana keval sarvat mothya pramanat aaheh chhotya pramananmadhye tapashilancha konatahi padanukram nahee aanee tyamule konatehi fractal pariman nahee; sidney aupera haus, denver aantarrashtriy vimantal aanee bilbao yetheel guggenheim sangrahalay yasarkhya visavya shatkatil itar prasiddha imaratinna dekhil hetch lagoo hote.
2010 chya jaagtik vastukala sarvekshanala pratisad denanya 90 aaghadichya vastuvishardanchya matey, samkalin vastukala atyant vaividhyapurn aahe; sarvat changle mhanje bilbao yetheel phrank gehariche guggenheim sangrahalay asey manale gele.
1995 madhye purn jhalelya denver aantarrashtriy vimantalachya antim imarativar kiman prushthbhag (mhanje.eae., tyachi sarasari vakrata shoonya aahe) steel kebalsdware. teey koloradoche barfane jhakalele parvat aanee mool american lokanche teepi tamboo jagrut karate.
architect richard buckminster fuller heey bhooganitiy ghumat mhanoon olakhalya jaananya majboot patal-kavach sanrachananchya rachnesathi prasiddha aahe. montriyal biosphere ghumat unch aahe; tyacha vyas aahe.
sidney aupera hausache eka natyamay chhappar aahe jyat unch udananya pandhya khandakancha samavesh aahe, jeey jahajachya palanchi aathvan karoon detat; pramanit ghatakancha vapar karoon teey bandhane shakya karnyasathi, khandke serve samaan trijya asalelya golakar kavchanchya trikoni vibhaganni banaleli aahet. hyanchi pratyek dishene aavashyak eksaman vakrata asate.
visavya shatkachya uttaradhatil chalvalimule, phrank geharichya disney concert holl aanee bilbao yetheel guggenheim sangrahalayat kelyapramane, nicos salingaros jyala 'architecturecha siddhant' mhanato, tyat samantar nasalelya bhinti, atibharit jaali aanee jatil 2-dii prushthbhag vaparoon uchch jatilatechya yadruchchik prakaranna jaanunbujun vikrutee nirman hote. visavya shatkaparyant, sthapatyashastrachya vidyarthyanna ganitachi payari midvane bandhankarak hote. salingaros assa yuktivad karatat qee pratham "atee sarali, rajkiyadrushtya chalanare" aadhuniktavad aanee nantar "vaidnyanik-virodhi" vighatanvadane vastukales ganitapasoon prabhavipane vegale kele aahe. tyancha assa vishvas aahe qee heey "ganiteey mulyanche ulatane" hanikarak aahe, kaaran bigger-ganiteey vastukaleche "vyapak saundarya" lokanna "tayar kelelya vatavaranat ganiteey mahitee nakarnyasathi" prashikshit karate; teey assa yuktivad karatat qee yacha samajavar nakaratmak parinam hoto.
dharmik tattve.
pracheen egypt.
pracheen egyptche pyramid heey ganiteey pramanane bandhalele thadge aahet, parantu heey konate hote aanee pythagorean pramey vaparale gele hote qee nahee yavar vaad aahe. gizachya mothya pyramidchya tirkas unchiche aanee payachya ardhya lambiche gunottar suvarn gunottarapeksha 1 takkyanpeksha qamee aahe. jarr hii rachana paddhat asel tarr tee keplarchya trikonacha (chehara coone 51°49 ') vapar soochit karel, parantu vidnyanachya anek itihaskaranchya matey, pythagorianschya kalaparyant suvarn gunottar dnyat navhate. mahan pyramid dekhil aadhar aanee hypotenews gunottar 1:4/π (chehara coone 51°50 ') asalelya trikonavar aadharit asoo shakato.
kahee pyramidche praman dekhil 3h4:5 trikonavar (chehara coone 53°8 ') aadharit asoo shakate, jeey rhind ganiteey papirus (c. 1650-1550 bii. see.); yacha andaj itihaskar mauritz canterne 1882 madhye pahilyanda lavala hota. heey dnyat aahe qee pracheen egyptmadhye mojamapasathi gaath asalelya dorancha vapar karoon samkon achookpane mandanyat aale hote, jeey plutarkne "icis aanee osiris" madhye nondavale hote (see. ii. sha. 100) qee egyptian lokanni 3h4:5 yaa trikonache kautuk kele aanee ii. sha. puu. 1700 purvichya eka gundalyane moolbhut chauras sutre darshavili. itihaskar roser ell. kukche nirikshan aahe qee "pythagorean pramey jaanun ghetalyashivay asha paristhitinmadhye konala rus aahe yachee kalpana karane katheen aahe", parantu asehi namood karate qee ii. sha. puu. 300 purvichya konatyahi egyptian majkurat trikonachya bajunchi lambi shodhanyasathi pramey vaparnyacha ullekh nahee aanee samkon tayar karnyache sope marg aahet. kukane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee cantercha andaj anishchit aahe; too assa andaj lavto qee pracheen egyptian lokanna kadachit pythagorean pramey mahit hota, parantu "tyanni samkon tayar karnyasathi tyacha vapar keela yacha konatahi purava nahee."
pracheen bharat.
vastushastra, vastukala aanee nagar niyojanache pracheen bharatiy niyam, mandal navachya samamiteey rekhachitrancha vapar karatat. imaratiche pariman aanee tyache ghatak jaanun ghenyasathi jatil gananecha vapar keela jaato. rachana nisargasah vastukala, sanrachanechya vividh bhaganchi sapeksh karye aanee bhaumitik namune (yantra), samamiti aanee dishatmak sanrekhan vaparoon pracheen shraddha ektrit karnyacha hetu aahe. tathapi, suruvatiche bandhkam karnare aakasmikpane ganiteey pramanavar aale asavet. ganitshastradnya georges ifra namood karatat qee, lambvartul aanee samkon yasarkhya bhaumitik aakaranchi mandani karnyasathi dori aanee dandi asalelya sadhya "yuktya" vaparlya jaau shakatat.
fractalschya ganitacha vapar heey darshavinyasathi keela gela aahe qee vidyaman imarati sarvatrik aakarshan qaa aahet aanee drushyamandrushtya samadhankarak aahet yache kaaran teey prekshakanna vegvegalya pahanyachya antaravar praman samaj pradan karatat. udaharanarth, satvya shatkat bandhanyat aalelya humpy yetheel virupaksh mandirasarkhya hindu mandiranchya unch gopuram praveshdvaranmadhye aanee khajuraho yetheel kandaria mahadev mandirasarkhya itaranmadhye, bhag aanee sampoorn bhag samaan swarupache aahet, jyache aakarman 1.7 teey 1.8 chya shreneet aahe. lahan manonyancha samooh ('shikhar', prakash. 'parvat') sarvat unch, madhya, buruj jeey bhagwan shivache nivassthan asalelya pavitra parvat kailasache pratinidhitva karate, teey hindu vishvashastratil vishvachi antaheen punaravrutti darshavate. dharmik abhyasache vidwan william jeey. jacksonne chhotya manonyanmadhye gatbaddh kelelya manonyanche namune pahile, jeey swatah ajunahi lahan manonyanmadhye gatbaddh hote, teey aseh
meenakshi amman mandir heey anek mandire asalele eka mothe sankul aahe, shastrannusar maduraiche raste tyachya bhovati kendritpane mandanyat aale aahet. chaar praveshdwar heey unch manore (gopuram) aahet, jyanchi sanrachana hampipramanech fractalsarkhi punaravrutti karnari aahe. pratyek mandirachya sabhovatalache gherane aayatakruti aahet aanee tyabhovati unch dagadi bhinti aahet.
pracheen greece.
pythagoras (ii. 569-see. 475 bii.see.) aanee tyache anuyayi, pythagorians, asey manat hote qee "serve goshti sankhya aahet". tyanni varanvartechya vishisht lahan-purnank gunottarasah swarandware tayar jhalelya susangatateche nirikshan kele aanee assa yuktivad keela qee imaratinchi rachana dekhil asha gunottaransah kelee pahije. greek shabd 'cemetria' haah moolatah imaratichya sarvat chhotya tapashilanpasun tyachya sampoorn rachaneparyantchya achook gunottarat sthapatyashastriy aakarancha susanvad darshavito.
parthenon lamb, rund aanee kanaparyant unch asato. yamule rundi aanee lambiche gunottar 4:9 milate aanee unchi aanee rundiche gunottar samaan asate. heey ekatra thevalyas unchi milateh rundih 16:36:81 chee lambi, kinwa pythagorianschya aanandasathi 42:62:92. heey module 0.858 mea mhanoon seet karate. 4: 9 haah aayatakruti teen sanlagn aayatakruti mhanoon tayar keela jaau shakato, jyachya bajoo 3h4 chya gunottarat asatat. pratyek ardh-aayatakruti haah nantar eka soyiskar 3h4:5 assa samkon trikon asato, jyamule coone aanee bajoo yogya prakare gaath asalelya dorkhandane tapasata yetat. tyachpramane aateel kshetrache (naos) 4:9 praman (rund aanee 48.3 meater lamb) aahe; bahya stambhancha vyas aanee tyanchya kendranche antar yanchyatil gunottar dekhil 4:9 aahe.
johnn julius norwich yanchyasarkhya lekhakanni parthenonla 'aataparyant bandhalele sarvat paripoorn doric mandir' manale aahe. tyachya vistrut sthapatyashastriy sudharananmadhye "stylobatechi vakrata, naos bhintinche taper aanee stambhanche" antassis "yanchyatil sookshm sanvad" samavisht aahe. "antassis' mhanje stambhanchya vyasachi sookshm ghat, teey jasjase varr sarkat jaatat. stylobate haah eka munch aahe jyavar stambh ubhe asatat. itar shastriy greek mandiranpramanech, pavasache paanee vahoon nenyasathi aanee bhukampanpasun imarat balkat karnyasathi vyaspithavar kinchit parabolic varchya dishene vakrata aahe. tyamule stambh baherchya dishene jhukalele asavet, parantu teey pratyakshat kinchit aatalya dishene jhukalele asateel jenekarun jarr teey pudhe gele tarr teey imaratichya madhyabhagapasun sumare deed kilometer varr bhetatil; kaaran teey serve samaan unchiche asalyane, bahya stylobate kathachi vakrata architrave aanee varchya chhapparavar prasarit hoteh "serve najuk vakratevar bandhale jaanyachya niyamache palan karatat".
suvarn gunottar 300 bii madhye dnyat hote.see.jevha euclidne bhaumitik bandhkamachya paddhatiche varnan kele. parthenon aanee itar pracheen greek imaratinchya rachnet, tasech shilpe, chitre aanee fuldanya tayar karnyasathi suvarn gunottar vaparale gele assa yuktivad keela jaato. nicos salingaros yanchyasarkhe alikadil lekhak matra yaa serve davyanvar shanka ghetat. sanganak shastradnya george markovsky yanche prayog suvarn aayatakade konatehi pradhanya shodhanyat ayashasvi tharale.
islami vastukala.
islamik kalecha itihaskar antonio fernandez-puertas suchavato qee alhambra, cordobachya mahan mashidipramanech, hispano-muslim paay kinwa sumare 'kodo' vaparoon tayar karnyat aala hota. rajvadyachya sinhanchya darbarat, praman surrodschya malikela anusarate. 1 bajoo asalelya aayatakade (payathagorasachya prameyanusar) eka karn asato, joou angalayachya bajunni banavalelya ujavya trikonache varnan karato; malika (1:2 gunottar dett) suru rahate, aanee asech pudhe. sajavatiche namune samaan pramanat asatat, vartulanmadhye chauras aanee aath-bindu taare tayar karatat, jyamule sahaa-bindu taare tayar hotat. alhambramadhye suvarn gunottar vaparale gele hote yaa purvichya davyanche samarthan karnyasathi konatahi purava nahee. sinhanchya darbarala done bahininche sabhagruh aanee abensarrejesache sabhagruh asey bandhalele aahe; yaa done sabhagruhachya madhyabhagi aanee sinhanchya sabhagruhachya aateel chaar kopyanmadhun eka niyamit shatkon kadhala jaau shakato.
turkeechya edirne yetheel selimiye masheed imaratichya aat kuthoonahi mihrab disu shakel ashee jaaga denyasathi meamer sinanane bandhali hotee. tyanusar, khoop mothee madhyavarti jaaga ashtabhuj mhanoon mandanyat aalee aahe, jee aath prachand khambandware tayar kelee gelee aahe aanee vyas aanee unchichya golakar ghumatane jhakaleli aahe. ashtabhuj chaar ardhgole asalelya chaurasamadhye aanee bahyatah chaar apavadatmak unchichya minaranni, unch banalela aahe. asha prakare imaratichi yojana mhanje ashtakonachya aat, chauras aat eka vartul aahe.
mughal vastukala.
parityakt shahee shahar fatehpur sikri aanee tajmahal sankulat disalyapramane mughal sthapatyakalechi eka vishisht ganiteey kramvari aahe aanee samarupata aanee susanvadavar aadharit eka majboot saundarya aahe.
tajmahal mughal vastukaleche udaharan dete, donhi swarg darshavtat aanee mughal samrat shaah jahanchi shakti tyachya praman, samarupata aanee mahagadya sajavatidvare pradarshit karatat. pandhya sangamarvari samadhi, jyala pitra dura, mothe praveshdwar ("darvaja-aii-rauza"), itar imarati, udyane aanee marg miloon sajavale gele aahet, teey ektrit shrenibaddha rachana tayar karatat. imaratinmadhye paschimekade laal valukashma asaleli eka masheed aanee sankulachi dwaipakshik samamiti rakhanyasathi purvekade jawaljawal eksarkhich imarat, jabb kinwa 'uttar' yancha samavesh aahe. aupcharik charbagh ('chaupat baag') chaar bhaganmadhye aahe, jee swargatil chaar nadyanche prateek aahe aanee samadhiche drushya aanee pratibimb dete. heey 16 bhaganmadhye vibhagalele aahet.
tajmahal sankul eka jaalivar ubharanyat aale hote, jeey lahan jaalimadhye vibhagale gele hote. sthapatyakaleche itihaskar koch aanee barroud paramparik vruttanshi sahmat aahet, jyat sankulachi rundi 374 mughal yard kinwa gaz itaki aahe, mukhya kshetra teen 374-gaz chauras aahe. bajar aanee karvansarai yasarkhya bhagat 17-gaz modulesmadhye vibhagali gelee hotee; baag aanee terres 23 gazchya modulesmadhye aahet aanee 368 gaz rund (16 x 23) aahet. samadhi, masheed aanee atithigruh 7 gazchya jaalivar ubharalele aahet. koch aanee barroud yanche nirikshan aahe qee jarr sankulat varanvar vaparlya jaananya ashtabhujala 7 ekkanchya bajoo dilya gelya, tarr tyachi rundi 17 ekake aahe, jee sankulatil gunottaranchi nivad spasht karnyas madat karoo shakate.
khrishchan vastukala.
byzantiummadhil (aata istanbul) hagia sofiyacha khrishchan pitrusattak basilica, joou pahilyanda 537 madhye bandhala gela (aanee donada punarbandhani karnyat aala), haah eka hazar varshansathi bandhalela aataparyantcha sarvat motha cathedral hota. yamule sultan ahmed aanee shaharatil itar mashideensah nantarchya anek imaratinna prerana midali. byzantine vastukalemadhye golakar ghumat aanee done ardhya ghumatanni mukut ghataleli eka nabhi samavisht aahe, serve samaan vyasache (), aanakhi paach lahan ardhya ghumatansah eka epus aanee vishal aayatakruti aateel chaar golakar kopare tayar karatat. madhyayugeen vastuvishardanni yacha arth khalcha sansarik (chauras paya) aanee vareel daivi swarg (unch golakar ghumat) darshavit asalyache lavala. samrat justinianne vastuvisharad mhanoon miletscha isidor aanee tralscha anthemius yaa done bhoomiticha vapar keela; isidorne ghan bhoomitivar archimedieschi kaame sankalit kelee aanee tyacha tyachyavar prabhav padala.
khristi dharmat panyachya baptismyache mahatva baptismyachya vastukalechya pramanat pratibimbit jhaale. sarvat junie, 440 madhye bandhanyat aalelya rommadhil lateran baptismyane ashtakoniy baptismyancha cull sthapit keela; yaa imaratinmadhil baptismyacha aksharkram bahutekda ashtakoniy hota, jaree 1152 teey 1363 darmyan bandhanyat aalele pisa yetheel italiche sarvat mothe baptismyache akshar, ashtakoniy aksharansah golakar aahe. too uchch aahe, jyacha vyas (8:5 chey gunottar) aahe. sant embrosene lihile qee akshar aanee baptisma ashtabhuj hote "kaaran aathvya divashi, uthalyavar, khrist mrutyuche bandhan shithil karato aanee mrutanna tyanchya kabaritoon swikarato."
sant augustein yannihi ashach prakare aathvya divasache varnan "shashvat" asey kele... khristachya punarutthanane pavitra ". seent johnn, florence yanche ashtakoniy baptisma, 1059 aanee 1128 darmyan bandhale gele, teey tyaa shaharatil sarvat junya imaratinpaiki eka aahe aanee shastriy prachinatechya thet paramparetil shevatche eka aahe; tyanantarchya florentin punarujjivanat teey atyant prabhavshali hote, kaaran francesco talenty, alberty aanee bruneleshi yanchyasah pramukh vastuvishardanni shastriy vastukaleche model mhanoon tyacha vapar keela.
pachva kramank 1721 madhye zelena horah yetheel nepomukchya seent johnchya tirthayatra charchmadhye, zek prajasattakatil zagar naad sajavoujaval, zaan blazes santini aayshelane rachana kelelya, utsahat vaparla jaato. nabhi golakar aahe, jyabhovati paach jodya stambh aanee paach andakar ghumat aahet jeey ogival epsesses badaltat. charchala pudhe paach darvaje, paach chapples, paach vedya aanee paach taare aahet; eka aakhyayika assa dawa karate qee jevha nepomukcha sant johnn shaheed jhaala tevha tyachya dokyavar paach taare disu lagale. paach putt vastukala khristachya paach jakhamanche aanee "takui" chee paach akshare (lattinh "mea gup rahile" [kabulijababdaranchya rahasyambaddal]) yanche prateek dekhil asoo shakate.
antoney gaudine 1882 madhye suru jhalelya (aanee 2023 paryant purn naan jhalelya) barcelonatil sagrada familiamadhye vividh prakarchya bhaumitik sanrachanancha vapar keela, tyapaiki kahee kiman prushthbhag aahet. yamadhye hyperbolic paraboloids aanee revolution hyperboloids, tessellations, catainary arches, catanoids, helicoids aanee niyantrit prushthbhag yancha samavesh hoto. bhoomitiche heey vaividhyapurn mishran charchchya bhovati vegvegalya prakare sarjansheelpane ekatra kele jaate. udaharanarth, sagrada familiachya utkat agrabhagat, gaudine hyperbolic paraboloidschya swarupat dagadi "fandya" ekatra kelya, jyaa tyanchya shirshasthani (nirdesh) eka tappyavar naan bhetata overlap hotat. yaulat, kolonanedmadhye hyperbolic paraboloidal prushthbhag asatat jeey itar sanrachananna sahajpane jodoon amaryadit prushthbhag tayar karatat. pudhe, gaudi naisargik namunyancha, swatah ganiteey, vapar karato, jyat zadanchya aakarapasun tayar kelele stambh aanee aparivartit besaltpasoon banavalelya lintels naisargikaritya fatalelya (vitalalelya khadakatoon thund karoon) shatkon stambhanmadhye.
1971 chya seent merrie cathedral auph asey gruheet dharale jaate qee, sann franciscomadhye hyperbolic paraboloidschya aath bhaganni banalele kathiche chhappar aahe, jenekarun chhapparcha khalcha aadva cross section chauras asel aanee varcha cross section khrishchan cross asel. hii imarat eka bajula chauras aahe aanee unch aahe. auskar nimeyarne tayar kelele 1970 chey brasiliache cathedral hyperboloid sanrachanecha vegala vapar karate; teey 16 samaan konkreetchya kirananpasun bandhale gele aahe, pratyekache vajan 90 tunn aahe, eka vartulat krantichya hyperboloid tayar karnyasathi mandanyat aale aahe, pandhya kirananni swargakade prathna karananya hatansarkha aakar tayar keela aahe. keval ghumat baheroon disatoh bahutek imarat jaminikhali aahe.
scandinaviamadhil anek madhyayugeen church golakar aahet, jyat danish betavar asalelya chaar charchcha samavesh aahe. yapaiki sarvat junya charchpaiki eka, see. madheel austerlars church. 1160 madhye, eka vishal golakar dagadi stambhabhovati eka golakar nabhi aahe, jee kamanine chhedali gelee aahe aanee bhittichitrane sushobhit aahe. golakar sanrachanela teen majale aahet aanee varvar pahata tee tatbandi hotee, varchya majalyavar sanrakshanasathi kaam kele hote.
ganiteey sajavat.
islami sthapatya sajavat.
islami imarati byavachada bhaumitik namunyanni sushobhit kelya jaatat, jyat samanyatah anek ganiteey tessellations vapar keela jaato, jyaa syremic farshanni (giirii, zeli) tayar kelya jaatat, jyaa swatah sadhya asoo shakatat kinwa pattyanni sushobhit kelya jaau shakatat. sahaa, aath kinwa aath bindunchya gunankansah taare yasarkhya samamiti islami namunyanmadhye vaparlya jaatat. yapaiki kahee 'khatam suleimani' kinwa solomanchya shikkyachya rachnevar aadharit aahet, joou done chaurasanni banalela aath-bindu asalela taara aahe, eka tyach kendrasthani dusyapasoon 45 anshanni firto. islamik namune 17 sambhavya wallpaper gatanpaiki anekancha vapar karatat; 1944 chya suruvatilach, edith mullerne dakhavun dile qee alhambrane tyachya sajavatimadhye 11 wallpaper gatancha vapar keela, tarr 1986 madhye branco grunbamne alhambramadhye 13 wallpaper gut sapadalyacha dawa keela, aanee vadgrastapane sangitale qee urvarit chaar gut islamik alankarat kuthehi aadhalat naheet.
aadhunik sthapatya sajavat.
20vya shatkachya akheris, vastuvishardanni imaratinna manoranjak aanee aakarshak aavarane puravanyasathi fractal bhoomiti aanee aperiodic tyle yasarkhya naveen ganiteey rachana tabyat ghetalya. 1913 madhye, aadhuniktavadi vastuvisharad edolph loosane ghoshit kele hote qee "alankar haah gunha aahe", jyamule urvarit 20 vya shatkasathi sthapatyashastriy vicharanvar prabhav padala. 21 vya shatkat, vastuvishardanni punha alankaranchya vaparacha shodh ghenyas suruvat kelee aahe. 21vya shatkatil alankar atyant vaividhyapurn aahet. larsonchya 2011chya harpa maifili aanee conferences centermadhye, rekjavikmadhye kachechya mothya thokalyanni banavalelya dagadachya sphatik bhintisarkhi disate. london yetheel fauren auphis architects 2010chya ravensburn mahavidhyalayat, vividh aakaranchya golakar khidakya ekmekanshi jodana, laal, pandhya aanee tapkiri ranganchya 28,000 anodised aluminium farshansah sajavatine sajavalele aahe. tessellationmadhye teen prakarchya tilecha vapar keela jaato, eka sambahu trikon aanee done aniyamit panchbhuj. kazumi kudoche kanazawa umimirai granthalay sadhya konkreetchya bhintinmadhye basavalelya kachechya chhotya golakar thokalyanpasun banavalele sajavatiche jaale tayar karate.
bachav.
europe.
killyanchi vastukala madhyayugeen killyanpasoon, jyat unch dagadi bhinti hotya, teey qamee, samamiteey taara killyanparyant vikasit jhaali, jeey pandharavya aanee ekonisavya shatkachya madhyat tofkhanyanchya bombsfotanna pratikar karoo shakale. tanyanchya aakaranchi bhoomiti, aakramak payadalala sanrakshanatmak golibarapasun sanrakshn miloo shakel asha mrut kshetranna talhanyachya garjevar avalambun hotee; asha aagila jaminivar zepavanyasathi aanee pratyek prakshep binduchya palikade (donhi bajunni) crossfire pradan karnyasathi prakshepak bindunchya bajoo koneey hotya. asha sanrakshananchi rachana karananya suprasiddha vastuvishardanmadhye michel angelo, baldasare peruzi, vincenzo scamogy aanee sebastian leey prestrey dii vauban yancha samavesh aahe.
sthapatya itihaskar siegfried gideon yanni assa yuktivad keela qee taryachya aakarachya killyacha punarujjivanachya aadarsh shaharachya rachnevar rachnatmak prabhav aaheh "punarujjivanacha sammohit prakar eka shaharachya prakarane keela hota joou deed shatkasathi-filleratepasoon scamosiparyant-serve aadarsh kalpananvar prabhavit hotah heey taranchya aakarache shahar aahe."
chean.
chiinii sthapatyakalet, fujian prantachi tulu hii golakar, sampradayik sanrakshanatmak rachana aahe jyat pramukhyane rikamya bhinti aanee ekach lokhandi-plated lakadi darvaja aahe, kahee solavya shatkatil aahet. bhintinvar chhappar aahet jeey haluvarpane baher aanee aatalya dishene sarakatat, eka vartul tayar karatat. vartulachya madhyabhagi eka ughade cobal kelele angan aahe, jyabhovati anekada vihir asate, jyabhovati paach majali unchiparyantchya lakadanni bharalelya dalananni vedhalele asate.
paryavaraniy uddishte.
paryavaraniy uddishte purn karnyasathi vastuvisharad imaratiche swaroop dekhil nivadu shakatat. udaharanarth, palak aanee bhagidaranchi 30 seent merrie ex, london, jyala tyachya kakadisarkhya aakarasathi 'daad gerkin' mhanoon olakhale jaate, heey parametric modelingcha vapar karoon tayar kelele krantiche ghan aahe. tyachi bhoomiti keval saundaryatmak karanansathi nivadali gelee nahee, tarr tyachya payathyashi firnare haveche pravah qamee karnyasathi nivadali gelee. imaraticha varvarcha prushthbhag vakr asala taree, varchya bajula asalela lains vagalata, tyachi tvacha tayar karnare kacheche serve puttle sapat aahet. bahutek puttle chatushkoniy asatat, kaaran teey trikoni patalanpeksha qamee apvyayasah aayatakruti kachapasoon kapale jaau shakatat.
parshiyacha paramparik yakhchal (barfacha khadda) bashpibhavak shitalak mhanoon kaam karat asey. jaminichya varr, yaa sanrachanecha aakar ghumatakar hota, parantu tyat burf aanee kahivela annasathi dekhil bhoomigat sathavanukichi jaaga hotee. bhoomigat jaaga aanee daat ushnata-pratirodhak bandhkamane varshbhar sathavan jaageche avahak kele. antargat jaaga anekada pavanchakkidware aanakhi thund kelee jaat asey.