
sthir duyyam-aayan vastuman spectrometry

sthir duyyam-aayan vastuman spectrometry kinwa sthir siim heey rasayanik vishleshanasathiche duyyam aayan vastuman spectrometry tantra aahe, jyamadhye dhatoo, ardhchalak kinwa plastic asoo shakananya ghanatechya sarvat varchya anoo kinwa aanvik tharachi moolbhut rachana aanee rasayanik rachana samavisht aahe, jyachi rachana aanee sanrachanet lakshaniy adthala nahee. simchya karya karnyachya done pramukh paddhatinpaiki hii eka aahe, jee urjavan prathamik kananchya bombsfotanantar ghan (kinwa kadhikadhi drav) prushthbhagadvare utsarjit honanya aayanikrut kananchi vastuman spectrometry aahe.
yantrana.
prathamik aayanchi bahutek urja dwaiti takkaranchya malikandware ghanchya jawalchya prushthbhagachya pradeshat nasht hote. yamule electron, tatasth prajati, anoo aanee renu, anoo aanee cluster aayan yasarkhya tathakathit 'duyyam' kananche prushthbhagavarun baher padane (thunkane) hote. simmadhye heey duyyam aayan aahet jeey prushthbhagachya kinwa ghanatechya tapshilvar rasayanik vishleshanasathi prushthbhagache vastuman varnapat tayar karnyasathi vastuman spectrometerdware shodhale aanee vishleshan kele jaatat.
duyyam aayan pravah II ± = ippi ± csiηi (± haah sakaratmak kinwa nakaratmak kann sandarbhit karato)
aay. pii. = aapatkalin aayan pravah (aayan/seey);
phay ± = aayan mhanoon pasarlelya kanancha ansh
ess. aay. = aayan aanee neutral yaa donhiche (kann/aapatkalin aayan) galatiche utpadan
phay ± = aayan mhanoon pasarlelya kanancha ansh;
see. aay. = spootered volume ayath ghatakache (isotopic pradirghatesathi durust kelele) ekagrat;
ηi = simas vadyachi sankalan karyakshamta
aay. pii. (aayan/seey) = 0.25 dii. 2jeey.
dii = gossian aakarachya kiranancha vyas
jeey = vartaman ghanata (aayan/semee2ess)
siim vishleshanat nirman honare serve duyyam aayan bombsfotit ghan padarthachya sarvat varchya eka staratoon tayar hotat. yacha arth assa qee siim vishleshanachya serve vegvegalya paddhati mulat prushthbhagache vishleshan karatat-duyyam aayan utsarjan-anoo tasech aanvik-bombsfotit ghanatechya prushthbhagachya jawalpasachya pradeshachi rasayanik rachana pratibimbit karatat. tathapi, vegvegalya siim vishleshanacha hetu agadi vegala asoo shakato. heey prushthbhagachya dhoopachya daravar avalambun asate jeey prathamik aayanchya matredvare niyantrit kele jaate. heey mothya pramanat kelele vishleshan (dynamic siim) kinwa ghanroop tappyatil (static siim) sarvat varchya eka starache kharey vishleshan asoo shakate.
prathamik karya paristhiti.
prushthbhagachya aayan bombsfotamule tyachi rasayanik rachana aanee rachana mothya pramanat badaloo shakate. yaa badalanmadhye sputtering, amorphisation, pratyaropan, prasar, rasayanik pratikriya ityadincha samavesh hoto. heey serve badal prathamik aayanchya ghanamadhye pravesh karnyachya margachya sabhovatalachya chhotya pradeshapurate maryadit aahet. sthir simsathi tyanantarche pratyek prathamik aayan nuksan naan jhalelya kshetrala dhadaktat aanee mojamapachya darmyan ekoon 0.1-1% anoo sthalanvar bombsfot kele jaatat. hii atyant qamee prathamik vidyutpravah ghanata samanyatah 10−10-10−9 aii/seey. mea. 2 (prathamik aayan matra 1012-1013 aayan/seey. mea. 2 peksha qamee aahe) chya shreneet vaparali jaate. yamule prati taas eka eka tharatil apurnankache atyant qamee sputtering darr hotat aanee tyamule duyyam aayan pravah ghanata qamee hote. yavyatirikt, heey utsarjit duyyam aayan qamee gatij urjeche asatat aanee prabhav sthalavarun 20 nm paryant utsarjit hotat aanee prushthbhagavaril annealing heey famto-sekandanmadhye hote. hii karane simsala prushthbhagache atyant qamee nuksan karnare aanee 10−8 monolayer (miilii) itaki qamee shodh maryada asalele eka shuddha prushthbhag vishleshan tantra banavtat.
spectrum.
sims darmyan bombsfot jhalelya prushthbhagavarun utsarjit honanya duyyam aayanche vastuman varnapat keval rasayanik rachanechich navhe tarr bombsfot jhalelya kshetrachya rasayanik sanrachanechi dekhil thet mahitee pradan karate. yache kaaran asey qee vastuman varnpatamadhye samooh aayan tasech moolbhut aayan samavisht asatat. heey samooh aayan prushthbhagache rasayanshastra tapshilvar ritine pratibimbit karatat. polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) ess. ess. aay. emm. vishleshanatun prapt jhalele vastuman varnapat aakruti darshavate. sakaratmak aayan varnapat sakaratmak anoo aayan darshavito (i.eae. c +) aanee aanvik aayan (i.eae. lakshya see. eff. +, see. eff. 3 +, see. 3. eff. 3 +). nakaratmak aayan varnapat anoo aayan darshavito (i.eae. f−) aanee aanvik aayan (i.eae. f2 −, cf3 −, c3f3 −).
itihas.
1969 madhye berninghovenne munster vidyapithat static simschi suruvat kelee. tyane mothya kshetrala aachchhadit karananya qamee prathamik aayan pravahancha jaanunbujun vapar karoon yuechvhimadhil prushthbhagancha abhyas karnyasathi simsache tantra lagoo kele. suruvatila, bahutek sims kwadrupol maas vishleshak vaparoon kele gele. tathapi, 1980 chya madhyat heey lakshat aale qee simchya yaa paddhatisathi uddan veleche vastuman spectrometer adhik karyaksham aahet.
augar aanee photoelectron spectroscopisarkhya itar prushthbhagavaril tantranchya tulanet, sims kahee adviteey vaishishtye, samasthanik sanvedansheelata, hydrogen sanvedansheelata, aanvik duyyam aayan utsarjanadvare thet sanyug shodhane aanee atyant uchch sanvedansheelata, byavachada pii. pii. emm. shreneet pradan karate. tathapi, static siim anuprayogatil eka samasya mhanje parimanan. augar electron spectroscopy (aes) aanee photoelectron spectroscopy (up kinwa xps) sarkhya sthir sims electron spectroscopic tantranchya sanyojanacha vapar karoon yaa samasyevar maat kelee jaau shakate.
prushthbhag vidnyanat anuprayog.
auxidationchya prarambhik prakriyecha tapas jethe keval pahile done kinwa teen dhatuche thurr oxidationmadhye sahbhagi hotat.
prushthbhagachya swachchatechi kathor chachani dete kaaran tee pii. pii. emm. sandratemadhye prajati shodhu shakate.
adhishoshan swarupachi tapasani (aanvik kinwa vighatansheel). udaharanarth, dhatuchya prushthbhagavaril (emm) koche vighatansheel shoshan heey emsee +, emao +, emm 2 oo + aanee emm 2 see + duyyam aayan (ephai aanee doubleu) dware darshavile jaate. aanee aanvik adhishoshan heey emm. see. oo. + aanee emm. 2. see. oo. + aayan (kyu., pii. dii., aine. aay. aanee eff. eae.) dware olakhale jaate. tyachpramane, bandhan urja, adhishoshak rasayanik rachana, adhishoshak renunmadhil parasparkriya aanee adhishoshak pratikriyashilata yanchya tapasanit dekhil heey madat karate.
upkaran.
nirvat pranali.
simsache prayog done karanansathi uchch nirvatamadhye kele jaatatah pratham, prathamik aanee duyyam kirananche vikhurane talhanyasathih dusare, vayunche hastakshep karnare shoshan talhanyasathi (i.eae. auxigen) tapasakhali asalelya prushthbhagavar. pahilya garajesathi 10−5 emm. bii. aar. peksha qamee daab haah beam pathchya tulanet lamb asalela sarasari mukt marg sunishchit karnyasathi puresa aahe. 10−6 emm. bii. aar. chya dabane 1 sekandat vayucha eka eka thurr tayar hoto. asha prakare simsachya vishleshanasathi prayog purn karnyasathi puresa vel denyasathi ~ 10−10 emm. bii. aar. chaa daab aavashyak aahe.
maas spectrometer.
kwadrupol, chumbakeey kshetra aanee uddan vel (tii. oo. eff.) heey simmadhye vaparale jaanare teen vastuman spectrometer (emm. ess.) aahet.
ess. ess. aay. emm. sathee prathamik aavashyakta hii qamee prathamik aayan pravah ghanata aahe, jyacha parinam atyant qamee duyyam aayan utpadanamadhye hoto (10−3-10−8 anoo/seey. mea. 3). tyamule jawaljawal serve duyyam aayan gola karanyachi garaj aahe. tii. oo. eff. chey uchch sankraman (0.5-1) sanvedansheelata vadhavate (kwadrupol mschya 104 putt). vajvi vastuman tharav aanee uchch vastuman shreni (m/z> 103) saha samantar shodh heey tyache itar pramukh fayade aahet.
aayan eka dilelya kshamateparyant vegwan kele jaatat jenekarun tyanchi gatij urja samaan asel, parinami vegvegalya vastumanachya aayan tayar hotatah charge (emm/eae) gunottar bhinn vegasathi. heey aayan nantar uddan nalitil kshetra mukt jagechya pradeshatoon jaatat aanee velenusar pasaratat, uchch vastuman aayan nantar uddan nalichya shevati pohochatat jethe vel-sanvedanshil shodh pranali vastuman spectrum tayar karate. prathamik aayan 10 nspeksha kamichya chhotya sphotanmadhye spandit kele jaatat (prabhavanantar duyyam aayan utsarjanache veleche praman nagany (<10−12 ess)). prathamik kiran eka lahan chhidravar jalad vikshepanadvare kinwa auph-exis vikshepanadvare spandit keela jaato, tyanantar antaralat spand sankuchit karnyasathi vakr chumbakeey kshetra asate. duyyam aayancha prarambhik urja prasar qamee karnyasathi namunyavar khoop jaast pravegak kshetre (uchch nishkarshan voltage aanee lahan (miimii) nishkarshan antar) aahet. kahee tii. oo. eff. pranali pudhe naun-linier flight tube vaparoon yaa urjechya prasarachi bharpai karatat. asha eka rachnet vakr vidyutsthaitik marg asato, jenekarun adhik urjavan aayan vakanyachya bahereel bhagachya bhovati firanyas bhag padale jaatat. asha aanakhi eka rachnet eka sthiravidyut aarsa samavisht aahe jyamadhye adhik urjavan aayan paravartan honyapurvi adhik kholvar pravesh karatat. donhi rachana, vegwan aayananna tyanchya vadhiv vegala bharoon kadhanyasathi lamb uddan marg asato aanee samaan vastuman asalele serve aayan ekach velee detectorvar pohochatat.
prathamik aayan srot.
khaleel teen prakarchya aayan strotanpaiki eka ess. ess. aay. emm. sathee vaparla jaatoh electron prabhav aayanikaran, prushthbhag aayanikaran kinwa drav dhatoo aayan srot.
electron prabhav aayan strotat, garam philament (cathode) madheel electron voltage farkane enodkade vegwan kele jaatat jithe teey prabhavavar vayoo anoonna aayanikaran karatat. haah srot samanyatah utkrusht vayoonsah karya karato. samanyatah urja 0.1-5 kevhapasoon badalat asate jyamule thipke aakar 50 micronometer teey anek millimeterparyant asoo shakatat.
prushthbhagavaril aayanikaran srot see. ess. + chaa vapar tii. oo. eff. simsasathi prathamik kiran srot mhanoon karatat. garam kelelya tungstenchya prushthbhagavarun caesiumche bashpibhavan anoo aanee aayan yaa donhi swarupat hote. heey aayan nantar utsarjak prushthbhagapasun door jaatat. konatyahi takkarancha samavesh naslyamule aayan beam khoop shuddha asato aanee bashpibhavan aushnik asalyamule urja prasar khoop qamee ~ 2kt (0.2 EV) asato. qamee urja prasar aanee aayan strotanchi uchch aantarik chamak lahan aakar midvanyachi shakyata dete.
drav-dhatoo aayan srot suichya tokavar (trijya ± 5 microne) garam jalashayatun drav dhatoo (samanyatah gallium kinwa bismuth) kadhatat. tokasamor nakaratmakpane pakshapati asalelya nishkarshan electrodware tokavar sthir vidyut kshetra tayar hote. dravarup patalavar karya karananya vidyutsthaitik kshetra aanee prushthbhagavaril taana shaktincha virodh kelyane tokavarun baher padananya vakratechya kaspachya (± 2 microne) uchch trijyasah shankuchya aakarachi nirmiti hote. yaa kasp kshetratun kshetra bashpibhavnachya prakriyedvare aayan utsarjan hote.