richard owen

surr richard owen (20 julai 1804-18 december 1892) heey eka ingraji jivashastradnya, tulanatmak shareer rachnashastradnya aanee jivashmashastradnya hote. owen heey samanyatah eka utkrusht nisargshastradnya manale jaatat, jyanna jivashmancha arth lavnyasathi eka ullekhaneey bhetvastu midali aahe.
ovenane anek vaidnyanik kaame kelee, parantu 'dynasoria' (mhanje 'bhayankar sarpatnara prani' kinwa 'bhitidayakpane mahan sarpatnara prani') haah shabd tayar kelyabaddal aaj bahudha tyache smaran kele jaate. charles darwinchya naisargik nivadidvare utkrantichya siddhantacha spasht tikakar, ovenane utkranti jhaali yaa darwinchya matashi sahmati darshavali, parantu darwinchya 'prajatinchya utpattivar' namood kelelya goshtipeksha tee adhik guntaguntichi aahe asey tyanna vatale. utkrantivishayichya ovenchya drushtikonamule utkrantivadi vikasatmak jivashastrachya alikadil udayamule jyaa samasyankade adhik laksh vedhale gele aahe, tyancha andaj vartavala gela asey manale jaau shakate.
owen heey 1839 madhye microscopical society auph londonche pahile adhyaksh hote aanee tyanni tyanchya niyatkalikachya anek ankanche sampadan kele-jeey nantar 'microscopic journal' mhanoon olakhale jaat hote. british sangrahalayatil naisargik namunyanna naveen ghar denyasathi owen yanni moheem dekhil rabavali. yacha parinam mhanoon, 1881 madhye, londonchya dakshin kensington yethe aatache jagprasiddha naisargik itihas sangrahalayachi sthapana jhaali. biil bryson assa yuktivad karatat qee, "naisargik itihas sangrahalayala pratyekasathi eka sanstha banavoon, sangrahalaye kashasathi aahet yabaddalachya aamchya apeksha ovenane badalalya."
vidnyan aanee sarvajanik shikshanat tyanni anek yogdan dile asale taree, samanya vanshachya babinvaril matbhed aanee itar lokanchya kamache shrey tyanni ghetale yaa aaropansathi owen heey tyanchya samkalinanmadhye eka vadgrast vyaktimatva hote.
charitra.
owen 1820 madhye shalyachikitsakacha shikau banala aanee 1826 madhye tyachi royal college auph sarjanmadhye niyukti jhaali. 1836 madhye, ovenla royal collegemadhye shikari pradhyapak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee 1849 madhye, too vilyam cliftchya jaagi shikari sangrahalayache snrakshak mhanoon niyukt jhaala. 1856 paryant teey nantarche padd bhushavat rahile, jevha teey british sangrahalayachya naisargik itihas vibhagache adhikshak jhaale. tyanantar tyanni aapali barich urja naisargik itihasachya rashtriy sangrahalayachya eka mahan yojnet samarpit kelee, jyacha parinam mhanoon akheris british sangrahalayache naisargik itihas sangrah dakshin kensington yetheel british sangrahalay (naisargik itihas) (aatache naisargik itihas sangrahalay) yaa naveen imaratimadhye kadhoon taknyat aale. december 1883 madhye heey kaam purn hoiparyant, jevha tyanna snan kramatil shoorvir banavale gele, toparyant tyanni padd kayam thewale. 
owen yanni nehmich vidnyanachya rudhivadi purushanna aanee "yathasthiti" laa pathimba denyacha cull dakhavala. rajgharanyane tyala richmond parkmadhil kuteer bhet dilee aanee robbert pilane tyala nagri yadeet takale. 1843 madhye teey royal swedish academy auph scienceche paradeshi sadasya mhanoon nivadle gele. 1844 madhye teey netherlandschya royal instituteche sambandhit sadasya jhaale. 1851 madhye hii sanstha royal netherlands academy auph arts andd sciences bunley tevha teey paradeshi sadasya mhanoon sameel jhaale. 1845 madhye teey american philosophical societyche sadasya mhanoon nivadle gele.
15 december 1892 roji tyanche gharich nidhan jhaale aanee tyanna surre yetheel richmandjavalil seent andrew church, hamm yetheel charchyardmadhye daphan karnyat aale.
aksherukanvar kaam qaraa.
shikari sangrahanchya soochikaranat vyagra asatana, ovenane aapale laksh tyachya samoril tayaripurate maryadit thewale nahee, tarr naveen vishayanche vichhedan karanyachi pratyek sandhihi ghetali. londonchya pranisangrahalayachya baganmadhye maran pavalelya serve pranyanchi tapasani karanyachi parvanagi tyanna denyat aalee aanee jevha pranisangrahalayane 1831 madhye vaidnyanik prakriya prakashit karnyas suruvat kelee, tevha teey sharirik kagadpatranche sarvat vipul yogdan denare hote. tathapi, tyanche pahile ullekhaneey prakashan tyanche 'motyavaril nautilus' (london, 1832) heey sansmaran hote, jeey lavkarach abhijat mhanoon olakhale gele. tevhapasoon tyanni pannas varshanhun adhik kaal tulanatmak shareer rachnashastra aanee pranishastra yaa pratyek vibhagat mahattvapoorn yogdan dene suru thewale. spanjmadhye, aata prasiddha asalelya shukra fulanchya topaliche kinwa 'euplectela' chey (1841,1857) varnan karnare owen heey pahile hote. entozomadhil tyacha sarvat ullekhaneey shodh 'trichina spiralis' (1835) haah hota, joou parjivi aata triachinosis mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya rogat mansachya snayunna sankramit karato (tathapi, surr james paggett dekhil pahaa). bratchiopodache tyanni atishay vishesh abhyas kele, jeey khoop pragat dnyan hote aanee dirghkalapasun sweekarle jaanare vargikaran nishchit kele. molaskamadhye, tyane keval motee notiluschech navhe tarr 'spirula' (1850) aanee itar sephalopoda, donhi jiwant aanee namshesh, yanche varnan kele aanee tyanech yaa vargachya sarvatrik-sweekrut upavibhagala diabranchiata aanee tetrabranchita (1832) yaa done kramanmadhye prastavit kele. 1852 madhye 'proteachnites' navache owen-jaminivar aadhalanare sarvat june paulkhuna. sharirshastrache dnyan vaparoon, tyanni yogyaritya asey gruheet dharale qee heey cambrian marg namshesh jhalelya prakarchya sandhipadadvare tayar kele gele hote aanee pranyache konatehi jivashma sapadanyachya 150 varshanhun adhik aadhi tyanni heey kele. ovenane pranyache jiwant sandhipad 'limulus' shhee samya asalyache kalpana kelee.
maase, sarpatanare prani, pakshi aanee dynasorechi nave.
namshesh jhalelya pranyanchya sangadyanshi sambandhit fausil pranyanvaril tyanche bahutek karya aanee british namunyanvaril tyanche mukhya sansmaran, tyanchya 'histree auph british fausil fausil pranyanchya' (4 khand) sambandhit maliket punarmudran karnyat aale. london 1849-1884). tyane mesozoic bhoo-adhivasinchya mahan gatacha pahila mahattvacha samanya ahwal prakashit keela aanee tyane greek shabd 'δεινος' ('denos') 'bhayanak, shaktishali, aashcharyakarak' + 'σαύρος' ('saros') 'sarada' pasoon dynasoria heey naav tayar kele. dynasorechi vyakhya karnyasathi ovenane 3 vanshancha vapar kelah mansahari "megalosaurus", shakahari "iguanodon" aanee bakhtarband "highleosaurus", dakshin englandmadhye sapadalele namune. 
benjamin waterhouse hockins, ovenane dynasoreche chitran karnari pahili purn-aakarachi shilpe tayar karnyat madat kelee, kaaran tyanna vatale qee teey disu lagale asateel. kahee namune suruvatila 1851 chya mahan pradarshanasathi tayar karnyat aale hote, parantu chrystal palace dakshin londonmadhil sydenham yethe halavanyat aala tevha akheris 33 tayar karnyat aale. aale navavarshachya purvasandhyela ovenane 21 pramukh vidnyaninsathi pokal concrete 'iguanodon' madhye ratriche jevan aayojit kele hote. tathapi, 1849 madhye, 1852 madhye tyachya mrutyuchya kahee varshanpurvi, gideon mantella samajale hote qee 'iguanodon', jyacha too shodhak hota, too judd, packidermsarkha prani navhata, jase qee owen prastavit karat hota, parantu tyache pudhil haat patal hote 
sastan pranyanvar kaam qaraa.
londonchya pranisangrahalayat ovenla konatyahi tajya mrut pranyala pratham nakar denyacha adhikar denyat aala hota. tyachi patni ekada tichya samoril dalanat navyane mrut gendyacha mrutdeh shodhanyasathi gharee aalee.
tyach velee, surr thomas michel yanni nyu south velsmadhye jivashma hadancha shodh lavala, jyane austreliyachya namshesh jhalelya sastan pranyanvaril ovenchya dirgh malikemadhil kagadpatranpaiki pahilya lekhasathi sahitya pradan kele, jeey akheris 1877 madhye pustak-swarupat punarmudran karnyat aale. tyanni 'diaprotodon' (1838) aanee 'thylacolio' (1859) aanee namshesh jhalelya prajatinche varnan kele. austreliya aanee newzealandmadhye sapadalele bahutek jivashma sahitya suruvatila tadnya tapasanisathi englandla pathvanyat aale hote aanee sthanik sangrahakanchya madatine owen heey yaa pradeshatil jivashmashastravaril pahile adhikari banale. paradeshatoon itakya samagrisah vyast asatana, owen british betanvaril ashach jivashmanvaril sampoorn kamasathi tathye gola karnyat vyast hota aanee 1844-1846 madhye tyane tyacha 'british jivashma sastan prani aanee pakshyancha itihas' prakashit keela, jyanantar anek nantarche sansmaran, visheshtah tyacha 'mesozoic rachananchya jivashma sastan pranyancha monograph' (palliont. ess. oo. see.1871). tyanchya alikadil prakashananpaiki eka mhanje (london, 1884) heey shirshak asalele eka chhotese kaam.
owen, darwin aanee utkranticha siddhant.
1840 chya dashakat kadhikadhi owen yaa nishkarshavar pohochala qee prajati kahee prakarchya utkranti prakriyecha parinam mhanoon udbhavtat. tyancha assa vishvas hota qee ekoon sahaa sambhavya yantrana aaheth parthenogenesis, dirghkal vikas, akali janm, janmajat vikrutee, lamarkian etrophy, lamarkian hypertrophy aanee transmutation, jyapaiki tyanna vatale qee sankraman honyachi shakyata qamee aahe.
vidnyanachya itihaskar eveline richardsne assa yuktivad keela aahe qee owen utkrantichya vikasatmak siddhantambaddal sahanubhootishil hota, parantu 1844 madhye anamikpane prakashit jhalelya utkrantichya pustak 'vestiges auph daad natural histree auph creation' chey swagat teeka tikatmak pratikriyenantar sarvajanikaritya tyanchi ghoshana karnyapasoon mage hutla (heey pustak prakashak robbert chambersney lihile hote heey keval dashakannantar ughad jhaale). 1849 madhye 'avayavanche swaroop' yaa tyanchya swatachya utkrantivadi tippanisathi ovenvar teeka karnyat aalee hotee. 'avyavanchya swarupavar' chya shevati owen yanni suchavale qee manav shevati naisargik niyamancha parinam mhanoon mashanpasoon vikasit jhaala, jyacha parinam manvansarkhya prajatinchi nirmiti devane kelee aahe heey nakarlyabaddal 'manchester prekshak' madhye ovenvar teeka karnyat aalee.
darwinchya siddhantachya vikasadarmyan, 1849 madhye, tyachya barnaclechya tapasanit, tyanche vibhajan itar crustatians kase sambandhit aahe heey disun aale, jeey darshavate qee teey tyanchya natevaikanpasun kase vegale jhaale hote. darwin aanee owen yaa doghansathi tulanatmak sharirshastratil asha "samarupata" haah vanshavadacha purava hota. ovenane ghodyanchya utkrantishil kramache jivashma purave dakhavun dile, jeey tyachya 'niyamit satat bananyachya' pracheen prakaranpasoon vikasachya kalpanela samarthan dett hote aanee 1854 madhye, alikade sapadalelya gorilla sarkhya pranyanchya vanaranchya ashakyatevar british associationche bhashan dile, jeey saral ubhe hote aanee purushanmadhye rupantarit kele jaat hote, parantu ovenane manav itar namshesh jhalelya pranyanpasun parivartansheeltevyatirikt itar utkrantivadi yantranedvare vikasit jhalyachi shakyata nakarli nahee.
kamgar vargache dahashatvadi mansanchya makadanchya utpattivar ranshing phunkat hote. yaa kalpana chiradanyasathi, ovenane, shahee sanghataneche adhyaksh mhanoon nivadoon aalelya, manvi mendumadhye vanaranchya mendula naan naan sanrachana aahet aanee mhanunach manav eka vegala upvarg aahe assa dawa karoon, tyachya primate menduchya adhikrut sharirik abhyasachi ghoshana kelee, jyamule eka vaad suru jhaala, jyala nantar mahan hippocampus prashna mhanoon upahasit karnyat aale. ovencha mukhya yuktivad assa hota qee manavanche mendu tyanchya sharirachya aakaranusar mothya vanaransah itar sastan pranyanpeksha khoop mothe asatat. 
darwinchya siddhantachya pratikriyedarmyan, haksaleche ovenshi yuktivad suruch rahile. ovenane huxleyla 'transmuted epmadhun mansachya utpatticha samarthak' mhanoon chitrit karoon kalankit karnyacha prayatna keela aanee 'ethanium' madheel tyachya yogdananpaiki ekache shirshak 'mendune chachani kelelya manavasathi epp-origine' asey hote.
1862 madhye (aanee nantarchya prasangi) huxleyne vanaranchya menduchya sharirshastrachi (udaa.jee. baa baithakit, jethe william flowerney vichhedan kele). kathit gahal sanrachanancha (pashch cornoo aanee hippocampus minor) drushya purava, pratyakshat, ovenvar khotya saksh denyasathi aarop karnyasathi vaparla gelah ovenane assa yuktivad keela hota qee vanaranmadhil tyaa sanrachananchi anupasthiti vanaranchya menduchya vadhishi qamee aakarashi sambandhit hotee, parantu mug tyane kabool kele qee menducha aakar haah ajunahi wanner aanee manav vegale karnyacha pramukh marg aahe assa yuktivad karnyapasoon tyala rokhalyashivay kharab vikasit aavrutticha astitvat assa arth lavala jaau shakato.
haksalechi moheem done varshanhun adhik kaal chalali aanee sampoorn vaidnyanik samudayala patvoon denyat tee vinashkariritya yashasvi tharali, pratyek 'hatye' nantar darwinian karanasathi bharati moheem suru hotee. tarihi tikoon rahile. mothe mendu asalyamule manav vanaranpeksha vegale aahet assa yuktivad ovenane keela hota, tarr huxleyne assa dawa keela qee vanshik vividhatemule assa konatahi farak aspasht jhaala aahe. ovenvar teeka teeka tyachya peparmadhye huxley thet mhanatoh
serve manavjatiche mendu kharokharach samaan aakarache aanee bauddhik kshamateche aahet aanee manavanche shareer jaree khoop lahan asale taree, manavanche mendu narr gorillasarkhya mothya vanaranchya duppat aakarache hote, heey vastusthitimule manav vegale karata yetat asey sangoon owen yanni haksalecha pratikar keela.
varsa.
teey londonmadhil naisargik itihas sangrahalayache pahile sanchalak hote aanee 2009 paryant tyancha putala mukhya sabhagruhat hota, tyanantar tyachi jaaga darwinchya putalyane ghetali gelee.
alfried gilbert (1896) yancha ovencha eka putala londonchya shikari sangrahalayat thevanyat aala aahe.
madhya american sardyachya eka prajatila, 'diploglosses oveni' heey naav 1839 madhye french vanaushadhishastradnya andrey merrie constant dumeril aanee gabriel bybron yanni tyanchya sanmanarth dile.
central lankestermadhil surr richard owen pabala tyanchya sanmanarth naav denyat aale aahe aanee lankester royal vyakaran shalet tyanchya sanmanarth eka nilee falak aahe. 
tyachya samvayaskanshi sangharsh.
ovenche varnan kahinni durbhavanapurna, apramanik aanee dveshpurn vyakti mhanoon kele aahe. eka charitrat tyache varnan 'krooratechi aavad asalela samajik prayogkarta' asey kele aahe. vadavivadache vyasan aanee ahankar aanee matsarane prerit. deborah cadburyne mhatale aahe qee ovenmadhye "tyachya tikakaranna kroor banavanyat kathor aanandasah jawaljawal dharmandh ahankar hota."auxford vidyapithachya eka pradhyapkane ekada ovenche varnan" "eka dhikkararh labad" "asey kele hote". too devasathi aanee dveshasathi khote bolala. gideon maintelane dawa keela qee "itakya pratibhavan vyaktine itka bhyad aanee matsar keela pahije hii eka khedjanak baab aahe". richard break freemanne tyache varnan "sarvat pratishthit kasheruki pranishastradnya aanee pragjivshastradnya" asey kele... pann eka atyant kapati aanee ghrunaspad manus. charles darwinne mhatale aahe qee "ovenchya virodhat konihi itake thampane sangat nahee... kaaran tyane kadhihi ekahi shishyala kinwa anuyayala vadhavale nahee."
dynasorecha mool shodh lavnara, gideon maintel yache konatehi shrey purnapane vagaloon, ovenane prasiddhapane swatahla aanee george kuviyarala "iguanodon" chya shodhache shrey dile. ovenane tyacha swatacha shodh asalyacha chukicha dawa karanyachi hii pahili kinwa shevatchi vel navhati. kahee lekhakanni asehi suchavale aahe qee ovenane shahee samajatil tyachya prabhavacha vapar mantelche anek sanshodhan lekh kadhihi prakashit honar naheet yachee khatri karnyasathi keela. akheris ovenla sahityik chorisathichya royal societychya pranishastriy mandalatoon kadhoon taknyat aale.
kahee itihaskarancha dawa aahe qee, tyachya 'utpatti' vareel tikeche aanakhi eka kaaran mhanje, ovenla darwin aanee haksalesarkhya samarthakankadun raag aala aanee tyachya nirnayavar matsarane dhagalpana aala. darwinchya matey owen hote
april 1860 madhye 'edinberg review' madhye aanakhi eka anamik lekh lihitana, ovenane maintelchya virodhat vaparlelya tyach fasavanukicha avalamb keela. lekhat, ovenane anek naveen nirikshane naan dilyabaddal darwinwar teeka kelee aanee konatyahi vishisht tippanicha tyachya swatachya navacha sambandh naan thevanyachi kalji ghet swatahvar swatahvar vyaktimadhye) stutee kelee. tathapi, kitakanche vartan aanee kabutaranchya prajananavar darwinchya karyache varnan 'mool' neey 'vastavik ratne' mhanoon kele aahe, asey owen yanni kautuk kele.
auven haah shahee vanaspati udyan, kyu vanaspatishastriy sangrah (hooker aanee cuverill halle pahaa), jyache aayojan ecton smee erton yanni kele hote, tyancha sarkari nidhi sampavanyachya dhokyatahi eka paksh hotah
kahee lekhakanni asey suchavale aahe qee ovenche sudbuddhine aanee vishvasghataki manus mhanoon chitran tyachya pratispardhyanni (visheshtah darwin, hooker aanee huxley) protsahan dile aanee protsahan dile aanee teey kahise ayogya asoo shakate. tyanchya karkirdichya pahilya tappyat tyanna tyaa kalatil mahan vaidnyanik vyaktinpaiki eka mhanoon yogyach manale gele. tyanchya karkirdichya karkirdichya bhagat tyanchi pratishtha ghasarali.
ovenchi vaidnyanik pratishtha gamavane heey keval tyachya tyachya kelelya gairvartanukimule navhate; teey shodhanyat aalelya aanee prasiddha karnyat aalelya vaidnyanik nirnayatil gambhir chukanmulehi hote. tyache eka uttam udaharan mhanje manavache sastan pranyanchya vegalya upavargat vargikaran karnyacha tyacha nirnay ('nisargat manasachi jaaga' pahaa). yaa ovenmadhye konihi samarthak navhate. tasech, utkrantisambandhichya vadyatoon baher padanyachi tyanchi anichha kalanusar tyanchya pratishthela adhikadhik haanee pohochavu lagali. vayachya 79 vya varshi adhikrut nivruttinantar owen yanni kaam karane suru thewale, parantu tyanchya tarunpanat tyanni midavaleli changli matey tyanna kadhich parat midali naheet.

