dhatuyukt

dhatoo haah rasayanik ghatakacha eka prakar aahe jyamadhye dhatoo aanee adhatuchya gunadharmanche pradhanya aahe kinwa teey tyanche mishran aahe. dhatuchi konatihi manak vyakhya nahee aanee konate ghatak dhatoo aahet yavar konatahi sampoorn karar nahee. vishishtatecha abhav asoonahi, rasayanshastrachya sahityat hii sandnya ajunahi vaparali jaate.
boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony aanee tellurium heey sahaa samanyatah olakhale jaanare dhatoo aahet. carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium aanee astatin yaa paach ghatakanche vargikaran qamee varanvar kele jaate. manak aavart saranivar, serve akra ghatak pii-blockchya karn bhagat aahet, jeey varchya davikadil boronpasoon khalchya ujavya bajula estatinparyant vistarlele aahet. kahee aavartak sarnyanmadhye dhatoo aanee adhatu yanchyatil vibhajak resha samavisht asate aanee dhatoo yaa reshechya jawal aadhalu shakatat.
vishisht dhatuche dhatuche swaroop asate, parantu teey thisul asatat aanee keval vijeche yogya vahak asatat. rasayanikdrushtya, teey mukhytah adhatu mhanoon vagatat. teey dhatunsah mishradhatu tayar karoo shakatat. tyanche bahutek itar bhautik gunadharm aanee rasayanik gunadharm heey madhyavarti swarupache aahet. dhatoo samanyatah konatyahi sanrachanatmak vaparasathi khoop thisul asatat. teey aanee tyanchi sanyuge mishradhatu, jaivik ghatak, utprerak, jwala pratirodhak, chashma, optical storage aanee optoelectronics, aatadyansambandhi, ardhavahak aanee electronicsmadhye vaparali jaatat.
silicon aanee germaniumchya vidyut gunadharmanmule 1950 chya dashakat ardhchalak udhyogachi sthapana jhaali aanee 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun ghan-avasthetil electronicscha vikas jhaala.
metaloid' haah shabd mulat adhatu mhanoon sandarbhit keela jaato. tyacha alikadil arth, madhyavarti kinwa sankarit gunadharm asalelya ghatakanchi shreni mhanoon, 1940-1960 madhye vyapak jhaala. dhatoo padarthanna kadhikadhi ardh-dhatoo mhanatat, hii eka pratha aahe jee nirutsahit kelee gelee aahe, kaaran rasayanshastrapeksha bhautikshastrat ardh-dhatoo yaa shabdacha arth vegala aahe. bhautikshastrat, teey ekhadya padarthachya vishisht prakarchya electronic band sanrachanecha sandarbh dete. yaa sandarbhat, keval arsenic aanee pratidravya heey ardh-dhatoo aahet aanee samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon olakhale jaatat.
vyakhya.
nirnayavar aadharit.
dhatoo heey asey ghatak aahet jyat dhatoo aanee adhatuchya gunadharmanche varchasva aahe kinwa jeey dhatoo aanee adhatuchya gunadharmanche mishran aahe aanee mhanunach dhatoo kinwa adhatu mhanoon vargikrut karane katheen aahe. hii eka samanya vyakhya aahe jee sahityat satatyane uddhrut kelelya dhatuyukt gunadharmanvar aadharit aahe. vargikaranat adchan heey eka pramukh vaishishtya aahe. bahutek ghatakanmadhye dhatoo aanee adhatu gunadharmanche mishran asate aanee konatya gunadharmancha sanch adhik spasht aahe tyanusar tyache vargikaran kele jaau shakate. keval dhatoo kinwa adhatu gunadharmanche purese spasht pradhanya nasalelya, kathavar kinwa tyachya jawal asalelya ghatakanche metalloids mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate.
boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony aanee tellurium heey samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon olakhale jaatat. lekhakachya matey, selenium, polonium kinwa astatinmadhun eka kinwa adhik kadhikadhi yadeet jodale jaatat. boron kadhikadhi swatach kinwa silicons vagalale jaate. kadhikadhi telluriumla dhatoo mhanoon manale jaat nahee. dhatoo mhanoon pratidravya, polonium aanee astatincha samavesh karnyavar prashnachinh upasthit kele gele aahe.
itar ghatakanche adhunmadhun dhatoo mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate. yaa ghatakanmadhye hydrogen, beryllium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, jast, gallium, tiin, iodine, shise, bismuth aanee redon yancha samavesh hoto. dhatuchi chamak aanee vidyut chalakata chalakata aanee arsenic, antimony, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, tiin, shise aanee aluminium yasarkhya amphoteric ghatkansathi dekhil metaloid haah shabd vaparla gela aahe. pii-block dhatoo aanee adhatu (jase qee carbon kinwa nitrogen) jeey dhatunsah mishradhatu tayar karoo shakatat kinwa tyanche gunadharm badaloo shakatat, tyannahi adhunmadhun dhatoo manale jaate.
nikash aadharit.
dhatuchi konatihi vyapakpane swikarleli vyakhya astitvat nahee, kinwa aavart saraniche dhatoo, dhatoo aanee adhatumadhye konatehi vibhajan nahee; bajunni vishisht vyakhya sthapit karnyachya vyavharyatevar prashnachinh upasthit kele, heey lakshat gheuun qee anek prayatna kelelya rachnanmadhye visangati aadhalu shakatat. dhatoo mhanoon ghatakache vargikaran karane heey 'aniyantrit' asey tikshnapane varnan kele gele aahe.
dhatuchi sankhya aanee olakh konatya vargikaran nikashancha vapar keela jaato yavar avalambun asate. emsleene chaar dhatoo (germanium, arsenic, antimony aanee tellurium) olakhale; james aanee itar. tyat baaraa (emslays plus boron, carbon, silicon, selenium, bismuth, polonium, moskovium aanee livermorium) samavisht aahet. asha yadyanmadhye sarasari saat ghatakancha samavesh keela jaato; vaiyaktik vargikaran vyavasthemadhye samaan aadhar asato aanee chukichya paribhashit maryadet farak asato.
electronegativitsar ekach parimanatmak nikashacha samanyatah vapar keela jaato, electronegativitchi moolye 1.8 kinwa 1.9 teey 2.2 paryant asalele dhatoo. pudhil udaharananmadhye packing karyakshamta (anoonni vyapalelya sphatik sanrachanet aakarmanacha ansh) aanee goldhammer-herzfeld nikashache praman yancha samavesh hoto. samanyatah olakhalya kelya dhatoo padarthanchi packing kshamata 34 teey 41 takke darmyan asate. goldhammer-herzfeld gunottar, jeey andaje anoo trijyechya ghan bhagile daadh aakarmanachya barobariche aahe, heey dhatuche ghatak kitee aahe yache eka sope mojmap aahe, manyataprapt dhatuche gunottar sumare 0.85 teey 1.1 aanee sarasari 1.
itar lekhak, udaharanarth, anoo chaalan kinwa mothya pramanat samanvay sankhyevar avalambun aahet.
johns yanni vidnyanatil vargikaranachya bhoomikevar lihitana asey nirikshan nondavale qee "[varg] sahasa donpeksha jaast gunadharmandware paribhashit kele jaatat". masterton aanee slovinsky yanni samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon olakhalya kelya sahaa ghatakanche varnan karnyasathi teen nikash vaparleh dhatumadhye sumare 200 kilo callary/moll (837 kilo keey. jee./moll) aayanikaran urja asate aanee vidyut runatmakata moolye 2 chya jawal asatat. tyanni asehi mhatale qee dhatoo heey samanyatah ardhavahak asatat, jaree pratidravya aanee arsenic (bhautikshastrachya drushtikonatun ardh dhatoo) madhye dhatunchya jawal jawal vidyut chalakata asatat. selenium aanee polonium yaa yojnet naheet assa sanshay aahe, tarr astatinchi sthitee anishchit aahe.
yaa sandarbhat, vernonne prastavit kele qee dhatoo haah eka rasayanik ghatak aahe, jyachya pramanit sthiteet, (aaa) ardhchalak kinwa ardh-dhatuchi electronic band rachana; aanee (buub) madhyavarti pratham aayanikaran kshamata (samaja 750−1,000 kj/mol); aanee (qa) madhyavarti vidyutrunatmakata (1.9-2.2) asate.
aavart sarani kshetra.
thikan.
dhatoo aanee adhatu yanchyatil vibhajak reshechya donhi bajunna dhatoo asatat. heey kahee aavart saranivar vegvegalya sanrachananmadhye aadhalu shakate. reshechya khalchya davya bajus asalele ghatak samanyatah dhatuche vartan vadhavat asalyache darshavtat; varchya ujavya bajus asalele ghatak adhatuche vartan vadhavtat. jevha niyamit payari mhanoon sadar kele jaate, tevha tyanchya gatansathi (lii, bii, all, jee, ess. bii., poe) sarvadhik gambhir tapman asalele ghatak reshechya agadi khalee asatat.
dhatuche karneey sthan heey samaan gunadharm asalele ghatak ubhya gatanmadhye udbhavtat yaa nirikshanala apavad darshavate. kahee ghatak aanee tyanche khalchya ujavya bajuche shejari, visheshtah lithiyam-magneshiyam, beryllium-aluminium aanee boron-silicon yanchyatil itar karneey samanatanmadhye sambandhit parinam disun yeu shakato. reiner-canhamney assa yuktivad keela aahe qee hii samanata carbon-phosphorus, nitrogen-sulfur aanee teen dii-block malikanmadhye vistarte.
haah apavad anubharatil aadvya aanee ubhya kalanchya spardhatmakatemule udbhavato. eka kalavadhinusar, anukramankanusar anoobhar aanee electronchi sankhya vadhate. anubhar vadhalyane bahya electronveril atirikt odh samanyatah adhik electron asanyachya tapasani prabhavapeksha jaast asate. kahee aniyamitatemule, anoo lahan hotat, aayanikaran urja vadhate aanee eka kalavadhit, majboot dhatupasoon kamkuvat dhatuparyant, kamkuvat adhatu, majboot adhatu ghatakanparyant, varnat haloohaloo badal hoto. mukhya gatatoon khalee jaatana, vadhata anubhar yacha parinam samanyatah atirikt electron kendrakapasun aanakhi door asalyamule hoto. anoo samanyatah mothe hotat, aayanikaran urja qamee hote aanee dhatuche swaroop vadhate. nivval parinam assa aahe qee dhatoo-adhatu sankraman kshetrache sthan gatatoon khalee jaatana ujavikade badalate aanee namood kelyapramane, aavart saranimadhye itaratra samaan karn samanata disun yetat.
paryayi upchar.
dhatoo-adhatu vibhajak reshechya simevar asalelya ghatakanche nehmich dhatoo mhanoon vargikaran kele jaat nahee, heey lakshat gheta dwaiti vargikaran dhatoo aanee adhatu yanchyatil bandh prakar nirdharit karnyasathi niyam sthapan karnyas madat karoo shakate. asha paristhitit, sambandhit lekhak sambandhit ghatakanchya kirkol swarupabaddal kalji karnyaivaji tyanche vargikaran nirnay ghenyasathi swarasya asalelya eka kinwa adhik gunadharmanvar laksh kendrit karatat. tyanche vichar spasht kele jaau shakatat kinwa naan kele jaau shakatat aanee kahee vela teey manmani vatoo shakatat. dhatuche dhatunsah gut kele jaau shakate; kinwa adhatu mhanoon manale jaau shakate; kinwa adhatuchi upashreni mhanoon manale jaau shakate. itar lekhakanni kahee ghatakanche vargikaran dhatoo mhanoon karnyache suchavale aahe, "jevha ekhadi vyakti aavart saranichya palikade kinwa khalee jaate tevha gunadharmanmadhye achanak badal honyaeivaji haloohaloo badal hoto". kahee aavart sarani dhatuyukt ghatak vegale karatat aanee dhatoo aanee adhatu yanchyat konatihi aupcharik vibhajan resha darshavat naheet. tyaeivaji dhatuche padarth karn pattyamadhye kinwa pasarlelya pradeshat aadhaltat asey darshavile jaate. vaparat asalelya vargikaranasathicha sandarbh spasht karane haah mukhya vichar aahe.
malmatta.
dhatoo samanyatah dhatunsarkhe disatat parantu mukhytah adhatusarkhe vagatat. bhautikdrushtya, teey chamakdar, thisul ghan asatat, jyat madhyavarti teey tulanene changli vidyut chalakata aanee ardh-dhatoo kinwa ardhvahakchi electronic band rachana asate. rasayanikdrushtya, teey bahutek (kamkuvat) adhatu mhanoon vagatat, madhyavarti aayanikaran urja aanee electronegativity moolye aanee amphoteric kinwa kamkuvat amleey auxides asatat. teey dhatunsah mishradhatu tayar karoo shakatat. tyanche itar bahutek bhautik aanee rasayanik gunadharm madhyavarti swarupache aahet.
dhatoo aanee adhatuchya tulanet.
dhatoo, dhatoo aanee adhatu yanchya vaishishtyapurn gunadharmancha saransh yaa taktyat deela aahe. bhautik gunadharm nirdharit karnyachya sulbhatechya kramane soochibaddha kele jaatat; rasayanik gunadharm samanya teey vishisht aanee nantar varnanatmak asatat.
vareel takta dhatuche sankarit swaroop pratibimbit karato. roop, swaroop' aanee 'dhatunmadhye misalalyavar vartan' heey adhik dhatunsarkhe gunadharm aahet. "lavchikta" aanee "samanya rasayanik vartan" heey adhatusarkhech aahet. "vidyut chalakata, pattyachi rachana, aayanikaran urja, vidyut runatmakata" aanee "auxides" yaa donhinmadhye madhyavarti aahet.
samanya anuprayog.
dhatoo heey tyanchya shuddha swarupat konatyahi sanrachanatmak vaparasathi itake thisul asatat. teey aanee tyanchi sanyuge mishradhatu ghatak, jaivik ghatak (vishashastriy, poshan aanee aushadhi), utprerak, jwala pratirodhak, chashma (auxide aanee dhatoo), optical storage media aanee optoelectronics, aatadyansambandhi, ardhavahak aanee electronics mhanoon (kinwa tyat) vaparali jaatat.
mishradhatu.
aantardhatu sanyuganchya itihasachya suruvatichya kalat lihitana, british dhatuvidnyani cecil desh yanni asey nirikshan nondavale qee "kahee gair-dhatoo ghatak dhatunsah spasht dhatuche swaroop asaleli sanyuge tayar karnyas saksham asatat aanee tyamule heey ghatak mishradhatunchya rachnet pravesh karoo shakatat". tyanni silicon, arsenic aanee tellurium, visheshtah, mishradhatu-nirman aadanpradan ghatkanshi sambandhit kele. phillips aanee williamsney suchavale qee silicon, germanium, arsenic aanee bii dhatunsah antimanychi sanyuge, "kadachit mishradhatu mhanoon sarvottam vargikrut kelee jaatat".
halakya dhatumadhye, sankraman dhatunsah mishradhatu changlya prakare pratinidhitva karatat. jarr 'aine'> 2. lohamadhye boroncha samavesh karnyasathi ferroboroncha (15 takke boron) vapar keela gela tarr boron m "n" b yaa rachanechya asha dhatunsah aantar dhatoo sanyuge aanee mishradhatu tayar karoo shakato; nickel-boron mishradhatu heey welding mishradhatunmadhil ghatak aahet aanee abhiyantriki udhyogasathi cases kadak aadanpradan rachnanmadhye aahet. loh aanee aluminiums siliconche mishradhatu anukrame polad aanee vahan udhyogandvare mothya pramanat vaparale jaatat. germanium anek mishradhatu tayar karate, sarvat mahattvache mhanje nanyanchya dhatunsah.
judd dhatoo vishay pudhe chaloo thevatat. arsenic heey dhatunsah dhatunsah mishradhatu tayar karoo shakate, jyat platinum aanee tambe yancha samavesh aahe; ganj pratikar sudharanyasathi teey tambe aanee tyachya mishradhatunmadhye dekhil misalale jaate aanee magneshiyamadhye misalalyavar samaan fayda pradan karate asey disate. nanee dhatunsah, pratidravya heey mishradhatu-nirmata mhanoon prasiddha aahe. tyachya mishradhatunmadhye piootar (20 takkyanparyant pratidravya asalele tinche mishradhatu) aanee prakar dhatoo (25 takkyanparyant pratidravya asalele shiseche mishradhatu) yancha samavesh hoto. tellurium heey loh, ferrotellurium (50-58% tellurium) aanee tambyachya tellurium (40-50% tellurium) chya swarupat sahajpane mishra hote. steel castingmadhye karbansathi sthirkarta mhanoon ferrotelluriumcha vapar keela jaato. dhatujanya ghatak mhanoon qamee vela olakhale jaanare dhatoo-rahit ghatak, selenium-ferrocellaniumchya (50-58% selenium) swarupat-steelchi yantrakshamta sudharanyasathi vaparale jaate.
jaivik ghatak.
 samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon olakhalya kelya serve sahaa ghatakanmadhye vishari, aahar kinwa aushadhi gunadharm asatat. arsenic aanee antimony sanyuge visheshtah vishari asatat; boron, silicon aanee bahudha arsenic heey aavashyak ghatak aahet. boron, silicon, arsenic aanee antimanyche vaidyakeey upayog aahet aanee germanium aanee telluriummadhe kshamata asalyache manale jaate.
boroncha vapar kitakanashake aanee vanaushadhinashakanmadhye keela jaato. haah eka aavashyak trace ghatak aahe. boric aaml mhanoon, tyat antiseptic, antifungal aanee antiviral gunadharm aahet.
silicon haah atyant vishari kruntanashak cylatranmadhye asato. silikatil dhooli dirghkal shvasat ghetalyane silicosis haah fuffusacha eka pranghatak rog hoto. silicon haah eka aavashyak trace ghatak aahe. daag qamee karnyasathi jalalelya rugnanvar silicon jail lagoo kele jaau shakate.
jarr germaniumche kshar dirghkal sevan kele tarr teey manav aanee pranyansathi sambhavya hanikarak asatat. germanium sanyuganchya aushadhashastriy krutinmadhye rus aahe parantu adyap konatehi parvanadharak aushadh nahee.
arsenic heey kukhyat vishari aahe aanee ultratresschya pramanat dekhil eka aavashyak ghatak asoo shakate. pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat, donhi bajunni arsenic-aadharit shinkane aanee ulatya karnare ghatak ghatak sulvot mohari kinwa fosgine sodanyapurvi shatru sainikanna tyanche gass mukhavate kadhoon taknyas bhag padane."pratijaivikanchya vikasapurvi syphilischya upcharansah, pracheen kalapasoon tyacha vapar aushadhanirmiti agent mhanoon keela jaat aahe. arsenic haah mellarsoprol yaa manvi african trypanosomiasis kinwa zopechya aajarachya upcharanmadhye vaparlya jaanarya aushadhi aushadhacha eka ghatak dekhil aahe. 2003 madhye, rakt aanee asthimajjyacha karkarog asalelya tivra promyelocytic leukemiachya upcharasathi arsenic trioxide (tricenox yaa vyavsayik navane) punha sadar karnyat aale. pinyachya panyatil arsenic, jyamule fuffusacha aanee mutrashayacha karkarog hoto, teey stanachya karkarogachya mrutyuchya darat ghat honyashi sambandhit aahe.
dhatuchi pratidravye tulanene vishari nasatat, parantu bahutek pratidravya sanyuge vishari asatat.
soodiyam stibogluconate aanee stibophane hii done pratidravya sanyuge parajivivirodhi aushadhe mhanoon vaparali jaatat.
tatvik tellurium visheshtah vishari manale jaat nahee; done gramm soodiyam tellurat dile tarr teey pranghatak tharoo shakate. thodya pramanat havetoon havetoon telluriumchya samparkat yenare lock durgandhiyukt aanee satat rahnara lasnisarkha vaas baher kadhatat. tellurium dioxidecha vapar seboroic dermatitisvar upchar karnyasathi keela gela aahe; itar tellurium sanyuge pratijaivikanchya vikasapurvi pratijaivik agent mhanoon vaparali jaat hotee. bhavishyat, jivanunchya pratikaramule nirupayogi tharalelya pratijaivikansathi asha sanyuganna badalanyachi aavashyakta asoo shakate.
dhatoo mhanoon qamee vela olakhale jaanare ghatak, beryllium aanee shise tyanchya visharipanasathi prasiddha aahet; shise arsenetcha kitaknashak mhanoon mothya pramanat vapar keela jaat aahe. gandhak haah burshinashke aanee kitaknashakanpaiki sarvat junya aushadhanpaiki eka aahe. phosphorus, sulfur, zink, selenium aanee iodine hii aavashyak poshakdravye aahet aanee aluminium, tiin aanee shise heey aavashyak poshakdravye asoo shakatat. gandhak, gallium, selenium, iodine aanee bismuth yanche aushadhi upayog aahet. sulfur haah sulphonamide aushadhancha eka ghatak aahe, joou ajunahi murum aanee mutramargachya sansargasarkhya paristhitinsathi mothya pramanat vaparla jaato. gallium nitratecha vapar karkarogachya dushparinamanvar upchar karnyasathi keela jaato; gallium citrate, eka radiopharmaceutical, sooj aalelya sharirachya bhaganche chitran sulabh karate. selenium sulfidecha vapar aushadhi shampoomadhe aanee tinia vharsikalarsarkhya tvachechya sansargavar upchar karnyasathi keela jaato. iodeencha vapar vividh swarupat jantunashak mhanoon keela jaato. bismuth haah kahee jivanurodhi padarthanmadhil eka ghatak aahe.
utprerak.
boron trifluoride aanee trichloride heey sendriya sanshleshan aanee electronicsmadhye utprerak mhanoon vaparale jaatat; tribromidecha vapar diaborenchya nirmitimadhye keela jaato. vishari nasalele boron legands kahee sankraman dhatoo utprerkanmadhye vishari phosphorus legandschee jaaga gheu shakatat. silika sulfuric aaml aaml sendriya pratikriyanmadhye vaparale jaate. containersathi paliv pranyanchya plasticchya utpadanat germanium dioxidecha kadhikadhi utprerak mhanoon vapar keela jaato; ann aanee peyanmadhye pratidravya dooshit honyachya chintet asoonahi trioxide kinwa triacetetsarkhi swast pratidravya sanyuge, adhik samanyatah tyach hetusathi vaparali jaatat. arsenic trioxidecha vapar naisargik vayuchya utpadanat, carbon dioxide kadhoon taknyas chalana denyasathi keela gela aahe, tasech selenus acid aanee tellurus acidcha vapar keela gela aahe. selenium kahee sukshmajivanmadhye utprerak mhanoon karya karate. tellurium, tyacha dioxide aanee tyache tetrachloride heey 500°seey. peksha jaast carbonchya havetil oxidationsathi majboot utprerak aahet. emine aanee tyanchya vyutpannanchya sanshleshanat utprerak mhanoon graphite oxidecha vapar keela jaau shakato. naisargik vayumadhun sulfur dooshit padarth kadhoon taknyasathi utprerak mhanoon sakriy carbon aanee aluminacha vapar keela gela aahe. audhyogik rasayananchya utpadanat vaparlya jaanarya mahagadya utkrusht dhatoo utprerakancha paryay mhanoon titanium dope kelele aluminium olakhale gele aahe.
jwala pratirodhak.
boron, silicon, arsenic aanee antimanychi sanyuge jwala pratirodhak mhanoon vaparali gelee aahet. boron, borexchya swarupat, kiman 18 vya shatkapasoon kapad jyot pratirodhak mhanoon vaparla jaat aahe. silicon sanyuge, jase qee silicon, silen, syllsequioxen, silika aanee silicates, jyapaiki kahee adhik vishari halogenated utpadananna paryay mhanoon vikasit karnyat aalee hotee, tyamule plastic samagrichi jwala mandavane lakshaniyaritya sudharu shakate.
soodiyam arsenite kinwa soodiyam arsenetsarkhi arsenic sanyuge lakadasathi prabhavi jwala pratirodhak aahet parantu tyanchya visharipanamule qamee vela vaparali gelee aahet. antimony trioxide heey eka jwala pratirodhak aahe. 1890 chya dashakapasun aluminium hydroxidecha vapar lakud-tantu, rubber, plastic aanee kapad jyot pratirodhak mhanoon keela jaat aahe. aluminium hydroxide vyatirikt, phosphorus aadharit jwala-pratirodhak padarthancha vapar-udaharanarth, organophosphate swarupat-aata itar konatyahi mukhya pratirodhak prakarapeksha jaast aahe. yamadhye boron, antimony kinwa halogenated hydrocarbon sanyuge vaparali jaatat.
kachechi nirmiti.
auxides b2o3, sio2, see2;, as2o3 aanee sb2o3 sahajpane chashma tayar karatat. karaneh eka kaach tayar karate parantu yasathi "veer shaman darr" kinwa ashuddhatechi bharr aavashyak asate; anyatha sfatikeey swaroop parinam dete. yaa sanyugancha vapar rasayanik, gharguti aanee audhyogik kachechya vastoo aanee prakashshastrat keela jaato. boron trioxide kachechya tantunche ektrikaran mhanoon vaparale jaate aanee borosilicate kachecha eka ghatak dekhil aahe, joou prayogshaletil kachechya vastoo aanee gharguti ovhanchya vastusathi tyachya qamee aushnik vistarasathi mothya pramanat vaparla jaato. bahutek samanya kachechi bhandi silicon dioxidepasoon banavali jaatat. germanium dioxidecha vapar kachechya tantunche ektrikaran mhanoon tasech infrared optical pranalinmadhye keela jaato. arsenic trioxidecha vapar kaach udhyogat decoloriesing aanee fine agent (budbude kadhanyasathi) mhanoon keela jaato, tasech antimony trioxidecha dekhil. tellurium dioxidecha vapar lesar aanee nonlinear optixmadhye hoto.
jarr eka ghatak dhatuyukt kinwa boron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus kinwa germaniumsarkhe 'jawalche dhatuyukt' asel tarr anakar dhatuche chashma samanyatah sarvat sahajpane tayar kele jaatat. atishay qamee tapmanat jamaa jhalelya patal pattyanvyatirikt, pahila dnyat dhatucha kaach haah 1960 madhye nondavalelya aii. yuu. yuu rachanecha mishradhatu hota. eka dhatucha kaach jyachi rachana pd82.5p6si9.5ge2, hii purvi naan pahileli takad aanee kadakpana 2011 madhye nondavali gelee hotee.
phosphorus, selenium aanee shise, jeey metalloids mhanoon qamee olakhale jaatat, teey dekhil chashmyanmadhye vaparale jaatat. phosphet kachamadhye paramparik silicate chashmyachya silika (ess. aay. oo. 2) aivaji phosphorus pentoxidecha (pii. 2 oo. 5) thurr asato. udaharanarth, soodiyam dive banavanyasathi yacha vapar keela jaato. selenium sanyuge rangheen karnare ghatak mhanoon aanee kachevar laal rung jodanyasathi donhi prakare vaparali jaau shakatat. paramparik shisechya kachepasoon banavalelya sajavatichya kachechya bhandyanmadhye kiman 30 takke shise asatat (2) auxide (pii. bii. oo.); kiranotsarg sanrakshanasathi vaparlya jaanarya shisechya kachemadhye 65 takkyanparyant pii. bii. oo. asoo shakate. electronic ghatak, tamchini, sealing aanee glazing sahitya aanee saur peshinmadhye dekhil shise-aadharit chashmyancha mothya pramanat vapar keela gela aahe. yapaiki anek upayoganmadhye bismuth aadharit auxide chashma shisesathi qamee vishari paryay mhanoon udayas aale aahet.
optical storage aanee optoelectronics.
fages-changes samagrichi udaharane mhanoon gasebte (jee. ess. tii. mishradhatu) aanee aii. jee.-aanee inn-doped ess. bii. 2. tii. (aii. ess. tii. mishradhatu) chya vividh rachana, punarlekhan karnyayogya optical disk aanee fages-changes memory upkarnanmadhye mothya pramanat vaparlya jaatat. ushnata lagoo karoon, teey anakar (kachyukt) aanee sfatikeey avasthanmadhye badalale jaau shakatat. optical aanee vidyut gunadharmanmadhil badal mahitee sathavanukichya uddeshane vaparla jaau shakato. gasebtsathi bhavishyatil anuprayoganmadhye, "ultrafast, nanometer-scale pixels purnapane solid-steet display, ardh-pardarshak 'smart' chashma, 'smart' contact lains aanee krutrim retina upkarane samavisht asoo shakatat."
aatashbaji.
manyataprapt dhatumadhye ektar aatadavidhyut anuprayog kinwa sambandhit gunadharm asatat. boron aanee silicon samanyatah aadhaltat; teey kahee pramanat dhatuchya indhanasarkhe karya karatat. boroncha vapar aatadyanchya aarambhak rachnanmadhye (itar katheen-suru tayar rachananna prajvalit karnyasathi) aanee vilambit rachnanmadhye keela jaato jyaa sthir darane jalatat. dhurapasoon tayar kelele shastra, signal flairs aanee fatake yanmadhil adhik vishari berrium kinwa hexachloroethane mishranansathi sambhavya paryay mhanoon boron carbidechi olakh patali aahe. boronpramanech silicon haah aarambhak aanee vilamb mishranacha eka ghatak aahe. dope kelele germanium heey parivartaneey gatiche thermite indhan mhanoon kaam karoo shakate. arsenic trisulfide aii. ess. 2 ess. 3 chaa vapar junya nevel signal divyanmadhye; pandhare taare banavanyasathi fatake, pivalya dhunyachya padadyachya mishrananmadhye; aanee aarambhak rachnanmadhye keela jaat asey. antimony trisulfide ess. bii. 2. ess. 3 3 fatake aanee flash aanee dhwani mishrananmadhye aadhalate. telluriumcha vapar vilamb mishrananmadhye aanee blasting cap initiator rachnanmadhye keela gela aahe.
carbon, aluminium, phosphorus aanee selenium hii sankalpana pudhe chaloo thevate. carbon, kalya choornamadhye, fatake prakshepak, fatake charge aanee prabhav mishran aanee lashkari vilamb fuse aanee ignitorcha eka ghatak aahe. aluminium haah eka samanya aatadyansambandhi ghatak aahe aanee thermite mishranasah prakash aanee ushnata nirman karnyachya kshamatesathi tyacha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaato. phosphorus haah dhoor aanee jwalansheel shastre, khelanyanchya bandukanmadhye vaparlya jaanarya kagadi topya aanee party poppersmadhye aadhalu shakato. seleniumcha vapar telluriumpramanech keela gela aahe.
ardhavahak aanee electronics.
samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon olakhale jaanare serve ghatak (kinwa tyanchi sanyuge) ardhchalak kinwa ghan-avasthetil electronic udhyoganmadhye vaparale gele aahet.
boronchya kahee gunadharmanni ardhchalak mhanoon tyacha vapar maryadit keela aahe. tyacha vitalanyacha bindu jaast asato, eka sphatik midvane tulanene katheen asate aanee niyantrit ashuddhata aanane aanee tikavoon thevane katheen asate.
silicon haah agraganya vyavsayik ardhchalak aahe; too aadhunik electronics (manak saur pesheensah) aanee mahitee aanee sampreshan tantradnyanacha aadhar aahe. aahe shatkachya suruvatila ardhvahakancha abhyas karoonahi, heey 'ghanche bhautikshastra' manale jaat hote aanee teey barkaine laksh denyas patra navhate.
ardhchalak upkarnanmadhye germaniumchi jaaga siliconne ghetali aahe, jeey swast aahe, uchch karyarat tapmanat adhik lavchik aahe aanee microelectronic fabrication prakriyedarmyan kaam karane sope aahe. germanium haah ajunahi ardhchalak silicon-germanium mishradhatuncha eka ghatak aahe aanee yacha vapar vadhat aahe, visheshtah wireless sampreshan upkaranansathi; asha mishradhatunmule germaniumchya uchch vahak gatishilatecha fayda hoto. ardhchalak germainenchya graam-scale pramananche sanshleshan 2013 madhye nondavale gele. yaat hydrogen-samapt germanium anoonchya eka-anoo jaad patrakancha samavesh aahe, jeey graphensarkhe aahe. teey siliconpecsha dahapat adhik vegane aanee germaniumpeksha pachpat vegane electron chalavate aanee tyat optoelectronic aanee sensing anuprayoganchi kshamata asalyache manale jaate. lithiyam-aayan batterychya kshamatechya duppat kshamatechya germanium-wire aadharit enodecha vikas 2014 madhye nondavala gela. tyach varshi, lii aanee itar. electronic vaparasathi puresha mothya grapheenchya doshmukt sfatikanna germanium tharavar ugavale jaau shakate aanee tyatoon kadhale jaau shakate asey nondavale gele.
arsenic aanee antimony heey tyanchya pramanit avasthanmadhye ardhavahak naheet. donhi prakar III-V ardhavahak (jase qee goss, alsab kinwa gensab) tayar karatat jyamadhye prati anoo sanyojakta electronchi sarasari sankhya 14 ghatakanchya gataitakich asate. yaa sanyugans kahee vishesh upayogansathi pradhanya dile jaate. pratiman nanocrystals lithiyam-aayan battery adhik shaktishali soodiyam aayan batterindware badalanyas saksham karoo shakatat.
tellurium, joou tyachya pramanit sthiteet ardhavahak aahe, too pramukhyane prakar II/vi ardhchalak-chalkogenidesmadhye ghatak mhanoon vaparla jaato; yache vidyut-prakashakeey aanee electronicsmadhye upayog aahet. cademium telluride (see. dii. tii. eae.) saur modulesmadhye tyachi uchch rupantaran karyakshamta, qamee utpadan kharch aanee 1.44 eae. vhee. chya mothya band antarasathi vaparale jaate, jyamule teey vividh prakarchya taranglambi shoshun gheu shakate. selenium aanee antimonys mishradhatuyukt bismuth telluride telluride haah thermoelectric upkaranancha eka ghatak aahe joou refrigeration kinwa portable veej nirmitisathi vaparla jaato.
paach dhatoo-boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic aanee antimony-seela phonemadhye (kiman 39 itar dhatoo aanee adhatusah) aadhalu shakatat. telluriumcha assa upayog hone apekshit aahe. qamee vela olakhalya kelya dhatujanya padarthanpaiki phosphorus, gallium (visheshtah) aanee seleniumche ardhchalak anuprayog aahet. aine-prakarchya ardhchalkansathi dopant mhanoon phosphoruscha vapar thodya pramanat keela jaato. gallium sanyuganchya vyavsayik vaparavar semiconductor anuprayoganche varchasva aahe-ekatmik paripath, seela phone, lesar diode, prakash utsarjak diode, photodetector aanee saur peshi. seleniumcha vapar saur peshinchya nirmitimadhye aanee uchch-urja vadhichya sanrakshakanmadhye keela jaato.
boron, silicon, germanium, antimony aanee tellurium, tasech judd dhatoo aanee sm, echji, tl, pb, bi aanee seey yasarkhe dhatoo, topological insulatormadhye aadhalu shakatat. heey mishradhatu kinwa sanyuge aahet, jeey atee thund tapmanavar kinwa kholichya tapmanavar (tyanchya rachnenusar), tyanchya prushthbhagavar dhatuche vahak asatat parantu tyanchya aateel bhagatoon avahak asatat. cademium arsenide see. dii. 3aii. ess. 2, sumare 1 keey. varr, eka diarac-semimetal aahe-grapheencha eka mothya pramanat electronic analogue-jyamadhye electron vastumanahin kann mhanoon prabhavipane pravas karatat. yaa done varganchya samgrimadhye sambhavya quantum sanganakeey anuprayog asalyache manale jaate.
namkaran aanee itihas.
vyutpatti aanee itar nave.
metaloid haah shabd lattin 'metalum' ('dhatoo') aanee greek 'oids' ('roop kinwa swarupat disanara') yaa shabdanpasun aala aahe. jaree yapaiki kahee itar arth aavashyaktah adlabadal karnyayogya nasale taree kahee nave kadhikadhi samanarthipane vaparali jaatatah "amphoteric ghatak", "seema ghatak", "ardh-dhatoo", "ardh-marg ghatak", "dhatuchya jawal", "meta-dhatoo", "ardhchalak", "ardh-dhatoo" aanee "up-dhatoo". "chromium aanee manganese sarkhya auxianian tayar karnyas saksham sankraman dhatuncha samavesh karnyasathi 'amphoteric ghatak' kadhikadhi adhik vyapakpane vaparla jaato. "ardh-dhatucha vapar bhautikshastrat sanyug (jase qee chromium dioxide) kinwa mishradhatucha sandarbh denyasathi keela jaato joou vahak aanee avahak mhanoon kaam karoo shakato. "tyaeivaji kahivela manak aavart saranivaril dhatunchya agadi davya bajula asalelya vishisht dhatuncha (bii, zdn, seedee, echji, inn, tl, beeta-sn, pb) sandarbh denyasathi 'meta-metal' vaparla jaato. heey dhatoo bahutek diamagnetic asatat aanee tyat vikrut sfatikeey sanrachana, dhatunchya khalchya tokala vidyut chalakata moolye aanee amphoteric (kamkuvat moolbhut) auxides asatat. "ardh-dhatoo" kadhikadhi, shithilpane kinwa spashtapane, sfatikeey rachana, vidyut chalakata kinwa electronic sanrachanet apoorn dhatuche swaroop asalelya dhatuncha sandarbh dete. udaharananmadhye gallium, yatarbiyam, bismuth aanee neptunium yancha samavesh hoto. amphoteric ghatak' aanee 'semiconductor' hii nave samasyapradhan aahet kaaran metaloids mhanoon olakhalya kelya kahee ghatakanmadhye tyanchya sarvat sthir swarupat chinhankit amphoteric vartan (udaharanarth bismuth) kinwa semiconductivity (polonium) darshavili jaat nahee.
mool aanee vapar.
metaloid' yaa shabdachi utpatti aanee vapar guntagunticha aahe. dhatunche varnan karnyasathi aanee vishisht aanee qamee vishisht swarupanmadhye farak karnyachya pracheen kalapasoonchya prayatnanmadhye tyacha ugam aahe. sanyuge shatkachya suruvatila panyavar panyavar dhatunvar (soodiyam aanee potassium) aanee nantar adhatuna adhik lokpriyapane yacha vapar karnyat aala. dhatuche swaroop asalelya khanijanche varnan karnyasathi khanijashastrat purvicha vapar 1800 salapasoon keela jaau shakato. 20 vya shatkachya madhyapasoon too madhyavarti kinwa seema reshevaril rasayanik ghatakancha sandarbh denyasathi vaparla jaat aahe. international union auph pyor andd applied chemistryne (iupac) yapurvi metaloid haah shabd sodoon denyachi shifaras kelee hotee aanee tyaeivaji 'semimetal' haah shabd vaparanyachi shifaras kelee hotee. yaa nantarchya shabdacha vapar alikadech etkins aanee itaranni nakarla aahe. bhautikshastrat tyacha arth vegala asalyane-joou ekhadya ghatakachya ekoon vargikaranapeksha padarthachya electronic band sanrachanecha adhik spashtapane sandarbh deto. namkaran aanee shabdavalivaril sarvat alikadil iupac prakashananmadhye metaloid kinwa semimetal yaa sandnyanchya vaparabaddal konatyahi shifarashi samavisht naheet.
samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon olakhale jaanare ghatak.
boron.
 shuddha boron heey chamakdar, chandi-rakhadi sfatikeey ghan aahe. teey aluminiumpeksha qamee daat aahe (2.34 viruddha. 2.70 gramm/seey. mea. 3), aanee katheen aanee thisul aahe. florincha hallah vagalata, samanya paristhitit too kvachitach pratikriyashil asato aanee tyacha vitalanyacha bindu 2076°seey. (see. eff.) asato. steel ~ 1370°seey.). boron haah eka ardhchalak aahe; tyachi kholiche tapman vidyut chalakata 1.5 × 10−6s· semee−1 (nalatil panyapeksha sumare 200 putt qamee) aahe aanee tyat sumare 1.56 eae. vhee. chey band antar aahe. mendeleevne tippani kelee qee, "boron anek swarupat mukt sthiteet disun yeto jeey dhatoo aanee adhatu darmyan madhyavarti asatat."
boronchya sanrachanatmak rasayanshastravar tyachya lahan anoo aakarache aanee tulanene uchch aayanikaran urjeche varchasva aahe. boron anoomage keval teen sanyojak electron asalyane, sadhe sahsanyojak bandh aktet niyam purn karoo shakat naheet. boronchya judd sanyugmanmadhye dhatuche bandhan haah nehmicha parinam asato parantu yasathi samanyatah qamee aayanikaran urjechi aavashyakta asate. tyaeivaji, tyachya lahan aakaramule aanee uchch aayanikaran urjemule, boronche (aanee jawaljawal serve allotropes) moolbhut sanrachanatmak ekak heey icosahedral icosahedral samooh aahe. 12 boron anoonshi sambandhit 36 electronpaiki 26 13 vilgikaran aanvik kakshanmadhye rahatat; itar 10 electron icosahedramadhye done aanee teen-kendra sahsanyojak bandh tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaatat. dhatuche borides aanee hydride derivativesmadhye aanee kahee halidesmadhye delta-hedral prakar kinwa tukdyanpramanech samaan rachana disu shakate.
boronmadhil bandh heey dhatoo aanee adhatu sahsanyojak jaale ghanpadarthanmadhil (jase qee hira) vartanache madhyavarti vaishishtya asalyache varnan kele gele aahe. bii, see, aine, see aanee pii yanche adhatu avasthanmadhun dhatoo avasthanmadhye rupantar karnyasathi aavashyak asaleli urja anukrame 30,100,240,33 aanee 50 keje/moll assa andaj aahe. heey dhatoo-adhatu simaresheshi boronchi jawalik darshavate.
boronche bahutek rasayanshastra adhatu swarupache aahe. tyachya judd janitranpramane, teey eka sadhe sadhe + kinwa hydrated [bii [bii 4] 3 + ketayan tayar karnyasathi olakhale jaat nahee. boron anoochya lahan aakaramule anek antarvarti mishradhatu-prakarchya borides tayar karata yetat. boron aanee sankraman dhatunmadhil samyata sanyuge aanee jodani (udaharanarth, bii. etch. 3 + qoo. → bii. etch. 3. qoo. aanee tyachpramane, phay (qoo) 4 + qoo. boronche jaleey rasayanshastra heey anek bhinn polyborate aayan tayar honyane darshavile jaate. tyache uchch charge-teey-aakar gunottar pahata, boron bandh tyachya jawaljawal serve sanyuganmadhye sahsanyojak asatat; borides heey apavad aahet, kaaran tyat tyanchya rachnenusar, sahsanyojak, ionic aanee dhatuche bandhan ghatak yancha samavesh hoto. boron trichloridesarkhi sadhee dwaiti sanyuge hii levis aaml asatat kaaran teen sahsanyojak bandh tayar jhalyamule octatemadhye eka chhidra padate jeey levis besdware daan kelelya electron-jodine bharale jaau shakate. boronla oxygenshee drudh sambandh aahe aanee yogya prakare vistrut boret rasayanshastra aahe. auxide auxide heey sanrachanet polymeric, kamkuvat amleey aanee eka kaach aahe. boronchi organometallic sanyuge sanyuge shatkapasoon dnyat aahet (organoboron rasayanshastra pahaa).
silicon.
silicon heey nile-rakhadi dhatuche chamak asalele sfatikeey ghan aahe. boronpramanech, too aluminiumpeksha qamee daat (2.33 gramm/seey. mea. 3) asato aanee kadak aanee thisul asato. haah tulanene abhikriyashil ghatak aahe. rochochya matey, prachand sfatikeey swaroop (visheshtah jarr shuddha asel tarr) "hydrofluorics serve aamlansathi ullekhaniyapane nishkriy aahe". qamee shuddha silicon aanee choorn kelele swaroop, majboot kinwa garam aaml, tasech waf aanee florindware hallah karnyasathi vividh prakare sanvedanshil asatat. silicon hydrogenchya utkrantisaha garam jaleey alkalimadhye virghalato, tasech beryllium, aluminium, zink, gallium kinwa indium sarkhya dhatunmadhye virghalato. too 1414°seey. varr vitalato. silicon haah 10−4s·cm−1 vidyut chalakata aanee sumare 1.11 eae. vhee. chey band antar asalela ardhchalak aahe. jevha silicon vitalato, tevha too drav paryachya samaan 1.0-1.3 × 104s·cm−1 chya vidyut chalaktasah vajvi dhatoo banato.
siliconche rasayanshastra samanyatah adhatuyukt (sahsanyojak) swarupache asate. teey cashion tayar karnyasathi dnyat nahee. silicon loh aanee tambe yasarkhya dhatunsah mishradhatu tayar karoo shakato. heey samanya adhatuchya tulanet ionic vartanachi qamee pravrutti darshavate. tyache dravan rasayanshastra auxianianchya nirmitidvare darshavile jaate. silicon-auxigen bandhanchi uchch takad siliconchya rasayanik vartanavar varchasva gajavate. tyanchya auxigen anoonche aadanpradan aadanpradan tetrahedral tetrahedral ekkandware tayar kelele polymeric silicates heey siliconche sarvat mubalak aanee mahattvache sanyuge aahet. bahupatneetva boret, jyat jodalele trikoni aanee chatushkoniy bii. oo. 3 kinwa bii. oo. 4 ekake asatat, teey samaan sanrachanatmak tattvanvar bandhale jaatat. auxide auxide heey sanrachanet polymeric, kamkuvat amleey aanee eka kaach aahe. paramparik organometallic rasayanshastrat siliconchya carbon sanyugancha samavesh hoto (organosylicon pahaa).
germanium.
germanium heey chamakdar rakhadi-pandhare ghan aahe. tyachi ghanata 5.323 6.697 aahe aanee tee katheen aanee thisul aahe. heey bahutek samanya tapmanat abhikriyashil asate parantu haloohaloo garam kendrit sulfuric kinwa nitrick aamlane tyavar hallah keela jaato. germanium vitalalelya castic sodasobat dekhil pratikriya karoon soodiyam germainet Na2geo3 aanee hydrogen vayoo nirman karate. too 938°seey. varr vitalato. germanium haah eka ardhchalak aahe jyachi vidyut chalakata sumare 2 × 10−2s· semee−1 aanee band antar 0.7 eae. vhee. aahe. drav germanium haah eka dhatucha vahak aahe, jyachi vidyut chalakata drav paryasarkhich aahe.
germaniumche bahutek rasayanshastra heey adhatuche vaishishtyapurn aahe. kahee goodh sanyuganmadhye jee. eae. 2 + aayanchya nondavalelya astitvachya vyatirikt, germanium cashion tayar karate qee nahee heey aspasht aahe. teey aluminium aanee sone yasarkhya dhatunsah mishradhatu tayar karoo shakate. heey samanya adhatuchya tulanet ionic vartanachi qamee pravrutti darshavate. tyache dravan rasayanshastra auxianianchya nirmitidvare darshavile jaate. germanium samanyatah tetravalent (4) sanyuge tayar karate aanee qamee sthir dvivarshik (2) sanyuge dekhil tayar karoo shakate, jyamadhye teey dhatupramane adhik vagate. serve pramukh prakarchya silicatesche germanium pratirup tayar kele gele aahet. germaniumche dhatuche swaroop dekhil vividh oxoacid ksharanchya nirmitidvare soochit kele jaate. phosphet [(etch. pii. oo. 4) 4). etch. 2oo] aanee atyant sthir trifluoroacitate jee. eae. (oo. see. oo. see. eff. 3) 4 chey varnan kele gele aahe, jase qee jee. eae. 2 (ess. oo. 4) 2, jee. eae. (clau. 4) 4 aanee jee. eae. etch. 2 (see. oo. 4) 3. auxide jee. oo. 2 heey polymeric, amphoteric aanee eka glass former aahe. dioxide heey amleey dravnanmadhye vidravya asate (monoxide geo, tyahunahi adhik aahe) aanee yacha vapar kadhikadhi germaniumche dhatoo mhanoon vargikaran karnyasathi keela jaato. jaato dashkaparyant germanium haah kharab pravahit dhatoo manla jaat asey; nantarchya lekhakanni tyache adhunmadhun dhatoo mhanoon vargikaran kele aahe. samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon olakhalya kelya serve ghatakanpramanech germaniummadhye eka sthapit organometallic rasayanshastra aahe (organogermanium rasayanshastra pahaa).
arsenic.
arsenic heey rakhadi rangache, dhatuche ghan disate. tyachi ghanata 5.727 6.697 aahe aanee tee thisul aanee madhyam pramanat katheen (aluminiumpeksha jaast; lohapeksha qamee) aahe. teey koradya havet sthir asate parantu olsar havet soneri kansya patti vikasit hote, jee pudhe samparkat aalyavar kalee padate. arsenicover nitrick aaml aanee kendrit sulfuric aaml hallah karate. teey fuse kelelya castic sodasobat abhikriya karoon arsenate arsenate aanee hydrogen vayoo dete. arsenic up-tapman 615°seey. waf limbu-pivali asate aanee tyat lasnisarkha vaas yeto. arsenic keval 38.6 aii. tii. emm. chya dabakhali, 817°seey. varr vitalate. hii sumare 3.9 × 104 seey. mea. −1 vidyut chalakata aanee 0.5 eae. vhee. chee band overlap asaleli ardh-dhatoo aahe. drav arsenic haah 0.15 eae. vhee. chya band antarasah ardhchalak aahe.
aarsenikche rasayanshastra pramukhyane adhatu aahe. aarsenikmule ketayan tayar hote qee nahee heey aspasht aahe. tyache anek dhatuche mishradhatu bahutek thisul asatat. heey samanya adhatuchya tulanet ionic vartanachi qamee pravrutti darshavate. tyache dravan rasayanshastra auxianianchya nirmitidvare darshavile jaate. arsenic samanyatah sanyuge tayar karate jyamadhye tyachi auxidation sthitee + 3 kinwa + 5 asate. halides aanee auxides aanee tyanche derivatives hii udaharanadakhal udaharane aahet. tribhuj sthiteet, arsenic kahee prarambhik dhatoo gunadharm darshavite. halides panyane hydrolyse kele jaatat parantu hya pratikriya, visheshtah chloridechya, hydrauhalic aesidchya jodanisah ulat karata yetat. auxide amleey aahe parantu, khalee namood kelyapramane, (kamkuvat) amphoteric aahe. uchch, qamee sthir, pentavalent avasthemadhye jordar amleey (adhatu) gunadharm asatat. phosphoruschya tulanet, aarsenikche majboot dhatuche swaroop, auxo acid kshar jase qee espo 4, aii. ess. 2 (ess. oo. 4) 3 aanee arsenic acetate (see. etch. 3. qoo) 3 tayar jhalyamule soochit hote. auxide aii. ess. 2. oo. 3 heey polymeric, amphoteric aanee eka glass former aahe. aarsenikmadhye vyapak organometallic rasayanshastra aahe (organoarcinic rasayanshastra pahaa).
pratiman.
antimony heey nile rung aanee chamakdar chamak asalele chandiche-pandhare ghan aahe. tyachi ghanata 6.697 6.697 aahe aanee tee thisul aanee madhyam pramanat katheen aahe (aarsenikpeksha jaast; lohapeksha qamee; tambyaitakech). teey havemadhye aanee kholichya tapmanat aadratemadhye sthir asate. tyavar kendrit nitrick aamladvare hallah keela jaato, jyamule hydrated pentoxide ess. bii. 2 oo. 5 milate. ekwa rejiyamule pentachloride ess. bii. see. ell. 5 milate aanee garam kendrit sulfuric aaml sulfate ess. bii. 2 (ess. oo. 4) 3 madhye parinam karate. too vitalalelya ksharane prabhavit hott nahee. antimony garam kelyavar panyatoon hydrogen visthapit karnyas saksham asateh 2 ess. bii. + 3 etch. 2 oo. + 3 etch. 2. teey 631°seey. varr vitalate. pratidravya hii sumare 3.1 × 104 seey. mea. −1 vidyut chalakata aanee 0.16 eae. vhee. chee band overlap asaleli ardh-dhatoo aahe. drav pratidravya haah eka dhatucha vahak aahe jyachi vidyut chalakata sumare 5.3 × 104 seey. mea. −1 aahe.
pratidravyache bahutek rasayanshastra heey adhatuche vaishishtya aahe. pratidravyamadhye kahee nishchit catanic rasayanshastra asate, ess. bii. oo. + aanee ess. bii. (oh) 2 + heey amleey jaleey dravanat asatat; ess. bii. 8 (jee. see. ell. 4) 2 heey sanyug, jyamadhye sambhootikaran asate, ess. bii. 82 + heey 2004 madhye tayar kele gele hote. teey aluminium, loh, nickel, tambe, zink, tiin, shise aanee bismuth yasarkhya eka kinwa adhik dhatunsah mishradhatu tayar karoo shakate. samanya adhatuchya tulanet pratimanamadhye ionic vartanachi pravrutti qamee asate. tyache dravan rasayanshastra auxianianchya nirmitidvare darshavile jaate. aarsenikpramane, pratidravya samanyatah sanyuge tayar karate jyamadhye tyachi auxidation sthitee + 3 kinwa + 5 asate. halides aanee auxides aanee tyanche derivatives hii udaharanadakhal udaharane aahet. + 5 sthitee + 3 peksha qamee sthir aahe, parantu aarsenikchya tulanet tee midvane tulanene sope aahe. aarsenikchya kendrakala tyachya 3d10 electrondware puravilelya kharab sanrakshanadvare heey spasht kele jaate. tyaa tulanet, pratidravya (judd anoo asalyane) adhik sahajpane anshatah auxidise honyachi pravrutti tyachya 4d10 kavchavar parinam karate. tripositive antimony hii amphoteric aahe; pentapositive antimony hii (pramukhyane) aamleey aahe. gut 15 chya khalee dhatuchya varnatil vadhishi susangat, pratidravye kshar kinwa mithasarkhi sanyuge tayar karatat jyat nitrate ess. bii. (kramank 3) 3, phosphet ess. bii. pii. oo. 4, sulfate ess. bii. 2 (kramank 4) 3 aanee perchlorate ess. bii. (clow 4) 3 yancha samavesh aahe. anyatha amleey pentoxide ess. bii. 2 oo. 5 kahee moolbhut (dhatoo) vartan darshavite jyamadhye teey auxication ess. bii. oo. chya nirmitisah atishay amleey dravnanmadhye virghalale jaau shakate. auxide ess. bii. 2oo. 3 heey polymeric, amphoteric aanee eka glass majee aahe. pratidravyamadhye vyapak organometallic rasayanshastra aahe (organoantimany rasayanshastra pahaa).
tellurium.
tellurium heey eka chandiche-pandhare chamakdar ghan aahe. tyachi ghanata 6.24 gramm/seey. mea. 3 aahe, tee thisul aahe aanee samanyatah olakhalya kelya dhatupadarthanpaiki sarvat mauu aahe, jee gandhakapeksha kinchit katheen aahe. telluriumche mothe tukade havet sthir asatat. bareek choorn kelele roop aadratechya upasthitit havedware auxidise kele jaate. telurium ukalatya panyashi kinwa agadi 50°seey. varr dekhil taje avkshepit jhalyavar, dye auxide aanee hydrogen denyasathi pratikriya deteh tii + 2 + → karaneh + 2 2. nitrick, sulfuric aanee hydrochloric acids (vegvegalya pramanat) pratikriya deuun sulfoxide sulfoxide kinwa tellurus acid 2tiioo3, moolbhut nitrate nitrate + (number 3)-, kinwa auxide sulfate sulfate tii2oo3 yasarkhi sanyuge dete. tee ukalatya alkalimadhye virghalate, jyamule tellurite aanee telluride milateh 3 tii + 6 koh = 2oo3 + 2 2 + 3 +, hii pratikriya jee tapmanat vaadh kinwa ghat hott asatana pudhe jaate kinwa ulat karata yete.
uchch tapmanat tellurium baher kadhanyasathi purese plastic asate. teey 449.51 sase. varr vitalate. sfatikeey telluriumchi rachana samantar anant sarpil sakhalyanni banaleli asate. sakhalitil shejaril anunmadhil bandh sahsanyojak asato, parantu vegvegalya sakhalyanchya shejaril anunmadhil kamkuvat dhatusambandhi parasparsanvadache purave aahet. tellurium haah eka ardhchalak aahe jyachi vidyut chalakata sumare 1 seey. mea. −1 aahe aanee band antar 0.32 teey 0.38 eae. vhee. aahe. drav tellurium haah eka ardhchalak aahe, jyachi vidyut chalakata vitalalyavar sumare 1.9 × 103 seey. mea. −1 asate. atiushna drav tellurium haah eka dhatucha vahak aahe.
telluriumche bahutek rasayanshastra heey adhatuche vaishishtyapurn aahe.
heey kahee catanic vartan darshavate. dioxide aamlamadhye virghalato aanee trihydroxotellure (4) tii (oh) 3 + aayan tayar karato; laal tii. eae. 42 + aanee pivalya-naringi tii. eae. 62 + aayan tayar hotat jevha telluriumche anukrame fluorosulfuric acid (etch. ess. oo. 3. eff.) kinwa drav sulfur dioxide (ess. oo. 2.) madhye auxidation hote. teey aluminium, chandi aanee tins mishradhatu tayar karoo shakate. tellurium samanya adhatuchya tulanet ionic vartanachi qamee pravrutti darshavite. tyache dravan rasayanshastra auxianianchya nirmitidvare darshavile jaate. tellurium samanyatah sanyuge tayar karate jyamadhye tyachi auxidation sthitee −2, + 4 kinwa + 6 asate. + 4 sthitee sarvat sthir asate. x "x" te "y" yaa rachaneche tellurides itar bahutek ghatkansah sahaj tayar hotat aanee sarvat samanya tellurium khanijanche pratinidhitva karatat. nonstoekiometry vyapak aahe, visheshtah sankraman dhatunmadhye. anek tellurides heey dhatuche mishradhatu manale jaau shakatat. telkat chalcogenchya tulanet telluriummadhe dhatuchya swarupatil vaadh, itar vividh auxi acid ksharanchya nondavalelya nirmitimadhye disun yete, jase qee moolbhut selenate selenate aanee eka samaan perchlorate aanee aanee. tellurium eka polymeric, amphoteric, kaach-tayar karnara auxide karaneh tayar karato. too eka "sashart" kaach-tayar karnara auxide aahe-too khoop qamee pramanat yojak asalela kaach tayar karato. telluriummadhe vyapak organometallic rasayanshastra aahe (organotellurium rasayanshastra pahaa).
dhatoo mhanoon qamee samanyatah olakhale jaanare ghatak.
carbon.
carbonche samanyatah adhatu mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate parantu tyache kahee dhatoo gunadharm aahet aanee kadhikadhi tyache dhatoo mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate. shatkon graphitic carbon (graphite) haah sabhovatalachya paristhitit carboncha sarvat thermodynamically sthir allotrope aahe. too chamakdar disato aanee aanee changla vidyut vahak aahe. graphitechi eka starit rachana asate. pratyek tharamadhye shatkon jaali vyavasthemadhye itar teen carbon anoonshi bandhalele carbon anoo asatat. thurr ekatra jodale jaatat aanee vanne dair walls force aanee delocalised valence electrondware shithilpane dharale jaatat.
dhatupramane, tapman vadhatach tyachya pratalanchya dishene graphitechi chalakata qamee hote; tyat ardh-dhatuchi electronic patti rachana asate. graphites carbonche allotropes, paryayi, parasparsanvad kinwa dopingdware tyanchya sanrachanet parkeey anoo kinwa sanyuge swikaru shakatat. parinami tayar tayar samagreela 'carbon mishradhatu' asey mhanatat. carbon ionic kshar tayar karoo shakato, jyat hydrogen sulfate, perchlorate aanee nitrate (cx−. 2hx, jethe x = hso4, clo4; aanee cno.3hno3) yancha samavesh aahe. sendriya rasayanshastrat, carbon jatil catayanstard "carbocation" tayar karoo shakato jyamadhye carbon anoovar sakaratmak charge asato; aanee, aanee tyanche derivatives aahet.
carbon thisul asato aanee tyachya samatalanna lumb asalelya dishene ardhavahak mhanoon vagato. tyache bahutek rasayanshastra adhatu aahe; tyat tulanene uchch aayanikaran urja aahe aanee bahutek dhatunchya tulanet tulanene uchch vidyut runatmakata aahe. carbon carbon (methanide), see (acetylide) aanee see (sesquicarbide kinwa elelenide) yasarkhe aayan tayar karoo shakato, mukhya gut 1-3 chya dhatunsah sanyuganmadhye aanee lanthanides aanee actinides. tyache auxide carbon dioxide carbonic aaml aaml tayar karate.
aluminium.
aluminiumche samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon vargikaran kele jaate. tee chamakdar, lavchik aanee lavchik aahe aanee tyat uchch vidyut aanee aushnik chalakata aahe. bahutek dhatunpramanech tyachi jawalun bharaleli sfatikeey rachana asate aanee jaleey dravanat eka catayan tayar hote.
tyat kahee gunadharm aahet jeey dhatusathi asamanya aahet; ektritpane ghetale tarr, heey kadhikadhi dhatoo mhanoon aluminiumche vargikaran karnyasathi aadhar mhanoon vaparale jaatat. tyachi sfatikeey rachana dishatmak bandhanache kahee purave darshavate. bahutek sanyuganmadhye aluminiumche bandh sahsanyojak asatat. auxide auxide heey amphoteric aanee sashart kaach-nirmata aahe. aluminium ionic aluminium tayar karoo shakate, asha vartanas adhatu manale jaate.
aluminiumche dhatujanya mhanoon vargikaran karane tyachya anek dhatujanya gunadharmanmule vadgrast tharale aahe. tyamule, dhatoo-adhatu vibhajak reshechya shejari asalele ghatak heey dhatoo aahet, haah smaranarth shabdala apavad aahe.
stotney aluminiumla kamkuvat dhatoo mhanoon label kele aahe. tyat dhatuche bhautik gunadharm aahet parantu adhatuche kahee rasayanik gunadharm aahet. steelne aluminiumchya virodhabhasi rasayanik vartanachi nond keleeh "tyachya amphoteric oxidemadhye aanee tyachya anek sanyuganchya sahsanyojak swarupat too kamkuvat dhatusarkha disato... tarihi too eka atyant vidyut sakaratmak dhatoo aahe... uchch nakaratmak electrode kshamtesah. moody mhanatat qee, "rasayanik arthane dhatoo aanee adhatu yanchyatil 'karn simareshevar' aluminium aahe."
selenium.
selenium heey seema reshevaril dhatuyukt kinwa adhatu vartan darshavate.
tyacha sarvat sthir prakar, rakhadi trikoni allotrope, yala kadhikadhi 'dhatoo' selenium mhanatat kaaran tyachi vidyut chalakata laal monoclinic swarupapeksha mothya pramanat anek kramane asate. seleniumche dhatuche swaroop pudhe tyachya chamak aanee tyachya sfatikeey sanrachanedvare darshavile jaate, jyamadhye kamkuvat 'dhatoo' aantar sakhali bandh samavisht asalyache manale jaate. vitalalelya aanee chikat asatana selenium patal dhagyanmadhye odhale jaau shakate. heey "adhatuchya vaishishtyapurn uchch sakaratmak auxidation sankhya" prapt karnyas anichha darshavate. oliyammadhye virghalalyavar teey chakriy bahusankaran (jase qee seey) tayar karoo shakate (heey sulfur aanee telluriums samayik kelele eka vaishishtya aahe) aanee trihydroxoselanium (4) perchlorate [seey (oh) 3] + · klochya swarupat hydrolyzed catanic meeth tayar karoo shakate.
seleniumche adhatu swaroop tyachya bhanguratedware aanee tyachya atyant shuddha swarupachya qamee vidyut chalakatadvare (~ 10−9 teey 10−12s·cm−1) darshavile jaate. heey adhatu asalelya brominshee (7.95 seey. mea. −1) tulanatmak kinwa tyapeksha qamee aahe. seleniummadhye ardhvahakchi electronic band rachana asate aanee tyache ardhchalak gunadharm drav swarupat rakhoon thewale jaatat. tyachi vidyut runatmakata tulanene jaast aahe (2.55 sudharit pauling scale). tyache abhikriya rasayanshastra pramukhyane tyachya adhatu ionic rupanche rupanche, seo aanee seo aahe.
paryavaraniy rasayanshastra sahityat seleniumche samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon varnan kele jaate. arsenic aanee antimanypramanech teey jalchar vatavaranatun jaate; tyachya panyat panyat ksharanche, uchch sandratemadhye, aarseniksarkhe vishari swaroop asate.
polonium.
polonium kahee prakare 'spashtapane dhatuche' aahe. tyache donhi allotropic prakar dhatuche vahak aahet. teey aamlanmadhye virghalate, gulabachya rangache → + ketayan tayar karate aanee hydrogen visthapit karateh poe + 2 etch + → → + + 2. anek polonium kshar dnyat aahet. auxide auxide heey pramukhyane kshariy swarupache asate. polonium haah eka anichchhuk oxidising agent aahe, tyachya sarvat halakya congener oxygenchya ulatah jaleey dravanat pii. oo. 2-aayanchya nirmitisathi atyant qamee karnyachya paristhitichi aavashyakta asate.
polonium lavchik aahe qee thisul heey aspasht aahe. tyachya mojalelya lavchik sthirankanchya aadhare teey lavchik asalyacha andaj vartavala jaato. tyachi eka sadhee ghan sfatikeey rachana aahe. asha sanrachanet kahee slip pranali asatat aanee tyamule "khoop qamee lavchikta aanee tyamule fracture pratirodh qamee hoto".
polonium tyachya halidesmadhye aanee polonideschya astitvadvare adhatu swaroop darshavite. halidesmadhye samanyatah adhatu halidesche vaishishtyapurn gunadharm asatat (asthir, sahajpane hydrolyse kelele aanee sendriya dravkanmadhye vidravya). ghatakanna 500-1,000 sase. varr ekatra garam karoon aanee pii. oo. 2−enayan asalele anek dhatoo polonides dekhil dnyat aahet.
estatin.
halogen mhanoon, astatinla adhatu mhanoon vargikrut kele jaate. tyache kahee chinhankit dhatoo gunadharm aahet aanee tyaeivaji kadhikadhi ektar dhatoo kinwa (qamee vela) dhatoo mhanoon vargikrut kele jaate. 1940 madhye tyachya nirmitinantar lagechach, suruvatichya tapaskartyanni tyala dhatoo manale. 1949 madhye tyala sarvat udatt (qamee karane katheen) adhatu tasech tulanene udatt (auxidise karane katheen) dhatoo mhatale gele. 1950 madhye astatinche varnan halogen aanee (mhanoon) eka pratikriyashil adhatu mhanoon kele gele. 2013 madhye, sapekshavadi pratirupanachya aadhare, astatin haah eka ekpeshiy dhatoo asalyacha andaj vartavanyat aala hota, jyachi rachana chehara-kendrit ghan sfatikeey hotee.
anek lekhakanni astatinchya kahee gunadharmanchya dhatoo swarupavar bhashya kele aahe. iodine haah tyachya pratalanchya dishene ardhchalak asalyane aanee vadhatya anusankhyesah halogen adhik dhatuche hott asalyane, asey manale jaate qee jarr teey ghanroop avastha tayar karoo shakale tarr astatin haah dhatoo asel. drav sthiteet estatin dhatuche asoo shakate, jyachya aadhare ~ 42 kj/mol peksha jaast bashpibhavnachi enthalpy (ωhvap) asalele ghatak drav asatana dhatuche asatat. asha ghatakanmadhye boron, silicon, germanium, antimony, selenium aanee tellurium yancha samavesh hoto. dietomic astatinchya ωhvap chee andaje moolye 50 kj/mol kinwa tyahoon adhik aahet; dietomic iodine, 41.71 chya ωhvap saha, threshold aakadyapeksha fakt qamee aahe.
"vishisht dhatunpramanech, teey [estatin] agadi tivra aaml dravananmadhunahi hydrogen sulfideware avkshepit hote aanee sulfate dravananpasun mukt swarupat visthapit hote; teey vidyutvichhedanantar kathodavar jamaa hote."estatinchya (judd) dhatupramane vagnyachya pravruttiche aanakhi sanket pudhilpramane aaheth"... seudohalide sanyuganchi nirmiti... estatin catayanchi sankule... trikoni astatinche jatil aayan... tasech vividh sendriya dravkansah sankule. assa yuktivad dekhil keela gela aahe qee astatin heey + aanee aii. tii. oo. + swarupat sthir rahoon, tivra aamleey jaleey dravnanmadhye catanic vartan darshavate.
astatinche kahee nondavalele gunadharm adhatujanya aahet. jaree prayogik sanket sumare 230 ±3°seey. qamee utkalan bindu darshavit asale, taree samanyatah adhatushi (emm. pii.-302°seey.; bii. pii.-337°seey.) sambandhit arund drav shreni asane heey tyache bahyamudran kele gele aahe. batanov 0.7 eae. vhee. chya astatinsathi ganana keleli band gap urja dete; heey nonmetals (bhautikshastrat) susangat aahe jyamadhye valence aanee conduction band vegale aahet aanee tyadvare ektar semiconductor kinwa insulator aahet. jaleey dravanatil astatinche rasayanshastra pramukhyane vividh ionic prajatinchya nirmitidvare darshavile jaate. tyateel bahutek dnyat sanyuge aayodeensarkhi asatat, jee eka halogen aanee adhatu aahe. asha sanyuganmadhye estatides (xat), estatites (xato3) aanee monovalent interhalogen sanyuge yancha samavesh hoto.
restrepo aanee itar. asey nondavale gele qee astatin heey halogensarkhe asanyapeksha adhik poloniumsarkhe disate. tyanni 72 ghatakanchya dnyat aanee antarveshtit gunadharmanchya tapshilvar tulanatmak abhyasachya aadhare asey kele.
sambandhit sankalpana.
dhatoo jawal.
aavart saranimadhye, samanyatah olakhalya gelelya dhatusambandhichya kahee ghatakanche, jaree samanyatah ektar dhatoo kinwa adhatu mhanoon vargikrut kele gele asale, taree tyanna adhunmadhun 'nikat-dhatusambandhi' mhanoon sambodhale jaate kinwa tyanchya dhatusambandhichya varnasathi olakhale jaate. dhatoo-adhatu vibhajak reshechya davya bajula asha ghatakanmadhye gallium, tiin aanee bismuth yancha samavesh hoto. teey asamanya packing sanrachana, chinhankit sahsanyojak rasayanshastra (aanvik kinwa polymeric) aanee amphoterism darshavtat. vibhajak reshechya ujavikade carbon, phosphorus, selenium aanee iodine aahet. teey dhatuchi chamak, ardhchalak gunadharm aanee vilag kelelya varnansah bandh kinwa sanyojak pattya pradarshit karatat. heey sabhovatalachya paristhitit tyanchya sarvat ushnagatikdrushtya sthir swarupanna lagoo hoteh carbon graphite mhanoon; phosphorus kaala phosphorus mhanoon; aanee selenium rakhadi selenium mhanoon.
allotropes.
ghatakachya vegvegalya sfatikeey prakaranna allotropes mhanatat. kahee allotropes, visheshtah dhatoo aanee adhatu yanchyatil kalpanik vibhajan reshechya bajula kinwa jawal asalelya ghatakanche (aavart saranichya drushtine), itaranpeksha adhik spasht dhatoo, dhatoo kinwa adhatu vartan pradarshit karatat. asha allotropesche astitva samavisht ghatakanche vargikaran guntaguntiche karoo shakate.
udaharanarth, tinmadhye done allotrope asatatah tetragonal 'pandhara' β-tiin aanee ghan 'rakhadi' α-tiin. pandhari tiin haah eka atishay chamakdar, lavchik aanee lavchik dhatoo aahe. heey samanya tapmanavar kinwa tyahoon adhik sthir swaroop aahe aanee tyachi vidyut chalakata 9,17 × 104 s·cm−1 (tambyachya tulanet tulanet bhag) aahe. rakhadi tiin sahasa rakhadi sookshm-sfatikeey churnasarkhe disate aanee thisul ardh-chamakdar sfatikeey kinwa polychrystalline swarupat dekhil tayar kele jaau shakate. heey 13.2°seey. peksha qamee sthir swaroop aahe aanee tyachi vidyut chalakata (2-5) × 102 seey. mea. −1 (~ 1/250 1/250 tinchi) darmyan aahe. rakhadi tinchi rachana rachana sfatikeey asate. too ardhavahak mhanoon vagato (janoo tyat 0.08 eae. vhee. chey band antar hote), parantu tyat ardh-dhatuchi electronic band rachana aahe. tyala ektar atishay kharab dhatoo, dhatoo, adhatu kinwa jawalche dhatoo asey sambodhale gele aahe.
carboncha carboncha allotrope spashtapane adhatu aahe, parbhasi asalyane aanee 10−14 teey 10−16s·cm−1 chee qamee vidyut chalakata aahe. graphitechi vidyut chalakata 3 × 104s·cm−1 aahe, jee dhatuchi adhik vaishishtyapurn aakruti aahe. phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, selenium, antimony aanee bismathmadhye dekhil qamee sthir allotropes asatat jeey bhinn vartan darshavtat.
vipulata, utkhanan aanee kharch.
vipulata.
table samanyatah dhatoo mhanoon kvachitach olakhalya kelya ghatakanchi crustle mubalakata dete. itar kahee ghatakancha tulanesathi samavesh keela aaheh auxigen aanee zenon (sthir samasthanikansah sarvat qamee aanee sarvat qamee mubalak ghatak); loh aanee nanee dhatoo tambe, chandi aanee sone; aanee renium, sarvat qamee mubalak sthir dhatoo (aluminium samanyatah sarvat mubalak dhatoo asato). vipulateche vividh andaj prakashit karnyat aale aahet; heey heey kahee pramanat asahmat asatat.
nishkarshan.
manyataprapt dhatoo tyanchya auxides kinwa sulphideschya rasayanik ghatanedvare prapt kele jaau shakatat. prarambhik swaroop aanee aarthik ghatkanvar avalambun nishkarshan paddhati sopya kinwa adhik jatil paddhatine vaparlya jaau shakatat. magnessiums trioxide qamee karoon boron niyamitpane prapt keela jaatoh b2o3 + 3 migra → 2 bii + 3 emm. jee. oo.; duyyam prakriyenantar parinami tapkiri pavdarchi shuddhata 97 takkyanparyant asate. uchch shuddhatecha boron (99 takkepeksha jaast) haah ektar hydrogen vatavaranat (2 bx3 + 3 h2 → 2 b + 6 hx) kinwa aushnik vighatan honyaitka ushna karoon, bcl3 kinwa bbr3 sarkhya asthir boron sanyuge garam karoon tayar keela jaato. silicon aanee germanium tyanchya oxidesmadhun carbon kinwa hydrogens auxide garam karoon prapt kele jaatatah jaatatah + see → see + + see2; + 2 2 + jee + 2 +. arsenic tyachya pyrite (phees) kinwa arsenical pyrite (facial 2) pasoon garam karoon vegale kele jaate; vaikalpikaritya, carbons 2 aii. ess. oo. 3 + 3 see. 2 aii. ess. 3 see. oo. 2 neey qamee karoon tyachya oxidemadhun teey prapt kele jaau shakate. antimony tyachya sulfidemadhun lohasah qamee karoon prapt hoteh ess. bii. 2 ess. 3 + 2 ess. bii. + 3 eff. tellurium tyachya oxidepasoon jaleey naohmadhye virghaloon tayar kele jaate, jyamule tellurite tayar hote, nantar electrolytic qamee karoonah karaneh + 2 naoh → etch2oo; + + etch2oo; + + → tii + 2 naoh + oo2. dusra paryay mhanje carbons bhajoon auxide qamee karaneh karaneh + see → tii + +.
dhatoo mhanoon qamee varanvar olakhalya kelya ghatakanchya utpadan paddhatinmadhye naisargik prakriya, vidyut apghatakiy kinwa rasayanik ghat kinwa vikiran samavisht asate. carbon (graphite mhanoon) naisargikaritya udbhavato aanee mool khadak chiradoon aanee halakya graphitela prushthbhagavar tarangavun kadhala jaato. vitalalelya cryolite Na3alf6 madhye auxide al2o3 virghaloon aanee nantar uchch tapmanatil electrolytic qamee karoon aluminium kadhale jaate. selenium tayar karnyasathi, nanee dhatuche selenides x2se (x = cu, Ag, au) sodasah bhajoon selenite milateh x2se + o2 + Na2co3 → Na2seo3 + 2x + CO2; selenus aaml h2seo3 denyasathi sulfuric aaml h2so4 dware selenideche tatasthikaran kele jaate; heey tatvik selenium tayar karnyasathi so2 saha budbude karoon qamee kele jaate. polonium aanee astatin heey bismuthche vikiran karoon sookshm pramanat tayar kele jaatat.
kharch.
manyataprapt dhatoo aanee tyanchya jawalchya shejari bahutekda chandipeksha qamee kimatiche asatat; tyanchya lakshaniy kiranotsargamule keval polonium aanee astatin sonyapeksha mahag asatat. 5 april 2014 paryant, silicon, antimony aanee tellurium aanee graphite, aluminium aanee seleniumchya chhotya namunyanchya (100 gramparyant) kimmati, chandichya sarasari kimmatichya sumare eka trutiyansh (us $1.5 prati gramm kinwa sumare $45 prati auns) aahet. boron, germanium aanee aarsenikche namune chandichya sarasari kimmatichya sadeteen putt aahet. polonium prati microgram sumare $100 madhye upalabdh aahe. zalutsky aanee pruzinsky yanni estatinchya utpadanasathi samaan kharchacha andaj vartavala aahe. vastoo mhanoon vyapar kelya kelya lagoo ghatakanchya kimmati namunyachya kimmatipeksha (jee. eae.) done teey teen putt swast teey jawaljawal teen hazar putt swast (aii. ess.) asatat.

