
bundesarat (german samrajya)

uttar german mahasanghachi bundesrate ("federal council") aanee german samrajya hii germanytil sarvoch vidhimandal sanstha hotee. 1867 teey 1918 paryant teey astitvat hote. 1902 chya akshararachana sudharananparyant, tyache naav bandesarath asey lihile jaat hote.
bundestrat' madhye 25 sadasya deshanche ('bundestatten') pratinidhi hote. pratyek rajyachya matanchi sankhya shahee sanvidhanat nirdisht kelee gelee hotee.
rajyanchya pratinidhinni tyanchya sarkarchya nirdeshanusar matdan kele. bandesratche adhyakshapad shahee kulpatikade hote. germanymadhye manjur jhalelya serve kayadyanna bandesaratcha pathimba asane aavashyak hote. tasech, kaisarne kelelya kahee adhikrut prakriyanvar matdan karave lagale, udaharanarth, reachstagche vighatan aanee yuddhachi ghoshana. bandsaratne punarvichhedananvar nirnay ghetala; yashivay, tyala anek prashasakeey karye aanee rajyanmadhil vivadancha nyayniwada karnyacha aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, rajyanmadhil ghatanatmak vivad sodavanyacha adhikar hota. sentchya sanvidhanachya ulat, eka shahee sarvoch nyayalay. paulchya charchchi kalpana shahee sanvidhanat eka swatantra sanstha mhanoon kelee gelee navhati, tarr adhikarkshetra german samrat aanee russiachya rajachya tabyat hote.
bandesaratvar vyavharat prushiyache varchasva hote. sabhagruhat 17 matanchi bahumati hotee; itar konatyahi rajyala sahapeksha jaast matey navhati. itar rajyanshi yutee karoon teey karyavahivar niyantran thevu shakat hote. yavyatirikt, bismarkne tyachya jawaljawal sampoorn karyakalat rashiyache pantpradhan aanee pararashtra mantri mhanoon kaam kele. nantarchya padavar, tyala bundesaratla russian pratinidhinna soochana denyacha adhikar hota.
jaree ghatanatmakdrushtya rajya sattecha sarvoch bhag asala taree, russian mantri-adhyaksh anekada ekach velee kulpatiche padd dharan karat asat aanee asha prakare teey bandesaratche adhyaksh hote yaa sadhya vastusthitimule kaisar aanee reach kulpati yanni bandesaratla parshvabhoomit dhakalale.
sanvidhanat badal karnyasathi, prastav samanya vidhimandal prakriyetoon jaave lagat asey. asey mhatale gele qee, asha prastavala matdanacha haqq bajavanyasathi bandsaratmadhye keval 14 matanchi aavashyakta hotee. yacha arth assa qee pruciala, tyachya 17 matansah, ghatanatmak badalanvar prabhavipane nakaradhikar hota.