finiciacha itihas

phoenicia hii eka pracheen semitic-bhashik thalasocratic sanskruti hotee jee purv bhoomadhyasagarachya levent pradeshat, pramukhyane aadhunik lebnonmadhye ugam pavali. ii. sha. puu. 1100 teey 200 darmyan tyachya unchivar asatana, finician sanskruti bhoomadhyasagarat, cypraspasoon iberian dweepkalpaparyant pasarali.
kansyayugachya uttaradhat bahutek pramukh sanskratinchya patananantar finicians pramukh jhaale. tyanni eka vistrut sagari vyapar jaale vikasit kele jeey eka sahasrabdiparyant tikale aanee pracheen kalatil bahutansh kalasathi tee pramukh vyavsayik shakti bunley. phoenician vyaparamule greece, egypt aanee mesopotemiya yasarkhya sanskratichya pramukh ugamsthananmadhye sanskruti, kalpana aanee dnyanachi devanghevan sulabh honyas madat jhaali. ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat tyachya shikharavar pohochalyanantar, purv bhoomadhyasagariyatil phoenician sanskruti haloohaloo paradeshi prabhav aanee vijayamule qamee hott gelee, jaree ii. sha. puu. puu shatkaparyant madhya aanee paschim bhoomadhyasagariy pradeshat tichi upasthiti rahili.
pracheen greesmadheel sanskratipramanech, shahar-rajyanmadhye phoenician sanskruti sanghatit kelee gelee hotee, jyapaiki tyre, siddon aanee biblose heey sarvat ullekhaneey hote. pratyek shahar-rajya rajkiyadrushtya swatantra hote aanee phoenician swatahla eka rashtriyatva mhanoon pahat asalyacha konatahi purava nahee. vayavya aafriketil finician vasahat carthage hii ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat swatachya adhikarat eka pramukh sanskruti bunley.
phoenician nondi kinwa sahitya phaar qamee shillak asalyane, tyanchya utpattibaddal aanee itihasabaddal jeey kahee dnyat aahe teey bahutek itar sanskratinchya vruttantanmadhun aanee bhoomadhya samudrat utkhananat kadhalelya tyanchya bhautik sanskratitil nishkarshanmadhun yete. 1646 madhye samuel bochartchya 'geographia sacra seyu faleg ett cannan' yaa vishayala samarpit pahilya purn lambichya pustakachya prakashanaparyant, aadhunik kalatil suruvatichya kalat finiciansabaddal farse lihile gele navhate. tyane sampoorn pradeshat bhashik aanee bhashavishayak prabhav asalelya sagari-aadharit vyapari samajachya bhavishyatil vidvanansathi eka aarakhada katha tayar kelee. tathapi, bochartsarkhya suruvatichya vidvananni finiciansana sampoorn vanshik-sanskrutik gatapeksha tyach pradeshatil vyapari aanee vasahatvadi mhanoon sadar kele. yaa velee finiciansche dnyan pracheen greek-roman strotanpurate maryadit hote.
1758 madhye jevha jeane-jacks barthlemyne phoenician varnamalacha arth lavala aanee dnyat phoenician shilalekhanchi sankhya vadhu lagali, tevha vidvananchi utsukata vadhali-1694 madhye melcartchya sippiche prakashan haah aadhunik kalat olakhala gelela aanee prakashit jhalela pahila phoenician shilalekh hota. 1837 madhye wilheim geseniusne phoenician bhashecha pahila purn sangrah ("scriptura lingweak phoenicia monumenta") prakashit keela, jyanantar franz carl moversney shastriy aanee baybalsambandhi srot gola karoon "dye fenizier" (1841-1850) aanee "phoenizishe texte, erclart" (1845-1847) prakashit kele, jyamadhye tyane phoenician "lock" ("wolkerschaft") eka vanshik gut mhanoon sadar kele. kele shatkatil aanakhi vidvattapoorn kamanmadhye johnn kenrickchi 'phoenicia' (1855), george rollinsonchi 'histree auph phoenicia' (1889) aanee 'geshichte dair phoeniziyar' (1889) yancha samavesh hota. finicianscha haah vidvattapoorn abhyas pratham ernest renanne ektrit keela, pratham tyachya french-sarkar-prayojit 'mission dii fenici' saha-napolean yugaparyantche lahan pramanatil pathpurava manale jaanare 'discription dii laal' aegypt '-aanee nantar' corpus shilalekh semitikaram 'saha.
vidvananchya matey, finicianscha sarvat motha kaal ii. sha. puu. 1200 teey pertian kalachya shevataparyant (ii. sha. puu. 332) hota. finicianche prarambhik kansya yug heey heey pramanat adnyat aahe. biblose aanee sydon-deckerman (sideonjaval) hii done sarvat mahatvachi thikane aahet, tathapi, 2021 paryant, shambharahun adhik thikane utkhananasathi shillak aahet, tarr itar jyache adyap purnapane vishleshan kele gele nahee. jaree naisargik sansadhanansathi spardha hotee, taree madhya kansya yug haah vadhatya loksankhyecha, vyaparacha aanee samruddhicha samanyatah shantatapurn kaal hota. kansyayugachya uttaradhat, egypt, mittani, hittait aanee assyria yanchyatil shatrutvacha phoenician shaharanvar lakshaniy parinam jhaala.
mool.
herodotuscha assa vishvas hota qee finicianscha ugam baharinmadhun jhaala, haah drushtikon shatkannantar itihaskar strabone samayik keela. haah siddhant 19 vya shatkatil german abhijat kalakar arnold herenne swikarla, jyane namood kele qee greek bhoogolshastradnyanni tyrus kinwa tylos aanee aradus navachya done betanche varnan kele aahe, jeey teey finiciansche matrudesh asalyache abhiman balgatat aanee phoenician mandiranche avashesh pradarshit karatat."lebnonmadhil aadhunik tyrechya lokanni, visheshtah phaar purvipasoon pertian aakhati mool kayam thewale aahe aanee tylos aanee tyre yaa shabdanmadhil samanatevar bhashya kele gele aahe. vasahatinche utkhanan aanee dullman dafanbhumichya dafanbhumichya disun yete qee, ii. sha. puu. 1 chya kalat baharinmadhye dillman sanskratichi bharbharat jhaali. tathapi, kahee vidvananni nondavale aahe qee, asey sthalantar jhaale asave asey manale jaat asatana baharinavar kabja karnyat aala hota yache farse purave naheet. 2017 chya anuvanshik sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee, aadhunik kalatil lebnonmadhye lebnonmadhye hadanchya pracheen dna namunyanvar aadharit, "sadhyachya lebananche bahutek purvaj cananiteshy sambandhit loksankhyetun aale aahet, jyamule kiman kansyayugapasun leventmadhye lakshaniy anuvanshik satatya soochit hote". tathapi, yaa abhyasat arabi janukeey itihasakade laksh dile gele nahee aanee tyahunahi alikadil abhyasane kinarpattichya levantineshy arabi lokancha uchch sambandh adhorekhit keela, jeey darshavite qee arabi shikari-gola karnare tyanche bahutek purvaj neolithic levantinmadhun midavatat aanee yu. aii. eae. chey aadhunik rahivasi tyanchya purvajancha motha bhag aadhunik levantinpeksha neolithic levantinmadhun midavatat. aadhunik lebanese tyanchya vanshatil 90 takkyanhun adhik kansya yugatil sidoniyanspasun prapt karatat, tarr emirati tyanchya dii. aine. aii. chaa 75 takke bhag lebnonmadhil kansya yugatil sidonskadoon aanee 25 takke arabi shikari-gola shikari-gola prapt karatat, jeey natufians kinwa neolithic levantineshy atyant sambandhit hote. tyamule arabi lokanche leventmadhye konatehi pashch-sthalantar heey anuvanshikdrushtya vegale karane ashakya nasale taree katheen aahe.
kahee vidwan asey suchavatat qee sumare ii. sha. puu. 2500 chya aaspas supic ardhchandravar semitic prasaranasathi purese purave aahet. yaulat, sabatino moskatisarkhya itar vidvanancha assa vishvas aahe qee finiciancha ugam purvichya gair-semitic rahivashanchya semitic aagmananchya mishranatoon jhaala. tathapi, pratyakshat, cananitesche aanee adhik visheshtah, finiciansche vanshik utpatti heey adhik guntaguntiche aahe. 
finiciansana janm denari canani sanskruti purvichya ghasulian chalcolithic sanskratitun 'inn seatoo' vikasit jhaali. ghasulian swatach parigh-arabian bhatkya pashupalan sankulatoon vikasit jhaale, jeey tyanchya purvajanni bandhalelya natufian aanee harifian sanskratinchya purv-matichya matichya neolithic bii (ppnb) shetee sanskratinchya mishranatoon vikasit jhaale, ii. sha. puu. 6200 chya hawaman sankatadarmyan pranyanchya paliv pranyancha sarav karat hote, jyamule leventmadhye neolithic kranti jhaali. biblose heey kansyayugachya suruvatipasunach puratatviy sthal mhanoon pramanit aahe. jaree ugari bhasha yogya canani bhashanshi sambandhit nasali taree kansya yugachya uttaradhatil ugarit rajyala puratatvadrushtya sarvotkrusht canani manale jaate.
kansyayugachya uttaradhat (1550-1200 ii. sha. puu.) uday.
ii. sha. puu. puu shatkachya suruvatila, egyptne nikat purvekadil lokancha eka vaividhyapurn gut asalelya hixos mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya paradeshi rajyakartyanna baher kadhale aanee naveen rajyantargat sthanik rajvansh rajvat punha sthapit kelee. yamule finiciavar vishesh laksh kendrit karoon egyptne leventmadhye ghuskhori kelee; finicianscha pahila dnyat ahwal thutmos III (1479-1425 ii. sha. puu.) chya vijayanshi sambandhit aahe. biblose, arwad aanee ulasa yasarkhya kinarpattivaril shaharanna tyanchya antargat bhaganshi (nahar all-kabir aanee orontes nadyandvare) asalelya mahattvapoorn bhaugolik aanee vyavsayik sambandhansathi lakshya karnyat aale hote. yaa shaharanni egyptala mesopotemiyachya vyaparat pravesh deela tasech yaa pradeshatil mool devdar lakadacha mubalak satha deela, jyachya samatulya egyptchya matrubhoomit navhate. thutmos III neey varshik malvahatukisathi finician bandaranmadhye lakud sathavun thevanyacha tasech euphrates naditoon antardeshiy vyaparasathi jahaje bandhanyacha ahwal deela aahe.
amarna patrannusar, ii. sha. puu. 1411 teey 1358 darmyan egypt aanee phoenicia yanchyatil patravyavaharanchi malika, 14 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant, leventchya kahee bhagansah bahutek phoenicia, eka "shithilpane paribhashit" egyptian prashasakeey chaukatikhali aala. egyptchya sansadhananmadhye aanee vyaparat pravesh karnyas madat rajya finician shahar rajyanna egyptchya lokansathi 'pasantichi shahare' manale jaat asey. tyre, syden, berut aanee biablo heey sarvat mahattvache manale jaat hote. nammatra egyptian rajvatit asale taree, finiciansana lakshaniy svayatta hotee aanee tyanchi shahare shahare vikasit aanee samruddha hotee. tyanche swatache prasthapit rajvansh, rajkiy sabha aanee vyapari tafa asalyache varnan kele jaate, agadi tyanchyat rajkiy aanee vyavsayik spardha dekhil hote. biblose heey egyptchya baherche agraganya shahar hote, jeey amarnachya bahutansh dalanvalanasathi jababdar hote. heey kansya nirmitiche eka pramukh kendra hote aanee afaganistanparyantchya purvekadil tiin aanee lapis lazulisarkhya maulyavan vastunche prathamik kendra hote. pudhil sahasrabdiparyant sahasrabdiparyant shatrutvachya namunyachi suruvat karoon, siddon aanee tyrene dekhil egyptian egyptian swarasya nirman kele.
egyptchya atharavya rajvanshachya aarthik gatishilatemule, visheshtah tyachya navvya rajachya aamnotep III (1391-1353 ii. sha. puu.) chya kalat, phoenician shaharanmadhye aanakhi samruddhi aanee mahatva aale. jaree lakud hii pramukh vastoo rahili asali taree vastoonchya vistrut shrenichi magani vadhat hotih egyptcha jahajbandhani udyog aanee mandire aanee vasahatinche jalad bandhkam hii arthvyavasthechi prerak shakti hotee; pujari aanee uchch vargachya shavpetisathi devdar heey pasantiche lakud hote. suruvatila bibloche varchasva hote, tyrecha apavad vagalata aksharshah pratyek shaharala vividh prakarchya kadak lakudancha vapar karata yet asey. pratyek shaharat sampatticha ogh aanee adhik vaividhyapurn arthvyavastha disun aalee jyat lakud bandhanare, karagir, vyapari aanee khalashi yancha samavesh hota.
heatite hastakshep aanee kansya yugachya uttaradhat kosalane.
amarna patranmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee ii. sha. puu. 1350 teey 1300 paryant, shejaril amori aanee hittait, visheshtah uttarekadil phoenician shahare tabyat ghet hote. tyanantar egyptne uttar seeriyatil ugaritpasoon madhya lebnonjaval biblosparyantchi aapali kinarpattichi jameen gamavali. jaree setee I (1306-1290 BC) chya antargat egyptne aaplya niyantranacha punaruchchar keela, taree dakshinekadil phoenician shahare swayatt rahili asalyache disun aale.
ii. sha. puu. 1200 teey 1150 darmyanchya kahee kalat, kansyayugachya uttaradhat jhalelya kosalanyane egypt aanee hittites yaa pradeshatil bahutek sanskruti gambhirpane kamkuvat jhalya kinwa nasht jhalya.
aarohan aanee uchch bindu (1200-800 bii. see.).
aata paradeshi varchasva aanee hastakshepapasun mukt asalelya finiciansani yaa sankatacha tulanene changlya prakare samna keela asalyache disun aale, lohyugat andaje sankraman jhalyanantar (ii. sha. puu. 1230 madhye eka vegali aanee sanghatit sanskruti mhanoon udayas aalee. 1200-500 bii. see.). pudhil anek shatake, phoenicia samruddha hota aanee yaa kalavadhiche kadhikadhi 'phoenician punarjagaran' mhanoon varnan kele jaate."tyanni kansya yugachya uttaradhat kosalalyamule nirman jhaleli vijechi pokali yaa pradeshatil ekmev vyapari aanee sagari shakti houn bharoon kadhali, joou darja teey pudhil anek shatake kayam thewel.
biblose aanee sidon yaa sarvat suruvatichya satta hotya, jaree phoenician shahar rajyanche sapeksh mahatva sampoorn sahasrabdimadhye qamee hott gele aanee pravahit hott gele. tyre, simaira, arwad aanee berritus hii itar pramukh shahare hotee, jee serve ii. sha. puu. puu sahasrakachya madhyatil amarna falakanmadhye aadhalali. biblose haah suruvatila mukhya bindu hota jithun bhoomadhya aanee laal samudra marganvar finiciansche varchasva hote. yethech raja ahiramchya (ii. sha.) shavpetivar phoenician varnamaletil pahila shilalekh sapadala. ii. sha. puu. 850). finiciachi swatantra kinarpattivaril shahare naisargik sansadhananni samruddha asalelya levent kshetra aanee urvarit pracheen jug yanchyatil vyaparasathi aadarshpane yogya hotee.
lohyugachya suruvatilach, finiciansani bhoomadhya samudra aanee dakshin kalya samudraparyant bandare, godame, bajarpetha aanee vasahati sthapan kelya. suruvatila tyrechya netrutvakhali, cyprus, sardiniya, balleric bete, cicilly aanee malta, tasech uttar aafrikechya supic kinarpattivar aanee khanij samruddha iberian dweepkalpavar vasahati sthapan karnyat aalya. jaree vadgrast asale taree, kahee vidvanancha assa vishvas aahe qee carthage, jee nantar paschim bhoomadhyasagaramadhil eka pramukh shakti mhanoon udayas aalee, tee tyrechya pigmelianchya (831-735 ii. sha. puu.) karkirdit sthapan jhaali hotee. finicianchya guntaguntichya vyapari jaalyane jyala fernand bradel mhanatat tyala samarthan dile, jyala 'jaagtik-arthvyavastha' chey prarambhik udaharan mhanatat, jyache varnan finicianne pradan kelelya duve aanee devanghevanimule 'grahacha aarthikdrushtya swayatt vibhag tyachya swatachya bahutek garja bhagavanyas saksham' mhanoon kele jaate.
finiciamadhye chandichya sathyanchya tyachya uchch binduchya kahee kalatil eka adviteey sandratemadhye haxilver (chalanasathi vaparale jaanare) asate jyamadhye sardiniya aanee spainmadhil dhatunshi julanare shise samasthanik gunottar asate. haah dhatucha purava finician vyapar jaalyachi vyapti darshavito. heey paschim bhoomadhya sagari bandar shahar, tarshish, jeey israyalacha raja solomanla finiciachya madhyamatoon chandicha puravatha karat hote, tyachya baybalsambandhichya pramanikaranala dekhil pushti dete asey disate.
lohyugatil finicianscha pahila majkoor assyri raja tiglath-pilesar pahila yachyakadun yeto, jyane ii. sha. puu. 1114 teey 1076 darmyan finiciansviruddhachi aapali moheem nondavali. finicianchya uchch darjachya devdar lakadaparyant pohochanyasathi, too tyaa kalatil pramukh shaharanmadhun, biblose aanee sidankadoon sidankadoon karanche varnan karato. andaje eka varshanantar, egyptian pujari, venamun yane ii. sha. puu. 1075 teey 1060 yaa kalat dharmik mandirasathi devdarache lakud kharedi karnyachya tyachya prayatnanche varnan kele aahe. tiglath-pilesar pahila yachya vruttantala virodh kartana, venamun biblose aanee sidonche varnan prabhavi aanee shaktishali kinarpattivaril shahare mhanoon karato, jeey soochit karate qee assyri vedha akaryaksham hota. jaree kansyayugat ekekali egyptiananche samant hote, taree shahar rajye aata venamunachi khandanichi magani nakaru shakali, tyaeivaji egyptian lokanna vyavsayik vyavastheshi sahmat honyas bhag padale. heey darshavate qee phoenician lock kitee prabhavshali aanee swatantra lock banale hote.
finiciachi nirmiti rajya shahari rajyanchya sankalanache vaishishtya baherchya lokandware aanee agadi swatah finiciandware dekhil, eka vishisht velee eka pramukh rajya mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale. anek shatkanparyant, finician aanee cananite yanna samaan paryayane 'sidonian' kinwa 'tyreans' mhatale jaat asey."ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat, joshua, nyayadhish aanee samuel yanchya baybalmadhil pustakanmadhye serve finiciansche varnan karnyasathi sidonian haah shabd vaparla aahe; ii. sha. puu. puu shatkaparyant, tyre heey sarvat shrimant aanee sarvat shaktishali phoenician shahar rajya banale, visheshtah hiram I (ii. sha. puu.) chya karkirdit. 969-936 bii. see.). jyoo baybalmadhye, israyalache raja david aanee soloman yancha samkalin mhanoon varnan kelele, too solomanche mandir bandhanyasathi niyukt kelyabaddal prasiddha aahe, jithe tyachya shahari rajyache kaushalya aanee sampatti nondavali jaate. ekandarit, junya kararat finician shahar rajyancha sandarbh aahe-mhanje siddon, tyre, arvad (awad) aanee biblose-100 peksha jaast vela, jeey tyrean aanee finician sanskratila kitee pramanat manyata midali heey darshavate.
kharey tarr, phoenician tyanchya samkalinanpeksha vegale hote kaaran tyancha uday tulanene shantatapurn hota. puratatvashastradnya james bii. pretchard nondavato, "purvejavalachya pracheen sanskruti aanee pashchimekadil adnyat jagachya sanskratimadhye duva sadhanare teey pahile hote...babylonian aanee assyri lokanpramane teey vijayasathi navhe, tarr vyaparasathi gele. lutnyaivaji napha midvane heey tyanche dhoran hote."prechardche nirikshan aahe qee jawaljawal pratyek shejaril sanskratishi sangharsh karnare israyali lokahi finiciananna" aadaraniy shejari "manatat jyanchyashi israyal ardhya sahasrakachya kalavadhit sauhardpurn rajnaitik aanee vyavsayik sambandh rakhanyas saksham hote... tarihi israyal aanee tiche uttarekadil shejari yanchyat vaicharik matbhed asoonahi, nirbandh kayam rahile."
ethobal (ii. sha. puu. 1) yaa purohitanchya rajvatit, tyrene uttarekade berutparyant (tyachya purvichya pratispardhi cydoncha samavesh karoon) aanee sayprasachya bhagaparyant aapala pradesh vistarla; aakramanachi hii asamanya krutee hii finiciansne eksandh pradeshik rajya tayar karnyasathi keleli sarvat jawalchi krutee hotee. spashtapane, ekada tyache rajya tyachya sarvat mothya pradeshik maryadeparyant pohochale qee, ethobalne swatahla 'sidonianscha raja' ghoshit kele, hii padvi tyache uttaradhikari vaparat asat aanee greek aanee jyoo donhi vruttantanmadhye tyacha ullekh keela jaat asey.
phoenician varnamala.
tyanchya uchch tappyadarmyan, visheshtah ii. sha. puu. 1050 chya sumaras, finiciansani phoenician hii eka uttar semitic bhasha lihinyasathi eka lipi vikasit kelee. varnamalancha vyapak vapar rajya rajyastariy sansthanpaiki tyaa pahilya hotya. israyali, phoenician, amori, ammoni, moabi aanee edomi heey lock bolanare canani bhashanche kutumb, haah tyanchya lekhanala nondavanyasathi varnamala vaparnara, proto-kanani lipivar aadharit, bhashancha pahila aitihasikdrushtya pramanit samooh hota. egyptian chitralipinmadhun vyutpann jhaleli proto-kanani lipi sumare 30 chinhe vaparte parantu ii. sha. puu. puu aanee aanee shatkat naveen semitic rajyanchya udayaparyant ticha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaat navhata.
cananite-phoenician varnamalemadhye 22 akshare asatat, serve vyanjan asatat. too aadhunik varnamalanchya purvajanpaiki eka asalyache manale jaate. tyanchya sagari vyaparachya madhyamatoon, finiciansani varnamalecha vapar anatolia, uttar africa aanee europemadhye pasaravala, jithe tyane bahudha sanvad aanee vyavsayik sambandhancha uddesh sadhya keela. greek lokanni varnamala sweekarli, jyanni tee swaransathi tasech vyanjanansathi vegali akshare mhanoon vikasit kelee.
phoenician' heey naav paramparenusar ii. sha. puu. 1050 chya sumaras suru jhalelya shilalekhanna dile gele aahe, kaaran phoenician, hibru aanee itar canani bolibhasha tyapurvi mothya pramanat aprabhedya hotya. ii. sha. puu. 1000 chya sumaras raja ahiramchya shavpetivar koralele tathakathit ahiram epitaf, eka purnapane vikasit phoenician lipi darshavite.
shikhar aanee haloohaloo ghat (900-586 bii. see.).
lohyugachya uttaradhat, visheshtah ii. sha. puu. 750 teey 650 darmyan, finician nauvahan, vyapari aanee sanskrutik kriyakalapanchi unchi disun aalee. egyptchya madhyamatoon greek sanskrutik aanee kalatmak sammelananchya "prachyikaranat" aanee finiciandware prasarit jhalelya purvekadil prabhavanmadhye finician prabhav disun aala. sampoorn pradeshatil vividh tantrik, vaidnyanik aanee tatvik kalpananchya mishranane ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat shastriy greesachya udayasathi paya ghatala.
aadhich atulaneey navik aanee vyapari mhanoon prasiddha asalelya finiciansani dekhil eka vegali aanee guntaguntichi sanskruti vikasit kelee hotee. teey samanya aanee vilasi asha donhi prakarchya vastunche utpadan karayala shikale, aanee teey "ghauk vaparasathi mothya pramanat utpadit kelelya chatur chhotya vastunsathi pracheen kalat prasiddha jhaale."teey kaach nirmiti, korivkam aanee pathlag dhatukam (kansya, loh aanee sonyasah), hastidant korivkam aanee lakudkamat parangat hote. tyanchya sarvat lokpriy vastunmadhye sookshm kapad hote, jeey samanyatah prasiddha tyrean jambhalya rangane rangavale jaat asat. yaa kalat tayar karnyat aalelya homarchya 'eliod' madhye finician kapade aanee dhatuchya vastoonchya gunavattecha sandarbh aahe. hajaro flask, manee aanee itar kachechya vastoo bhoomadhyasagarat pathavalya jaat asalyane, finician heey yaa pradeshatil kacheche aaghadiche utpadakahi banale. spainmadhil vasahatinni kumbharanchya chakancha vapar kelyache disun aale, tarr aatache navodit shahar rajya asalelya karthejane mothya sankhyene jalad aanee swast jahajanche utpadan karnyasathi anukramik utpadanacha vapar keela. 
assyri lokankhalil jagirdar (858-608 ii. sha. puu.).
eka arund kinarpattichya bhubhagavar kendrit asaleli vyapari shakti mhanoon, finicianskade mothya sainyala aadhar denyasathi aakar aanee loksankhyecha abhav hota. asha prakare, shejarchya samrajyancha uday houu lagalyane, phoenician adhikadhik paradeshi rajyakartyanchya adhipatyakhali aale, jyanni vegvegalya pramanat tyanchya swayattatela maryada ghatalya.
finiciacha assyri vijay raja shalmaneser tisra yachyapasun suru jhaala, joou ii. sha. puu. 858 madhye sattevar aala aanee tyane shejaril rajyanviruddha mohimanchi malika suru kelee. teen varshanchya kalavadhit phoenician shahar rajye tyachya adhipatyakhali aalee, tyanna paise, vastoo aanee naisargik sansadhananmadhye mothya pramanat khandani dyavi lagali. tathapi, finiciansana purnapane jodale gele nahee-teey assyri lokanchya adheen asalelya, samantanchya sthiteet rahile, parantu tyanni kahee pramanat swatantrya dile. samrajyatil itar jinkalelya lokanchya tulanet, assyri lokanshi anyatha sauhardpurn sambandhanchya itihasamule aanee utpannacha srot mhanoon aanee vistarat asalelya samrajyasathi mutsaddegiri mhanoon tyanche mahatva asalyamule finiciansana changli vaganuk dilee jaat asey.
ii. sha. puu. 824 madhye shalmanesar tisra yachya mrutyunantar, finiciansani tyanche ardh-swatantrya kayam thewale, kaaran tyanantarchya shasakanna tyanchya antargat babinmadhye hastakshep karayacha navhata, jenekarun teey tyanchya samrajyala bhandavalachya pramukh strotapasun vanchit thevu shaktil. ii. sha. puu. 744 madhye tiglath-pilesar III chya aarohananantar heey badalale, jyane tyanna adheen thevanyaivaji aajubajuchya pradeshanna baljabarine samavisht karnyacha prayatna keela. ii. sha. puu. 738 paryant, uttar phoenicias bahutek levent tabyat ghetale gele aanee thet assyri prashasanakhali aale; keval tyre aanee biblose, shahar rajyanpaiki sarvat shaktishali, thet niyantranabaher upanadi rajye mhanoon rahile.
kahee varshantach tyre aanee biblose yanni bund kele. tiglath-pilesar tisra yane donhi shaharanna twarit parabhoot kele aanee mothya pramanat curr ladala. anek varshannantar, tyrene punha bund kele, yaveli tyane tyachya purvichya pratispardhi sidenshee yutee kelee. done teey teen varshannantar, sargon dusra (722-705 ii. sha. puu.) yane ii. sha. puu. 721 madhye tyrela yashasviritya vedha ghatala aanee yutee chiradali. ii. sha. puu. 701 madhye, tyacha mulga aanee uttaradhikari sanheribne sampoorn pradeshat aanakhi bandkhori dadapun takali, tyrechya bahutansh loksankhyela ninaveh yaa assyri rajdhanit haddapar kele. ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat, sidonne bund kele aanee esarhadanne (ii. sha. puu. 681-668) tyacha purnapane naash keela, jyane tethil rahivashanna gulam banavale aanee tyachya avasheshanvar eka naveen shahar bandhale.
ii. sha. puu. puu shatkachya akheris, finiciansana abhootpurv dadapshahi aanee sangharsh sahan karava lagla.sampoorn samrajyat salag jhalelya bandanmule assyri lock kamkuvat jhaale hote, jyamule irani madhyam samrajyane tyancha naash keela.
babylonian niyam (605-538 ii. sha. puu.).
babylonian, purvi assyri lokanche samant, yanni samrajyachya kosalanyacha fayda ghetala aanee bund kele, aanee tyachya jaagi lavkarach nava-babylonian samrajya sthapan kele. uttar seeriyatil karkemishchya nirnayak ladhaine assyri aanee tyanchya egyptchya mitrarashtranche purvekadil aitihasik varchasva sampushtat aanale. finiciavar babylonian rajya alpakalin hote, parantu tyamule assyri lokanchya kalat suru jhalelya tivra ghasaranila gatee midali. pahila babylonian raja nabopolasar (ii. sha. puu. 1) aanee tyacha mulga nebuchadnessar dusra (ii. sha. puu. 1) yanchya karkirdit phoenician shaharanni anek vela bund kele. 605-see. ii. sha. puu. 562). nantarchya karyakalat anek pradeshik bund jhaale, visheshtah leventmadhye. jerusalemmadhil bund dadpalyanantar, nebuchadanessarne bandkhor tyrela vedha ghatala, jyane ii. sha. puu. 587 teey 574 paryant tera varshe pratikar keela. shaharane shevati "anukool ateen" antargat sharanagati patkarali.
babylonian kalat, tyre kahee kalasathi "nivadoon aalele dandadhikari yanchya netrutvakhalil prajasattak" banale, jyane "sufets" mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya nyayadhishanchya jodicha samavesh asaleli sarkar pranali sweekarli, jyanna sarvat shaktishali kuleen kutumbanmadhun nivadle gele aanee alpakalin seva dilee.
pertian kalavadhi (539-332 ii. sha. puu.).
lohyugachya uttaradhatil vijayanmule phoenician rajkiy aanee aarthikdrushtya kamkuvat jhaale, vadhatya paradeshi shaktinchya parshvabhumivar shahari rajyanni haloohaloo tyancha prabhav aanee svayatta gamavali. tathapi, mesopotamian shaktinchya teen shatkanchya bahutansh kalat aanee varchasvadarmyan phoenician samanyatah tulanene swatantra aanee samruddha rahanyat yashasvi jhaale. jaree jinkale gele tarihi, anek shahari rajye bharbharatila yet rahili, madhyasth, jahaj bandhanare aanee eka kinwa dusarya paradeshi adhipatyache vyapari mhanoon tyanchya bhoomikecha laabh ghet. haah namuna pertian rajvatichya andaje done shatkanmadhye chaloo rahila.
ii. sha. puu. 539 madhye, pertian achemanid samrajyacha raja aanee sansthapak, cyrus daad gret yane, nava-babylonian samrajyachya ulthapalathicha fayda uthavala aanee babylonechi rajdhani tabyat ghetali. cyrusne purvekadil pradeshanche ektrikaran karnyas suruvat kelee, tevha finiciansani spashtapane '[aatmasamarpan] karane' heey pertian lokansamor asalyache vyavharik ganan kele."bahutek levent sayarasdware ekach" "satrapi" "(prant) madhye ektrit kele gele aanee 350" "talent" "chee varshik khandani denyas bhag padale gele, jee egypt aanee libiyala aavashyak asalelya karapeksha andaje ardhi hotee". yamule, bahutek shasakanni finiciansana tulanene halakya hatane vagavanyacha cull suru thewala, joou assyri lokanchya kalat suru jhaala.
kharey tarr, finiciacha bhag nantar chaar samant rajyanmadhye vibhagala gela-siddon, tyre, arvad aanee biblose-jyanna lakshaniy svayatta dilee gelee. shejarchya jerusalem aanee samariyasah samrajyachya itar bhaganpramane, phoenician shahar-rajyanvar rajya rajya pertian prashasakanchi nond nahee. sthanik phoenician rajanna sattet rahanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee aanee tyanna pertian 'kshatrap' (rajyapal) sarkhech adhikar dekhil denyat aale, jase qee aanuvanshik karyalaye aanee tyanchi swatachi nanee tayar karane. pertian prashasanache anyatha vikendrikrut swaroop mhanje phoenician, jaree aata swatantra aanee prabhavshali shakti nasale taree, kiman tyanche rajkiy aanee vyapari vyavhar sapeksh swatantryasaha chaloo thevu shakat hote.
tathapi, pertian kalat, anek finician bhoomadhyasagaramadhye, visheshtah paschimekade itaratra sthayik honyasathi nighun gele; carthage heey eka lokpriy thikan hote, kaaran toparyant teey vayavya africa, iberia aanee italichya kahee bhaganmadhye pasarlele eka sthapit aanee samruddha samrajya hote. kharey tarr, finiciansani tyanchya purvichya vasahatipasun samrajyat badallyabaddal ekjoot darshavine suru thewale, tyre itake pudhe gele qee raja cambisis dusra yachya aadeshala tyanchya virodhat jahajane virodh keela, jyachya joravar herodotuschya davyanusar pertian lokanna carthage tabyat ghenyapasun rokhale gele. tyrean aanee phoenician shiksha talhu shakale kaaran tyanni anek varshanpurvi pertian rajvatila shantatapurnapane manyata dilee hotee aanee pertian naudal shakti tikavoon thevanyasathi tyanchyavar avalambun hote. tathapi, tyanantar tyrene tyacha visheshadhikarprapt darja tyachya pramukh pratispardhi, sidankadoon gamavala. visheshtah jahajbandhani, nauvahan aanee sagari tantradnyan aanee kaushalyatil tyanchya parakramansathi, jyat pertian lock pramukhyane jameen-aadharit shakti mhanoon abhav hota, finician hii achemanid samrajyasathi eka mukhya sampatti rahili. puratatvashastradnya etch. jacob catzenstein yanni pertian samrajyache varnan, tyanchya dhoranatmak aanee aarthik mahattvamule jyaa shaharanchi bharbharat jhaali, tyaa finiciansasathi eka "aashirvad" mhanoon kele aahe. teey pudhe mhanatatah 'phoenician shahare' heey pertian dhoranachya vikasat eka majboot ghatak banale kaaran tyanche tafa aanee tyanche mahan sagari dnyan aanee anubhav, jyavar pertian naudal avalambun hote. pertian rajane heey prabhavshali sthan olakhale aanee pertian lock finiciansana prajanpeksha mitra mhanoon adhik manat asat. arvad, siddon aanee tyre yanna mothya pramanat jameen denyat aalee aanee tyanna phoenician aanee palestinian kinarpattivar vyapar karanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee.parinami, phoenician heey pertian shahee prakalpachya sadasyanna sammati dett asalyache disun aale. udaharanarth, ii. sha. puu. puu shatkachya uttaradhat jhalelya greek-pertian yuddhandarmyan tyanni pertian tafyacha motha bhag swechhene susajj keela. herodotus tyanna pertian sainyatil 'sarvottam khalashi' manatat. zerksus kalwa aanee pontoon pool bandhanyatil tyanchya chaturyasathi, jyane tyachya sainyala greesmadheel mukhya bhoomi olandu dile, zerksus I chya netrutvakhalil finicianschi titakich prashansa karnyat aalee. tarisuddha, salamichya ladhait antim parabhav jhalyanantar pertian rajane tyanna kathor shiksha dilee, jyala tyanni phoenician bhyadpana aanee asamarthata asey mhatale.
ii. sha. puu. puu shatkachya madhyat, sidoncha raja tens yane artaxarcsus 3 viruddha ayashasvi bandache netrutva kele, jyat egyptchya lokanchi madat ghetali gelee, jyanna nantar pertian lokanshi yuddhat odhale gele. bandkhori aanee tyanantarchya sangharshache tapshilvar varnan diodorus seculus yanni kele aahe. shaharachya parinami jhalelya nashamule punha ekada tyachya pratispardhi tyreche punarutthan jhaale, jeey alekzandar daad gretchya aagmanaparyant done dashake pramukh phoenician shahar rahile.
hellenistic kalavadhi (332-63 bii. see.).
pertian samrajyachya paschim parighavar vasalele, finicia heey alekzandar daad gretney paschim aashiyatil tyachya lashkari mohimandarmyan jinkalelya pahilya kshetranpaiki eka hote. pertian leventmadhil alekzandarche mukhya lakshya tyre hote, jeey aata yaa pradeshatil sarvat mothe aanee sarvat mahattvache shahar aahe. sumare saat mahinyanchya vedhyanantar tyane sharanagati patkarali, jyaa darmyan tyache anek nagrik koreev kaam karnyasathi paloon gele. alekzandarla tyachya mandirala melcartla bhet denyas parvanagi denyas tyrene nakar dilyane, tyacha parakashtha tyachya dutanchya hatyeshi jhaali, jyamule kroor suud ugavalah tyachya pramukh nagarikanpaiki 2,000 jananna vadhastambhavar khilanyat aale aanee eka kathputali shasak sthapit karnyat aala. dusra sarvat shaktishali shahar asalelya sidanane shantatet sharanagati patkarali aanee urvarit phoenicia sahajpane tyachya niyantranakhali aala.
finicianschya ulat-aanee tyaa babatit tyanche majee pertian shasak-greek paradeshi sanskratinprati pratikool nasale taree, lakshaniyaritya udaseen hote. alekzandarchya samrajyat helanikaranache dhoran hote, jyadvare greek sanskruti, dharm aanee kadhikadhi bhasha jinkalelya lokanmadhye pasaravali jaat asey kinwa ladali jaat asey. hii samanyatah naveen shaharanchi sthapana (visheshtah egyptmadhil alekzandriya), greek shahari abhijat vargachi vasahat aanee sthanik thikananchi nave greekmadhye badaloon lagoo kelee gelee.
tathapi, phoenician punha ekada eka samrajyat eka apavad hoteh spashtapane 'finiciamadhye helanikaran karnyacha sanghatit, jaanunbujun prayatna' navhata aanee eka kinwa done kirkol apavad vagalata, serve phoenician shahar rajyanni tyanchi mool nave kayam thewali, tarr greek vasahat aanee prashasana maryadit asalyache disate. coccus aanee bactria sarkhya paridhiy pradeshanpramanech, aaspaschya bhaganche hellenization jhaale hote, heey vastav asoonahi heey ghadale aahe.
finiciansani tyanchya pashchimatya samkakshanshi sanskrutik aanee vyavsayik sambandh rakhane dekhil suru thewale. polybius sangato qee, tyremadhun vastoo vastoo carthagenian jahajavar basoon, nivadak raja demetrius pahila rommadhun kassa nisatala. ii. sha. puu. puu aanee puu shatkadarmyan banavalela malta bhashetil eka shilalekh, finician aanee greek yaa donhi bhashanmadhil harackle/melcartla samarpit hota. finician kahee pramanat helanikaranachya adheen hote, "tyanchya finician bhootkalat-bhashet aanee kadachit sansthanmadhye; nishchitpane tyanchya panthanmadhye; kadachit kahee prakarchya sahityik paramparet; kadachit abhilekhanchya jatanat; aanee nishchitpane nirantar aitihasik chetanet-khoop satatya hote."helenwadi-finician sanskruti antardeshiy siriyaparyant pasarali yache puravehi aahet. macedonian rajvatishi julavun ghenyas bahudha greek lokanshi asalelya finicianchya aitihasik sambandhanmule madat jhaali, jyanchyashi tyanni kahee pauranik katha aanee aakruti samayik kelya; donhi lokanna kadhikadhi 'natevaik' dekhil manale jaat asey.
alekzandarche samrajya ii. sha. puu. 323 madhye tyachya mrutyunantar lagechach kosalale aanee tyache senapati, natevaik kinwa mitranchya rajvatit anek pratispardhi rajye villin jhaali. yaa yaa sarvat mothe aanee sarvat shaktishali, celeucidschya niyantranakhali phoenician aale. ii. sha. puu. puu shatkat tolemic rajvatikhali aalelya, chalis varshanchya syrian yuddhandarmyan egyptchya tolemic rajyane, phoenician matrubhoomivar varanvar spardha kelee. pudhil shatkat nivadakanni haah bhag punha midvat, ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkachya madhyaparyant too aaplya tabyat thewala. tyanchya rajvatit, finiciansana spashtapane mothya pramanat svayatta dilee gelee hotee.
nivadak rajgharanyachya yuddhandarmyan (ii. sha. puu. 1), phoenician shaharanvar nivadak rajgharanyachya rajgharanyachya gatanni ladha deela. ekekali aegean samudrapasun pakistanparyant pasarlele celeucid samrajya, levent aanee aagney anatoliachya kahee bhagancha samavesh asalelya eka rump statemadhye qamee jhaale. yaa kalat finiciatil jivanabaddal farshi mahitee nahee, parantu nivadak prani gambhirpane kamkuvat jhaale hote aanee ii. sha. puu. 63 madhye pompene roman prajasattakat sameel honyapurvi tyanche rajya vividh pratispardhi rajyanmadhye eka snrakshak mhanoon rahile. shatkanushatke ghat jhalyanantar, purv bhoomadhya pradeshatil phoenician shaktiche shevatche avashesh roman prant koel-syriamadhye villin jhaale.

