
breadacha karar (1667)

breda shantata kinwa breda kararavar 31 julai 1667 roji dutch shahar breda yethe swakshya karnyat aalya. dusya anglo-dutch yuddhat ingland aanee tyachya pratyek virodhak yanchyat teen swatantra karar hoteh dutch prajasattak, france aanee denmark-norwey. tyat swatantra anglo-dutch vyavsayik karar dekhil samavisht hota. 
1666 chya uttaradhapasun vataghati suru hotya, parantu donhi bajunni tyanchi sthitee sudharanyacha prayatna kelyamule tyaa santh hotya. meey mahinyachya akheris frenchanni spanish netherlandswar kelelya aakramananantar heey badalale, jyala dutch lock adhik gambhir dhoka mhanoon pahat hote. junmadhye medwaver jhalelya hallyamule englandmadhil yuddh-thakwa vadhala. donhi ghatakanmule twarit karar jhaala. 
1667 purvi, anglo-dutch sambandhanvar vyavsayik sangharshache varchasva hote, joou karar purnapane sampala nahee. tathapi, tanav lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaala aanee dutch prajasattak, ingland aanee sweeden yanchyatil 1668 chya tiheri yuticha marg mokala jhaala. 1672 teey 1674 chya tisya anglo-dutch yuddhachya sankshipt visangatimule, yaa kararamule ingraji aanee dutch yanchyatil yutichi suruvat jhaali jee eka shatak tickel.
parshvabhoomi.
dusare anglo-dutch yuddh vyavsayik tanavamule jhaale, charles dusra yane vyaparakade sansadevaril aarthik avalambitva qamee karnyacha eka marg mhanoon pahile. 1660 madhye, tyane aanee tyacha bhau jamesney paschim aafriketil dachanna aavhan dett royal african companychi (rack) sthapana kelee. guntavanukdaranmadhye george cartret, shaftsbury aanee arlington yansarkhya varishtha rajkarnyancha samavesh hota, jyamule rack aanee sarkari dhoranamadhye eka majboot duva nirman jhaala. 
ashiyai masalyanpasun milananya prachand nafyamule shantatechya kalatahi sangharsh nirman jhaala, kaaran dutch east india company kinwa vokne pratham utpadan aanee vyaparavar tyanchi maktedari nirman kelee, nantar lagoo kelee. 1663 paryant, portugijansarkhya sthanik aanee european spardhakancha naynat jhaala hota, jyamule keval jayfal lagwad chaloo rahili hotee. 1620 madhye vokne bedkhal honyapurvi, 1616 madhye british east india companyne yachee sthapana kelee hotee; 1664 chya uttaradhat jevha ingrajanni punha kabja keela tevha dachanni tyanna punha hakaloon dile, yaveli lagwad nasht kelee.
dutch west-indische company kinwa wick aanee spain, denmark, sweeden, portugal aanee englandmadhil spardhkanmadhye atlantic vyaparavarun asach sangharsh jhaala. americetil sakharechya lagvadichi lagwad aafriketil gulamandware kelee jaat hotee, uttar americetil vasahatinni tyanna poshit kele, jyamule tinhi pradeshanmadhye sangharsh nirman jhaala. august 1664 madhye, ingrajanni nyu netherlandver kabja keela, nantar tyache naav badaloon newyork asey thewale; jevha aanakhi eka hallyane aadhunik ghanamadhil gulamanchya vyapar chaukya tabyat ghetalya, tevha dachanni tyanna punha tabyat ghenyasathi eka tafa pathavala. tyacha parinam mhanje rackla diwalkhor banvine, jyachya guntavanukdaranni yuddh haah tyanchya nukasanichi bharpai karnyacha sarvottam marg mhanoon pahila.
april 1662 chaa franco-dutch taha asoonahi, lui chaudavya suruvatila tatasth rahile, kaaran french aanee dutch aarthik hitsambandh spanish netherlandsmadhye adhikadhik vegale hott gele. 1648chya manstarchya shantatemule, emsterdamla vayavya europemadhil vyaparache prabhavi niyantran midvoon, skilled nadimukh kayamswarupi bund karnyat aale. luine spainchya maria theresashi vivah karnyacha adhikar deuun spanish netherlandsla aapala adhikar manale, parantu tyanna shantatet midvanyachi aasha vyakt kelee. dutch lokanshi jhalelya vataghati satat antwerpwaroon tutat rahilya; 1663 paryant, tyanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee teey kadhihi swechhene savalati denar naheet aanee tyanni lashkari hastakshepachi yojana aakhanyas suruvat kelee. 
1665 chya suruvatila, englandne dutch viruddha sweedenshee yutee kelee, jyanna junmadhye lostoft yethe gambhir parabhav patkarava lagla, tyanantar manstarne aakraman kele. luine 1662 chaa karar sakriy karoon pratisad deela, yacha hishob kelyane dachanna tyachya spanish netherlandsvaril tabyat virodh karane katheen hoil. yuddhat sameel honyasathi denmark-norwaver prabhav padatana tyane tatasth rahnyasathi sweedenla paisehi dile. danishchya madatine augustmadhye jhalelya wagonchya ladhait dutch vyapari tafyala vachavale, jaree heey chukichya sampreshanacha parinam asalyache nishpann jhaale. denmarkchya fredrick tisra yane nafyachya vatyachya badalyat ingrajanna tafa tabyat ghenyas madat karnyas guptapane sahmati darshavali hotee, parantu tyachya soochana khoop ushira aalya.
1666chya uttaradhat, charles yanchyakade paishanchi kamatarata hotee, mukhytah tyanni sansad parat bolavanyas nakar dilyane, tarr yuddh aanee deshantargat aapattinmule ingraji vyaparavar white parinam jhaala hota. yaulat, dutch arthvyavastha 1665 nantarchya aakunchanatun mothya pramanat savarali hotee, tarr 1667 madhye sarvajanik karj 1652 chya tulanet qamee hote; tathapi, naudal yuddh khoop mahag hote aanee amsterdam bajarasathi dekhil tyala vittapuravatha karane eka aavhan hote. donhi bajunna shantata havee hotee, kaaran yuddh suru thevalyane dachanna farsa fayda jhaala nahee aanee pratispardhyankadun bahya aavhanancha samna karava lagla. 1647 madhye khrishchanopel yethe ladalelya savalatinvar denmarkne naraji vyakt kelee, tarr vikne danish jahaje japt karane haah vadacha eka chaloo srot hota; 1667 chya suruvatila, teey sweeden aanee francemadhye dutch vastunvar shulk ladanyat sameel jhaale, jyamule baltic dhanya vyaparavar parinam jhaala.
chaar divasanchya ladhait thaar jhalelya vice-admiral william berklecha mrutdeh parat karnyachya vyavasthechya bahanyane aktoobar 1666 madhye charlesne netherlandschya rajya-generalshi charcha suru kelee. tyane dachanna londonmadhye vataghatisathi aamantrit kele aanee tyacha putanya william auph aurenjala sthayidharak mhanoon niyukt karane, nuksanbharpai dene, paratava dene aanee bharatavaril vyapar karar yasathichya aadhichya maganya mage ghetalya. rajya-generalne franceshivay shantata churchess upasthit rahnyas nakar deela; pradeshik davyanvarun, tyanni sadhyachi paristhiti chaloo thevanyacha kinwa yuddhapurvichya sthiteet parat yenyacha prastav deela, haah paryay ingrajanna spashtapane asvikarya hota. 
charlescha haah prastav pratyakshat kitee pramanik hota, heey prashnachinh aahe, kaaran parismadhil tyacha doot, seent albanscha earl, ekach velee anglo-french yutivar gupt charcha karat hota. spanish netherlandsmadhye mokalya hatachya badalyat dachanni ingraji magnyanche palan kele yachee khatri karnyas luine sahmati darshavali; april 1667 paryant, hegmadhil mutsaddi eka karar jawal yet asalyacha andaj vartavat hote. akheris jevha charcha suru jhaali, tevha ingraji shishtamandalala vatale qee tyanchi sthitee atyant majboot aahe.
vataghati.
grand pensionary johann dii viit aanee hollandchya rajyanni orangist virodhakanche varchasva asalelya hegg yaa shaharat vataghati karnyache ingraji prastav nakarle. tyanna luicha pathimba hota, jeey narangivadyanna ingraji pratinidhi mhanoon pahat asat. vilambamule santapt jhalelya zealand, gelderland, groningen, origesel aanee freesland yaa rajyanni keval hollandchya jiddimule suru asalelya yuddhasathi paise dene thambavanyachi dhamki dilee.' 
paksh akheris breda varr sthayik jhaale, parantu french lashkari tayarimule aurengistsne dii vitvar spanish netherlandsmadhye luila mokali parvanagi denyasathi jaanunbujun thambavanyacha aarop keela. yamule dii vitvar kararavar pohochanyasathi dabav aala, joou france aanee portugalne marchmadhye spanish-virodhi yutivar sahmati darshavlyanantar vadhala.
shantata charchetil madhyasthachya bhoomikemule pratishtha aanee sambandh nirman karanyachi sandhee midali; lui aanee lepold yaa doghannahi heey sthan havey asalyane tyanni swedish mutsadyancha vapar karoon tadjod kelee. dhanya, loh aanee nauvahan purvathyatil baltic vyaparatil pramukh bhagidar, sweedenla 1656 chya elbing kararat prajasattakane ladalelya vyavsayik savalati kadhoon takanyachi aanee denmarkshee asaleli yutee sampushtat aananyachi aasha hotee. goran flaming heey breda yethe sthit hote, pieter koet hegmadhye hote; 8 juuna roji koetchya mrutyunantar, tyachya jaagi count dohna aala, jyala breda yethe charcha ayashasvi jhalyas swedish-ingraji-french yutisathi vataghati karnyachya soochana denyat aalya. 
rajyachya mahasanchalakanni aath pratinidhinchi niyukti kelee parantu pratyakshat keval holland, zealand aanee freeslandmadhil pratinidhi upasthit hote. tighehi santareche, zelandic nivruttivetandharak pieter dii hubert aanee freeslandche vanne jongstall hote; hollandche pratinidhi vanne beverning heey dii vitchya rajya pakshache sadasya hote. francemadhil rajdoot denzil holes aanee sweedenmadhil rajdoot heinry coventry heey pramukh vataghati karnare ingraj hote. 
24 meey roji luine hastantaran yuddh suru kele, french sainyane spanish netherlands aanee franch-kotecha barachsa bhag twarit tabyat ghetala. yavar laksh kendrit karnyasathi, spenla dirghkalapasun suru asalele portugij punarsanchayit yuddh sampavane aavashyak hote. 27 meey roji, madridchya anglo-spanish tahane 1654 teey 1660 yaa yuddhala aupcharikaritya samapt kele aanee vyavsayik savalatinchya badalyat englandne portugalshi madhyasthi karnyas sahmati darshavali.
french vistaramule dutch arthvyavasthela aalelya dhokyamule anglo-dutch yuddh sampavane hii tatadichi baab bunley. dachanna savalati manya karnyas bhag padnar asalyachya luichya aashvasanala pathbal dett ingrajanni tyanchya maganya vadhavalya aanee vanne beverning yanni dii vitala sangitale qee tyanchi saudebajichi sthitee sudharanyasathi eka motha lashkari vijay aavashyak aahe. charlesne eka sandhee dilee, jyane kharch-bachat upay mhanoon 1666 chya uttaradhat bahutek shahee naudlala bund kele. juuna 1667chya medway hallyat dachanni purn fayda ghetala; jaree yaa karvaicha maryadit dhoranatmak parinam asala, taree haah charlescha kadhihi naan visarata aalela upman hota.
holes aanee sahpravas yanni suruvatila asey gruheet dharale qee yamule vataghati vadhatil, parantu fransviruddha yutee karnyachya garajecha arth spenne bibatyachya pathimbyane madrid kararachi amalbajavani rokhanyachi dhamki dilee. yuddh aanee londonchya bhishan aagimule jhalelya aarthik nuksanisah, clarendonne holes yanna 'lokanchya manat shantata aananyasathi' aanee 'rajala ozetun mukt karnyasathi' atty manya karnyachya soochana dilya...tyala sahan karane katheen hott aahe.
atty.
kararachya kalam 1 madhye maryadit lashkari yutichi tartud karnyat aalee hotee, jyat tisya pakshaviruddha ekmekanche rakshan karnyasathi ekach margavar jaananya tafyanna kinwa ekach jahajala bandhankarak kele gele hote. kalam 3 neey 20 meey yaa prabhavi tarkhesah 'yutee posidates' kinwa 'tumchyakade jeey aahe, teey tumchyakade aahe' heey tattva sthapit kele. dachanni aata aadhunik surinamcha bhag asalele surinam parat midavale, tarr ingrajanni nyu netherland thewale, jeey nantar newyork, nyu jersey, pensylvania, massatusates, connecticut aanee delaware yaa vasahatinmadhye vibhagale gele. 
kalam 4 teey 8 heey samaan tattva yuddhapurvi jhalelya nuksanasah vastoo kinwa jahajanchya nukasanasathi lagoo hote. konatihi nuksan bharpai kinwa shiksha ladali jaau shakat navhati, parantu serve vidyaman marqa patre radd ghoshit karnyat aalee. yaa soochana sanganyasathi vel denyasathi, kalam 7 neey tyanchi amalbajavani karnyachya tarkhet badal kelah ingraji vahini aanee uttar samudrasathi 5 september, itar european samudransathi 5 aktoobar, vishuvavruttachya uttarela africi kinanyasathi 2 november aanee urvarit jagasathi 24 april 1668.
kalam 10 madhye serve kaidyanchi khandani naan gheta adlabadal karane aavashyak hote, jaree dutch lokanni nantar tyanchya rahnimanachya kharchachi paratfed karanyachi magani kelee, jee ingrajanni samaan gosht mhanoon pahili. 1666 madhye jhalelya tyanchya ayashasvi uthavanantar, anek narangivadyanni englandmadhye aashray ghetala, tarr ingraji aanee scotsche virodhak dusya dishene gele. kalam 13 aanee 17 madhye, donhi bajunni ekmekanchya bandkhoranche sanrakshn naan karnyache vachan dile; eka gupt jodanit, dachanni 1649 madhye charles 1 chya fashisathi matdan karananya shasankartyanche pratyarpan karnyache kaam haatee ghetale, jaree vyavharat yaa tartudinkade durlaksh kele gele.
eka vegalya kararane nauvahan kayadyanmadhye sudharana kelee; gendyachya bajoone kinwa emsterdamla jaananya malvahatuk dutch jahajandware shulk naan gheta englandla kelee jaau shakate. englandne 'vinamulya jahaje vinamulya vastoo banavtat' heey tattva dekhil sweekarle, jyamule dutch tatasth asalelya yuddhanchya velee shahee naudlala dutch jahajanna adavanyapasun rokhale gele. 17 februwari 1668 roji swakshari kelelya nishchit majkurasah yaa atty prathamik hotya.
danish aanee french kararanni nuksan bharpaisathiche dave maaf karnyasathi anglo-dutch aavruttiche anusaran kele. yavyatirikt, englandne anukrame 1667 aanee 1654 madhye tabyat ghetalelya keyen aanee acadiachya french malmatta parat kelya, parantu achook seema nirdisht kelya gelya naheet aanee hastantaranas 1670 paryant vilamb jhaala. englandne montserrat aanee antigua parat midavale, caribean bett seent kitts donhi deshanmadhye vibhagale gele. 31 julai roji kararanvar swakshya jhalyanantar, teey pratyek deshat pushtisathi pathvanyat aale, hii prakriya 24 augustparyant purn jhaali aanee tyanantar breadamadhye sarvajanik utsav sajra karnyat aala.
parinam.
nyu netherland aanee runchi devanghevan karoon, bredane vadachi done pramukh kshetre door kelee, jyamule anglo-dutch tanav qamee jhaala aanee prajasattak, sweeden aanee ingland yanchyatil 1668 chya tiheri yuticha marg mokala jhaala. yaa yuteela anekada francela tyanche bahutansh laabh ikes-laa-chappell yethe parat karnyas bhag padanyache shrey dile jaate, tarr janewari 1668 madhye louis aanee leopold yanni yaa atinvar aadhich sahmati darshavali hotee. dirghkalasathi, breda haah muddah hota jevha ingraj aanee dutch francela ekmekanpeksha motha dhoka mhanoon pahat hote; jaree charleschya french yuteela pradhanya dilyane 1670 chaa dovercha gupt karar jhaala, parantu dirghakalin cull tyachya virodhat hota. ingraji naudal shakti punha prasthapit karnyasathichya pathimbyamule tisya anglo-dutch yuddhat maryadit pathbal midale, parantu teey sadhya jhalyanantar teey sampale.
charlesne vachan dilyapramane, narangi gharachi punarsthapana karnyat kinwa nirvasitanna gharee jaanyachi parvanagi denyat ayashasvi houn kararane santrivadyanchi nirasha kelee. jevha zealand aanee freesland yanni frenchanchya pragatila pratisad mhanoon prastavit viliyamala dutch rajyanchya sainyacha capton-general banavale, tevha hollandchya rajyanni 5 august roji kayamswarupi aadeshasah pratisad deela. yamule hollandche sthayi dharak padd radd jhaale, tarr dusra tharav konatyahi mahasanghache capton-general kinwa edmiral-general dusya prantache sthayi adhikari hotil yala virodh karnyas sahmat jhaala. sainyakade narangi shakticha tall mhanoon pahile jaat asalyane, tyavarcha kharch jaanunbujun qamee karnyat aala; 1672 madhye yache vinashkari parinam jhaale.
breda heey sweedensathi dekhil yashasvi tharale, jyanni madhyasth mhanoon tyanchya padacha vapar kubadyanchya tartudi sudharanyasathi, dutch-danish karar modanyasathi aanee tiheri yutimadhye sameel honyasathi keela. spanish lokanni franch-kote aanee bahutek spanish netherlands parat midavale; adhik mahattvache mhanje, dutch lock aata tyanchyakade mahatvakankshi francepeksha eka changla shejari mhanoon pahat hote. ekandarit, dutch lock breda aanee yutichi nirmiti haah rajnaitik vijay manat; tyanantarcha lagechach yenara kaal haah anekada dutch suvarnayugacha uchch bindu manla jaato.