soviet unioncha itihas (1982-1991)

1982 teey 1991 yaa kalat soviet unioncha itihas soviet neta leonid brezhnevchya mrutyupasoon soviet union visarjit hoiparyantcha aahe. deshantargat vikasachya kimmativar soviet lashkari ubharanichya varshanmule aanee niyantran arthvyavasthetil guntaguntichya pranaligat samasyanmule soviet utpadan thapp jhaale. sudharananche ayashasvi prayatna, arthvyavastha thapp hone aanee afaganistanmadhil yuddhat soviet sanghachya sainyachya virodhat amerikechya pratinidhinchya yashamule, visheshtah soviet-vyapt baltic deshanmadhye aanee purv europemadhye, sarvasadharan asantoshachi bhavna nirman jhaali.
shevatchya soviet nete mikhail gorbachev yanni sthapan kelelya adhik mothya rajkiy aanee samajik swatantryanni samyavadi rajvativar aanee 'perestroica' varr khulya tikanche vatavaran nirman kele. 1985 aanee 1986 madhye telachya kimmatit jhalelya lakshaniy ghasaranicha soviet netrutvachya krutivar kholvar parinam jhaala.
mantrimandalache adhyaksh nikolai tikhonov yanchya jaagi nikolai rizkov aanee sarvoch soviet sanghachya adhyaksh mandalache karyavahak adhyaksh vasili kuznetsov yanchya jaagi majee pararashtra vyavhar mantri andrei graumico heey nivadoon aale.
anek prajasattakanni kendriya niyantranala virodh karnyas suruvat kelee aanee vadhatya lokshahikaranamule kendra sarkar kamkuvat jhaale. sudharavadi gorbachevla padanyacha prayatna kaam apayashi uthavanantar boris yeltsinne satta kabij kelee tevha 1991 madhye soviet unionche akheris patan jhaale.
netrutva parivartan.
1982 paryant, soviet arthvyavasthechi sthairya spasht hote, jyacha purava soviet union yuu. ess. madhoon dhanya aayat karat hota.ess. 1970 chya dashakat, parantu hii vyavastha itaki drudhpane rujaleli hotee qee konatahi vastavik badal ashakya vatat hota. sanrakshn kharch mothya pramanat arthvyavasthechya mothya bhagacha vapar karat asey. brazenave aanee gorbachev yug vegale karnara sankraman kaal haah aadhichya kalapeksha sarkarne jaast purvichya kalasarkha hota, jaree sudharananche sanket 1983 chya suruvatilach samore aale.
andropov intergrenum.
brazenave 10 november 1982 roji maran pavala. done divasanchya satta sangharshanantar yoori andropov naveen sarchitanis banala. tyane aaplya kilobat jodanidware aanee sanrakshn kharchat kapat naan karnyache aashvasan deuun lashkaracha pathimba midvat sattevar yenyacha daav keela. tulana karnyasathi, constantin chernenkosarkhe tyache kahee pratispardhi, uchch lashkari andajpatrak chaloo thevnyababat sanshayi hote. vayachya 68 vya varshi, andropov heey sarchitanis mhanoon niyukt jhalele sarvat vayovruddha vyakti hote. andropovne sampoorn paksh aanee rajya nokarshahimadhye gharanchi sampoorn swachchata suru kelee, kendriya samitiche sarasari vay 69 hote yaa vastusthitimule haah nirnay sopa jhaala. tyanni soviet mantri aanee pradeshik pakshache pachvyapeksha jaast pratham sachiv aanee kendriya samitichya yantranetil eka trutiyanshpeksha jaast vibhagpramukhanchi jaaga ghetali. parinami, tyane vruddha netrutvala tarun, adhik jomdar prashasakanni badalale. parantu, andropovchi sarvoch netrutvala aakar denyachi kshamata, tyache swatache vay aanee kharab aarogya aanee tyachya pratispardhyacha (aanee brezhnevcha dirghakalin sahkari) constantin chernenkocha prabhav yamule maryadit hotee, jyane purvi kendriya samiteet kelee babinvar dekhrekh thewali hotee.
brezhnevpasoon andropovparyantche satteche sankraman heey visheshtah soviet itihasatil pahile asey sankraman hote, jeey purnapane shantatet ghadale, jyat konalahi turungat takale gele nahee, marle gele nahee kinwa padavarun hatvale gele nahee.
deshantargat dhorane.
andropovche deshantargat dhoran soviet samajat shist aanee suvyavastha punarsanchayit karnyachya dishene mothya pramanat jhukale. tyanni aamulagra rajkiy aanee aarthik sudharananna talhale, tyaeivaji rajkaranat thodya pramanat spashtatecha aanee 1960 chya dashakachya madhyat divangat pantpradhan alexey kosigin yanchya upkramanshi sambandhit asalelya saumya aarthik prayoganna protsahan dile. asha aarthik prayoganchya sanyogane, andropovne bhrashtacharvirodhi moheem suru kelee jee sarkar aanee pakshanchya shreneet uchch staravar pohochali. anek haveli aanee lakzari gadyancha tafa asalelya brezhnevchya ulat, too agadi sadhepanane jagala. 1983 chya suruvatila budapestala bhet detana tyanni hangerichya gaulash samyavadat rus darshavala aanee soviet arthvyavasthechya nivval aakaramule varr-khaliche kathor niyojan avyavharya jhaale. 1982 madhye, deshachya sarvat white aarthik kamgiriche sakshidar mhanoon, vastavik jee. dii. pii. vaadh jawaljawal shoonya takke asatana, ghaighait badal aavashyak hote.
pararashtra dhorane.
andropovla pararashtra dhoranatil sankatanchya malikanna samore jaave lagaleh afaganistanmadhil soviet sainyachi nirashajanak paristhiti, polandmadhil bandkhoricha dhoka, chinashi vadhati vaimansyata, madhyapurvetil yuddhacha dhruvikaranacha dhoka aanee ethiopia aanee dakshin aafriketil samasya. amerikeche rashtradhyaksh ronald rigan yanni suru kelele 'dusare shityuddha' aanee 'dusht samrajya' mhanoon tyanni jyacha nishedh keela hota, tyala mage ghenyavar kelela vishisht hallah haah sarvat gambhir dhoka hota. moscomadhye nasalelya uchch tantradnyanavar bharr dett, shityuddhavar mothya pramanat kharch vadhavanyasathi rigan american aarthik shakti aanee soviet aarthik kamkuvatpanacha vapar karat hota. mukhya pratisad mhanje rashtriy arthsankalpachya 70 takkyanparyant lashkari andajpatrak vadhavane aanee siiriya, iraq, libia, dakshin yemen, ploo, kyuba aanee uttar koriyala kotyavadhi dollarschee lashkari madat puravane. tyat rangadya aanee bakhtarband sainyavahu, shekado ladhau vimane, tasech vimanvirodhi pranali, tofkhana pranali aanee serve prakarchi uchch tantradnyanachi upkarane hotee jyasathi yuu. ess. ess. aar. tyachya mitrarashtransathi mukhya puravathadar hota. khule yuddh talhane heey andropovche mukhya dhyey hote.
pararashtra dhoranat, afaganistanmadhil sangharsh jaree suru rahila, jaree andropov-jyala aata aakraman hii chook vatat hotee-tyane vataghatitun maghar ghenyasathi ardhe munn lavoon paryay shodhale. andropovchya rajvatit amerikeshi asalele sambandhahi bighadale. soviet pratishthit yuli quitsynskisobatchya 'walk inn daad woods' chya khoop prasiddhichya velee, american mutsaddi paul nitz yanni europemadhil donhi bajunchya aanvik kshepanastre qamee karnyasathi tadjod suchavali, jyakade shevati politburone durlaksh kele. quitsynsky nantar lihito qee, swatachya prayatnannantarhi, soviet netrutvala tadjodimadhye rus navhata, tyaeivaji pashchimatya shantata chalvali americananna sharan yenyas bhag padtil assa hishob keela. 8 march 1983 roji, andropovchya sarchitanispadachya karkirdit, yuu.ess. rashtradhyaksh ronald rigan yanni prasiddhapane soviet unionla 'dusht samrajya' asey sambodhale. tyach mahinyat, 23 march roji, riganane dhoranatmak sanrakshn upkramachi ghoshana kelee. ballistic kshepanastra sanrakshanatil haah sanshodhan karyakram "aii. bii. emm. kararantargat aamchya aamchya susangat asel", assa dawa riganane keela. tathapi, andropovne haah dawa fetalala aanee mhatale qee, "aata vel aalee aahe qee teey [washington] thambale... anuyuddha suru karnyachya sarvottam margancha shodh ghya. ... yaat sahbhagi hone heey keval bejbabadarpanache nahee. too veda aahe ".
august 1983 madhye, andropovne jaheer kele qee desh antaral-aadharit shastranvaril serve kaame thambavat aahe. darmyan, soviet-yuu.ess. europemadhil madhyavarti pallyachya anvastranvaril shastra niyantran vataghati november 1983 madhye soviet unionne sthagit kelya aanee varshachya akheris soviet sanghane serve shastra niyantran vataghati khandit kelya.
jagbharat prachand white prasiddhi tevha jhaali jevha soviet ladhau vimananni 269 pravasi aanee karmchari vahoon nenare corian havai uddan cull-07 heey nagri jett jahaj padale. 1 september 1983 roji alaskatil anchorage teey dakshin koriyachya siolparyantchya nirdharit margavar too soviet unionchya palikade bhatakala hota. nagri vimanala samore jaanyasathi soviet pranali tayar navhati aanee golibar haah vinakaran aadeshanche palan karnyacha vishay hota. apghat manya karnyaivaji, soviet prasarmadhyamanni pashchimatya chithavanikhoranna tond denyacha dhadsi nirnay jaheer keela. chernobyl yetheel anuurja prakalpachya vitalanyachya 1986 madheel qamee vishvasarhatechya spashtikaranasaha, yaa prakaranane jansampark sankatanna samore jaanyat asamarthata darshavili; prachar pranali keval tyaa lokanna lakshyit hotee jeey aadhich soviet unionche vachanbaddha mitra hote. manvi chukanmule tantrik aanee sanghatanatmak apayshamule donhi sankate vadhali.
visheshtah march 1983 nantar, jevha riganane soviet unionla 'dusht samrajya' mhatale, tevha yu. ess.-soviet sambandh zapatyane bighadale. adhikrut press agency tasane reganvar "keval sangharsh aanee yuddhatmak, vede samyavadvirodhi vichar" kelyacha aarop keela. paschim europemadhye riganane madhyavarti pallyachya aanvik kshepanastranchya sthapanevar aanakhi soviet aakrosh nirdeshit karnyat aala. afghanistan, angola, nikaragwa aanee itaratra, rigan siddhantanusar, americene yaa deshanmadhil samyavadvirodhi pratikar chalvalinna shastre puravun soviet samarthit sarkaranna kamkuvat karnyas suruvat kelee.
paschim europemadhye madhyam pallyachi pershing II kshepanastre tainat karnyachya rashtradhyaksh reganchya nirnayala france aanee paschim germanysarkhya deshanmadhye mothya pramanavar nishedh jhaala, kadhikadhi ekach velee 10 laakh lock hote. anek europeey lokanna khatri patali qee soviet union navhe tarr america haah adhik aakramak desh aahe aanee yuddhachya shakyatebaddal bheeti hotee, visheshtah europemadhye vyapak vishvas hota qee, laal sainyapasoon done mahasagaranni vegale kelele america, eka lahan bhusima aivaji, germany aanee itar deshanchya lokambaddal asanvedanshil hote. shivay, jeey mahayuddhachi aathvan ajunahi bhakkam hotee aanee tyaa sangharshachya shevatchya divasant soviet sainyane kelelya vidhvansak aanee samoohik balatkaranna anek german visaroo shakale naheet. nato aanee warsau karar yanchyatil yuddhamule anvastrancha vapar hone aavashyak nahee yaa rigan prashasanachya tippanyanmule yaa vruttila madat jhaali.
jhaali unhalyachya aanee sharad rututil tanavpurn kalat andropovchi prakruti zapatyane khalavali aanee tyaa novembermadhye novembermadhye krantichya vardhapan deane sohalyala mukanare teey pahile soviet nete tharale. anek mahine sarvajanik drushtikonatun gayab jhalyanantar februwari 1984 madhye mootrapind nikami jhalyamule tyanche nidhan jhaale. mikhail gorbachevcha shodh aanee tyala protsahan haah tyacha soviet sangharajyasathicha sarvat mahattvacha varsa hota. 1978 pasoon, gorbachevne cremlin padanukramadware done varshant politburochya purn sadasyatvasathi pragati kelee. kelee niyuktisathichya tyanchya tyanchya tyanna sampark sadhata aala aanee sarchitanis honyasathi bhavishyatil bolisathi aavashyak asalelya sahayyanche vitaran karata aale. yaa velee, pashchimatya tadnyancha assa vishvas hota qee andropov gorbachevla tyacha uttaradhikari mhanoon tayar karat hota. tathapi, endropovchya aajarpanadarmyan gorbachevne sarchitanisanche upasachiv mhanoon kaam kele asale taree, 1984 chya suruvatila tyachya aashraydarache nidhan jhaale tevha gorbachevchi vel adyap aaleli navhati.
chernenko intergrenum.
vayachya 71 vya varshi, constantin chernenko yanchi prakruti khalavali hotee, teey vatasfitine grast hote aanee dirgh charchenantar, andropovchya yashasathi tyanchi nivad jhaali tevha teey dhoran nirmitimadhye sakriy bhoomika bajavu shakale naheet. pann chernenkochya alpavadhichya karyakalamule dhoranat kahee mahattvapoorn badal jhaale. andropovchya dekharekhikhali haatee ghetalelya ghetalelya badal aanee bhrashtacharachi chaukashi sampali. chernenko yanni grahak vastoo aanee seva aanee shetimadhye adhik guntavanukiche samarthan kele. tyanni see. pii. ess. yuu. chya arthvyavastheche sookshm vyavasthapan qamee karnyache aanee janamatakade adhik laksh denyache aavahan kele. tathapi, soviet bandkhoranvarche keey. jee. bii. dadapshahi dekhil vadhali. februwari 1983 madhye, soviet pratinidhinni matbhed dadapanyasathi mansopacharshastrachya vaparabaddal tyaa gatachya satatchya takrarinchya nishedharth jaagtik mansopchar sansthetun maghar ghetali. junmadhye redio moscoche prasarak vladimir danchev yanni ingraji bhashetil prasaran kartana afaganistanatil soviet sainyacha ullekh 'aakramankarte' assa keela tevha heey dhoran adhorekhit karnyat aale. heey vidhan mage ghenyas nakar dilyanantar tyala anek mahine mansik sansthet pathvanyat aale. vyavsayik kamgaranchya anadhikrut sanghatanecha neta asalelya valery senderovla shikshan aanee vyavasayat jyoo lokanviruddhachya bhedbhavavar bolalyabaddal varshachya suruvatila kamgar shibirat saat varshanchi shiksha sunavanyat aalee.
jaree chernenkone pashchimeshi navyane 'shantateche' aavahan kele asale, taree tyachya rajvatit purv-paschim sambandhanmadhil daree door karnyachya dishene farshi pragati jhaali nahee. mosco yetheel 1980 chya unhali olympicchya amerikechya netrutvakhalil bahishkarala pratyuttar dett, soviet unionne losses angelisemadhil 1984 chya unhali olympicover bahishkar takala. september 1984 madhye, soviet unionne purv german nete erich honekar yanchya paschim germanychya bhetila dekhil pratibandh keela. afghan lokshahi prajasattakat ladhaihi tivra jhaali, parantu 1984 chya sharad rutuchya uttaradhat america aanee soviet unionne 1985 chya suruvatila shastrastra niyantran vataghati punha suru karnyas sahmati darshavali.
gorbachevcha uday.
apayashi arthvyavastheshivay, afaganistanmadhil pradirgh yuddh, jyala anekada soviet unionche 'vietnam yuddh' mhanoon sambodhale jaate, tyamule communist rajvatibaddal janatecha asantosh vadhala. tasech, 1986 madheel chernobyl aapattine gorbachevchya glasnost aanee perestroica sudharananna prerak shakti dilee, jee akheris niyantranabaher gelee aanee tyamule soviet pranali kosalali.
junya rakshakala hatvane.
anek varshanchya sthairyanantar, tarun samyavadi apparchikcha "naveen vichar" udayas yeu lagla. gambhir aajarane grast asalelya constantin chernenkochya mrutyunantar, politburone march 1985 madhye mikhail gorbachevla soviet unionchya communist partychya (see. pii. ess. yuu.) sarchitanisapadasathi nivadle. 54 vya varshi, gorbachev joseph stallin yanchyanantar sarchitanis bananari sarvat tarun vyakti hotee aanee deshache pahile rashtradhyaksh janmale tevha zarchya vishayapeksha soviet nagrik hote. 11 march roji tyanchya adhikrut pushtidarmyan, pararashtra mantri andrei graumico yanni naveen soviet netyane chernenko yanna see. see. sachivalay mhanoon kase niyukt kele hote yabaddal sangitale aanee pakshachya vichardhareche kathor palan karnyaivaji tyanchya buddhimatta aanee lavchik, vyavharik kalpananchi prashansa kelee. gorbachevla politbyuromadhil gambhir spardhechya abhavamule madat jhaali. tyanni lagechach aaplya pidhitil tarun purushanna pakshachya mahattvachya padanvar niyukt karnyas suruvat kelee, jyat arthshastra sachiv nikolai raizkov, vikatar cherbrikov, keey. jee. bii. pramukh, pararashtra mantri edward shevardanadze (75 varshiy graumico yanchi jaaga ghenare), sanrakshn udyog sachiv aanee bandhkam sachiv boris yeltsin yancha samavesh hota. politburo aanee sachivalayatun kadhoon taknyat aalela grigori romnov haah gorbachevcha sarchitanis padasathicha sarvat mahattvacha pratispardhi hota. adnyat, ananubhavi shevardanadzachya tulanet, anek dashakanpasunchya tyanchya avichal, vishvasoo sevemule, gromikochi pararashtramantripadavarun hakalpatti haah sarvat anpekshit badal hota.
adhik andaj lavta yeil qee, mantrimandalache adhyaksh 80 varshiy nikolai tikhonov yanche uttaradhikari nikolai raizkov hote aanee sarvoch sovhietchya presidiumche karyavahak adhyaksh vasili kuznetsov yanche uttaradhikari majee pararashtra vyavhar mantri andrei graumico hote.
pudhe, 'oblast' chya (prant) pahilya sachivanpaiki 40 takkyanparyant tarun, sushikshit aanee adhik saksham purushanni badalale. sanrakshn aasthapanela serve 16 lashkari jilhyanchya senapatinchya jaagi lashkari karvaichya serve natyansah, tasech teen soviet tafyansah sampoorn badal karnyat aala. jeey mahayuddhanantar soviet sainyat sainyat itaki vegwan uladhal jhaali navhati. kaal-07 golibar hatalalyamule, tyachya pasantipasoon door gelyanantar aththavis varshiy marshal nikolai ogarkovche purnapane punarvasan karnyat aale aanee soviet dhoranatmak aanee samarik siddhant sudharnyabaddalachya tyachya kalpananna sanrakshn dhoranacha adhikrut bhag banavanyat aale, jaree pragat tantradnyanavar aadharit sainyala lahan, kadak dalat vikasit karane yasarkhya tyachya itar kahee mahattvakanksha sadhya vyavharya manalya jaat navhatya. 1985 madhye niyukt jhalelya tarun lashkari lashkari barech, parantu serve nahee, teey ogarkovche snrakshak hote.
gorbachevne sattechya pahilya mahinyant utkrusht suruvat kelee. tyanni aaplya vruddha purvajanchya tulanet tarunya aanee chaitanyapurnatechi chamak dakhavali aanee samanya nagarikanchya prashnanchi uttare dett pramukh shaharanchya rastyanvar varanvar firale. soviet lokanshi pratyaksh bolanare teey pahile nete tharale. jevha tyanni sarvajanik bhashane kelee, tevha tyanni spasht kele qee tyanna soviet vyavasthechya utkrushtatebaddal keval dirgh ghoshana karnyaivaji kalpananchya rachnatmak devanghevanimadhye rus aahe. alikadchya varshant soviet samajachya sustapana aanee khalchya sthiteet asalyabaddalhi tyanni ughadpane bhashya kele, darucha durupyog, kamachya thikani kharab shist aanee yaa paristhitisathi itar ghatakanna doshi tharavale. daroo hii gorbachevchi eka vishisht naag hotee, visheshtah kaaran too swatah peet nasey aanee tyane tyachya pramukh dhorananpaiki eka uddisht tyache sevan rokhane heey thewale.
pararashtra dhoran.
pararashtra dhoranachya babatit, sarvat mahattvache mhanje amerikeshi asalele sambandh 1985 paryant bighadalele rahile. octobermadhye, gorbachev yanni jevha francecha pravas keela tevha tyanni pahilyanda bigger-samyavadi deshala bhet dilee aanee tyanche manapasoon swagat karnyat aale. fashion-jagruk french lokahi tyanchi patni raisa yanni mohit kele hote aanee rajkiy panditancha assa vyapak vishvas hota qee tulanene tarun soviet netyala rashtradhyaksh riganpeksha adhik fayda hoil, joou tyachyapeksha 20 varshanni motha hota.
rigan aanee gorbachev novembermadhye jinevhamadhye pahilyanda bhetale. shikhar parishadechya baithakichya teen aathvadyanpurvi, karyakramasathi ameriketalya virodhakancha fayda ghet, dhoranatmak sanrakshn upkramachya (ess. dii. aay.) virodhat soviet madhyamanni abhootpurv moheem rabavali hotee. shevati jevha teey ghadale, tevha done mahasatta netyanni eka drudh sambandh prasthapit keela, joou riganane ess. dii. aay. sodoon denyababat tadjod karnyas nakar deela asala taree bhavishyasathi changla tharala. donhi bajunni sanyukt nivedan jaaree kele qee, donhi bajunni anvastra yuddh jinku shakat nahee aanee teey kadhihi houu dile jaau naye yavar tyanche ekmat aahe. rigan aanee gorbachev heey 1986-87 madhye aanakhi done shikhar baithka ghetil yavarhi sahmati jhaali.
jimmi carterne shejaril samajvadi afaganistanatil mujahideen chalvalila aarthik madat karoon, afaganistanchya peaples democratic partychya niyantranakhalil afghan sarkarla pathimba denyachya uddeshane, afaganistanmadhye sahaa mahinyanantar soviet hastakshepache kaaran mhanoon kaam kaam, dayalupanache dhoran nirnayakpane sampushtat aanale hote. yaa kalat mahasattanmadhil tanav vadhala, jevha carterne soviet unionver vyapari nirbandh ladale aanee afaganistanavaril soviet aakraman haah haah mahayuddhanantarchya shantatesathi sarvat gambhir dhoka hota" asey mhatale."
arthvyavastha.
amerikeche rashtradhyaksh ronald rigan (1981-85) yanchya pahilya karyakalat purv-paschim tanav vadhala, joou cuban kshepanastra sankatanantar kadhihi naan disalelya pataliparyant pohochala, kaaran riganmule amerikecha lashkari kharch gdpchya 7 takkyanparyant vadhala. lashkari ubharanishi julavun ghenyasathi, soviet unionne swatacha lashkari kharch tyachya jee. dii. pii. chya 27 takkyanparyant vadhavala aanee 1980 chya staravar nagri vastunche utpadan gothavale, jyamule aadhich apayashi tharalelya soviet arthvyavasthet tivra aarthik ghasaran jhaali.
americene jalaluddin hakkani, gulbuddin hikmatyar aanee burhanuddin rabbani yansarkhya mujahideen sardaranchya prashikshanasathi arthsahayya kele, akheris afaganistanchya lokshahi prajasattakachya soviet upgrahachya patnala kalatani midali. see. aay. aii. aanee emm. aay. 6 aanee chinchya peaples liberation armine soviet yuniyanviruddha pakistan sarkarsah operationla arthsahayya kele, akheris soviet unionne maghar ghenyacha marg shodhanyas suruvat kelee aanee 1988 madhye communist-afghanistan aanee islamik republic auph pakistan yanchyat jineva kararavar kararavar karnyat aalya; soviet sainyane maghar ghyavi yaa atinkhali. maghar purn jhalyanantar pakistani aay. ess. aay. neey communist sarkarchya virodhat mujahideenla pathimba dene suru thewale aanee 1992 paryant sarkar kosalale. amerikeche adhyaksh rigan yannihi europela naisargik vayoo vikanyachya soviet sanghachya kshamatet sakriyapane adthala aanala, tyach velee gasschya kimmati qamee thevanyasathi sakriyapane kaam kele, jyamule soviet telachi kimmat qamee rahili aanee paradeshi bhandavalachya soviet unionla aanakhi upasamar jhaala. yaa "dirghakalin dhoranatmak aakraman" neey, jeey "pratibandh" chya moolatah pratikriyashil aanee sanrakshanatmak dhoranashi viruddha aahe, soviet unionla tyachya aarthik payacha atee vistar karnyas protsahit karoon tyachya patnala gatee dilee. saudi arabiatil see. aay. aii. chya vishesh mohimancha soviet telachya kimmatinvar parinam jhaala yaa prastavache, soviet sanghachya arthvyavasthetil eka pramukh tadnya marshal goldmanne tyachya tajya pustakat khandan kele aahe. tyanni nidarshanas aanoon dile qee, 1985 madhye saudi lokanni tyanche teel utpadan qamee kele (teey 16 varshanchya nichanki patalivar pohochale), tarr 1980 madhye teel utpadanache shikhar gathale. tyanni 1986 madhye telache utpadan vadhavale, 1987 madhye teey qamee kele aanee tyanantar 1988 madhye vaadh jhaali, parantu 1980 chya pataliparyant nahee jevha utpadan tyachya sarvoch patalivar pohochale. kharee vaadh 1990 madhye jhaali, toparyant shityuddha jawaljawal sampale hote. tyanni aaplya pustakat vicharale qee, jarr saudi arabiacha soviet telachya kimmatinvar itka parinam jhaala asel tarr 1980 madhye, jevha saudi arabiache telache utpadan tyachya sarvoch patalivar pohochale-ainshichya dashakachya madhyachya tulanet tippat-tevha kimmati qaa qamee jhalya naheet aanee see. aay. aii. chya kathit hastakshepanantar paach varshanni, saudi lokanni tyanche utpadan vadhavanyasathi 1990 paryant qaa vaat pahili? tevha 1980 madhye soviet union qaa kosalale nahee?
gorbchevne 1986 madhye jaheer kelelya 'uskoreniye' (aarthik vikasacha veg) aanee 'perestroica' (rajkiy aanee aarthik punarrachana) yaa tyanchya karyakramandware soviet prashasakeey aadesh arthvyavastha nasht karnyasathi karanibhoot asalelya prakriyechi suruvat kelee, toparyant soviet arthvyavasthela lapalelya chalanvadhicha aanee vadhatya khulya kalya bajaramule vadhalelya vyapak purvathyachya tanchaicha samna karava lagla, jyamule adhikrut arthvyavastha kamkuvat jhaali. yavyatirikt, mahasatta darjacha kharch-lashkari, antaral karyakram, grahak rajyanna anudan-soviet arthvyavasthechya pramanabaher hota. mahitee tantradnyanavar aadharit audhyogikikaranachya naveen latene soviet unionla tyachya vadhatya magasalepanacha samna karnyasathi pashchatya tantradnyan aanee shreyasathi bejar kele hote.
sudharana.
meey 1988 madhye lagoo karnyat aalela sahkari sansthanvaril kayada haah gorbachev yugachya suruvatichya kalatil aarthik sudharananpaiki kadachit sarvat aamulagra hota. vladimir leninchya naveen aarthik dhorananantar prathamach, kayadyane seva, utpadan aanee paradeshi vyapar kshetratil vyavasayanchya khajgi malkila parvanagi dilee. yaa tartudinusar, sahkari upahargruhe, dukane aanee utpadak soviet paristhiticha bhag banale.
"glasnost' mule adhik abhivyakti swatantrya midale aanee prasarmadhyamanvar niyantran khoopach qamee jhaale. hajaro rajkiy kaidi aanee anek bandkhoranchihi sutka karnyat aalee. janmat sarvekshan aayojit karnyasah, purvi maryadebaher asalelya anek vishayancha shodh ghenyasathi aanee prakashit karnyasathi soviet samajshastra swatantra jhaale. aul-union center phaur public opinion research (vhee. see. aay. oo. emm.)-jeey tyaveli suru jhalelya anek matdan sanghatananpaiki sarvat pramukh hote-ughadanyat aale. rajya abhilekhanmadhye adhik pravesh houu lagla aanee kahee samajik aakadevari jee gupt thewali gelee hotee tee utpannatil vishamata, gunhegari, aatmahatya, garbhpat aanee balmrutyu yasarkhya sanvedanshil vishayanvaril sanshodhan aanee prakashanasathi khulee jhaali. manvi loksankhyechya samajik-aarthik abhyasasathi navyane sthapan jhalelya sansthemadhye ling abhyasache pahile kendra ughadanyat aale.
janewari 1987 madhye, gorbachev yanni lokshahikaranache aavahan keleh soviet rajkiy prakriyet bahu-umedvar nivadnukansarkhya lokshahi ghatakancha samavesh. 1987 saalee soviet arthshastradnya aanee gorbachev sallagar leonid abalkin yanni aayojit kelelya parishadet assa nishkarsh kadhala hotah "rajkiy vyavasthetil sambandhit badalanshivay arthvyavasthechya vyavasthapanatil sakhol badal sadhya karata yet naheet."
juuna 1988 madhye, see. pii. ess. yuu. chya ekonisavya pakshachya parishadet, gorbachevne sarkari yantranevaril pakshache niyantran qamee karnyasathi aamulagra sudharana suru kelya. 1 december 1988 roji sarvoch soviet sanghane soviet sanghachya naveen sarvoch vidhimandal sanstha mhanoon peaples deputieschya congresschi sthapana karnyas parvanagi denyasathi soviet sanvidhanat sudharana kelee.
march aanee april 1989 madhye yuu. ess. ess. aar. madhye peaples deputieschya naveen congresschya nivadanuka jhalya. communist pakshache sarchitanis mhanoon gorbachev yanna, jarr communist uchchabhru lock tyanchyabaddal asamadhani jhaale tarr konatyahi kshani rajinama denyas bhag padale jaau shakate. bahusankhya communist pakshane virodh kelelya sudharanansah pudhe jaanyasathi, gorbachevne naveen padavar satta balkat karnyache uddisht thewale, soviet unionche adhyaksh, jeey see. pii. ess. yuu. aanee soviet (parishada) pasoon swatantra hote aanee jyanchya dharkavar keval kayadyache thet ullanghan jhalyasach mahabhiyog keela jaau shakato. 15 march 1990 roji gorbachev heey pahile karyakari adhyaksh mhanoon nivadle gele. tyach velee, see. pii. ess. yuu. laa rajkiy adhikaranvaril maktedaripasun vanchit thevanyasathi rajyaghatanechya kalam 6 madhye badal karnyat aala.
anpekshit parinam.
samyavadi pranali suvyavasthit karnyachya gorbachevchya prayatnanmule aashvasan midale, parantu akheris teey aniyantrit tharale aanee parinami anek ghatana ghadalya jyaa akheris soviet unionchya vighatanane sampalya. suruvatila soviet arthvyavasthela balkati denyasathi sadhane mhanoon uddeshalelya 'perestroica' aanee 'glasnost' chya dhorananmule lavkarach anpekshit parinam jhaale.
glasnost' antargat shithilata midalyane communist pakshane prasarmadhyamanvaril aapali sampoorn pakad gamavali. lavkarach, aanee aanee laaj vatavi mhanoon, madhyamanni soviet sarkarne sarkarne kalapasoon nakarlelya aanee sakriyapane lapavalelya gambhir samajik aanee aarthik samasya ughad karnyas suruvat kelee. vadhatya laksh laksh samasyanmadhye garib ghare, madyapan, ammali padarthancha durupyog, pradushan, kalbahya jhalele stallin-yugatil karkhane aanee lahan teey mothya pramanat bhrashtachar yancha samavesh hota, jyaa sarvankade adhikrut madhyamanni durlaksh kele hote. joseph stallin aanee soviet rajvatine kelelya gulag, edolph hitlersobatcha tyacha taha aanee adhikrut madhyamanni durlakshit kelelya gret purge yasarkhya gunhyancha dekhil prasarmadhyamanchya ahavalanni pardafash keela. yavyatirikt, afaganistanmadhye suru asalele yuddh aanee 1986 chya chernobyl aapattichya chukichya hatalanimule, asantosh vadhat asatana soviet sarkarchya vishvasarhates aanakhi haanee pohochali.
ekandarit, adhikrut madhyamanni dirghkal lokansamor sadar kelela soviet jivanacha sakaratmak drushtikon zapatyane qamee hott hota aanee soviet unionmadhil jivanache nakaratmak pailu prakashzotat aanale gele. yamule soviet vyavasthevaril janatecha vishvas qamee jhaala aanee soviet sanghachya asmitela aanee akhandatela dhoka nirman houn communist pakshachya samajik sattecha paya uddhvast jhaala.
yuddh kararatil deshanchya sadasyanmadhye sangharsh aanee tyachya pashchatya mitrapakshanchi asthirata, jeey pratham letch valesa yanchya 1980 chya kamgar sanghatanechya ektechya netrutvachya vadhine soochit hote, teey vegwan jhaale, jyamule soviet union buffer zoan mhanoon sanrakshanasathi tyachya purv european upgrah rajyanvar avalambun rahoo shakale nahee. 1989 paryant, tyanchya 'naveen rajkiy vichar' yaa siddhantanusar, gorbachev yanni tyanchya yuddh kararatil mitrapakshanchya ('sinatra siddhant') antargat babinmadhye hastakshep naan karnyachya bajoone brazenave siddhant nakarla hota. haloohaloo, yuddh kararatil pratyek deshane tyanchi samyavadi sarkare lokpriy nivadnukanmadhye aanee romaniyamadhye hinsak uthav kartana pahili. 1990 paryant bulgaria, chekoslovakia, purv germany, hangeri, polland aanee romania yaa sarvanchya sarkaranna, jeey jeey mahayuddhanantar ladanyat aale hote, purv europemadhye kranti jhalyane padnyat aale.
glasnost' chey rajkiy parinam deshbharat pratidhvanit hott asatana soviet unionmadhyehi ulthapalath houu lagali. pratibandhasathi prayatna karoonahi, purv europemadhil ulthapalath apariharyapane yuu. ess. ess. aar. madheel rashtriyatanmadhye pasarali. soviet sanghachya ghatak prajasattakachya pradeshik vidhansabhanchya nivadnukanmadhye rashtravadi tasech kattarpanthi sudharkancha mandalavar danadanit vijay jhaala. gorbachevne antargat rajkiy dadapshahichi vyavastha kamkuvat kelyamule, yu. ess. ess. aar. chya kendriya mosco sarkarchi yu. ess. ess. aar. chya ghatak prajasattakanvar aapali ichcha ladanyachi kshamata mothya pramanat qamee jhaali hotee. baltic prajasattakanmadhye baltic paddhatine aanee gayan krantisarkhya mothya shantatapurn nidarshananni aantarrashtriy laksh vedhale aanee itar vividh pradeshanmadhil swatantrya chalvalinna chalana dilee.
abhivyakti swatantryachya" antargat rashtravadachya udayane lavkarach vividh soviet prajasattakanmadhye vanshik tanav punha jagrut keela, jyamule eksandh soviet lokanchya aadarshala aanakhi badnam kele. eka udaharan februwari 1988 madhye ghadale, jevha azarbaijan ess. ess. aar. madheel pramukhyane vanshik armeniyan pradesh nagorno-karabakhmadhil sarkarne armeniyan ess. ess. aar. saha ekikaranasathi eka tharav manjur keela. soviet durchitravanivar sthanik azarbaijani lokanviruddhachya hinsacharachi nond jhaali, jyamule azarbaijanichya samgait shaharat armeniyan lokanchi kattal jhaali.
glasnost' chya udarikrut vatavaranamule utsahit houn, aarthik paristhitibaddalacha janatecha asantosh soviet kalat purvipeksha khoopach jaast ughad hota. jaree soviet itihasachya sandarbhat 'perestroica' dhadsi manale jaat asale, taree gorbachevche aarthik sudharanansathiche prayatna 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat deshachi dirghakalin sust arthvyavastha punha suru karnyasathi purese aamulagra navhate. sudharananmule vikendrikaranat kahee pramanat pravesh jhaala, parantu gorbachev aanee tyachya chamoone moolya niyantran, rubalchi aparivartaniyata, khajgi malmattechi malki vagalane aanee utpadanachya bahutek sadhananvar sarkarchi maktedari yasah stallinwadi pranaliche bahutek moolbhut ghatak abadhit thewale.
1990 madhye kirkol kimmatit utpadit jhalelya serve grahak vastunche moolya sumare 459 abj rubals ($2.1 trillion) hote. tarisuddha, soviet sarkarne aarthik paristhitivaril niyantran gamavale hote. nafyashivayachya udhyoganchya vadhatya sankhyemule sarkari kharchat zapatyane vaadh jhaali, kaaran teey chaloo thevanyasathi rajya pathbal aanee grahak kimmat anudan aavashyak hote. pradeshik svayattatechya vadhatya bhavnene prajasattak aanee sthanik sarkaranni kendra sarkarkadoon milanara curr mahasool rokhalyamule curr mahasoolat ghat jhaali. madyavirodhi mohimene curr mahasoolahi qamee keela, joou 1982 madhye rajyachya ekoon mahasulat sumare 12 takke hota. utpadan nirnayanvaril, visheshtah grahak vastoo kshetratil kendriya niyantran sampushtat aalyane, naveen nirnayanchya nirmitimadhye yogdan naan deta, paramparik puravathadar-utpadak sambandh tutale. asha prakare, pranali suvyavasthit karnyaivaji, gorbachevchya vikendrikaranamule utpadanat naveen adthale nirman jhaale.
yu. ess. ess. aar. chey vighatan.
soviet unionche vighatan hii paddhatshir vighatan karanyachi prakriya hotee, jee arthvyavastha, samajik rachana aanee rajkiy sanrachanet ghadali. parinami 26 december 1991 roji soviet sangharajya sarkar ('sangh kendra') radd jhaale aanee yu. ess. ess. aar. chya prajasattakanche swatantrya jhaale. hii prakriya soviet sarkarchya kamkuvatpanamule jhaali, jyamule vighatan jhaale aanee sumare 19 janewari 1990 teey 26 december 1991 paryant jhaale. soviet unionchya anek prajasattakanni tyanche swatantrya ghoshit kele aanee sarvbhoum rashtra-rajye mhanoon manyata midalyane hii prakriya vaishishtyapurn hotee.
kendriya samitichya guptachar vibhagache up pramukh andrei gratchev yanni yaa ghasaranicha saransh agadi thampane mandalah
soviet nantarchi punarrachana.
soviet prashasakeey aadesh pranalichi punarrachana karnyasathi aanee bajar arthvyavasthekade sankraman karnyasathi, yeltsincha dhakka karyakram soviet union visarjit jhalyapasun kahee divasantach karyanvit karnyat aala. paise paise shetanna aanee udhyoganna milanare anudan qamee karnyat aale, kimmatinvaril niyantran radd karnyat aale aanee rubal parivartaniyatekade valale. yeltsinche mandal aanee itar udhyojkanna purvichi sarkari malmatta japt karnyachya naveen sandhee nirman jhalya, asha prakare kahee mahinyant junya sarkari malkichya arthvyavasthechi punarrachana karnyat aalee.
satta midvalyanantar, bahusankhya "aadarshavadi" sudharkanni sarkarmadhil tyanchya padancha vapar karoon rajya malmattechi prachand malmatta midavali aanee udayonmukh lokshahichya virodhat virodhat paddhatine vyavsayik alpasankhyak banale. khajgi malmattevar niyantran thevane, vittiy bajarpethevar dekhrekh thevane aanee curr aakaranichi amalbajavani karane yasarkhya bajar arthvyavasthechya naveen kayadeshir sanrachananchya sthapanepurvi vidyaman sansthanna spashtapane sodoon denyat aale hote.
bajar arthshastradnyancha assa vishvas hota qee rashiyatil prashasakeey aadesh pranali nasht kelyane sansadhananche adhik karyakshamatene vatap karoon jee. dii. pii. aanee jivanman vadhel. tyanna asehi vatale qee yaa kosalanyamule kendriya niyojan kadhoon takane, vikendrikrut bajar pranalichi jaaga ghene, udarikaranadvare prachand vyapak aarthik aanee sanrachanatmak vikrutee door karane aanee khasgikaranachya madhyamatoon protsahan deuun naveen utpadan shakyata nirman hotil.
yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya patananantar russiala anek samasyanna samore jaave lagale, jyaa 1992 madhye mukt bajarpethechya samarthakanna apekshit navhatya. itar goshtimbarobarach, 25 takke loksankhya daridrya reshekhali jagat hotee, ayurman qamee jhaale hote, janmadar qamee hota aanee jee. dii. pii. ardhe jhaale hote. 1988/1989 aanee 1993/1995 darmyan aarthik asamanatet tivra vaadh jhaali, serve majee samajvadi deshansathi giinii gunottarat sarasari 9 ankanchi vaadh jhaali. yaa samasyanmule 1990 chya dashakat anek sankate nirman jhaali, jyamule yeltsinche samyavadi pratispardhi, gennadi zuganov yanchi 1996 chya adhyakshiy nivadanukit jawaljawal nivadanuk jhaali. yaa shatkachya uttaradhanantar, mothya guntavanukimule aanee vyavasayachya vikasamule aanee naisargik sansadhananchya uchch kimmatinmule rashiyachi arthvyavastha mothya pramanat sudharu lagali aahe.
itihaslekhan.
boris aine. chya matey. mironov, 2020 paryant russian vidvananni 300 hoon adhik pustake, 3000 lekh aanee 20 prabandh tayar kele hote jeey yaa kosalanyache spashtikaran denyacha prayatna karat hote. done marg ghetale gele. pahili mhanje alpakalin, 1985-1991, vyaktimatvanvar bharr dene. bahya karane aanee dhoranatmak chuka. dusare dirghakalin aarthik, rajkiy, sanskrutik aanee samajik sanrachanankade pahate.

