kshama qaraa.

maaf karane haah ekhadya vyaktila faujdari shikshemule adhikarkshetrantargat kahee kinwa serve kayadeshir parinamanmadhun mukt karanyachi parvanagi denyacha sarkari nirnay aahe. adhikarkshetrachya kayadyannusar, gunhyasathi doshi tharvanyapurvi kinwa nantar maafee dilee jaau shakate.
jevha vyaktinni 'samajache karj fedale aahe' heey dakhavun dile aahe asey manale jaate kinwa anyatha tyanna teey patra manale jaate, tevha anek deshanmadhye maafee dilee jaau shakate. kahee rashtranchya kahee adhikarkshetranmadhye, maafee swikarane mhanje 'apratyakshapane' aparadhipanachi kabuli asoo shakate; kahee prakarananmadhye prastav nakarla jaato. alikadchya kalat chukichya shikshechi prakarane anekada mafiaivaji apildware hatalali jaatat; tathapi, punha khatalyashi sambandhit kharch talhanyasathi nirdoshata nirvivad asatana kadhikadhi maafee dilee jaate. jevha ekhadya adhikarkshetrat fashichi shiksha astitvat asate tevha dayechi bhoomika mahattvachi asate.
mafikade kadhikadhi bhrashtacharacha samna karnyasathi eka yantrana mhanoon pahile jaate, jyamule ekhadya vishisht pradhikaranala chukichya paddhatine doshi tharavalelya vyaktila mukt karnyasathi sadosh nyayik prakriyela adthala aananyachi parvanagi milate. kshama karane heey dekhil vadache kaaran asoo shakate. tokachya prakarananmadhye, kahee mafikade rajkiy laabh mhanoon prabhavi suut denyachya swarupat swarupat bhrashtacharachi krutye mhanoon pahile jaau shakate.
deshanusar.
austreliya.
austreliyamadhye, kshama karnyachya adhikarala dayecha shahee visheshadhikar asey sambodhale jaate, eka karyakari adhikar joou rajamadhye nihit asato aanee governor-general tyacha vapar karoo shakato. dayecha visheshadhikar haah eka vyapak vivekadhin adhikar aahe jyacha vapar rajya karyakari parishad aanee rajya mahadhivakta yanchya sallyanusar kaam palan rajya rajyapaladvare keela jaau shakato. jevha prativadichya kinwa gunhyachya paristhititun dilasa midato tevha austreliyatil nyayalaye dayecha vapar karnyachya tyanchya paramparik adhikaracha vapar karoo shakatat.
dayechya visheshadhikaravyatirikt, austreliyane kayada manjur keela aahe joou kshama, nirdosh muktata, qamee keleli shiksha kinwa sashart sutka magnyasathi atirikt marg tayar karato.
canada.
maaf qaraa.
canadache parol mandal (pii. bii. see.) hii 'faujdari nondi kayada' (see. aar. aii.) antargat mafiche nirnay ghenyasathi jababdar asaleli federal agency aahe. see. aii. aar. antargat, pii. bii. see. maafee jaaree karoo shakate, deu shakate, nakaru shakate aanee radd karoo shakate.
2012 madhye canadachya sansadene 'surakshit raste aanee samuday kayada' manjur keela, jyane gunhegari nyay vyavastheshi sambandhit anek ghatak badalale. yaa kayadyane 'kshama' yaa shabdachi jaaga 'nond nilamban' neey ghetali aanee maafee pranalihi tashich badalali gelee.
kshama hii shikshechi polis nond vegali aanee itar gunhegari nondinvyatirikt thevate aanee kayadyache palan palan nagarikanna canadachya samajat punha sameel honyachi sandhee dete.
royal canadian ghudsavar polis jyaa doshasiddhisathi ekhadya vyaktila canadian polis mahitee kendrakadun (see. pii. see.) maafee midali tyabaddalchi serve mahitee kadhoon taktat. canadachya sarvajanik suraksha mantryanchya manyateshivay federal agency doshi tharvanyavishayi mahitee deu shakat naheet.
tathapi, kshama kelyane ekhadya vyaktila gunhyasathi doshi tharvanyat aale heey tathya mitat nahee. gunhegari nond mitavali jaat nahee, parantu tee itar (maaf naan kelelya) gunhegari nondinpasoon vegali thewali jaate.
federal sarkarshi karar karanyachi kshamata kinwa canadachya nagarikatvasathi patrata yasarkhya faujdari doshasiddhimule jhalelya apatrata maafee kadhoon takte.
kshama prapt karnari vyakti jarr naveen gunhyasathi doshi tharavali gelee, tarr tyaa mahitimule jyaa faujdari nondis see. pii. see. madhye kshama prapt jhaali hotee tee punha sakriy houu shakate.
maafee tyanna deshat pravesh kinwa visa visheshadhikaranchi hummy dett nahee. tyanna deshat jaanyapurvi, tyaa deshat pravesh karnyasathi kaay aavashyak aahe heey jaanun ghenyasathi vyaktinni ajunahi sambandhit deshachya deshachya sampark sadhane aavashyak aahe.
canadachya parol mandaladvare mafichya prakriyes samanyatah sankshipt gunhyasathi sahaa mahine aanee aaroppatra gunhyasathi baaraa mahine lagatat. parol mandalane arj nakarnyacha prastav thevalyas, tyavar prakriya karnyasathi 24 mahine lagoo shakatat.
canadatil faujdari gunhyasathi kinwa canadachya federal kayadyantargat kinwa niyamanantargat ekhadya gunhyasathi, kinwa jarr tyanna tyanna deshat ekhadya gunhyasathi doshi tharavale gele asel aanee 'gunhegaranche hastantaran kayada' kinwa 'gunhegaranche aantarrashtriy hastantaran kayada' antargat canadala hastantarit kele gele asel tarr vyakti mafisathi arj karoo shakatat. canadatil gair-canadian nagrik canadatil gunhyasathi doshi tharvalyashivay canadian mafisathi patra naheet.
kshama kinwa nond nilambanasathi patra honyasathi, vyaktinni tyanchi serve shiksha aanee pratiksha kalavadhi purn keela asava.
jarr vyaktinni tyanchi serve vakye purn kelee asateel tarr asey manale jaateh
2012 purvi, tyanchi serve shiksha purn jhalyanantar, vyaktinni khalilpramane pratiksha kalavadhi purn keela asavah
13 march 2012 pasoon, patrateche nikash aanee pratiksha kalavadhi badalleh
nond nilambanasathi arjdaranni tyanchi shiksha purn kelee aahe heey dakhavanyas aanee paise dilyacha purava denyas saksham asane aavashyak aahe.
parol mandalakadun upalabdh asalele arj bharoon aanee $50 maaf/nilamban arj shulk bharoon vyakti mafisathi arj karoo shakatat.
kshamashil.
canadamadhye, dayecha shahee visheshadhikar asalelya canadache governor general kinwa governor inn council (federal cabinet) dware dayechi tartud kelee jaate. maaf kelyapramane, rashtriy parol mandalakadehi arj kele jaatat, parantu dayemadhye shiksheche parivartan, kinwa shikshechya serve kinwa kahee bhagachi maafee, shikshepasun dilasa (vaidyakeey sthitisathi kinwa pratibandhatun dilasa ii.) samavisht asoo shakato.jee., jyala vahan chalavanyas manai aahe asha vyaktila vahan chalavanyachi parvanagi dene).
chiilii.
chilimadhye, kshama ("indulto") sanstheche niyaman faujdari sanhitemadhye (kalam 93, kramank 4o) kele jaate, jeey gunhegari dayitva sampushtat yenyashi sambandhit aahe. maafee "keval shikshechi maafee kinwa laghukaran dete; tee doshi tharalyachi aut kadhoon takat nahee". rashtriy congressmadhye patra gansabhene manjur kelelya vishisht kayadyachya kakshet kakshet sarvanna, kinwa visheshtah, jevha tee prajasattakachya rashtrapatinchya sarvoch aadeshadvare manjur kelee jaate, tevha maafee ektar samanya asoo shakate. chilichya rashtrapati shasanamadhye, rashtradhyaksh heey rajyache pramukh asatat; yaa kshamatet, rashtrapatinna vishisht kshama denyacha vivekadhin adhikar asato aanee itar itar mutt kinwa manyata ghenyas teey bandhil nasatat, tathapi, maafee dene heey kayada kra. 18.050 (1981) aanee tyache niyam (decree kra. 1981 chaa 1542), joou dahashatvadachya gunhyasathi doshi tharalelyanna vishisht kshama karnyas manai karato.
chean.
1954 chya chinchya rajyaghatanene maafee aanee mafichi tartud kelee, jeey donhi rashtriy lock congresschya sthayi samitiche adhikar hote. tyanantar rashtrapati maafee kinwa maafee jaaree kartil. adhyaksh mao tse tung aanee adhyaksh lioo shauki yanni 1959 madhye prathamach maafee jaaree kelee.
1975, 1978 aanee 1982 madhye ghoshit jhalelya nantarchya teen rajyaghatananmadhye serve mafichi tartud kadhoon takali gelee aanee keval maafee thewali gelee. chinmadhye, maficha nirnay peaples congresschya rashtriy sthayi samitidvare ghetala jaato aanee rashtrapatindware jaaree keela jaato.
egypt.
23 september 2015 roji, rashtradhyaksh abdel fatah all-sisine all jaziratil patrakar mohammed fahmi aanee baher mohammed yanchyasah 100 karyakartyanna mukt karnyasathi maafee jaaree kelee.
france.
kshama aanee dayechi krutee ('grasses') francechya rashtradhyakshandvare dilee jaate, jeey shevati, upayayojananchya yogyateche ekmev nyayadhish asatat. haah rashtrapatincha visheshadhikar aahe joou francechya rajankadoon thet varshane midala aahe. doshi vyakti prajasattakachya rashtrapatinna mafichi vinanti pathavate. jyaa nyayalayacha vakeel jyane nikal jaheer keela, too yaa prakaranacha ahwal deto aanee heey prakaran nyay mantralayachya faujdari vyavhar sanchalanalayakade jaate aanee pudhil vicharasathi maafee deto.
manjur jhalyas, mafichya aadeshavar rashtrapati, pantpradhan, nyay mantri aanee yaa prakaranachya vicharat sameel asalele itar mantri swakshari karatat. teey 'journal official' madhye prakashit kelele nahee.
aadesh arjdarala tyachya kinwa tichya shikshechya shillak bharnyapasun vachavu shakato kinwa shiksheche praman qamee karoo shakato. gunhyachya piditela jhalelya nukasanichi bharpai milanyacha adhikar too dadpanar nahee aanee gunhegari nonditoon ninda mitavat nahee.
francemadhye jevha fashichi shiksha lagoo hotee, tevha serve fashichya shikshancha parinam sambhavya dayesathi rashtrapatinkadun fervichar karnyat jhaala. rashtrapatinni dayecha aagrah nakarla tarach, jyaa dastaivajavar lihile hote tyaa dastaivajavar swakshari karoon, 'nyayala tyache kaam karoo denyacha nirnay ghetala' tarach fashi denyat aalee.
francechi sansad kahee prasangi maafee dete. varr varnan kelelya sankalpanepeksha hii eka vegali sankalpana aanee prakriya aahe, jaree 'presidential amnesty' ('amnisty presidentile') haah vakyansh kadhikadhi sansadechya kahee kayadyanna, jeey paramparikaritya rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukinantar matdan karatat, tyanna apmanaspadpane lagoo keela jaato, jyamule kirkol gunhyansathi maafee dilee jaate.
germany.
amerikepramanech germanytahi maafee denyacha adhikar sangharajya aanee rajya staravar vibhagalela aahe. faujdari kayadyachya babinmadhye sanghiy adhikarkshetra heey mukhytah rajya nyayalayanchya nirnayanviruddhachya apilanparyant maryadit aahe. sarvoch rajya nyayalaye, keval rajdroh kinwa dahashatvadasarkhya "rajkiy" gunhyanvar federal sarkarchya vatine khatala chalavatat. tyanusar, federal mafisathi patra asalelya vyaktinchi shreni thodi sankuchit aahe. federal maafee denyacha adhikar germanychya rashtradhyakshanchya karyalayat aahe, parantu adhyaksh haah adhikar kulpati kinwa nyay mantri yasarkhya itar vyaktinna hastantarit karoo shakatat.
2007 chya suruvatila, doshi tharavalelya laal sainya gatachya dahashatvadi khristi clarney, joou salag sahaa janmathepechi shiksha bhogat hota, tyane mafisathi yachika dakhal kelyanantar germanymadhye maafee denyababat vyapak sarvajanik charcha jhaali. adhyaksh horst kohlerne akheris tyanchi vinanti nakarli. nyayalayachya nirnayanantar, clarla december 2008 madhye parolver sodanyat aale.
itar serve (aanee mhanunach bahusankhya) doshinsathi, maafee rajyanchya adhikarkshetrat asate. kahee rajyanmadhye teey sambandhit mantrimandaladware manjur kele jaate, parantu bahutek rajyanmadhye rajya sanvidhan rajyachya pantpradhananna adhikar dete. federal staravar, adhikar hastantarit kele jaau shakatat. maafee keval federal kayadyadvare dilee jaau shakate.
greece.
greechi rajyaghatna prajasattakachya adhyakshanna kshama karnyacha adhikar dete (qalaa. 47, kalam 1). nyay mantryachya prastavavar aanee maafee samitiche mutt (aavashyak sammati nahee) midalyanantar too/tee konatyahi nyayalayane ladaleli shiksha maaf karoo, qamee karoo kinwa maaf karoo shakate.
hongkong.
1997 madhye sarvbhaumatva hastantaran honyapurvi, kshama karnyacha adhikar haah united kingdamchya rajachya dayecha shahee visheshadhikar hota. jyaa doshinna fashichi shiksha denyat aalee hotee, tyanchya prakarananmadhye yacha vapar aanee ullekh sarvadhik keela gelah 1965 teey 1993 (jevha fashichi shiksha aupcharikpane radd karnyat aalee) mrutyudandachi shiksha aapoaap shahee visheshadhikarantargat janmathepet rupantarit kelee gelee.
hastantaran jhalyapasun, hongkongcha mukhya karyakari aata hongkongchya kalam 48 chya moolbhut kayadyachya kalam 12 antargat maafee denyacha aanee dand qamee karnyacha adhikar vaparato. "hongkong vishesh prashasakeey pradeshacha mukhya karyakari khaleel adhikar aanee karye bajavel... faujdari gunhyansathi doshi tharalelya vyaktinna maaf karane kinwa tyanchi shiksha qamee karane.
bharat.
bharatiy rajyaghatanenusar (kalam 72), bharatache rashtrapati, visheshtah fashichya shikshesandarbhat asalelya prakarananmadhye, doshi vyaktila maafee deu shakatat kinwa tyachi shiksha qamee karoo shakatat. kalam 161 antargat pratyek rajyachya rajyapalanmadhye samaan aanee samantar adhikar nihit aahet.
bharatiy rajyaghatanene rashtrapati aanee rajyapalanna sarvbhoum adhikar dile aahet. kendra aanee rajyanmadhye anukrame rashtrapati aanee rajyapalanchya navane shasson chalate. bharatiy rajyaghatanechya kalam 72 antargat rashtrapatinna maafee denyacha adhikar aahe. kalam 72 mhanate qee rashtrapatinna konatyahi gunhyasathi doshi tharalelya konatyahi vyaktichi shiksha maaf karnyacha, maaf karnyacha, vishranti denyacha, savalat denyacha kinwa maaf karnyacha kinwa nilambit karnyacha, maaf karnyacha kinwa qamee karnyacha adhikar asel. yaa sandnyancha arth khalilpramane aaheh
bharatiy rashtrapatinche kshama karnyache adhikar bharatiy rajyaghatanechya kalam 72 madhye spasht kele aahet.
kayadyane anivarya kelelya maaf karnyache paach vegvegale prakar aahet.
kalam 72 asey vachateh
tyachpramane, kalam 161 nusarah rajyachya rajyapalanna, jyaa prakaranashi sambandhit konatyahi kayadyachya virodhat konatyahi gunhyasathi doshi tharalelya konatyahi vyaktichi shiksha maaf karnyacha, maaf karnyacha, vishranti denyacha, savalat denyacha kinwa maaf karnyacha kinwa nilambit karnyacha, maaf karnyacha kinwa qamee karnyacha adhikar aahe. kripaya lakshat ghya qee rashtrapati fashichi shiksha sunavalelya vyaktila kshama karoo shakatat. parantu rajyachya rajyapalala haah adhikar milat nahee.
prashna assa aahe qee maafee denyacha haah adhikar paripoorn aahe qee maficha haah adhikar rashtrapati mantrimandalachya sallyanusar vaparnar aahet. rashtrapatincha kshama karnyacha adhikar paripoorn nasato. heey mantrimandalane dilelya sallyanusar chalate. rajyaghatanene yavar charcha keleli nahee, parantu heey vyavharik satya aahe. pudhe, rashtrapati kinwa dayecha adhikarkshetra vaparnare rajyapal yanchya nirnayanchya kayadeshiratevar prashnachinh upasthit karnyasathi rajyaghatanet konatihi yantrana nahee. parantu aii. pii. aar. sudhakar prakaranatil ess. see. neey konatyahi manmanipanacha incar karnyachya uddeshane rashtrapati aanee rajyapalanchya kshama karnyachya adhikaranchya nyayik punaravalokanasathi eka chhotishi sandhee dilee aahe. nyayalayane yapurvi asey mhatale aahe qee, sanvidhanane keval karyakari yantranela sopavalelya prakarnavarhi nyayalayane nyayik fervichar karnyacha adhikar kayam thewala aahe.
tathapi, heey lakshat ghene mahattvache aahe qee bharatat ekatmak kayadeshir pranali aahe aanee rajya kayadyachi konatihi swatantra sanstha nahee. serve gunhe heey bharatiy sanghaviruddhache gunhe aahet. tyamule, eka karar vikasit jhaala aahe qee rajyapalanche adhikar keval kirkol gunhyansathi vaparale jaatat, tarr kendrashasit pradeshanmadhye kelele mothe gunhe aanee gunhyansathi maafee aanee sthagitichya vinantya rashtrapatinkade pudhe dhakalalya jaatat.
rashtrapati aanee rajyapal doghehi aapapalya mantrimandalanchya sallyane bandhalele asatat aanee tyamule yaa adhikaracha vapar karyakari swarupacha asato. tyamule bharatachya sarvoch nyayalayane yaa prakaranat dilelya nirnayanusar too nyayik fervicharas adheen aahe. tyanantar yachee pushti karnyat aalee. yaa prakaranat, asey mhatale gele hote qee "dayecha nyayalayacha fervichar keela jaau shakato aanee too visheshadhikar kinwa dayechi krutee mhanoon deela jaau shakat nahee". aandhra pradeshche tatkalin rajyapal sushil kumar shinde yanni doshi tharavalelya congress karyakartyachi shiksha maaf karnyacha nirnay radd kartana nyayalayane heey nirikshan kele.
iran.
iranchya islami prajasattakat, sarvoch netyala kalam 110, kalam 1, kalam 11 antargat kshama karnyacha aanee kshama karnyacha adhikar aahe.
ireland.
ghatanatmak aadhar.
ayrish rajyaghatanet (kalam 13.6 madhye) asey mhatale aahe qee
dayecha adhikar rashtrapati nammatrapane vapartat. tathapi, irelandchya rashtradhyakshanni sarkarchya (mantrimandal) sallyanusar kaam kele pahije, tyamule vyavharat dayeche nirnay tatkalin sarkardware ghetale jaatat aanee rashtrapatinna yaa prakaranat konatahi vivek nasato. hii jababdari rashtrapatinvyatirikt itar lokanna kinwa sansthanna dekhil sopavali jaau shakate.
dusarikade, maafee aanee pratikarshakti, samanyatah maaf karnyachya samanya prakaradvare kinwa vaiyaktik mafichya slatedware navhe tarr orechtaschya krutidvare hatalali jaate.
maafee pudhe nenyachya done paddhati aaheth
paddhat I.
nyayachya apghatachya uddeshane pahilya prakriyet, nyay mantri sarkarla shifaras karoo shakatat qee teey aupcharikpane rashtrapatinna maafee denyacha sallah deteel aanee tyasah konatyahi atty.
1993 chya faujdari prakriya kayadyat ashee paddhat pradan kelee aahe jyadvare ekhadya gunhyasathi doshi tharaleli vyakti mafisathi arj karoo shakate. yaa prakriyeantargat, vyaktine heey karane aavashyak aaheh
tyanantar teey nyaymantryanna mafisathi lekhee arj karoo shakatat.
tyanantar mantri "tyanna aavashyak vatel asha chaukashi karoo shakato kinwa karoo shakato" aanee swatachya pudhakarane maafee denyas nakar deu shakato kinwa jarr tyanna vatat asel qee tyaa vyaktila maaf kele pahije, tarr assa yuktivad mantrimandalasamor aanoo shakato.
paddhat II.
kayadyachya kalam sahaa nyay mantryala asha vyaktikadoon mafichi vinanti karanyachi kinwa prapt karanyachi parvanagi dete, jyache prakaran 'nyayacha garbhpat' nahee, parantu tyat itar kahee dosh aahet, jase qee puratan kayada, kayada chukichya paddhatine lagoo keela jaat aahe, shikshechya kathoratet kapat kinwa shiksheche pratisthapan, vareel prakriyetoon naan jaata, apeal naan karata kinwa naveen tathye sadar naan karata. vishisht prakaranane nyay gamavanyachi hummy dilyas, nyayachya apghatachya prakaranat prakriya maaf karanyachi parvangihi mantryala dete. teey sambhavya mafila dekhil parvanagi deu shakate kaaran yamule mantryala adyap doshi tharvilelya vyaktila maafee denyachi parvanagi milate, jee itar prakriyesathi aavashyak aahe.
chaukashi samitee.
tyanchya vatine yaa prakaranacha adhik tapshilvar abhyas karnyasathi sarkar swatah eka samitee sthapan karoo shakate. yaat konihi aanee konatihi sankhya asoo shakate, parantu khurchi ashee asane aavashyak aaheh
hii vishesh samitee aapala nirnay ghenyasathi yogya vatanari konatihi samagri pahoo shakate, jaree tee samanya nyayalayat jurie kinwa trial jajsathi upalabdh nasali kinwa nasel.
sarkarla samitichya shifarshinna bandhil rahanyachi garaj nahee.
lashkari kayadyantargat kshama.
kayadyachya kalam 7 (5) antargat, nyay mantryache tech adhikar lashkari lashkari babatit sanrakshn mantryanna lagoo hotat aanee court marshaldware doshi tharvanyat aale aahet.
nuksan bharpai.
hii bharpai arj kelyas, nyay kinwa sanrakshn mantri, tyanchya sampoorn vivekbuddhine, keval tyannich tharavaleli, maafee dilelya konatyahi vyaktila nuksan bharpai deu shakatat. jarr tyanna vatale qee nuksanbharpai khoop qamee aahe tarr teey uchch nyayalayat uchch aakadyasathi aavhan deu shakatat.
1938 pasoon rashtrapatinkadun maafee midalelya lokanchi yadee.
udaharanarth, united statesmadhil mafichya tulanet sattecha vapar kvachitach keela jaato.
israyal.
israyalmadhye rashtrapatinna gunhegaranna maaf karnyacha kinwa tyanchi shiksha qamee karnyacha adhikar aahe. rashtrapatinche kshama karnyache adhikar israyalachya moolbhut kayadyanmadhye namood kele aahet. nyay mantryanchya shifarshinantar maafee dilee jaate.
kaav 300 prakarnanantar, adhyaksh chayam herzog yanni doshi tharvanyapurvi shinn betchya chaar sadasyanna maafee dilee. israyalmadhye asha prakarchi hii pahilich asamanya krutee hotee.
itali.
italimadhye, prajasattakche adhyaksh italian sanvidhanachya kalam 87 nusar "kshama deu shakatat kinwa shiksha qamee karoo shakatat". rashtrapatinchya itar krutyanpramanech, mafisathi saksham sarkari mantryachi pratihakka aavashyak asate. italichya ghatanatmak nyayalayane nirnay deela aahe qee nyaymantri kshama karnyachya kayadyanvar swakshari karnyas bandhil aahet.
kshama hii shiksha purnapane kadhoon takoo shakate kinwa tiche swaroop badaloo shakate. kshama aadeshat anyatha namood kele nahee, tarr kshama heey faujdari shiksheche konatehi aanushangik parinam kadhoon takat nahee, jase qee aachar pramanpatrat ullekh (174 see.pii.) kinwa nagri hakkanche nuksan.
italian sanvidhanachya kalam 79 nusar sansad maafee deu shakate (kalam 151 see.pii.) aanee kshama (kalam 174 see.pii.) kayadyane done trutiyansh ghatakanchya bahumatavar vichar keela. shikshepasun 3 varshe suut denari shevatchi sarvasadharan maafee 2006 madhye manjur karnyat aalee.
polland.
polandmadhye, polland prajasattakachya sanvidhanachya kalam 139 dware rashtrapatinna maficha adhikar denyat aala aahe. aktoobar 2008 paryant, 7,819 lokanna maaf karnyat aale, tarr 3,046 lokanche apeal nakarnyat aale.
portugal.
portugalmadhye, rajya pramukhanna-raje kinwa rashtrapatinna-nehmich dayecha visheshadhikar labhala aahe, kshama karnyas saksham asane, dayechya vinantyanchya sandarbhat shiksha qamee karane kinwa vizavane.
portugij sanvidhananusar, portugij prajasattakachya sarkarchya prastavavar, portugij prajasattakachya adhyakshanna shiksha maaf karnyacha aanee maaf karnyacha adhikar aahe. hii rashtrapatinchi ananya aanee vivekadhin kshamata aahe aanee sarkarchya purv sunavanichya palikade konatyahi atinchya adheen nahee, jyache pratinidhitva samanyatah nyaymantri karatat. maaf karnyachya vinantya kinwa prastavanna faujdari fashi nyayalayakadun nyay mantralayachya sandarbhadvare nirdesh dile jaatat aanee tyanantar rashtrapatinkade vichararth sadar kele jaatat. rashtrapatinchya aadeshadvare maafee dilee jaate; jarr maafee nakarli gelee tarr rashtrapati aadeshadvare nirnay ghetat. khrisamasachya kalat paramparikaritya kshama dilee jaate. maaf karane heey prajasattakche adhyaksh radd karoo shakatat.
2019 madhye rashtrapatinni done vela maafee dilee.
eka vyakti mhanoon, maficha gondhal samanya aanee amoort asha donhi swarupachya maafee kinwa samanya kshamashi houu naye. mafiche purvgami parinam hotat, jyacha parinam keval lagoo kelelya dandavarach navhe tarr bhootkalatil gunhegari krutyavarhi hoto, jeey visarale jaate, jeey aacharanat nahee asey manale jaate (gunhegariche purvgami nirmulan). samanya kshama keval shikshechya nirnayadvare aanee bhavishyasathi nirdharit kelelya dandanvar kendrit asate. samanya kshama aanee maafee manjur karane hii portugij sansadechi rakheev kshamata aahe.
russia.
russian mahasanghachya adhyakshanna russian mahasanghachya sanvidhanachya kalam 89 dware maficha adhikar denyat aala aahe. kshama samityanchi sakhali mafisathi patra asalelya lokanchya yadya vyavasthapit karate aanee tyanna swaksharisathi rashtrapatinkade nirdeshit karate. rashtradhyaksh boris yeltsin yanni varanvar maficha adhikar vaparla (1998-7,000 teey 8,000 prakarane), tarr tyanche uttaradhikari vladimir puteen adhik sankoch karatat; tyanni 2014 madhye paach aanee 2015 madhye done maafee dilya.
konatyahi velee mafichi vinanti kelee jaau shakate, jaree vinanti darmyan eka varsh pratiksha kalavadhi aavashyak aahe.
ravanda.
dayecha visheshadhikar haah kshamecha eka prakar aahe jyacha vapar ravandacha adhyaksh karoo shakato. rashtriy sarvmatanantar 2003 madhye lagoo jhalelya ravandachya sanvidhanadvare paribhashit kelelya rashtrapatinchya adhikaranpaiki visheshadhikar haah eka aahe. ravandachya sanvidhananusar, "prajasattakchya rashtrapatinna kayadyane nirdharit kelelya prakriyenusar aanee yaa vishayavar sarvoch nyayalayacha sallah ghetalyanantar dayecha visheshadhikar vaparnyacha adhikar aahe."
dakshin africa prajasattak.
dakshin africa prajasattakachya sanvidhanachya kalam 84 (2) (jeey), 1996 (1996 chaa kayada 108) antargat, dakshin africa prajasattakache adhyaksh gunhegaranna kshama karnyasathi kinwa maaf karnyasathi jababdar asatat. rashtrapatinche heey adhikar keval atyant apavadatmak prakarananmadhye vaparale jaatat.
ekhadya vyaktila kshama karane mhanje ekhadya vyaktila tyachya/tichya krutyansathi kshama karane. tyamule maafee prakriya asha vyaktinsathi upalabdh nahee, jyaa aapali nirdoshata kayam thevatat aanee apeal prakriyecha pragat prakar nahee.
sambandhit doshasiddhinantar daha varshancha kalavadhi samplyanantarach kirkol gunhyansathi maafee dilee jaate.
anek gambhir gunhyansathi (udaharanarth, sambandhit nyayalayane gunhyakade asha gambhir najarene pahile qee thet turungwas thothavala gela) doshi tharvalyanantar daha varshanpeksha jaast kaal ulatoon gela asala taree maafee dilee jaanar nahee.
spain.
1978 chya spanish sanvidhanane (kalam 62. i: "rajachi karye") 'derico dii gracia' ('krupecha adhikar') kinwa 'indulto' ('kshama') haah spainchya rajacha visheshadhikar mhanoon swikarla aahe. spanish kayadyane tyachi vyakhya ekhadya vyaktichya vatine rajyachya swatachya dandatmak adhikaracha tyag, joou samata kinwa sarvajanik hitsambandhanchya karananvar aadharit aahe, ashee kelee aahe. rajyaghatanene kayadyala shahee kshama dilee aahe aanee samanya mafila manai kelee aahe, mhanoon tee vaiyaktikaritya dyavi lagtil. saiddhantikdrushtya, keval samanya gunhyasathi kinwa aanushangik gunhyansathi shahee maafee dilee jaau shakate; jarr tee samanya gunhyasathi dilee gelee asel tarr, rajkiy adhikarancha samavesh asalelya shikshancha apavad vagalata, tyat soochit kelelya aanushangik gunhyanna dekhil maafee dilee jaate (mhanje.eae., shikshechya parinami sarvajanik padasathi dhavanyacha adhikar kadhoon takane), jeey maaf kele jaanar asalyas maafee aadeshat spashtapane namood karave lagtil.
kshama denyachi prakriya aanee aavashyakta 18 juuna 1870 chya kayadyadvare denyat aalya aahet, jyat 14 janevarichya 1/1988 kayadyadvare sudharana karnyat aalee aahe. shahee kshama arj doshi vyaktine, tyache natevaik kinwa tyachya navavar asalelya itar konatyahi vyaktine swatah karava lagato. doshi tharvanare nyayalay tyanantar prakaranacha ahwal jaaree karel, jyacha, firyadi aanee gunhegari piditanchya, jarr kahee asateel tarr, sarvajanik tippanyansah vichar keela jaeel. heey serve nyaymantri gola karatat, jeey mantryanchya mantrimandalasamor kshamecha muddah mandatil. jarr mantrimandalane maafee denyacha nirnay ghetala tarr nyaymantri rajala tashee shifaras kartil. kshama shahee aadeshadvare jaaree kelee jaate aanee ("sarvajanik niyatkalik") madhye prakashit karavi lagate.
spainmadhye samanyatah maafee sweekarli jaat nahee, parantu kirkol gunhyansathi doshi tharavalelya gunhegaransathi, jyanni tyanchi shiksha purn karnar aahet aanee changle vartan aanee pashchattap darshavila aahe. madhyayugeen kalapasoon, anek sanstha aanee dharmik bandhutva ajunahi spainchya rajane tyanna dilelya kahee visheshadhikarancha kinwa itarancha bhag mhanoon maafee denyacha adhikar rakhoon aahet. yaa visheshadhikaranchi vyapti sansthela maafee swikaranyacha adhikar midalyavar midalelya shahee sanadevar avalambun asate, jaree too sahasa keval atishay vishesh atinmadhye kirkol gunhyansathi asato; haah adhikar aajkal sarvajanik karyalayandware spashtapane swikarla jaato, jaree too vaparla jaat nasla taree shahee mafisathi nehamichya prakriyeche palan keela jaato. paramparikaritya, teey kahee chhotya gunhegaranna tyala maaf kelyabaddal tyachi shiksha sampavanyacha prastav thevatat aanee maaf karnyachya paramparenusar, sahasa pavitra aathvadyat, tyachi/tichi sutka kelee jaate. yaa prakarchya maafee nehamichya mafipeksha vegalya aahet, kaaran tyaa keval kaidyala turungatoon sodatat, shiksha thambavtat, parantu gunhyala maaf karat naheet.
srilanka.
shrilankechya sanvidhananusar, shrilankechya prajasattakatil konatyahi nyayalayat konatyahi gunhyasathi doshi tharalelya konatyahi gunhegarala thothavalya gelelya konatyahi shikshesathi rashtrapati maafee deu shakatat, dilasa deu shakatat kinwa qamee kathor shikshechya paryayane shiksha deu shakatat. yala samanyatah 'rashtrapatinchi kshama' asey sambodhale jaate.
switzerland.
switzerlandmadhye, federal federal khatala chalavalelya gunhyansathi swees federal asemblikadun maafee dilee jaau shakate. chhawani adhikarkshetrantargat adhikarkshetrantargat gunhyansathi, chhawani kayada maafee (asalyas) denyas saksham asalelya pradhikaranala niyukt karato. bahutek cantonmadhye, cantonal sansad gunhyanna maaf karoo shakate aanee cantonal sarkar dushkrutya aanee kirkol ullanghananna maaf karoo shakate.
turkey.
turkeechya adhyakshanna sanvidhanatil kalam 104 madhye paribhashit kelelya kahee paristhitinmadhye maficha adhikar deela jaato. anuchhedanusar, rashtrapati "junat aajarpan, apangatva kinwa vruddhatvachya aadharavar, kahee vishisht vyaktinvar ladalelya shikshechya serve kinwa kahee bhagachi maafee deu shakatat". doshichya kinwa tyachya kinwa tichya pratinidhichya arjanantar, jarr nyayvaidhyak aushadh parishadene doshila junat aajaar, apangatva kinwa vruddhatva aahe heey tharavale tarr nyay mantralay rashtrapatinkade paristhiti sadar karate aanee rashtrapati maafee denyacha paryay nivadu shakatat.
yavyatirikt, turkeechya sansadela samanya maafee jaheer karnyacha adhikar aahe.
united kingdam.
united kingadammadhe kshama aanee sthagiti denyacha adhikar dayecha shahee visheshadhikar mhanoon olakhala jaato. ekhadya vyaktila ekhadya gunhyasathi, mug too kinwa tee doshi tharali asso kinwa naso, kshama karane aanee tyadvare konatyahi shiksheche laghookaran karane haah rajacha paramparikaritya purn adhikar hota; tyanantar haah adhikar nyaypalika aanee sarvbhoum mantryanna donhikade sopavanyat aala. apeal karnyache kayadeshir adhikar nirman jhalyapasun, dayecha shahee visheshadhikar yapudhe sarvbhoum vyaktidvare kinwa nyayvyavasthedvare vaparla jaat nahee, tarr keval sarkardware vaparla jaato.
ghatanatmak drushtine, kayadyachya rajvatichya siddhantanusar, ladalele faujdari nirbandh badaloon nyaypalikevar rajya karnyacha mantryancha adhikar bhinn aanee kadhikadhi parasparvirodhi sarvajanik hitsambandhanche nirakaran karato. diwani babinmadhye, keval vidhimandal shakhela nyayvyavasthevar adhikar asato, mantryanna nahee.
nuksan bharpai aanee vismaran kayada 1660 haah ingraji yadavi yuddhadarmyan aanee kahee apavad vagalata, kahee gambhir gunhe vagalata, pratyekasathi eka samanya maafee hotee.
ekonisavya shatkaparyant, anek gunhyansathi shiksha anivarya hotee aanee doshi tharvalyanantar lagechach nyayalayat aupcharikpane ghoshit kelee jaat asey, parantu nyayadhish aanee mantryanna kayadyachi kathorata qamee karnyasathi, dayecha shahee visheshadhikar nyayalayabaher vaparnyache adhikar denyat aale hote. faujdari apeal konatyahi samanya swarupat karnyapurvi, nyayadhish ektar dayechya madhyamatoon maafee deu shakatat, kaaran tyanna asey vatale qee kayada anavashyak kathor aahe (udaharanarth, alpavayin doshasiddhichya babatit), nirnay sanshayaspad hota, sarvajanik manjuri ghenyasathi kinwa anyatha too janahitasathi hota. moolyankan purn jhalyavar aanee circuit nyayadhish shahar sodoon jaat asatana, asesinni ladalelya fashichya shikshanchi samanyatah amalbajavani kelee jaat asey, tyamule nyayadhishanna kinwa thet mukutala mafisathi arj karnyasathi maryadit vel hota. visheshtah tatkalin rajdhanipasun door asalelya aanee london, york, derham, edinberg kinwa doublin yaa pramukh shaharanpasun door asalelya asaijsathi, kshama khoop ushirane yeu shakate. kadachit tatpurati shiksha mhanoon, santvan denyasathi, sarvajanik gondhal talhanyasathi, sallamasalat karnyasathi kinwa adhik purave midvanyasathi kinwa rajachya dayechi sarvajanik manyata jastit jaast midvanyasathi, nyayadhish anekada tyanchya jaanyaparyant tyanchi maafee dett nasat; gunhegarala anekada tyachya shevatchya kshanaparyant aasha hotee qee fashichi shiksha pratyakshat lagoo kelee jaanar nahee aanee fashichya agadi kshani mokali jaaga gathane samanyatah lokpriy hote.
18 vya shatkat anekanna sashart maafee denyat aalee, tyaa badalyat paradeshat british vasahatinna, visheshtah austreliyan vasahatinna, aajivan vahatukisathi denyat aale.
1327 madhye king edward tisra yachya rajyabhishekachya samarambhadarmyan englandmadhil vijayanantarchi pahili dnyat 'samanya maafee' jaaree karnyat aalee hotee. 2006 madhye, pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan bhyadpanasathi fashi denyat aalelya serve british sashastr dalanchya sainikanna tyanchya fashichya nyayavishayi dirghkal suru asalelya vadanantar sansadechya kayadyadvare (sashastr dall kayada 2006) vaidhanik maafee denyat aalee.
aaj sarvbhoum keval tyachya mantryanchya sallyanusar kshama karatoh sadhya teey ingland aanee velsasathi laurd chanceller aahet; scotlandche pahile mantri; kinwa uttar irelandche rajya sachiv. sanrakshn mantralayacha sachiv lashkari prakaranansathi jababdar asato. kayadyachya chukichya vaparamule jyanna chukiche doshi tharavale gele asel, tyanchya ulat, jyanna gunhyasathi "naitikdrushtya" nirdosh manale jaate, tyannach maafee dene heey sarkarche manak dhoran aahe. maafee samanyatah doshasiddhipurvi dilee jaat nahee, tarr keval doshasiddhinantar dilee jaate. dayechya shahee visheshadhikarancha vapar karane hii aata eka durmil ghatana aahe, kaaran faujdari khatalyancha aadhava aayog aanee scottish faujdari khatalyancha aadhava aayog heey aata nyayachya garbhpataviruddha vaidhanik upayanche marg aahet.
tyamule, maafee dene hii aata kharokharach atishay durmil ghatana aahe aanee tyateel bahutansh nirnay nyayalayanni ghetale hote. birmingham six prakaranadarmyan, gruhasachiv dugglus hurdney jore deuun sangitale qee, jevha tyanna 'tyanchya nirdoshatechi khatri patali' tarach teey maficha nirnay gheu shakatat, jeey tyaveli teey navhate.
eka alikadil prakaran johnn hess aanee paul bennet yaa done amali padarth taskaranche hote. julai 1996 madhye gruhasachiv michael howard yanchya sallyanusar, sumare daha mahine turungwas bhogalelya tyanna 18 varshanchya turungvasachya shikshepasun maaf karnyat aale. aale dilelya tyanchya mahitisathi bakshis mhanoon yacha hetu hota, parantu gruhasachivanchya hetubaddal andaj vartavale jaat hote. tyanni dileli mahitee avishvasaniy asalyache nantarchya shodhanantar, 2008 madhye tyanna anukrame 20 aanee 22 varshanchya karavasachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee.
1980 madhye, nyayalayanni tyanche apeal fetalalyanantar, gruhasachiv william whitela yanni, kamkuvat puravyanvarun khunachya gunhyat doshi tharvilelya, david cooper aanee michael mcmohan yanna turungatoon mukt karnyasathi dayechya shahee visheshadhikarancha vapar keela.
1701 chya tadjod kayadyantargat, maafee ekhadya vyaktila sansadedvare mahabhiyog honyapasoon rokhu shakat nahee, parantu maafee hii doshasiddhisathi lavalelya konatyahi dandachi rakkam qamee karoo shakate. ingland aanee velsmadhye bandivas pratyakshikaran kayada 1679 chya kalam 11 (bekaydeshirpane kaidyanna ingland aanee velsachya baher nene) antargat konatyahi vyaktila gunhyasathi maaf kele jaau shakat nahee.
united states.
yuu.ess. sanvidhan.
americet, united stateschya viruddhachya gunhyansathi maficha adhikar united stateschya adhyakshanna deela jaato, jyachya antargat asey mhatale jaate qee adhyakshanna "mahabhiyogachya prakarnanvyatirikt, united statesviruddhachya gunhyansathi maafee aanee maafee denyacha adhikar asel". yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane yaa bhashecha arth, keval kshamach navhe tarr sashart kshama, shiksheche parivartan, shiksheche sashart parivartan, dandachi maafee, japti aanee itar faujdari aarthik dand, mokali ravanagi aanee maafee aanee maafee yasah anek prakarchya dayecha (samanyatah purn mafipeksha qamee vyapak) adhikar samavisht karnyasathi lavala aahe.
rashtrapatincha kshama karnyacha adhikar keval sanghiy kayadyantargat doshasiddhila lagoo hoto. yavyatirikt, lashkari court-marshal prakarananmadhye tasech kolambiya jilhyachya uchch nyayalayatil doshasiddhiparyant adhikar vistarla aahe.
jawaljawal serve maafee yachika rashtrapatinna sambodhit kelya jaatat, jeey vinanti manjur karatat kinwa nakartat. kahee prakarananmadhye, rashtrapati tyanchya swatachya ichchhenusar maafee jaaree kartil. samanyatah, mafisathiche arj united states department auph justiceche adhikari, maafee vakeel karyalayadvare punaravalokan aanee gair-bandhankarak shifarshisathi pathavale jaatat.
rajya kayada.
bahutansh yooche rajyapal.ess. rajyanna rajya faujdari kayadyantargat gunhyansathi kshama, sthagiti aanee itar prakarchi kshama denyacha adhikar aahe. itar rajyanmadhye, too adhikar niyukt agency kinwa mandalala, kinwa mandal aanee governorla kahee sammishra vyavasthemadhye samarpit asato (kahee rajyanmadhye agency parol boardat villin kelee jaate, oklahoma maafee aanee parol bordapramane).
united statesmadhil nauu rajyanmadhye maafee aanee parolchi mandale aahet jee keval serve rajya maafee detat. hii rajye ashee aaheth alabama (maafee aanee parol mandal), connecticut (maafee aanee parol mandal), georgia (maafee aanee parol mandal), idaho (maafee aanee parol mandal), minnesota (maafee mandal), nebrasca (maafee mandal), newada (maafee aayukt mandal) aanee south carolina (pariviksha mandal, parol aanee maafee mandal).
kiman chaar prasangi, nyu meksikoche governor, 1986 madhye annah, 2003 madhye eleanoyche george rayan, 2014 madhye marylandche martin oo 'mally aanee 2022 madhye oregonche kett braun yanni padd sodanyapurvi aapapalya rajyatil serve fashichi shiksha qamee kelee aahe.
sambandhit sankalpana.
yaa atty deshanusar sookshmapane bhinn asatat, parantu samanyatah
firyadi pakshakadoon saksh denare kahee gunhegar asey karoon tyancha jeev dhokyat ghalatat. sakshidaranna saksh denyasathi protsahit karnyasathi, sarkar sakshidaranna sanrakshn deu shakate. united states federal sakshidar sanrakshn karyakramat, sumare 95 takke [karyakramatil sakshidar] aahet... gunhegar."jeey firyadisathi saksh detat tyanna tyanchya swatachya gunhyansathi khatala chalavanyapasun suut dilee jaau shakate.

