indon

indon heey bhoogarbhiy kalmanatil prarambhik tricic yugache pahile yug aahe kinwa chronostratigraphyllim khalchya tricic malikecha sarvat khalcha tappa aahe. too 251.9 maa aanee maa (dashalaksh varshanpurvi) darmyancha kaal vyapato. indon kadhikadhi greasbasian aanee dynarian subjes kinwa substagesmadhye vibhagale jaate. indonchya aadhi changsinghian (navintam permian) aanee tyanantar olenekian aahe.
indon haah chinchya pradeshik fixianguanian tappyashi sadharanpane saha-samatulya aahe.
bhoogarbhshastra.
starikaranachi rachana.
tricic haah mesozoic yugacha pahila kaal aahe. heey khalchya, madhya aanee varchya tricic malikanmadhye vibhagale gele aahe, jeey pudhe tappyanmadhye vibhagale gele aahet. indon haah nimn triciccha pahila tappa aahe, 251.9 dashalaksh teey 251.2 dashalaksh varshanpurvi, joou permian-tricic namshesh honyachya ghatanenantarchya pahilya 700,000 varshanparyant pasarlela aahe.
tappyanchi vyakhya jaagtik staravar kinwa pradeshik patalivar kelee jaau shakate. jaagtik starlekhan parasparsambandhasathi, staralekhanavaril aantarrashtriy aayog (aay. see. ess.) jaagtik seema starvinyas vibhag aanee bindu (jee. ess. ess. pii.) varr aadharit jaagtik tappyanna, tappyachi khalchi seema olakhanyasathi, ekach rachnetoon (eka starvinyas) manyata deto. indansathi jee. ess. ess. pii. chee vyakhya chinmadhil meishan vibhagachya bedd bedchya talashi kelee jaate, jyamadhye canodont 'hindodus parvus' tyache prathamik chinhak (biostratigraphy) mhanoon aanee aanee aanee 18oo (namshesh honyachya ghataneshi sambandhit) chey kiman kshetra (nakaratmak visangati) tyache duyyam chinhak mhanoon disatat. bedd bedd madhye chunkhadicha madhyam-khatancha bhag, chikanmatine aachchhadit kelela aanee dolomytic, argilasius calcimicrite madhyam-khatancha bhag asato. calcimicrite haah chunkhadicha eka prakar aahe jyamadhye rasayanapeksha adhik micrite asate aanee konatyahi kanancha vyas 20 micronpeksha qamee asato.
indon nantar olenekian yeto, jyache jee. ess. ess. pii. heey bharatatil spiti yetheel matichya gavajavalil mikin nirmitichya nirmitichya talashi, conaudont "neospathodus vegeni" aanee 13 see shikharasah paribhashit kele jaate.
itihas.
tricic timescalechya sanghatanesathi anek prastav aale aahet. tricicche bahutek tappe aanee up-tappe, jeey aajahi vaparale jaatat, teey 1895 chya prakashanat austro-hungarian bhuvaidnyanik johann august george edmond mojsovics vonn mojsavar, austriyan bhuvaidnyanik carl dyner aanee german bhuvaidnyanik wilheim heinrich vegen yanni tayar kele hote. pramukhyane austriya, itali aanee bosniyamadhye mojsovics aanee dianerdware mothya pramanat aayojit kelelya ammonite sanshodhanacha vapar karoon tyanchi vyakhya kelee gelee; tasech pakistani mithachya shrenitil vegenche karya. tyanni tricicche chaar malikanmadhye vibhajan kele (sarvat khalchya teey sarvoch): cythian, dinarik, tyrolean aanee bavarian. cythian (sarvat khalchya teey sarvoch) brahman aanee jakutian tappyanmadhye vibhagala gela hota. brahmananchi khalchi seema himalayatil ammonite "otoseras woodwardy" chya swarupadware paribhashit kelee gelee hotee (austriyan jivashmashastradnya carl ludolph griesback yanni 1880 madhye tricykchya suruvatila yaa ammonite simankanacha prastav aadhich mandala hota) aanee tyachi varchi seema saratite amonitesdware darshavilelya mithachya shrenitil valukashmachya eka bhagadvare nishchit kelee gelee hotee.
1956 madhye, soviet paleantologist lubov dii. kiparisova aanee uries aine. popovne khalchya tricic malikeche, tyanni jeey tayar kele, teey indon aanee olenekian tappyanmadhye vibhajit karnyacha nirnay ghetala. indon heey sindhu nadicha sanman karatat, kaaran tyaa velee teey cyberiamadhye rahat asale taree tyanni sindhu pradeshatil mojasovksachya brahmaniyanpramanech nikash aanee thikane vaparoon teela vedhale hote. mhanjech, indon haah brahmancha samanarthi shabd aahe.
1960 chya dashakat, ingraji jivashmashastradnya edward tii. tojar (kadhikadhi american bhuvaidnyanik norman jeey. silberling) yanni uttar american ammonoid zonvar aadharit tricic timescale tayar kele (pudhil dashakanmadhye teey aanakhi parishkrut kele), british kolambiyamadhil phrank mclaren aanee newada yetheel simone mueller yanchya kamanvar aadharit jyanni uttar american cordillerachya ammonoid jivashma nondi ekatra kelya. toserche namkaran mukhyatve mojaswarachya karyatoon ghetale gele hote, parantu tyane uttar american sitescha vapar karoon tyanchi punarvyakhya kelee. tyanni khalchya tricic malikeche greasbasian, dynarian, smithian aanee spathian asha done bhaganmadhye vibhajan karanyachi shifaras kelee. pahile done andaje indonshee julatat. tosercha kalkram americet lokpriy jhaala. tyane canadatil excel hiberg betavaril griesback khadivarun griesbatchian heey naav dile aanee pudhe tyache gangeshiyan aanee elesmerian upastaranmadhye vibhajan kele; pahilyache tyane 'oo' chya ammonite kshetrandvare paribhashit kele. concavum aanee oo. borel aanee nantarche 'officera commune' aanee 'proptichites styritus' dware. tyane canadatil elesmere betavaril dyner khadivarun dynarian heey naav dile aanee ammonite kshetranchya pii. dware tyachi vyakhya kelee. candus aanee vavillovites swerdroopy.
1970 chya dashakat, aay. aay. see. chee sthapana jaagtik staravar starikaranache pramanikaran karnyasathi karnyat aalee. tyanni tricic starikaranachya (ess. tii. ess.) up-aayogachi ubharani kelee, jyane 1985 madhye tricic starikaranachya pahilya kalmapkala prakashit kele. tyanni teey khalchya, madhyam aanee varchya malikanmadhye vibhagale; khalchya tricicche indon aanee olenekian tappyanmadhye vibhajan; aanee indon pudhe greasbasian aanee dynarian upastaranmadhye vibhagale gele. 1991 chya sudharit kalmapkat, tyanni toserche aanakhi anek vichar mage takale aanee tyachpramane indon substages purnapane kadhoon takale, jaree toserchi tyanchi mool vyakhya ajunahi ammonoid sanshodhanat vaparali jaat aahe.
1990 chya dashkaparyant, bahutek bhuvaidnyanik conodontla pradhanya dett ammonite kshetrapasun door gele hote. parinami, 1996 madhye, ess. tii. ess. neey indoncha jee. ess. ess. pii. haah 'etch' chya rupasah chinmadhil meishan yethe halavala. parvas ". ess. tii. ess. neey manjur keleli hii pahili jee. ess. ess. pii. hotee.
kolashachi daree.
jevha vanaspati padarth pitmadhye kshay hoto tevha kolasa tayar hoto, joou nantar purala jaato aanee dirghkal ushnata aanee dabala adheen asato. permian namshesh jhalyanantar, prarambhik tricic kalatil kolshachya starancha abhav disun yeto aanee madhya tricic kalatil kahee patal star olakhale gele aahet. piit utpadak vanaspatinche spasht upekshit hone haah vividh prakare yache parinam asalyache spasht kele gele aaheh uchch jaagtik unchi, jwalamukhi sulfur dye auxide utsarjan kinwa bolide (ulka) prabhavamule nitrus oxidesmule honari atirikt aamlata, himgruhatoon haritgruh pruthvivar sankraman (dhruv vitalane aanee jaagtik tapmanat vaadh), shakahari pranyandvare (keetak kinwa tetrapod) vanaspatinche atirikt shikar, jyamule adhik karyaksham khanyachi dhorane vikasit jhaali (jaree tee permianchya aadhi agadi vaividhyapurn hotee), kinwa piit utpadak vanaspatinche mothya pramanat nasht hone.
paleogeography.
indon kalat, serve pramukh bhoobhag aadhich supercontinent pangia, laurentia mhanoon olakhala jaanara uttarekadil bhag aanee gondavanacha dakshinekadil bhag yaat villin jhaale hote. yaa velee, dakshin dhruv jawal hota parantu antarcticavar navhata. purv gondwana 60° seey. chya dakshines aanee paschim bhag uttarela hota.
madgaskarvar eka mothe fatanare kshetra astitvat hote, jeey african aanee bharatiy pattyachya darmyan vedhalele hote, haloohaloo tyanna vegale karat hote. yaa krutimule akheris pallio-tethys mahasagarachi kimmat chukavun navyane tayar jhalelya neo-tethys mahasagaracha vistar hoil. vadhatya nava-tethinchya mage eka mothee daree hotee jee bharatala paschim austreliyapasun door dhaklat hotee, jyamule sampoorn parisarat jwalamukhi pasarale. permian namshesh honyachya kalat, yaa jwalamukhichya kriyakalapanmule panjanche sapale tayar jhaale. purv austreliyamadhye, shikari-bowen orojeni aanee sambandhit magmetic kriyakalap bund hott hote. yaa ghatanetil putt pattya, tasech cape putt pattyatil pahilya tappyatil, jeey aata dakshin aafrikecha kinarpatti aahe, teey gondwanide orojenimule kharab hott hote.
indon jeevan.
indanane permian-tricic namshesh honyachya ghatanecha pathpurava keela aanee aitihasikdrushtya, asey manale jaat hote qee madhya tricickparyant punarpraptila pannas laakh varshe usheer jhaala. 21 vya shatkatil vividh prakarchya conaudont, ammonoids, bivelve, benthic foraminifera aanee itar ichnotaxanchya shodhanmule asey soochit hote qee punarpraptila 15 laakh varshanpeksha qamee vel lagla.
permian kalavadhichya shevati mothya pramanat namshesh honyachya ghatanenantar indon yug aale. tricykchya yaa tappyachya bahutansh kalat jaagtik jaivavividhata aanee samuday-patalichi (alfa) vividhata donhi qamee rahili. sagari kalya shelche sathe visheshtah indonchya dynarian substagemadhye samanya aahet. heey mahasagaratil qamee auksijankaranakade nirdesh karatat.
supercontinentcha bahutek panjia jawaljawal nirjiv, nirjan, garam aanee korada rahila. uchch akshanshanmadhye, greasbatchianchya kalatil vanaspatinmadhye gymnospermche varchasva hote parantu lycopodche varchasva banale (udaa.jee. "pleuromia") dynariamadhye. haah badal greesbatchiyanmadhil thund aanee koradya havamanatil badal darshavito aanee dynarianmadhil garam aanee damat havamanat badal darshavito aanee end-permian maas extinction ghatanenantar 500,000 varshanni indon darmyanchya extinction ghatanekade nirdesh karato. yamule permian "glosopteris" vanaspati namshesh jhalya.
indon tappyat varchasva gajavanare listrosaurids aanee proterosuchids heey jaminivaril pranyanche ekmev gut hote. ammonoids, keetak aanee tetrapod (cyanodont, ubhaychar, sarpatanare prani ii.) asey itar prani.) durmil rahili aanee sumare 3 kotee varshe sthaliy parisanstha purvavat jhaali nahee. indon darmyan samudra aanee bahutek godya panyache donhi bhag, pramukhyane dynarian subage darmyan, anoxic hote. sukshmajiviy khadak samanya hote, bahudha namshesh honyachya parinami metazone khadak nirmatyanshi spardha naslyamule.
permian-tricic namshesh honyachya ghatanemule reey-finned kelele maase mothya pramanat aprabhavit rahile. anek vanshant indon aanee olenekian (udaa.jee. "australosomus", "birjeriya", "parasemionitidae", "teronisculus", "pitaykolepidae", "sorichthis"). grisbachian kalatil, shabdayukt khadee nirmiti (purv greenland), dynarian yugatil sakemena nirmiti (madgaskar), candelleria nirmiti (newada, united states) aanee mikin nirmiti (himachal pradesh, bharat) aanee wickingogda nirmiti (spitsburgen, norwey), thians nirmiti (paschim united states) aanee helongshan nirmiti (anhui, chean) yaa pracheen matsyanchya sanyojananmadhye yache uttam udaharan aahe. indon chaundrichthiyansmadhye hybodont, neocellachian aanee eugenodonted holocephalianchya kahee jiwant vanshancha samavesh aahe, joou pramukhyane paleozoic gut aahe. indon darmyan cartilaginus maase durmil vatayche.
guyang bayotachya shodhamule asey disun yete qee kiman kahee thikani vajvi guntaguntichya parisansthanche yajmanpad hote.
magarichya aakarache, sagari temnospondil ubhaychar (udaa.jee. "afneramma," "venzosaurus") heey indon aanee olenekian yugat bhaugolikdrushtya vyapak hote ". tyanche jivashma greenland, spitsburgen, pakistan aanee madagaskar yethe aadhaltat.
dvivrukshiy 'claria' haah panthalasa aanee tethys mahasagaranmadhye vyapak aanee samanya hota. bhuvaidnyanikdrushtya sarvat june oyster ("leosteria") indanpasoon olakhale jaatat. teey jiwant ammonoidschya kavchavar vadhatat.

