
aksheruki jivashma jivashastracha itihas

aksheruki jivashma jivashastracha itihas (jyala 'palaeozoology' asehi mhatale jaate) haah jivashmashastrachya itihasapeksha vegala aahe, jyamadhye pahila samanyatah jivashma jivashastra aanee namshesh jhalelya sagari aksheruki pranyanchya jivashma paryavaranshastravar bharr deto, tarr dusra samanyatah pruthvi vidnyan aanee jaminivaril prushthavanshiy pranyanchya galyukt khadkanvar bharr deto.
up-kasheruki kinwa gair-kasheruki jivashmashastrachya aitihasik vikasache varnan aprushthavanshi jivashmashastracha itihas kinwa aprushthavanshi jivashmashastracha itihas mhanoon dekhil kele jaau shakate. jaree nantarchya teenmadhye pragaitihasik maase, shark aanee samudratil sadhe jeev samavisht asoo shakatat, taree sagari jivashmashastracha itihas, sagari jivashmashastracha itihas aanee sagari jivashmashastracha itihas heey jawaljawal samanarthi aahet.
aataparyant, aksheruki jivashmashastra haah jivashma sankalanacha sarvat sopa prakar aahe. "paleoboatney (vanaspati) aanee micropalientology (sukshmajiv) chya vishleshan karane katheen aanee arth lavane katheen asalelya jivashmanchya ulat aanee prushthavanshiy jivashmashastrachya kvachit aadhalanaya aanee kharabaritya sanrakshit kelelya sangadyanchya ulat, aksheruki jivashma sahasa samanya aanee olakhane sope donhi asatat. yache kaaran asey qee anek pragaitihasik aprushthavanshi prani heey katheen kavach asalele molsk, brachiopods, trilobites, bryozoan, chrenoids kinwa praval hote jeey sagari, gaal-sanrakshn paristhitinmadhye purale gele hote aanee mhanoon varanvar jivashmit jhaale hote.
aksheruki paleozoologychi utpatti.
pashanyugache lock nihsanshaypane jivashma gola karnare pahilech hote. madhya englandmadhil bedfordshire yetheel andharat aadhalanare jivashmayukt echinoderms, dirghkal puralelya manvi sangadyala sajwat aahet; pragaitihasik kabariche thikan navpashankalatil hote.
jagbharatil vyapakpane vibhakt jhalelya, pracheen samajanmadhye, ekekali mahapur, sagari saap, dragon, sagari rakshas aanee aprushthavanshi cryptozoa yaa samudratil kavach, maase, praval, sagari lilly, marg, khadde aanee paywate yanchya tathakathit 'tayar jhalelya dagadanshi' kinwa 'aakarlelya dagadanshi' sambandhit anek aakhyayika aanee katha hotya. parantu, sanskruti jasjashi pudhe sarkat gelee tasatase yaa vichitra khadakanchi olakh jivashma avashesh aanee pragaitihasik pranyanche khuna mhanoon houu lagali.
pracheen greesmadheel vidvananni kahee pahili vaidnyanik antardrushti tayar kelee. charles darwinchya done hazar varshanpurvi, miletschya anaximanderne (ii. sha. puu. 611 teey 547) jivanacha eka gair-srushtivadi, utkrantivadi siddhant prastavit keela. colophonechya zenophensane (ii. sha. puu. 576 teey 480) khadakanchya staranmadhye daphan kelelya molsk aanee itar samudra-nivasi pranyanchya jivashmanchi chhanani kelyanantar zenophensane asey ghoshit kele qee heey jivashma ekekali jiwant asalelya pranyanche purave aahet. tyachpramane, ii. sha. puu. 440 chya sumaras jivashma sagari kavachanche parikshan kelyanantar, akraganchya empedocalsne asey gruheet dharale qee naisargik nivad hii prachand, agamya vistarat hott aahe.
ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkachya madhyaparyant, aristotal 'pranyanchya utpattivar' lekhan karat hote. too aanee tyacha anuyayi/uttaradhikari theophrasts yaa doghannihi assa andaj vartavala qee pruthvivaril "plasticchya shaktinni" pranyanche dagadanchya jivashmanmadhye rupantar kele aahe.
madhyayugeen islami jagaat, avicenna (ii. sha. 979 teey 1039) yane tyachya 'daad book auph healing' (1027) madhye jivashmanchi khadkalta kashee jhaali yache spashtikaran dile. aristotlene yapurvi vafechya shvasochavasachya sandarbhat tyache spashtikaran dile hote, jeey evisennane petrifying dravpadarthanchya siddhantat ("sukas lapidificates") rupantarit kele hote, jyache 14 vya shatkat saxonychya albertney tapshilvar varnan kele hote aanee 16 vya shatkaparyant bahutek nisargshastradnyanni kahee swarupat sweekarle hote.
european vaidnyanik sanshodhanachya punarujjivanamadhye pragjivshastra heey eka swarasyapoorn kshetra hote. khanijashastrache sansthapak georgious agricola yanni tyanchya 'dii natura fossilium' (1546/1558) madhye aksheruki jivashmanchi charcha kelee aanee tyanche sachitra chitran kele.
jaree carl linius heey tyanchya 'systema nature' (1735) madhye bionomial namkaran aanee jaivik paddhatshastrachya vikasasathi pramukhyane smaranat asale, taree tyanni anek pragaitihasik sagari aksherukinche varnan kele jeey tyanni tyanchya mool sweedenmadhil silurian staranmadhye pahile hote. aanee jeane-etian gutardne (1715 teey 1786) pracheen molaskachya sagari paleocologiver charcha kelee, tarr america aanee austreliyatun adhikadhik jivashmanchi nond hott hotee.
george ell. ell. tyanantar bafanane saat bhoogarbhiy "nisargachya yuganche" (1778) varnan kele, jyat tyane dhairyane yuktivad keela qee jivashmayukt gaal staranni jug kiman 70,000 varshe june asalyache siddha kele. 1795 madhye pahilya bhoo-kalshastriy kalkhandala-jurassic-asey naav denyat aale.
19vya shatkatil ghadamodi.
tyanantar lagechach, buffonche sahkari shavalier dii lamarc-aksheruki pranalishastra aanee aksheruki jivashmashastrache sansthapak-yanni tyanchya 'pathichya hadanshivay pranyanche paddhatshir' (1801) aanee 'pathichya hadanshivay pranyancha naisargik itihas' (1815 teey 1822) yaa pustakanmadhye, jivashmanche aanakhi adhik kavach avashesh prakashit kele, jenekarun jivashmashastratil jaagtik badal spasht karata yeteel. lamarkney asehi yuktivad keela qee adhik anukool pragaitihasik aksheruki prani heey prani hote jeey paryavaraniy badalatoon bachavale-'sarvat yogya lokanche astitva' yaa sankalpanechi prastavna.
tyanantar, william smithne tyachya 'scotlandchya bhagasah ingland aanee velsachya bhoogarbhiy nakashamadhye' (1815) british bahyasrotancha nakasha tayar karnyasathi aksheruki nirdeshank jivashmancha vapar keela aanee agadi pudhchyach varshi tyachya pustakat, 'sanghatit jivashmanni olakhalya gelelya star' (1816).
surr rodrick impy merchison aanee charles lapworth yanni madhya paleozoic yugatil nirdeshank jivashma, jase qee namshesh jhalele trilobites, namshesh jhalele graptolytes aanee bahutek namshesh jhalele brachiopods, yancha utkhanan keela. tyanchya prayatnanmule nantarcha 'silurian pranali' (1839) haah abhootpurv grunth aanee ordovician, silurian, devonian aanee permian bhoogarbhiy kalkhandanche namkaran jhaale. tathapi, morchisonchya silurian jivashmanchya yadiche grahan karane, edam sedgavikne 1835 madhye summ-junya cambrian kalatil jivashmancha shodh lavala. teen varshannantar, sedgavikne tyachya starikaranachya yugala paleozoic asey naav denyacha prastav mandala.
darmyan, surr charles layal yaa aanakhi eka brittonne, tyachi "bhuvidnyan tattve" (1830) aanee "bhuvidnyanatil ghatak" (1838) lihilya, jyat tyane trutiyak yugala eocene, myosene, oligosine aanee pliocene yaa yuganmadhye vibhagale. 1834 teey 1838 paryant, france teey rashiyache nisargshastradnya 'paleantology' haah shabd vaparat hote aanee tyachya pragaitihasik yug, yug, kalkhand, yug aanee yuganmadhye aanakhi nave jodat hote.
tatkalin adnyat robbert chambersdware (1844 teey 1853) nirman jhalelya naisargik itihasache uttejak avashesh, charles darwins alfried russell wallacha sanyukt nibandh (1858) aanee darwincha 'prajatinche mool' (1859 teey 1872) yanni naisargik nivadiche utkrantivadi siddhant lokpriy kele. kharokharach, tyachya 'prajatinchya utpatti' chya (1859) agadi pahilya aavruttit darwinne assa andajahi lavala hota qee pruthvi ardha abj varshe junie asoo shakate. tathapi, vaidnyanik samikshakanni tyanchyavar hii kalpana tyanantarchya serve aavruttyanmadhun mage ghenyacha dabav aanala. yaa pustakat darwinne aksherukanchya cambrian sphotapurvi purv-cambrian pranyanchya purn anupasthitibaddal nirasha vyakt kelee, kaaran anek samikshakanni yaa anupasthitikade srushtivadacha purava mhanoon pahile.
tyach sumaras, james hallney tyachya trilobites, graptolytes, brachiopods, chrenoids, echinoids, molsk aanee itar pracheen sagari aksherukinchya sankalanachya varshanvar aadharit, tyachya 'newyorkchya paleontology' rajyachya (1847 teey 1894) anek khandanche sarvasamaveshak utpadan kele.
darwinchya jahiranamyapasun prerit houn, thomas heinry huxley yanni 'khalchya' narbhakshi, krumee aanee mrudvangimansanpasun 'uchch' aprushthavanshiy pranyanchya utkrantisathi bhrunshastriy aanee jivashma puravyancha jordar ullekh keela, jyamule tyanni 'nisargatil manasachi jaaga' (1863) assa nishkarsh kadhala. aanakhi eka darwinwadi, ernst hekalane, sampoorn sendriya pragaitihasik kalat bhrunatil 'ontogeny' heey phylogenyche punaravrutti karate assa yuktivad kartana, pranyanchya utpatticha protojoa-metazoa siddhant prastavit keela. hekelane tyachya 'jivanchya samanya aakarshastra' (1866) madhye prani samrajyachya bhavya vanshavali vrukshansah tyachya paleozoologic kalpananna lokpriy kele.
ardhya shatkanantar, gregor mendell (1822 teey 1884) yanche anuvanshik nishkarsh hugo dii vreejne prastavit kelelya 'utparivartan siddhant' dware punarujjivit kele gele, jyamule darwinchya 19 vya shatkatil utkranti siddhantala balkati midali.
20 vya shatkatil ghadamodi.
tyach sumaras, paleozoologist charles doolital walcott yanni trilobites heey sandhivat asalyache siddha kele-aanee molaskasarkhe ajibat nahee. tyanantar, 1910 madhye, tyanni aataparyant sapadalele 'sarvottam sanrakshit' cambrian jivashma shodhleh berges shale prani. pudhil saat varshant, walcottne jivashma sthalavarun 80,000 jivashmanche utkhanan kele.
darmyan, 'khand aanee mahasagaranche mool' (1915/1929) yaa pustakat, alfried vegenerne khandiy pravahabaddalcha tyacha vidharmi siddhant mandala. jaree tyanni tyanchya kalpanechya samarthanarth aksheruki jivashma aanee khandiy bhoogol uddhrut keela asala, taree bhubhautiki aanee plate tectonicsmadhil nishkarshandware vejanarchya siddhantache samarthan honyapurvi aanakhi eka ardhashatak jaeel.
toparyant, 20 vya shatkatil vidnyan-jase qee biometrics, sendriya rasayanshastra, electron microscopy aanee aanvik phylogenetics-heey aksheruki jivashmashastradnyanna madat karat hote kaaran tyanni sahara africa, sinkiang, mangolian pathar aanee antarcticachya khadkal, napik jamininmadhye dekhil purave shodhale hote.
1947 madhye, paleantologist regg sprigney ediyakaran pranyancha shodh lavala-abjavadhi varshanchya proterozoic eoinche "sarvottam sanrakshit" jivashma aksheruki prani. 1859 saalee cambrianpoorv jivashmanchya anupasthitimule darwinla jhaleli laaj aata shant jhaali.