
pramukh mootra prathine

pramukh mootra prathine (mups), jyanna α2u-globulins asehi mhanatat, heey prathinanche eka upkutumb aahe jeey mutrat aanee anek pranyanchya itar sravanmadhye mubalak pramanat aadhalate. prapt karananya pranyachya vomeronasal avayavala jevha sapadel tevha datyachya pranyabaddal olakhanyachi mahitichi eka chhoti shreni mups pradan karatat. teey lipocallins mhanoon olakhalya jaananya prathinanchya mothya kutumbatil aahet. dii. aine. aii. chya ekach pattyavar ekmekanna lagoon asalelya janukanchya samoohadvare mups encode kele jaatat, jeey prajatinnusar mothya pramanat badaltatah undaranmadhil kiman 21 karyatmak janukanpasun teey manavanmadhil konatyahi janukanparyant. moop prathine eka vaishishtyapurn hatmojyacha aakar tayar karatat, jyat legand-binding pockett samavisht asate jyamadhye vishisht lahan sendriya rasayne asatat.
thomas edisne kelelya abhyasadarmyan, proteinuriachya karanamadhye, 1932 madhye, undiranmadhye mutratil prathine pahilyanda nondavali gelee. teey shaktishali manvi allergykarak aahet aanee manjar, ghode aanee undiransah anek pranyanchya allergiesathi mukhyatve jababdar aahet. pranyanmadhye tyanche antarjaniy karya adnyat aahe parantu tyat urja kharchache niyaman karane samavisht asoo shakate. tathapi, sravit prathine mhanoon teey pranyanmadhil rasayanik sanvadat anek bhoomika bajavtat, jeey undeer aanee dukaranmadhye ferromon vahak aanee sthir karnare mhanoon karya karatat. pille swatah prathine ferromon mhanoon dekhil kaam karoo shakatat. teey narr undaranmadhye aakramakatela chalana detat heey dakhavun dile gele aahe aanee narr undaranchya mutrat aadhalanare eka vishisht moop prathin maadee undaransathi laingikdrushtya aakarshak aahe. mups vegvegalya prajatinmadhil sanket mhanoon dekhil karya karoo shakatatah manjar aanee undeer yasarkhya shikari pranyanpasun tayar jhalelya mapsachya shodhavar under sahajpane bhiticha pratisad darshavtat.
shodh.
changlya aarogyat asalele manav mootra utsarjit karatat jeey mukhyatve prathinanpasun mukt asate. tyamule, 1827 pasoon, mutrapindachya rogache soochak mhanoon, doctor aanee shastradnyanna manvi mutratil prathinanchi atiriktata asalelya proteinuriamadhye rus aahe. prathinuriyache kaaran adhik changlya prakare samajoon ghenyasathi, kahee shastradnyanni prayogshaletil pranyanmadhil ghatanecha abhyas karnyacha prayatna keela. 1932 teey 1933 darmyan thomas ediss anek shastradnyanni swatantrapane kahee nirogi kruntakanchya mutrat prathine asatat assa aashcharyakarak nishkarsh nondavala. tathapi, 1960 chya dashkaparyant under aanee undaranchya pramukh mootra prathinanche tapshilvar varnan pratham kele gele navhate. asey aadhalun aale qee prathine pramukhyane purushanchya yakrutat tayar hotat aanee mutrapindadware mothya pramanat (darroj milligram) mutrat sravatat.
tyanna naav denyat aale tevhapasoon, prathine itar granthimadhye bhinnapane vyakt kelee jaatat jee thet bahya vatavaranat utpadanancha srav karatat. yamadhye lacrimal, paroted, submaxillary, sublingual, preputial aanee stun granthi yancha samavesh hoto. manjar aanee dukransarkhya kahee prajatinmadhye, moog mutrat ajibat vyakt hott naheet aanee pramukhyane lalemadhye aadhaltat. kadhikadhi mutratil tyaa moodvyadhanna itar uutinmadhil moodvyadhanpeksha vegale karnyasathi 'mutratil moodvyadh' (umap) haah shabd vaparla jaato.
januke moop qaraa.
1979 teey 1981 darmyan, assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota qee undaratil 15 teey 35 januke aanee seudogenschya januk kutumbadware aanee undaratil andaje 20 janukandware mups encode kele jaatat. 2008 madhye sampoorn genomechya dii. aine. aii. anukramache vishleshan karoon vividh prajatinchya shrenitil mup janukanchi adhik achook sankhya nishchit kelee gelee.
kruntak.
under sandarbh genomemadhe kiman 21 bhinn moop januke (open reading frames) aanee aanakhi 21 mup seudogens (nirathak utparivartan kinwa apoorn januk nakkalmule badhit jhalelya vachan frames) asatat. teey serve ekatra samoohbaddha aahet, gunasutra 4 varr dii. aine. aii. chya 1.92 megabesmadhye sobat-sobat mandanyat aale aahet. 21 karyatmak januke sthitee aanee anukramanchya samanatechya aadhare done up-varganmadhye vibhagali gelee aaheth 6 paridhiy "varg eka mups" aanee 15 kendriya "varg bii mups". madhya varg bii moop januk samooh haah eka vargatil moopschya anek anukramik nakkalindware tayar hoto. serve buub varg januke jawaljawal ekmekanshi sarkhich asalyane, sanshodhakanni assa nishkarsh kadhala aahe qee hii nakkal undaranchya utkrantimadhye agadi alikadech jhaali aahe. kharokhar, yaa madhyavarti moop janukanchya punaravrutti sanrachanecha arth assa aahe qee teey asthir asanyachi shakyata aahe aanee jangali undaranmadhye sankhyemadhye badal houu shakatat. eka varg eka mups ekmekanpeksha adhik bhinn aahet aanee mhanoon adhik sthir, junie januke asanyachi shakyata aahe, parantu varganmadhye kaay, kahee asalyas, karyatmak farak adnyat aahet. janukanmadhil samanata sadhyachya dii. aine. aii. anukraman tantradnyanacha vapar karoon yaa pradeshacha abhyas karane katheen karate. parinami, moop januk samooh haah undaranchya sampoorn januk kramatil kahee bhaganpaiki eka aahe, jyamadhye antar shillak aahe aanee pudhil januke naan shodhaleli rahoo shakatat.
undaranchya mutramadhye samaroop mootra prathine dekhil asatat; jaree tyanna moolatah α2u-globulins heey vegale naav denyat aale asale, taree teey nantar undaranche mups mhanoon olakhale jaatat. undaranmadhye 9 bhinn moop januke asatat aanee aanakhi 13 sudogens gunasutra 5 varr dii. aine. aii. chya 1.1 megabesmadhye ekatra samoohbaddha asatat. undaranpramanech, samooh anek pratikrutindware tayar hoto. tathapi, heey undaranmadhil nakkalinpasoon swatantrapane ghadale, yacha arth donhi undeer prajatinni tyanchya moop januk kutumbancha swatantrapane, parantu samantar vistar keela.
gair-ashikshit.
dukkar, gaay, manjar, kutra, bushbabby, makak, chimpanzi aanee orangutan yasah abhyas kelelya itar bahutek sastan pranyanmadhye ekach moop januk asate. tathapi, kahinchi sankhya vadhali aaheh ghodyanmadhye teen moop januke asatat aanee rakhadi maus lemarmadhye kiman done januke asatat. keetak, maase, ubhaychar, pakshi aanee marsupials yanni moop januk samoohatil gunasutra sthitimadhye samanvayat vyatyay aanalyache disun yete, jeey soochit karate qee januk kutumb heey vishisht garbhasth sastan pranyansathi asoo shakate. manav heey ekmev garbhasth sastan prani aahet jyanchyakade konatihi sakriy mup januke naheet; tyaeivaji, tyanchyakade ekach mup seudogene aahe jyamadhye utparivartan aahe jyamule misplising hote, jyamule teey nishkriy hote.
karya.
prathine vahtook.
mups heey lipocallins mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya qamee-aanvik vajanachya (~ 19 keey. dii. aii.) prathinanchya mothya kutumbatil sadasya asatat. tyanchya eka chehnyavar ughadalelya anty-parallel beeta barrelmadhe, donhi tokanvar alfa helicess, aath beeta sheetschee vaishishtyapurn rachana aahe. parinami, teey hatmojyancha eka vaishishtyapurn aakar tayar karatat, jyat kapsarkhya poshakhacha samavesh asato, joou lahan sendriya rasayananna uchch aakarshanasah bandhato. yapaiki anek legands 2-seek-beautyl-45-dihydrotheazole (ess. bii. tii. kinwa dii. etch. tii. mhanoon sankshipt), 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanon (etch. emm. etch.) aanee 2,3 dihydro-exo-brevicomin (dii. etch. bii.) yasah undaranchya moosala bandhatat. hii serve mootra-vishisht rasayne aahet jee ferromon mhanoon karya karatat asey darshavile gele aahe-eka vyaktine utsarjit kelele aanvik sanket jeey tyach prajatichya dusarya sadasyamadhye janmajat vartanukicha pratisad uttejit karatat. undaranche mups heey ferromon stabilizers mhanoon dekhil karya karatat, jeey santh releases yantrana pradan karatat jee purush mutratil sugandhachya khunanmadhye asthir ferromonechi shakti vadhavtat. kruntakanmadhil mupschee vividhata lakshat gheta, mulat asey manale jaat hote qee vegvegalya mupsche bandhan karnare bhag bhinn aakarache asoo shakatat aanee tyamule teey vegvegalya ferromonela bandhatat. tathapi, tapshilvar abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee bahutek badalanari thikane prathinanchya prushthbhagavar sthit asatat aanee legandchya bandhanivar tyacha farsa parinam hott nahee.
undaranche kubadya vegvegalya lahan rasayananna bandhatat. 2-methyl-aine-phenyl-2-propenmide, hexadcane aanee 2,6,11-trimethyl ducken qamee thalak asalyache aadhalun aale, sarvat samanya legand 1-chlorodecane aahe. undaranche kubadya limonin-1,2-epoxidela dekhil bandhatat, parinami yajmananchya mutrapindacha rog, hylene-themb nephropathy, joou karkarogat vadhato. itar prajatinmadhye haah vikar vikasit hott nahee kaaran tyanche mungya tyaa vishisht rasayanala bandhat naheet. tyanusar, jevha transgenic undaranna undaranchya moodvyadh vyakt karnyasathi engine kele gele, tevha tyanchya mutrapindanmadhye haah rog vikasit jhaala.
dukaranmadhye aadhalanara 'laal lipocallin' (saal) navacha lape, purushanchya laal granthimadhye vyakt hoto, jithe too androstenone aanee androstenol yaa donhi ferromone ghatt bandhato, jyamule maadee dukaranna samagam sthitee dharan karavi lagate.
mops aanee sambandhit legands (pyrazine, alcohole, thyzoline, 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanon aanee aine-phenylanapathylamine) saha kelelya isothermal titration calorimetry abhyasatoon eka asamanya bandhan ghatana ughad jhaali. sakriy thikan heey suboptimally hydrated asalyache aadhalun aale aahe, parinami legandche bandhan enthalpic dispersion forcedware chalavale jaate. heey itar bahutek prathinanchya viruddha aahe, jeey panyachya renunchya punarrachanemule entropy-chalit bandhan shakti darshavtat. yaa asamanya prakriyela 'nonclassical hydrophobic effect' asey mhatale gele aahe.
ferromon.
ferromon sampreshanat mupsche achook karya shodhanyacha abhyasanni prayatna keela aahe. moop prathine tarunyala chalana detat aanee maadee undaranmadhye estrus chakrala gatee detat, jyamule vandenberg aanee pandhare parinam hotat asey disun aale aahe. tathapi, donhi prakarananmadhye, purush mutrat virghalalelya madila moog pesh karave lagale, jeey soochit karate qee prathinanna karya karnyasathi kahee mootra sandarbh aavashyak aahe. 2007 madhye samanyatah narr undaranchya mutrat aadhalanare mups transgenic jivanunmadhye tayar kele gele hote aanee mhanoon teey samanyatah bandhalelya rasayananshivay tayar jhaale. mootra nasatanahi, purushanmadhye aakramak vartanas protsahan denyasathi heey moog purese asalyache disun aale. yavyatirikt, jivanunmadhye tayar kelele mups, under aanee undaranchya vishisht sanvedanaksham grahakandware ferromon shodhanyasathi olakhalya jaanarya nakachya uppranalitil vomeronasal organmadhye (vhee. aine. oo.) ghran sanvedi neurons sakriy karnare aadhalale. ektritpane, heey dakhavun dile qee moop prathine tyanchya legandspasoon swatantrapane swatah ferromones mhanoon karya karoo shakatat.
purush-purush aakramakatemadhye bhoomika asalelya, praudh narr under, maadee, kishoravayin kinwa napunsak narr undaranpeksha tyanchya mutrat lakshaniyaritya jaast moog stravatat. linganmadhil haah farak chalavanyachi achook yantrana guntaguntichi aahe, parantu testosterone, vaadh samprerak aanee thyroxin hii kiman teen samprerak undaranmadhil mooganchya utpadanavar sakaratmak prabhav taktat. jangali gharavaril undaranchya mutramadhye prati under chaar teey saat bhinn moop prathinanchi badalanari sammishrane asatat. balb/see aanee see57bl/6 sarkhya kahee prajnan prayogshaletil undaranchya prabhedanmadhye dekhil tyanchya mutrat vegvegali prathine vyakt kelee jaatat. tathapi, jangali undaranpramane, ekach vanshatil vegvegalya vyakti samaan prathinancha namuna vyakt karatat, jee anek pidhyanchya prajananachi eka kalakruti aahe. eka asamanya moop itaranpeksha qamee badaloo shakatoh too jangali narr undaranchya uchch pramanadvare satatyane tayar keela jaato aanee maadee mutrat jawaljawal kadhihi aadhalat nahee. jevha haah moop jivanunmadhye tayar keela gela aanee vartanukichya chachanimadhye vaparla gela, tevha too maadee undaranna aakarshit karato asey aadhalun aale. itar mupschee chachani karnyat aalee parantu tyanchyat samaan aakarshak guna navhate, asey suchavate qee purush-vishisht mups seeks ferromon mhanoon karya karate. abhiman aanee purvagrah' yaa bhavnechya nayak asalelya fitzvillium darcycha vinodi sandarbh mhanoon shastradnyanni yaa mupala 'darcine' ('mup20') asey naav dile. ektritpane pahile tarr, tayar jhalelya mapsachya guntaguntichya namunyanmadhye daata pranyambaddal ling, prajanankshamta, samajik varchasva, vay, anuvanshik vividhata kinwa natesambandh yasarkhi anek mahitee pradan karanyachi kshamata aahe. jangali undaranchya (anuvanshikdrushtya eksarkhya asalelya aanee tyamule mutrat mupsche samaan namune asalelya prayogshaletil undaranchya vipareet) mutrat moop abhivyaktiche swatantra namune asatat jeey sugandhachya khunacha malak advitiyapane olakhanyasathi "barcode" mhanoon kaam karatat.
gharguti undaramadhye, pramukh moop januk samooh aanuvanshik olakhicha atyant bahuroopi sugandh sanket pradan karato. ardh-naisargik aavaranmadhye muktapane prajnan karananya jangali undaranni prajnan talhane darshavile. heey talhane heey donhi moop haplotypes (sampoorn julani) samayik karananya undaranmadhil yashasvi sangatitil tivra kamataratemule jhaale. dusya eka abhyasat, pandhya payanchya undarancha vapar karoon asey aadhalun aale qee jevha jangali loksankhyetun tayar kelelya undaranchi prajnan hote, tevha asha undaranna naisargik adhivasat punha pravesh deela gela tevha tyanche astitva qamee jhaale. heey nishkarsh asey suchavatat qee prajnan kelyane tandurusti qamee hote aanee prajnan nairashya talhanyache sadhan mhanoon undaranmadhye sugandh sanket olakh vikasit jhaali aahe.
kyromones.
ekach prajatichya sadasyanmadhye samajik sanket mhanoon kaam karnyavyatirikt, mups kyromones mhanoon kaam karoo shakatat-rasayanik sanket jeey prajatinmadhye mahitee prasarit karatat. undaranna manjari aanee undaransah tyanchya naisargik shikari pranyanchya vasabaddal sahajpane bheeti vatate. shekado pidhyanpasun shikari pranyanpasun vegale kelelya prayogshaletil undaranmadhyehi heey ghadate. jevha bhitichya pratisadasathi jababdar rasayanik sanket manjarichi laal aanee undaranchya mutratoon shuddha kele gele, tevha done samaroop prathin sanket olakhale geleh phela dii 4 (felis domestics allergeon 4;), manjar 'mup' janukache utpadan aanee under 'mup 13' janukache utpadan, under aine 1 ('ratus norwegicus' allergeon 1;). jivanunmadhye tayar asatanahi undaranna yaa undaranchi bheeti vatate, parantu undaranna shodhanyat aksham asalelya utparivartit pranyanmadhye undaranchi bheeti disun aalee nahee, jyamule bhitidayak vartan suru karnyat tyanche mahatva disun yete. vegvegalya prajatinmadhil mungya vegvegalya vartananchi suruvat kashee karatat heey nemke maheet nahee, parantu undaranche mungya aanee shikari mungya heey praptakartyachya undaranchya nakatil sanvedanatmak neuronsche adviteey namune sakriy karatat asey darshavile gele aahe. yacha arth vishisht majjatantu paripathandvare under tyanna vegalya prakare pahato. jaree teey vhee2aar receptor vargache sadasya aahet asey manale jaat asale taree, mup shodhanyasathi jababdar asalele ferromon receptors dekhil adnyat aahet.
ellergykarak.
lipocallin prathine kutumbatil itar sadasyansah, pramukh mootra prathine manavansathi shaktishali allergykarak asoo shakatat. yache kaaran dnyat nahee; tathapi, sambhavya spashtikaran mhanoon mups aanee sanrachanatmakdrushtya samaan manvi lipocallins yanchyatil aanvik nakkal prastavit kelee gelee aahe. under "emm. yuu. pii. 6" aanee "emm. yuu. pii. 2" janukanche prathin utpadan (purvi undaranchya emm. yuu. pii. madheel samanatemule "emm. yuu. pii. 17" mhanoon chukiche samajale gele), jyala emm. yuu. pii. 1, aii. jee. 1 kinwa emm. aii. 1. mhanoon olakhale jaate, heey undaranchya laghvichya bahutek ellergiesonya gunadharmansathi jababdar aahe. prathine vatavaranat atyant sthir asatat; abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee shaharatil 95 takke aateel ghare aanee americetil serve prakarchya gharanpaiki 82 takke gharanmadhye kiman eka kholeet shodhanyayogya patali aahe. tyachpramane, undeer aine 1 heey eka dnyat manvi allergykarak aahe. amerikechya eka abhyasat shaharatil 33 takke aateel gharanmadhye tyachi upasthiti aadhalali aanee 21 takke rahivasi allergykarak goshtimbaddal sanvedanshil hote. undiranchya moop prathinanshi sampark sadhane aanee sanvedanshil hone haah balpanatil damyacha jokhim ghatak manla jaato aanee prayogshaletil prani tantradnya aanee shastradnyancha vyavsayik rog asalelya prayogshaletil pranyanchya allergyche (ell. aii. aii.) heey eka pramukh kaaran aahe. eka abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee prayogshaletil done trutiyansh kamgar jyanna pranyanna damachi pratikriya jhaali hotee, tyanchyat under aine 1 sathee pratipinde hotee.
"itar sastan pranyanmadhil "mup" januke dekhil ellergiesonya prathinanna encode karatat, udaharanarth phela dii 4 pramukhyane submendibular laal granthimadhye tayar hote aanee manjar swatah varr hott asatana teey khajanyavar jamaa hote. eka abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee manjarichi allergy asalelya 63 takke lokanmadhye prathinanviruddha pratipinde asatat. itar pramukh manjar allergykarak asalelya phela dii 1 chya tulanet bahutekanmadhye phela dii 4 viruddha pratipinde jaast hotee. tyachpramane, 'ikvas see 1' ('ikvas cabellus' allergine 1;) heey yakrut, upbhashik aanee up-maxillary laal granthimadhye aadhalanaya ghodyachya 'mup' janukache prathin utpadan aahe. ghodyachya allergykarak padarthanchya dirghkal samparkat asalelya rugnanmadhye sumare 80 takke pratipinde pratisadasathi heey jababdar aahe.
chayapachay.
itar pranyanni utsarjit kelelya mungya shodhanyacha abhyas changla keela gela asala taree, utpadan karananya pranyamadhye karyatmak bhoomika qamee spasht aahe. tathapi, 2009 madhye, undaranmadhil urja kharchachya niyantranashi mups sambandhit asalyache disun aale. shastradnyanna asey aadhalale qee anuvanshikdrushtya prerit lathth, madhumehi under tyanchya dubale bhavandanpeksha tees putt qamee emm. yuu. pii. aar. aine. aii. tayar karatat. jevha tyanni yaa undaranchya raktpravahat thet mup prathine dilee, tevha tyanni urja kharch, sharirik halchali aanee sharirache tapman vadhalyache aanee glucose asahishnuta aanee insulin pratirodhamadhye sambandhit ghat jhalyache pahile. teey suchavatat qee hadanchya snayunmadhye mitochondrial karya vadhavun urja chayapachayavar mupsche fayadeshir parinam hotat. aaharamule lathth undaranmadhye moodvyadh qamee jhalyache aanakhi eka abhyasat aadhalun aale. yaa prakaranat, undaranchya raktpravahat mapsachya upasthitine yakrutatil janukanchya abhivyaktila thet pratibandh karoon glukojche utpadan pratibandhit kele.