fulrin nasalela swikaranara

naun-fulrin swikaranare (aine. eff. aii. ess.) heey sendriya saur peshinmadhye (oo. ess. see.) vaparale jaanare swikaranare prakar aahet. fulrin heey naav naav prakarchya sweekarak-renupasoon aale aahe, jeey mothya pramanat vishamkriya vishamkriya sendriya saur peshinsathi mukhya sweekarak samagri mhanoon vaparale jaat hote. asha prakare fulrin nasalelya nasalelya vyakhya asha prakarchya swikarkancha bhag naan asane ashee kelee jaate.
fulerine-aadharit sendriya saur peshinshi tulana kelee asata, fulerine-nasalelya swikarkanmadhye kelelya sanshodhanat aashadayak parinam disun aale naheet. tathapi, yaa kshetratil alikadil ghadamodinni aine. eff. aii. aadharit oo. ess. see. sathee naveen sandhinchi malika suru kelee. sarvat mahattvachi pragati mhanje lahan renu sweekarak (ess. emm. aii. ess.) vikasit karane. heey swikaranare tyanchya gunadharmanmule fulrin fulrin changle paryay mhanoon aashadayak parinam darshavit aahet. yaa smasna itka motha sanshodhan vishay banavnara gunadharm mhanje tyanchi susangati. fulrin fularinampeksha smasmadhye mothya pramanat badal kele jaau shakatat. tathapi, oo. ess. see. madhye vaparnyas fayadeshir honyasathi smajchya rachnet ajunahi anek sudharana karayachya aahet.
aine. eff. aii.-oo. ess. see. chya rachnevaril alikadil sanshodhanat tathakathit tandam saur selchi 15 takke karyakshamta disun aalee aahe, jyamadhye fulrin nasalelya sweekarak tasech fulrin swikarkancha vapar keela gela aahe. sanshodhak hii takkewari 18 takkyanparyant vadhavu shaktil, ashee changli shakyata asalyane, heey spasht aahe qee aine. eff. aii.-oo. ess. see. madhye vyavsayik vaparat fayadeshir prakashvibhajak bananyachi mothee kshamata aahe.
aine. eff. aii. kshamata.
fayade.
oo. ess. see. madhye fulrin sweekarak (eff. aii. ess.) mothya pramanat vaparale gele aahet. fulrinchya anek vaishishtyandvare heey tarksangat kele jaate. trimiteey varnanmule teey mothya pramanat bhinn-karya sanrachanansathi yogya sahitya banatat. yavyatirikt, tyachi electronic rachana (delocalised lumos) karyaksham parcolation aanee uchch electron gatishilata karnyas anumati dete. aanakhi eka parinam mhanje teey sahajpane susangat daata polymershy jodale jaatat. 
tathapi, fulrin fulrin sendriya saur peshinna (eff. aii.-oo. ess. see.) maryadit karyakshamta milate. fulrin sanyuganmadhil urjechi patali tulanene sthir asate aanee tyat badal karane katheen asate. shivay, teey drishyaman varnapat aanee jawalchya infrared varnpatamadhye kamkuvat shoshan aanee qamee aushnik asthirata aanee prakasharasayanik asthirata vapartat. vapartat mothya pramanat shuddha karane aavashyak aahe, jyamule eff. aii. ess. vaparnyache aarthik aanee tatpurte tote vadhatat. 
fulerinchya yaa kamatartevar maat karnyasathi sendriya aine. eff. aii. ess., lahan aanvik sweekarak (ess. emm. aii. ess.) chya swarupat vaparale jaau shakate. tyanchyakade adhik sanrachanatmak degree auph friedam aahe, jyamule uchch electron affinity tunability milate; teey aanushangik drishyaman-nir kiranotsarg adhik jordarpane shoshatat; teey adhik sthir asatat; teey daata polymershy susangat asatat aanee tyanche sanshleshan karane (sarvasadharanpane) sope asate. 13 takkyanhun adhik veej rupantaran kshamata (pii. see. eae.) asalele aine. eff.-oo. ess. see. nondavale gele aahet, jeey tyachya eff. aii.-aadharit samakakshapeksha jaast mulyaparyant pohochale aahet.
tote.
sma vaparnyacha eka gairsoy mhanje, vatavaraniy paristhitit, tyanchya samtol sanrachanemule teey avyavasthit (anisotropic) avasthanmadhye guntatat. teey anekada samtol asatat kaaran puresha electron gatishilatesathi sugandh aavashyak asato. kramacha abhav electron vahtook aanee prabhavi nishkarshan marg qamee karoo shakato jyamule prerit pravah hoto. shivay, abhimukhatacha sambandhit abhav daata-grahankarta uttejana nirmitivar parinam karato. yamule teey eff. aii. ess. peksha mothya pramanat visham-karya mishranansathi qamee susangat hotat.
ess. emm. aii. vaparavaril sanshodhanachi aanakhi eka nakaratmak bajoo mhanje daata-sweekarak jodyanchya shakyatancha sakhol aalekh, jyala prerit karnyasathi shastradnyanna aavhan dile jaate. 
bhautikshastra.
sendriya saur peshinmadhye vartaman preran yantranet shulk hastantaran samavisht asate. electron daata polymermadhye vidyutchumbakiy shoshan aanee uttejak tayar jhalyanantar, daata lumopeksha qamee urja mulyachya parinami uttejit electron sweekarak vahak pattikade (lumo) halavala jaato. yaa prakriyela aavesh pruthakkaran mhanatat aanee sambandhit urja moolya sootra _ 1 sootra _ 2 chey samadhan karate jethe cs heey aavesh pruthakkaran darshavate, a heey sweekarak darshavate aanee d heey daata renu darshavate. jyaa kulambik kshamtesah paar karane aavashyak aahe, tyaa prakriyetoon milanari jastit jaast urja hii charge transfer urja, sootra 3 mhanoon paribhashit kelee jaate. optical excitation urja (optical band gap urja, sootra 4) aanee charge transfer urja yanchyatil farak hii pranalichi prerak shakti aahe.
sadhyachya fulrin-aadharit auskapeksha aine. eff.-oo. ess. see. chaa eka fayda mhanje vaparlele sma heey datyanshi tulanene susangat aahet, kaaran tyanchya electronic affinity tunabilitycha parinam aahe. tyanchi susangatata tyanchya lumo-urja mulyanchya samanatemule udbhavate. ugam shakti kamitakami keval kulambik yogdan (<0.3 eae. vhee.) paryant qamee kelee jaate, jyamadhye charge pruthakkaran qamee hote. yamule qamee sambhavya galatee, sootra _ 5 hote, jeey sadhyachya preran prakriyedarmyan vikiranshil aanee gair-vikiranshil nuksanasah prerak shaktichya mulyavar spashtapane avalambun asate. asha prakare, aine. eff.-oo. ess. see. sathee, sootra _ 6, jyamadhye electroncha charge q asato, too qamee keela jaato, jyamule uchch upayukt urja utpadan hote. yacha parinam mhanje fulrin samkakshanchya tulanet saur selche uchch open-circuit voltage sootra _ 7 aahe, jyachya mulyanche ahwal 1.1 vhee itake uchch aahet.
tathapi, qamee jhalelya charge pruthakkaran urjechi kimmat daata chaalan pattyatil uttejit electronchya sweekarak lumomadhye vahoon nenyachya pravruttivar nakaratmak prabhav takte kaaran tyala urjechya drushtine qamee pradhanya dile jaate. yamule yaa vastusthitila janm midato qee pravahat prerit honare electron adhik urjavan asatat, parantu qamee electron prerit hotat. yacha arth assa qee short-circuit current density sootra _ 8 aanee bharan ghatak (eff. eff.) qamee jhaale aahet. 
pii. see. eae. chya drushtine, uchch open-circuit voltagechi bharpai qamee short-circuit current ghanata aanee bharan ghatkadvare kelee jaate. sanshodhakanni dakhavun dile qee atiuddipak prabhar vegale karane heey atyalp prerak shaktisah shakya aahe. kharey tarr, sarvat qamee prerak shaktisah daata-grahankarta mishranasathi vidyut bahya quantum karyakshamta sootra _ 9 sarvadhik aahe.
prakar.
fulrin nasalelya swikarkancha eka mukhya fayda mhanje rasayanik badalandware tyanchi rachana aanee sanukoolit karanyachi kshamata. heey fulrin fulrin viruddha aahe. ess. emm. aii. mhanoon lagoo kelya jaau jaau mothya pramanat shakyata asalyamule teey lagech eka adthala dekhil nirman karate. vividh prakarchya smajchi yashasvi sweekarak mhanoon chachani kelee jaate, parantu done varganchya smajani veej rupantaran karyakshamateshi (pii. see. eae.) sambandhit sarvottam parinam dile aahet aanee aine. eff. aii.-oo. ess. see. madheel alikadil vikasache sarvat mothe vaishishtya banavale aahe.
rayaleen diamides.
rayaleen diamides heey, mhatalyapramane, done mukhya upvarganpaiki eka aahet jeey aadhunik aine. eff. aii.-oo. ess. see. madheel sweekarak-renunsathi aadhar aahet. rayaleen diamides heey audhyogik rung aahet aanee punha ekada, done upvarganmadhye vibhagale jaau shakatatah perilyn diamides (pdis) aanee nafthlein diamides (ndis). rayaleen diamidesmadhe samtol rayaleenachi chaukat asate aanee vishisht upasamuh jodoon aanee eka swikarkamadhye adhik pii. dii. aay. renu vaparoon asankhya bandhkame kelee jaau shakatat. mono-pii. dii. aay. renu ujavikadil aakrutimadhye darshavila aahe.
rayaleen diamides heey tyanchya anukool gunadharmanmule changle swikaranare manale jaatat. intermolecular π-stackingmule rayaleen diamidesmadhe samanyatah uchch electron gatishilata moolye sootra 10 asate. hii moolye fulrin yaa tulana karata yetat. yavyatirikt, rayaleen diamidesmadhe drishyaman kshetrat uchch shoshak spectrum dekhil asate, uchch aushnik aanee oxidative sthirata asate aanee tyanchya vidyut sambandhanna bajuche gut aanee 3 dii-rachana jodoon mothya pramanat tune kele jaau shakate jyamule lakshaniy uchch open-circuit voltage (sootra _ 11) hote.
rayaleen diamides aadharit auskchi rachana aanee sudharana karoon jyaa aavhananna samore jaave lagate teey pramukhyane pii. dii. aay. chya sanshleshanane sambandhit aahet kaaran renuchya samtol sanrachanemule teey sphatik sanrachanet ektrit hote. yamule mothya pramanat visham karyamadhye pasantichya 20 nmpeksha motha domain aakar mothya pramanat vadhato jyamule qamee charge vahtook kshamata nirman hote. sanshodhakanni heey ektrikaran teen sanrachana rupantaranni qamee karnyacha prayatna keela aahe, serve rayaleen diamides renunchi gatishilata vadhavnyavar kendrit aahet. done pii. dii. aay. renunna ekach carbon bandhasah jodane, tathakathit twisted diamer tayar karane haah pahila marg aahe. dusare sanshleshan pii. dii. aay. renunchi atyant valalelee valalelee tayar karate aanee tisra drushtikon fused-ring rachana tayar karato. tinhi sambhavya margansathi, eka anooche udaharan khaleel aakrutimadhye dakhavale aahe. heey vyutpann heey sweekarak-renunchi udaharane aahet jyanche parikshan aanee moolyankan tyanchya kamgirisathi aanee pii. see. eae. sathee oo. ess. see. madhye kele gele. bhavishyatil sanshodhan changle pii. dii. aay. vikasit karnyavar laksh kendrit karel, parinami oo. ess. see. sathee uchch pii. see. eae. moolye midatil.
fused-ring electron swikaranare.
fused-ring electron swikaranare (freeze) rayaleen diamidespecsha purnapane vegale asatat. tyat daata gatachya darmyan done electron mage ghenare gut asatat. haah daata gut haah fuse kelelya sugandhi ringjacha eka π-pool aahe. freejmadhye fulrin swikarkanchya formulasarkhich 10 chee moolye asatat aanee tyanchi shoshan shreni vistrut asate. bajuchya sakhali, gabha aanee antim gut badaloon electron sambandhanchi julvajulav kelee jaau shakate. sadhyache sanshodhan yaa serve gatanmadhye badal karoon sarvottam freechya rachnevar laksh kendrit karate. yaa renunche mahagade sanshleshan haah aanakhi eka vikasacha muddah aahe. tyamule sarvat karyaksham krutrim marg shodhane haah dekhil yaa yaa sambandhit eka mahattvacha vishay aahe. 
bhavishyatil vikas.
sadhyachya sanshodhanat, rayaleen diamides (chhotya band-gap urja datyansathi) aanee freeze (mothya band-gap urja datyansathi) yanni mothya pramanat heterojunction mishran peshinsathi vyavsayikdrushtya vyavharya saur peshi samagri bananyachi sarvat jaast kshamata darshavili aahe. wide band gap datyanna voltage vadhavanyasathi aanee currentchi ghanata qamee karnyasathi olakhale jaate, parantu freejchya sanyogane donhi moolye tulanene jaast asoo shakatat.
aine. eff. aii.-oo. ess. see. vyavsayikdrushtya fayadeshir honyapurvi ajunahi anek sudharana karayachya aahet. sarvapratham, vyavsayik vaparasathi heey kiman moolya asalyane pii. see. eae. kiman 15 takkyanparyant vadhavale pahije. mhatalyapramane, pisinni aadhich 13 takke olandale aahe, tyamule alikadil vikas yogya margavar aahe. adhik changlya aine. eff. aii. chee rachana karoon pises vadhavta yeu shakatat, udaharanarth, electron mobilitychya patalivar aine. eff. aii. ess. ajunahi eff. aii. ess. chya tulanet khoop vadhu shakate (formula _ 13 sarvottam aine. eff. aii. sathee formula _ 14 chya tulanet sarvottam eff. aii. ess. sathee). datyanchi changli julani, jodani rachana, bii. etch. jeey. aakarvidnyan aanee daata aanee aanee kshetra shuddhata yaa pudhil babinmadhye dekhil sudharana kelya jaau shakatat. 
yaa saiddhantik sanshodhan pailunvyatirikt, ayurman aakarachya vyavsayik saur peshinchya amalbajavanimule, upkaran nirmitichya sopya aanee shashvat paddhati aanee sendriya sanyuganchi dirghakalin sthirata yasarkhi anek aavhane dekhil yetat. abhyas asehi darshavtat qee vadhichya pramanat, pii. see. eae. sarvasadharanpane qamee hoto. yaa serve kshetranmadhye, aine. eff. aii.-oo. ess. see. madhye mothee kshamata disun yete, parantu eka ghan fulrin-swikaranara-sendriya saur seela ajaivik saur selashi spardha karnyapurvi barech sanshodhan karave lagel.

