khameer

yeast heey eukariotic, ekpeshiy sukshmajiv aahet, jeey burshi samrajyache sadasya mhanoon vargikrut kele jaatat. pahile yeast shekado kotinpurvi ugam pavale aanee kiman 1,500 prajati sadhya olakhalya jaatat. serve varnan kelelya burshijanya prajatinpaiki 1 takke prajati hya aahet assa andaj aahe.
yeast heey ekkoshikiy jeev aahet jeey bahukoshikiy purvajanpasun vikasit jhaale aahet, kahee prajatinmadhye seudohypha kinwa fauls hypha mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya jodalelya jodalelya peshinchya taar tayar karoon bahukoshikiy vaishishtye vikasit karanyachi kshamata aahe. kahee yeast 40 microne meetarparyant vadhu shakatat, taree, khamiranche aakarman, prajati aanee vatavarananusar, samanyatah 3 teey 4 micronometer vyasache mojmap karoon, mothya pramanat badalate. bahutek yeast mitosisdware alaingikaritya punarutpadan karatat aanee barech jann budding mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya asamamiteey vibhajan prakriyedvare karatat. tyanchya ekpeshiy vadhichya savayimule, yeastchi tulana sadyanshi kelee jaau shakate, jeey hypha vadhavtat. burshijanya prajati jyaa donhi rupe gheu shakatat (tapman kinwa itar paristhitinvar avalambun) tyanna dvirupiya burshi mhanatat.
yeast prajati 'sacharomysis serevisi' kinwan prakriyedvare karbodakanche carbon dioxide aanee alcoholmadhye rupantar karate. yaa abhikriyechi utpadane hajaro varshanpasun baking aanee alcoholyukt peye tayar karnyasathi vaparali jaat aahet. "ess. serevisi haah aadhunik peshi jivashastra sanshodhanat eka mahattvacha aadarsh jeev dekhil aahe aanee sarvat sakhol abhyas kelelya eukariotic sukshmajivanpaiki eka aahe. eukariotic peshinche jivashastra aanee shevati manvi jivashastra mothya tapashilat samajoon ghenyasathi sanshodhakanni tyachi sanvardhana kelee aahe. yeastchya itar prajati, jase qee "candida albicans", heey sandhisadhu rogjanke aahet aanee manavanmadhye sansarg houu shakatat. yeastcha vapar alikade sukshmajiv indhan peshinmadhye veej nirmitisathi aanee jaiv indhan udhyogasathi ethanol tayar karnyasathi keela gela aahe.
yeast heey ekach vargikaran kinwa jatijanya gut tayar karat naheet. yeast" haah shabd anekada "sacharomysis serevisi" chaa samanarthi shabd mhanoon ghetala jaato, parantu yeastchi jatijanya vividhata tyanchya done vegvegalya prakarat sthanadvare darshavili jaateh escomycota aanee bacidiomycota. udayonmukh yeast kinwa "kharey yeast" heey sacharomycetals kramane, filum escomycotamadhye vargikrut kele jaatat.
itihas.
yeast" haah shabd junya ingraji "" gist "", "gist" "aanee indo-european mool" "hoy-" ", mhanje" ukalane "," phoom "kinwa" "bubble" pasoon aala aahe ". yeastche sukshmajiv heey bahudha sarvat suruvatichya paliv jivanpaiki eka aahet. egyptchya avasheshanmadhye khodkam nirman puratatvashastradnyan purviche dalanare dagad aanee khamiryukt bhakarisathi baking chambers, tasech 4,000 varshe junya bekari aanee madyanirmiti karkhanyanchi rekhachitre sapadali. israyalmadhil anek puratatviy sthalanvarun (sumare 5,000,3,000 aanee 2,500 varshanpurvichya) abhyas kelelya jahajanmadhye, jyat madak peye (bear aanee maans) asalyache manale jaat hote, tyat yeastchya vasahati aadhalalya jyaa sahasrabdipasun tikoon hotya, jeey suruvatichya sanskratinmadhye yeastchya vaparacha pahila thet jaivik purava puravatat. 1680 madhye, dutch nisargshastradnya anton vanne leuvenhoek yanni pahilyanda sukshmadarshakiyadrushtya yeastche nirikshan kele, parantu tyaa velee tyanna jiwant jeev manat navhate, tarr golakar sanrachana manale kaaran sanshodhakanna yeast heey shaiwal kinwa burshi hote qee nahee yabaddal shanka hotee. theodor schwanney 1837 madhye tyanna burshi mhanoon olakhale.
1857 madhye, french sukshmajivashastradnya lui pasteur yanni dakhavun dile qee yeastchya matanat auxigen budavoon, peshinchi vaadh vadhavta yeu shakate, parantu kinwan rokhale gele-eka nirikshanala nantar 'pestur effect' mhanatat. memoir suur laa fermentation alcolic' yaa peparmadhye, pasteurne heey siddha kele qee alcoholyukt fermentation heey jiwant yistdware kele jaate, rasayanik utprerkadvare nahee.
18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat, madyanirmitisathi vaparale jaanare yeastche done prakar olakhale gele hoteh 'sacharomysis serevisi' (varchya-aambavanare yeast) aanee 'ess. carlsbergensis (talashi aambavanare yeast). "ess. 1780 pasoon dutch lock bread banavanyasathi 'serevisi' chee vyavsayik vikri karat aahet; tarr 1800 chya sumaras german lokanni breadche utpadan suru kele. kreemchya swarupat serevisi. 1825 madhye, drav kadhoon taknyasathi eka paddhat vikasit karnyat aalee jenekarun khameer ghan thokale mhanoon tayar karata yeil. 1867 madhye filter presachya parichayamule yeast blocksche audhyogik utpadan vadhale. 1872 madhye, barren max dii springerne dandar yeast tayar karnyasathi utpadan prakriya vikasit kelee, jeey tantra pahilya mahayuddhaparyant vaparale jaat hote. united statesmadhye, 1876 madhye philadelphiya yethe jhalelya shatabdi pradarshanat vyavsayik yeastche vipanan hoiparyant naisargikaritya honare havetoon tayar honare yeast jawaljawal keval vaparale jaat hote, jithe charles ell. fleshmanne utpadan aanee teey vaparanyachi prakriya pradarshit kelee, tasech parinami tayar keleli bhakarihi dilee.
yantrik refrigeratorne (europemadhye 1850 chya dashakat pahilyanda paytant kelele) madya utpadakanchi aanee wine nirmatyanchi prathamach hangami nirbandhanpasun sutka kelee aanee tyanna talghar aanee itar matichya vatavaranatun baher padanyachi parvanagi dilee. johnn molsansathi, jyane freejchya vikasapurvi montriyalmadhye aapala udarnirvah keela, too madyanirmiticha hangam september teey meparyant chalala. purvichya hangami nirbandhanmulech distillerchya kalevar niyantran hote.
poshan aanee vaadh.
yeast heey chemorganotrophs aahet, kaaran teey sendriya sanyuge urjecha srot mhanoon vapartat aanee vadhanyasathi suryaprakashachi aavashyakta nasate. carbon pramukhyane glucose aanee fructose sarkhya hexos sakharepasun kinwa sukroj aanee maltose sarkhya disaccharidespasoon prapt hoto. kahee prajati raiboj, alcohole aanee sendriya aaml yasarkhya pentose sakhareche chayapachay karoo shakatat. yeastchya prajatinna ektar aerobic cellular shwasan (anivarya aerobes) sathee oxygenchi aavashyakta asate kinwa teey avayaviy asatat, parantu urja utpadanachya aerobic paddhati dekhil asatat (facultative enarobes). jivanunpramane, khameer prajatichi konatihi dnyat prajati keval avayaviy (anivarya avayaviy) vadhanari nahee. bahutek yeast tatasth kinwa kinchit amleey ph vatavaranat sarvottam vadhatat.
yeast heey teey konatya tapman shreneet sarvottam vadhatat tyanusar badaltat. udaharanarth, 'leukosporidium frigidam' yethe, 'sacharomysis telluris' yethe aanee 'candida sloffy' yethe vadhate. peshi kahee vishisht paristhitinmadhye gothalelya avasthet tiku shakatat, aanee kalantarane vyavharyata qamee hote.
sarvasadharanpane, yeast prayogshalet ghan vadhichya madhyamanvar kinwa drav matnanmadhye ghetale jaatat. yeastchya lagvadisathi vaparlya jaanarya samanya madhyamanmadhye batate dextrose aagar kinwa batate dextrose matanacha rassa, wallerstein prayogshala poshak aagar, yeast peptone dextrose aagar aanee yeast molled aagar kinwa matanacha matanacha samavesh hoto. jeey gharguti madyanirmate yeastchi lagwad karatat teey varanvar valalelya maltcha ark aanee aagarcha vapar vadhiche thos madhyam mhanoon karatat. burshinashak cycloheximide kadhikadhi yeastchya vadhichya madhyamanmadhye "sacharomyces" yeastchi vaadh rokhanyasathi aanee jangali/swadeshi yeast prajatinsathi nivadanyasathi jodale jaate. yamule yeastchi prakriya badalel.
shariratil, thready yeastche swaroop, jyala samanyatah kaham yeast mhanoon olakhale jaate, heey bahutekda vishisht bhajyanchya lactoformentation (kinwa lonache) upautpadan asate. heey sahasa havechya samparkat yenyacha parinam asate. jaree teey nirupadravi asale taree, teey lonchyachya bhajyanna white chav deu shakate aanee kinwan kartana niyamitpane kadhoon takane aavashyak aahe.
paryavaran.
yeast heey vatavaranat khoop samanya aahet aanee bahutekda sakharene samruddha asalelya padarthanpasun vegale kele jaatat. udaharananmadhye fale aanee bereejchya tvachevar (jase drakshe, safarchand kinwa peach) naisargikaritya aadhalanare yeast aanee vanaspatinmadhun baher padnare padarth (jase vanaspati rus kinwa cacti) yancha samavesh hoto. kahee yeast maatee aanee kitkanchya sanyogane aadhaltat. matitil aanee fale aanee bereejchya tvachetil yeast heey falanchya kshayadarmyan burshijanya kramakanvar varchasva gajavatat asey disun aale aahe. itar sukshmajivanchya tulanet yeastche paryavaraniy karya aanee jaivavividhata tulanene adnyat aahe. candida albicans", "rodotorula rubra", "torulopsis" aanee "trichosporon cutanium" yasah yeast, lokanchya payachya botanchya darmyan tyanchya tvachechya vanaspatincha bhag mhanoon rahat asalyache aadhalun aale aahe. yeast heey sastan pranyanchya aatadyantil vanaspatinmadhye dekhil aadhaltat aanee kahee keetak aanee khol samudratil vatavaranatahi yeastchi eka shreni asate.
madhmashyanchya saat prajati aanee vanaspatinchya nauu prajatinchya bharatiy abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee 16 vanshatil 45 prajati madhmashyanchya fulanchya aanee madhanchya potachya amrutanmadhye vasahat karatat. bahutek 'candida' vanshatil sadasya hote; madhchya potatil sarvat samanya prajati 'dekera intermedia' aanee fulanchya amrutanmadhye 'candida blanky' hotee. durgandhiyukt helborchya yeast vasahatikaran nirman madhamule fulache tapman vadhate asey aadhalun aale aahe, jeey asthir sendriya sanyuganche bashpibhavan vadhavun paragankankade aakarshit karnyas madat karoo shakate. mungya, tyanchi paraspar burshi, burashicha burshijanya parjivi aanee parjivila marnara jivanu yanchyatil guntaguntichya sambandhat bhagidar mhanoon kalya yeastchi nond kelee gelee aahe. yeastcha jivanunvar nakaratmak parinam hoto, jeey samanyatah parjivila marnyasathi pratijaivike tayar karatat, tyamule parjivila pasaru deuun mungya yanchya aarogyavar parinam houu shakato.
yeastchya kahee prajatinche vishisht prabhed yeast killer toxins navachi prathine tayar karatat jyamule tyanna spardhatmak prabhed door karata yetat. (killer yeastveril mukhya lekh pahaa.) yamule wine banavanyat samasya udbhavu shakatat parantu wine banavanyasathi ghatak vishari padarth tayar karnare prabhed vaparoon dekhil yacha fayda houu shakato. yeastchya sansargavar upchar karnyasathi yeast killer vishari padarthanche vaidyakeey upayog dekhil asoo shakatat (khalee 'pathogenic yeast' vibhag pahaa).
sagari vatavaranapasun vegale kelele yeast mhanoon paribhashit kelele sagari yeast heey godya panyapeksha sagari panyacha vapar karoon tayar kelelya madhyamavar adhik changle vadhu shakatat. pahile sagari yeast bernhard fisherne 1894 madhye atlantic mahasagaratun vegale kele hote aanee teey 'torula' ess. pii. mhanoon olakhale gele hote. aanee "mycoderma" ess. pii. yaa shodhanantar, sagari paanee, sagari biyane, sagari maase aanee sastan pranyansah vividh strotanmadhun jagbharatil itar vividh sagari yeast vegale kele gele aahet. yaa vilag padarthanpaiki, kahee sagari yeast heey jaminivaril adhivasatun (facultative sagari yeast mhanoon gatbaddh) udbhavale, jeey sagari vatavaranat aanale gele aanee tikoon rahile. itar sagari yeast heey anivarya kinwa swadeshi sagari yeast mhanoon vargikrut kele gele hote, jeey sagari adhivasapurate maryadit aahet. tathapi, anivarya sagari yistasathi sagari panyachi apariharyata spasht karnyasathi purese purave sapadale naheet. asey nondavale gele aahe qee sagari yeast amino acid, glucans, glutathione, vishari padarth, enzymes, fightes aanee jivansatve yasarkhe anek jaiv sakriy padarth tayar karnyas saksham aahet, jyancha ann, aushadhanirman, saundaryaprasadhan aanee rasayanik udhyoganmadhye tasech sagari sanwardhan aanee paryavaraniy sanrakshanasathi sambhavya vapar hoto. sagari yeastcha vapar sagari panyavar aadharit madhyamancha vapar karoon bioethanol tayar karnyasathi yashasviritya karnyat aala jyamule bioethanolche panyache paulkhuna qamee honyachi shakyata aahe.
punarutpadan.
serve burshinpramanech yeastmadhye alaingik aanee laingik punarutpadak chakr asoo shakatat. yeastmadhil vanaspatijanya vadhichi sarvat samanya paddhat mhanje ugavan karoon alaingik punarutpadan, jithe mool peshivar eka lahan kalee (jyala blabe kinwa dotter seela asehi mhanatat) tayar hote. mool peshiche kendrak dotter nucleusmadhye vibhajit hote aanee dotter peshimadhye sthalantarit hote. tyanantar mool peshipasoon vegale hoiparyant, eka naveen peshi tayar hoiparyant kalee vadhat rahate. udayonmukh prakriyedarmyan tayar honari kanya peshi samanyatah matru peshipeksha lahan asate. schizosecheromyces pombe" saha kahee yeast, ugavanyapeksha vikhandanadvare punarutpadit hotat aanee tyadvare done samaan aakarachya dotter peshi tayar hotat.
sarvasadharanpane, poshak tatvanchya upasmarisarkhya uchch-tanavachya paristhitit, haploid peshi martil; tathapi, tyach paristhitit, dvigunit peshi viralpane jaau shakatat, laingik punarutpadan (ardhasutran) madhye pravesh karoo shakatat aanee vividh prakarchya dvigunit bijakananchi nirmiti karoo shakatat, jeey pudhe jaaun sangati karoo shakatat (sanyugmit), dvigunitamadhye sudharana karoo shakatat.
haploid vikhandan yeast "schizosecheromyces pombe" haah eka pradhyapakiy laingik sukshmajiv aahe joou poshak tatve maryadit asatana samagmatoon jaau shakato. ess. chey pradarshan. pombe teey hydrogen peroxide, eka ghatak joou oxidative taana nirman karato jyamule oxidative dii. aine. aii. chey nuksan hote, too samagam aanee ardh-jaivik bijakananchi nirmiti karnyas jordar prerit karato. jevha poshak tatve mubalak pramanat asatat tevha udayonmukh yeast "sacharomysis serevisi" mitosisdware dvigunit peshi mhanoon punarutpadit hote, parantu jevha upashi asate, tevha heey yeast ardhasutran houn haploid bijkan tayar karate. haployed peshi nantar mitosisdware alaingikaritya punarutpadan karoo shakatat. katz ezov aanee itar. naisargik swarupat asey purave sadar kele. serevisi loksankhya clonal punarutpadan aanee swalling (intratetrad samagam swarupat) pramukh aahe. nisargat, dvigunit peshi tayar karnyasathi haploid peshinche sanyog bahutek vela samaan clonal loksankhyechya sadasyanmadhye asatat aanee baheroon paar hone asamanya aahe. naisargik vanshanche vishleshan. serevisi prabhedanmule assa nishkarsh nighala qee out-crossing darr 50,000 peshinchya vibhaganitun fakt ekdach hote. hii nirikshane suchavatat qee outcrossing sambhavya dirghakalin fayade (udaa.jee. vividhatechi nirmiti) samanyatah eka pidhikadun qaraa pidhikade laingik sambandh rakhanyasathi apuri asanyachi shakyata aahe. tyaeivaji, ardhasutranadarmyan punarsanyojit durustisarkhya alpakalin labhamule laingik sambandh rakhanyachi gurukilli asoo shakate. serevisi ".
kahee pukkinomycet yeast, visheshtah "sporidiobolus" aanee "sporobolomyces" chya prajatinmadhye, havetoon vikhuralelya, alaingik balistoconidia tayar karatat.
vapar.
yeastchya upayukt sharirik gunadharmanmule tyacha jaiv tantradnyan kshetrat vapar jhaala aahe. khamiradware sakhareche kinwan haah yaa tantradnyanacha sarvat juna aanee sarvat motha vapar aahe. anek prakarche yeast anek khadyapadarth tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaatatah bread utpadanat bekarche yeast, beearchya kinvanat bruerche yeast aanee winechya kinvanat aanee zylitol utpadanat yeast. tathakathit tandalache laal yeast heey pratyakshat eka burshi aahe, "monscus perpurious". yeastmadhye anuvanshashastra aanee peshi jivashastrasathi sarvat mothya pramanat vaparlya jaanarya kahee aadarsh jivancha samavesh aahe.
madyarkyukt peye.
ethanol ethanol asaleli peye mhanoon madyarkyukt peye paribhashit kelee jaatat. heey ethanol jawaljawal nehmich kinvanadvare tayar kele jaate-avayaviy kinwa qamee-oxygenchya paristhitit yeastchya vishisht prajatindware karbodakanche chayapachay. maans, wine, bear kinwa distilled spirit yasarkhi peye tyanchya utpadanachya kahee tappyavar yeastcha vapar karatat. distilled pey heey ethanol asalele pey aahe jeey distillationdware shuddha kele gele aahe. karbodkanmadhe bharalelya vanaspati samagreela yistdware aambavale jaate, jyamule yaa prakriyet ethanolche patal dravan tayar hote. ethanolchya yaa patal dravananna distill karoon visky aanee rumm sarkhya spirit tayar kelya jaatat. ethanol vyatirikt itar ghatak condensetmadhye gola kele jaatat, jyat paanee, ester aanee itar alcoholcha samavesh asato, jeey (okdware puravilya gelelya vyatirikt jyamadhye teey june asoo shakate) peyachya chavasathi jababdar asatat.
bear.
yeast tayar karane heey 'top-cropping' (kinwa 'top-fermenting') aanee 'bottom-cropping' (kinwa 'bottom-fermenting') mhanoon vargikrut kele jaau shakate. peak peak varchya yeastla asey mhanatat kaaran teey kinwan kartana vasarachya shirshasthani eka phoom tayar karatat. peak peak yeastche eka udaharan mhanje "sacharomysis serevisi", jyala kadhikadhi "ell yeast" mhanatat. jaree teey ell-prakarchya bearchi nirmiti dekhil karoo shakatat, taree talachya pikanche yeast samanyatah lazer-prakarchya beearchya nirmitisathi vaparale jaatat. heey yeast qamee tapmanat changle aambatat. talachya pikanchya yeastche eka udaharan mhanje 'sacharomyces pasterianus', jyala purvi 'ess' mhanoon olakhale jayache. carlsbergensis ".
anek dashakanpurvi, vargikaranshastradnyanni 's' chey punarvargikaran kele. carlsbergensis (yuvaram) haah ess. chaa sadasya mhanoon. serevisi, "lakshat gheta qee doghanmadhil ekmev vegala farak chayapachay aahe. ess. chey lazer strain. serevicia 'melibyze' navache eka enzyme stravate, jyamule tyanna melibiose, eka diasecaride, adhik kinwan karnyayogya monosecharidesmadhye hydrolyse karata yete. varchya aanee khalchya pikache aanee thund aanee ubdar aambavanyache bhed heey samanya lokanshi sanvad sadhanyasathi samanya lock vapartat.
sarvat samanya peak-utpadak madyanirmatache yeast, serevisi, hii samanya baking yeastsarkhich prajati aahe. madyanirmateche yeast aavashyak khanije aanee buub jivansatve (buub 12 vagalata) neey dekhil samruddha aahe, jeey eka vaishishtya aahe jeey uralelya (up-utpadan) yeastpasoon banavalelya annapadarthanmadhye tayar karnyapasoon vaparale jaate. tathapi, baking aanee beeing yeast heey samanyatah vegvegalya jaatinche asatat, jeey vegvegalya vaishishtyanna anukool mhanoon lagwad kele jaatatah baking yeastche prabhed adhik aakramak asatat, shakya titkya qamee velet carbonate peeth tayar karnyasathi; beeing yeastche prabhed adhik haloo kaam karatat parantu qamee swad tayar karatat aanee uchch alcohole sandrata sahan karatat (kahee prabhedansah, 22 takkyanparyant).
"dekera/bretanomyces" hii yeastchi eka prajati aahe jee 'lambic' aanee vishesh aambat elisachya utpadanat, tasech vishisht belgian trappist beearchya duyyam conditioningmadhye mahattvapoorn bhoomikesathi olakhali jaate. bretanomyces' yaa jaatichya vargikaranavar tyachya suruvatichya shodhapasun vadavivad suru aahe aanee gelya kahee varshant anek punarvargikaran jhaale aahet. suruvatiche vargikaran bahudhruviy ugavanukidvare alaingikaritya (anamorph swaroop) punarutpadit nirman kahee prajatinvar aadharit hote. tyanantar thodyach velat, escosporechi nirmiti disun aalee aanee laingikdrushtya punarutpadan karnari (teleomorph swaroop) 'dekera' hii prajati vargikaranshastracha bhag mhanoon sadar karnyat aalee. sadhyachya vargikaranamadhye "dekera/bretanomyces" yaa vanshatil paach prajatincha samavesh aahe. teey mhanje anamorphs "bretanomyces bruxellances", "bretanomyces anomalus", "bretanomyces custercianus", "bretanomyces nardnances" aanee "bretanomyces nanus", jyat pahilya done prajatinsathi teleomorphs aahet, "dekera bruxellances" aanee "dekera anomala". dekera" aanee "bretanomyces" madheel farak, olophs aanee itarambarobar, vadatit aahe. (2008) 2006 pasoon lauriro aanee malfito-ferreira yancha hawala dett tyanni pushti kelee qee sadhyachya aanvik dii. aine. aii. shodh tantranni anamorph aanee teleomorph avasthanmadhil konatahi farak ughad keela nahee. gelya dashakat, "bretanomysis" ess. pii. pii. udhyogachya hastakala-nirmiti kshetrat vapar vadhat aahe, mojkya madyanirmiti karkhanyanni bear tayar kelya aahet jyaa pramukhyane "bretanomice" ess. pii. pii. chya shuddha sanskratinsah aambavalya gelya hotya. heey prayogatoon ghadale aahe, kaaran shuddha sanwardhan kinwan kshamata aanee vividh prabhedandware utpadit sugandhi sanyugambaddal farach qamee mahitee astitvat aahe. "dekera"/"bretanomyces" ess. pii. pii. alikadil bahutansh sanshodhananni madya udhyogache dnyan vadhavnyavar laksh kendrit kele asale taree, gelya shatkat kelelya asankhya abhyasanche vishay aahet. madyanirmiti udhyogat upalabdh asalelya aath 'bretanomyces' prabhedanvaril alikadil sanshodhanat prabhed-vishisht kinvanavar laksh kendrit kele gele aanee shuddha sanwardhan enarobic kinwan darmyan tayar honari pramukh sanyuge olakhali gelee.
daroo.
yeastcha vapar wine banavanyasathi keela jaato, jithe teey drakshanchya rasatil (aavashyak) sakhareche (glucose aanee fructose) ethanolmadhye rupantar karate. yeast samanyatah drakshanchya tvachevar aadhich asate. yaa antarjaniy 'jangali yeast' neey kinwan kele jaau shakate, parantu hii prakriya anpekshit parinam dete, jee upasthit asalelya yeast prajatinchya achook prakaranvar avalambun asate. yaa karanastav, shuddha yeast culture sahasa aavashyaktemadhye jodale jaate; heey yeast lavkar kinvanavar varchasva gajavate. jangali yeast dadapun takale jaatat, jeey vishvasarh aanee andaj lavnyayogya kinwan sunishchit karate.
bahutek jodale gelele wine yeast heey 'ess' chey prakar asatat. serevisi, "jaree prajatinche serve prabhed yogya nasale taree. bhinn 'ess. serevisi yeastchya prabhedanmadhye vegvegale sharirik aanee kinwan gunadharm asatat, mhanoon nivadalelya yeastchya vastavik prabhedancha tayar winever thet parinam houu shakato. asamanya chav profile kinwa winemadheel vadhaleli jatilata nirman nirman naveen wine yeast prabhedanchya vikasasathi mahattvapoorn sanshodhan haatee ghenyat aale aahe.
winemadhye 'zygosacharomyces' aanee 'bretanomyces' sarkhya kahee yeastchya vadhimule winemadhye dosh houu shakatat aanee tyanantar kharab houu shakatat. "madyamadhye vadhatana "bretanomyces" chayapachayanchi eka shreni tayar karate, jyapaiki kahee asthir phenolic sanyuge aahet. ektritpane, yaa sanyuganna anekada 'bretanomyces' varn mhanoon sambodhale jaate aanee anekada 'antiseptic' kinwa 'barnyard' prakarchya sugandh mhanoon varnan kele jaate. "wine udhyogatil winechya doshanmadhye 'bretanomyces' chaa mahattvapoorn vaataa aahe.
canadatil british kolambiya vidyapithachya sanshodhakanna yeastcha eka naveen prakar sapadala aahe jyane amine qamee kele aahe. reed wine aanee charadonnemadhil amine swadaheen tayar karatat aanee kahee lokanmadhye dokedukhi aanee uchch raktadab nirman karatat. sumare 30 takke lock histaminesarkhya jaivik amainsathi sanvedanshil asatat.
baking.
yeast, sarvat samanyapane. serevisi', haah beckingmadhe khameer tayar karnara ghatak mhanoon vaparla jaato, joou pithat asalelya kinvit sakhareche carbon dioxidemadhye rupantar karato. yamule kanakecha vistar hoto kinwa vaadh hote kaaran vayoo pakit kinwa budbude tayar karato. jevha peeth bhajale jaate, tevha khameer sampate aanee haveche pakit "seet" hote, jyamule bhajalelya utpadanas mauu aanee spanjyukt pott midato. batate, batate ukalanyache paanee, undy kinwa bhakarichya pithat sakhar yancha vapar kelyane yeastchi vaadh vegwan hote. beckingmadhe vaparale jaanare bahutek yeast heey alcoholyukt kinvanamadhye samanya asalelya tyach prajatiche asatat. yavyatirikt, "sacharomysis exegues" (jyala "ess" asehi mhanatat. minor'), vanaspati, fale aanee dhanyanvar aadhalanare jangali yeast, adhunmadhun beckingsathi vaparale jaate. bread banavtana, yeast suruvatila aerobically shwas gheto, carbon dioxide aanee paanee tayar karato. jevha auxigen qamee hoto, tevha kinwan suru hote, jyamule ethanol heey kachara utpadan mhanoon tayar hote; tathapi, becking darmyan heey bashpibhavan hote.
bhakari shijavanyasathi yeastcha vapar pahilyanda kevha keela gela heey maheet nahee. haah vapar vapar pahilya nondi pracheen egyptmadhun aalya. garam divashi peeth aanee panyache mishran nehmipeksha jaast kaal shillak rahile hote aanee pithatil naisargik dooshit padarthanmadhye padarthanmadhye yeastmule teey beckingpoorvi aamble hote, assa sanshodhakancha andaj aahe. parinami tayar jhaleli bhakari samanya sapat, kadak kekpeksha halki aanee chavdar asatee.
aaj, bekarchya yeastche anek kirkol vikrete aahet; 1868 madhye uttar americetil purvichya ghadamodinpaiki eka mhanje fleeshmanche yeast. qaraa mahayuddhadarmyan, fleeshmanne danedar sakriy korade yeast vikasit kele jyala refrigeration aavashyakta navhati, tajya yistapeksha jaast kaal sathavun thewale hote aanee duppat vegane vadhale hote. bekarche yeast heey eka taje yeast mhanoon dekhil vikale jaate, jeey eka chauras 'keek' madhye sankuchit kele jaate. haah form lavkar nasht hoto, mhanoon utpadananantar lagechach tyacha vapar karane aavashyak aahe. khameer kalbahya jhaale aahe qee nahee heey nirdharit karnyasathi paanee aanee sakhareche kamkuvat dravan vaparale jaau shakate. dravanat, sakriy yeast phoom aanee budbude karel kaaran teey sakhareche ethanol aanee carbon dioxidemadhye kinwan karate. kahee pakakruti yala yeastche proofing mhanoon sambodhatat, kaaran itar ghatak jodanyapurvi heey yeastchi vyavharyata "siddha" karate (chachanya). jevha aambat starter vaparla jaato, tevha sakhareaivaji peeth aanee paanee misalale jaate; yala spunge proofing mhanatat.
jevha bhakari banavanyasathi yeastcha vapar keela jaato, tevha too peeth, meeth aanee garam paanee kinwa dudhat misalala jaato. peeth gulgulit hoiparyant ghatt ghatt kele jaate aanee nantar kadhikadhi aakarat duppat hoiparyant varr jaanyasathi sodale jaate. tyanantar pithala bhakariche aakar dile jaatat. kahee bhakarichi kanak eka uthalyanantar parat fodali jaate aanee punha uthanyasathi sodali jaate (yala pith proofing mhanatat) aanee nantar bhajali jaate. jaast vel vadhalyane adhik changli chav milate, parantu suruvatila khoop jaast kaal thevalyas, khameer antim tappyat bhakari vadhavanyat ayashasvi houu shakate.
jaiv-upchar.
kahee yeastcha sambhavya vapar jaiv-upcharanchya kshetrat houu shakato. ashach prakarche eka khameer, 'yarovia lipolitica', paam telachya giranitil sandapani, tii. aine. tii. (eka sphotak samagri) aanee alken, medyukt aaml, charbi aanee teel yasarkhya itar hydrocarbons apghatan karnyasathi olakhale jaate. heey meeth aanee judd dhatunche uchch praman dekhil sahan karoo shakate aanee judd dhatuche jaivashoshak mhanoon tyachya kshamatechi tapasani kelee jaat aahe. "sacharomysis serevisi" madhye audhyogik sandpanyatun sandpanyatun aarseniksarkhya jaiv-madhyavarti vishari pradushakanchi kshamata aahe. khamiranchya vishisht prajatinmule kansya putalyanche avmoolyan jhalyache dnyat aahe. brazilchya sonyachya khaninmadhil vegvegale yeast mukt aanee guntaguntiche chandiche aayan jaiv sanchayit karatat.
audhyogik ethanol utpadan.
sakhareche ethanolmadhye rupantar karnyachya yeastchya kshamatecha vapar jaivtantradnyan udhyogane ethanol indhan tayar karnyasathi keela aahe. oos, maida kinwa itar trundhanyansarkhya khadyapadarthanchi dalankam karoon aanee nantar sulfuric aaml kinwa burshijanya alfa amyelage enzymes misaloon, starche guntaguntichya sharkaranmadhye vighatan karoon hii prakriya suru hote. tyanantar guntaguntichya sakhareche sadhya sakharemadhye vighatan karnyasathi glucoamyelase misalale jaate. yanantar, sadhya sakhareche ethanolmadhye rupantar karnyasathi yeast misalale jaate, jeey nantar ethanol 96 takkyanparyant shuddha honyasathi distill kele jaate.
"sacharomyces yeast heey jailos aambavanyasathi anuvanshikdrushtya tayar kele gele aahet, jeey cellulosic bayomasmadhye asalelya pramukh kinvit sakharepaiki eka aahe, jase qee shetiche avashesh, kagadacha kachara aanee lakadache chips. asha vikasacha arth assa aahe qee ethanol adhik swast feedstoxmadhun karyakshamatene tayar kele jaau shakate, jyamule cellulosic ethanol indhan petrol indhanapeksha adhik spardhatmak kimmatiche paryay banate.
alcohole nasaleli peye.
biarpramanech anek god carbonated peye tayar kelee jaau shakatat, fakt kinwan lavkar thambavale jaate, carbon dioxide tayar hote, parantu alcoholche praman fakt qamee hote, jyamule peyamadhye lakshaniy pramanat uraleli sakhar rahate.
ann aanee.
monosodium glutamate (emm. ess. jee.) jyaa prakare vaparale jaate aanee emm. ess. jee. pramanech, bahutek vela mukt glutamic aaml asate, tyach prakare yeastcha vapar annatil tyachya umami swadasathi eka ghatak mhanoon keela jaato. udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
vareel donhi prakarche yeast padarth bii-complexes jivansatve (jivansatva bii 12 vyatirikt, jarr teey majboot nasel tarr) samruddha asatat, jyamule teey shakahari lokansathi eka aakarshak poshan purak banatat. teech jivansatve varr namood kelelya kwassarkhya kahee yeast-aambavalelya utpadananmadhye dekhil aadhaltat. visheshtah poshak khamiramadhye naisargikaritya charbi aanee sodiyamche praman qamee asate aanee prathine aanee jivansatve tasech vadhisathi aavashyak itar khanije aanee sahghatakancha srot asato. poshak khameer aanee khameer ark pasaravanyachya anek brand, jaree serve nasale taree, jivansatva buub 12 neey majboot kele jaatat, jeey jivanundware swatantrapane tayar kele jaate.
1920 madhye, fleshman yeast companyne 'yeast phaur health' mohimemadhye yeast kekcha prachar karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanni suruvatila tvacha aanee pachanasathi changle jivansatvancha srot mhanoon yeastwar bharr deela. tyanchya nantarchya jahiratinni aarogyavishayak labhanchya vistrut shrenicha dawa keela aanee federal trade kamishanane dishabhul karnari mhanoon tyanchi ninda kelee. yeast kekchi aavad 1930 chya dashakachya uttaradhaparyant tikali.
probiotics.
kahee probiotic purak khameer vapartat. bollardy "jatharantra margatil naisargik vanaspatinchi dekhbhal aanee punarsanchayit karnyasathi. "ess. bollardy hii tivra atisarachi lakshane qamee karate, clostridium deficiledware sansargachi shakyata qamee karate (anekada fakt see mhanoon olakhali jaate. deficile kinwa see. diff), atisar-pramukh aay. bii. ess. rugnanmadhye aatadyanchya halchali qamee qaraa aanee pratijaivik, pravasi aanee etch. aay. vhee./eds-sambandhit atisarache praman qamee qaraa.
matsyalayatil chhand.
matsyalayatil shaukinandware lagwad kelelya matsyalayatil vanaspatinche poshan karnyasathi carbon dioxide (see. oo. 2) tayar karnyasathi khameer anekada vaparale jaate. dabalelya karbanaday auxide pranalinpeksha yeastmadhil karbanaday oxidechi patali niyantrit karane adhik katheen aahe. tathapi, yeastchi qamee kimmat tyala mothya pramanat vaparla jaanara paryay banavate.
vaidnyanik sanshodhan.
anek yeast, visheshtah. serevisi "aanee" ess. pombe, "janukshastra aanee peshi jivashastrat mothya pramanavar vaparale gele aahe, mukhyatve kaaran teey sadhya eukariotic peshi aahet, jeey peshi chakr, dii. aine. aii. pratikruti, punarsanyojan, peshi vibhajan aanee chayapachay yasarkhya moolbhut pesheey prakriyanchya abhyasasathi manavansah serve yukeriyotsasathi eka model mhanoon kaam karatat. tasech, prayogshalet yeast sahajpane hatalale jaatat aanee sanvardhit kele jaatat, jyamule yeast too-hibrid, synthetic genetic arrey vishleshan aanee tetrad vishleshan yasarkhya shaktishali manak tantrancha vikas karnyas parvanagi midali aahe. manvi jivashastratil anek mahattvachi prathine sarvapratham yeastmadhil tyanchya samarupatecha abhyas karoon shodhali gelee; yaa prathinanmadhye peshichakra prathine, sanket prathine aanee prathine-prakriya karnare enzymes yancha samavesh hoto.
24 april 1996 roji. serevicia haah 'genome prakalpacha bhag mhanoon purnapane anukramit kelelya 12 dashalaksh bases jodyancha samavesh asalela' genome asalela pahila eukariot asalyache ghoshit karnyat aale. tyaa velee, sampoorn genome anukramit kelela haah sarvat guntagunticha jeev hota aanee saat varshanche kaam aanee 100 hoon adhik prayogshalancha sahbhag purn karane. yeastchi dusari prajati jicha genome sequence keleli hotee tee 'schizosacheromyces pombe' hotee, jee 2002 madhye purn jhaali. hii sahavi eukariotic genome sequence hotee aanee tyat 13.8 laakh bases jodya aahet. 2014 paryant, 50 hoon adhik yeast prajatinche genome anukramit aanee prakashit kele gele aahet.
yeastchya done pramukh pratimanche janukeey aanee karyatmak januk tippani tyanchya sambandhit pratiman jivanchya detabesesdware midavata yeteh ess. jee. dii. aanee pombes.
anuvanshikdrushtya abhiyantriki kelele jaivutpadan.
vividh khameer prajatinchi janukeey rachana vividh aushadhanchi karyakshamatene nirmiti karnyasathi kelee gelee aahe, jyala chayapachay abhiyantriki mhanatat. "ess. serevisi "heey anuvanshikdrushtya abhiyantriki karane sope aahe; tyache shariravidnyan, chayapachay aanee anuvanshiki sarvashrut aahet aanee teey kathor audhyogik paristhitit vaparnyas yogya aahe. phenolics, isoprenoids, alkalides aanee polycatides vividh vargatil vividh prakarche rasayanik padarth abhiyantriki kelelya yistdware tayar kele jaau shakatat. sumare 20 takke jaiv-aushadhanchi nirmiti nirmiti dashakat hote. serevisi, "jyamadhye insulin, hipataytisasathichya lussy aanee manvi seeram albumin yancha samavesh aahe.
rogkarak yeast.
yeastchya kahee prajati sandhisadhu rogjanke aahet jyamule rogpratikarak shakti qamee jhalelya lokanmadhye sansarg houu shakato. "cryptococcus neophormans" aanee "cryptococcus gatti" heey rogpratikarak shakti qamee jhalelya lokanche mahattvapoorn rogjanke aahet. hii pramukhyane cryptococcisasathy jababdar prajati aahet, eka burshijanya sansarg joou sumare daha laakh etch. aay. vhee./eds rugnanmadhye hoto, jyamule darvarshi 6,00,000 hoon adhik mrutyu hotat. yaa yeastchya peshi eka kathor polysaccharide capsulene vedhalelya asatat, jyamule tyanna manvi shariratil shariratil raktapeshinni olakhane aanee vyapane talhanyas madat hote.
sandhisapeksh rogjankancha aanakhi eka gut asalelya "candida" yaa jaatiche yeast, manavanmadhye tondawate aanee yonitoon honare sankraman ghadavun aanatat, jyala candidiasis mhanatat. "candida" samanyatah manav aanee itar ubdar raktachya pranyanchya shleshmal padadyamadhye samanya yeast mhanoon aadhalate. tathapi, kahivela heey samaan prabhed rogkarak banoo shakatat. yeast peshi eka hyphel vadhiche ankuran karatat, jee sthanik patalivar shleshmal padadyamadhye pravesh karate, jyamule uutinmadhye jaljal hote aanee galatee hote. 1980 chya dashkatil eka pustakane candidiasischya rogkarak yeastchi manavansathi vishanuchya sambhavya avarohi kramane ashee yadee kelee aaheh "see. albicans, "see. ushnakatibandhiy, "see. stelatoidia, "see. glabrata, "see. krusei, "see. parapsillosis, "see. gilliermondi, "see. vishwanathi, "see. lucitania "aanee" rodotorula mucillaginosa ". "candida glabrata" haah "see" nantarcha dusra sarvat samanya "candida" rogkarak aahe. albicans, jyamule mutrajanan marg aanee raktpravahat (candidemia) sansarg hoto. "see. auris 'alikadech olakhala gela aahe.
ann kharab hone.
qamee ph (5 kinwa tyapeksha qamee) asalelya padarthanmadhye aanee sakhar, sendriya aaml aanee itar sahaj chayapachay chayapachay carbon strotanchya upasthitit yeast vadhu shakatat. tyanchya vadhidarmyan, yeast kahee ann ghatakanche chayapachay karate aanee chayapachay antim utpadane tayar karate. yamule annache bhautik, rasayanik aanee sanvedanshil gunadharm badaltat aanee ann kharab hote. khadyapadarthanmadhye yeastchi vaadh anekada tyanchya prushthbhagavar, cheej kinwa mansapramane, kinwa rasasarkhya peyanmadhye sakhareche kinwan aanee sirap aanee jaam sarkhya ardhadravayukt utpadanandvare disun yete. zygosaccharomyces" yaa jaatichya yeastcha ann udhyogat kharab honare yeast mhanoon dirgh itihas aahe. yache mukhya kaaran mhanje yaa prajati uchch sukroj, ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid aanee sulfur dioxidechya sandratechya upasthitit vadhu shakatat, jyaa samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya kahee ann sanrakshn paddhatinche pratinidhitva karatat. jiwant yeast peshinchya upasthitichi chachani karnyasathi methylene nila vaparla jaato. oenologymadhye, 'bretanomyces bruxellances' heey pramukh kharab honare yeast aahe.
"iberian hamm aanee mansamadhye 'candida blanky' aadhalun aale aahe.
sahajivan.
madhmashyanchya saat prajati aanee vanaspatinchya nauu prajatinchya bharatiy abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee 16 vanshatil 45 yeast prajati madhmashyanchya fulanchya aanee madhanchya potachya amrutanmadhye vasahat karatat. bahutek 'candida' vanshatil sadasya hote; madhmashichya potatil sarvat samanya prajati 'dekera intermedia' hotee, tarr fulanchya amrutanmadhye vasahat nirman karnari sarvat samanya prajati 'candida blanky' hotee. yantriki jaree purnapane samajali nasali taree asey aadhalun aale qee "aaa. jarr 'candida blanky' asel tarr 'adhik phule' soochit qaraa.
qaraa udaharanat, scareb bhrunganchya pachanmargat aadhalanare "spathaspora pasalidarum", zylose aambavun vanaspatichya peshinchya pachnala madat karate.

