
dragoman

dragoman haah turkey, arabi aanee pertian bhashik desh aanee madhyapurvetil rajya aanee european dutavas, vanijya dutavas, up vanijya dutavas aanee vyapari chaukyanmadhil dubhashiya, anuvadak aanee adhikrut margdarshak hota. dragomanla arabi, pertian, turkey aanee european bhashanche dnyan asane aavashyak hote. 
ottoman samrajyat, dragoman heey pramukhyane ottoman greek samudayache sadasya hote, jyanchyakade lakshaniy bahubhashik kaushalye hotee, kaaran greek vyapari samuday bhoomadhya samudra, kaala samudra, atlantic mahasagar aanee hind mahasagar yaa bajarpethanmadhye lakshaniy vyavasay karat asat. kahee pramanat, aantarrashtriy vyavsayik sambandh asalelya itar samudayanchi, visheshtah armeniyan lokanchi bharati karnyat aalee.
vyutpatti aanee prakar.
arabi bhashet haah shabd tarjan (tarjuman), turkey bhashet 'tarkuman' aahe. tii-aar-jee-emm" yaa ardh chaturbhuj moodapasoon vyutpann jhalela, too akkadiyanmadhye "targumannu" mhanoon, geey 'ejmadhye (shastriy ethiopic) heii ("tii-aar-gw-emm") mhanoon aanee aramimadhye "targemana" mhanoon disato. hibru likhit granthanchya anuvadkala sandarbhit karnare 'metergams' ('mapan') aanee bolalya gelelya sambhashan kinwa bhashananche dubhashiya sandarbhit karnare 'metergmain' ('mapan') yaat farak karato. jaree donhi ekach semitic moodatoon aalele asale taree, nantarche spashtapane namood kelelya itar bhashanshi adhik jawalche sambandhit aahe. yaa shabdachya heatite utpattiche anuman lavale jaat aahe (salonen, pru. 12; rabin, pru. 134-136).
madhyayugat haah shabd european bhashanmadhye aalah madhya ingerjit 'dragman' mhanoon, junya french 'drugman' pasoon, madhyayugeen lattinmadhun 'dragumanus' mhanoon, madhya greek δραγομάνος, 'dragomanos' pasoon. nantarchya european prakaranmadhye german "trutzelman", french "trucheman" kinwa "truchement" (tanzimet nantarchya frenchmadhye aanee aadhunik frenchmadhye teey "drogman" aahe), italian "turkimano" aanee spanish "trujaman", "trugiman" aanee "truchiman" yancha samavesh aahe; heey prakar turkey kinwa arabi shabd "turjuman" kadey nirdesh karatat, jyache vegale swar aahet. "webstercha 1828 chaa shabdakosh" dragoman tasech ingrajimadhye "drogman" aanee "trukman" yaa prakaranchi yadee karato.
parinami, bahuvachan, ingrajimadhye, 'dragomans' ('dragoman' nahee) aahe.
croatiacha communist-nantarcha pahila adhyaksh, franzo toodzmann yache kautumbik naav, asey soochit karate qee tyachya purvajanpaiki eka dragoman asava.
itihas.
turkey paramparenusar, 13 vya shatkatil kequbad pahila yachya karkirdit, jevha done dragoman aanee done anuvadak lipic niyukt karnyat aale, tevha romchya purv-auttoman saltanatit dragoman sthitee nondavali gelee aahe.
ottoman samrajyat.
ottoman nondinmadhye, nond kelela pahila shahee dragoman lutfi pasha hota jyala 1479 madhye karar karnyasathi venisla pathvanyat aale hote.
yaa sthitila ottoman samrajyat vishesh mahatva midale, jithe dragomanani dilelya madhyasthichi magani bigger-muslim rashtranchya bhasha shikanyasathi muslim ottomanchya virodhamule nirman jhaali asey mhatale jaate. karyalayane rajnaitik tasech bhashik kartavye samavisht kelee-mhanje, portchya khrishchan deshanshi asalelya sambandhanmadhye-aanee asha prakare kahee dragoman ottoman rajkaranat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavanyas aale. yaa vyavasayavar vanshik greek lokanche varchasva hote, jyat udatt portcha pahila ottoman dragoman, sulatanchya 'diwan' (shahee parishad) chaa adhikrut dubhashiya panagiotis nicousios aanee tyacha uttaradhikari alekzandar mavrocordatos yancha samavesh hota. parantu 1821 madhye greek swatantryayuddha suru jhalyanantar heey varchasva badalale. 
1821 madhye mukhya dragoman constantine maurauzila sanshayaspad nishtha asalyabaddal fashi denyat aalee aanee tyacha uttaradhikari, stavraki aristarchi yala 1822 madhye barkhast karoon haddapar karnyat aale. anuttarit patravyavahar jamaa jhalyane, mukhya naudal prashikshak, eka ishaq effendy, yanni heey padd sweekarle aanee pashchatya vaidnyanik sahityache turkey bhashet bhashantar karnyat teey agraganya banale, jyaa kamasathi tyanna purnapane naveen shabdasangrah tayar karava lagla. ishaq nantar, bhavya dragoman aanee tyache karmchari muslim hote aanee bhashantar karyalay (turkey bhashet 'turkume odasi', 'anuvad kaksh'), european goshtinshi parichit asalyamule, tanzimat yugat prabhav aanee sattesathi eka naveen pramukh sheedy bunley; yaa dnyanane 19 vya shatkachya madhyat aanee uttaradhat lashkar, nokarshahi aanee dharmik aasthapanechya junya shidyanchi mothya pramanat jaaga ghetali.
dragomanna karatoon suut denyat aalee hotee. tyanchyapaiki barech jann jyoo asalyane, paradeshi bhashanmadhil tyanchya pravinyamule, jyoo halakhi pratisadane yaa dragomanna jyoo samudayachya antargat karanpasoonahi suut denyat aalee aahe qee nahee yaa prashnavar bhashya kele.
danubian sansthananvar (moldavia aanee valleshiya) fanriot rajvatiche bahutek hospodar (andaje 1711-1821) purvi yaa ottoman karyalayavar kabja karat asat, hii eka vastusthiti hotee, jee tyanchyapaiki anekanna tyaa bhagavaril turkey rajya ulthavoon taknyachya uddeshane kelelya katat sameel honyapasoon rokhu shakali nahee.
western dragoman.
17vya aanee 18vya shatkat europechya lattin bhagat islami sanskratibaddal vyapak utsukata pasaravanyat yaa purushanchi mahattvachi bhoomika hotee. dragoman lock bhashantarkar, dubhashiya, lekhak aanee ottoman sanskratichya bhautik aanee fashionable guntaguntisathi khoop khule asalyamule tyanna pertian, arabi aanee turkey bhashetil vidvattapoorn bhasheche prashikshan midale hote.
kurancha pahila french anuvad 1647 madhye andre du rayara yanni keela hota. too egyptmadhil french vanijya dutavasatil hota. dusare, napplechya dutavasatil carbognanoche cosmo, lattinmadhye prakashit jhaleh "constantinopalmadhye apostolic missionarinchya vaparasathi turkey vyakaranachi tattve" (rome 1794). 
mutsaddi vyavsayikancha eka uchch prashikshit gut mhanoon, tyanna europeey lock dutavas aanee vanijya dutavasanmadhye niyukt karat asat, keval vastunche bhashantar aanee arth lavaychech asey nahee tarr anekada tyanchya niyoktyachya upasthitishivay ottoman adhikadhyanshi bhetayache. 18 vya shatkatil venesian rajdutache varnan asey aahe qee dragoman mhanje 'bolanari jeebh, aikanara qaan, pahanara dolha, denara haat, krutee karnara aatma aanee pratyek vataghatiche jeevan aanee yash konavar avalambun asoo shakate. 
antoin galland (1646-1715) yanni kelelya 'hazar aanee eka ratri' yaa pustakachya prakashit anuvadatun prachand yash midale. too charles merrie francois olier, parisacha eka pratinidhi markis dii nointel aanee 1670 teey 1679 yaa kalat ottoman darbaratil french rajdoot yanchya dutavasat sanlagn hota.
jyane tyachya prakashit 'geshichte days osmanishen reachess' saha islamchya itihasat mothya pramanat european swarasya nirman kele, too austriyacha joseph wonn hammer-purgstall hota, joou viennachya mutsaddi akadamicha vidyarthi hota (akadamichi sthapana suruvatila samradnyi maria theresa yanni 1754 madhye paradeshat habsberg samrajyache pratinidhitva karnyasathi tarun mutsadyanna prashikshit karnyasathi 'prachya akadami' mhanoon kelee hotee).