
purvanishchit karane

karj bund karane hii eka kayadeshir prakriya aahe jyamadhye karjdar karjdarakadun karjachi shillak vasool karnyacha prayatna karato, jyane karjdarala karjasathi taaran mhanoon vaparlya jaanarya malmattechi vikri karnyas bhag padoon karjdarala dey dene bund kele aahe.
aupcharikpane, gahan thevanara karjdar (gahan thevanara) kinwa itar dharanadharak, gahan thev ghenanyachyyaa (gahan thevana) sutakechya nyayya adhikarachi samapti, ektar nyayalayachya aadeshadvare kinwa kayadyachya amalbajavanidware (vishisht vaidhanik prakriyeche palan kelyanantar) prapt karato.
sahasa, karjdar karjdarakadun rokhe vyaj midvato, joou karj surakshit thevanyasathi gharasarkhi malmatta gahan thevato kinwa gahan thevato. jarr karjdar default jhaala aanee karjdar malmattevar punha taba midvanyacha prayatna karat asel, tarr karjdarane karjachi paratfed kelyas sambhag nyayalaye karjdarala mobadalyacha nyayya adhikar deu shakatat. haah nyayya adhikar astitvat asatana, too malkicha dhag aahe aanee karjdarala khatri nahee qee teey malmatta punha midvu shaktil. tyamule, karjarokhe bund karnyachya prakriyedvare, karjdar tatkal mobadalyacha nyayya adhikar sampushtat aananyacha aanee malmattevar kayadeshir aanee nyayya haqq donhi sopya shulkat ghenyacha prayatna karato. itar dharanadhikardharak, thakbaki curr, naan bharalelya kantratdaranchya bilansathi kinwa gharmalak sanghatanechi thakbaki kinwa mulyankanasathi malakacha itar karjansathicha mobadala milanyacha adhikar dekhil bund karoo shakatat.
nivasi gahan thevi karjala lagoo honari purvanishchit prakriya mhanje banq kinwa itar surakshit karjdar, malkane karjdar aanee karjdar yanchyatil "gahan thev" kinwa "vishvaspatra" navachya kararache palan karnyat ayashasvi tharalyanantar, sthavar malmattecha bhag vikane kinwa punha tabyat ghene. samanyatah, gahan thevanyache ullanghan heey malmattevaril dharanadhikaradvare surakshit kelelya vachanpatrachya deykatil purvanirdharit asate. jevha prakriya purn hote, tevha karjdar malmatta vikoo shakato aanee tyachi gahan aanee konatahi kayadeshir kharch bharnyasathi utpann thevu shakato aanee samanyatah asey mhatale jaate qee "karjdarane tyache gahan kinwa dharanadhikar purvavat kele aahet". jarr vachanpatrat upbandh kalam asel aanee vikrimadhye muddal aanee shulkachi sadhyachi shillak bharnyasathi pureshi rakkam nasel, tarr gahandar kamatarata nirnayasathi dawa dakhal karoo shakato. united statesmadhil anek rajyanmadhye, kamatarata nirnayachya rakmechi ganana karnyasathi samavisht kelelya vastunmadhye karjachi muddal, uparjit vyaj aanee karjdarane bund karnyachya vikrisathi boolii lavalelya rakmepeksha qamee vakeel shulk yancha samavesh hoto.
prakar.
gahan thevanara sahasa gahan thev kagadpatranmadhye nirdisht kelelya velee, samanyatah purvanirdharit sthitee udbhavalyanantar kahee kalavadhisathi, purvanishchit karane suru karoo shakato. america, canada aanee itar anek deshanmadhye, anek prakarche bund padane astitvat aahe. udaharanarth, yuu. ess. madhye, tyapaiki done mhanje, nyayik vikridvare aanee vikrichya adhikaradvare mothya pramanat vaparale jaatat, parantu itar kahee paddhatinmadhye yuu.ess. rajye.
nyaypalika.
"nyayik vikridvare purvanirgam", jyala samanyatah "nyayik purvanirgam" mhanatat, tyat nyayalayachya dekharekhikhali gahan thevalelya malmattechi vikri samavisht asate. utpann pratham gahan thevnyakarta, nantar itar dharanadhikardharkanna aanee shevati jarr kahee utpann shillak rahile tarr gahandar/karjdarala milate. amerikechya pratyek rajyat nyayik purvanishchitata upalabdh aahe aanee anek rajyanmadhye aavashyak aahe (floridala nyayik purvanishchitata aavashyak aahe). karjdar karjdarachya virodhat khatala dakhal karoon nyayalayin purvanishchitata suru karato. itar serve kayadeshir krutinpramanech, serve pakshanna purvanishchit karnyababat soochit karane aavashyak aahe, parantu yuu. ess. madheel rajyanusar adhisuchana aavashyakta lakshaniyaritya badaltat. americetil rajya kinwa sthanik nyayalayat (sahasa lahan) sunavanimadhye yuktivadanchya aadanpradanantar nyayik nirnay jaheer keela jaato. kahee durmil ghatananmadhye, americi federal nyayalayanmadhye purv-bandhane dakhal kelee jaatat.
nyayik adhikari vikrivar dekhrekh thevato aanee kayadeshir kagadpatre aanee ekhade kagadpatra asalyas tyachi amalbajavani karato. heey uchch nyayalayache nyayadhish kinwa nyayalayin gopaniyatedware vishesh niyukt panchadvare kele jaau shakate. 
gair-nyayik.
"vikrichya adhikaradvare purvanirgaman", jyala "gair-nyayik purvanirgaman" dekhil mhanatat, aanee gahanamadhye "vikricha adhikar" kalam samavisht asalyas kinwa vastavik gahan thevanyaivaji asha khandasah vishvaspatra vaparlyas anek rajyandvare adhikrut aahe. california aanee texassarkhya kahee americi rajyanmadhye, jawaljawal serve tathakathit gahan hii pratyakshat vishvasarh kaame aahet. yaa prakriyet nyayalayin dekharekhishivay (khalee tapshilvar sangitalyapramane) gahandharkankadun malmatta vikane samavisht aahe. hii prakriya samanyatah nyayalayin vikridvare purvanishchit karnyapeksha khoop vegwan aanee swast asate. nyayik vikripramane, gahandharak aanee itar dharanadhikardharak heey vikritoon milananya utpannache anukrame pahile aanee dusare davedar asatat.
kathor.
itar prakarche bund karane tyanchya maryadit upalabdhatemule kirkol manale jaate. connecticut, nyu hampshire aanee vermonts kahee rajyanmadhye upalabdh asalelya "kadak purvanirgam" antargat, jarr gahandarane nyayalayin khatala jinkla tarr nyayalay default gahandarala nirdisht kalavadhit gahan bharnyache aadesh dete. jarr gahan thevanara asey karnyat ayashasvi jhaala tarr gahandharkala malmatta vikanyache bandhan naan thevata tee malki milate. yaa prakarchi purvanishchitata samanyatah tevhach upalabdh asate jevha malmatteche moolya karjapeksha ("panyakhali") qamee asate. aitihasikdrushtya, kadak purvanirgaman hii purvanirgam karanyachi mool paddhat hotee.
praveg.
praveg haah eka kalam aahe joou samanyatah yuu. ess. madheel vishisht gahan thevinchya kalam 16,17 kinwa 18 madhye aadhalato. pratyek gahanasathi serve praveg samaan nasatat, kaaran teey karjdar aanee bandhankarak gahandar (karjdar) yanchyatil atty aanee shartinvar avalambun asate. jevha gahan thevitil mudat modali jaate, tevha praveg khand lagoo hoto. karjdarane (karjdaranni) bhavishyatil tarkhela kharedidarala swamitva hastantarit kele tarr teey sampoorn dey karj karjdarala jaheer karoo shakate. gahan thevanyachya kalmamadhye asehi nirdesh dile aahet qee, jyaa nemanukivar swakshari kelee aahe, tyaa bandhankarak gahandarala (vyaktinna) pravegatmak soochana dyavi lagel. pratyek gahan thevi karjdarala (karjdaranna) tyanche karj bharoon kadhanyasathi eka kalavadhi dete. karjdaranna (karjdaranna) denyat yenara sarvat samanya kalavadhi samanyatah 30 divasancha asato, parantu vyavsayik malmattesathi too 10 divasancha asoo shakato. pravegak soochanala magani aanee/kinwa ullanghan patra mhanatat. patrat karjdaranna (karjdaranna) kalavale aahe qee, tyanchya karjachi paratfed karnyasathi patrachya tarkhepasun tyanchyakade 10 kinwa 30 divas aahet. magani/ullanghan patre pramanit aanee niyamit meldware karjdarachya (karjdaranchya) serve ullekhaneey pattyanvar pathavali jaatat. gahan thevanyachya pravegamadhyehi karjdarane patpatrachya tarkhepasun andaje 30 divasancha bharana bharana dene aavashyak aahe. yaa patrala eff. dii. see. pii. aii. (nyayya karj sankalan paddhati kayade) patra aanee/kinwa prarambhik sampreshan patra mhanatat. ekada karjdarala (karjdaranna) tyanche karj punha bharnyasathi kinwa fednyasathicha kalavadhi pradan karnari done patre midalyanantar, pudhil karvai karnyasathi karjdarane tee mudat sampel toparyant pratiksha karavi. jevha 10 kinwa 30 divas nighun jaatat tevha yacha arth assa hoto qee praveg kalbahya jhaala aahe aanee karjdar malmattevar purvanishchitpane pudhe jaau shakato.
karjdar yaa rakmemadhye konatahi naan bharalela malmatta curr aanee gunhegar deyakancha dekhil samavesh karel, tyamule jarr karjdarakade lakshaniy sambhag nasel tarr tyala gahan thevanyachya mool rakmepeksha jaast dene lagel.
hastantaran kalam asalyas karjdar karjala gatee deu shakatat, karjdarala konatyahi hastantaranachi mahitee dene bandhankarak karate, mug tee patta-paryay, 3 varshe kinwa tyahoon adhik bhadepatti-malki, jameen karar, khatasathicha karar, malakiche hastantaran kinwa malmattevaril vyaj asso.
aaj bahutansh (parantu serve nahee) gahananmadhye praveg khand aahet. yaa kalmashivay gahan thevanakade fakt done paryay aaheth ektar serve deyake dey hoiparyant pratiksha karane kinwa mageel dey dey deyakanchya badalyat malmattechya kahee bhaganchi vikri karnyas bhag padnyasathi nyayalayala patvoon dene. vaikalpikaritya, nyayalay gahan thevanyachya adheen rahoon vikali geleli malmatta, vikritoon milanari rakkam gahan thevdharkachya dey rakmekade nenyacha aadesh deu shakate.
prakriya.
bund karanyachi prakriya jalad kinwa lamb asoo shakate aanee rajyanusar badalate. punarvitt, alpavikri, paryayi vittapuravatha, karjadatyashi tatpurati vyavastha kinwa agadi diwalkhori yasarkhe itar paryay gharmalakanna purvanishchitata talhanyasathi marg deu shakatat. vaiyaktik karjdar aanee gharmalakanna karjdaranshi jodu shakanari sanketsthale, gahan thev pradatyansathi deyak jababdanya purn kartana paramparik karjdaranna vagalanyachi yantrana mhanoon adhikadhik deu kelee jaatat. rajyanmadhye jaree thodese farak asale taree, bund karanyachi prakriya samanyatah suruvatichya chukalelya deyakanpasun suru houn, niyojit vikrikade aanee shevati (upalabdh asalyas) vimochan kalavadhiparyant jaanyasathi kalmaryadeche anusaran karate.
kathor aanee nyayniwada.
sanyukt rajyanmadhye, samanya kayadyane varnan kelelya bahutek rajyanmadhye done prakarche bund karane aahet. purvanishchit karnyachya badalyat khat" kinwa "kathor purvanishchit" vaparoon, notdharak karjachya purn samadhanasathi, sahasa kararanusar, malmatteche haqq aanee malki haqq parat midvanyacha dawa karato.
keval purvanishchitata mhanoon olakhalya jaananya (kinwa, kadachit, "nyayik purvanishchitata" mhanoon olakhale jaanare) karyavahit, karjdarane rajya nyayalayat default karananya karjdaravar khatala dakhal karane aavashyak aahe. karjdarachya bajoone antim nirnay (sahasa saransh nikal) aalyanantar, malmatta county sherief kinwa nyayalayachya itar konatyahi adhikadhyadvare lilavachya adheen asate. karjdarala malmattetil konatyahi sambhagache sanrakshn karnyasathi, karjdarala malmattevar asalelya konatyahi sambhagache sanrakshn karnyasathi, anek rajyanna asha prakarchya karyavahichi aavashyakta asate, jarr karjavar purvanishchit kelele moolya vastavik malmattechya bajar mulyapeksha lakshaniyaritya qamee asel tarr; yamule malmatta midvu ichchinanya karjdarane dhoranatmak purvanishchit karnyasahi paravrutt kele jaate. yaa purvanirgamnamadhye, sherief nantar lilavat vijayi bolidarala eka khat jaaree karato. banka aanee itar sansthatmak karjdar vikrichya velee karjachya rakmesathi boolii lavu shakatat parantu bolivar parinam karnare itar anek ghatak aahet aanee jarr itar kharedidar pudhe paul takat nastil tarr karjdarala tyaa badalyat vastavik malmatteche haqq midatat.
gair-nyayik.
aitihasikdrushtya, bahutansh nyayalayin purvanishchitata binvirodh rahili aahe, kaaran bahutansh karjdarankade sallagar niyukt karnyasathi paise naheet. tyamule yuu.ess. vittiy seva udhyogane 19vya shatkachya madhyapasoon, rajya nyayalayanna binvirodh prakarananmule adthala aanoo naan shakananya aanee patt kharch qamee karoo shakananya jalad bund karnyachya prakriyesathi lobbing kele aahe (kaaran tyat nehmich samparshvik punarprapticha kharch asane aavashyak aahe). karjdaranni assa yuktivadahi keela aahe qee nyayalayatun karj bund karane heey kharetar karjdaransathi adhik dayalu aanee qamee vednadayak aahe, kaaran yamule khatala chalavanyache 'antargat' parinam talhata yetat.
pratisadat, yooche thodese bahumat.ess. rajyanni gair-nyayik purvanishchit prakriya swikarlya aahet jyamadhye gahandar (kinwa adhik samanyatah gahandarancha sevak vakeel, niyukt agent kinwa vishvast) karjdarala purvanirdharit (sammati) aanee gahandarala rajya kayadyane vihit kelelya formmadhye vastavik malmatta vikanyacha hetu darshavito; kahee rajyanmadhye sammati dekhil malmattechya virodhat nondavali jaane aavashyak aahe. yaa prakarchya purvanishchit karjala samanyatah 'nyayik' chya ulat 'vaidhanik' kinwa 'gair-nyayik' purvanishchit karj mhatale jaate, kaaran purvanishchit karjala suruvat karnyasathi gahandarala pratyaksh khatala dakhal karanyachi aavashyakta nasate. kahee rajye atirikt prakriyatmak aavashyakta ladatat, jase qee nyayalayin karkunane kagadpatranvar shikkamortab karane; koloradosathi, japti karnyat tadnya asalelya khajgi vishvastapeksha, county "sarvajanik vishvast", sarkari adhikadhyacha vapar karane aavashyak aahe. tathapi, bahutek rajyanmadhye, gair-nyayik japtimadhye sameel asalela "ekmev" sarkari adhikari haah county recorder asato, joou keval vikripoorv soochana aanee vishvastane vikrivar kelele patra nondavato.
yaa 'vikrichya adhikar' prakarchya purvanirgmamadhye, jarr karjdar purvanirdharit rakkam bharoon kadhanyat ayashasvi tharala kinwa vikri thambavanyasathi itar kayadeshir margancha (jase qee purvanirgam tatpurte thevanyasathi diwalkhorisathi arj karane) vapar keela, tarr gahandar kinwa tyacha pratinidhi sherifchya lilavapramanech sarvajanik lilav aayojit karato. visheshtah, karjdar swatah lilavat malmattesathi boolii lavu shakato aanee 'ekmev' bolidar aahe joou 'patt boolii' (thakbaki karjavar aadharit boolii) lavu shakato, tarr itar serve bolidaranni lilavkartyala rokh rakkam kinwa rokh rakmechya samatulya rokh rakkam rokh dhanadeshapramane twarit (kinwa agadi qamee kalavadhit) sadar karnyas saksham asane aavashyak aahe. meey 2012 madhye, yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane, adhyay 11 chya diwalkhori yojneantargat vikrimadhye surakshit karjdarachya patt bolichya adhikarababatchi anishchitata door kelee. radlyax getway hottel, llc vhee. ektrit banq, 566 yuu.ess. _ _ _ _ _ (2012), nyayalayala asey aadhalale qee diwalkhori sanhitecha arth lavane heey 11 vya adhyayachya yojneantargat patt bolichya pradirgh anishchitateche nirakaran karane aanee surakshit karjdaranche adhikar kayam thevane heey 'vaidhanik bandhkamachi susthapit tattve spashtapane aanee andajitpane vaparane' bandhankarak aahe.
lilavatil sarvadhik boolii lavnara, majee malkachya vyajavina aanee mukt, parantu bahudha bund kelelya gahanapeksha uchch karjdaranni (udaa.jee., varishtha gahan, naan bharalela malmatta curr, tann/vidhvans karj). jarr majee rahivasi swechhene jaaga rikami karnyat ayashasvi tharala tarr parisaracha taba midvanyasathi bedkhal karnyasarkhi pudhil kayadeshir karvai aavashyak asoo shakate.
sanrakshn.
kahee americi rajyanmadhye, visheshtah jethe keval nyayik purvanishchitata upalabdh aahe, tethe yogya prakriyechya ghatanatmak samasyene kahee karjdaranchya purvanishchit karnyachya kshamatevar parinam keela aahe. ohayomadhye, ohiyochya uttarekadil jilhyachya yuu. ess. federal jilha nyayalayane kathit karjdarane vyajatil kharaa paksh asalyache siddha karnyat asamarthatemule karjdaranni kelelya anek japtichya krutee fetalalya aahet. juuna 2008 madhye colorado jilha nyayalayachya prakaranatahi asech ghadale.
yaulat, sahaa federal nyayik paripath aanee bahutansh gair-nyayik purvanishchit rajyanmadhye (californiasarkhya), yogya prakriya aadhich nyayniwada mhanoon kshullak bachav mhanoon nishchit kelee gelee aahe. gair-nyayik purvanishchitatecha sampoorn muddah assa aahe qee konatahi rajya abhineta nahee (i.eae., eka nyayalay) samavisht aahe. yogya prakriyecha ghatanatmak adhikar lokanna keval sarkari vyaktindvare tyanchya nagri hakkanchya ullanghanapasun sanrakshn deto, khajgi vyaktinkadun nahee. (aavashyak kagadpatranchi nond karnyat county karakoon kinwa recordercha sahbhag yogya prakriyesathi apura asalyache manale gele aahe, kaaran kayadyanusar tyanna sadar kelelya serve kagadpatranchi nond karane aavashyak aahe jeey kiman swarupan aavashyakta purn karatat aanee vishisht purvanishchit karane pudhe jaave qee nahee heey tharvanyacha vivek nakarle jaate.)
aanakhi eka tark assa aahe qee kararachya swatantryachya tattvanusar, jarr karjdaranna nyayik purvanishchit karnyachya aupchariktanche atirikt sanrakshn midvayache asel, tarr vikrichya adhikarasah vishvasachya patrachya aivaji paramparik gahanane surakshit kelele karj denyas ichchuk asalela karjdar shodhane heey tyanche oze aahe. nyayalayanni haah yuktivad kshullak mhanoon dekhil fetalala aahe qee gair-nyayik purvanishchit prakriyes adhikrut kinwa niyaman karnyacha keval vidhimandal kayada tyadvare prakriyeche rajya krutimadhye rupantar karato.
tyaa badalyat, gair-nyayik purvanirgamnamadhye yogya prakriyecha adhikar naslyamule, karjdarala pratyaksh soochana hotee qee nahee heey aprasangik asalyache mhatale gele aahe (i.eae., vyaktinishth jagrukta), joparyant purvanishchit vishvastane notice denyachya prayatnat kayadyane vihit keleli kaame kelee aahet.
nyayya purvanishchitata.
"kahee rajyanmadhye upalabdh asalela "kadak purvanirgaman" haah purvanirgaman vikri kharedidaracha nyayya adhikar aahe. varishtha karjavaril konatyahi kanishth dharanadhikar dharkache adhikar radd karananya aadeshasathi kharedidarane nyayalayat yachika dakhal kelee pahije. junier dharanadhikar dharkane nyayikdrushtya nirdharit kalmaryadet aakshep ghenyat ayashasvi jhalyas, tyache dharanadhikar radd kele jaatat aanee kharedidarache shirshak radd kele jaate. haah parinam, muktichya samatechya vikasala pratisad mhanoon, samatechya ingraji samanya kayadyat jhalelya kathor purvanishchitatepramanech aahe.
shirshak shodh aanee curr dharanadhikarache mudde.
bahutansh adhikarkshetranmadhye, karj bund karananya karjdarane sthavar malmattecha haqq shodhane aanee malmattevar haqq asalelya itar serve vyaktinna, mug teey nirnayadvare, kararadvare kinwa kayadyadvare kinwa itar kayadyadvare soochit karane hii pratha aahe, jenekarun teey pratyaksh hajar houu shaktil aanee karj bund karnyachya khatalyat tyanche hitsambandh spasht karoo shaktil. heey mukaddama dakhal karnyacha aanee tyachi nond karnyacha bhag mhanoon 'liss pendons' dakhal karoon purn kele jaate jenekarun japti karvaichya pralambitatechi sarvajanik soochana dilee jaau shakate. sarvanmadhye.ess. adhikarkshetra, federal curr dharanadhikar asalelya vastavik malmattechi purvanishchit vikri karananya karjdarane antargat mahasool seves vikrichi 25 divasanchi soochana dene aavashyak aahe. notice naan dilyane vikrinantar sthavar malmatteshi dharanadhikar jodalela rahato. tyamule, karjdar sthanik federal curr purvadhikarancha shodh ghene atyavashyak aahe, jenekarun jarr bund karnyachya pakshanchya virodhat federal curr purvadhikar dakhal keela asel tarr aay. aar. ess. laa yogya soochana dilee jaate. federal curr dharanadhikar prakriyechya aay. aar. ess. dware tapshilvar spashtikaran miloo shakate.
purvanishchit karnyasathi spardha karane.
kaaran vimochan adhikar haah nyayya adhikar aahe, kaaran purvanishchit karane hii sambhagatil eka krutee aahe. mobadalyacha adhikar rakhanyasathi, karjdar aadeshasathi nyayalayat yachika dakhal karoo shakel. jarr paratava yene jawal yet asel, tarr karjdarane tatpurata pratibandhatmak aadesh magane aavashyak aahe. tathapi, karjdarala karjachya rakmemadhye rokhe jamaa karave lagoo shakatat. jarr karj bund karnyacha prayatna haah keval karjatoon sutanyacha prayatna asel tarr heey karjdarache sanrakshn karate.
karjdar, karj bund karane thambavanyasathi aanee nukasanbharpaisathi khatala bharnyasathi bankeviruddhchya davyat karjachya vaidhatela aavhan deu shakato. karjabudavanyachya prakriyet, karjdarala teey karjabudavanyachya bajoone ubhe aahet heey siddha karnyacha bhaar dekhil sosava lagato.
anek yuu.ess. california, georgia aanee texas rajye, chukichya purvanirgamanala aavhan deu ichchinanya karjdaranvar eka 'nivida' aut lagoo karatat, jee sambhag tattvachya ugampatalat aahe qee 'joou sambhag magto tyane pratham sambhag karane aavashyak aahe', tasech samanya kayadyacha niyam qee karar radd karoo ichchinanya pakshane aadhi kararantargat prapt jhalele serve laabh parat karavet.
dusya shabdant, kathit chukichya purvanirgamanala aavhan denyasathi, karjdarane purvanirgaman vikripurvi karjachya "sampoorn" urvarit shillak rakmechi kayadeshir nivida dene aavashyak aahe. californiamadhye yaa niyamacha sarvat kadak prakar aahe, jyamadhye vikripurvi karjdarane nidhi "prapt" karane aavashyak aahe. shukravari aadhich bund karanyachi vikri jhalyanantar teen divasanni somwari fedexdware dhanadesh aala tevha eka nivida prayatna apura tharala.
kiman eka pathyapustakanam nivida niyamanmadhil virodhabhasavar hallah keela aahe-mhanje, jarr karjdarakade sampoorn shillak twarit bharnyasathi kharokhar pureshi rokh rakkam asatee, tarr tyanni aadhich tee fedali asatee aanee karjdar tyanchyavar purvanishchit karnyacha prayatna karat nasata.
kadhikadhi, karjdaranni shevatchya kshani (sahasa itar vinaadthala asalelya malmattanchya tivra aag vikridvare) changli nivida denyasathi pureshi rokh rakkam gola kelee aahe aanee tyadvare bund karnyachya prakriyela aavhan denyache tyanche adhikar jatan kele aahet. asha karjdaranni aag vikritil nuksan purvanishchit karjdarankadun vasool karnyachya prayatnambaddal nyayalaye sahanubhooti darshavat naheet.
eka ullekhaneey nyayalayin khatala, karj denyachya vividh davyancha purava mhanoon kadhikadhi, japti paddhatichya kayadeshiratevar prashnachinh upasthit karato. yaa prakaranat "first national banq auph montgomeri wii. jerom deleene dawa keela qee bankene kayadeshir swarupacha vichar keela nahee kaaran tyala dilele karj karj kararavar swakshari kelyavar tayar kele gele hote. dantakathenusar, dally jinkla, tyala karjachi paratfed karavi lagali nahee aanee banq tyachya malmattevar punha taba midvu shakali nahee. kharey tarr, 'nirnay' (jyala mothya pramanavar 'credit river nirnay' mhanoon sambodhale jaate) haah nyayalayanni raddabatal tharavala.
newyorkmadheel alikadil eka prakaranat, nyayalayane saransh nikalavar mudatpurv sthagiti denyacha karjdaracha prayatna fetalala kaaran karjdar tyachya mudatpurv sthagitichya karvaichya samarthanarth yogya pratidnyapatra aanee kagadpatre sadar karnyat ayashasvi jhaala aanee sadar keleli kagadpatre aanee pratidnyapatre vyavasayachya samanya prakriyet tayar kelee gelee navhati. anek karjdaranche vakeel, karjdarala tyanchi nond saaf karnyasathi aanee karj fednyasathi atirikt 3 mahine deuun, karjdarala mudatvadh denyasathi aanee mudatvadh denyasathi, 90 divasanchya purv-karjarokhe soochanechya aavashyakatechya anupalanacha purava sthapit kartil.
purvanishchitata lilav.
jevha sanstha (yuu. ess. madhye, samanyatah county sherief kinwa niyukt vyakti) bund kelelya malmattecha lilav karate tevha notdharak gahan thev karjavaril urvarit shillak mhanoon prarambhik kimmat nishchit karoo shakato. tathapi, diwalkhorichya nirnayansah malmattanchya kimmaticha vichar kassa keela jaato yavar parinam karnare anek mudde aahet. kamkuvat bajarpethet, karj midvananya sthavar malmatteche moolya karjachya urvarit muddalapeksha qamee aahe asey jarr tyanna vatat asel tarr karj bund karnara paksh qamee rakmechi prarambhik kimmat nishchit karoo shakato. japtichi soochana midalyapasun pratyaksh malmattechya vikriparyantcha kaal, japtichi paddhat (nyayik kinwa gair-nyayik) yasarkhya anek ghatkanvar avalambun asato.
jevha urvarit gahan thev rakkam vastavik gruh mulyapeksha jaast asate, tevha bund karnara paksh yaa kimmatichya staravar lilavachya nivida aakarshit karanyachi shakyata qamee asate. jyaa gharacha aagau lilav jhaala aahe aanee konatyahi sweekarya boolii aakarshit karnyat apayashi tharalele aahe, teey ghar gahan thev malakachi malmatta rahoo shakate. tyaa inventoryla reo (sthavar malmatta malki) mhanatat. asha paristhitit, malak/seva denara too pramanit sthavar malmatta margandware vikanyacha prayatna karato.
karjdarachya pudhil jababdanya.
joparyant tyachya kinwa tichya prathamik gahan thev rakmechi muddal tyachya kinwa tichya malmattechya mulyachya 80 takkyanpeksha jaast aahe, toparyant gahandarala khajgi gahan vima kinwa pii. emm. aay. sathee paise dyave lagoo shakatat. bahutansh paristhitinmadhye, vimyachya aavashyakta hummy detat qee karjdarala ektar purvanishchit lilavatoon kinwa pii. emm. aay. madhoon kinwa tyanchya sanyojanatun karjachya mulyache kahee purv-paribhashit praman parat milate.
tathapi, drav nasalelya sthavar malmatta bajarat kinwa sthavar malmattechya kimmati qamee jhalyas, purvanishchit keleli malmatta prathamik gahan thevi karjavaril urvarit shillak rakmepeksha qamee kimmatila vikali jaau shakate aanee tota bharoon kadhanyasathi konatahi vima asoo shakat nahee. yaa prakaranat, bandukichya prakriyevar dekhrekh thevanare nyayalay gahan thevanayaviruddha kamatarata nirnay deu shakate. karjachya kamataratevaril nirnayancha vapar karjdarachya itar malmattevar dharanadhikar thevanyasathi keela jaau shakato, joou gahandarala farak paratfed karnyas bhag padato. heey karjdarala tarankartyachya itar malmattanmadhun (asalyas) urvarit karj gola karnyacha kayadeshir adhikar dete.
yaa niyamala apavad aahet. jarr gahan heey gair-avalamb karj asel (jeey anekada yuu. ess. madheel malak-vyapalelya nivasi gahananchya babatit asate.ess.), karjdar tyachya nukasanichi bharpai karnyasathi karjdarachya malmattechya mage jaau shakat nahee. karjachya kamataratechya nirnayacha pathpurava karanyachi karjdarachi kshamata rajyachya kayadyandvare maryadit asoo shakate. california aanee amerikechya itar kahee rajyanmadhye, mool gahan (kharedichya velee kadhalele) samanyatah gair-avalamb karj asatat; tathapi, punarvitt karj aanee gruh sambhag karj paddhati naheet.
jarr karjdarane kamataratechya nirnayacha pathpurava naan karnyacha nirnay ghetala-kinwa gahan thevane gair-upay asalyamule karoo shakat nasel-aanee tota swikarla tarr, jarr karjdarala naan bharaleli rakkam 'maaf kelele karj' manali jaau shakate tarr tyala tyavar aaykar bharava lagoo shakato. tathapi, curr kayadyanmadhil alikadil badalanmule yaa rakmanchi nond karnyachya paddhatimadhye badal houu shakato.
bund kelelya malmattevaril itar karjanmule (dusare gahan, helock) honare konatehi karj, bund karoon "nasht" kele jaate.
fermatdan paryay.
united stateschya gruhnirman budbude aanee tyanantarchya subprime gahan thev sankatachya parshvabhumivar, gahan thevanyaivaji gahan thev karjachya punarvikri kinwa badalanmadhye swarasya vadhale aahe aanee kahee bhashyakaranni assa andaj vartavala aahe qee "gahan thevanyachya punarvikrisathi karjdaranchya anichhemule" heey sankat aanakhi vadhale aahe. yuu. saha anek dhorane.ess. koshagar prayojit aasha aata upkram aanee 2009 chya "ghar parvadanare banavanyachya" yojanene gahan thevnyababat punha vataghati karnyasathi protsahan dile aahe. fermatdananmadhye dey muddal qamee karane kinwa vyajdar tatpurata qamee karane samavisht asoo shakate. federal rakheev arthshastradnyanni 2009 saalee kelelya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee, punha vataghatichi vyapak vyakhya vaparunahi, 'gambhirpane gunhegar karjdar' paiki keval 3 takke lokannach badal prapt jhaala. agraganya siddhantamadhye, punarsanvadacha abhav heey pratibhutikaran aanee gahan thevimadhye pratibhooti vyaj asalelya mothya sankhyene davedaranna karanibhoot asalyache mhatale aahe. yaa siddhantamage kahee samarthan aahe, parantu detachya vishleshanat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee asurakshit aanee pratibhootikrut gahananmadhye punha vataghatiche darr samaan hote. vishleshanachya lekhakancha assa yuktivad aahe qee banka samanyatah punha vataghati karat naheet kaaran teey purvanishchit karoon adhik paise kamavanyachi apeksha karatat, kaaran punha vataghatimadhye "swayam-upchar" aanee "punarnirdharan" jokhim ladali jaate.
ghar parvadanyajogya punarvitt yojnesarkhya (harp) sarkari samarthit karyakramanmule gharmalakanna tyanchya gharanchya moolyat ghat jhalyamule paramparik punarvitt midvanyat asamarth asalyas tyanchya gahananna punarvitt karanyachi kshamata miloo shakate.
tathapi, anek karjdar duheri-magova ghenyachi prakriya vaparat asalyache disun aale, jithe karjdar ekach velee karjdarashi "karj badal" baddal bolato, parantu karjdarachya malmattechya purvalakshi vikrisah pudhe jaato. karjdaranni ashee takrar kelyache aikale gele qee yaa paddhatinmule tyanchi dishabhul jhaali aahe aanee tyanche ghar bandbasti lilavat vikale gele aahe yache tyanna anekada aashchary vatel, kaaran tyanna asey vatale hote qee teey "karj badalanyachya prakriyet" aahet. california yaa prakarchya "duheri-magova"-gharmalak hakkanche vidheyak-aii. bii. 278, ess. bii. 900, jeey 1 janewari 2013 roji lagoo jhaale, teey kadhoon taknyasathi kayada keela aahe.
mudatpurv bund kelyanantar gharanche anubhav.
federal rakheev mandalacha 2011 chaa eka sanshodhan lekh, "yu. chaa purv-nirgamananantarcha anubhav.ess. gharanni, "1999 teey 2010 darmyan 3 kotee 70 lakhanhun adhik vyaktinchya patnibandh ahavalancha vapar, visheshtah bhavishyatil karj aanee gharanchya vaparachya sandarbhat, purvanishchit kelyanantarchya vartanache mojmap karnyasathi keela. abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe keeh 1) bund bund karanyachi prakriya suru jhalyapasun eka varshachya aat bund bandcha anubhav ghenanya sarasari 23 takke lokanni sthalantar kele hote. tyach velee, eka niyantran gatacha (purvanishchit karjala samore naan jaane) sthalantar darr keval 12 takke hota; 2) purvanishchit karjdaranpaiki keval 30 takke lock tyanchya mageel shejarchya tulanet kiman 25 takke qamee sarasari utpann asalelya parisarat gele; 3) purvanishchit karjanantarche bahutansh sthalantarit heey lakshaniyaritya qamee-vanchhaniy parisarat kinwa adhik gardichya rahnimanat jaat naheet; 4) purvanishchit karj aanee niyantran gatanmadhye gharguti aakarat lakshaniy farak navhata. tathapi, mudatpurv bund kelyanantar keval 17 takke vyaktinmadhye purvipeksha mudatpurv bund kelyanantar kutumbatil sadasyanchi sankhya aanee rachana samaan hotee. tyaa tulanet, niyantran gatane 46 takke prakarananmadhye samaan gharguti sathidar thewale; aanee 5) mudatpurv bund kelyanantar keval 20 takke vyaktinni asha gharanmadhye rahane nivadle jethe eka vyaktine gahan thewale hote. ekandarit, lekhak assa nishkarsh kadhatat qee, "haah chhotasa parinam aahe qaa heey sangane katheen aahe kaaran, joou dhakka bund honyala karanibhoot tharato too dirghkal tikat nahee, kaaran aekhadyachya patt ahavalavar bund kelyane ladalele patt nirbandh mothe naheet, kinwa gruhnirman seva itar prakarchya vaparapeksha adhik asthir aahet."
prabhavit loksankhyashastra.
alikadil gruhnirman abhyas asey soochit karatat qee alpasankhyak kutumbanmadhye apramansarpane bandhane anubhavali jaatat. itar atee pratinidhitva gatanmadhye african american, bhadekaru kutumbe, mule asaleli kutumbe aanee paradeshat janmalele gharmalak yancha samavesh hoto. udaharanarth, aakadevarivarun asey disun yete qee african american kharedidar pandhya kharedidaranpeksha 3.3 putt adhik bund honyachi shakyata aahe, tarr latino aanee ashiyai kharedidar anukrame 2.5 aanee 1.6 putt jaast aahet. aanakhi eka sankhyikeey udaharan mhanoon, 2007 madhye newyork shaharat jhalelya japtipaiki 60 takkyanhun adhik bhade malmatta samavisht hotya. deshbharat japt kelelya japtinpaiki vees takke bhadekyanchya malmattanmadhun hote. yache eka kaaran mhanje yapaiki bahutansh lokanni jokhamichya subprime karjane karj ghetale aahe. yaa kshetrat kelelya sanshodhanacha motha abhav aahe jyamule teen karananmule samasya nirman hotat. eka, konala purvanishchitata anubhavate yache varnan naan karane, bhavishyatil haah cull rokhu/qamee karoo shakel ashee dhorane aanee karyakram vikasit karane aavhanatmak banavate. dusare mhanje, aitihasikdrushtya samaan pravesh nasalelya kahee gatanni kelelya gruh malkitil pragatila alikadil bandinmule kitee ulatya jhalya heey sanshodhak sangu shakat naheet. tisare, jaree vaiyaktik kutumbanvar sarvadhik parinam jhaala asala taree sanshodhan heey samuday-stariy parinamanvar jaast laksh kendrit karate. barech lock tyanchya swatachya kinwa tyanchya kutumbatil sadasyanchya vaidyakeey sthitila, bund padanyache prathamik kaaran mhanoon uddhrut karatat. anekankade aarogya vima nahee aanee tyanchya vaidyakeey garja puresha pramanat puravanyat asamarth aahet. heey punha ekada yaa vastusthitikade nirdesh karate qee purvaband aadhich asurakshit loksankhyevar parinam karatat.
karj bund kelyanantar patt scorever motha parinam hoto. jevha tumhala tumchya gahan thev bharnyas 30 divas usheer hoto tevha sarasari gunanchi sankhya 40-110 guna, 90 divas usheer jhalyas 70-135 guna aanee antim purvanishchit, alpavikri kinwa tyaeivaji khat 85-160 guna asate.
alikadil cull.
2009 madhye, united states congressne vittiy udhyogasathi $700 abjachya bellouts arthvyavasthela vachavanyacha prayatna keela; tathapi, gruhnirman bajarpetheche sakhol patan heey deshachya tivra aarthik mandichya kendrasthani hote yavar ekmat vadhat hote. aarthik sansthanna vachavanyasathi kotyavadhi dollars kharch kelyanantar, arthvyavastha aanakhi kholvar sankatat jaat asalyache pahoon, udarmatvadi aanee puranmatvadi arthshastradnya aanee kayadekar doghannihi aarthik protsahan vidheykala, tyanna mukhya samasya mhanoon disana gruhnirman bajarakade punarnirdeshit karnyasathi prayatna kele. parantu gruhnirman bajarpethela madat karnyavishayichya ekmatanusar, spardhatmak yojanancha konala fayda vhava yabaddal prachand matbhed hote. lokshahivadyanna sarvat mothya sankatat asalelya lokanvar thet paise kendrit karayache hote; aanee vadhatya bharatimule akheris serve nauka uthatil yaa siddhantavar, prajasattakanna jawaljawal serve ghar kharedidaranvar paise kendrit karayache hote.
2010 saalee julai teey september darmyan purvanirdharit soochana milananya gharanchya sankhyet 14 takke vaadh jhaali. tyaa varshi pratyek 45 gharanpaiki eka ghar bund karanyachi prakriya prapt jhaali aanee deshbharat berojgarichya vadhatya daramule hii samasya adhik vyapak jhaali aahe. gahan thevanyachya vyavharat jeey mage padale aahet tyanchyasathi banka jaast dheer naan balgata atyant aakramak jhalya aahet aanee purvipeksha lavkar bund karnyachya prakriyet aanakhi kutumbe pravesh karat aahet. 2011 madhye banka 800,000 hoon adhik ghare punha midvanyachya margavar hotya. 2010 madhye, newada yetheel laas vegas, florida yetheel phorta myers, california yetheel momto, california, scotsdale, arizona, florida yetheel miyami aanee california yetheel auntario yethe bund thevanyache sarvadhik darr hote. yaa shaharanchi bhaugolik vividhata hii tulanene mahanagaranchi kshetre aahet yaa vastusthitimule tayar hote. texaschya hyustansarkhya mothya shaharanmadhye 2010madhye 26 takke, washingtonchya seatlemadhye 23 takke aanee georgiachya atalanta yethe 21 takke vaadh jhaali. yaa shaharanmadhye berojgariche praman sarvat qamee hote. spectrumchya viruddha tokavar, rome, aine. vaay.; south burlington, vhee. tii.; charleston, doubleu. vhee.; bryan, tii. ex.; aanee tuscalosa, all. hii bund karnyache sarvat qamee darr asaleli shahare hotee. yaa bhagat berojgariche praman rashtravyapi sarvadhik hote, jyamule haah parasparsambandh aanakhi spasht honyas madat jhaali yaat aashchary vatnyasarkhe kahee nahee. realtitrache mukhya karyakari adhikari james sacasio yanche eka uddharan alikadil kalancha saransh deteh
2010 madhye deshatil sarvat jaast fatka basalelya gruhnirman bajarpethanmadhye purache paanee kahise qamee jhaale. tarihi, tyaa katheen fatka basalelya bahutek bajarpethanmadhye, jithe jokhamichya khol truti-resha rahatat aanee 2011 aanee tyapalikade sambhavyatah bund karnyachya kriyakalapanchya adhik laata nirman karoo shakatat, tyaa aitihasik nikashanpeksha bandchi patali paach teey 10 putt jaast rahili."
janewari 2014 chya realtitrachya purvanishchit deta ahavalanusar, yuu. ess. madheel pratyek 1,058 gharanmadhye 1.ess. laa purvanishchitata dakhal karane prapt jhaale. hii sankhya purvanishchit varanvartechya uchch shreneet yete. august 2014 paryant, bund karnyacha darr 33.7% hota, joou gelya varshichya tulanet 1.7% jaast hota. newyork aanee nyu jersey yaa yuu. ess. madheel done sarvat daat lokvasti asalelya bhagat, bund karnyachya kriyakalapanmadhye jhaleli vaadh sarvat lakshaniy aahe.ess. florida tyancha jawalun pathlag karat aahe.
purvanishchitatecha prabhav.
bandcha parinam keval gharmalakanchya palikade jaato parantu sampoorn shaharanmadhye aanee parisarat dekhil vistarato. bandche praman jaast asalelya shaharanmadhye anekada adhik gunhegari aanee choricha anubhav yeto, jyat sodoon dileli ghare fodali jaatat, gavatal pradeshanvar kachara gola keela jaato aanee veshyavyavasayat vaadh hote. bund padane heey shejarchya gharanchya vikrivar dekhil done staranvar parinam karate-jaaga aanee vel. konatyahi dilelya kalmaryadesathi, jevha teey vikanyacha prayatna karananya malmattechya jawal asatat tevha bund karnyacha adhik nakaratmak parinam hoto. soochit kelele paramparik mutt asey aahe qee, bund kelelya vastoonchya vadhimule shejarchya malmattanchya vikri moolyat ghat hoil, jyamule gruhnirman sankat vadhel. vadhiv bund karnyachya darancha aanakhi eka lakshaniy parinam mhanje mulanchya shaley halchalinvar. sarvasadharanpane, sanshodhan asey suchavate qee shaala badalane mulansathi hanikarak aahe, jaree heey mool aanee gantvyasthanachya shalanchya gunavattevar lakshaniyaritya avalambun aahe. newyork shaharat kelelya abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee jyaa vidyarthyanni shaala badalalya, teey bahutek vela qamee, sarasari, chachani guna aanee shaletil ekoon kamgirisah shalet pravesh ghetat. yaa halchalincha vaiyaktik vidyarthyanchya shaikshanik kamgirivar honara parinam pudhil sanshodhanachi aavashyakta aahe. bund karnyacha lokanvar bhavnik aanee sharirik parinam dekhil hoto. jyaa 250 bharati kelelya sahbhaginni purvanishchitatecha anubhav ghetala hota, tyanchya eka vishisht abhyasat, 36.7% neey mothya nairashyasathi tapasaniche nikash purn kele.
deshanusar.
austreliya aanee newzealand.
newzealandmadhye eka shatkahoon adhik kalapasoon kayadyane purvanirgaman karnyas bandee ghalanyat aalee aahe. tyaeivaji gahandarala vikridvare rokhechi jaaniv hote, vikrichya adhikaracha vapar dekhil kayadyadvare niyantrit keela jaato.
yaa donhi deshanmadhye vaidhanik sudharananmule sthavar malmatteche vyavhar karnyachya paddhatimadhye badal jhaala aahe. jyala "gahan" mhanatat teey kayadeshir vyaj aahe jeey malmattechya shulkachya sadhya malkichya viruddha nondavale jaate. donhi deshanmadhye, jameen nondanichi torrence malki pranali vaparali jaate, malak mhanoon kinwa gahandar mhanoon nondani kelyane (nondaniche adhigrahan jameen hastantaran fasavanukidware jhaale nasel tarr) akshamya vyaj nirman hote. tyamule gahandar kadhihi shulk sope thevat nahee aanee gahandar default jhalyas gahandar vikri suru karnyasathi aanee aayojit karnyasathi eka vaidhanik prakriya aahe. newzealandmadhye, englandpramanech, samaja, jaminichya malkicha databases aata electronic aahe mhanoon kagdavar 'shirshak kagadpatre' naheet.
ireland.
irelandmadhye, jameen aanee vahtook sudharana kayada 2009 dware purv-bandh radd karnyat aala aahe parantu rashtriy malmatta vyavasthapan sanstha kayada 2009 chya bhag 9 chya adhyay 4 madhye purv-bund karnyaitke parantu keval namadware vaparale jaau shaktil asey aadesh nihit karanyachi tartud aahe.
peaples republic auph chayana.
peaples republic auph chayanamadhye karj amalbajavanichya karyavahicha eka prakar mhanoon kadak nyayalayin karjarokhe antargat karjarokhe kele jaate, jyala keval hummy kayada aanee malmatta adhikar kayadyane parvanagi aahe.
chinane 'manjur kelelya jaminichya hakkanpasoon' vatap kelelya jaminichya hakkanparyant 'jaminiche adhikar hastantarit karanyachi parvanagi denyasathi' peaples republic auph chayanachya sanvidhanat '(12 april 1988 roji sweekarle gele) sudharana kelee, jyamule khajgi jaminichya malkicha marg mokala jhaala, jyamule jameen bhadyane, bhadepattivar aanee gahan thevanyachi parvanagi midali. jameen vaparache adhikar denyababatche 1990 chey niyam" hyanantar "shahari sthavar malmatta kayada" (5 julai 1994 roji swikarla gela), "peaples republic auph chayanacha suraksha kayada" (30 juuna 1995 roji swikarla gela) aanee nantar "shahari gahan thev upay" (9 meey 1997 roji jaaree kele gele) parinami jaminiche khajgikaran aanee gahan thevanyachya paddhati lagoo jhalya.
gahan aanee purvanishchit.
chiinii kayada aanee gahan thevanyachya paddhati shakya titkya purv-bandhanapasun bachav karnyasathi surakshitatesaha pudhe gelya aahet. yamadhye anivarya duyyam suraksha, raddabatal (chiinii karar kayada) aanee karj denanya bankela purvasoochana naan deta konatyahi defaultsche sanrakshn karnyasathi banq khaate thevane yancha samavesh aahe.
karjdar. gahan thevanara, gahan naan thevata, nondpatravar khatala dakhal karoo shakato, samanya nirnay gheu shakato aanee gahan thevana itar malmatteviruddha, gahan naan thevata too nirnay gola karoo shakato. jevha itar serve marg ayashasvi jhaale asateel tevha karjdar purvanishchit karnyacha nirnay gheu shakato. diwani prakriya kayadyantargat", mudatpurv bund karane heey sahaa mahinyanchya kalavadhit nishchit kele gele pahije parantu heey anek goshtinvar avalambun aahe, jyat tarandar nirnayachya amalbajavanisathi nyayalayat arj karato qee nahee heey samavisht aahe. parvanadharak lilav tadnyadvare lilavat gahan thev aupcharikpane bund kelee jaate.
phillipines.
philipinesmadhye purvanishchit karnyachya done paddhati aahet. 1997 chya nagri prakriya aanee kayadyachya sudharit niyamanchya niyam 68 dware niyantrit kelyapramane, gahandar ektar nyayik kinwa nyayalayabahyaritya bund karoo shakato. nahee. 3135, anukrame. malmatta asalelya thikanchya pradeshik nyayalayamadhye takrar dakhal karoon nyayalayin japti kelee jaate. nyayadhish nirnay detat, gahan thevanara vyaktila 90-120 divasanchya kalavadhit karj fedanyache aadesh detat. jarr karj ukt kalavadhit bharale gele nahee, tarr purvanishchit vikri nirnay santusht karate. nyayalayabahya purvanirgamnamadhye, gahandarala nyayalayat karvai suru karanyachi garaj nahee parantu sarvajanik vikri karananya sherifchi upasthiti surakshit thevanyasathi too keval nyayalayachya karkunasamor arj dakhal karoo shakato. heey vikrichya adhikaranusar kele jaate. lakshat ghya qee heey done prakar visheshtah sthavar malmatta gahan thevanyanna lagoo hotat. malmatta gahan thev (chull malmatteche gahan) heey sekandandware niyantrit kele jaate. kayada kra. 14. 1506, jeey gahandarala sarvajanik vikrimadhye malmatta vikanyacha adhikar dete. asey dekhil mhatale gele aahe qee malmatta gahananchya sandarbhat, pakshankadun sahmati jhalyas, purvanishchit vikri khajgiritya karnyas kayada pratibandhit karat nahee.
spain.
united statesmadhye, jethe purvanishchitata mhanje reshecha shevat, tyaulat spainmadhye purvanishchitata sunavani hii gharmalakachya samasyanchi fakt suruvat aahe. tyanna anek varshe bankesathi kaam karave lagel aanee tyanchyakade kadhihi kahihi nasel-agadi eka gadisuddha. dandatmak vyaj shulk aanee nyayalayin shulkavyatirikt bankela dilelya karjachya sampoorn rakmesathi spanish gahandharak jababdar asatat. yapaiki bahutansh spainmadhye berojgaricha darr 'euro zoan' madhye sarvadhik aahe, asey mhatale jaau shakate. amerikemadhil vipareet, diwalkhori haah puresa upay nahee kaaran gahan thevanyache karj visheshtah vagalale gele aahe. itar europeey deshanpramane, tumhi konatyahi prakarchya karj mafisathi nyayalayat jaau shakat nahee. spanish sansadet yaa dhorananvar barach vaad jhaala aahe, parantu hii dhorane palalyane spanish banka amerikechya hinsacharasarkhya kahitari paristhiticha samna karnyapasoon rokhatil yachee sarkarla khatri aahe. tyanchya pustakanvar sumare 100 abj euro kimatichya sthavar malmattechya punarprapt malmattansah spainmadhil banka banditoon mukt honyasathi utsuk aahet.
dakshin africa.
vikasansheel deshasathi, gruhnirman vitaranachya khasgikaranamule dakshin aafriket bund thevanyache praman jaast aahe. bund karnyachya sarvat mothya virodhkanpaiki eka mhanje western cape anty-eviction moheem, jee bund karnyachya nirnayala asanvaidhanik aanee asurakshit garib loksankhyevar eka vishisht oze manate.
switzerland.
switzerlandmadhye, karj amalbajavanicha eka prakar mhanoon karj bund karane hote, jeey swis diwalkhori kayadyantargat karj adhipatyadvare (sadhya laurd overton sheraton) karyavahidvare kele jaate.
united kingdam.
united kingadammadhe, aagau gahan haah eka qamee vaparla jaanara upay aahe, joou gahandarakade gahan thevana malmattevar avalambun asato, jyala vikritoon konatyahi atirikt rakmecha kinwa konatyahi kamataratesathi dayitva nasanyacha adhikar asato. haah upay kathor asoo shakato, tyamule nyayalaye tyala parvanagi dett naheet, visheshtah jarr mothee atirikt rakkam vasool honyachi shakyata asel, shivay jevha lakshaniy atirikt rakkam vasool honyachi shakyata nasate tevha gahan thevidaranna prathamatah purvanishchit karnyacha moh nasato kaaran tyaa upayamule tyanna kamatarata bharoon kadhanyasathi konatahi marg urat nahee. tyaeivaji, nyayalaye sahasa tabyat ghenyacha aadesh aanee vikricha aadesh detat, jeey donhi vikrila parvanagi deuun paratfedichi kahee kathorata qamee karatat aanee karjdaranna vikrinantar dey asaleli konatihi shillak vasool karnyasathi aanakhi madat karatat.
united kingdamchi purvanishchitata pranali adviteey aahe aanee kharee purvanishchitata agadi asamanya aahe. adhik samanyatah, karjdar gahan thevanyachi prakriya karatat (kinwa paryayipane, bankene moolatah malmatta vikalya gelelya prakarananmadhye "punarvapar").
gahan thev (punha) malki aanee purvanirgaman heey donhi agadi sarkhe aahet, mukhya farak mhanje karj ghetalelya rakmepeksha jaast asalelya konatyahi nidhichi hatalani aanee konatyahi kamataratesathi dayitva. gahan thev kinwa punarvikasachya babatit, jarr ghar karjachya shillak rakmepeksha jaast kimmatila vikale kinwa lilav keela tarr teey paise grahakanna parat kele jaatat. gahan thevanyachya malkitoon milanari rakkam karjachi bharpai karnyasathi apuri asalyas karjdar shillak rakmesathi jababdar rahato, jaree bahutansh prakarananmadhye heey asurakshit karj hoil aanee gahan thev companyla karjdarachya itar asurakshit karjdaranshi (visheshtah karjdar ekach velee kinwa tyanantar diwalkhor jhaala kinwa karjdaranshi aichchhik vyavastha kelee tarr) nyayya aadharavar vaganuk dilee jaeel. yaulat, aagau gahan thevanyachya babatit gahan company vikri kinwa lilavatoon milananya utpannache serve adhikar rakhoon thevate parantu karjdar konatyahi kamataratesathi jababdar nasato.
united kingadammadhe kahee purv-krutee protocol aahet, tyamule yukechi purv-bandhane aanee gahan thevanyachi/punarprapt karanyachi pranali karjdaranpeksha grahakanna anukool aahe. gahan thev companyanna todga kadhanyasathi gharmalkansobat kaam karane aavashyak asate aanee karjdarane vaiyaktik karyakramanmadhye nondani kelee asel kinwa karjdarache utpann naveen nokri kinwa itar upayayojananmule lakshaniyaritya sudharnar asel, jyamule tyanna thakbaki fedata yeil asha paristhitit nyayalayin karvaila vilamb karane (akheris, anekanna tyanche ghar gamavane talhanyasathi saksham karane) shakya aahe.
jaree yuu. keey. madhye sahayyak swayamsevi vikri mhanoon olakhali jaanari prakriya aahe, taree american alpavikrila konatihi achook samantar nahee. sahayyit aichchhik vikricha grahakanvar kahee nakaratmak patt parinam hoto, parantu khatala nyayalayat gela tarr konala tras houu shakato tyapeksha pratikool parinam qamee spasht hoto.
canada (alberta).
canadatil alberta yethe, purvanishchit karnyasathi teen payya aahet. pratham, gahan thevanyachya vyavharat malak mage asato, parantu tarihi malmattevar tyache purn niyantran asate. tyanantar, malak ajunahi malkivar aahe parantu tyane malmattevaril niyantran albertachya ranichya khandpithakade gamavale aahe. shevati, nyayalayanni kayadeshir haqq bankanmadhye hastantarit kele aahet.
albertamadhil sampoorn bund karnyachya prakriyela eka varsh kinwa tyahoon adhik vel lagoo shakato. mool malak tyanchya aarthik samasya sodavanyasathi tyaa kimmativar vikri karnyacha prayatna karatat. nyayalaye bankampeksha malakanche samarthan karatat aanee tyamule kvachitach qamee kimateet vikri karatat. bankankade paise asatat aanee tyamule kadhihi qamee kimateet vikri karat naheet.
kahee chukiche jhalyas kharedidaranna konatahi paryay naan deta, bund thevanya dekhil vikalya jaatat. jyamule bund karane samanyatah atimahatvache aanee dhokadayak tharate.