
sabha bhasha

sanganak programingmadhye, assembly bhasha (paryayi assembler bhasha kinwa pratikatmak machine code), jyala anekada fakt assembly mhanoon sambodhale jaate aanee samanyatah aii. ess. emm. kinwa aii. ess. emm. mhanoon sankshipt kele jaate, hii konatihi nimn-stariy programming bhasha aahe jee bhashetil soochana aanee vastukalechya machine code soochana yanchyatil atishay majboot anurupata aahe. assembly bhashet samanyatah pratyek machine soochana (1:1) sathee eka vidhan asate, parantu sthirank, tippanya, assembler nirdesh, pratikatmak lebale, udaa.jee.memarichi thikane, register aanee macrow dekhil samanyatah samarthit asatat.
pahila assembly code jyamadhye machine code soochananche pratinidhitva karnyasathi bhasha vaparali jaate, too cathleen aanee andreau donald buthchya 1947 chya kamat aadhalato, "aaa sathee coding.aar.see.". assembly kodache "assembler" mhanoon olakhalya jaananya upayuktata programdware executable machine kodmadhye rupantar kele jaate. assembler' haah shabd samanyatah tyanchya 1951 chya 'electronic digital sangankasathi programschi tayari' yaa pustakat wilkes, wheeler aanee gill yanna deela jaato, jyanni tathapi, yaa shabdacha arth 'eka programmadhye anek vibhagancha samavesh asalela dusra program ektrit karnara program' assa keela. srot kodachya 'assembling' pramane, rupantaran prakriyela 'assembly' asey sambodhale jaate. jevha ekhada assembler ekhadya programvar prakriya karat asato tevha sanganakeey payareela 'assembly time' mhanatat.
kaaran assembly machine code soochananvar avalambun asate, pratyek assembly bhasha eka vishisht sanganak sanrachanesathi vishisht asate.
kadhikadhi ekach sanrachanesathi ekapeksha jaast assembler asatat aanee kadhikadhi assembler heey operating systemsathi kinwa vishisht operating systemsathi vishisht asate. bahutek assembly bhasha operating system colsathi vishisht vakyarachana puravat naheet aanee bahutek assembly bhasha konatyahi operating systems sarvatrikpane vaparlya jaau shakatat, kaaran bhasha processorchya serve vastavik kshamatanmadhye pravesh pradan karate, jyavar serve system coll yantrana shevati vishranti ghetat. assembly bhashanchya ulat, bahutek uchch-stariy programming bhasha samanyatah anek sanrachananmadhye portable asatat parantu tyanna vyakhya kinwa sankalan karane aavashyak asate, jeey assembly karnyapeksha adhik klisht karye asatat.
sangananachya pahilya dashakanmadhye, pranali programming aanee anuprayog programming yaa donhisathi purnapane assembly bhashet hone samanya hote. kahee karanansathi ajunahi aparivartaniy asale taree, bahutansh programming aata uchch-stariy arth lavalelya aanee sankalit bhashanmadhye aayojit kele jaate. noow sylver bullet' madhye, fred brooksney assembly bhasha programingpasoon door jaanyachya parinamancha saransh dilah 'programingsathi uchch-stariy bhashancha pragatishil vapar haah software utpadakta, vishvasarhata aanee sadhepanasathi nishchitach sarvat shaktishali fatka aahe. bahutek nirikshak tyaa vikasache shrey utpadaktet kiman paach ghatkansah aanee vishvasarhata, sadhepana aanee aakalanshaktimadhye sahavarti labhansah detat."
aaj, uchch-stariy bhashet amalat aanalelya mothya pranalinmadhye, kamgirichya karanansathi kinwa uchch-stariy bhashedvare asamarthit asha prakare hardwareshee thet sanvad sadhanyasathi thodya pramanat assembly bhasha code vaparane heey vaishishtyapurn aahe. udaharanarth, linux curnell soars kodachya 4.9 aavruttichya fakt 2 takkyankhalil bhag asemblimadhye lihila jaato; 97 takkyanhun adhik bhag see madhye lihila jaato.
assembly bhasha vakyarachana.
assembly bhasha pratinidhitva karnyasathi smaraneey vaparte, udaa.jee.pratyek nimn-stariy yantra soochana kinwa opcode, pratyek nirdesh, samanyatah pratyek sthapatya nondani, dhwaj ii. kahee smarane antarbhut kelee jaau shakatat aanee kahee vaparkarta paribhashit kele jaau shakatat. sampoorn soochana tayar karnyasathi anek karyansathi eka kinwa adhik operandchi aavashyakta asate. bahutek jodanare program aanee smrutee sthanansathi naav dilele sthirank, nondvastu aanee lebalna parvanagi detat aanee operandsathi abhivyakti moju shakatat. asha prakare, programmer kantalvane punaravrutti gananepasoon mukt hotat aanee assembler program machine kodapeksha adhik vachaniy asatat. sanrachanenusar, heey ghatak vishisht soochanansathi kinwa offset kinwa itar deta tasech nishchit pattyancha vapar karoon sambodhit karnyachya paddhatisathi dekhil ekatra kele jaau shakatat. anek assembler karyakram vikas sulabh karnyasathi, assembly prakriyevar niyantran thevanyasathi aanee debuggingmadhe madat karnyasathi atirikt yantrana detat.
kahee stambh-kendrit aahet, vishisht stambhanmadhye vishisht kshetre aahet; 1950 chya dashakat aanee 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatila punch card vaparnari yantre yasathi khoop samanya hotee. kahee jodakanmadhye mukt-swaroop vakyarachana asate, jyat simankankartyanni vibhagaleli kshetre asatat, udaa.jee., viramchinhe, pandhari jaaga. kahee jodanare sankarit asatat, udaa.jee.vishisht stambhatil label aanee simankankartyanni vegale kelelya itar kshetranmadhye; 1960 chya dashakat stambh-kendrit vakyarachanapeksha heey adhik samanya jhaale.
aay. bii. emm. pranali/360.
pranali/360 sathichya serve aay. bii. emm. jodpyanmadhye, purvanirdharitapane, stambh 1 madhye eka label asate, stambh 2-71 madhye simankankartyanni vegale keleli kshetre, stambh 72 madhye satatya soochak aanee stambh 73-80 madhye kram kramank asato. label, opcode, operand aanee tippanyansathi seemankan jaaga asatat, tarr vaiyaktik operand alpaviram aanee kansadvare vegale kele jaatat.
mukhya sankalpana.
sanyojak.
assembler program nemonics aanee vakyarachana yanchya sanyoganche operationsathi bhashantar karoon aanee tyanchya sankhyatmak samatulyanmadhye sambodhit moddware object code tayar karato. yaa sadarikaranat samanyatah 'operation code' ('opcode') tasech itar niyantran bits aanee deta samavisht asato. assembler sthir abhivyaktichi ganana dekhil karato aanee smrutee sthanansathi aanee itar ghatkansathi pratikatmak nave sodavato. sanketik sandarbhancha vapar heey jodanikartyanche eka pramukh vaishishtya aahe, jeey karyakramatil badalannantar kantalvane gananechi aanee hastalikhit pattyachi adyatane jatan karate. bahutek jodani yantranmadhye majkoor badalanyasathi sthool suvidhanchahi samavesh asato-udaa.jee., sabarutinaivaji inline mhanoon soochananche samanya lahan anukram tayar karane.
kahee jodanare kahee sopya prakarche nirdesh sanch-vishisht anukulata dekhil karoo shakatat. yache eka thos udaharan vividh vikretyankadun sarvavyapi x86 jodanare asoo shakatat. jump-sizing mhanoon olakhale jaanare, tyanchyapaiki bahutek jann vinanti kelyavar konatyahi sankhyene pasmadhye jump-instruction replacement (lamb jumpschya jaagi lahan kinwa sapeksh jumps) karnyas saksham asatat. itar lock sopya punarrachana kinwa soochanancha samavesh dekhil karoo shakatat, jase qee risk architecturesathi kahee assemblers jeey see. pii. yuu. pipelinecha shakya titkya karyakshamatene vapar karnyasathi samajdar soochana velapatrak anukool karnyat madat karoo shakatat.
yantrabhashechya varr aanee fortran, algol, kobol aanee lisp yasarkhya uchch-stariy programming bhashanpurviche pahile paul mhanoon 1950 pasoon assemblers upalabdh aahet. bhashantarkaranche aanee ardh-svayanchalit code generatorche anek varg dekhil aahet, jyanche gunadharm assembly aanee uchch-stariy donhi bhashansarkhe aahet, speedcode heey kadachit eka adhik prasiddha udaharan aahe.
vishisht see. pii. yuu. kinwa soochana sanch sanrachanesathi vegvegalya vakyarachana asalele anek jodani asoo shakatat. udaharanarth, x86-family prosesarmadhil rajistarmadhye memory deta jodanyachi soochana mool "intell vakyarachana" madhye cockoge _ 1 asoo shakate, tarr heey jee. aine. yuu. assemblerne vaparlelya "ett andd tii vakyarachana" madhye cockoge _ 2 lihile jaeel. bhinn swaroop asoonahi, bhinn vakyarachana prakar samanyatah samaan sankhyatmak yantra code tayar karatat. vakyarachana swarupatil badalanna tasech tyanchya achook shabdarthik vyakhyanna (jase qee fassum-vakyarachana, tassum-vakyarachana, aadarsh paddhati ii.) samarthan denyasathi ekach sanyojankartyakade bhinn paddhati dekhil asoo shakatat.x86 assembly programingchya vishesh prakaranat).
pasachi sankhya.
object file tayar karnyasathi strotatoon kitee marg aavashyak aahet (assembler strot kitee vela vachato) yavar aadharit done prakarche assembler aahet.
donhi prakarananmadhye, tyanantarchya chinhanchya pattyanchi ganana karnyasathi, jodanara prarambhik pasvaril pratyek soochanecha aakar nishchit karnyas saksham asane aavashyak aahe. yacha arth assa qee jarr nantar paribhashit kelelya operandcha sandarbh denanya operationcha aakar operandchya prakaravar kinwa antaravar avalambun asel, tarr assembler pratham operationcha samna kartana nirashavadi andaj lavel aanee aavashyak asalyas, tyala eka kinwa adhik padd qaraa.
"nantarchya pasmadhye kinwa trutimadhye 'operation naan karnyachya' soochana. piphol optimization asalelya assemblermadhye, lakshyapasoonchya achook antarachya anuroop nirashavadi kodala kodane badalanyachi parvanagi denyasathi paas darmyan pattyanchi punha ganana kelee jaau shakate.
eka-paas jodani yantranchya vaparache mool kaaran mhanje smruticha aakar aanee jodanicha veg-byavachada dusya pasasathi chinh sarani smrutimadhye sathavane (pudhe sandarbh hatalanyasathi), tepavar program srot punha valavane aanee punha vachane kinwa card kinwa punch pepper tepcha deck punha vachane aavashyak asate. nantarchya kalat, khoop mothya smrutee asalelya sangankanmadhye (visheshtah disk sanchayan), asha rii-readingshivay serve aavashyak prakriya karnyasathi jaaga hotee. multy-paas assemblercha fayda assa aahe qee trutichya anupasthitit jodani prakriya (kinwa assembler thet executable code tayar karat asalyas program loaded) jalad hote.
udaharaneh khaleel code snipetmadhye, eka-paas assembler statement ess 2 ekatra kartana backward reference bii. keey. doubleu. dii. chaa patta nishchit karoo shakel, parantu shakha statement ess 1 ekatra kartana forward reference eff. doubleu. dii. chaa patta nishchit karoo shakanar nahee; kharokhar, eff. doubleu. dii. paribhashit naan kelele asoo shakate. done-paas jodanara paas 1 madheel donhi patte nishchit karel, tyamule paas 2 madhye code tayar kartana teey dnyat hotil.
 buub. 
 samatulya *
 samatulya *
 buub. 
uchch stariy sanyojak.
adhik atyadhunik uchch-stariy jodani karnare bhasha amurtata pradan karatat jase keeh
adhik tapashilansathi bhasha rachana khalee pahaa.
sabha bhasha.
assembly bhashet lihilelya programmadhye smaraneey processor soochana aanee meta-statements (ghoshanatmak operations, directive, syudo-instruction, syudo-operations aanee syudo-ops mhanoon vividh prakare olakhale jaanare), tippanya aanee detachi malika asate. assembly bhashechya soochananmadhye sahasa opcode smaraneey aanee tyanantar operand asato, jee mahitee, yuktivad kinwa mapdandanchi yadee asoo shakate. kahee soochana 'antarbhut' asoo shakatat, jyacha arth assa aahe qee jyaa mahitivar soochana karya karate tee mahitee nirdeshadvarech antarbhutpane paribhashit kelee jaate-asha soochana karyatmak nasatat. parinami vidhan assemblerdware yantra bhashetil soochananmadhye anuvadit kele jaate jeey memarimadhye loaded kele jaau shakate aanee amalat aanale jaau shakate.
udaharanarth, khaleel soochana x86/ia-32 processorla tatkal 8-biit moolya rajistarmadhye halavanyas sangate. yaa nirdeshasathi binary code 10110 aahe, tyanantar 3-biit olakhakarta aahe, jyasathi nondani vaparayachi aahe. all" nondanisathi olakhakarta 000 aahe, mhanoon khaleel yantra code "all" nondanila 11100001 yaa mahitisah loaded karato.
 101100000001
heey dwaiti sanganakeey code hexadecimalmadhye khalilpramane vyakt karoon adhik manav-vachaniy kele jaau shakate.
 bii0 61
yethe, cocksey _ 3 mhanje 'khaleel mulyanchi prat' all 'madhye halwa, aanee cocksey _ 4 heey 01100001 mulyache shatkoni pratinidhitva aahe, jeey dashanshat 97 aahe. 8086 kutumbasathichi vidhansabha bhasha asha soochanansathi smaraneey move ('move' chey sankshipt roop) pradan karate, tyamule vareel yantra code vidhansabha bhashet khalilpramane lihila jaau shakato, aavashyak asalyas ardhviramanantar spashtikaranatmak tippanisah purn keela jaau shakato. heey vachane aanee lakshat thevane khoop sope aahe.
move all, 61h; 97 dashansh (61 hakes) saha loaded all
kahee assembly bhashanmadhye (yasah) teech smaranika, jase qee move, deta loaded karnyasathi, coppy karnyasathi aanee halavanyasathi sambandhit soochananchya kutumbasathi vaparali jaau shakate, mug tee tatkal moolye, rajistarmadhil moolye kinwa memarichi thikane rajistarmadhil mulyandware nirdeshit kelee gelee asot kinwa tatkal (aaa.keey.aaa. thet) patte. itar jodanare swatantra opcode nemonics vaparu shakatat, jase qee 'move memory too register' sathee 'ell', 'move register too memory' sathee 'ess. tii.', 'move register too register' sathee 'ell. aar.', 'move aperand too memory' sathee 'emm. vhee. aay.' ityadi.
jarr ekach smaranchinh vegvegalya soochanansathi vaparale gele asel, tarr yacha arth assa qee smaranchinh heey deta (udaa.jee. yaa udaharanatil cockoge _ 5), smaranshaktiche anusaran karananya operandswar avalambun aahe. udaharanarth, x86/ia-32 cpus sathee, intell assembly bhashetil vakyarachana cque _ 6 hii eka soochana darshavate jee rajistarmadhil samagri "aah" madhye register "all" madhye halavate. yaa soochaneche shatkon swaroop asey aaheh
 88 eae0
pahila bite, 88h, haah bite-aakaracha register aanee ektar dusra register kinwa memory yanchyatil halchal olakhato aanee dusra bite, e0h, heey donhi operand heey register aahet, srot "aah" aahe aanee gantvyasthan "all" aahe heey nirdisht karnyasathi encode kelele (teen biit-fields) aahe.
asha paristhitit jethe samaan smaran ekapeksha jaast dviaadhari soochana darshavu shakate, assembler operandsche parikshan karoon konati soochana tayar karayachi heey tharvato. pahilya udaharanat, operand caucos _ 5 haah vaidh hexadecimal sankhyatmak sthirank aahe aanee vaidh nondani naav nahee, mhanoon keval caucos _ 3 soochana lagoo houu shakate. dusya udaharanat, operand caucos _ 9 heey vaidh nondani naav aahe aanee vaidh sankhyatmak sthirank (shatkon, dashansh, ashtak kinwa dviaadhari) nahee, mhanoon keval caucos _ 10 soochana lagoo houu shakate.
assembly bhashanchi rachana nehmich asha prakare kelee jaate qee asha prakarchi nihpakshapatita tyanchya vakyarachanadvare sarvatrikpane lagoo kelee jaate. udaharanarth, intell x86 assembly bhashet, shatkoniy sthirank haah ankee ankapasoon suru hone aavashyak aahe, jenekarun shatkoniy sankhya 'a' (dashansh dahyaitaki) cocksey _ 11 kinwa cocksey _ 12 mhanoon lihili jaeel, cocksey _ 9 mhanoon nahee, visheshtah jenekarun teey rajistarche naav "aah" mhanoon disu naye. (haach niyam 'bii. etch.', 'chaa' aanee 'dii. etch.' yaa nondinchya navansah tasech 'etch' aksharane sampananya konatyahi vaparkarta-paribhashit chinhasah sandigdhata rokhato aanee anyatha tyat keval shatka-ansheey ankee akshare asatat, jase qee 'beach'.)
mool udaharanakade parat jaatana, x86 opcode 10110000 (cocksey _ 3) 8-biit moolya "all" nondanimadhye prat karate, 10110001 (cocksey _ 15) teey "see. ell" madhye halavate aanee 10110010 (cocksey _ 16) teey "dii. ell." madhye karate. yasathi vidhansabha bhashechi udaharane pudhilpramane aahet.
move all, 1h; tatkal moolya 1 saha loaded all
move see. ell., 2h; tatkal moolya 2 saha see. ell. loaded qaraa
move dii. ell., 3h; loaded dii. ell. tatkal moolya 3 saha
khaleel udaharanannusar moovhchi vakyarachana dekhil adhik klisht asoo shakate.
move ex, [ebx]; ebxmadhye asalelya pattyavar memarimadhil 4 bites exmadhye halwa
move [eae. ess. aay. + eae. aii. ex.], see. ell.; see. ell. chee samagri eae. ess. aay. + eae. aii. ex. yaa pattyavar bitemadhye halwa.
move dii. ess., dii. ex.; dii. ex. chee samagri vibhag nondani dii. ess. madhye halwa
pratyek prakaranat, move nemonicche thet eka opkodmadhil 88-8 see, 8eae, aii0-aii3, bii0-bf, see6 kinwa see7 madhye asembalardware bhashantar kele jaate aanee programmerla samanyatah konate heey jaanun ghenyachi kinwa lakshat thevanyachi garaj nasate.
assembly bhasheche machine kodmadhye rupantar karane heey assemblerche kaam aahe aanee ulat kiman anshatah disasemblerdware sadhya kele jaau shakate. uchch-stariy bhashanpramane, anek sadhya assembly vidhane aanee yantrabhasha soochana yanchyat eka-eka sanvad aahe. tathapi, kahee prakarananmadhye, eka jodanara 'chhadm soochana' (moolatah macrow) pradan karoo shakato, jyaa samanyatah aavashyak karyakshamta pradan karnyasathi anek yantra bhashetil soochananmadhye vistartat. udaharanarth, jyaa yantrat "shakha jarr jaast kinwa samaan asel tarr" soochana nahee, assembler eka chhadm soochana pradan karoo shakato jee yantrachya "sanch jarr qamee asel tarr" aanee "shakha jarr shoonya asel tarr (sanch soochanechya parinami)" paryant vistarte. bahutek purn-vaishishtyapurn jodanidar eka samruddha sthool bhasha dekhil pradan karatat (khalee charcha keleli) jee vikrete aanee programmer adhik jatil code aanee deta anukram tayar karnyasathi vapartat. assembler vatavaranat paribhashit kelelya seudoenstructions aanee macrobaddalchi mahitee object programmadhye naslyamule, disassembler macrow aanee seudoenstructionsch aavahananchi punarrachana karoo shakat nahee parantu assemblerne tyaa amoort assembly-bhashetil ghatakanmadhun tayar kelelya vastavik machine soochananchech disassemble karoo shakato. tyachpramane, assembly bhashetil srot filemadhil tippanya asembalardware durlakshit kelya jaatat aanee tyacha nirman honanya object kodvar konatahi parinam hott naslyamule, disassembler nehmich srot tippanya punarprapt karnyat purnapane asamarth asato.
pratyek sanganakachya sanrachanechi swatachi yantrabhasha asate. teey samarthan karatat tyaa karyanchi sankhya aanee prakar, vividh aakar aanee nondinchya sankhyemadhye aanee sathavanukitil detachya pratinidhitvamadhye sanganak bhinn asatat. bahutek samanya-uddeshache sanganak moolatah samaan karyakshamta paar padnyas saksham asale taree, teey karnyachya paddhati bhinn aahet; sambandhit assembly bhasha heey farak pratibimbit karatat.
ekach soochana sanchasathi, samanyatah vegvegalya sanyojan karyakramanmadhye twarit sthapit kelelya, smaranshastrache kinwa sanyojan-bhasheche vakyarachanache anek sanch astitvat asoo shakatat. yaa prakarananmadhye, sarvat lokpriy samanyatah see. pii. yuu. utpadkadvare puravale jaanare aanee tyachya dastaivajikaranat vaparale jaanare asate.
see. pii. yuu. ess. chee done udaharane, jyat nemonixche done vegvegale sanch aahet, teey mhanje intell 8080 kutumb aanee intell 8086/8088. kaaran intelane tyachya assembly bhashetil nemoniksavar (kiman 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila prakashit jhalelya tyanchya dastaivajachya pratyek prushthavar) copyritecha dawa keela hota, kahee kampanya jyanni swatantrapane intell soochana sanchanshi susangat see. pii. yuu. ess. tayar kele, tyanni tyanchya swatachya nemonixcha shodh lavala. zeelog zed80 see. pii. yuu., intell 8080aii. chee vaadh, serve 8080aii. soochananna aanee itar anek soochananna samarthan dete; zealogne keval naveen soochanansathich navhe tarr serve 8080aii. soochanansathi dekhil eka purnapane naveen assembly bhasha shodhun kadhali. udaharanarth, jethe intell vividh deta hastantaran soochanansathi 'move', 'mvi', 'lda', 'st', 'lxi', 'ldx', 'stacks', 'lhld' aanee 'shld' heey nemonics vaparte, tethe zed80 assembly bhasha tyaa sarvansathi 'nemonic' eladi 'vaparte. ashach prakarchi eka ghatana mhanje aine. eae. see. vhee. 20 aanee vhee. 30 see. pii. yuu. ess., anukrame intell 8086 aanee 8088 chya vardhit pratee. zed80 saha jilogpramanech, aine. eae. see. neey 8086 aanee 8088 chya serve soochanansathi naveen smaranshastracha shodh lavala, jenekarun guptachar sansthechya copyritechya ullanghanache aarop talhata yeteel. (asey copyrite vaidh asoo shakatat qaa heey prashnachinh aahe aanee nantar amd aanee cyrics sarkhya cpu kampanyanni intelchya x86/ia-32 nirdeshanche smaranshastra parvanagi kinwa kayadeshir dand naan gheta nemke prakashit kele.) vyavharat vhee20 aanee vhee30 program kelele anek lock pratyakshat intelaivaji aine. eae. see. chya assembly bhashet lihitat qee nahee yabaddal shanka aahe; ekach soochana sanch sanrachanesathi konatyahi done assembly bhasha isomorphic asalyane (kahee pramanat ingraji aanee dukkar lattinpramanech), tyaa utpadakachya utpadanansah utpadakachi swatachi prakashit assembly bhasha vaparanyachi aavashyakta nahee.
bhashechi rachana.
moolbhut ghatak.
assemblersche lekhak jyaa prakare vidhananche vargikaran karatat aanee teey vaparat asalelya namkaranat mothya pramanat vividhata aahe. visheshtah, kahijan yantra smaran kinwa vistarit smaranavyatirikt itar konatyahi goshtiche varnan chhadm-operation (chhadm-aup) mhanoon karatat. eka vishisht assembly bhashet 3 prakarchi soochana vidhane asatat jee program operations paribhashit karnyasathi vaparali jaatatah
opcode nemonics aanee vistarit nemonics.
uchch-stariy bhashanchya ulat, vidhansabha bhashetil soochana (vidhane) samanyatah khoop sopya asatat. samanyatah, smaran heey ekach karyanvit karnyayogya yantra bhashechya nirdeshasathi (eka opcode) eka pratikatmak naav aahe aanee pratyek yantra bhashechya nirdeshasathi kiman eka smaransuchak sanket asato. pratyek nirdeshat samanyatah 'operation' kinwa 'opcode' aanee shoonya kinwa adhik 'operand' asatat. bahutek soochana ekach mulyacha kinwa mulyanchya jodicha sandarbh detat. operand heey tatkal (nirdeshatach moolya kodit kelele), nirdeshat nirdisht kelele kinwa soochit kelele nondani kinwa sathavanukit anyatra sthit asalelya mahitiche patte asoo shakatat. heey antarnihit processor aarkitekchardware nirdharit kele jaateh assembler keval hii architecture kashee karya karate heey pratibimbit karate. "vistarit smaranshastra" heey sahasa eka vishisht operands opcodeche sanyojan nirdisht karnyasathi vaparale jaate, udaa.jee.pranali/360 jodanare 15 chya mukhavata aanee ('operation nahee'-eka payarisathi kahihi karoo nakaa) 0 chya mukhavata sathee vistarit smaran mhanoon vapartat.
"vistarit smaranshastra" heey byanchdaa soochananchya vishesh vaparanna samarthan denyasathi vaparale jaate, bahutekda nirdeshachya navavarun spasht nasalelya hetunsathi. udaharanarth, anek see. pii. yuu. kadey spasht aine. oo. pii. soochana nasatat, parantu tyaa uddeshasathi vaparlya jaau shakananya soochana asatat. 8086 see. pii. yuu. madhye soochana encode karnyasathi eka chhadm-oo. pii. see. dii. asalyane, tyasathi soochana vaparali jaate. kahee vichhedan karnare heey olakhatat aanee soochana decode kartil. tyachpramane, pranali/360 aanee pranali/370 sathee aay. bii. emm. jodanare vistarit smaraneey aanee shoonya mukhavate vapartat. spark architecturesathi, hyanna 'krutrim soochana' mhanoon olakhale jaate.
kahee jodanare done kinwa adhik yantra soochana nirman karananya sadhya antarnirmit sthool soochananna dekhil samarthan detat. udaharanarth, kahee zed80 assemblers, tyanantar tayar karnyasathi soochana olakhali jaate. hyanna kadhikadhi 'syudo-opcodes' mhanoon olakhale jaate.
nemonics hii aniyantrit chinhe aahet; 1985 madhye aay. aay. eae. eae. neey serve jodkarte vapartil asha nemonixchya eksaman sanchasathi manak 694 prakashit kele. tevhapasoon heey manak mage ghenyat aale aahe.
deta nirdesh.
deta aanee chull thevanyasathi deta ghatak paribhashit karnyasathi soochana vaparlya jaatat. teey mahiticha prakar, lambi aanee mahitichi sanrekhan paribhashit karatat. yaa soochana, deta bahya programsathi (swatantrapane ektrit kelele program) upalabdh aahe qee nahee kinwa keval jyaa programmadhye deta vibhag paribhashit keela aahe tyaa programsathi upalabdh aahe qee nahee heey dekhil paribhashit karoo shakatat. kahee jodanare hyanche vargikaran chhadm-ops mhanoon karatat.
sabheche nirdesh.
assembly nirdesh, jyanna syudo-opcodes, syudo-operations kinwa syudo-ops asehi mhanatat, tyaa assemblerla dilya jaananya aadnya aahet jyaa "assemble karnyachya soochananvyatirikt itar operations karnyas nirdeshit karatat". nirdesh heey jodanara kassa karya karato yavar parinam karatat aanee "object code, chinh sarani, soochi file aanee antargat jodananyachya mapdandanchya mulyanvar parinam karoo shakatat". kahivela 'syudo-opcode' haah shabd object code tayar karananya nirdeshansathi rakheev asato, jase qee deta tayar karananya nirdeshansathi.
chhadm-opschee nave anekada yantra soochananpasun vegale karnyasathi bindupasoon suru hotat. syudo-ops programarchya input parametersvar avalambun programchi assembly karoo shakatat, jenekarun eka program vegvegalya prakare, kadachit vegvegalya anuprayogansathi, ekatra keela jaau shakato. kinwa, programche sadarikaran hatalanyasathi syudo-opcha vapar keela jaau shakato jenekarun too vachane aanee dekhrekh karane sope hoil. chhadm-opscha aanakhi eka samanya vapar mhanje sanchayan kshetranna runn-time detasathi rakheev thevane aanee paryayipane tyanchya samagreela dnyat mulyannusar prarambh karane.
pratikatmak jodani karnare programaranna smrutee sthan aanee vividh sthirankanshi aniyantrit nave ("label" kinwa "chinhe") jodu detat. sahasa, pratyek sthirank aanee chalala eka naav dile jaate jenekarun soochana tyaa thikanancha navane sandarbh gheu shakatat, asha prakare swayam-dastaivajikaran kodala protsahan milate. executable kodmadhye, pratyek subrutinche naav tyachya pravesh bindushi sambandhit asate, tyamule subrutinla konatehi coll tyache naav vaparu shakatat. upmarganchya aat, goto gantvyasthananna label dile jaatat. kahee jodanare 'sthanik chinhanna' samarthan detat jeey sahasa samanya chinhanpeksha (udaa.jee., goto gantvyasthan mhanoon '10 $' chaa vapar).
nasamsarkhe kahee assembler lavchik chinh vyavasthapan pradan karatat, programaranna vegvegalya namespache vyavasthapan karoo detat, deta sanrachananmadhye svayamchalitapane offsetchi ganana karatat aanee shabdasha mulyancha kinwa assemblerne kelelya sopya gananancha parinam darshavinari lebale niyukt karatat. sthanantar karnyayogya pattyansah sthirank aanee chull prarambh karnyasathi dekhil labelcha vapar keela jaau shakato.
itar bahutek sanganakeey bhashanpramanech, assembly bhashanmadhyehi, program soars kodmadhye tippanya jodalya jaau shakatat, jyaa asemblidarmyan durlakshit kelya jaatil. assembly bhasha karyakramanmadhye vivekpurn tippani aavashyak aahe, kaaran dviaadhari yantra soochananchya kramacha arth aanee uddesh nishchit karane katheen asoo shakate. sankalak kinwa vichchhedankartyandvare tayar keleli "kachcha" (asankalit) sanyojan bhasha, jevha badal karane aavashyak asate tevha vachane khoop katheen asate.
macrow.
anek jodani karnare 'purvanirdharit macrow' laa samarthan detat aanee itar 'programmer-paribhashit' (aanee varanvar punha paribhashit karata yenyajoge) macrolla samarthan detat jyamadhye majkoor olinchya kramancha samavesh asato jyamadhye chull aanee sthirank antarbhut asatat. sthool vyakhya hii samanyatah jodana vidhananche mishran asate, udaa.jee., nirdesh, sanketik yantra soochana aanee jodananyachya vidhanansathiche namune. majkoor olinchya yaa kramamadhye opcode kinwa nirdesh samavisht asoo shakatat. ekada macrochy vyakhya kelee gelee qee tyache naav smaranshaktichya jaagi vaparale jaau shakate. jevha assembler asha vidhanavar prakriya karato, tevha teey tyaa macroshy sambandhit majkoor oleenni vidhanachi jaaga ghete, nantar teey soars code filemadhye astitvat asalyasarkhe prakriya karate (kahee assemblersmadhye, pratisthapan majkurat astitvat asalelya konatyahi macrochya vistarasah). yaa arthane macrow 1950 chya dashkatil aay. bii. emm. autocodersparyantche aahet.
macrow assemblersmadhye samanyatah nirdesh asatat, udaa.jee.macrow paribhashit qaraa, chull paribhashit qaraa, ankganitiy, tarkik kinwa string abhivyaktichya parinamansathi chull nishchit qaraa, punaravrutti qaraa, sashartpane code tayar qaraa. tyapaiki kahee nirdesh sthool vyakhyemadhye vaparnyasathi maryadit asoo shakatat, udaa.jee., hlajmamadhye mexit, tarr itaranna khulya kodmadhye (macrow vyakhyanchya baher) parvanagi dilee jaau shakate, udaa.jee., aay. eff. aanee hlazmadhye coppy qaraa.
assembly bhashet, 'macrow' hii sandnya itar kahee sandarbhanpeksha adhik vyapak sankalpana darshavate, udaharanarth see programming bhashetil purv-processor, jithe tyache #define nirdesh samanyatah lahan ekal resheche macrow tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaatat. assembler macrow soochana, jase qee pii. ell./aay. madheel macrow aanee itar kahee bhashanmadhye, swatahun lamb "program" asoo shakatat, jyaa asemblidarmyan asembalardware spashtikaranadvare amalat aanalya jaatat.
macromadhye 'lahan' nave asoo shakatat parantu kodachya anek kinwa kharokhar anek olinparyant vistar houu shakatat, tyamule tyancha vapar assembly bhashetil program khoopach lahan disanyasathi keela jaau shakato, uchch stariy bhashanpramanech soars kodachya qamee olinchi aavashyakta asate. tyancha vapar assembly programmadhye uchch patalichi rachana jodanyasathi, parameters aanee itar samaan vaishishtyandvare paryayipane embedded debugging code sadar karnyasathi dekhil keela jaau shakato.
macrow assemblers anekada macronna mapdand ghenyachi parvanagi detat. kahee jodanimadhye agadi atyadhunik sthool bhashancha samavesh hoto, jyat paryayi mapdand, pratikatmak chull, sashart, string manipulation aanee ankganitiy operations asey uchch-stariy bhasha ghatak samavisht kele jaatat, jeey serve dilelya sthoolchya amalbajavanidarmyan vaparnyayogya asatat aanee macronna sandarbh jatan karanyachi kinwa mahitichi devanghevan karanyachi parvanagi detat. asha prakare macrow, macrow argumentavar aadharit, asankhya assembly bhashechya soochana kinwa deta vyakhya tayar karoo shakato. yacha vapar, udaharanarth, nond-shailichya mahitee sanrachana kinwa 'unrolled' loop tayar karnyasathi keela jaau shakato kinwa jatil mapdandanvar aadharit sampoorn algoridam tayar karata yeu shakato. udaharanarth, eka "sort" macrow eka jatil sort killiche tapasheel swikaru shakato aanee tyaa vishisht killisathi tayar kelela code tayar karoo shakato, vishishtatecha arth lavana samanya prakriyesathi aavashyak asalelya runn-time chachanyanchi aavashyakta nasate. asha macrow sanch vaparoon mothya pramanat vistarit keleli assembly bhasha vaparnari sanstha uchch-stariy bhashet kaam karat asalyache manale jaau shakate kaaran asey programmer sanganakachya sarvat khalchya-stariy sankalpanatmak ghatkansah kaam karat naheet. haah muddah adhorekhit kartana, snobol 4 (1967) madheel suruvatichya aabhasi yantrachya amalbajavanisathi macrocha vapar keela gela, jeey aabhasi yantrachya assembly bhashetil snobol amalbajavani bhashet (siil) lihile gele hote. lakshya yantra macrow assemblercha vapar karoon tyache tyachya mool kodmadhye bhashantar karel. yamule tyaa velesathi uchch patalichi suvahyata shakya jhaali.
macrocha vapar mukhya chaukatichya yugat vishisht grahakansathi mothya pramanavaril software pranali sanukoolit karnyasathi keela jaat asey aanee grahak karmchari dekhil utpadak karyapranalichya vishisht aavrutya tayar karoon tyanchya niyoktyanchya garja purn karnyasathi vapartat. udaharanarth, aay. bii. emm. chya sambhashanatmak monitor pranali/aabhasi yantra (vhee. emm./see. emm. ess.) aanee aay. bii. emm. chya "vastavik vel vyavhar prakriya" edd-aun, grahak mahitee niyantran pranali see. aay. see. ess. aanee aii. see. pii./tii. pii. eff., 1970 chya dashakat suru jhaleli aanee aajahi anek mothya sanganak aarakshan pranali (see. aar. ess.) aanee credit card pranali chalavanari viman company/vittiy pranali, yasah kaam karananya pranali programardware heey kele gele.
purnapane bhinn bhashanmadhye lihilela code tayar karnyasathi keval assemblerchya macrow processing kshamatancha vapar karane dekhil shakya aahe, udaharanarth, assembly time operatorchya aat kobol kodachya olee asalelya shuddha macrow assembler programcha vapar karoon kobolmadhye programchi aavrutti tayar karane assemblerla aniyantrit code tayar karanyachi soochana dene. aay. bii. emm. oes/360 pranali nirmiti karnyasathi macrocha vapar karate. vaparkarta assembler macrochy malika code karoon paryay nirdisht karato. yaa macrow ektrit kelyane nokri niyantran bhasha aanee upayuktata niyantran vidhanansah pranali tayar karnyasathi nokaricha pravah tayar hoto.
yache kaaran asey qee, 1960 chya dashakat lakshat aale qee, 'macrow processing' hii sankalpana 'assembly' yaa sankalpanepasun swatantra aahe, pahili sankalpana aadhunik bhashet object code tayar karnyapeksha adhik verd processing, majkoor prakriya aahe. macrow processingchi sankalpana see programming bhashet disali aanee disate, jee variables seet karnyasathi aanee tyanchya mulyanvar sashart chachanya karnyasathi "preprocessor soochananna" samarthan dete. assemblerchya aat asalelya mageel kahee macrow processorchya ulat, see preprocessor turing-purn nahee kaaran tyat ektar loop karanyachi kinwa "varr jaanyachi" kshamata nasate, jeey nantarche programla loop karnyas anumati dete.
sthool prakriyechi takad asoonahi, anek uchch stariy bhashanmadhye (see, see + + aanee pii. ell./aay. heey pramukh apavad vagalata) tyacha vapar hott navhata, tarr assemblersasathi too barmahi rahila.
macrow parametres paryay heey navanusar katekorpane aaheh macrow processingchya velee, parametres moolya tyachya navasathi majkuradware badalale jaate. bugscha sarvat prasiddha varg mhanje, jyacha parinam mhanje, macrow lekhkala navachi apeksha asatana, eka sadhe naav nasoon, eka abhivyakti asalelya parametres vapar. macromadheh
 phooh macrow aaa
 aaa * buub bharit qaraa
coll karnara chalche naav deil aanee 'aaa' chaa gunakar karnyasathi 'jaagtik' chull kinwa sthirank buub vaparla jaeel, assa hetu hota. jarr phoola cocksey _ 17 yaa mapdandasah sambodhale gele tarr cocksey _ 18 chaa sthool vistar hoto. konatihi sambhavya sandigdhata talhanyasathi, macrow processorche vaparkarte macrow vyakhyanmadhye aupcharik mapdandanna kansbaddha karoo shakatat kinwa coll karnare input mapdandanna kansbaddha karoo shakatat.
sanrachit programingsathi samarthan.
macrochy packages lihili gelee aahet jee amalbajavani pravah encode karnyasathi sanrachit programming ghatak pradan karatat. yaa drushtikonache sarvat june udaharan 14 macrow sanch yaa sankalpanet hote, jeey moolatah harlen mills (march 1970) yanni prastavit kele hote aanee aay. bii. emm. chya federal systeams vibhagat marvin keslerne tyachi amalbajavani kelee hotee, jyane oes/360 assembler karyakramansathi jarr/anyatha/endiff aanee tatsam niyantran pravah khand pradan kele hote. assembly kodmadhil goto operationscha vapar qamee karnyacha kinwa kadhoon taknyacha haah eka marg hota, joou assembly bhashet spaggetti code nirman karananya mukhya ghatakanpaiki eka hota. haah drushtikon 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila (mothya pramanat bhashechya vaparasathichya shevatchya divasant) mothya pramanavar swikarla gela. aay. bii. emm. chya uchch stariy assembler toolkitmadhye asha macrow package samavesh aahe.
eka vichitra rachana hii 8080/zed80 sathee eka naisargik, pravah-kendrit assembler hotee, whitesmith limitedche processor. (yuniksasarkhi idris karyapranaliche vikasak aanee jee pahili vyavsayik see sankalak asalyache nondavale gele hote). bhasheche vargikaran eka jodani mhanoon kele gele kaaran tee opcode, register aanee memory sandarbh yasarkhya kachchya yantrachya ghatkansah kaam karat hotee; parantu tyat amalbajavani kram darshavinyasathi abhivyakti vakyarachana samavisht kelee gelee. cons aanee itar vishesh chinhe, block-oriented structured programming constructs, tayar kelelya soochanancha kram niyantrit karatat. aii-natural hii hast-sanketikaranaivaji see sankalakchi object bhasha mhanoon tayar kelee gelee hotee, parantu tyachya tarkik vakyarachanane kahee chahatyanna jinkale.
mothya pramanavar bhashechya jodanichya vikasat ghat jhalyapasun adhik atyadhunik jodanyanna farshi magani disun yet nahee. asey asoonahi, teey ajunahi asha prakarananmadhye vikasit aanee lagoo kele jaat aahet jethe sansadhananchya maryada kinwa lakshya pranalichya sanrachanetil vaishishthye uchch-stariy bhashancha prabhavi vapar rokhatat.
majboot macrow engine asalele assembler macrodware sanrachit programingla parvanagi detat, jase qee massum 32 packages pradan kelele switch macrow (haah code eka sampoorn program aahe):
samavisht qaraa \masm32\inculate\masm32rt.aay. see.; masm32 library vapara
.code
demomenh
 20 punha qaraa
 aar. vhee. (yadruchchik, 9) badala; 0 aanee 8 darmyan sankhya tayar qaraa
 move eae. see. ex., 7
 prakaran 0
 cases 0" chhapa"
 cases eae. see. ex.; itar bahutek programming bhashanchya ulat,
 cases 7" mudrit qaraa; masm32 switch "chull keses" laa parvanagi deto"
 prakaran 1.. 3
 .jarr ex = = 1
 prakaran 1" chhapa"
 .jarr ex = = 2
 prakaran 2" chhapa"
 .itar
 prakarane 1 teey 3: itar" mudrit qaraa"
 .antim
 prakaran 4,6,8
 prakarane 4,6 kinwa 8" mudrit qaraa"
 purvanirdharit
 move ebex, 19; 20 taare mudrit qaraa
 .punaravrutti qaraa
 *" chhapun ghya"
 december
 .swakshari hoiparyant? chinh chinh seet hoiparyant valva
 endsdablue
 chr $(13,10) mudrit qaraa
 shevat
 baher padane
demoman sampava
vidhansabha bhashecha vapar.
aitihasik drushtikon.
sangrahit-program sanganak suru karnyat aala tyaa velee assembly bhasha upalabdh navhatya. andreau booth (nantar tiche patee) yanni pragat abhyas sansthetil ganitshastradnya johnn wonn neuman aanee bhautikshastradnya herman goldstein yanchyashi sallamasalat kelyanantar, 1947 madhye london vidyapithachya berkbeck yethe aark 2 varr kaam kartana, cathleen boothla saiddhantik karyavar aadharit 'assembly bhasha shodhanyache shrey dile jaate.
1948chya uttaradhat, electronic vilamb sanchayan svayanchalit ganakyantrat (edsack) eka jodanara (jyala 'prarambhik aurder' asey naav denyat aale) tyachya bootstrap programmadhye samakalit karnyat aala hota. tyat david veelarne vikasit kelelya eka-akshari smaranshastracha vapar keela, jyala aay. aay. eae. eae. sanganak sansthene pahilya 'assembler' chaa nirmata mhanoon shrey dile aahe. edsackvaril ahavalanni soochana shabdamadhye kshetranchya sanyojanachya prakriyesathi 'assembly' hii sandnya sadar kelee. 1955 madhye stann poley yanni lihilelya aay. bii. emm. 650 sangankasathi sabanachi (pratikatmak ishtatam assembly program) assembly bhasha hotee.
assembly bhasha suruvatichya sangankansah aavashyak asalelya truti-pravan, kantalvane aanee velkhau pahilya pidhichya programingche barechase nirakaran karatat, jyamule programaranna sankhyatmak code lakshat thevane aanee patte mojane yasarkhya tediyampasoon mukt karatat. ekekali serve prakarchya programingsathi tyancha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaat asey. tathapi, 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, sudharit programming utpadakatechya shodhat, tyancha vapar mothya pramanat uchch-stariy bhashanni keela hota. aaj, assembly bhasha ajunahi thet hardware hatalanisathi, vishesh processor soochananmadhye pravesh karnyasathi kinwa kamgirichya gambhir samasyanche nirakaran karnyasathi vaparali jaate. upkaran chalak, nimn-stariy antarbhut pranali aanee vastavik-vel pranali (pahaa) heey vaishishtyapurn upayog aahet.
anek karyakram purnapane vidhansabha bhashet lihile gele aahet. baroj emm. see. pii. (1961) haah pahila sanganak hota jyasathi karyapranali purnapane assembly bhashet vikasit kelee gelee navhati; tee karyakari pranali samasyapradhan bhashet (eae. ess. pii. ell.), eka algol bolibhashet lihili gelee hotee. mothya mahamandalanni lihilelya aay. bii. emm. mainframe softwarechya mothya pramanasah anek vyavsayik anuprayog assembly bhashetahi lihile gele. jaree anek mothya sanghatananni 1990 chya dashakat vidhansabha-bhashechya anuprayogachya payabhoot suvidha changlya prakare kayam rakhalya, taree kobol, fortran aanee kahee pii. ell./aay. yanni akheris yaa kamacha barachsa bhag visthapit keela.
attari 8-biit kutumb, apple II, msx, zedex spectrum aanee commodore 64 sarkhya 8-biit gharguti sangankansathi assembly bhasha hii byanch kalapasoon prathamik vikas bhasha aahe. yaa pranalinvaril moolbhut bolibhasha apuya amalbajavanicha veg aanee upalabdh hardwarecha purn laabh ghenyasathi apuya suvidha detat. yaa pranalinmadhye sansadhananchya gambhir maryada, adviteey smrutee aanee pradarshan rachana aahet aanee maryadit pranali seva pradan karatat. sookshm sanganakachya vaparasathi yogya asalele kahee uchch-stariy bhasha sankalak dekhil aahet. tyachpramane, attari 2600 aanee nintendo karamanook pranalisarkhya 8-biit consolesathi assembly bhasha hii purvanirdharit nivad aahe.
aay. bii. emm. sanganak susangatatesathiche mukhya software emm. ess.-doses, turbo pascal aanee kamal 1-2-3 spreadsheet yasarkhya assembly bhashet lihile gele hote. sanganakacha veg zapatyane vadhat asatana, assembly bhasha hii programchya kahee bhaganna gatee denyasathi eka sadhan bunley, jase qee eka prabhavi vikas bhasha nasoon 'vinash' sadar karane. 1990 chya dashakat, sega sattern sarkhya pranalinmadhun kamgiri midvinyasathi aanee tii. emm. ess. 34010 integrated see. pii. yuu./jee. pii. yuu. sarkhya 'nashwar combat' aanee 'aine. bii. aii. jaam' varr aadharit arcade hardwaresathi prathamik bhasha mhanoon assembly bhashecha vapar keela jaat asey.
sadhyacha vapar.
uchch-stariy bhashanchya tulanet vidhansabha bhashechi upayuktata aanee kamgiri yavar vadavivad jhaala aahe.
jaree assembly bhashecha vishisht vishisht vapar aahe jithe tee mahattvachi aahe (khalee pahaa), parantu anukulatesathi itar sadhane aahet.
programming bhashechya lokpriyatecha tiob nirdeshank, udaharanarth, drushya moolbhut bhashepeksha pudhe, vidhansabha bhashela 11 vya kramankavar sthan deto. vegasathi anukool karnyasathi kinwa aakarasathi anukool karnyasathi assemblercha vapar keela jaau shakato. gatee anukulatechya babatit, aadhunik anukool karnare sankalak, prati-udaharane aadhalali taree, uchch-stariy bhashanna sanketik sanketanmadhye prastut karatat, jeey hatane lihilelya jodnyaitke vegane chalvu shakatat. aadhunik processor aanee memory up-pranalinchi guntagunt sankalkansathi tasech assembly programarsathi prabhavi optimization adhikadhik katheen karate. shivay, processorchya vadhatya kamgiricha arth assa aahe qee bahutek cpu bahutek vela rikame rahatat, cashey miss, aay/oo operations aanee paging yasarkhya andajit adthalyanmule vilamb hoto. yamule anek programarsathi rau code amalbajavanicha veg haah gair-muddah banala aahe.
asha kahee paristhiti aahet jyat vikasak assembly bhasha vaparanyachi nivad karoo shakatatah
bahutansh sanganak vidnyan aanee electronic abhiyantriki karyakramanmadhye ajunahi assembly bhasha shikavali jaate. aaj jaree kahee programmer niyamitpane assembly bhashesah eka sadhan mhanoon kaam karat asale, taree antarnihit sankalpana mahattvachya aahet. dvisangi ankganit, smrutee vatap, stack processing, carector seet encoding, interrupt processing aanee compiler design yasarkhe moolbhut vishay hardware staravar sanganak kassa karya karato heey samajoon ghetalyashivay tapshilvar abhyas karane katheen asel. sanganakache vartan moolbhootpane tyachya soochana sanchadvare paribhashit kele jaat asalyane, asha sankalpana shikanyacha tarkik marg mhanje assembly bhashecha abhyas karane. bahutek aadhunik sangankanmadhye samaan soochana sanch asatat. tyamule, ekach bhashecha abhyas karane heey shikanyasathi purese aaheh 1) moolbhut sankalpana 2) bhashecha vapar yogya asoo shakel asha paristhiti olakhane 3) uchch-stariy bhashanmadhun kitee karyakshampane amalbajavaniyogya sanhita tayar kelee jaau shakate heey pahane.