johnn davie

johnn davie (20 aktoobar 1859-1 juuna 1952) heey eka american tatvadnya, manasshastradnya aanee shaikshanik sudharak hote. visavya shatkachya purvardhatil teey sarvat pramukh american vidwan hote.
lokshahivaril tyancha sakhol vishvas, mug tee rajkaran asso, shikshan asso kinwa dalanvalan aanee patrakarita asso, haah deve yanchya kamancha pramukh vishay hota. 1888 madhye mishigan vidyapithat asatana swatah deway yanni mhatalyapramane, "lokshahi aanee manavatecha eka, antim, naitik aadarsh haah majhya manat samanarthi aahe."prayogik buddhimatta aanee bahulatela protsahan denyasathi shaala aanee nagri samaj yaa done moolbhut ghatkanvar laksh dene aanee punarrachanechi aavashyakta asalele pramukh vishay asey deway yanni manale. keval matdanacha adhikar vadhavunach navhe tarr nagrik, tadnya aanee rajkarani yanchyat sanvad sadhun purn jhalele janmat astitvat aahe yachee khatri karoon gheuun, tyanni swikarlelya dhoranansathi teey jababdar aahet, ashee sampoorn lokshahi midvayachi aahe, assa thaam dawa tyanni keela.
davie heey vyavharikta tattvadnyanashi sambandhit prathamik vyaktinpaiki eka hote aanee tyanna karyatmak manasshastrachya janakanpaiki eka manale jaate. 1896 madhye prakashit jhalela tyancha 'daad reflex aark concept inn cycology' haah lekh (shikago) karyatmakatavadi manasshastratil pahila pramukh grunth manla jaato. 2002 madhye prakashit jhalelya 'review auph general cycology' yaa sarvekshanat devilla 20 vya shatkatil 93 vya kramankache sarvadhik uddhrut kelele manasshastradnya mhanoon sthan denyat aale.
deway heey heey shatkatil eka pramukh shaikshanik sudharak dekhil hote. eka suprasiddha sarvajanik buddhijivi asalele teey purogami shikshan aanee udarmatvadache pramukh aavaj hote. shikago vidyapithat pradhyapak asatana tyanni shikago vidyapith prayogshala shalanchi sthapana kelee, jithe teey tyanchya purogami kalpana shaikshanik paddhativar lagoo karoo shakale aanee tyanchi chachani gheu shakale. jaree davie heey shikshanavishayichya tyanchya prakashanansathi prasiddha asale, taree tyanni dnyanmimansa, tattvamimansa, saundaryashastra, qalaa, tarkshastra, samajik siddhant aanee nitishastra yasah itar anek vishayanvarhi lihile.
prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan.
johnn devicha janm burlington, vermont yethe eka vinamra kutumbat jhaala. archibald sprag davie aanee lucina artemisia ritch davie yanna janmalelya chaar mulanpaiki too eka hota. tyanchya yaa mulache navahi johnn asey thevanyat aale, parantu 17 janewari 1859 roji eka apghatat tyacha mrutyu jhaala. yaa johnn devicha janm 20 aktoobar 1859 roji, tyachya mothya bhavachya mrutyunantar chalis aathvadyanni jhaala. tyacha motha, jiwant bhau, davis ritch devepramanech, tyane vermont vidyapithat shikshan ghetale, jithe tyala delta saymadhye diksha denyat aalee aanee 1879 madhye tyane phay beeta kappa padvi prapt kelee.
vermont vidyapithatil deveche eka mahattvache pradhyapak heinry augustus pearson torry (etch. aaa. pii. torry), majee vermont vidyapithache adhyaksh joseph torry yancha javai aanee putanya. devine vermontmadhun padvi midvane aanee johns hopkins vidyapithat pravesh ghenyachya darmyan torrisobat khajgi shikshan ghetale.
karkird.
oil ciity, pensylvaniamadhye hyschool shikshak mhanoon done varshe aanee vermontmadhil charlot yaa chhotyasha gavat prathamik shaletil shikshak mhanoon eka varsh kaam kelyanantar, devine prathamik kinwa madhyamik shalet shikavanyasathi too ayogya asalyache tharavale. george sylvester mauris, charles sanders piercey, herbert baxter admus aanee jee. stanly holl, devilla tyache ph.dii. johns hopkins vidyapithatil qalaa aanee vidnyan shaletoon. 1884 madhye tyanni george sylvester mauris yanchya madatine mishigan vidyapithat (1884-88 aanee 1889-94) pradhyapakache padd sweekarle. tyanchya aprakashit aanee aata haravalelya prabandhala 'daad cycology auph kaant' asey shirshak denyat aale hote.
madhye 1894 davie shikago navyane sthapan vidyapithat sameel jhaale (1894-1904) jethe tyanni tarkshuddha anubhavavadavar vishvas vikasit keela, navyane udayas udayas vyavharik tattvadnyanashi sambandhit jhaale. shikago vidyapithatil tyanchya karyakalat 'vichar aanee tyacha vishay' yaa shirshakakhali samuhikpane chaar nibandh prakashit jhaale, jeey shikago yetheel tyanchya tyanchya ektrit kelelya kamansah 'studies inn logical theary' (1904) yaa samoohik shirshakakhali prakashit jhaale.
tyaa kalat devine shikago vidyapith prayogshalechya shalanchi suruvat kelee, jithe teey shikshanvishayak vishvas pratyakshat aanoo shakale, jeey tyanchya shikshanavaril pahilya pramukh karyasathi, 'shaala aanee samaj' (1899) sathee sahitya pradan karat hote. prashasanashi matbhed jhalyamule akheris tyanni vidyapithacha rajinama deela aanee tyanantar lagechach teey purv purv sthalantarit jhaale. 1899 madhye, davie american psychological associationche adhyaksh mhanoon nivadle gele.pii.aaa.). 1904 pasoon 1930 madhye nivrutt hoiparyant teey kolambiya vidyapithatil shikshak mahavidhyalayat tatvadnyanache pradhyapak hote aanee carl roggersver tyancha prabhav hota.
1905 madhye teey american philosophical associationche adhyaksh jhaale. teey american federation auph teachersche dirghkal sadasya hote. itihaskar charles aaa. dadhi aanee james harvey robbinson aanee arthatadnya thorstein weblane, davie heey naveen shalechya sansthapakanpaiki eka aahet.
deway yanni 140 niyatkalikanmadhye 700 hoon adhik lekh aanee andaje 40 pustake prakashit kelee. tyanche sarvat mahattvache lekhan hote, 'manasshastratil pratikshep chaap sankalpana' (1896), eka manak manasshastriy sankalpanechi teeka aanee tyachya pudhil serve kamancha aadhar; 'lokshahi aanee shikshan' (1916), purogami shikshanavaril tyanche prasiddha karya; 'manvi swabhav aanee aacharan' (1922), manvi vartanatil savayichya karyacha abhyas; 'janata aanee tichya samasya' (1927), walter lipmanchya 'daad fantum public' (1925); 'anubhav aanee nisarg' (1925), deviche sarvat 'aadhyatmik' vidhan; 'soviet russia aanee krantikari jagachya chhap' (1929), navodit usrmadhun eka chamakdar pravasvarnan.
"anubhav mhanoon qalaa" (1934), heey saundaryashastravaril deviche pramukh karya hote; "eka samaan vishvas" (1934), dharmacha manavtavadi abhyas moolatah 'dwite etch' mhanoon deela gela. yell yethe terry vyakhyan; "logicah daad theary auph inquiree" (1938), devichya tarkshastrachya asamanya sankalpaneche vidhan; "swatantrya aanee sanskruti" (1939), facismchya mulanchi tapasani karnare rajkiy karya; aanee "norning andd daad noned" (1949), arther eff. bentley jeey paddhatshirpane trans-actionchya sankalpanechi ruparesha dete, jeey tyachya itar kamanchya kendrasthani aahe (vyavharvad pahaa).
yapaiki pratyek krutee eka vishisht tatvik vishayavar kendrit asatana, devine tyachya pramukh vishayancha samavesh 'anubhav aanee nisarg' madhye keela. tathapi, pahilya (1925) aavruttila midalelya pratisadavar asamadhani houn, yaa (1929) aavruttisathi tyanni pahila adhyay punha lihila aanee eka prastavna jodali jyamadhye tyanni mhatale qee yaa pustakane jyala aapan aata naveen (kuhnian) pratiman mhanoo shakato teey sadar keleh 'mea yaa khandat naveen aanee junya yanchyatil salokhyasathi prayatna keela nahee' [eae andd enah 4]."aanee too kuhnian atulaniyatecha dawa karatoh
"anekansathi [' anubhav 'aanee' nisarg '] yaa done shabdancha sambandh goal chaukatibaddal bolanyasarkha vatel' parantu 'mallah assa konatahi marg mahit nahee jyadvare dvandvatmak yuktivad asha aakshepanche uttar deu shakel. teey shabdanchya sahavasatoon udbhavtat aanee tyanna yuktivadane hatalale jaau shakat nahee."kuhnian rupantaran prakriyeche varnan mhanoon aata khaleel goshtincha arth lavala jaau shakatoh 'anubhav aanee nisarg yanchyashi jodalele [naveen] arth ughad karanyachi sampoorn charchedarmyan keval aasha karata yete aanee asha prakare, jarr ekhada bhagyavan asel tarr, tyanchyashi purvi jodalelya mahattvanmadhye asanvedansheelpane badal ghadavato' [serve eae andd enah 10]."
20 vya shatkatil vicharanvar tyacha prachand prabhav pratibimbit kartana, hiilda madbyne lihile qee, "davie aaplya yugasathi agadi madhyayugaparyant aristotalsarkhach hota, tatvadnya nahee, tarr tatvadnya hota."
vaiyaktik jeevan.
chipmanne ph. dii. purn kelyanantar thodyach velat 1886 madhye devine ellis chipmanshey lagn kele.dii. mishigan vidyapithatun. yaa doghanna sahaa mule hotih fredrick archibald davie, evelin riggs davie, mauris (joou lahan asatana maran pavala), gorden chipman davie, lucie ellis chipman davie aanee jaine merrie davie. ellis chipman 1927 madhye vayachya 68 vya varshi maran pavali; 1924 madhye turkeychya japanchya maleriyachya eka prakaranamule aanee 1926 madhye mexico shaharachya japanchya hrudayavikarachya zatkyane kamkuvat jhaali, 13 julai 1927 roji cerebral thrombosisamule ticha mrutyu jhaala.
devine 11 december 1946 roji estel robberta lovitz grantshee vivah keela, joou tyanchya lagnapurvi anek varshe dirghkal mitra aanee sathidar hota. robertachya sangnyavarun yaa jodpyane levis (johnn, junier mhanoon badalale) yaa done bhavandanna dattak ghetale.) aanee sherley.
mrutyu.
johnn davie yanche anek varshanchya aajaranantar pneumoniamule 1 juuna 1952 roji newyork shaharatil tyanchya gharee nidhan jhaale aanee yaa divashi tyanchyavar antyasanskar karnyat aale.
chean aanee japanchya bhetee.
1919 madhye davie aanee tyachi patni vishrantichya rajevar japanla gele. yaa japanchya jaree deway aanee tyanchya patnila japanchya lokanni changla pratisad deela asala, taree deway yanni deshachya prashasakeey vyavasthevarhi teeka kelee aanee dawa keela qee lokshahikade jaanyacha deshacha marg "mahatvakankshi pann anek babatint kamkuvat aahe jyamadhye tyanche pratispardhi majboot aahet". tyanni assa ishara dekhil deela qee "kharee chachani adyap aaleli nahee. pann nammatra lokshahi jagane yuddhachya kalat itakya mothya pramanavar bolalya gelelya vyavasayankade mage valale tarr dhakka khoop motha asel aanee nokarshahi aanee lashkarivad parat yeu shakato."
tyachya japanchya japanchya, deway yala paking vidyapithane chinala bhet denyasathi aamantrit kele hote, bahudha tyache majee vidyarthi, huu shih aanee chiang monelyn yanchya sangnyavarun. parismadhil mitrarashtranni germanychya tabyat asalele shandong prant japanla sopavanyachya parismadhil mitrapakshanchya nirnayacha nishedh karnyasathi vidyarthi nidarshakanni rastyavar utaranyachya kahee divas aadhi, davie aanee tyachi patni ellis 30 april 1919 roji shanghaila pohochale. meey 4 roji tyanchya nidarshananni devilla utsahi aanee utsahi kele aanee too done varshe chinmadhye rahila aanee julai 1921 madhye nighun gela.
yaa done varshant, davie yanni chiinii prekshakanna sumare 200 vyakhyane dilee aanee 'daad nyu republic' aanee itar masikanmadhye americansasathi jawaljawal masik lekh lihile. chinmadhil japani vistarvad aanee kahee chiinii lokanprati bolshevismche aakarshan yaa donhinchi jaaniv asalelya devine, american lock chinchya parivartanala pathimba detat aanee chiinii lock yaa parivartanala kranti navhe tarr shikshan aanee samajik sudharananmadhye aadhar detat, asey samarthan kele. shekado aanee kadhikadhi hajaro lock vyakhyananmadhye sahbhagi jhaale, jyancha arth huu shih yanni lavala hota. yaa prekshakansathi, devine "shree. lokshahi "aanee" shree. vidnyan, done vyaktimatve jee tyanni aadhunik mulyanche pratinidhitva karnyacha vichar keela aanee tyanche 'dusra confucius' mhanoon kautuk kele. tyanchi vyakhyane tyaveli haravali hotee, parantu 2015 madhye tyanchi punha shodhani karoon tee prakashit karnyat aalee.
zixin suu mhanatoh 
deway yanni chiinii lokanna konatehi pashchatya shaikshanik model aayat naan karnyache aavahan kele. tyanni taao zingzi yanchyasarkhya shikshakanna shifaras kelee qee, tyanni rashtriy staravar tyanchi swatachi aadarsh shaley pranali tayar karnyasathi vyavharikta vaparali pahije. matra, rashtriy sarkar kamkuvat hote aanee prantanvar mothya pramanat sardaranche niyantran hote, tyamule tyanchya soochananchi rashtriy staravar prashansa jhaali, parantu tyanchi amalbajavani jhaali nahee. matra, sthanik patalivar kahee amalbajavani karnyat aalee. rashtravadi sarkar tethoon paloon gelyanantar, devechya kalpanancha hongkongmadhye aanee taivanmadhye prabhav padala. chinmadhil bahutansh bhagat, confucian vidvananni 1949 purvi sthanik shaikshanik vyavasthevar niyantran thewale aanee tyanni keval davie aanee pashchatya kalpanankade durlaksh kele. marksvadi aanee maovadi chinmadhye, devechya kalpanancha paddhatshirpane nishedh karnyat aala.
dakshin aafrikecha daura.
cape tauun aanee johannesburg yethe naveen shaikshanik shishyavruttichya jaagtik parishadechya nimantranavarun davie aanee tyanchi mulgi jaine julai 1934 madhye dakshin africela gele, jithe tyanni anek bhashane dilee. dakshin aafrikeche shikshan mantri zaan hoffmayer aanee upapantpradhan zaan smuts yanni parishadeche udghatan kele. yaa parishadetil itar vaktyanmadhye max iselen aanee hendrick vervord yancha samavesh hota, jeey nantar varnabhed prasthapit prayatna rashtravadi sarkarche pantpradhan jhaale.
karnegi foundation devicha kharch uchalala hota. tyanni tevha dakshin rhodesia (aata zimbabwe) asalelya durban, pretoriya aanee victoria dhabdhabyanna dekhil pravas keela aanee shalankade pahile, vidyarthyanshi bolale aanee prashasak aanee shikshakanna vyakhyane dilee. august 1934 madhye, devine whitwatersrand vidyapithakadun manad padvi sweekarli. keval keval devechya kalpana atyant dharmnirpeksh mhanoon nakarlya. tathapi, kaale lock aanee tyanche pandhare samarthak adhik swikararh hote.
karyatmak manasshastra.
mishigan vidyapithat, devine tyanchi pahili done pustake, 'manasshastra' (1887) aanee 'manvi samajutishi sambandhit leibnizche naveen nibandh' (1888) prakashit kelee, yaa donhi pustakanmadhye devichi british nava-hegeliyanvadapratichi suruvatichi bandhilaki vyakt kelee gelee. manasshastra" madhye, devine aadarshavad aanee prayogik vidnyan yanchyatil sanshleshan karnyacha prayatna keela.
mishigan yethe tattvadnyanache pradhyapak asatana, davie aanee tyanche kanishth sahkari, james haydon tufts aanee george herbert miid, tyanche vidyarthi james roland engel yanchyasah, serve vilyam jameschya 'tattvanchya manasshastrachya' (1890) alikadil prakashanamule jordar prabhavit jhaale, wilheim woondt aanee tyachya anuyayanchya sharirik manasshastrachya aivaji manachya kriyakalapanvar aanee vartanavar samajik vatavaranavar bharr dett manasshastrat sudharana karnyas suruvat kelee.
1894 paryant, davie tuftsmadhye sameel jhaala hota, jyanchyabarobar too alikadech sthapan jhalelya shikago vidyapithat 'ethics' (1908) lihinar hota aanee tyane maid aanee engel yanna tyachya magomag yenyasathi aamantrit kele, chaar purush tathakathit 'shikago gut' chaa aadhar banatat.
tyanchya manasshastrachya naveen shailila, jyala nantar karyatmak manasshastra asey naav denyat aale, tyat krutee aanee upayogavar vyavharik bharr denyat aala. 1896 madhye 'manasshastriy punaravalokan' madhye disalelya 'daad reflex aark concept inn cycology' yaa devichya lekhat, too 'circular' khatyachya bajoone reflex aarkchya paramparik uttejana-pratisad samajoon ghenyachya virodhat tark karato jyamadhye 'uttejana' mhanoon kaay karya karate aanee 'pratisad' mhanoon kaay heey paristhiticha kassa vichar keela jaato aanee sanvedanatmak motor circuitchya ekatmak swarupache sanrakshn karate yavar avalambun asate. too uttejana, sanvedana aanee pratisadache astitva nakarat nasla taree, tyaa sakhalitil duvyansarkhya duvyansarkhya vegalya, julavun ghetalelya ghatana hotya yavar too asahmat hota. tyanni ashee kalpana vikasit kelee qee eka samanvay aahe jyadvare mageel anubhavanchya parinamandware uttejana samruddha hote. pratisad sanvedanatmak anubhavadvare niyantrit keela jaato.
davie 1899 madhye american psychological associationche adhyaksh mhanoon nivadle gele.
dartmouth sanshodhan pradhyapak edelbert ems junier yanni kelelya drushya aaklan manasshastratil karyat davie yanni dekhil rus darshavila. matra, tyala aikanyat khoop tras hott hota, kaaran heey dnyat aahe qee davie sangeet swaranmadhye farak karoo shakat shakat shabdant, too eka sangitmay hota.
vyavharikta, vadyavad, parinamvad.
davie yanni kadhikadhi tyanchya tattvadnyanacha sandarbh vyavhariktaivaji vadyavad assa deela aanee yaa done shalanchi parinamanshi asalelya naveen shaleshi samanata olakhali asatee. tyanni nantarchya aayushyat lihilelya pustakachi olakh karoon chalana kahee vakyanmadhye, tyanni kadhikadhi jyaa shalanmadhil farkanmule kelelya vadanvar aadharit kamabaddalachya bhatkya prakarchya tikela madat karnyasathi, tyanni ekach velee yaa teen shalanmadhye samaan asalelya vaidhatecha nikash achook sankshiptapane paribhashit keela, jyat sahmat vyakhya nahitah
achook vyakhyevishayichya tyanchya chintemule teey 1949 madhye 'norning andd daad none' madhye nondavalelya nishkalji shabd vaparache tapshilvar vishleshan karoo lagale.
dnyanmimansa.
davie aanee bentley yanchya matey, dnyanmimansa aanee tarkshastra yaa kshetratil shabdavalichi samasya anshatah, sanghatana aanee sadarikaranachya teen aitihasik staranna pratibimbit prayatna shabd aanee sankalpanancha akaryaksham aanee achook vapar karnyamule aahe. kalkramanusar disanyachya kramane heey aaheth
vyavharanchya vaishishtyanchi malika yaat samavisht asalelya vicharanchi vistrut shreni darshavate.
tarkshastra aanee paddhat.
samkalin tarkik siddhantat davie virodhabhas pahato. nikatvarti vishay samanya sahmati aanee pragati midvato, tarr tarkshastracha antim vishay satat vaad nirman karato. yaa shabdant, tarkik prachalakanchya satyachya prashnache uttar denyasathi too aatmavishvas asalelya tarkshastradnyanna aavhan deto. teey keval amoort mhanoon karya karatat qaa (udaa.jee., shuddha ganeet) kinwa teey tyanchya vastunshi kahee aavashyak margane jodale jaatat aanee mhanoon tyanna badaltat kinwa prakashat aanatat?
devichya vicharanmadhye tarkik pratyakshavad dekhil disun aala. yaa chalvalibaddal tyanni lihile qee, 'vakye' aanee 'shabd' badaloon 'prastav' aanee 'sandnya' yancha vapar karane talhale jaate."(" "prastavancha samanya siddhant", "" "tarkshastrah chaukashicha siddhant" ") teey sandarbhanchya yaa badalache swagat karatat, joparyant teey prastavanchi pratikatmak rachana aanee aashay yavar laksh kendrit karate"."tathapi, too" "vakya" "aanee" "shabd" "chya vaparaviruddha eka chhotishi takrar nondavato, jyamadhye kaljipurvak arth lavlyashivay, hastantaran krutee kinwa prakriya" "chinhe aanee bhashechi vyapti anavshyakpane sankuchit karate, kaaran havbhav aanee aakruti (nakashe, blueprint ii.) hatalanyachi pratha nahee".) shabd kinwa vakye mhanoon."
yaa shabdant, vakye aanee shabd, jeey ektepane manale jaatat, teey hetu ughad karat naheet, jyacha andaj lavala jaau shakato kinwa keval sandarbhadvare nirnay ghetala jaau shakato."
tarihi davie aadhunik tarkik kalanchya purnapane virodhat navhata; kharey tarr, tyanni vyakt kelelya paramparik tarkshastramadhil kamatarata, jyaa kalanche nirakaran hoil ashee aasha tyach pustakachya sampoorn pahilya bhagat aahe. paramparik tarkshastrabaddal teey tithe mhanatatah
lui menandane 'madhye assa yuktivad keela qee jaine edams yanni 1894 chya pullman strikechya charchechya sandarbhat devichya virodhavar bharr dilyabaddal teeka kelee hotee. nantarchya patrat tyanchya patnila lihilelya patrat devine kabool kele qee edamsacha yuktivad hotah
tyane pudhe mhatleh
edamsana lihilelya patrat, tichyashi jhalelya sambhashanane spashtapane prabhavit houn, devine lihileh
saundaryashastra.
"anubhav mhanoon qalaa' (1934) heey saundaryashastravaril deviche pramukh lekhan aahe.
vyavhariktavadi paramparetil tyachya sthananusar, samudayavar bharr denara, sthanik sanskratichya anubhavanmadhye antarbhut (aanee tyatoon avibhajya) asalelya vaiyaktik qalaa vastoocha abhyas aahe. mool sachitra aavruttit, devine albert see. yanni ektrit kelelya aadhunik qalaa aanee jaagtik sanskratinchya sangrahavar bhashya kele. barnes foundationmadhil barnes, jyanchya swatachya kalpananvar aekhadyachya jivanshailivar kalechya vaparavar devichya lekhanacha prabhav hota. devine kavita lihinyachya madhyamatoon qalaa nirman kelee, parantu too swatahla atyant sangitahin manat aseh tyachya eka vidyarthyane deveche varnan "sangitachi allergy" asey kele."barnesvar visheshtah lokshahi aanee shikshan (1916) chaa prabhav hota aanee nantar 1918 chya sharad rututil satrat kolambiya vidyapithat rajkiy tattvadnyanavaril devechya charchasatrat teey upasthit hote.
paropkar, mahila aanee lokshahi.
davie yanni shikago vidyapith prayogshala shalechi sthapana kelee, shaikshanik sansthanna pathimba deela aanee vasahati gharanna visheshtah jaine admuschya hull hausala pathimba deela.
tyachya pahilya vishvast mandalavar kaam prayatna hull hausmadhil tyachya kamadvare, davie keval yaa uddeshasathi eka karyakartech navhate tarr shikagochya mothya sthalantarit samudayachi aanee mahilanchya matadhikarasathi kaam karnare bhagidar dekhil hote. hull hausachya vargat yogdan detana devine mulanchya shikshanacha abhav anubhavala. tethe tyanni sthalantarit mahilanchya shikshan aanee kaushalyancha abhav dekhil anubhavala. stengle tark detoh
lokshahivishayichya tyanchya pramukh matanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotah 
pratham, lokshahi haah keval rajkiy vyavastheaivaji eka naitik aadarsh aahe, asey davie yanche mutt hote. dusare mhanje, tyanni pratinidhitva navhe, tarr sahbhag haah lokshahicha saar manla. tisare, tyanni lokshahi aanee vaidnyanik paddhati yanchyatil susanvadavar bharr dilah satat vistaranare aanee aatm-tikatmak chaukashiche samuday, vyavharik tattvanvar kaam karat aahet aanee naveen puravyanchya prakashat tyanchya vishvasanmadhye satat sudharana karat aahet, jyamule lokshahi nirnay ghenyasathi eka namuna pradan keela aahe... shevati, davie yanni rajkaranapasun udyog aanee samajaparyant, eka naitik prakalp mhanoon gruheet dharalelya lokshahicha vistar karnyache aavahan kele. 
hyamule manvi krutichi samaj aanee manvi anubhavachi ekata aakaras yenyas madat jhaali.
devicha assa vishvas hota qee samajat striche sthan keval tichya jivashastradvare navhe tarr tichya paryavaranadvare nirdharit kele jaate. mahilambaddal too mhanato, "tumhi laingikatechya babatit mahilambaddal khoop jaast vichar karata. ling patrata sodoon kahee kaal tyanna manvi vyakti mhanoon vicharat ghya aanee tyanni kaay karave aanee kaay karoo naye yabaddalachya tumchya kahee samanyikaranambaddal tumhala khatri nasel. johnn devichya pathimbyamule jaine admuschya pattharachya gharacha aanee itar vasahati gharancha pathimbahi aanee lokpriyata vadhanyas madat jhaali. vadhatya pathimbyamule, samudayacha sahbhag vadhala tasech mahila matadhikar chalvalila pathimba midala.
devichya sarvat mothya tikakaranni samanyatah kelelya yuktivadanusar, yashasvi lokshahi, shaikshanik vyavastha aanee yashasvi mahila matadhikar chalvalila chalana chalana tyanchya kalpana purn karnyasathi teey dhorane aakhu shakale naheet. kaay karya karate aanee kashavar sudharana karane aavashyak aahe heey shodhanyasathi paramparik shraddha, pratha aanee paddhatinchi tapasani karane aavashyak aahe heey jaanun ghet asatana, teey kadhihi paddhatshir paddhatine kele gele nahee. "aadhunik sanskratinna sanskratinna samasyanchya guntaguntibaddal sajagata aanee drudh shaktine nirman jhalelya adthalyambaddal davie adhik jagruk jhaale". tyaa velee samajachya guntaguntimule, samasya sodavanyasathichya prayatnanchya abhavamule devevar teeka jhaali.
lokshahitil tantrik vikasachya sandarbhatah
lokshahivaril tyanchya karyane buub.aar. ambedkar heey tyanche eka vidyarthi hote, jyanni nantar bharatache kayada aanee nyay mantri mhanoon kaam kele.
shikshan aanee shikshak shikshan.
deway yanche shaikshanik siddhant 'maay pedagogic panth' (1897), 'prathamik-shikshan fetich' (1898), 'shaala aanee samaj' (1900), 'mool aanee abhyaskram' (1902), 'lokshahi aanee shikshan' (1916), 'udyachya shaala' (1915) aanee 'anubhav aanee shikshan' (1938) yaa granthanmadhye sadar karnyat aale. yaa sampoorn likhanat anek vishayanchi punaravrutti hote. shikshan aanee shikshan yaa samajik aanee parasparsanvadi prakriya aahet aanee asha prakare shaala hii eka samajik sanstha aahe jyadvare samajik sudharana houu shakatat aanee vhayalach havyat assa davahi davie satatyane karatat. yavyatirikt, tyancha assa vishvas hota qee vidyarthi asha vatavaranat bharbharatila yetat jithe tyanna abhyaskramacha anubhav gheta yeil aanee tyanchyashi sanvad sadhata yeil aanee serve vidyarthyanna tyanchya swatachya shikshanat bhag ghenyachi sandhee midayala havee.
deway yanchya shikshanavaril likhanat lokshahi aanee samajik sudharananchya kalpananvar satat charcha kelee jaate. keval aashay dnyan midvanyache thikan mhanoon navhe tarr kase jagayache heey shikanyache thikan mhanoonahi shikshanache mahatva spasht karnyasathi davie eka bhakkam bhoomika bajavate. tyanchya matey, shikshanacha uddesh purvanirdharit kaushalye midvanyavar kendrit nasava, tarr aekhadyachya purn kshamatechi jaaniv aanee tyaa kaushalyancha adhik changlya kamasathi vapar karnyachya kshamatevar kendrit asava. too namood karato qee "tyala bhavishyatil jivanasathi tayar karane mhanje tyala swatachi aadnya dene; yacha arth tyala prashikshit karane mhanje tyachya serve kshamatancha purn aanee tayar vapar karane" ("majha shaikshanik panth", davie, 1897).
vidyarthyanna tyanchya purn kshamatechi jaaniv karoon denyat madat karnyavyatirikt, davie pudhe kabool karato qee shikshan aanee shaley shikshan heey samajik badal aanee sudharana ghadavun aananyat mahattvapoorn aahet. teey namood karatat qee "shikshan heey samajik chetanet sahbhagi honyachya prakriyeche niyaman aahe aanee yaa samajik chetanechya aadhare vaiyaktik kriyakalapanche samayojan hii samajik punarrachanechi ekmev nishchit paddhat aahe".
shikshan mhanje kaay aanee tyacha samajavar kaay parinam jhaala pahije hyabaddalachya tyanchya kalpananvyatirikt, vargat shikshan kase viola havey yabaddalahi deway yanchya vishisht kalpana hotya. daad child andd daad curriculum' (1902) madhye davie yanni shaikshanik shikshanshastrasandarbhat done pramukh parasparvirodhi vichardharanvar charcha kelee aahe. pahila abhyaskramavar kendrit aahe aanee jawaljawal purnapane shikavalya shikavalya vishayavar kendrit aahe. davie assa yuktivad karatat qee yaa karyapaddhatitil pramukh dosh mhanje vidyarthyachi nishkriyata; yaa vishisht chaukatit, "mool fakt aparipakv prani aahe jyala paripakv karayache aahe; too varvarchya vyakti aahe jyala sakhol karayache aahe" (1902, pru. 13). tyancha assa yuktivad aahe qee shikshan sarvat prabhavi honyasathi, aashay asha prakare sadar keela jaane aavashyak aahe jyamule vidyarthi mahiticha sambandh purvichya anubhavanshi jodu shakel, asha prakare yaa naveen dnyanashi sambandh adhik drudh hoil.
tyach velee, davie heey tyanche anuyayi asalyacha dawa prayatna shaikshanik-shaley shikshakanchya anek "baal-kendrit" atirekanmule chintet hote aanee tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee mulavar jaast avalambun rahane heey shikanyachya prakriyesathi titkech hanikarak asoo shakate. yaa yaa vichardharet, "aapan mulashi aapali bajoo ghetali pahije aanee tyachyapasun door gele pahije. shikshanachi gunavatta aanee praman donhi tharvanara vishay navhe tarr too aahe "(deway, 1902, pru. 13-14). devechya matey, yaa vichardharetil sambhavya dosh mhanje teey majkurache tasech shikshakachi bhoomika qamee karate.
hii duvidha door karnyasathi, davie yanni vidyarthyanchya aavadi aanee anubhav lakshat gheuun dnyan vitareet karnyat santulan santulan shaikshanik sanrachaneche samarthan kele. teey namood karatat qee "mool aanee abhyaskram yaa keval done maryada aahet jyaa ekach prakriyechi vyakhya karatat. jyapramane done mudde saral resha paribhashit karatat, tyachpramane mulacha sadhyacha drushtikon aanee abhyasachi tathye aanee satye soochana paribhashit karatat "(davie, 1902, pru. 16).
yaa tarkatoonach davie pratyaksh shikshan kinwa anubhavatmak shikshanachya sarvat prasiddha samarthakanpaiki eka banala, joou anubhavatmak shikshanashi sambandhit aahe, parantu tyacha paryay nahee. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee "jarr dnyan naisargik vastoonni aaplyavar kelelya chhapanmadhun aale asel tarr munn prabhavit prayatna vastoonchya vaparashivay dnyan midvane ashakya aahe" (davie, 1916/2009, pru. 217-18). devichya kalpanancha itar anek prabhavshali anubhavatmak models aanee vakilanvar prabhav padala. udaharanarth, aaj shikshanat mothya pramanat vaparali jaanari samasya-aadharit shikshan (pii. bii. ell.) hii paddhat, sakriy chaukashidware shikanyashi sambandhit devichya kalpana samavisht karate.
davie yanni keval shikanyachi prakriya kashee viola havee yachich navhe tarr tyaa prakriyet shikshakane kaay bhoomika bajavali pahije yachihi punha kalpana kelee. american shaley shikshanachya sampoorn itihasat, vidyarthyanna vishisht kaam karnyasathi maryadit kaushalye aanee mahitee pradan karoon vidyarthyanna kamasathi prashikshit karane haah shikshanacha uddesh rahila aahe. niyoktyachya garja aanee kamgaranchya maganya purn karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya maryadit shaikshanik aanee shist-vishisht kaushalyansah kushal aanee vyavharik shikshak twarit tayar karnyacha prayatna prayatna keey-12 sarvajanik shikshan pranali aanee shikshak prashikshan shalanna shikshanacha haah maryadit vyavsayik drushtikon kassa lagoo keela gela aahe yachee sarvat vipul udaharane johnn davie yanchya karye detat.
shaala aanee samaj" (deway, 1899) aanee "shikshanachi lokshahi" (deway, 1916) yaa granthanmadhye deway assa dawa karatat qee nagarikanna samajat naitik sahbhagasathi tayar karnyaivaji, shaala tathyanvar prabhutva midvanyachya aagrahane aanee sansthanchya shistabaddhatedvare nishkriy vidyarthyanchi lagwad karatat. gambhir aanee aantar-vyaktinishth charchanchya madhyamatoon samajik satyanparyant pohochanyas saksham asalele chintanshil, swayatt aanee naitik prani honyasathi vidyarthyanna tayar karnyaivaji, shaala vidyarthyanna hukumshahi karya aanee rajkiy sanrachaneche vinamra palan karnyasathi tayar karatat, vaiyaktik aanee jaatiy chaukashicha pathpurava karnyas paravrutt karatat aanee uchch shikshanala shikshan sansthechi maktedari mhanoon pahatat (deway, 1899; 1916).
davie aanee tyachya tatvik anuyayansathi, jevha vidyarthyanna shikavale jaate qee dnyan eka dishene, tadnyakadun vidyarthyakade prasarit hote, tevha shikshan vaiyaktik swayattatela dadapun takte. davie yanni keval shikanyachi prakriya kashee viola havee yachich navhe tarr tyaa prakriyet shikshakane kaay bhoomika bajavali pahije yachihi punha kalpana kelee. devesathi, "aavashyak asaleli gosht mhanje shikshanat sudharana karane, keval jyaa goshti karane aavashyak nahee tyaa changlya karoo shaktil asha shikshakanchi nivad karoon navhe, tarr shikshan mhanje kaay yachee sankalpana badaloon" (deway, 1904, pru. 18).
devichi adhyapanvishayak patrata-lahan mulambarobar kaam karanyachi naisargik aavad, vishay, paddhati aanee vyavasayashi sambandhit itar samajik samasyambaddal chaukashi karanyachi naisargik pravrutti aanee heey prapt kelele dnyan itaranshi samayik karanyachi ichcha-haah bahyaritya pradarshit yantrik kaushalyancha sanch nahee. tyaeivaji, tyanchyakade antargat tattve kinwa savayi mhanoon pahile jaau shakate jee "aapoaap, nakalatpane karya karatat" (davie, 1904, pru. 15). adhyapan vyavasayavishayi deviche nibandh aanee sarvajanik bhashane, tyanantar eka vyakti aanee vyavsayik mhanoon shikshakabaddalache tyanche vishleshan, tasech sambodhit kelele guna vikasit karnyasathi shikshak shikshan karyakramanchya karyakramanchya tyanche vishvas, shikshak shikshak yashasvi varg shikshak davie yanchya kalpanechi punha kalpana karoo shakatat.
samajseva mhanoon shikshanache vyavsayikaran.
anekansathi, ekhadya vishisht nokarisathi vidyarthyanna maryadit kaushalye aanee mahitee pradan karoon vidyarthyanna kamasathi prashikshit karane haah shikshanacha uddesh aahe. davie nondavtat tyapramane, haah maryadit vyavsayik drushtikon shikshak prashikshan shalanna dekhil lagoo hoto, jeey niyoktyachya garja aanee kamgaranchya maganya purn karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya maryadit shaikshanik aanee shist kaushalyansah kushal aanee vyavharik shikshak twarit tayar karnyacha prayatna karatat (davie, 1904). devesathi, eka karyabal aanee samajseva puravathadar mhanoon shaala aanee vargatil shikshakanchi, mansik aanee samajik vastoo tayar karanyachi eka anokhi jababdari asate jee sadhyachya aanee bhavishyatil samajik pragatila chalana deil.
davie namood kelyapramane, "samajat uchch darjachi buddhimatta nirman karane heey shikshakache kaam aahe aanee hii buddhimatta asalelyanchi sankhya shakya titaki mothee karane haah sarvajanik shaala vyavasthecha uddesh aahe. vividh vyavasay aanee paristhitinmadhye husharine aanee prabhavipane kaam karanyachi kshamata, heey kaushalya heey samajane gathalelya sanskratichya pramanache lakshan aanee nikash aahe. samkalin jeevanat aavashyak asaleli anek prakarchi kaushalye tayar karnyat madat karane heey shikshakanche kaam aahe. jarr shikshak tyanchya kamasathi tayar asateel tarr teey charitryachya nirmitisathi dekhil madat karatat."(deway, tapp qaraa, 2010, pru. 241-42).
devechya matey, mulanmadhye tyanchya samkalin jeevanat vaparasathi heey gunadharm tayar karnyavar bharr deela jaato kaaran "aatapasoon vees varshe nantar sanskruti kashee asel heey nishchitpane sangane ashakya aahe" (deway, emm. pii. see., 2010, pru. 25). tathapi, shikshan tatkal uddesh sadhya karate yaa tyachya vishvasavar davie thaam asale taree (davie, dow., 2010; davie, emm. pii. see., 2010; davie, tii. tii. pii., 2010), lahan mulanvar buddhimatta, kaushalya aanee charitryache heey guna pradan kelyane tyanchya sadhyachya jivanavar bhavishyatil samajavar kaay parinam hoil yabaddal teey anbhidnya naheet. naheet redio prasaranadarmyan shaikshanik aanee aarthik ghadamodinchya sthitila sambodhit kartana, devine aagami aarthik mandila 'buddhimatta, kaushalya aanee charitryachya puresha utpadanachya abhav' shhee jodale (davie, tapp, 2010, pru. 242) deshachya kamgaranchya.
davie namood karatat tyapramane, sadhyachya samajat yaa vastooncha abhav aahe aanee tyanchya vidyarthyanmadhye tyaa nirman karanyachi shikshakanchi jababdari aahe, jeey aapan asey gruheet dharoo shakato qee, praudh hotil jeey shevati tyanchi vaat pahat asalelya konatyahi audhyogik kinwa aarthik sanskratimadhye sahbhagi hotil. devechya matey, vargatil shikshakacha vyavasay pratyek vidyarthyamadhye buddhimatta, kaushalya aanee charitrya nirman karane haah aahe, jenekarun lokshahi samuday asha nagarikancha banalela asel jeey husharine aanee naitikatene vichar karoo shaktil, karoo shaktil aanee karya karoo shaktil.
shikshakache dnyan.
yashasvi vargashikshakanmadhye dnyan aanee teey shikavatat tyaa sahitya aanee paddhatinmadhye bauddhik utsukata aahe, asey deviche mutt hote. devisathi, hii pravrutti hii eka antarnihit jidnyasa aanee shikanyachi aavad aahe jee aekhadyachya pathyapustakache dnyan prapt karnyachya, pathan karnyachya aanee punarutpadit karnyachya kshamatepeksha vegali aahe. "konihi," devechya matey, kartavye paar padnyat aanee [shikshanachya] yaa maganya purn karnyat kharokhar yashasvi houu shakat nahee, joou [tichi] sampoorn karkirdit [tichi] bauddhik utsukata abadhit thevat nahee "(deway, aii. pii. tii., 2010, pru. 34).
devechya matey, "shikshakane tyala kinwa teela shikavayache asalelya serve vishayanmadhye uchch darjacha vidyarthi honyasathi prayatna kele pahijet" asey nahee, tarr "shikshakala itihas, ganeet, sahitya, vidnyan, lalit qalaa kinwa itar konatyahi eka vishayat asamanya prem aanee yogyata asali pahije" (deway, aii. pii. tii., 2010, pru. 35). vargatil shikshak serve vishayanmadhye vidwan asane aavashyak nahee; tyaeivaji, eka vyaktimadhye asalele kharey prem shikavalya shikavalya serve vishayanmadhye kharee mahitee aanee antardrushtichi bhavna nirman karel.
shikavalya shikavalya vishayanchya abhyasachya yaa pravruttivyatirikt, vargatil shikshakakade "shalechya kholichya kamacha satat abhyas, mulancha, paddhatincha, vidyarthyanshi tyachya vividh rupantaranmadhye vishayancha satat abhyas karanyachi jababdari aahe" (davie, pii. ess. tii., 2010, pru. 37). devisathi, shikshanachya aajivan pathpuravyachi hii ichcha itar vyavsayanmadhye antarbhut aahe (udaa.jee. sthapatya, kayadeshir aanee vaidyakeey kshetre; deway, 1904 aanee deway, pii. ess. tii., 2010), aanee shikshan kshetrasathi vishesh mahatva aahe. davie namood kelyapramane, "haah pudhil abhyas eka bajoo nahee tarr vyavasayachya maganya aanee sandhinmadhye thet basato" (davie, aii. pii. tii., 2010, pru. 34).
devechya matey, vyavasayatil bauddhik vadhichi hii pravrutti aanee utkatata hii aekhadyache dnyan itaranshi sanvad sadhanyachi naisargik ichcha asane aavashyak aahe. "asey kahee vidwan aahet jyanchyakade (dnyan) lakshaniy pramanat aahe parantu teey pradan karnyasathi utsahacha abhav aahe. naisargik janm' shikshak shikshan heey joparyant samayik kele jaat nahee toparyant apoorn aahe (davie, aii. pii. tii., 2010, pru. 35). devisathi, vargatil shikshakala shikshanachi tantre aanee vishay-babinche aajivan shikanare asane purese nahee; teela jeey mahit aahe teey tichya tichya samudayatil itaranshi samayik karanyachi tichi ichcha asali pahije.
shikshakache kaushalya.
devechya matey, shikshakanchya gunavattecha sarvottam soochak mhanje, tyachya kinwa tichya vidyarthyanni sadar kelelya vishayachya sandarbhat darshavalelya pratisadanchya chinhe aanee gunavattebaddal sakhol jaaniv thevun manachya halchalinvar laksh thevanyachi aanee pratisad denyachi kshamata (deway, aii. pii. tii., 2010; deway, 1904). davie namood karatat tyapramane, "mallah anekada vicharale gele aahe qee, jyaa kahee shikshakanni kadhihi adhyapan kalecha abhyas keela nahee, teey ajunahi asadharanpane changle shikshak kase aahet? spashtikaran sope aahe. teey jyaa manachya samparkat aahet tyanchya karye aanee prakriyebaddal tyanna twarit, khatrishir aanee akhand sahanubhooti aahe. tyanchi swatachi munn itaranchya manashi susanvad sadhat, tyanchya adchaninche kautuk karat, tyanchya samasyanmadhye pravesh karat, tyanche bauddhik vijay samayik karat "(davie, aii. pii. tii., 2010, pru. 36).
asha shikshakala yaa manachya manant manant hastantaranachya guntaguntibaddal kharokharach jaaniv asate aanee yaa prakriyeche yash aanee apayash olakhanyachi tasech bhavishyat yogya ritine punarutpadan kinwa sudharana kashee karayachi heey olakhanyachi bauddhik takad tichyakade asate.
shikshakachi vrutti.
mulanchya sarvat suruvatichya kalat tyanchya mansik, naitik aanee aadhyatmik jivanala aakar denyat shikshakancha thet prabhav asalyamule, davie haah adhyapan vyavasay uchch sanmanane pahato, anekada tyache samajik moolya mantralay aanee palkatvashi samaan karato (davie, aii. pii. tii., 2010; davie, emm. pii. see., 2010; davie, pii. ess. tii., 2010; davie, tii. tii. see., 2010). devechya matey, shikshak vargat aanatat teey vaiyaktik antarnihit guna heey kadachit sarvat mahattvache guna aahet. davie namood kelyapramane, "konatyahi pramanat shikshan kinwa arjit shaikshanik kaushalyachehi abhav bharoon nighat nahee" (davie, tii. ell. ess., pru. 25) vyavasayat sarvat yashasvi honyasathi aavashyak asalelya vaiyaktik vaishishtyanpaiki.
devechya matey, yashasvi varg shikshak lahan mulanchya bauddhik vikasala protsahan denyasathi eka apariharya utkatatene vyapalela asato. yavyatirikt, tyanna mahit aahe qee itar vyavasayanchya tulanet tyanchya karkirdit tanavpurn paristhiti, dirgh taas aanee maryadit aarthik bakshis asate; yaa sarvanmadhye tyanchya vidyarthyanprati asalelya tyanchya tyanchya premavar aanee sahanubhootivar maat karanyachi kshamata aahe.
devesathi, "vyavasayachya sarvat nirashajanak tappyanpaiki eka mhanje kalji kalji shikshakanchi sankhya, tyanchya tyanchya reshanvar chinta darshavili jaate, tyanchya tanalelya uchch aavajat aanee tikshna shishtacharat pratibimbit hote. tarunanshi sampark sadhane haah kahee svabhavansathi visheshadhikar asala taree too itaranvarcha curr aanee eka curr aahe joou teey changlya prakare sahan karat naheet. aanee kahee shalanmadhye, shikshakanche vidyarthi khoop jaast asatat, shikavanyasathi barech vishay asatat aanee vidyarthyanmadhye samayojan manvi paddhatine karnyaivaji yantrik paddhatine kele jaate. manvi swabhav asha anaisargik paristhitiviruddha pratikriya deto "(deway, aii. pii. tii., 2010, pru. 35).
devechya matey, vargatil shikshakanna tyanchyavar asalelya maganya aanee tanavar maat karanyachi mansik pravrutti asane aavashyak aahe kaaran tyanchya shikshakache tyanchya shikshanala protsahan denyasathi kharokhar guntavanuk kelee jaat nahee heey vidyarthyanna samajoo shakate (deway, pii. ess. tii., 2010). devechya matey, asha nakaratmak vartanamule mule shikanyachi aanee bauddhik vadhichi tyanchi swatachi pravrutti pudhe nenyapasun rokhatat. tyamule asey gruheet dharale jaau shakate qee jarr shikshakanna tyanchya vidyarthyanni shaikshanik prakriyet guntave aanee dnyanasathi tyanchya naisargik jidnyasancha vapar karava asey vatat asel, tarr shikshakanna lahan mulambaddalachya tyanchya pratikriya aanee shikshanachya tanatanavancha yaa prakriyevar kassa parinam hoto yachee jaaniv asali pahije.
vyavsayik varg shikshakala vikasit karnyasathi shikshak shikshanachi bhoomika.
devichi shikavanyachi aavad-lahan mulambarobar kaam karanyachi naisargik aavad, vyavasayasambandhit vishay, paddhati aanee itar samajik samasyambaddal chaukashi karanyachi naisargik pravrutti aanee heey prapt kelele dnyan itaranshi samayik karanyachi ichcha-haah bahyaritya pradarshit yantrik kaushalyancha sanch nahee. tyaeivaji, tyanchyakade antargat tattve kinwa savayi mhanoon pahile jaau shakate jee "aapoaap, nakalatpane karya karatat" (davie, 1904, pru. 15). devechya matey, shikshak-shikshan karyakramanni kushal vyavsayik tayar karnyavar laksh kendrit karnyapasoon door gele pahije kaaran ashee vyavharik kaushalye shikshan aanee shist yanchyashi sambandhit aahet (udaa.jee. paath yojana tayar karane aanee vitarit karane, varg vyavasthapan, samagri-vishisht paddhatinchi vibhagani karane) heey tyanchya vidyarthyansamvet dainandin shalechya kamachya darmyan kalantarane shikata yete (deway, pii. ess. tii., 2010).
davie namood kelyapramane, "mulanchya vargache vyavasthapan karnyachya adhikarane vyavsayik shaala sodanara shikshak, vikasachya manasshastra, tarkshastra aanee naitiktevar adhik laksh laksh itar shikshakanchya tulanet, pahilya divashi, pahilya aathvadyat, pahilya mahinyat kinwa agadi pahilya varshatahi adhik fayda midavanara disu shakato. parantu nantarchya 'pragati' madhye keval aadhich asalele paripoorn kaushalya aanee shuddhikaran samavisht asoo shakate. asha vyaktinna shikavane kase heey maheet aahe asey disate, parantu teey shikshanache vidyarthi naheet. jaree teey adhyapanshastrachi pustake shikat rahile, shikshakanchi niyatkalike vachat rahile, shikshakanchya sansthanmadhye jaat rahile, ityadi., tarihi yaa prakaranache mool tyanchyat nahee, joparyant teey vishay-vishayache vidyarthi aanee munn-kriyakalapanche vidyarthi rahile naheet. joparyant ekhada shikshak assa vidyarthi nasel, toparyant too shaley vyavasthapanachya yantrashastrat sudharana karat rahoo shakato, parantu too eka shikshak, preranadayi aanee aatm-jivanacha sanchalak mhanoon vadhu shakat nahee "(davie, 1904, pru. 15).
shikshak shikshanane, karyakram sodalyanantar lagechach shikavayala kase kalate asha vyakti nirman karnyavar laksh kendrit kele pahije asey nahee; tarr shikshak shikshan heey, teey shikavatat teey vishay, vaparlelya paddhati aanee dnyan dete aanee prapt karate tyaa manachya kriyakalapanchi chaukashi karanyachi pravrutti asalele vyavsayik vidyarthi nirman karnyashi sambandhit asale pahije. devechya matey, assa vidyarthi yaa sahityat varvarcha bhag ghet nahee, tarr, asey kelyane shevati shikshanashi sambandhit kaushalye aatmasat hotat heey jaanun, shikshanachya vyavsayik vidyarthyala shikshanachya vishayambaddal chaukashi karanyachi kharee aavad asate. asha shikshanache vidyarthi vyavasayat bauddhik vikasachi aakanksha balgatat, jeey keval tyaa vyavasayashi sambandhit buddhimatta, kaushalye aanee charitryachya ayushyabhar pathpuravyat swatahla guntavoon thevunach sadhya kele jaau shakate.
davie nondavtat tyapramane, kayada aanee vaidyakeey yasarkhya itar vyavsayik kshetranmadhye tyanchya kshetrat tyanche kaam, tyanchya kamachya paddhatincha satat abhyas karnyasathi aanee bauddhik vikasachi aanee tyanchya vyavasayashi sambandhit samasyambaddal kalji ghenyachi shashvat garaj bhasanyasathi vyavsayik bhavna vikasit kelee jaate. shikshak shikshan, eka vyavasay mhanoon, yaa sarkhyach sarkhyach aahet (deway, 1904; deway, pii. ess. tii., 2010).
devine namood kelyapramane, "vicharadhin kaam paar padnyat swarasya asalelya pratyek mansala eka bauddhik jababdari vatoon dyavi lagel aanee jyaa kamasathi, tyanchya mendu aanee antahkaranane, dazanbhar kinwa tyahoon adhik lock, teey kitihi shahane aanee kushal asale taree, tyaa kamasathi bauddhik jababdari kendrit karnyacha prayatna karava lagel, jababdarivar laksh kendrit karane mhanje jababdariche antar vadhavane nahee" (davie, pii. ess. tii., 2010, pru. 39). shikshak shikshanachya vyavsayik bhavnesathi, tyanchya vidyarthyanna shaletil kamacha, mulancha, paddhatincha, vishayancha, vidyarthyanshi tyachya vividh rupantarancha satat abhyas karane aavashyak aahe. asha abhyasamule vargatil shikshanachya dainandin kamkajachya sandarbhat vyavsayik dnyan prapt hoil.
shikago vidyapith prayogshala shaala (1896) aanee samajik sanshodhanasathi naveen shaala (1919) yasarkhya shaikshanik sanstha sthapan karnyat tyancha atishay sakriy aanee thet sahbhag, tasech devechya anek kalpanancha vermantmadhil bennington mahavidhyalay aanee goddard mahavidhyalayachya sthapanevar prabhav padala, jithe tyanni vishvast mandalavar kaam kele. devechya karyancha aanee tattvadnyanacha uttar carolinamadhil alpakalin krishna parvatiy mahavidhyalayachya nirmitivar dekhil motha prabhav hota, aantarshakhiy abhyasavar laksh kendrit karnare eka prayogik mahavidhyalay aanee jyachya pradhyapkanmadhye buckminster fuller, vilem dii cooning, charles olson, franz cline, robbert dunken, robbert creely aanee paul goodman yancha samavesh hota. black mounton college heey 'black mounton kavinche' sthan hote, jeey avant-garde kavincha eka gut hota, jeey beat pidhi aanee sann francisco punarujjivanashi jawalun jodalele hote.
patrakaritebabat.
1980 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon, sarvajanik patrakarita chalvalisathi preranecha eka pramukh srot mhanoon devechya kalpananche punarujjivan jhaale aahe. janata aanee tichya samasya' madhye varnan kelyapramane, 'sarvajanik' yaa devechya vyakhyecha samajatil patrakaritechya mahattvavar kholvar parinam hoto. pustakachya shirshakane suchavalyapramane, tyanchi chinta janata aanee samasya yanchyatil vyavhar sambandhanchi hotee. tyachya navamadhye dekhil antarbhut asaleli sarvajanik patrakarita, uchchabhru, corporate varchasvapasun door nagri sarvajanik kshetrakade sanvad valavanyacha prayatna karate. "sarvajanik patrakaranchi 'sarvajanik' hii devichi sarvajanik aahe."
davie sarvajanik nirmitichi thos vyakhya dete. janata heey nagarikanche utsfurt gut aahet jeey ekhadya vishisht krutiche apratyaksh parinam samayik karatat. ekhadya vishisht krutichya apratyaksh parinamanni prabhavit jhalela konihi tyaa parinamanvar niyantran thevanyasathi aapoaap samaan swarasya samayik karel, mhanje.eae., eka samanya samasya sodavane.pratyek krutee anpekshit parinam nirman karat asalyane, janata satat udayas yete, parasparanvar avalambun rahate aanee vighatit hote.
janata aanee tichya samasya' yaa pustakat davie, lokshahitil patrakaritechya bhoomikevaril walter lipmanchya granthache khandan sadar karatat. lipmanche model heey eka moolbhut prasaran model hote jyamadhye patrakaranni tyanna tadnya aanee uchchabhru lokanni dileli mahitee ghetali, tee mahitee sopya shabdat punha pack kelee aanee lokanparyant mahitee prasarit kelee, jyanchi bhoomika batmyanna bhavnik pratikriya dene hii hotee. aaplya pratimanat, lipmanne asey manale qee janata vichar kinwa krutee karnyas asamarth aahe aanee serve vichar aanee krutee tadnya aanee uchchabhru lokanvar sodali pahije.
rajkaran heey pratyek vyaktiche dainandin dincharyedarmyanache kaam aanee kartavya aahe asey gruheet dharoon davie yaa pratimeche khandan karato. rajkaranat sahbhagi honyasathi aavashyak asalele dnyan, yaa pratimanat, patrakaritechya madhyasthi aanee sulbhatechya madhyamatoon nagrik, uchchabhru, tadnyanchya sanvadadvare nirman kele jaane aavashyak hote. yaa pratimanat keval sarkarach navhe tarr nagrik, tadnya aanee itar ghatakahi jababdar aahet.
sanvadala chalana denyasathi aanee dnyanachi nirmiti sudharanyasathi, patrakaritene krutee kinwa ghatananvar (dilelya paristhiticha vijeta nivadane) bharr deuun paryay, nivad, parinam aanee paristhitivar bharr deuun yaa aadarshala anuroop asale pahije, asehi davie mhanale. patrakaritemule keval eka sthir utpadan tayar honar nahee jeey aadhich kaay ghadale aahe teey sangel, parantu batamya utkrantichya sthir sthiteet asateel kaaran dnyan nirman karoon janatene moolya vadhavale. prekshak' sampatil, tyanchya jaagi nagrik aanee sahyogi asateel jeey keval vachanyapeksha batmyansah adhik karat, moolatah vaparkarte asateel. patrakarita badalanyachya tyanchya prayatnambaddal tyanni 'janata aanee tichya samasya' madhye lihileh 'joparyant mahan samajache eka mahan samajat rupantar hott nahee toparyant janata grahanat raheel. keval sanvadamulech eka mahan samuday nirman houu shakato "(davie, pru. (14).
devicha assa vishvas hota qee sanvad eka mahan samuday tayar karato aanee sarvajanik jeevanat sakriyapane sahbhagi honare nagrik tyaa samudayala yogdan detat. "jaatiy jivanachi spasht jaaniv, tyachya serve parinamanmadhye, lokshahichi kalpana tayar karate."(janata aanee tichya samasya, pru. (149). haah mahan samuday keval "mukt aanee purn aantarsanvad" dwarech houu shakato."(pru. 211) sanvad haah patrakarita mhanoon samajala jaau shakato.
manavtavadavar.
aaplya nantarchya aayushyat nastik aanee dharmnirpeksh manavtavadi mhanoon, davie yanni 1930 teey 1950 yaa dashkaparyant vividh manavtavadi upkramanmadhye bhag ghetala, jyat charles francis potter yanchya newyorkchya pahilya manavtavadi sansthechya sallagar mandalavar basane (1929) samavisht hote; pahilya "manavtavadi jahiranamyavar" (1933) swakshari kelelya mool 34 jananpaiki eka asane aanee manavtavadi press associationche (1936) manad sadasya mhanoon nivad hone.
manavtavadababatche tyanche mutt, 'chintak 2' chya juuna 1930 chya aavruttit prakashit jhalelya 'majhyasathi manavtavadacha arth kaay aahe' yaa shirshakachya lekhatil tyanchya swatachya shabdat saranshit kele aaheh
samajik aanee rajkiy sakriyata.
1894 pullman strike.
davie shikago vidyapithat asatana, tyachi patni ellis aanee tyache sahkari jaine edams yanna lihilelya patranmadhun asey disun yete qee tyane 1894 chya pullman sampavar barkaine laksh thewale, jyamadhye udhyogpati george pullmanne tyachya companychya shaharatil bhadetatvavar sumare 30 takkyanni kapat karoon tyachya companychya shaharatil bhade qamee karnyas nakar dilyanantar shikagotil pullman palace qaar karkhanyatil karkhanyatil sump karnyacha nirnay ghetala. 11 meey 1894 roji sump adhikrut jhaala, nantar american railway unionchya sadasyancha pathimba midala, jyache nete yujen wii. pullman sleeping karsah serve gadyanvar deshvyapi bahishkar takanyache aavahan debsney kele.
bahutansh gadyanmadhye pullman qaar asalyane, shikagochya baherche mukhya 24 marg thambavanyat aale aanee kamgaranni sampoorn americet gadya nasht kelyamule tapal thambavanyat aalee. adhyaksh grover cleveland yanni national gardla pathvanyasathi samarthan mhanoon melcha vapar keela aanee aru nete yujen debbs yanna atak karnyat aalee.
devine elisala lihileh "aashchary mhanje jevha 'uchch varg'-tyanna dhikkar-ashee matey ghetat tevha yapeksha adhik kattar samajvadi nasatat. [...] [tii] uchch vargachya pratinidhi niyatkalikala-punha tyanna dhikkar-tyaa harperchya saptahikatil "vrutti" gheu shakate, jyat "maktedari" aanee "bund dadapun takane" yasarkhya mathalyancha sandarbh deela aahe, jyamadhye devinchya shabdat, debbs haah "gunhegari" hota yaa sansmaraniy vishvasache samarthan karnyasathi dawa keela gela hota, joou samaan "gunhegari" kamgar varganmadhye dvesh aanee hinsacharala uttejan dett hota. tyanni nishkarsh kadhalah "uchch varg asane mhanje kaay heey yatoon disun yete. aanee mallah shikago universitychi bheeti vatate. hii eka bhandavalshahi sanstha aahe-mhanje tee dekhil uchch vargachi aahe.
pahilya mahayuddhatil yuddh samarthak bhoomika.
davie heey pahilya mahayuddhat aamchya sahbhagache samarthak hote. yasathi randolph borne yaa majee vidyarthyane tyanchyavar teeka kelee, jyacha nibandh 'twilight auph idels' haah aktoobar 1917 madhye 'saven arts' yaa sahityik niyatkalikat prakashit jhaala hota. bornane devichya vadyatmak vyavharik tattvadnyanavar teeka kelee.
aantarrashtriy shaikshanik swatantrya sangh.
1935 madhye davie, albert einstein aanee elwyn johnson yanchyasobat, shaikshanik swatantryasathichya aantarrashtriy sanghatanechya united states vibhagache sadasya banale aanee 1940 madhye horace emm callen yanchyasobat miloon bertrand russell prakaranashi sambandhit lekhanchya malikeche sampadan kele.
davie commission.
1937 madhye mexicomadhye jhalelya prasiddha davie aayogache tyanni nirdesh dile, jyane leone trotskila joseph stallinne tyanchyavar kelelya aaropanpasun mukt kele aanee itar anek karanansah mahilanchya hakkansathi morcha kadhala.
audhyogik lokshahisathi sangh.
1939 madhye, mahavidhyalayin vidyarthyanna kamgar chalvalibaddal shikshit karnyachya uddeshane uddeshane audhyogik lokshahi sanghatanechya adhyakshapadi deway yanchi nivad jhaali. ell. chee vidyarthi shakha.aay.dii. nantar teey lokshahi samajache vidyarthi banale.
shikshakanchya swatantryache rakshan karnyabarobarach aanee newyork shikshak sanghatanechya samyavadi tabyat ghenyas virodh karnyabarobarach, davie yaa sansthet sahbhagi hotya, jee akheris rangeet lokanchya pragatisathi rashtriy sanghatana bunley, jee naacpchya suruvatichya karyakari mandalavar karyakari mhanoon basali.
jaminichya mulyanvar curr aakarnyachya heinry georgechya prastavacha too utsahi samarthak hota. georgechya matey, tyanni lihile, "konatyahi vyaktila, uchch shaikshanik sansthecha padvidhar nasalelya vyaktila, yaa mahan american vicharvantanchya saiddhantik yogdanashi pratyaksh parichit asalyashivay swatahla samajik vicharancha sushikshit manus mananyacha adhikar nahee."heinry george school auph soshal scienceche manad adhyaksh mhanoon, tyanni heinry phorda yanna patra lihoon shalela pathimba denyache aavahan kele.
itar hitsambandh.
devichya aavadi aanee likhananmadhye anek vishayancha samavesh hota aanee stanford encyclopedia auph philosopheneusar, "tyachya prakashit kelelya parinamanchya mothya bhagat sadhyachya deshantargat aanee aantarrashtriy rajkaranavaril bhashya aanee anek karanansathi sarvajanik vidhane hotee. (vharsayacha taha aanee tapal karyalayanmadhye qalaa pradarshit karnyachya moolya yaa donhi goshtinvar prakashit karnare teey kadachit yaa vishvakoshatil ekmev tatvadnyani aahet.)"
1917 madhye, davie eff. emm. newyork shaharatil alekzandar aanee nantar alekzandarchya 'mann' sha suprem inheritance '(1918),' rachnatmak janivpurvak vyaktivar niyantran '(1923) aanee' daad yuz auph daad self '(1932) yaa pustakanchi olakh karoon dilee. alekzandarchya prabhavacha sandarbh 'manvi swabhav aanee aacharan' aanee 'anubhav aanee nisarg' madhye deela jaato."
lekhat anyatra namood kelelya lokanshi asalele sampark tasech, tyanni heinry bergson, william emm. yanchyashihi patravyavahar kayam thewala. braun, martin buber, george ess. william renee harper, sidney hook aanee george shantayan.
dharm.
itihaskaranni tyanchya dharmik shraddhanchi tapasani kelee aahe. charitrakar steven clark rockfeller yanni samajik aadarsh aanee samajik suvartechya bhakkam ghoshanesah, devichya lokshahi vishvasancha shodh tyachya balpanatil mandalichya charchmadhil upasthitishi lavala. itihaskar edward aii. whiteney 'american vicharanmadhil vidnyan aanee dharm' (1952) madhye suchavale qee devichya karyamule dharm aanee vidnyan yanchyatil 20 vya shatkatil daree nirman jhaali.
davie lahan asatana 'evangelical' vikasatoon gela. praudh mhanoon teey shikshanatil dharmashastrabaddal nakaratmak kinwa agadi tatasth hote. tyaeivaji tyanni dharmacha avalamb naan karata vaidnyanik manavtavad aanee shaikshanik aanee samajik sudharananchya uddishtasaha eka saumyavadi bhoomika ghetali.
prakashne.
swatah mothya pramanat prakashit karnyavyatirikt, davie 'samajshastra' (sallagar mandal, 1942) aanee 'samajik manasshastrache journal' (sampadakiy mandal, 1942) yasarkhya vaidnyanik prakashananchya mandalavar dekhil basale, tasech 'nyu leader' (yogdan sampadak, 1949) yasarkhya itar prakashananmadhye padanvar rahile.
johnn davie yanni lihilelya khaleel prakashanancha yaa lekhat sandarbh kinwa ullekh aahe. tyachya prakashananchi adhik sampoorn yadee johnn devichya prakashananchya yadeet aadhalu shakate.
hehee pahaa
deveche sampoorn lekhan dakshini eleanoy vidyapithatil vruttapatratun chaar bahu-khand sanchanmadhye (ekoon 38 khand) upalabdh aaheh
"johnn devichi sankalit kameh" "johnn devichi patravyavahar 1871-1952", "aanee" "johnn devichi vyakhyane" "shaikshanik sansthanna monographic kharedidware aanee vyaktinchya varganidvare online upalabdh aahet, aanee mageel padvyuttar maliketil vidyapith sarvharsathi tii. eae. aay. swarupat dekhil upalabdh aahet". (seedee-rome bund karnyat aale aahe.)

