
suleiman pasha all-aadil

suleiman pasha all-aadil (ii. 1760-august 1819; 'suleiman' kinwa 'suleiman' asehi naav dilele) heey 1805 teey 1819 darmyan siddon iletche ottoman governor hote, jeey tyanchya ekar mukhyalayatun rajya karat hote. tyane 1810 teey 1812 darmyan ekach velee damascus iletcha governor mhanoonahi kaam kele. too tyacha purvavarti, jazar pashacha "mamluk" hota. tyachi satta vikendrikaran, ekarchya sainyachi kapat aanee tyachya purvavartinchya kapasachya ekadhikarala maryada yanchyashi sambandhit hotee. shivay, tyane muhammad aboo-naboot aanee mustafa aaga yansarkhya tyachya nayab rajyapalansobat hastakshep naan karnyachya dhoranachi dekhrekh kelee aanee amir basheer shihab dusra aanee musa beey tukan yanchyasah, jithe tyane adhikar dharan kele tyaa vividh levantine pradeshanchya swayatt shekhanshi mutsaddegiri kelee. tyane aaplya pratinidhi, jeey jazerche 'mamlak' dekhil hote, tyanchya nishthevar avalambun rahoon mukhyatve aaplya kshetravar niyantran thewale. parinami, suleiman pashane jagatil shevatchya karyarat 'mamluk' pranaliche adhyakshapad bhushavale.
jazercha mamluk.
suleiman pasha haah moolcha georgian hota aanee bahudha 1760 chya dashakachya suruvatila tyacha janm jhaala asava. jazar pasha egyptmadhye asatana kinwa 1770 chya dashakat syriamadhye tyachya pahilya varshant tyala 'mamluk' (gulam sainik) mhanoon kharedi kele gele. too jazarchya aateel vartulacha sadasya banala, jyamadhye allie aaga khajinder, saleem pasha all-kabir (1786 madhye mrutyu jhaala) aanee saleem pasha all-sagir yasah itar "mamluk" hote. 1785 madhye jevha jazarla damishkacha "valee" (rajyapal) mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale, tevha udatt portney makdad pashala tripolicha "valee" mhanoon niyukt kele. tyanantar jazarne suleimanchya jaagi suleimanchi niyukti karnyasathi lobbing kele, jyachi tyach varshachya uttaradhat niyukti karnyat aalee. kahee kalanantar, suleimanchi jazarne sidoncha "mutasallim" (curr shetkari aanee amalbajavani karnara) mhanoon niyukti kelee.
1789 madhye suleimanne jazarviruddhachya "mamluk" bandalat bhag ghetala, jyamule sidoncha vapar bandache mukhyalay mhanoon karata aala. 3 juuna roji suleiman aanee saleem pasha all-sagir yanni tyanchya sumare 1,200 sainikansah jazarkadun ekar jameen tabyat ghenyacha prayatna keela. jaree ekarchya tofkhanyatun tofgolyanni kelelya golibaramule suleimanchya sainikanna pangvane bhag padale, taree shaharachya bahereel maidani bhagat ladhai jhaali. suleiman aanee saleem naveen sainya ubharanyasathi lebnon parvatavar aanee tethoon damaskasla paloon gele. bandamule jazarla vaiyaktikaritya dukhavale gele kaaran tyane suleiman aanee saleem yanna nirniralya paddhatine vagavale, tyanchya karkirdichi hummy dilee aanee tyanna shrimant honyas saksham kele. itihaskar michael vinterchya matey, 1801 madhye suleimanne jazarshi punha sambandh prasthapit kele, jyane tyachya parat yenyache manapasoon swagat kele aanee tyala "haravalelya mulasarkhe" vagavale.
april-meey 1804 madhye jazercha mrutyu jhaala, jevha suleiman jazerchya vatine makkela jaananya huzz yatrekarunchya karvanche netrutva karat hota (jazzer itka aajari hota qee too 'amir all-hajj' mhanoon tyachi kartavye paar padu shakat navhata). udatt bandarane ibrahim pasha kataraghasila jazarchya jaagi sidon aanee damishkacha 'valee' mhanoon niyukt kele. tathapi, jazarne turungat takalela adhikari ismayil yala turungatoon mukt karnyat aale aanee tyane utkrusht bandarala virodh karat ekar kshetravar niyantran midavale. ibrahimne junachya sumaras ekar kshetrala vedha ghatala aanee hajvaroon paratalyavar suleiman tyala sameel jhaala. janewari 1805 madhye niyojit asalelya pudhil huzz karvanchi tayari karnyasathi ibrahim vedhyatoon maghar ghetali aanee vedhyachya adhipatyakhali suleimanla sodale. 1805 madhye, utkrusht portney nantar tyala vedha suru thevanyasathi prerit karnyasathi sydencha suleiman "valee" niyukt keela. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat kinwa 1806 chya suruvatila, suleiman pashachya sainyane ismayilacha parabhav keela, jevha suleimanne shefa-amrajaval suleimanchya chhavaniviruddha ekaratoon uddan karnyacha prayatna keela.
ekarcha shasak.
sidoncha ekar-aadharit "valee" mhanoon, suleimanne jazarchya "mamluk" gharanyachi punha sthapana kelee, jeey 1789 chya bandachya kalat vighatit jhaale hote. mamluk' paiki sarvat pramukh mhanje allie pasha (purvi allie aaga) aanee muhammad aboo-nababoot. rajyapal mhanoon suleimanchya pahilya krutinpaiki eka mhanje gaza aanee jafacha rajyapal muhammad aboo marrak yala hatvane. aboo marrakne dakshin syrian valvant pradeshanvar aakraman karananya wahabi jamatinchya virodhat kooch karnyachya shahee aadeshanchi amalbajavani karnyat ayashasvi houn udatt bandaracha santap vyakt keela hota. parinami, udatt portney suleimanla tyala jabardastine padavarun hatvinyache aadesh dile. suleimanne aboo-nababootala jafala pakadanyasathi pathavale, jeey tyane 1806 chya uttaradhaparyant chalalelya vedhyanantar kele, jyamule aboo marrakala paloon jaanyas bhag padale.
suleimanchya vijayane udatt ports tyachi sthitee aanakhi unchavali, jyane suleimanla vishesh "wakf" (trust) deuun puraskrut kele jyane tyala gaza, jaafa aanee jerusalemvar (pratyakshat sampoorn nairutya palestine) adhikar deela. tyanantar suleimanne aboo-nabchi, parantu ghaza sanjakcha rajyapal mhanoon niyukti kelee, jyat jafahi samavisht hota. jerusalemmadhe, jafachya virodhat vedha ghatalyanantar thodyach velat, lokpriy dangli usalalya aanee damishkane niyukt kelele 'mutasalim' (jerusalem haah damishk iletcha bhag hota) dangal dadapanyat asamarth tharale. suleimanne tyacha eka senapati, muhammad aaga abudharia, pathavala, joou suvyavastha prasthapit karnyat yashasvi jhaala aanee tyanantar suleimanne tyachi "mutasallim" mhanoon niyukti kelee. tathapi, heey kaam alpakalin hote kaaran suleimanne damishkachya 'valee' laa aavhan dile nahee, jevha damishkane jerusalemvar damishkin adhikar punha sthapit keela aanee abudhariaachi jaaga ghetali.
jazarchya ulat, suleimanne kelelya mojkya lashkari karvainpaiki jaafa viruddha vedha haah eka hota, jyane palestine aanee mount lebnonmadhye sthanik sainyachya asankhya bandanna tond dile aanee dadapale aanee jabardastine loksankhyevar motha parinam keela. yaulat, suleimanchya karkirdit lashkari dalane tulanene kirkol bhoomika bajavali. tyaeivaji, suleimanne pratispardhi shekhanmadhye madhyasthi karoon shantata aanee suraksha rakhanyacha prayatna keela. yaa pratishthemule tyala 'all-aadil' heey topananav midale, jyacha arth 'nyayi' assa hoto.
kapasachya vyaparatoon ekaranchi sampatti qamee hott asalyane aanee anshatah rajkiy pradhanyane, ekarchya sainyachya sainyacha aakar lakshaniyaritya qamee jhalyamule suleimanne mutsaddegiridware rajya kele aanee aaplya nayab rajyapalanchya aanee jabal nabalasachya ardh-swayatt shekhanchya vyavharanmadhye khoopach qamee hastakshep keela. nantarchya babatit, tyanni vegvegalya tappyanvar vividh pratispardhi gatanna (jyarar, tukan aanee nimr kutumbe) pathimba deela aanee anekada tyanchyat sangharshachya velee shantata sthapakachi bhoomika bajavali. yamule jazarchya kendrikaran dhorananpasun aanee tyachya rajvatishi sambandhit hinsacharapasun, tyamule tyala 'all-jazar' (kasai) asey naav denyat aale. suleimanne ijjimcha masood all-maadee yaa sthanik balwan vyaktichi dekhil niyukti kelee, joou jaafa aanee ekar darmyancha bhag vyapananya atalat kinanyacha "mutasallim" hota. suleimanchya antargat vartulat allie pasha (mrutyu 1814), haim farahi (tyacha jyoo vazir aanee aarthik sallagar) aanee ibrahim avara (tyacha melkitecha mukhya lekhak) yancha samavesh hota.
farahichya margdarshanakhali, suleimanne ekarchya ghasaran hott asalelya arthvyavasthela punha balkat karnyavar aaplya rajvatiche laksh kendrit kele. yamule kapasachya kimmativaril niyantran shithil karoon aanee sthanik ekar vyapanyanna tyanni tyanchya sarkarkadoon bhadepattivar dilelya dukananvar aabhasi malki deuun, tyanche purvavarti jazar aanee zaheer all-umar yanni sthapan keleli kapasachi maktedari lakshaniyaritya shithil jhaali. shivay, tyane vyapadhyanchi khandani ghene aanee tyanchya vastoo japt karane, jazarchya rajvatit prachalit asalelya krutye thambavali. parinami, vyapari aanee shetkari puravathadaranvaril dabav lakshaniyaritya qamee karat, kapus vyaparavaril sampoorn niyantran naan gamavanyachi kalji farahi aanee suleiman yanni ghetali. hii dhorane olive teel aanee dhanya, palestine aanee aaspaschya pradeshatil itar done fayadeshir nagadi pikanvaril maktedariparyant vistarli.
1808 madhye, tyane tyachya albanian tukadila, jeey tyache sarvat saksham lashkari unit hote, nivrutt kele. toparyant, ghaza aanee berut yanchyat vibhagalelya tyachya sainyacha andaj 1,000 teey 2,000 darmyan hota. ekarmadhyech, tyane sumare 200 sainikancha pahara deela, tyachya virodhi aboo-nababut auph jaafa, jyache sainya 500 peksha jaast hote.
damaskasacha rajyapal.
1810 madhye, lebnon parvatavaril suleiman aanee tyache mitra, amir basheer shihab dusra aanee sheikh basheer jumblat yanni, shaharachya dakshinekadil hauranchya maidani bhagat pravesh kelelya wahabi aadivasinni damishkavar honanya aakramanala tond denyasathi lashkari pathbal midave yasathi damishkachya "valee" kunj yusuf pasha yanni kelelya aavahanala pratisad deela. suleimanne magrebi, kurdish, turkey, arab aanee albanian sainikansah tyachya sainyatil jeey kahee shillak hote teey ekatra kele, tarr amir basheerne tyachyabarobar sunni aanee sheeya muslim, druze aanee lebnonmadhil khrishchan yoddhyanchi bahu-kabulijbab seena aanali aanee yutee tiberiamadhye jamali. tyanni jorden nadee olandali aanee kunitrala pohocheparyant, kunj yusufane tyanna vahabi achanak hejazkade mage hatalyamule maghar ghenyachi vinanti pathavali.
suleimanne kunj yusufcha aadesh nakarla aanee damaskaskade kooch kele. kunj yusufane tyanna judaydat artuz yethe rokhanyasathi eka sainya pathavale, parantu thodya sangharshanantar suleimanchya sainyane kunj yusufchya sainyacha parabhav keela. kunj yusuf, joou satatyane 'amir all-hajj' mhanoon aapale kartavya paar padnyat apayashi tharala hota aanee varshik huzz karvanche makkela netrutva karnyat apayashi tharala hota (wahabi hallyanmule), tyachya jaagi suleimanla udatt poort (ottoman shahee sarkar) kadoon manjuri midali hotee. damaskasachya "valee" aanee "amir all-hajj" chya karyalayanvyatirikt, suleimanla tripoliche "valee" mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee sydenche "valee" mhanoon punha pushti denyat aalee.
meey 1811 madhye, satta balkat karnyachya prayatnat, valee muhammad aline egyptchya "mamlukanchi" kattal kelee aanee tyaa prantachi "mamluk" pranali prabhavipane nasht kelee. ameen besah mojkech "mamluk" paloon gele aanee ekarmadhye gele, jithe suleiman pashane tyanna aaplya sevet thewale. muhammad alichya krutimule ekaratil "mamluk" aswasth jhaale aanee ekar haah shevatcha "mamluk" balekilla mhanoon pahila gela. meey hatyakandala pratisad mhanoon, englandla dhanya vikrimule jyachya khajinyat lakshaniy vaadh jhaali hotee, tyaa suleimanne 1812chya unhalyat shekado 'mamluk' kharedi kele. parinami tyache sainya sumare 2,500 paryant vadhale. tathapi, suleimanchya 500-shaktishali ghodadalatil 'mamluk' bhoomika kurdish senapati shamdeen aaga, nee 'mutt aaga aanee ayalyakin aaga aanee arab adhikari musa aaga all-hussy aanee allie aboo zayed aaga yanchya netrutvakhalil 400-shaktishali beduin havra aniyamit ghodadalane adhorekhit kelee. 200-shaktishali payadalat, jyache netrutva tyreche albanian adhikari muhammad aaga all-nuu 'maan karat hote, kinwa sumare 700 ekar tofkhanyansah,' mamluk 'neey konatihi bhoomika bajavali nahee.
suleimanne aaplya 'mamluk' laa sainyaivaji, tyanchi nishtha aanee tyaa nishthevar avalambun asalelya vyavastheche suralit karya sunishchit karnyasathi anek rajkiy aanee prashasakeey padanvar niyukt kele. damishkacha "valee" mhanoon tyane "mamluk" uzun allie all-kasirla hamacha "mutasallim", jaffar aghala homescha "mutasallim", darvish aghala damishkacha "mutasallim" aanee kunj ahmed aghala jerusalemcha "mutasallim" mhanoon niyukt kele. tyane musa beey tukanla nabaloocha 'mutasallim' mhanoon niyukt kele. allie pasha yane suleimanchya vatine ekar kshetrache nirikshan kele, tarr suleiman damaskasmadhye rahat hota.
1812 madhye suleimanchya jaagi damaskasacha 'valee' mhanoon silahdar suleiman pasha haah nemanyat aala. tathapi, toparyant, udatt bandarane tyala latakia sanjaksah bahutek tripoli iletche, too jyaa iletvar rajya karat rahila, tyaa ioletla bajula karnyas parvanagi dilee. tyaa velee siddon iletcha vistar aadhich jazarchya karkirdit gaza sanjakcha samavesh karnyasathi karnyat aala hota. nabalas, jerusalem aanee lajjunche sanjak ajunahi damascus iletcha eka bhag hote, jaree suleimanne tyachya purvavartinpramanech damaskasachya kharchane yaa bhaganvar adhikar gajavala. silahdarchya mrutyunantar 1816 madhye sahaa sahaa vela damaskasacha 'valee' mhanoon tyachi donada punha niyukti karnyat aalee, parantu heey eka antarim padd hote jeey keval navyane niyukt rajyapal salih pashachya aagmanaparyantach hote.
nantarchi varshe aanee mrutyu.
pratyek velee suleimanla damishkachya 'valee' chey antarim padd denyat aale, heey hajchya aadhichya kahee mahinyant ghadale hote, jevha damishkache 'valee' (jeey shahee aadeshanusar 'amir all-hajj' kinwa 'huzz yatrecha senapati' dekhil hote) vividh jilhyanmadhun 'miirii' (tirthyatresathicha nidhi) gola karnyasathi tyancha 'dau' daura karayache. ardh-swayatt pradeshanmadhye, visheshtah jabal nabalasmadhye, jithe salag ottoman governor tyancha adhikar thampane mandanyat ayashasvi tharale, hii anekada eka katheen prakriya hotee. rajnaitik sambandhandware, visheshtah tukan kutumbashi asalelya tyachya sambandhandware, suleiman haah nidhi gola karoo shakala aanee asha prakare palestinechya madhya dongral bhaganvar tyacha adhikar vadhavala, jeey adhikrutpane seadonchya adhikarkshetrabaher hote.
1817 madhye, tukananni nabalas shaharatil tyanchya pratispardhyanna, nimr kutumbala mage taknyacha prayatna keela, jyamule jabal nabalasachya serve grameen shekhankadun, jyarar, abd all-haadee aanee kasim kutumbansah, jyanni nimranna pathimba deela, hinsak virodh jhaala. yamule jabal nabalasmadhye gruhyuddha jhaale aanee donhi bajunni mothya pramanat jivitahani jhaali. suleimanne paramparikpane tukananna pathimba deela, jaree tyacha lekhak ibrahim all-aurane thampane sangitale qee too jarar aanee abd all-hadisachya bajoone zuku lagla, bahudha nabalasmadhye sattecha samtol nirman karnyasathi qee too ajunahi prabhav takoo shakato aanee vyavasthapit karoo shakato, majboot ekal nabalasi adhikarala protsahit karnyaivaji. asha prakare, suleimanne musa beey tukanla asalela thos pathimba rokhala aanee tyaeivaji tyachya ekar mukhyalayat ladhananya gatanmadhye vataghati suru kelya. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat too musa beey aanee jarar aanee abd all-haadee kutumbanmadhye shantata prasthapit karnyat yashasvi jhaala. julai 1818 paryant, nabaloochya mufti (pramukh muslim vidwan) sobatchya aaplya karyalayandware, tyane nimr kutumbalahi shantata vyavasthet aanale. yaa kararat tukanankadun itar kutumbanna raktache mothe paise dene aavashyak hote, parantu musa beey haah nabalusacha "mutasallim" raheel yaa samjasah.
1814 madhye tyachya up-allie pasha khazinderchya mrutyunantar aanee jaffachya aboo-nababootala farahichya virodhamule, allie pashacha mulga abdullah pasha, jyala farhine khoop pasanti dilee, too suleimancha nivadalela uttaradhikari mhanoon udayas aala. nantarchya lokanni tatkalin kishoravayin abdullah yanchyasobat anek moolbhut niyam nishchit kele. yapaiki eka mhanje abdullache allie pashasarkhe suleimanchya mukhyalayat swatache karyalay nasayache, kinwa itaranni tyachya hatache chumban ghyave kinwa suleimansobat sarvajanikaritya khane-pine nako hote. suleiman aajari padala aanee august 1819 madhye tyacha mrutyu jhaala aanee tyala jazar mashidichya anganat jazarjaval ekarat daphan karnyat aale. farhine anek mahine vataghati kelyanantar aanee niyukti karnyasathi udatt portchya adhikanyanna laach dilyanantar janewari 1820 madhye abdullah adhikrutpane suleimanchya jaagi aala. abdullachya madhyamatoon satta midvu shakato assa vishvas asalelya farahicha galaa daboon khoon karnyat aala aanee padbhar swikarlyanantar anek mahinyanni abdullachya aadeshanusar tyala ekarchya bhintinvarun samudrat fekanyat aale.
bandhkam kaame.
suleimanne jazarsarkhe mothe vyavsayik bandhkam prakalp ekarat suru kele naheet. 1817 madhye tyane zaheer all-umarcha 'sook' (bajar) aagine nasht jhalyanantar tyachi punarbandhani kelee. tevhapasoon teey sook all-abyad mhanoon olakhale jaat aahe. 1700 madhye shaharatil ekmev masheed asaleli ekarchi sinan masheed suleimanne punha bandhali. yala bahr masheed (sagari masheed) asehi mhanatat. 1815 madhye tyane kabri jalmarg ekarat punarsanchayit keela joou jazarne bandhala hota parantu nepoliyanchya 1799 chya vedhyadarmyan nasht jhaala hota. 1810 madhye suleimanne gadhavachya bajarasathi ekarat eka 'khaan' (karvanserai) bandhala. suleimanne jerusalem aanee tyachya aaspaschya anek nutanikaranachya kamansathi nidhi ubharanyasathi swatache paisehi guntavale. 1816 madhye all-aksa mashidichi punarsthapana haah prakalpanpaiki eka hota.
mahamarganvaril anek thikani paharekari manore bandhalyamule anshatah suleiman heey sydon aayletchya mukhya rastyanvaril deshantargat suraksha sunishchit karate. 1813 madhye suleiman aanee tyachya sthanik pratinidhinni hii bandhkame haatee ghetali. raste bahutansh vela kharab sthiteet rahile. aaplya rajvatichya akheris, suleimanne raas all-nakaura marge dongral marg rund karoon aanee zahrani nadivar pool bandhun rastyanchi nauvahanakshamta sudharanyacha prayatna keela.