almanjore

aboo amir muhammad ibn abdullah ibn abii amir all-mafiri (), jyala all-mansoor (, "vijayi") asey topananav dile jaate, jyala anekada almanjore (ii. sha.) mhanoon lattin kele jaate. 938-8 august 1002), haah eka muslim arab aanilusi lashkari neta aanee rajkarani hota. cordobachya umayyad khalifacha kulpati aanee kamkuvat khalifa hisham dusra sathee "hajib" (chamberlain) mhanoon, almanjore haah islamik iberiacha "vastavik" shasak hota.
toroxchya bahereel bhagat yemeni arab vanshachya kutumbat kahee kayadeshir purvajansah janmalela ibn abii aamir, 'fakih' mhanoon prashikshit honyasathi lahan asatana cordobala nighun gela. kahee vinamra suruvatinantar, too darbar prashasanat sameel jhaala aanee lavkarach khalifa all-hakam II chya mulanchi aaee subhacha vishvas prapt jhaala. tichya aashrayamule aanee swatachya karyakshamatemule tyane patkan aapali bhoomika vadhavali.
all-hakam II chya khalifa kalat, tyane anek mahattvapoorn prashasakeey padey bhushavali, jyat pudina sanchalak (967), subh aanee tichya mulansathi prashasak, anaichhik varshasathi prashasak aanee general galib ibn abd all-rahman (973) chya sainyasathi chaturthansh adhikari yancha samavesh hota. 976 madhye khalifachya mrutyunantar yaa padadhikarine khalifachya varchasvachi suruvat kelee, jeey tyachya mrutyuchya palikade tyachya done mulanpaiki abd all-mallick all-muzafar aanee abd all-rahman sanchuelo yanchya sarkarmadhye 1009 paryant chaloo rahile. khalifache chamberlain mhanoon (978 pasoon), tyane all-aandalas rajyat, sampoorn iberian dweepkalpat aanee magharebchya kahee bhagat asadharan shakticha vapar keela, tarr khalifa hisaham dusra haah jawaljawal pramukh darjachya sthiteet aala.
tyachya sattevaril lakshaniy vadhiche spashtikaran varchasvasathichya atrupt tahanane dile aahe, parantu itihaskar eduardo manzano moreno yanni ishara deela aahe qee "umayyad prashasanat vikasit jhalelya guntaguntichya antargat sangharshanchya chaukatit heey samajoon ghetale pahije."atyant dharmik, rajkiy sattevar niyantran thevanyasathi tyanna muslim muslim vyavharik pathimba midala, jaree tyanchyat veloveli tanav nasla taree. tyachya shakticha aadhar mhanje tyacha 'jihad' chaa bachav hota, jyachi ghoshana tyane khalifachya navane kelee. islamcha vijeta mhanoon tyachya pratimene tyachya sarkari adhikarachya gruhitkalache samarthan kele.
khalifamadhye rajkiy varchasva ekadhikarane asalyamule, tyane paradeshi aanee deshantargat asha donhi prakarchya rajkaranamadhye sakhol sudharana kelya. tyane maghreb aanee iberia yaa donhi thikani anek vijayi mohima kelya. dweepkalpavar, khristi rajyanviruddhachya tyachya ghuskhorine tyanchi dakshinekade honari pragati tatpurati thambavali.
mool aanee tarunya.
tyachya janmachya achook tarkhebaddal shanka asalya taree, serve kahee asey soochit karate qee tee 939 chya sumaras ghadali. tyacha janm all-maa 'aafeer jamatitil yemeni vanshachya arab jamindar kutumbat jhaala hota. teey all-yaziratchya (all-yazira all-jadara aljjirah alkhajraya, aadhunik aljisirasache thikan) "cora" (pradeshik upavibhag) shhee sambandhit, gwadiaro nadichya mukhajavalil eka shet, torroxmadhil visigothik iberiachya vijayapasoon sthapit kele gele hote. tyachya kutumbala tarik ibn ziyadkadun abdul mallick yaa purvajala bakshis mhanoon tethe jameen midali hotee, jyane hyspania murish-umayyad vijayadarmyan karteya tabyat ghenyat swatahla vegale kele hote.
kutumbatil kahee sadasyanni kaadee aanee nyayshastradnya mhanoon kaam kele hote. ibn abii aamirchya aajobanchi sevilecha kaadee mhanoon niyukti aanee badajozcha governor aanee khalifa abd all-rahman tisra yachya doctor asalelya vazirchya mulishi tyache lagn jhalyane kutumbachya sthiteet lakshaniy sudharana jhaali. ibn abii aamirche vadil, abd allah, yanche varnan eka dharmanishtha, dayalu aanee tapasvi manus mhanoon kele gele hote, jyancha makka yetheel tirthyatretun paratatana tripolimadhye mrutyu jhaala. tyachi aaee buraya dekhil eka arab kutumbatil hotee. tarihi, kutumb madhyamvargiy, vinamra aanee prantiy hote.
califal darbarat chadhane.
ibn abii aamir jaree agadi lahan asala taree, too cordobala gela, jithe tyane tyachya mamanchya dekharekhikhali kayada aanee patranche shikshan vikasit kele. yaa prashikshanacha uddesh rajya prashasanat pravesh sulabh karane haah hota, kaaran lashkarat pragati karnyachya sandhee keval arbanpurtya maryadit hotya. shrimant kutumbatil itar anek tarunanpramanech, tyanni kuran, bhavishyasuchak parampara aanee shariyachya vaparache prashikshan ghetale, asha prakare nyayadhish honyachya uddeshane, fakih mhanoon tyanche shikshan purn kele aanee tevhapasoon tyanni sahityachi aavad kayam thewali. islami kayadeshir parampara aanee patranchya prasiddha gurujananchya margdarshanakhali tyanni yaa abhyasanmadhye pratibha dakhavali.
tyachya vadilancha mrutyu aanee kautumbik white paristhitimule tyala tyache shikshan sodoon lekhak mhanoon kaam karave lagale. prashasanachya karyalayanchya jawal asalelya cordobachya alkazar aanee mashidit eka samanya lekhak mhanoon padd dharan kelyanantar, tarun lavkarach tyachya pratibhesathi aanee mahattvakankshesathi ubha rahila aanee tyane rajdhaniche pramukh kaadee, muhammad ibn all-saleem yanchya prekshak kakshat karakoon mhanoon aaplya rajkiy karkirdichi suruvat kelee, joou khalifa all-hakam II chaa eka mahattvacha sallagar hota, jaree tyache padd keval dharmik hote aanee rajkiy navhate. ibn abii aamirne lavkarach nagri prashasanache pramukh vajir jaffar all-mushfi yanche laksh vedhale, jeey bahudha ibn all-salimchya shifarshinusar tyanchi kalifal darbarat olakh karoon deteel. aadhich tyachya dnyan aanee vyavsayik kshamatesathi prasiddha asalelya tyane prashasanat padey jamaa karnyas suruvat kelee. ibn abii aamir, tyachya tisachya dashakat, all-hakamchya rajvatichya suruvatila darbaratil pidhyanpidhya uladhalimadhye bhag bhag tarun karyakartyanpaiki eka hota.
967 chya februvarichya uttaradhat, tyala all-hakam dusaracha mulga aanee varas abd all-rahman, haah tyacha aavadata, basqa sub (aurora) yane deela, joou gayan teey islami nyayshastra teey kavyaparyant atishay vaividhyapurn prashikshan asalela gulam hota, jyane aaplya mulanchi aaee mhanoon khalifachya varr tichya varchasvamule tichya shaktiche shrey dile. tichyabarobar, ibn abii aamirne eka visheshadhikarprapt natesambandh sthapit kele jeey tyachya karkirdisathi atyant fayadeshir hote. jaree tyachi bhoomika kadachit duyyam asali taree sinhasanachya varshachya aanee tyachya aaichya malmatteche vyavasthapan karanyachi tyachi jababdari ibn abirla rajya hallah kutumbashi jawalik midvoon dett hotee aanee tyane patkan mahattvachi padey jamaa karnyas suruvat kelee. tyachya pahilya niyuktinantar saat mahinyanni aanee rajgharanyatil aavadatya vyaktichya madhyasthimule too pudinacha sanchalak banala aanee december 968 madhye tyala rikt varshacha khajindar mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. pudhchya varshi tyala sevile aanee niblachya kaadee mhanoon badhati denyat aalee, jeey rajyatil sarvat mahattvache hote aanee 970 madhye tyacha prabhari abd all-rahman yachya mrutyunantar tyala hisham yaa tarun varsasathi tyach bhoomiket thevanyat aale. toparyant tyane naveen varasdarala grahak asalelya califal gardchya pramukh bahinishi lagn kele hote aanee sampatti jamaa karoo lagla hota. abd all-rahman pahila yachya purvichya rajvadyajaval all-rusafa yethe eka nivassthan bandhanyat aale aanee tyane khalifachya antahkaranala bhavya bhetvastu deu lagalya. tyanchyavar gandacha aarop karnyat aala aanee march 972 madhye tyanna pudina pramukhpadavarun kadhoon taknyat aale, parantu kathit gandache rakshan karnyasathi tyanna aarthik madat karnyat aalee. tyala polisanchi kamaan midali aanee tyane varas aanee bandist malmattechi jababdari kayam thewali.
973 madhye, tyane uttar aafriketil umayyad malmattechya uchch kadichya adhikrut padasah, magharebmadhil idrisidanviruddhachya califal mohimeche logistic, prashasakeey aanee rajnaitik pailu haatee ghetale. mohimetil tafyache mahatva aanee sevilevar tyache avalambitva, jithe ibn abii aamir kaadee hota aanee mhanoon tyachya suvidhanchi jababdari hotee aanee swatah khalifa aanee tyachya chamberlaincha aatmavishvas yamule tyala hii niyukti midvanyas madat jhaali. aayogane nagrik aanee lashkari lashkari adhikar aanala aanee vyavharat mohimeche paryavekshan kele. tyachya bhoomikechi prathamik jababdari hii tyaa pradeshatil ullekhaneey lokanna aupcharik bhetvastu deuun tyanna sadar karane hii hotee, jyachi sweekruti hii tyanni khalifachya adhikarachi sweekruti aanee nishtheche vachan darshavate. lashkari vijayansah, yamule shatruchi sthitee kamkuvat jhaali. 
idrisinviruddha vijay midvat, ibn abii aamir september 974 madhye aajari padoon cordoban darbarat paratala, tyacha hetu parat yene aanee tyachi kartavye punha suru karane haah hota. too uttar aafriket paratala nahee. magreb mohimesathi bharati kelelya sainyache paryavekshak mhanoon tyanchya anubhavamule tyanni niyantran midavale tarr tyanchya sambhavya rajkiy upayuktatebaddal tyanna kautuk vatale. yamule tyanna parisaratil aadivasi netyanshi aanee tyanchya bhavee shaktishali shaktishali galib ibn abd all-rahman yanchyashi sambandh prasthapit karanyachi mubha midali, jyanni yaa mohimechya lashkari pailunche netrutva kele hote. mohimechya sanghatanatmak aanee aarthik pailunche vyavasthapan karnyachya ibn abii aamirchya kshamatela mothya pramanavar manyata midali aanee kahee mahinyanpurvi tyanchi pudina pramukh mhanoon punarniyukti karoon tyanna puraskrut karnyat aale aanee hii tyanchya rajkiy yashachi suruvat hotee. all-hakamchya aajarachya shevatchya mahinyant, tyane ibn abii aamirla vyavsayik sainyache nirikshak mhanoon niyukt kele, jyat khalifa yanni tyanchya vyaktimatvashi eknishth sainya tayar karnyacha prayatna karnyasathi magharebmadhun aanalelya berberscha samavesh hota, jyamule tyanna khalifachya lahan mulachya sinhasanavar pravesh milanyachi hummy midali.
satta midvane.
dhong hallachey nirmulan aanee trikutanchi nirmiti.
1 aktoobar 976 roji khalifa all-hakam dusra yacha mrutyu aanee tyacha mulga hisham yala tyacha uttaradhikari mhanoon ghoshit kelyane ibn abii aamirchya rajkiy karkirdit eka naveen kaal suru jhaala aanee khalifachya itihasatil eka mahattvachi ghatana dekhil darshavili gelee, jee tyanantar tyachya karyakalane aanee aanee khalifachya haloohaloo magharne chinhankit jhaali. all-aandalas yaa velee varshachya gambhir sankatatoon gela, kaaran niyukt uttaradhikari, hisaham, 965 madhye janmalela, rajya karnyasathi khoop lahan hota. 974 madhye jevha tyachya vadilanni tyachi pahilyanda sarkari prakriyeshi olakh karoon dilee tevha too keval aath kinwa nauu varshancha hota aanee tyachya vadilanche nidhan jhaale tevha too alpavayin hota. hii eka vilakshan paristhiti hotee kaaran amirati kinwa khalifa heey donhi yapurvi konatyahi mulachya hatat navhate. islami nyayshastrachya kahee shalanni alpavayin khalifa honyachi shakyata nakarli, parantu umayyad all-andalus paramparene palkankadun mulala varsa midvoon deela hota, tarr abd all-rahman tisra yachya prakaranane jyeshthatvacha eka udaharan sthapit keela. yaa paristhiticha samna karava lagla aanee tyachya karkirdichya shevatchya varshant all-hakmane tyachya mulala sarkarchya kamanshi jodoon tyacha varsa sunishchit karnyasathi prayatna kele, tarihi uttaradhikaravar matbhed hote. kahinni, chamberlain all-mushfi yaa karbharachi niyukti karnyas pasanti dilee, tarr itaranni mrut khalifachya bhavanpaiki eka, sattavis varshiy all-mugira, joou abd all-rahman tisaracha aavadata dhakata mulga hota, tyala khalifal padvi denyas pradhanya dile.
done pramukh purv europeey gulam ("sakaliba") jeey mahattvachya darbari padanvar aahet-eka, naveen khalifache kaka-jeey all-hakamchya mrutyuchya velee upasthit hote, tyanni hii vibhagani adhik vyapakpane dnyat honyapurvi karvai karnyacha nirnay ghetala. tyanni all-mugirala sinhasanavar basavanyasathi, tyane tyacha putanya hisahamala tyacha varas mhanoon naav dyave yaa attis aanee chamberlain, all-mushfila kadhoon taknyasathi, tyadvare tyanna hisahamala pathimba vartan gatavar darbarat varchasva midave yasathi halchali kelya. tyanchi yojana ayashasvi jhalyanantar hisham ghoshit karnyachya samarambhat jeey doghe pramukh sthananvar hote, tyanna darbaratil hajaro "sakalibancha" pathimba aanee rajvadyachya rakshakanche niyantran hote. all-hakamchya mrutyunantar aanee agadi tyachya karkirdichya shevatchya varshanmadhyehi rajkiy satteche kharey kendra asalelya chamberlain, keval burber sainyachya pathimbyamule tyanna uddhvast karnyache natak karoon, katkaryanna pathimba dilyache dakhavale hote. tyane subhchya madatine cutt patkan todala aanee tarun khalifa aanee tyachya aishe visheshadhikarprapt sampark asalelya ibn abii aamir yaa varishtha varishtha aanee darbaratil sadasyala, dhong dhong hatya karanyachi soochana kelee. tarun khalifachya sattevar yenyasathi, subacha ujava haat ibn abii aamircha pathimba mahattvacha hota.
eka anichchhuk pann aadnyadharak ibn abii aamirne all-mughirachya nivassthanala shambhar sainikanchya tukadine vedha ghatala, aat ghusun all-hakamchya mrutyuchi aanee hisham dusarachya sinhasanavar basanyachi mahitee all-mugira yanna dilee. hishamchya tarun kakanni aapali nishtha vyakt kelee aanee almanjorchya shankanchya parshvabhumivar, swatachya hatyechya aadeshache palan karanyachi magani kelee. tyanantar all-mugirala tyachya gharachya baithakgruhat tyachya kutumbasamor galaa daboon thaar maranyat aale aanee tyane aatmahatya kelyapramane shejarchya imaratichya chhatavaril eka kiranavar latkavanyat aale. asha prakare all-mushfi aanee ibn abii aamir yanni hisahamache rajyarohan sunishchit karnyasathi tyanchya divangat gurunchya ichcha purn kelya. tarun khalifache samarthak, sankatamule rajvadyatun haddapar karnyat aalelya, aathshehun adhik 'sakalibas' chaa samna karnyasathi, all-hakmane tyachya mulasathi tayar kelelya burber gardver avalambun hote.
hisaham dusra yala 1 aktoobar 976 roji kinwa tyachya sumaras khalifa mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale hote, jyala 'all-muu' ayyed bii-llah '(' jyala devachi madat milate ') hii padvi denyat aalee hotee. ibn abii aamir yaa samarambhat sahbhagi jhaala, upasthitanni cadismore ghetalelya nishthechya shapathanche nondavanichya minitanmadhye. eka aathvadyanantar, 8 aktoobar 976 roji, hisahamane all-mushfila 'hajib'-chamberlain kinwa pantpradhan-asey naav dile aanee 36 varshiy ibn abii aamirla 'hajib' chaa vazir aanee pratinidhi banavale. asha prakare, hishamchya alpasankhyak kalat sarkarche pratinidhitva hallah naveen khalifachya aaicha aanee all-mushafichya netrutvakhalil prashasanatil duva mhanoon, nantarchya vyaktine eka adviteey mahatva rakhale. satta prabhavipane chamberlain all-mushfi, vajir ibn abii aamir aanee general galib yanni sthapan kelelya trikonachya hatat hotee. loksankhyemadhye naveen khalifachi lokpriyata vadhavanyasathi aanee tyanchi swatachi sthitee majboot karnyasathi tyanni aprasiddha teel curr radd keela.
all-mushaficha naash.
ibn abii aamir aanee all-mushfi yanchyatil yutimule darbari gulamanchi paramparik shakti qamee jhaali hotee, parantu doghanmadhil sambandh lavkarach bighadale. 976 madhye rajdhanit jawaljawal pohochalelya uttaradhikar karsthanamule aanee khrishchan ghuskhorimule pratishthechya hanila tond denyat chamberlainchya apayshamule ibn abii aamirla khalifachya rajdhanit lashkari sainyavar niyantran midvanyas anumati midali, tyanantar subhla tyachi lashkari pratishtha punarsanchayit karanyachi kshamata dilee. ibn abii aamir, chamberlainchya ulat, khrishchan ghuskhorila lashkari pratisadakade cull hota aanee pratyuttaratmak hallyache aadesh denyas tayar hota. tathapi, all-mushfine sanrakshanatmak dhoranache samarthan kele hote, qee cordoban lashkari shakti asoonahi, gwadiyanachya uttarekadil pradesh khrishchan rajyanna dile hote. tyach velee, aanee subhchya prabhavamule dekhil galibne khalchya morchache sarkar aanee simavarti sainyachi kamaan midavali.
februwari 977 madhye, ibn abii aamirne mageel karkirdit rakhalelya khrishchan rajyanchya niyantran dhoranache palan karoon, tyachya pahilya prachar hangamasathi rajdhani sodaleli. rajdhanichya sainyache pramukh-warden mhanoon tyane kelelya niyuktine tyala simavarti sainyache warden galibashi yutee karnyas bhag padale aanee doghanni all-mushfisah sthapan kelelya trikoni sanghacha ant keela. jawaljawal done mahine chalalelya tyachya pahilya mohimet tyane banos dii ledesma yetheel snangruhanchya bahereel bhag lutala. aanee pakadale gelele done hazar kaidi cordobala aanale, parantu ekahi killa tabyat ghenyat teey apayashi tharale. sharad rututil kalat tyane salamanka varr hallah keela.
ibn abii aamirne roji 977 chya mohimedarmyan khrishchan sainyala mage hatvoon aanee cularvar hallah karoon aanee tyach varshachya sharad rututil salamanka vijayasathi navhe tarr shatru kamkuvat karnyasathi aanee deshantargat lokpriyata midvinyasathi lashkari pratishtha midavali. yaa naveen pratishthene tyala cordobachya prantadhikari padasathi arj karanyachi mubha dilee, jee bhoomika toparyant all-mushafichya mulane bharali hotee. ibn abii aamirchya naveen lashkari pratishthene, haram aanee galibchya pathimbyane, tyala chamberlainchya sammatishivay padd midvanyachi parvanagi dilee. yamule ibn abii aamir, joou aataparyant chamberlaincha eka spasht vishvasoo aanee karyaksham sevak hota aanee all-mushfi yanchyat ughad sangharsh jhaala. nantarchya vyaktine mageel khalifachya pathimbyamule aaplya satteche runa ghetale aanee tyala drudh pathimbyacha abhav hota, jyala cordobachya prashasakeey prashasanatil aaghadichya kutumbandware eka agraganya manale jaat hote. tyane aaplya roji mulacha vivah galibchi mulgi aasma hichyashi karoon, yaa trikutatil itar done sadasyanmadhil yuticha pratikar karnyacha prayatna keela. khalifa, galib aanee nagri sevetil pramukh kutumbanchya chatur aaichi krupa midavalelya ibn abii aamirne kushalatene hastakshep keela, subhchya madhyasthicha vapar karoon aanee galibla thet sambodhit karoon tyala tyachi prarambhik manyata mage ghenyas protsahit kele aanee tyaeivaji ibn abii aamirla swatah galibchya mulishi lagn karanyachi parvanagi dilee. vivah kararavar swakshari kelyanantar aath mahinyanni galib aanee ibn abii aamir yanchyatil yutivar shikkamortab karoon aanee chamberlainchya sattechi ghasaran darshavilyanantar 978 chya vasant rutumadhye bhavya vivah jhaala. lagnanantar kahee divasanni galib aanee ibn abii aamir salamankala lakshya karoon naveen mohimesathi ravana jhaale. lashkari yashamule donhi mitrapakshanchi takad vadhali aanee darbaratil chamberlain aanakhi kamkuvat jhaala. donhi wardenna tyanchya vijayasathi bakshis mhanoon naveen padvi midali aanee ibn abii aamirla antargat aanee sanrakshn yaa done sarvat mahattvachya waziyarshipsathi 'double wazier' asey naav denyat aale. aale akheris galibla chamberlainchi padvi denyat aalee hotee-eka abhootpurv paristhiti kaaran ekach velee kadhihi done chamberlain navhate-all-mushfila tyachya bahutek kartvyanpasun vanchit thewale aanee nantar all-mushfila barkhast karoon turungat taknyat aale. prashasanachya padanvaril tyache natevaik aanee samarthakanna atak karnyat aalee aanee tyachi malmatta japt karnyat aalee. ibn abii aamir haah parabhoot all-mushafichya jaagi khalifacha dusra sadasya banala. sarvat mahattvachi sahayyak padey vishvasoo lock, kahee prakarananmadhye kutumbatil sadasyankade hotee. junya chamberlainchya nirmulanamule khalifachi drushyamanata qamee jhaali aanee ibn abii aamir haloohaloo tyacha swami aanee urvarit jug yanchyatil madhyasth banala. tyachi shakti hisahammadhun nirman hote heey maheet asatana, mansoor matra, alpavayin mulache sarvbhaumatva kayam thevanyasathi savadh hota.
rajgharanyatil alpasankhyak aanee rajpratinidhitvavaril asantoshamule asantoshamule akheris darbaratil pramukh sadasyanni aayojit kelelya naveen bandala chalana midali. shadyantrakartyancha hishamchya jaagi tyachya chulat bhavandanpaiki eka, abd all-rahman tisra yacha natoo, hyala aananyacha hetu hota. khalifachya chakoone bhosakun mrutyucha tatpurata prayatna ayashasvi jhaala aanee pramukh kayadeshir sallagaranchya pratikaravar maat kelyashivay, subh aanee ibn abii aamir yanchya aagrahavar katkaryanchya kroor dadapshahila karanibhoot tharala. yamule khalifachya jaagi umayyad rajvanshacha dusra sadasya aananyache prayatna sampushtat aale, parinami konatyahi sambhavya dhongkartyache rajdhanitun palayan, umayyad kutumbatil sadasyanvar barkaine laksh thevane aanee pudhil varshi ibn abii aamir, madeena alzahira ("chamakdar shahar") sathee naveen tatbandi nivassthanache bandhkam, jeey 989 paryant chalale. shaharachya poorves asalelya yaa naveen nivassthani ibn abii aamir aanee sarkari prashasanashi nishthavan sainya hote aanee teey eka bhavya darbarache kendra hote. yavyatirikt, hishamchya vaidhteviruddha katkaryanchya dadapanamule jhalelya 'fakih' madheel aswasthata shant karnyasathi, jyamadhye kahinni sanghikpane kaam kele hote, tyane all-hakamche granthalay kadhoon taknyasathi eka aayog sthapan keela.
eka chamberlain mhanoon, unhalyat tyane eka naveen moheem nirdeshit kelee hotee jee done mahinyanhun adhik kaal chalali, yaveli ishanyekade pamplona aanee barsilonaviruddha. sharad rututil kalat tyane eka mahinabhar mahinabhar ledesmamadhye eka naveen ghuskhori kelee. pudhchya varshi meey mahinyat tyanni yaa pradeshat eka naveen moheem suru kelee. pudhil aakraman, unhalyat, kabulivedakade kooch kele. september 979 madhye, tyane aljisirasahoon sainya seutachya madatisathi pathavale, jyala fatimidanchya pathimbyane, paschim magharebmadhil umayyad grahakanviruddha, bulugin ibn zirichya vijayi mohimecha dhoka hota. nantar heey shahar algeriachya maghreb rajkaranache kendra banale.
galib ibn abd all-rahmanshi sangharsh.
darbarat virodhakanna chiradalyane, donhi saha-netyanmadhye lavkarach sangharsh jhaala. vruddha senapatila ibn abii aamirla sajad ghalanyacha raag aala, jyane aapali shakti balkat karnyasathi aanee khalifachya praveshavar niyantran thevanyasathi swatahla samarpit kele hote. galibcha assa vishvas hota qee tyachya naveen rajvadyache bandhkam, berber lashkari tukadyanchi balkatikaran aanee khalifavar tyache vadhate niyantran yasah tyachya mitrapakshanchya yuktya akheris rajvanshache nuksan kartil. tyachya bajoone, ibn abii aamirne tyachya sasarachi satatyapurn lashkari pratishtha, salag vijayi mohima asoonahi, tyachya swatachya lashkari parakramache adhahpatan mhanoon pahili. ibn abii aamircha vadhata lashkari anubhav asoonahi, pramukhyane anubhavi galibchya netrutvakhali khrishchan deshanmadhye anek sanyukt chhapyannantar, 980 chya vasant rutumadhye, atienzachya aaspaschya mohimevarun sangharsh ufalala. galibne vishvasaghat keela aanee jakhami jhaala, tyacha jeev keval madinaselichya kadichya madhyasthidvare vachala, ibn abii aamirne tyachya sasarchya kutumbane jithe killa hota tyavar twarit hallah karoon pratikriya dilee aanee ekada too lutala. almanjore uttarekade chaloo rahila, parantu atienza yethe tatbandi asalelya galibashi jhalelya sangharshamule 975 pasoon castileviruddha tyachi dusari moheem sampali. galibla khrishchan pradeshat haddapar karnyas bhag padale gele. sharad rututil, mansoorne 'almunia' viruddha naveen aakraman kele, jeey adnyat aahe. mug 981 madhye, ibn abii aamirsathi mothya lashkari karvayache eka varsh, tyane uttares paach lashkari mohima pathavalya, pahili februvarimadhye aanee marchmadhye.
ibn abii aamirsathi anukool tharalelya saha-netyanmadhil anek sangharshannantar, 981 chya eprilmadhye, khalibne castille aanee pamplonashy yutee karoon tyacha parabhav keela. meey mahinyat, ibn abii aamirne ektrit burber sainya, swatache cordoban sainik aanee tyachya shatrune shatrune kalapasoon aadnya kelelya kahee seema tukadyannantar pratiaakraman kele. darmyan, galibla khalifachya seema sainyachya aanakhi eka bhagacha aanee tyachya castillion aanee nausainik mitrancha pathimba hota. 10 julai 981 roji torrevicentchya ladhait tyachya javaivar vijay midvanyachya margavar, galib hinsechi chinhe naan disatach dareet mrutavasthet aadhalala. jawaljawal ainshi varshancha asatana tyacha naisargik karananmule mrutyu jhaala asava. tyanchya netyachya mrutyunantar aswasth jhalelya tyachya pratispardhyachya sainyane mothya pramanat ibn abii aamirchya dhwajakade pathvile. galibchya sharirachi gambhiraritya vitambana karnyat aalee, pratham tyachya swatachya sainyane ibn abii aamirchya nirdeshanusar, jyala tyacha shatru mrutyu siddha karayacha hota aanee nantar cordobamadhye ughad jhaala. tyache anek mukhya sahkarihi yaa ladhait marle gele, jyamule vijetyala almanjore ('vijayi') heey topananav midale, jyadvare too itihasasathi olakhala jaato. galibchya nidhanane too ekmev chamberlain banala aanee tyala darbaratil konatyahi sambhavya virodhakancha naynat karanyachi parvanagi dilee, jaree tyachi vaidhata keval rajpratinidhi mhanoon tyachya padavarun aanee khalifachya aaichya sahishnutemule aalee. galibchya nirmulanasah, khalifachi shakti tyachya vyaktimatvat kendrit jhaali.
tyach varshi septembermadhye tyane zamora aanee tyachya sabhovatalachi luut kelee. eka mahinyanantar, tyane portugij bhoomivar, bahudha viseuver hallah keela.
ranee aaee aanee ashant sarkarshi yutee.
vees varshe, 996 madhye khalifachya aishe asaleli yutee tutat nahee toparyant, ibn abii aamirne ticha pratinidhi, sallagar, mahitee denara aanee ticha sainya aanee polisancha senapati mhanoon kaam kele. tichya mulachya karbhari karbhari sallamasalat karoon bahutek nirnay tinech ghetale. 
tathapi, khalifa, tyachya bahumataparyant pohochalyanantar, kadachit kahee prakarcha aajaar kinwa tyachya padachya padachya paar padnyatil itar asamarthatemule, niyantran swikaranyasathi konatihi pavale uchalali naheet. itihaskar, all-dahabi, almanzorne khalifala bandist kelyabaddal, khalifa haah "kamkuvat manacha, jeey kharey asoo shakat nahee tyavar vishvas thevanara" asalyache shrey deto. udaharanarth, konitari tyala eka dagadi tukadyacha namuna gheuun aala, too jerusalemchya sandeshtyachya swargarohan sthalavarun aahe asey mhanat. khalifane tyala bharpur sonyache bakshis dile. roji eka udaharanat, konitari tyala gadhavache khurr dile, teey uzairche gadhav asalyacha dawa karat, aanee tyala bakshisahi denyat aale. aanakhi eka vyaktine tyache cases aanale, teey sandeshtache asalyacha dawa keela.
almanjorne keval califal satta sweekarli nahee tarr aksham khalifacha snrakshak aanee rajvanshvadi sattecha hamidar mhanoonahi bhoomika sakarlya. matra, keval hishamchya vatine prashasana aanee sainyavar tyanche niyantran hote, tyamule teey kharch karnyayogya jhaale, tyamule tyanni aapale sthan majboot karnyasathi pavale uchalali. rajdhani tyachya chulat bhavachya hatat denyat aalee, jyane tyavar kadak niyantran thewale aanee tyane samarthakanchi eka malika vadhavali, jeey samanyatah apriy aanee nirankush manale jaatat, jeey khalifachya vighatananantar vividh taifa varr niyantran midvanyat yashasvi jhaale. tyane swatahla mahattvachya mahattvachya jodale.
988 aanee 989 madhye tyala duheri dhokyacha samna karava lagalah eka pradirgh dushkal jyamule dushkal padala aanee tyala kamatarata door karnyasathi kahee samajik upayayojana lagoo karnyas bhag padale (bhakarichi vitaran kinwa karanchi maafee, itaransah) aanee tyachya virodhat naveen bandkhoricha uday jhaala jyamadhye tyacha motha mulga tyachi jaaga ghenyacha prayatna karat hota. almanjorne yaa katat adthala aananyat yash midavale, jyat jaragojacha rajyapal, bano tujibcha abd all-rahman ibn muhammad aanee khalifa all-hakam pahila, 'abd allah biin abd all-' aziz all-marwanid, jyala abdullah 'piedra seka' asehi mhanatat, tyache umayyad vanshaj tolelo yanni sameel houn kelele cutt nishfal tharale, parantu tyachya mulala sharan yenyache tyache prayatna nishfal tharale. tyachya sahkari katkaryanna atak kelyanantar, nantarchya vyaktine castillionscha aashray ghetala. almanzorne castileviruddha eka yashasvi moheem suru kelee aanee tyachya bhatke mulacha taba ghetala, jyavar 8 september 990 roji pahate khatala chalavanyat aala aanee tyacha shirachhed karnyat aala. almanzorne, tyachya mothya mulachya vishvasghatane ajunahi trast asatana, tyala nakarle, tarr almanzorchya aadeshanusar jyanni tyala thaar marle hote tyanna swatah fashi denyache aadesh dile. jaragozachya rajyapalala tyachya upasthitit fashi dilee jaeel, tarr tyane 'piedra seka' chaa jeev vachavala-kadachit almanjorela tyachya hatanvar umayyad raktane daag lavayacha navhata.
aboo jaffar all mushfi (aaa. 982) aanee yusuf ibn haroon all-ramadi (aaa. 1012-3), jyala aboo seniza mhanoon olakhale jaate. chhalala aanee nantar maaf kele gelele aboo seniza 986 madhye barcelonala gele. ibrahim ibn idris all-hasanine aafriket haddapar jhalyanantar tyachya almanjorchya upahasasathi paise dile. almanzorne kavee aboo marwan all-jazirila turungat takale, jithe 1003 madhye tyacha mrutyu jhaala.
almanjore, all-aandalasacha neta.
subh aanee rajkiy satteche ekagratasah vighatan.
galibchi hakalpatti jhaali aanee hisaham khalifa mhanoon aapali kartavye paar padu shakala nahee, tyamule almanjorne uttaradhikarachi tayari aanee adhikrutpane satta midvanyachya shakyatevar dekhil vichar karnyas suruvat kelee. 989 madhye, tyane 'fakih' neey tyache ghar, madeena alzahira, eka pramukh masheed mhanoon swikaranyacha ayashasvi prayatna keela. 991 pasoon tyane tyacha mulga abd all-malikala tyach prakare tainat kele jase all-hakanane hisahamchya babatit kele hote, jaree almanjorne tyaa bhoomikanpasun swatahla bajula sarle nahee, taree tyala khalifachya sainyacha chamberlain aanee sarvoch warden mhanoon niyukt kele. tyach velee, tyane 'fakih' kadey savadhpane sadarikaran kele, jyanni varishtha kadila sallah deela qee too swatah khalifachi jaaga gheu shakato kaaran hisaham asamarth hota aanee rajyatil itar konihi heey padd dharan karoo shakat navhate. purvi hishamchya alpasankhyakanvar aadharit asalelya rajpratinidhitvala, tyachi karye paar padnyatil tyachya keval asamarthatemule nyayya tharavata aale nahee. tathapi, 'fakih' chey mutt nakaratmak hoteh kayadeshir tadnyanchya matey, hisaham nasel tarr satta muhammad jamatichya dusarya sadasyala hastantarit kelee pahije. almanzorene anichhene haah nirnay swikarla aanee pudhil varshanmadhye tyane haloohaloo khalifachya adhikaranpramanech aanakhi mothe adhikar swikaraleh tyane khalifaaivaji swatachya shikkyasah adhikrut niyuktyanna pushti dilee, tyachya vatine nammatra kaam karoonahi, tyane eka naveen tankshal adhikari niyukt keela, naveen padvi niyukt kelya aanee prashasanacha kahee bhag madeena alzahiramadhye halavala. tyane shukravarichya prathanet khalifachya navavarun tyache naav dekhil namood kele hote aanee all-zahira yetheel sarvbhoum darbarala samantar eka darbar thewala hota. 991 madhye, chamberlainchya dabavakhali, 'fakih' chya parishadene madeena alzahirala mothya mashidit rupantarit karnyababat tyanche pratikool mutt badalale, jaree anek ullekhaneey cordobansdware tyacha vapar nakarla jaat rahila.
satta kabij karnyachya tyachya prayatnanmule 996 madhye almanjore aanee suba yanchyatil pradirgh yutee sampushtat aalee. subacha pratinidhi mhanoon vees varshannantar, almanjorne khalifachi aaee aanee tichya samarthakanna tond dile. done gatanmadhil sangharshala suruvat jhaali kaaran subh yanni shahee khajinyatoon ainshi hazar dinar mage gheuun chembarlenviruddhachya uthawala arthsahayya kele. almanjorela rajvadyatil tyachya pratinidhinche heey aabhar samajale aanee tyane subhechya chorila antahkaranatun jhaleli luut mhanoon darshavat, khajina tyachya nivassthani, madeena alzahiramadhye hastantarit karnyasathi vazir aanee "fakih" chya parishadela yashasviritya yachika dakhal karoon pratikriya dilee. almanzore aajari padalyane, subhane rajwada tabyat ghetala aanee hastantaran rokhanyacha vyarth prayatna keela. almanjorcha mulga abd all-mallick yala vazirancha pathimba midala. khalifa yane meey 996 chya uttaradhat tyachya aaichya bandala nakar deela aanee abd all-malikne tyala aanee khajina yaa doghannahi tabyat ghetale. jaree dweepkalpavar tine kelelya bandala nidhi gamavalyamule aanee tyachya kahee samarthakanchya vegwan parabhavanantar gatee midali nasali, taree tine purvi ghetalelya paishamule subhala magharebmadhil bandkhorisathi aarthik madat karata aalee. jaree almanjorla 997 chya patanaparyant haah uthav dadapanyat yash aale nasale taree dweepkalpavar tyala konatahi pathimba midavata aala nahee.
aapali aanee aaplya mulachi aanee aanee pratima balkat karnyasathi, almanjorne khalifa aanee tyachya isobat eka sanchalan aayojit kele. yaa havbhavamule almanjorla khalifachya pathimbyabaddalachya konatyahi shanka door jhalya aanee asha prakare magharebmadhun suru karnyat aalelya ziri ibn atiyachya aaropanche khandan kele. miravnukinantar, hishamla madeena alzahiramadhye serve sukhsoyisah, pann veejavina bandist karnyat aale, jithe tyachi aaidekhil kadachit turungat hotee. tichya majee mitrabarobarcha sangharsh gamavalyanantar, tyanantar lagechach 999 madhye ticha mrutyu jhaala. almanjore, jyane aapale adhikar aaplya kutumbala sopavanyachya tartudisah khalifachya nishthechi shapath ghetali hotee, tyala balkat karnyat aale. tyane aaplya mulala uttar aafriketil bandkhorishi ladhanyasathi pathavale aanee serve prashasakeey adhikarancha taba ghetala. sambhavya gruhyuddha honyachya bhitine, sthairya aanee napunsak hishamchya sinhasanachi hamidar mhanoon almanzorchya sthitila pathimba vartan dharmik netrutvachya manyatevar too bharr dett hota. rajya satta done bhagat vibhagali geleeh almanzerne khalifachya pratikatmak aanee vaidh shakticha vapar rokhala, tarr chamberlain aanee tyachya tyachya, yemeni mofferite asalyabaddal kayadeshirata nasalele aanee sandeshtyachya raktache nahee, teey khalifachya dhoranavar niyantran thevat hote.
lashkar aanee prashasanat sudharana.
almanzorchya tabyat asaleli laukik shakti aanee khalifa mhanoon hishamchya hatat asaleli aadhyatmikta yanchyatil vibhajanamule lashkari shaktiche mahatva vadhale, eka prateek-chamberlainchya darbaratil naveen bhavyatesah, swatah khalifacha pratispardhi-almanzorchya shaktiche aanee curr bharnyachi hummy denare sadhan.
almanzorne all-hakam aanee tyachya purvavartinni suru kelelya lashkari sudharana yashasviritya suru thevalya, jyat anek pailu samavisht hote. ekikade, tyane niyamit sainyache vyavsayikaran vadhavale, jeey rajdhanitil tyachya lashkari samarthyachi hummy denyasathi aanee tyachya asankhya mohimansathi sainyachi upalabdhata sunishchit karnyasathi aavashyak hote, jeey tyachya rajkiy vaidhatechya strotanpaiki eka hote. yaa dhoranat curr aanee itar gair-vyavsayik sainikanvar bharr deela gela, jyachya jaagi tyane vyavsayik sainikanna pathimba denyasathi vaparlya jaanarya karanni-anekada "sakalibas" kinwa maghrebis-jyane all-aandalaschya mool rahivashanna lashkari sevetoon mukt kele. sakalibas aanee berberschee bharati naveen navhati, parantu almanjorne tyacha vistar keela. dusarikade, tyane khalifachya niyamit sainyachya ulat naveen tukadya tayar kelya, jyaa pramukhyane swatashi vishvasoo hotya aanee rajdhanivar niyantran thevanyasathi kaam karat hotya. amir abd all-rahman pahila yane aataparyant amiratila grasslele sangharsh sampavanyasathi chalis hajaranchya kayamswarupi sainyasathi aadhich berbers aanee sakalibasacha vapar keela hota. amir muhammad pahila yachya kalat, sainya pastis teey chalis hazar ladhvayyanparyant pohochale, tyapaiki ardhe syrian lashkari pathak hote. bhadotri sainik aanee gulamanchya yaa mothya bharaticha arth assa hota qee, khrishchan itihaskaranchya matey, "gambhir prasangi teey 100,160,300 aanee agadi 6,00,000 ladhvayyanparyant pohochale tarihi, samanyatah sarsen sainyat 30,40,50 kinwa 60,000 sainik asatat."kharey tarr, assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee, almanzorchya kalat, cordovan sainya samrajyachya serve prantanmadhun sahaa laakh majur aanee done laakh ghode gola karoo shakat hote."
aaplya sattesathicha sambhavya dhoka door karnyasathi aanee lashkari karyakshamta sudharanyasathi, almanjorne aadivasi tukadyanchi pranali radd kelee jee arabanchya abhavamule aanee simevar chhadm-samantvadachya sansthemule ksheen hott hotee, jyamadhye vegvegalya jamatincha swatacha senapati hota aanee jyamule satat sangharsh hott hota aanee prashasakeey iberian aadeshanusar spasht nishtha naan thevata mishra tukadyanni tyachi jaaga ghetali. tathapi, naveen sainyache kendrak magrebi berber sainyane adhikadhik tayar kele. andalusi sainyatil arab, berber aanee gulamanmadhil vanshik shatrutvancha vapar almanjorne swatachi satta tikavoon thevanyasathi kushalatene keela hota-udaharanarth, sainyachya pratyek tukadit vividh vanshik gut asavet jenekarun teey tyachya virodhat ekatra yenar naheet; aanee asha prakare sambhavya pratispardhyancha uday rokhata aala. tathapi, ekada tyanchi kendrikrut aakruti nahishi jhaali qee, hii tukadya 11 vya shatkatil yadavi yuddhachya mukhya karananpaiki eka hotya, jyala "all-aandalasacha fitna" mhanatat. burber sainyat changlya pagarachya khrishchan bhadotri sainikanchi tukadi dekhil sameel jhaali, jyanni almanjorchya vaiyaktik rakshakancha motha bhag tayar keela aanee khrishchan pradeshanmadhil tyachya mohimanmadhye bhag ghetala. almanjorne tyachya purvavartinni suru kelelya yaa sudharananchya purnatemule, loksankhyeche moolbhootpane done asman gatanmadhye vibhajan jhaleh nagri kardatyancha motha samooh aanee samanyatah dweepkalpabaherchi eka lahan vyavsayik lashkari jaat.
lashkari dalanmadhye vaadh aanee tyanchya aanshik vyavsayiktemule tyanna tikavoon thevanyasathi aarthik kharchat vaadh jhaali. yamule mohima rabavanyasathi atirikt protsahan midale, jyamule lutmar jhaali aanee sainyala paise denyasathi jameen nirman jhaali. yaa jamini, jevha sainikanna paise mhanoon sopavanyat aalya, tevha tyanantar tyaa khandanichya adheen hotya aanee seema vasahatikaranachya vyavasthekhali kaam karane bund jhaale. califal sainyala lashkari savalatichya badalyat kardatya kardatya nidhi deela jaat asey aanee tyat sthanik bharati tasech paradeshi bhadotri sainik-berber sainya, gulam aanee kaale gulam, bhadotri khrishchan kampanya aanee jihadi svayamsevak yancha samavesh hota. tyaveli all-andalus haah 'daar jihad' kinwa 'jihadcha desh' mhanoon olakhala jaat asey aanee tyanni anek svayamsevakanna aakarshit kele aanee jaree ekoon sainyachya tulanet heey tulanene qamee hote, taree ladhaitil tyancha utsah yachee bharpai karnyapeksha jaast hota.
aadhunik abhyasanusar, yaa bhadyachya tukadyanni abd all-rahman tisra yachya kalat califal sainyacha ekoon aakar tees kinwa pannas hazar sainyanvarun pannas kinwa navvad hajaranparyant vadhavane shakya kele. itar, jase qee everist levy-provenkal, assa yuktivad karatat qee almanjores maidanatil cordoban sainya pastis hazar teey sattar kinwa panchahattar hazar sainikanchya darmyan hote. samkalin aakade parasparvirodhi aaheth kahee nondi assa dawa karatat qee tyanchya sainyat done laakh ghodeswar aanee sahaa laakh padatik sainik hote, tarr itar baaraa hazar ghodeswar, teen hazar ghodeswar aanee done hazar 'soodan', african halakya payadalabaddal bolatat. itihasanusar, estorga aanee leonela leonela mohimet almanzorene baaraa hazar african aanee paach hazar all andalus ghodeswar aanee chalis hazar payadalanche netrutva kele. asehi mhatale jaate qee, tyachya shevatchya mohimanmadhye tyane 46 hazar ghodeswaranna ekatra kele, tarr aanakhi sahashe payadal, 26 hazar payadal, 200 skaut kinwa 'police' aanee eka laakh 30 dholvadakanna surakshit thewale. kinwa cordobachya chhavanit 10,500 ghodeswar hote aanee itar anekanni uttarekadil seema vikhuralelya tukadyanmadhye thewali. tathapi, netyache sainya, tyanchya sarvat mahatvakankshi mohimanmadhyehi, vees hajaranpeksha jaast sainik nasanyachi shakyata jaast aahe. assa yuktivad keela jaau shakato qee akaravya shatkaparyant mohimet asalele konatehi muslim sainya tees hazar sainikanpeksha jaast navhate, tarr aathvya shatkat trans-pyrenian mohimanmadhye ekoon daha hazar sainik hote aanee dweepkalpachya uttarela khrishchananviruddha kelelya mohima aanakhi lahan hotya.
amir all-hakam pahila yachya kalat, 3000 ghodeswar aanee 2000 payadalancha eka paletin rakshak tayar karnyat aala, serve gulam gulam. almanjorechya sudharananparyant done prakarchya sainyatil heey praman kayam thevanyat aale hote. uttar aafriketil ghodeswaranchya mothya samaveshamule payadalala vedha aanee killyachya chhavanimadhye halavanyat aale. yaa sudharananmule sampoorn jamatinna, visheshtah berberschya swaranna dweepkalpat halavanyat aale.
dweepkalpiy mohimanche mukhya shastra, jyala veg aanee aashchary aavashyak hote, teey halake ghodadal hote. tyanna pratyuttar denyasathi, castillion lokanni 'khalnayak shoorvir' chee bhoomika nirman kelee-974 chya 'fuerro dii castrogies' dware ghodyachi sankhya vadhavanyasathi ghoda thevanyas ichchuk asalelya mukt purushanna pratishthit kele. ashach karananmule, barcelonan count borel II neey 'homes auph paratage' chee aakruti tayar kelee-jyanni 985 chya akheris tyanchi rajdhani gamavalyanantar ghodyavar sashastr cordobansviruddha ladha deuun visheshadhikarprapt lashkari darja midavala. abd all-rahman III chya netrutvakhali mageel dashakanmadhye naudalane bajavalelya pramukh bhoomikechya ulat, almanjorechya antargat, tyane keval jaminivaril sainyachya vahatukiche sadhan mhanoon kaam kele, jase qee magreb aanee iberian dweepkalpachya darmyan, kinwa 997 chya compostelachya viruddha mohimet alsar doow salchya jahajanni.
yaa kalat, cordobachya aaspaschya karkhanyanmadhye lashkari udhyogachi bharbharat jhaali. teey darmaha eka hazar dhanushya aanee vees hazar baana aanee 1300 dhaal aanee teen hazar moheem dukane tayar karnyas saksham asalyache mhatale jaat hote.
tafyachya babatit, atalantikmadhil alcassor doow salmadhil naveen talasah tyachya bandaranche jaale majboot karnyat aale, jyane koyambrachya kshetrache sanrakshn kele, 980 chya dashakat punarprapt kele aanee santiyagoviruddhachya mohimet sahbhagi jhalelya ekkanche mool mhanoon kaam kele. bhoomadhya galician, naudalache sanrakshn all-mariyachya talavar kendrit hote, jeey aata almeria aahe. tafyatil godee 944 madhye tortosamadhye bandhanyat aalee hotee.
suruvatila khalifachya sagari sanrakshanache netrutva abd all-rahman ibn muhammad ibn rumahis yanni kele hote, jeey all-hakam II chee seva karnare aanee elvira aanee pechinache kaadee hote. tyane all-aandalusachya paschimela, all-magus (murtipujakarte) kinwa all-urdumaniyun ('uttarekadil purush', wickings) yanchya chhapyancha 971 chya madhyat pratikar keela; tyaa varshachya akheris, jevha tyanni all-aandalusvar aakraman karnyacha prayatna keela, tevha naudalpramukh almeria sodoon algarvechya galician tyancha parabhav keela. april 973 madhye tyane magharebchya bandkhor jamatinna parabhoot karnyasathi aanee tyaa bhagatil ksheen mahattvakanksha sampavanyasathi galibchya sainyachi aljesirasmadhun vahtook kelee. 997 madhye, jevha all aandalusachya tafyane galician galician dhadak dilee, tevha 985 madhye tyane catalancha naash keela hota. catalan mohimedarmyan, empuria aanee rausilanche ganak, gaufred pahila yane sthanikanna madat karnyasathi sainya gola karnyacha prayatna keela, parantu nantar burber samudri chachyanchya anek naudalanni tyanchya tyanchya dhamki dilee, jyamule tyanna tyanchya jaminiche rakshan karnyasathi tethech rahane bhag padale.
sainyavar niyantran sunishchit karnyasathi, almanjorne tyachya sudharananna virodh karoo karoo mukhya vyaktincha naynat kelah galibchya mrutyuparyant, tyachya mothya mulachya bhukhandat zaragozachya governorchya sahbhagamule tyach kulatil aanakhi eka, adhik anukool, sadasya, bano tujib, tyachya jaagi aananyache samarthan jhaale. mahattvapoorn andajpatrak andajpatrak tafyachya naudalpramukhala janewari 980 madhye vish pajanyat aale aanee tyachya jaagi almanjorcha vishvasoo manus aala.
lashkarat tyanni aaplyashi vishvasoo asalelya berberschya bharatila protsahan dile, mhanoon prashasanat tyanni sthanik sthanik haanee pohochavanyasathi 'sakaliban' laa pasanti dilee, punha ekada keval tyanchyashi nishthavan asalelya asalelya swatahla ghernyachya uddeshane.
pracheen all aandalusachya manyavaranni dalanvalan niyantrit karnyacha prayatna kelyamule, bhoo-vahtook marganvar balekille vikhurlele hote. sudanmadhye sandeshavahakanchi kharedi kelee jaat asey aanee almanjorche sandesh hatalanyasathi aanee tyachya pararashtra mantralayanni varshik mohimambaddal lihilele adhikrut ahwal prasarit karnyasathi tyanna vishesh prashikshan dile jaat asey.
almanjorne rajya kelele khalifa heey eka samruddha aanee shaktishali rajya hote. kolmerochya matey, assa andaj aahe qee purv-audhyogik samajat, pratyek daha laakh rahivashansathi, daha hazar sainik ekatra kele jaau shakatat. jaree itihasane vastavik sankhyechya dahapat atishayokti kelee aahe asey gruheet dharale taree-heey aath laakh sainikambaddal bolatat-khalifache rahivasi 80 laakh asoo shakale asate. jeey adhik tejiche nikash vapartat tyancha andaj saat teey eka kotee darmyan aahe, parantu loksankhya kadachit khoopach qamee hotee. paramparikpane sangayache tarr, 1000 chya sumaras, khalifa chaar laakh chauras kilometervar vyapala hota aanee tyat tees laakh aatmyanchi loksankhya hotee. tyaa tulanet, iberian khrishchan rajyanmadhye eka laakh saath hazar chauras kilometer aanee paach laakh lock hote. hote shatkaparyant, umayyadanchya 75 takke loksankhyene islammadhye dharmantar kele hote, done shatkannantar hii sankhya 80 takkyanparyant pohochali. yaa tulanet, muslim aakramanachya velee spainmadhye sumare 40 laakh rahivasi hote, jaree haah andaj saat kinwa 80 lakhanparyant lakhanparyant itihaskaranchi kamatarata nahee.
tyachya rajyat cordoba sarkhi mothee shaharehi hotee, jee eka laakh rahivashanna paar karat gelee; toldo, almeria aanee granada, jeey sumare tees hazar hote; aanee jaragoza, valencia aanee malaga, serve pandhra hajaranpeksha jaast. heey dweepkalpachya uttarekadil khrishchananchya tulanet tivraritya bhinn hote, jyat mothya shahari kendrancha abhav hota.
dharmik rudhivadipanache sanrakshn aanee satteche kayadeshirkaran.
tyachi shakti balkat karnyasathi almazar vaparat asalelya vadyanpaiki eka mhanje tyacha darbar, jyamadhye lekhak aanee kavee tyachya gunancha utsav sajra karat asat-lokanmadhye prachar mhanoon vaparali jaanari stutee.
rajvatichi sthirata aanee samruddhi aanee islamchya tyachya kathor sanrakshanamule, jeey almanzerne vividh pavitra havbhavandvare dakhavale, tyala lokpriy pathimba midala. yaa havbhavanmadhye tyane tyachya mohimandarmyan sobat ghetalelya koranchi nakkal karane aanee cordoba mashidicha vistar (987-990) yancha samavesh hota. chamberlainchya rajkiy mahattvakankshanche sanskruti aanee dharmavar mahattvapoorn parinam jhaale, jyala tyala pathimba denyas bhag padale gele. islamcha neta mhanoon tyachya pratimemule gair-islami manalya hatanmadhun kahee vidnyananvar niyantran midavale gele aanee all-hakamchya dharmik manalya hatanmadhun granthanchya mahattvachya granthalayatun tyachi sutka jhaali. jevha tyanchi satta ajunahi asthir hotee, tevha tyanchya rajkiy hitsambandhansathi tyanni vakilanshi swatahla jodane aavashyak hote aanee sanskratibaddal tyanche kautuk asoonahi, tarkshastra, tattvadnyan aanee jyotishshastrachi ninda karane tyanna pravrutt kele. dharmik babinmadhye tyachya hastakshepamule, tyachya kahee prastavanna virodh hallah, shatru ibn zerbchya mrutyunantar, tyachya swatachya kakanchi, joou swatah eka anubhavi kaadee hota, pramukh kaadee mhanoon niyukti jhaali. tathapi, tyachya dharmachya sanrakshanachi mukhya abhivyakti mhanje khristi rajyanviruddhachya tyachya lashkari mohima, jee khalifanni purvi vaparleli parantu almanjorne jyaa paddhatila sarvoch sthan dile hote. rajyala tyanche kshanik laabh asoonahi, salag vijayancha, khalifat aanee uttarekadil shatru rajyanmadhye, pracharavar motha parinam jhaala. tyanchya rajkiy karkirditil pratyek sankatala tyanni mothya aanee/kinwa anek lashkari mohimandware pratisad deela.
yaa mohimancha fayadeshir aarthik parinam dekhil jhaala kaaran tyanni midavalelya luut-visheshtah mubalak gulamanmule aanee tyanni seemanna dilelya surakshemule.
maghreb mohima.
cordobanchya alp trundhanyanchya utpadanane umayyadanna magharebmadhun satha midvanyas bhag padale aanee asha prakare, yaa pradeshatil ksheen vistarala virodh keela, jyamule tyancha puravatha dhokyat aala. paschim bhoomadhyasagarache vyavsayik niyantran dhokyat hote. iberian dweepkalpavaril tyachya mohimanchya ulat aanee tyachya karkirdichya suruvatila galibasobat sanyuktapane kelelya mohimancha apavad vagalata, almanjorne magharebmadhil ladhait vaiyaktik bhoomika ghetali nahee, tarr keval eka paryavekshi bhoomika ghetali. ladhaichi prabhavi disha adhinsthanchya hatat hotee, jyanna too sainyane samudradhuni olandatana nirop denyasathi vidhipurvak aljesirasla gheuun jaat asey.
abd all-rahman tisra yane 951 madhye seuta aanee tangier jinkale aanee tyanna balkati dilee, parantu 955 madhye almeriyamadhye umayyadcha tafa jaalalyanantar, fatiminna 958-959 madhye magharebvar niyantran midvanyapasun rokhu shakala nahee. 971 madhye umayyadchya grahakanna aanakhi eka motha parabhav sahan karava lagla. 972 chya sumaras egyptchya fatim padayatrecha umayyadanna fayda jhaala, jyanna sanhaja berber bulugin ibn ziri yaa fatim grahakala tond dyave lagale.
eka mothya chhavanidware chalavalya hatanmadhun seutachya tatabandipasun khalifachya rannitichi suruvat jhaali. meey 978 madhye, zenata jamatinni saharachya palikade sone, meeth aanee kapad vyapar marganchya uttar tokavaril sijilmasa shahar tabyat ghetale aanee jithe tyanni shaharacha vijeta jazrun ibn phulphul yachyadvare shasit cordoba samarthak rajyachi sthapana kelee. almanjorne suru thevalelya umayyad rajkiy yantrachya yashamule, tyala burber jamatinchya aakramak shaktivar tyaa pradeshanchya vistaravar laksh kendrit karanyachi mubha midali, jyanni tyachi vaidhata aanee cordobache sanrakshn sanrakshn maryadit sangharshanna manyata dilee. yaa vijayamule, jyane hisham aanee almanjore yanna mothee pratishtha dilee-aanee fatimidanna tond dile kaaran heey shahar jethe tyache sansthapak berber kutama jamatisamor prakat jhaale hote-tyanna fatimidanchya prabhavacha pratikar karanyachi mubha dilee, jyanni egyptala gelyanantar heey pradesh zirid rajvanshachya niyantranakhali sodale hote. ibn zirine eka vijayi moheem suru kelee jyamule zenata tatpurata viskalit jhaala aanee seutacha vedha ghalanyapurvi tyala pashchimekadil magharebacha barachsa bhag parat midavata aala. tethil nirvasitanni almanjorkade madat magitali, jyanni ibn zirila mage hatavanyasathi eka mothe sainya pathavale, jyanni 984 madhye tyanchya mrutyuparyant umayyad samarthakanna tras dett asatanahi nivrutt honyacha nirnay ghetala. ibn zirichya ghuskhoriche parinam matra kshanik hoteh tyanchya mrutyunantar pradeshatil bahutek jamatinni punha ekada cordoban dharmik adhikar sweekarle.
985 madhye, swatahla khalifa ghoshit karnara idrisid all-husson ibn kannoon, egyptmadhil faatee darbaratil tyachya aashrayatun paratanyapurvi, almanjorne eka naveen sainya sodale jyane tyachya chulat bhavachya netrutvakhali tyacha samna karnyasathi maghreb olandale. almanjorcha motha mulga aanee tyache sasare, zaragozache rajyapal yanchya netrutvakhali nantar sainya pathvanyat aale. bharavun gelelya, murkhane tyachya sharanagatisathi vataghati kelya aanee cordoban darbarakade gela, parantu almanjorne tyala shaharakade jaatana thaar marle aanee nantar bandkhorala surakshit vartan vartan tyachya chulat bhawala fashi dilee.
umayyadanna nishthavan asalelya vividh aadivasi netyanmadhil matbhedanmule eka sankat nirman jhaleh almanzerne magrava berberschya ziri ibn atiya yanchyavar dakhavalelya krupene itar pramukhanna aswasth kele, jeey shevati shastrastranmadhye ubhe rahile. tyanni fezchya cordoban governorcha parabhav keela, joou ladhait maran pavala aanee ibn atiya april 991 madhye. yaa parabhavanantar, almanzorela iberian pratinidhinchya madhyamatoon shasson karnyacha prayatna karnyaivaji sthanik berber netyanna pradeshache niyantran denyachi garaj samajali. umayyadanna sthanik jamatincha pathimba midvane haah yaa dhoranacha uddesh hota. mulat, mohimanche bhavitavya vividh aadivasi netyanchya badalatya nishthanvar avalambun hote, jaree sarvasadharanpane, zenatanni umayyadanna pathimba deela, tarr sanhajne fatimidanna pathimba deela. almanzorene ibn atiya aanee itar aadivasi pramukh, jyanni fatimidanna sodoon dile hote,-all-mansoor ibn buluginache kaka, bulugin ibn ziricha mulga aanee uttaradhikari yanchyat pradesh vibhajit karnyacha ayashasvi prayatna keela. mhanoon, almanjorne khalifachya niyantranakhalil serve jameen ibn atiyala dilee, jyane 994 madhye bandkhor aanee fatimidanchya samarthakanna parabhoot karnyat yash midavale aanee ojuda kendrasthani eka lahan rajya sthapan kele.
almanjore aanee rajgharanyatil 996-998 madheel sankatamule tyachya aanee ibn atiya yanchyat sangharsh jhaala, jyanni almanjorchi khalifapratichi vrutti anadarkarak manali. ibn atiyamadhye tyachya sattesathi dhoka pahoon, almanzorne tyala barkhast kele aanee tyachyashi ladhanyasathi sainya pathavale. bano magrava, bano ifran aanee bano miknasa heey tangier yethe yethe all andalus sainyat sameel jhaale, lavkarach almanjorchya mulachya netrutvakhalil, aadhich chamberlain asalelya sainyala atirikt sainya midale. august 998 chya suruvatila, almanjore swatah mohimet sahbhagi honyasathi nishchit kelelya asankhya sainyabalansah aljesirasla gela. aktoobar 998 madhye, abd all-mallick ibn atiyacha parabhav karnyat aanee tyala paloon jaanyat yashasvi jhaala, jaree almanjorne ajunahi umayyad prashasanala sthanik pathbal magitale hote. matra, tyachya mrutyuparyant pradeshik sarkar iberian iberian hatakhali rahile.
magharebmadhil mohimancha iberian rajkaranasathi dekhil eka mahattvacha parinam jhalah almanjorne burber sainya aanee sardaranna dweepkalpat aanale, donhi tyachya vaiyaktik sainyachi sthapana karnyasathi aanee khrishchan pradeshanviruddhachya mohimanmadhye tukadi mhanoon. yapaiki kahee netyanna wazier asehi naav denyat aale hote, jyamule tyanche adhunmadhun krupepasoon padane rokhale gele nahee.
khrishchananviruddha mohima.
chhape.
samanya vaishishtye.
950 madhye leonchya ramiro II chya mrutyunantar, tyache rajya aanee pamplona rajya aanee barcelona counteela varshik khandanidware cordobache sarvbhaumatva manya karnyas bhag padale gele hote, jyacha parinam suud ugavan mohimanmadhye jhaala hota. almanjorne 977 madhye heey kaam suru kele aanee 1002 madhye tyachya mrutyuparyant too asey karat rahila, jaree bahutek too sarvat shaktishali asatana tyachya nantarchya varshant kendrit hota. maghreb mohimanchya samantar, almanjore iberiyachya khrishchan rajyanviruddhachya yuddhasathi samarpit hota. jaree vividh srot achook tapashilanvar sangharsh karat asale, taree assa andaj aahe qee tyane sumare 56 mohima kelya, tyapaiki vees mohima 977 teey 985 yaa pahilya kalavadhit hotya. yaa aakramananmadhye, rajkiy aanee aarthik sattechya kendranvar aanee dharmik mahattvachya sthalanvar santulit halle kele gele. prasiddha chhape, ghodadalanche halle aanee 'esiphas', shabdasha 'unhali mohima' aanee khrishchananni 'kunei' mhanoon sambodhale, tyancha davpechatmak aanee aarthik uddesh shatrupasoon kaidi aanee guranchi sutka karane haah hota; dhoranatmakdrushtya tyanni kayamswarupi asurakshitatechi sthitee nirman karnyacha prayatna keela jyamule khrishchananna kille, tatbandi asaleli shahare kinwa tyanchya jawalchya parisarachya baher sanghatit jeevan vikasit karnyapasoon rokhale gele. mohimancha alp kalavadhi aanee tyanni gathalelya gunanchi antar hii tyanchi mukhya vaishishtye hotee. anek ghuskhoriche lashkari yash asoonahi, teey rajyacha dirghakalin naash rokhanyat ayashasvi tharale. jaree tyanni khrishchan lokanchi loksankhya vadhavane thambavale aanee mahattvache kille aanee shahare uddhvast kelee, taree seema badalanyat teey apayashi tharale kaaran almanjorne lutalelya pradeshanvar kvachitach kabja keela hota.
dauro khore haah yaa mohimanmule sarvadhik prabhavit aanee asurakshit pradesh hota. khristi vasahatisathi heey thikan hote, jyanna rajyache kendrabindu asalelya asturiyatil loksankhyechya dabavamule punha loksankhya vadhavanyasathi prerit karnyat aale hote. haah bhag cantabrian parvatandvare sanrakshit hota, jaminicha eka arund patta joou tarihi swatache sanrakshn karoo shakat hota-leone kinwa galiciapramane, jeey murish ghodadalachya hallyansathi adhik asurakshit hote. kharey tarr, almanzorechya mohima cantabrian kinarpatti vagalata serve khrishchan spainparyant pohochalya aanee asthurian mukutchya sarvbhaumatvakhali leone aanee galicia adhik drudhpane yenyas yogdan dile, parantu tarihi rajyachya vistarachya kamkuvatpanamule mothya svayattatesaha.
galibs pahili moheem.
pahilya aath mohima tyachya tyachya galibchya pathimbyane paar padalya gelya. tyapaiki teen salamanka pradeshat (977 madhye done aanee 978 madhye eka), dusare cularchya virodhat (tyach varshi), eka pamplona aanee barcelonachya virodhat (978 chee dirgh unhali moheem), eka zamorachya virodhat (kinwa kadachit ledesma, itar lekhakanchya matey, 979 chya vasant rutumadhye) aanee eka sepulvadechya virodhat (979 chya unhalyat, joou too gheu shakala nahee, jaree tyane tyacha parisar uddhvast keela). aathva too september 979 teey 980 chya suruvatichya kalat magarebala hatanmadhun sainyasah aljesirasla gela.
gela vasant rututil navvi moheem, jyaa darmyan almanjore aanee galib yanchyatil phoot padali aanee alimanjorchya javaivar alikadchya velee ghalibane kelelya hallyasathi 'vishvasaghat' mhanoon olakhali jaate. castillamarge eka chhotya chhapyanantar haah sangharsh jhaala. pudhil chaar halle (eka 980 chya sharad rututil, done pudhchya varshachya vasant rututil aanee eka unhalyat) done pratispardhyanmadhil sangharshadarmyan jhaale. shevatchya mohimedarmyan-almanjorne galibvar midavalelya vijayachya kalat, tyane tyachya pratispardhyachya pakshakaranchya tabyat asalelya atienza aanee kalatayudchya killyanvar punha niyantran midavale.
leonche kamkuvat hone aanee castillion simecha chhal karane.
karane unhalyat galibchya parabhavacha parinam mhanoon, almanjorchya sainyane tyanchi aagekuch suru thewali, unhalyachya shevati zamorachya sabhovatalachya jamini lutalya aanee nasht kelya. nantar, tyanni rueda (kinwa roa) chya ladhait pamplona, leone aanee castille yancha parabhav keela aanee simanka parat midavale, jeey uddhvast karnyat aale hote. simankaschya parabhavanantar durochya bajoone khrishchan sanrakshn reshela adthala aala, jee nantarchya mohimanmadhye akheris nasht jhaali. yaa nukasanibarobarach, almanjorne leonine mukutala virodhakancha pathimba deela, pratham kamkuvat ramiro III viruddha bermudo aanee nantar pratispardhi ganana, jyapaiki ekane thodya kalasathi simhasana sweekarle, leonela rajkiy sankatat takale jeey tyane lavadasathi almanjorkade sadar kele. sarvasadharanpane, almanjorne tyaa kalatil rajala virodh hallah kuleen kutumbanna aantar-leone sangharshancha fayda ghenyasathi pathimba deela. 977 pasoon, tyane jawaljawal darvarshi leonchya pradeshanvar halle kele.
galician aanee portugij ganite, ramiro III chya virodhat, jase teey tyachya vadilanprati hote, tyanni 981 chya hivalyachya suruvatichya trancoso aanee vcu mohimenantar almanzerla shant karnyacha prayatna keela aanee yasathi tyanni aktoobar 982 madhye santiagomadhye bermudo II yaa naveen rajacha rajyabhishek karnyacha prayatna keela, tarr almanzarne leonchya bahereel bhag lutala. dusarikade, cordoban hallyanchya satat samparkat asalelya castill aanee leone yanni ramirola pathimba deela. 983 madhye, almanzarne salamankachya aaspascha parisar, too ghenyas ayashasvi jhalyanantar, aanee hivalyachya suruvatila sanskar, purushanchi kattal karoon aanee urvarit loksankhyela bandivasat gheuun, sharad rututil parisarat lutale. durochya dakshinekadil khrishchananchi pragati rokhanyachya tyachya prayatnat, tyane yaa bhagatil leone aanee castillion sthananvar aanee tyach varshi jamora (984) kinwa sepulvada yasarkhya punha loksankhyechya sarvat mahattvachya bindunvar hallah karane suru thewale, jeey too barcelonavar padnyapurvi uddhvast jhaale. sepulvadechya nashamule ramirola 985 madhye, naisargik karananmule tyachya mrutyuchya varshi, jase bermudone purvi kele hote, cordobala sharan jaanyas bhag padale. bermudochya samarpanasobat itar portugij aanee galician ganitehi hotee. yamule leone rajyavar snrakshak rajya mhanoon cordoban sainyachi upasthiti ladali gelee, jee tee 987 paryant rahili.
bermudone cordoban sainyachi leonemadhun hakalpatti kelyane 986 madhye pahilya pratiuttaratmak mohimet coyambra viruddha 988 moheem suru jhaali aanee sann pedro dii eslonzachya mathala aag lavali, jyamadhye tyane kondiksavar hallah karnyapurvi leone, zamora, salamanka aanee alba dii torms dekhil ghetale.
pamplona aanee catalan parganyanvar halle.
982 madhye, tyane castile, pamplona aanee girona frankschya virodhat kadachit teen rashtranchi moheem suru kelee, jyamule pamplonacha raja sancho dusra yala almanjorla eka mulgi denyas bhag padale, jyane abda heey naav ghetale. yaa sangharajyamule almanzorchya rajkiy rajvanshacha shevatcha, abd all-rahman sanchuelo nirman jhaala. 985 madhye, leone aanee castilechya adhinatecha fayda ghet, tyane barcelonavar hallah keela, joou tyane julaichya suruvatila tabyat ghenyat yashasvi jhaala aanee tyala kathorpane vagavale. almanjorne yapurvi 978 chya unhalyat yaa pradeshavar hallah keela hota, jevha tyane kahee dashakanpurvi barcelonachya mojanidware jinkalya gelelya barcelonachi maidane aanee taragonachya kahee bhagancha anek mahine vidhvans keela hota. jawaljawal teen mahinyanchya mohimet, tyane tafyachya madatine shahar tabyat ghetale, viscount udalard pahila aanee archdacon arnalf yanna turungat takale aanee sant kugat dell valles aanee sant pere dii leesa puels yanchya mathanna lutale.
leone aanee castill yanchyaviruddha naveen mohima.
987 madhye, tyane koyambraviruddha done mohima kelya, 28 juuna roji roji velee tyavar vijay midavala. purvichya aakramananpramane, lootmar aanee vidhvansavar laksh kendrit karoon, yaveli tyane 1064 paryant yaa bhagat kabja kelelya muslimansah yaa bhagat punha loksankhya vadhavali. 988 aanee 989 madhye tyane punha leone duero duero vidhvans keela. tyane zamora, toro, leone aanee estorgavar hallah keela, jyane galiciamadhye pravesh niyantrit keela aanee bermudola galician gananet aashray ghenyas bhag padale.
bahutek halle leonver kendrit kelyanantar, tyane 990 pasoon castileviruddha aapale sainya suru kele, jeey purvi ektispaiki keval chaar mohimanche uddisht hote. tathapi, december 990 madhye leonchya paschimela eka shevatcha hallah sahan karava lagel, jyamadhye montemore-oo-velho aanee vcu, mondego nadichya sanrakshanatmak reshevar, aatmasamarpan kele gele, bahudha bermoodone umayyadala dilelya aashrayasathi shiksha mhanoon "piedra seka". tyacha mulga abd allah aanee toldo aanee jaragozachya rajyapalanchya ayashasvi santhganthamule uddishtat badal jhaala. atak kelelya jaragozachya governors yaa katat sahbhagi jhalyabaddal tyachya vadilanchya ragachya bhitine abd allah castillchya count garcia fernandezkade aashray ghenyasathi paloon gela hota. shiksha mhanoon aanee tyachya mulala sharan yenyas bhag padnyasathi, chamberlain augustmadhye osma ghetala aanee sashastr keela. vyapak hallyane tyache dhyey sadhya kele aanee 8 september roji, castillion count done varshanchya yuddhaviramachya badalyat abdullakade tyachya vadilankade paratala. castilepasoon pudhe jaat, pudhchya varshi tyane pamplona rajyavar hallah keela. keela akheris, carifetachya rajdhanila bhet deuun, sancho dusra yane cordoban netyache samadhan karnyacha prayatna keela, parantu yamule yamule tyachya bhoomila naveen aakramanas samore jaanyapasun rokhanyat apayash aale. dashakachya uttaradhat, konatyahi dandatmak cordoban mohima talhanyasathi kelelya varanvarchya prayatnansah pamplonache carifetkade samarpan jhaale.
993 madhye almanjorne adnyat karananmule punha castilever hallah keela, parantu sann esteban dii gormaz tabyat ghenyat ayashasvi jhaala, fakt tyacha parisar lutala. pudhchya varshi too clunias too ghenyat yashasvi jhaala. sann estebanchya hanine daurochya bajoone castillion sanrakshn nasht kele, tarr kluniyachya tabyat ghetalyane arlanzachya dakshinekadil jameen dhokyat aalee.
aalee akheris, bermudo dusra aanee castillion countchi mulgi yanchyatil lagnachya prasangi, almanzarne 988 pasoon leone aanee estorga hii leonechi rajdhani ghetali aanee kadachit santiago dii compostelaviruddha bhavishyatil moheem sulabh karnyachya hetune pradesh uddhvast keela. meey 995 madhye, castillion count garcia fernandez jakhami jhaala aanee durojavalachya chakmakit tyala qaid karnyat aale aanee tyachya apaharankartyanchi kalji ghet asatanahi too medinaselimadhye maran pavala. tyachya jaagi tyacha vivekpurn mulga sancho aala, joou tyachya vadilanviruddha cordobashi ladhala hota aanee 995 teey 1000 darmyan khalifashi anaupacharik yuddhaviram rakhanyat yashasvi jhaala hota. castile aanee chamberlain yanchyatil sambandh naveen countchya bahininpaiki ekala patni kinwa upapatni mhanoon almanjorkade supurd karoon seal karnyat aale. bano gomez, saldana aanee cordobachya majee mitranchya gananedware purvichya gananechya pathimbyacha badala mhanoon, tyanchya carrionchya aasanavar hallah karnyat aala joou sann roman dii entrepenasachya mathat pohochala. pohochala akheris, portochya aagneyela aagviyarviruddhachya naveen aakramanamule, bermudo dusra yala majee umayyad katkar 'piedra seka' parat karnyas bhag padale."
santhago daad compostella aanee tyachya nantarchya mohima.
996 madhye, tyane punha leonver chhapa takala aanee tyanna khandani parat denyas bhag padnyasathi estorga nasht keela. keela unhalyat, bishop pedro dii mezonzo yanni shahar rikame kelyanantar tyane santiago dii compostellacha naash keela. tyachya swatachya jaminivaril sainyacha, khrishchan mitrapakshancha aanee tafyacha samavesh asalelya sanyukt mohimet, almanjorche sainya augustchya madhyat shaharat pohochale. tyanni preshit james daad gretla samarpit purv-romansk mandir jaalale aanee tyachi kabar asalyache sangitale. santanche avashesh purvi kadhoon takalyamule camino dii santiago yaa tirthyatrechya margache satatya shakya jhaale, joou mageel shatkat yatrekarunna aakarshit karoo lagla hota. eka najuk rajkiy kshani hii moheem chamberlainsathi eka motha vijay hota, kaaran teey subhashi asaleli tyachi pradirgh yutee tutalyanantar ghadale. leonigecha dhakka itka motha hota qee tyane almanjorla santiyagohun paratalyavar zamoramadhye muslim loksankhyela sthayik karnyas parvanagi dilee, tarr leonese pradeshatil bahutansh sainya toromadhye rahile. tyanantar tyane khristi shrimantanvar shantatechya atty ladalya jyamule tyala 998 madhye uttarela prachar karane sodoon deta aale, 977 nantar heey pahile varsh hote.
999 madhye tyane purvekadil simavarti bhagavar shevatcha hallah keela, jithe pamplonamadhun gelyanantar tyane manresa aanee bagezchi maidane lutali. eprilmadhye tyane castillechya count sancho garciachya aaichya natevaikanni shasit kelelya pallar countiver hallah keela. asey suchavale jaate qee heey halle pamplonen raja aanee catalan kauntane cordobala khandani dene bund kelyamule suru kele asavet, ziri ibn atiya yanna chiradanyat almanjorchya vichalit honyacha fayda ghet.
tasech, septembermadhye, bermudo dusra yachya mrutyune alphonso pachvyachya sinhasanavar chadhanyachya madhyamatoon leonmadhye eka naveen alpasankhyak nirman kele, parantu yamule eka vyapak cordoba virodhi yutee tayar honyas adthala aala nahee, jee keval pamplona aanee castilechya lokannach navhe tarr almanjorchya pracheen khrishchan grahakanna dekhil ekatra aanat hotee. castillecha sancho, toparyant eka vishvasoo mitra joou tyachya pradeshat cordobache aakraman talhanyat yashasvi jhaala hota, too yutimadhye sameel jhaala aanee almanjorla hallah karnyas pravrutt kele. tyala aashchary vatale qee, castillion kauntane tyache swatache sainya aanee tyachya mitrapakshanche sainya ekatra aananare eka mothe sainya ekatra kele, jyanni kluniyachya uttares asalelya cordoban tukadyanna majboot bachavatmak sthiteet adavale. servherachya kathor ladhait (29 julai 1000), almanzorchya bajoone, tyachya sainyachya bahutansh tukadyancha parabhav jhalyanantar, aathshe ghodadalanchya hastakshepane vijay midavala.
vijayanantar, varshachya shevati almanjorne paschim simevar aanakhi eka hallah keela, jithe tyane tivra pratikaravar maat karoon 2 december 1000 roji montemore-oo-velho tabyat ghetala. tyachya bhagasathi, 1000 madhye aanee punha 1001 aanee 1002 madhye servherachya parabhavanantar pamplona rajyavar anek halle jhaale. seravera nantar, almanjorne aajari asoonahi aanee kahee vela kachara vahoon nenyachi aavashyakta asoonahi, hallyanchi sankhya vadhavali.
tyachi shevatchi moheem, jee vijayihi hotee, tee 1002 madhye karnyat aalee, jevha too vees varshanpasun sandhivatacha tras sahan karat, pranghatakpane aajari hota. servherachya ardhmargacha badala ghene aanee tyala jawaljawal parabhoot hallah yuticha shilpkar castillion count sancho yala shiksha karane heey tyache uddisht hote. castillechya snrakshak santala aanee pamplonachya pradeshat, sanchoshi sanlagn asalelya sann milan day laa kogollala barkhast karnyat aale aanee jaalanyat aale; pamplonamadhye, almanzorne tyachya bighadalelya aajaramule maghar ghenyache aadesh dile aanee rajdhanila pohochanyapurvich too cordobala jaat asatana maran pavala.
almanjorechya vijayi mohimanche kaaran eka lashkari davpechkar mhanoon tyachya kaushalyane aanee tyane aadnya dilelya sainyane hote, jeey eka atyant vyavsayik sainya hote, jyane khristi raje aanee ganite tyala bhetanyasathi karoo karoo konatyahi pratihallache ullanghan keleh "kvachitach 1000 shoorvir kinwa ekoon 2000 kinwa 3000 purushanpeksha jaast."vasant rutoo kinwa unhalyat tyanchyakade kahee aathvade asey hote qee teey kahishe shoorvir aanee purushanpeksha jaast navhate. "pratyek done kinwa teen sahayyak swaransathi (square aanee itar) eka shoorvir aanee pratyek done kinwa teen shipayansathi yapaiki eka shoorvir hii sarvat varanvar sarasari asalyache disate."tyaa kalee daha kinwa pandhra hazar sainikanche sainya-eka tisra shoorvir aanee urvarit shipai-heey yuddh sadar kartana madhyayugeen shasak gola karoo shakat asalelya sainyache jastit jaast ektrikaran hote. udaharanarth, muslim mohimanmadhye keval eka hazar teey daha hazar purushanchi rachana hotee. "daha kinwa pandhra hazar sainikanche sainya pratyek prakare apavadatmak manale jaate aanee kahee itihaskar heey manya karnyas tayar asateel qee kahee prasangi yuddhadarmyan yajmanane pratyakshat hii sankhya gathali hotee."
almanjorne aaplya mohimanmadhye ghodadal mohimanvar itka bharr deela qee tyane gwadalkwivirchi bete ghodyanchya prajananasathi rakheev thewali hotee. seville, huelva aanee kadizchya aaspaschya yaa daldalichya pradeshat ghode vadhavanyasathi yogya kurane hotee. aafriketun belleric betanmadhun khachchar aanee unt aayat kele jaat hote, nantarche murasia aanee lorka darmyanchya ardh-valvant kshetrat vadhavale jaat hote. valvechya matey, "tyachya mohimanmadhye samanyatah baaraa hazar ghodeswar sahbhagi hott asat, jyanni lashkari padanukramat nondani kelee aanee tyaa vyatirikt, nehamichya sainikala tyanchya hatmojya, shastre, nivas, vividh kharchansathi deyake aanee bonuses ghoda aanee tyanchya ghodyansathi tyanchya bhoomikenusar chaara pradan keela."
lutmar aanee gulam.
almanzorechya mohima amiratichya kalapasoonchya dhoranacha eka pathpurava hotah arabi bhashet "saktiliba" kinwa "sakkaliba" ("sikalabi", "gulam" chey bahuvachan) yaa bhashet prasiddha "escalevos" kinwa "francos" yaa khrishchan gulamanchya asankhya tukadyanna pakadane. lutmaricha haah sarvat fayadeshir bhag hota aanee sainikanna paise denyachi hii eka utkrusht paddhat hotee, itaki qee anek mohima gulamanchya chhapyanpeksha thodya jaast hotya. hyatoon anek napunsak aale jeey haram hatalanyasathi aavashyak ghatak hote; itar aadhich vardunat napunsak kele gele hote aanee kremonachya leutprendnusar pechina kinwa almeriyamadhye utaravale gele hote. tathapi, sarvat maulyavan nivad mhanje sunder mulee, jyaa "soneri aanee laal dokyachya galicians, basqa aanee franksathi tyanchya aavadinusar nivadalya gelya", samanyatah nile dolhe, mothe stun, rund nitamb, jaad paay aanee paripoorn daat asalyache varnan kele jaate, jeey "rajgharanyatil strirog aanee kuleen varg upapatni aanee vaidh patni mhanoon puravato."napunsakanchya babatit, kahee gulam bhoomadhya samudrakinaryavar hallah hallah samudri chachyankadun kharedi kele gele hote, itar lock vikingkadoon anek hatanmadhun hatanmadhun slavic kinwa german loksankhyetun aale hote aanee sudanmadhun aayat kelele kaale dekhil hote. tathapi, yapaiki bahutek gulam ashee mule hotee jyanna islamikaran kele jaeel aanee darbarat kaam karnyasathi niyukt kele jaeel, jyat napunsakanchya kamacha samavesh aahe. dubhashiya aanee rajdoot mhanoon tyanchya kshamatemule jyoo aanee kahee pramanat muslim yaa fayadeshir vyaparat sahbhagi hote.
almanzorchya amiri rajvatichya kalat, aadhich samruddha asalelya all-andalus gulamanchya bajarpethet abhootpurv pramanat pohochale. udaharanarth, murish itihasamadhye asey namood kele aahe qee julai 985 madhye barcelonacha naash kelyanantar, almanjorne sattar hazar sakhalyanchya khrishchananna cordobachya mothya bajarpethet aanale aanee julai 983 madhye simankasacha naash kelyanantar tyane satra hazar mahilanna pakadale aanee daha hazar kulinanna turungat takale. arthat, yaa aakadyanche kaljipurvak moolyankan kele gele pahije, parantu tyachprakare tyanchya karyakalat yaa prakarchya vyaparachi vyapti pahata, almanjoreche varnan 'gulam aayatdar' asey kele jaate. cordobachya samanya lokanni tyachya uttaradhikarila haah vyapar thambavanyas dekhil sangitale kaaran tyanchya mulinsathi eka changla patee midvanyasathi tyanna dahejala atishay uchch pataliparyant vadhavave lagale kaaran tarun khrishchan gulam itake asankhya aanee swast hote qee anek purushanni muslimanshi lagn karnyaivaji tyanna vikat ghene pasant kele.
mrutyu aanee uttaradhikar.
almanzore yanche 9 august 1002 roji vayachya panchechalisavya varshi aajarpanamule medinaselimadhye nidhan jhaale. tyachya shevatchya divasant, maran maran chamberlain tyachya mulachi khalifa sarkarchya kautuk kele, joou tyachya vadilanche padd ghenyasathi aanee khalifachya kutumbachya samarthakankadun konatahi asthir virodh talhanyasathi tyachya mrutyunantar cordobala dhawla. hysteria silence' mhanate keeh
tyachya mulinni tyanchya purvajankadun varshane midalelya toroxmadhil malmattechya utpannatun utpannatun kachchya malapasoon swatachya hatanni vinalelya tagachya kafanane tyache shareer jhakalele hote. tyache avashesh rajvadyachya anganat daphan karnyat aale, khrishchananviruddhchya pratyek yuddhanantar tyachya sevakanni tyanchya kapadyanmadhun halavalelya dhoolane jhakalele hote. arab itihaskar ibn idari yanchya matey, khaleel shlok heey sangamaravarat eka pratik mhanoon koralele hoteh
almanjore rajvanshachi sthapana tyacha mulga abd all-mallick all-muzafar aanee nantar tyacha dusra mulga abd all-rahman sanchuelo, joou varshane midaleli satta tikavu shakala nahee aanee 1009 madhye tyachi hatya karnyat aalee. amirinchya patnane all-aandalaschya fitnala suruvat jhaali, eka yadavi yuddh jyacha parinam kendrikrut khalifache pradeshik taifa rajyanmadhye vighatan jhaala.
nantar, calatanazorechya ladhait tyachya mrutyuchya lagechach aadhi jhalelya parabhavachi aakhyayika pratham 'estoriya dii espana' madhye disali aanee nantar itar kagadpatranmadhye tee sushobhit karnyat aalee. parampara ashee aahe qee "calatanazore almanzorene dhol gamavala" ("aine calatanazore almanzore perdio ell tambor") hii sandnya soochit karate qee tethe jhalelya parabhavanantar tyane aapala anand gamavala.

