talalele padarthanchi yadee

george friedrich list (6 august 1789-30 november 1846) heey german-american arthshastradnya aanee rajkiy siddhantkar hote, jyanni europe aanee america yaa donhi deshanmadhye rajkiy arthvyavasthecha rashtravadi siddhant vikasit keela. teey german aitihasik arthshastra shakheche purvaj hote aanee tyanni rashtravadi drushtikonatun zolverine (panne-german simashulk sangh) sathee yuktivad keela. deshantargat vastoonchya mukt vyaparala pathimba detana aayat kelelya vastunvaril shulk vadhavanyache tyanni samarthan kele aanee shulkachya kharchakade deshachya bhavishyatil utpadaktetil guntavanuk mhanoon pahile pahije asey sangitale.
list haah eka rajkiy udarmatvadi hota, jyane carl wonn rottech aanee carl theoder velkar yanna 'daad' yaa rajkiy vidnyanachya vishvakoshavar sahkarya kele, jyane ghatanatmak udarmatvadache samarthan kele aanee jyane 'vormarz' varr prabhav padala. europemadhye tyaa velee, udarmatvadi aanee rashtravadi kalpana jawaljawal avibhajyapane jodalelya hotya aanee rajkiy udarmatvad adyap jyacha nantar "aarthik udarmatvad" mhanoon vichar keela gela tyachyashi jodalela navhata."emmanuel todd, 'madhyam kinwa niyantrit bhandavalshahi' chaa siddhantkar mhanoon johnn menard keyneschya yadila agraganya manatat."
charitra.
prarambhik jeevan.
listcha janm 6 august 1789 roji wrttembergchya duchymadhil swatantra shahee shahar reutlinganmadhye jhaala. tyache vadil johannes heey eka samruddha master tanner aanee shahar adhikari hote aanee george friedrich haah tyachya kutumbatil dusra mulga aanee sarvat lahan mulga hota. tyache shikshan shaharatil lattin shalet jhaale. tyachya vadilanchya charmashuddhikaran vyavasayat shikau asatana, yadimadhye sharirik shramamadhye farsa rus navhata. teey bloyubern yethe nokarshahi karakoon mhanoon prashikshan ghet hote. pariksha uttirn jhalyanantar too shelklingenmadhye curr aanee godamancha aayukt jhaala.
tubingen vidyapith.
vayachya 23 vya varshi, yadila tubingen yethe eka padavar badhati denyat aalee. tithe asatana, teey niyamitpane tubingen vidyapithatil vyakhyananmadhye upasthit rahile aanee tyanchya vachanacha vistar keela. tyanni bhavee mantryachi olakhahi karoon dilee. 1816 madhye, wrttembergcha raja william pahila yachya varshane sudharananchya kalavadhichi suruvat kelyamule nokarshahitil yadiche sthan sudharle. mantryanchya netrutvakhali, nokarshahit hii yadee zapatyane vadhali aanee tyanna vidyapithat prashasana aanee rajkaranache pahile pradhyapak karnyat aale. 1817 madhye yuktivad karat, ashee sthitee sthapan karnyasathi yadee vakeel hotih
"aamchya vidyapithatil konalahi rashtriy arthvyavasthechi kalpana nahee. shetee, vanikaran, khankam, udyog kinwa vyapar yanche vidnyan konihi shikavat nahee. ... [tii] sarkarche prakar kharokharach asha kroor sthiteet aahet qee, jarr sataravya shatkatil ekhada adhikari mrutanmadhun punha uthala tarr too lagech tyache june kaam haatee gheu shakato, jaree nirmitichya sarvat sopya prakriyet madhyantarat kelelya pragati pahoon tyala nakkich aashchary vatel."
wrttemberg chamberche pratinidhi mhanoon, teey prashasakeey sudharananche samarthan karnyat sakriy hote. akheris tyala sabhagruhatun hakaloon denyat aale aanee april 1822 madhye tyala espergchya killyat kathor parishramansah daha mahinyanchya turungvasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee. too alsesla paloon gela aanee france aanee englandla bhet dilyanantar 1824 madhye tyachi shiksha purn karnyasathi paratala aanee americet sthalantar karnyachya vachanbaddhatevar tyachi sutka karnyat aalee.
united statesmadhye jaah 1825-1830.
1825 madhye americet yeuun too pensylvaniamadhye sthayik jhaala, jithe too eka vyapak jamindar banala. teey pratham shetimadhye guntale, parantu lavkarach patrakaritekade valale aanee vachanatil german vruttapatrache sampadan kele. teey railwaymargachya sthapanet sakriy hote.
kahijan vaad ghalatat (udaa.jee. chang, 2002) qee alekzandar hamiltonchya kamacha abhyas karoon tyanni ameriketach prerana midavali, jyamule teey tyanchya 'rashtriy pranali' chya spasht drushtikonache arthshastradnya banale, jyachi jaaniv heinry klechya american pranalimadhye jhaali. itar lock heey nakartat (dastol, 2011), kaaran tyane 1819 madhye aadhich german simashulk sanghasathi yuktivad keela, jevha tyane udyog aanee vyaparasathi pahila german sangh sthapan keela. sanrakshanvadavaril yadichya kalpana tyachya american pravasachya aadhichya aahet aanee adolph theorsarkhya udarmatvadi sanrakshanvadyancha tyanchyavar prabhav hota. 1827 madhye tyanchya 'american rajkiy arthvyavasthechi ruparesha' yaa patrakat, jyamadhye tyanni vyavharik sanrakshn aanee mukt vyaparachya siddhantacha bachav keela, jyacha soochidvare manjur kelela mukhya saiddhantik sandarbh jeane-antoin chaptal yanche 'dii laal' industry frankage '(1819) hota. tyane adhigrahit kelelya kahee jamineet kolshachya shodhamule too aarthikdrushtya swatantra jhaala.
europe kadey parat jaah 1831-1846.
1830 madhye, tyanna hamberg yethe united statesche vanijyadut mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale, parantu europemadhye aagman jhalyanantar tyanna aadhalale qee synet tyanchya niyuktila pushti denyat ayashasvi tharale aahe. parismadhye kahee kaal rahilyanantar too pensylvaniala paratala. tyanantar too 1833 madhye leapzig yethe sthayik jhaala, jithe too kahee kaal yuu hota.ess. vanijyadut. 1837 teey 1843 paryant teey parismadhye patrakar hote, jithe tyanni theorschya madhya-davya vruttpatra 'leey constitutional' sathee lekh lihile. tyanni augusbergsathi 'algemine zitung' sathee anek patre lihili, jee 1841 madhye 'daas national system dair politischen ikonami' yaa shirshakakhali eka khandat prakashit jhaali.
1841 madhye, tyanchya aajarpanamule tyanna udarmatvadi vicharancha eka naveen collon pepper, 'renishe zitung' sampadit karnyacha prastav nakarava lagla aanee carl marksney heey padd sweekarle. 1843 madhye tyanni augusbergmadhye 'zolverinsablat' chee sthapana kelee, eka vruttpatra jyamadhye tyanni simashulk sanghatanechya () vistarache aanee rashtriy vyavsayik vyavasthechya sanghataneche samarthan kele. germanymadhye railway vyavasthechya vistarache tyanni jordar samarthan kele. germanyla aarthikdrushtya eksandh karnyasathi 'zolverine' chaa vikas mukhyatve tyachya utsah aanee utkatatemule jhaala.
1844 madhye tyanni austriya aanee hangerila bhet dilee.
1846 madhye, too desh aanee germany yanchyat vyavsayik yutee karnyachya uddeshane tyane englandla bhet dilee parantu too ayashasvi tharala. tyache shevatche divas anek durdaivanmule andharle hote; aarthik sankatat tyane tyachi bahutek american malmatta gamavali, tabyetihi tyala mage padali aanee 30 november 1846 roji tyane kufsteenmadhye aatmahatya kelee.
drushye.
rajkiy arthvyavasthecha rashtravadi drushtikon.
yadicha 'rashtriy arthshastra' haah siddhant, addam smith aanee jeey.buub. sanga. yaa yadine ekhadya vyaktichya aarthik vartanachi aanee rashtrachya vartanachi tulana kelee. ekhadi vyakti keval swatachya vaiyaktik hitsambandhanna protsahan dete, parantu rajya aaplya serve nagarikanchya kalyanala protsahan dete. ekhadya deshachya hitsambandhanna haanee haanee upkramanmadhun ekhadi vyakti samruddha houu shakate. "gulamgiri hii ekhadya deshasathi sarvajanik aapatti asoo shakate, tarihi kahee lock gulamancha vyapar chalavanyat aanee gulamanna dharoon thevanyat khoop changle kaam karoo shakatat."tyachpramane, samajasathi fayadeshir asalelya upkramanmule kahee vyaktinchya hitsambandhanna haanee pohochu shakate. "kalve aanee railwaymarg ekhadya deshasathi khoop changle kaam karoo shakatat, parantu serve vahanchalak yaa sudharanechi takrar kartil. pratyek naveen shodhat anek vyaktinsathi kahee gairsoy asate aanee tarihi too eka sarvajanik aashirvad aahe. arthvyavasthela chalana denyasathi kahee sarkari krutee aavashyak asali taree atiutsahi sarkar changalyapeksha adhik haanee karoo shakate, assa yuktivad yadine keela. "pratyek goshtiche niyaman karane aanee samajik shaktincha vapar karoon pratyek goshticha prachar karane heey white dhoran aahe, jithe goshti adhik changlya prakare niyantrit houu shakatat aanee khajgi prayatnandvare adhik changlya prakare protsahan dile jaau shakate; parantu jyaa goshti keval samajik sattemadhye hastakshep karoonach protsahan dilya jaau shakatat tyaa goshti sodoon dene heey qamee white dhoran nahee."
rashtranche tyanchya loksankhyeshi asalele 'sarvatrik aikya' asalyamule, yadimadhye asey mhatale aahe qee, 'yaa rajkiy sangharajyatun tyanche vyavsayik sangharajyachi suruvat hote aanee shashvat shantatecha parinam mhanoon kayamswarupi asey rahile qee vyavsayik sangharajya tyanchyasathi itake fayadeshir jhaale aahe. ... samanya mukt vyaparacha parinam sarvatrik prajasattak honar nahee, parantu tyaulat, qamee pragat rashtranna pramukh utpadan, vyavsayik aanee naudal shaktichya sarvatrik adhinata haah eka nishkarsh aahe jyasathi karane khoop majboot aahet. ... eka sarvatrik prajasattak... , aay.eae. pruthvivaril rashtrancha eka sangh, jyamadhye teey aapapasat samaan hakkanchya atty olakhatat aanee aatm-tyag karatat, keval tevhach sadhya houu shakato jevha mothya sankhyene rashtriyatva udyog aanee sanskruti, rajkiy lagwad aanee sattechya jawaljawal samaan patali gathate. yaa sangharajyachya haloohaloo nirmitimulech mukt vyapar vikasit houu shakato; keval yaa sangharajyacha parinam mhanunach teey serve rashtranna tech mothe fayade deu shakate jeey aata rajkiyadrushtya eksandh asalele prant aanee rajye anubhavat aahet. sanskratimadhye khoop mage asalelya rashtranna, eka pramukh rashtra asalelya rashtrabarobar samaan atinvar thevanyasathi sanrakshn pranali heey ekmev sadhan asalyane, rashtranchya antim sangharajyala pudhe nenyache aanee tyamule vyaparatil vyaparatil swatantryala protsahan denyache sarvat karyaksham sadhan asalyache disate."
tyachya satvya patrachya yadeet, arthatadnyanni heey lakshat ghetale pahije qee manavjat swatantra rajyanmadhye vibhagali geleli asalyane, "eka rashtra tyachya vishisht samarthyacha, kalyanacha aanee swatantryacha kharch karoon sampoorn manavjatichya kalyanala chalana denyasathi avivekipane karya karel", assa dawa punha keela aahe. satta aanee samarthyatil vishisht pragati hii tyachya dhoranachi pahili tattve banavane haah swasanrakshan kayadyacha aadesh aahe. ekhadya deshane aaplya aaplya paradeshi vyaparache rakshan karnyasathi lagnara kharch moju naye. aanee "desh kadhihi aavashyak paripoornata prapt karoo shakanar nahee heey siddha karata aale tarr bahutansh vyaktinchya balidanane dekhil utpadan aanee krishi hitsambandhanna protsahan dile pahije aanee tyanche sanrakshn kele pahije... asha sanrakshanatmak upayayojananshivay."
aantarrashtriy vyaparamule tyat sahbhagi jhalelya rajyanchi suraksha qamee jhaali assa yuktivad yadine keela.
yadine assa yuktivad keela qee mutsadyanchya done done aaheth eka samkalin samajasathi aanee eka bhavee pidhyansathi. sahasa, bahutek netyanche laksh tatadichya babinvar kendrit asate, jyamule bhavishyatil samasyancha vichar karnyasathi farsa vel urato. parantu jevha ekhada desh tyachya vikasachya nirnayak tappyavar pohochala hota, tevha tyachya netyanna pudhchya pidhivar parinam shetee samasyanna samore jaane naitikdrushtya bandhankarak hote. "tyanchya deshachya vikasachya naveen tappyachya umbarathyavar, mutsaddi twarit tatadichya babinna samore jaanyachi garaj asoonahi dirgh drushtikon ghenyas tayar asale pahijet."
yadicha moolbhut siddhant assa hota qee ekhadya deshachi kharee sampatti mhanje tyachya sadhyachya vinimay mulyanaivaji tyachya utpadak shakticha purn aanee bahupakshiy vikas. udaharanarth, tyache aarthik shikshan heey tatkal moolya nirmitipeksha adhik mahattvache asale pahije aanee bhavishyatil samarthya aanee kaushalya surakshit karnyasathi eka pidhine tyacha laabh aanee anand tyagane yogya tharel. samanya paristhitit, aarthikdrushtya paripakv rashtrane shetee, utpadan aanee vanijya dekhil vikasit kele pahije. tathapi, shevatche done ghatak adhik mahattvache hote kaaran tyancha deshachya sanskrativar aanee swatantryavar adhik changla prabhav padala aanee teey visheshtah nauvahan, railway aanee uchch tantradnyanashi jodalele hote aanee purnapane krishi rajya sthir honyacha cull hota
tathapi, yadine assa dawa keela qee keval samshitoshna pradeshatil desh udhyogachya uchch prakaranna vikasit karnyasathi anukool jhaale hote. dusarikade, ushnakatibandhiy pradeshanchi kahee kachchya malachya utpadanat naisargik maktedari hotee. asha prakare, donhi deshanchya gatanmadhye kamgaranchi utsfurt vibhagani aanee sattecha eka sangh hota.
smithchi aarthik vyavastha hii audhyogik pranali nasoon vyapari pranali aahe, assa yuktivad listney keela aanee tyanni tyala "vinimay-moolya pranali" asey mhatale. smithchya ulat, tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee vyaktinche tatkal khajgi heet samajachya sarvoch bhalyasathi karanibhoot honar nahee. rashtra vyakti aanee manavatemadhye ubhe hote aanee tyachi vyakhya tyachi bhasha, shishtachar, aitihasik vikas, sanskruti aanee sanvidhanadvare kelee gelee hotee. ekata hii vyaktichi suraksha, kalyan, pragati aanee sanskratichi pahili aut asali pahije. itar sarvanpramanech khajgi aarthik hitsambandh heey rashtrachi dekhbhal, purnatva aanee balkatikaran yanchya adheen asale pahijet.
aarthik vikasache tappe.
samshitoshna kshetrachi rashtre (jee serve aavashyak paristhitine susajj aahet) tyanchya samanya aarthik sthitikade vatchal karnyasathi naisargikaritya aarthik vikasachya tappyanmadhun jaatat, asey yaa yadine siddha kele. heey aaheth
yaa tappyanmadhun deshachi pragati karane heey rajyache kaam aahe, jyane kayade aanee prashasakeey krutee vaparoon pragatisathi aavashyak paristhiti nirman karane aavashyak aahe. yaa drushtikonatun yadichya audhyogik rajkaranachya yojnekade neuun jaate. pratyek rashtrane mukt vyaparapasoon suruvat kelee pahije, shrimant aanee adhik shetee shetee deshanshi vyapar karoon, paradeshi utpadane aayat karoon aanee kachchya utpadananchi niryat karoon aaplya shetila chalana dilee pahije aanee tyat sudharana kelee pahije. jevha teey aarthikdrushtya itake pragat aahe qee teey swatahsathi utpadan karoo shakate, tevha sanrakshanacha vapar gharguti udhyoganna vikasit houu denyasathi keela pahije aanee tyanna gharguti bajarpethet majboot paradeshi udhyoganchya spardhemule balkat honyapasoon vachavale pahije. jevha rashtriy udyog itake majboot jhaale aahet qee hii spardha dhoka nahee, tevha pragaticha sarvoch tappa gathala gela aahe; mukt vyapar punha niyam banala pahije aanee asha prakare rashtrala sarvatrik audhyogik sanghatanet purnapane samavisht kele pahije. sanrakshanatmak kalat tyaa badalyat rashtrala jeey kahee gamvave lagate, teey dirghkalasathi utpadanaksham shaktimadhye vikasamule fayadhyapeksha jaast asate. tatpurata kharch haah vyaktichya audhyogik shikshanachya kharchashi samaan aahe.
eka hazar prakarananmadhye rajyachya adhikarala khajgi udhyoganvar nirbandh ladane bhag padate. heey jahajachya malkala aafrikechya paschim paschim gulamanna gheuun jaanyapasun aanee tyanna americet nenyapasun rokhate. jahajanchya bandhanibabat aanee samudrat naukanayanvishayak niyamambabat niyam lagoo karatat, jenekarun pravasi aanee khalashi captonchya lobhasathi aanee lajachya bhavnesathi balee padoo nayet. [...] jivanavashyak vastoonchya vikripramanech aushadhanchya vikri ityadinmadhyehi, dhokyapasun aanee hanipasoon janateche rakshan karane heey aapale kartavya asalyache rajya sarvatra manate.
railway.
yadee hii germanytil railwaychi pramukh pravartak hotee. pranali kashee suru karayachi yababatche tyanche prastav mothya pramanavar sweekarle gele. 1841 madhye railway vyavasthechya vikasamule vikasamule fayadhyancha saransh tyanni dilah
neuremberg aanee firth darmyan pahile vafeche locomotive dhavnyapurvi rashtriy railway jaalyasathi prastav tayar kele. tyanni leapzig aanee dresden darmyan railway bandhanyachi soochana kelee jee lavkarach germanychi pahili lamb pallyachi railway tharel. leapzig mukhya sthankavar eka putala aanee railway sthankanjavalil anek rastyanna (udaa.jee. ). 1917 madhye jevha swis-german vastuvishardane pratham berlin mukhya sthanak prastavit kele, tevha tyanni german railway jaalyachya naveen madhyavarti vinimay sthankala yadichya sanmanarth naav denyachi soochana kelee.
britton aanee jaagtik vyapar.
brittonche 'dweepkalpiy varchasva' tapasanyasathi soochine ekada germanyla germanyla kramankachya itar utpadan rashtranmadhye sameel honyache aavahan kele hote, tarr 1841 paryant america aanee russia heey sarvat shaktishali desh banatil asey tyanni manale-heey mutt mageel varshi alexes dii tokivhilane dekhil vyakt kele hote. yaa dhokyapasun bachav karnyasathi germanyla sahkarya karnyasathi englandmadhil rajkiy netyanna patvoon denyachi yadila aasha hotee. tyacha prastav kadachit pahilya najaret disato titka durcha navhata. 1844 madhye, eka agraganya punaravalokanat eka lekhachya lekhakane ghoshit kele hote qee 'pratyek drushtikonatun, mug teey rajkiy asso kinwa vyavsayik, german rashtrachya tulanet aapali konatihi changli yutee asoo shakat nahee, jase teey pasarate, madhya europechya prushthbhagavar 42 dashalaksh aatmyancha vyatyay yet nahee'.
germanysathi jyaa vyavharik nishkarshavar pohochata aale teey asey hote qee tyachya aarthik pragatisathi uttar aanee dakshin asha donhi bajunni bajunni pohochanara eka vistarit aanee soyiskarpane simankit pradesh aanee utpadan aanee vyaparacha jordar vistar aavashyak hota aanee nantarcha marg serve german bhoomicha samavesh asalelya simashulk sanghasah aanee nauvahan kayadyasah german sagari nyayya sanrakshanatmak kayadyadvare aahe. swatantryasathi aanee sattesathi sangharajyachya madhyamatoon prayatnasheel asalela rashtriy german aatma aanee rashtriy udyog, tyachya sustitoon jaage houn aanee haravaleli jameen parat midvanyasathi utsuk, yadichya pustakachya yashasathi anukool hote aanee tyamule mothee khalbal udali. tyanni tyanchya swatachya deshatil tyanchya kalatil cull aanee magnyanche yogya prakare pratinidhitva kele; tyanchya karyacha parinam keval satta aanee adhikrut varganchech navhe tarr samanyatah vyavharik purushanche rajkiy arthvyavasthechya prashnanvar laksh kendrit karnyacha hota; aanee tyanchya kalpana nihsanshaypane bismarkchya vyavharik pratibhane lagoo kelelya aadhunik germanycha aarthik paya hotya.
yaa yadimadhye asey manale gele aahe qee, keval eka kadoo dirghakalin yuddhadarmyan brittonche nuksan karnyachya uddeshane nepoliyanchi 'khandiy pranali', pratyakshat german udhyogasathi khoop changli hotee. edam smithchya anuyayanni jeey manale hote tyachya heey agadi ulat hote. yadimadhye namood kelyapramaneh mallah jaanavale qee lokpriy siddhantat rashtrancha nahee, tarr ekikade sampoorn manavjaticha kinwa dusarikade ekach vyakticha vichar keela jaato. mea spashtapane pahile qee atyant susanskrut asalelya done rashtranmadhil mukt spardha keval tevhach paraspar fayadeshir tharoo shakate jevha teey doghehi audhyogik vikasachya jawaljawal samaan sthiteet asateel aanee konatahi desh joou durdaivanam udyog, vanijya aanee nauvahan kshetrat itaranpeksha mage asel... adhik pragat rashtranshi mukt spardhet pravesh karnyasathi swatahla fitt karnyasathi, sarvapratham tine swatachya vaiyaktik shaktinna balkat kele pahije. eka shabdat sangayache tarr, mallah serve-rajkiy aanee rajkiy arthvyavasthetil farak jaanavala.
germanyne smithchya siddhantanchya amurtateaivaji vastavik ingraji paddhatiche palan kele pahije assa yadicha yuktivad hotah
jarr ingrajanni serve kahee swatahvar sodale asate-'lesses phair, lesses aller', lokpriy aarthik shalene shifaras kelyapramane-steelyardche [german] vyapari ajunahi londonmadhye tyancha vyapar karat rahile asate, belgiumche lock ajunahi ingrajansathi kapad tayar karat asat, ingland ajunahi hansardsche mendharsheti rahile asate, jase portugal englandche drakshmandir banale aanee aaplya divasaparyant, eka kushal mutsaddichya dhoranamule teey asech rahile aahe. kharokharach, heey shakya aahe qee tichya [atyant sanrakshanvadi] vyavsayik dhoranashivay englandla aata tichyakade aahe itake mothe nagarpalika aanee vaiyaktik swatantrya kadhich midale nasate, kaaran asey swatantrya udyog aanee sampattichi kanya aahe.
prabhav.
mukt vyaparaprati yadichi shatrutva pratham tyache mitra edolph theors aanee francemadhil itar udarmatvadi sanrakshanvadyanchya kalpanandware nirnayakaritya aakarle gele. nantar alekzandar hamilton aanee daniele raymonds hamiltonchya aarthik tattvanmadhye rujalelya american shalecha, parantu amerikechya pahilya koshagar sachivanchya samanya vichardharecha aanee addam smithchya siddhantavaril tyanchya kathoratechahi tyanchyavar prabhav padala. tyanni samkalin aarthik vyavasthetil sarvadeshi tattva aanee tyaa tattvashi susangat asalelya mukt vyaparachya paripoorn siddhantala virodh keela aanee tyaeivaji baal udhyogatil yuktivad vikasit keela, jyacha khulasa hamilton aanee raymond yanni keela hota. tyanni rashtriy kalpananna mahatva dile aanee pratyek rashtrachya paristhitinusar aanee visheshtah tyachya vikasachya pramananusar vishesh garjanvar bharr deela. vikasit deshankadun, visheshtah britainkadoon mukt vyaparachya aavahananchya pramanikpanavar tyanni prasiddhapane shanka vyakt keleeh sanrakshanatmak kartavye aanee nauvahanavaril nirbandhanchya madhyamatoon aapali utpadan shakti aanee nauvahan itaki vadhavali aahe qee itar konatehi rashtra tichyabarobar mukt spardha tikavoon thevu shakat nahee, tichya mahanatechi hii shidya fekoon denyashivay, itar rashtranna mukt vyaparache fayade sangnyashivay aanee pashchatapane ghoshana karnyapeksha kahihi shahanpanache nahee qee tee aataparyant trutichya margavar bhatkali aahe aanee aata prathamach satya shodhanyat yashasvi jhaali aahe.
utpadanaksham shaktinchya tyanchya kalpanevar friedrich wilheim joseph shelling yanchya utpadakatechya tattvadnyanacha prabhav hota. too robbert schuman aanee heinrich haine yanchyashi parichit hota.
varsa.
yadichya mukhya granthache shirshak 'daas national system dair politischen economy' (1841) aahe aanee tyache ingerjit 'rajkiy arthvyavasthechi rashtriy pranali' asey bhashantar karnyat aale aahe.
1914 purvi, list aanee marks heey done sarvat prasiddha german arthshastradnya aanee vikasache siddhantkar hote, jaree marksney, soochichya ulat, aarthik vikasala chalana denyasathi konatihi dhorane tayar kelee naheet.
carl marks vagalata itar konatyahi german arthshastradnyachya kamanpeksha yaa pustakache varanvar bhashantar jhaale aahe.
germanytil nazivadavar prabhav takanyache shrey tyanna dile jaate aanee tyanchya kalpananna european aarthik samudayacha paya bananyache shrey dile jaate.
irelandmadhye tyane siin fenchya arther griffithwar prabhav padala aanee 1930 chya dashakat fiana phela sarkarne ayrish udyog vikasit karnyachya drushtine sanrakshanvadala uttejan denyasathi yaa siddhantancha vapar keela.
itaranvar tyacha motha prabhav hota, teey mhanje rashiyatil samrajyavadi arthamantri sergei vitte, 1892-1903. drut audhyogikikaranasathi vittechi yojana railway bandhkam (udaharanarth, trans-cyberian railway) aanee sanrakshanvadachya dhoranavar kendrit hotee. tyaa velee, russia haah qamee vikasit arthvyavastha asalela magaslela desh asalyache mothya pramanat manale jaat hote. 1890 chya dashakat jee teji disun aalee, tyache shrey mukhyatve vittechya dhoranala dile jaate.
angus maddisonne namood kele keeh marxla bhandavalshahi vyavasthechya astitvamadhye rus naslyamule, kamgar chalvalicha samavesh asalyakherij, tyala kharokhar aarthik dhoranashi kahihi deneghene navhate. tethe, tyancha yuktivad kamkajachya divasachi lambi maryadit karnyachya upayayojananvar aanee kamgar sanghatanechi saudebajichi shakti balkat karnyavar kendrit hota. tyanche vishleshan dekhil mothya pramanat tyanchya kalatil aaghadichya bhandavalshahi desh-brittenmadhil paristhitipurate maryadit hote aanee tyanni aaghadichya deshala pakadanyasathi itar pashchatya deshanchya dhoranatmak samasyancha vichar keela nahee (friedrich yadipramane). joparyant markscha itar deshanshi sambandh aahe, too pramukhyane vyapari bhandavalshahichya kalat pashchimatya samrajyavadacha balee tharalelya garib deshanshi sambandhit hota.
haah-juuna chang aanee erich reint yanchyasarkhe paramparagat arthshastradnya vikasansheel deshansathi yogya aarthik dhoranambaddal lihitana anekada soochicha spashtapane sandarbh detat. vikasansheel rashtranmadhye yaa yadicha prabhav lakshaniy aahe. japanane tyachya pratimeche anusaran kele aahe.
meji japanche aantarrashtriy aarthik dhoran heey haiyoshiche vyaparivad aanee friedrich listchi rashtriy pranali dair politischen economy yanche sanyojan hote.
deng ziopingchi mao-nantarchi dhorane yadee tasech bharatatil alikadil dhorananpasun prerit hotee assa yuktivadahi keela jaato.
dengchya netrutvakhali chinane 'eka pakshachya netrutvakhalil vikasatmak hukumshahi' chee spasht vaishishtye sweekarli.'pii. aar. see. nantar 20 vya shatkapasoon parichit asalelya shasananchya vargatil asel jyanche vaicharik srot shastriy marksvadat aahet, parantu teey friedrich yaditil vikasatmak, rashtravadi matey adhik changlya prakare pratibimbit karatat.
1943 saalee aalelya 'daad intellet road' yaa german chitrapatat yaa yadiche jeevan aanee kamgiri chitrit karnyat aalee hotee. yujen cloferne tyachi bhoomika sakarli hotee.

