brittenmadhil khrishchan dharmacha itihas

brittenmadhil khrishchan dharmachya itihasat pracheen kalapasoon dharmik sanghatana, dhorane, dharamshastra aanee lokpriy dharmikatecha samavesh aahe.
6 vya shatkapasoon teey madhyayugatil sudharananchya kalaparyant brittenmadhye roman catholic church haah khrishchanancha pramukh prakar hota. ingraji sudharanecha parinam mhanoon 1534 madhye ingland aanee velsmadhil swatantra sthapit church auph ingland (anglican) church banale. velsmadhye 1920 saalee, jevha velsmadhil church church auph englandpasoon swatantra jhaale tevha tyachi sthapana jhaali. 16 vya shatkat swatantra scottish sudharananmadhye sthapan jhalelya scotlandchya (presbyterian) charchala, scotlandmadhye rashtriy church mhanoon manyata denyat aalee aahe, parantu tyachi sthapana jhaleli nahee.
sudharanannantar, brittonchya vividh bhaganmadhye, visheshtah maghar maghar aanee englandchya uttar bhagat catholic churchche palan vividh staranvar suru rahile. visheshtah visheshtah shatkachya madhyapasoon, mandalache sadasya, baptist, bhookamp karnare aanee nantarche paddhatvadi yasah protestant gair-anurupateche prakar, sthapit charchchya baher vadhale.
roman britton.
roman brittenmadhil lock samanyatah vividh prakarchya dev-devatanvar vishvas thevatat aanee tyanchyapaiki anekanchi pooja karatat, bahudha kahee sthanik aanee aadivasi devatanchi nivad karatat tasech sampoorn samrajyat poojalya olakhalya kahee pramukh devatanchi nivad karatat. sthanik british devata aanee parichay jhalelya roman samkakshanchi yaa pradeshat pooja kelee jaat asey, kadhikadhi ekatra samanvay sadhat, jase qee apolo-cunomaglus aanee sulis-minerva sarkhya prakarananmadhye. roman-british mandire kadhikadhi asha thikani ubharali jaat asat jee purvi roman lohyugachya brittenmadhye dharmik sthale hotee. roman-celtic mandir' chee eka naveen shaili vikasit jhaali jee lohyug aanee shahee roman sthapatya shaili yaa donhinni prabhavit hotee parantu donhipeksha adviteey hotee; yaa shailitil imarati chauthya shatkaparyant vaparat hotya. purvekadil vividh devatanchya panthanchi roman brittenmadhye olakh karoon denyat aalee hotee, tyapaiki isis, mitra aanee sayabele yaa devatanchya panthanpaiki eka; khristi dharm haah yaa purvekadil panthanpaiki fakt eka hota. puratatvashastradnya martin hennig yanni suchavale qee, "yaa velee khrishchananchya aadhyatmik vatavaranachi kahitari jaaniv vhavi mhanoon", bharatachi kalpana karane upayukt tharel, jithe hindu dharm, eka pramukh bahudevvadi pranali, prabal rahate aanee "jethe khrist aanee kumari yanchya pratima asaleli church devata aanee devatanchya anek mandiranchya viruddha alpasankhyak aahet".
ingland.
celts.
usheera romno-british loksankhya up-roman kalaparyant bahutek khristi asalyache disate. 360 chya dashkatil mahan cutt aanee brittenmadhun roman maghar ghenyachya sumaras vadhalelya chhapyanmule kahee lokanna gulam banavale gele. raja luciuschya netrutvakhali kinwa phillip daad aposal kinwa arimathiyachya josefchya mohimetoon betache dharmantar karnyababatchya nantarchya madhyayugeen dantkathanchi badnami karnyat aalee aahe; ingland aanee velsachya norman vijayanantar aupcharik kelelya charchchya padanukramat swatantrya kinwa jyeshthata sthapit karnyachya prayatnanmadhye sadar kelelya tyaa 'pavitra banavat' asalyacha aarop aahe. church aanee bishop rakhanyasathi puresa motha samuday darshavinare pahile puratatviy purave aanee vishvasarh nondi nondi aanee chauthya shatkatil aahet. yaa adhik aupcharik sanghatanatmak sanrachanancha udbhav bhautikdrushtya samanya suruvatipasun jhalah remineechya 353 parishadechya british pratinidhimandalala gharee paratanyasathi tyachya tyachya aarthik madatichi yachana karavi lagali. brittonchya saxon aakramananmule brittonchya purvekadil bahutek aupcharik charchchya sanrachana jasjasha pudhe sarkat gelya tasha nasht jhalya, aanee tyaeivaji german bahudevvadacha eka prakar aala. saxonchya paschim dishechya vistaramadhye eka shantata asalyache disate, jeey paramparikaritya baddenchya ladhaishi sambandhit aahe, parantu 547 chya sumaras justinian plegchya aagmananantar, vistar punha suru jhaala. 838 madhye jevha cornwalla hingsten yetheel wessexne adheen kele, toparyant teey mukhytah tethil sthanik lokanvar aanee prathanvar sodale gele hote, jeey swabhavane swabhavikpane khrishchan rahile aanee seent pirainche vaktrutva 6 vya shatkatil aahe, jyamule teey brittenmadhil sarvat junya vidyaman khrishchan sthalanpaiki eka banale aahe.
anglo-saxon.
sanskratikdrushtya bargad paschim bhagatil tyachya akhand akhandatechya tulanet, saxonchya aagamanane purvekadil khrishchan dharm sampushtat aala aanee gregorian missionne purv brittenmadhye tyachi punha olakh karoon dilee. canterbury, augustein auph canterbury yethe tyachya aarchdiosijchi sthapana chester yetheel velsh churchwar aapala adhikar sthapit karnyat ayashasvi tharali parantu tyache dhyey-eden aanee coothbert sarkhya celtic missionarinchya madatine-kent aanee nantar northambriyamadhye yashasvi tharleh inglish churchche done prant canterbury aanee york (735) chya cathedralmadhun netrutva karat aahet. scottish mohimanchya mahattvamule, northambriyane suruvatila easter aanee mundan ganana kartana sthanik churchche anusaran kele, parantu nantar whitebeachya 664 chya synodmadhye canterbury aanee romashi swatahla jodale. yaa kalapasoon astitvat asalelya suruvatichya ingraji khrishchan kagadpatranmadhye 7 vya shatkatil prajjvalit lindisfarne gospels aanee aadaraniy bede yanni lihilelya aitihasik nondi samavisht aahet.
samanya.
popachya aakshepannantarhi rajachya dharmadhyakshanchi niyukti karnyacha adhikar asalelya englandmadhil khristi dharm haah vijayanantarcha samanyatah futiratavadi svabhavacha hota.
anukrame shatkaparyant norman lokanni englandvar kabja keela hota aanee welswar aakraman suru kele hote. salisburyche bishop ausmond yanni saram sanskar sanhitabaddha kele aanee, tyanchya tyanchya kalat, rogger yanni, sampann purvabandanchi eka pranali vikasit kelee hotee, jee bishappasoon swatantra charchchi padey sodoon gelee hotee. heinry II chya karkirdit, grail pauranik kathanchi vadhati lokpriyata charchchya vidhinmadhye sanvadachya vadhatya madhyavarti bhoomikeshi julali. prashansatmak labhanchya sahishnutemule, changlya natesambandh asalelyanna keval tyanchya aadhyatmik aanee laukik mahasulasathi anek padey dharan karata aalee, padavaril kartavye khalchya maulavyanna up-karar karane kinwa tyanna keval pratibandhatmak upchar mhanoon vagavane shakya jhaale. asha mahasulachya mahattvamule guntavanukiche sankat nirman jhaale, jeey king johnne pope nirdosh tisra yanchya namnirdeshit vyaktila canterburyche archbishop mhanoon swikaranyas nakar dilyane brittenmadhye usalale. 1208 madhye englandla madhyastikhali thevanyat aale aanee pudhchya varshi johnne bahishkrut kele; charchcha mahasool japt karnyacha tyala anand jhaala parantu popchya virodhamule balkat jhalelya deshantargat aanee paradeshi pratispardhyanmule too shevati mage hutla. jaree johnne tyachya deyake twarit mage ghetali, taree tyanantar nirdosh vyaktine tyachi bajoo ghetali aanee magna kartacha sampoorn nishedh keela, tyala "keval lajirvane aanee apmanaspad nahee tarr bekaydeshir aanee anyaykarak" mhatale. 14 vya shatkatil eka pramukh sudharana chalval kinwa pakhand laulardy hotee, jyache netrutva johnn wycliffe yanni kele, jyanni bayabalache ingerjit bhashantar kele. maranottar doshi tharvalyanantar, tyacha mrutdeh baher kadhanyat aala aanee jaalanyat aala aanee tyachya rakhanna nadeet vegane fekanyat aale.
vijayapurvich, edward daad confessor normandihoon rajmistrisaha paratala hota, jyanni roman shailit westminster math (1042) bandhala hota. norman vastukalechya cruciform charchmadhye anekada khol kulguru aanee chauras crossing tower hote, jeey ingraji charchchya vastukaleche vaishishtya rahile aahe. englandmadhye anek suruvatichya cathedral aahet, visheshtah winchester cathedral (1079), york minster (1080), derham cathedral (1093) aanee (naveen) salisbury cathedral (1220). 1174 madhye canterbury cathedralla lagalelya aagimule nuksan jhalyanantar, norman rajmistrini gothick shailichi suruvat kelee, jee 1191 chya sumaras vihiri aanee linken cathedralmadhye ingraji gothickmadhye vikasit jhaali. auxford aanee cambridge anukrame anukrame aanee aanee shatkat dharmik shaala mhanoon suru jhaale.
ingraji sudharana.
heinry VIII laa lutherchya sudharananna virodh kelyabaddal shraddhecha rakshak ("fidei defencer") mhanoon naav denyat aale. tyala jiwant mulga navhata aanee tichya putanyache sainya rommadhye asatana tyachya patnipasoon ghatasfot ghenyas parvanagi denyat pope asamarth hota, tathapi, henriela sudharana sansad bolavanyas aanee ingraji charchchya virodhat sarvoch shikshanacha kayada lagoo karnyas pravrutt kele, jyamule akheris 1532 madhye padrinchya samarpanala aanee 1534 chya sarvochatechya krutyanna chalana midali jyamule church auph ingland swatantra rashtriy church banale, aata popchya prashasanakhali nahee, parantu raja sarvoch governor mhanoon. (yaa velee church auph englandchi sthapana jhaali asey kadhikadhi chukiche mhatale jaate. englandche church haah kiman ii. sha. pasoon catholic charchcha eka prant hota. 600 aii. dii. jevha augustein canterburyche pahile archbishop banale. tyamule englandche church 900 varshanhun adhik kaal astitvat asatana tyachi sthapana houu shakali nasati.) tyach varshi sammat jhalelya kayadyane yaa upayayojananna sarvajanikaritya virodh karane heey deshdrohache krutya kele; johnn fisher aanee thomas morr aanee itar anekjan tyanchya nirantar kaithalikatesathi shaheed jhaale. 1588 madhye spanish naudalachya parabhavaparyant paradeshi aakramanachi bheeti hii chintechi baab hotee, parantu qamee aanee mothya mathanchya vighatananantar jaminichya vikrine yaa badalamage bahutansh kulinanna ekatra aanale. 1536 madhye linkenshire aanee yorkshiremadhil dharmik bund, 1537 madhye comberlandmadhil aanee 1549 madhye devon aanee cornwallmadheel bandanna twarit hatalanyat aale. cannon kayadyavaril shahee adhikarachya sandarbhat ingraji sudharanechya siddhantat suruvatila farsa farak navhtah luthernismcha nishedh keela gela aanee johnn freeth, robbert barnes aanee itar protestant dekhil shaheed jhaale, jyat william tindelcha samavesh hota, jyachya 'khrishchan mansachya aadnyapalanane' henriela rompasoon door rahnyas prerana dilee aanee jyachya baybalachya anuvadane henrichya swatachya adhikrut mahan baybalacha aadhar tayar keela. darmyan, 1535 aanee 1542 madheel kayade wellsche englandmadhye purnapane vilinikaran jhaale.
pudhil 150 varshe, dharmik dhoran shaskanusar badalateh edward vhee aanee tyachya rajpratinidhinni samanya prathna aanee samanya vyavasthechya naveen pustakansah adhik protestantvadala pasanti dilee. popashi vataghati kelyanantar tyachi baheen mereene romche purvichya charchchya jaminivaril dave sampushtat aanalyanantar catholic dharm punarsanchayit keela, parantu done khotya garbhadharanemule tichi baheen elizabeth pahili ticha varasdar rahili. elizabethchya aarohananantar, 1558 madheel eksamantecha kayada, 1559 chaa kayada aanee sarvochatechi shapath aanee 1563 chya ekonatis kalmanmule dharmik vasahat nirman jhaali jyane englandchya protestant charchchi punarsthapana kelee. tyaa kalatil padrinchya badalanvar 'daad wicker auph brey' madhye vyangchitra kele gele hote. popacha bail 'regnance inn accelsis' uttarekadil udayala aanee elizabethviruddhachya ayrish desmond bandanna pathimba dett hota, parantu tyachpramane calvinchya jinevhamadhun puritance mhanoon parat aalele marian nirvasitahi aprabhavi tharale. james pahila yane anglicanismchya bishapanna aanee kaithalikanvaril chhal qamee kartana adhikrut ingraji baybalachya nirmitila pathimba deela; tyachya vyaktiviruddhachya anek prayatnanmadhye-buy aanee barudchya katansah-shevati kathor upayayojananna chalana midali. charles pahila yane scotlandmadhil bishapsachya yuddhanna aanee shevati englandmadhil gruhyuddhala uttejan dile. vijayi dirgh sansadene 1643 chya westminster vidhansabhet charchchi punarrachana kelee aanee shraddhechi naveen kabuli jaaree kelee. (1689 madhye ingraj baptismadaranni swatache paul thewale.) punarsthapanantar, clarendon codes asahmati vyaktinviruddha kathor dandatmak kayade lagoo karnyat aale. charles dusra aanee james dusra yanni 1672 aanee 1687 madhye itar dharmanchya shahee bhoganchi ghoshana karnyacha prayatna keela; pahila chachani kayadyachya bajoone mage ghenyat aala, jyamule-popish katasah-bahishkar sankat nirman jhaale aanee nantarchya vyaktine 1688 chya gauravshali krantimadhye yogdan dile.
1689-1945.
1689-1945 dharmik tadjodine tadjodine dashkaparyant dhoranala aakar deela. church auph ingland keval dharmik babinmadhye varchasva gajavat navhate, tarr rashtriy aanee sthanik sarkar, vyavasay, vyavasay aanee shaikshanik kshetratil jababdar padanvarun baherchya lokanna rokhat hote. vyavharat, rajanchya daivi adhikaracha siddhant kayam rahila, junya vaimansya qamee jhaale hote aanee sahishnutechi eka naveen bhavna paradeshat hotee. gair-anurupavadyanvaril nirbandhankade bahudha durlaksh kele gele kinwa haloohaloo uthavale gele. raja james dusra hyala ulthoon takanyache kaam dawa kwekarsah protestantna bakshis denyat aale. 1689 chya sahishnuta kayadyane gair-anurupavadyanna parvanagi dilee jyanchya swatachya prathanasthale, shikshak aanee pracharak aahet aanee sensorship shithil karnyat aalee.
kaithalikavirodhi.
catholic stuart rajanchya french punarsanchayanacha dhoka sampeparyant catholic dharmavaril kathor dand kayam rahile, parantu tyanchi kvachitach amalbajavani kelee gelee aanee nantar 1829 madhye catholic mukti hoiparyant haloohaloo uthavanyat aale. catholic samarthak jacobite bandkhoriche apayash aanee jeey. chya mrutyunantar george tisra yala pope manyata denyat aalee.eff.eae. 1766 madhye stuartne kaithalikavirodhi kayade haloohaloo kadhoon taknyas parvanagi dilee, hii prakriya catholic mukti mhanoon olakhali jaate, jyat ingraji padanukramachi punarsthapana samavisht hotee.
evangelical punarujjivan.
englandchya charchchya aat aanee baherchya evangelical chalvalila 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 19 vya shatkachya suruvatila takad midali. yaa chalvaline paramparik dharmik sanvedansheelates aavhan dile, jyat uchchavargachya sanmansanhitevar aanee itar sarvansathi yogya vartanavar bharr denyat aala, tasech dharmik vidhinche nishthavan palan kele gele. johnn wesley (1703-1791) aanee tyachya anuyayanni baibal vachan, niyamit prathna aanee visheshtah punarujjivanachya anubhavachya madhyamatoon vyaktinche khristabarobarchya vaiyaktik natesambandhat rupantar karnyacha prayatna karat punarujjivanvadi dharmacha prachar keela. wesline swatah 52,000 vela upadesh keela, purush aanee striyanna 'velechi sutka' karnyache aanee tyanche pran vachavanyache aavahan kele. wesley nehmich church auph englandmadhye karyarat hota, parantu tyachya mrutyunantar, tyane bahereel sanstha sthapan kelya jyaa paddhatvadi church banalya. presbyterian, mandalitale, baptist, ekatmata aanee bhookamp dawa lokanchya paramparik gairsamajutichya bajoone teey ubhe hote. purvichya gair-anurupavadyanvar matra punarujjivanavadacha qamee prabhav hota.
englandche church varchasva gajavat rahile, parantu tyat eka vadhata evangelical, punarujjivanvadi gut hotah 'loow church'. tyachya netyanmadhye william wilberforce aanee hannah morr yancha samavesh hota. too claffum panthachya madhyamatoon uchchavargaparyant pohochala. tyat rajkiy sudharana nako hotya, tarr gulamanchi sutka karoon, dvandvayuddha radd karoon, mule aanee pranyanvar pravahat krurtevar bandee ghaloon, jugar thambavoon aanee shabbath divashi kshullakpana talhun rajkiy krutidvare aatmyanna vachavanyachi sandhee hotee. teey darroj baibal vachatat. devachya drushtine serve aatma samaan hote, parantu serve shareer nahee, mhanoon suvartikanni ingraji samajachya shrenibaddha sanrachanela aavhan dile nahee.
1851 chee janganana.
1851 madheel niyamit jangananecha eka bhag mhanoon, sarkarne 30 march 1851 roji englandmadhye janganana kelee aanee dharmik sevanmadhye upasthitiche ahwal sthanik mantryankadun gola kele gele, jyanni 30 march 1851 roji tyanchya sevanmadhye upasthiti nondavali. anek sevanmadhye (sakali/dupari/sandhyakali) upasthit asalelya vyaktincha parinam purnapane mojala jaau shakala nahee, parantu divasachya kahee tappyavar seves upasthit asalelya vyaktinchi andaje sankhya 7,261,032 lock hotee. sakalchya sevanmadhye upasthit asalelya vyaktinchi sankhya 4,647,482 hotee aanee upasthitanchi ekoon sankhya (pratikruteensah) 10,896,066 hotee. tyaveli ekoon loksankhya 1 kotee 79 laakh hotee.
missionary upkram.
pahilya british samrajyachya gairsamajuti shatkachya uchchanki kalat, ingraji aanee paddhatvadi dharmpracharak 13 american vasahatinmadhye sakriy hote. george whitefield yanchya netrutvakhalil paddhatvadi sarvat yashasvi hote aanee krantinantar purnapane vegala american paddhatvadi sampraday udayas aala joou naveen united statesmadhil sarvat motha protestant sampraday banala. vasahatvadi vasahatvadi eka mothee samasya mhanje church auph englandchi american bishop sthapan karanyachi magani hotee; yala bahutek americananni tivra virodh keela aanee asey kadhich jhaale nahee. virginia sarkhya vasahatinmadhyehi, jethe church auph ingland adhikrutpane sthapan karnyat aale hote, parantu vyavharat sthanik vastranmadhil samanya lokandware niyantrit asalelya vasahatinmadhyehi, vadhatya vasahati british dharmik babinvar tatasth bhoomika ghetali. american mukt jhalyanantar, british british serve vasahati, visheshtah british uttar america (canada) madhye church auph englandchi satta aanee sampatti vadhavanyacha nirnay ghetala.
tathapi shatkatil naveen samrajyavadachya kalat, london missionary society aanee tyasarkhe itar lock jagbharatil british samrajyat sakriy hote, visheshtah aafriketil scotsman david livingstone kamasah. ingraji bhashet naveen dharmik vyavastha dekhil sthapan karnyat aalya.
church auph ingland, daad presbyterian auph scotland aanee gair-anurupavadyansaha tathapi shatkatil mohimanmadhye serve mukhya sampraday sahbhagi hote. bahutek utsah evangelical punarujjivanatun udayas aala. church auph englandmadhye, church mission societycha (see. emm. ess.) ugam 1799 madhye jhaala aanee 'madhya purv' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya churchs jagbharat upkram haatee ghetale.
vasahatvadi karyalayadvare dekhrekh kinwa nirdeshit naan kelelya tyanchya swatachya kamansathi missionary sansthanni nidhi deela. dharmpracharak aanee vasahatvadi vasahatvadi tanav nirman jhaala. missionary kadachit samasya nirman kartil kinwa mool rahivashanna vasahatvadi adhikarala aavhan denyasathi protsahit kartil ashee bheeti missionarinna hotee. sarvasadharanpane, vasahatvadi adhikari khrishchan dharmachya vibhajankari shakticha parichay karoon denyaeivaji sthanik dharmansah prasthapit sthanik netrutvasobat kaam karnyas adhik soyiskar hote. heey bharatat visheshtah trasdayak tharale, agadi qamee sthanik uchchabhru lock khrishchan dharmakade aakarshit jhaale hote. aafriket, visheshtah, dharmpracharkanni anek dharmantar kele. kele shatkaparyant englandpeksha nigeriamadhye adhik anglican hote aanee teey sanskrutik aanee dharmikdrushtya adhik puranmatvadi hote.
europeey madhyamvargiy mulyancha bodh ghenyasathi dharmpracharkanni shikshan, vaidyakeey madat aanee sthanik vyaktimatvachya dirghakalin aadhunikikaranavar adhikadhik laksh kendrit kele. tyanni shaala aanee vaidyakeey davakhane sthapan kele. khrishchan dharmpracharkanni visheshtah swachchata aanee sarvajanik aarogyala protsahan denyat sarvajanik bhoomika bajavali. anekanna doctor mhanoon prashikshan denyat aale hote kinwa tyanni londonchya livingstone mahavidhyalayat sarvajanik aarogya aanee ushnakatibandhiy vaidyakshastratil vishesh abhyaskram ghetale hote.
1900-1945.
20 vya shatkat, dharmik aanee vishvavyapi chalvali mahattvachya ghadamodi hotya. 1903 teey 1928 paryant canterburyche archbishop asalele randle davidson heey kadachit charchmadhil sarvat prabhavshali hote.
birminghamche anglican bishop ernest barnes (1874-1953) heey eka vichitra prakaran hote, jeey anglo-catholic pratha aanee vidhinna virodh karnare atyant drishyaman aadhuniktavadi hote. tyane darwinwadacha prachar keela aanee anek khrishchan vishvasanchi, visheshtah pavitra sanvadacha sanskar aanee khristachya sharirik punarutthanachi khilli udavali. yamule tyanni bishop mhanoon rajinama dyava ashee magani jhaali; tyanni nakar deela, parantu davidson yanni khulya patrat kotharanvar saumya hallah keela.
jaree ekoon loksankhya satatyane vadhat hotee aanee catholic sadasyatva gatee ghet hote, taree protestant mage padat hote. 30-50 dashalaksh praudhanpaiki, teey 1920 madheel 57 laakh sadasya aanee 1940 madheel 54 laakh sadasyanvarun haloohaloo qamee houn 1970 madhye 43 lakhanvar aale. englandchya charchchi ghasaran samantar hotee. 1910 madhye gret brittenmadhye sarvat mothya gair-anurupatavadi gatane 841,000 sadasyanchya shikharavar pohochale, 1920 madhye teey 802,000,1940 madhye 792,000,1960 madhye 729,000 aanee 1980 madhye 488,000 paryant ghasarale. gair-anurupavadyanni audhyogik jilhyanmadhye eka majboot paya tayar keela hota jeey vastrodyog shetee aanee masemarimadhye vishesh hote; teey udyog qamee hott hote, jyancha ekoon purush kamgaranpaiki vaataa 1921 madhye 21 takkyanvarun 1951 madhye 13 takkyanparyant satatyane qamee hott hota. kutumbe dakshin englandmadhye kinwa upnagaranmadhye sthalantarit jhalyamule, tyancha anekada tyanchya balpanatil dharmashi sampark tutat gela. mothya pramanat gair-anurupavadi samudayavar aadharit asalelya aanee 1920 chya dashakat netrutvat bhandane jhalyamule jyache sadasyatva zapatyane haravale, tyaa udarmatvadi pakshasathi rajkiy pratidhvani sarvat gambhir hotya, ayrish catholic aanee kamgar vargatil anek jann kamgar pakshat gele aanee madhyam vargacha kahee bhag puranmatvadi pakshat gela. sadasyatvatil ghasaran rokhanyasathi, teen pramukh paddhatvadi gut 1932 madhye ekatra aale. scotlandmadhye done pramukh presbyterian gut, church auph scotland aanee united free church, 1929 madhye yach karanastav villin jhaale. tarihi satatyane ghasaran suruch rahili. gair-anurupavadyanni keval sadasyatvat ghat darshavili nahee tarr utsahat lakshaniy ghat darshavali. ravivari shalechi upasthiti qamee jhaali; naveen mantri khoopach qamee hote. ingrajivadaprati asalela virodh zapatyane qamee jhaala aanee kahee pramukh mantryansah anek pramukh gair-anurupavadi ingraji banale. mandalyancha aakar aanee utsah qamee hott gela, dharmpracharkanna nidhi denyat rus qamee hott gela, bauddhiktet ghat hott gelee aanee paishachya kamataratebaddal satat takrari hott rahilya. tippanikar dii. doubleu. broganne 1943 madhye ahwal dilah
dharmiktet dirghakalin ghat honyacha eka pailu mhanje protestantanni tyanchya mulanna dharmik shalanmadhye pathvanyat qamee rus dakhavila. englandmadhil sthanik bhagat, gair-anurupavadi, anglican aanee catholic yanchyat bhayankar ladhaya ladhalya gelya, pratyekachya swatachya shaley pranali curr aanee dharmnirpeksh shaala aanee kardatyandvare samarthit hotya. eka shatkapurvi shikshanavar vyavharikdrushtya maktedari asalelya ingrajanshi ladhanyat gair-anurupavadyanni vijayanantar kalapasoon pudhakar ghetala hota. prathamik shaletil loksankhyecha ingraji bhashetil vaataa 1918 madheel 57 takkyanvarun 1939 madhye 39 takkyanparyant khalee aala. anuroop nasalelya utsahat satatyane ghat hott rahilyane tyanchya shaala ekamagoon eka bund padalya. 1902 madhye, paddhatvadi charchani 738 shaala chalavalya; 1996 madhye keval 28 shaala shillak rahilya.
brittonne swatahla eka khrishchan desh mhanoon vichar karane suru thewale; kahee nastik kinwa avishvasu hote aanee khandachya ulat, lakshaniy asey konatehi dharmaguru-virodhi navhate. darroj eka trutiyansh kinwa tyahoon adhik prathna karatat. mothya bahusankhyanni janm, vivah aanee mrutyu chinhankit karnyasathi aupcharik church seva vaparlya. jaree mahayuddhachya serve mrutyunnantar narkavaril vishvas tutala asala taree bahusankhyancha dev aanee swargavar vishvas hota. 1918 nantar, church auph ingland servicessne jawaljawal serve narak charcha thambavali.
1910 nantar kaithalikavirodhi dharm zapatyane qamee hott gela, catholic charchchi sankhya vadhali, pujari aanee bhagininchya babatit zapatyane vaadh jhaali aanee aantarshahari audhyogik bhaganpasun adhik upnagariy thikani tyanchya parishcha vistar jhaala. jaree samajik sanrachanechya uchch staravar qamee pratinidhitva asale, taree kahee junya kuleen catholic kutumbanvyatirikt, patrakarita aanee mutsaddegirimadhye catholic pratibha udayala yet hotee. sarvat prasiddha jee. saha, vicharvant aanee lekhakanchya atyant prasiddha dharmantarat jhaleli vaadh hii eka lakshavedhi ghatana hotee. keey. chesterton, tasech khristofar dosson, mauris berring, ronald nox, sheela keey-smith, william eae. baag, alfried noyas, rosalind murre, arnold lune, erich gill, david johns, evelin vau, graham greeney, manya harari aanee phrank puckenham.
1945 pasoon.
sadhyache vadavivad striyanche samanvay aanee church aanee padrinmadhye samalaingikta swikaranyashi sambandhit aahet. itar deshanmadhun sthalantarit honyacha arth assa aahe qee ingland aanee velsmadhil punarsthapit catholic charchchi aata tyachya saptahik sevanmadhye jaast upasthiti aahe, taree sthapit charchmadhye aanakhi anek 'baptisma ghetalelya' sadasyanchi ganana suru aahe. 
1950 pasoon charchchya upasthitichya sankhyikeey aakadevarit lakshaniy ghat jhalyache olakhoon, 'britton, eka khrishchan desh' yaa pustakache lekhak paul backholler yanna yaa ghasaranila ullekhaneey apavad aadhalale, jyat biilii grahamchya united kingdam mohimanna 1954-55 pasoon upasthit asalelya 20 lakhanparyant lokancha samavesh aahe. 120,000 lokanni bharalele vidhansabha stadium, 23 meey 1954 roji ravivari grahamchi baithak, 'brittonchi sarvkaleen sarvat mothee dharmik baithak' mhanoon bolavali gelee."tyanantarchya nutanikaran chalvalinmadhye pentecostal chalval, karishmai nutanikaran aanee agadi alikade, vanshik alpasankhyak charchmadhil vegwan vaadh yancha samavesh hoto. charchchi upasthiti qamee hott asatana, too nishkarsh kadhato qee britton ajunahi "aitihasik aanee sanskratikdrushtya khrishchan swarupache aahe", jeey brittenmadhil alpasankhyak dharmanchya mahattvapoorn netyanni sahishnutechi abhivyakti mhanoon olakhale aahe.
roman catholic.
teey shatkachya pahilya done trutiyansh kalat ingraji catholickwad vadhat rahila, jevha too pramukhyane ingraji bauddhik vargatil ghatkanshi aanee vanshik ayrish loksankhyeshi sambandhit hota. anglican church aanee gair-anuroop protestant charchchya agadi ulat, samoohik upasthitiche praman khoop jaast rahile. teey shatkat 3,000 peksha qamee sankhyepasun suru jhalelya padrinchi sankhya sankhya 7,500 chya uchchanki patalivar pohochali.
teey shatkachya uttaradhat, vyavasayanchya qamee sankhyecha churchwar parinam jhaala aanee teey shatkachya uttaradhat shekado paurohitya asalelya padanvarun qamee houn, houn 20 purushanna aanee aanee 31 purushanna paurohitya mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale.
ayrish kaithalikanchya kamgar vargatoon madhyamvargiy upnagariy mukhya pravahat pravahat samajik chalvalicha arth anekada vyapak, dharmnirpeksh ingraji samajashi tyanche ektrikaran aanee swatantra catholic olakh gamavane assa hota. itar pashchimatya deshanpramanech, taree vatican parishadeche anusaran paramparik catholickwad aanee parishadekadun prerana prerana kaithalikvadachya adhik udarmatvadi swarupatil vibhaganidvare kele gele aahe. yamule kahee purv-samet dharmantaritansathi adachani nirman jhalya naheet, jaree alikadchya dashakanmadhye itar ajunahi charchmadhye sameel jhaale aahet (udaharanarth, malcum magrij aanee joseph pears), aanee paul johnson, pieter accroid, antonia fraser, bii. bii. see. chey mahasanchalak marqa thompson, michael martin, sudharanenantar haus auph commonschya vaktyache padd dharan karnare pahile catholic; criss patton, sudharanenantar oxfordche kulpatipad dharan karnare pahile catholic; pierces paul vachatat; helen lidel, brittonche austreliyatil uchchayukt; aanee majee pantpradhananchya patni, blair, yanna sarvajanik jeevanat konatihi adchan aalee nahee. majee pantpradhan toney blair yanche 2007 madhye catholic charchashi purn sanvad sadhanyat aala. 'tablet' chey sampadak catherine peppinster namood karatatah 'ayrish sthalantaritancha prabhav eka aahe. anek pramukh pracharak, shikshantadnya, manoranjan karnare (jase danny boyley, joou tyachya 'slumdog millionaire' yaa chitrapatamule shobijmadhil sarvat yashasvi catholic aahe), rajkarani aanee lekhak aahet. pann tyapasoon door gelelya kutumbanche vanshaj ajunahi yaa deshat eka shakti aahet."
scotland.
scottish sudharana.
16 vya shatkat, scotlandmadhye protestant sudharana jhalya jyamule calvanist rashtriy kirk tayar jhaala, joou drushtikonatun presbyterian banala aanee bishapsachya adhikaranmadhye gambhir ghat jhaali. tathapi, catholic aanee episcopal dharmache avashesh rahile. shatkachya suruvatichya kalat, pratham martin luther aanee nantar johnn calvin yanchya shikavanukincha scotlandver prabhav padoo lagla, visheshtah scottish vidvanandvare, jeey anekada paurohityasathi prashikshan ghet asat, jyanni khandiy vidyapithanna bhet dilee hotee. leutheran upadeshak patrick hamiltonla seent pietersbergmadhye vidharmitesathi fashi denyat aalee. 1528 madhye andreau. itaranchi, visheshtah zwingley-prabhavit george vishartchi fashi, jyala 1546 madhye cardinal beatonchya aadeshanusar davyavar jaalun taknyat aale hote, tyamule protestant santapt jhaale. vishartchya samarthakanni lagechach beatonchi hatya kelee aanee seent. french sainyachya madatine tyancha parabhav honyapurvi eka varsh tyanni tabyat thevalela andreau killa. chaplain johnn noxes vachalelyanna francemadhye gally gulam mhanoon doshi tharvanyat aale, jyamule frenchancha santap nirman jhaala aanee protestant karanasathi shaheed jhaale. maryadit sahishnuta aanee itar deshantil nirvasit scots aanee protestantanchya prabhavamule protestantvadacha vistar jhaala, 1557 madhye leardchya eka gatane swatahla mandalache swami ghoshit kele aanee rajkiyadrushtya tyanchya hitsambandhanche pratinidhitva kele. 1560 madhye french yutee kosalali aanee ingraji hastakshepacha arth assa jhaala qee protestantancha tulanene lahan, parantu atyant prabhavshali gut scottish churchwar sudharana ladanyachya sthiteet hota. popache adhikarkshetra aanee janatecha adhikar nakarnari shraddhechi kabuli 1560 madhye sansadene sweekarli, jevha scotschee ranee merrie hii tarun ajunahi francemadhye hotee.
nox, gallitoon baher padoon aanee calvincha anuyayi mhanoon jinevhamadhye vel ghalavalyanantar, tyaa kalatil sarvat mahattvapoorn vyakti mhanoon udayas aala. noxchya netrutvakhalil sudharkanchya calvinismule eka tadjod jhaali jyane (aanshik) presbyterian rajvat sweekarli aanee madhyayugeen charchchya bahutek vistrut bandhane nakarli. sudharlelya kirkmule sthanik lerdna lakshaniy adhikar midale, jyanche anekada padrinchya niyuktivar niyantran hote. pratimashravyateche vyapak, parantu samanyatah suvyavasthit udrek jhaale. yaa tappyavar bahusankhya loksankhya ajunahi samajavanyat catholic hotee aanee kirkla dongral pradesh aanee betanmadhye pravesh karane katheen vatale, parantu dharmantar aanee ektrikaranachi haloohaloo prakriya suru jhaali jee itaratra sudharananchya tulanet tulanene qamee chhalasah chalavali gelee.
1690 chya dashakat presbyterian aasthapanane episcopelian aanee vidharmi lokanchi bhoomi shuddha kelee aanee ishninda haah eka motha gunha keela. edinbergchya eka shalyachikitsakacha mulga, 18 varshiy thomas etcainhead yala naveen kararala 'kapati khristacha itihas' mhanoon sambodhalyabaddal prevy councilchya aadeshanusar ishnindacha aarop thevanyat aala hota; tyala 1696 madhye fashi denyat aalee. tyanchya atirekipanamule 'madhyam' kaaran mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya pratikriyes suruvat jhaali jee shevati prabhavi jhaali aanee shaharanmadhye udarmatvadi vicharancha marg khula jhaala.
18 weey shatak.
18 vya shatkachya suruvatila scotlandchya charchchya vikhandanachi suruvat jhaali-jee bhavya krantinantar purnapane presbyterian aadharavar punarrachit karnyat aalee. heey matbhed sarkar aanee aashray yaa samasyanmule prerit jhaale hote, parantu kattar dharmpracharak aanee dharmikdrushtya adhik sahishnu madhyampanthi paksh yanchyatil vyapak vibhajan pratibimbit hote. hii ladhai pahilyachya dharmandhatechya bhitivar aanee nantarchyachya dnyanachya kalpananna protsahan denyavar hotee. 1712 chaa aashray kayada haah dharmpracharkansathi eka motha dhakka hota, kaaran yacha arth sthanik jamindar mandalichya sadasyanchi navhe tarr mantryachi nivad karoo shakat hote. 1733 madhye ebenezer erskins vyaktinchya netrutvakhali pahilya aliptatesah evangelical mukhya bhag sodoon jaat asatana matbhed ufalun aale. 1761 madheel taree matbhedamule swatantra releaf charchcha paya rachala gela. 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat suvartik punarujjivanat yaa charchana takad midali. yacha eka mahattvacha parinam mhanje mukhya presbyterian church heey madhyam gatachya hatat hote, jyane shaharanmadhil dnyanodayasathi mahattvapoorn pathimba deela.
sakhal bhagatil scotlandchya charchchya vijayanantar vijayanantar kalanantar, dongral pradeshache lock aanee betavaril lock pranvadi lokvishvas aanee prathanni bharalelya junya kalatil khrishchan dharmala chikatoon rahile. yaa pradeshache duratva aanee gailic bhashik padrinchya abhavamule sthapit charchchya missionary prayatnanchi avahelana jhaali. 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat ess. ess. pii. see. missionarinchya prayatnanmule aanee paramparik samajache vighatan jhalyamule kahee pramanat yash midale. catholic dharm deshachya kinari bhagaparyant, visheshtah dongral pradesh aanee betanvaril gallic bhashik bhaganparyant qamee jhaala hota. jacobite bund aanee catholickwad qamee chalavalelya mohimepeksha thoda jaast qamee jhalyanantar kaithalikansathi paristhiti dekhil white jhaali. scottish episcopelianvad dekhil mahattvacha hota, jyane 17 vya shatkatil yadavi yuddhandvare aanee rajya badalandware samarthak kayam thewale hote. gairsamajuti shatkachya suruvatila bahutek episcopalianni jacobite bandkhoranna pathimba dilyane, tyanchya nashibatahi ghat jhaali.
19 weey shatak.
pradirgh varshanchya sangharshanantar, 1834 madhye dharmpracharkanni mahasabhevar niyantran midavale aanee nakaradhikar kayada manjur keela, jyamule mandalyanna aashraydatyanchya jivanatil avanchhit "ghuskhori" sadar karane nakaranyachi parvanagi midali. tyanantarchya daha varshanchya kayadeshir aanee rajkiy sangharshacha ant diwani nyayalayanmadhil gair-ghuskhoranchya parabhavat jhaala. yacha parinam assa jhaala qee dow. thomas chalmers yanchya netrutvakhalil kahee gair-ghuskhoranni charchpasoon matbhed nirman kele, jyanna 1843 chaa motha vyatyay mhanoon olakhale jaate. andaje eka trutiyansh padrinni, pramukhyane uttar aanee dongral bhagatil, swatantra church auph scotlandchi sthapana kelee. gallic bhasha aanee sanskratila adhik swikaranari evangelical mukt church, dongral pradesh aanee betanvar vegane vadhali, jee sthapit charchpeksha adhik jordarpane aakarshit karat hotee. chalmerschya kalpananmule vibhakt jhalelya gatala aakar midala. deshachya samajik sanrachanevar taana yet asatana scotlandchya sampradayik paramparanna punarujjivit aanee jatan dawa samajik drushtikonavar tyanni bharr deela. chalmersche aadarshikrut lahan samatavadi, kirk-aadharit, swavlambi samuday jyanni tyanchya sadasyanche vyaktimatva aanee sahkaryachi garaj olakhali. tyaa drushticha mukhya pravahatil presbyterian charchvarhi parinam jhaala aanee 1870 chya dashkaparyant teey scotlandchya sthapit charchane aatmasat kele hote. church shahari samajachya samasyanshi sambandhit hote aanee audhyogik shahare aanee shaharanmadhye jhalelya samajik vibhajanavar maat karnyachya karnyachya prayatnanche pratinidhitva karatat heey chalmerschya aadarshanni dakhavun dile.
tathapi shatkachya uttaradhat moolbhootvadi calvinvadi aanee dharamshastriy udarmatvadi yanchyat pramukh vadavivad jhaale, jyanni baybalacha shabdasha arth nakarla. yamule mukt charchmadhye aanakhi phoot padali kaaran 1893 madhye kathor calvinvadi mukt presbyterian church tayar karnyasathi vegale jhaale. tathapi, 1820 madhye kahee futiratavadi charchchya sanyukt pruthakkaran charchmadhye ekikaranapasun suruvat houn punarmilanachya dishene dekhil pavale uchalali gelee, jeey 1847 madhye releaf charchashi ekatra yeuun united presbyterian church tayar jhaale, jeey 1900 madhye swatantra charchmadhye sameel jhaale aanee united free church auph scotland tayar kele. samanya sanrakshanacha kayada kadhoon takalyane bahusankhya mukt church 1929 madhye church auph scotlandmadhye punha sameel houu shaktil. matbhedanni mukt presbyterian aanee 1900 madhye mukt church mhanoon villin naan jhalelya avasheshansah lahan sampraday sodale.
1829 madheel catholic mukti aanee visheshtah 1840 chya uttaradhatil dushkal varshannantar, pramukhyane glasgosarkhya vadhatya sakhal pradeshanmadhye mothya sankhyene ayrish sthalantaritanchya yenyane catholic dharmachya nashibat parivartan jhaale. 1878 madhye, virodh asoonahi, deshat roman catholic charchcha padanukram punarsanchayit karnyat aala aanee scotlandmadhye catholic dharm haah eka mahattvapoorn sampraday banala. tathapi shatkat uttaradhikar samasyeche punarujjivan jhaale aanee aanee scotlandmadhil episcopal church mhanoon, church auph englandshee sanvad sadhanari swayatt sanstha mhanoon, episcopalianvadachi sthapana jhaali. 18 vya shatkat scotlandmadhye baptist, mandalit aanee paddhatvadi church disu lagalya hotya, parantu 19 vya shatkaparyant lakshaniy vaadh suru jhaali nahee, anshatah kaaran scotlandchya charchmadhye aanee mukt charchmadhye adhik kattarpanthi aanee suvartik parampara aadhich astitvat hotya. 1879 pasoon tyanna moksh sainyachya evangelical punarujjivanadware sameel karnyat aale, jyane vadhatya shahari kendranmadhye mothe pravesh karnyacha prayatna keela.
20 weey aanee 21 weey shatak.
20 vya shatkat vidyaman khrishchan sampradayanna itar sanghatana sameel jhalya, jyat bandhu aanee panchkosta charchcha samavesh hota. kahee sampraday jaree bharbharatila aale asale taree, taree mahayuddhanantar charchchya upasthitimadhye satatyane ghat jhaali aanee parinami bahutek sampradayansathi church bund jhaale. 1950 chya dashakat skotlandmadhil mukhya presbyterian, episcopal aanee methodist sansthanche bhavya vilinikaran karnyachya uddeshane charcha suru jhaali. church auph scotlandchya sarvasadharan sabhene prastav fetalale tevha 2003 madhye charcha sampali. sthalantaramule dharmik paristhitihi badalali, parinami bigger-khrishchan dharmanchi vaadh jhaali. 2001 chya jangananenusar, 42.4 takke loksankhya church auph scotland, 15.9 takke catholic aanee 6.8 takke itar prakarchya khrishchan dharmachi aahe, jee ekoon loksankhyechya andaje 65 takke aahe (sampoorn brittonchya 72 takke loksankhyechya tulanet). itar dharmanmadhye islam 0.8 takke, bauddha, sheekh, jyoo aanee hindu heey serve sumare 0.01 takke hote. itar dharmanche ektritpane 0.6 takke pratisadkarte hote aanee 5.5 takke lokanni konatahi dharm sangitala nahee. 27. 5 takke lokanni sangitale qee tyancha konatahi dharm nahee (jeey ekoon brittenmadhil 15.5 takke lokanshi tulana karate). itar alikadil abhyas asey suchavatat qee jeey ekhadya sampradayashi julat naheet kinwa jeey swatahla gair-dharmik manatat, teey vicharlelya prashnachya swarupanusar 42 teey 56 takkyanchya darmyan barech jaast asoo shakatat.
wells.
velsh sudharana.
bishop richard davies aanee bandkhor protestant dharmaguru johnn penry yanni welsla calvanist dharamshastrachi olakh karoon dilee. charles II chya netrutvakhali rajeshahichya punarsthapanantar aanee velsachya paddhatvadi chalvalit tyanni kyalvinismcha vikas puritan kalat keela. tathapi, tathapi shatkachya madhyapurvi calvinchya kamanchya kahee pratee upalabdh hotya. 1567 madhye davies, william salesbury aanee thomas huet yanni naveen kararatil pahila aadhunik anuvad aanee samanya prathanechya pustakacha pahila anuvad purn keela. 1588 madhye william morganne sampoorn bayabalache bhashantar purn kele. yaa anuvadancha velsh bhashechya astitvasathi mahattvacha parinam jhaala aanee velshala dharmik bhasha aanee upasaneche sadhan mhanoon darja denyat aala. ingrajicha dabav asoonahi dainandin sanvadache sadhan mhanoon aanee aajahi eka sahityik bhasha mhanoon tyacha satat vapar karnyat yacha mahattvapoorn bhoomika hotee.
gairsamajuti.
gairsamajuti teey teey shatkaparyant velsmadhye gairsamajuticha lakshaniy prabhav hota. 18 vya shatkatil velsh paddhatvadi punarujjivan heey velsachya itihasatil sarvat mahattvapoorn dharmik aanee samajik chalvalinpaiki eka hote. velsmadhil church auph englandmadhye punarujjivan suru jhaale aanee suruvatila teey eka gut mhanoon rahile, parantu wellsche punarujjivan englandmadhil paddhatvadi punarujjivanapeksha vegale hote kaaran tyache dharamshastra aarminiyanaivaji calvinvadi hote. velsh paddhatvadyanni haloohaloo tyanchi swatachi jaal, sanrachana aanee agadi sabhasthale (kinwa chapples) tayar kelee, jyamule akheris akheris vegale hone aanee aanee calvinistic paddhatvadi presbyterian church auph wellschee aupcharik sthapana jhaali.
velsh paddhatvadi punarujjivanacha prabhav junya gair-anuroop churchwar kinwa asahmatidaranvar-baptist aanee mandalitale-jyanni vadhicha aanee nutanikaranacha dekhil anubhav ghetala. parinami, ekonisavya shatkachya madhyaparyant, wells heey pramukhyane eka gair-anuroop rashtra hote.
velshache 1904-1905 punarujjivan heey 20 vya shatkatil wellsche sarvat mothe purn pramanavaril khrishchan punarujjivan hote. asey manale jaate qee 1904-1905 punarujjivanachya kalat kiman 100,000 lock khrishchan jhaale, parantu asey asoonahi tyane velsmadhil khrishchan dharmachya haloohaloo ghasaranis aala ghatala nahee, keval teey thodese mage thewale.
dharmnirpekshata.
1940 chya dashakachya uttaradhat britton heey pramukhyane khrishchan rashtra hote, jyachya dharmiktela yuddhakalatil anubhavane balkati midali hotee, yavar itihaskar sahmat aahet. pieter forsterla aadhalale qee sarvekshankartyanna uttar detana ingrajanni khristi dharmachya satyavar prachand vishvas, tyabaddal uchch aadar aanee teey aanee naitik vartan yanchyatil majboot sambandh nondavala. pieter hennessy yanni assa yuktivad keela qee dirghkalapasun chalalelya manovruttinni badal thambavala nahee; shatkachya madhyaparyantah "britton ajunahi keval aspasht vruttichya arthane eka khrishchan desh hota, vishvas samanyatah vishvasachya karnelpeksha adhik avashisht bhusi asato."keneth oo. morganane heey lakshat gheuun sahmati darshavalih "protestant church. ingraji, aanee visheshtah gair-anurupatavadi, sarvanna ghatatya sankhyecha aanee dharmnirpeksh aavhanancha dabav jaanavala...wells aanee scotlandmadhil dankat vishranticha divasahi dhokyat hota, velsmadhye chitrapatgruhe aanee scotlandmadhil golph-course ughadanyasathi dabav hota."
harrisonne ahwal deela aahe qee dharmnirpekshatechya shaktinmadhye zapatyane vaadh jhaali aanee 1990 chya dashkaparyant protestantvadane tyachya 1945 chya samarthyachi eka patal chhaya kadhali. paschim europechya tulanet, dharmik sevanmadhye upasthitichya babatit britton khalchya staravar hota aanee 'dharm nahee' assa dawa dawa lokanmadhye too sarvat varr hota. 1950 madhye 80 takke britishanni teey khrishchan asalyache sangitale, tarr 2000 madhye keval 64 takke lokanni tase kele. bryan harrison mhanatatah
 2018 chya british samajik vrutti sarvekshananusar, jeey vicharte qee "tumcha dharm aahe qaa aanee jarr aahe tarr too kaay aahe?", britton bahusankhya aaa-dharmik hote. 2021 chya united kingdam jangananemadhye, "tumcha dharm kaay aahe?" asey vicharale jaate.", bigger-dharmikansathi bii. ess. aii. peksha qamee sankhya nondavali gelee, parantu khrishchan dharm ardhyahun qamee loksankhyechya khalee ghasarala hota.

