
cryptography kayada

guptalekhan mhanje mahitee guptalekhan karanyachi pratha aanee abhyas, kinwa dusya shabdant, anadhikrut praveshapasun mahitee surakshit karane. vegvegalya deshanmadhye cryptography anek vegvegale kayade aahet. kahee desh cryptography software aanee/kinwa encryption algoridam kinwa cryptonalysis paddhatinchya niryativar bandee ghalatat. kahee deshanmadhye polisanchya tapasachya babatit punarprapt karnyayogya decryption killichi aavashyakta asate.
vihangavalokan.
cryptography kayadyashi sambandhit mudde chaar shreninmadhye yetatah
kayadeshir samasya.
pratibandh.
gupt mahitee gola karane aanee kayadyachi amalbajavani karananya sansthansathi gupt mahitee dirghkalapasun swarasyapoorn aahe. gupt sampreshan gunhegari kinwa deshdrohi dekhil asoo shakate. gopaniyata sulabh karane aanee gopaniyata sevkala tyachya pratibandhavar qamee karane yamule, guptalekhan heey nagri haqq samarthkansathi dekhil lakshaniy swarasya aahe. tyanusar, cryptography aaspaschya vadgrast kayadeshir samasyancha itihas rahila aahe, visheshtah swast sanganakanchya aagamanane uchch-gunvattechya cryptographymadhye vyapak pravesh shakya jhaala aahe.
kahee deshanmadhye, guptalekhanshastracha deshantargat vaparhi pratibandhit aahe kinwa keela gela aahe. 1999 paryant francene deshantargat guptalekhan vaparnyavar lakshaniy nirbandh ghatale, jaree tevhapasoon tyane yapaiki anek niyam shithil kele aahet. chean aanee iranmadhye, guptalekhan vaparnyasathi ajunahi parwana aavashyak aahe. anek deshanmadhye guptalekhan vaparnyavar kadak nirbandh aahet. bellaroos, kazakhstan, mangolia, pakistan, singapur, tunicia aanee vhietanammadhil kayade adhik pratibandhatmak aahet.
americet, guptalekhan heey gharguti vaparasathi kayadeshir aahe, parantu guptalekhan sambandhit kayadeshir muddyanvar barech sangharsh jhaale aahet. eka visheshtah mahattvacha muddah mhanje cryptography aanee cryptographic software aanee hardwarechi niryat. kadachit dusya mahayuddhatil guptalekhan vishleshanache mahatva aanee rashtriy surakshesathi guptalekhan mahattvache raheel yaa apekshemule, anek pashchatya sarkaranni, kahee tappyavar, guptalekhan niryatiche katekorpane niyaman kele aahe. dusya mahayuddhanantar, americet guptalekhan tantradnyanachi paradeshat vikri kinwa vitaran karane bekaydeshir hote; kharey tarr, guptalekhanala sahayyak lashkari upkarane mhanoon niyukt kele gele aanee teey amerikechya shastrastranchya yadeet thewale gele. vaiyaktik sanganakachya vikasaparyant, asamamit qee algoridam (i.eae.sarvajanik qee tantre) aanee internet, heey visheshtah samasyapradhan navhate. tathapi, jasjase internet vadhale aanee sanganak adhik vyapakpane upalabdh jhaale, tasatase uchch darjache encryption tantra jagbharat prasiddha jhaale.
niryativar niyantran.
1990 chya dashakat, cryptography niryat niyamanasathi aamchyasamor anek aavhane hotee. phillip zimmaramanchya sunder gopaniyata (pii. jee. pii.) guptalekhan karyakramasathicha srot code juuna 1991 madhye internetvar aalyanantar, aar. ess. aii. security (jyala tevha aar. ess. aii. deta security, ink. mhatale jaat asey) chee takrar aalee.) parinami us simashulk seva aanee eff. bii. aay. dware zimmaramancha pradirgh gunhegari tapas jhaala, jaree kadhihi konatehi aarop dakhal kele gele naheet. daniele jeey. tevha yuu. see. berkley yetheel padvidhar vidyarthi asalelya bernsteinne, abhivyakti swatantryachya aadharavar nirbandhanchya kahee pailunna aavhan dett, americi sarkarviruddha khatala dakhal keela. 1995 chey prakaran "bernstein wii. united stateschya shevati 1999 chya nirnayat parinam jhaala qee cryptographic algoridam aanee pranalinsathi mudrit srot kodala united stateschya sanvidhanadvare abhivyakti swatantrya mhanoon sanrakshit kele gele.
1996 madhye, ekonatis deshanni shastrastranchya niryatishi sambandhit aanee guptalekhanasarkhya "duheri-vapar" tantradnyanashi sambandhit shastrastra niyantran karar, vasenar vyavasthevar swakshya kelya. yaa kararat asey namood kele gele hote qee chhotya qee-lambisah (samamiteey encryptionsathi 56-biit, aar. ess. aii. sathee 512-biit) cryptography vapar yapudhe niryat-niyantrit rahnar nahee. 2000 saalee mothya savalatichya parinami amerikemadhun cryptography niryatiche qamee katekorpane niyaman jhaale; yuu. ess. neey niryat kelelya maas-market softwaremadheel pramukh aakaranvar aata farse nirbandh naheet. aamchyat niryat nirbandhanmadhye hii shithilata asalyane aanee internetshee jodalelya bahutek vaiyaktik sangankanmadhye firefox kinwa internet explorer sarkhya yuu. ess.-soars web brousercha samavesh asalyane, jagbharatil jawaljawal pratyek internet vaparkartyala tyanchya brouserdware (udaa.jee., vahtook star surakshedvare). mozila thunderbird aanee microsoft outlook eae-mail client program ashach prakare tii. ell. ess. dware email prasarit aanee prapt karoo shakatat aanee ess/mimes encrypted email pathvu aanee prapt karoo shakatat. anek internet vaparkartyanna heey lakshat yet nahee qee tyanchya moolbhut anuprayog softwaremadhye asha vyapak guptapranali aahet. heey brouser aanee email program itake sarvavyapi aahet qee cryptography nagri vaparache niyaman karnyacha hetu asalelya sarkarannahi samanyatah yaa gunvattechya cryptography vitarnavar kinwa vaparavar niyantran thevanyasathi jaast kahee karane vyavharik vatat nahee, mhanoon asey kayade lagoo asale tarihi, pratyaksh amalbajavani anekada prabhavipane ashakya asate.
aine. ess. aii. sahbhag.
united statesmadhil guptalekhanshastrashi sambandhit aanakhi eka vadgrast muddah mhanje sanketik sanketank vikas aanee dhoranavar rashtriy suraksha sansthecha prabhav. aay. bii. emm. yethe tyachya vikasadarmyan deschya rachnemadhye aanee rashtriy manak karyalayane cryptographysathy sambhavya federal manak mhanoon tyacha vichar kartana aine. ess. aii. sameel hote. days heey aine. ess. aii. aanee aay. bii. emm. laa dnyat asalele eka shaktishali aanee samanya gupt vishleshanatmak tantra, jeey 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat punha shodhale gele tevhach sarvajanikaritya olakhale jaau lagale, teey vibhedak gupt vishleshanas pratirodhak honyasathi tayar kele gele hote. steven levinusar, aay. bii. emm. neey vibhedak gupt vishleshan shodhale, parantu aine. ess. aii. chya vinantinusar tantra gupt thewale. jevha biham aanee shameer yanni punha shodh lavala aanee kahee varshannantar tyachi ghoshana kelee tevhach heey tantra sarvajanikaritya olakhale jaau lagale. aakramankartyakade pratyakshat konati sansadhane aanee dnyan asoo shakate heey tharvanyatil adchan sampoorn prakaran spasht karate.
aine. ess. aii. chya sahbhagache aanakhi eka udaharan mhanje 1993 chee clip chip affair, eka encryption microchip jee capstone cryptography-controll upkramacha bhag bananyacha hetu hotee. cryptographersony done karananmule clipperver mothya pramanat teeka kelee hotee. tyanantar sipher algoridamche (jyala skipjack mhanatat) vargikaran karnyat aale (1998 madhye, clipper upkram sampushtat aalyanantar byanch kalanantar). vargikrut sayfarmule chinta nirman jhaali qee aine. ess. aii. neey tyachya guptachar prayatnanna madat karnyasathi jaanunbujun sipher kamkuvat kele hote. yaa sampoorn upkramavar, tyachya kerkhoffchya tattvachya ullanghanachya aadharehi teeka karnyat aalee, kaaran yaa yojnet kayadyachi amalbajavani karnyasathi (mhanje.eae. wire tapping).
digital adhikar vyavasthapan.
kahee copyrite dharkanchya sangnyavarun mothya pramanavar amalat aanalya jaananya aanee tainat kelya jaananya, copyrite kelelya samgrichya vaparavar tantrikdrushtya niyantran thevanyachya tantrancha eka gut asalelya digital rites management (dii. aar. emm.) sathee cryptography kendrasthani aahe. 1998 madhye, yuu.ess. adhyaksh biil clinton yanni digital millennium copyrite kayadyavar (dii. emm. see. aii.) swakshari kelee, jyane kahee gupt vishleshanatmak tantre aanee tantradnyanache (aata dnyat kinwa nantar shodhalele) serve utpadan, prasar aanee vapar (visheshtah, jeey dii. aar. emm. tantrik yojananna talhanyasathi vaparale jaau shakatat) gunhegari kele. yacha cryptography sanshodhan samudayavar lakshaniy parinam jhaala kaaran konatyahi cryptanalytic sanshodhanane dii. emm. see. aii. chey ullanghan kele assa yuktivad keela jaau shakato. tevhapasoon anek deshanmadhye aanee pradeshanmadhye european unionchya copyrite nirdeshatil amalbajavanisaha asech kayade lagoo karnyat aale aahet. jaagtik bauddhik sampada sanghatanechya sadasya-rajyanni swakshari kelelya kararandware ashach nirbandhanchi magani kelee jaate.
united states department auph justices aanee eff. bii. aay. yanni dii. emm. see. aii. chee amalbajavani kahinna bheeti vatali tashee katekorpane keleli nahee, parantu tarihi haah kayada vadgrast aahe. niils fergusson, eka sanmananiy guptalekhan sanshodhak, yanni sarvajanikaritya sangitale aahe qee teey dii. emm. see. aii. antargat khatala chalavanyachya bhitine guptachar suraksha rachanebaddalache tyanche kahee sanshodhan prakashit karnar naheet. cryptologist broos snear yanni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee dii. emm. see. aii. vikretyanna lock-inn karnyas protsahit karate, tarr cyber-surakshechya dishene vastavik upayayojananna pratibandh karate. alaan cocks (dirghkal linux curnell developer) aanee edward felton (aanee prinstonmadhil tyache kahee vidyarthi) yaa doghannahi yaa kayadyashi sambandhit samasyancha samna karava lagla aahe. dimitri sclearovela russiahoon amerikechya bhetidarmyan atak karnyat aalee aanee russiamadhye, jethe kaam kayadeshir hote, tethe tyane kelelya kamamule udbhavalelya dii. emm. see. aii. chya kathit ullanghanabaddal khatala pralambit asatana tyala paach mahinyansathi turungwas jhaala. 2007 madhye, blue-reey aanee etch. dii. dii. dii. dii. samgrichya scramblingsathi jababdar asalelya guptalekhan killi shodhalya gelya aanee internetvar sodalya gelya. donhi prakarananmadhye, motion picture association auph americene anek dii. emm. see. aii. hatavanyachya soochana pathavalya aanee asha soochanancha nyayya vapar aanee abhivyakti swatantryavar jhalela parinam lakshat aalyane internetvar prachand pratikriya nirman jhaali.
encryption killi jabardastine ughad karane.
united kingadammadhe, tapas adhikar kayadyache niyaman yooke polisanna sanshayitanna files decrypt karnyas kinwa encryption keejche sanrakshn karnare password denyas bhag padanyache adhikar dete. tyache palan karnyat ayashasvi hone haah swatachya adhikarat gunha aahe, doshi tharvalyas done varshanchya turungvasachi shiksha kinwa rashtriy suraksheshi sambandhit prakarananmadhye paach varshanparyantchi shiksha houu shakate. yaa kayadyantargat yashasvi khatala chalavanyat aala aahe; 2009 madhye pahilya khatalyachya nikalat 13 mahinyanchya turungvasachi shiksha jhaali. austreliya, finland, france aanee bharatatil ashach prakarche jabardastine khulasa karnare kayade, tapasakhalil vaiyaktik sanshayitanna gunhegari tapasadarmyan guptalekhan killi kinwa sanketshabd supurd karnyas bhag padatat.
united statesmadhye, united states wii. chey federal faujdari prakaran. shodh aadesh ekhadya vyaktila guptalekhan sanketshabd kinwa sanketshabd ughad karnyas bhag padu shakato qaa heey 'fricosu' neey sambodhit kele. electronic frontier foundation (ii. eff.) assa yuktivad keela qee heey pachvya durustidware dilelya swayam-dosharopapasunchya sanrakshanache ullanghan aahe. 2012 madhye, nyayalayane nikal deela qee serve riit kayadyantargat, prativadila nyayalayasathi encrypted nasaleli haard drive sadar karane aavashyak aahe.
anek adhikarkshetranmadhye, jabardastine ughad karanyachi kayadeshir sthitee aspasht aahe.
2016 chaa eff. bii. aay.-apple encryption vaad haah united statesmadhil nyayalayanchya asha kshamateshi sambandhit aahe qee, jyanche sahitya guptalekhandrushtya sanrakshit aahe asha seela phone ughadanyasathi utpadakanchya sahayyala bhag padnyasathi.
jabardastine ughad karnyasathi sambhavya prati-upay mhanoon kahee guptalekhan software vajvi nakarahatela samarthan dete, jethe encrypted deta naan vaparlelya yadruchchik detapasoon vegale karata yet nahee (udaharanarth, surakshitpane pusun takalelya drivecha).
vegvegalya deshanmadhye guptalekhan kayada.
chean.
aktoobar 1999 madhye, rajya parishadene "vyavsayik guptalekhan prashasanavaril niyam" jaheer kele. yaa niyamannusar, vyavsayik guptalekhan heey rajya gupt manale jaat hote. 
26 aktoobar 2019 roji, national peaples congresschya sthayi samiteene "peaples republic auph chayanacha cryptography kayada" jaheer keela. haah kayada 2020 chya suruvatila lagoo jhaala. kayada guptalekhan teen shreninmadhye vargikrut karatoh
kayadyat asehi mhatale aahe qee, "vyavsayik guptalekhanavar prakriya-antargat aanee purv-poost dekharekhichi yantrana asavi, jee niyamit dekharekheela yadruchchik tapasanisah jodate" (yacha arth assa qee chiinii sarkarla encrypted sarvharmadhye pravesh midayala havah). tyat asehi mhatale aahe qee vyavsayik guptalekhan karananya paradeshi pradatyanna kahee prakarchi rajya manjuri aavashyak aahe.
chinmadhye vaparnyasathi adhikrut cryptosystemadhye ess. emm. 2, ess. emm. 3 aanee ess. emm. 4 yancha samavesh aahe.
france.
2011 paryant aanee 2004 pasoon, (; sankshipt ell. see. aine.) neey cryptography vapar bahutekda udar keela.
bharat.
mahitee tantradnyan kayada, 2000 chey kalam 69 (2008 madhye sudharit) bharat sarkarchya adhikanyanna kinwa polisanna konatehi durdhvani coll aikanyasathi, konatehi ess. emm. ess. sandesh kinwa email vachanyasathi kinwa konihi bhet denanya sanketsthalanvar warrantchi aavashyakta naan thevata laksh thevanyacha adhikar dete. (matra, heey bharatiy rajyaghataneche ullanghan aahe.) haah vibhag bharat sarkar kinwa bharat rajya sarkarla konatyahi sansthela mahitee decrypt karnyas bhag padnyas saksham karato.
mahitee tantradnyan (madhyasth margdarshak tattve) niyam, 2011 nusar, madhyasthanna tapas kinwa itar karanansathi bharatiy sarkari sansthanna mahitee pradan karane aavashyak aahe.
isp parvanadharkanna 40 bitsparyantchya encryption qee vaparanyachi mukt parvanagi aahe. tyapalikade, tyanna lekhee parvanagi ghene aanee dursanchar vibhagakade decryption qee jamaa karane aavashyak aahe.
stock exchange kinwa rokh bajarasathi 2012chya sebii master paripatrakanusar (bharatiy rokhe aanee vinimay mandalane jaaree kelele), guptalekhan vaparoon detachi vishvasarhata aanee gopaniyata rakhane hii stock exchangeschi jababdari aahe. 2001 madhye jaaree kelelya bharatiy rakheev bankechya margdarshananusar, banka brouser-too-banq sanvad surakshit thevanyasathi kiman 128-biit ess. ess. ell. chaa vapar kartil; tyanni sanvedanshil deta antargataritya kootbaddha karane dekhil aavashyak aahe.
cryptographic utpadanansah electronics, vishesh rasayne, jeev, sahitya, upkarane aanee tantradnyanatil duheri-vapar vastoonchya shreninpaiki eka aahe (scomet; paradeshi vyaparacha bhag (vikas aanee niyaman kayada), 1992). tathapi, heey niyaman "konati" guptalekhan utpadane niryat niyantranachya adheen aahet heey nirdisht karat nahee.
united states.
americet, shastrastranchya aantarrashtriy vahatukiche niyaman guptalekhan niryativar nirbandh ghalate.