engelcha kayada

engelcha kayada haah 1857 madhye sankhyikishastradnya ernst engel yanni prastavit kelela aarthik sambandh aahe. asey soochit karate qee jevadhe kautumbik utpann vadhate, annakharchanchi ekoon rakkam vadhali asali taree annapadarthavar kharch karanyachi takkewari qamee hote. ghar aanee kapadyanvaril kharch pramananusar sarkhach rahato aanee shikshan, aarogya aanee karamanukivaril kharch vadhato.
jaree engalcha kayada andaje 160 varshanpurvi prastavit karnyat aala asala, taree too aaj garibeechya sandarbhat, visheshtah garibi qamee karnyachya sandarbhat prasangik aahe. udaharanarth, rashtriy daridryachi resha aanee darr heey anekada gharguti kharchachya annadhanyachya vatyavar avalambun asatat.
engalche swatache uddharan utpann aanee annavar kharch kelelya utpannachya takkevarimadhil samaan sambandh darshavate, parantu jivanmanacha darja mojanyat engalchya kayadyacha vapar dekhil darshaviteh
engalcha kayada samajoon ghene.
engalcha kayada sangato qee, annakharchanchi ekoon rakkam vadhat asali taree, kutumbachya utpannat vaadh jhalyamule annavar kharch kharch utpannache praman qamee hote. hote shabdant, annadhanyachya maganichi utpann lavchikta 0 teey 1 darmyan aahe. udaharanarth, 5000 dollar masik utpann asalele kutumb annavar 2000 dollar kharch karat aahe-jeey 40 takke aahe. yaa kutumbache utpann 40 takkyanni vadhoon 7000 dollar hoil asey samaja. asha paristhitit teey annavar sumare 2500 dollar kharch kartil. tyamule, annapadarthanvaril sampoorn kharchat 25 takkyanni vaadh jhaali asali taree sapeksh praman 35.7% neey qamee hoil. heey udaharan engalchya kayadyane samarthit asaleli kalpana spashtapane darshavate, jee ashee aahe qee qamee utpann asaleli kutumbe tyanchya utpannachi mothee rakkam madhyam kinwa uchch utpann patalivaril kutumbanpeksha khadyapadarthanvar kharch kartil. garib kutumbasathi, andajpatrak kharch haah tyanchya ekoon andajpatrakacha eka motha bhag asato, tarr shrimant lock tyanche jaast paise manoranjan aanee vilasi vastunvar kharch karatat. heey spasht karnyasathi, engalcha kayada asey soochit karat nahee qee utpann vadhalyas annapadarthanvarcha kharch badalat nahee; tyaeivaji, teey suchavate qee grahakanni annapadarthansathicha tyancha kharch tyanchya utpannatil vadhipeksha takkevarichya drushtine qamee vadhavava. leone aanee pacinetti yanni suchavalyapramane dirghakalin aarthik vadhiche spashtikaran denyasathi engelcha niyam, tantrik pragati aanee sanrachanatmak badalachi prakriya yanchyatil parasparkriya mahattvapoorn aahe.
engal vakr.
engalchya niyamavar aadharit asaleli sankalpana mhanje engal vakr. hii vakrata darshavate qee ekhadya vishisht vastuvareel kharch ektar pramananusar kinwa paripoorn dollar rakmenusar kassa badalato. vakrareshecha aakar haah vay, ling, shaikshanik patali aanee too konatya prakarchya changlya goshtichi kalpana karat aahe asha ghatkanvar avalambun asato. vakrareshevar chalatana asey gruheet dharale jaate qee heey ghatak sthir thewale jaatat, "seteris paribus", tarr keval utpann badalale jaate. tarkikdrushtya, jevha jansankhyikiy ghatak badaltat, tevha injal vakr tyanusar badalate. shivay, pope (2012) namood karatat qee mothya kutumbanmadhye annadhanyacha vapar jaast asel, tasech sampoorn jivanchakrat upbhog kharch badalat rahato, agadi utpann aanee itar jansankhyikiy badal sthir thewale jaatat. annadhanyasathi kharch kelelya andajpatrakacha vaataa vadhato aanee nantar ayushyabhar khalee padato, ulatya parabolache utpadan hote, jeey soochit karate qee annapadarthavaril kharch tasech ekoon kharch aayushyachya madhyat shikharavar asatat.
ex-aksh mhanoon utpannachi patali aanee vaay-aksh mhanoon kharchasah, injal vakr samanya vastunsathi varchya dishene utaar darshavtat, jyat maganichi sakaratmak utpann lavchikta asate. nakaratmak utpannachi lavchikta asalelya nikrusht vastoo, tyanchya injal vakransathi nakaratmak utaar gruheet dharatat. annachya babatit, injal vakr sakaratmak parantu qamee hott asalelya utarasah khalchya dishene avtal asate. ann hii eka samanya vastoo aahe, asey engelcha yuktivad aahe, tarihi utpann vadhalyane annapadarthanchi garaj bhasalyane annapadarthanvar kharch kharch kutumbachya andajpatrakacha vaataa qamee hoto.
engelchya kayadyacha itihas.
1857 madhye, anek gharanchya aakadevaricha vapar karoon, ernst engelala aadhalale qee gharguti ann kharch aanee gharguti utpann parasparsambandhit aahet. gharguti kharchatil annadhanyacha vaataa aanee gharguti utpann yanchyatil sambandh dekhil atyant susangat hota. annakharchasathi utpannachi lavchikta asthir hotee, pratyek gola kelelya detasetsathi 1 peksha qamee (sumare. 86) hotee, mhanje tee kimmatitil badalambaddal asanvedanshil aahe.
1875 paryant engelcha kayada atlantic mahasagarat europaparyant pasarla hota. tithe tyache laksh vedhale gele aanee caroll dii. dware vaparale gele. rait, jyane keval assa yuktivad keela nahee qee ann kharch hii ekmev gosht aahe jee utpannanusar badalate, parantu kharey tarr kapade, ghare aanee vividh (mhanje ghar sudharanyasathichya vastunsarkhe varanvar naan kelele kharch) dekhil injelchya kayadyachya anushangane utpannanusar badaltat.
1932 madhye zimmaramanne sangitale qee, engalcha kayada utpannapasun teey annakharchaparyantchya itar ghatkansathi vaparla gela hota, joou sarav nasava. teey mhanatatah "heey spasht aahe qee, kathorpane arth lavalela engalcha kayada, vishisht kutumbansathi, vishisht kalasathi aanee vishisht paristhitinmadhye lagoo hott nahee" aanee "engal" prakarche jivanman jagatil nimmyahoon adhik lokanna lagoo hott nahee."zimmerman assa yuktivad karato qee yache kaaran itar goshtimbarobarach vaiyaktik abhiruchi, kutumbacha aakar aanee sanskrutik pradhanye aahet.
1957 madhye hauthackerne kelelya punaravalokanat, 30 deshantil 40 gharancha vichar karoon, ann, kapade aanee vividh vastunvaril gharguti utpann aanee lavchikta yanchi adhik chaukashi kelee jaate. lavchikta hii engalchya niyamashi samaan asalyache aadhalun aale aahe, samaan nahee. yaa sanshodhanachya aadhare, hauthacker assa dawa karatat qee "jarr ekhadya deshachya kharchachya paddhatimbaddal konatihi mahitee upalabdh nasel, tarr annachya babatit aanshik lavchikta 0.6 varr thevun konihi phaar door jaanar nahee."
tevhapasoon, annakharchasandarbhat sanshodhan pramukhyane atyadhunik sankhyikeey pratimancha vapar karoon anubhavjanya jhaale aahe. upalabdh asalelya detachya satat satat pramanamule heey kahee pramanat shakya jhaale aahe. gharguti utpann kinwa ekoon kharchasah vividh prakarche kharch kase badaltat yache ekach velee vishleshan karane aaj agadi samanya aahe. 21 vya shatkat, engelcha kayada kitee pramanat prasangik aahe yabaddal tulanene qamee aantar-rashtriy abhyas jhaale aahet. tathapi, 2011 madhye richard ankerne kelelya abhyasat 'khatrilayak purave' disun aale...]"" too engelcha kayada aaj dekhil serve deshanmadhye tasech deshanmadhil gharanmadhye prasangik aahe "," parantu too assa nishkarsh dekhil kadhato qee jyaa deshanchya annadhanyachya vatyat dardoi utpannachya babatit purese farak aahet asha deshanchya annadhanyachya vatyat farak darshavinyasathi aaj engelcha kayada puresa majboot aahe ". heey lakshat ghene mahattvache aahe qee sadhya sanshodhak asey manatat qee annachi utpann lavchikta 1 peksha qamee (parantu 0.0 peksha jaast) aahe, jeey pudhe soochit karate qee vadhatya utpannanusar annavareel gharguti kharchacha vaataa qamee hoto. tyamule engalcha kayada haah samanyatah swikarla jaanara aarthik sambandh aahe aanee tyacha ullekh anekada shaikshanik kagadpatranchya parichayatmak vibhaganmadhye keela jaato.
samasya.
engelchya niyamatoon midavalelya nishkarshanchi vishvasarhata vataghati karnyayogya nahee kaaran tyacha niyam aajchya paddhati aanee siddhantancha vapar karoon anubhavjanya tasech saiddhantikdrushtya siddha keela jaau shakato. engalchya kayadyachya sandarbhanmadhye sahasa tyachya vishleshanatil saranya samavisht asatat, jyat utpann aanee ann kharch yanchyatil parasparsambandh adhorekhit keela jaato. yaa taktyat 200 teey 3,000 yaa frankmadheel kutumbansathichya vividh varshik utpannachi malika aanee annavar kharch kelelya sambandhit bhagache varnan kele aahe. sarvat qamee utpann asalelya kutumbachi takkewari 72.96% varoon 56.9% paryant ghasarate, tyamule 16 takke ghat spashtapane disun yete, joou engalchya davyacha mukhya aadhar hota.
tathapi, eka muddah joou upasthit karane yogya aahe too mhanje mulyanmadhil parasparsambandh gunank mhanoon vaparleli 29 nirikshane tulanene jaast kashee midavata aalee aanee engalane andaj gheuun yenyasathi vaparlelya paddhaticha kadhihi ullekh keela nahee. 
eka sambhavya paddhat mhanje kiman-chauras andaj, jee pratigaman resha tayar kelyanantar aanee antarveshanche purese gunank lagoo kelyanantar, samikaranala purnapane fitt hoil. durdaivane, yaa paddhatiche pahile dnyat prakashan engelchya peparnantar 30 varshanhun adhik kaal jhaale.
eka sopee shakyata lakshat yete aanee tee fakt done bindunmadhye eka saral resha kadhane aanee serve sambandhit mahitee graphikali aanane aahe. tathapi, jaree prati namuna kutumb 100 frankney utpann vadhat asalyache yaa peparmadhye spashtapane disun aale asale taree, konatyahi nishchit ganitachya kalanusar annadhanyacha kharch nishchitpane qamee hott nahee parantu too eka bhaumitik darr asoo shakato.
tyachi mahitee tyaa kalatil anek batmyanchya lekhannantarchya andajatoon midavali jaau shakate. udaharanarth, eka abhyasat asey disun aale aahe qee manchestermadhil sarasari kushal kamgarane tyachya kamaipaiki 60 takke annapadarthanvar kharch keela tarr sambandhit kutumbala darvarshi sumare 1,700 rupaye midatil jeey engalchya 59.79 chya andajapeksha tulanene jawal aahe. itar anek srot uddhrut kele jaau shakatat jyamule engalchi mahitee adhikadhik vishvasarh disate.
ingrajichi mahitee ektar tyaa velee ingraji bajaratil vividh batmyanchya lekhanmadhun aanee sthanik abhyasanmadhun kinwa tyane kelelya andajatoon kadhali jaau shakate parantu sanchatoon midalelya nishkarshachi achookata atishay tarkshuddha aahe.
aajcha parinam.
vividh deshantil jivanmanache star pahatana engalcha kayada eka nirdeshak mhanoon vaparla jaau shakato. tyaa uddeshasathi engal gunank navache mojmap vaparale jaate, jeey eka velee keval ann bajetcha vaataa aahe. jyaa deshacha darja garib asel aanee jivanman khaal asel, tyaa deshat uchch injal gunank asel, tarr uchch jivanman asalelya deshat qamee injal gunank asel. united nations (yuu. aine.) yaa uddeshasathi engal gunank vaparte, jethe 59 takkyanpeksha jaast gunank garibeeche pratinidhitva karato, 50-59% asha rajyache pratinidhitva karato jithe dainandin garja kvachitach purn kelya jaatat, 40-50% eka madhyam darjacha jivanman, 30-40% eka changla jivanman aanee 30 takkyanpeksha qamee shrimant jeevan.
annadhanyachya arthsankalpiy vatyatoon kalyanacha andaj lavane. annadhanyasathi kharch kelelya andajpatrakacha vaataa vadhatya utpannasah yeto, yaa engelchya anubhavjanya nishkarshanvar aadharit, asey soochit karate qee aarthik vaadh (aanee tyasah loksankhyetil vadhanare utpann) haah kuposhanacha eka upay aahe. engal gunank vaparoon desh rashtriy daridrya resha nishchit karoo shakatat, jethe sarvat samanya upay mhanje paushtik aaharachya kimmatila engal gunankane vibhajit karane. pope (2012) yaa tyanchya peparmadhye asey spasht kele aahe qee grameen aanee shahari pradeshanmadhil ann arthsankalpatil sambhaganmadhil abhisaran jivanmanacha darja pratibimbit karnyasathi vaparale gele aahe.
vastavik utpannatil badalanche soochak mhanoon annadhanyacha andajpatrakatil vaataa. hamilton (2001) yane engelchya kayadyacha arth lavala aanee asey suchavale qee annapadarthanvar kharch kelelya andajpatrakatil vatyachya takkevaritil halchali vastavik utpannatil badalanche soochak mhanoon kaam karoo shakatat. hamilton (2001) yaa tyachya prabandhat, annadhanyachya andajpatrakatil sambhaganmadhye jhalelya badalanmule andajit vastavik utpannachi visangati, pratyaksh mojalya gelelya vastavik utpannasah mojali jaate aanee see. pii. aay. madheel purvgrahancha andaj lavnyasathi pudhe jaate. ann heey chalanvadhiche changle soochak mhanoon karya karate kaaran tyachi utpann lavchikta 1 peksha pureshi vegali aahe; ann tikau nahee, yacha arth assa qee annavareel kharch moolatah vaparaevadha aahe; grahakanchya upayuktatechya karyat ann itar vastunpasoon vegale karane sope aahe aanee shevati ann heey paribhashit karane sope aahe.
desh jasjasa vadhat jaato tasatase krishi kshetra ekoon aarthik ghadamodinchya takkevarinusar qamee hott jaate. engalchya kayadyanusar jevha ekhada desh vikasit hoil tevha deshachya aarthik ghadamodinmadhye krishi kshetrachi takkewari qamee asel. yache kaaran mhanje annapadarthanvar kharch kharch utpannacha vaataa, utpann vadhatach (aarthik vadhimule) qamee hoto. popper (2012) yuu varr spasht karate.ess. krishi kshetratil kamgarancha vaataa 1900 madheel 41 takkyanvarun 2000 madhye 2 takkyanhun qamee jhaala. hii ghatana adhik vikasit arthvyavasthanmadhye krishiuttar kshetratil kamgaranche praman qamee aahe yaa vastusthititun disun yete.
shetichya vadhatya kimmatincha garibanvar asman parinam hoto. engalchya kayadyavarun heey spasht hote qee, garibanchya andajpatrakat annacha motha vaataa asato aanee tyamule sambandhit kimmatinmadhil badalancha shrimantanpeksha garibanvar motha parinam hoto. shetiche darr darr dhorananmule garibanche vastavik utpann, shrimantanche utpann qamee honyapeksha, pramananusar qamee hoil.

