
pratilekhan niyaman

aanvik jivashastra aanee anuvanshashastrat, pratilekhan niyaman heey asey sadhan aahe jyadvare peshi dii. aine. aii. chey aar. aine. aii. madhye (pratilekhan) rupantaran niyantrit karate, jyamule januk kriyakalap sanghatit hotat. lipyantar kelelya aar. aine. aii. chya pratinchya sankhyet badal karnyapasoon teey lipyantar kevha kele jaate yachya tatpuratya niyantranaparyant, ekach janukache anek prakare niyaman kele jaau shakate. heey niyantran peshi kinwa jiwala vividh antargarbhachya aanee bahya koshikeey sanketanna pratisad denyas aanee asha prakare pratisad vadhavanyas anumati dete. yachya kahee udaharananmadhye emm. aar. aine. aii. tayar karane samavisht aahe jeey ann strotatil badalashi julavun ghenyasathi enzymes encode karate, peshi chakr vishisht kriyakalapanmadhye samavisht januk utpadane tayar karate aanee utkranti vikasatmak jivashastrat abhyas kelyapramane bahukoshikiy eukeriotsmadhye pesheey bhinnatesathi jababdar januk utpadane tayar karate.
pratilekhan niyaman hii serve sajivanmadhye eka mahattvachi prakriya aahe. vividh yantranandvare tayar honanya aar. aine. aii. chya pramanala bareek julavun ghenyasathi, pratilekhan ghatak aanee ektritpane kaam karananya itar prathinandware heey vadyabaddha kele jaate. jivanu aanee eucariotschi pratilekhanavar niyantran thevanyachi dhorane khoop vegali asatat, parantu kahee mahattvachi vaishishtye yaa doghanmadhye sanrakshit rahatat. sarvat mahattvache mhanje sanyukt niyantranachi kalpana, jee ashee aahe qee konatehi januk pratilekhan niyantrit karnyasathi ghatakanchya vishisht sanyogadvare niyantrit kele jaate. eka kalpanik udaharanamadhye, aaa aanee buub ghatak aaa aanee see ghatakanchya sanyogatoon janukanchya vegalya sanchala niyantrit karoo shakatat. heey sanyukt swaroop donpeksha jaast prathinanchya sankulanparyant vistarte aanee genomechya agadi lahan upasanchala (10 takkyanpeksha qamee) sampoorn peshichya pratilekhan karyakramavar niyantran thevanyas anumati dete.
jivanunmadhye.
jaree yukaryotsmadhye pratilekhan niyantranachi vyapti aanee jatilata jaast asali taree pratilekhanabaddalchi bahutek prarambhik samaj jivanunmadhun aalee. jivanu pratilekhan teen mukhya anukram ghatkandware niyantrit kele jaateh
transcriptional regulationchi hii sadhane eukariotsmadhye dekhil astitvat asatana, transcriptional landscape heey samavisht asalelya prathinanchya sankhyemule tasech intronchya upasthitimule aanee histonmadhye dii. aine. aii. chey packaging yaa donhimule lakshaniyaritya adhik klisht aahe.
moolbhut jivanu janukache pratilekhan tyachya pravartakachya samarthyavar aanee sakriyak kinwa dabak yanchya upasthitivar avalambun asate. itar niyamak ghatakanchya anupasthitit, aar. aine. aii. polymeracesathi pravartakachi anukram-aadharit aatmiyata badalate, jyacha parinam vegvegalya pramanat pratilekhan tayar karnyat hoto. vegvegalya pravartak anukramansathi aar. aine. aii. polymerasechi chull aatmiyata pratilekhan prarambhasthalachya varchya bajula sarvasamaveshak anukramachya pradeshanshi sambandhit aahe. sarvasanmatichya kramashi sahmat asalelya pravartakache jitke adhik nucleotides asateel, titke aar. aine. aii. polymerasathy pravartakache aakarshan adhik drudh honyachi shakyata aahe.
itar niyamak ghatakanchya anupasthitit, jivanu pratilekhachi purvanirdharit sthitee 'chaloo' sanrachanet asane aavashyak aahe, parinami kahee pramanat pratilekha tayar hote. yacha arth assa qee prathine dabnare aanee sakaratmak niyantran ghatakanchya swarupat pratilekhan niyaman pratilekhan ektar vadhavu kinwa qamee karoo shakate. aar. aine. aii. polymerasela bandhanyapasun rokhoon dharnare dabak anekada pravartakache sthan pratyakshapane vyapatat. paryayane, eka dabak aanee polymerase ekach velee dii. aine. aii. laa bandhu shakatat aanee dabkatil bhautik parasparsanvadamule pratilekhanasathi vaja strandmadhye pravesh karnyasathi dii. aine. aii. ughadanyas pratibandh hoto. niyantranachi hii ranniti eukariotic pratilekhanapeksha vegali aahe, jyachi mool sthitee bund karayachi aahe aanee pratilekhan prarambhasathi aavashyak asalele saha-ghatak janukavar atyant avalambun aahet.
sigma ghatak hii vishesh jivanu prathine aahet jee aar. aine. aii. polymeraceshi bandhali jaatat aanee pratilekhan prarambh aayojit karatat. sigma ghatak heey anukram-vishisht pratilekhanasathi madhyasth mhanoon kaam karatat, jase qee ekach sigma ghatakacha vapar serve gruhpalanatil janukanchya pratilekhanasathi kinwa tanavasarkhya kahee bahya uttejananna pratisad mhanoon peshi vyakt karoo ichchit asalelya janukanchya sanchasathi keela jaau shakato.
aarambhachya tappyavar pratilekhan niyantrit karananya prakriyanvyatirikt, emm. aar. aine. aii. sanshleshan dekhil pratilekhan vadhichya darane niyantrit kele jaate. aar. aine. aii. polymerase viram varanvar hotat aanee teey anulekhan ghatkandware niyantrit kele jaatat, jase qee nusag aanee nusa, anulekhan-anuvad jodani aanee emm. aar. aine. aii. duyyam rachana.
eukeriotsmadhye.
eukariotic peshi tayar karanyachi atirikt jatilata tyachyasobat pratilekhan niyantranachya guntaguntit vaadh karate. eukeriotsmadhye teen aar. aine. aii. polymerases asatat, jyanna pole aay, pole II aanee pole III mhanatat. pratyek polymerasechi vishisht uddishte aanee kriyakalap asatat aanee teey swatantra yantranedvare niyantrit kele jaatat. polymerase kriyakalap niyantrit karata yeteel asha anek atirikt yantrana aahet. yaa yantrananche samanyatah teen mukhya kshetranmadhye vargikaran kele jaau shakateh
yaa tinhi pranali peshitoon signal ektrit karnyasathi aanee tyanusar transcriptional program badalanyasathi ektritpane kaam karatat.
procariotic pranalinmadhye besal pratilekhan sthitee hii pratibandhatmak nasaleli (mhanje, badal karananya ghatakanchya anupasthitit 'chaloo') manali jaau shakate, tarr eucariotschi eka pratibandhatmak besal sthitee asate jyasathi aar. aine. aii. pratilekhan tayar karnyasathi itar ghatakanchi bharati aavashyak asate. haah farak mukhyatve uchch kram rachana tayar karnyasathi histonsabhovati dii. aine. aii. valavoon eukariotic genomechya sankshepanamule aahe. heey sankshepan januk pravartkala kendrakamadhil itar ghatakanchya madtishivay pravesh karnyayogya banavat nahee aanee asha prakare chromatin rachana heey niyantranache eka samanya thikan aahe. procariotsmadhil sigma ghatakanpramanech, samanya pratilekhan ghatak (jee. tii. eff. ess.) heey eucariotsmadhil ghatakancha eka sanch aahet jeey serve pratilekhan ghatanansathi aavashyak aahet. heey ghatak bandhan parasparsanvad sthir karnyasathi aanee aar. aine. aii. polymerasela templetmadhye pravesh karnyas anumati denyasathi dii. aine. aii. helics ughadanyasathi jababdar aahet, parantu samanyatah vegvegalya pravartak sthalansathi vishishtatecha abhav asato. januk niyantranacha motha bhag pratilekhan ghatkandware hoto jeey ektar samanya pratilekhan yantra aanee/kinwa polymerage bandhanala niyukt karatat kinwa pratibandhit karatat. heey mukhya pravartak ghatkanshi jawalun sanvad sadhun kinwa lamb pallyachya vadhavna ghatkandware sadhya kele jaau shakate.
ekada polymerase dii. aine. aii. namunyashi yashasviritya bandhale gele qee, sthir pravartak sankul sodanyasathi aanee navjat aar. aine. aii. strand vadhavanyas suruvat karnyasathi tyala anekada itar prathinanchya madatichi aavashyakta asate. yaa prakriyela pravartak palayan mhanatat aanee heey aanakhi eka paul aahe jyavar niyamak ghatak pratilekhan prakriyes gatee denyasathi kinwa mand karnyasathi karya karoo shakatat. tyachpramane, prathine aanee nucleic acid ghatak vistar sankulashi sambandhit asoo shakatat aanee dii. aine. aii. namunyachya bajoone polymerase jyaa darane halato tyat badal karoo shakatat.
chromatin sthitichya staravar.
eukariotsmadhye, genomic dna heey kendrakat basnyas saksham honyasathi atyant sankshipt kele jaate. heey histones navachya prathin aktemarchya bhovati dii. aine. aii. valavoon purn kele jaate, jyache parinam konatyahi velee genomechya bhaganchya bhautik praveshyogyatevar hotat. histone badalandware mahattvapoorn bhag shant kele jaatat aanee tyamule polymerases kinwa tyanchya sahghatakanna teey upalabdh nasatat. januke ughad karnyasathi kinwa vegale karnyasathi histoneschya punarrachanedware pratilekhan niyantranachi sarvoch patali udbhavate, kaaran yaa prakriyanmadhye gunasutrachya sampoorn bhaganna aprapya banavanyachi kshamata asate, jase qee chhapanyat jeey ghadate.
mukhya histoneschya shepatimadhye anuvadanantarchya badalandware histonechi punarrachana sulabh kelee jaate. histone acetyltransferesses (hats), histone methyltransferesses (etch. emm. tii. ess.) aanee histone dactilesses (etch. dii. aii. see.) yasarkhya enzymesdware vividh prakarche badal kele jaau shakatat. heey enzymes methyl gut, acetyl gut, phosphet aanee ubiquitin yasarkhe sahsanyojak badal jodu kinwa kadhoon takoo shakatat. histonemadhil badal itar prathinanchi bharati karnyasathi madat karatat jeey ektar chromatin aanee sequester pravartak ghatakanche aakunchan vadhavu shakatat kinwa histonesmadhil antar vadhavu shakatat aanee khulya dnaver pratilekhan ghatak kinwa polymerage sambandh anumati detat. udaharanarth, polycomb complexes pii. aar. see. 2 dware etch3keey27 trimethylationmule gunasutranche sankuchan aanee janukanche maun hote. heey histone badal peshidvare tayar kele jaau shakatat kinwa palkankadun epigenetic paddhatine varshane miloo shakatat.
cytosine methylation staravar.
sumare 60 takke pravartkanvaril pratilekhan niyaman see. pii. jee. dynucleotidesmadhy cytosyncechya methylationdware niyantrit kele jaate (jethe 5 'cytosine nantar 3' gwannin kinwa see. pii. jee. sites asatat). 5-methylcytosine (5-emsee) heey dii. aine. aii. bases cytosineche methylated swaroop aahe (aakruti pahaa). 5-emsee heey eka epigenetic marker aahe jeey pramukhyane see. pii. jee. sitewar aadhalate. manvi genomemadhe sumare 28 dashalaksh see. pii. jee. dynucleotides aadhaltat. sastan pranyanchya bahutek uutinmadhye, sarasari 70 teey 80 takke see. pii. jee. cytosins methylated asatat (5-methylcpg kinwa 5-emsee. pii. jee. tayar karatat). 5 'cytosine-gwannin 3' anukramanmadhil methylated cytosins anekada see. pii. jee. bete navachya gatanmadhye aadhaltat. sumare 60 takke pravartak anukramanmadhye see. pii. jee. bett aahe tarr keval 6 takke vardhak anukramanmadhye see. pii. jee. bett aahe. see. pii. jee. bete niyamak anukram tayar karatat, kaaran jarr see. pii. jee. bete januk pravartakanmadhye methylated kelee gelee tarr heey januk pratilekhan qamee karoo kinwa shant karoo shakate.
dii. aine. aii. methylation, emm. eae. see. pii. 2, emm. bii. dii. 1 aanee emm. bii. dii. 2 sarkhya methyl binding domain (emm. bii. dii.) prathinanshi parasparsanvad sadhun januk pratilekhan niyantrit karate. hii emm. bii. dii. prathine atyant methylated see. pii. jee. betanshi sarvat adhik drudhpane bandhatat. yaa emm. bii. dii. prathinanmadhye methyl-see. pii. jee.-binding domain tasech pratilekhan dadapshahi domain donhi aahet. teey methylated dii. aine. aii. laa bandhatat aanee chromatin punarnirmiti aanee/kinwa histones methylated see. pii. jee. betanvar sudharit kriyakalapasaha prathine sankulanna margadarshan kinwa thet karatat. emm. bii. dii. prathine samanyatah sthanik krometinavar dadapshahi karatat, udaharanarth, dadapshahi histone chinhanchya parichayas utprerit karoon kinwa nucleosome punarnirmiti aanee chromatin punarrachanedware ekoon dadapshahi chromatin vatavaran tayar karoon.
pratilekhan ghatak hii prathine aahet jee janukachya abhivyaktiche niyaman karnyasathi vishisht dii. aine. aii. anukramanshi bandhali jaatat. dii. aine. aii. madheel pratilekhan ghatakacha bandhan kram samanyatah sumare 10 kinwa 11 nucleotides lamb asato. 2009 madhye saranshit kelyapramane, vacurizas aanee itar. asey soochit kele aahe qee manvi janukanmadhye janukandware encode kelele andaje 1,400 bhinn pratilekhan ghatak aahet jeey serve manvi prathine encoding janukanpaiki sumare 6 takke aahet. signal-pratisadatmak janukanshi sambandhit sumare 94 takke pratilekhan ghatak bandhan sites (tii. eff. bii. ess.) vadhiv ghatakanmadhye aadhaltat tarr asha tii. eff. bii. ess. paiki keval 6 takke pravartakanmadhye aadhaltat.
eae. jee. aar. 1 prathine haah eka vishisht pratilekhan ghatak aahe joou see. pii. jee. betanchya methylation niyamanasathi mahattvacha aahe. eae. jee. aar. 1 pratilekhan ghatak bandhan sthal varanvar vardhak kinwa pravartak kramamadhye sthit asate. sastan pranyanchya genomemadhe eae. jee. aar. 1 sathee sumare 12,000 bandhan sthale aahet aanee eae. jee. aar. 1 bandhan sthalanpaiki sumare ardhe pravartakanmadhye aanee ardhe vardhkanmadhye aahet. tyachya lakshya dii. aine. aii. bandhan sthalavar eae. jee. aar. 1 chey bandhan dii. aine. aii. madheel cytosine methylationsathi asanvedanshil aahe.
uttejit nasalelya peshinmadhye keval thodya pramanat eae. jee. aar. 1 pratilekhan ghatak prathine aadhaltat, parantu uttejana mothya pramanat vadhalyanantar eka tasane "eae. jee. aar. 1" janukanche prathinanmadhye bhashantar hote. vividh prakarchya peshinmadhye eae. jee. aar. 1 pratilekhan ghatak prathinanchi abhivyakti, vadhiche ghatak, neurotransmitter, samprerak, tanav aanee dukhapatidware uttejit kelee jaau shakate. mendumadhye, jevha neurons sakriy hotat, tevha eae. jee. aar. 1 prathine niyantrit kelee jaatat aanee tyaa neuronsmadhye atyant vyakt honanya aadhipasoon astitvat asalelya tett 1 enzymeshy (bharati) bandhalya jaatat. tett enzymes 5-methylcytocene demythylation utprerit karoo shakatat. jevha eae. jee. aar. 1 pratilekhan ghatak pravartakanmadhye eae. jee. aar. 1 bandhan sthalanvar tett 1 enzymes aanatat, tevha tett enzymes tyaa pravartakanmadhye methylated see. pii. jee. betanvar demethylate karoo shakatat. demethylation jhalyavar, heey pravartak nantar tyanchya lakshyit janukanche pratilekhan suru karoo shakatat. neuronsemadhil shekado januke neuron sakriy jhalyanantar tyanchya pravartakanmadhye tett 1 chya methylated niyamak anukramanmadhye eae. jee. aar. 1 bharatidvare bhinnapane vyakt kelee jaatat.
sanketanchya pratisadat pravartakanche methylation dekhil badalale jaate. teen sastan prani dii. aine. aii. methyltransferesses (dii. aine. emm. tii. 1, dii. aine. emm. tii. 3aii aanee dii. aine. emm. tii. 3bii) dii. aine. aii. madheel cytosyncemadhye methyl gatanchi bharr ghalanyas utprerit karatat. dii. aine. emm. tii. 1 heey "dekhbhal" methyltransferase aahe, tarr dii. aine. emm. tii. 3aii aanee dii. aine. emm. tii. 3bii naveen methylation karoo shakatat. dii. aine. emm. tii. 3aii" janukatoon tayar honare done splies prathine isophorm dekhil aaheth dii. aine. aii. methyltransferase prathine dii. aine. emm. tii. 3aii. 1 aanee dii. aine. emm. tii. 3aii. 2.
splies isophorm dii. aine. emm. tii. 3aii. 2 heey shastriy tatkal-prarambhik janukanchya utpadanasarkhe vagate aanee udaharanarth, teey majjatantu sakriyatenantar majboot aanee kshanikpane tayar hote. jethe dii. aine. aii. methyltransferase isophorm dii. aine. emm. tii. 3aii. 2 cytosyncemadhye methyl gut bandhate aanee jodate, teey histone poost translational badalandware nirdharit kele jaate.
dusarikade, neural sakriyatemule dii. aine. emm. tii. 3aii. 1 chey adhahpatan hote aanee kiman eka moolyankan kelelya lakshyit pravartakache methylation qamee hote.
pratilekhan ghatak aanee vadhiv sadhanandware.
pratilekhan ghatak.
pratilekhan ghatak hii prathine aahet jee dilelya janukanchya abhivyaktiche niyaman karnyasathi vishisht dii. aine. aii. anukramanshi bandhali jaatat. manvi genomemadhe andaje 1,400 pratilekhan ghatak aahet aanee teey serve manvi prathine coding janukanpaiki sumare 6 takke aahet. pratilekhan ghatakanchi shakti khalchya dishene lakshya kelelya janukanchya vistrut sanchanna sakriy karnyachya aanee/kinwa dadapanyachya tyanchya kshamatemadhye rahate. heey pratilekhan ghatak sanyukt paddhatine karya karatat yacha arth assa aahe qee jivanchya januksankalanacha keval eka lahan upasanch pratilekhan ghatakanna kootbaddha karato.
pratilekhan ghatak vividh prakarchya yantranandvare karya karatat. eka yantranet, see. pii. jee. methylation bahutek pratilekhan ghatakanchya dii. aine. aii. shhee bandhanivar prabhav takte-kahee prakarananmadhye nakaratmak aanee itaranmadhye sakaratmak. yavyatirikt, anekada teey signal transduction pathvechya shevati asatat jeey ghatakabaddal kahitari badalanyache karya karatat, jase qee tyache upkoshikeey sthanikikaran kinwa tyachi kriya. cytosolmadhye asalelya pratilekhan ghatakanmadhye anuvadanantarchya badalanmule teey kendrakat sthanantarit houu shakatat jithe teey tyanchya sambandhit vardhakanshi sanvad sadhu shakatat. itar pratilekhan ghatak aadhich kendrakat aahet aanee bhagidar pratilekhan ghatkanshi sanvad sadhanyasathi tyat badal kele jaatat. phosphorylation, acetylation, sumoilation aanee sarvavyapi heey transcription ghatakanchya karyatmak sthitiche niyaman karnyasathi dnyat asalele kahee anuvadanantarche badal aahet.
pratilekhan ghatak done mukhya shreninmadhye vibhagale jaau shakatatah sakriyak aanee dabak. sakriyak heey vardhak bandhanadware pratilekhanchya mukhya yantrasamagrishi pratyaksh kinwa apratyakshapane sanvad sadhu shakatat, tarr dabak pramukhyane saha-dabak sankulanchi bharati karatat jyamule vardhak pradeshanchya chromatin ghanikaranadvare pratilekhan dadapshahi hote. asey dekhil houu shakate qee januk abhivyakti dadapun taknyasathi eka dadapanara nirdharit sakriyakartyachya virodhat allosteric spardhedvare karya karoo shakatoh sakriyak aanee dadapshahi yaa donhisathi dii. aine. aii.-bandhanichi rachana parasparanvar avalambun asalyane bandhanichi jaaga vyapanyasathi sharirik spardha nirman hote. jarr sakriyakapeksha dabkala tyachya rachneshi jaast sambandh asel, tarr dabkachya upasthitit pratilekhan prabhavipane avarodhit kele jaeel.
pratilekhan ghatakanchya atyant gatishil swarupadware kadak niyamak niyantran prapt kele jaate. punha, pratilekhan ghatak sakriy aahe qee nahee heey niyantrit karnyasathi anek bhinn yantrana astitvat aahet. yaa yantrananmadhye prathinanchya sthanikikaranavar niyantran kinwa prathin dii. aine. aii. laa bandhu shakate qee nahee yavar niyantran samavisht aahe. yache eka udaharan mhanje etch. ess. eff. 1 heey prathine, jeey cytosolmadhye etch. ess. pii. 70 shhee bandhalele asate aanee keval ushmaghatasarkhya pesheey tanavar kendrakat sthanantarit hote. asha prakare yaa pratilekhan ghatakachya niyantranakhalil januke peshila taana yet nahee toparyant pratilekhan naan keleli rahtil.
vadhavnare.
vardhak kinwa see. aay. ess.-niyamak module/ghatak (see. aar. emm./cray.) heey anek sakriyak aanee dabak bandhan sthal asalele gair-coding dii. aine. aii. anukram aahet. vadhavnare 200 bii. pii. teey 1 keey. bii. paryant lambiche asatat aanee ektar pravartakachya varchya bajula 5 'varr kinwa niyantrit janukanchya pahilya intronmadhye kinwa durastha, shejarchya janukanchya intronmadhye kinwa sthanik sthanapasun door asalelya aantarjanukiy pradeshat asoo shakatat. dii. aine. aii. loopingdware, sakriy vardhak mukhya dii. aine. aii. bandhan rachana pravartak vishishtatevar avalambun pravartkashi sampark sadhatat. pravartak-vardhak dwibhajan heey anulekhan ghatak aanee anulekhan mukhya yantrananmadhil karyatmak parasparsanvadasathi aadhar pradan karate, jyamule pravartakakadun aar. aine. aii. pole II sutate. 1: 1 vardhak-pravartak gunottar aahe assa ekhada vichar karoo shakato, tarr manvi janukamshastrachya abhyasat assa andaj vartavala jaato qee sakriy pravartak 4 teey 5 vardhakanshi sanvad sadhato. tyachpramane, vadhavnare jodani nirbandhanshivay ekapeksha jaast janukanche niyaman karoo shakatat aanee adhik durchya janukanche niyaman karnyasathi shejarchya janukanche "vagalane" asey mhatale jaate. jaree kvachit, pratilekhan niyamanat gunasuchakanmadhye asalele ghatak samavisht asoo shakatat, jeey pravartak jithe rahato tyapeksha vegale asatat. jawalche vardhak kinwa shejarchya janukanche pravartak adhik durastha ghatakanchi bharati karnyasathi munch mhanoon kaam karoo shakatat.
sakriyakaran aanee amalbajavani vadhavane.
jevha janukanshi sambandhit pravartakanparyant sanket prasarit kele jaatat tevha sastan pranyanmadhil janukanchi niyamit abhivyakti suru kelee jaau shakate. janukanchya pravartakanpasun door asalelya dii. aine. aii. pradeshat sthit asalelya see. aay. ess.-niyamak dii. aine. aii. anukramancha januk abhivyaktivar khoop motha parinam houu shakato, asha see. aay. ess.-niyamak kramamule kahee janukanchya abhivyaktimadhye 100 putt vaadh hote. yaa see. aay. ess.-niyamak kramamadhye vardhak, cylencer, avahak aanee tethering ghatakancha samavesh hoto. anukramanchya yaa samoohamadhye, januk abhivyaktichya niyamanat vardhak aanee tyanchyashi sambandhit pratilekhan ghatak prathinanchi pramukh bhoomika asate.
vardhak heey janukanche anukram aahet jeey pramukh januk-niyamak ghatak aahet. vadhavnare peshi-prakar-vishisht januk abhivyakti karyakram niyantrit karatat, bahutek vela tyanchya lakshyit janukanchya pravartkanshi sharirik nikatata sadhanyasathi lamb antar paar karoon. menduchya cortical neuronschya abhyasat, 24,937 loops aadhalale, jeey pravartkansathi vardhak aanatat. anek vardhak, pratyekjan tyanchya lakshyit janukanpasun door asalelya daha kinwa laakh nucleotideswar, tyanchya lakshyit januk pravartakankade valato aanee tyanchya samanya lakshyit janukanchya abhivyaktivar niyantran thevanyasathi ekmekanshi samanvay sadhato.
yaa vibhagatil yojnabaddha chitranat lakshya januk pravartkashi jawalik sadhanyasathi eka vardhak valatana disato. jodak prathinanchya diamerdware loop sthir keela jaato (udaa.jee. see. tii. see. eff. kinwa vaay. vaay. 1. chaa diamer), diamercha eka sadasya tyachya bandhanichya rachnevar vardhkavar aanee dusra sadasya pravartkavar tyachya bandhanichya rachnevar (chitratil laal zigzagdware darshavilele) lunger ghalato. anek peshi vishisht pratilekhan ghatak prathine karya karatat (2018 madhye lambert aanee itar. manvi peshimadhye sumare 1,600 pratilekhan ghatak hote asey soochit kele jaate) samanyatah vardhkavaril vishisht rachneshi bandhale jaatat aanee yaa vardhak-baddh pratilekhan ghatakanche eka lahan sanyojan, jevha dii. aine. aii. loopdware pravartakachya jawal aanale jaate, tevha lakshya janukachya pratilekhan pataliche niyaman karate. madhyasth (coactivator) (samanyatah parasparsanvadi sanrachanet sumare 26 prathine asalele eka sankul) vardhak dii. aine. aii.-baddh pratilekhan ghatakanmadhun niyamak sanketancha thet pravartkashi bandhalelya aar. aine. aii. polymerase II (aar. aine. aii. pii. II) enzymeshee sanvad sadhato.
vardhak, jevha sakriy asatat, tevha samanyatah dii. aine. aii. chya donhi pattyanmadhun aar. aine. aii. polymeraces done vegvegalya dishene karya karat lipyantar kele jaatat, jyamule aakrutimadhye darshavilyapramane done arna tayar hotat. nishkriy vardhak nishkriy pratilekhan ghatkanshi bandhala jaau shakato. pratilekhan ghatakache phosphorylation teey sakriy karoo shakate aanee too sakriy pratilekhan ghatak nantar jyaa vardhakala too bandhala aahe too sakriy karoo shakato (chitratil pratilekhan ghatakache phosphorylation darshavinara lahan laal taara pahaa joou vardhakala bandhalela aahe). sakriy vardhak tyachya lakshya janukatoon sandeshvahak aar. aine. aii. chey pratilekhan suru karnyasathi pravartak sakriy karnyapurvi tyachya aar. aine. aii. chey pratilekhan suru karato.
niyamak paridrushya.
transcriptional initiation, termination aanee regulation heey 'dii. aine. aii. looping' dware madhyasthi kele jaate jeey januk abhivyaktiche achook niyaman karnyasathi pravartak, vardhak, transcription ghatak aanee aar. aine. aii. prakriya ghatak ekatra aanate. gunasutra rachana capture (3see) aanee agadi alikadech hye-see tantranni purava deela qee sakriy chromatin pradesh heey anukshetranmadhye kinwa sansthanmadhye "sankshipt" kele jaatat jethe pratilekhan niyaman vadhavale jaate. vadhavna-pravartakanchya nikatatesathi janukmalechi rachana aavashyak aahe. peshi-bhagya nirnay heey alp teey dirgh pallyachya chromatin punarrachanedware sampoorn januk niyamak jaale modularly chaloo kinwa bund karnyasathi interfagevar atyant gatishil genomic punarachanevar madhyasthi kele jaatat. sambandhit abhyasatoon asey disun yete qee metazone genomesche sanrachanatmak aanee karyatmak ekkanmadhye vibhajan kele jaate, jyala topological association domain (tii. aii. dii.) mhanatat, jyat dazanbhar januke asatat, jee keval naun-coding anukram asalelya mothya janukeey pradeshat vitarit kelelya shekado vardhakanni niyantrit kelee aahet. tadsche karya mhanje vadhavnare aanee pravartak vegvegalya tadsmadhye pasarnyaivaji ekach mothya karyatmak kshetrat ekatra sanvad sadhane. tathapi, undaranchya vikasachya abhyasatoon asey disun yete qee done shejaril tads ekach januk samoohala niyantrit karoo shakatat. avyavanchya utkrantivaril sarvat sambandhit abhyasatoon asey disun yete qee tetrapod genomemadhil 5 'varr asalele hoxed januk samooh, durchya avyavanchya kalinchya bhrunat tyache abhivyakti chalavate, jyamule hatala janm midato, tarr 3' bajula asalela avyav tee nikatvarti avyavanchya kalinmadhye karato, jyamule hatala janm midato. tarihi, heey mahit nahee qee tads heey niyamak parasparsanvad vadhavanyasathi eka anukool dhoran aahe qee yaa samaan parasparsanvadanvar nirbandhancha parinam aahe.
tadd seema byavachada housekeeping januke, trana, itar atyant vyakt anukram aanee lahan antarit ghatak (sine) dware tayar kelya jaatat. hii januke sarvavyapipane vyakt karnyasathi tyanchya seema sthiticha fayda gheu shakatat, parantu tyancha thet dhaar nirmitishi sambandh nahee. tadschya simanvar olakhalya gelelya vishisht renunna insulator kinwa architectural prathine mhanatat kaaran teey keval vardhak galatee abhivyakti rokhat naheet tarr lakshyit pravartkala see. aay. ess.-niyamak inputche achook vibhagani dekhil sunishchit karatat. heey avahak see. tii. see. eff. aanee tii. eff. aay. aay. see. sarkhya dii. aine. aii.-bandhanari prathine aahet jee kohesin aanee condensins sarkhya sanrachanatmak bhagidaranchi bharati karnyas madat karatat. sthapatya prathinanche tyanche sambandhit bandhan sthalanshi sthanikikaran aanee bandhan heey anuvadanantarchya badalandware niyantrit kele jaate. sthapatya prathinandware olakhalya gelelya dii. aine. aii. bandhanichya rachana ektar uchch adhibhog aanee ekmekanchya megabesachya aaspas kinwa qamee adhibhog aanee aateel tadchya asatat. uchch adhibhogasthale sahasa sanrakshit aanee sthir asatat, tarr intra-tads sites peshichya sthitinusar gatishil asatat, mhanoon tads swatach upadomenmadhye vibhagalele asatat jyanna kahee keey. bii. pasoon thodasa lamb (19) paryant subtads mhatale jaau shakate. jevha sthapatyashastriy bandhan sthale ekmekanpasun 100 keey. bii. peksha qamee antaravar asatat, tevha madhyasth prathine hii sthapatyavishayak prathine kohesinala sahkarya karatat. 100 keey. bii. peksha mothya subtadsathi aanee tii. aii. dii. simansathi, see. tii. see. eff. heey vishisht avahak aahe jeey ekatmateshi sanvad sadhate.
purv-prarambh sankul aanee pravartak palayan.
eukeriotsmadhye, anuvadat samavisht asalelya ribosomal aar. aar. aine. aii. aanee tii. aar. aine. aii. heey aar. aine. aii. polymerase aay. (pole aay.) aanee aar. aine. aii. polymerase aay. aay. (pole aay. aay.) dware niyantrit kele jaatat. aar. aine. aii. polymerase II (pole II) haah peshimadhye sandeshvahak aar. aine. aii. (emm. aar. aine. aii.) chya nirmitisathi jababdar asato. visheshtah pole II sathee, pratilekhan prakriyetil bahutek niyamak tapasani kendre asemblimadhye aanee purv-prarambh sankulachya palaynamadhye hotat. pratilekhan ghatakanche januk-vishisht sanyojan tii. eff. aay. dii. aanee/kinwa tii. eff. aay. aii. chee mukhya pravartkasathi bharati karel, tyanantar tii. eff. aay. bii. chee sanghatana, eka sthir sankul tayar karel jyavar urvarit samanya pratilekhan ghatak (jee. tii. eff. ess.) ekatra karoo shaktil. heey sankul tulanene sthir aahe aanee pratilekhan aarambhichya anek fekyanmadhun jaau shakate.
tii. eff. aay. bii. aanee tii. eff. aay. dii. chya bandhaninantar, pole II urvarit jee. tii. eff. ekatra karoo shakatat. hii sabha anek kinesdware pole II chya see-terminal domenchya (ctd) anuvadanantarchya badaladvare (samanyatah phosphorylation) chinhankit kelee jaate. ctd heey pole II chya rbpi upaghatakapasun vistarlele eka mothe, asanrachit kshetra aahe aanee tyat heptad anukramachya yspspschya anek punaravrutti asatat. tii. eff. aay. aay. etch., helicase joou sampoorn pratilekhanadarmyan pole II shhee sambandhit rahato, tyat kinage kriyakalapasaha eka upghatak dekhil asato joou heptad kramane 5 syrinela phosphorylate karel. tyachpramane, see. dii. keey. 8 (prachand bahuprathine madhyasth sankulache upghatak) aanee see. dii. keey. 9 (pii-tii. eae. eff. bii. vistar ghatakache upghatak) yaa donhimadhye see. tii. dii. vareel itar avasheshankade kinage kriyakalap asato. yaa phosphorylation ghatana pratilekhan prakriyela protsahan detat aanee emm. aar. aine. aii. prakriya yantrasamagrisathi bharatichi thikane mhanoon kaam karatat. heey tinhi kinesses varchya bajus yenanya signalna pratisad detat aanee see. tii. dii. laa phosphorylate karnyat ayashasvi jhalyas pravartakakade thambalele polymerase houu shakate.
karkarogamadhye.
prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhye, bahusankhya januk pravartakanmadhye asankhya see. pii. jee. thikane asalele see. pii. jee. bett asate. jevha janukachya anek pravartak see. pii. jee. sites methylated hotat tevha januk shant hote. colorectal karkarogamadhye samanyatah 3 teey 6 chalak utparivartan aanee 33 teey 66 haychaker kinwa pravasi utparivartan asatat. tathapi, karkarogachi pragati karnyasathi utparivartanapeksha pratilekhan maun adhik mahattvache asoo shakate. udaharanarth, colorectal karkarogamadhye sumare 600 teey 800 januke see. pii. jee. eyeland methylationdware pratilekhanadware shant kelee jaatat (karkarogatil pratilekhan niyaman pahaa). karkarogatil pratilekhan dadapshahi itar epigenetic yantranedvare dekhil houu shakate, jase qee micrornachya badalalelya abhivyaktidvare. stanachya karkarogamadhye, bii. aar. see. aii. 1 pravartakachya hypermethylationpeksha atee-abhivyakt microrna-182 dware bii. aar. see. aii. 1 chey pratilekhan dadapshahi adhik varanvar houu shakate (stun aanee andashayachya karkarogamadhye bii. aar. see. aii. 1 chey qamee abhivyakti pahaa).