ksh-kiran

ksh-kiran kiranotsarg, kinwa, agadi qamee samanyatah, ksh-kiranotsarg, haah uchch-urja vidyutchumbakiy kiranotsargacha eka bhedak prakar aahe. bahutek ksh-kirananchi taranglambi 10 nanometer teey 10 picometerparyant asate, jee anukrame 30 petahertz teey 30 exahertz (teey) yaa shrenitil varanvarteshi aanee 124 keey. eae. vhee teey 145 eae. vhee. yaa shrenitil urjeshi sambandhit asate. ksh-kiran taranglambi yuu. vhee. kirananpeksha lahan asatat aanee samanyatah gamma kirananpeksha lamb asatat. 8 november 1895 roji tyacha shodh shodh german shastradnya wilheim conrad rontgen yanchya navavarun anek bhashanmadhye ksh-vikiranala rontgen vikiran asey sambodhale jaate. adnyat prakarchya kiranotsargala soochit karnyasathi tyanni tyala 'ksh-vikiran' asey naav dile. ingrajimadhye 'ksh-kiran' chya vartanimadhye 'ksh-kiran', 'ksh-kiran' aanee 'ksh-kiran' yaa prakarancha samavesh hoto.
ksh-kiranancha vapar, tutaleli hadey tapasane, vishisht prakarche rog shodhane, kahee dhatunchi olakh patvane aanee poladatil kamkuvat bindunchi thikane nishchit karane yasarkhya marganni dekhil keela jaato.
itihas.
purv-rontgen nirikshane aanee sanshodhan.
1895 madhye tyancha shodh lagnyapurvi, ksh-kiran haah keval prayogik srav nalikanmadhun dhatunmadhun adnyat kiranotsargacha eka prakar hota. asha nalikanni tayar kelelya cathode kiranancha tapas pradan shastradnyanchya lakshat aale, jeey 1869 madhye pahilyanda nirikshanat aalele urjavan electron beam aahet. suruvatichya crook tubepacky anek (1875 chya sumaras shodhalelya) nihsanshaypane ksh-kiran vikiranit karatat, kaaran suruvatichya sanshodhakanna khalee tapshilvar dilelya parinamanchya lakshat aale. kahee kilovolt aanee 100 keey. vhee. darmyanchya uchch dii. see. voltagedware tubemadhil avashisht haveche aayanikaran karoon crook tubedware mukt electron tayar kele jaatat. yaa vidyutdabane cathodemadhun cathodemadhun electronna itakya uchch vegane gatee dilee qee jevha teey anode kinwa nalichya kachechya bhintila dhadaktat tevha tyanni ksh-kiran tayar kele.
vilyam morgan haah ksh-kiran (nakalat) tayar keela asava assa vichar karnara sarvat pahila prayogkarta hota. 1785 madhye, tyanni londonchya royal societyla eka pepper sadar keela, jyamadhye anshatah rikamya kelelya kachechya nalitoon vidyut pravah vahanyachya parinamanche varnan kele gele, jyamule ksh-kirananni nirman jhaleli chamak nirman jhaali. humprey davy aanee tyacha sahayyak michael farrade yanni yaa kamacha aanakhi shodh ghetala.
jevha stanford vidyapithache bhautikshastra pradhyapak fernando sanford yanni tyanche 'vidyut chhayachitran' tayar kele, tevha tyanni nakalat ksh-kiran tayar kele aanee shodhale. 1886 teey 1888 yaa kalat tyanni berlinmadhil herman wonn helmholtz prayogshalet abhyas keela hota, jithe heinrich heartz aanee phillip lenard yanni purvi abhyas kelyapramane, vacuum tubemadhye nirman utpann cathode kirananshi teey parichit jhaale, jevha voltage vegalya electrodavar lagoo kele gele. 6 janewari janewari tyanche (tyanchya shodhala 'vidyut chhayachitran' asey varnan karnare) 'bhautik punaravalokanache' patra yogyaritya prakashit karnyat aale aanee 'andharat puttle aanee vastoone ghetaleli chhayachitre' yaa shirshakacha eka lekh 'sann francisco parikshak' madhye prakashit jhaala.
1888 pasoon, phillip lenardne crook tubemadhun cathode kirane havet jaau shakatat qee nahee heey pahanyasathi prayog kele. tyane eka crook tube tayar kelee jyachya shevati patal aluminiumchi eka khidaki hotee, jee cathodechya dishene hotee, jenekarun cathode kirane tyavar dhadaktil (nantar teela 'lenard tube' mhanatat). tyala aadhalale qee kahitari ghadale, jeey chhayachitran plates ughad karel aanee pratidipti nirman karel. tyanni vividh samgridvare yaa kirananchi bhedak shakti mojali. asey suchavale gele aahe qee yapaiki kiman kahee 'lenard kirane' pratyakshat ksh-kiran hotee.
1889 madhye, yukrenmadhye janmalele ivan puluj, prag polytechnicmadhil prayogik bhautikshastrache vyakhyate, jeey 1877 pasoon tyanchya gunadharmancha tapas karnyasathi vayoo-bharalelya nalyanchya vividh rachana tayar karat hote, tyanni nalyanmadhun utsarjit jhalyavar seelband chhayachitran pattya kasha gadad jhalya yavar eka kagad prakashit keela.
helmholtz yanni ksh-kiranansathi ganiteey samikarane tayar kelee. rontgenne tyacha shodh aanee ghoshana karnyapurvi tyane prasaran siddhant mandala. tyanni teey prakashachya vidyutchumbakiy siddhantavar aadharit kele. matra, tyane pratyaksh ksh-kirananvar kaam kele nahee.
1894 madhye nikola tesla yanna tyanchya prayogshalet kharab jhalelya pattyachya lakshat aale jeey crook tube prayoganshi sambandhit asalyache disate aanee tyanni yaa adrushya, tejaswi urjecha shodh ghenyas suruvat kelee. rontgenne ksh-kiran olakhalyanantar, tesla yane tyachya swatachya rachneteel uchch vidyutdab aanee nalya, tasech crook nalya vaparoon swatachya ksh-kiran pratima tayar karnyas suruvat kelee.
rontgenne kelela shodh.
8 november 1895 roji, german bhautikshastrache pradhyapak wilheim rontgen yanni lenard tube aanee crook tubecha prayog kartana ksh-kirananvar adkhalale aanee tyancha abhyas karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanni 'eka naveen prakarchya kirananvarah eka prathamik sanvad' haah prarambhik ahwal lihila aanee 28 december 1895 roji too wurjbergchya physical-medical society jarnalmadhye sadar keela. ksh-kirananvar lihilela haah pahila kagad hota. rontgenne kiranotsargacha eka adnyat prakar asalyache soochit karnyasathi tyala "x" asey sambodhale. kahee suruvatichya granthanmadhye tyanna 'x' chaa arth 'χ' asey mothe greek akshar mhanoon kelelya 'chee-reey' mhanoon sambodhale aahe. ksh-kiran heey naav adakale, matra (rontgenchya mothya aakshepanvarun) tyachya anek anek tyanna rontgen kiran mhananyachi soochana kelee. german, hungarian, ukrainean, danish, polish, check, bulgarian, swedish, finish, estonian, slovenian, turkey, russian, latvian, lithuanian, albanian, japani, dutch, georgian, hebru, icelandic aanee norwegian yasah anek bhashanmadhye ajunahi tyancha ullekh keela jaato. rontgenla tyachya shodhasathi bhautikshastratil pahila nobel puraskar midala.
tyachya shodhabaddal parasparvirodhi vruttant aahet kaaran rontgenne tyachya mrutyunantar tyachya prayogshaletil nondi jaalalya hotya, parantu tyachya charitrakaranni hii bahudha punarbandhani kelee aaheh rontgen eka crook tubemadhun cathode kiranancha tapas karat hota, jee tyane kalya putthyat gundalali hotee jenekarun tubemadhun disanara prakash hastakshep karnar nahee, berrium platinocyanide rangavalelya pratidishiy screencha vapar karoon. tyala durvar padadyavarun eka mand hiravi chamak disali. nalitoon yenari kahee adrushya kirane padadyala chamkavanyasathi putthyatun jaat aahet heey rontgenla jaanavale. tyanna tyachya tablavaril pustake aanee kagadpatrehi paar karata yeteel asey tyala aadhalale. yaa adnyat kiranancha paddhatshirpane tapas karnyasathi rontgenne swatahla pravrutt kele. tyachya suruvatichya shodhanantar done mahinyanni tyane tyacha shodhanibandh prakashit keela.
ksh-kirananmule tayar jhalelya chhayachitran platever tyachya patnichya hatache chitra kadhale tevha rontgenla tyancha vaidyakeey vapar sapadala. tyachya patnichya hatache chhayachitra heey ksh-kiran vaparoon manvi sharirachya avyavache pahile chhayachitra hote. jevha tine teey chitra pahile, tevha tee mhanali, "mea majha mrutyu pahila aahe."
ksh-kirananchya shodhamule lakshaniy utsukata nirman jhaali. rontgenche charitrakar oto glasser yanni andaj vartavala qee, ektya 1896 madhye, naveen kiranambaddal 49 nibandh aanee 1044 lekh prakashit jhaale. jagbharatil jawaljawal pratyek peparne naveen shodhabaddal mothya pramanat ahwal deela aahe, aanee 'vidnyan' sarkhya masikane keval tyach varshat 23 lekh samarpit kele aahet, asey jarr konee manale tarr haah kadachit eka puranmatvadi andaj hota. naveen shodhabaddalchya sanvedanatmak pratikriyanmadhye telepathisarkhya gupt aanee adhisamanya siddhantanshi naveen prakarchya kiranancha sambandh sambandh prakashanancha samavesh hota.
radiologymadhye pragati.
ksh-kirananche vaidyakeey upayog asoo shakatat heey rontgenchya lagech lakshat aale. 28 december roji sharirik-vaidyakeey societychya sallyasah, tyanni europbharatil tyanchya olakhichya doctoranna (1 janewari 1896) eka patra pathavale. scottish vidyut abhiyanta alaan archibald campbelle-swinton heey rontjennantar ksh-kiran (hatacha) tayar karnare pahile hote, tyamule batamya (aanee 'chhaya grams' chee nirmiti) vegane pasarlya. februvariparyant, ektya uttar americet 46 prayogkarte heey tantra swikarat hote.
vaidyakeey paristhitit ksh-kiranancha pahila vapar johnn holl-edwardsney englandmadhil birmingham yethe 11 janewari 1896 roji keela, jevha tyane eka eka hatat adakalelya suiche vikiran kele. 14 februwari 1896 roji, shalyachikitset ksh-kiran vaparnare holl-edward heey pahile hote.
1896 chya suruvatila, rontgenchya shodhanantar anek aathvadyanni, ivan romnowich tarkhanovne ksh-kirananni bedook aanee kitakanche vikiran kele, assa nishkarsh kadhala qee kirane "keval chhayachitran karat naheet, tarr jiwant karyavar dekhil parinam karatat". tyach sumaras, pranishastriy chitrakar james green yanni najuk namunyanche parikshan karnyasathi ksh-kiranancha vapar karnyas suruvat kelee. george albert bollenger yanni meey 1896 madhye londonchya pranishastra societiesmore dilelya eka peparmadhye yaa kamacha pratham ullekh keela. green aanee james etch yanni lihilele 'british batrachian aanee sarpatanare prani yanche parichhed' (parichhed heey ksh-kiran chhayachitrasathi eka aprachalit naav aahe) heey pustak. bollengerchya prastavnesah gardiner 1897 madhye prakashit jhaale.
united statesmadhye banavalela pahila vaidyakeey ksh-kiran puluichya rachneteel strav nalicha vapar karoon prapt karnyat aala. janewari 1896 madhye, rontgencha shodh vachalyanantar, dartmouth mahavidhyalayachya phrank austinane bhautikshastra prayogshaletil serve srav nalikanchi chachani kelee aanee asey aadhalale qee keval pului nalikene ksh-kiran tayar kele. heey puluine abhrakache tirkas "lakshya" samavisht kelyacha parinam hota, jeey pratideepi samagriche namune nalikemadhye thevanyasathi vaparale jaat hote. 3 februwari 1896 roji, mahavidhyalayatil vaidyakshastrache pradhyapak gillman frost aanee tyacha bhau edwin frost, bhautikshastrache pradhyapak, yanni edee mccarthy, jyavar gillmanne kahee aathvadyanpurvi fracturesathi upchar kele hote, tyanchya mangatala ksh-kirananni ughad kele aanee parinami tayar keleli hadanchi pratima howard langill yaa sthanik chhayachitrakarakadun midavalelya gelatin photographic plateswar gola kelee, jyala rontgenchya kamat dekhil rus hota.
swatah rontgens anek prayogkartyanni tyanchya mool prayoganmadhye, kahee prakarchya prakashpat vaparoon ksh-kiran pratima 'thet' pahanyachya paddhati suchavalya. rontgenne berrium platinocyanide aachchhadit padada vaparla. 5 februwari 1896 roji, italian shastradnya enrico salvioni (tyacha 'cryptoscope') aanee prinston vidyapithache pradhyapak mackie (tyache 'skyscope') yaa doghannihi berrium platinocyanide vapar karoon thet imaging upkarane vikasit kelee. american shodhak thomas edison yanni rontgenchya shodhanantar lagechach sanshodhan suru kele aanee ksh-kirananchya samparkat aalyavar samgrichya fluoros karnyachya kshamatecha tapas keela, jyamadhye calcium tungstate haah sarvat prabhavi padarth asalyache aadhalale. meey 1896 madhye, tyanni tyanche 'vitascope' heey pahile mothya pramanat utpadit kelele thet imaging upkaran vikasit kele, jyala nantar fluoroscope mhatale gele, jeey vaidyakeey ksh-kiran tapasanisathi manak banale. edisonne 1903 chya sumaras, tyachya glassbloarpacky eka asalelya clarence maddison dallychya mrutyupurvi ksh-kiran sanshodhan sodale. dallyla swatachya hatanvar ksh-kiran nalikanchi chachani karanyachi savay hotee, tyamadhye karkarog itka drudh jhaala qee tyacha jeev vachavanyachya vyarth prayatnat donhi haat kapale gele; 1904 madhye, ksh-kirananchya samparkat aalyane jhalela too pahila dnyat mrutyu tharala. fluoroscope vikasit hott asatana, edisonne vikasit kelelya calcium tungstate screencha vapar karoon serbian american bhautikshastradnya mihazlo pupin yanna aadhalale qee fluorescent screencha vapar kelyane vaidyakeey imagingsathi ksh-kiran tayar karnyasathi lagnara exposure vel eka tasapasoon kahee minitanparyant qamee jhaala.
1901 madhye, yuu.ess. newyorkmadheel mhashi yethe panne american pradarshanat sahbhagi hott asatana adhyaksh william mackinly yanna hatyechya prayatnat donada golya ghalanyat aalya. eka golee keval tyachya undarala chikatali hotee, tarr dusari golee tyachya otipotat kuthetari kholvar adakali hotee aanee tee sapadali nahee. chintet asalelya mckinlychya sahayyane shodhak thomas edisonla, bhatkya golicha shodh ghenyasathi mhashikade ksh-kiran yantra pathvanyasathi sandesh pathavala. too aala pann tyacha vapar jhaala nahee. golibaracha prakar pranghatak nasla taree golichya margavar gangreen vikasit jhaale hote aanee sahaa divasannantar jivanunchya sansargamule septic shockmule mackinleycha mrutyu jhaala.
dhoke aadhalale.
1895 madhye shastradnya, doctor aanee shodhakanni shodh dilyanantar ksh-kirananchya vyapak prayogamule tyaa kalatil tantrik niyatkalikanmadhye jaljal, cases galane aanee tyahoon white asha anek katha aalya. februwari 1896 madhye, vanderbilt vidyapithache pradhyapak johnn daniele aanee william lofland doodly yanni dudliche ksh-kiran kelyanantar cases galanyachi nond kelee. dokyala golee lagalelya mulala 1896 madhye vanderbilt prayogshalet aananyat aale. golee shodhanyacha prayatna karnyapurvi, eka prayog karnyacha prayatna karnyat aala, jyasathi dudleyne "vidnyanaprati asalelya tyachya vaishishtyapurn bhaktisah" swechhene kaam kele. danielne nondavale qee dadalichya kavatiche chhayachitra kadhalyanantar 21 divasanni (eka taas exposure vel), tyala ksh-kiran nalijaval tyachya dokyachya vyasacha eka takkal asalela thipka disalah "kavatichya bajula plate asalela eka plate dharak bandhala gela aanee kavati aanee dokyachya darmyan eka naane thewale gele. nalee kesanpasoon ardhya inch antaravar nantar bajula bandhali gelee hotee."jaljal, cases galatee aanee karkarogachya palikade, ksh-kiranancha sambandh vaparlya pahilya kiranotsargachya pramanavar aadharit purushanmadhil vandhyatvashi jodala jaau shakato.
august 1896 madhye, etch. dii. kolambiya mahavidhyalayache padvidhar asalelya hocks yanna ksh-kiran pradarshanamule haat aanee chhatila gambhir jaljal jhaali. heey 'vidyut punaravalokanat' nondavale gele aanee ksh-kirananshi sambandhit samasyanche itar anek ahwal prakashanakade pathavale gele. edisonchya prayogshaletil elihu thomsons anek prayogkarte, jeey. william. morton aanee nikola tesla yannihi jalalyachi nond kelee. elihu thomsonne kahee kalasathi janivpurvak ksh-kiran nalivar boat ughad kele aanee tyala vedna, sooj aanee phood aale. atinil kirane aanee (teslachya matey) ozons itar parinam kadhikadhi nukasanasathi jababdar dharale gele. ksh-kirananchya samparkat aalyane konatehi parinam jhaale naheet assa dawa anek doctoranni keela. 3 august 1905 roji, californiatil sann francisco yethe, elizabeth flishman yaa american ksh-kiran pathpradarshak, ksh-kirananchya tichya kamamule jhalelya guntaguntimule maran pavalya.
holl-edwardna karkarog (jyala tevha ksh-kiran tvacharog mhanatat) 1904 paryant puresa vikasit jhaala jyamule too shodhanibandh lihinyas aanee ksh-kirananchya dhokyambaddal sarvajanik bhashane denyas karanibhoot tharala. 1908 madhye tyacha dawa haat haat aanee tyanantar lagechach tyachya ujavya hatachi chaar bote kapoon takavi lagali, jyat fakt eka angatha urala. 1926 madhye karkarogamule tyanche nidhan jhaale. tyancha dawa haat birmingham vidyapithat thevanyat aala aahe.
20 weey shatak aanee tyahoon pudhe.
ksh-kirananchya anek vaparanni lagech prachand utsukata nirman kelee. karyashalanni ksh-kiran tayar karnyasathi crook nalikanchya vishesh aavrutya tayar karnyas suruvat kelee aanee yaa pahilya pidhichya colled cathode kinwa crook ksh-kiran nalika sumare 1920 paryant vaparlya jaat hotya.
hotya shatkachya suruvatichya eka vishisht vaidyakeey ksh-kiran pranalimadhye thund cathode crook ksh-kiran nalishi jodaleli ruhmcorff gundali hotee. eka spark gap samanyatah tubechya samantar uchch voltage bajus jodala jaat asey aanee nidanatmak hetunsathi vaparale jaat asey. sparkchya antaramule sparkschee dhruviyata shodhata aalee, sparkschya lambinusar voltage mojata aale aanee asha prakare nalikechya nirvatatechi "kadakpana" nirdharit hote aanee ksh-kiran naliche sampark tutalyas tyane bhaar pradan keela. nalichi kadakpana shodhanyasathi, spark antar suruvatila sarvat vyapak mandanisathi ughadale gele. gundali karyarat asatana, thinagi disu lageparyant operatorne antar qamee kele. jyaa nalimadhye chakakiche antar aaspas chamkoo lagale hote tee mauu (qamee nirvat) manali jaat asey aanee haat aanee haat yasarkhya patal sharirachya bhagansathi yogya manali jaat asey. eka spark darshavito qee nalee khande aanee gudghyansathi yogya hotee. eka thinagi mothya vyaktinchya potachya pratimesathi yogya uchch nirvat darshavel. spark gap nalikechya samantar jodaleli asalyane, imagingsathi nalika chalvanyasathi sparking thamb hoiparyant spark gap ughadavi lagali. chhayachitranpatinsathicha exposure vel eka hatasathi sumare ardha minit aanee vakshasathi done minite hota. pradarshanacha vel qamee karnyasathi thalimadhye pratideepak mithachi thodi bharr asoo shakate.
crook tube avishvasaniy hotya. tyanna thodya pramanat vayoo (nehmi havah) asane aavashyak hote kaaran jarr teey purnapane baher kadhale gele tarr asha naliket pravah vahanar nahee. tathapi, jasjasa vel jaat gela tasatase ksh-kirananmule kaach vayoo shoshun ghete, jyamule nalee lavkarach kaam karane bund kareparyant "katheen" ksh-kiran tayar karate. mothya aanee varanvar vaparlya pahilya nalyanmadhye havah purvavat karnyasathi upkarane puravali gelee, jyanna 'softners' mhanatat. heey heey eka chhotya bajuchya naliche roop dharan karat asat jyat abhrakacha eka lahan tukada asato, eka khanij jeey tyachya sanrachanet tulanene mothya pramanat havah adakavate. eka chhotya vidyut ushmayakane abhrak garam keela, jyamule too thodishi havah sodato, asha prakare nalichi karyakshamta punarsanchayit hote. tathapi, abhrakache ayushya maryadit hote aanee punarsthapana prakriyevar niyantran thevane katheen hote.
1904 madhye johnn embrose flaming yanni thermionic diodecha shodh lavala, jee pahili prakarchi vacuum tube aahe. yamadhye garam cathodecha vapar keela gela jyamule vidyut pravah nirvatat vahoo lagla. hii kalpana ksh-kiran nalikanvar patkan lagoo karnyat aalee aanee mhanoon garam-cathode ksh-kiran nalya, jyanna "coolies tube" mhanatat, tyanni sumare 1920 paryant trasdayak thund cathode nalikanchi purnapane jaaga ghetali.
1906 chya sumaras, bhautikshastradnya charles barkla yanni shodh lavala qee ksh-kiran vayundvare vikhurale jaau shakatat aanee pratyek ghatakache vaishishtyapurn ksh-kiran varnapat aahe. yaa shodhasathi tyanna 1917 saalee bhautikshastratil nobel paritoshik midale.
1912 madhye max wonn low, paul cupping aanee walter friedrichne pahilyanda sphatikandware ksh-kirananche vivartan pahile. paul pieter ewald, william heinry bragg aanee william laurence bragg yanchya suruvatichya karyasah yaa shodhamule ksh-kiran sphatikshastrachya kshetrala janm midala.
1913 madhye, heinry moslene vividh dhatunmadhun dhatunmadhun ksh-kiranansah sfatikalekhan prayog kele aanee moslecha niyam tayar keela joou ksh-kirananchya varanvartecha dhatuchya anoo kramankashi sambandh jodato.
tyach varshi william dii. yanni coolies ksh-kiran nalicha shodh lavala. coolies. yamule ksh-kirananche satat utsarjan shakya jhaale. aadhunik ksh-kiran nalya yaa rachnevar aadharit asatat, jyaa anekada anekada lakshyancha vapar karatat, jyamule sthir lakshyanpeksha lakshaniyaritya jaast ushnata nasht hote, jyamule adhik pramanat ksh-kiran utpadan rotational seaty scannersarkhya uchch shaktichya anuprayoganmadhye vaparnyasathi shakya hote.
vaidyakeey karanansathi ksh-kiranancha vapar (jeey kiranotsarg upcharanchya kshetrat vikasit jhaale) englandmadhil birmingham yetheel mejar johnn holl-edwards yanni keela. tyanantar 1908 madhye, tyanchya hatavar ksh-kiran tvacharog pasarlyamule tyancha dawa haat kapava lagla.
vaidyakeey vidnyanane manvi sharirshastracha abhyas karnyasathihi motion picturecha vapar keela. 1913 madhye, manvi potachya aat eka kadak ukalalele andey darshavinare detroitmadhye eka chitrapat banavanyat aale. haah suruvaticha ksh-kiran chitrapat darr chaar sekandanni eka sthir pratima yaa darane nondavala gela hota. newyorkche dow. louis gregory cole heey yaa tantrache pranete hote, jyala tyanni 'syrial radiography' mhatale. 1918 madhye, gatishil manvi sangadyala pakadanyasathi motion picture picture sahkaryane ksh-kiran vaparale gele. 1920 madhye, englandmadhil dhvanyatmak sansthene bhashanchya abhyasat jeebh aanee datanchya halchalinchi nond karnyasathi yacha vapar keela.
1914 madhye, merrie curine pahilya mahayuddhat jakhami jhalelya sainikanna madat karnyasathi radiological qaar vikasit kelya. yaa gadyanmule jakhami sainikanche ksh-kiran drutpane chitra kadhata yeteel, jenekarun yuddhbhumivaril shalyachikitsak jalad aanee adhik achookpane kaam karoo shaktil.
shaktil dashakachya suruvatipasun suruvatipasun dashkaparyant, shooj basavanyasathi ex-reey machines vikasit karnyat aalee aanee vyavsayik shooj dukananmadhye vikali gelee. varanvar kinwa chukichya paddhatine niyantrit kelelya vaparachya parinamababat 1950 chya dashakat chinta vyakt karnyat aalee, jyamule tyaa dashakacha akheris shevat jhaala.
ksh-kiran sukshmadarshak 1950 chya dashakat vikasit karnyat aala.
23 julai 1999 roji prakshepit karnyat aalelya chandra ksh-kiran vedhshalene, ksh-kiran tayar pradan vishvatil atishay hinsak prakriyancha shodh ghenyas parvanagi dilee aahe. vishvache tulanene sthir drushya drushya drishyaman prakashachya ulat, ksh-kiran vishva asthir aahe. tyat krishna chhidre, aakashgangechi takkar aanee nova aanee neutron taare jeey plasmache thurr tayar karatat jeey nantar antaralat sphot karatat, tyamule taare fatalele disatat.
1980 chya dashakat rigan prashasanachya dhoranatmak sanrakshn upkramacha bhag mhanoon ksh-kiran lesar upkaran prastavit karnyat aale hote, parantu yantrachya ekmev chachanine (thermonuclear sphotadvare chalavalelya lesar "blaster" kinwa mrutyu kiranancha eka prakar) anirnit parinam dile. tantrik aanee rajkiy karananmule, ekoon prakalpala (ksh-kiran lesarsah) nidhi midala nahee (jaree nantar nantar busch prashasanane vividh tantradnyanacha vapar karoon rashtriy kshepanastra sanrakshn mhanoon punarujjivit kele).
fages-contrast ex-reey imaging mhanje vividh tantre jee pratima tayar karnyasathi ex-reey beemchi fages mahitee vapartat. ghanatechya farkamprati changlya sanvedansheelatemule, mauu uutinche chitran karnyasathi teey visheshtah upayukt aahe. jaivik aanee vaidyakeey abhyasanchya vistrut shrenimadhye peshi aanee uutishastriy sanrachananchya drushyikaranachi hii eka mahattvachi paddhat bunley aahe. ksh-kiran tappyatil-virodhabhas pratimesathi anek tantradnyan vaparale jaat aahe, serve vegvegalya tattvancha vapar karoon ekhadya vastupasoon baher baher ksh-kiranatil tappyatil badalanna tivratechya badalanmadhye rupantarit karatat. yamadhye prasar-aadharit fages contrast, talboat interferometry, refraction-vardhit imaging aanee ex-reey interferometry yancha samavesh aahe. yaa paddhati samanya shoshan-aadharit ksh-kiran pratimechya tulanet uchch virodhabhas pradan karatat, jyamule jawaljawal samaan ghanata asalelya ekmekanpasun tapashilanmadhye farak karane shakya hote. eka gairsoy ashee aahe qee yaa paddhatinsathi synchrotron kinwa microphocus ksh-kiran srot, ksh-kiran prakashiki aanee uchch resolution ksh-kiran shodhak yasarkhya adhik atyadhunik upkarananchi aavashyakta asate.
urja shreni.
mauu aanee katheen ksh-kiran.
5-10 kevhchya varr (0.2-0.1 nm tarangalambichya khalee) uchch photon urja asalelya ksh-kirananna 'haard ksh-kiran' mhanatat, tarr qamee urja (aanee lamb taranglambi) asalelya ksh-kirananna 'soft ksh-kiran' mhanatat. anek kevhchya photon urjesah madhyavarti shrenila anekada "komal ksh-kiran" mhanoon sambodhale jaate. tyanchya bhedak kshamatemule, katheen ksh-kiranancha mothya pramanavar vastoonchya aateel bhagachi pratima kadhanyasathi vapar keela jaato (udaa.jee. vaidyakeey radiography aanee vimantal suraksha). ksh-kiran' haah shabd yaa paddhaticha vapar karoon tayar kelelya radiographic pratimecha sandarbh denyasathi, tyaa paddhativyatirikt, shabdasha vaparla jaato. katheen ksh-kirananchi taranglambi anoonchya aakarasarkhich asalyane, ksh-kiran sphatikalekhanadvare sphatik sanrachana nishchit karnyasathi dekhil tee upayukt aahet. yaulat, mauu ksh-kiran havemadhye sahajpane shoshale jaatat; panyat 600 eae. vhee. (~ 2 aine. emm.) ksh-kirananchi ksheenata lambi 1 micrometerpeksha qamee asate.
gamma kirane.
ksh-kiran aanee gamma kirananmadhye farak karnyachya vyakhyesathi ekmat nahee. done prakarchya kiranotsarganmadhye tyanchya strotachya aadhare farak karane hii eka samanya pratha aaheh ksh-kiran heey electrondware utsarjit kele jaatat, tarr gamma kiran heey anoo kendrakadware utsarjit kele jaatat. yaa vyakhyet anek samasya aaheth itar prakriya dekhil heey uchch-urja photon tayar karoo shakatat, kinwa kadhikadhi nirmitichi paddhat dnyat nasate. eka samanya paryay mhanje ex-aanee gamma kiranotsarg tarangalambichya (kinwa, samatulya, varanvarta kinwa photon urja) aadhare, 10−11 meater (0.1 Â) sarkhya kahee aniyantrit tarangalambipeksha qamee kiranotsargasaha, gamma kiranotsarg mhanoon paribhashit karane. haah nikash photonla eka spasht shreneet niyukt karato, parantu taranglambi mahit asel tarach heey shakya aahe. (mojamapachi kahee tantre shodhalelya tarangalambimadhye farak karat naheet.) tathapi, ksh-kiran nalikandware utsarjit utpann vidyutchumbakiy kiranotsargachi taranglambi samanyatah kiranotsargi kendrakandware utsarjit utpann kiranotsargapeksha jaast aanee photon urja qamee asalyane yaa done vyakhya anekada julatat. kadhikadhi, eka kinwa dusari sandnya aitihasik purvavartimule, mojmap (shodh) tantravar aadharit kinwa tyanchya taranglambiaivaji kinwa strotaivaji tyanchya ichchit vaparavar aadharit vishisht sandarbhat vaparali jaate.
asha prakare, vaidyakeey aanee audhyogik vaparasathi tayar jhalelya gamma-reey, udaharanarth radiotherapy, 6-20 mevhchya shreneet, yaa sandarbhat ksh-kiran mhanoon dekhil sambodhale jaau shakatat.
malmatta.
ksh-kiran photon anoonna aayanikaran karnyasathi aanee aanvik bandhanmadhye vyatyay aananyasathi pureshi urja vahoon netat. yamule too eka prakarcha aayanikaran kiranotsarg banato aanee tyamule jiwant uutinsathi hanikarak aahe. alpavadhimadhye khoop jaast kiranotsargachya matremule kiranotsargacha aajaar hoto, tarr qamee matremule kiranotsarg-prerit karkarogacha dhoka vadhu shakato. vaidyakeey pratimemadhe, karkarogacha haah vadhalela dhoka samanyatah tapasanichya fayadhyanpeksha khoop jaast asato. ksh-kirananche aayanikaran karanyachi kshamata karkarogachya upcharanmadhye kiranotsarg upcharpaddhaticha vapar karoon ghatak peshi marnyasathi vaparali jaau shakate. ksh-kiran spectroscopy vapar karoon bhautik vaishishtyansathi dekhil yacha vapar keela jaato.
katheen ksh-kiran jaast shoshalyashivay kinwa vikhurlya naan jaata tulanene jaad vastoonna paar karoo shakatat. yaa karanastav, ksh-kiranancha vapar mothya pramanavar drishyaman apardarshak vastoonchya aateel bhagachi pratima kadhanyasathi keela jaato. vaidyakeey radiography aanee vimantal suraksha scannermadhe sarvat jaast vaparale jaanare anuprayog aahet, parantu udhyogat dekhil samaan tantre mahattvachi aahet (udaa.jee. audhyogik radiography aanee audhyogik seaty scanning) aanee sanshodhan (udaa.jee. lahan prani see. tii.). ksh-kiran varnpatavaril vyaptichya anek kramannusar pravesh kholee badalate. yamule photon urja anuprayogasathi samayojit kelee jaau shakate jenekarun objectdware purese prasaran hoil aanee tyach velee pratimet changla virodhabhas milel.
ksh-kirananchi taranglambi drishyaman prakashapeksha khoopach qamee asate, jyamule samanya sukshmadarshakacha vapar karoon pahilya pahilya sanrachananpeksha khoopach lahan sanrachanechi tapasani karane shakya hote. haah gunadharm ksh-kiran sukshmadarshanat uchch-resolution pratima prapt karnyasathi aanee sphatikanmadhil anoonchi sthitee nirdharit karnyasathi ksh-kiran sphatikalekhanamadhye dekhil vaparla jaato.
padarthashi sanvad sadhane.
ksh-kiran photoabsorption, compton scattering aanee rele scatteringdware padarthashi teen mukhya marganni sanvad sadhatat. yaa parasparsanvadanchi takad ksh-kirananchya urjevar aanee samgrichya moolbhut rachnevar avalambun asate, parantu rasayanik gunadharmanvar jaast avalambun nasate, kaaran ksh-kiran photon urja rasayanik bandhan urjepeksha khoop jaast asate. photoabsorption kinwa photoelectric shoshan hii mauu ksh-kiran vyavasthetil aanee qamee katheen ksh-kiran urjesathi pramukh parasparkriya yantrana aahe. uchch urjevar, compton vikhurane varchasva gajavate.
prakashavidhyut shoshan.
prati ekak vastuman photoelectric shoshan honyachi sambhavyata andaje "zed" 3/"eae" 3 chya pramanat asate, jethe "zed" hii anukramank aahe aanee "eae" hii aapatkalin photonchi urja aahe. haah niyam aateel kavach electron bandhan urjechya jawal vaidh nahee, jethe parasparsanvadachya sambhavyatemadhye achanak badal hotat, jyala shoshan kadaa mhanatat. tathapi, uchch shoshan gunankancha samanya cull aanee tyamule qamee photon urja aanee uchch anusankhyansathi qamee pravesh kholata khoop majboot aahe. mauu uutinsathi, photoabsorption sumare 26 keey. eae. vhee. photon urjevar varchasva gajavate jithe comptonche vikhurane vyapate. uchch anusankhya asalelya padarthansathi hii maryada jaast asate. hadanmadhye calciumche uchch praman ("zed" = 20), aanee tyanchi uchch ghanata, yamulech teey vaidyakeey radiographavar itake spashtapane disatat.
eka photoabsorbed photon tyachi serve urja jyaa electronshee tee parasparkriya karate tyaa electronmadhye hastantarit karato, asha prakare jyaa anooshi electron bandhala gela hota tyaa anoola aayanikaran karato aanee eka photoelectron tayar karato joou tyachya margavar adhik anoonna aayanikaran karanyachi shakyata aahe. bahya electron rikt electronchi sthitee bharoon takel aanee ektar vaishishtyapurn ksh-kiran kinwa augar electron tayar karel. ksh-kiran spectroscopy kinwa augar electron spectroscopidware moolbhut shodhasathi yaa parinamancha vapar keela jaau shakato.
compton vikhurane.
vaidyakeey pratimemadhe ksh-kiran aanee mauu ootee yanchyatil compton vikhurane haah pramukh parasparkriya aahe. compton scattering heey bahya kavach electrondware ksh-kiran photonche asthir scattering aahe. photonchya urjecha kahee bhag vikhuralelya electronmadhye hastantarit keela jaato, jyamule anooche aayanikaran hote aanee ksh-kiranachi taranglambi vadhate. vikhurlela photon konatyahi dishene jaau shakato, parantu mool dishesarkhi disha asanyachi shakyata jaast asate, visheshtah uchch-urja ksh-kiranansathi. clain-nishina sutradvare vegvegalya vikhuralelya konanchi sambhavyata varnan kelee jaate. urja aanee gatee sanvardhanadvare, hastantarit urja thet vikhurnyachya konatoon prapt kelee jaau shakate.
rele scattering.
rele scattering hii ksh-kiran vyavasthetil pramukh lavchik scattering yantrana aahe. asthir pudhe vikhurane apavartak nirdeshankala janm dete, joou ksh-kiranansathi 1 peksha kinchit qamee asato.
utpadan.
jevha jevha puresha urjeche charge kelele kann (electron kinwa aayan) ekhadya padarthavar aadaltat, tevha ksh-kiran tayar hotat.
electrondware utpadan.
ksh-kiran heey ksh-kiran nalidware tayar kele jaau shakatat, eka nirvat nalee jee garam kathoddware sodanyat aalelya electronna uchch veg denyasathi uchch voltage vaparte. uchch vegache electron dhatuchya lakshya, anodeshee dhadaktat, jyamule ksh-kiran tayar hotat. vaidyakeey ksh-kiran nalikanmadhye samanyatah tungsten kinwa renium (5 takke) aanee tungsten (95 takke) chey adhik crack-pratirodhak mishradhatu lakshya asate, parantu kadhikadhi adhik vishesh anuprayogansathi molybdenum, jase qee mammographypramanech mauu ksh-kirananchi aavashyakta asate. sphatikalekhanamadhye, tambyache lakshya sarvat samanya aahe, kobaltacha vapar anekada keela jaato jevha namunyatil lohachya samagritoon pratidipti anyatha samasya nirman karoo shakate.
utpadit ksh-kiran photonchi kamal urja aapatkalin electronchya urjedware maryadit asate, jee nalikevaril vidyutdabchya vela electron chargechya barobarichi asate, tyamule 80 keey. vhee. nalika 80 keey. eae. vhee. peksha jaast urjesah ksh-kiran tayar karoo shakat nahee. jevha electron lakshya gathatat, tevha ksh-kiran done vegvegalya anoo prakriyandvare tayar kele jaatatah
tarr, nalichya parinami utpann utpadanat nalichya vidyutdabavar shunyavar padnara satatcha 'bramestrallung' spectrum, tasech vaishishtyapurn reshanvar anek spike asatat. nidan ksh-kiran nalikanmadhye vaparale jaanare vidyutpravah andaje 20 keey. vhee. teey 150 keey. vhee. paryant asatat aanee asha prakare ksh-kiran photonchi sarvoch urja andaje 20 keey. vee. teey 150 keey. vee. paryant asate.
yaa donhi ksh-kiran utpadan prakriya akaryaksham aahet, nalikemadhye vaparlya jaanarya vidyut urjepaiki keval eka takke urja ksh-kirananmadhye rupantarit hote aanee asha prakare naliket vaparali jaanari bahutek vidyut urja vyarth ushnata mhanoon sodali jaate. ksh-kiranancha vaparnyayogya pravah tayar kartana, ksh-kiran nalee atirikt ushnata nasht karnyasathi tayar kelee gelee pahije.
ksh-kiranancha eka vishesh srot joou sanshodhanat mothya pramanat vaparla jaat aahe too mhanje synchrotron vikiran, joou kann pravegkandware tayar hoto. ksh-kiran nalika, rund ksh-kiran varnapat, utkrusht sanyojan aanee resheey dhruvikaran yanchyapeksha mothya pramanat ksh-kiran utpadan hii tyachi anokhi vaishishtye aahet.
ksh-kirananche 15 keey. eae. vhee. paryantche urjache chhote nanosecond sphot, madhyam nirvatamadhye tyachya pathitoon daab-sanvedanshil chikat tape soloon vishvasarhpane tayar kele jaau shakatat. heey triboelectric charjingdware tayar jhalelya vidyut prabharanchya punarsanyojanancha parinam asanyachi shakyata aahe. ksh-kiran imagingsathi srot mhanoon vaparnyasathi ksh-kiran triboluminasions tivrata pureshi aahe.
jalad sakaratmak aayandware utpadan.
ksh-kiran jalad proton kinwa itar sakaratmak aayandware dekhil tayar kele jaau shakatat. proton-prerit ksh-kiran utsarjan kinwa kann-prerit ksh-kiran utsarjan heey vishleshanatmak prakriya mhanoon mothya pramanat vaparale jaate. uchch urjesathi, utpadan cross section "z" 12 "z" 2−4 chya pramanat asate, jethe "z" 1 haah aayanchya anukramankala sandarbhit karato, "z" 2 haah lakshya anoola sandarbhit karato. yaa cross sectionche vihangavalokan tyach sandarbhat dile aahe.
veej aanee prayogshaletun utsarjanat utpadan.
jaminivaril gamma-rechya chamkyansah vijemadhye ksh-kiran dekhil tayar kele jaatat. vijeshi sambandhit vidyut kshetranmadhye electroncha praveg aanee tyanantar 'bramestrallung' dware photonche utpadan hii antarnihit yantrana aahe. yamule kahee keey. vhee. aanee anek daha meey. vhee. chya urjesah photon tayar hotat. andaje 1 meater lambichya antar aakarachya aanee 1 emm. vhee. chya shikhar vidyutdabasaha prayogshaletil utsarjanat, 160 keey. eae. vhee. chya vaishishtyapurn urjesah ksh-kiran pahile jaatat. done pravahakancha samna aanee uchch-urja pravahit electronche utpadan heey sambhavya spashtikaran aahe; tathapi, sookshm anukarananni asey darshavile aahe qee done pravahit vidyut kshetra vadhicha kalavadhi mothya sankhyene pravahit electron tayar karnyasathi khoop qamee aahe. alikadech, asey prastavit kele gele aahe qee pravahakanchya aaspaschya havetil vikshobhamule baher baher electronche aanee tyamule utsarjanatun ksh-kirananche utpadan sulabh houu shakate.
detector.
ksh-kiran shodhak tyanchya uddeshanusar aakar aanee karyat badaltat. radiographisathi vaparale jaanare imaging detector heey mulat photographic plates aanee nantarchya photographic filmwar aadharit hote, parantu aata bahutek vela emage plates aanee flat panel detectors sarkhya vividh digital detector prakaranni tyanchi jaaga ghetali aahe. kiranotsarg sanrakshanasathi thet sampark dhokyache moolyankan anekada aayanikaran kaksh vaparoon kele jaate, tarr dosimetercha vapar ekhadya vyaktichya samparkat aalelya kiranotsargachya matreche mojmap karnyasathi keela jaato. ksh-kiran varnapat ektar urja prasaran kinwa taranglambi prasaran spectrometerdware mojala jaau shakato. ksh-kiran chrystallographysarkhya ksh-kiran vivartan anuprayogansathi, sankarit photon mojani shodhak mothya pramanat vaparale jaatat.
vaidyakeey vapar.
ksh-kiran hadanchi rachana olakhoo shakatat assa rontgencha shodh laglyanantar, ksh-kiranancha vapar vaidyakeey pratimesathi keela jaat aahe. yaa vishayavaril tyanchya peparnantar eka mahinyapeksha qamee kalanantar pahila vaidyakeey vapar jhaala. 2010 paryant jagbharat paach abj vaidyakeey pratimechya chachanya ghenyat aalya hotya. 2006 madhye vaidyakeey imajingmadhun utpann kiranotsargachya samparkat united statesmadhil ekoon aayanikaran kiranotsargachya samparkat sumare 50 takke hote.
prakshepit radiograph.
prakshepak kiranotsarg mhanje ksh-kiran kiranotsargacha vapar karoon dvi-aayami pratima tayar karanyachi pratha aahe. hadanmadhye calciumche praman jaast asate, jeey tyachya tulanene uchch anusankhyemule ksh-kiran karyakshamatene shoshun ghete. yamule hadanmadhil sachalelya shodhkaparyant shodhkaparyant ksh-kirananche praman qamee hote, jyamule teey radiographavar spashtapane disatat. uutinchya tulanet qamee shoshan jhalyamule fuffuse aanee adakalela vayoo dekhil spashtapane disun yeto, tarr uutinchya prakaranmadhil farak pahane katheen asate.
prakshepit radiograph heey hadanchya pranalichya pathologycha shodh ghenyasathi tasech mauu uutinmadhil kahee rog prakriya shodhanyasathi upayukt aahet. kahee ullekhaneey udaharane mhanje chhaticha agadi samanya ksh-kiran, jyacha vapar pneumonia, fuffusacha karkarog kinwa fuffusanchi sooj yasarkhe fuffusache rog olakhanyasathi keela jaau shakato aanee potacha ksh-kiran, joou aatadyatil (kinwa aatadyanmadhil) adthala, mukt havah (aatadyanmadhil chhidranpasun) aanee mukt drav (jalodhyanmadhye) shodhu shakato. pittashayatil dagad (jeey kvachitach kiranotsargi asatat) kinwa mutrapindatil dagad jeey anekada (parantu nehmich nahee) disatat, yasarkhya rogvidnyan shodhanyasathi ksh-kiranancha dekhil vapar keela jaau shakato. mendu kinwa snayu yasarkhya mauu uutinchya pratimesathi paramparik sadhya ksh-kiran qamee upayukt asatat. eka kshetra jethe prakshepak radiographcha mothya pramanat vapar keela jaato teey mhanje gudgha, nitamb kinwa khanda badalane yasarkhe orthopedic pratyaropan, aajubajuchya hadanchya sandarbhat sharirat kase sthit aahe yache moolyankan karane. sadhya radiographmadhun yache moolyankan done parimananmadhye kele jaau shakate kinwa '2 dii teey 3 dii nondani' navache tantra vaparlyas tyache moolyankan teen parimananmadhye kele jaau shakate. heey tantra sadhya radiographmadhun pratyaropan sthitiche moolyankan karnyashi sambandhit prakshepan truti spashtapane nakarte.
dant radiographycha vapar samanyatah pokalisarkhya samanya tondachya samasyanchya nidanasathi keela jaato.
vaidyakeey nidan anuprayoganmadhye, qamee urja (mauu) ksh-kiran avanchhit asatat, kaaran teey shariradvare purnapane shoshale jaatat, jyamule pratimemadhe yogdan naan deta kiranotsargachi matra vadhate. tyamule, ksh-kiran filter mhanoon olakhali jaanari, anekada aluminiumchi eka patal dhatuchi chadar, samanyatah ksh-kiran nalichya khidkivar thewali jaate, jee varnpatatil qamee urja bhag shoshun ghete. yala kiranala 'kadak karane' mhanatat kaaran teey varnapatala madhyabhagi uchch urja (kinwa katheen) ksh-kiranankade valavate.
raktavahinya aanee shiransah hriday v raktavahinyasambandhi pranalichi pratima tayar karnyasathi (angiography) swarasya asalelya sharirik kshetrachi prarambhik pratima ghetali jaate. aayodeenyukt contrast agent yaa bhagatil raktavahinyanmadhye taklyanantar tyach pradeshachi dusari pratima ghetali jaate. yaa done pratima nantar digital paddhatine vaja kelya jaatat, jyamule raktavahinyanchya rupareshevar keval aayodeenyukt virodhabhaschi pratima rahate. tyanantar radiologist kinwa sarjan vahinyache kahee nuksan jhaale aahe qee adthala aala aahe heey nirdharit karnyasathi prapt jhalelya pratimechi tulana samanya sharirik pratimanshi karatat.
sanganit tomography.
sanganit tomography (seaty scanning) hii eka vaidyakeey pratimechi paddhat aahe jithe vegvegalya dishene ghetalelya dvimiteey ksh-kiran pratimanchya mothya maliketoon shariratil vishisht bhaganchya tomographic pratima kinwa tukade prapt kele jaatat. yaa cross-sectional pratima sharirachya aateel tri-aayami pratimet ekatra kelya jaau shakatat aanee vividh vaidyakeey shakhanmadhye nidan aanee upcharatmak hetunsathi vaparlya jaau shakatat.
fluoroscopy.
fluoroscopy heey samanyatah doctor kinwa kiranotsarg chikitsakadware fluoroscopechya vaparadvare rugnachya antargat sanrachanechya vastavik-vel vastavik-vel pratima midvinyasathi vaparale jaanare eka imaging tantra aahe. tyachya sarvat sopya swarupat, fluoroscopemadhye ksh-kiran srot aanee pratideepak padada asato, jyachya darmyan rugna thewala jaato. tathapi, aadhunik fluoroscope screenla ksh-kiran pratima tivrak aanee see. see. dii. video video jodatat jyamule pratima reecord kelya jaau shakatat aanee monetervar chalavalya jaau shakatat. hii paddhat contrast materiyal vaparu shakate. udaharananmadhye cardiac catheterization (coronary dhamnitil adthalyanchi tapasani karnyasathi) aanee berrium gilane (annanaliketil vikar aanee gilanyache vikar tapasanyasathi) yancha samavesh hoto.
radiotherapy.
upchar mhanoon ksh-kiranancha vapar haah kiranotsarg upchar mhanoon olakhala jaato aanee tyacha vapar mothya pramanat karkarogachya vyavasthapanasathi (paliations) keela jaato; keval imagingsathi midalelya kiranotsargachya matra peksha adhik kiranotsargachya matra aavashyak asatat. ksh-kiran kiranancha vapar qamee urjechya ksh-kiran kiranancha vapar karoon tvachechya karkarogavar upchar karnyasathi keela jaato tarr uchch urjechya kiranancha vapar mendu, fuffus, prostate aanee stun yasarkhya shariratil karkaroganvar upchar karnyasathi keela jaato.
pratikool parinam.
nidanatmak ksh-kiran (pramukhyane mothya matret vaparlelya seaty scanmule) ughad utpann lokanmadhye vikasatmak samasya aanee karkarogacha dhoka vadhavtat. ksh-kiran haah aayanikaran kiranotsargacha eka prakar aahe aanee jaagtik aarogya sanghatanechya karkarogavaril sanshodhan aanee yuu. yuu. yaa donhi aantarrashtriy sansthanni tyache carcinogen mhanoon vargikaran kele aahe.ess. sarkar. assa andaj aahe qee united statesmadhil sadhyache 0.40% karkarog heey purvi kelelya sanganit tomographymule (seaty scan) hotat aanee 2007 madhye seaty vaparachya darasah heey 1.5-2% paryant vadhu shakate.
sadhya prayogik aanee mahamarishastriy mahitee yaa prastavache samarthan karat nahee qee kiranotsargacha eka threshold doses aahe jyachya khalee karkarogacha dhoka vadhalela nahee. matra, yababat shanka vadhat aahe. 1100 emm. jee. aay. chya samparkat aalyanantar karkarogacha dhoka suru houu shakato. assa andaj aahe qee nidan ksh-kirananmadhun utpann atirikt kiranotsargamule vayachya 75 vya varshaparyant sarasari vyaktila karkarog honyacha sanchayi dhoka 0.6-3.0% neey vadhel. shoshalelya kiranotsargache praman ksh-kiran chachanichya prakaravar aanee tyat samavisht asalelya sharirachya bhagavar avalambun asate. seaty aanee fluoroscopymadhye sadhya ksh-kirananpeksha kiranotsargache praman jaast asate.
vadhalela dhoka drushtikonatun thevanyasathi, chhaticha sadha ksh-kiran ekhadya vyaktila parshvabhoomi kiranotsargapasun 10 divasanparyant darroj (sthananusar) lock jyaa pramanat samparkat yetat tyach pramanat ughad karel, tarr dant ksh-kiranatoon honara sampark andaje 1 divasachya paryavaraniy parshvabhoomi kiranotsargachya samatulya aahe. asha pratyek ksh-kiranamule prati 1,000,000 1 peksha qamee karkarogacha dhoka vadhato. otipot kinwa chhativaril seaty heey sampoorn sharirasathi 2-3 varshanchya parshvabhoomichya kiranotsargachya samatulya asel, kinwa pooat kinwa chhatisathi 4-5 varshe asel, jyamule ayushyabhar karkarogacha dhoka 1000 paiki 1 teey 10,000 paiki 1 paryant vadhato. yachee tulana american nagrikala tyanchya aayushyat karkarog honyachi andaje 40 takke shakyata aahe. udaharanarth, chhatichya seaty scanmadhun dhadala prabhavi matra sumare 5 emm. ess. vhee. aahe aanee shoshaleli matra sumare 14 emm. jee. aay. aahe. haid seaty scan (1.5 emm. ess. vhee., 64 emm. jee. aay.) joou ekada contrast agents aanee ekada contrast agentshivay keela jaato, too dokyachya 40 varshanchya parshvabhoomichya kiranotsargachya samatulya asel. citymule prabhavi matrecha achook andaj lavane katheen aahe, aanee vaparlelya paddhatinusar praudhanchya dokyachya scansathi andaje ±19 teey ±32 takke anishchitata shreni aahe.
garbhasathi kiranotsargacha dhoka jaast asato, tyamule garbhavati rugnanmadhye, tapasaniche (ksh-kiran) fayade garbhasathichya sambhavya dhokyansah santulit kele pahijet. jarr 9 mahinyant 1 scan keela tarr too garbhasathi hanikarak tharoo shakato. tyamule, garbhavati mahilanna tyanche nidanatmak pratimechya rupat ultrasound midatat kaaran yaat kiranotsarg vaparla jaat nahee. jarr khoop jaast kiranotsargacha sampark asel tarr garbhavar kinwa aaichya punarutpadak avyavanvar hanikarak parinam houu shakatat. americet, darvarshi andaje 62 dashalaksh seaty scan kele jaatat, jyat mulanvaril 40 lakhanhun adhik scancha samavesh aahe. anavashyak ksh-kiran (visheshtah seaty scan) talhalyane kiranotsargacha doses aanee sambandhit karkarogacha dhoka qamee hoto.
vaidyakeey ksh-kiran heey manavnirmit kiranotsargachya samparkat yenyacha eka mahattvapoorn srot aahet. 1987 madhye, americetil manavnirmit strotanchya samparkapaiki 58 takke teey hote. ekoon kiranotsargachya samparkat keval 18 takke manavnirmit strotancha vaataa asalyane, jyapaiki bahutansh naisargik strotankadun (82 takke) aale hote, vaidyakeey ksh-kiranancha vaataa ekoon american kiranotsargachya samparkat keval 10 takke hota; ekoon kiranotsargachya samparkat ekoon vaidyakeey prakriyancha (anoo aushadhansah) vaataa 14 takke hota. tathapi, 2006 paryant, americetil vaidyakeey prakriya 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatichya tulanet adhik aayanikaran kiranotsargache yogdan dett hotya. 2006 madhye, vaidyakeey sampark haah yoochya ekoon kiranotsargachya samparkapaiki jawaljawal ardha hota.ess. serve strotanchi loksankhya. vaidyakeey pratimechya prakriyechya vaparatil vaadh, visheshtah sanganit tomography (seaty) aanee anoo aushadhachya vaparamadhil vaadh yamule hii vaadh disun yete.
dant ksh-kirananmule honara doses prakriya aanee tantradnyanavar (chitrapat kinwa digital) avalambun lakshaniyaritya badalato. prakriya aanee tantradnyananusar, manvi datanchya ksh-kiranamule 0.5 teey 4 emm. aar. emm. chya samparkat yete. tondatoon purn ksh-kirananchya malikemule 6 (digital) teey 18 (philm) emm. aar. emm. paryant, varshik sarasari 40 emm. aar. emm. paryant, sampark houu shakato.
ksh-kirananchya vaparavar aarthik protsahanancha lakshaniy parinam disun aala aahe, jyaa doctoranna adhik ksh-kiran pradan pradan pratyek ksh-kiranasathi vegale shulk dile jaate.
imaging anuprayogansathi ksh-kirananna sambhavya paryay mhanoon itar tantransah prarambhik photon tomography kinwa eae. pii. tii. (2015 paryant) chey sanshodhan kele jaat aahe.
itar upayog.
ksh-kirananchya itar ullekhaneey vaparanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
drushyamanata.
samanyatah manvi dolhyasathi adrushya manale jaat asale taree, vishesh paristhitit ksh-kiran drishyaman asoo shakatat. rontgenchya 1895 chya aitihasik peparnantar thodya velane eka prayogat, brandsney gadad rupantaranantar aanee tyacha dolha ksh-kiran nalichya jawal thevalyanantar, eka mand 'nila-rakhadi' chamak pahili jee dolhyamadhyech udbhavat asalyache disate. heey aikalyavar, rontgenne tyachya nond pustakancha aadhava ghetala aanee tyala dekhil tyacha parinam disala asalyache aadhalale. lakadi darachya viruddha bajula ksh-kiran nalee thevatana rontgenne teech nilee chamak nondavali hotee, jee dolhyatunach nighat asalyache disate, parantu tyachi nirikshane banavat asalyache tyala vatale kaaran tyane jevha eka prakarchya nalicha vapar keela tevha tyala parinam disala. nantar tyachya lakshat aale qee jyaa naline parinam nirman keela hota tee keval chamak spashtapane drishyaman karnyasathi pureshi shaktishali hotee aanee tyanantar prayog sahajpane punaravrutti karnyayogya hota. ksh-kiran heey kalya-anukulit ughadya dolhyanna pratyakshat mandapane disatat heey dnyan aaj mothya pramanat visarale gele aahe; heey kadachit aayanikaran kiranotsargacha eka nishkaljipane dhokadayak aanee sambhavya hanikarak prayog mhanoon aata pahile jaeel tyaa punaravrutti naan karnyachya ichchemule aahe. dolhyatil nemki yantrana drushyamanata nirman karate heey maheet naheeh heey paramparik shodh (drushtipatalatil rhodopsin renunche uttejan), drushtipatalatil majjatantu peshinche thet uttejan kinwa udaharanarth, drushtipatalatil phosphorescence ksh-kiran preranadvare duyyam shodhanyamule asoo shakate, udaharanarth, duyyam utpadit drishyaman prakashachya paramparik drushtipatal shodhasah.
ksh-kiran anyatha adrushya asale taree, ksh-kiran kiranachi tivrata pureshi jaast asalyas havechya renunche aayanikaran pahane shakya aahe. european synchrotron kiranotsarg suvidhetil vigalarachi beamline heey asha uchch tivrateche eka udaharan aahe.
mojmap aanee pradarshanache ekak.
ksh-kiran aayanikaran kshamatechya mojamapas exposure mhanatatah
tathapi, padarthavar (visheshtah jiwant ootee) aayanikaran kiranotsargacha parinam haah utpann utpann charjpeksha tyamadhye jamaa jhalelya urjechya pramanashi adhik jawalun sambandhit aahe. shoshalelya urjechya yaa mojamapala shoshalela doses mhanatatah
samatulya matra mhanje manvi uutinvar kiranotsargachya jaivik parinamache mojmap. ksh-kiranansathi teey shoshalelya matreitke asate.

