
pattankit loh nirmiti

 
pattankit lokhandi rachana (bii. aay. eff. ess.; jyala pattankit lokhandi dagad rachana dekhil mhanatat) heey galyukt khadakanche vishisht ekak aahet jyat lokhandi oxidesche paryayi thurr aanee loh-garib chert asatat. teey kityekashe meater jadiparyant asoo shakatat aanee kityekashe kilometerparyant bajula vistaru shakatat. yapaiki jawaljawal serve rachana purv cambrian kalatil aahet aanee pruthvichya mahasagaranchya pranvayukaranachi nond karatat asey manale jaate. pruthvivaril kahee sarvat junya khadakanchya rachana, jyaa sumare (maa) tayar jhalya aahet, tyaa pattankit lokhandi rachnanshi sambandhit aahet.
prakashsanshleshit cyanobacteria auxigen utpadanacha parinam mhanoon samudrachya panyat pattankit loh rachana tayar jhalyache manale jaate. auxigen aanee pruthvichya mahasagaratil virghalalelya lohache mishran houn adravya loh auxides tayar hotat, jeey avkshepit houn mahasagarachya prushthbhagavar eka patal thurr tayar karatat. oxygenchya utpadanat chakriy badal jhalyamule pratyek patto eka pattasarkha asato.
pattankit loh rachana pahilyanda 1844 madhye uttar mishiganmadhye sapadalya. pattankit loh rachana jaagtik loh sathyanpaiki 60 takkyanhun adhik aahet aanee sadhya khankamat asalele bahutansh loh khanij puravatat. bahutansh rachana austreliya, brazil, canada, bharat, russia, dakshin africa, ukraine aanee united statesmadhye aadhalu shakatat.
varnan.
eka vishisht pattankit loh nirmitimadhye chandipasoon kalya loh oxidesche, ektar magnetite (ephai3oo4) kinwa hematite (ephai2oo3), punaravrutti honare, patal thurr (kahee millimeter teey kahee centimeter jaadi) asatat, jeey loh-garib chertchya pattyansah, bahutekda laal rangachya, samaan jaadichya asatat. eka banded loh rachana kityekashe meater jadiparyant asoo shakate aanee kityekashe kilometerparyant bajula vistaru shakate.
banded loh nirmitichi adhik tantotant vyakhya rasayanikdrushtya avkshepit galyukt khadak mhanoon kelee jaate jyamadhye 15 takkyanpeksha jaast loh asate. tathapi, bahutek bii. aay. eff. madhye lohache praman jaast asate, samanyatah vastumananusar sumare 30 takke, tyamule andaje ardha khadak loh oxidescha asato aanee urvarit ardha silikacha asato. bii. aay. eff. madheel loh adhik oxidised ferrick swaroop, eff. eae. (3) aanee adhik qamee jhalelya ferrous swaroop, eff. eae. (2) madhye sadharanpane samaan pramanat vibhagale jaate, jenekarun eff. eae. (3)/eff. eae. (2 + 3) chey gunottar samanyatah 0.3 teey 0.6 paryant badalate. heey magnetite varchasva darshavate, jyamadhye hemetaitpeksha 0.7 gunottar aahe, jyasathi gunottar 1 aahe. loh auxides (hematite aanee magnetite) vyatirikt, loh galamadhye lohyukt carbonates ciderite aanee ancharite kinwa lohyukt silicates minnesotite aanee greenlight asoo shakatat. bahutek bii. aay. eff. rasayanikdrushtya sope asatat, jyat qamee parantu loh auxides, silika aanee kirkol carbonate asatat, jaree kahimadhye anukrame 9 takke aanee 6.7 takkyanparyant auxides mhanoon lakshaniy calcium aanee magneshiyam asate.
jevha ekvachanat vaparale jaate, tevha banded loh nirmiti haah shabd nuktech varnan kelelya galyukt shilalekhancha sandarbh deto. bahupadi swaroop, pattankit lokhandi rachana, anaupacharikpane starikrut ekkancha sandarbh denyasathi vaparali jaate jyat pramukhyane pattankit lokhandi nirmiti asate.
changlya prakare sanrakshit pattankit lokhandi rachnet samanyatah anek meater jaad 'macroband' asatat jeey patal shale beddware vegale kele jaatat. macroband heey chert aanee loh oxideschya vaishishtyapurn paryayi tharanni banalele asatat, jyanna "mesoband" mhanatat, jeey anek millimeter teey kahee centimeter jaad asatat. anek chert mesobandmadhye loh oxidesche "microband" asatat jeey eka millimeterpeksha qamee jaad asatat, tarr loh mesoband tulanene vaishishtyahin asatat. bii. aay. eff. atyant katheen, katheen aanee daat asatat, jyamule teey dhupas atyant pratirodhak banatat aanee teey khoop durvar starikaranche bareek tapasheel darshavtat, asey soochit karatat qee teey atishay qamee-urja vatavaranat jamaa jhaale hote; mhanje tulanene khol panyat, laharinchya halchali kinwa pravahanmule vichalit hott naheet. bii. aay. eff. heey itar khadakanchya prakaranshi kvachitach parasparsanvad sadhatat, jeey tivrapane baddh swatantra ekak tayar karatat jeey itar khadakanchya prakaranmadhye kadhihi bajukadil shreneet jaat naheet.
mothya talavanchya pradeshachi pattankit lokhandi rachana aanee paschim austreliyachi mukt rachana hii kahishi vegali swarupachi aahet aanee kadhikadhi tyanche varnan "dandar lokhandi rachana" kinwa "jee. aay. eff." asey kele jaate. tyanche loh gaal dandar teey oolitik swarupache asatat, sumare eka millimeter vyasache swatantra daane tayar karatat aanee tyanchya chert mesobandsmadhye sookshm bandhanacha abhav asato. teey adhik aniyamit mesobanding dekhil darshavtat, tarang aanee itar galyukt sanrachananchya sanketansah aanee tyanche mesobands konatyahi mothya antaravar shodhale jaau shakat naheet. jaree teey suspasht, swatantra ekak tayar karat asale, taree heey samanyatah khadakachya havamanamule tayar jhalelya khadkansah (khadakachya havamanamule tayar jhalelya galasah) khadkal teey madhyam danyanchya mahakay plasticchya galasah misalale jaatat. hii vaishishtye laharinchya halchalinmule vikshipt jhalelya uthal panyat uchch urja sathavan vatavaran soochit karatat. tathapi, anyatha teey itar pattankit lokhandi rachnanshi samya thevatat.
pattankit lokhandi rachana bahutek pracheen kinwa pracheen prajananatmak asatat. tathapi, thodya pramanat bii. aay. eff. heey neoproterozoic aahet aanee sarvatrik nasale taree, teey varanvar himnadiy sathyanshi sambandhit asatat, jyat anekada himnadiy themb asatat. magnetitevar hematite prabhav asalyane, teey auxidationchi uchch patali dekhil darshavtat aanee tyat samanyatah phosphateche thode praman asate, vastumananusar sumare 1 takke. mesobanding anekada kharab kinwa astitvat nasalele asate aanee mauu-shivan virupanachya sanrachana samanya aahet. heey atishay jalad jamaa honyache soochit karate. tathapi, mothya talavanmadhil dandar lokhandi rachananpramanech, neoproterozoic ghatananche vyapakpane banded loh rachana mhanoon varnan kele jaate.
pattankit lokhandi rachana bahutek phanerozoic lokhandi dagadanpeksha vegalya asatat. lohshil tulanene durmil aahet aanee sagari anoxic ghatananmadhye jamaa jhaale aahet asey manale jaate, jyamadhye jamaa honare khore mukt oxygenmadhye qamee jhaale. teey lohachya silicates aanee oxidesney banalele asatat, parantu tyat lakshaniy phosphorus praman asate, jyamadhye bii. aay. eff. chee kamatarata asate.
pattankit lokhandi rachnansathi konatyahi vargikaran yojanela purn manyata midaleli nahee. 1954 madhye, harrold lloyd james yanni chaar lithological fesijvar (auxide, carbonate, silicate aanee sulphide) aadharit vargikaranache samarthan kele, jeey sathvanchya vegvegalya kholinche pratinidhitva karatat asey manale jaate, parantu heey anumanatmak model tikale nahee. 1980 madhye, gorden aaa. jamaa jhalelya khonyachya swarupavar aadharit, gross yanni algoma prakar aanee talav shreshth prakarat bii. aay. eff. chee duheri vibhagani karnyache samarthan kele. algoma beef heey grewack aanee itar jwalamukhiy khadakanchya sahkaryane tulanene lahan khonyanmadhye aadhaltat aanee jwalamukhi kendranshi sambandhit asalyache manale jaate. kalya shales, quartzites aanee dolomitechya sahkaryane mothya khonyanmadhye lake superior beefs aadhaltat, tulanene lahan tuffs kinwa itar jwalamukhiy khadkansah aanee khandiy shelfwar tayar jhalyache manale jaate. heey vargikaran adhik vyapakpane sweekarle gele aahe, parantu teey katekorpane nikshepan khonyachya vaishishtyanvar aadharit aahe aanee swatachya bifechya lithologiever aadharit nahee heey samajoon ghenyat apayash aalyane gondhal nirman jhaala aahe aanee kahee bhoogarbhshastradnyanni teey sodoon denyache samarthan kele aahe. tathapi, algoma viruddha talav shreshth prakaranmadhye vargikaran vaparale jaat aahe.
ghatana.
pattankit lokhandi rachana jawaljawal keval purv cambrian kalatil asatat, bahutek sathe paleoproterozoic (1850 maa) chya oroserian kalat sathvanchya duyyam shikharasah, arkeyanchya uttaradhatil (2800-2500 maa) aahet. prarambhik archaean aanee neoproterozoic (750 emae) madhye kirkol rakkam jamaa kelee gelee. sarvat lahan dnyat banded loh rachana hii paschim chinmadhil prarambhik cambrian rachana aahe. kaaran jyaa prakriyandvare bii. aay. eff. tayar hotat tyaa suruvatichya bhoogarbhiy velepuratya maryadit asalyache disate aanee purv cambrian jagachya adviteey paristhiti pratibimbit karoo shakatat, tyancha bhoogarbhshastradnyanni sakhol abhyas keela aahe.
pattankit lokhandi rachana jagbharat, pratyek khandatil pratyek khandiy kavchamadhye aadhaltat. sarvat june beef greenstone pattyanshi sambandhit aahet aanee tyat isua greenstone pattyache beef samavisht aahet, sarvat june dnyat, jyanche vay andaje 3700 teey 3800 emm. aii. aahe. temagami pattankit loh sathe 50 dashalaksh varshanchya kalavadhit 2736 teey 2687 emm. aii. paryant tayar jhaale aanee tyanchi jaadi 1 kotee 50 laakh emm. aii. paryant pohochali. prarambhik archaean beefschee itar udaharane abitibi greenstone belt, ilgarn aanee pilbara craytonchya greenstone belt, baltic shiild aanee amazon, uttar chean aanee dakshin aanee paschim aafrikechya kretanmadhye aadhaltat.
sarvat vyapak pattankit lokhandi rachana kaay ashee sambandhit aahet.eff. trendal gret gondwana beefs mhanatat. heey yugat ushirache archaean aahet aanee greenstone pattyanshi sambandhit naheet. teey tulanene avikasit aahet aanee hammersley shrenisarkhe vistrut bhaugolik pathar tayar karatat. yethe pattankit lokhandi rachana 2470 teey 2450 emm. aii. darmyan jamaa jhalya hotya aanee jagatil sarvat jaad aanee sarvat vyapak aahet, jyachi kamal jaadi 2470 teey 2450 emm. aii. peksha jaast aahe. amazon craytonchi karajas nirmiti, saao francisco craytonchi kaau itabirite, dakshin aafrikechi kuruman loh nirmiti aanee penz loh nirmiti aanee bharatachya mulaingiri nirmitimadhye ashach prakarche beef aadhaltat.
paleoproterozoic banded loh rachana loh shreni aanee canadian dhalchya itar bhaganmadhye aadhaltat. loh shreni haah chaar pramukh sathyancha samooh aaheh mesabi shreni, sindur shreni, gunflint shreni aanee kuyuna shreni. heey serve enemiki samoohacha bhag aahet aanee 2500 teey 1800 emm. aii. darmyan jamaa karnyat aale hote. heey beef pramukhyane danadar loh rachana aahet.
neoproterozoic banded loh sanrachananmadhye brazilmadhil yurukam, yuconmadhil rapitan aanee dakshin aafriketil damara pattyacha samavesh hoto. teey tulanene aakarane maryadit aahet, aadvya vistar kahee daha kilometerpeksha jaast naheet aanee jaadi sumare nahee. heey snoball pruthvishi sambandhit asamanya anoxic sagari paristhitit jamaa jhaale asalyache vyapakpane manale jaate."
mool.
banded loh nirmitine 2,400 emae yaa mothya auxidation ghatanechya velesathi kahee pahile purave pradan kele. pruthvivaril prarambhik vatavaran aanee mahasagaranvaril 1968 chya tyanchya papers, preston claudne eka samanya chaukat sthapit kelee jee sarvatrik naslyas, vyapakpane, bii. aay. eff. chey nikshepan samajoon ghenyasathi sweekarli gelee aahe.
dhagachya matey, pattankit loh rachana hii khol samudratil anoxic, lohyukt panyacha parinam hotee, jee cyanobacteria vastee asalelya photic zonmadhye jaate, jyat auxigen-utpadan prakashsanshleshan karanyachi kshamata vikasit jhaali hotee, parantu oxygenyukt vatavaranat rahnyasathi adyap enzymes (jase qee superoxide dismutage) vikasit jhalele navhate. asha jivanche tyanchya swatachya auxigen kachyapasoon sanrakshn kele gele asate, jeey lavkar samudrat qamee jhalelya lohyukt lohachya, phay (2) chya sathyadvare jaladpane kadhoon takale gele asate. prakashsanshleshanadvare sodanyat aalelya pranvayune phay (2) chey auxidation karoon ferrick loh, phay (3) kele, jeey samudratil panyatoon aghulansheel loh auxides mhanoon baher padale jeey samudrachya prushthbhagavar sthayik jhaale.
auksijanmule mukt muldravyanchya hanimule cyanobacteria loksankhyetil chadh-utaranmule banding hote asey claudne suchavale. yamule prarambhik puratatviy sathyanchi tulanene maryadit vyapti dekhil spasht jhaali. aarkiyanchya shevati bifechya sathavanukitil mahan shikhar heey oxygens jagnyasathichya yantranechya utkranticha parinam asalyache manale jaat hote. yamule swayam-vishbadha sampali aanee cyanobacteriamadhye loksankhyecha sphot jhaala jyamule qamee jhalelya lohacha urvarit puravatha vegane qamee jhaala aanee bahutek dvigunit jamavat sampali. tyanantar vatavaranat auxigen jamaa houu lagla.
claudchya mool pratikrutiche kahee tapasheel sodoon denyat aale. udaharanarth, precambrian staranchya sudharit tarnanusar asey disun aale aahe qee auxigen-copping yantranechya utkrantinantar agadi qamee kalavadhit honyaeivaji bife jamaa honyache ushirache archaean shikhar kotyavadhi varshant pasarale hote. tathapi, tyachya samanya sankalpana pattyachya lokhandi rachananchya utpattibaddalachya vicharanna aakar dett rahatat. visheshtah, qamee lohane samruddha asalelya khol samudrachya panyachya, lohane qamee oxygenyukt prushthbhagachya tharat varchya dishene jaanyachi sankalpana hii sathavanukichya bahutek siddhantancha eka pramukh ghatak aahe.
1800 emm. aii. nantar jamaa jhalelya kahee rachana mukt vatavaraniy oxygenchya adhunmadhun qamee patalikade nirdesh karoo shakatat, tarr yethe asalele lahan shikhar kalpanik snoball pruthvishi sambandhit asoo shakate.
nirmiti prakriya.
chert tharanmadhil sookshmapattya bahudha auxigen utpadanat varshik badalanmule tayar honanya verves asatat. dainandin microbandingsathi varshala 2 meater kinwa 5 kiimii/emm. aii. chya sathavanukicha khoop uchch darr aavashyak asel. sathavanukichya vividh pratimanvar aadharit sathavan darache andaj aanee sambandhit tuff bedchya vayache sanvedanshil uchch-resolution aayan microprobe (kolambi) andaj 19 teey 270 meater/emaechya vishisht dwigunanmadhye sathavan darr suchavatat, jeey ektar varshik verve kinwa bharati chakradware tayar jhalelya laybaddhateshi susangat asatat.
meghanni prastavit kele qee mesobanding haah suruvatichya cyanobacteriadware swayam-vishprayogacha parinam hota kaaran qamee jhalelya lohacha puravatha veloveli qamee hott asey. mesobandingcha arth duyyam rachana mhanoon dekhil lavala gela aahe, jee moolatah thevalelya galat nasate, parantu galanchya sankshepanadarmyan tayar hote. aanakhi eka siddhant assa aahe qee mesoband yaa prathamik rachana aahet jyaa madhya-mahasagarachya kadyanvaril kriyakalapanchya dalimule hotat jyaa dashakanchya velechya pramananvar qamee jhalelya lohachya upalabdhatet badal karatat. danadar loh sanrachanechya babatit, mesobandsche shrey uthal panyat gaal galane asey dile jaate, jyamadhye lahari krutee vegvegalya aakarache aanee rachaneche kann vegale karatat.
pattankit lokhandi rachana jamaa karnyasathi, anek purvashartanchi purtata karane aavashyak aahe.
qamee jhalelya lohacha srot.
qamee jhalelya lohacha puresa srot asane aavashyak aahe joou sathavan khonyat muktapane pasaru shakato. lohachya sambhavya strotanmadhye madhya mahasagarachya kadanvar hydrothermal vent, vaara vahanari dhool, nadya, himanadya aanee khandiy kathavarun galatee yancha samavesh hoto.
qamee jhalelya lohachya vividh strotanche mahatva bhuvaidnyanik kalat bahudha natakiyaritya badalale aahe. heey algoma aanee talavatil uchch-prakarchya sathyanmadhye bii. aay. eff. chya vibhaganimadhye pratibimbit hote. algoma-prakarche bii. aay. eff. pramukhyane aarkiyanmadhye tayar jhaale. heey june bii. eff. aay. eff. loh hydrothermal strotashi susangat asaleli sakaratmak europium visangati darshavtat. yaulat, talavatil uchch-prakarchya pattyachya lokhandi rachana pramukhyane paleoproterozoic yugat tayar jhalya aanee junya algoma-prakarchya bii. aay. eff. chya europium visangatincha abhav aahe, jeey khandanmadhun havamanat aalelya lohache barech jaast input soochit karate.
auxigen kinwa hydrogen sulfidechi anupasthiti.
anoxic mahasagarachya panyat hydrogen sulfidechi anupasthiti ektar khol mahasagarat sulfurcha pravah qamee karoon kinwa disimilatory sulfate reduction (dii. ess. aar.) chya abhavadvare spasht kelee jaau shakate, hii prakriya jyadvare sukshmajiv shvasanasathi oxygenchya jaagi sulfetcha vapar karatat. dii. ess. aar. chey utpadan hydrogen sulphide aahe, jeey dravanatun loh pyrite mhanoon sahajpane baher kadhate.
banded loh nirmitichya sathavanukisathi anoxicchi aavashyakta, parantu euxynic nahee, khol mahasagarachi aavashyakta 1.8 abj varshanpurvichya bife sathavanukicha shevat spasht karnyasathi done models suchavate. holland mahasagar" modelmadhye asey suchavale aahe qee qamee jhalelya lohachi vahtook thambavanyasathi khol mahasagar tyaa velee puresa oxygenyukt jhaala. heinrich hollandcha assa yuktivad aahe qee paleoproterozoic aanee neoproterozoic bii. eff. darmyanchya viramadarmyan manganeejchya sathyanchi anupasthiti haah purava aahe qee khol mahasagar kiman kinchit oxygenyukt jhaala hota. canfield ocean" modelmadhye asey suchavale aahe qee, yaulat, khol mahasagar euxynic jhaala aanee qamee jhalelya lohachi vahtook pyrite mhanoon parjanyamanamule rokhali gelee.
uttar minnesota madheel pattankit lokhandi rachana sudbury khonyachya prabhavatoon baher padnyachya jaad tharane aachchhadit kelya jaatat. eka laghugrah (andaje 10 kiimii rund) sumare 1,000 meater khol panyat sumare 1 abj varshanpurvi prabhavit jhaala, joou bife jamaa honyatil thamba yachya sanyogane jhaala. sanganakachya pratikrutivarun asey soochit hote qee yaa prabhavamule kiman 1,000 meater unchichi tsunami nirman jhaali asatee aanee 100 meater unchichi tsunami sumare 3,000 kilometer antaravar hotee. asey suchavale gele aahe qee yaa prabhavamule udbhavalelya prachand laata aanee panyakhalil mothya bhuskhalanamule purvi starikrut samudrache mishran jhaale, khol mahasagarala pranavayu midala aanee prabhavanantar lagechach dvigunit jamavat sampali.
auxidation.
jaree dhaganni assa yuktivad keela qee banded loh nirmitichya sathavanukimadhye sukshmajiv kriyakalap hii eka mahattvachi prakriya hotee, auxigen viruddha anoxygenic prakashsanshleshanachya bhoomikevar vadavivad suru aahe aanee gair-jaivik prakriya dekhil prastavit kelya gelya aahet.
pranavayu prakashsanshleshan.
dhagache mool gruhitak asey hote qee lohyukt lohache panyat asalelya aanvik auksijandware thetpane auksidikaran jhaleh
pranavayu cyanobacteria prakashsanshleshit kriyakalapanmadhun yeto. aerobic loh-oxidising jivanundware lohyukt lohache auxidation jalad kele gele asave, jeey qamee oxygenchya paristhitit 50 chya ghatkandware auxidationche praman vadhavu shakatat.
anaxygenic prakashsanshleshan.
banded loh rachananchya sathavanukisathi oxygenic prakashsanshleshan hii ekmev jaivik yantrana nahee. kahee bhoo-rasayanshastradnyanni asey suchavale aahe qee sukshmajivayukt anoxygenic phototrofsdware lohachya thet oxidationdware banded loh rachana tayar houu shakatat. iyern-oxidising jivanunchya kriyakalapandware honanya parjanyamanashi phosphorus aanee trace dhatunche sandrata susangat asate.
greenlandchya isua yethe sarvat junya banded loh sanrachananmadhil (3700-3800 maa) loh samasthanik gunottar, atyant qamee auxigen patali (photic zonmadhil aadhunik oo2 patalichya <0.001%) aanee ephai (ii) chey anoxygenic prakashsanshleshi auxidation gruheet dharoon sarvottampane spasht kele jaatatah
yasathi aavashyak aahe qee visarjit loh qamee karane, jee jaivik prakriya jyamadhye sukshmajiv shvasanamadhye auksijansathi phay (3) badaltat, tee adyap vyapak navhati. yaulat, talavachya uchch-prakarchya pattankit loh rachana loh samasthanik gunottar darshavtat jeey soochit karatat qee yaa kalat visarjit loh qamee honyat mothya pramanat vaadh jhaali.
avayaviy nirjantukikaran karananya jivanundware auxidation haah eka paryayi marg aahe. yasathi sukshmajivandvare nitrogen sthirikaran dekhil sakriy asane aavashyak aahe.
abiogenic yantrana.
banded loh nirmitimadhye sendriya carboncha abhav haah bife jamaa honyachya sukshmajiv niyantranaviruddha yuktivad karato. dusarikade, bife jamaa honyachya suruvatila cyanobacteria mubalak prakashsanshleshan karnare aanee pilbara craytonchya banded loh nirmitimadhye shelmadhil hydrocarbon markerche jivashma purave aahet. pattankit loh sanrachananmadhye asalela carbon prakash samasthanik, 12see, madhye samruddha hoto, joou jaivik utpatticha soochak aahe. jarr mool loh oxidescha motha bhag hematitechya swarupat asel, tarr galatil konatyahi carbonche decarbonization pratikriyedvare auksidikaran jhaale asaveh
trendal aanee jeey.jee. banded loh nirmiti haah eka vichitra prakarcha precambrian bashpibhavnacha prakar asoo shakato heey gruhitak blockleyne prastavit kele, parantu nantar nakarle. itar prastavit abiogenic prakriyanmadhye potassiumchya kiranotsargi samasthanikadvare radiolysis, 40k, kinwa starikrut mahasagarat lohyukt panyachya vadhisah khonyachya panyachi varshik uladhal yancha samavesh hoto.
aanakhi eka abiogenic yantrana mhanje suryaprakashadvare lohache photooxidation. prayogshaletil prayog asey suchavatat qee ph aanee suryaprakashachya sambhavya paristhitit heey purese uchch sathavan darr nirman karoo shakate. tathapi, jarr loh uthal hydrothermal strotakadun aale asel tarr itar prayogshaletil prayog asey suchavatat qee carbonate kinwa silicates mhanoon lohyukt lohacha paus photooxidationshi gambhirpane spardha karoo shakato.
diagenesis.
auxidationchi achook yantrana kahihi asso, ferrous teey ferrick lohachya oxidationmule loh heey ferrick hydroxide jail mhanoon avkshepit houu shakate. tyachpramane, pattankit loh sanrachanetil silika ghatak hydrus silika jail mhanoon avkshepit jhaala asava. loh hydroxide aanee silika jailche banded loh nirmitimadhye rupantaran heey digenesische eka udaharan aahe, jeey galanche ghan khadakat rupantar aahe.
aajchya bii. aay. eff. madhye aadhalanaya jawaljawal samaan rasayanik rachnesah galapasoon banded loh rachana tayar jhalyache purave aahet. hammersley shrenichya dvigunit bhaganmadhye uttam rasayanik ekarupata aanee bajukadil ekarupata disun yete, jyamadhye sadhyachya rachnet badalalya gelelya konatyahi purvavarti khadakacha konatahi sanket nahee. heey soochit karate qee, mool ferrick hydroxide aanee silika jailchya nirjalikaran aanee decarbonization vyatirikt, digenesisne kadachit rachana aparivartit thewali aanee tyat mool jailche sfatikikaran samavisht hote. carboncha abhav aanee junya pattankit loh sanrachananmadhye magnetite pradhanya yamule decarbonization houu shakate. neoproterozoic bii. eff. madhye hematite tulanene uchch praman asey soochit karate qee teey khoop lavkar aanee mothya pramanat biomass tayar naan karananya prakriyedvare jamaa kele gele hote, jenekarun hematitela magnetitemadhye qamee karnyasathi qamee carbon upasthit hota.
tathapi, digenesischya shevatchya tappyat carbonate khadakatoon kinwa hydrothermal chikhalatoon bii. aay. eff. badalale gele asanyachi shakyata aahe. 2018 chya abhyasat asey konatehi purave aadhalale naheet qee bifemadhye magnetite decarbonizationdware tayar hote aanee asey suchavate qee teey pratikriyedvare cyderitechya aushnik vighatanane tayar jhaale
loh moolatah greenlight aanee itar loh silicates mhanoon avkshepit jhaale asave. tyanantar macrobandingcha arth mool lokhandi silicate chikhal sampikanache utpadan mhanoon lavala jaato. yamule cyderiteyukt pattya tayar jhalya jyaa drav pravah aanee magnetitechya nirmitisathi marg mhanoon kaam karat hotya.
mahan auxidation ghatana.
aarkiyanchya uttaradhat banded loh sanrachananchya sathavanukiche shikhar aanee orosiriyanmadhye sathavan sampanyacha arth mahan pranavayu nirmitichya ghatanesathi chinhak mhanoon lavala gela aahe. 2. 45 abj varshanpurvi, sulfurche (emm. aay. eff.-ess.) vastuman-swatantra apurnank uchch pramanat asane heey atyant auxigen-garib vatavaran darshavate. banded loh nirmitichya sathavanukiche shikhar miff-ess signalchya gayab honyashi julate, jyacha arth 2.41 teey 2.35 abj varshanpurvichya vatavaranat oxygenche kayamswarupi swaroop assa keela jaato. yachyabarobar khol anoxic thurr aanee uthal oxidised thurr asalelya starikrut mahasagaracha vikas jhaala. 1.5 abj varshanpurvichya bifechya sathavanukicha shevat khol mahasagarachya oxidationmule jhaala.
snoball arth hypothesis.
1992 paryant asey manale jaat hote qee durmil, nantarche (tarun) banded loh sathe asamanya paristhitiche pratinidhitva karatat jithe auxigen sthanik patalivar qamee hoto. lohyukt paanee nantar vilgikaranat tayar hoil aanee nantar oxygenyukt panyachya samparkat yeil. snoball arth hypothesisne yaa tarun sathyansathi paryayi spashtikaran dile. himgol pruthvichya rajyat khand aanee kadachit qamee akshanshavaril samudra heey sumare 750 teey 580 emm. aii. chya tivra himyugachya adheen hote jyamule jawaljawal kinwa purnapane mukt auxigen qamee jhaala hota. tyanantar auxigen-garib mahasagaranmadhye (bahudha samudrachya talavaril hydrothermal ventmadhun) virghalalele loh jamaa hote. pruthvi vitalalyanantar, samudra punha ekada pranvayuyukt jhaala jyamule lohacha paus padala. yaa kalatil pattankit lokhandi rachana pramukhyane stertian himanadishi sambandhit aahet.
himgol pruthvichya yugat pattankit loh nirmitisathi eka paryayi yantrana suchavate qee himnadiy-chalit aushnik ulthapalath jhalyamule hydrothermaly sakriy phaat kshetranchya aaspaschya dhatuyukt lavananshatun loh jamaa jhaale hote. sambandhit himanadyanchya sathyanchya tulanet yaa dvigunanchi maryadit vyapti, jwalamukhichya rachnanshi tyancha sambandh aanee jaadi aanee chehnyanmadhil farak yaa gruhitkala anukool aahet. asha prakarchya nirmitisathi jaagtik anoxic mahasagarachi aavashyakta nasate, parantu ektar snoball arth kinwa slushball arth modelshee susangat asate.
aarthik bhoogarbhshastra.
pattankit loh rachana sadhya utkhananat sapadalele bahutansh loh dhatoo puravatat. jaagtik loh sathyanpaiki 60 takkyanhun adhik banded loh nirmitichya swarupat aahet, jyapaiki bahutek austreliya, brazil, canada, bharat, russia, dakshin africa, ukraine aanee americet aadhaltat.
vegvegalya khaan jilhyanni bii. aay. eff. sathee tyanchi swatachi nave tayar kelee. banded iyern formation' haah shabd superior talavachya loh jilhyanmadhye tayar karnyat aala hota, jithe mesabi, market, kyuna, gojebik aanee menomini loh shrenichya dhatoo sathyanna 'jasper', 'jaspilite', 'loh-vahak nirmiti' kinwa taconite mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaat asey. pattankit lokhandi sanrachananche varnan brazilmadhye 'itabarite', dakshin aafriket 'lokhandi dagad' aanee bharatat 'bii. etch. kyu.' (pattankit hematite quartzite) asey kele gele.
pattankit loh nirmiticha shodh pahilyanda 1844 madhye uttar mishiganmadhye lagla aanee yaa sathyanchya khankamamule charles aar. sarkhya bii. aay. eff. chya suruvatichya abhyasala chalana midali. vanne hii aanee charles keneth leath. mesabi aanee kuyuna parvataranganvaril loh khankam mothya khulya khandak khaninmadhye vikasit jhaale, jithe vafeche favade aanee itar audhyogik yantre mothya pramanat dhatoo kadhoon takoo shakat hotee. suruvatila khaninni pattankit loh sanrachananmadhun baher padananya hematite aanee goithaitchya mothya khaata vaparlya aanee 1980 paryant yaa "naisargik dhatoo" chaa sumare 25 kotee tunn satha kadhala gela. 1956 paryant, babit, minnesota jawalil pieter michel khanitunach yaa dhatupasoon mothya pramanat vyavsayik utpadan suru jhaale. 2016 madhye minnesotache utpadan darvarshi 4 kotee tunn dhatuche sandra hote, jeey ekoon yu. ess. chya sumare 75 takke aahe.ess. utpadan. magnetite-samruddha banded loh nirmiti, jee sthanik patalivar taconite mhanoon olakhali jaate, tee choornat dalali jaate aanee magnetite shaktishali chumbakanni vegale kele jaate aanee pathvani aanee vitalanyasathi gulanya kelya jaatat.
dusya mahayuddhanantar loh khanij hii jaagtik vastoo bunley aanee 1960 madhye austreliyatun loh khanij niryat karnyavaril bandee sampushtat aalyanantar hammersley shreni haah eka pramukh khaan jilha banala. yetheel pattankit lokhandi rachana jagatil sarvat jaad aanee sarvat vyapak aahet, jyat moolatah sumare 300 trillion metrik tunn loh aahe. austreliyatil olakhalya gelelya serve loh khanij sathyanpaiki 80 takke satha yaa shreneet aahe. darvarshi 10 kotee metrik tanpeksha jaast loh khanij yaa shrenitun kadhale jaate.
brazilchya itabarite pattyachya lokhandi rachana kiman jhakalelya asatat aanee tyaa jaad asatat. heey chaturbhuj ferrifero kinwa loh chaturbhuj tayar karatat, jeey amerikechya loh shrenichya khaninsarkhe disatat, jyamadhye pasantiche dhatoo hematite aahe jeey bifesmadhun baher kadhale jaate. loh chatushkonatun honanya utpadanamule brazilala austreliyanantar lohkhanij utpadan karnara dusra sarvat motha utpadak bananyas madat hote, december 2007 teey meey 2018 yaa kalavadhit masik niryat sarasari 139,299 metrik tunn hotee.
uttar chinmadhil anshan yethe banded loh sanrachananmadhun dhatuche khankam 1918 madhye suru jhaale. jevha japanane 1931 madhye ishanya chinavar kabja keela, tevha yaa giranyanche japani malkichya ekadhikarat rupantar jhaale aanee dusya mahayuddhadarmyan heey shahar eka mahattvapoorn dhoranatmak audhyogik kendra banale. manchuriyatil prakriya kelelya lohache ekoon utpadan 1931-32 madhye 1,000,000 metrik tanparyant pohochale. 1942 paryant, anshanchya shova steelchya kamanchi ekoon utpadan kshamata 3,600,000 metrik tunn prati varshaparyant pohochali, jyamule teey jagatil pramukh loh aanee polad kendranpaiki eka banale. 1945 madhye soviet sanghane manchuria tabyat ghetalyamule aanee tyanantarchya chiinii yadavi yuddhadarmyan utpadan mothya pramanat viskalit jhaale. tathapi, 1948 teey 2001 yaa kalat poladachya kamanmule 290 dashalaksh tunn polad, 28.4 kotee tunn pig iyern aanee 192 dashalaksh tunn rolled steelche utpadan jhaale. varshik utpadan kshamata 1 kotee tunn pig iyern, 1 kotee tunn polad aanee 9.5 laakh tunn rolled polad aahe. chinchya ekoon lohkhanij sathyanpaiki eka chaturthansh mhanje sumare 10 abj tunn, anshanmadhye aahet.