
taata boxes

aanvik jivashastrat, taata boxes (jyala goldberg-hogness boxes dekhil mhanatat) haah dii. aine. aii. chaa eka kram aahe joou archaea aanee eukeriotsmadhil janukanchya mukhya pravartak pradeshat aadhalato. taata boxchya jivanu samarupatela pribno boxes mhanatat jyacha sarvasanmaticha kram qamee asato.
taata boxla eka naun-coding dna kram (jyala see. aay. ess.-regulatory ghatak mhanoonahi olakhale jaate) manale jaate. tyala 'taata boxes' asey mhatale gele kaaran tyat tii aanee bases jodyanchi punaravrutti karoon darshavilela ekmat kram asato. boxes' yaa shabdachi utpatti kashee jhaali heey aspasht aahe. 1980 chya dashakat, maus genome lokimadhil nucleotide anukramancha tapas kartana, hogness boxes anukram sapadala aanee-31 sthanavar 'boxes inn' karnyat aala. jevha sarvasamaveshak nucleotides aanee paryayi pradeshanchi tulana kelee gelee, tevha sanshodhakanni samaroop pradeshanna 'chaukati' kele. anukramanmadhil mushtiyuddha heey 'boxes' yaa shabdachya utpattivar prakash takte.
eukariotic pravartakancha eka ghatak mhanoon 1978 madhye taata boxes pahilyanda olakhala gela. taata asalelya janukanmadhye taata boxmadhye pratilekhan suru kele jaate. taata boxes heey kahee eukariotic janukanmadhil taata-binding protein (tii. bii. pii.) aanee itar pratilekhan ghatakanche bandhan sthal aahe. aar. aine. aii. polymerase II dware januk pratilekhan heey vardhak aanee cylencer sarkhya lamb pallyachya niyamak ghatkandware mukhya pravartakachya niyamnavar avalambun asate. pratilekhan yogya prakare niyantrit kelyashivay, eukariotic jeev tyanchya paryavaranala yogya pratisad deu shakanar naheet.
taata boxes initiationchya kram aanee yantranechya aadhare, yaa sarvasamaveshak kramamadhye samavisht karane, hatvane aanee bindu utparivartan yasarkhya utparivartananmule phenotypic badal houu shakatat. heey phenotypic badal nantar rog phenotypemadhye badaloo shakatat. taata boxmadheel utparivartananshi sambandhit kahee roganmadhye jathar karkarog, spinocerabler ataxia, huntington rog, andhatva, beeta-thalassemia, immunospression, gilbert syndrome aanee etch. aay. vhee.-1 yancha samavesh hoto. vishanuchya pratilekhan sadhan mhanoon taata-binding prathin (tii. bii. pii.) dekhil vishanundvare lakshya kele jaau shakate.
itihas.
shodh.
1978 madhye american jaivarsayanshastradnya david hogness yanni, jevha teey aanee tyanche padvidhar vidyarthi michael goldberg switzerlandmadhil besal vidyapithat vishrantivar hote, tevha, taata boxes hii pahili eukariotic coor pravartak rachana olakhali gelee. tyanni pratham 'drosophila', sastan prani aanee vishanujanya janukanmadhil 5 'dii. aine. aii. pravartak anukramanche vishleshan kartana taata anukram shodhala. aar. aine. aii. polymerase II dware lipyantarit prathine coding janukanmadhye taata boxes aadhalala.
utkrantivadi itihas.
taata boxveril bahutek sanshodhan yeast, manvi aanee "drosophila" genomever kele gele aahe, tathapi, archaea aanee pracheen eukeriotsmadhye samaan ghatak sapadale aahet. archaea prajatinmadhye, pravartkamadhye 8 bii. pii. samruddha kram asato joou pratilekhan prarambhasthalachya varchya bajula ~ 24 bii. pii. varr sthit asato. yaa kramala mulat boxes aii asey mhatale jaat hote, joou aata archaeal taata-binding proteinchya (tii. bii. pii.) samarupateshi sanvad sadhanara kram mhanoon olakhala jaato. tasech, jaree kahee abhyasanmadhye anek samanata ughad jhalya aahet, tarr itar aahet jyanni archaeal aanee eukariotic tii. bii. pii. madheel lakshaniy farak shodhala aahe. archaea prathine tyachya prathamik kramane aanee sthir vidyutbhar vitaranat adhik samamiti darshavtat, jeey mahatvache aahe kaaran uchch samamitimule prathinanchi taata boxla dhruviy paddhatine bandhanyachi kshamata qamee hote.
jaree taata boxes anek eukariotic pravartakanmadhye asala taree too bahusankhya pravartakanmadhye samavisht nahee. eka abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee 1031 sambhavya pravartak pradeshanpaiki 30 takkyanpeksha qamee bhagat manavanmadhye eka anumanit taata boxes rachana aahe. drosophila' madhye, 205 mukhya pravartakanpaiki 40 takkyanpeksha qamee lokanmadhye taata boxes asato. jevha taata boxchee anupasthiti asate aanee tii. bii. pii. astitvat nasato, tevha downstream pravartak ghatak (dii. pii. eae.) initiator ghatak (inner) chya sahkaryane pratilekhan ghatak II dii (tii. eff. aay. aay. dii.) laa bandhato, aanee taata-leesa pravartakanmadhye pratilekhan suru karato. dii. pii. eae. chee olakh teen 'drosophila' taata-leesa pravartakanmadhye aanee taata-leesa human aay. aar. eff.-1 pravartakanmadhye karnyat aalee aahe.
vaishishtye.
thikan.
jivanu aanee eucariots darmyan pravartak kram badaltat. eukariotsmadhye, taata boxes prarambhasthalachya varchya bajula 25 bases jodya sthit aahe jyaa aar. pii. bii. 4/aar. bii. pii. 7 pratilekhan suru karnyasathi vapartat. metazoansmadhye, taata boxes heey pratilekhan prarambhasthalachya varchya bajula 30 bases jodya sthit aahe. yeastmadhye asatana, ess. serevicia, "taata boxchee eka badalanari sthitee aahe jee prarambhasthalachya varchya bajula 40 teey 100 bii. pii. paryant asoo shakate. peshitil actin cytoskeleton aanee sankuchit upkaranasathi code karananya janukanchya mukhya pravartakanpaiki 40 takke lokanmadhye dekhil taata boxes aadhalato.
mukhya pravartakacha prakar janukachya pratilekhan aanee abhivyaktichya patalivar parinam karato. taata-binding protein (tii. bii. pii.) done prakare bharati kele jaau shakate, saga, aar. aine. aii. polymerase II sathee cofactor kinwa tii. eff. aay. aay. dii. dware. jevha pravartak aar. aine. aii. polymerase II bharati karnyasathi saga/taata boxes complexcha vapar karatat, tevha teey adhik uchch pramanat niyantrit asatat aanee tii. eff. aay. aay. dii./tii. bii. pii. bharati paddhaticha vapar karananya pravartakanpeksha uchch abhivyakti patali darshavtat.
anuroop anukram.
jivanunmadhye, pravartak kshetranmadhye eka pribno boxes asoo shakato, joou eukariotic taata boxshee samaan hetu sadhya karato. pribno boxmadhye-10 sthitibhovati kendrit 6 bii. pii. kshetra aahe aanee-35 pradeshachya bhovati 8-12 bii. pii. kram aahe jeey donhi sanrakshit aahet.
catt boxes (catt boxes dekhil) haah nucleotidescha eka pradesh aahe jyacha khaleel ekmat kram aaheh 5 'jee. jee. keey. aii. tii. tii. 3'. catt boxes pratilekhan prarambhasthalachya varchya bajula 75-80 talanvar aanee taata boxchya varchya bajula sumare 150 talanvar sthit aahe. heey pratilekhan ghatakanna (catt tii. eff. kinwa see. tii. eff. ess.) bandhate aanee tyadvare aar. aine. aii. polymeraceschya sahaj bandhanisathi jawalchya purvprarambh sankulala sthir karate. serve prakarchya peshinmadhye sarvavyapi prathine vyakt karananya janukanmadhye catt boxes kvachitach aadhaltat.
rachana.
kram aanee prasar.
taata boxes haah eukariotic coor pravartakacha eka ghatak aahe aanee tyat samanyatah 5 '-taata (aii/tii) aii (aii/tii)-3' haah sarvasamaveshak kram asato. udaharanarth, yeastmadhye, eka abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee vividh "sacharomyces" genomemadhe sarvasamaveshak kram 5 '-taata (aii/tii) aii (aii/tii) (aii/jee)-3' hota, tarihi keval 20 takke yeast janukanmadhye taata kram dekhil hota. tyachpramane, manavanmadhye keval 24 takke janukanmadhye taata boxes asalele pravartak kshetra asate. taata-boxes asaleli januke tanav-pratisad aanee vishisht prakarchya chayapchayamadhye guntaleli asatat aanee taata-qamee janukanchya tulanet adhik uchch pramanat niyantrit kelee jaatat. samanyatah, taata asaleli januke tyanchya atyant niyantrit swarupamule peshinchi vaadh, dii. aine. aii. pratikruti, pratilekhan aanee anuvad yasarkhya aavashyak pesheey karyanmadhye guntaleli nasatat.
taata boxes sahasa pratilekhan prarambhasthalachya varchya bajula 25-35 bases jodya sthit asato. taata boxes asalelya janukanna sahasa atirikt pravartak ghatakanchi aavashyakta asate, jyat pratilekhan prarambhasthalachya agadi varchya bajula sthit aarambhak sthal aanee khalchya dishene mukhya ghatak (dii. see. eae.) yancha samavesh asato. heey atirikt pravartak pradesh eucariotsmadhil pratilekhan suru karnyachya prakriyeche niyaman karnyasathi taata boxchya sanyogane kaam karatat.
karya.
pratilekhan prarambhamadhye bhoomika.
taata-boxes heey purvprarambh sankul nirmitiche thikan aahe, jeey eucariotsmadhil pratilekhan aarambhichi pahili payari aahe. jevha bahu-upghatak pratilekhan ghatak IId (tii. eff. aay. aay. dii.) tyachya taata-binding protein (tii. bii. pii.) upaghatakatil taata boxshee bandhala jaato tevha purvprarambh sankulachi nirmiti suru hote. tii. bii. pii. prathinanmadhil antiparally beeta sheetschya pradeshadvare taata boxchya chhotya khambala bandhate. teen prakarchya aanvik parasparsanvadanmule taata boxla tii. bii. pii. bandhani hoteh
yavyatirikt, jee-see samruddha anukram asalelya taata boxchya bajula asalelya dii. aine. aii. saha parasparsanvad sthir karoon tii. bii. pii. chey bandhan sulabh kele jaate. yaa duyyam parasparsanvadanmule dii. aine. aii. vakate aanee helical unwinding hote. dii. aine. aii. vakanyache praman prajati aanee kramavar avalambun asate. udaharanarth, eka abhyasat adenovirus taata pravartak kram (5 '-cgctataaagggc-3') haah eka pratikruti bandhan kram mhanoon vaparla gela aanee asey aadhalun aale qee manvi tii. bii. pii. heey taata boxla bandhalyamule pramukh khambakade 97° vakanyas pravrutt hote, tarr yeast tii. bii. pii. prathinane keval 82° vakanyas prerit kele. tii. bii. pii./taata-boxes sankulanchya ksh-kiran sphatikshastracha abhyas samanyatah sahmat aahe qee tii. bii. pii.-bandhanichya prakriyedarmyan dii. aine. aii. 80° vakyanmadhun jaato.
tii. bii. pii. neey taata boxla bandhalyamule honare sanrachanatmak badal atirikt pratilekhan ghatak aanee aar. aine. aii. polymerase II laa pravartak pradeshashi bandhanyas anumati detat. tii. eff. aay. dii. pratham taata boxla bandhate, jee tii. eff. aay. dii. sankulachya varchya bhagala bandhanyane sulabh hote. tyanantar tii. eff. aay. bii. taata boxchya varchya aanee khalchya donhi bajunchya parasparsanvadvare tii. eff. aay. dii.-tii. eff. aay. aay. aii.-dii. aine. aii. sankulashi jodale jaate. tyanantar tii. eff. aay. eff. chya madatine yaa bahu-prathine sankulat aar. aine. aii. polymerase II chee bharati kelee jaate. atirikt pratilekhan ghatak nantar bandhatat, pratham tii. eff. aay. aay. aanee nantar tii. eff. aay. aay. etch. yamule eukariotic pratilekhanasathi purvprarambh sankulachi assembly purn hote. samanyatah, taata boxes aar. aine. aii. polymerase II pravartak pradeshanmadhye aadhalato, jaree kahee 'inn vitro' abhyasanni heey dakhavun dile aahe qee aar. aine. aii. polymerase III haah taata anukram olakhoo shakato.
aar. aine. aii. polymerase II aanee vividh pratilekhan ghatakancha haah samooh besal pratilekhan sankul (bii. tii. see.) mhanoon olakhala jaato. yaa sthiteet, teey keval pratilekhan qamee pataliche dete. pratilekhan patali vadhavanyasathi itar ghatakanni bii. tii. see. laa uttejan dile pahije. dii. aine. aii. chya bii. tii. see. uttejak kshetrache asech eka udaharan mhanje catt boxes. madhyasth sankul, pratilekhan niyamak prathine aanee nucleosome-sudharit enzymes yasah atirikt ghatak dekhil pratilekhan "inn vivo" vadhavtat.
parasparsanvad.
vishisht peshinchya prakaranmadhye kinwa vishisht pravartkanvar tii. bii. pii. chee jaaga anek tii. bii. pii.-sambandhit ghatakanpaiki ekane ghetali jaau shakate (drosophilamadhye tii. aar. eff. 1, metazoansmadhye tii. bii. pii. ell. 1/tii. aar. eff. 2, prushthavanshiy pranyanmadhye tii. bii. pii. ell. 2/tii. aar. eff. 3), jyapaiki kahee tii. bii. pii. sarkhyach taata boxshee parasparkriya karatat. vividh sakriyak kinwa dabak yansah taata boxcha parasparkriya janukanchya pratilekhanavar anek prakare prabhav padu shakate. vardhak heey lamb pallyache niyamak ghatak aahet jeey pravartakanchya kriyakalapanna vadhavtat tarr cylencer pravartakanchya kriyakalapanna dadapatat.
utparivartan.
taata boxmadhye utparivartan heey hatavanyapasun kinwa samavisht karnyapasoon teey utparivartit jhalelya janukavar aadharit vegvegalya parinamansah bindu utparivartanaparyant asoo shakate. utparivartan heey pratilekhan prarambhasathi taata-binding prathinanche (tii. bii. pii.) bandhan badalate. asha prakare, vyakt naan kelelya janukavar aadharit phenotypemadhye parinami badal hoto (aakruti 3).
samavisht karane kinwa hatvane.
taata boxes utparivartananchya pahilya abhyasanpaiki ekane octopin prakarchya cytokinin janukasathi "agrobacterium tumephasians" madheel dii. aine. aii. chya kramache parikshan kele. yaa vishisht janukamadhye teen taata boxes asatat. jevha tinhi taata boxes hatvale gele tevhach phenotype badal disun aala. shevatcha taata boxes aanee pratilekhan prarambh sthal darmyan atirikt bases jodya samavisht kelyane prarambh sthanat badal jhaala; asha prakare, parinami phenotypic badal jhaala.  yaa mool utparivartan abhyasatoon, pratilekhanala protsahan denyasathi jevha taata boxes nasato tevha pratilekhanat badal disun yeto, parantu jevha anukramamadhye antarbhut kele jaate tevha janukache pratilekhan hote. antarbhutimule parinami phenotypeche swaroop prabhavit houu shakate.
makyachya pravartakanmadhil utparivartan heey pravartak janukanchya abhivyaktivar vanaspati-avyav-vishisht paddhatine parinam karatat. taata boxchya nakkalinmule scutellum aanee mulanmadhil enzymatic kriyakalapanmadhye lakshaniy ghat hote, jyamule paragkanatil enzymatic patalivar parinam hott nahee. taata boxes kadhoon takalyane scutellum aanee mulanmadhil enzymatic kriyakalapanmadhye thodishi ghat hote, parantu paragkanatil enzymatic patalit mothee ghat hote.
bindu utparivartan.
prabhavit hott asalelya janukanusar, taata boxmadheel bindu utparivartananmadhye samaan bhinn phenotypic badal asatat. abhyas asehi darshavtat qee taata boxchya kramvarit utparivartanachi jaaga tii. bii. pii. chya bandhanit adthala aanate. udaharanarth, tatavapasun katavaparyantche utparivartan heey pratilekhan badalnyasathichya bandhanat purnapane adthala aanate, badal jhaala qee nahee yavar shejarchya anukramancha parinam houu shakato. tathapi, taata teey tatacha asalelya helah peshinmadhye badal disun yeto jyamule pratilekhanat 20 putt ghat hote. vishisht januk pratilekhanadware yaa apurepanamule houu shakanare kahee rog mhanjeh thalassemia, fuffusacha karkarog, junat haemolitic raktakshay, rogpratikarak shakti qamee karane, haemophilia bii. leyden aanee thromboflabitis aanee myocardial infarction.
savinkova aanee itar. nivadalelya taata boxes kram aanee tii. bii. pii. sathee "keey. dii." mulyacha andaj lavnyasathi eka anukaran lihile aahe. yacha vapar tii. bii. pii. haah taata boxla kitee ghattapane bandhala jaat aahe yavar aadharit nivadalelya utparivartanamule honanya phenotypic vaishishtyancha thet andaj lavnyasathi keela jaau shakato.
rog.
taata boxes pradeshatil utparivartan heey pratilekhan prarambhasathi taata-binding prathinanchya (tii. bii. pii.) bandhanavar parinam karate, jyamule vahakanmadhye rog phenotype houu shakato.
jathar karkarogacha sambandh taata boxes bahurupatashi aahe. taata boxmadhye pii. jee. 2 janukanchya pratilekhan ghatkansathi eka bandhan sthal aahe. heey januk pii. jee. 2 seeram tayar karate, jeey jathar karkarogatil arbudansathi biomarker mhanoon vaparale jaate. dirgh taata boxes anukram heey jathar karkarogachya sthitiche sanket denanya pii. jee. 2 siramchya uchch patalishi sambandhit aahet. lahan taata boxes anukram asalele vahak pii. jee. 2 siramchi qamee patali tayar karoo shakatat.
anek neurodegenerative vikar heey sambandhit taata boxes utparivartan aahet. spinocerabler ataxia aanee huntington rog heey done vikar thalakpane dakhavale gele aahet. spinocerabler ataxiamadhye, haah rog phenotype haah taata-binding prathinanmadhye (tii. bii. pii.) polyglutamine punaravruttichya vistaramule hoto. rugnanchya menduchya vibhaganmadhye prathinanchya ektritpane darshavilyapramane, yaa polyglutamine-tii. bii. pii. peshinche sanchay hoil, parinami majjatantu peshi nasht hotil.
oxidative strace janukanchi patali vadhavanyasathi jevha taata boxla micrornadware lakshya kele jaate tevha motibinduchya jaast nirmitimule andhatva yeu shakate. microrna heey 3 '-anuvadit pradeshala lakshya karoo shakatat aanee oxidative stresshee sambandhit janukanche pratilekhan sakriy karnyasathi taata boxshee bandhale jaau shakatat.
taata boxmadheel snap heey bii-thalassemia, immunospression aanee itar majjasansthesambandhi vikaranshi sambandhit aahet. ess. aine. pii. tii. bii. pii./tii. tii. aii. complexes asthir karatat jyamule tii. bii. pii.-binding prathine (tii. bii. pii.) tii. aii. tii. boxshee bandhale jaatil, tyaa daramadhye lakshaniy ghat hote. yamule rogachya tivratevar parinam karananya pratilekhan patali qamee hote. abhyasachya nikalanni aataparyant inn vitromadhye parasparkriya darshavili aahe, parantu parinam vivomadhye tulana karata yeu shakatat.
gilbert syndromecha sambandh yuu. tii. jee. 1 aii. 1 taata boxes bahurupateshi aahe. yamule navjat mulanmadhye kaveel honyacha dhoka nirman hoto.
etch. aay. vhee.-1 sarkhya vishanuchi pratikruti tayar karnyat microrna dekhil bhoomika bajavtat. naveen etch. aay. vhee.-1-encoded microrna vishanuche utpadan vadhavanyasathi tasech taata boxes kshetrala lakshya karoon etch. aay. vhee.-1 vilambata sakriy karnyasathi aadhalale aahe.
vaidyakeey mahatva.
tantradnyan.
aataparyantche anek abhyas inn vitromadhye kele gele aahet, jeey peshinmadhye kaay ghadat aahe yache vastavik-veleche pratinidhitva nasoon kaay ghadu shakate yacha keval andaj detat. vivomadhye taata-binding kriyakalap darshavinyasathi 2016 madheel alikadil abhyas kele gele aahet. canonical tii. bii. pii./tii. eff. aay. aay. dii.-aadharit besal transcription yantradvare transcription prarambhasathi mukhya pravartak-vishisht yantrana alikadech vivomadhye dastaivajikaran karnyat aalee aahe, jee taata-bindingmadhye samavisht asalelya manvi actubby janukachya ess. aar. eff.-aadharit upstream sakriy anukramadvare (yuu. aii. ess.) sakriyata darshavate.
karkarog upchar.
aushadhi kampanya gelya kahee varshanpasun paramparik paddhatinmadhye dii. aine. aii. laa lakshya karnyasathi karkarog upcharatmak aushadhanchi rachana karat aahet aanee yashasvi tharalya aahet. tathapi, yaa aushadhanchya visharipanamule shastradnyanna dii. aine. aii. shhee sambandhit itar prakriyancha shodh ghenyas bhag padale aahe, jyanna tyaeivaji lakshya kele jaau shakate. alikadachya varshant, prathine-dna sankulansarkhi karkarog-vishisht aanvik uddishte shodhanyasathi samoohik prayatna kele gele aahet, jyat taata bandhan rachanecha samavesh aahe. prathine-dna madhyavartila adakavana sanyuganna ekada dna prakriya ghatana aadhalalyas teey peshisathi vishari tharoo shakate. asha sanyuge asalelya aushadhanchya udaharananmadhye topotecan, ess. aine.-38 (topoisomerase I), doxorubicin aanee mitoxantrone (topoisomerase II) yancha samavesh hoto. sysplatin heey eka sanyug aahe jeey dii. aine. aii. chya pramukh khambamadhye shejarchya gwanninshey sahasanyojakpane bandhale jaate, jeey dii. aine. aii. laa vikrut karoon lahan khambamadhye dii. aine. aii.-bandhani prathinancha pravesh dete. yamule taata-binding prathin (tii. bii. pii.) aanee taata boxes yanchyatil parasparkriya asthir hoil. yacha parinam mhanje pratilekhan prarambh qamee-niyantrit karnyasathi dii. aine. aii. varr taata-binding prathin (tii. bii. pii.) sthir karane.
anuvanshik abhiyantriki.
taata boxmadhye badal.
utkrantivadi badalanmule vanaspati badalatya paryavaraniy paristhitishi julavun ghenyas pravrutt jhalya aahet. pruthvichya itihasat, pruthvichya aerobic vatavaranachya vikasamule vanaspatinmadhye lohachi kamatarata nirman jhaali. tyach prajatichya itar sadasyanchya tulanet, "mallus bakkata" vaar. "ziagenensis" madhye loh-niyantrit vahak 1 (aay. aar. tii. 1) pravartakachya varchya bajula pravartkamadhye eka taata boxes ghatala aahe. parinami, pravartak kriyakalap patali vadhavali jaate, jyamule tii. eff. aay. aay. dii. kriyakalap vadhatat aanee tyanantar pratilekhan prarambh hoto, parinami adhik loh-karyaksham phenotype tayar hoto.