aaml

aaml haah eka renu kinwa aayan aahe joou ektar proton daan karnyas saksham aahe (i.eae. hydrogen aayan, etch +), jyala bronstead-laurie acid mhanoon olakhale jaate, kinwa electron jodies sahsanyojak bandh tayar karate, jyala levis acid mhanoon olakhale jaate.
aamlanchi pahili shreni mhanje proton daata kinwa bronstead-laurie aaml. jaleey dravananchya vishesh babatit, proton datyanni hydronium aayan tevha + tayar kele aanee tyanna arhenius acid mhanoon olakhale jaate. bronstead aanee laurie yanni jaleey nasalelya dravkancha samavesh karnyasathi arhenius siddhant samanya keela. bronstead kinwa arhenius aamlamadhye samanyatah rasayanik sanrachaneshi jodalela hydrogen anoo asato joou etch + gamavalyanantarhi urjavandrushtya anukool asato.
jaleey arhenius aamlanmadhye vaishishtyapurn gunadharm asatat jeey aamlache vyavharik varnan pradan karatat. aaml aambat swadasah jaleey dravan tayar karatat, nilya litmusche laal rangat rupantar karoo shakatat aanee kshar tayar karnyasathi kshar aanee vishisht dhatunshi (calciumsarkhe) pratikriya deu shakatat. aaml' haah shabd lattin bhashetil 'aambat' yaa shabdapasoon aala aahe. aamlachya jaleey dravanacha ph 7 peksha qamee asato aanee tyala bolchalani bhashet 'aaml' asehi mhanatat ('aamlat virghalalele' mhanoon), tarr kadak vyakhya keval dravanacha sandarbh dete. qamee ph mhanje uchch aamlata aanee asha prakare dravanat sakaratmak hydrogen aayanche uchch praman. aaml gunadharm asaleli rasayne kinwa padarth amleey asalyache mhatale jaate.
samanya jaleey aamlanmadhye hydrochloric aaml (potatil jathar aamlamadhye aadhalanare aanee pachak enzymes sakriy karnare hydrogen chlorideche dravan), acetic aaml (vinegar heey yaa dravache patal jaleey dravan aahe), sulfuric aaml (karchya batterymadhye vaparale jaate) aanee citric aaml (limbuvargiy falanmadhye aadhalate) yancha samavesh hoto. yaa udaharanannusar, aaml (bolchalchya arthane) dravan kinwa shuddha padarth asoo shakatat aanee teey ghan, drav kinwa vayoo asalelya aamlanpasun (kathor arthane) midavata yetat. majboot aaml aanee kahee ekagra kamkuvat aaml heey kshaykari asatat, parantu carborance aanee boric aaml yasarkhe apavad aahet.
aamlanchi dusari shreni mhanje levis aaml, jeey electron jodies sahsanyojak bandh tayar karatat. eka udaharan mhanje boron trifluoride (bii. eff. 3), jyachya boron anoomadhye eka rikt kakshiy asate, joou eka aadharatil anoovar electronchi ekulati eka jodee samayik karoon sahsanyojak bandh tayar karoo shakato, udaharanarth amoniyatil nitrogen anoo (aine. etch. 3). levisne yala bronstead vyakhyeche samanyikaran manale, jenekarun aaml hii eka rasayanik prajati aahe jee ektar thet "kinwa" dravanat proton (etch +) sodoon electron jodya swikarte, jeey nantar electron jodya swikartat. tathapi, hydrogen chloride, acetic acid aanee itar bahutek bronstead-laurie acid heey electron jodies sahsanyojak bandh tayar karoo shakat naheet aanee tyamule teey levis acid nasatat. yaulat, anek levis aaml heey arhenius kinwa bronstead-laurie aaml nasatat. aadhunik paribhashet, "aaml" heey apratyakshapane eka bronstead aaml asate, levis aaml nahee, kaaran rasayanshastradnya jawaljawal nehmich levis aamlala spashtapane "levis aaml" mhanoon sambodhatat.
vyakhya aanee sankalpana.
aadhunik vyakhya serve aamlanmadhye samanya asalelya moolbhut rasayanik pratikriyanshi sambandhit aahet.
dainandin jeevanat aadhalanari bahutek aaml jaleey dravan asatat kinwa panyat virghalu shakatat, mhanoon arhenius aanee bronstead-laurie yaa vyakhya sarvat susangat aahet.
bronstead-laurie hii vyakhya sarvat vyapakpane vaparali jaate; anyatha nirdisht kelyashivay, aaml-kshar pratikriyanmadhye aamlatoon ksharamadhye protonche (etch +) hastantaran samavisht asalyache manale jaate.
tinhi vyakhyannusar hydronium aayan heey aaml aahet. jaree alcohole aanee amine heey bronstead-laurie acid asoo shakatat, taree tyanchya auxigen aanee nitrogen anoonvaril electronchya ektya jodyanmule teey levis bases mhanoon dekhil karya karoo shakatat.
arhenius aaml.
1884 madhye, swante arreniusne aamlatache gunadharm hydrogen aayan (etch +) laa dile, jyache nantar proton kinwa hydron mhanoon varnan kele gele. arhenius aaml haah eka padarth aahe, joou panyat misalalyavar, panyat etch + aayanche praman vadhavato. rasayanshastradnya anekada etch + ("aii. kyu") lihitat aanee aaml-kshar pratikriyanche varnan kartana hydrogen aayancha sandarbh detat parantu mukt hydrogen kendrak, eka proton, panyat ekta astitvat nasato, too hydronium aayan aayan +) kinwa itar rupe rupe +, + +) mhanoon astitvat asato. asha prakare, aranius aaml heey panyat misalalyavar hydronium aayanche praman vadhavnara padarth mhanoon dekhil varnan kele jaau shakate. udaharananmadhye hydrogen chloride aanee acetic acid sarkhya aanvik padarthancha samavesh hoto.
dusarikade, arhenius bases haah eka padarth aahe joou panyat virghalalyavar hydroxide (oh-) aayanche praman vadhavato. yamule hydroniumche praman qamee hote kaaran aayan pratikriya deuun deuun renu tayar karatatah
yaa samatolamule, hydroniumchya ekagratetil konatyahi vadhisobat hydroxide ekagratet ghat hote. asha prakare, erinius aaml heey hydroxide praman qamee karnare dekhil mhatale jaau shakate, tarr erinius kshar teey vadhavato.
amleey dravnamadhye, hydronium aayanche praman prati litter 10−7 molpeksha jaast asate. piechchi vyakhya hydronium aayanchya sandrateche nakaratmak laghuganak mhanoon kelee jaat asalyane, amleey dravnanmadhye ph 7 peksha qamee asato.
bronstead-laurie acid.
jaree arhenius sankalpana anek pratikriyanche varnan karnyasathi upayukt aahe, taree tee tyachya vyaptit dekhil agadi maryadit aahe. 1923 madhye, rasayanshastradnya johannis nicolaus bronstead aanee thomas martin laurine swatantrapane olakhale qee aaml-kshar pratikriyanmadhye protonche hastantaran samavisht aahe. bronstead-laurie acid (kinwa fakt bronstead acid) hii eka prajati aahe jee bronstead-laurie besala proton daan karate. bronstead-laurie acid-bases siddhantala arhenius siddhantapeksha anek fayade aahet. vinegarla tyachi vaishishtyapurn chav denare sendriya aaml, acetic acid (see. etch. 3. kooh) chya khaleel pratikriyancha vichar karah
donhi siddhant pahilya abhikriyeche sahaj varnan karatatah ch3couh heey arhenius aaml mhanoon karya karate kaaran teey panyat virghalalyavar h3o + chaa srot mhanoon karya karate aanee panyat proton daan karoon teey bronstead aaml mhanoon karya karate. udbhavato udaharanamadhye, ch3cohoh madhye tyach parivartanapasun paar padate, yaa prakaranat amoniyala (nh3) proton daan karane, parantu teey aamlachya arhenius vyakhyeshi sambandhit nahee kaaran pratikriya hydronium tayar karat nahee. tathapi, tathapi heey arhenius aanee bronstead-laurie aaml donhi aahe.
nonacus dravan kinwa vayoo tappyat aanvik sanyuganchya pratikriyanche varnan karnyasathi bronstead-laurie siddhant vaparla jaau shakato. hydrogen chloride (etch. see. ell.) aanee amonia heey vegvegalya paristhitinmadhye ekatra yeuun amonium chloride, aine. etch. 4. see. ell. tayar karatat. jaleey dravnamadhye etch. see. ell. heey hydrochloric aaml mhanoon vagate aanee hydronium aanee chloride aayan mhanoon astitvat asate. khaleel pratikriya arheniyasachya vyakhyechya maryada spasht karatatah
acetic acid pratikriyanpramanech, donhi vyakhya pahilya udaharanasathi karya karatat, jethe paanee heey dravak aahe aanee hydronium aayan heey etch. see. ell. dravanadvare tayar hote. pudhil done pratikriyanmadhye aayan tayar hone samavisht nasate parantu tarihi proton-hastantaran pratikriya asatat. udbhavato abhikriyemadhye hydrogen chloride aanee amonia (benzinmadhye virghalalele) benzin dravkamadhye ghan amonium chloride tayar karnyasathi abhikriya karatat aanee aanee vayumadhye etch. see. ell. aanee aine. etch. 3 ekatra yeuun ghan tayar karatat.
levis aaml.
tisari, keval kirkol sambandhit sankalpana 1923 madhye gilbert aine. yanni prastavit kelee hotee. levis, jyamadhye aaml-kshar vaishishtyansah pratikriya samavisht aahet jyat proton hastantaran samavisht nahee. levis aaml hii eka ashee prajati aahe jee udbhavato prajatitil electronchi jodee swikarte; udbhavato shabdant, tee eka electron jodee swikaranari aahe. bronstead aaml-kshar pratikriya yaa proton hastantaran pratikriya asatat tarr levis aaml-kshar pratikriya yaa electron jodee hastantaran asatat. anek levis aaml heey bronstead-laurie aaml nasatat. aaml-kshar rasayanshastrachya sandarbhat khaleel pratikriyanche varnan kase kele jaate yachya viruddhah
pahilya abhikriyemadhye fluoride aayan, f−, tetrafluoroborate utpadan tayar karnyasathi boron trifluoridela electron jodee dete. fluoride sanyojakta electronchi eka jodee "gamavate" kaaran bii-eff bandhamadhye samayik kelele electron done anoo kendrakanmadhil jagechya pradeshat sthit asatat aanee mhanoon teey ekal fluoride aayanpeksha fluoride kendrakapasun adhik door asatat. bii. eff. 3 heey eka levis aaml aahe kaaran teey fluoridepasoon electron jodee swikarte. yaa abhikriyeche varnan bronstead siddhantachya drushtine kele jaau shakat nahee kaaran tethe proton hastantaran nahee. udbhavato abhikriyeche varnan donhipaiki konatyahi eka siddhantacha vapar karoon kele jaau shakate. proton heey anirdisht bronstead aamlatoon amoniyamadhye, eka bronstead ksharamadhye hastantarit kele jaate; vaikalpikaritya, amonia haah levis kshar mhanoon karya karato aanee hydrogen ions bandh tayar karnyasathi electronchi ekulati eka jodee hastantarit karato. electron jodee midvinari prajati mhanje levis acid; udaharanarth, jevha etch-oo bandhanpaiki eka tutato aanee bandhamadhye samayik kelele electron oxygenver sthanbaddh hotat tevha tevha + madheel auxigen anoo electronchi jodee midvato. sandarbhanusar, levis aamlala auxidizer kinwa electrophile mhanoon dekhil varnan kele jaau shakate. acetic, citric kinwa auxalic esidsarkhe sendriya bronstead acid heey levis acid nasatat. teey panyat vighatit houn levis aaml, etch + tayar karatat, parantu tyach velee levis kshar (namood kelelya aamlansathi anukrame actate, citrate kinwa auxlet) samaan pramanat dekhil utpann detat. haah lekh mukhytah levis aamlanaivaji bronstead aamlanshi sambandhit aahe.
vighatan aanee santulan.
aamlanchya pratikriya pratikriya asha swarupat samanya kelya jaatat, jethe heey aaml darshavate aanee aii-haah sanyugmit kshar aahe. yaa pratikriyes protolysis mhanatat. aamlachya protonated swarupala (hector) kadhikadhi mukt aaml asehi mhatale jaate.
aaml-kshar sanyugmit jodya eka protonnusar bhinn asatat aanee protonchi bharr ghaloon kinwa kadhoon takoon (anukrame protonation aanee deprotonation) paraspar rupantarit kele jaau shakatat. lakshat ghya qee aaml hii charge keleli prajati asoo shakate aanee sanyugmit kshar tatasth asoo shakato, asha paristhitit samanyikrut pratikriya yojana ashee lihili jaau shakate. dravnamadhye aaml aanee tyache sanyugmit kshar yanchyat samtol asato. samtol sthirank "keey" haah dravanatil renunchya kinwa aayanchya samtol sandratechi abhivyakti aahe. cons ekagrata darshavtat, mhanje mhanje mhanje mhanje ekagrata". aaml pruthakkaran sthirank "keey" aii samanyatah aaml-kshar pratikriyanchya sandarbhat vaparla jaato. keey" aii chey sankhyatmak moolya heey abhikarkanchya sandratene vibhajit kelelya utpadananchya sandratechya utpadanachya (gunakar) barobariche aahe, jethe abhikarak aaml (heey) aahe aanee utpad sanyugmit aadhar aanee etch + aahet.
done aamlanpaiki jeey adhik majboot asateel, tyanchyat kamkuvat aamlapeksha "keey" aii jaast asel; majboot aamlasathi hydrogen aayan aanee aaml yanche praman jaast asel kaaran majboot aamlamadhye tyacha proton gamavanyachi adhik pravrutti asate. kaaran "k" a sathee sambhavya mulyanchi shreni parimanachya anek kramanmadhye pasarleli aahe, adhik vyavasthapit karata yenyajoga sthirank, p "k" a adhik varanvar vaparla jaato, jethe p "k" a = − log10 "k" a. kamkuvat aamlanpeksha majboot aamlanmadhye pii "keey" aii qamee asate. jaleey dravanat 25°seey. varr prayogikdrushtya nirdharit kelele pii "keey" aii heey anekada pathyapustake aanee sandarbh sahityat uddhrut kele jaate.
namkaran.
arhenius aamlanchi nave tyanchya aayanannusar dilee jaatat. shastriy namkaran pranalimadhye, ionic pratyay vagalala jaato aanee pudhil taktyanusar naveen pratyayane badalala jaato. jevha aaml keval hydrogen aanee itar eka ghatakapasun tayar hote tevha 'hydro-' haah upsarg vaparla jaato. udaharanarth, etch. see. ell. madhye tyache aayan mhanoon chloride asate, mhanoon hydro-upsarg vaparale jaate aanee-aayad pratyayamule naav hydrochloric acidche roop ghete.
"shastriy namkaran pranalih"
iupac namkaran pranalimadhye, ionic sanyugachya navat fakt 'jaleey' jodale jaate. asha prakare, hydrogen chloridesathi, aaml dravan mhanoon, iupackche naav jaleey hydrogen chloride aahe.
aaml shakti.
aamlachi takad mhanje proton gamavanyachi tyachi kshamata kinwa pravrutti hoy. majboot aaml heey asey asate jeey panyat purnapane vighatit hote; udbhavato shabdant, majboot aaml hacha eka moll panyat virghalato jyamule eka moll etch + aanee sanyugmit kshar eka moll, aii-aanee protonyukt aaml haah nahee. yaulat, kamkuvat aaml keval anshatah vighatit hote aanee samtol sadhatana aaml aanee sanyugmit kshar heey donhi dravanat asatat. hydrochloric aaml (etch. see. ell.), hydroiodic aaml (etch. aay.), hydrobromic aaml (etch. bii. aar.), perchloric aaml (etch. see. ell. oo. 4), nitrick aaml (etch. aine. oo. 3) aanee sulfuric aaml (etch. 2. ess. oo. 4) hii majboot aamlanchi udaharane aahet. yapaiki pratyek moolatah 100% panyamadhye aayanikaran karate. aaml jitke majboot asel titke sahajpane teey proton, etch + gamavate. deprotonation sulbhatemadhye yogdan denare done pramukh ghatak mhanje echchi dhruviyata-eka bandh aanee anoo aii chaa aakar, jeey etch-eka bandhchi takad nirdharit karate. sanyugmit ksharatil sthiratechya drushtinehi aaml shaktinchi anekada charcha kelee jaate.
majboot aamlanmadhye aaml pruthakkaran sthirank motha asato, "keey" aii aanee kamkuvat aamlanpeksha qamee pii "keey" aii.
sulphonic aaml, jeey sendriya auxi acid aahet, teey majboot aamlancha eka varg aahet. eka samanya udaharan mhanje toleuensulphonic aaml (tossilic aaml). sulfuric aamlapramane, sulphonic aaml heey ghan asoo shakatat. kharey tarr, polystyrene sulphonetmadhye karyasheel kelele polystyrene heey eka ghan, majboot aamleey plastic aahe jeey galanyogya aahe.
superacid heey sulfuric esidpeksha jaast majboot aaml asatat. superacidschi udaharane mhanje floro antimonic acid, magic acid aanee perchloric acid. ionic, sfatikeey hydronium "kshar" denyasathi superacids paanee kayamswarupi protonet karoo shakatat. teey carbocationla parimanatmakaritya sthir dekhil karoo shakatat.
keey" aii heey aaml sanyugachi takad mojate, tarr jaleey aaml dravanachi takad ph dware mojali jaate, jee dravanatil hydroniumchya ekagrateche sanket aahe. panyat aaml sanyugachya sadhya dravanacha ph sanyug aanee sanyugachya "keey" aii chya patal honyane nirdharit hoto.
jaleey nasalelya dravnanmadhye levis aaml shakti.
levis acidche eae. see. doubleu. modelmadhye vargikaran kele gele aahe aanee asey darshavile gele aahe qee aesidchya samarthyacha konatahi eka kram nahee. besachya malikechya dishene levis acidchi sapeksh swikaranari takad, viruddha itar levis acid, see-bii plotdware spasht kelee jaau shakate. heey dakhavun denyat aale aahe qee levis aesidchya samarthyacha kram paribhashit karnyasathi kiman done gunadharmancha vichar karane aavashyak aahe. nashpatichya gunatmak etch. ess. aii. bii. siddhantasathi done gunadharm mhanje kadakpana aanee takad tarr dragochya parimanatmak eae. see. doubleu. modelsathi done gunadharm electrostatic aanee covalent aahet.
rasayanik vaishishtye.
monoprotic aaml.
monobasic acid mhanoonahi olakhali jaanari monoprotic acid hii ashee acid aahet jee vighatan prakriyedarmyan (kadhikadhi aayanikaran mhanatat) pratyek renusathi eka proton daan karnyas saksham asatat, jase khalee darshavilele aahe (heey. aii. dware chinhankit kelele):
khanij aamlanmadhil monoprotic aamlanchya samanya udaharananmadhye hydrochloric aaml (etch. see. ell.) aanee nitrick aaml (etch. aine. oo. 3) yancha samavesh hoto. dusarikade, sendriya aamlansathi hii sandnya pramukhyane eka carboxylic aaml gatachi upasthiti darshavate aanee kahivela yaa aamlanna monocarboxylic aaml mhanoon olakhale jaate. sendriya aamlanmadhil udaharananmadhye formic aaml (etch. kyu. oo. etch.), acetic aaml (see. etch. 3. kyu. etch.) aanee benzoic aaml (see. 6. etch. 5. kyu. etch.) yancha samavesh hoto.
polyprotic acid.
polybasic acid mhanoonahi olakhale jaanare polyprotic acid, monoprotic aesidchya ulat, jeey prati renu keval eka proton daan karatat, teey prati aaml renu ekapeksha jaast proton daan karnyas saksham asatat. vishisht prakarchya polyprotic acidna adhik vishisht nave asatat, jase qee diaprotic (kinwa diabasic) acid (daan karnyasathi done sambhavya proton) aanee triprotic (kinwa tribasic) acid (daan karnyasathi teen sambhavya proton). prathine aanee nucleic esidsarkhya kahee macromoleculemadhye khoop mothya sankhyene amleey proton asoo shakatat.
diaprotic aaml (yethe karelah dware chinhankit) piechnusar eka kinwa done vichchhedananmadhun jaau shakate. pratyek pruthakkaranala swatacha pruthakkaran sthirank, keey. aii. 1 aanee keey. aii. 2 asato.
pahila pruthakkaran sthirank samanyatah samanyatah motha asato (i.eae., "keey" aii1> "keey" aii2). udaharanarth, sulfuric aaml aaml bisulfate aayan (hso) tayar karnyasathi eka proton daan karoo shakate, jyasathi "keey" aii1 khoop motha aahe; mug too sulfate aayan (mhanoon) tayar karnyasathi dusra proton daan karoo shakato, jyamadhye "keey" aii2 hii madhyavarti takad aahe. pahilya pruthakkaranasathiche mothe "keey" aii1 sulfuricala eka majboot aaml banavate. ashach prakare, kamkuvat asthir carbonic aaml bicarbonate aayan tayar karnyasathi eka proton gamavoo shakate aanee carbonate aayan (qoo) tayar karnyasathi eka sekand gamavoo shakate. donhi "keey" aii moolye lahan aahet, parantu "keey" aii1> "keey" aii2 aahet.
triprotic aaml aaml eka, done kinwa teen vichchhedananmadhun jaau shakate aanee tyache teen vichhedan sthirank asatat, jethe "keey" aii1> "keey" aii2> "keey" aii3.
triprotic acidche eka ajaivik udaharan mhanje orthophosphoric acid acid, jyala samanyatah fakt phosphoric acid mhanatat. tinhi proton anukrame nasht houn houn, nantar hpo aanee shevati poe, orthophosphate aayan, jyala samanyatah fakt phosphet mhanatat, utpann karoo shakatat. jaree mool phosphoric aaml renuvaril teen protonchi sthitee samatulya asali taree, sanyugmit kshar adhik nakaratmakpane charge kelele asalyas proton gamavane urjechya drushtine qamee anukool asalyane salag "keey" aii moolye bhinn asatat. triprotic acidche sendriya udaharan mhanje citric acid, jeey salag teen proton gamavoon shevati citrate aayan tayar karoo shakate.
pratyek hydrogen aayanche tyanantarche nuksan qamee anukool asale taree, serve sanyugmit kshar dravanat upasthit asatat. pratyek prajatisathi apurnank sandrata, "α" (alfa) mojali jaau shakate. udaharanarth, eka samanya dvidhruviy aaml dravnamadhye 3 prajati nirman karelah karelah, heey-aanee aii2-. jevha ektar ph (jeey [etch +] madhye rupantarit kele jaau shakate) kinwa tyachya serve sanyugmit ksharansah aamlachi sandrata dilee jaate tevha apurnank sandrata khalilpramane mojali jaau shakateh
dilelya "keey" 1 aanee "keey" 2 sathee, ph viruddha yaa apurnank sandratecha aalekh, bajeram aalekh mhanoon olakhala jaato. vareel samikarananmadhye eka namuna disun yeto aanee samanya 'aine'-protic esidparyant vistarla jaau shakato joou 'aay'-vela deprotonate keela gela aaheh
jethe "k" 0 = 1 aanee itar k-sandnya heey aamlasathi pruthakkaran sthirank aahet.
tatasthikaran.
tatasthikaran mhanje aaml aanee kshar yanchyatil pratikriya, jyamule meeth aanee tatasth kshar tayar hoto; udaharanarth, hydrochloric aaml aanee soodiyam hydroxide soodiyam chloride aanee paanee tayar karatatah
tatasthikaran haah titrationcha aadhar aahe, jethe ksharatil moleschi samatulya sankhya aamlamadhye jodali gelee asatana ph nirdeshak samatulyata bindu darshavito. tatasthikaranacha parinam ph 7 saha dravanat jhaala pahije asey anekada chukiche manale jaate, jeey pratikriyedarmyan fakt samaan aaml aanee kshar shaktinchya babatit aahe.
aamlapeksha kamkuvat kshar asalelya tatasthikaranacha parinam kamkuvat amleey mithamadhye hoto. eka udaharan mhanje kamkuvat amleey amonium chloride, jeey majboot aaml hydrogen chloride aanee kamkuvat kshar amoniyapasun tayar hote. yaulat, kamkuvat aamlala majboot ksharane nishprabhavi kelyane kamkuvat moolbhut meeth milate (udaa.jee., hydrogen fluoride aanee soodiyam hydroxidepasoon soodiyam fluoride).
aaml-kamkuvat kshar santulan.
protonyukt aamlane proton gamavanyasathi, pranalicha ph aamlachya pii "keey" aii chya varr chadhane aavashyak aahe. tyaa moolbhut dravanatil etch + chey qamee jhalele sandrata santulan sanyugmit kshar swarupakade (aamlache deprotonated swaroop) badalate. qamee-ph (adhik amleey) dravnanmadhye, dravanat purese uchch etch + sandrata asate jyamule aaml tyachya protonated swarupat rahate.
kamkuvat aaml aanee tyanchya sanyugmit ksharanche dravan buffer dravan tayar karatat.
shirshak.
jaleey dravanatil aamlanche praman nirdharit karnyasathi, samanyatah aaml-kshar shirshak kele jaate. dnyat sandratesah eka majboot kshar dravan, samanyatah naoh kinwa koh, jodale jaate, jeey aaml dravanala, jodalelya kshar pramanasah, nirdeshkachya rung badalanusar, nishprabhavi karate. ksharadvare titrate kelelya aamlachya titration vakramadhye done aksh asatat, jyat x-akshavar bases volume aanee y-akshavar dravanache ph moolya asate. dravanat aadhar jodala jaato tevha dravanacha ph nehmi varr jaato.
udaharaneh diaprotic acid.
pratyek dwiprotik aaml titration vakrasathi, davikadoon ujavikade, done madhyabindu, done samatulya bindu aanee done buffer pradesh aahet.
samatulya guna.
salag pruthakkaran prakriyemule, dvidhruviy aamlachya titration vakrareshemadhye done samatulya bindu asatat. jevha pahilya aayanikaranatil serve pahilya hydrogen aayanche titrate kele jaate tevha pahila samatulya bindu udbhavato. udbhavato shabdant, oh-jodaniche praman pahilya samatulyata binduvar velee mool rakmechya barobariche asate. jevha serve hydrogen aayan titrate kele jaatat tevha dusra samatulya bindu udbhavato. mhanoon, oh-jodanyache praman yaa velee velee duppat aahe. majboot ksharane titrate kelelya kamkuvat diaprotic esidsathi, dravanatil parinami ksharanchya jalvichhedanamule dusra samatulya bindu 7 peksha jaast phvar hone aavashyak aahe. donhi samatulya binduvar, besacha eka themb jodalyane pranalitil ph moolyat sarvat jaast vaadh hoil.
buffer pradesh aanee madhyabindu.
dvidhruviy aamlasathichya shirshankan vakramadhye done madhyabindu asatat jethe ph = pii. keey. aii. done bhinn qaa moolye asalyane, pahila madhyabindu ph = pii. keey. aii. 1 varr yeto aanee dusra ph = pii. keey. aii. 2 varr yeto. vakrareshechya pratyek bhagat jyachya madhyabindumadhye madhyabindu asato tyala buffer kshetra mhanatat. kaaran buffer kshetranmadhye aaml aanee tyacha sanyugmit kshar asato, tyamule pudhil samatulya bindunparyant kshar jodale jaate tevha teey ph badalancha pratikar karoo shakate.
aamlanche anuprayog.
udhyogat.
aadhunik udhyogatil jawaljawal serve prakriyanvar upchar karnyasathi aaml heey moolbhut abhikarmak aahet. sulfuric aaml, eka dviprabhavi aaml, heey udhyogat sarvadhik vaparale jaanare aaml aahe aanee jagatil sarvadhik utpadit honare audhyogik rasayan dekhil aahe. yacha vapar pramukhyane khat, detergent, battery aanee rangdravye tayar karnyasathi keela jaato, tasech ashuddhata door karnyasarkhya anek utpadananvar prakriya karnyasathi keela jaato. 2011 madheel aakadevarinusar, sulfuric acidche varshik utpadan jagaat sumare 20 kotee tunn hote. udaharanarth, phosphet khanije sulfuric acids pratikriya karoon phosphet khatanchya utpadanasathi phosphoric acid tayar karatat aanee zink oxideche sulfuric aesidmadhye vighatan karoon, dravan shuddha karoon aanee electroining karoon zink tayar kele jaate.
rasayanik udhyogat, aaml lavan tayar karnyasathi tatasthikaran pratikriyanmadhye pratikriya detat. udaharanarth, nitrick aaml amoniyabarobar abhikriya karoon amonium nitrate heey khat tayar karate. yavyatirikt, ester tayar karnyasathi carboxylic acidche alcoholes asterization kele jaau shakate.
aamlancha vapar anekada lonache mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya prakriyet dhatunmadhun ganj aanee itar ganj kadhanyasathi keela jaato. karchya batterymadheel sulfuric esidsarkhya ole seela batterymadhye tyancha electrolyte mhanoon vapar keela jaau shakato.
annat.
tartaric aaml haah naan pikalele aambe aanee chinchesarkhya kahee samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya padarthancha eka mahattvacha ghatak aahe. naisargik fale aanee bhajyanmadhyehi aaml asate. limbu, santri aanee itar limbuvargiy falanmadhye citric acid asate. auxalic aaml heey tomato, palak aanee visheshtah carambola aanee carambola madhye asate; auxalic aaml jaast pramanat asalyamule carambolachi paaney aanee naan pikalele carambola heey vishari asatat. escorbic acid (qa jivansatva) heey manvi sharirasathi aavashyak jivansatva aahe aanee aavala (aamba), limbu, limbuvargiy fale aanee perasarkhya padarthanmadhye asate.
anek aaml vividh prakarchya annamadhye padarthanmadhye samavisht mhanoon aadhalu shakatat, kaaran teey tyanchi chav badaltat aanee snrakshak mhanoon kaam karatat. udaharanarth, phosphoric aaml haah koola peyancha eka ghatak aahe. acetic acidcha vapar dainandin jeevanat vinegar mhanoon keela jaato. chutney aanee lonchyanmadhye citric acidcha vapar snrakshak mhanoon keela jaato.
carbonic aaml heey sarvat samanya aaml padarthanpaiki eka aahe jeey shitpeyanmadhye mothya pramanat misalale jaate. utpadan prakriyedarmyan, carbonic aaml tayar karnyasathi carbon dioxidever sahasa yaa peyanmadhye virghalanyasathi dabav aanala jaato. carbonic aaml atishay asthir asate aanee samanya tapman aanee dabanusar paanee aanee carbon dioxidemadhye vighatit hote. mhanoon, jevha yaa prakarchya shitpeyanchya batalya kinwa dabe ughadale jaatat, tevha sheetpeye carbon dioxideche budbude baher padatach fikat hotat aanee baher padatat.
kahee aamlancha vapar aushadh mhanoon keela jaato. acetylsalycylic aaml (espirin) vedanashamak mhanoon aanee taap qamee karnyasathi vaparale jaate.
manvi shariramadhye.
manvi sharirat aaml mahattvachi bhoomika bajavtat. potat asalele hydrochloric aaml annapadarthanche mothe aanee guntaguntiche renu todun pachan karnyas madat karate. sharirachya uutinchya vadhisathi aanee durustisathi aavashyak asalelya prathinanchya sanshleshanasathi amino acid aavashyak asatat. sharirachya uutinchya vadhisathi aanee durustisathi dekhil medyukt aaml aavashyak asate. dii. aine. aii. aanee aar. aine. aii. chya nirmitisathi aanee janukandware santatimadhye vaishishtye prasarit karnyasathi nucleic aaml mahattvache aahet. shariratil ph santulan rakhanyasathi carbonic aaml mahatvache aahe.
manvi sharirat vividh sendriya aanee ajaivik sanyuge asatat, tyapaiki dicarboxylic aaml anek jaivik vartananmadhye aavashyak bhoomika bajavtat. tyapaiki anek aaml amino aaml aahet, jeey pramukhyane prathinanchya sanshleshanasathi samagri mhanoon kaam karatat. itar kamkuvat aaml tyanchya sanyugmit ksharansah buffer mhanoon kaam karatat jenekarun sharirachya piechmadhye peshinsathi hanikarak asalelya mothya pramanat badal houu nayet. urvarit dicarboxylic aaml dekhil manvi shariratil vividh jaivikdrushtya mahattvachya sanyuganchya sanshleshanat sahbhagi hotat.
aaml utpreran.
audhyogik aanee sendriya rasayanshastrat aaml utprerak mhanoon vaparale jaatat; udaharanarth, sulfuric aaml heey gasoline tayar karnyasathi alkylation prakriyet mothya pramanat vaparale jaate. sulfuric, phosphoric aanee hydrochloric esidsarkhe kahee acid dekhil nirjalikaran aanee ghanikaran pratikriyanvar parinam karatat. jaivarsayanshastrat, anek enzymes aaml utprerakacha vapar karatat.
jaivik ghatana.
anek jaivikdrushtya mahattvache renu aaml asatat. nucleic acid, jyat aamleey phosphet gut asatat, tyat dii. aine. aii. aanee aar. aine. aii. yancha samavesh hoto. nucleic aesidmadhye anuvanshik code asato joou jivanchi anek vaishishtye nirdharit karato aanee palkankadun santatimadhye sankramit hoto. dii. aine. aii. madhye prathinanchya sanshleshanasathi rasayanik aarakhada asato, jeey amino acid upaghatakanni banalele asatat. peshi patalanmadhye phospholipidsarkhe fatty acid ester asatat.
α-amino aamlamadhye madhyavarti carbon (α kinwa "alfa" carbon) asato joou carboxyl gut (asha prakare teey carboxylic aaml asatat), eka amino gut, hydrogen anoo aanee eka badaloo gut yanchyashi sahasanyojakpane bandhala jaato. chull gut, jyala aar gut kinwa bajuchi sakhali dekhil mhanatat, vishisht amino acidchi olakh aanee anek gunadharm nirdharit karato. glycinemadhye, sarvat sope amino aaml, aar gut haah hydrogen anoo aahe, parantu itar serve amino aamlanmadhye tyat eka kinwa adhik carbon anoo hydrogenshy jodalele asatat aanee tyat sulfur, auxigen kinwa nitrogensarkhe itar ghatak asoo shakatat. glycine vagalata, naisargikaritya aadhalanari amino aaml kieral asatat aanee jawaljawal nehmich kayaralmadhye aadhaltat. peptidoglycan, jeey kahee jivanunchya peshinchya bhintinmadhye aadhalate, tyat kahee-amino aaml asatat. sharirik piechmadhye, samanyatah sumare 7, mukt amino aaml charge kelelya swarupat astitvat asatat, jethe amleey carboxyl gut (-kooh) proton (-kuu-) gamavato aanee moolbhut amine gut (-aine. etch. 2) proton (-aine. etch.) prapt karato. sampoorn renuvar nivval tatasth prabhar asato aanee too zviteriyan asato, moolbhut kinwa amleey bajuchya sakhalyansah amino acid vagalata. udaharanarth, sharirik phvar-1 chya nivval shulkasathi, aspartic aesidmadhye eka protonated amine aanee done deprotonated carboxyl gut asatat.
fatty acidus aanee fatty acid derivatives haah carboxylic aciduscha aanakhi eka gut aahe joou jivashastrat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavato. yamadhye lamb hydrocarbon sakhali aanee eka tokala carboxylic acid gut asato. jawaljawal serve jivanche peshi puttle pramukhyane phospholipid dvistariy, dhruviy, hydrophilic phosphet "haid" gatansah hydrophobic fatty acid esterche eka mysel banalele asate. padadyamadhye atirikt ghatak asatat, jyapaiki kahee aaml-kshar pratikriyanmadhye sahbhagi houu shakatat.
manav aanee itar anek pranyanmadhye, hydrochloric aaml haah potachya aat stravalelya jathar aamlacha eka bhag aahe, jyamule prathine aanee polysaccharides hydrolyse honyas madat hote, tasech nishkriy pro-enjaim, pepsinogenche pepsin yaa enzyme rupantar hote. kahee jeev sanrakshanasathi aaml tayar karatat; udaharanarth, mungya formic aaml tayar karatat.
sastan pranyanchya shvasochavasache niyaman karnyat aaml-kshar santulan mahattvachi bhoomika bajavate. auxigen vayoo (oo2) cellular shwasan chalavato, hii prakriya jyadvare prani annat sathavaleli rasayanik sambhavya urja sodatat, carbon dioxide (see. oo. 2) upautpad mhanoon tayar karatat. fuffusanmadhye auxigen aanee carbon dioxidechi devanghevan hote aanee shareer havechya praveshacha darr samayojit karoon badalatya urjechya maganila pratisad dete. udaharanarth, shramachya kalat shareer sathavalele karbodke aanee charbi vegane vighatit karate, jyamule raktpravahat carbon dioxide sodale jaate. jaleey dravnanmadhye, jase qee raktatil carbon dioxide carbonic aaml aanee bicarbonate aayanchya samatolat astitvat asate.
piechmadhye honari ghat haah mendula jalad aanee khol shwas ghenyacha sanket deto, atirikt carbon dioxide baher kadhato aanee peshinna oo2 punha puravato.
 peshi puttle samanyatah charge kelele kinwa mothe, dhruviy renunsathi abhedya asatat kaaran tyanchya aateel bhagat asalelya lipophilic fatty esile sakhalyanmule. anek aushadhi ghatkansah anek jaivikdrushtya mahattvache renu sendriya kamkuvat aaml asatat jeey padada tyanchya protonyukt, charge naan kelelya swarupat paar karoo shakatat parantu tyanchya charge kelelya swarupat (i.eae., sanyugmit aadhar mhanoon). yaa karanastav antacids kinwa amleey padarthanchya vaparane anek aushadhanchi kriyashilata vadhavali jaau shakate kinwa rokhali jaau shakate. tathapi, charge kelele swaroop bahutekda rakt aanee cytosol yaa donhi jaleey vatavaranat adhik vidravya asate. jevha bahyakoshikiy vatavaran peshinmadhil tatasth piechpeksha adhik amleey asate, tevha kahee aaml tyanchya tatasth swarupat astitvat asateel aanee padadyamadhye virghalanare asateel, jyamule tyanna phospholipid dvistariy paar karata yeil. antahkoshikiy phvar proton gamavanari aaml tyanchya vidravya, charge kelelya swarupat astitvat asateel aanee asha prakare cytosoldware tyanchya lakshyaparyant pasaru shaktil. ibuprofen, espirin aanee penicillin hii kamkuvat aaml asalelya aushadhanchi udaharane aahet.
samanya aaml.
sulphonic aaml.
sulphonic aamlala rs (= o) 2-oh heey samanya sootra asate, jethe r heey sendriya mooldrav aahe.
carboxylic aaml.
carboxylic aamlala samanya sootra r-c (o) oh asate, jethe r heey sendriya mooldrav aahe. carboxyl gut-see (oo) ohmadhye carbonyl gut, see = oo aanee hydroxyl gut, oo-etch asato.
halogenated carboxylic acid.
alfa sthiteet halogenationmule aaml shakti vadhate, jenekarun khaleel serve aaml acetic aamlapeksha majboot asatat.
vinailogas carboxylic aaml.
samanya carboxylic aaml heey carbonyl gut aanee hydroxyl gatache thet millen aahe. vinailogas carboxylic aesidmadhye, carbon-carbon duheri bandh carbonyl aanee hydroxyl gatanna vegale karato.

