vijatiy utpreran

rasayanshastrat, vijatiy utpreran mhanje utpreran jethe utprerakancha tappa abhikarkanpeksha kinwa utpadananpeksha vegala asato. hii prakriya eksandh utprerkashi viruddha aahe jithe abhikarak, utpadane aanee utprerak ekach tappyat astitvat asatat. tappa keval ghan, drav aanee vayoo ghatakanmadhyech navhe tarr abhedya mishrananmadhyehi farak karato (udaa.jee. teel aanee paanee), kinwa kuthehi interfaces upasthit aahe.
vijatiy utprerkamadhye samanyatah ghan tappyatil utprerak aanee vayoo tappyatil abhikarkancha samavesh asato. yaa prakaranat, utprerak prushthbhagavar aanvik shoshan, pratikriya aanee shoshan yanche eka chakr ghadate. ushmagatiki, vastuman hastantaran aanee ushnateche hastantaran heey pratikriyechya daravar (gatishastravar) prabhav taktat.
vijatiy utpreran khoop mahatvache aahe kaaran teey jalad, mothya pramanat utpadan aanee nivadak utpadan nirmiti saksham karate. jagatil andaje 35 takke jee. dii. pii. utpreranacha prabhav aahe. 90 takke rasayananchya (aakarmananusar) utpadanas ghan utprerak madat karatat. rasayanik aanee urja udyog heey heterogenous katalysisvar mothya pramanat avalambun aahet. udaharanarth, habber-bosch prakriya khatanmadhil eka mahattvacha ghatak asalelya amoniyachya sanshleshanat dhatoo-aadharit utprerak vaparte; 2016 madhye 144 dashalaksh tunn amonia utpadan jhaale.
adhishoshan.
visham utpreranachya prakriyet adhishoshan hii eka aavashyak payari aahe. adhishoshan hii ashee prakriya aahe jyadvare vayoo (kinwa dravan) tappyatil renu (adhishoshak) ghan (kinwa drav) prushthbhagachya anoonshi (adhishoshak) bandhala jaato. adhishoshan heey tyachya ulat aahe, adhishoshan heey adhishoshakapasun vegale hote. vijatiy utpreranadvare sulabh jhalelya abhikriyemadhye, utprerak heey adhishoshak asate aanee abhikarak heey adhishoshak asatat.
adhishoshan prakar.
adhishoshan done prakarche aaheth bhautik shoshan, kamkuvatpane baddh adhishoshan aanee rasayan shoshan, majbootpane baddh adhishoshan. vijatiy utpreranachya anek prakriya done tokanchya darmyan asatat. lenard-johns model aanvik pruthakkaran karya mhanoon aanvik parasparsanvadacha andaj lavnyasathi eka moolbhut chaukat pradan karate.
bhautik shoshan.
bhautik shoshanamadhye, vanne dair walls shaktindware renu prushthbhagachya anunkade aakarshit hoto. yamadhye dvidhruviy-dvidhruviy parasparkriya, prerit dvidhruviy parasparkriya aanee london prasaran shaktincha samavesh aahe. lakshat ghya qee adhishoshak aanee adhishoshak yanchyat konatehi rasayanik bandh tayar hott naheet aanee tyanchya electronic avastha tulanene abadhit rahatat. bhautik shoshanasathichi vishisht urja 3 teey 10 kilo callary/moll paryant asate. vijatiy utprerkamadhye, jevha pratikriya karnara renu utprerkamadhye bhautik shoshit hoto, tevha too samanyatah purvavarti sthiteet, rasayan shoshanapurvi madhyavarti urja sthiteet, adhik majbootpane bandhalela adhishoshan asalyache mhatale jaate. purvavarti avasthepasun, renu ektar rasayan shoshan, nirjalikaran kinwa prushthbhagavar sthalantar karoo shakato. purvavarti sthitiche swaroop abhikriyechya gatishastravar prabhav takoo shakate.
rasayan shoshan.
jevha ekhada renu prushthbhagachya anoonchya itakya jawal pohochato qee tyanche electron dhag aachchhadit hotat, tevha rasayan shoshan houu shakate. rasayanshoshanamadhye, adhishoshak aanee adhishoshak heey rasayanik bandh tayar honyache sanket denare electron samayik karatat. rasayanshoshanasathichi vishisht urja 20 teey 100 kilo callary/moll paryant asate. rasayanshoshan done prakarane aaheth
prushthbhagavaril pratikriya.
dhatuchya prushthbhagavaril bahutek pratikriya sakhali prasaradvare hotat jyamadhye utprerak madhyavarti chakriyapane tayar kele jaatat aanee vaparale jaatat. prushthbhagavaril pratikriyansathi done mukhya yantraneche varnan a + b → c sathee kele jaau shakate.
bahutek vijatiy utprerak pratikriyanche varnan langmuir-hinshelwood modeldware kele jaate.
vijatiy utprerkamadhye, abhikarke mothya drav avasthepasun utprerak prushthbhagavar shoshun ghenyasathi pasaratat. adhishoshan sthal nehmich sakriy utprerak sthal nasate, mhanoon abhikarak renu prushthbhagavar sakriy thikani sthalantarit hone aavashyak aahe. sakriy thikani, utprerak madhyasthandvare adhik urjavanpane sulabh margache anusaran karoon abhikarak renu utpadan renu (tayar karnyasathi) tayar karnyasathi pratikriya deteel (ujavikadil aakruti pahaa). utpadan renu nantar prushthbhagavarun nasht hotat aanee door pasaratat. utprerak swatach abadhit rahato aanee pudhil pratikriyanmadhye madhyasthi karnyas mukt asato. ushnata aanee vastuman hastantaran yasarkhya vahtook ghatana dekhil nirikshan kelelya pratikriya daramadhye bhoomika bajavtat.
utprerak rachana.
utprerak tyanchya sampoorn prushthbhagavar abhikriyakankade sakriy nasatat; keval vishisht thikani utprerak kriyakalap asatat, jyanna sakriy sthale mhanatat. ghan utprerakchya prushthbhagachya kshetracha upalabdh sakriy sthalanchya sankhyevar motha prabhav padato. audhyogik vyavharat, ghan utprerak heey prushthbhagache kshetrafal vadhavanyasathi anekada sachchidra asatat, jeey samanyatah 50-400 m2/g sadhya karatat. mcm-41 sarkhya kahee mesoporus silicatesche prushthbhag 1000 ghanmeter/grampeksha jaast asate. sachchidra padarth tyanchya prushthbhagache kshetrafal teey vastuman yanche uchch gunottar aanee vadhiv utprerak kriyakalap yamule kifayatshir aahet.
anek prakarananmadhye, prushthbhagache kshetrafal vadhavanyasathi (sakriy sthalanchi sankhya pasaravanyasathi) aanee sthirata pradan karnyasathi eka ghan utprerak sahayyak samagrivar vikhurale jaate. sahasa utprerak aadhar heey nishkriy, uchch vitalanyache bindu asalele sahitya asatat, parantu teey swatah utprerak dekhil asoo shakatat. bahutek utprerak aadhar sachchidra (varanvar carbon, silika, ziolite kinwa alumina-aadharit) asatat aanee tyanchya prushthbhagachya uchch kshetrafal-teey-vastuman gunottarasathi nivadle jaatat. dilelya pratikriyesathi, sachchidra aadhar asha prakare nivadle jaane aavashyak aahe qee pratikriya denare aanee utpadane samgrimadhye pravesh karoo shaktil aanee baher padoo shaktil.
anekada, utprerak kriyakalap, nivad aanee/kinwa sthiratevar prabhav taknyasathi padarth jaanunbujun pratikriya feedmadhye kinwa utprerkavar jodale jaatat. yaa sanyuganna pravartak mhanatat. udaharanarth, eff. eae.-utprerkavar cintering prakriya mand karoon adhik sthirata pradan karnyasathi amonia sanshleshanadarmyan alumina (aii. ell. 2oo. 3) jodale jaate.
subetier tattva heey utprerkachya aadhunik siddhantacha eka paya manla jaau shakato. subetier tattva asey sangate qee prushthbhag-shoshak parasparkriya ishtatam pramanat asane aavashyak aaheh abhikarkankade nishkriy rahnyasathi khoop kamkuvat nasane aanee prushthbhagavar vish taknyasathi aanee utpadananche shoshan talhanyasathi khoop majboot nasane. prushthbhag-shoshak parasparkriya ishtatam asali pahije, heey eka gunatmak vidhan aahe. samanyatah rasayanik pratikriyeshi sambandhit adhishoshak aanee sankraman avasthanchi sankhya mothee asate, tyamule ishtatam bahu-aayami jaaget shodhave lagate. asha bahuayami jaaget utprerak rachana heey sangankiyadrushtya vyavharya karya nahee. yavyatirikt, ashee anukulata prakriya antardnyani nahee. utprerak rachanechya jaagechi parimanakta qamee karnyasathi scaling sambandh vaparale jaatat. asey sambandh heey adhishoshak bandhan urjemadhil (kinwa adhishoshak bandhan urja aanee sankraman avasthanmadhye jyanna bii. pii. sambandh mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaate) parasparsambandh aahet jeey "purese samaan" aahet.jee., oh viruddha oh scaling. utprerak rachana samasyanshi scaling sambandh lagoo kelyane jaagechi parimanakta mothya pramanat qamee hote (kadhikadhi 1 kinwa 2 itaki lahan). vishisht daab kinwa tapmanat renunche shoshan, pratikriya aanee shoshan yanchyashi sambandhit gatishastra vicharat ghenyasathi asha scaling sambandhanvar aadharit sookshm-gatij modelling dekhil vaparta yete. asha pratirupanamule nantar suprasiddha jwalamukhi-bhukhand tayar hotat, jyavar subetier tattvadvare gunatmakdrushtya varnan kelelya ishtatam bhagala 'jwalamukhiche sheersh' asey sambodhale jaate. scaling sambandhancha vapar keval moolbhut prushthbhag-shoshit gatanchya (udaa.jee., oo *, oh *), parantu bund-kavach renunchya urjes ekmekanshi kinwa samkaksh radical adsorbetsshee jodanyasathi dekhil. utprerak vidnyanatil sanshodhakanna alikadech aavhane aahet tee mhanje scaling sambandh todane. scaling sambandhanmadhye prakat honare parasparsambandh utprerak rachana jaaga maryadit karatat, jyamule ekhadyala "jwalamukhichya shirshasthani" pohochanyapasun rokhate. scaling sambandh todane mhanje ektar scaling sambandhanche anusaran naan karnare prushthbhag kinwa rachana kinwa yogya dishene bhinn scaling sambandh (sambandhit adhishoshakanchya nehamichya sambandhapeksha) anusaran karnare sandarbh asoo shakatatah jeey aaplyala pratikriyashil jwalamukhichya shirshasthani neuu shakate. utprerak pratikriyashilatecha abhyas karnyavyatirikt, scaling sambandhancha vapar ekhadya vishesh utpadanachya nivadakatesathi samagricha abhyas karnyasathi aanee padtalani karnyasathi keela jaau shakato. bandhan urjeche vishesh sanyojan aahe jeey itaranpeksha vishisht utpadananna anukool aahe. kadhikadhi bandhan urjecha eka sanch joou ekmekanshi vishisht utpadan "scale" kadey nivad badaloo shakato, asha prakare nivad sudharanyasathi ekhadyala kahee scaling sambandh todave lagatat; yache eka udaharan mhanje mithen aanee methanol oxidative sakriyan urjemadhil scaling jyamule methainche thet methanolmadhye rupantaran kartana nivadaktecha abhav hoto.
utprerak nishkriyata.
utprerak nishkriyata hii kalantarane utprerak kriyakalap aanee/kinwa nivadaktetil haanee mhanoon paribhashit kelee jaate.
pratikriya darr qamee samavisht padarthanna vish mhanatat. vish utprerak prushthbhagavar rasayaneek shoshan karate aanee abhikarak renunna bandhanyasathi upalabdh sakriy sthalanchi sankhya qamee karate. samanya vishanmadhye gut 5, vi aanee VII ghatak (udaa.jee. ess, oo, pii, see. ell.), kahee vishari dhatoo (udaa.jee. mhanoon, pii. bii.), aanee anek bandhansah (udaa.jee. qoo, asantrupt hydrocarbons). udaharanarth, sulfur kyu/zno utprerkala vish deuun methanolchya utpadanat vyatyay aanato. pratikriya darr darr padarthanna pravartak mhanatat. udaharanarth, amonia sanshleshanat kshariy dhatunchi upasthiti upasthiti pruthakkaran darr vadhavate.
vish aanee pravartakanchi upasthiti darr-maryadit karnyachya tappyachi sakriy urja badaloo shakate aanee vishisht utpadananchya nirmitisathi utprerakchya nivadaktevar parinam karoo shakate. pramananusar, rasayanik prakriyesathi padarth anukool kinwa pratikool asoo shakato. udaharanarth, ethylenechya utpadanat, rasayan shoshit chlorine thode praman carbon dioxidepeksha ethylenechya babatit aii. jee.-utprerak nivadshakti sudharun pravartak mhanoon kaam karel, tarr jaast chlorine vish mhanoon kaam karel.
utprerak nishkriy karnyasathichya itar yantrananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
udhyoganmadhye, prakriya bund jhalyamule aanee utprerak punarsthit jhalyamule utprerak nishkriyatesathi darvarshi abjavadhi rupaye kharch hotat.
audhyogik udaharane.
udhyogat, subnenometerpasoon teey daha meetarparyantchya anek pramananmadhye anubhatti aanee utprerak rachnesah anek rachana chalancha vichar karane aavashyak aahe. paramparik vijatiy utprerak anubhattyanmadhye sanch, satat aanee dravarup-bedd anubhattya samavisht aahet, tarr alikadil mandanit nishchit-bedd, micro channell aanee bahu-karyatmak anubhattya samavisht aahet. anubhattiche pariman, prushthbhagache kshetrafal, utprerak prakar, utprerak aadhar, tasech tapman, daab aanee abhikarak sandrata yasarkhya anubhattichya karyasheel paristhiti yancha vichar karane heey itar chull aahet.
vijatiy utprerak samavisht samavisht kahee mothya pramanavarchya audhyogik prakriya khalee soochibaddha kelya aahet.
ghan-drav aanee drav-drav utprerit pratikriya.
jaree bahusankhya vijatiy utprerak ghan asale taree kahee bhinnata aahet jyaa vyavharik mulyachya aahet. done abhedya dravanansathi (drav), eka utprerak vahoon netat tarr dusra abhikarak vahoon netat. hii vyavastha hii propylenechya hydroformylationdwar butyraldehydechya audhyogik utpadanat amalat aanalyapramane biphasic utpreranacha aadhar aahe.

