histology

histology,
sookshm shareer rachnashastra kinwa sookshm shareer rachnashastra mhanoonahi olakhali jaanari, jivashastrachi eka shakha aahe jee jaivik uutinchya sookshm shareer rachnashastracha abhyas karate. histology haah sthool sharirshastracha sookshm pratirup aahe, joou sukshmadarshakashivay drishyaman asalelya mothya sanrachanankade pahato. jaree sookshm shareer rachnashastrache vibhajan sookshm shareer rachnashastrache 'avayavshastra', avayavancha abhyas, 'uutincha abhyas', aanee 'peshishastra', peshincha abhyas, aadhunik vapar yaa serve vishayanna uutinchya kshetraantargat aanato. vaidyakiyashastrat, hystopathology hii histologychi shakha aahe jyamadhye sukshmadarshak olakh aanee roggrast uutincha abhyas samavisht aahe. paleohystology yaa shabdacha arth jivashma jivanchya histologieshy aahe.
jaivik ootee.
pranyanchya uutinche vargikaran.
pranyanchya uutinche chaar moolbhut prakar aaheth snayu ootee, majjasansthechi ootee, sanyoji ootee aanee upakala ootee. serve pranyanchya ootee yaa chaar pramukh uutinche upprakar manalya jaatat (udaharanarth, raktala sanyojak ootee mhanoon vargikrut kele jaate, kaaran rakt peshi bahya koshikeey matricks, plazmamadhye nilambit asatat).
vanaspatinchya uutinche vargikaran.
vanaspatinsathi, tyanchya uutincha abhyas khaleel chaar mukhya prakaransah vanaspati shareer rachnashastrachya kshetrantargat yetoh
vaidyakeey histology.
hystopathology hii histologychi shakha aahe jyamadhye sukshmadarshak olakh aanee roggrast uutincha abhyas samavisht aahe. haah sharirik rogvidnyan aanee shalyachikitsa rogvidnyan yancha eka mahattvacha bhag aahe, kaaran karkarog aanee itar roganchya achook nidanasathi anekada uutinchya namunyanchi hystopathological tapasani aavashyak asate. prashikshit doctor, varanvar parvanadharak pathologist, hystopathological tapasani karatat aanee tyanchya nirikshananchya aadhare nidanatmak mahitee pradan karatat.
vyavasay.
sookshm tapasanisathi uutinchi tayari samavisht asalelya uutishastra kshetrala uutipraudhyogiki mhanatat. chachanisathi uutishastriy namune tayar svayanchalit prashikshit prashikshit nokarichi shirshake asankhya aahet aanee tyat uutividhyetil tantradnya, uutividhyetil tantradnya, uutividhyetil tantradnya aanee tantradnya, vaidyakeey prayogshaletil tantradnya aanee jaivavaidhyakiy shastradnya yancha samavesh aahe.
namuna tayar karane.
bahutek uutishastriy namunyanna sookshm nirikshanapurvi tayarichi aavashyakta asate; yaa paddhati namunyavar aanee nirikshan paddhativar avalambun asatat.
sthirikaran.
ootee aanee peshinchi rachana jatan karnyasathi aanee rakhanyasathi rasayanik fixativescha vapar keela jaato; fixationmule ootee dekhil kadak hotat jyamule sukshmadarshakakhali nirikshanasathi aavashyak asalelya uutinche patal bhag kapanyas madat hote. fixative samanyatah aparivartaniyapane paraspar paraspar prathinandware ootee (aanee peshi) jatan karatat. prakash sukshmadarshanasathi sarvat mothya pramanat vaparale jaanare fixative mhanje 10 takke neutral buffer formalin kinwa aine. bii. eff. (phosphet buffer khaara padarthamadhye 4 takke formaldehyde).
electron sukshmadarshanasathi, samanyatah vaparale jaanare fixative mhanje glutaraldehyde, jeey samanyatah phosphet buffer kelelya kharat padarthamadhye 2.5 takke dravan mhanoon asate. ausmiyam tetroxide kinwa uranil actate heey electron sukshmadarshanasathi vaparale jaanare itar fixative aahet.
yaa eldehyde fixativeschi mukhya krutee mhanje formaldehyde babatit, methylene brij (-ch2-) tayar karoon kinwa glutaraldehyde babatit c5h10 cross-linksdware prathinanmadhil amino gatanna paraspar jodane. hii prakriya, peshi aanee uutinchi sanrachanatmak akhandata jatan kartana prathinanchya, visheshtah enzymeschya jaivik karyakshamatela haanee pohochavu shakate.
formalin sthirikaranamule mruna, mirna aanee dii. aine. aii. chey vighatan hote tasech uutinmadhil prathinanche vikrutikaran aanee badal hotat. tathapi, yogya protocolcha vapar karoon formailyn-fixed, paraphine-embedded uutinmadhun nuclic acid aanee prathinanche nishkarshan aanee vishleshan karane shakya aahe.
nivad aanee chhatani.
"pudhil prakriyedvare sampoorn mool uutinche vastuman thevane aavashyak nasalelya prakarananmadhye 'nivad' hii sambandhit uutinchi nivad aahe. nantar tyachi tapasani karanyachi aavashyakta asalyas urvarit rakkam nishchit rahoo shakate.
"chhatani" mhanje nantarchya vibhaganisathi sambandhit prushthbhag ughad karnyasathi uutinche namune kapane. cassetmadhye basnyasathi yogya aakarache uutinche namune dekhil tayar karate.
embedding.
ootee majboot madhyamat aadhar mhanoon aanee patal uutinche tukade kapanyasathi donhi prakare antarbhut kelya jaatat. sarvasadharanpane, pratham uutinmadhun paanee kadhoon takale pahije (nirjalikaran) aanee tyachya jaagi ektar thet ghatt honare madhyam kinwa antarbhut madhyamanmadhye missible asalelya madhyavarti dravane (saaf karane) badalale pahije.
paraphine menn.
halakya sukshmadarshanasathi, paraphine menn hii sarvat jaast vaparali jaanari embedding samagri aahe. paraphine heey jaivik uutincha mukhya ghatak asalelya panyamadhye misalata yet nahee, mhanoon teey pratham nirjalikaranachya nirjalikaranachya kadhoon takane aavashyak aahe. panyache urvarit ansh kadhoon taknyasathi, uttarottar adhik ekagra ethanol snananchya malikandware, ethanolchya 100% paryant namune hastantarit kele jaatat. nirjalikaranantar eka 'clearing agent' (samanyatah zylene jaree itar paryavaraniy surakshit paryay vaparale jaat asale taree) asato, joou alcohole kadhoon takto aanee menasah misaloo shakato, shevati zylene badalanyasathi vitalalela paraphine menn jodala jaato aanee uutinmadhye ghusato. bahutek uutavidnyan kinwa uutpeshishastra prayogshalanmadhye nirjalikaran, saaf karane aanee menache ghuskhori hii prakriya svayanchalit svayanchalit 'utiprakriyemadhye' kelee jaate. ekada paraphinemadhye ghuskhori jhalyavar, ootee sachalelya asatat jyaa menane bharalya jaatat; ekada thevalyanantar, menn thund keela jaato, jyamule block aanee ootee ghatt hotat.
itar sahitya.
paraphine menn nehmich atishay patal vibhag kapanyasathi puresa katheen matricks pradan karat nahee (jeey visheshtah electron microscopisathi mahatvache aahet). uutinchya sambandhat paraphine menn dekhil khoop mauu asoo shakate, vitalalelya menachi ushnata uutinna avanchhaniy marganni badaloo shakate kinwa nirjalikaran kinwa saaf karnari rasayne uutinna haanee pohochavu shakatat. paraphine menachya paryayanmadhye, epocoxy, acrylic, aggar, gelatin, seloidine aanee itar prakarche menn yancha samavesh hoto.
electron microscopymadhye epocoxy raal heey sarvat samanyatah vaparale jaanare embedding madhyam aahe, parantu acrylic raal dekhil vaparale jaatat, visheshtah jethe immunohystochemistry aavashyak asate.
gothavalelya avasthet ootee kapanyasathi, ootee panyavar aadharit antarbhut madhyamat thevalya jaatat. purv-gothavalelya uutinna drav embedding samagrisah sachanmadhye thewale jaate, samanyatah paanee-aadharit glycol, aukt, tii. bii. ess., cryogen kinwa raal, jeey nantar gothvoon kadak thokale tayar kele jaatat.
vibhagani.
prakash sukshmadarshanasathi, sukshmakoshthamadhye basavalelya chakucha vapar kaach sukshmadarshakachya slidever basavalelya uutinche vibhag (samanyatah 5-15 sookshmameetar jaad darmyan) kapanyasathi keela jaato. pareshan electron sukshmadarshanasathi (tii. emm.), ultramicrotome basavalela hira kinwa kachecha chakoo 50 teey 150 nanometer jaad uutinche vibhag kapanyasathi vaparla jaato.
daag.
prakash kinwa electron sukshmadarshakamadhye jaivik uutinmadhye farsa antarnihit virodhabhas nasato. rangdravye uutinna parasparvirodhi tasech swarasya asalelya vishisht vaishishtyanvar prakash taknyasathi vaparali jaatat. jevha daag uutinchya vishisht rasayanik ghatkala lakshya karnyasathi vaparla jaato (aanee samanya rachana nahee), tevha histochemistry hii sandnya vaparali jaate.
prakash sukshmadarshika.
uutinchi samanya rachana darshavinyasathi histologymadhe hematoxylene aanee eocene (etch andd eae stein) haah sarvat samanyapane vaparlya jaanarya daganpaiki eka aahe. hematoxylene peshinchya kendrakanna nile rung dete; eocene, eka amleey rung, gulabi rangachya vegvegalya daganmadhye peshidravya aanee itar uutinna rangvato.
etch andd eechya ulat, jeey samanya daag mhanoon vaparale jaate, ashee anek tantre aahet jee peshi, peshi ghatak aanee vishisht padarthanvar adhik nivadakpane daag taktat. pearleschi prussian nilee pratikriya heey samanyatah kelele hystochemical tantra aahe, jeey vishisht rasayanala lakshya karate, jeey haemochromatosisarkhya roganmadhye loh sathyanche pradarshan karnyasathi vaparale jaate. nisl padarthasathi nisl paddhat aanee golgichi paddhat (aanee sambandhit chandiche daag) neurons olakhanyasathi upayukt aahet, hii adhik vishisht daganchi itar udaharane aahet.
itihaslekhan.
itihaslekhanamadhye, eka slide (kadhikadhi hystochemically rangalela) ksh-kiran asato. adhik samanyatah, autoridiographycha vapar sharirat kiranotsargi padarth jyaa thikani vahoon nela gela aahe tyaa thikananchi kalpana karnyasathi keela jaato, udaharanarth ess tappyat asalelya peshi (dii. aine. aii. pratikrutitun jaat asalelya) jyat tritated thymidine samavisht asate kinwa jyaa thikani radiolable kelele nuclic acid probe sthit sankaranat bandhale jaatat. sukshmadarshak staravar autoradiographisathi, slide samanyatah drav anumargachya paymalit budavali jaate, jee korade houn exposure philm tayar karate. chitrapatatil vaiyaktik chandichya danyanche drushya gadad kshetra sukshmadarshakadvare pahile jaate.
immunohystochemistry.
alikade, pratipinde visheshtah prathine, karbodke aanee lipidschee kalpana karnyasathi vaparali gelee aahet. yaa prakriyela immunohystochemistry mhanatat, kinwa jevha daag haah eka pratideepi renu asato, tevha immunofluorescence. yaa tantramule sukshmadarshakakhali peshinche prakar olakhanyachi kshamata mothya pramanat vadhali aahe. itar pragat tantre, jase qee nonrediactive "inn seatoo" sankarikaran, rogpratikarak rasayanshastrasaha ekatra kele jaau shakate, jyamule vishisht dii. aine. aii. kinwa aar. aine. aii. renu fluorescent probe kinwa tags olakhale jaau shakatat, jeey immunofluorescence aanee enzyme-linked fluorescence emplificationsathi vaparale jaau shakatat (visheshtah alkadharmi phosphet aanee tyramide signal emplification). pratidipti sukshmadarshika aanee confocal sukshmadarshika yancha vapar changlya antakoshiy tapshilasah pratidipti sanket shodhanyasathi keela jaato.
electron sukshmadarshak.
electron sukshmadarshanasathi avjad dhatuncha vapar samanyatah uutinchya bhaganvar daag ghalanyasathi keela jaato. electron sukshmadarshakamadhil uutinshi virodhabhas darshavinyasathi samanyatah uranil actate aanee layed citratecha vapar keela jaato.
vishesh tantre.
cryosection.
aushadhanmadhye vaparlya jaanarya gothavalelya vibhag prakriyepramanech, cryosectioning hii uutinche bhag vegane gothavanyachi, kapanyachi aanee angvikrutisathi chadhavanyachi eka paddhat aahe. ootee samanyatah cryostat kinwa gothavalelya microtomwar vibhagali jaate. gothavalele bhag kachechya slidever basavale jaatat aanee vegvegalya uutinmadhil farak vadhavanyasathi dagale jaau shakatat. ootee aanee peshinmadhye enzymeche sthanikikaran aavashyak asalelya abhyasasathi sthir naan kelele gothavalele vibhag vaparale jaau shakatat. pratipinde-sanlagn immunofluorescence daag yasarkhya vishisht prakriyansathi ootee sthirikaran aavashyak aahe. gothavalele bhag bahutekda gaath kadhoon taknyachya shastrakriyedarmyan tayar kele jaatat, jyamule gathche gabha lavkar olakhata yetat, jase qee mohs shastrakriyemadhye kinwa gathchi ghatakata nishchit karnyasathi, jevha shastrakriya kartana yogayogane gaath aadhalate.
ultramicrotomy.
ultramicrotomy hii transmission electron microscope (tii. emm.) vishleshanasathi atyant patal vibhag tayar karanyachi eka paddhat aahe. ootee samanyatah epocoxy kinwa itar plastic ralamadhye antarbhut asatat. atee sukshmatantunvar hira kinwa kachechya chakoo vaparoon atishay patal bhag (jaadi 0.1 micrometerpeksha qamee) kapale jaatat.
kalakruti.
kalakruti yaa uutinmadhil sanrachana kinwa vaishishtye aahet jee samanya uutishastriy tapasanimadhye hastakshep karatat. kalakruti uutinche swaroop badaloon aanee sanrachana lapvoon histologymadhe hastakshep karatat. uutinchya prakriya kelelya kalakrutinmadhye fixetivesdware tayar jhalele rangdravye, aakunchan, pesheey ghatakanmadhun dhune, vividh uutinchya prakaranmadhye rung badal aanee uutinmadhil sanrachananmadhye badal yancha samavesh asoo shakato. eka udaharan mhanje vibhag durust karnyasathi zenkar fixative vaparlyanantar uralela paaraa rangdravya. formalin fixation amleey paristhitit tapkiri teey kaale rangdravya dekhil sodu shakate.
itihas.
17 vya shatkat italian marcello malpighi yanni sookshm jivashastriy ghatakancha abhyas karnyasathi sukshmadarshakancha vapar keela; kahijan tyanna uutishastra aanee sookshm rogvidnyan yaa kshetranche sansthapak manatat. malpighine sukshmadarshakakhali vatvaghale, bedook aanee itar pranyanchya avyavanchya anek bhaganche vishleshan kele. fuffusachya sanrachanecha abhyas kartana, malpighila tyachi patalyukt vayuvijan aanee nassa aanee dhamnyanmadhil kesansarkhe sambandh disale, jyala tyane keshika asey naav dile. tyachya shodhane shvasat yenara auxigen raktpravahat kassa pravesh karato aanee sharirachi seva kashee karato heey siddha kele.
lavala shatkat uutishastra hii swatachya drushtine eka shaikshanik shakha hotee. french sharirshastradnya zavier bichat yanni 1801 madhye sharirshastrat uutinchi sankalpana sadar kelee aanee 'uutincha abhyas' darshavinyasathi tayar keleli 'histology' () hii sandnya carl meyer yanni 1819 madhye lihilelya pustakat pratham prakashit jhaali. bichat yanni 21 manvi uutinche varnan kele, jeey sadhya uutishastradnyanni swikarlelya chaar shreninmadhye samavisht kele jaau shakatat. vichat yanni nirupayogi manalya gelelya histologymadhil chitranchya vaparala jeane crewilhear yanni protsahan dile.
1830 chya dashakachya suruvatila purkinnene uchch achookatesah microtomcha shodh lavala.
lavala shatkat adolph hannover (chromates aanee chromic acidche dravan), franz schulz aanee max schulz (ausmic acid), alekzandar buttlerov (formaldehyde) aanee benedict stilling (gothavane) yanni anek sthirikaran tantre vikasit kelee.
rudolph heidenhein (1824-1898) yane aarohanachi tantre vikasit kelee, jyane hiradya arabi bhashet aanalya; salomon stricker (1834-1898), jyane menn aanee telachya mishranacha sallah deela; aanee andreau prechard (1804-1884) jyane 1832 madhye hiradya/icinglass mishranacha vapar keela. tyach varshi canada balsam yaa thikani disala aanee 1869 madhye edwin clabes (1834-1913) yane sangitale qee tyane kahee varshe tyache namune paraphinemadhye antarbhut kele hote.
1906 saalee shariravidnyan kinwa vaidyakshastratil nobel puraskar hystologist camillo golgi aanee santiago rammon vaay cagel yanna denyat aala. tyach pratimanchya vegvegalya vyakhyanvar aadharit menduchya majjatantu sanrachaneche parasparvirodhi arth lavane tyanchyakade hote. ramon vaay cagelne tyachya yogya siddhantasathi aanee too shakya karnyasathi tyane shodhalelya chandichya ranganchya tantrasathi golgisathi puraskar jinkla.
bhavishyatil disha.
"inn vivo" histology.
sadhya 'inn vivo' histologiesathi (pramukhyane emm. aar. aay. chaa vapar karoon) tantre vikasit karnyat tivra rus aahe, jyamule doctoranna sthir uutinchya namunyanaivaji jiwant rugnanmadhil nirogi aanee roggrast uutimbaddalchi mahitee aakramakpane gola karata yeil.

