palak-offspring sangharsh

palak-offspring sangharsh (pii. oo. see.) hii 1974 madhye robbert triversney tayar keleli abhivyakti aahe. palak aanee santatichya drushtikonatun santatimadhye ishtatam palakanchya guntavanukit (pii. aay.) farak jhalyamule jhalyamule utkranti sangharshache varnan karnyasathi yacha vapar keela jaato. paee mhanje palakanni vaiyaktik santatimadhye keleli konatihi guntavanuk, jyamule palakanchi itar santatimadhye guntavanuk karanyachi kshamata qamee hote, tarr nivadalelya santatichi jaganyachi shakyata vadhate.
pii. oo. see. heey laingik punarutpadak prajatinmadhye aadhalate aanee teey anuvanshik sangharshavar aadharit aaheh palak tyanchya pratyek santatishi samanpane sambandhit asatat aanee mhanoon tyanchyamadhye tyanchi guntavanuk samaan karane apekshit asate. santati tyanchya bhavandanshi keval ardhi kinwa qamee sambandhit asatat (aanee purnapane tyanchyashi sambandhit asatat), mhanoon teey tyanchya bhavandanchya gairsoyichya velee dekhil palakanna deu ichchit asalelya pii. aay. peksha jaast midvanyacha prayatna karatat. 
tathapi, palak aanee santati yanchyatil jawalchya anuvanshik natesambandhanmule pii. oo. see. maryadit aaheh jarr ekhadya santatila tyachya bhavandanchya kimmativar atirikt pii. aay. midale tarr tyamule tichya jiwant asalelya bhavandanchi sankhya qamee hote. tyamule, santatitil konatehi januk jeey atirikt paikade netat, teey bhavandanmadhye asalelya swatachya jiwant pratinchi sankhya (kahee pramanat) qamee karate. asha prakare, bhavandanmadhye kharch khoop jaast asalyas, santatila fayda hounahi asha janukanchi nivad kelee jaau shakate. 
ekhadya vyaktine aaplya viruddha ekhadya natyache vajan kase karane apekshit aahe heey nirdisht karnyachya samasyeche doubleu dware parikshan kele gele aahe. dii. 1964 madhye hamilton, natevaik nivadichya sandarbhat. hamiltoncha niyam mhanato qee jarr praptakartyala milanara laabh, praptakartyachya aanee kalakaranchya anuvanshik sambandhane gunakar keela tarr samajik krutee insulin-vighatanachyyaa kharchapeksha jaast asel tarr paropkari vartanachi sakaratmak nivad kelee jaeel. yaulat, hamiltonchi asamanata purn jhaali nahee tevhach swarthi vartanas anukulata miloo shakate. yamule assa andaj vartavala jaato qee, itar goshti samaan asalyane, ardh bhavandanchya (udaa.jee.purn bhavandanchya tulanet, asambandhit purush, eka mahilechya santatila pita detat).
ghatana.
vanaspatinmadhye.
vanaspatinmadhye, santati sadasyanna sansadhananchya vatpababatcha nirnay, santaticha aakar (ekach falamadhye pikalelya biyanyanchi sankhya) aanee biyanancha aakar yaa donhinvar parinam karoo shakato. santatichya aakarachya babatit, matechya sansadhanancha sarvat aarthik vapar eka falamadhye, mhanje jastit jaast biyane bharoon sadhya keela jaato.eae., pratyek biyanyachya packing kharch qamee karane. yaulat, pratyek falamadhye biyanyanchya qamee sankhyemule santatila fayda hoto, jyamule vikhuranyapurvi aanee nantar bhavandanchi spardha qamee hote. biyanyanchya aakarabaddalcha sangharsh udbhavato kaaran biyanyancha aakar aanee tandurusti yanchyat samanyatah vipareet ghatankiy sambandh asato, mhanje sansadhananchya guntavanukisaha biyanyanchi tandurusti qamee hott hott darane vadhate parantu matapityachya tandurustichi ishtatamata asate, jeey smith aanee fratewell yanni darshavile aahe (kirkol moolya pramey dekhil pahaa). tathapi, santatichya drushtikonatun sansadhananchi ishtatam guntavanuk hii tichi sarvasamaveshak tandurusti (pratyaksh aanee apratyaksh tandurusti) anukool karnari rakkam asel, jee matechya palakanchya ishtatam rakmepeksha jaast aahe.
sansadhananchya vatpababatcha haah sangharsh, vanshanchya aakarat ghat honyamadhye spashtapane disun yeto (i.eae. biyanyanmadhye paripakv jhalelya andakoshanchya pramanat ghat). ashee ghat hii santatimule jhaali aahe asey gruheet dharale jaau shakateh jarr matapitaranchya aavadinusar jitaki biyane mojali gelee titaki biyane tayar karayache asel, tarr nivadimule biyanyanmadhye paripakv naan santatishi atirikt andakoshanchya nirmitila anukulata milanar nahee. (jaree yaa ghatanesathi itar spashtikaran astitvat asale, jase qee anuvanshik bhaar, sansadhananchi kamatarata kinwa santatichya gunvatteche mateche niyaman, parantu tyanna prayogandware samarthan dile jaau shakale nahee.)
santatimule santatitil sadasyanna dilelya pityachya sansadhananchya vatpacha kassa parinam houu shakato, asha anek shakyata aahet. prabal bhrunadvare santatishi saha-hatyecha purava astitvat aaheh lavkar tayar jhalele bhrun garbhpat insulin-vighatan rasayanatoon urvarit bhrunanna maratat. okmadhye, lavkar falit jhalelya andakoshanmule garbhachya pishavit paraganalikela pravesh karnyapasoon rokhoon itar andakoshanche garbhadhan rokhata yete. kahee prajatinmadhye, matechya palakanni kahee biyanyanchya shengancha garbhadhananantar garbhpat vikasit keela aahe. tathapi, yethe santatidvare fasavanuk dekhil shakya aahe, mhanje usheera jhalelya bhavhatyedvare, jevha garbhadhananantar garbhpat thambla aahe.
samanya pock modelnusar, jarr pockmule santaticha aakar qamee jhaala asel tarr too falatil santatimadhil anuvanshik sambandhavar avalambun asava. kharey tarr, swayam-paragan vanaspatinpeksha bahereel bhagat garbhpatachi shakyata adhik asate (paraspar-paragan vanaspatinmadhil biyane swayam-paragan vanaspatinpeksha qamee sambandhit asatat). shivay, cross-paragan insulin-vighatan vanaspatinmadhye santatidvare sansadhananchi magani karanyachi patali dekhil vadhateh asey anek ahwal aahet qee cross kelelya biyanyanche sarasari vajan swayam-falikaranadvare utpadit biyanyanpeksha jaast aahe.
pakshyanmadhye.
palak-upspring sangharshachi kahee suruvatichi udaharane pakshyanchya santatimadhye aanee visheshtah raptor prajatinmadhye aadhalali. palak pakshi anekada done undy ghalatat aanee done kinwa adhik lahan mule vadhavanyacha prayatna karatat, tarr sarvat majboot navkhe palakanni aanalelya annacha motha vaataa ghetat aanee anekada kamkuvat bhavandala (bhawand) thaar maratat. pakshyanmadhye klachchya ishtatam aakarachya utkrantimadhye prerak shakti mhanoon asha sangharsh suchavale gele aahet.
nilya payanchya bubimadhye, palak-offspring sangharshamule annachi tanchai hote. jevha dilelya varshat qamee ann upalabdh asate, tevha mothee, prabhavi kombadi bahudha lahan kombadivar thet hallah karoon kinwa gharatyatun kadhoon maroon marte. palak unch bajunni gharate bandhun aanee dusari jaast undy ghaloon bhawand hatya rokhanyacha prayatna karatat.
sastan pranyanmadhye.
pock siddhant udayas yenyapurvich, arbhake swatahla dudh sodavtat qee maata sakriyapane tyanchya arbhakanche dudh sodavtat yavar vadavivad jhaale. shivay, matechya nakaramule balanche swatantrya vadhate qaa yavar charcha jhaali. heey nishpann jhaale qee aaee aanee baal doghehi balachya swatantryat yogdan detat. matechya nakaranantar arbhakanchya samparkat alpakalin vaadh houu shakate parantu akheris anek narvanar pranyanpramane tyancha sampark dirghkalinaritya qamee hotoh jangali baboonmadhye, jyaa arbhake lavkar nakarli jaatat aanee varanvar samparkat qamee vel ghalavatat, tarr jyanna nakarle jaat nahee, tee tyanchya aaichya jawal jaast kaal rahatat aanee praudhavasthetahi stanyapan karatat kinwa gaadee chalavatat. jangali chimpanzinmadhye jevha maata punha estrus aanee purushansobatchya patnichya sambandhat yetat tevha matechya nakarat achanak vaadh hote aanee aaee-bahishkarachya samparkat ghat hote. recess makakmadhye pudhil sangmachya hangamat garbhadharanechi uchch sambhavyata matechya nakarachya uchch darashi sambandhit aahe. nakar aanee vartanukishi nigadit sangharsh heey balachya aayushyachya pahilya mahinyant aanee jevha aaee punha estrus suru karate tevha udbhavu shakatat. heey nishkarsh asey suchavatat qee aaiche punarutpadan tyanchya santatishi santatishi parasparsanvadamule prabhavit hote. tyamule paivar sangharsh honyachi shakyata aahe.
recess makaksmadhye asehi disun aale qee santatine kelelya samparkanchi sankhya hii samagam hangamat aaeene kelelya samparkanchya sankhyepeksha lakshaniyaritya jaast aahe, tarr yachya ulat tutalelya samparkanchya sankhyesathi lagoo hote. hii vastusthiti soochit karate qee aaee santatichya samparkachya magnyanna virodh karate, tarr santatila samparkat vel ghalavanyat adhik rus asato. balachya teen mahinyanchya vayat, sampark rakhanyachya jababdarisathi aaikadoon balakade sthalantar hote. tyamule jevha baal adhik swatantra hote, tevha tyachya aishe jawalik rakhanyacha tyacha prayatna vadhato. heey virodhabhasi vatoo shakate parantu jevha konee heey lakshat ghete qee paichya kalat pock vadhate tevha heey spasht hote. thodakyat, heey serve nishkarsh pock-siddhantashi susangat aahet.
samparkatil vel haah paisathi vajvi upay nahee aanee udaharanarth, dudh hastantaranachi (stanpan) vel adhik changli asel yavar konee aakshep gheu shakate. yethe ekhada assa yuktivad karoo shakato qee aaee aanee arbhakachya thermoregulatory garja vegvegalya asatat kaaran tyanche prushthbhag teey aakarman gunottar vegvegale asatat jyamule praudhanchya tulanet arbhakanmadhye ushnata adhik vegane qamee hote. tyamule arbhake tyanchya matanpeksha qamee tapmanasathi adhik sanvedanshil asoo shakatat. baal tyanchya aishe sampark sadhanyacha vel vadhavun tyachi bharpai karnyacha prayatna karoo shakate, jyamule kalantarane vartanukishi sambandhit sangharsh suru houu shakato. yaa gruhitkatil susangatata japani makakansathi darshavili gelee aahe, jethe tapmanat ghat jhalyamule matene nakar deela jaato aanee arbhakanchya samparkanchi sankhya vadhate.
samajik kitkanmadhye.
eusocial prajatinmadhye, haplodipliedy aanee nirjantukikaran kamgaranchya pradurbhavamule palak-offspring sangharsh eka adviteey bhoomika bajavate. bahini tyanchya aaee (0.5) kinwa bhavanpeksha (0.25) ekmekanshi adhik sambandhit asatat. bahutansh prakarananmadhye, yamule mahila kamgaranna vasahatit 3:1 (purushanpeksha mahila) heey ling gunottar midvanyacha prayatna karnyas pravrutt karate. tathapi, ranya donhi mulanshi aanee mulinshi samanpane sambandhit asatat, mhanoon teey 1:1 chey ling gunottar pasant karatat. samajik kitkanmadhil sangharsh haah ranine sadhyachya aanee bhavishyatil santatisathi pratyek lingasathi kitee patalichi guntavanuk karavi yabaddal aahe. kamgar haah sangharsh jinkatil aanee ling gunottar 3:1 chya jawal asel asey samanyatah manale jaate, tathapi, 'bombus terrestries' sarkhi udaharane aahet, jithe 1:1 gunottar sakti karnyasathi raniche lakshaniy niyantran aahe.
mansanmadhye.
manavanmadhil pii. oo. see. chey eka mahattvache udaharan david hegchya (1993) garbhadharanetil anuvanshik sangharshanvaril karyadvare pradan kele gele aahe. haig yanni assa yuktivad keela qee, matekadun milanari adhik sansadhane, aaisathi dene ishtatam asel tyapeksha jaast, midvinyasathi garbhachi januke nivadali jaatil. udaharanarth, naal, allocrine samprerke stravate jee aaichi insulinprati sanvedansheelata qamee karate aanee asha prakare garbhala raktatil sakharecha motha puravatha upalabdh karoon dete. aaee tichya raktpravahatil insulinchi patali vadhavun pratisad dete aanee yaa prabhavacha pratikar karnyasathi nalamadhye insulin receptors asatat jeey insulin-vighatan insulin-vighatan enzymeschya utpadanala uttejan detat.
sumare 30 takke manvi garbhadharana purn mudatiparyant (vaidyakeey garbhadharana honyapurvi 22 takke) pragati karat naheet, jyamule aaee aanee garbh yanchyatil sangharshasathi dusare kshetra tayar hote. garbhamadhye utsfurt garbhpatasathi aaipeksha qamee darjacha cutt auph point asel. aaiche prajnan jeevan sampanyachya jawal yet asatana tichi gunavatta qamee honyacha bindu dekhil qamee hoto, joou vruddha matanmadhye lakshaniyaritya disun yeto. vruddha matanmadhye anuvanshik dosh asalelya santatiche praman jaast asate. suruvatila, garbhadharanechi dekhbhal heey matru samprerak progesterondware niyantrit kele jaate, parantu nantarchya tappyat teey garbhatil manvi corionic gonadotrophindware niyantrit kele jaate jeey matechya raktpravahat sodale jaate. garbhachya manvi corionic gonadotrophene muktatemule matechya progesterone mukt hone hote. garbhanalala rakt puravathyababatahi sangharsh aahe, garbh aaisathi ishtatam asalelyapeksha mothya raktpurvathyachi magani karnyasathi tayar aahe (kinwa agadi swatahsathi, kaaran janmache jaast vajan haah eka jokhim ghatak aahe). yamule uchch raktadab hoto aanee lakshaniyaritya, janmachya velee jaast vajan heey aaichya raktadababarobar sakaratmakpane sambandhit asate.
manavanmadhye aanee itar nalinmadhye tripakshiy (garbh-aaee-vadil) rogpratikarak sangharsh.
garbhadharanedarmyan, nalitoon rogpratikarak shaktichya sakriy peshi reshanchi dwimukhi vahtook hote. garbhatil lymphocyte resha janm dilyanantar anek dashakannantarhi mahilanmadhye tiku shakatat.

