alpakalin vel

alpakalin vel (anekada sankshipt aanee) hii sandnya tattvatah konatyahi alpakalin (khagolshastriy vastoochya prakshepavajacha pravaskram) saha sambandhit velecha sandarbh deu shakate. vyavharat yacha adhik visheshtah sandarbh denyasathi vapar keela gela aaheh
khalilpaiki bahutek vibhag hote manakachya alpakalin kalashi sambandhit aahet.
kadhikadhi ashee dharana nirman jhaali aahe qee 1900 pasoon alpakalin vel vaparali jaat hotih heey kadachit udbhavale kaaran, jaree eae. tii., 1948-1952 yaa kalavadhit prastavit aanee sweekarle gele asale taree, 1900 janewari 0 chya yugatil tarkhecha aanee newkambachya "surya sarani" chaa purvalakshi vapar vapar sutrancha vapar karoon tapshilvar paribhashit kele gele hote.
hote manakacha alpakalin kaal tyachya aitihasik ekak alpakalin duyyam madhyamatoon eka nirantar varsa sodato, joou sadhyachya manak see. aay. sekand lambimadhye jawalun nakkal jhaala (khalee pahah aay punarnirdharan).
itihas (1952 manak).
1952 madhye manak mhanoon swikarlela ephemeris vel (ii.), moolatah eksaman vel pramanakade pahanyacha eka drushtikon mhanoon tayar keela gela hota, joou pruthvichya paribhramanatil aniyamitatechya parinamapasun mukt honyasathi, "khagolshastradnya aanee itar shastradnyanchya soyisathi", udaharanarth surya (pruthvivarun pahilyanusar), chandra aanee grahanchya effameridesmadhye vaparnyasathi. 1948 madhye jee. emm. clemonsney yacha prastav mandala hota.
johnn flamstead (1646-1719) yanchya kalapasoon asey manale jaat hote qee pruthviche dainandin paribhraman eksaman hote. parantu ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee visavya shatkachya suruvatila, khagolshastriy mojamapachya vadhatya achookatesah, pruthviche paribhraman ("i".eae."divasachi lambi) qamee velechya pramanat aniyamitata darshavili aanee dirgh velechya pramanat mandavat hotee. doubleu dii citter (1927) yanni purava sankalit keela hota, jyanni lihile hote qee, "jarr aapan heey gruhitak sweekarle tarr pruthvichya paribhramanadvare dileli aanee serve vyavharik khagolshastriy ganananmadhye vaparali jaanari 'khagolshastriy vel', 'eksaman' kinwa 'neutonian' velepeksha vegali aahe, jee khagoliy yantrikichya samikarananchi swatantra chull mhanoon paribhashit kelee jaate". dii citterne eksaman vel midvinyasathi pruthvichya paribhramanadvare dilelya sarasari saur velevar lagoo karnyasathi durustichi aupher dilee.
tyaa kalatil itar khagolshastradnyannihi eksaman vel midvinyasathi soochana kelya, jyat danzon (1929) chaa samavesh hota, jyanni suchavale qee chandra, surya aanee grahanchya nirikshan kelelya sthananchi, tyanchya susthapit gurutvakarshaniy alpakalinanchya tulanet, vel adhik changlya aanee adhik eksamanpane paribhashit aanee nirdharit karoo shakate.
asha prakare khagolshastriy aanee vaidnyanik hetunsathi eka naveen kalman pradan karane, sarasari saur velechya pramanachya anpekshit aniyamitata talhanyasathi aanee yaa hetunsathi sarvatrik vel (yuu. tii.) aanee pruthvichya tyachya akshachya bhovati firanyachya aadhare itar konatyahi velechya pramanachi jaaga ghene, jase qee parshviy vel, heey uddisht vikasit jhaale.
american khagolshastradnya jee. emm. clemons (1948) yanni ingraji khagolshastradnya royal etch. spensor johns (1939) yanchya parinamanvar aadharit yaa prakarcha tapshilvar prastav mandala. clemons' (1948) neey heey spasht kele qee tyacha prastav 'keval khagolshastradnya aanee itar shastradnyanchya soyisathi' hota aanee 'nagri hetunsathi sarasari saur velecha vapar suru thevane' tarkik hote.
daad citter andd clemons yaa doghannihi yaa prastavala 'neutonian' kinwa 'uniform' vel mhanoon sambodhale. dii. brower yanni 'ephemeris time' heey naav suchavale.
yanantar, 1950 madhye parismadhye jhalelya khagolshastriy parishadene shifaras kelee qee, "serve prakarananmadhye jethe sarasari saur sekand tyachya parivartansheelatemule veleche ekak mhanoon asamadhankarak aahe, swikarlele ekak 1900.0 varr ciderial varsh asave, qee yaa unitmadhye mojalela vel 'ephemeris vel' mhanoon niyukt keela jaava aanee sarasari saur veleche ephemeris velet bhashantar karnyasathi clemonsche sootra (ephemeris velechi vyakhya (1952 pahaa) dile pahije.
aantarrashtriy khagolshastriy sanghatnene 1952 chya sarvasadharan sabhet yaa shifarshila manyata dilee. vyavharik parichayasathi thoda vel lagla (adhikrut panchang aanee alpakalinanmadhye alpakalin velecha vapar pahaa); alpakalin vel (ii.) 1970 chya dashakat pudhil velechya pramanandware mage takalya jaiparyant eka manak rahila (punaravrutti pahaa).
manak mhanoon alpakalin chalanachya kalat, tapashilanmadhye thode sudharana karnyat aalee. unitchi vyakhya, ushnakatibandhiy varshachya drushtine, bajula asalelya varshapeksha 1900.0 varr karnyat aalee hotee; aanee manak aay vyakhya pratham ushnakatibandhiy varshacha 1/31556925.975,1900.0 varr, aanee nantar kinchit sudharit apurnank 1/31556925.9747 mhanoon karnyat aalee hotee, shevati caesium anoo ghadyal manakachya drushtine 1967/8 madhye tyachi punarnirdharan karnyat aalee (khalee pahaa).
jaree 'ett' aata thet vaparat nasla taree too eka nirantar varsa sodoon jaato. tii. dii. tii. sarkhya tyachya uttaradhikari velechya pramananchi, tasech anoo vel praman aay. aii. tii. (taee) chee rachana asha sambandhasah karnyat aalee hotee, jeey "alpakalin velesah satatya pradan karate". 1950 chya dashakat etcha vapar anoo ghadyalanchya kramankanasathi keela gela. nantarchya see sekandasah (caesium anoo ghadyalachya sandarbhat paribhashit kelyapramane) ett sekandamadhil jawalchi samanata 1010 madhye 1 bhagachya aat satyapit kelee gelee aahe.
asha prakare, alpakalin velechya mool designersney ghetalelya nirnayancha aajchya pramanit see. aay. sekand lambivar prabhav padala aanee tyaa badalyat, sadhyachya prasaran velechya pramananmadhye samavisht karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya leap sekandanchya sankhyevar yacha satat prabhav padato, jenekarun teey sarasari saur velenusar andaje tappyatappyane rahtil.
vyakhya (1952).
pruthvichya suryabhovatichya kakshiy gatidware tatvikdrushtya alpakalin vel paribhashit kelee gelee hotee (parantu tyachi vyavharik amalbajavani sahasa dusarya margane sadhya kelee gelee hotee, khalee pahaa). tyachi tapshilvar vyakhya sayman newkambachya 'table auph daad sunn' (1895) varr aadharit hotee, jee kahee nirikshan kelelya visangati samavoon ghenyasathi naveen paddhatine amalat aanali geleeh
surya table" chya parichayat, tablecha aadhar (pru. 9) madhye eka velee suryachya sarasari rekhanshache sootra samavisht aahe, jeey madhyantar tii (36525 sarasari saur divasanchya julien shatkanchya ekkanmadhye) dware darshavile jaate, 0 janewari 1900 roji greenwich sarasari duparpasoon mojale jaateh
jaateh spensor johnschya karyane asey darshavile qee suryachya nirikshan kelelya sthitee aanee newkambachya sutradvare dilelya andajit sthitimadhil farkane sutramadhye khaleel durustichi garaj darshavilih
jethe "nirikshan vel sarvatrik velet aahe, neutonian velenusar durust keleli nahee" aanee 0.0748b chandrachya nirikshananvarun mojalelya aniyamit chadhautaranche pratinidhitva karate.
asha prakare, newkambachya sutrache paramparikaritya durust kelele swaroop, jyamadhye sarasari saur velechya aadhare sudharana samavisht kelya jaatil, tyaa aadhichya done abhivyaktinchi berries aselah
tathapi, clemonschya 1948 chya prastavat sarasari saur velechi ashee durusti sweekarli gelee nahee. tyaeivaji, newkambachya mool naan durust kelelya sutrapramanech sankhya vaparlya jaat hotya (1), parantu aata suryachya vastavik sthitivar aadharit, naveen vel aanee veleche praman spashtapane paribhashit karnyasathi kahee pramanat vihitpane lagoo kele gele aaheh
yaa punarprayogasah, aata eae mhanoon dilela vel chull, 36525 alpakalin divasanchya alpakalin shatkatil pratyeki 86400 alpakalin sekandanchya veleche pratinidhitva karato. 1961 chya adhikrut sandarbhane yaa sankalpanecha saransh assa dilah "suryacha sarasari rekhansh newkambachya abhivyaktishi sahmat honyasathi alpakalin velecha ugam aanee darr paribhashit keela aahe"
(2) aanee (3) yaa sutranchya tulanet, jeey donhi ekach vastavik velet samaan vastavik saur gatee vyakt karatat parantu vegvegalya velechya pramananvar paribhashit kele jaatat, kshamayachana eka spasht abhivyaktivar pohochali, alpakalin vel aanee sarasari saur vel yanchyatil velechya sekandanmadhil farkacha andaj lavat, yaa arthane (ett-yout):
sootra _ 1. . . . . (4)
δls madheel 1.00 "shhee sambandhit 24.349 sekandansah.
kshamayachanache sootra (aaj adhik aadhunik andajanni mage takale aahe) alpakalin velevaril mool parishadechya nirnayat samavisht kele gele hote. chadhautaranchi sandnya lakshat gheta, alpakalin vel aanee yu. tii. madheel farkache vyavharik nirdharan nirikshanavar avalambun asate. vareel sutranchya tapasanivarun asey disun yete qee sampoorn visavya shatkat alpakalin veleche (aadarshpane sthir) ekak heey sarasari saur velechya sambandhit (parantu tantotant sthir nahee) ekkanpeksha (jeey tyanchya aniyamit chadhautaranvyatirikt, haloohaloo lambanyacha cull darshavtat) thode qamee hote. haah shodh maurison aanee stephensonchya aadhunik parinamanshi susangat aahe (lekh δt pahaa).
amalbajavani.
chandrachya nirikshanandware duyyam sakshatkar.
jaree alpakalin vel hii tattvatah suryachya bhovati pruthvichya kakshiy gatidware paribhashit kelee gelee asali, taree tee sahasa pruthvibhovati chandrachya kakshiy gatidware vyavharat mojali jaat asey. suryachya sarasari gatichya sandarbhat chandrachya sarasari gatiche calibration kelyanantar, saur gatichya drushtine, yaa mojmapanmule 'eae. tii.' chya prathamik vyakhyechi duyyam jaaniv (mapanshastriy arthane) manali jaau shakate.
chandrachya mojamapachya vaparachi karane vyavharikdrushtya aadharit hotih chandra chandra parshvabhumivar suryachya gatichya darapeksha sumare 13 putt vegane sarakato aanee chandrachya mojmapanmadhun velechya nirdharanachi achookata tyanusar jaast asate.
jevha alpakalin vel pahilyanda sweekarli gelee, tevha veleche praman nehmipramane khagolshastriy nirikshanavar aadharit hote. optical nirikshanachya achookatemule achookata maryadit hotee aanee ghadyale aanee velechya sanketanchya sudharana thakbakimadhye prakashit kelya gelya.
anoo ghadyalandvare duyyam prapti.
kahee varshannantar, caesium anoo ghadyalachya shodhasah, eka paryay swatah samore aala. 1958 madhye, ephimeris velechya sandarbhat caesium anoo ghadyalachya kramankanantar, ephimeris sekandanchya aadhare aadhare caesium anoo ghadyalancha vapar aanee teey ephimeris velenusar tappyatappyane thewale jaau lagale. anoo ghadyalanni ardh-vastavik velechya aadharavar 'eae. tii.' chee aanakhi duyyam jaaniv dilee, jee lavkarach prathamik 'eae. tii.'.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. asha duyyam anubhavancha vapar aanee varnan 'ett' asey kele gele, yaa jaanivisah qee anoo ghadyalanvar aadharit veleche praman prathamik alpakalin velechya pramanadvare paribhashit kelelya velesarkhe navhate, parantu tyanchya jawalpasachya eksamantemule tyat sudharana jhaali. anoo ghadyalanni anoo velechya pramanala janm deela aanee jyala aadhi sthaliy gatishil vel mhatale jaat asey aanee aata sthaliy vel aahe, yachee vyakhya 'eae.'...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
anoo ghadyalanchi upalabdhata, khagolshastriy nirikshanachya vadhatya achookatesah (jyacha arth assa hota qee sapeksh sudharana kiman najikchya bhavishyat durlaksh kelya jaanyaitkya lahan rahnar naheet), parinami antimatah ephemeris vel manakachi jaaga sthaliy vel aanee barricentric gatishil velesah adhik parishkrut vel pramanakanni ghetali, jyakade andaj mhanoon pahile jaau shakate.
velechya pramananchi punaravrutti.
1976 madhye, aay. aii. yuu. neey tharavale qee tyachya tatkalin-vartaman (1952 pasoon) alpakalin velechya manakacha saiddhantik aadhar sapekshatavadi navhata aanee mhanunach, 1984 pasoon, alpakalin velechi jaaga gatishil velechi rachana karnyachya uddeshane done sapekshavadi velene ghetali jailah sthaliy gatishil vel (tii. dii. tii.) aanee barricentric gatishil vel (tii. dii. bii.). adachani olakhalya gelya, jyamule 1990 chya dashakat sthaliy vel (tii. tii.), bhoo-kendrit samanvay vel jee. see. tii. (tii. see. jee.) aanee barricentric samanvay vel bii. see. tii. (tii. see. bii.) yaa velechya pramanandware tyanchi jaaga ghetali gelee.
jeey. pii. ell. ephemeris time argument tafe.
jett pranodan prayogshalet (jeey. pii. ell.) dirghkal surya, chandra aanee grahanche uchch-achookata asalele ephemerides vikasit aanee mojale gele aanee 1984 pasoon khagolshastriy panchangatil ephemeridesathi navintam upalabdh asalele sweekarle gele. aay. aii. yuu. manak nasale taree, 1960 chya dashakapasun tyaa sansthet ephemeris time argument tefcha vapar keela jaat aahe. tefdware darshavilele vel praman sapeksh nirdeshank vel mhanoon darshavile gele aahe jeey keval 2 milisekandanpeksha jaast jaast amplitudes chhotya niyatkalik sandnyanni sthaliy velepeksha bhinn aaheh teey reshiyadrushtya sambandhit aahe, parantu aay. aii. yuu. neey 1991 madhye manak mhanoon swikarlelya tii. see. bii. velechya pramanapeksha (offset aanee sthir daradvare joou 0.5 seey./aii. chya kramane aahe) vegale aahe. asha prakare bhukhandavaril kinwa tyachya jawalil ghadyalansathi, tafe (2 milisekandanchya aat), parantu titkya jawalun tii. see. bii. nahee, yacha vapar sthaliy velecha andaj mhanoon keela jaau shakato aanee pramanit effemeridesdware tafe vyapak vaparat aahe.
anshatah jeey. pii. ell. effemeridesdware tefchya vyapak vaparachya manyatesathi, 2006 chya aay. aii. yuu. tharav 3 (rii-) neey barricentric dynamical time (tii. dii. bii.) laa vartaman manak mhanoon paribhashit kele. 2006 madhye punha paribhashit kelyapramane, tii. dii. bii. heey tii. see. bii. chey resheey parivartan aahe. tyach aay. aii. yuu. tharavat asehi mhatale aahe (teap 4 madhye) qee "jeey. pii. ell. ephemeris ephemeris chaa swatantra vel yuktivad, jyala tafe mhanatat" (yethe aay. aii. yuu. srot uddhrut karato), vyavharik karanansathi yaa tharavat paribhashit kelelya tii. dii. bii. sarkhach aahe ". asha prakare naveen tii. dii. bii., tefpramanech, moolatah junya alpakalin velecha adhik parishkrut satatya aahe aanee (niyatkalik chadhautaranvyatirikt) 1950 chya dashakat sthapit kelelya eae. tii. chya samaan sarasari darr aahe.
adhikrut panchang aanee effameridesmadhye vapara.
1952 madhye swikarlelya mankanvar aadharit alpakalin vel khagolshastriy alpakalin (yooke) aanee american alpakalin aanee sagari panchangat samavisht karnyat aalee, 1960 aanee tyanantarchya samasyanmadhil mukhya alpakalinanmadhye yuu. tii. chee jaaga ghenyat aalee. (parantu sagari panchangatil alpakalin, toparyant navikanchya vaparasathi eka swatantra prakashan, yu. tii. chya sandarbhat vyakt kele jaat rahile.) 1983 paryant yaa aadharavar ephemerides chaloo rahile (khagolshastriy sthirankanchya sudharit mulyancha avalamb kelyamule kahee badalansah), tyanantar, 1984 nantar tyanni jeey. pii. ell. ephemerides sweekarle.
1960 chya badalachya aadhi, 1952-1959 yaa varshansathi alpakalin velechya drushtine 'sudharit chandra alpakalin' aadhich upalabdh karoon denyat aale hote (doubleu. jeey. ackert yanni tapkirichya siddhantatun kshama (1948) dware shifaras kelelya badalansah ganana kelee hotee).
aay punarnirdharan.
alpakalin velechya ekkachya kramik vyakhyancha ullekh varr (itihas) keela aahe. 1956/1960 manak sekandasathi swikarlele moolyah
saur sarasari rekhanshasathi (vareel) newkambachya abhivyaktitil resheey vel-gunankatoon prapt kele gele, jeey vareel sootra (3) madhye asalelya velesathi tyach arthane ghetale aanee lagoo kele gele. newkambachya gunankabarobarcha sambandh khalilpramane pahata yetoh
caesium anoo ghadyale 1955 madhye karyanvit jhaali aanee pruthvichya paribhramanat aniyamit chadh-utaar hott asalyachya puravyachi twarit pushti kelee. yamule sarvat achook hetunsathi velechya madhyamapache mojmap mhanoon sarvatrik velechya sarasari saur sekandachi anupayuktata siddha jhaali. chandra nirikshananshi teen varshanchya tulana kelyanantar, markovitz aanee itar. (1958) neey nirdharit kele qee alpakalin duyyam nivadak caesium anunad 9 192 631 770 ± 20 chakranshi sambandhit aahe.
yanantar, 1967/68 madhye, vajan aanee mojmap (see. jee. pii. emm.) vareel sarvasadharan parishadene see. aay. sekand yaa vyakhyechi jaaga khalilpramane ghetalih
dusare mhanje caesium 133 anoochya jaminivaril sthitichya done atimanav staranmadhil sankramanashi sambandhit kiranotsargachya 9,192,631,770 kalavadhicha kalavadhi.
jaree hii eka swatantra vyakhya aahe jee alpakalin velechya junya aadharala sandarbhit karat nasali taree tee 1958 madhye caesium ghadyalane mojalelya alpakalin velechya mulyaitakech praman vaparte. anoo vel mhanoon sandarbhit yaa see. aay. aay nantar markovitz (1988) dware 1010 madheel 1 bhagamadhye, chandrachya nirikshananvarun nirdharit kelyapramane alpakalin velechya velechya bhagashi sahmati darshavinyasathi padtalani karnyat aalee.
vyavharik karanansathi alpakalin sekandachi lambi hii barricentric dynamical time (tii. dii. bii.) kinwa terrestrial time (tii. tii.) kinwa tyachya purvavarti tii. dii. tii. chya sekandachya lambichya barobarichi ghetali jaau shakate.
ett aanee yutmadhil farkala δt mhanatat; too aniyamitpane badalato, parantu dirghakalin cull parabolic aahe, joou pracheen kalapasoon ekonisavya shatkaparyant qamee hott aahe aanee tevhapasoon saur divasachya lambit prati shatak 1.7 mschya vadhishi sambandhit darane vadhat aahe (leap sekand pahaa).
aantarrashtriy anoo vel (taee) 1 janewari 1958 roji yuu. tii. 2 chya barobarine nishchit kelee gelee hotee. tyaveli, δt aadhich 32.18 sekand hote. sthaliy vel (tii. tii.) (alpakalin velecha uttaradhikari) aanee anoo vel yanchyatil farak nantar khalilpramane paribhashit karnyat aalah
haah farak sthir manla jaau shakato-tii. tii. aanee taiche darr samaan asavet asey tharavale aahet.

