
fracking paryavaraniy parinam

fracking paryavaraniy parinam jaminicha vapar aanee panyacha vapar, mithen utsarjan, kharat aanee khandit drav galatee, jaal pradushan, dhwani pradushan aanee aarogya yasah vayoo utsarjanashi sambandhit aahe. frackingmule manvi aarogyasathi paanee aanee vayoo pradushan haah sarvat motha dhoka aahe. sanshodhanatun asey nishchit jhaale aahe qee fracking manvi aarogyavar nakaratmak parinam hoto aanee hawaman badalas chalana milate.
fracking dravpadarthanmadhye propent aanee itar padarthancha samavesh hoto, jyat vishari mhanoon olakhali jaanari rasayne tasech vishari asoo shakanari adnyat rasayne samavisht asatat. united statesmadhye, asha jodya vaparnanya kampanya tyanna vyapar rahasy mhanoon pahoo shakatat. vishisht rasayanambaddalachya dnyanachya abhavamule jokhim vyavasthapan dhorane vikasit karnyasathi aanee aarogyavaril parinamancha abhyas karnyasathiche prayatna guntaguntiche jhaale aahet. united kingadamsarkhya itar adhikarkshetranmadhye, hii rasayne sarvajanik kelee gelee pahijet aanee tyanche anuprayog dhokadayak nasane aavashyak aahe.
jyaa bhagat panyachi tanchai aahe, tyaa bhagat frackingdware panyacha vapar hii samasya asoo shakate. jyaa adhikarkshetrat tyanna parvanagi aahe, tyaa adhikarkshetrat, galatee aanee ayogyaritya bandhalelya aanee rakhalelya kachyachya khaddyandware prushthbhagavaril paanee dooshit houu shakate. pudhe, fracking darmyan jarr tutanare drav aanee tayar honare drav baher padoo shakale tarr bhujal dooshit houu shakate. tathapi, dirghkalaparyantahi, tutnanya dravachya varchya dishene sthalantaramule bhujal dooshit honyachi shakyata nagany aahe. utpadit paanee, jeey paanee frackingnanter prushthbhagavar parat yete, teey bhoomigat injection, nagarpalika aanee vyavsayik sandapani prakriya aanee bhavishyatil vihirinmadhye punarvaparadvare vyavasthapit kele jaate. mithen bhujal aanee havet galanyachi shakyata aahe, jaree mithen baher padane hii alikadil kayadyantargat bandhalelya vihirinpeksha junya vihirinmadhye mothee samasya aahe.
frackingmule prerit bhookamp hoto jyala microseismic ghatana kinwa microarthquake mhanatat. yaa ghatananchi tivrata prushthbhagavar shodhanyasathi khoop lahan aahe, samanyatah ghanata emm-3 teey emm-1 asate. tathapi, drav vilhewat lavana vihiri (jyaa anekada americet anek udhyoganmadhun dooshit kachyachi vilhewat lavnyasathi vaparlya jaatat) oklahoma aanee itar rajyanmadhye 5.6 meetarparyantchya bhookampansathi jababdar aahet.
jagbharatil sarkare paryavaraniy aanee sambandhit aarogya jokhaminche moolyankan aanee vyavasthapan karnyasathi niyamak chaukat vikasit karat aahet, ekikade udhyoganchya dabavakhali aanee dusarikade fracking virodhi gatanchya dabavakhali kaam karat aahet. francesarkhya kahee deshanmadhye savadhgirichya drushtikonas anukulata darshavali gelee aahe aanee frackingwar bandee ghalanyat aalee aahe. united kingdamchi niyamak chaukat yaa nishkarshavar aadharit aahe qee jarr prabhavi niyamanantargat kele gele aanee jarr operational sarvottam paddhati amalat aanalya gelya tarr frackingshee sambandhit jokhim vyavasthapit karnyayogya aahe. meta-abhyasanchya lekhakanni asey suchavale aahe qee pudhil nakaratmak parinam talhanyasathi, niyaman aanee suraksha prakriyanche adhik palan karane aavashyak aahe.
vayoo utsarjan.
sambhavya jokhmimbabat european unionsathi 2012 madhye eka ahwal tayar karnyat aala hota. sambhavya dhoke mhanje "vihirinmadhun mithen utsarjan, diselcha dhoor aanee itar dhokadayak pradushak, ozon purvavarti kinwa hydraulic fracturing upkarananmadhun durgandhi, jase qee compressor, pump aanee zadap". tasech vayoo aanee pravahit panyat virghalanare jaal-vighatan drav vayoo utsarjanacha dhoka nirman karatat. eka abhyasat, navyane tutalelya vayoo vihirichya vikasachya aaspas eka varshasathi saptahik vividh vayoo pradushakanche mojmap kele gele aanee nonmethane hydrocarbons, methylene chloride (eka vishari dravak) aanee polycyclic sugandhit hydrocarbons aadhalale. heey pradushak garbhachya parinamanvar parinam karatat asey disun aale aahe.
hydraulic fracturing aanee havechi gunavatta yanchyatil sambandh tivra aanee junat shwasan aajaranvar prabhav takoo shakatat, jyat damyacha udrek (havetoon honare kann, ozon aanee drilling aanee vahatukisathi vaparlya jaanarya upkarananmadhun honara nirgaman) aanee copd yancha samavesh aahe. udaharanarth, marcellus shelchya varr asalelya samudayanmadhye damyachi varanvarta jaast asate. mule, sakriy tarun praudh jeey gharabaher vel ghalavatat aanee vruddha visheshtah asurakshit asatat. oshane hydraulic fracturing sitesver havetoon honanya silikala vyavsayik sampark sadhanyachya dirghakalin shwasan parinamambaddal dekhil chinta vyakt kelee aahe. silicosis haah pranaligat svayampratikar prakriyanshi sambandhit asoo shakato.
"yuu. keey. madhye, serve teel aanee vayoo chalakanni urja aanee hawaman badal vibhagakadun (dii. eae. see. see.) tyanchya parvanyachi aut mhanoon vayoo sodane qamee karane aavashyak aahe. naisargik vayoo keval surakshechya karanansathich baher kadhala jaau shakato."
hydraulic fracturingsathi aavashyak panyachya pramanachi vahtook, jarr trakdware kelee gelee tarr utsarjan houu shakate. naladvare panipurvatha kelyane aavashyak asalelya truckchya halchalinchi sankhya qamee houu shakate.
pensylvania paryavaran sanrakshn vibhagachya ahavalat asey soochit kele aahe qee teel aanee vayoo vyavharanmadhun kiranotsargachya samparkat yenyachi shakyata qamee aahe.
jaal-bhang jhalelya vihirinchya thikanchya kamgaransathi vayoo pradushan hii vishesh chintechi baab aahe kaaran sathavan takya aanee khulya pravahatil khaddyanmadhun honare rasayanik utsarjan aanee aaspaschya vihirinmadhun bhaugolikdrushtya sanyugmit haveche praman ekatra yete. hydraulic fracturing operationmadhye vaparali jaanari sattatis takke rasayne asthir asatat aanee havetoon jaau shakatat.
noxville yetheel tenacy vidyapithachya nagri aanee paryavaran abhiyantriki vibhagatil sanshodhak cheen aanee carter yanni utsarjanachya strotanpasun 5 meater teey 180 meterchya ganalelya trijya antarasathi utsarjanachya sambhavya exposure concentration andaj lavnyasathi vatavaraniy dispersion models (aii. aar. emm. dii.) chaa vapar keela. chamoone 60,644 hydraulic fracturing vihirinmadhun utsarjanachi tapasani kelee aanee asey aadhalale qee "parinamanmadhye vihirinchi takkewari aanee kamgaranchya samparkat yenyasathi tyanchi sambhavya tivra karkarog nasaleli, dirghakalin karkarog nasaleli, tivra karkarog aanee dirghakalin karkarogachi jokhim anukrame 12.41%, 0.11%, 7.53% aanee 5.80% hotee. 20 meterchya parighatil rasayanik sathavan takyanmadhun utsarjanemule karkarogachya tivra aanee junat dhokyanche varchasva hote.
hawaman badal.
hydraulic fracturing heey hawaman badalache chalak aahe. tathapi, hydraulic fracturingdware tayar honanya naisargik vayumule paramparik vihirinmadhun tayar honanya vayupeksha jaast changle-teey-jwalansheel utsarjan hote qaa haah vadacha vishay aahe. kahee abhyasanmadhye asey aadhalun aale aahe qee vihiri purn kartana mithen sodalyamule hydraulic fracturing utsarjan jaast hote kaaran kahee vayoo fracturing dravpadarthansaha prushthbhagavar parat yetat. tyanchya upcharannusar, paramparik vayuchya tulanet changle-teey-jalanare utsarjan 3.5%-12% jaast aahe.
pradhyapak robbert doubleu. yanchya abhyasachya parshvabhumivar visheshtah vaad nirman jhaala aahe. jaagtik tapmanvadhisathi teel kinwa kolshapeksha shale vayoo shodhane heey lakshaniyaritya white aahe. cathals aanee itaransah itar sanshodhakanni horthchya vishleshanavar teeka kelee aahe., jyanche andaj lakshaniyaritya qamee hote."amerikechya urja vibhagachya rashtriy akshay urja prayogshaletil sanshodhakanni saha-lihilelya 2012 chya udyog nidhichya ahavalat, vijesathi jaalalya gelelya shale vayuche utsarjan tathakathit" "paramparik vihiri" "naisargik vayuche utsarjan aanee kolshachya utsarjanachya nimmyahoon qamee asalyache aadhalale".
naisargik vayoo vikas aanee utpadanamule jivanchakrat mithen galatee honyacha andaj asalelya anek abhyasanmadhye galatiche praman vistrut asalyache aadhalun aale aahe. paryavaran sanrakshn sansthechya haritgruh vayoo yadinusar, mithen galaticha darr sumare 1.4 takke aahe. paryavaran sanrakshn nidhine suru kelelya naisargik vayoo utpadanatun honanya mithen galatichya 16 bhaganchya mulyankanat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee naisargik vayoo utpadan prakriyechya pramukh tappyanmadhil palpute utsarjan heey eae. pii. aii. chya rashtriy utsarjan yaditil andajapeksha lakshaniyaritya jaast aahe, ekoon naisargik vayoo utpadanachya 2.3 takke galatee darasah.
panyacha vapar.
shale vihirinche vaishishtya asalele prachand hydraulic fracturing prati vihirichya darmyan paanee vaparte, jyat mothya prakalpanmadhye paanee vaparave lagate. vihiri apavartit jhalyavar atirikt paanee vaparale jaate. eka vihiris tyachya sampoorn ayushyabhar panyachi garaj asate. auxford institute phaur energy studieschya matey, europemadhye fracturing dravpadarthache praman jaast asane aavashyak aahe, jithe shelchi kholee yuu. peksha sarasari deedpat jaast aahe.ess. prakashit keleli rakkam jaree mothee vatat asali taree bahutek bhagatil ekoon panyachya vaparachya tulanet tee qamee aahet. texasmadhil, jeey panyachi tanchai asalele kshetra aahe, tethil eka abhyasanusar asey soochit hote qee, "shale gassathi panyacha vapar haah rajyabharat paanee kadhanyachya 1 takkyanpeksha qamee aahe; tathapi, sthanik parinam panyachi upalabdhata aanee spardhatmak maganinusar badaltat."
royal society aanee royal academy auph engineeringchya ahavalat asey disun aale aahe qee vihirichya hydraulic fracturesathi apekshit vapar andaje 1000 megawatt kolshavar chalanara veej prakalp 12 taas chalvanyasathi aavashyak asalelya rakmeitkach aahe. tindle kendrachya 2011 chya ahavalat assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe qee vayoo utpadan udyogala pathimba denyasathi, varshakathi done paiki eka aavashyak asel, jeey rashtriy staravar ekoon panyachya amurtatechya 0.01% itake aahe.
jyaa bhagat panyacha taana aahe asha bhagat hydraulic fracturingsathi panyachya vadhatya pramanabaddal chinta vyakt kelee gelee aahe. jalvahinyanchya khanditatesathi panyacha vapar kelyane pravahachya pravahatoon paanee valoo shakate, nagarpalika aanee veej nirmitisarkhya udhyogansathi paanee puravatha, tasech manoranjan aanee jaljivanacha marg badaloo shakato. bahutek samanya hydraulic fracturing paddhatinsathi aavashyak asalelya mothya pramanat panyamule dakshin aafriketil karoo aanee uttar americetil dushkalpravan texassarkhya shushk pradeshansathi chinta nirman jhaali aahe. tyasathi durvarchya strotankadun jaminivaril panyachya paipchi dekhil aavashyakta asoo shakate.
rashtriy akshay urja prayogshalene 2014 madhye naisargik vayoo vijechya jivanchakra vishleshanat assa nishkarsh kadhala qee prachand jaal-khandit vihirinmadhun naisargik vayudvare nirman honari veej 249 gallen prati megawatt-taas (gall/mwhr) (marcellus trained) aanee 272 gall/mwhr (barnett shale) darmyan vaparali jaate. mothya jaal-khandit vihirinmadhun gassathi panyacha vapar 52 teey 75 gallen/emm. doubleu. etch. aar. peksha jaast (26 takke teey 38 takke jaast) hota, joou paramparik kinanyavaril naisargik vayupasoon vijesathi vaparlya jaananya 197 gallen/emm. doubleu. etch. aar. peksha jaast hota.
kahee utpadakanni panyache vighatan karanyachi tantre vikasit kelee aahet jee panyachi garaj qamee karoo shakatat. panyacha vapar qamee karnyasathi panyaivaji carbon dioxide, drav propen kinwa itar vayuncha vapar karnyacha prastav aahe. tyacha vapar kelyanantar, propen tyachya vayuyukt sthiteet parat yete aanee too gola keela jaau shakato aanee punha vaparla jaau shakato. panyachya bachtivyatirikt, vayuche vighatan kelyane khadakanchya rachananche qamee nuksan hote jeey utpadanat adthala aanoo shakate. punarnavinikaran kelelya pravahatil panyacha hydraulic fracturingmadhye punha vapar keela jaau shakato. yamule vaparlelya panyache ekoon praman qamee hote aanee vaparlyanantar sandpanyachi vilhewat lavnyachi garaj qamee hote. tathapi, heey tantra tulanene mahag aahe, kaaran pratyek punarvaparapurvi panyavar prakriya karane aavashyak aahe aanee yamule kahee prakarchya upkarananche ayushya qamee houu shakate.
jaal pradushan.
injection kelele drav.
united statesmadhye, hydraulic fracturing dravpadarthanmadhye propent, radionuclide tracer aanee itar rasayne samavisht aahet, jyapaiki anek vishari aahet. hydraulic fracturingmadhye vaparlya jaanarya rasayananche prakar aanee tyanche gunadharm badaltat. tyapaiki bahutek samanya aanee samanyatah nirupadravi asale taree kahee rasayne karkarogjanya asatat. united statesmadhil hydraulic fracturing editives mhanoon vaparlya jaanarya 2,500 utpadananpaiki 652 madhye 29 rasayanik sanyuge hotee jee ektar dnyat kinwa sambhavya manvi carcinogen aahet, manvi aarogyasathi tyanchya jokhaminsathi surakshit peyajal kayadyantargat niyantrit kelee jaatat kinwa swachchh havah kayadyantargat dhokadayak vayu pradushak mhanoon soochibaddha kelee jaatat. 2011 chya aanakhi eka abhyasat united stateschya naisargik vayoo karyat vaparali jaanari 632 rasayne olakhali gelee, jyapaiki keval 353 rasayne vaidnyanik sahityat changlya prakare varnan keleli aahet. asthibhangat vaparlya jaanarya rasayananchya aarogyavishayak parinamanche moolyankan karananya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee 73 takke utpadananmadhye tvacha, dolha aanee sanvedanatmak avayavanche nuksan, damyasah shwasan samasya, jatharantra aanee yakrutacha rog, mendu aanee majjasanstheche nuksan, karkarog aanee nakaratmak punarutpadak parinam yasah 6 teey 14 vegvegale pratikool aarogya parinam hote.
2016 madhye yell school auph public healthney kelelya eka vistrut abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee hydraulic fracturingmadhye guntaleli kinwa tyatoon mukt honari asankhya rasayne carcinogenic aahet. yaa abhyasat puresha aakadevarisah olakhalya gelelya 119 sanyuganpaiki 44 takke jaal pradushak aahet...ektar pushti jhaleli kinwa sambhavya carcinogen hote.tathapi, bahutansh rasayananmadhye carcinogenic sambhavyatevar pureshi mahitee navhati, jyamule yaa kshetratil dnyanachi daree adhorekhit hote. hydraulic fracturingmadhye vaparlya jaanarya rasayananchi carcinogenic kshamata aanee tyancha karkarogacha dhoka yaa donhi goshti olakhanyasathi pudhil sanshodhan aavashyak aahe.
european unionchya niyamak vyavasthesathi serve jodyanche sampoorn prakatikaran aavashyak aahe. 2006 chya eae. yuu. bhujal nirdeshanusar, "sampoorn paryavaran aanee visheshtah manvi aarogyache sanrakshn karnyasathi, bhoojalatil hanikarak pradushakanchi hanikarak sandrata talhali pahije, rokhali pahije kinwa qamee kelee pahije."united kingadammadhe, keval" "tyanchya arjamadhye dhokadayak nasaleli rasayne" paryavaran sansthedvare parvanadharak aahet ".
parat pravahit.
injectiondware dilele ardhyahun qamee paanee pravah kinwa nantarche utpadan kharat mhanoon punarprapt kele jaate aanee anek prakarananmadhye punarprapti 30 takkyanpeksha qamee asate. vihiritoon tutanara drav parat vahato, tyamule tyat kharch kelele drav asatat aanee tyat khanije aanee kharat panyasarkhe virghalalele ghatak asoo shakatat. kahee prakarananmadhye, nirmitichya bhoogarbhashastranusar, tyat uranium, radium, redon aanee thorium asoo shakatat. prushthbhagavar paratanaya injection kelelya dravachya pramanacha andaj 15-20% teey 30-70% paryant asato.
samanyatah utpadit paanee mhanoon olakhalya jaananya yaa dravpadarthanchya vyavasthapanachya paddhatinmadhye bhoomigat injection, nagarpalika aanee vyavsayik sandapani prakriya aanee visarjan, vihirinchya thikani kinwa shetat swayam-samavisht pranali aanee bhavishyatil vihirinche vighatan karnyasathi punarvapar yancha samavesh hoto. pravah parat yenyachya upcharansathi adhik prabhavi upchar pranali mhanoon vacuum bahu-parinam puttle aasavan pranali prastavit kelee gelee aahe. tathapi, prakriya aavashyak asalelya sandpanyache praman aanee sandapani prakalpanchi ayogya rachana hii amerikechya kahee pradeshanmadhye eka samasya bunley aahe. hydraulic fracturing operationsmadhil sandpanyachya kahee bhagavar sarvajanik sandapani prakriya prakalpandware prakriya kelee jaate, jeey kiranotsargi sahitya kadhanyasathi susajj naheet aanee tyasathi tyanchi chachani karanyachi aavashyakta nahee.
utpadit paanee galatee aanee tyanantar bhujal dooshit hone dekhil carcinogenchya samparkat yenyacha dhoka darshavate. vegvegalya kholvar bhujalavar asalelya parasparvirodhi mateet bii. tii. eae. ex. (benzin, toluine, ethylbenzine aanee zylene) aanee nafthaleenchya dravanachya vahatukiche model tayar karananya sanshodhanat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee benzin aanee toluine heey utpadit panyat uchch sandrata, tulanene qamee ghan/drav vibhajan gunank aanee yaa dooshit padarthansathi qamee eae. pii. aii. pinyachya panyachya maryadanmule bhoojalatil manvi aarogyashi sambandhit sandrateparyant pohochane apekshit hote. benzin heey eka dnyat carcinogen aahe jeey alpavadhimadhye kendriya majjasansthevar parinam karate aanee asthimajja, rakt utpadan, rogpratikarak shakti aanee dirghkalaparyant samparkat rahilelya mutrajanananchya pranalinvar parinam karoo shakate.
prushthbhagavar galatee.
hydraulic fracturingshee sambandhit prushthbhagavaril galatee pramukhyane upkarananchya apayshamule kinwa abhiyantrikichya chukichya nirnayanmule hote.
sandpanyachya bashpibhavnachya talavanmadhye thevaleli asthir rasayne vatavaranat waf gheu shakatat kinwa atipravah houu shakatat. panyacha ogh bhujal pranalinmadhye dekhil houu shakato. jaal-khandit rasayne aanee sandapani vahoon nenanya truck jarr jaal-khandit thikani kinwa vilhewat lavnyachya thikani jaatana apghatanmadhye sameel asateel tarr bhujal dooshit houu shakate.
vikasit hott asalelya european union kayadyat, heey aavashyak aahe qee "sadasya deshanni heey sunishchit kele pahije qee pratishthapan asha prakare bandhale gele aahe qee jyamule prushthbhagavaril galatee aanee maatee, paanee kinwa havet galatee houu naye."bashpibhavan aanee khulya talavanna parvanagi nahee. pradushanasathiche serve marg shodhun qamee karanyachi garaj niyamanmadhye aahe. rasayanik galatee rokhanyasathi rasayanik proof drilling padcha vapar karane aavashyak aahe. yuu. keey. madhye, sampoorn vayoo suraksha aavashyak aahe aanee mithen baher kadhanyachi parvanagi keval aapatkalin paristhititach aahe.
mithen.
september 2014 madhye, national academy auph scienceschya yuu. ess. karyavahichya abhyasane eka ahwal prasiddha keela jyamadhye asey soochit kele gele aahe qee mithen pradushan heey galatisathi dnyat asalelya vihirinmadhil vihirinpasoonchya antarashi sambandhit asoo shakate. heey matra hydraulic fracturing prakriyemule jhaale nahee, tarr aavarananchya kharab cementationmule jhaale.
bhujal methainchya dushitatecha panyachya gunavattevar pratikool parinam hoto aanee tokachya prakarananmadhye sambhavya sphot houu shakato. duke vidyapithachya sanshodhakanni kelelya vaidnyanik abhyasat hydraulic fracturing aanee pinyachya panyatil mithen pradushanasah vayoo vihiri khodanyachya upkramanche uchch parasparsambandh aadhalale. emm. aay. tii. urja upkramachya 2011 chya abhyasanusar, "kahee bhagat naisargik vayoo (mithen) godya panyachya kshetrat sthalantarit jhalyache purave aahet, bahudha nikrusht darjachya vihirinche kaam purn karnyachya paddhatincha parinam mhanoon.eae. kahee operatordware kharab darjache cement kaam kinwa kharab aavaran."2013 chya duke abhyasane asey suchavale qee ektar sadosh bandhkam (vihirinchya varchya bhagat sadosh cement seal aanee khol tharanmadhye sadosh steelchi astar) aanee sthanik bhoogarbhashastrache vaishishtya methainla panyat galoo dett asoo shakate; nantarche kaaran panthalat injection kelele drav dekhil sodu shakate. sodoon dilelya vayoo aanee teel vihiri, jyaa pensylvaniasarkhya bhagat samanya aahet, tyaa bhagat prushthbhagavar vahinya dekhil puravatat.
cabot teel aanee vayoo yanni kelelya abhyasat mothya namunyachya aakaracha vapar karoon duke abhyasachi tapasani kelee, asey aadhalale qee methainchi sandrata bhoogolashi sambandhit hotee, jyamadhye vayoo utpadan kshetrapasoonchya antarashi sambandhit nasoon sakhal bhagat aadhalanare sarvadhik praman hote. adhik achook samasthanik vishleshanacha vapar karoon, tyanni dakhavun dile qee panyachya vihirinmadhye aadhalanara mithen, jethe hydraulic fracturing jhaale tyaa donhi rachnanmadhun aanee uthal rachnanmadhun aala. colorado teel aanee vayoo sanwardhan aayog panyachya vihirinchya malakanchya takrarinchi chaukashi karato aanee kahee vihirinmadhye teel aanee vayoo vihirinshi sambandhit nasalelya jaivik mithen asalyache aadhalale aahe, parantu itar vihirinmadhye teel aanee vayoo vihirinmule thermogenic mithen aahe aanee vihirinche aavaran galat aahe. februwari 2012 madhye prakashit jhalelya punaravalokanat asey konatehi thet purave aadhalale naheet qee hydraulic fracturing vastavik injection tappyat bhujal dooshit jhaale aanee asey suchavate qee tyachya drav kinwa kachara sathavan upkaranatil galatimule ahavalit samasya udbhavtat; punaravalokanat asey mhatale aahe qee kahee bhagatil panyachya vihirinmadhil mithen kadachit naisargik sansadhananmadhun yeto.
2013 chya aanakhi eka punaravalokanat asey aadhalun aale qee hydraulic fracturing tantradnyan heey bhujal dooshit honyachya dhokyapasun mukt nahee aanee hydraulic fracturing sitesjavalil khajgi bhujal vihirinmadhye aadhalalela mithen haah drillingmule kinwa naisargik prakriyanmule jhaala aahe qee nahee yaa vadache varnan kele.
radionuclides.
shelchya sathyanmadhye radium, redon, uranium aanee thorium yansarkhe naisargikaritya udbhavnare kiranotsargi padarth (manak) aahet. teel aanee vayusah saha-utpadit aanee prushthbhagavar aanalelya kharat panyamadhye kadhikadhi naisargikaritya aadhalanare kiranotsargi padarth asatat; anek shale vayoo vihirinmadhil kharat panyamadhye heey kiranotsargi padarth asatat. yuu.ess. uttar dakotamadhil paryavaran sanrakshn sanstha aanee niyamak pravahatil kiranotsargi samagreela hydraulic fracturing drilling aanee kachara vilhewat lavnyachya thikanavaril kamgaransathi aanee yogya prakriyanche palan naan kelyas jawalpas rahana kinwa kaam karnanyansathi sambhavya dhoka manatat. pensylvania paryavaran sanrakshn vibhagachya ahavalat asey soochit kele aahe qee teel aanee vayoo vyavharanmadhun kiranotsargachya samparkat yenyachi shakyata qamee aahe.
jaminicha vapar.
yuu. keey. madhye, december 2013chya dii. see. see. chya dhoranatmak paryavaraniy moolyankan ahavalat drishyaman kelelya sambhavya changlya antarachya drushtine asey soochit kele gele aahe qee vihireet pratyek vihireet pads gardichya bhagat 5 kimiche padd spacing asanyachi shakyata aahe. pratyek padmadhye 24 vegvegalya vihiri asoo shakatat. heey jaminichya kshetrafalachya 0.16% itake aahe. 2015 madhye faitwhill shelvar prakashit jhalelya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee paripakv vayoo kshetracha sumare 2 takke bhubhagavar parinam jhaala aanee kinarpattivaril adhivas nirmitimadhye lakshaniy vaadh jhaali. ohayomadhil panlot kshetrasathichya dusarya prakaran abhyasat vihirinmage jaminicha sarasari parinam 3 hector (sumare 7 ekar) hota, 20 varshanhun adhik kaal vikshipt rahilelya jamini panlot kshetrachya 9.7% aahet, jyat fakt 0.24% heey fracking vihirinchya bandhkamas jababdar aahe. sanshodhan asey soochit karate qee parisansthechya sevanchya kharchavar parinam (i.eae. naisargik jug manavtela puravinanya tyaa prakriya) yuu. ess. madhye darvarshi 25 kotee dollarspeksha jaast jhalya aahet.ess.
bhookampachi tivrata.
hydraulic fracturingmule prerit bhookamp hoto jyala microseismic ghatana kinwa microarthquake mhanatat. yaa sukshmabhuvaidnyanik ghatanancha vapar anekada fracturing aadvya aanee ubhya vyapticha nakasha tayar karnyasathi keela jaato. jaree sarvat mothya sookshm-bhukampanchi tivrata sumare-1.5 (emm. doubleu.) asoo shakate, taree yaa ghatananchi tivrata sahasa prushthbhagavar shodhanyasathi khoop qamee asate.
hydraulic fracturingmule bhookamp prerit hoto.
august 2016 paryant, hydraulic fracturingmule fault punha sakriy honyachi kiman nauu dnyat prakarane hotee jyamule prerit bhookampachi sthitee prushthbhagavar manavanna jaanavanyaitaki majboot jhalih canadamadhye, alberta (emm. 4.8 aanee emm. 4 aanee emm. 4) aanee british kolambiyamadhye teen (emm. 4,4, emm. 4 aanee emm. 3); americet asey jhaale aaheh eka oklahomamadhye (emm. 2) aanee eka ohiyomadhye (emm. 3), aanee united kingadammadhe, lancashiremadhye done (emm. 3 aanee emm. 5) aahet.
panyachya vilhewat lavana vihirinmadhun bhookamp prerit hoto.
yuu. ess. jee. chya matey, americetil teel aanee vayoo vyavharansathichya andaje 30,000 kachara drav vilhewat vihirinchya keval thodya anshane bhookampanna chalana dilee aahe, jeey lokansathi chinteche tharoo shaktil itake mothe aahet. yaa bhukampanchi tivrata jaree qamee asali taree mothe bhookamp honar naheet yachee konatihi hummy nahee, asey yuu. ess. jee. chey mhanane aahe. yavyatirikt, bhukampanchi varanvarta vadhat aahe. 2009 madhye alabama aanee montana yaa bhagat 3 peksha jaast tivrateche 50 bhookamp jhaale aanee 2010 madhye 87 bhookamp jhaale. 2011 madhye yach bhagat 134 bhookamp jhaale, jeey 20 vya shatkachya patalipeksha sahaa patine jaast hote. bhookampanmule bhujal, teel aanee panyachya taranche aanee bhookamp sahan karnyasathi naan tayar kelelya vihirinche nuksan houu shakate ashee chinta dekhil aahe.
2012 chya yuu. ess. bhuvaidnyanik sarvekshan abhyasat asey nondavale gele aahe qee 2001 madhye suru jhalelya aanee 2011 madheel 20 vya shatkachya patalichya tulanet 6 patine vaadh jhalelya 'yuu. ess. madhyakhandatil emm. ≤3 bhookampanchya daratil' ullekhaneey 'vaadh sadhya pragatipathavar aahe. ekoon vaadh kahee vishisht kshetranmadhye bhookamp vadhishi sambandhit hotih dakshin koloradoche ratton khore (kolsabharani mithen kriyakalapanche thikan) aanee madhya aanee dakshin oklahoma aanee madhya arkansasmadhil vayoo utpadak kshetra. vishleshananusar hii vaadh "jawaljawal nishchitpane manavnirmit" asalyache suchavale jaat asatana, yuu. ess. jee. ess. neey namood keleh "yuu. ess. jee. ess. chya abhyasatoon asey soochit hote qee vastavik hydraulic fracturing prakriya heey anubhavalya gelelya bhukampanche thet kaaran kvachitach asate."vadhatya bhukampanche kaaran bahudha vayoo-vihiritil sandpanyache vilhewat lavana vihirinmadhye vadhalele injection asalyache mhatale gele. teel aanee vayuchya kamatoon sandpanyache, jyat hydraulic fracturingcha samavesh aahe, khaare paanee vilhewat lavana vihirinmadhye injection dilyane mothya pramanat qamee tivrateche bhookampache dhakke yeu shakatat, jeey 3.3 (emm. doubleu.) paryant nondavale jaau shakatat.
aavaj.
pratyek vihireet (prati vihiri sarasari 10 vihiri) purvatayari aanee hydraulic fracturing prakriyedarmyan sumare 800 teey 2,500 divasanchya kriyakalapanchi aavashyakta asate, jyacha rahivashanvar parinam houu shakato. yavyatirikt, hydraulic fracturing kriyakalapanshi sambandhit vahatukidvare aavaj nirman hoto. hydraulic fracturing operationsmule honare dhwani pradushan (udaa.jee.vahtook, aag, jaljal) heey anekada mansik trasanche kaaran tasech mulanmadhil kharab shaikshanik kamgiriche kaaran mhanoon uddhrut kele jaate. udaharanarth, vihirinchya pampanmadhun yenara qamee varanvartecha aavaj jaljal, aswasthata aanee thakwa nirman karato.
yooke onshore teel aanee vayoo (yukog) hii udyog pratinidhi sanstha aahe aanee tine eka sanad prakashit kelee aahe jee dhwani insulationcha vapar karoon aanee jithe heey aavashyak aahe tethe mothya pramanat shant rigg vaparoon aavajachya chinta kasha qamee kelya jaatil heey darshavate.
suraksheche prashna.
julai 2013 madhye, united states federal railway prashasanane hydraulic fracturing rasayanandware teel dooshit hone heey teel takichya gadyanmadhil ganj honyache "sambhavya kaaran" mhanoon soochibaddha kele.
samajache parinam.
garib, grameen kinwa sthanik vyaktinsah, jyanna anek pidhyanparyant hydraulic fracturing ghatak parinam anubhavata yetat, asey prabhavit samuday anekada aadhich asurakshit asatat. shetkari aanee teel kampanya yanchyatil sansadhanansathichi spardha shetee kamgar aanee tyanchya kutumbansathi tanav nirman karate, tasech samudayik patalivaril 'aamhi viruddha teey' mansiktesathi yogdan dete jyamule samudayik sankat nirman hote (morgan aanee itar. 2016). jalmargatil asthibhang karyanche aayojan karnare grameen samuday anekada 'teji/sphot chakr' anubhavtat, jyadvare tyanchi loksankhya vadhate, parinami samudayik payabhoot suvidha aanee seva purvathyachya kshamatevar (udaa.jee., vaidyakeey seva, kayadyachi amalbajavani).
sthanik aanee krishi samudayanna visheshtah hydraulic fracturingcha parinam houu shakato, kaaran teey jyaa jaminivar rahatat tyaa jaminishi tyanche aitihasik sambandh aanee tyanchyavar avalambun rahane, jyache anekada hydraulic fracturing prakriyemule nuksan hote. mool american, visheshtah grameen aarakshananvar rahnare, visheshtah asthibhanganchya parinamanna balee padoo shakatat; mhanjech, ekikade, jamatinna utpannacha srot surakshit thevanyasathi teel companyanshi sampark sadhanyacha moh houu shakato, parantu dusarikade, tyanchya sarvbhoum hakkanche aanee tyanchya jaminivaril naisargik sansadhananche rakshan karnyasathi anekada kayadeshir ladhayanmadhye bhag ghyava lagato.
dhoran aanee vidnyan.
jokhim kashee hatalayachi yavishayichya dhoranatmak vadavivadatun aanee jokhamiche moolyankan kase karave yabaddalachya sambandhit vadavivadatun niyaman karnyasathi done mukhya drushtikon aahet.
jokhamiche vidnyan-aadharit moolyankan aanee dhokyache vishleshan yasarkhya drushtikonatun tyaa jokhameenpasun honare nuksan rokhanyasathi upayayojana karane aanee savadhgiriche tattva, jethe jokhim changlya prakare olakhalya jaanyapurvi karvai kelee jaate, yaa done mukhya niyam aahet. jethe hydraulic fracturing hote asha samudayanmadhye jokhim mulyankanachi prasangikta aanee vishvasarhata yavar paryavaran gut, aarogya shastradnya aanee udhyogatil netyanmadhye dekhil charcha jhaali aahe. kahee lokansathi jokhim hii atiprasang aahe aanee sadhyache sanshodhan hydraulic fracturing aanee aarogyachya pratikool parinamanmadhil sambandh darshavinyasathi apure aahe, tarr itaransathi jokhim spasht aahe aanee jokhim moolyankan qamee nidhine kele jaate.
asha prakare vividh niyamak drushtikon udayala aale aahet. udaharanarth, france aanee vermontmadhye, savadhgirichya drushtikonas anukulata darshavali gelee aahe aanee done tattvanchya aadhare hydraulic fracturingwar bandee ghalanyat aalee aaheh savadhgiriche tattva aanee pratibandh tatva. tathapi, yuu. ess. sarkhya kahee rajyanmadhye.ess. jokhim moolyankan drushtikon swikarla aahe, jyamule hydraulic fracturing aanee tyachya jokhaminchya muddyavar anek niyamak vadavivad jhaale hote.
yukemadhye, niyamak chaukat mothya pramanat yooke sarkarne 2012 madhye niyukt kelelya ahavaladvare aakar dilee jaat aahe, jyacha uddesh hydraulic fracturing aaspaschya samasya olakhane aanee deshachya niyamak sansthanna sallah dene haah hota. royal society aanee royal academy auph engineeringne sanyuktapane pradhyapak robbert meer yanchya adhyakshatekhali prakashit kelelya yaa ahavalat bhujal pradushan, vihirinchi akhandata, bhookampacha dhoka, vayoo galatee, jaal vyavasthapan, paryavaraniy jokhim, jokhim vyavasthapanasathi sarvottam paddhati yasarkhya daha shifarashi aahet aanee tyat niyamak aanee sanshodhan parishadanna sallah dekhil samavisht aahe. prabhavi niyamanantargat aanee sarvottam karyapaddhatinchi amalbajavani kelyas hydraulic fracturingshee sambandhit jokhim vyavasthapit karata yete asey sanganyasathi ahwal ullekhaneey hota.
2013 chya punaravalokanat assa nishkarsh kadhala gela aahe qee, yuu. ess. madhye, kayadeshir tapasadvare nirdharit kelelya gopaniyatechya aavashyaktanmule paryavaraniy parinamambaddal samvayask-punaravalokan kelelya sanshodhanat adthala aala aahe.
hydraulic fracturing paryavaraniy parinamachya abhyasasathi anek vaidnyanik maryada aahet. mukhya maryada mhanje prabhavi dekhrekh prakriya aanee protocol vikasit karnyatil adchan, jyasathi anek mukhya karane aaheth