thet mangal

mars direct haah mangalavaril manvi mohimecha prastav aahe joou sadhyachya tantradnyanasaha kifayatshir aanee shakya assa donhi prakarcha aahe. 1990 madhye martin marita abhiyante robbert zubrin aanee david bekar yanchya sanshodhan patrat yacha tapasheel denyat aala hota aanee nantar zubrinchya 1996 chya 'daad cases phaur mars' yaa pustakat tyacha vistar karnyat aala. aata teey zubrinchya bolanyachya vyastatecha mukhya bhag aanee mangal samajachya pramukh mhanoon samanya samarthan mhanoon kaam karate, jee mangalavar vasahatvadasathi samarpit sanstha aahe.
itihas.
antaral sanshodhan upkram.
20 julai 1989 roji amerikeche rashtradhyaksh george etch. doubleu. busch yanni antaral sanshodhan upkram (ess. eae. aay.) mhanoon olakhalya manalya yojananchi ghoshana kelee. rashtriy havai aanee antaral sangrahalayachya sangrahalayachya bhashanat tyanni dirghakalin yojananche varnan kele, jyachi parinati mangalachya prushthbhagavaril manvi mohimemadhye hoil.
december 1990 paryant, prakalpachya kharchacha andaj lavnyasathi kelelya abhyasat asey nishchit kele gele qee 20 teey 30 varshant ekoon 450 abj dollarscha dirghakalin kharch hoil. 90 divasanchya abhyasachya (zubrinsarkhya lokancha 90 divasancha ahwal) yaa abhyasamule, karoon mahayuddhanantarchya sarvat mothya ekal sarkari kharchachi aavashyakta bhasali asatee, heey lakshat gheta, siebaddal congresschi pratikool pratikriya nirman jhaali. eka varshachya aat, ess. eae. aay. sathichya serve nidhichya vinantya nakarlya gelya hotya.
danne goldin 1 april 1992 roji nasache prashasak banale, tyanni robotic shodhasathichya "jalad, adhik changlya, swast" dhoranakade valoon pruthvichya kakshechya palikade manvi shodhasathichya najikchya kalavadhichya yojana adhikrutpane sodoon dilya.
vikas.
martin marita yethe aantargrahiy mohim sanrachanechi rachana kartana, robbert zubrin yanna ess. eae. aay. karyakramatil moolbhut dosh jaanavala. mangalavar moheem pathvanyachya samarthanarth shakya titkya tantradnyanacha purnapane vapar karanyachi nasachi yojana asel tarr tee rajkiyadrushtya asamarthaneey tharel, heey zubrinla samajale. tyachyach shabdatah
abhiyantriki karnyachya yogya paddhatichya agadi ulat.
zubrinchya yaa 'battlestar galactica' mohimechya dhoranala paryay mhanoon (tyach navachya vidnyan-kalpanik antaral yanasarkhe manalya manalya mothya, anuurja chalit antaral jahajansathichya tyachya virodhakanni asey mhatale aahe) prushthbhagavar dirghkal rahane, sanyojan varg mohimechya swarupat vegwan uddan marg, jaagi sansadhanancha vapar aanee kakshet kinwa antaral-aadharit drydockdware ekatra kelyaeivaji pruthvichya prushthbhagavarun thet mangalavar prakshepit kelelya hastakalecha samavesh hota. marita yetheel vyavasthapanakadun manjuri midalyanantar, companytil 12 jananchya chamoone mohimecha tapasheel tayar karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanni pramukhyane adhik paramparik mission aarkitekcharvar laksh kendrit kele asatana, zubrinne sahkari david bekarchya atyant sopya, tutalelya aanee majboot dhoranasah sahkarya karnyas suruvat kelee. sthanik sansadhanancha vapar karane, pravasacha prakash aanee jaminibaher rahane" heey tyanche uddisht thet mangalache vaishishtya banale.
missionchi paristhiti.
pahila prakshepan.
aares rocketche pahile uddan (aata bund jhalelya nakshatr karyakramachya ashach navachya rocketshee gondhal houu naye) 6 mahinyanchya samudraparyatan tappyanantar manavavirahit pruthvi paratavyache vahan mangalavar gheuun jaeel, jyat hydrogen, rasayanik prakalp aanee eka lahan anubhatticha puravatha asel. tithe gelyavar, rasayanik pratikriyanchi eka malika (vidyut apghatanasah subetier pratikriya) mangalachya vatavaranachya carbon dioxides 'pruthvi parat vahana' dware vahoon nenyat aalelya thodya pramanat hydrogen (8 tunn) ekatra karoon 112 tunn mithen aanee auxigen tayar karnyasathi vaparali jaeel. hii tulanene sopee rasayanik-abhiyantriki prakriya prakriya aanee aanee shatkat niyamitpane vaparali jaat hotee aanee yamule paratava paratava pranodakanpaiki keval 7 takkech mangalavar vahoon nenyachi aavashyakta bhasel.
prushthbhagavaril mukkamachya shevati 'pruthvivaril paratavyache vahan' gharee pathvanyasathi 96 tunn mithen aanee oxygenchi aavashyakta asel; urvarit mangal roversasathi upalabdh asel. indhan nirmitichi prakriya purn honyasathi andaje daha mahine lagtil ashee apeksha aahe.
dusra prakshepan.
pruthvivaril paratanyache vahan' moolatah pruthvivarun prakshepit jhalyanantar sumare 26 mahinyanantar, dusare vahan, mangalavarache adhivas ekak, mangalavar 6 mahinyanchya qamee-urja hastantaran margavar prakshepit kele jaeel aanee chaar antaralveeranche eka karmchari (kiman sankhya aavashyak aahe jenekarun sanghala konalahi ekte naan sodata done bhagat vibhagale jaau shakel). joparyant sarvavareel svayanchalit karkhanyane grahavar karya karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya rasayananche yashasvi utpadan aanee pruthvivar parat yenyasathi aavashyak asalelya rasayananche sanket dile naheet toparyant adhivas unit suru kele jaanar nahee. pravasadarmyan, adhivas ekkala boosterchya kharch kelelya varchya tappyavar basavoon aanee tyanna eka samaan akshavar firvat basavoon krutrim gurutva nirman kele jaeel. yaa paribhramanamule antaralveeransathi 1 'gray' kamache aaramdayak vatavaran tayar hoil, jyamule tyanna vajanahinatechya dirghakalin samparkat yenyachya durbal parinamapasun mukt hoil.
landing aanee prushthbhagavaril operations.
mangalavar pohochalyanantar, varchya tappyala khalee utaravale jaeel, adhivas ekak 'pruthvivaril parat yenyachya vahanachya' jawal soft-landing karnyapurvi mangalachya kakshet aerobreaking karel. pahilya landerne suru kelelya radar bikandware achook landingla aadhar deela jaeel. ekada mangalavar aalyavar, karmchari prushthbhagavar 18 mahine ghalvat, tyanchya mangalavarchya adhivas unitver chalavalelya eka chhotya rover vahanachya madatine aanee pruthvivar pruthvivar vahanatoon tayar jhalelya mithendware chalavalelya vaidnyanik sanshodhanachi eka shreni karat.
parat yene aanee pathpurava karane.
parat yenyasathi, karmchari "pruthvi parat yenyache vahan" vaparnar hote, jyamule mangalavaril adhivas ghatak tyanantarchya shodhakanchya sambhavya vaparasathi sodala jaeel. pruthvivaril paratanyachya pravasat, pruthvivaril paratanyachya vahanacha pranodan tappa, parat yenyachya pravasasathi krutrim gurutva nirman karnyasathi pratikarak mhanoon vaparla jaeel.
pudhil karmchari dall kinwa aapatkalin paristhitit sadhyachya karmchari daladware vaparasathi vaat pahat, anavashyak urv serve vel prushthbhagavar raheel yachee khatri karnyasathi pathpurava mohima 2 varshanchya antarane mangalavar pathavalya jaatil. asha aapatkalin paristhitit, karmchari tyanchya lamb pallyachya vahanatoon shekado kilometres pravas karoon karoon vahanaparyant pohochat asat.
ghatak.
mangalavaril thet prastavamadhye prakshepan vahan 'aares', pruthvivaril paratavyache vahan (ii. aar. vhee.) aanee mangalavaril adhivas ekak (emm. etch. yuu.) yancha samavesh aahe.
prakshepan vahan.
yaa yojnet apolo mohimansathi vaparlya jaanarya sattern vhee sarkhyach aakarachya judd-uchal boostercha vapar karoon anek prakshepanancha samavesh aahe, jeey sambhavyatah space shuttle ghatakanmadhun ghetale jaatil. yaa prastavit rocketla 'eres' asey sambodhale jaate, jyamadhye space shuttle pragat solid rockett booster, sudharit shuttle bahya taakee aanee pelodchya trans-mars injectionsathi naveen naveen tisra tappa vaparla jaeel. eras 121 tunn 300 kimichya golakar kakshet takel aanee 47 tunn mangalakade netil.
pruthvi parat vahanache.
pruthvivaril paratanyache vahan heey done tappyanche vahan aahe. varchya tappyat mangalavarun pruthvivar paratanyachya tyanchya sahaa mahinyanchya pravasadarmyan mangalavaril rahnyasathichi soya asate. khalchya tappyat vahanachi rockett injine aanee eka lahan rasayanik utpadan prakalp asato.
mangalavaril adhivas ekak.
mangalavaril adhivas ekak heey 2 kinwa 3-dekche vahan aahe jeey mangalavaril mangalavaril sarvasamaveshak rahniman aanee kamache vatavaran pradan karate. pratyek karmcharivargasathi kahee pramanat gopaniyata aanee vaiyaktik parinamansathi jaaga pradan sadhya vaiyaktik zopanyachya nivassthananvyatirikt, mangalavaril adhivas unitmadhye samudayik nivassthan, eka lahan gally, vyayam kshetra aanee bund-chakr jaal shuddikaranasaha swachchata suvidha samavisht aahet. mangal adhivas unitcha khalcha deck krusathi prathamik kamachi jaaga pradan karatoh bhoogarbhshastra aanee jeevan vidnyan sanshodhan karnyasathi lahan prayogshala kshetre; namunyansathi sathavan jaaga, mangalavar pohochanyasathi airlock aanee eka suut-up kshetra jethe kru sadasya prushthbhagavaril operationsathi tayari karatat. antaralat asatana aanee mangalachya prushthbhagavar asatana hanikarak kiranotsargapasun sanrakshn (udaa.jee. saur jwalanpasun) vahanachya madhyabhagi samarpit 'vadal aashray' dware puravale jaeel.
mangalavarchya adhivas unitmadhye eka lahan dabyukt rover dekhil samavisht asel joou khalchya deck bhagat sathavala jaato aanee mangalachya prushthbhagavar ekatra keela jaato. mithen injindware chalavale jaanare heey antaralvir 320 kiimii paryant mangalachya prushthbhagacha shodh gheu shaktil ashee shreni vadhavanyasathi tayar kele aahe.
mangalavar thet pravasacha eka bhag mhanoon pahilyanda prastavit kelyapasoon, mangalavarache adhivas ekak nasane tyanchya mangal rachana sandarbh mohimecha eka bhag mhanoon sweekarle aahe, jyamadhye done mangal adhivas ekak vaparale jaatat-jyapaiki eka manushyavirahit mangalavar udate, mangalavar eka samarpit prayogshala suvidha pradan karate, jyat eka mothe rover vahan vahoon nenyachi kshamata aahe. mangalavaril dusare adhivas ekak, tyache aateel bhag purnapane rahnyachya aanee sathavanyachya jagesathi samarpit karoon, karoon mangalavar uddan karate.
mangal adhivas ekkachi vyavharyata siddha karnyasathi, mangal samajane mangal analogue sanshodhan kendra karyakram (mangal) lagoo keela aahe, jyane jagbharat anek namuna mangal adhivas ekake sthapan kelee aahet.
swagat.
april 1990 madhye bekarne marshal spaceflite centermadhye thet mangalavar chadhai kelee, jithe swagat khoop sakaratmak hote. abhiyantyanni tyanchi yojana sadar karnyasathi deshbharat uddan kele, jyamule lakshaniy swarasya nirman jhaale. jevha tyanchya tyanchya sangata rashtriy antaral societymadhye pratyakshikane jhaali tevha tyanna ubhe rahoon talhya vajavanyat aalya. yaa yojanene thodyach velat madhyamanche laksh vedhoon ghetale.
yaa yojanela nasamadhil antaral sthankavar kaam sadhya sanghankadun aanee pragat pranodan sankalpanankadun virodh jhaala. nassa prashasanane mangal thet nakarla. zubrin yaa dhoranasathi vachanbaddha rahila aanee david bekarpasoon vibhakt jhalyanantar 1992 madhye nasachya naveen prashasanala mars directchya gunavattebaddal patvoon denyacha prayatna keela.
martin marita yethe eka lahansa sanshodhan nidhi manjur jhalyanantar, zubrin aanee tyachya tyachya 94 takke karyakshamta sadhya sadhya inn-seatoo propellent generatorche yashasviritya pradarshan kele. konatyahi rasayanik abhiyantyanni pratyakshik yantrasamagrichya vikasat bhag ghetala nahee. johnson antaral kendrala sakaratmak parinam darshavalyanantarhi nassa prashasanane yaa yojnebabat anek shanka ghetalya.
november 2003 madhye, zubrinla yuu. ess. shhee bolanyasathi aamantrit karnyat aale hote.ess. antaral sanshodhanachya bhavishyatil synet samitee. done mahinyanantar busch prashasanane 2020 paryant chandravar manav pathvinyachya uddishtasaha eka manvi antaral uddan upkram, nakshatr karyakram tayar karanyachi ghoshana kelee. mangal mohimecha tapasheel vishesh navhata, taree orean antaral yantrachya vaparavar aadharit mangalavar pohochanyachi yojana 2030 chya dashakat amalbajavanisathi tatpurati vikasit karnyat aalee hotee. 2009 madhye obama prashasanane nakshatr karyakramacha aadhava ghenyas suruvat kelee aanee arthsankalpiy chintannantar 2010 madhye haah karyakram radd karnyat aala.
vividh prakarche mansik aanee samajik prashna aahet jeey dirghkal dirghkal antaral mohimanvar parinam karoo shakatat. mangalavaril suruvatichya manvi antaral uddan mohimanmadhye lakshaniy mano-samajik samasyanvar maat karane tasech bhavishyatil mohimansathi mohimechi rachana, mohimeche niyojan aanee aanee nivad sudharanyasathi lakshaniy mahitee pradan karane apekshit aahe.
punaravrutti.
mars directchi kalpana suruvatila jhalyapasun, swatah zubrin, mars society, nassa, stanford vidyapith aanee itaranni tyache niyamit punaravalokan aanee vikas keela aahe.
mars ardh-thet.
zubrin aanee vinakaranni kahee vishisht tikanna pratisad mhanoon mars directchi sudharit aavrutti vikasit kelee, jyala mars semee-direct mhanatat. yaa mohimet teen antaral yanancha samavesh aahe aanee tyat 'mars essent vehicle' (emm. aii. vhee.) chaa samavesh aahe. paratanyachya pravasasathi urv mangal kakshachya kakshet rahate, tarr manushyavirahit maav utarate aanee mangalachya kakshet parat chadhanyasathi pranodak tayar karate. nasachya rachana sandarbh mohimansah anek abhyasancha aadhar mhanoon mangal ardh-thet vastukalecha vapar keela gela aahe.
90 divasanchya ahavalapramanech kharch-vishleshan kele gele, tevha mars ardh-nirdeshit 10 varshant 55 abj dollars kharch hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota, joou sadhyachya nasachya andajpatrakat basnyas saksham hota.
antaral sanshodhan upkramachi jaaga ghet, mars ardh-pratyaksh haah nasachya rachana sandarbh moheem 1 chaa aadhar banala.
rachana sandarbh mission.
1 september 2012 paryant paryant aavruttivar, rachana sandarbh moheem mhanoon sambodhale jaanare nasache model, yantrasamagrimadhye lakshaniy sudharana karanyachi magani karate (donaivaji pratyek mohimesathi kiman teen prakshepan) aanee urvela purnapane indhanyukt karoon mangalavar pathavate, teey grahachya varchya kakshet sthanbaddh karate, tyanantarchya bhetisathi teey mavashi.
mars direct aanee spacex.
qamee kharchik judd uchal kshamatechya sambhavya aagamanane, zubrinne antaral vahtook company spacexne vikasit kelelya yantrasamagricha vapar karoon, eka lakshaniyaritya qamee kharchachi manvi mangal moheem ubharali aahe. yaa sopya yojnet, done jananche eka pathak ekach bajache judd prakshepan karoon mangalavar pathavale jaeel, dragon antaral yaan tyanche aantargrahiy samudraparyatan nivassthan mhanoon kaam karel. aavashyak asalyas, havah vadhavnyajogya atirikt sadhananchya vaparadvare pravasasathi atirikt rahanyachi jaaga upalabdh karoon dilee jaeel. dirghakalin vajanahinateshi sambandhit samasyanche nirakaran baseline mars direct planpramanech kele jaeel, dragonche nivassthan aanee tii. emm. aay. (trans-mars injection) stage darmyancha eka tether jeey hastakalechya firanyala anumati denyasathi karya karate.
puresha shaktiche landing rockett upalabdh karoon dilyas dragonchya heatshieldchi vaishishtye surakshitpane utaranyas anumati deu shakatat. nasachya ems sanshodhan kendratil sanshodhanane heey dakhavun dile aahe qee robotic dragon mangalachya prushthbhagavar purnapane pranodak utaranyas saksham asel. prushthbhagavar, prushthbhagavar adhivas mhanoon havah vadhavanyajoge modules asalele done dragon antaral yaan, done vayuvahak, done mangal aarohan vahane aanee 8 tunn maal asel.
itar abhyas.
mars society aanee stanford abhyas heey thet mangal yaa done vahananchya mohimeche mool swaroop rakhoon thevatat, parantu parantu aakar sahaa paryant vadhavtat.
mars society austreliyane mars ardh-thetwar aadharit tyanche swatache chaar vyaktinche 'mars oz' sandarbh abhiyan vikasit kele. haah abhyas aadvya dishene utaranyasathi, vakalelya biconic aakarachya modulescha vapar karato aanee sampoorn saur urja aanee rasayanik pranodananvar avalambun asato, jethe mangal thet aanee dii. aar. emm. neey prushthbhagachya urjesathi aanee dii. aar. emm. chya babatit pranodanasathi dekhil anubhatticha vapar keela. antaral sthanakachya anubhavachya aadhare, firatya gurutvakarshanachi aavashyakta bhasanar nahee, asey gruheet dharnyat mars oz sandarbh moheem dekhil vegali aahe.
mars analogue sanshodhan kendre.
mars societyne tyanchya mars analogue sanshodhan kendra karyakramachya madhyamatoon mars adhivas ekak sankalpanechya vyavharyatevar yuktivad keela aahe. heey done kinwa teen sajavalele anulamb cylinder aahet-8 meater vyasache aanee 8 meater unch. mars society austreliyache mars ozchya rachnevar aadharit swatache sthanak bandhanyachi yojana aahe. mars ozchya rachnet eka aadva nalakar aahe jyacha vyas 4.7 meater aahe aanee 18 meater lamb aahe, jyat eka tokdar naak aahe. dusare samaan module garrage aanee power aanee logistics module mhanoon karya karel.
mars direct haah shodh vahinichya karyakramanvar 'marsah daad next frontier' varr pradarshit karnyat aala hota jyamadhye prakalpachya nasachya nidhichya aaspaschya muddyanvar charcha karnyat aalee hotee aanee 'mars underground' varr, jithe yojnevar adhik sakhol charcha kelee gelee aahe.
paryay.
"mars too stay' prastavanmadhye pahile sthalantarit/sanshodhak tabadtob kinwa kadhihi parat naan karane samavisht aahe. chaar kinwa sahaa vyaktincha sangh pathvanyacha kharch tyach chaar kinwa sahaa vyaktincha sangh parat karnyachya kharchachya pachvya teey dahavya bhagaparyant asoo shakato asey suchavale gele aahe. ghetalelya achook drushtikonanusar, mangalavaril 50 kilo khadakahi parat pathvanyachya kharchapeksha qamee kimmatit eka sampoorn prayogshala pathavali aanee utaravali jaau shakate. chaar jananchi paratfed karnyasathi vees kinwa tyahoon adhik vyaktinna pathavata yete.

