
nirashavad

nirashavad hii eka nakaratmak mansik vrutti aahe jyamadhye dilelya paristhititun avanchhit parinamachi apeksha kelee jaate. nirashavadi sarvasadharanpane jivanatil nakaratmak goshtinvar laksh kendrit karatat. nirashavadasathi chachani ghenyasathi vicharlela eka samanya prashna mhanje "kaach ardha rikama aahe qee ardha bharalela aahe?"; yaa paristhitit, nirashavadi kaach ardha rikama kinwa atyant gambhir prakarananmadhye purnapane rikama pahato, tarr aashavadi kaach ardha bharalela pahato asey mhatale jaate. sampoorn itihasat, nirashavadi pravrutticha vicharanchya serve pramukh kshetranvar parinam jhaala aahe.
vyutpatti.
nirashavad haah shabd lattin shabd 'pacimus' pasoon aala aahe, jyacha arth 'sarvat white' assa hoto. voltairchya 1759 chya 'candide, oo laal optimism' yaa kadambarichya jesuit samikshakanni yacha pratham vapar keela. voltaire leibnizchya tattvadnyanavar vyang karat hota, jyane heey 'serve sambhavya jagantil sarvottam (ishtatam)' asalyache sangitale. voltairvaril tyanchya hallyanmadhye, 'review dii travox' chya jesuitney tyachyavar 'nirashavadi' asalyacha aarop keela.
eka mansik swabhav mhanoon.
pracheen jagaat, mansik nirashavad haah udaspanashi sambandhit hota aanee too shariratil kalya pittachya atirekitemule hoto asey manale jaat hote. nirashavadacha abhyas nairashyachya abhyasashi samantar aahe. manasshastradnya bhavnik vedna kinwa agadi jivashastrabaddal nirashavadi drushtikon shodhatat. aaron beeck assa yuktivad karatat qee nairashya heey jagabaddalachya avastav nakaratmak drushtikonanmule aahe. grahakanni tyanchya gairfayda denanya vicharambaddal tyanchyashi sanvad sadhun beeck upchar suru karato. tathapi, nirashavadi, nairashyavadi vastavad kinwa (nirashavadi vastavad) pramane, tyanchi vastavavishayichi samaj nyayya aahe asey soochit karnare yuktivad pradan karnyas saksham asatat. vyatikaran hii nairashyagrast lock vaparat asaleli eka samanya paddhat aahe. teey lokanna asey gruheet dharoo detat qee teey lapavanyacha eka prabhavi marg asalyache siddha karnare sarvkahi ughad karat aahet. beek depressionchya yaditil nirashavadi ghatak aatmahatyancha andaj lavnyasathi upayukt tharvanyat aala aahe. beek hopelessness scale' chey varnan dekhil nirashavaditeche mojmap mhanoon kele gele aahe.
vendor aanee clain heey nidarshanas aanoon detat qee nirashavad kahee paristhitinmadhye upayukt tharoo shakatoh "jarr ekhadyala parabhavanchya malikela samore jaave lagale tarr mage basoon pratiksha karane aanee itaranna jokhim patkarnyachi eka puranmatvadi yojana swikarane fayadeshir tharate. asha pratikshes nirashavadi drushtikonatun chalana milel. tyachpramane jarr ekhadi vyakti jivanachya chakrat adakat asel, tarr jokhim patkarnyacha vistrut drushtikon swikarane fayadeshir tharate aanee asha prakare durmil sansadhananmadhye jastit jaast pravesh hoto."
teeka.
vyavharik teeka.
itihasatoon, kahinni assa nishkarsh kadhala aahe qee nirashavadi vrutti, jaree nyayya asali taree, sahan karnyasathi talhali pahije. aashavadi manovrutti anukool aanee bhavnik vicharanchi asatat. all-gazali aanee william james yanni mansik kinwa agadi mansik aajarane grast jhalyanantar tyancha nirashavad nakarla. tathapi, asha prakarchya teeka asey manatat qee nirashavad apariharyapane andharachya aanee sampoorn nairashyachya manahsthitikade netat. nirashavad yaa shabdacha gairavapar keela jaat asalyacha dawa karnare anek tatvadnya asahmat asateel. nirashavad aanee shunyavad yanchyatil sambandh astitvat aahe, parantu albert camus sarkhya tattvadnyanchya matey, pahila agraganyakade netoch asey nahee. anand haah aashavadashi avibhajyapane jodalela nahee, kinwa nirashavad haah dukkhashi avibhajyapane jodalela nahee. eka dukkhi aashavadi aanee anandi nirashavadi asanyachi sahaj kalpana karata yete. nirashavadache aarop vaidh teeka shant karnyasathi vaparale jaau shakatat. 
arthshastradnya nuriel raubini (jeey swatachi olakh dow. mhanoon karatat. 2006 madhye yenanya jaagtik aarthik sankatachya tyachya bhayankar parantu kahee pramanat achook andajansathi) nirashavadi mhanoon mothya pramanat nakarle gele. tathapi, aarthik patrakar justine fox yanni 2010 madhye "harvard business review" madhye nirikshan nondavale qee "kharam tarr, 2007 chya madhyat suru jhalelya sankatacha andaj raubini achookpane vartavala nahee.. rubini anek varshe eka atishay vegalya prakarchya sankatacha andaj vartavanyat ghalavali-jyamadhye paradeshi madhyavarti banka khajinyanmadhun tyanchya malkimadhye vividhata aanat hotya, tyamule dollarver teji aalee-parantu 2006 chya uttaradhat yu. ess. chee chetavani denyat aalee.ess. gharancha bhint aanee jaagtik 'haard landing'. heey nemke kase hoil yabaddal tyanni adyap purnapane spasht kinwa (mage valoon pahatana) achook drushtikon dilela nahee... tevhapasoon tyala denyat aalelya sandeshtachya darjamule mea thoda vichitra aahe."itaranni namood kele qee" samasya ashee aahe qee jaree teey yaa babatit netradipakpane barobar hote, taree tyanni varanvar andaj vartavala, kaaran bajar aanee arthvyavastha kosalalyanantarchya varshant savarat gelee, qee pudhil sankat yeil aanee aanakhi tivra apghat apariharya hote. tyachya suruvatichya ghoshanenantar tyache coll satatyane chukiche hote. kharey tarr, jarr tumhi tyanche aanee anek guntavanukdaranche aikale asate, tarr tumhi americi bajarachya itihasatil sarvat pradirgh kaal chalalelya bull marketla mukale asate."dusaryane nirikshan nondavaleh" eka sandeshtyasathi, too byavachada chukicha asato."toney robbinsne lihileh" "raubini 2004 (chukine), 2005 (chukine), 2006 (chukine) aanee 2007 (chukine) madhye mandicha ishara deela"... aanee tyane 2013 madhye share bajarat 'lakshaniy' sudharana hoil assa andaj vartavala (chukicha). raubinibaddal bolatana arthshastradnya anirvan bannergy yanni 'daad newyork times' laa sangitaleh 'eka thambalele ghadyal dekhil divasatoon donada barobar asate."arthshastradnya nariman beharavesh mhanaleh" nooril raubini 10 varshanpasun 'kayamat aanee nirasha' hii katha gaat aahe. shevati kahitari yogya honar hote."
"vyaktimatva adhik" asey mutt vyakt karate qee nirashavadi swabhav (udaa.jee.", nairashya aanee kafyukt) upayukt tharoo shakate, kaaran nirashavadi nakaratmakatevar laksh kendrit kelyane tyanna adhik aashavadi swabhav asalelya samasya shodhanyat madat hote (udaa.jee.", coleric aanee sanguin) miss.
nirashavadiche itar prakar.
tatvik nirashavad.
tatvik nirashavad hii manachi sthitee kinwa mansik pravrutti nahee, tarr tee eka jaagtik drushtikon kinwa tatvik sthitee aahe jee jeevan kinwa astitwala nakaratmak moolya dete. tatvik nirashavadi samanyatah assa yuktivad karatat qee jagaat sukhanvar vedanecha anubhavjanya prasar aahe, astitva heey astitvashastriy kinwa aadhyatmikdrushtya sajivansathi pratikool aahe aanee jeevan heey moolbhootpane arthaheen kinwa vinakaran aahe.
dnyanshastriy.
dnyanmimansache anek siddhant aahet jeey jagavishayiche dnyan midvane katheen kinwa ashakya dekhil aahe yaa arthane nirashavadi asalyache mhatale jaau shakate. yaa kalpana samanyatah shunyavad, tatvik sanshayvad aanee sapekshatavadashi sambandhit aahet.
friedrich heinrich jakobi (1743-1819) yanni tarkbuddhiche vishleshan kele aanee visheshtah emmanuel kaant yanchya 'gambhir' tattvadnyanache vishleshan kele, jyat serve tarkvad shunyavadat qamee hoto aanee tyamule too talhala pahije aanee tyaeivaji kahee prakarchya vishvasakade aanee prakatikaranakade paratale pahije.
richard rorty, michel faucault aanee ludwig whitgenstein yanni prashna vicharla qee aaplya vishisht sankalpana jagashi konatyahi prakare sambandhit asoo shakatat qaa aanee itar marganchya tulanet jagache varnan karnyachya aaplya paddhatinche aapan samarthan karoo shakato qaa. sarvasadharanpane, heey tatvadnya assa yuktivad karatat qee satya heey yogyaritya midvane kinwa vastav darshavine yabaddal navhate, tarr sattechya vyaktinishth samajik sambandhancha kinwa eka vishisht kalat aaplya uddishtanchi purtata karananya bhasha-khelancha bhag hote. tyamule, payabharanivirodhi heey prakar, swatah nirashavadi nasale taree, jagavishayichya paripoorn 'satye' kinwa moolbhut tathye vaidh asalyacha dawa karananya konatyahi vyakhya nakartat.
rajkiy aanee sanskrutik.
tatvik nirashavad haah hegelian tattvadnyanachya aashavad kinwa agadi aadarshavadachya virodhat aahe. emil sioranane dawa keela qee, "aadhunik aashavadasathi hegel pramukhyane jababdar aahe. jaaniv keval tichi rupe aanee paddhati badalate, parantu kadhihi pragati karat nahee heey pahanyat too kassa apayashi tharala asata?"tatvik nirashavad haah itar rajkiy tattvadnyananpeksha konatahi aadarsh sarkari rachana kinwa rajkiy prakalp naslyamule vegala keela jaato, tarr nirashavad heey samanyatah vaiyaktik krutiche pranalivirodhi tattvadnyan asate. yache kaaran asey qee samajik pragatiche konatehi rajkaran pratyakshat manvi sthitee sudharu shakate yabaddal tatvik nirashavadi sanshayi asatat. sayoran mhanato tyapramane, "pratyek paul pudhe taklyanantar eka paul mage takale jaateh heey itihasache nirathak dolan aahe". cyron rajkiy aashavadavar dekhil hallah karato kaaran tyamule "udyachi murtipuja" nirman hote jyacha vapar tyachya navatil konatyahi goshtila adhikrut karnyasathi keela jaau shakato. tathapi, yacha arth assa nahee qee nirashavadi rajkiyadrushtya sahbhagi houu shakat nahee, jase camusne 'bandkhor' madhye yuktivad keela hota. manvi sthitibaddal nirashavad dekhil chhandanni vyakt keela hota.
samanyatah nirashavadi jaagtik drushtikonashi sambandhit vicharancha aanakhi eka taana aahe, haah sanskrutik teeka aanee samajik ghasaranicha nirashavad aahe joou oswald spenglerchya 'daad dicklain auph daad west' madhye disun yeto. spenglerne giambatista vikochya siddhantanpramanech itihasachya chakriy pratimala protsahan dile. aadhunik pashchatya sanskruti 'hiwali' yugat ('untergang') aahe asey spenglerche mutt hote. spenglarian siddhant aantaryuddh europemadhye, visheshtah weimer germanymadhye prachand prabhavshali hota. tyachpramane, paramparavadi julius ivolala vatale qee jug kaalee yugat aahe, jeey naitik adhahpatanache kaala yug aahe.
oliver james yanchyasarkhya vicharvantancha aarthik pragaticha sambandh aarthik asamanata, krutrim garjanna uttejan aanee affluenzashi aahe. grahakvirodhi lock vishisht upbhog aanee sanskratitil swa-swarasyapoorn, pratima-jagruk vartanache vadhate cull olakhatat. jeane bodrillard sarkhya uttar-aadhuniktavadi lokanni assa yuktivadahi keela aahe qee sanskratila (aanee mhanunach aaplya jivanala) aata pratyakshat konatahi aadhar nahee.
puranmatvadi vicharvant, visheshtah samajik puranmatvadi, anekada rajkaranakade samanyatah nirashavadi paddhatine pahatat. william eff. bakalene prasiddhapane mhatale qee too 'itihasachya pathishi ubha rahoon' thamba 'assa oradat hota! aanee jaree teey swatah kattar samyavadi virodhi asale taree bhandavalshahi samyavadachya adheen yene nishchit aahe yachee vitekar chambersna khatri patali. samajik puranmatvadi lock pashchimatya deshankade eka adhogati aanee shunyavadi sanskruti mhanoon pahatat, jyane khristi aanee/kinwa greek tattvadnyanatil mule sodoon dilee aahet, jyamule teey naitik aanee rajkiy kshayamadhye adakoon padale aahe. robbert bork yanche 'sloaching towards gomora' aanee allon bloom yanche 'daad closing auph daad american mind' heey yaa drushtikonache prasiddha abhivyakti aahet.
anek aarthik puranmatvadi aanee swatantryavadi asey manatat qee rajyacha vistar aanee samajat sarkarchi bhoomika apariharya aahe aanee teey tyaviruddha kathor karvai karnyasathi sarvottam ladha dett aahet. lokanche swabhavik pravrutti mhanje rajya karane aanee swatantrya hii eka apavadatmak sthitee aahe jee aata kalyankari rajyane puravalelya samajik aanee aarthik surakshechya bajoone sodoon dilee jaat aahe, asey tyanche mutt aahe. george aurvelchya 'ekonis ainshi-chaar' sarkhya dystopian kadambyanmadhye rajkiy nirashavad kadhikadhi vyakt hoto. aekhadyachya deshavishayichya rajkiy nirashavadacha sambandh anekada sthalantar karnyachya ichchheshi asato.
united statesmadhil 2007-08 chya aarthik sankatachya kalat, kahee lock jagachya aarthik vyavasthechya nashadvare nagri samajachya kosalanyabaddal andaj lavane, vachane aanee kalpana karane yatoon milananya kathit escatological aanee cervivalist romanch varnan karnyasathi 'nirashavadi porn' haah navshabd tayar karnyat aala hota.
tantrik aanee paryavaraniy.
vidnyan aanee tantradnyanatil pragatimule manvi sthiteet sudharana hott nahee assa vishvas tantrik nirashavad aahe. audhyogik krantidarmyan luddite chalvalipasun tantrik nirashavad ugam pavala asey mhatale jaau shakate. ludditesney audhyogik giranya aanee pragat karkhanyanchya yantrasamagrichya vadhila tyanchya nokya gamavanyamage jababdar dharale aanee tyancha naash karnyasathi nighale. pranayramya chalval tantradnyanachya udayakade nirashavadi hotee aanee sopya aanee adhik naisargik kalachi utkat ichcha hotee. william wordsworth aanee william blake yanchyasarkhya kavincha assa vishvas hota qee audyogikikaranamule nisargachi shuddhata pradushit hott aahe.
kahee samajik samikshak aanee paryavaranvadyanche asey mutt aahe qee jagatikikaran, atirikt loksankhya aanee aadhunik bhandavaldar rajyanchya aarthik paddhati yaa grahachya paryavaraniy samatolavar jaast taana detat. teey ishara detat qee heey qamee karnyasathi kahee kele nahee tarr hawaman badal akheris kahee pramanat samajik aanee paryavaraniy kosalanyakade netil. james lovelockcha assa vishvas aahe qee pruthvichya paryavaranache aadhich aparivartaniy nuksan jhaale aahe aanee rajkaranatil avastav badal dekhil teey vachavanyasathi purese tharnar naheet. lovelockchya matey, pruthvichi hawaman niyaman pranali pradushanane bharavun gelee aahe aanee pruthvi lavkarach tyachya sadhyachya avasthepasun natakiyapane ushna havamanat udee marel. lovelock yaa paristhitila 'polyenthroponemia' mhanato, jyavar too dosh deto, jevhah 'manavanchi jaast loksankhya, joparyant teey changalyapeksha jaast haanee karat naheet."lovelock mhanatoh
pahilya jagatil sukhsuvidha midvanyache uddisht asalelya 7 abj lokanchi upasthiti...heey havamanachya homeostasishi, parantu rasayanshastra, jaivik vividhata aanee pranalichya arthvyavastheshi dekhil spashtapane visangat aahe.
kahee kattarpanthi paryavaranvadi, jagatikikaranvirodhi karyakarte aanee nava-ludites aadhunik "pragati" chya parinamambaddal asha prakarchya nirashavadala dharoon asalyache mhatale jaau shakate. paryavaraniy nirashavadacha eka adhik aamulagra prakar mhanje arajaktavadi-aadimvad, joou samajik starikaran, jabardasti aanee aliptata yanna janm deuun krishi krantila dosh deto. kahee arajaktavadi-aadimvadi audhyogikikaran, aadhunik tantradnyanacha tyag aanee punarbandhanila protsahan detat.
eka kukhyat arajaktavadi-aadimvadi theodor kazinsky aahe, jyala unbomber mhanoonahi olakhale jaate, joou rashtravyapi mail bombsfot mohimet guntalela aahe. 1995 chya tyanchya 'unbomber' jahiranamyat tyanni aadhunik 'audhyogik-tantradnyan pranali' chya udayamule manvi swatantryachya hasakade laksh vedhale. jahiranamyachi suruvat asha prakare hoteh audhyogik kranti aanee tyache parinam heey manavjatisathi eka aapatti tharale aahet. tyanni aaplyapaiki jeey 'pragat' deshanmadhye rahatat, tyanchya aayurmanat mothee vaadh kelee aahe, parantu tyanni samaj asthir keela aahe, jeevan apoorn kele aahe, manavanna apmanaspad vaganuk dilee aahe, vyapak mansik dukkhala (tisya jagaat sharirik dukkh dekhil) tond dile aahe aanee naisargik jagache gambhir nuksan kele aahe. tantradnyanacha satat vikas jhalyas paristhiti aanakhi bighadel. heey nishchitach manwala adhik apmanaspad vaganuk deil aanee naisargik jagache adhik nuksan karel, yamule kadachit adhik samajik vyatyay aanee mansik tras hoil aanee yamule "pragat" deshanmadhyehi sharirik tras vadhu shakato.
sarvat aamulagra nirashavadi sanghatananpaiki eka mhanje swayamsevi manvi namshesh chalval jee prasutivirodhi margane manavjatichya namshesh honyachya bajoone yuktivad karate.
paryavaraniy samasyanvaril pope francis yanche 2015 chey vadgrast vishvakosh aadhunik jagatil tantradnyanachya bhoomikechya nirashavadi mulyankananni bharalele aahe.
entropy nirashavad.
"entropy nirashavad" heey thermodynamic tattvanvar aadharit tantrik aanee paryavaraniy nirashavadache eka vishesh udaharan darshavate. ushmagatikechya pahilya niyamanusar, dravya aanee urja arthvyavasthet nirman hott naheet kinwa nasht hott naheet. thermodynamicschya dusya niyamanusar-jyala entropy kayada asehi mhanatat-arthvyavasthet jeey ghadate teey mhanje serve padarth aanee urja manvi hetunsathi (maulyavan naisargik sansadhane) upalabdh asalelya avasthanpasun manvi hetunsathi (mulyaheen kachara aanee pradushan) anupalabdha asalelya avasthanmadhye rupantarit hote. parinamatah, manushyache serve tantradnyan aanee kriyakalap, pruthvivaril sthanik patalivar, mhanje sampoorn vishvachya ushnatechya mrutyuchya tulanet, pruthvivaril sthanik patalivar, 'sthanik patalivar', mhanjech, pruthvivaril, hasalelya urjechya, sampalelya naisargik sansadhananchya aanee bighadalelya vatavaranachya, bhavishyatil grahanchya 'ushnatechya mrutyu' viruddhachya samanya pravasala keval gatee dett aahet.
entropy pacimism' haah shabd arthshastratil purvaj aanee paryavaraniy arthshastrache pratiman sansthapak, roman american arthshastradnya nicolas jorgescu-roggen yanchya karyache varnan karnyasathi tayar karnyat aala hota. jorgescu-rogenne 'entropy kayada aanee aarthik prakriya' yaa tyanchya mahan karyat entropy sankalpanecha vyapak vapar keela. 1990 chya dashakapasun, agraganya paryavaraniy arthshastradnya aanee sthir-rajya siddhantkar herman delly-jyorgesku-rogencha vidyarthi-haah aarthik vyavasayacha entropy nirashavadacha sarvat prabhavshali samarthak aahe.
itar babimbarobarach, entropy nirashavad sthitee hii pruthvivaril khanij sansadhanancha maryadit satha sadhyachya aanee bhavee pidhyanchya adnyat sankhyemadhye samaan pramanat vatap karnyachya astitvatil ashakyateshi sambandhit aahe. manavjatila akheris namsheshila samore jaave lagel qee nahee heey aadhich jaanun ghenyacha konatahi marg nahee-kinwa keval chhota marg-asalyane pidhyanchi hii sankhya aaplyala adnyat rahanyachi shakyata aahe. parinami, sathyache konatehi 'kalpaneey aantar-tatpurte vatap' apariharyapane bhavishyatil kahee tappyavar sarvatrik aarthik ghasaranisah sampel. 
entropy nirashavad haah paryavaraniy arthshastra aanee avanati chalvalitil eka vyapak drushtikon aahe.
kayadeshir.
bibas lihitat qee kahee gunhegari bachav vakeel nirashavadachya bajoone chook karayala pradhanya detatah "aashavadi andaj heey khatalyachya velee vinashkariritya chukiche siddha honyacha dhoka aahe, eka lajirvane parinam jyamule grahak santapt hotat. dusarikade, jarr grahak tyanchya vakilanchya atee nirashavadi sallyachya aadhare yachika dakhal karat asateel, tarr khatale sunavanila jaat naheet aanee grahak farse shahane nasatat."