
shatak masika

daad century masika heey eka sachitra masik hote, jeey pahilyanda 1881 madhye newyork citychya century companyne americet prakashit kele hote, jeey tyaa varshi roswell smithne vikat ghetale hote aanee tyanni century associationche naav badaloon thewale hote. teey "scribner masik" chey uttaradhikari hote. 1930 madhye teey 'forum' madhye villin karnyat aale.
itihas.
suruvatiche sampadak scribnerche sampadak aanee saha-malak joshiya jee. asavet. holland, parantu pahila ank yenyapurvich tyacha mrutyu jhaala. tyanchya jaagi scribnersche vyavasthapakiy sampadak richard watson gilder aale, jeey 28 varshe 'shatak' chey netrutva karat rahile. gilderne mukhyatve sahitya, itihas, vartaman ghatana aanee hollandne scribnermadhye vaparlelya uchch darjachya chitranche mishran chaloo thewale. 
19vya shatkat heey masik khoop yashasvi tharale, visheshtah 1880chya dashakat teen varshe chalalelya american gruhayuddhavishayichya lekhanchya malikesathi. tyat sangharshachya donhi bajunchya sevechya serve padanvaril 230 sahbhaginchya aathvanincha samavesh hota. daad newyork times' madheel eka lekhakachya matey, 'daad century' chya prakashanane londonaivaji newyorkla ingraji bhashet prakashit honanya sachitra niyatkalikanche kendra banavale..."heey masik kalpanik kathanche eka ullekhaneey prakashak dekhil hote, jyane marqa twenchya 1884 aanee 1885 madheel" "adventures auph hakalberry finn" "aanee heinry jameschya" "daad bostanians" "chey ansh sadar kele".
1909 madhye gilderchya mrutyunantar, robbert underwood johnson yanni tyanchya jaagi sampadak mhanoon kaam kele. arther johnchya matey, niyatkalikachya nantarchya itihasamadhye aashay, swaroop aanee sampadakiy dishemadhye achanak badal jhaale."glain phrank 1921 teey 1925 paryant sampadak hote, jyaa kalat" "shatak" "vartaman ghatananvaril sampadkiyansathi olakhale jaat hote aanee frankney masik sodalyanantar purnapane kadhoon takalelya chitranmadhye kapat karnyas suruvat jhaali". 1929 madhye, swast masike aanee vruttapatranchya spardhemule, 'shatak' heey traimasik jhaale aanee 1930 madhye teey 'munch' madhye villin jhaale. jevha teey dumadale gele, tevha 'shatak' chey 20,000 grahak hote, jeey ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhatil tyachya sarvoch prasaranachya dahavya bhagapeksha qamee hote. "1881 madhye" "shatak" banalele masik, scribnerche masik, 1887 madhye prakashit honyas suruvat jhalelya "" scribner masik "" shhee gondhal ghaloo naye ".
prasiddha samikshak aanee sampadak phrank crownshield yanni kahee kaal niyatkalikache qalaa sampadak mhanoon kaam kele.
tatvadnyan aanee rajkiy sthitee.
shatak' chaa suur aanee aashay tyachya pradirgh itihasat badalala. tyachi suruvat eka evangelical khrishchan prakashan mhanoon jhaali, parantu kalantarane tee deshatil sarvat mothee niyatkalik mhanoon vikasit hott asatana adhik samanya sushikshit prekshakanshi bolu lagali.
dharm.
kadambarikar aanee kavee joshiya jee. holland heey 'scribner masik' chya teen mool sansthapakanpaiki eka hote aanee niyatkalikasathi niyamit sampadakiy lihit asat, jyamule niyatkalikachya majkuracha suur nishchit hott asey. holland sakhol dharmik asalyane, scribnerchya lekhanat mothya pramanat evangelical khrishchan samudayachi matey aanee chinta pratibimbit jhaali. protestantvadatil sampradayikteshi vair asoonahi, "scribner" neey suruvatila catholickwad aanee khristachya devatvavar shanka ghenadhyanviruddha tivra bhoomika ghetali. pahilya ankat, 'baba aanee siddhant' yaa shirshakakhali, hollandne assa dawa keela qee swatantryamulech europemadhil protestant rashtre majboot jhaali, tarr tyanche catholic shejari tyanchya dharmachya parinami kshayi avasthet hote. eka varshapeksha qamee kalanantar, masikane heinry david thorochya sanshayvadavar hallah keela. morman bahupatneetva dekhil varanvar lakshya kele jaat asey. eka yogdankartyane tethil morman vasahatiche nirikshan karnyasathi utahala pravas keela aanee assa yuktivad keela qee jarr naveen panth tikoon rahila tarr tyala bahuvivah karanyachi pratha sampavavi lagel aanee pashchatya pradeshanvar amerikeche niyantran lagoo kele jaau shakate.
tyach velee, 'scribner masik' neey, tyachya protestantvadat kattarvadi naslyamule, aadhunik vidnyanabaddal thodishi shatrutva vyakt kelee. udaharanarth, teen bhaganchya maliket vishvas thevana khrishchananni dharmik sanshayachya bauddhik aavhananna kase samore jaave yavar charcha jhaali aanee 1874 madhye done lekhakanni ekmekanshi vidnyanadvare khristache daivatva siddha karnyacha prayatna karava qee nahee yavar vadavivad keela.
tathapi, 1870 chya dashakachya akheris, 'scribner' chya mool evangelical drushtikonatun door gele hote. april 1879 chya eka sampadakiyane, khristi lokanvar vishvas thewa kinwa naan thewa, serve satyachya shodhakanna, yaa naveen drushtikonabaddal keval suvarn niyamacha vapar mhanoon mitra mhanoon ghoshit kele. protestantna jitke shikavave lagat hote titkech kaithalikankade protestantna shikavayache hote asey mhatale jaate. 1881 madhye heey masik 'shatak' banalyanantar, teey sonyachya sonyachya khalee yaa dharmnirpeksh drushtikonas dharoon rahile. utkrantichya prashnavar niyatkalikane dilelya badalatya upcharanmadhye bhootkalatil visangati pratibimbit jhaali. 1875 madhye, "scribner" neey assa yuktivad keela qee darwinwad kharaa aahe assa nishkarsh kadhanyasathi apura purava aahe aanee tyachya vyapak swikrutiche shrey naveen kalpananprati samkalin purvgrahala dile jaate, jaree lekhakane tattvatah purava yeu shakato hii kalpana nakarli nahee. tathapi, 1883 madhye charles darwinchya mrutyunantar, 'daad century' neey alfried wallace yanni lihilelya shastradnyala eka prashansaneey shraddhanjali prakashit kelee. 1923 madhye heey masik tyachya nantarchya divasanparyant dharmnirpeksh rahile, william jennings bryanchya vicharanchya "vishari hathdharmita" varr aanee niyatkalikane tyachya dharmik kattartavadakade pahilelya goshtinvar teeka kelee. gelya kahee varshant, 'daad century' neey adnyeyavadi kinwa nastik asalelya mothya sankhyene lekhakanchya rachana prakashit kelya, jyat prasiddha sanshayvadi bertrand russell yancha samavesh aahe.
american rashtravad.
1881 madhye sampadak mhanoon tyanchya karyakalachya agadi suruvatipasun teey 1909 madhye tyanchya mrutyuparyant, 'shatak' heey sonyache dagine banavanaache aadarsh pratibimbit karat hote. tyanni eka 'parishkrut' american uchch sanskruti nirman karnyacha aanee aakar denyat madat karnyacha prayatna keela, anekada tyanchya swatachya kaviteche yogdan dett tyanchya aitihasik aathvaninpasun teey rajkiy bhashyaparyant serve kahee ekonisavya shatkatil pranayarmyatecha prabhav pratibimbit karate.
1885chya meey mahinyat swakshari naan kelelya eka sampadakiyane, heey niyatkalik darjedar utpadan rahile taree tyache vyapak prasar jhaale aahe yaa karmchanyanchya vishvasabaddal abhiman vyakt keela. yamule haah drushtikon pratibimbit jhaala qee eka samanya baab mhanoon sahasa gunavatta aanee praman yanchyat paraspar vinimay hoto. "daad century' kadey samanyatah eka puranmatvadi masik mhanoon pahile jaat asey aanee gruhyuddhanantar uttar aanee dakshinmadhye salokhyala chalana milanyachi aasha hotee. jeey. chya matey. arther bond yaa niyatkalikane yuddhanantarchya american rashtravadachya nirmitimadhye aanee tyala aakar denyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali. eka samkalin vyaktichya shabdat, gildercha "utsahi aanee athak prayatna [] haah american lokanchya sendriya jivanala charitryachi shuddhata aanee abhivyaktichi udattata dene haah hota."sampadak mhanoon tyanchya karyakalat tyanni deshbhakti aanee american aitihasik vyaktinchya vaibhavasathi protsahan dile. swatahla eka 'unnati' mission mhanoon pahat, tyache 'rashtravad aanee sanskrutik samarthan yanche mishran' heey niyatkalikachya sarvat 'samanya' lekhannahi mahitee dete."yapaiki anek vishayanna anekada sparsh kartana, theodor roozvelt yanni teen dashakanhun adhik kaal masikat niyamit yogdankarta mhanoon lihile, jyaa kalavadhit tyanni adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kartana prakashit kelelya eka lekhacha samavesh hota. gilderne anek samkalin pramukh vyaktinshi sambandh vikasit kele, jyat grover clevelandshee asalelya jawalchya maitricha samavesh hota, jyabaddal tyane majee rashtrapatinchya mrutyunantar lihile hote. 1890 chya dashakapasun yaa niyatkalikachya lokpriyatet jhaleli ghat adhik samatavadi vichardharanchya samanya vijay aanee ekonisavya shatkatil pranayarmyavad aanee aadarshavadachya patnashi sambandhit hotee assa yuktivad keela jaato.
rashtriy ekata aanee paramparik american sanskratichya sanvardhanabaddalchya chinta yaa niyatkalikachya sthalantaravaril likhanat pratibimbit jhalya. 1884 chya eka lekhat sthalantarit loksankhyechi rachana aanee bhaugolik vitaran yavar charcha karnyat aalee aanee naveen american mothya loksankhyet villin honyachya shakyatebaddal aashavad vyakt karnyat aala. tyach velee, lekhane ishara deela qee rashtriy ektela bhedasavana sambhavya dhokyanvirodhat anshatmakatechya madhyamatoon upayayojana kelya pahijet. pudhil kahee dashakanmadhye sthalantar vadhale, tathapi, gunhegari, niraksharta aanee shaharanchi atirikt loksankhya yaa itar babinsah, deshachya bhavishyavar honanya parinamambaddal 'shatak' adhik chintet padale. 1904 madhye, sinetara heinry cabot lodgene masikatil pananvar jaaun 'avanchhaniy' sthalantaritanna door thevanyachya mahattvavar yuktivad keela. vees varshannantar, sampadak glain phrank yanni kuu clucks clan aanee itar netivistsvar hallah keela, parantu tarihi lihile qee "sthalantaravar atishay kathor nirbandh ghalanyacha vel aala aahe..."tyach lekhakane tyach kahee vishayanvar paratale jevha tyane anek mahinyanantar punha keey. keey. keey. varr tyachya dharmik aanee vanshik donhi siddhantansathi hallah keela.
punarrachana aanee nagri haqq.
bandhkamanantarchya tatkal yugat, yuddhanantarchya dakshin aanee navyane mukt jhalelya gulamambaddal kaay kele pahije yavar 'shatak' madheel yogdankartyanni charcha kelee, samanyatah pradesh aanee rashtriy ekata yanchyatil sauhardpurn sambandhanche samarthan kele. 1873 aanee 1874 madhye, scribnerne 'daad gret south' yaa shirshakakhali anek lekh prakashit kele, hii malika chauda ankanparyant chalali. edward kingchya pravasavar aadharit, lekhakachya vruttantanmadhye samanyatah yaa pradeshache sahanubhootipurn chitran kele gele aahe aanee dakshinekadil lokanni yaa malikecha manapasoon swagat keela.
mukt sainikanchya prashnavar, samkalin vicharanche vividh prakar sadar kele gele. 1874 madhye 'scribner' sathee lihitana, eka lekhakane assa yuktivad keela qee kaale lock pandhya mulambarobar shikshan ghenyasathi ayogya aahet. dusarikade, george doubleu. yancha 1885 chaa lekh. yadavi yuddhanantar dakshinekadil krishnavarniyanchya hakkanche rakshan karnyat apayash mhanoon tyanni pahilelya goshtinmule kebal nirash jhaala aanee assa yuktivad keela qee heey majee sangharajya rajyanni federal kayadyapasun door rahanyacha parinam hota. heinry doubleu. kahee mahinyanantar pratisad detana gradyne purvichya lekhakachya paristhitichya varnanabaddal aakshep ghetala aanee dawa keela qee kayadeshir adhikar denyat aale asale taree dakshinekadil gore vanshanmadhil samajik ekatmata kadhihi swikaranar naheet. kebalane majee mahasanghachya tikela dekhil robbert louis dabneyne fatkarle.
navyane mukt jhalelya gulamanchya hetubaddal sahanubhooti asoonahi, tyanna madat karnyasathi yuktivad karnare lekhak sahasa pitrutvavadi aadharavar asey karayache. bishop tii. yuu. udaharanarth, american krishnavarniyancha darja unchavanyasathi barech kahee kele jaau shakate yabaddal dudleyne shanka vyakt kelee, parantu assa yuktivad keela qee khrishchan tattvanni tyanna shakya titkya mothya pramanat madat karane aavashyak aahe.
majee gulamanchi paristhiti sudharanyasathi sarkari dhoran kitee karoo shakate yaa prashnavar anek dashakanpasun vaad suru hota. shatkachya akheris, vadavivad vidnyanachya bhashet aayojit kele gele. vaidyakeey doctor robbert bennet bean yanni 1906 madhye eka lekh prakashit keela, jyamadhye assa yuktivad keela gela hota qee samajik dhoran heey krishnavarniy aanee goryanchya sapeksh mansik kshamatechya vastavadi mulyankanavar aadharit asale pahije. tyane assa dawa keela qee ashiyai kinwa caucasian lokanpeksha kalya lokanche mendu sarasarine lahan asatat, jyache shrey too aanuvanshikteshi sambandhit aahe. tyachpramane, charles francis addams junier. egypt aanee sudanmadhye done varshe ghalavali aanee 1906 madhye tyanchya anubhavancha sandarbh dett tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee american krishnavarniyanchi durdaivi paristhiti pramukhyane itihasapeksha qamee kshamatemule hotee. tathapi, tyach ankat, sampadakanna franz boaaschya asahmatipurn drushtikonacha ullekh karane aavashyak vatale, jyanni done varshanpurvi eka vegalya niyatkalikat african lokanchya kshamateche adhik aashavadi chitra rekhatale hote.
booker tii. visavya shatkachya pahilya dashakat washingtonne masikat chaar lekh lihile, jyat 'kalya tvachetil nayak' yaa lekhavaril eka lekhasah."aanee dusare jyat gharmalak bananyachya krishnavarniyanchya prayatnanvar charcha jhaali. 1903 chya eka sampadakiyane washingtonchi stutee kelee, tyala 'tyachya lokanche moses' mhatale aanee tyachi viruddha bajoo doubleu.eae.buub. tuu tarr booal.
yaa niyatkalikache nantarche davikade badal pratibimbit karnare, du bois yanni swatah 1923 madhye 'daad century' madhye eka lekh lihila. tyaa kalatil anek sampadakiyanni 1920 chya punarujjivit kuu clucks clanver teeka kelee. udaharanarth, phrank tannenbaum yanni lihile qee, punarrachanechya yugacha clan haah uttarekadil rajkarnyanchya aanee jakhami aanee pidit piditavar gidhad mhanoon dakshinekade zepavana nirlajj galicha-pishavyanchya sudbuddhicha eka pratibimb hota."parantu samkalin klanmadhye, tannenbamchya matey, asey konatehi samarthan navhate aanee tyat keval pandhya loksankhyechya vibhaganchya badalachi aanee itar vikrutinchi bheeti pratibimbit hote.
pragatishil karane.
yaa masikane tyachya kalat lokpriy asalelya anek purogami karananche samarthan kele. yapaiki anek nagri seva sudharana hotya, jyat sarvajanik karyalayansathichya spardhatmak parikshancha samavesh hota, jyachyakade tyanchya lekhakanni sushasanala protsahan denyacha aanee varg visheshadhikar qamee karnyacha eka marg mhanoon pahile. tyachpramane, 1894 madhye heinry cabot lodgene sanrakshanachya "gair-american" prathevar hallah keela. "shatak" neey aaplya kalatil kahee paryavaraniy karanehi sweekarli, deshachya jangalanche jatan karnyachya federal sarkarchya pahilya prayatnambaddal samadhan vyakt kele aanee nantarchya kalat mahilanchya matadhikarala pathimba deela. shevati, masikane adhunmadhun sujananshastrachya bajoone lekh prakashit kele. udaharanarth, phrank yanni keey. keey. keey. chya varnadveshacha upman kartana, pratyek vanshatil changlya vyaktinna serve loksankhyechi anuvanshik gunavatta sudharnyavar laksh kendrit karnyasathi aadhunik vidnyanachi sadhane vaparnyas protsahit kele.
samajvad aanee kamgar chalval.
"scribner" neey samanyatah shastriy arthshastrachya tattvanche samarthan kele aanee samajvadala virodh keela. vilyam graham sumner yanni yaa niyatkalikasathi eka lekh lihila, jyamadhye swavlamban aanee vyaktivad yasarkhya paramparik bhandavalshahi gunanchi prashansa kelee aanee daridryala aalas aanee dushtapana asey mhatale. dusarikade, hollandne adhunmadhun tyacha raag 'aatmahin' mahamandalankade valavala, jyanchyavar tyane kamgaranche shoshan kelyacha aarop keela. niyatkalikachya matey, bhandavaldar aanee kamgar yaa doghanvarhi naitik jababdanya hotya.
suruvatichya kalat, 'shatak' tyachya purvavartinpramanech drushtikon swikaranyacha cull dakhavate. tyane bhandavalshahiche rakshan kele, parantu serve prakarchya niyamancha binshart nishedh karane talhale. udaharanarth, 1886 chya eka lekhat samajvadala virodh keela hota, parantu bhavishyat purvipeksha sarkari sakriyatechi adhik garaj bhasel assa yuktivad keela hota. pudhil kahee dashkant, 'daad century' neey samajvadi siddhant aanee aacharan yancha jordar nishedh karnare anek lekh prakashit kele. 1890 chya dashakat gilder aanee tyachya sampadakanni ashee bhoomika ghetali qee kamgar sanghatana hii eka paradeshi ladani aahe, jee tulanene khulya sthalantar dhoranachya anek nakaratmak parinamanpaiki eka aahe. tyachpramane, samajvad yashala shiksha karato asey mhatale jaat hote, hii sankalpana tyachya niyatkalikachya tattvadnyanala shaap denari hotee.
puranmatvadi pravrutti asoonahi, heey masik aarthik mudyanvaril asahmatipurn matansathi asha prakare khule hote qee teey sakhol tatvik babinvar navhate. march 1904 chya ankane kamgaranna mothya vyavasayavar yogya niyantran mhanoon kamgar sanghatanansathi yogdan prakashit karanyachi parvanagi dilee. done varshannantar, eka sampadakiyane kamgar chalvalichya kahee kamgirichi prashansa kelee, tarihi tyat sudharana karanyachi garaj asalyache sangitale.
tyachya nantarchya varshant, russian krantine haah muddah janateche laksh vedhoon ghetalyanantar, 'shatak' neey samyavadachya prasarala virodh keela. nitzchain paribhashecha vapar karoon, 1919 madhye lothrope stauderdney bolshevismla 'undermancha pakhand' mhatale, tyaulat prucianism, 'overmancha pakhand', joou pahilya mahayuddhat parabhoot jhaala hota. tyanni pudhe assa yuktivad keela qee bolshevik kranti hii keval eka ghatanechi sthanik abhivyakti hotee jyala jagbharat parabhoot karave lagel aanee vladimir lenin haah "jagachya lutmaricha cutt rachanara aadhunik jengiz khaan hota."
20vya shatkatil ghasaran.
american abhijat vargamadhye atyant prabhavshali aanee sanmananiy asoonahi, 1890 chya dashakat 'daad century' chee lokpriyata qamee houu lagali aanee ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhat agraganya american niyatkalik mhanoon tyala midalele mahatva punha kadhihi prapt jhaale nahee. 1900 paryant tyache sumare 1,25,000 grahak hote, jeey 1880 chya dashkatil tyachya prasarapaiki ardhe hote. "itar swast masikanchya spardhemule 'shatak' kharab jhaale, jyapaiki anek 'gilder' aanee tyanche karmchari ashleel manat hote.
gilder jaree eka utsahi sudharak asala taree rajkaran aanee mulyanmadhye eka puranmatvadi mhanoon tyanni kadhihi purogami chalvalicha sweekar keela nahee. jasjase tyache prasar qamee hott gele, tasatase niyatkalikane adhik nirashavadi suur ghetala aanee vartaman ghatanambaddal qamee aanee qamee lihayala suruvat kelee. 1898 chya eka sampadakiyane 'sahityik aanee sachitra' aaootputmadhil vipulatevar teeka kelee, jyamadhye buddhila dhundit takanyachi aanee aavadichi manke qamee karanyachi pravrutti aahe."kahee mahinyanantar niyatkalikane khed vyakt keela qee" "pratibimbachya yugane" "[eff] ast train aanee swast mudranadware pasarlelya" "aandolanachya yugala" "marg deela aahe"..."tyachpramane, 1902 chya eka sampadakiyane assa yuktivad keela qee ghatasfot haah sanskratisathi dhoka aahe aanee aatmasanyam, sahanshilata, bhakti aanee sanman yaa vivekpurn aanee shashvat gunancha utsav sajra karananya sahityapeksha yaa aajaravar upchar karanyachi adhik shakyata kahihi nahee."gilderne charitryadrushtya naitiktet honari ghasaran aanee samkalin samajik samasya yanchyatil sambandh pahila aanee yaulat, qalaa hii eka samadhankarak upay asoo shakate yavar vishvas thewala.
kalatmak arthanehi, ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhatil 'shatak' kalashi julavun ghenyas santh hote. 1889 madhye, byanch virodhanantar, chhayachitranvishayak chitrancha samavesh karnari tee shevatchi pramukh niyatkalik tharali. sampadak rangavalelya rekhachitranshi sanlagn rahile, jyasathi 'shatak' prasiddha jhaale hote. yaa niyatkalikachya pananvar gilderne chhayachitranamadhye disana 'drishyaman jagache sookshm aanee shabdik pratinidhitva' yaa kalabaddal takrar karoon heey pradhanya spasht kele, tyaeivaji chitrakalene, jeey keval bhavee pidhyansathi nondavale jaanyas patra aahe teey jatan kele. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee mudran aanee lekhanachya prasaracha lekhee shabdavar asach ashleel aanee swast parinam hoil.
asha prakare, niyatkalikane tyachya ghatatya prabhavachya karanambaddal khoop aatm-jagrukta rakhali. eka aadhunik lekhakachya matey, visavya shatkachya pahilya dashakat, gilder aanee itar sampadakanni badalatya yugat "aadarsh jyot varr uchalane suru thewale" aanee "grahakanchya satatchya durchya gateela mandavanyasathi masik swast karnyacha vichar keela nahee."1909 madhye gilderchya mrutyunantar, 'daad century' aanakhi done dashake tikoon rahili, parantu agraganya american niyatkalik mhanoon tyache sthan punha kadhihi midavale nahee.
nantarchya varshanmadhye, 1909-1930.
robbert underwood johnson heey 1909 madhye gilderchya mrutyupasoon 1913 madhye tyanchya rajinamyaparyant 'daad century' chey sampadak hote. 1910 chya dashakat aarthik adachani aanee aanakhi ghasaran jhaali, kaaran heey masik samaan aanee qamee darjachya itar niyatkalikanshi spardha karat hote. "tathapi, 'daad century' neey ajunahi tyaa kalatil kahee sarvottam kalpanik lekhakanna aakarshit kele. etch.jee. 1914 chya pahilya teen ankanmadhye yaa niyatkalikat wellschee 'bhavishyasuchak trayi' 'daad world seet free' malikabaddha karnyat aalee.
glain phrank 1921 madhye 'daad century' chey sampadak jhaale, 1925 madhye wisconsin-maddison vidyapithache adhyaksh honyasathi tyanni heey padd sodale. tyanni sampadakiyanchi malika lihili jyat tyanni pashchimatya sanskratichya bhavishyabaddal aapale vichar mandale. sampadkiyanmadhye rangiberangi bhasha vaparali jaat asey aanee samkalin samajik samasyanmule deshantargat aanee aantarrashtriy asha donhi babinmadhye samajik abhiyantriki aanee sarkari sakriyatechi garaj nirman jhaali aahe yaa kalpanevar sahasa bharr deela jaat asey. udaharanarth, 1923 madhye phrank yanni lihile qee, sinetara lodge aanee tyanche alipta samarthak heey "rajkaranache amiba, rajkiy buddhimattechya sarvat khalchya swarupachya pragaitihasik yugatil vichitra jiwant hote."nantar tyanni jyala" "buddhine lavchik rudhivad" "mhatale, tyasathi yuktivad keela"."ujavya bajus pratikriyavadi aanee davya bajus kattarpanthi yanchya dhokyancha ishara detana, phrank heey manvi vyavhar sudharanyasathi samajik vidnyanancha vapar karnyachya shakyatebaddal mothya pramanat aashavad vyakt karnyasathi dekhil olakhale jaat hote. naitik pragatiaivaji vidnyanachya madhyamatoon sudharanansathicha haah utsah holland aanee gilderchya kalatil niyatkalikachya tattvadnyanapasun lakshaniyaritya vegala hota.
itar lekhakanni sampoorn ughad yugat ashach vishayanvar bharr deela. niyatkalikacha davikade cull pratibimbit karnara 1924 chaa eka lekh, jyat american karkhanyanmadhye 'audhyogik lokshahi' swikaranyache aavahan karnyat aale hote. yaa niyatkalikacha samajvadala asalela virodhahi shant jhaala, benjamin stollbergney assa yuktivad keela qee laal bheeti hii eka atireki pratikriya hotee aanee amerikesathi bolshevik dhoka pratyakshat aananyat ayashasvi jhaala hota. yaa kalat davikade jhaleli badal matra purn navhati aanee frankchya sampadakiyanni niyatkalikala dilela suur asoonahi, 'shatak' vividh prakarchya drushyansathi khule rahile. nondavalelya puranmatvadi jee.keey. udaharanarth, chestertonne samkalin kalevar atyant teeka karananya nibandhache yogdan dile.
1925 madhye frankchya jaagi hevit etch aala. 1930 madhye heey masik 'daad forum' madhye villin hoiparyant sampadak mhanoon rahilele howland.
aitihasik aathvani aanee pramukh ahwal.
nagri yuddh malika.
1877 madhye, scribnerne 'mobile beey' chya ladhait sahbhagi jhalelyanchya laghupatanchi malika prakashit kelee. mool prakashan sansthene 'daad armi inn daad sivil warr' yaa pustakanchya malikeche prakashan kele, jyache 13 khand tumhi lihile aahet.ess. tyanni lihilelya mohimanmadhye sahbhagi jhalele majee lashkari adhikari. hii malika best seller tharali. "daad century' neey alekzandar aar. sobat asha prakarche aitihasik vruttankan suru thewale. bottlerche pratham vyaktiche varnan, johnn braunane harpers ferivar kelelya chhapyache 1883 madhye prakashit jhaale, tyanantar tyach ankat phrank bii. chya pratyuttarane teey prakashit jhaale. sanborne, eka swayam-varnan kelela 'kattarpanthi nirmulanvadi' jyane yaa mohimesathi vittapuravatha karnyas madat kelee hotee.
swatah unioncha eka anubhavi kheladu asalelya gilderne lavkarach pramukh nagri yuddhatil vyaktinche pratibimb niyamitpane chalavanyas suruvat kelee. mulat baaraa mahine chalavanyache niyojan asalelya yaa malikene itaki utsukata nirman kelee qee tee teen varshe chalali aanee akheris chaar khandanche pustak tayar jhaale. }} yaa maliketil yogdankartyanmadhye union generals eulysis ess. hote. grant, william tekamseh sherman, phillip sheridon aanee george bii. mcclellan. daad century' neey purvagrah talhanyacha aanee american ektela chalana denyacha prayatna keela, tyamule tyane mahasanghachya bajoone asalelya, general james longstreet aanee pii. jee. tii. yaa yogdanamule, yuddhat seva dilelya vachakanni, prakashit lekhanvar teeka aanee khandan karnyabarobarach, anavashyak aathvani aanee purvi aprakashit kagadpatre masikat sadar kelee. yaa maganya itakya mothya sankhyene hotya qee 1885 madhye 'daad century' neey 'yadavi yuddhavaril nivedan' yaa shirshakachya vibhagat tyancha samavesh karnyas suruvat kelee."done dashakanpurvi jyanni ekmekanshi ladhai kelee hotee tyanchyasathi heey masik pratyakshat eka munch banale hote. shatak' chya pananvar teey tyanchya ladhayanvar charcha karoo shakat hote aanee donhi bajunche shaurya aanee shaurya paraspar sajra karoo shakat hote.
yadavi yuddhachya aathvaninna ujaala denyachi kalpana moolatah sahayyak sampadak clarence buel yanchyakadun aalee, jyanni nantar majee lashkari netyanna tyanche anubhav sanganyasathi patvoon denyat yenanya adchanimbaddal lihile. kharey tarr, majee general aanee adhyakshanna aarthik adchanincha samna karava lageparyant anudan yaa maliket yogdan denyas sahmat honar nahee. sampadak gruhyuddha prakalpat magn jhaale aanee kadhikadhi prasiddha yuddhasthalanchi sahal ghet, senapatinna tyanchya karvaya samajavun sanganyasathi aanee kalakaranna niyatkalikasathi drushyanchi rekhachitre kadhanyasathi sobat aanale. "shatkatil karyalay heey majee sathidar aanee virodhkansathi eka niyamit melave thikan banale, jeey tyachya patnila pathavalelya patrat pratibimbit hote, jyat eka utsahi sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya rangane bharalelya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya sonyachya rangachya rangane bharalelya sonyachya rangachya rangane bharalelya sonyachya rangachya rangat rangalelya sonyachya rangachya rangat rangalelya sonyachya rangat rangalelya sonyachya rangat rangalelya sonyachya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya rangat rangalelya"
yaa malikechya prakashanapurvi, sherman heey yuddhatil ekmev pramukh vyaktimatva hote jyanni pratham-vyaktiche vruttant lihile hote. tyanantar, sheridon aanee mcclellan yanni dilelya yogdanamule shatkala tyaa pratyek senapatinchi pustake midali.
yadavi yuddhachya aathvanincha parinam mhanoon, masikala bhet denanyanchi sankhya 250,000 paryant vadhali, jee tyaa prakarchya niyatkalikasathi tatkalin abhootpurv sankhya hotee. edward veekne lihile qee 1950 paryant konatyahi 'darjedar niyatkalikala' 1880 chya dashakat 'shatak' itake grahak navhate, jaree toparyant vachak janatecha aakar tippat jhaala hota. 1892 paryant, 20,000 grahakansah, englandmadhye tyachya kimmatichi hii sarvat mothya pramanat prasarit honari niyatkalik dekhil hotee.
linkenche charitra.
"daad century' neey rashtradhyaksh abraham linken yanchya charitravaril hastalikhitatil kahee ansh prakashit karnyache adhikarhi midavale, jeey tyanche majee sachiv johnn heey aanee johnn jee yanni lihile hote. nikole. tyacha parinam 'teen varshanhun adhik kaal chalaleli' hii malika hotee. anek dashakannantar, prajasattakane gamavalelya sadgunache prateek mhanoon abraham linken yanchyakade 'shatak' parat aale. februwari 1909 chya ankavar linkenche rekhachitra hote aanee tyachya prushthanmadhye majee rashtrapatinchi bavis chitre, tyanchya jeevan mukhavatachi chhayachitre aanee tyanchya hatanchi eka cast samavisht hotee. yaa vishayatil gilderchya yogdanane, 'linken daad leader' neey haah vishay aadhunik mutsadyansathi anukaran karnyasathi eka aadarsh mhanoon thewala.
russian bandkhor.
1880 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, george keenan yanni rashiyacha pravas keela aanee zaar alekzandar dusra yala virodh karananya aanee tyanna cyberiatil turungat pathvanyat aalelya krantikarkambaddal ahavalanchi malika lihili. tyanna nirankush rajvatibaddal sahanubhooti asalela aanee virodhkanprati shatrutva asalela lekhak mhanoon pahoon, russian sarkarne kenanla deshbharat pravas karnyache sapeksh swatantrya dile. matra, tyanchya pravasadarmyan lekhakane aapale mutt badalale aanee shasanavar atyant teeka karnari vruttapatre lihili. tyanchya ahavalanmadhye sarkarchya virodhamule jyanna tras sahan karava lagla, tyanchya dukkhachi tapshilvar chitre samavisht hotee. eka lekhat, kennanne, jevha zarchi hatya karnyacha nirnay ghenyat aala, tevha 47 vyaktinni heey abhiyan paar padnyasathi swechhene pudhakar kassa ghetala yachee katha sangitali. nagri swatantryasathi ladhananya vyakti russian krantikarkaitkya kvachitach dharmandh asatat assa yuktivad karat, keenan yanni lihile qee, kaidyanna vagavale gelyamulech sarkarla itka kathor virodh jhaala assa tyancha vishvas hota. rajkiy gunhegaranna dharalelya turunganmadhye, "anichha asalelya sakshidarankadun mahitee vasool karnyache sadhan mhanoon manvi bhavananchya sakhol aanee tivratevar khelane" hii nityaniyojit gosht asalyache tyanni namood kele. udaharanarth, eka tarun strila tichya priyajananni aadhich kabuli dilyache sangoon tyanchyavar dosharop karnyas pravrutt karnyat aale. kadhikadhi, eka krantikarkala sangitale jaat asey qee too tyachya aaeela bhetayala jaat aahe, tichyakade gheuun gela aanee nantar thambla aanee nantar sangitale qee tyane tyachya mageel kriyakalapanvishayichya prashnanchi uttare dilee tarach too teela bhetel. eka bavis varshanchya aaeela, tine adhikanyanna sahkarya kele nahee tarr tiche baal tichyapasoon hiravoon ghetale jaau shakate assa chukicha vishvas basavanyat aala. kaidyanna anek varshe ekantvasat thevane hii eka samanya pratha hotee, tarr sarkari adhikaanyaanee gunhegaranvar aarop karata yeteel asha puravyansathi samrajyacha shodh ghetala, asehi lekhakane namood kele. kennan swatahla russian udarmatvadyancha aavaj mhanoon pahanyasathi aala aanee tyanantar tyachyavar deshatoon bandee ghalanyat aalee. rashiyavarche tyanche lekhan akheris done khandanchya pustakat prakashit jhaale.
russian sarkarchya pratinidhine 1893 madhye 'daad century' madhye kenanchya yuktivadanna uttar dile. aanee tyanantar masikane lekhakache khandan prakashit kele.
ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhat american uchchabhru lokanmadhye, rashiyabaddalache kenanche lekhan aanee tyanantarchya tyachya sakriyatemagil sarvirodhi bhavna aanee krantikari karanambaddal sahanubhooti vadhanyamagil kadachit mukhya karane hotee. niyatkalikatil lekh aanee pustake prakashit karnyavyatirikt, lekhakane yaa vishayavar lokpriy vyakhyanehi denyas suruvat kelee, jyat shikago, newyork shahar aanee bostenmadhil dazanbhar bhashanancha samavesh aahe. gardivar chhap padnyasathi, keenan anekada russian kaidyanchya kurkurit kapadyanmadhye aanee bandhanat tyanchyasamor disat asey. yaa samarthanane anek american sanghatananchya nirmitila prerana dilee jyanni nirvasitanche kaaran sweekarle, tyapaiki sarvat pramukh mhanje russian swatantryachya mitranchi sanstha.
itar itihas aanee aathvani.
1900 chya dashakachya suruvatila, 'daad century' neey sarkarchya sarvoch staravar kaam kelelya lokanchya pratham-vyakti vruttansamvet tyaa kalatil kahee sarvat prasiddha itihaskaranche lekhan prakashit karane suru thewale.
justine harvey smith yanni 1902 aanee 1903 madhye 'daad century' madheel american krantivar chaar lekh prakashit kele. pudhchya varshi, ess. eka tarun manus mhanoon george washingtonchya jivanavar aadharit malikesathi, ware michelane yogdan dile.
theodor roozvelt vyatirikt, 'daad century' neey itar mojkyach adhyakshanna yogdan denare mhanoon ghoshit kele. grover clevelandne tyachya done adhyakshiy prashasanatil kadachit sarvat tanavpurn kshanacha, 1895 madheel brittenberobercha venezuela seema vivadacha tapasheel deela.</sandarbh> andreau dii. whiteney germany aanee russiamadhye seva kelelya tyanchya anubhavanvar 'majhya rajnaitik jivanatil adhyay' yaa shirshakachya malikeche yogdan dile. september 1901 madhye, vudro willson yanni prinston yethe pradhyapak asatana 'edmond berk andd daad french revolution' lihile. 1907 madhye bhavee adhyaksh william howard taft yanni yuddh sachiv mhanoon kaam karat asatana panama kalvyabaddal lihile.
gelya kahee varshant, 'daad century' neey vividh adhyakshansathi kaam kelelya vyaktinchi pratham vyakti khaatee dekhil prakashit kelee. cole. william etch. white hausmadhye 50 varshanhun adhik kaal seva denare angrakshak cook yanni andreau johnson aanee rutherford bii. yanchya prashasanachya aathvani samayik kelya. gavat. itihaskar james phorda rodsney dekhil heyachya prashasanavar eka lekh lihila, jyala sampadakanni tyachya amerikechya itihasachya shevatchya prakashit khandatil eka prakarchi postscript mhatale.
vidnyan.
suruvatichya kalat, 'scribner masik' neey 'nisarg aanee vidnyan' heey shirshak asalele eka niyamit vaishishtya prakashit kele."janatela shikshit karnyachya tyachya vyapak dhyeyashi susangat rahoon," shatak "neey tyaa kalatil kahee pramukh shastradnya aanee shodhakanche lekh prakashit kele. thomas edison yanni roentgen kirananvaril parisanvadat yogdan dile aanee ekada niyatkalikachya mulakhatisathi dekhil basale. juuna 1900 chya ankat nikola tesla yanni 'manvi urja vadhavanyachi samasya' yaa vishayavar eka dirgh lekh lihila."rajkiy aanee vaidnyanik samasyanmadhil niyatkalikachya aavadi ektrit karananya eka lekhat, janukshastradnya aanee marksvadi jeey.buub.ess. haldenne 1923 saalee tantrik pragatiche samajik parinam yaa vishayavar eka lekh prakashit keela.
sahitya aanee qalaa.
gilder yanna tyanchya kalatil 'sahityik madhyasth' mhatale gele aahe."kalatmak utkrushtatesathichya pathimbyamule aatm-sudharaneche mahatva aanee uchch manakancha utsav sajra karnyavar tyancha vishvas pratibimbit jhaala. tyanchya kalat prakashit jhalelya kamanmadhye masikatil naitikateche pratibimbahi disun aale, kaaran tyanni laingik sambandh, ashlilata aanee khrishchanancha upman karnyavar bandee ghatali hotee.
"daad century' neey anek pramukh sahityik vyaktinchya kalakruti prakashit kelya. marqa twayne aanee heinry james yanchya varr namood kelelya kamanvyatirikt, palp masikache lekhak ellis parker butler yanni 1896 teey 1913 darmyan masikala 30 katha, lekh aanee kavita dilya, jyat november 1896 chya ankat prakashit jhalelya 'maay cyclone-proof haus' chaa samavesh aahe. hii laghukatha butlercha eka mothya masikat prakashit jhalela pahila bhag hota. jaya hambridge, meey willson preston, florence scowell sheen, fredrick dorr steel aanee fredrick aar. yasarkhya prasiddha kalakaranni tyachya kalakrutinche chitran kele hote. khadatar. "daad century' neey december 1909 chya ankat butlerche (tyachi patni adaa aanee mulgi elsis) purn-rangeet chitra prakashit kele. heey chitra kautumbik mitra ernest ell. yanni kadhale hote. bluemenshen. yaa masikane jacq londonche kaam aanee american chitrakar rockwell kentchya terra dell fuegoche pratham-vyakti khaate aanee shaee rekhachitre dekhil prakashit kelee.
prasiddha koreev kaam karnara alekzandar willson drake haah 'daad century magazin' aanee 'scribner masik' mhanoon tyachya purvichya avtar yaa donhimadhye dirghkal yogdan denara hota. shatak companyne 1916 madhye alekzandar willson drekchya katha aanee kalechi 'three midnite stories' navachi eka smarak aavrutti tayar kelee. 'daad century' madhye auskar sizersah anek ullekhaneey sampadakiy vyangchitrakaranna dekhil niyukt kele.
1890 chya dashakat newyorkmadheel rashtriy sanrakshanalayat vastavyas asatana lihitana bohemian sangitkar antonin dwarek heey 'daad century magazin' chey aanakhi eka prasiddha yogdankarte hote. 1894 madhye, 'daad century magazin' neey sahkari sangitkar franz schubert yanna tyanchi uttam shraddhanjali prakashit kelee.
1900 aanee 1910 chya dashakat anglo-canadian kavee, kathakar aanee nibandhkar marjori pickthal heey 'daad century' masikat niyamit yogdan dett asat.
sandarbh.
scribnerchya aadhichya malikechya online "sadasyata aavrutya", "dee armi inn daad sivil warah"