
parismadhil karanje

parismadhil karanje mulat shaharatil rahivashanna pinyache paanee puravat asat aanee aata shaharachya chaukoni aanee udyananmadhye sajavatichi vaishishtye aahet. parismadhye donshehun adhik karanje aahet, jeey 16vya shatkatil sarvat june aahet. yethe shambharahun adhik bhintyukt pinyache karanje dekhil aahet. bahutansh karanje hii nagarpalikechi malmatta aahe.
2017 madhye, sanskrutik varsa niyatkalikane kelelya tapasanit asey ughad jhaale qee yapaiki nimmyahoon adhik karanje karyarat navhate.
parris karanjyanchya yadisathi, parris karanjyanchi yadee pahaa.
16vya aanee 17vya shatkatil parisache karanje.
19vya shatkachya madhyaparyant parismadhil karanjyancha itihas haah vadhatya loksankhyela swachchh pinyache paanee puravanyasathi shaharachya sangharshacha itihas hota. karanjyanchi bandhani dekhil gurutvakarshanachya niyamavar avalambun hotee; yantrik pump suru hoiparyant, paanee vahanyasathi panyacha srot karanjyapeksha jaast asava lagat asey.
ii. sha. puu. tisya shatkat, mool rahivasi, paricy, tyanche paanee thet seane naditoon ghet asat. ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkaparyant, luteshiya shaharatil roman abhiyantyanni tyanchya snangruhasathi aanee tyanchya sarvajanik karanjyansathi paanee puravanyasathi gurutvakarshanacha vapar karoon arquilcha jalmarg bandhala hota.
madhyayugat, arquilcha roman jalmarg bhagnavasthet padala hota aanee rahivashanni punha ekada tyanche paanee seenmadhun kinwa vihirinmadhun ghetale. francechya phillip II chya karkirdiparyant (1180-1223), parisachya uttarekadil shaharachya bhintinchya baher done mothe math astitvat hote; montmartrechya payathyashi seent-laurentche math aanee seent-martin-days-champsche math. yaa mathanna done jalvahinyanmadhun taje paanee midale; romneville aanee menilmontantchya unchivarun yenanya shisechya naladvare seent laurentche math aanee bellevilchya shikharavarun yenanya dagadi bandhkamachya jalvahinyadvare seent-martin-days-champsche math. 13vya shatkachya purvardhat, madhyayugeen parismadhil pahilya nond kelelya karanjyanna, fontain days holl, fontain days incinet aanee fontain dii maubui yanna paanee puravanyasathi yaa done jalvahinyancha vapar keela jaat asey. yaa karanjyanmadhun paanee vahat navhate; kansache mukhavate, mukhavate, samanyatah pranyanche, dagadi khonyanmadhye patal pravahanmadhye satat paanee otale jaat hote jenekarun sthanik rahivashanna tyanchi bhandi panyane bharata yeteel.
1498 paryant, jevha francecha lui solava raja jhaala, tevha parisachya panipurvathyavar shaharachya vyapadhyanche, prevot days marchandschya netrutvakhalil aanee rajache sanyukt niyantran hote. tyanni paanee kase vitarit kele jaeel heey tharavale aanee sarvajanik karanje bandhanyachi jababdari tyanchyavar hotee. parisacha panipurvatha ajunahi khoop maryadit hota; 15vya shatkachya akheris, parismadhye paanee puravinare keval satra karanje hote, jyat bhintinchya baherchya paach karanje samavisht hotee. serve karanje ujavya kathavar hote; done jalvahinya paanee puravat hotya aanee panyachi patali prushthbhagachya jawal asalyane tethe vihiri khodane sope hote, tarr davya kathavar panyachi patali khol bhoomigat hotee aanee tethe karyarat jalvahinya navhatya mhanoon jawaljawal serve paanee seenmadhun vahoon nene aavashyak hote. parinami, phillip II chya kalapasoon davi kinar kvachitach vadhali hotee.
17vya shatkachya suruvatila, francecha raja heinry 4tha yane vidyapithasathi aanee tyachi patni merrie dii medisichya niyojit luxemberg rajvadyasathi davya kathavar paanee aananyacha nirnay ghetala. 1613 teey 1623 darmyan nadipatratun paanee aananyasathi eka naveen jalmarg bandhanyat aala. yaa naveen jalmargane davya kathavar sahaa naveen karanje puravale, jyat sadhyachya medisi karanjecha aanee ujavya kathavaril karanjecha samavesh aahe. yavyatirikt, done mool jalvahinyancha vapar karoon ujavya kathavar paach naveen karanje bandhanyat aalee. heinryne florentin karanje tayar karnara tomaso francini yala parisla aanale, jithe tyane jardine duu luxembergmadhil medisi karanjechi rachana kelee. 1636 madhye too serve shahee karanje aanee jaal prakalpancha prabhari, hetune general days eox ett fontains banala. tyachya vanshajanni 1781 paryant hii padvi dharan kelee.
heinry IV chey aanakhi eka mothe yogdan mhanje 1578 teey 1608 darmyan laa samariten yaa prachand jalsanchalit panyachya pampache bandhkam, jeey pont newfchya khalee panyachya chakane chalavale jaate, jyane seent-germain-ell 'aukseroyasajavalil jalashayaparyant paanee uchalale, jeey lauvar palace aanee tularies gardensmadhye vaparnyasathi hote. 1673 madhye aanakhi done pump jodanyat aale. pump aanee naveen jalmargamule, 1673 paryant parismadhye, andaje 500,000 lokanchi loksankhya asalelya, ujavya kathavar 16 karanje, davya kathavar 14 karanje, arquilchya naveen jalmargadware bharavale gele aanee nadichya ujavya aanee davya kathavar 21 naveen karanje, naveen hydraulic pampandware bharavale gele.
16vya aanee 17vya shatkat bandhanyat aalelya karanjyanpaiki sarvanchi pudhil done shatkanmadhye ektar punarbandhani karnyat aalee kinwa padnyat aalee. mothya pramanavar punarbandhani kelele fontain butcherat, fontain days effinet aanee medisi karanje yasarkhe kahee mojkech, ajunahi tyanchya kalatil charitrya japatat.
18 vya shatkatil parisache karanje.
atharavya shatkat tees naveen karanje bandhale gele, jyapaiki chauda ajunahi astitvat aahet aanee teen shaito dii 'yuu, mothya sanrachananchya aat asalelya jalashayanchi bandhani jhaali. yapaiki anek karanje jeane beausireche kaam hote, jeey shahee aadeshanusar 1692 teey 1740 darmyan parris shaharache virodhi hote. tyache karanje sahasa lahan hote, eka bhintivar basavalele, eka chhotya khonyat paanee otanare eka thikan aanee ekach nalee hote, parantu teey pratishthit aanee mohak hote, samudra kavachanni, pauranik aakrutyanni sushobhit hote aanee kadhikadhi naisargik zyanche anukaran karoon grotochya calcified bhintinche anukaran karat asat.
18vya shatkachya madhyat waltair aanee itar samikshakanni adhik khulya chaukoni aanee adhik sajavatichya karanjyanchi magani karnyas suruvat kelee. 1749 madhye lihilelya 'leesa embelliments daad parris' madhye voltairne lihile, 'aamchyakade changlya chavche fakt done karanje aahet aanee teey nishchitpane adhik changlya sthiteet asale pahijet. itar serve gavasathi patra aahet."sarkarne mothya karanjyanchya yaa magnyanna pratisad mhanoon fontain days kwatre-cysons (1739) karyanvit kele aanee karanjyansah chaurasasathi aanakhi mothya prakalpadvare, places louis exvi, jeey day laa concardeche thikan banale.
naveen karanje asoonahi, shaharachya vadhatya loksankhyela puresha pramanat paanee purvathyat shaharala samasya hotya. 1776 madhye, jacks-constantin aanee augustein-charles perrier yaa done yantrik abhiyantyanni laa comagney days eox dii parris hii eka khajgi jaal company suru kelee. pipe pranalidware paise deu shakananya konalahi thet paanee thet gharanmadhye pohochavanyache aashvasan tyanni dile. tyanni london shaharache anukaran kele aanee 1782 madhye chailot yethe vafevar chalanara paanee pump basavala. englandmadhil birmingham yethe bandhalele aanee 'constantine' aanee 'augustein' asey naav asalele pahile pump, seenmadhun paanee vadhavtat aanee chailot tekadijavalache chaar jalashay bharatat, jyatoon lokhandi paipdware (englandmadhyehi tayar kelele) tyanchya khajgi grahakanparyant paanee khalee vahat hote aanee saat naveen sarvajanik karanjyanparyantahi. 1786 madhye, pahilya pampanchya yashanantar, kwai dii 'aursey aanee gross callouchya bajoone' luiz 'aanee' theres 'hii done naveen injine jodanyat aalee, jee 1788 madhye suru houn eka burujavar paanee pump karat hotee, jee paipdware leesa invalides, ecole milityre aanee fobberg seent-germainchya parisarat vahat hotee.
khajgi jaal companychya nirmitimule, companyla pathimba denadhyanmadhye, 'marage auph figaro' chey lekhak, natakkar piyare beaumarchise, jeey sanchalak hote aanee jaal companytoon shrimant jhaale, aanee jyanni yala virodh keela, jyat jaal-bandaranchya gildcha samavesh hota, jyanchya nokya dhokyat aalya hotya, comte dii mirabue yanchya netrutvakhali, tyanchyamadhye eka kadwa rajkiy sangharsh nirman jhaala. 1788 madhye, aarthik sankatanantar, company diwalkhor jhaali aanee rajkoshachya haatee gelee, parantu tyache tantrik yash siddha jhaale; 1807 madhye parismadhil panchanasi karanjyanpaiki 45 karanjyanna companychya vafechya pampanmadhun paanee puravale gele.
vanijya dutavas aanee pahilya samrajyache parisache karanje (1799-1815).
french krantimule smarak karanjyanchya bandhkamat vyatyay aala; lui XV chey naav badaloon places dii laa revolution asey karnyat aale aanee gilotin jethe karanje bandhale jaanar hote tyaa jawal thevanyat aale. 1799 pasoon suru jhalelya, napolean bonapart yaa naveen pahilya vanijyadutasathi, panyacha puravatha aanee karanje bandhane haah pramukh chintecha vishay banala.
nepoliyanne tyache antargat mantri jeane-antoin chaptal yanna vicharale qee, parisasathi too sarvat upayukt kaay karoo shakel aanee chaptalne uttar dile, "tyala paanee dya.". 1802 madhye nepoliyanne shaharabaheril naditoon paanee aananara pahila kalwa, kalwa dii 'aurk, bandhanyache aadesh dile. haah kalwa nepolianche pool aanee mahamarganche urjavan mukhya abhiyanta aanee tyanchya paanee aanee sandpanyachya seveche pramukh, piyare sayman girard yanni bandhala hota, jyanni egyptmadhil tyanchya mohimedarmyan tyanchyasobat kaam kele hote. girardchya bhavya prakalpanmadhye kalwa seent-dennis (1821 madhye purn), kalwa dii 'aurk (1822 madhye purn), kalwa seent-martin (1825 madhye purn) yancha samavesh hota, jyamule pinyache karanje aanee sajavatiche karanje yaa donhisathi purese paanee midale.
tyache abhiyante parisla paanee aananyasathi kalve bandhat asatana, nepoliyanne tyache laksh karanjyankade valavale. 2 meey 1806 roji jaaree kelelya aadeshat tyane jaheer kele qee parisasathi kahitari bhavya aanee upayukt karanyachi tyachi ichcha aahe."aanee pandhra naveen karanje bandhanyacha prastav thewala. tyane fontain days kwatre-cysons aanee medisi forentain yasarkhya uddhvast jhalelya anek junya karanjyanchi swachchata, durusti kinwa punarbandhani karnyache aadesh dile. tyachya abhiyantyanni shaharachya pramukh bahereel bajarpethanmadhye naveen karanje bandhale aanee sampoorn shaharat panyache nall asalele shekado 'borne-fontine', sadhe dagadi thokale basavale. 1812 madhye, tyane eka aadesh jaaree keela qee karanjyanmadhun paanee mofat vitarit kele jaeel aanee pinyachya panyat anuman lavana konalahi kathor shiksha kelee jaeel.
nepoliyanne bandhalelya pandhra smarakeey karanjyanpaiki anekanchi rachana tyach vastuvisharad, parris shaharachya jalseveche mukhya abhiyanta, francois-jeane brale yanni kelee hotee, jyanni chailot, gross-callau aanee laa samariten yetheel mothya jalpampanvar kaam kele hote.
kalve purn honyapurvi bandhalele suruvatiche napolean karanje, pramanane mafak hote aanee maryadit pramanat paanee puravale jaat hote, jeey paramparik maskeron kinwa nalitoon otale jaat asat. nepoliyanchya nantarchya karanjyanmadhye, dii voces aanee chattue dii 'eo yetheel karanjyasah, pramukhyane pinyachya panyasathi vaparale jaat navhate aanee panyache havet pravah hote aanee panyache pravah panyache panyache pravah panyache panyache pravah khalee asalelya khonyanmadhye jaat hote. parismadhil heey pahile kharokhar sajavatiche karanje hote.
. *fontain du palace days arts (1809-1810). shilpkar antoin vadoyarne banavalelya cast lokhandi chaar sinhanna palace days beaux-artschya samore vegvegalya payathyanvar thevanyat aale hote, jeey tyanchya tondatoon done khonyanmadhye paanee sodat hote. 1865 madhye karanjene kaam karane bund kele aanee sinhanna bologne-billencourtchya chaukat halavanyat aale, jithe teey aaj disu shakatat.
lui-philipachya punarsthapanache aanee rajvatiche parisache karanje (1816-1848).
1815 madhye nepoliyanchya patanapasoon 1830 madhye lui philipachya sattevar yenyaparyant, france junya rajeshahichya punarsthapanetun jaat asatana, kahee naveen karanje bandhanyat aalee aanee tyaa samanya aakarachya aanee kalatmak mahattvakankshanchya hotya. 1813 aanee 1819 chya darmyan, march days blanks-mantex haah eka naveen bajar, ruu days hospitaliersney bandhala hota. maans bajaratil karanjevar shilpkar edme gaull yane bailachya dokyachya aakarache kansya kavach sajavale hote. 1910 madhye bajarpeth padnyat aalee hotee, parantu tyachi pramukh ajunahi aahet, jee aata ecole meternailchya bhintila jodaleli aahet.
places days vosjes (1830). days vosajesachya thikani piyare sayman girardne (jirnoddharadarmyan 'laa places royal' asey punarnamit kele gele) mool karanjechi jaaga 1830 madhye sadhyachya chaar karanjyanni ghetali, jyachi rachana jeane-francois-julien menager yanni kelee, joou vadoyarcha vidyarthi, prix dii romcha vijeta aanee parris shaharacha vastuvisharad hota. naveen karanje heey overgeonmadhil volvikpasoon jwalamukhichya dagadapasun tayar kele gele aahet aanee eka dusyachya varr done golakar vask aahet, jyat sinhanchi doki golakar khonyat paanee sodatat.
ruu dii 'antinvaril (2raa aeronidicement) fontain dii gylan (1828) haah lui wisconteecha pahila pramukh karanja hota, jyane purvichya karanjechi jaaga beausirene ghetali. visconti nantar nepoliyanchya thadgyacha shilpkar mhanoon prasiddha jhaala. karanjyat done vaske aahet, jyat trishul aanee dolphinavar ghoda asalelya tarun tritonne sajavalele aahe aanee lattinmadhye eka shilalekh aaheh "shaharachya upayuktatesathi aanee alankarasathi."
julai 1830 madhye charles exchee sampoorn rajeshahi ulthavoon lui-philipachya ghatanatmak rajeshahine badalali. naveen sarkarla, purvipramanech, parismadhil vegane vadhana loksankhyechya samasyela samore jaave lagale, jyanchi panyachi garaj nepoliyanchya kalvyachya dii laal 'aurk puravanyapeksha khoop jaast hotee. sarvajanik karanjyanmule arund rastyanvar gardi jhaali; gaadee aanee wagon chalak tyanchya ghodyanna karanjyanmadhye paanee pajat hote; panyachya nalaparyant pohochanyasathi panyachya kulgurunshi bhandat hote; bajarpethetil karanjyancha vapar bhajya aanee fale dhunyasathi aanee raste swachchh karnyasathi keela jaat asey. 1832 madhye patakichya sathine heey spasht jhaale qee parisla changle paanee aanee changlya swachchatechi garaj aahe.
senchya naveen, rambuteune donashe kilometer naveen panyachya nalanche bandhkam aanee 1700 borne-fontain, nepoliyanne suru kelelya panyachya nalansah sope block basavanyache aadesh dile. loksankhyela pinyache paanee puravinanya yaa naveen karanjyanmule, shaharachya vastuvishardanna shaharachya chaurasanmadhye purnapane sajavatichya asalelya naveen smarak karanjyanchi rachana karnyache swatantrya hote.
samanvay sadhanyache sootra. (1836-1840) lui-philipachya kalat bandhanyat aalelya karanjyanpaiki day laa concord yetheel done karanje sarvat prasiddha aahet aanee teey parisachya karanjeche prateek mhanoon aale aahet. tyanchi rachana ecole days beaux-arts yetheel neoclassical shilpkar charles persearcha vidyarthi jacks-ignace hittorf yane kelee hotee, jyane padchyut rajasathi utsav aanee samarambhanche adhikrut vastuvisharad mhanoon kaam kele hote aanee italichya vastukala aanee karanjyancha abhyas karnyat done varshe ghalavali hotee.
hitorfche done karanje heey donhi sagari sankalpananvar aadharit aahet, kaaran teey day laa concord yetheel naudal mantralayachya aanee seanchya nikat aahet. uttar-dakshin akshavar, lakzarchya stambhanshi aanee rue royalshee sanrekhit kelelya tyanchya vyavasthevar aanee swatah karanjyanchya swarupavar, romchya karanjyancha, visheshtah piazza navona aanee sentchya chaurasacha jordar prabhav hota. pieter.
donhi karanjyanche swaroop sarkhech aaheh eka dagadi khore; maase udoon paanee kadhana triton kinwa naydechya sahaa aakruti; sahaa basalelya rupkatmak aakrutya, jahajanchya payanvar tyanche paay, golakar vashkchya payadoche kinwa pithala aadhar denare; varchya ulate varchya vashkela aadhar denanya vividh prakarchya pratibha, qalaa kinwa hastakalechya chaar moorti; jyanche paanee varr jaate aanee nantar khalchya vashki aanee nantar khonyat khalee zirpate.
uttar karanje nadyanna samarpit aahe, jyat gend aanee gendyache pratinidhitva karananya rupkatmak aakrutya, phule aanee fale kapanyachi qalaa, kapani aanee drakshanchi lagwad; aanee nadee nauvahan, udyog aanee shetichi pratibha.
seanchya jawal asalela dakshin karanja samudranche pratinidhitva karato, jyat atlantic aanee bhoomadhya samudrache pratinidhitva karnare aakruti aahet; koralchi kapani; maase kapane; shelfish gola karane; motee gola karane; aanee khagolshastra, nauvahan aanee vanijyatil pratibha.
champions-eliseejche fontains. (1839-1840). fontains deey laa concord purn kelyanantar, hittorfney champs-elisivaril chaurasanmadhye chaar atirikt karanje bandhali-day laa concord aanee aark dii triumph darmyanche, jeey nuktech 1836 madhye purn jhaale hote. pratyek karanjecha khalcha bhag samaan aahe; eka golakar khore, seashell alankarasah eka peeth; dolphinne samarthit aanee tadpatta sushobhit eka vask; aanee (charpaiki teen) sinhanchya dokyavar paanee udhalate.
pratyek karanjecha varcha bhag vegala hota;
carrey days embassaders-tichya kesanna ghasanara eka shukra, gulabanni aanee vahatya panyane vedhalela. (shilpkarah frankic-joseph durette.)
carrey leey doyen-gulabansah dianachi moorti. (shilpkarah lui deprez)
fontain dii circ (uttarechi bajoo): chaar rutoo darshavinari chaar mule, dusari vask sinh aanee jangali dukaranchya dokyanni sushobhit keleli. (shilpkarah jeane-august barrey).
fontain dii elisi (uttar bajoo). zarnyajogi paanee asaleli eka sadhee ekal zarokhi.
vastuvisharad louis visconti yanni fontain louvice (1839), junya aupera hausachya jagevar, naveen thikani louvoice yethe bandhale hote. khalchya vascala rashichya chinhanni aanee hangamanchya mukhavatene sajavale jaate; seane, loar, garon aanee saan nadyanche pratinidhitva karananya chaar mahila aakrutya varchya vascala aadhar denanya stambhala gheratat. yaa aakrutya aanee aakarman heey cast lokhandipasun banavalele hote, jeey kansyasarkhe disanyasathi rangavale gele hote.
fontain kuvier (1840-1846). nisargshastradnya, jivashmashastra aanee tulanatmak sharirshastrache pranete, georges kuvier (1769-1832) yanna samarpit. haah karanja jardine days plantes aanee naisargik itihasachya sangrahalayajaval aahe, jithe kuvier kaam karat hota. hii moorti eka bhintivar thewali aahe, jyat eka qamee khore, sarpatananya pranyanchya dokyatoon paanee oghalate aanee manav aanee pranyanchya dokyancha eka gut asato. tyachya varr naisargik itihasache pratinidhitva karananya, asankhya pranyanni vedhalelya aanee 'reram cognosere codge' heey kaviyarche bodhvakya asaleli eka falak dharan kelelya eka basalelya mahilechi rupkatmak aakruti aahe."(goshtinchi karane jaanun ghenyasathi.") nisargshastradnyanni nidarshanas aanoon dile qee murtichya gatatil magri aapale doke firvat aahe, jeey magri karoo shakat naheet.
nantar apanganmadhye nepoliyanchya thadgyache designer mhanoon prasiddha jhalelya wisconteene prasiddha parisachya lokanchya smaranarth aanee tyanchyashi sambandhit thikani asalelya yaa naveen prakarchya aanakhi done karanjyanchi rachana kelee.
fontain mollier. (1841-44). rue traversier aanee rue richeliuchya kopyat sthit visconteecha haah karanja, mulat eka nymphchya avasthesah eka sadha punarujjivan karanja asanar hota, parantu comedy frankeijche pramukh regnier yanni prastavit kele qee tyaeivaji teey natakkar molierche smarak asave, kaaran karanja comedy frankeisechya mool thikanajaval aanee molierchya gharajaval hota. sarvajanik sadasyatvane karanjyasathi paise jamaa kele. moliercha kansya putala bernard-gabriel seyurrecha aahe aanee karanjyachya payathyashi asalelya done rupkatmak pratima, jyaa halakya vinodi aanee gambhir vinoditeche pratinidhitva karatat, james pradierchi aahet.
lui visconti yanni lihilele fontain seent-sulpis (1843-1848), dharmik vivanchanechya kalpaneche pratinidhitva karnyasathi tayar kele gele hote, kaaran teey sentchya prasiddha dharmik seminarijaval seent-sulpis yaa thikani sthit hote. gammati. tyane 17 vya shatkatil chaar prasiddha dharmik vaktyancha sanman keela; bosuet, fellenon, fletcher aanee masilan.
sadhyachya chauras jeane xxiii varr sthit, alphons vigaureksane lihilele fontain dii laal 'aarcheveche (1843-1845) hii eka neo-gothick rachana aahe jithe ekekali aarchbishapcha rajwada ubha hota. karanjechya khalchya bhagat teen mukhya doote pakhandanchya rupkatmak aakrutila parabhoot kartana disatat, tarr shikharavar kumari aanee mulachi moorti aahe.
lui-philipachya kalapasoon aanakhi anek samanya karanje ajunahi astitvat aaheth
lui-nepolianche parisache karanje aanee dusare samrajya (1848-1870).
lui-philipache rajya 1848 chya krantisah aanee lui nepoliyanchya netrutvakhali dusya prajasattakachi sthapana houn achanak sampushtat aale, jeey 1851 madhye jhalelya sattapalatadvare dusare samrajya banale. 1849 madhye patakichya mahamarinantar, lui nepolianche sarvoch pradhanya parisachya panyachi gunavatta sudharane heey hote. tyaa velee parismadhye loksankhyela pinyachya panyacha puravatha karnare sumare saath karanje aanee keval sajavatiche dazanbhar karanje hote. tyachya seanchya naveen purvaniyuktikhali, barren hossman aanee parisachya panyache tyache naveen pramukh, belgrand yanchya netrutvakhali, parris jalvyavasthechi punarrachana karnyat aalee jenekarun jalvahinyandware aanalelya zyanmadhil paanee keval pinyachya panyasathi vaparale jaeel, tarr qamee aarogyadayi nadiche paanee raste dhunyasathi, udyane aanee udyane paanee denyasathi aanee karanjyansathi vaparale jaeel.
dusya samrajyachya kalat, barren hasmanane tyachi punarrachana moheem suru kelee, prasiddha junya karanjyanche sthalantar aanee punarbandhani karnyat aalee. 1858 madhye fontain days emmonets chaurasanchya madhyabhagi eka naveen, khalchya payathyavar halavanyat aale aanee pratyek bajula vahatya panyachya sahaa khoyya jodanyat aalya.1864 madhye, medisi karanjyachya mage asaleli santri padnyat aalee, karanje jardine du luxembergmadhil naveen thikani halavanyat aale, putale jodanyat aale, pahilya samrajyachya kalat bandhanyat aalele leda aanee huns yanche karanje tyachya mage asalelya thikani halavanyat aale aanee tyachya samore eka lamb khore bandhanyat aale. lui-philipachya khalee bandhalelya, keval done vasks, champs-elisichya dusya binduvaril samanya mool karanjyachya jaagi sahaa vask cascading panyasah mothya karanjyane badalale gele.
lui nepoliyanchya karkirdit bandhanyat aalele bahutek naveen smarak karanje heey gabriel daviewood yaa ekach vastuvishardache kaam hote. deviewdne ecole days beaux-arts yethe shilpakalecha abhyas keela, nantar too seane prantachya 'service dii promenades ett plantation' chaa vastuvisharad banala. dusya samrajyachya anek chaukon, darvaje, baak, mandap aanee itar sajavatichya vastukalechya rachnesathi too jababdar hota. tyache pramukh khore aanee karanje aseh
tisya prajasattakache parisache karanje (1870-1900).
1870 madhye sedanchya vinashkari ladhait lui napoleanla germananni tabyat ghetale aanee tyane tyache vijetepad gamavale. germananni parisvar kabja kelyanantar aanee parris samudayachya sankshipt rajvatinantar, tisya french prajasattakacha janm jhaala.
shaharasathi karanjyanche mukhya vastuvisharad mhanoon daviewood rahile. tyache pahile kaam parisachya german vedhyamule aanee parris samudayachya dadapanadarmyan jhalelya ladhaimule karanjyanna jhalelya nukasanichi durusti karane heey hote, jyane tuliery palace aanee hottel dii veele nasht kele hote.
dusya samrajyachya kalat suru jhalelya done smarakeey karanje purn karnyat daviewood yashasvi jhaala.
daviewoodne carpaxla luxemberg rajwada kinwa parris vedhshaleche drushya naan pahanyachi soochana kelee, parantu anyatha tyala jeey havey aahe teey design karnyache swatantrya hote. tyane eka khagoliy goal unch dharoon aanee tyala firavanyacha prayatna karat, jagachya chaar kopyanche pratinidhitva karananya chaar aakruti prastavit kelya. shilpkaranchya legrenla goal tayar karnyache kaam denyat aale aanee shilpkar emmanuel framierne putalyachya sabhovatalachya khonyat ghode banavale.
1870 madhye yuddhamule karanjeche kaam thambavanyat aale hote, parantu 1872 madhye punha suru jhaale aanee 1874 madhye teey samarpit karnyat aale.
prantane devoudla duu trone yaa thikanchya junya karanjyachya jaagi dii laa neshan yaa punarnamit kelelya thikani dalochya smarkasah badalanyache nirdesh dile. putale kansyat taknyat aale, eka khore punha bandhanyat aale aanee 1899 madhye karanjeche udghatan karnyat aale. nantar, 1908 madhye, georges gardetne koralele paanee sodanare sahaa kansya ubhaychar prani khonyat jodanyat aale.
ubhaycharanchya kansya putalya dusya mahayuddhadarmyan german lokanni ghetalya aanee gayab jhalya. 1960 madhye punha pradeshik railway sthankasathi marg kadhanyasathi khore kadhoon taknyat aale hote, parantu khore kinwa paanee nasalele putale ajunahi tethe aahet.
daviewoodne 1867 madhye tayar kelelya naveen thikani haah karanja bandhala, jyamule naveen avenue dii laal 'operachi suruvat jhaali, jyane shaharatil sarvat prasiddha natyagruhala aupera hausashi jodale. haah prakalp 1867 madhye suru jhaala, parantu yuddhamule tyat vyatyay aala aanee 1874 paryant purn jhaala nahee.
devioodchya yojnenusar, done karanje bandhanyat aale. pratyekamadhye golakar dagadi khore aahe; chaar basalelya mulansah rakhadi sangamarvaricha paya, kansyat eka kansya kavach; pandhya sangamarvaricha eka payaduch kinwa stambh, jyachya shikkyasah shahar aanee varoon paanee baher padate; aanee, payaduchechya shirshasthani, natyagruhachya jawalchya karanjechya shirshasthani eka nadichi apsara aanee dusya karanjechya shirshasthani eka sagari apsara aahe. see nymph shilp albert-ernest vahak-bellues aanee payathyashi asalelya chaar mulanni louis-edolph yude yanni kele aahe; nadichi nymph mathurin moryu yanni tayar kelee hotee aanee payathyashi asalelya chaar mulanni charles gauthiyar yanni kelee hotee.
parris pradarshan karanje (1855-1937).
1855 teey 1937 darmyan parismadhye aath sarvatrik pradarshane jhaali aanee pratyekamadhye sajavat aanee vikrisathi asalelya karanjyancha samavesh hota, jyat tantradnyan aanee kalatmak shailinmadhye navintam pradarshan hote. tyanni prakashmay karanje, sangeet sadar karnare karanje, kaach aanee konkreetpasoon banavalele karanje aanee parismadhye aadhunik amoort karanje sadar kele.
1851 madhye londonmadhye jhalelya sarvatrik pradarshanachya prachand yashala pratisad mhanoon 1855 madhye lui nepoliyanne aayojit kelelya asha pahilya pradarshanat, fontain teey visconteechya louivischya modelver cast-iron karanje pradarshit karnyat aale, jeey konatehi shahar kinwa shahar vikat gheu shakat hote.
pradarshanatil sarvat mool karanje mhanje rene lalik yanni banavalele 'leesa soars ett leesa revears auph france'. paach meater unch kachecha eka stambh hota, joou kachechya 128 cariatedsne banalela hota, pratyekachi sajavat aanee aakar vegala hota, pratyekjan khalchya karanjyat panyacha eka patal pravah favarat hota. ratri stambh aatoon prakashit keela jaat asey aanee rung badaloo shakat hote. kachechya sushobhit pattyanni jhakalelya konkreetchya crossver aanee kachechya rangeet aanee kalya farshanni sushobhit kelelya ashtakoniy khonyathii teey thevanyat aale hote.
1878 chya pradarshanasathi bandhanyat aalelya trocaderochya dhabdhabya, karanje aanee khoyya 1937 chya pradarshanasathi purnapane punha bandhanyat aalya hotya. heinry bouchardche 'apolo' aanee albert pomiyarache 'hercule' yaa done smarakeey moorti karanjyanchya varchya chamkavar thevanyat aalya hotya. mukhya vaishishtya mhanje eka lamb khore kinwa panyacha aarsa, jyamadhye baaraa karanje 12 meater unch panyache stambh tayar karatat; chovis lahan karanje chaar meater unch; aanee panyachi daha kamani. eka tokala, seanla tond dett, vees shaktishali panyachya tofancha samavesh hota, jyaa pannas meater panyache jett prakshepit karnyas saksham hotya. lamb khonyachya varr done lahan khore hotee, jee khalchya khoyashii chaar meater unch panyache 32 favare asalelya khodanni jodaleli hotee. heey karanje heey ekmev pradarshan karanje aahet jeey aajahi astitvat aahet aanee aajahi teey jase hote tasech karya karatat.
yaa pradarshanat aanakhi done asamanya karanjehi hote; alekzandar kaldarne spanish pavillionmadhe lavalele eka karanje, 'fontain dii mercure', jithe eka lahan dhatuchya sanrachanene paryacha pravah nirman keela aanee winecha eka karanja, joou ekada lui XIV sathee tayar kelelya karanjeche anukaran karato.
parisache karanje (1900-1945).
20vya shatkatil parisachya karanjyanna aata pinyache paanee puravave lagat navhate-teey purnapane sajavatiche hote; aanee, tyanche paanee sahasa naditoon yet asalyane aanee shaharachya upanadyanmadhun naan aalyane, tyanche paanee aata pinyayogya navhate. 1900 teey 1940 darmyan parismadhye aththavis naveen karanje bandhanyat aale; 1900 teey 1910 darmyan nauu naveen karanje; 1920 teey 1930 darmyan chaar; aanee 1930 teey 1940 darmyan pandhra.
parisachya sabhovatalachya killyanchi vartul kadhoon takalyamule anek naveen udyane aanee chaurasansathi jaaga nirman jhaali. bahutek naveen karanje udyane aanee itar hirvyagar jaganmadhye hotee aanee bahutek aakarmanane samanya hote.
1900, 1925 aanee 1937 chya aantarrashtriy pradarshanasathi aanee 1931 chya vasahatvadi pradarshanasathi bandhalele karanje heey tyaa kalatil sarvat mothe karanje hote. tyapaiki 1937 chya pradarshanatil keval palis dii chailot yetheel karanje ajunahi astitvat aahet. (pradarshanachya karanjyanvaril vareel vibhag pahaa.)
19 vya shatkatil abhijat parris karanjeche swaroop, eka kinwa duheri golakar vasks, 20 vya shatkat jawaljawal nahise jhaale. vividh prakarchya shaili aanee naveen samagreene tyachi jaaga ghetali. teey nava-shastriy shailinpasoon teey rene lalikne tayar kelelya kachechya karanjyaparyant, dusya kramankachya days champs-elisijsathi (aata astitvat naheet) hote. itar karanansathi banavalelya putalyanche pradarshan karnyasathi anek karanje tayar karnyat aale, jase qee shilpkar leone drivier yanni, 1931 chya vasahatvadi pradarshanachya vasahatinchya rajvadyavar, 'france vasahatinmadhye shantata aanee samruddhi aanato', jyache pradarshan bund jhalyanantar, edward reynardchya jaagi fontain dii madeline yaa naveen karanjecha kendrabindu mhanoon halavanyat aale.
naveen karanjyancha vishay dekhil mothya pramanat badalalah sangitkar claude dibussycha sanman karnara karanja aahe (fontain dibussy, places dibsey, 1932); parismadhye pahili artasian vihir shodhanaya abhiyantyacha sanman karnara karanja (fontain george mulot, ruu granelvaril pahilya artasian vihirichya thikani): lekhak lio tolstoysathi eka karanja; 1895 madhye pahili parris-bordex automobile sharyat jinkana chalak emil lavasercha sanman karnara karanja; (fontain lavasor, poort mailot; aanee premasathi samarpit 16 vya aarondismentmadhil done karanje; baggle baget fontain days amorus (1919) aanee laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka laurie, eka (jivanachi jagruti) laa poort dii autilchya jaagi.
yuddhapoorv kalatil ullekhaneey karanjyanmadhye kalkramanusar khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
parisache karanje (1945-2000).
1940 teey 1980 yaa kalat parismadhye mojkech karanje bandhanyat aale hote. tyaa kalat bandhanyat aalele sarvat mahattvache karanje shaharachya kathavar, paschimes, shaharachya maryadechya agadi baher, laa defence yethe aanee poorves bois dii winsense yethe hote.
1981 teey 1995 darmyan, rashtradhyaksh francois meterrand aanee sanskrutik mantri jacq lang aanee meterrandche kadve rajkiy pratispardhi, parisache mahapour jacks chirak (1977 teey 1995 paryantche mahapour) yanchya karyakalat, shaharane napolean bonapart kinwa louis philipchyapeksha jaast asalelya smarak karanjyachya imaraticha karyakram anubhavala. 1980 aanee 1990 chya dashakat parismadhye shambharahun adhik karanje bandhanyat aale, mukhytah parisachya madhyabhagachya bahereel parisarat, jithe yapurvi kahee karanje hote. naveen front dii seane jilhyatil jeane-yaves lechevaliercha karanja "christox", stravinsky karanja, lauvrechya pyramidchya karanje, beurane karanja aanee palace-royalmadheel leesa spherades karanje, fontain du park aanee reey-citroen, polyporus karanje aanee leesa holl, jardine dii reuli aanee gair maine-montpernasechya bajula naveen karanje heey serve adhyaksh meterrand aanee mahapour chirack yanchya netrutvakhali bandhanyat aale hote.
meterrand-chirack karanjyanmadhye ekach shaili kinwa sankalpana navhati. anek karanje prasiddha shilpkar kinwa vastuvishardanni tayar kele hote, jase qee jeane tingwelly, aay.emm. paay, clays oldenberg aanee daniele beurane, jyanchya karanje kase asave yabaddal moolbhootpane bhinn kalpana hotya. tyapaiki kahee, jase qee pyramid dii louvrey karanjyat, panyachi chamakdar paaney hotee; tarr palay-royalmadheel beurane karanjyat, paanee adrushya hote, karanjyachya footpathkhali lapalele hote. kahee naveen karanje prasiddha landscape architectchya madatine tayar karnyat aale hote aanee landscape architect daniele collin aanee shilpkar francois stahley yanni bois dii winsensmadhil park fulanmadhil karanje yasarkhya naisargik samagricha vapar keela hota. kahee gambhir hote, tarr kahee vichitra hote. bahutekanni tyanchya sabhovatalachya vatavarnamadhye misalanyasathi farse prayatna kele naheet-tyanchi rachana laksh vedhoon ghenyasathi kelee gelee hotee.
tyanni suru kelelya anek prakalpanmadhye rashtradhyaksh meterrand aanee sanskrutik mantri laang yancha jawalcha sahbhag hota. meterrandne swatah lauvar prakalpache vastuvisharad nivadle aanee langane shilpkaranshi stravinsky karanjechya rachnesathi vataghati kelya, jyamule nikki dii seent-fallechya rangiberangi "nananchi" sankhya donavarun eka jhaali.
anek karanje, kalaprakaranchya sarvajanik vittapurvathyasathi kayadyat kelelya badalamule bandhanyat aale hote, jyasathi parismadhil sarvajanik imaratichya bandhkamasathichya arthsankalpatil eka takke kalatmak sajavatisathi samarpit karane aavashyak hote. mulat 1930 chya dashakat manjur jhalela haah kayada 1980 chya dashakat vadhavanyat aala, jenekarun nidhicha vapar chaukoni aanee naveen imaratichya sabhovatalachya itar sarvajanik bhagat kalakruti tayar karnyasathi keela jaau shakel. kayadyat dekhil sudharana karnyat aalee jenekarun eka takke rajya pramukhanchya bhavya prakalpanna lagoo hoil, jyamule lauvarchya pyramidjaval karanje bandhanyachi parvanagi milel. jiwant kalakaranchya naveen kamansathi nidhi puravanyasathi 'fonds day laa kamand public dii laal' etet 'navacha eka vishesh nidhi sthapan karnyat aala. haah nidhi palace royalchya anganat daniele beurane karanjyasathi aanee clays oldenberg aanee kooje vanne brugen yanni 'cyclelate encevely' sathee aanee laa villet yetheel scienceds aanee udhyogachya tipa udyanat sthit shilpkar arman yanni 'horlogs' sathee deela.
yaa kalat karanje heey tyanche kendrabindu mhanoon gheuun anek naveen udyane bandhanyat aalee. yamadhye 12 vya shatkapasoon parisachya panipurvathyacha aitihasik srot park dii belleville (1988), jethe eka naveen udyan bandhanyat aale, jyat vahanara pravah, zara aanee panyachya payya, jetting karanjyansah done khonyansaha; aanee park aanee citron (1992), 15 vya eronadicementmadhye seanchya kinanyavar, majee automobile karkhanyachya jagevar, jethe vastuvisharad patrick burger, jeane-paul viguer aanee jeane-francois jodry aanee landscape architect elen provost aanee gills clement yanni vishayavaril udyananchi malika tayar kelee hotee. yaa vegvegalya karanjyanni panyala stambh, aarse aanee kalvyanmadhye aakar deela, jeey shastriy peristyles aanee nymphiumchya aadhunik aavruttyanni sushobhit kele.
parischi junie utpadan bajarpeth, leesa halls, vastuvisharad louis aareche, jeane villerval piyare maugin yanni karanjyansah (1988) aanakhi eka naveen bageche thikan hote.
piyare kolbok yanni jardine dii reuli (1992) heey avenue domesnilchya bajoone bandhale hote. aandalusiyatil baganpasoon prerit houn padchadhyanchya rastyanvaril kalvyanmadhye aakar ghetalelya panyane.
jardine atlantic heey eka naveen udyan 1994 madhye konkreetchya pattyavar bandhanyat aale hote, jeey railway sthanakachya garrey maine-montpernasse railway marganna vyapate. yamadhye vastuvisharad christine snitzler aanee francois brune yanni tayar kelele teen aadhunik karanje, fontain days humiditase, fontain days miroitments aanee fontain days hesperides, tasech landscape architect michel peena yancha samavesh hota, jyane mothya concrete imaratinni vedhalelya shahari jaaget paanee aanee hiraval jodali.
itar naveen karanje hii tyaa nirman karananya kalakaranchi atyant maulik aanee vaiyaktik drushti hotih
murtikar dodelin aanee vastuvisharad alfried ginder yanni tayar kelele, seent-german-days-presachya charchchya palikade, du kyubekchya jaagi asalele fontain dii laal 'embackle (1984), eka zyanche pratinidhitva karate, joou footpathvarun futato, farasbandichya dagadanna varr dhakalato aanee nantar pruthvivar parat otato.
shilpkar gayakane bursey yetheel palace amnisportsamore canyonaustrate (1988) navacha karanja, pruthvivaril eka vishal daree darshavito, jee amerikechya pashchimekadil khonyansarkhich aahe, jyat paanee tyachya ugamsthanavar parat yenyasathi khonyat khalee zepavat aahe.
kiman shilpkar daniele beurane yanni kelelya palace-royalchya anganat asalele dukes pathar, karanjyasarkhe ajibat disat nahee. kalya aanee pandhya ubhya pattyansah stambhancha eka gut anganat mandanyat yeto aanee tyanchya khalee paanee vahate, footpathmadhil grill vagalata, ekhadya vihirichya talashi asalyasarkhe disate. tyachi kimmat aanee aitihasik khunashi ayogyatemule tyavar hallah karnyat aala. tatkalin sanskrutik mantri laang yanni yaa yojanela aakshep ghenanya aitihasik smarakanchya aayogachya aadeshankade laksh dile nahee.
montpernasse railway sthanakachya mage asalelya dii catalogne yaa thikani shilpkar shamai haber yanni lihilele leey creuset du temps (1988) heey naveen karanje sarvat mothe aahet. tyat eka prachand aakarachi chakati aahe, jee kinchit vakaleli aahe, jee granitechya hajaro farasbandichya dagadanni eksandra vartulanmadhye jhakaleli aahe, jyavar paanee haluvarpane vahate.
2000 pasoon parisache karanje.
2000 pasoon parismadhye kahee naveen karanje bandhanyat aale aahet. sarvat ullekhaneey mhanje laa dancey day laa fontain immergente, jeey 13 vya arondismentmadhye augusta-homes, ruu paul clea yaa thikani sthit aahe. 2000 saalee tyachya mrutyuchya kahee kaal aadhi french-chiinii shilpkar cheen zenane tyachi rachana kelee hotee aanee 2008 saalee tyachi vidhva aanee sahkari jhu minane purn kelee. tyat eka dragon, joou steel, kaach aanee plasticmadhye aahe, too chaukatichya footpathvarun baher yet aanee budatana disato. dabakhalil paanee dragonchya pardarshak tvachetoon vahate.