tambyachya naliche thund panyache pitting

tambyachya naliche thund panyache pitting keval alpasankhyak pratishthapananmadhye hote. tambyachya panyachya nalyanna samanyatah utpadkadvare 50 varshanchya kalavadhisathi utpadan doshanpasun sanrakshn dile jaate. bahutansh tambe pranali yaa kalavadhipeksha khoop jaast aahet parantu tulanene qamee kalanantar eka lahan alpasankhyak ayashasvi houu shakate.
bahutansh apayash heey jalsansthechi kharab sthapana kinwa karyapaddhati yamule disun yete. gelya 20 varshant disanari sarvat samanya apayash mhanje thund panyachya nalyanmadhye ganj karane, jyala prakar 1 pitting asehi mhanatat. jaree souldard sandhe ekatra kelyanantar boarmadhye uralelya pravahamule lakshaniy sankhya suru hote, taree heey apayash sahasa kharab karyanvit paddhaticha parinam asatat. 1970 purvi, prakar prakar pittingche sarvat samanya kaaran mhanje utpadan prakriyedvare boarmadhye thevalele carbon philm. 
1960 chya dashkatil sanshodhan aanee utpadan sudharananni bii. ess. 2871 chya 1971 chya aavruttit tube boers hanikarak chitrapatanpasun mukt asane aavashyak asalelya kalamachya parichayasah carbonche kaaran mhanoon aksharshah nirmulan kele. asey asoonahi, yogya tapasani naan karata nalee nikami honyasathi carbonla ajunahi niyamitpane doshi dharale jaate.
tambyachya panyachya nalya.
anek varshanpasun imaratinmadhye pinyayogya paanee vitareet karnyasathi tambyachya nalyancha vapar keela jaat aahe aanee darvarshi sampoorn europemadhye shekado mail antar basavale jaate. naisargik panyachya samparkat aalyavar tambyache dirgh ayushya heey tyachya ushmagatikiy sthiratecha, paryavaranashi pratikriya denyaprati tyachya uchch pratikarshakticha aanee dhatula vatavaranapasun vegale vegale adravya ganj utpadananchya nirmiticha parinam aahe. bahutek pinyayogya panyat tambyacha ganj darr 2.5 microne prati varshapeksha qamee asato, yaa darane 0.7 mii. mea. chya bhintichi jaadi asaleli 15 mii. mea. chee nalee sumare 280 varshe tickel. kahee mauu panyat samanya ganj darr 12.5 microne prati varshaparyant vadhu shakato, parantu yaa darane dekhil tyach nalila chhidra karnyasathi 50 varshanhun adhik vel lagel. tambe aanee tambyachya mishradhatunchi vishvasarhata asoonahi, kahee thund katheen panyat nalichya boarmadhye khadde tayar houu shakatat. jarr heey khadde tayar jhaale tarr, apayashachya kalavadhichi apeksha diksha ghetalyanantar 6 mahine teey 2 varshanchya darmyan kelee jaau shakate. thund katheen panyat tambyachya pittingkade nenari yantrana guntaguntichi aahe, tyasathi vishisht rasayanshastra asalelya panyachi aavashyakta asate jee khadda vadhanyas aanee khadde suru karnyasathi eka yantrana karnyas saksham asate.
pitting.
boarmadhye pravesh karnare khadde sahasa copper sulfate aanee copper hydroxide ksharanchya kadak fikat hiravya gathine jhakalele asatat. jarr gathee kadhoon takali tarr laal kaparas auxide aanee hiravya kaparas chloridechya khadbadit sfatikanni bharalela ardhgolakar khadda ughad hoto. khadde anekada prakar 1 khadde mhanoon sambodhale jaatat aanee hallyache swaroop prakar 1 pitting mhanoon sambodhale jaate.
paanee.
jyaa panyatil pitting vartan dnyat hote tyaa panyachya rachananche parikshan kelyanantar lyusidware anubhavjanyaritya nirdharit kelelya prakar prakar khaddyanna aadhar denyas saksham asaleli vaishishtye. teey thund, 30°seey. peksha qamee, kadak kinwa madhyam kadak, 170 teey 300 mii. gra./litter carbonetchi kadakpana aanee sendriyadrushtya shuddha asavet. sendriyadrushtya shuddha paanee sahasa khol vihirinmadhun kinwa boarholemadhun udbhavate. nadya kinwa talavanmadhil prushthbhagavaril panyat naisargikaritya aadhalanari sendriya sanyuge asatat jee prakar prakar khaddyanchi nirmiti rokhatat, joparyant sendriya padarth kadhoon takanare defloculation upchar kele jaat naheet. uttar americet prakar 1 pitting tulanene asamanya aahe aanee heey loksankhyechya qamee ghanatecha parinam asoo shakate jyamule prushthbhagavarun midavalelya strotanmadhun pinyayogya panyache lakshaniy praman miloo shakate. thund aanee kadak aanee sendriyadrushtya shuddha asanyavyatirikt, panyasathi vishisht rasayanshastrachi aavashyakta asate. panyachya sulfate, chloride, nitrate aanee soodiyam aayanchi sandrata tasech tyachi aamlata kinwa ph lakshat gheuun pitting propensity raiting (pii. pii. aar.) yaa sankhyecha vapar karoon panyachya rasayanshastracha parinam anubhavjanyapane nirdharit keela jaau shakato. sakaratmak pii. pii. aar. asalele paanee prakar 1 khadde pasaravanyas saksham asalyache disun aale aahe.
diksha.
yooke aanee europe yaa donhi deshantil anek paanee prakar 1 pittingla aadhar denyas saksham aahet parantu nalichya bhintimadhye khadda suru kelyashivay konatihi samasya udbhavanar nahee. jevha tambyachya nalimadhye suruvatila bhakkam panyache kshar bharun bhintivar jamaa hotat aanee tambyachi haloohaloo pratikriya paniasobat hote, jyamule mishra ganj utpadane aanee kadakpanache praman yancha patal snrakshak thurr tayar hoto. jarr naliche kahee chhidra padayche asel tarr hii philm sthanik patalivar viskalit karane aavashyak aahe. teen yantrana aahet jyaa snrakshak sathyanmadhye vyatyay aanoo detat. sarvat prasiddha, jaree aata sarvat qamee samanya aahe, taree borvar carbon filmchi upasthiti aahe. sthairya aanee pravah avashesh hii sarvat samanya aarambh yantrana aahe jyamule gelya daha varshant prakar 1 pitting ayashasvi jhaale aahe.
carbon chitrapat.
tambyachya nalya tambyachya mothya billetpasoon banvilya jaatat jyaa haloohaloo kaam kelya jaatat aanee aavashyak aakaraparyant khalee kadhalya jaatat. nalya kadhalya jaatat tevha yogya yantrik gunadharm tayar karnyasathi tyanchyavar ushnata upchar kele jaatat. rekhatan prakriyedarmyan nalikanna vangan ghalanyasathi vaparali jaanari sendriya tele aanee teel ushma upcharadarmyan tutate aanee haloohaloo carbonchya filmane nalivar lape karate. jarr carbon nalikechya chhidramadhye rahila tarr too snrakshak mapachya nirmitimadhye vyatyay aanato aanee bhintimadhye khadde suru karnyas anumati deto. 1969 pasoon british mankannusar karbansarkhya hanikarak chitrapatanchya upasthitivar tambyachya nalyanmadhye bandee ghalanyat aalee aahe. serve tambyachya nalyanvar prakriya kelee jaate, samanyatah valoo (kinwa itar alauhayukt madhyam) sphot kinwa aaml lonache vaparoon, utpadanachya darmyan tayar kelele konatehi chitrapat kadhanyasathi parinami carbon chitrapatanni suru kelele prakar 1 pitting aata khoop durmil aahe.
sthairya.
jarr paanee dirgh kalavadhisathi nalimadhye ubhe rahnyasathi sodale tarr mishra praman aanee ganj utpadane jamaa hott asatana panyachi rasayanik vaishishtye badaltat. yavyatirikt bhintila neat chikataleli nasaleli konatihi sail patali door kelee jaanar nahee aanee panyat virghalaleli havah budbude tayar karel, jyamule haveche khadde tayar hotil. yaa prakriyanmule pramukhyane aadvya nalikanchya dhavnyamadhye anek samasya udbhavu shakatat. bhintinna chikatoon naan rahnare aanee vahoon naan jaanare scaleche kann nalichya talashi padatat jyamule khadbadit sachchidra saath tayar hote. aadvya dhavanmadhye vikasit honare haveche khadde done bhagat snrakshak scalechya nirmitimadhye vyatyay aanatatah bajunchya panyachya resha aanee nalichya shirshasthani havechi jaaga. 
jyaa pratyek bhagat scale viskalit jhaala aahe, tethe prakar 1 pitting suru honyachi shakyata aahe. ekada pitting suru jhaale qee, nantar nalee punha sevet lavlyanantarhi, bhint chhidrit hoiparyant khadda vikasit hott raheel. hallyacha haah prakar anekada pranali suru karnyashi sambandhit asato. ekada ekhadi pranali karyanvit jhaali qee tee ektar tabadtob sevet thewali pahije kinwa sankuchit havene flushing karoon nichara karoon valavali pahije anyatha pitting suru houu shakate. yapaiki konatahi paryay shakya nasel tarr too vaparat yeiparyant pranali niyamitpane swachchh kelee pahije.
pravah.
nall pranalimadhye souldering operation darmyan sanyog prushthbhag swachchh thevanyasathi fluxcha vapar keela jaato. yaa pravahanmadhye anekada petroleum jelisarkhya bandhkamadhye amonium chloride aanee zink chloride yasarkhi sanksharak rasayne asatat. jarr sandhyavar jasticha pravah lavala gela tarr atirikt vitalel aanee aadvya nalichya talashi ubhya nalichya kinwa talavachya boarmadhye khalee jaeel. jethe nalicha chhidra pravahachya tharane jhakalela asato, tethe too sthanik patalivar ganjapasoon sanrakshit keela jaau shakato parantu pravah khaddechya kathanvar anekada suru hoto. jarr nalee prakar 1 pittingla aadhar aadhar panyat thewali gelee tarr heey khadde vikasit hotil aanee akheris nalichya bajunna chhidra padtil.
shifarasi.
bahutek prakarananmadhye changlya karyapaddhatindware prakar 1 pitting talhale jaau shakate. nehmi bs aine 1057 madhye tayar kelelya nalyancha vapar qaraa. yaa mankanusar banavalelya 10 mimipeksha jaast vyasachya nalyanna nehmi manak sankhya, nammatra aakar, bhintichi jaadi aanee nalyacha aakar, utpadakache olakhchinh aanee kiman darr 600 mimila utpadanachi tarikh asey chinhankit kele jaeel. 10 mimipeksha qamee vyasachya nalyanna pratyek tokavar samaan chinhankit kele jaeel. 
ekada ekhadi pranali karyanvit jhaali qee tee ektar tabadtob sevet thewali pahije kinwa nichara karoon valavali pahije. yapaiki konatahi paryay shakya nasel tarr tee pranali vaparat yeiparyant niyamitpane swachchh kelee pahije. eka aathvadyapeksha jaast kaal ubhe rahoo naye. sadhya prakar prakar pittingche sarvat samanya kaaran mhanje sthairya.
fluxcha vapar qamee pramanat keela pahije. jodalya jodalya bhaganvar thodya pramanat rangavale pahije aanee sandhe tayar jhalyanantar konatihi atirikt rakkam kadhoon takali pahije. kahee pravah panyat virghalanare mhanoon chinhankit kele jaatat parantu kahee paristhitinmadhye teey pitting suru honyapurvi kadhale jaat naheet.

