programming bhasha

programming bhasha hii sanganak karyakram lihinyasathi sanketank pranali aahe. bahutek programming bhasha majkoor-aadharit aupcharik bhasha asatat, parantu tyaa chitramay dekhil asoo shakatat. tee eka prakarchi sanganakeey bhasha aahe.
programming bhasheche varnan sahasa vakyarachana (swaroop) aanee shabdarth (arth) yaa done ghatakanmadhye vibhagale jaate, jeey sahasa aupcharik bhashedvare paribhashit kele jaatat. kahee bhasha vishisht dastaivajadvare paribhashit kelya jaatat (udaharanarth, see programming bhasha aay. ess. oo. mankadware nirdisht kelee jaate) tarr itar bhashanchi (jase qee pearl) prabhavi amalbajavani asate jee sandarbh mhanoon manali jaate. kahee bhashanmadhye mankadware paribhashit keleli moolbhut bhasha aanee prabhavi amalbajavanitun ghetalelya vistaransah donhi bhasha aahet.
programming bhasha siddhant heey sanganak vidnyanache upkshetra aahe jeey programming bhashanchi rachana, amalbajavani, vishleshan, vaishishtyikaran aanee vargikaranacha abhyas karate.
vyakhya.
programming bhasha kaay aahe heey paribhashit kartana anek baabee vicharat ghetalya jaatat.
sanganak bhasha viruddha programming bhasha.
sanganak bhasha' haah shabd kadhikadhi programming bhashesobat adlabadal karoon vaparla jaato. tathapi, donhi sandnyancha vapar lekhakanmadhye vegvegala asato, jyat pratyekachya achook vyapticha samavesh asato. eka vaparat programming bhashanche varnan sanganakeey bhashancha upasanch mhanoon kele jaate. tyachpramane, sangananat vaparlya jaanarya jyaa bhasha sanganakeey karyakram vyakt karnyapeksha vegalya uddishtasaha asatat tyaa samanyatah sanganakeey bhasha mhanoon niyukt kelya jaatat. udaharanarth, markup bhashancha vapar programingsathi keela jaanar nahee yavar jore denyasathi tyanna kadhikadhi sanganakeey bhasha mhanoon sambodhale jaate.
sanganakeey bhashanche vargikaran karnyacha eka marg mhanje sangananachya siddhantadvare varnan kelyapramane, teey vyakt karnyas saksham asalelya gananandware. bahutansh vyavharik programming bhasha purn turing aahet aanee serve purn turing bhasha algoridamcha samaan sanch amalat aanoo shakatat. ency/iso sql-92 aanee dharmaday hii asha bhashanchi udaharane aahet jee purnapane shikat naheet, tarihi tyanna anekada programming bhasha mhanatat. tathapi, kahee lekhak 'programming bhasha' haah shabd sampoorn bhashanmadhye shikanyapurata maryadit karatat.
dusra vapar programming bhashanna amoort yantranchya programingsathi saiddhantik rachana aanee sanganakeey bhashanna tyacha upasanch mhanoon sambodhato, joou bhautik sangankanvar chalato, jyat maryadit hardware sansadhane aahet. johnn see. reynolds yaa goshtivar bharr detat qee aupcharik vishisht bhasha yaa amalbajavanisathichya bhashanpramanech programming bhasha aahet. teey assa yuktivad dekhil karatat qee sanganakachya vartanavar parinam karnare majkoor aanee agadi graphikal input swaroop heey programming bhasha aahet, jaree tyaa samanyatah turing-purn nasalya taree, aanee programming bhashechya sankalpananche adnyan heey input swarupanmadhil anek doshanche kaaran aahe asey teey mhanatat.
kshetra aanee lakshya.
bahutek vyavharik sandarbhanmadhye, programming bhashemadhye sanganakacha samavesh asato; parinami, programming bhashanchi vyakhya aanee abhyas sahasa asha prakare keela jaato. programming bhasha naisargik bhashanpeksha bhinn aahet kaaran naisargik bhasha keval lokanmadhil sanvadasathi vaparlya jaatat, tarr programming bhasha manavanna yantranna soochana sampreshit karnyas dekhil anumati detat.
bhasheche kshetra dekhil vicharat ghenyasarkhe aahe. sanrachit mahitee paribhashit vapar ex. emm. ell., etch. tii. emm. ell. kinwa troff sarkhya markup bhashanna sahasa programming bhasha manale jaat nahee. tathapi, sanganakeey shabdarthshastra paribhashit kele asalyas programming bhasha markup bhashansah vakyarachana samayik karoo shakatat. udaharanarth, ex. ess. ell. tii. hii purnapane ex. emm. ell. vakyarachana vaparnari eka sampoorn turing bhasha aahe. shivay, latex, joou mukhytah kagadpatranchya rachnesathi vaparla jaato, tyat eka sampoorn turing upasanch dekhil asato.
amurtata.
programming bhashanmadhye samanyatah deta sanrachanechi vyakhya aanee hatalani karnyasathi kinwa amalbajavanichya pravahavar niyantran thevanyasathi amurtata asate. programming bhasha puresha amurtatela samarthan denyachi vyavharik aavashyakta amoort tattvadvare vyakt kelee jaate. heey tattva kadhikadhi programmerla asha amurtatecha yogya vapar karanyachi shifaras mhanoon tayar kele jaate.
itihas.
prarambhik vikas.
kolosasasarkhe agadi suruvatiche sanganak, sangrahit programchya madtishivay, tyanchya circuitarymadhye badal karoon kinwa bhautik niyantranachya banka seet karoon program kele gele hote.
thodya velane, program yantrabhashet lihile jaau shakatat, jithe programmer pratyek soochana sankhyatmak swarupat lihito, hardware thet karyanvit karoo shakato. udaharanarth, done smrutee sthananmadhye moolya jodanyachya nirdeshat 3 sankhya asoo shakatatah eka 'opcode' joou 'jode' operation nivadato aanee done smrutee sthan. dashansh kinwa dwaiti swarupat asalele karyakram punch card, kagadi tape, chumbakeey tape kinwa sanganakachya pudhil patalavaril swichmadhye badal karoon vachale jaat asat. nantar yantra bhashanna 'pahilya pidhitil programming bhasha' bhasha'. ell.) asey sambodhale gele.
pudhil payari mhanje tathakathit tathakathit pidhichya programming bhasha' bhasha' kinwa assembly bhashancha vikas, jyaa ajunahi vishisht sanganakachya soochana sanch sanrachaneshi jawalun jodalelya hotya. yamule karyakram adhik manav-vachaniy banavanyat madat jhaali aanee programmerla kantalvane aanee truti-pravan pattyachya gananepasoon aaram midala.
pahilya "uchch-stariy programming bhasha" kinwa kinwa pidhichya programming bhasha" bhasha" 1950 chya dashakat lihilya gelya. sangankasathi tayar keleli prarambhik uchch-stariy programming bhasha plankluckle hotee, jee german german sathee konrad zusene 1943 aanee 1945 darmyan vikasit kelee hotee. tathapi, tee 1998 aanee 2000 paryant lagoo karnyat aalee navhati.
1949 madhye prastavit johnn mauchalicha laghuroop, electronic sangankasathi vikasit kelelya pahilya uchch-stariy bhashanpaiki eka hotee. yantra kodachya ulat, lahan code vidhane samajanyayogya swarupat ganiteey abhivyakti darshavtat. tathapi, pratyek velee jevha too chalavala jaato tevha yaa karyakramache yantra kodmadhye bhashantar karave lagat asey, jyamule samatulya yantra code chalvanyapeksha prakriya khoopach mand hote.
manchester vidyapithat, 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatila, elic glenyne autocode vikasit keela. programming bhasha mhanoon, tee bhasheche svayamchalitapane machine kodmadhye rupantar karnyasathi sankalak vaparat asey. pahila code aanee compiler 1952 madhye manchester vidyapithat marqa 1 sangankasathi vikasit karnyat aala hota aanee tee pahili sankalit uchch-stariy programming bhasha manali jaate.
1 buy r yaa chinhasathi dusra svayanchalit code vikasit karnyat aala hota. aaa. 1954 madhye brokerla 'marqa 1 autocode' asey sambodhale gele. brokerne 1950 chya dashakat manchester vidyapithachya sanyogane ferranti paryasathi eka svayanchalit code dekhil vikasit keela. edsack 2 chee aavrutti dii. yanni tayar kelee hotee. eff. 1961 madhye cambridge ganiteey prayogshalechya vidyapithachya hartley. edsack 2 autocode mhanoon olakhala jaanara, haah sthanik paristhitinusar rupantar kelelya paaraa autokodapasun thet vikas hota aanee tyaa velee pragat asalelya object code optimization aanee soars-langways diagnosticsathy prasiddha hota. eka samkalin parantu vikasacha vegala dhaga, manchester vidyapithasathi manchester atlus 1 machinesathi atlus autocode vikasit karnyat aala.
1954 madhye johnn backus yanni aay. bii. emm. yethe fortrancha shodh lavala. keval kagdavaril rachanechya ulat, karyatmak amalbajavani karnari hii pahili mothya pramanavar vaparali jaanari uchch-stariy samanya-uddesh programming bhasha hotee. uchch-karyakshamatechya sangananasathi tee ajunahi eka lokpriy bhasha aahe aanee jagatil sarvat vegwan supercomputerla manankan aanee kramvari kramvari programsathi vaparali jaate.
aanakhi eka prarambhik programming bhasha americetil grace hopperne tayar kelee hotee, jyala flow-matic mhanatat. 1955 teey 1959 yaa kalavadhit remington rand yetheel univac aay sathee heey vikasit karnyat aale hote. hopperla aadhalale qee vyavsayik deta processing grahak ganiteey sanketankamule aswasth hote aanee 1955 chya suruvatila, tine aanee tichya chamoone ingraji programming bhashesathi eka tapasheel lihila aanee eka namuna amalat aanala. pravah-matic sankalak 1958 chya suruvatila sarvajanikaritya upalabdh jhaala aanee 1959 madhye too lakshaniyaritya purn jhaala. pravah-mattickcha kobolchya rachnevar motha prabhav hota, kaaran tyaa velee keval too aanee tyache thet vanshaj imeco pratyaksh vaparat hote.
sudharana.
uchch-stariy bhashanchya vadhatya vaparamule "nimn-stariy programming bhasha" kinwa "pranali programming bhasha" chee aavashyakta nirman jhaali. yaa bhasha vegvegalya pramanat, sabha bhasha aanee uchch-stariy bhashanmadhye suvidha puravatat. tyancha vapar asha karyansathi keela jaau shakato jyasathi hardware suvidhanmadhye thet pravesh aavashyak asato parantu tarihi uchch-stariy niyantran sanrachana aanee truti-tapasani pradan karate.
1960 teey 1970 chya uttaradhaparyantchya kalat aata vaparat asalelya pramukh bhashechya pratimancha vikas jhalah
yaa pratyek bhasheche vanshaj jhaale aanee bahutek aadhunik programming bhasha tyanchya purvajanmadhye kiman eka taree ganatat.
1960 aanee 1970 chya dashakat 'sanrachit programming' chya gunavattevar aanee tyala samarthan denyasathi programming bhashanchi rachana kelee jaavi qee nahee yavarhi lakshaniy vadavivad jhaala. aii. see. emm. chya sampreshanat prakashit jhalelya 1968 chya prasiddha patrat, edger dijakstra yanni assa yuktivad keela qee goto vidhane serve "uchch-stariy" programming bhashanmadhun kadhoon takali pahijet.
ektrikaran aanee vaadh.
vaadh dashak sapeksh ektrikaranachi varshe hotee. see + + ektrit object-oriented aanee system programming. united states sarkarne aii. dii. aii. hii paskalmadhun vyutpann keleli aanee sanrakshn kantratdarandware vaparnyasathichi pranali programming bhasha pramanit kelee. japan aanee itaratra, tarkshastra programming rachana samavisht vapar tathakathit 'pachvya pidhichya' bhashanchya tapasasathi mothya pramanat kharch karnyat aala. karyatmak bhasha samuday ml aanee lisp pramanit karnyasathi pudhe gela. naveen pratimancha shodh lavnyaivaji, yaa serve chalvalinni mageel dashakanmadhye shodhalelya kalpanancha vistar keela.
1980 chya dashakat mothya pramanavaril pranalinchya programingsathi bhashechya rachneteel eka mahattvacha cull mhanje 'modules' kinwa mothya pramanavaril sansthatmak ekkanchya vaparavar laksh kendrit karane. modula-2, ada aanee ml yaa sarvanni 1980 chya dashakat ullekhaneey module pranali vikasit kelya, jyaa anekada samanya programming sanrachananshi jodalya gelya.
1990 chya dashakachya madhyat internetchya vegwan vadhimule naveen bhashansathi sandhee nirman jhalya. pearl heey moolatah 1987 madhye pratham prakashit jhalele unix scripting sadhan, gatishil sanketsthalanmadhye samanya jhaale. jaavacha vapar server-side programingsathi houu lagla aanee 'ekada liha, kuthehi chalwa' (yuu. see. ess. dii. pascal 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila kahee kalasathi lokpriy hote) yaa tyanchya vachanane, vyavsayik settingsmadhye punha ekada bitecode aabhasi yantre lokpriy jhaali. yaa ghadamodi moolbhootpane naveen navhatya; tyaeivaji, tyaa anek vidyaman bhasha aanee pratimanche parishkaran hotya (jaree tyanchi vakyarachana anekada programming bhashanchya see kutumbavar aadharit hotee).
udyog aanee sanshodhan yaa donhi kshetrat programming bhashechi utkranti suruch aahe. sadhyachya nirdeshanmadhye suraksha aanee vishvasarhata padtalani, naveen prakarchi modularity (mixin, pratinidhi, pailu) aanee microsoftchya linksarkhya databases ektrikaranacha samavesh aahe.
"chauthya pidhichya programming bhasha" bhasha". ell.) yaa sanganak programming bhasha aahet jyanche uddisht uddisht. ell. peksha antargat sanganakachya hardware tapashilanche uchch pataliche amoort pradan karane aahe. "pachvya pidhichya programming bhasha" bhasha" yaa programarne lihilelya algoridamcha vapar karnyaivaji programla dilelya nirbandhancha vapar karoon samasya sodavnyavar aadharit programming bhasha aahet.
ghatak.
serve programming bhashanmadhye mahitichya varnanasathi aanee tyavar lagoo lagoo prakriya kinwa parivartanansathi (jase qee done sankhyanchi bharr kinwa sangrahatoon vastuchi nivad) kahee adim aadharstambh asatat. yaa adim shabdanchi vyakhya vakyarachana aanee shabdarthavishayak niyamandware kelee jaate, jeey anukrame tyanchi rachana aanee arth yanche varnan karatat.
vakyarachana.
programming bhasheche prushthbhagache swaroop tyache vakyarachana mhanoon olakhale jaate. bahutek programming bhasha purnapane majkoor asatat; tyaa likhit naisargik bhashanpramanech shabd, sankhya aanee viramchinhe yasah majkurache anukram vapartat. dusarikade, kahee programming bhasha adhik graphikal swarupachya asatat, jyat program nirdisht karnyasathi chinhanmadhil drushya sambandhancha vapar keela jaato.
bhashecha vakyarachana haah vakyarachanenusar yogya karyakram tayar vapar chinhanchya sambhavya sanyoganche varnan karato. chinhanchya sanyogala dilela arth shabdarthshastradvare hatalala jaato (sandarbh amalbajavanimadhye aupcharik kinwa haard-coded). bahutek bhasha majkoor asalyane, yaa lekhat majkurachya vakyarachanavar charcha kelee aahe.
programming bhashecha vakyarachana samanyatah niyamit abhivyakti (shabdik sanrachanesathi) aanee backus-norr form (vyakaran sanrachanesathi) yanche sanyojan vaparoon paribhashit kelee jaate. lispower aadharit eka sadhe vyakaran khalee dile aaheh
abhivyaktih = anoo . yadee
anooh = sankhya . chinh
sankhyah = [+-]?['0'-'9']+
chinh = ['a'-'z' a '-' z '].*
yadeeh = '(' abhivyakti * ')'
heey vyakaran khaleel goshti nirdisht karateh
yaa vyakaranatil susthitit asalelya tokan anukramanchi khaleel udaharane aaheth cocksey _ 1, cocksey _ 2 aanee cocksey _ 3.
vakyarachanechya drushtine serve yogya karyakram shabdarthadrushtya yogya nasatat. bhashechya niyamannusar vakyarachanenusar yogya asalele anek karyakram tarihi chukichya swarupat tayar kele jaatat aanee (bhasheche tapasheel aanee amalbajavanichya yogyatenusar) anuvad kinwa amalbajavanimadhye truti udbhavu shakate. kahee prakarananmadhye, asey karyakram anirdharit vartan pradarshit karoo shakatat. ekhada karyakram ekhadya bhashet changlya prakare paribhashit keela gela asala tarihi, tyacha arth assa asoo shakato joou too too vyaktichya hetune nasel.
naisargik bhashecha udaharan mhanoon vapar karoon, vyakarandrushtya yogya vakyala arth dene shakya honar nahee kinwa vakya chukiche asoo shakateh
khaleel see bhashecha tukada vakyarachanenusar yogya aahe, parantu shabdarthadrushtya paribhashit naan keleli karye karato (operation cocksey _ 4 laa jatil prakar asalelya mulyasathi konatahi arth nahee aanee cocksey _ 5 paribhashit kelele nahee kaaran cocksey _ 6 chey moolya null pointer aahe):
jatil * pii = shoonya;
jatil aii. bii. ess. pii. = ess. kyu. aar. tii. (* pii "4 + pii-> aay. emm.);
pahilya olivaril prakar ghoshana vagalalyas, sankalan kartana program anirdharit chull cocois _ 6 varr truti nirman karel. tathapi, prakar ghoshana keval shabdarth mahitee puravat asalyane karyakram ajunahi vakyarachanenusar yogya asel.
programming bhasha nirdisht karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya vyakaranache vargikaran chomsky padanukramatil tyachya sthananusar kele jaau shakate. bahutek programming bhashanche vakyarachana prakar-2 vyakaran vaparoon nirdisht kelee jaau shakate, i.eae.teey sandarbh-mukt vyakaran aahet. pearl aanee lisps kahee bhashanmadhye ashee rachana asate jee parcing tappyadarmyan amalbajavanila anumati dete. jyaa bhashanmadhye rachana aahet jyamule programmer parsarche vartan badaloo shakato, tyaa vakyarachana vishleshanala eka anishchit samasya banavtat aanee samanyatah parcing aanee amalbajavanimadhil farak aspasht karatat. lispchi macrow pranali aanee parlachya cockoge _ 8 bloxchya ulat, jyat samanya ganana asoo shakatat, see macrow heey keval string replacement aahet aanee tyanna code execution aavashyakta nahee.
shabdarth.
shabdarthshastra haah shabd bhashanchya swarupachya (vakyarachana) viruddha bhashanchya arthacha sandarbh deto.
sthir shabdarth.
static shabdarthshastra vaidh granthanchya sanrachanevaril nirbandh paribhashit karate jeey pramanit vakyarachana aupchariktet vyakt karane katheen kinwa ashakya aahe. sankalit bhashansathi, sthir shabdarthshastramadhye moolatah tyaa shabdarth niyamancha samavesh asato jeey sankalanachya velee tapasale jaau shakatat. udaharananmadhye pratyek olakhakarta vaparnyapurvi ghoshit keela aahe qee nahee heey tapasane (asha ghoshananchi aavashyakta asalelya bhashanmadhye) kinwa prakaran vidhanachya bahunvaril label vegale aahet heey tapasane samavisht aahe. yaa prakarche anek mahattvache nirbandh, jase qee olakhakartyancha vapar yogya sandarbhat keela jaato heey tapasane (udaa.jee. karya navat purnank naan jodane), kinwa tyaa sabrutin collmadhye yogya sankhya aanee yuktivadancha prakar asato, tyanna prakar pranali navachya tarkshastratil niyam mhanoon paribhashit karoon lagoo kele jaau shakate. deta flow vishleshanasarkhe sthir vishleshanache itar prakar dekhil sthir shabdarthshastracha bhag asoo shakatat. jaava aanee see #sarkhya naveen programming bhashanmadhye tyanchya sthir shabdarthshastracha bhag mhanoon deta pravah vishleshanacha eka prakar, nishchit assignment vishleshan asate.
gatishil shabdarth.
ekada deta nirdisht keela qee, machinela detavar operation karnyasathi soochana dene aavashyak aahe. udaharanarth, shabdarthshastra heey dhoran paribhashit karoo shakate jyadvare abhivyaktinche mulyannusar moolyankan kele jaate kinwa jyaa prakare niyantran sanrachana sashartpane vidhane amalat aanatat. bhasheche 'gatishil shabdarth' (jyala 'amalbajavani shabdarth' asehi mhanatat) bhashechya vividh rachananni karyakram vartan kase aanee kevha tayar karave heey paribhashit karate. amalbajavani shabdarth paribhashit karnyache anek marg aahet. vyavharat samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya bhashanchya amalbajavanichya shabdarthshastrala nirdisht karnyasathi naisargik bhasha vaparali jaate. shaikshanik sanshodhanacha eka lakshaniy bhag programming bhashanchya aupcharik shabdarthshastrat gela, jyamule amalbajavani shabdarthshastra aupcharik paddhatine nirdisht kele jaau shakate. sanshodhanachya yaa kshetrachya parinamancha shaikshanik kshetrabaheril programming bhashechya rachana aanee amalbajavanisathi maryadit vapar disun aala aahe.
pranali prakar.
programming bhasha moolye aanee abhivyaktiche "prakar" madhye vargikaran kase karate, tyaa prakaranmadhye tee kashee chaal badal karoo shakate aanee tyaa kasha prakare parasparsanvad sadhatat heey eka prakar pranali paribhashit karate. vishisht chukichya karye shodhun tyaa bhashet lihilelya programmadhil vishisht patalichya achukatechi padtalani karane aanee sahasa tyachi amalbajavani karane heey prakar pranaliche uddisht aahe. konatyahi nirnayak prakarchya pranalimadhye eka badal samavisht asatoh jaree tee anek chukiche karyakram nakarte, taree tee kahee yogya, jaree asamanya karyakram pratibandhit karoo shakate. hii nakaratmak bajoo talhanyasathi, anek bhashanmadhye "prakarchya truti" asatat, samanyatah aniyantrit cast jeey programardware vegvegalya prakaranmadhye samanyatah nakarlelya operationla spashtapane parvanagi denyasathi vaparale jaau shakatat. bahutek tankit bhashanmadhye, prakar pranali keval tapas karyakram type karnyasathi vaparali jaate, parantu anek bhasha, samanyatah karyatmak, prakarancha andaj lavtat, jyamule programmerla prakar tippanya lihinyachya garajepasoon aaram midato. prakar pranalinchi aupcharik rachana aanee abhyasala 'prakar siddhant' mhanatat.
type kelelya viruddha naan lihilelya bhasha.
pratyek operationche tapshilvar varnan, operation jyaa prakarchya detavar lagoo hote teey paribhashit karat asalyas, bhasha 'type' kelee jaate. udaharanarth, cocois _ 9 dware darshavileli mahitee hii eka string aahe aanee anek programming bhashanmadhye stringne sankhya vibhajit karnyas konatahi arth nahee aanee tee amalat aanali jaanar nahee. program sankalit keela jaato tevha avaidh operation shodhale jaau shakate ("sthir" prakar tapasani) aanee sankalan truti sandeshasah sankalkadware nakarle jaeel, kinwa program chaloo asatana ("gatishil" prakar tapasani) teey shodhale jaau shakate, parinami runn-time apavad. anek bhasha apavad hatalanara navachya karyala haah apavad hatalanyachi parvanagi detat aanee udaharanarth, parinam mhanoon nehmi '-1' parat karatat.
type kelelya bhashanche eka vishesh udaharan mhanje 'single-type' bhasha. yaa yaa scripting kinwa markup bhasha asatat, jase qee rakes kinwa ess. jee. emm. ell., aanee tyat fakt ekach deta prakar asato-- sarvat samanyapane varn string jyaa pratikatmak aanee sankhyatmak deta yaa donhisathi vaparlya jaatat.
yaulat, bahutek assembly bhashansarkhi 'untyped bhasha' konatyahi detavar, samanyatah vividh lambichya bitschya kramanvar konatihi kriya karnyas anumati dete. uchch-stariy naan tankit bhashanmadhye bii. see. pii. ell., tii. see. ell. aanee pudhil bhashanche kahee prakar samavisht aahet.
vyavharat, kahee bhasha prakar siddhantatun type kelya jaatat (serve karye padtalane kinwa nakarane), tarr bahutek aadhunik bhasha tankan eka degree detat. anek utpadan bhasha prakar pranalila bajula saranyache kinwa nasht karnyache sadhan pradan karatat, vyapar prakar surakshitata karyakramachya amalbajavanivar adhik changlya niyantranasathi (casting pahaa).
sthir aanee gatishil tanklekhan.
static typing" madhye, serve abhivyaktiche tyanche prakar program karyanvit karnyapurvi, samanyatah sankalan-velee nishchit kele jaatat. udaharanarth, 1 aanee (2 + 2) heey purnank abhivyakti aahet; teey stringchi apeksha asalelya kinwa tarkha thevanyasathi paribhashit kelelya chalamadhye sangrahit kelelya karyat pathvile jaau shakat naheet.
sthir-type kelelya bhasha ektar 'spashtapane type kelelya' kinwa 'prakar-soochit' asoo shakatat. pahilya prakaranat, programarne vishisht majkurachya sthananvar (udaharanarth, chull ghoshananmadhye) prakar spashtapane lihave lagatat. shakatat prakaranat, sankalak sandarbhanusar abhivyakti aanee ghoshananche prakar "soochit karato". see + +, see #aanee jaava yasarkhya bahutek mukhya pravahatil sthir-type kelelya bhasha spashtapane type kelya jaatat. sampoorn prakarche anuman heey paramparikpane haskell aanee ml sarkhya karyatmak bhashanshi sambandhit aahe. tathapi, anek spashtapane-type kelelya bhasha aanshik prakarchya nishkarshala samarthan detat; udaharanarth, see + +, jaava aanee see #heey serve vishisht maryadit prakarananmadhye anuman prakar aahet. yavyatirikt, kahee programming bhasha kahee prakaranna svayamchalitapane itar prakaranmadhye rupantarit karanyachi parvanagi detat; udaharanarth, jithe programla floatchi apeksha asate tithe int vaparla jaau shakato.
"dynamic typing", jyala "supt typing" asehi mhanatat, teey chalanyachya velee karyanchi prakar-suraksha nirdharit karate; shakatat shabdant, prakar heey "majkoor abhivyakti" aivaji "chalanyachya velechya mulyanshi" sambandhit asatat. prakar-soochit bhashanpramanech, gatishil-type kelelya bhashanmadhye programmerla abhivyaktivar spasht prakarchya tippanya lihinyachi aavashyakta nasate. itar goshtimbarobarach, heey ekach chalala karyakram amalbajavanichya vegvegalya tappyanvar vegvegalya prakarchya mulyancha sandarbh denyachi parvanagi deu shakate. tathapi, kodacha eka bhag pratyakshat amalat yeiparyant prakaratil truti aapoaap shodhalya jaau shakat naheet, jyamule debugging karane adhik katheen houu shakate. lisp, smalltock, pearl, python, javascript aanee rubie hii serve gatishil-type kelelya bhashanchi udaharane aahet.
kamkuvat aanee majboot tanklekhan.
"kamkuvat tanklekhan" eka prakarache moolya dusare mananyachi parvanagi dete, udaharanarth stringla sankhya manane. heey adhunmadhun upayukt tharoo shakate, parantu heey kahee prakarchya programmadhil doshanna sankalan velet aanee chalanyachya velee dekhil naan shodhata jaanyas anumati deu shakate.
"majboot tanklekhan" yaa karyakramatil doshanna pratibandhit karate. chukichya prakarchya mulyanvar operation karnyacha prayatna kelyas truti udbhavate. jordar-type kelelya bhashanna anekada 'prakar-surakshit' kinwa 'surakshit' asey sambodhale jaate.
kamkuvat type kelelya' bhashechi paryayi vyakhya pearl aanee javaskriptasarkhya bhashancha sandarbh dete, jyaa mothya sankhyene antarnihit prakarchya rupantarananna parvanagi detat. udaharanarth, javascriptmadhye, cocksey _ 10 hii abhivyakti cocksey _ 11 chey apratyakshapane eka sankhyet rupantar karate aanee cocksey _ 11 heey cocksey _ 13, cocksey _ 14, cocksey _ 15 kinwa aksharanchi eka string asali tarihi heey rupantaran yashasvi hote. asey antarnihit rupantaran anekada upayukt asatat, parantu teey programingchya truti lapavoo shakatat. "majboot' aanee 'sthir' yaa sankalpana aata samanyatah orthogonal sankalpana manalya jaatat, parantu sahityatil vapar vegala aahe. kahijan 'jordarpane type kelele' haah shabd 'jordarpane, sthirpane type kelele' kinwa aanakhi gondhalat takanare, fakt 'sthirpane type kelele' assa arth lavnyasathi vapartat. asha prakare see laa jordarpane type kelele aanee kamkuvat, sthirpane type kelele asey donhi mhatale gele aahe.
kahee vyavsayik programmersna heey vichitra vatoo shakate qee see "kamkuvat, sthirpane type kelele" asoo shakate. tathapi, samanya nirdeshak, shoonya * nirdeshak, yacha vapar, spasht nirdesh naan karata itar nirdeshkanvar nirdeshankan karnyas anumati deto. heey cocksey _ 16 kinwa cocksey _ 17 sarkhya spasht castcha vapar naan karata see madheel konatyahi prakarchya deta prakaravar kasehi taree biteschee shreni takanya sarkhech aahe.
manak granthalay aanee runn-time pranali.
bahutek programming bhashanmadhye sambandhit mukhya granthalay asate (kahivela 'manak granthalay' mhanoon olakhale jaate, visheshtah jarr teey prakashit bhasha manakacha bhag mhanoon samavisht kele gele asel tarr), jeey bhashechya serve amalbajavanidware paramparikpane upalabdh karoon dile jaate. mukhya granthalayanmadhye samanyatah samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya algoridam, deta structure aanee input aanee outputsathichya yantranechya vyakhya samavisht asatat.
bhasha aanee tichya mukhya granthalayatil resha pratyek bhashenusar vegali asate. kahee prakarananmadhye, bhasha rachana karnare granthalayala bhashepasun vegale ghatak mhanoon pahoo shakatat. tathapi, ekhadya bhasheche mukhya granthalay bahutekda tyache vaparkarte bhashecha bhag mhanoon manatat aanee kahee bhashechya vishishtatenusar heey granthalay serve amalbajavanimadhye upalabdh karoon dene dekhil aavashyak asate. kharey tarr, kahee bhashanchi rachana asha prakare kelee gelee aahe qee mukhya granthalayacha sandarbh dilyashivay vishisht vakyarachana sanrachaneche arth dekhil varnan kele jaau shakat naheet. udaharanarth, javamadhye, string shabdik heey cocois _ 18 vargache udaharan mhanoon paribhashit kele jaate; tyachpramane, smalltockmadhye, eka anamik karya abhivyakti (eka "block") librarychya cocois _ 19 vargache udaharan tayar karate. yaulat, yojnet anek susangat upasanch asatat jeey urvarit bhashela granthalayacha macrow mhanoon tayar karnyasathi purese asatat aanee mhanoon bhasha rachnakar bhasheche konate bhag bhasha rachana mhanoon amalat aanane aavashyak aahe aanee konate bhag granthalayatil bhag mhanoon amalat aanane aavashyak aahe heey sanganyachihi kalji karat naheet.
rachana aanee amalbajavani.
programming bhasha tyanchya uddeshashi sambandhit naisargik bhashanshi, sanvadache vahak mhanoon, vakyarachana swaroop tyachya shabdarthshastrapasun vegale asane aanee sambandhit bhashanchi "bhasha kutumbe" ekmekanpasun shakha darshavitana, gunadharm samayik karatat. parantu krutrim rachana mhanoon, tyaa vaparadvare vikasit jhalelya bhashanpeksha moolbhut marganni dekhil bhinn aahet. eka lakshaniy farak assa aahe qee programming bhasheche sampoorn varnan aanee abhyas keela jaau shakato kaaran tichi achook aanee maryadit vyakhya asate. yaulat, naisargik bhashanche arth vegvegalya samudayanmadhil tyanchya vaparkartyanni dilele badalat aahet. jaree tayar kelelya bhasha dekhil eka vishisht uddeshane tayar kelelya krutrim bhasha aahet, parantu tyanchyakade programming bhashechya achook aanee sampoorn shabdarthatmak vyakhyecha abhav aahe.
anek programming bhasha survatipasun tayar kelya gelya aahet, naveen garja purn karnyasathi badalalya gelya aahet aanee itar bhashanshi jodalya gelya aahet. anekjan akheris nirupayogi jhaale aahet. serve uddishte purn karnari eka 'sarvatrik' programming bhasha tayar karnyache prayatna jhaale asale taree, tyaa sarvanna hii bhoomika purn karnyasathi samanyatah swikaranyat apayash aale aahe. vividh programming bhashanchi garaj jyaa sandarbhanmadhye bhasha vaparlya jaatat tyanchya vividhatemule udbhavate.
programming bhashanchya vikasatil eka samanya cull mhanje uchch patalichya amurtatecha vapar karoon samasya sodavanyachi adhik kshamata jodane. sarvat suruvatichya programming bhasha sanganakachya moolbhut yantrasamagrishi khoop jawalun jodalelya hotya. naveen programming bhasha vikasit hott asatana, ashee vaishishtye jodali gelee aahet jee programmersna asha kalpana vyakt karoo detat jyaa sopya anuvadapasun moolbhut hardware soochananmadhye adhik door aahet. programmer sanganakachya guntaguntishi qamee jodalele asalyamule, tyanche program programarchya qamee prayatnansah adhik sanganakeey karya karoo shakatat. yamule tyanna prati vel ekak adhik karyakshamta lihita yete.
programingsathi vishesh bhashechi garaj door karnyacha eka marg mhanoon naisargik bhashetil programming prastavit kele gele aahe. tathapi, heey dhyey door aahe aanee tyache fayade charchesathi khule aahet. edsger doubleu. arthaheen rachanancha parichay talhanyasathi aupcharik bhashecha vapar aavashyak aahe ashee bhoomika dijkstra yanni ghetali aanee naisargik bhashetil programingla 'murkhapana' mhanoon nakarle. alaan perlisne dekhil ashach prakare hii kalpana nakarli. sanrachit ingraji aanee ess. kyu. ell. madhye sankarit drushtikon sweekarle gele aahet.
bhasheche designer aanee vaparkartyanni programingchya saravavar niyantran niyantran aanee saksham vapar anek kalakruti tayar kelya pahijet. yaa kalakrutinpaiki sarvat mahattvachya aahet bhasha "tapasheel" aanee "amalbajavani".
tapasheel.
programming bhasheche tapasheel heey eka kalakruti aahe jyacha vapar bhasha vaparkarte aanee amalbajavani karnare tyaa bhashetil srot kodacha tukada vaidh program aahe qee nahee yavar sahmat honyasathi karoo shakatat aanee tase asalyas tyache vartan kaay asel.
programming bhasheche tapasheel khalilpramane anek prakar gheu shakatatah
amalbajavani.
programming bhashechi "amalbajavani" tyaa bhashet program lihinyacha aanee hardware aanee softwarechya eka kinwa adhik sanrachananvar tyanchi amalbajavani karnyacha marg pradan karate. programming bhashechya amalbajavanisathi, vyapakpane, done drushtikon aaheth "sankalan" aanee "arth lavane". samanyatah konatyahi tantracha vapar karoon bhasha amalat aanane shakya aahe.
sankalakache utpadan yantrasamagridvare kinwa dubhashiya navachya programdware karyanvit kele jaau shakate. dubhashiyacha drushtikon drushtikon kahee amalbajavanimadhye, sankalan aanee arth lavnyamadhye konatihi vegali seema nasate. udaharanarth, moolbhut sankalanachi kahee amalbajavani aanee nantar eka velee eka ola srot karyanvit qaraa.
hardwarewar thet karyanvit kelele program samanyatah softwaremadhye arth lavalelya programsapeksha khoop vegane chalatat.
arth lavalelya karyakramanchi kamgiri sudharanyasathiche eka tantra mhanje velevar sankalan karane. yethe aabhasi yantra, amalbajavanichya agadi aadhi, yantrasamagrivar thet amalbajavanisathi, yantra kodmadhye vaparlya vaparlya bitecodechya blocksche bhashantar karate.
malkichya bhasha.
jaree bahutek samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya programming bhashanmadhye purnapane khulya vaishishtye aanee amalbajavani aahet, parantu anek programming bhasha keval malkichya programming bhasha mhanoon astitvat aahet jyachi amalbajavani keval ekach vikretyakadun upalabdh aahe, jee ashee malkichi bhasha tyanchi bauddhik sampada asalyacha dawa karoo shakate. malkichya programming bhasha yaa samanyatah ekach utpadanasathi domain-vishisht bhasha kinwa antargat scripting bhasha asatat; kahee malkichya bhasha keval vikretyachya aat antargatpane vaparlya jaatat, tarr itar bahya vaparkartyansathi upalabdh asatat.
kahee programming bhasha malki aanee khulya darmyanchya simevar astitvat aahet; udaharanarth, oracle corporation jaava programming bhashechya kahee pailoonvar malki hakkancha dawa karate aanee microsoftchi see #programming bhasha, jyat pranalichya bahutek bhaganchi khulee amalbajavani aahe, tyat dekhil bund vatavaran mhanoon samaan bhasha runtime (see. ell. aar.) aahe.
anek malkichya bhasha tyanchya malakiche swaroop asoonahi mothya pramanat vaparlya jaatat; udaharananmadhye matlab, vhee. bii. ess. script aanee wolfram bhasha yancha samavesh hoto. kahee bhasha bund bhashepasun khulya bhasheparyant sankraman karoo shakatat; udaharanarth, erlang hii moolatah ericsonchi antargat programming bhasha hotee.
vapara.
pramukhyane sanganakeey kshetrat hajaro vegvegalya programming bhasha tayar kelya gelya aahet.
vaiyaktik software prakalp samanyatah paach kinwa tyahoon adhik programming bhasha vapartat.
programming bhasha manvi abhivyaktichya itar bahutek prakaranpeksha bhinn aahet kaaran tyanna adhik pramanat achookata aanee purnata aavashyak asate. itar lokanshi sanvad sadhanyasathi naisargik bhasha vapartana, manvi lekhak aanee bhashik sandigdha asoo shakatat aanee chhotya chuka karoo shakatat aanee tarihi tyancha hetu samajoon ghenyachi apeksha karoo shakatat. tathapi, lakshanikdrushtya sangayache tarr, sanganak "tyanna jeey karnyas sangitale jaate tech karatat" aanee programmerla konata code lihinyacha hetu aahe heey "samajoo shakat nahee". bhashechi vyakhya, karyakram aanee karyakramachya inputche sanyojan, tyaa karyakramachya niyantranachya kshetrat, karyakram karyanvit keela jaato tevha udbhavnare bahya vartan purnapane nirdisht karane aavashyak aahe. dusarikade, algoridambaddalachya kalpana, programming bhashet lihilelya codes naisargik bhashecha antarbhav vapar seudocodecha vapar karoon amalbajavanisathi aavashyak asalelya achukateshivay manavanna kalavalya jaau shakatat.
programming bhasha detachya tukadyanna paribhashit karnyasathi eka sanrachit yantrana pradan karate aanee tyaa detavar svayamchalitapane kelee jaau shakanari karye kinwa parivartan. gananet samavisht asalelya sankalpananche pratinidhitva karnyasathi programmer bhashet upasthit amurtata vaparato. yaa sankalpana upalabdh asalelya sarvat sopya ghatakancha sangrah mhanoon darshavilya jaatat (jyala adim mhanatat). "programming" hii eka ashee prakriya aahe jyadvare programmer heey adim ekatra karoon naveen program tayar karatat kinwa vidyaman programs naveen vapar kinwa badalatya vatavaranashi julavun ghetat.
sanganakache karyakram manvi parasparsanvadashivay sanch prakriyet karyanvit kele jaau shakatat kinwa vaparkarta dubhashyachya parasparsanvadi satrat aadesh type karoo shakato. yaa prakaranat 'kamand' heey fakt program aahet, jyanche amalbajavani ekatra sakhalibaddha kelee jaate. jevha ekhadi bhasha sankalan naan karata dubhashyadvare (jase qee unix shale kinwa itar kamand-line interfaces) tyachya aadnya chalvu shakate, tevha teela scripting bhasha mhanatat.
bhashecha vapar mojane.
sarvat jaast vaparali jaanari programming bhasha konati heey tharvane katheen aahe kaaran vaparachi vyakhya sandarbhanusar badalate. eka bhashet programarche taas jaast asoo shakatat, shakatat bhashet kodachya adhik olee asatat aanee aanee bhashet sarvadhik see. pii. yuu. vel lagoo shakato. kahee bhasha vishisht prakarchya anuprayogansathi khoop lokpriy aahet. udaharanarth, corporate deta centermadhye kobol ajunahi majboot aahe, bahutekda mothya mukhya chaukativar; vaidnyanik aanee abhiyantriki anuprayoganmadhye fortran; aerospace, vahtook, lashkari, real-time aanee embedded anuprayoganmadhye aii. dii. aii.; aanee embedded anuprayog aanee operating systemedhe see. anek prakarche anuprayog lihinyasathi itar bhashancha niyamitpane vapar keela jaato.
bhashechi lokpriyata mojanyachya vividh paddhati, jyaa mojalya jaatat tyavar pratyek vishay bhinn purvgrahala adheen aahe, tyaa prastavit kelya gelya aaheth
vividh aantarjal sanketsthalanvaril mahitee ektrit karoon aanee sarasari karoon, sanchayit qaraa.comney daha sarvat lokpriy programming bhashancha ahwal deela (ekoon lokpriyatenusar avarohi kramane): jaava, see, see + +, python, see #, javascript, vb.nett, aar, php aanee matlab.
bolibhasha, swad aanee amalbajavani.
programming bhashechi boolii kinwa mahitee devanghevan bhasha hii bhashechi (tulanene lahan) bhinnata kinwa vistar aahe jee tiche aantarik swaroop badalat nahee. yojana aanee pudhe yasarkhya bhashanmadhye, amalbajavani amalbajavani manke apuri, apuri kinwa bekaydeshir manali jaau shakatat, tyamule anekada tee mankanpasoon vichalit houn eka naveen boolii tayar kartil. itar prakarananmadhye, domain-vishisht bhashet, bahutekda upasanchat vaparnyasathi eka boolii tayar kelee jaate. lispchya jagaat, moolbhut ess-abhivyakti vakyarachana aanee lisp-sarkhya shabdarthancha vapar vapar bahutek bhashanna lisp bolibhasha manale jaate, jaree tyaa rackett aanee klojarpramanech mothya pramanat badaltat. eka bhashet anek bolibhasha asane samanya asalyane, ananubhavi programarsathi yogya dastaivajikaran shodhane khoop katheen houu shakate. moolbhut bhashechya anek bolibhasha aahet.
vargikaran.
programming bhashansathi konatihi vyapak vargikaran yojana nahee. dilelya programming bhashela sahasa ekach purvaj bhasha nasate. tyaa velee prachalit asalelya naveen kalpanansah anek purvavarti bhashanchya ghatakanche sanyojan karoon bhasha samanyatah udbhavtat. ekach bhashet ugam pavalelya kalpana sambandhit bhashanchya sampoorn kutumbat pasartil aanee nantar achanak kautumbik antar olandun purnapane vegalya kutumbat disatil.
bhashanche anek akshanvar vargikaran kele jaau shakate yaa vastusthitimule heey karya aanakhi klisht jhaale aahe. udaharanarth, jaava hii eka object-oriented bhasha aahe (kaaran tee object-oriented sansthela protsahan dete) aanee eka samvarti bhasha (kaaran tyat samantar anek dhage chalvanyasathi antarnirmit rachana aahet). python hii object-oriented scripting bhasha aahe.
vyapak staravar, programming bhashanche vargikaran "programming pratiman" aanee "vaparachya ichchit kshetra" dware kele jaate, jyat samanya-uddesh programming bhasha domain-vishisht programming bhashanpasun vegalya asatat. paramparikpane, programming bhasha anivarya vakyanchya sandarbhat gananeche varnan karatat asey manale jaate, mhanje.eae. aadesh jaaree karane. hyanna samanyatah anivarya programming bhasha mhanatat. programming bhashanmadhil mothya pramanat sanshodhanacha uddesh, soochana sanch mhanoon program aanee ichchit uttaracha dawa mhanoon program yanchyatil farak aspasht karane haah aahe, jeey ghoshanatmak programingche mukhya vaishishtya aahe. adhik parishkrut pratimananmadhye prakriyatmak programming, object-oriented programming, functional programming aanee logic programming yancha samavesh hoto; kahee bhasha pratimananchi sankarit kinwa bahu-pratimanatmak asatat. assembly bhasha hii antarnihit yantra sanrachanechya thet pratimanasarkhi pratiman nahee. uddeshane, programming bhasha samanya hetu, pranali programming bhasha, scripting bhasha, domain-vishisht bhasha kinwa samvarti/vitarit bhasha (kinwa tyanche sanyojan) manalya jaau shakatat. kahee samanya uddeshachya bhashanchi rachana mukhyatve shaikshanik uddishtansah karnyat aalee hotee.
programming bhasheche vargikaran programming pratimananshi sambandhit nasalelya ghatkandware dekhil kele jaau shakate. udaharanarth, bahutek programming bhasha ingraji bhashetil mukhya shabd vapartat, tarr alpasankhyak bhasha vaparat naheet. itar bhashanche vargikaran janivpurvak gupt kinwa nahee asey kele jaau shakate.

