
1792chey polish-russian yuddh

1792chey polish-russian yuddh (dusya falaniche yuddh aanee polish strotanmadhye, sanvidhanachya sanrakshanasathiche yuddh) eka bajula polish-lithuania rashtrakul aanee targovica mahasangh (3 meey 1791 chya naveen sanvidhanala virodh karananya rashtrakulachya puranmatvadi kullinverg) aanee dusarikade catherine daad gretchya netrutvakhalil russian samrajya yanchyat ladhale gele.
yuddh done rangbhoomit jhaleh lithuaniatil eka uttar aanee yukrenmadhye dakshin. donhimadhye, polish sainyane sankhyatmakdrushtya uchch russian sainyapudhe maghar ghetali, jaree tyanni dakshinet lakshaniy adhik pratikar keela, polish senapati rajkumar jozef poniatovsky aanee tadeyuz kosiusko yanchya prabhavi netrutvamule. teen mahinyanchya yaa sangharshadarmyan anek ladhaya jhalya, parantu konatyahi pakshala nirnayak vijay midavata aala nahee. 18 juuna roji zilensachya ladhait russian sainyatil ekacha parabhav heey polandachya sainyache sarvat mothe yash hote; yuddhanantar polandacha sarvoch lashkari puraskar, 'virtuity miiliitary' sthapan karnyat aala. 11 juuna roji (oo.ess. 31 meey). jevha polandacha raja stanislav august poniatovsky yane mutsaddi todga kadhanyacha nirnay ghetala, russian samrajyachya maganinusar russiananshi yuddhabandichi magani kelee aanee targovica mahasanghat sameel jhaala tevha yuddh sampale.
parshvabhoomi.
rashtrakulatil ghasaran.
18vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, polland aanee lithuania shrimantanni rajyavar niyantran thewale-kinwa tyaeivaji, tyanchya visheshadhikarprapt sthitila ('suvarn swatantrya') kamkuvat karoo shakananya konatyahi sudharana kelya jaanar naheet yachee khatri karnyat teey yashasvi jhaale. librum vetto niyamacha gairavapar, jyamule konatyahi pratinidhila sejam (rashtrakul sansadechi) karyavahi viskalit karata aalee, pratinidhi jyanna shrimant kinwa paradeshi shaktinni laach dilee kinwa jeey keval teey abhootpurv 'suvarnayug' madhye jagat aahet assa vishvas thevatat, tyanni rashtrakulache sarkar eka shatkahoon adhik kalasathi pangu kele.
rashtrakulat sudharana karnyachya kalpanela 17vya shatkachya madhyapasoon chalana midali; tathapi, rashtrakulachya hasamule samadhani asalelya aanee tyanchya simevaril punarutthanshil aanee lokshahi sattechya vicharancha tiraskar karananya shejari deshandware, keval tyachya shrimantannich navhe tarr shejari deshannihi tyachyakade sanshayane pahile. rashtrakul sainya sumare 16,000 paryant qamee jhalyamule, tyachya shejanyanna thet hastakshep karane sope hote (shahee russian sainyachi ekoon sankhya 300,000 hotee; pavitra roman samrajyache russian sainya aanee shahee sainya, pratyeki 2,00,000).
sudharananche prayatna.
sudharanansathi eka mothee sandhee 1788-92 chya "mahan yuddh" darmyan samore aalee. polandache shejari yuddhanmadhye vyagra hote aanee polandachya vyavharanmadhye jabardastine hastakshep karoo shakat navhate. russian samrajya aanee austriyache aarchdyuchi heey ottoman samrajyashi (ruso-turkey yuddh, 1787-1792 aanee austriya-turkey yuddh, 1787-1791) shatrutvat guntalele hote; russian lock dekhil ruso-swedish yuddhat ekach velee ladhatana aadhalale, 1788-1790. polish-lithuanian rashtrakul aanee russia yanchyatil naveen yutee russian hastkshepaviruddha suraksha puravat asalyache disate aanee 3 meey 1791 roji naveen sanvidhan vachale aanee prachand lokpriy samarthanasathi sweekarle gele.
turkey aanee russia aanee sweeden aanee russia yanchyatil yuddhe sampalyanantar, zarina catherine yaa dastaivajachya swikarabaddal santapt jhalya, jyacha polandmadhil russian prabhawala dhoka asalyache teela vatale. russiane polandkade "vastavik" sanrakshit rajya mhanoon pahile hote. "warsockadoon sarvat white batami aalee aaheh polandacha raja jawaljawal sarvbhoum jhaala aahe", hii pratikriya russiachya mukhya pararashtra dhoran lekhakanpaiki eka alekzandar bejborodakola naveen sanvidhanabaddal kalalyavar midali. prushiyache rajya dekhil naveen polish rajyaghatanela tivra virodh karat hote aanee naveen rajyaghatanene polish rajya itake badalale qee prussia tyachya jababdanya bandhankarak manat nahee, ashee nond polish mutsadyanna midali. rashiyapramanech, navyane balkat jhalele polandache rajya dhokyat yeu shakate, ashee russiala chinta hotee aanee rashiyache pararashtra mantri, friedrich wilheim wonn schullenberg-kehnert yanni spashtapane aanee durmil pramanikpane dhruvanna sangitale qee, russia sanvidhanala pathimba dett nahee aanee madhyasth mhanoonahi rashtrakulala konatyahi swarupat madat karnyas nakar deela, kaaran rashtrakul balkat hone heey russiachya hitache navhate, jenekarun teey bhavishyat russiala dhoka nirman karoo shakel. prussian rajkarani evald friedrich wonn heartzberg yanni european puranmatvadyanchi bheeti vyakt keleeh "dhruvanni sanvidhanala matdan karoon prussian rajeshahila" uthav daad grass "deela aahe", asey spasht karat, eka majboot rashtrakul bahudha pahilya falanit adhigrahit kelelya prushiyachya jamini parat karanyachi magani karel.
rashtrakulatach asahmatishivay sanvidhan sweekarle gele nahee. suruvatipasunach sanvidhanachya masudyala virodh karananya shrimant, mhanje francisec xaveri braniki, stanislav szeni potoki, severine rezyuski aanee simone aanee jozaf kosakovsky yanni tsarin catherinela hastakshep karnyas aanee naveen kayadyantargat radd kelelya russian-hummy cardinal kaydyansarkhe tyanche visheshadhikar punarsanchayit karnyas sangitale. tyaa uddeshane yaa magnetsney targovica mahasangh sthapan keela. janewari 1792 madhye seent pietersberg yethe tayar kelelya mahasanghachya ghoshanene, tyanchya swatachya shabdat, "parismadhye sthapit kelelya ghatak udaharanannantar" "lokshahi kalpananchya sansargat" yogdan dilyabaddal sanvidhanavar teeka kelee. tyat asey mhatale aahe qee, "sansadene... tyane serve moolbhut kayade modale, kulinanche serve swatantrya hiravoon ghetale aanee meey 1791chya tisya divashi kranti aanee cutt rachanyat badalale."mahasanghanni yaa krantivar maat karnyacha hetu jaheer keela. aamhi kahihi karoo shakat nahee, parantu eka pratishthit aanee nyayya samradnyi, aamchi shejaril mitra aanee mitra asalelya tsarin katherinekade vishvasoopane valoo shakato", jeey "deshachya kalyanachya garajecha aadar karatat aanee nehmich madaticha haat detat", asey tyanni lihile. mahasanghane tsarin catherineshy yutee kelee aanee teela lashkari hastakshep karnyas sangitale. 18 meey 1792 roji polandmadhil russian rajdoot yakov balgakovne polandache pararashtra mantri joachim creptovies yanna yuddhachi ghoshana dilee. russian sainyane tyach divashi polland aanee lithuaniamadhye pravesh keela aanee yuddh suru kele.
virodhi shakti.
russian sainyachi sankhya sumare 98,000 hotee. tyache netrutva sarasenapati mikhail krechetnikov aanee mikhail kakhovsky karat hote. yuddh anubhavat russian lokannahi fayda jhaala. russian yojnenusar, kakhovskine yukrenmadhun pudhe jaane, kamienik podolsky, chelm aanee lublin gheuun dakshinekadun polish rajdhani warsaukade jaane aavashyak hote. krechetnikov minsk, vilno, bruzz litevsky aanee bialistoke marge pudhe jaanar hota aanee uttarekadun warsaukade jaanar hota, jithe too kakhovskishi jodanar hota. polandmadhye rashiyanankade changle guptachar jaale hote aanee tyanna mukhytah polandachya sainyache vitaran aanee samarthyachi mahitee hotee; dhruvankade khoopach qamee gupt mahitee hotee, parasparvirodhi aanee anekada chukichya batamya milat hotya aanee russian sainyane seema olandalyaparyant yuddh suru hoil qee nahee yachee tyanna khatri navhati.
polish-lithuania rashtrakulacha raja stanislav august poniatovsky haah polish sainyacha pramukh senapati hota, parantu vyavharat tyane heey padd tyacha putanya, rajkumar jozaf poniatovsky yala sopavale. poniatovskichya hatat tyancha samna karnyasathi 48,000 majboot taaj sainya aanee ardhyahun adhik aakarache lithuania sainya hote. vyavharat, 3 mechya sanvidhanatil sudharanannantar ajunahi tayar jhalelya polandachya sainyachi sankhya keval 37,000 hotee (jyat sainyacha aakar 1,00,000 nishchit keela hota). lashkar punarrachanechya madhyabhagi hote, unit kramank aanee rachnevaril pramukh dastaivaj alikadech eprilmadhye manjur jhaale; tyat upkarane aanee anubhavi karmchanyanchi dekhil kamatarata hotee.
deshachya aagney kopyat-ukrainechya bhoomimadhye-polish sainya suruvatila apekshit aaghadichya teen pradeshanmadhye swatantrapane kendrit hote, jeey swatah tedues koshiyusko, michael wilhorsky aanee prince poniatovsky yanchya netrutvakhali hote. yukrenmadhil prince poniatovskichya netrutvakhalil aanee koshiuskochya pathimbyane asalele polish taaj sainya sumare 17,000,21,000 kinwa 24,000 majboot hote (durdays 17,000 chya prathamik sainyat aanee 4,500 chya prince michael lubomirskichya rakheev vibhagamadhye farak karate). yaa aagney yuddhbhumivar general mikhail kakhovsky yanchya netrutvakhali jawaljawal charpat mothya shatru sainyasah tyancha samna jhaala, jyanchya netrutvakhali sumare 64,000 sainik hote. kakhovskichya sainyachi chaar tukadyanmadhye vibhagani karnyat aalih pahili, 18,000 shaktishali, general mikhail golenishev-kutuzovchya netrutvakhali, dusari, general ivan duninchya netrutvakhali, tisari, general wilheim durfeldenchya netrutvakhali aanee chauthi, general andrei levanidovchya netrutvakhali. targovica mahasangh konatyahi khyan samarthyache pratinidhitva karat navhate; aanee seema olandalyavar polandmadhye lokpriy pathimba gola karnyache tyanche prayatna dayaniyapane ayashasvi jhaale, suruvatila fakt kahee dazanbhar lock sameel jhaale; nantar hii sankhya vadhel parantu lakshaniy nahee, aanee agadi rashiyanannihi tyanna konatehi lashkari moolya nasalyache pahile, jyamule teey aaghadipasun door rahile.
lithuaniamadhye, rashtrakul lithuania sainyachi sankhya sumare 15,000 hotee, jyat sumare 3,000 atirikt mukut tukadi hotee. tyanchi kamaan wrttembergchya duke louisne sambhalali hotee. wrttembergne yuddhasathi konatihi yojana aakhali nahee aanee yuddh suru hoiparyant sainya karvaisathi tayar navhate. general mikhail krechetnikov yanchya netrutvakhalil tyaa rangbhumivaril russian sainya 33,700 majboot kinwa 38,000 majboot hote. russian sainya dekhil chaar tukadyanmadhye vibhagale geleh 1laa targavica mahasanghachya netyanpaiki ekachya netrutvakhali, 2raa simone kosakovsky 7,300 majboot, 2raa general boris melinchya netrutvakhali, 7,000 majboot, 3raa general yuri dolgorukovchya netrutvakhali, 15,400 majboot aanee 4thaa general ivan fersonchya netrutvakhali, 8,300 majboot.
atirikt polish sainya, sumare 8,000 shaktishali, raja poniatovskichya netrutvakhali rakheev mhanoon warsaumadhye kendrit karayache hote.
tadeyuz kosiusko yanni eka yojana prastavit kelee jyat sampoorn polish sainya kendrit asel aanee russian sainyatil ekala guntavoon thewel, sankhyatmak samanatechi khatri denyasathi aanee bahutek ananubhavi polish sainyache manobal vadhavanyasathi twarit vijay midvoon; tathapi hii yojana rajkumar poniatovskyne nakarli. (tathapi, kahee mahinyanpurvich, donhi senapatinchya manat ulat kalpana hotee-poniatovskila sainya kendrit karayache hote aanee koshiosko vikhurla gela). poniatovskyne yuddhachya pahilya tappyat gambhir sangharsh talhanyachi yojana aakhali, 30 hajaranchi apekshit prussian sainyabal milanyachi aasha balgali jyamule donhi bajunna samanata milel.
yuddh.
dakshini rangmanch.
pahilya russian sainyane meey 1792 chya ratri ukrainechi seema olandali. tyaa rangbhumitil russiananna tyanchya apekshepeksha lakshaniyaritya adhik pratikar karava lagla, kaaran rashtrakulache sarvoch senapati, prince poniatovsky aanee koshiyusko tethe tainat hote. 29 meey roji koshiosko janovjaval rajkumar poniatovskisobat sameel jhaala. paschim yukrenmadhye pudhe jaananya shatru sainyachya chaar tukadyanna virodh karnyasathi mukut sainyala itake kamkuvat tharavale gele qee dakshin bugg nadichya paschim bajula, lubar aanee polonchya dishene ladhai mage ghenyas suruvat jhaali, jyat koshiosko mageel gardche netrutva karat hota. poniatovskyne, tyachya sainyatil lakshaniy sankhyatmak hinatecha samna kartana aanee raja poniatovskyne atirikt sainya balkat karnyache aashvasan dett, ukraine sodoon voliniyala jaanyacha nirnay ghetala, jithe polonla eka pramukh sanrakshanatmak bindu mhanoon balkati dilee jaanar hotee aanee jithe lubomirskila puravatha gola karnyache kaam denyat aale hote.
14 juuna roji wilhorskichya tukadicha boraszkovschya ladhait parabhav jhaala. 17 juuna roji poniatovskila akheris pratiksha kelelya sainyabalat, michael lubomirskichya netrutvakhali sumare 2,000 sainik midale. dusya divashi rajkumar poniatovskichya netrutvakhalil khambanni 18 juuna roji zilensachya ladhait general iraqli morkovchya russian sanrachanepaiki ekacha parabhav keela. raja poniatovsky yane haah vijay sajra keela, jyane mohimetil nete aanee sainikanna naveen gunee lashkari padake pathavali, "johnn tisra soiski nantarchi pahili" mhanoon.
russian sainya matra pudhe jaat rahile. jozef poniatovskichya netrutvakhalil polish sainya, vinash talhanyasathi aavashyak titkya adhik shaktishali shatrula sharanagati patkaroon, changlya kramane maghar ghetali. julaichya suruvatila, dubnojaval, rajkumar poniatovsky aanee kosiusko yancha michal lubomirskine vishvasaghat keela, jyala raja poniatovskila sainya punha puravanyache kaam sopavanyat aale hote; tyaeivaji lubomirsky russian pakshat sameel jhaala aanee ektar polish sainyasathicha puravatha lapavala kinwa teey thet russiansna dile. tathapi, lubomirsky haah eka shaktishali dhanadhya hota aanee rajala tyachya aadeshapasun mukt honyas meey mahinyaakherparyant usheer jhaala. russian aakramananantar sumare eka mahinyachya aat, dhruv bahutek yukrenmadhun mage hutley hote. 7 julai roji koshioskochya sainyane volodymyr-volinsky (vloadzimierzchi ladhai) yethe russian lokanshi vilambit ladhai ladhali. darmyan, poniatovskyche sainya bugg nadikade valale, jithe koshioskochya tukadyanni 18 julai roji dubienkachi ladhai ladhali, jee barobarichi hotee. koshioskone sumare 5,300 sainikansah general mikhail kakhovskichya netrutvakhali 25,000 russiananchya hallyacha parabhav keela. tyanantar koshikaskola dubainkahun maghar ghyavi lagali, kaaran russian lokanni tyachya sthananvar jawalchi austriyan seema olandanyas suruvat kelee. jaree khambanna bugg nadee reshepasoon maghar ghyavi lagali asali taree tyancha aataparyant parabhav jhaala nahee aanee warsauchya jawal adhik anukool thikani nirnayak ladhai kinwa ladhaya apekshit hotya.
uttar natyagruh.
lithuania grand duchymadhye, 22 meey roji, rashiyatil lokanni dakshinepeksha chaar divasanni rashtrakul seema olandali. polandacha mitra, russiachya rajyane polandashi asaleli yutee todali aanee lithuania sainyacha russian senapati duke wrttemberg yane russiananshi ladhanyas nakar deuun polland-lithuania karyacha vishvasaghat keela. too kadhihi aaghadichya aaghadiparyant pohochala nahee, too wolzinmadhye aajarache natak karat hota aanee tyane aaplya sainikanna parasparvirodhi aadesh dile.
asha prakare lithuania sainyane pudhe jaananya russiananna virodh karnyasathi farse kahee kele nahee aanee tyanchya pudhe jaanyapurvi maghar ghet rahile. kahee chakmaki jhalyanantar 31 meey roji minsk sodoon denyat aale. 4 juuna roji senapati badallyanantarach, aata general jozef judikichya netrutvakhalil sainyane ubhe rahoon russiananshi ladhanyacha prayatna keela. matra, 11 juuna roji mirchya ladhait russiananni judicicha parabhav keela aanee grand duchymadhun pudhe jaat rahile. rashtrakul sainya grodenochya dishene mage sarkale. 14 juuna roji russian lokanni vilno tabyat ghetala, sthanik chhavanishi keval eka chhotya chakmakinantar; 19 juuna roji, akshampane nishvizcha bachav keela; aanee 20 juuna roji, kauna, yaveli konatyahi virodhavina. 23 juuna roji, apmanit jhalelya judikichya jaagi michael zabilochi niyukti karnyat aalee. tathapi, mirpasoon, uttarekadil yuddhbhumivar konatehi nirnayak sangharsh jhaale naheet, kaaran zelava yethe kirkol parabhavanantar, polandache sainya sapeksh kramane warsauchya dishene mage hutley, akheris breastjavalchya bugg nadivar bachavatmak sthan ghetale. rashiyatil lokanni 5 julai roji grodeno aanee 17 julai roji bialistoke ghetale. 23 julai roji russiananni sthanik chhavanicha parabhav karoon breast ghetala, parantu 24 roji tyancha crezemian-vieshjaval parabhav jhaala; hii shevatchi ladhai uttarekadil aaghadivaril pahila mahattvapoorn rashtrakul vijay hota.
yuddh sampate.
rajkumar poniatovsky aanee koshiusko yanni yuddhacha nikal adyap khula asalyache manale aanee ajunahi vegalya russian sainyacha parabhav karnyasathi sanyukt polish-lithuanian sainyacha vapar karnyacha vichar karat asatana, raja poniatovskyne kayadyachya palakanchya (mantryanchya mantrimandal) sammatine yuddhabandichi magani karnyacha nirnay ghetala. tsarin catherine raja poniatovskyne russian samarthak kuleen gut, targovica mahasanghat sameel honyachi magani kelee; tyachya mantrimandalachya falanisah, tyane julaichya aaspas tichi magani manya kelee, jyamule prince poniatovskila lashkari pratikar samapt karnyas prabhavipane bhag padale. yuddhacha shevatcha lashkari samna 26 julai roji lublin prantatil marcuso yethe jhaala, jithe poniatovskichya netrutvakhalil polish ghodadalane shatrucha hallah mage ghetala.
raja poniatovskyne shantatesathi khatala dakhal karnyacha nirnay ghetala tevha, polandache sainya ajunahi changlya ladhaichya sthiteet hote, kaaran tyanna konatyahi mothya parabhavacha kinwa purvathyachya kamtaratecha samna karava lagla navhata. raja poniatovskila vatale qee russian sankhyatmak shreshthatemule parabhav ajunahi jawal aahe aanee russian lokanshi vataghati karoon aanakhi kahee midavata yeil, jyanchyashi naveen yutee houu shakel ashee tyanna aasha hotee. tyanantarchya ghatana tyala chukiche siddha karat asalya taree, yacha andaj lavala jaau shakala asata aanee satatchya lashkari pratikaradvare tyala rokhale jaau shakale asate qaa, yaa prashnavar itihaskaranmadhye barach vadavivad jhaala aahe.
polish sainya yuddhabandibaddal mothya pramanat asamadhani hote; koshiosko, prince poniatovsky aanee itar anekjan rajachya nirnayavar teeka kartil aanee koshioskos anekjan yenanya aathvadyanmadhye tyanchya aayogacha rajinama deteel. rajkumar poniatovskyne tyachya kakanchya aadeshaviruddha bund karnyacha vichar keela aanee adhik kattarpanthi gatane suchavalyapramane, aavashyak asalyas rajala sainyachya chhavanit baljabarine aananyache aadeshhi dile. akheris tyane tyachya kakanchya ichcheviruddha naan ladhanyacha nirnay ghetala aanee rajala pakadanyacha aarop asalelya gatachya jaanyapurvi shevatchya kshani aadesh radd karnyat aala.
parinam.
bahutek polish itihaskar sahmat aahet qee polish aatmasamarpan hii lashkari aanee rajkiy asha donhi drushtikonatun chook hotee. lashkari kshetrat, dhruvanna vistula nadee resheche rakshan karanyachi aanee russian aakramankari sainya sampavanyachi vajvi sandhee hotee. rajkiy pakshakadoon, ladhanyachi tayari darshavalyane falani karananya shaktinna tyanchi yojana khoop mahag asalyache patvoon deta aale asate.
sharanagatimule eka sweekarya rajnaitik todga nighu shakel yaa raja poniatovskichya aasha lavkarach dhulis aalya. russian sainyane naveen pratinidhinna laach deuun kinwa dhamkavun, grodeno sejam mhanoon olakhale jaanare sansadeche naveen adhiveshan 1793 chya akheris jhaale. 23 november 1793 roji, tyanni dabavakhali aapali charcha purn kelee, sanvidhan radd kele aanee dusya falanila manyata dilee. russiane rashtrakulacha pradesh ghetala, tarr russiane ghetala. yaa ghatanemule polandachi loksankhya pahilya falanipurvichya loksankhyechya eka trutiyansh itaki qamee jhaali. rump rajyala russian sainyane gherav ghatala hota aanee tyache swatantrya jordarpane qamee karnyat aale hote.
haah nikal bahutek targovica mahasanghasathi aashcharyakarak tharala, jyanna keval purvakalin sthitee (rashtrakul dhanadhya-pasantiche suvarn swatantrya) punarsanchayit karanyachi ichcha hotee aanee 3 meey sanvidhan ulthoon takalyas too uddesh sadhya hoil ashee apeksha hotee, aanee yapeksha adhik kahee nahee. sudharit rashtrakul punarsanchayit karnyacha shevatcha prayatna 1794 madhye koshioskochya uthavasah jhaala. uthav ayashasvi jhaala aanee parinami 1795 madhye tisari falani jhaali, jyamadhye deshane aapale serve urvarit pradesh gamavale aanee polish-lithuanian rashtrakul astitvat navhate.