
austreliyachi seema yuddhe

austreliyan seema yuddhe hii austreliyachya vasahatikaranachya kalat sthanik austreliyan (aadivasi austreliyan aanee torres strait eyelandars yaa doghansah) aanee bigger-swadeshi vasahati yanchyatil hinsak sangharsh hotee. pahila sangharsh janewari 1788 madhye pahilya tafyachya utarnyanantar anek mahinyanni jhaala aanee shevatcha seema sangharsh 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila jhaala, kahee 1934 chya uttaradhat ghadale. andaje kiman 100,000 swadeshi austreliyan aanee 2,000 teey 2,500 vasahati sangharshat maran pavale. austreliyatil anek thikani sangharsh jhaale.
parshvabhoomi aanee loksankhya.
1770 madhye tatkalin leftnunt james kukchya netrutvakhali gret brittonne kelelya mohimene britishanni austreliyachya purv kinanyavar pahila pravas keela. 29 april roji, swayampaki aanee eka chhotya utaratya chamoone sthanik dharwal rashtrachya eka gatavar golibar keela, jyanni tyanna vanaspatishastra upasagaratil tyanchya chhavanichya payathyashi utaranyapasun rokhanyacha prayatna keela hota, jyache varnan swayampakine "eka chhote gaav" asey kele aahe. done dharwal manasanni dhamkavanyache havbhav kele aanee svayampakichya partivar dagadfek kelee. tyanantar swayampakine 'lahan goline bandook chalavanyache' aadesh dile aanee doghanpaiki jyeshth vyaktichya payala maar lagla. yamule done dharwal purushanna tyanchya zopadyanmadhye dhaav ghyavi lagali aanee tyanche bhale aanee dhaal tabyat ghyavi lagali. tyanantar, british pakshakade ekach bhala fekanyat aala, jyamule "anandane konalahi dukhapat jhaali nahee". yamule svayampakyane "lahan golya ghataleli tisari bandook" sodanyachi magani kelee, jyavar tyanchyapaiki ekane dusari bhala fekali aanee doghehi lagech paloon gele ". kukane pudhe dharwal rashtratil lokanshi sampark sadhala nahee.
austreliyachya purv kinanyavaril tyachya pravasamadhye, tethil rahivashanni shetee kinwa itar vikasachi konatihi chinhe pahili nasalyacha dawa swayampakine keela. kahee itihaskaranni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee prachalit european kayadyanusar ashee jameen "terranulius" kinwa konachich nasaleli jameen kinwa "rahivashanchi rikami jameen" (emerich dii vatelane paribhashit kelyapramane) manali jaat hotee, jaree haah siddhant austreliyachya uchch nyayalayane "mabo wii queensland (kramank 2)" madheel nirnayane ulatala hota. kukane lihile qee 22 august 1770 roji cape york dweepkalpachya paschim kinadhyalagatchya betavar asatana tyane nyu hollandcha purv kinara aupcharikpane tabyat ghetala.
british sarkarne 1786 madhye austreliyamadhye turung vasahat sthapan karnyacha nirnay ghetala. sthanik austreliyan lokanni palaleli kayada pranali vasahatindvare konatyahi adhikrut sandarbhat samajoon ghene kinwa manyata dene aavashyak navhate (bhashechya adthalyanmule sanvad sadhane atyant katheen jhaale) aanee ingraji bhashik vasahat tyachya swatachya kayadeshir siddhantanusar palali gelee. vasahaticha governor, capton arther phillip yala mool austreliyan lokanshi 'maitri aanee dayalupane rahanyache' nirdesh denyat aale aanee tyanni sangharsh talhanyacha prayatna keela.
austreliyachya british vasahatikaranachi suruvat janewari 1788 chya madhyat aagney bhagat pahilya tafyasah jhaali, jeey aata nyu south wellsche federal rajya aahe. tyanantar hii prakriya 1803 pasoon tasmania aanee victoriyamadhye suru rahili. tevhapasoon austreliya khandachya yaa pradeshat bigger-sthanik lokanchi loksankhyechi ghanata sarvadhik rahili aahe. tathapi, queensland aanee khandachya ishanyekadil vasahatinpramane aagney vasahatinmadhye aadivasi lokanshi sangharsh kadhihi tivra aanee raktaranjit navhata. itar konatyahi austreliyan vasahatipeksha queensland simevar adhik vasahati tasech sthanik austreliyan marle gele. yache kaaran sope aahe aanee yaa vishayashi sambandhit serve purave aanee strotanmadhye pratibimbit hoteh queenslandmadhye adhik aadivasi lock hote. queenslandcha pradesh haah samparkpurv sthanik austreliyacha sarvat jaast loksankhya asalela vibhag hota, joou keval samparkpurv serve loksankhyechya andajanmadhyech navhe tarr samparkpurv austreliyachya nakashatahi pratibimbit hoto (hortoncha "aadivasi austreliyacha nakasha" pahaa).
khalee darshavilele sthanik loksankhyeche vitaran done swatantra strotanvar aadharit aahe, pratham manavvanshashastradnya aanee samajik itihaskar yanni 1930 aanee 1988 madhye kelelya done loksankhyechya andajanvar aanee dusare dnyat aadivasi jaminichya vitaranachya aadhare.
serve purave asey suchavatat qee queenslandchya pradeshat purv-sampark sthanik loksankhyechi ghanata nyu south velsachya duppat, victoriyachya kiman sahaa putt aanee tasmaniyachya kiman vees putt hotee. tyachpramane, nyu south velsachya ishanya bhagat aanee sutaranchya aakhatapasun uttarekadil kinaanyaalagat aanee uttarekadil pradesh aanee paschim austreliyachya kahee bhagansah paschimekade sthanik austreliyachi loksankhya ghanata tulanene jaast asalyachi chinhe aahet.
rogacha prabhav.
rogache parinam, shikarbhumiche nuksan aanee aadivasi loksankhyeche upasamar heey lakshaniy hote. shitpittachya sathicha kahee aadivasi samudayanvar motha parinam jhaala asava, asey sanket aahet, aata jeey victoria aahe, nyu south wells aanee queenslandchya mothya bhagat 50 takke kinwa tyahoon adhik loksankhya qamee jhaali aahe, agadi ghuskhor aanee tyanchya pashudhananchya sidneymadhun antardeshiy sthalantar honyapurvi. sthanik loksankhyemadhye aataparyant adnyat asalelya sardi, flue, gover, laingik rog aanee kshayrog yasarkhya itar rogancha dekhil parinam jhaala, jyamule tyanchi sankhya aanee aadivasi ekatmata lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaali aanee tyamule aakraman aanee nirvasana yanchyashi julavun ghenyachi kinwa pratikar karanyachi tyanchi kshamata maryadit jhaali.
paramparik aadivasi yuddh.
itihaskar johnn connor yanchya matey, paramparik aadivasi yuddh heey tyachya swatachya atinvar tapasale gele pahije, itar samajankadun midalelya yuddhachya vyakhyandvare nahee. aadivasi lokanmadhye yuddh aanee shantatechya vegalya kalpana navhatya aanee paramparik yuddh samanya hote, jeey gatanmadhye satat hott hote, aanee dirghkal mothya spardha rakhalya jaat hotya. paramparik aadivasi yuddhachi uddishte aanee paddhati tyanchya chhotya swayatt samajik gatatoon udbhavalya. shatruncha pradesh jinkanyasathi yuddh karane heey keval yaa konatyahi aadivasi gatachya sansadhananchya palikade navhate, tarr teey eka vishisht pradeshashi asalelya aadhyatmik sambandhanvar aadharit asalelya sanskratichya viruddha hote. parinami, dusya gatacha pradesh jinkalyane farsa fayda jhaala nasata. shevati, paramparik aadivasi yuddh heey shejarchya gatanna jinkanyaivaji, tyancha naash karnyaivaji kinwa tyanna visthapit karnyaivaji, aaplya shejanyanvar swatachya gatache shreshthatva kayam rakhane heey uddisht hote. sanshodhak mhanoonah edward johnn aayarne 1845 madhye nirikshan kele, jaree aadivasi sanskruti "tapshilvar itaki vaividhyapurn" hotee, tee "sarvasadharan ruparesha aanee charitryat samaan hotee" aanee connorche nirikshan aahe qee paramparik aadivasi yuddhabaddal samanyikaran karnyas parvanagi denyasathi yaa gatanchya shastrastranmadhye aanee yuddhat pureshi samanata hotee.
1840 madhye, american-canadian vanshikshastradnyah horatio hail yanni chaar prakarche austreliyan aadivasi paramparik yuddh olakhale; aupcharik ladhaya, vidhee chachanya, mahilansathi chhape aanee suud ghenare halle. aupcharik ladhayanmadhye yoddhyanchya done gatanmadhil ladhai samavisht hotee, jee kahee yoddhe marle gelyanantar kinwa jakhami jhalyanantar sampushtat aalee, kaaran gatanche astitva kayam rakhanyachi garaj hotee. asha ladhaya sahasa gatanmadhil takrarinche nirakaran karnyasathi ladhalya jaat asat aanee tayarisathi kahee vel lagoo shakato. dharmik khatalyanmadhye hatya kinwa hallah yasarkhya gunhyat guntachya eka kinwa adhik sadasyanna paramparik kayada lagoo karane samavisht hote. jakhami karnyasathi shastrancha vapar keela jaat asey aanee gunhegarane tyanchya bajoone ubhe rahoon shiksha swikarane apekshit hote. kahee aadivasi purushanna mahilanvar malmatteche prabhavi adhikar hote aanee mahilansathi chhape moolatah mahilanchya ann-sankalan aanee balantpan bhoomikandware gatache astitva sunishchit karnyasathi eka gatatoon dusya gatamadhye malmatta hastantarit karnyabaddal hote. helane varnan kelele aadivasi paramparik yuddhacha antim prakar mhanje sudbuddhine hallah karane, joou eka gatane tyachya eka sadasyachya, jase qee hatyesathi kelelya krutyansathi dusya gataviruddha keela. kahee prakarananmadhye yaat ratri virodhi chhavanit ghusun gatatil eka kinwa adhik sadasyanchi shantpane hatya karane samavisht hote.
konor paramparik aadivasi yuddh heey maryadit aanee sarvatrik asey donhi prakarche varnan karate. teey khaleel babinchya drushtine maryadit hoteh
paramparik aadivasi yuddh dekhil sarvatrik hote, kaaran sampoorn samuday yuddhat sahbhagi hott asey, mule khelani hatodi aanee kshepanastra shastranni kheloon ladhayala shikat asat aanee pratyek aarambhi purush yoddha banato. mahila kadhikadhi yoddhe mhanoon aanee aupcharik ladhayanchya bajula protsahan denare mhanoon yuddhat sahbhagi hott asat, parantu adhik vela balee mhanoon.
shastranchi nivad aanee rachana gatanusar vegvegali asali taree, aadivasi yoddhyanni paramparik yuddhat hatoda aanee kshepanastra shastranche sanyojan vaparale. bhala, pattya aanee dhaal samanyatah haat-haat ladhait vaparlya jaat asat, kshepanastranchya devanghevanidarmyan aanee jawalchya ladhait vividh prakarchya dhalanna pasanti dilee jaat asey aanee bhale (anekada bhala fekananyanchya sanyogane vaparale jaatat), boomerang aanee dagad kshepanastra shastre mhanoon vaparale jaat asat.
paramparik aadivasi yuddhadarmyan vaparlya jaananya davpechanvar upalabdh shastrancha lakshaniy prabhav hota. bhale aanee pattyanchya maryadancha arth assa hota qee mahilansathi chhape aanee sudbuddhine halle kartana aashchary heey sarvopari hote aanee ghatpat aanee ratriche halle karnyas protsahan dile. niyamitpane chhawani badalane, alpavadhitach chhavanitil aag vizavanyachi tayari karane aanee hallekhoranchi sutka karnyasathi yoddhyanche pathak tainat karane yasarkhya pratikar upayayojananni yaa davpechanchi bharpai kelee gelee.
samanya itihas.
pahila vyavasay.
26 janewari 1788 roji pahilya tafyane sidneychi sthapana kelyanantar anek mahinyanni sthanik austreliyan aanee european yanchyatil prarambhik shantatapurn sambandh tanoo lagale. britishanni jameen saaf karoon maase pakadanyas suruvat kelee tevha sthanik sthanik lokanna sanshay aala aanee meey 1788 madhye paach kaidi marle gele aanee eka sthanik manus jakhami jhaala. junmadhye vasahatichya bahereel bhagat teensheparyant sthanik lokanche gut disale tevha britishanchi chinta vadhat gelee. asey asoonahi, philipane sangharsh talhanyacha prayatna keela aanee 1790 madhye dandatmak karvai karnyas manai kelee. tathapi, december 1790 madhye pemulview navachya sthanik yoddhyane tyachya shikarila thaar marlyanantar tyane done dandatmak mohima karnyas adhikrut kele, parantu tyapaiki ekahi yashasvi jhaale nahee.
kinarpatticha aanee antardeshiy vistar.
1790 chya dashakat aanee 19 vya shatkachya suruvatila britishanni austreliyachya kinarpattivaril bhag tabyat ghetala. yaa vasahatinni suruvatila thodya pramanat jameen vyapali hotee aanee vasahati aanee sthanik lokanmadhye sangharsh qamee hota. matra, vasahatincha vistar jhalyane, paramparik sthanik ann-gola karnyachya upkramanmadhye vyatyay aala aanee tyanantar pudhil 150 varshe austreliyatil european aakramanachya paddhatiche anusaran kele, tevha ladhai suru jhaali. ingrajanchya achanak jhalelya aakramanabaddal aadivasi rahivashanchya pratikriya vegvegalya hotya, parantu tyanchya upasthitimule sansadhananvar spardha jhaali aanee tyanchya jamini tabyat aalya tevha teey vaimansyapurn jhaale. europeey roganmule sthanik loksankhya nasht jhaali aanee jameen aanee ann sansadhanancha taba kinwa naash yamule kadhikadhi upasamar jhaala. jaree kahee vela tyat british sainikancha samavesh asala aanee nantar tyanni police pathake sthapan kelee asali, taree europeanani kinwa sthanik lokanni yaa sangharshakade sanghatit arthane laksh dile nahee, aanee haah sangharsh paddhatshir yuddhapeksha vasahati aanee vaiyaktik sthanik gatanchya gatanmadhye hota. serve sthanik austreliyan lokanni tyanchya jaminivaril european atikramanala virodh keela nahee, tarr anekanni ghodchuk kelelya polis dalanmadhyehi kaam kele aanee itar jamatinvar hallyanmadhye sahbhagi jhaale. tyaa badalyat vasahatvadyanni anekada hinsacharasaha pratikriya dilya, parinami anek andadhund hatyakand jhaale.
lakshaniy sangharshala uttejan denanya european kriyakalapanmadhye pashupalan aanee sonyachya gardicha samavesh hota.
asman shastre.
haah sangharsh ektarfi mhanoon chitrit karayacha qee nahee aanee pramukhyane europeey lokanni mool austreliyan lokanvar keela aahe qee nahee yavar matey bhinn aahet. jaree europeey lokanpeksha hajaro adhik swadeshi austreliyan marle gele asale, taree samoohik hatyanchi kahee prakarane hatyakand navhe tarr ardh-lashkari parabhav hotee aanee mrutyuchi jaast sankhya dekhil europeey lokanna milananya tantrik aanee logistic fayadhyanmule jhaali hotee. deshi davpech vegvegale hote, parantu pramukhyane purvipasoon astitvat asalelya shikar aanee ladhanyachya paddhatinvar aadharit hote-bhale, pattya aanee itar sadhya shastrancha vapar. newzealand aanee uttar americetil sthanik lokanpramane, pramukhyane teey europeanchya aavhananshi julavun ghenyat ayashasvi tharale aanee jaree vyakti aanee gatanni banduka midavalya aanee vaparlya, taree heey vyapak navhate. vastavat, sthanik lock kadhihi gambhir lashkari dhoka navhate, jaree vasahati tyanna kitihi ghabarale asateel. kahee prasangi mothya gatanni khulya pradeshat europeey lokanvar hallah keela aanee eka paramparik ladhai jhaali, jyaa darmyan aadivasi rahivasi tyanchya fayadhyasathi adhik sankhyecha vapar karnyacha prayatna kartil. heey kahivela prabhavi tharoo shakate, jyat teey tyanchya pratispardhyanna mage taknyachya aanee ghernyachya prayatnat ardhchandrakar rachnet pudhe jaat asalyachya batamya, pahilya fatkyanchi vaat pahat aanee nantar vasahati punha bharit karat asatana tyanche bhale fekat asalyachya batamya aahet. tathapi, sahasa, asey khule yuddh sthanik austreliyan lokansathi europeey lokanpeksha adhik mahag asalyache siddha jhaale.
europechya lokanchya yashacha kendrabindu mhanje bandukancha vapar hota, parantu yamule milanare fayade anekada adhorekhit kele gele aahet. 19vya shatkapurvi, banduka byavachada flint-lock yantranesah, tondala tond deuun, gulgulit-chhidra asaleli, ekeri golee marnari avjad shastre hotee. asha shastranni qamee pramanat golibar keela, tarr apayashachya uchch darane grast hote aanee teey keval aatoon achook hote. yaa kamataratemule aadivasi rahivashanna kahee fayade midale asateel, jyamule tyanna jawalun firata yeu shakel aanee bhale kinwa pattyansah guntata yeil. tathapi, 1850 paryant bandukanmadhil lakshaniy pragatimule europeanana eka vegala fayda jhaala, jyat sahaa-shaut coult revolver, snider single shaut breach-loading raifal aanee nantar martini-heinry raifal tasech winchester rayfalsarkhya rapid-phayar rifles upalabdh jhalya. hii shastre, jevha khulya maidanavar vaparali jaatat aanee sthanik austreliyan lokanchya gatanna vedhanyasathi aanee guntavanyasathi ghodyanni puravalelya utkrusht halchalinsah ektrit kelee jaatat, tevha anekada yashasvi tharatat. europeanna tyanchya vegwan, anekada lapalelya shatrunshi ladhanyasathi tyanchi yukti dekhil swikaravi lagali. ratri achanak kelele halle aanee aadivasi lokanna kadyanvarun khechanyasathi kinwa donhi kathanvarun hallah kartana tyanna nadyanmadhye mage hatavanyas bhag padnyasathi tainat kelele sainya yancha yaat samavesh hota.
vikhuralelya seema.
sthanik austreliyan aanee european vasahati yanchyatil ladhaiche sthanikikaran karnyat aale, kaaran sthanik gatanni satatyapurn pratikar karnyas saksham asalele sangh tayar kele naheet. sangharsh haah sampoorn khandat hinsak sangharsh aanee hatyakandanchi malika mhanoon udayas aala. itihaskar geophrey blainy yanchya matey, vasahatvadi kalat austreliyamadhyeh "hajaro nirjan thikani adhunmadhun golibar aanee bhalafek hott asey. tyahunahi white mhanje sheetpitt, gover, influenzae aanee itar naveen rog eka moodnivasi chhavanitun dusya moodnivasi chhavanimadhye pasarale... rog aanee tyacha mitra, manodhairya dhalane haah aadivasincha mukhya vijeta hota.
1932-34 chya caledon beey sankatat austreliyachya sthanik aanee bigger-swadeshi simevar hinsak parasparsanvadachya shevatchya ghatananpaiki eka ghadali, jee yolangu mahilancha chhal karananya japani shikarichya bhalebajinantar eka polisachi hatya jhaali. sankat ulgadat asatana, rashtriy mutt tyat sameel asalelya aadivasi lokanchya pathishi jhukale aanee mool austreliyan, dhakiar virpandachya vatine pahile apeal, takiyar wii. daad king yaa prakaranat austreliyachya uchch nyayalayat suru karnyat aale. yaa sankatanantar, manavvanshashastradnya donald thomson yanna sarkarne yolangunmadhye rahnyasathi pathavale. yaa kalat itaratra surr dugglus nicholls yanchyasarkhe karyakarte austreliyan rajkiy vyavasthet aadivasi hakkansathi moheem suru karat hote aanee seema sangharshache yug bund jhaale hote.
varanvar maitripurna sambandh.
austreliyatil simabhedi chakmakya sarvatrikpane nakaratmak navhatya. adim pratha aanee chakmakinchi sakaratmak nond suruvatichya european shodhkartyanchya niyatkalikanmadhye dekhil nondavali gelee aahe, jeey anekada aadivasi margdarshak aanee sahayyavar avalambun asatah charles stertney murre-darlingcha shodh ghenyasathi aadivasi dutanna niyukt kele; berk aanee wills mohimetil ekmev vachalelya vyaktichi sthanik aadivasi rahivashanni kalji ghetali aanee prasiddha aadivasi shodhak jackie jackie nishthapurvak tyachya durdaivi mitra edmond kenedisobat cape yorkla gela. walter baldwin spensor aanee phrank gillen yansarkhya lokanni tyanchya prasiddha manavvanshashastriy abhyasat 'madhya austreliyachya mool jamatinmadhye' (1899) aanee arnheim landche donald thomson (c.1935-1943) yanni aadarpurvak abhyas keela. antardeshiy austreliyamadhye, aadivasi pashupalakanchya kaushalyanna khoop maan midala.
nyu south wells.
hoxbury aanee european yuddhe.
pahile seema yuddh 1795 madhye suru jhaale jevha british vasahatinni atikraman karoon sidneychya paschimes hoxbury nadichya kathavar shete sthapan kelee. yapaiki kahee vasahati yaa pradeshala suraksha puravinyache sadhan mhanoon sainikanni sthapan kelya hotya. 1816 madhye governor mcverryne 46 vya regimentchi tukadi pathvat nahee toparyant sthanik darug lokanni shetanvar chhape takale. yaa tukadine hoxbury khonyat gast ghatali aanee tyanchya chhavanivar ghatalelya hallyat 14 sthanik austreliyan lokanna thaar maroon sangharsh sampavala. pemulview yanchya netrutvakhalil sthanik austreliyan lokannihi 1795 teey 1802 yaa kalavadhit pararamattabhovati chhape takale. yaa hallyanmule governor phillip gidley kingne 1801 madhye eka aadesh jaaree keela jyane sthalantaritanna pararamatta, georges nadee aanee sambhavya bhagat disalyavar sthanik austreliyan lokanna golya ghalanyache adhikar dile.
batherst yuddh.
jevha ingrajancha vistar antardeshiy nyu south velsmadhye jhaala tevha sangharsh punha suru jhaala. nile parvat olandun aalelya vasahatinna viradjuri yoddhyankadun tras deela jaat asey, jyanni satha rakhanare aanee pashudhanache karmchari marle kinwa jakhami kele aanee tyanna pratyuttaratmak hatyanna samore jaave lagat asey. tyala pratisad mhanoon, governor brisbane 14 august 1824 roji 'krishnavarniy mahila aanee mulanchi kattal aanee nirdosh pandhya purushanchi kattal' sampavanyasathi lashkari kayada ghoshit keela. 11 december 1824 paryant teey lagoo rahile, jevha "batherst yethe jamavalelya dandadhikanni kelelya vivekpurn aanee manvi upayayojananmule raktapat naan hota shantata punarsthapit jhaali aahe" asey ghoshit karnyat aale. austreliyachya rashtriy sangrahalayat yaa sangharshachya shastrastranche aanee itihasache pradarshan aahe. yamadhye pramukh sainyadalantargat sainya tainat kelyabaddal governor brisbane yanni kelelya prashansecha samavesh aaheh 
mallah batherst yetheel tukadi 75 purushanparyant vadhavane aavashyak vatale, jeey vegvegalya chhotya pakshanmadhye vibhagale gele hote, pratyekache netrutva dandadhikanyachya netrutvakhali hote, jeey deshachya antargat bhagakade vegvegalya dishene jaat hote... yaa durdaivi lokanna satat dhokyachya sthiteet thevanyachya yaa vyavasthene lavkarach tyanna tyanchya kartvyachi jaaniv karoon dilee aanee... shaniwari tyancha mahan aanee sarvat yuddhapriy sardar tyachi kshama prapt karnyasathi majhyasobat aahe aanee too tyachya bahutek jamatisah 28 november roji yethe jhalelya varshik parishadela upasthit hota...
brisbane nyu south wells ghudsavar polisanchi sthapana kelee, jyanni tisya regimentmadhun ghudsavar payadal mhanoon suruvat kelee aanee 1825 madhye batherstchya aaspas bushrenjarsaviruddha pratham tainat kele gele. nantar 1826 madhye vonarua aanee kamilaroi lock aanee vasahati yanchyat ladhai suru jhalyanantar tyanna varchya shikari pradeshat tainat karnyat aale.
maidani bhagat yuddh.
1830 chya dashakapasun britishanche aakraman purv austreliyatil antardeshiy bhagat vegane pasarale, jyamule vyapak sangharsh jhaala. 1832 teey 1838 darmyan 16 british aanee 500 paryant sthanik austreliyan marle gele. yaa pradeshatil hinsacharat 1838 madheel waterloo khadee hatyakand aanee mayal khadee hatyakandasaha anek sthanik lokanchya hatyakandancha samavesh hota aanee 1843 paryant sampala nahee. 1840 chya dashakachya suruvatila nyu ingland pradeshat aanakhi hinsachar jhaala.
tasmania.
1803 madhye britishanni vanne diamenchya jaminivar (aadhunik tasmania) vasahat sthapan kelee. 1820 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant sthanik sthanik lokanshi sambandh samanyatah shantatapurn hote, jevha pashupalan vistaramule jaminivarun sangharsh jhaala. yamule simevaril yuddh ('kaale yuddh') suruch rahile aanee kahee jilhyanmadhye shetkyanna tyanchi ghare majboot karnyas bhag padale gele. 1828 teey 1830 yaa kalat 50 hoon adhik british marle gele, joou austreliyachya itihasatil sarvat yashasvi aadivasi pratikar hota.
1830 madhye leftnunt-governor aartharne mothya aakramanachya madhyamatoon 'kaale yuddh' sampavanyacha prayatna keela. black line' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya eka mohimet vasahatichya daha takke purush nagri loksankhyela ekatra aananyat aale aanee sthanik austreliyan lokanna yaa bhagatoon hatavanyachya prayatnat police aanee sainikanchya madatine sthayik jhalelya jilhyanmadhun morcha kadhala gela. kahee sthanik lokanna pakadanyat aale asale taree, yaa mohimemule sthanik chhapa takna pakshanna nirutsahit kele gele aanee tyanni haloohaloo tyanchi jameen flinders betavar sthapan kelelya aarakshanasathi sodanyas sahmati darshavali.
paschim austreliya.
paschim austreliyatil pahili british vasahat 1826 madhye albany yethe sainikanchya tukadine sthapan kelee hotee. chhawani aanee sthanik minang lokanmadhil sambandh samanyatah changle hote. 1830 chya dashakat paschim austreliyamadhye, hansa nadichya vasahaticha vistar perthpasoon hott asatana, noongar rashtratil lock aanee european vasahati yanchyat ughad sangharsh suru jhaala. pinjara hatyakand hii sarvat prasiddha ekmev ghatana 28 aktoobar 1833 roji ghadali, jevha governor aandolankartyanchya netrutvakhali british vasahatinchya eka pakshane murre nadichya kathavaril sthanik chhavanivar hallah keela.
paramparik shikarbhumivarun jabardastine baher padalele aanee pavitra sthalanmadhye pravesh nakarlele noongar rashtra, jaganyasathi vasahatinchi pike chornyakade aanee pashudhan marnyakade valale. 1831 madhye batate ghetalyabaddal eka noongar vyaktichi hatya karnyat aalee; yacha parinam mhanoon, noongar kayadyanusar parvanagi asalelya pratisadanusar, yaganane gharatil eka nokarala thaar marle. 1832 madhye yagan aanee itar doghanna atak karnyat aalee aanee tyanna fashichi shiksha sunavanyat aalee, parantu vasahati robbert mainley leone yanni assa yuktivad keela qee yagan aaplya bhoomiche aakramanapasun sanrakshn karat aahe aanee mhanoon tyala yuddhakaidi mhanoon manale pahije. yuktivad yashasvi jhaala aanee tyaa tighanna lyon aanee done sainikanchya dekharekhikhali carnack betavar haddapar karnyat aale. nantar haah gut betavarun paloon gela.
1840chya dashkaparyant yorkjavalachya evon nadichya kathavar ladhai suru rahili.
buselton pradeshat, pandhare vasahati aanee wardandi lock yanchyatil sambandh hinsacharachya tappyaparyant tanale gele hote, parinami anek aadivasi mrutyu jhaale. juuna 1841 madhye, george lemonla wardandi elder gewalne bhosakun thaar marle. eka strotachya matey, samanya manus gewal aanee dusya wardandi vyaktimadhye tyanchya damperchya vatpababat vadat adakala hota aanee tyane gewalchi dadhi odhali hotee, joou eka gambhir upman manla jaat hota. dusya eka strotachya matey, samanya mansane gayavalachya done patninna tyachya shetat kaam karnyasathi kamavar thewale hote aanee tyanna tyanchya patikade parat jaau dile nahee. samanya mansanchya marekyacha shodh anek aathvade suru hota, jyat capton johnn molloy, basasel bandhu aanee sainyane adnyat sankhyene aadivasi rahivashanchi hatya kelee, jyala vonarap hatyakand mhanoon olakhale jaate. yaa sainikanni akheris gewalchi hatya kelee aanee tyachya teen mulanche apaharan kele, jyapaiki doghanna rotnest betavar turungat dambanyat aale.
1892 madhye koolgardijaval sonyachya shodhamule hajaro shodhakanna vangkatha jaminivar aanale, jyamule turalak ladhai jhaali.
paschim austreliyatil europeey vasahati aanee vistar chaloo rahilyane aanakhi seema sangharsh jhaala, bunuba yoddhyanni 1890 chya dashakat europeey vasahatinvar hallah keela, 1897 madhye bunuba neta jandamara marla jaiparyant. 1920 chya dashkaparyant uttar paschim austreliyamadhye turalak sangharsh suru rahila, 1926 madhye jhalelya shahee aayogala asey aadhalale qee eka europeey vyaktichya mrutyuchya badala mhanoon polis mohimedware forrest nadichya hatyakandat kiman akra sthanik austreliyan marle gele hote.
dakshin austreliya.
1836 madhye dakshin austreliyamadhye konatehi doshi naan rahata sthayik karnyat aale aanee vasahatitil jamindar aanee shetmajoorancha samtol rakhanyacha hetu asalelya vasahatitil vasahatitil rahivashansathi tyanchya aagmanapurvi jameen kharedi karanyachi eka anokhi yojana hotee. vasahati karyalay purvekadil rajyanmadhil purvichya vyavasayanchya alikadil itihasabaddal khoop jagruk hote, jithe aadivasi loksankhyeshi lakshaniy sangharsh hota. 1836 madhye suruvatichya ghoshanechya divashi rajyapal hindmarshne eka sankshipt nivedan dile jyat sthanik loksankhyela kase vagavale pahije heey spashtapane namood kele hote. too kahee pramanat mhanalah
governor gallerne 1840 madhye ghoshit kele qee aadivasi lokanni "vishisht, paribhashit aanee sampoorn adhikar kinwa malki aanee aanuvanshik malkicha vapar keela aahe... anadi kalapasoon ". rajyapalanni aadivasi lokansathi jameen bajula thevanyache aadesh dile, parantu vasahatindvare tivra virodh jhaala jyanni sarvottam jameen nivadanyachya adhikaracha aagrah dharala. akheris, aadivasi lokanna jameen tevhach upalabdh jhaali jevha tyanni tyanchya 'khristikaranala' protsahan dile aanee teey shetkari banale.
aadivasi loksankhyela british nagrik mhanoon ghoshit kelyane tyanna adhikar aanee jababdanya midalya, jyanchi tyanna mahitee navhati aanee vidyaman aadivasi prathechya kayadyakade durlaksh kele. tathapi, aadivasi lock nyayalayat saksh deu shakale naheet, kaaran khrishchan naslyamule teey bayabalachi shapath gheu shakat navhate. anuvadat dekhil mothee adchan aalee. naveen vasahat sthapan aanee netrutva karnanyanchya hetuncha lavkarach aadivasi lock aanee naveen vasahatikaranchya bhitishi sangharsh jhaala. "dakshin austreliyamadhye, austreliyachya itar vasahatinpramanech, jaminivaril aadivasi hakkanna puresha pramanat hatalanyat apayash heey tyanantarchya hinsacharasathi moolbhut hote."
vasahat sthapan jhalyanantar lagechach purvekadil vasahatinmadhun mothya sankhyene mendhya aanee guredhore jaminivar aananyat aalee. aadivasi lock aanee toldhad karnaanyaanmadhye sangharshachi anek udaharane hotee, jyat pahile deshache sanrakshn ichchitat aanee dusare swatache aanee tyanchya kalpanche sanrakshn karnyasathi twarit golibar karatat. eka mohimechya netyane (buchanan) kiman sahaa sangharsh aanee aath aadivasi lokancha mrutyu nondavala.
1840 madhye aagney kinanyavaril cape jaafa yethe 'maria' heey jahaj uddhvast jhaale. eka shodh pathkala aadhalale qee bhagnavsheshatil serve 26 vachalelyanchi hatya karnyat aalee hotee. rajyapalanni karyakari parishadela lashkari kayadyantargat bolavile aanee sthanik sthanik lokanviruddha sankshipt nyay denyasathi polisancha eka gut jeelhyat pathvanyat aala. police pakshane anek aadivasi lokanna atak kelee; done purushanna fasavale gele, nyayadhikaranane mohimechya sadasyankadun khatala chalavala, doshi tharavale aanee fashi dilee. hatyakandasathi tatkal shiksha manjur karnaanyaanmadhye aanee samanya kayadyachya baher yaa prakarchya nyayacha nishedh karnaanyaanmadhye vasahatmadhye jordar vadavivad jhaala.
poort linken shahar, jeey edelidepasoon samudra margane sahaj upalabdh hote, hii eka prarambhik naveen vasahat bunley. thodya sankhyene mendhpalanni mothya aadivasi loksankhyeche ghar asaleli jameen choranyas suruvat kelee. donhi bajunni mrutyu jhaale aanee vasahati adhik changlya sanrakshanachi magani karat hotya. police aanee sainikanna netradvipat pathvanyat aale hote, parantu tyaa kshetracha aakar aanee vilag vasahatinchya sankhyemule teey anekada aprabhavi tharale. 1840 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant, kadhikadhi mothya sankhyene aadivasi lokancha samavesh asalelya sangharshannantar, pandhya lokanchya shastranchya mothya pranghatakatecha parinam jhaala. aadivasi lokanni kelelya hallyanchya anek kathit netyanvar khatala chalavanyat aala aanee tyanna adelidemadhye fashi denyat aalee.
aayar dweepkalpavaril bandar linken vasahatichya anubhavachi punaravrutti rajyachya aagney bhagat aanee uttarela jhaali, kaaran vasahati aadivasinvar atikraman karat hotya. sarkarne rajyachya ghoshanechya bhavna lagoo karnyacha prayatna keela, parantu yaa bhavna aanee todga samavisht asalelya bedkhal yanchyatil virodhabhasamule sangharsh apariharya jhaala.
victoriya.
1834 madhye sthayik jhalyanantar victoriyachya purv-vibhajan kalatahi ladhai jhaali.
1833-34 madhye, vailers aanee gunditjamara rashtratil lock yanchyatil samudrakinanyavaril vhelchya hakkansathichya ladhait portland, victoria jawal vishvasarh jaminivaril hatyakand jhaale.
1836 madheel mount cottrell hatyakand haah melburnchya naveen vasahatichya paschimes jaminivar basalelya vanne diamenchya jameen chor charles frankschya hatyecha badala hota.
1838 madhye benalla yethe jhalelya sangharshala tutalelya nadichi ladhai mhanoon olakhale jaate, jyapaiki kiman saat gore vasahati marle gele, jyamule vasahatitil seema sangharshachi suruvat jhaali jee pandhra varshe chalali.
1839 madhye madhya victoriyatil aadivasi pratikaraviruddhchya sudbuddhichya hallyacha parinam campaspe maidani hatyakandat jhaala.
victoriyatil sthanik gatanni aarthik yuddhavar laksh kendrit kele, hajaro mendhya marlya. 1840 chya dashakat mothya sankhyene british vasahati victoriyamadhye aale aanee tyanchi sankhya sthanik loksankhyepeksha vegane jaast hotee.
1840 pasoon, nairutya victoriyamadhye eumerela yuddhe jhaali aanee yuddhanauka aanee gippsland hatyakandadarmyan anek varshe hinsachar jhaala.
1842 madhye, bandar purry bhagatil pandhya vasahatinni charles latrobla eka patra lihoon sarkarla "sthanikanni kelelya aakroshapasun" suraksha sudharanyachi aanee sangharsh aanee aarthik yuddhachya anek ghatananchi yadee karanyachi vinanti kelee. 10 juuna roji chhapalelya patracha eka anshah
1840 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, vimeramadhye seema sangharsh suru rahila.
ranichi bhoomi.
tulanene mothya sthanik loksankhyemule, queenslandmadhye seema yuddh visheshtah raktaranjit aanee kadoo hote. orsted-genson yanni 2011 madhye kelelya abhyasat yaa muddyavar bharr deela aahe, jyat done vegvegalya strotancha vapar karoon ganana kelee gelee aahe qee vasahati ranyanchya bhoomicha vaataa eka trutiyanshpeksha jaast aanee samparkpurv austreliyan khandatil sthanik loksankhyechya chalis takkyanchya jawal asava.
queensland hii austreliyatil sarvat raktaranjit vasahatvadi seema darshavate. asha prakare queenslandchya nondinmadhye sthanik lokanchya golibar aanee kattalanchya sarvadhik varanvarchya batamya, pandhya vasahatinvaril teen sarvat pranghatak kattal, sarvat apmanaspad seema polis dall aanee konatyahi austreliyan vasahatit nondavalelya seema hinsacharala balee padalelya pandhya lokanchi sarvadhik sankhya yancha samavesh aahe. 2009 madhye pradhyapak raymond evance yanni ektya queensland sthanik polis dalamule jhalelya sthanik mrutyuncha aakada 24,000 peksha qamee nahee assa ganala. julai 2014 madhye evance yanni danish itihaskar robbert orsted-genson yanchya sahkaryane, sankhyikeey pratirupan aanee prathamik strotankadun gola kelelya 644 peksha qamee takkarancha samavesh asalela databases vaparnyacha pahila prayatna sadar keela aanee shevati queenslandchya simavarti yuddhanmadhye jhalelya ekoon mrutyunmadhye 66,680 peksha qamee navhate-ektya aadivasi mrutyunmadhye 65,180 peksha qamee navhate-tarr aataparyant samanyatah sweekarle gelele ekoon khandiy mrutyu purvi 20,000 hote. 66,680 madhye sthanik polis aanee vasahati-aadivasi lokanvaril mrutyu samavisht aahet, parantu gorya aanee tyanchya sahkanyanvar mool rahivashanni kelelya jivitahanicha eka ganana kelela andaj dekhil aahe. europeey aanee tyanchya sahkanyanchya mahadvipiy mrutyuchi sankhya purvi andaje 2,000 teey 2,500 darmyan asalyacha andaj vartavala gela aahe, tarihi aata asey purave aahet qee yaa pranghatak seema apaghatanpaiki andaje 1,500 mrutyu keval queenslandmadhye jhaale aahet.
aata queensland asalelya european vasahatichi suruvat september 1824 pasoon moreton beey dandatmak vasahat mhanoon jhaali. tee suruvatila redcliffe yethe hotee parantu eka varshanantar dakshinekade brisbane nadikade gelee. 1838 madhye mukt vasahat suru jhaali, 1840 pasoon priy utaar, logan aanee brisbane khore aanee dakshin bernetmadhil aajubajuchi jameen tabyat ghenyasathi mothya gardit vasahat zapatyane vistarat hotee, jyamule anek prakarananmadhye vyapak ladhai aanee mothya pramanat jivitahani jhaali. haah sangharsh nantar uttarekade rund khadee aanee bernet nadee aanee harve khadee pradeshaparyant pasarla aanee ekekali meribarochi vasahat aksharshah vedhyat hotee. donhi bajunni atyachar kele, udaharanarth 1842 madhye dakshin bernetvaril kilcoy yethe aanee 1847 madhye brisbenjavalachya pandhya bajula vasahati mothya sankhyene sthanik lokanna vish pajat hotya aanee 17 aktoobar 1861 roji kulin-laa-ringo hatyakandadarmyan sthanik yoddhyanni 19 vasahati thaar marlya. september 1843 madhye eka vruksh tekadichya ladhait, multigera aanee tyachya yoddhyanchya gatane vasahatinchya eka gatavar hallah keela, tyanna aanee tyanantarchya chakmakimadhye itaranna parabhoot kele, tyanantar kilcoy vishbadhacha badala ghenyasathi suruvat jhaali.
queenslandche sthanik polis dall 1848 madhye nyu south velsachya sarkarne, changlya prakare jodalele commandant fredrick walker yanchya netrutvakhali sthapan kele.
mothya pramanat hatyakand.
aagney queenslandmadheel sarvat mothya vajavipane changlya prakare nondavalelya hatyakandanmadhye kilcoy aanee whiteside vishprayog hote, jyapaiki pratyekane stricknin bharalelya pithane 70 aadivasi lokanche pran ghetale asey mhatale jaate. 1860 aanee 1870 chya dashakat madhyavarti queenslandla visheshtah motha fatka basala hota, anek samkalin lekhakanni vintanjavalachya bladensburg sthanakat kavatiche chhidra, bladensburg kinwa bhool khadee hatyakand yancha ullekh keela aahe, jyat 1901 madhye 200 aadivasi lokancha jeev gela asey mhatale jaate.
1869 madhye 'poort denison times' neey nondavale qee, 'kahee kalapurvich 120 aadivasi done prasangi sthanik nondinmadhun kayamche gayab jhaale. 1870 chya dashakat uttarekadil khaan simevar, visheshtah svayampakachya jeelhyat aanee pamar aanee hodgkinson nadichya sonyachya shetat, aadivasi lokanche mothya pramanat nuksan aanee anek suprasiddha hatyakandansah seema hinsachar shikharavar pohochala. yuddh chhawani aanee cape bedford heey svayampakachya jilhyatil aadivasi lokanchya sarvat prasiddha hatyakandanpaiki aahet, parantu teey nishchitpane ektech navhate. ektya 20 februwari 1879 roji cape bedford hatyakandat 28 janancha balee gelyache nondavale gele hote, kuktaunmadhil done pandhya devdar-nirmatyanchya jakhami (parantu thaar naan jhalelya) badala mhanoon haah hallah hota. janewari 1879 madhye alpakalin 'brisbane delly news' chey (nantar 'brisbane kurier' chey mukhya sampadak) sampadak carl felberg yanni eka 'sajjan, jyanchya shabdanvar avalambun rahoo shakato' yacha ahwal deela, joou tyanni 'yapaiki eka chhapyanantar' deela hota... mrut kinwa jaminivar marnarya panchahattar sthanikanchi ganana kelee.
kalkadune kelelya chhapyanni september 1884 paryant, aadhunik pratirupanajavalachya yuddh dongravar, vasahati aanee sthanik polisanchya sainyavar hallah karnyaparyant, vasahati paschim ranyanchya bhoomibaher daha varshe thewale. tyanantarchya yuddh parvatachi ladhai kalkadunasathi aapattimadhye sampali, jyala mothya pramanat nuksan sahan karave lagale. tathapi, uttar queenslandmadhye ladhai suruch rahili, sthanik hallekhor mendhya aanee guranvar hallah karat hote, tarr sthanik polisanni dandatmak mohima chalavalya. sthanik polisanche upnirikshak (nantar queensland polis aayukt) fredrick charles urkhart yanni 1884 aanee 1889 madheel done ahavalat, tyanni aanee tyanchya tukadine keval teen kinwa chaar tathakathit "vikhuralelya" ghatananmadhye 150 aadivasi lokancha kassa pathlag keela aanee tyanchi hatya kelee yache varnan kele aahe (tyanni yapaiki sumare 80 hatyanchi sankhya dilee, urvarit ghatananche varnan pratyaksh mrutyucha andaj naan lavta kele hote).
queenslandmadheel sangharsh haah vasahatvadi austreliyachya itihasatil sarvat raktaranjit sangharsh hota. kahee abhyas 19vya shatkat ranichya simevar sumare 1,500 gore aanee sahkari (mhanje aadivasi sevak, tasech chiinii, melanesian aanee itar bigger-europeey) marle gelyache purave detat, tarr itar asey suchavatat qee 65,000 hoon adhik aadivasi lock marle gele, jyat madhya aanee uttar ranichya bhagatil kahee bhag visheshtah jordar ladhaiche sakshidar hote. 65, 000 haah, arthat, eka andaj aahe aanee visheshtah, rashtriy kiman 20,000 vasahati aadivasi mrutanchya sarvasadharanpane manalya jaananya vishvasapeksha khoopach jaast aahe.
kahee strotanni yaa ghatananche varnan narsamhar asey kele aahe.
uttarekadil pradesh.
britishanni uttar austreliyamadhye lashkari chaukya sthapan karnyasathi suruvatichya teen prayatnanmadhye bhag ghetala. melville betavaril phorta dundas yetheel prarambhik vasahat 1824 madhye sthapan jhaali hotee parantu sthanik tivy lokanchya hallyanmule 1829 madhye tee sodoon denyat aalee. 1827 madhye coberg dweepkalpatil phorta velingtanjaval tyachi sthapana aanee 1829 madhye parityagmadhil kahee ladhaya dekhil jhalya. tisari british vasahat, phorta victoria, dekhil 1838 madhye coberg dweepkalpavar sthapan karnyat aalee hotee parantu 1849 madhye tee sodoon denyat aalee.
uttarekadil pradeshat antim ladhaya jhalya. 1869 madhye aadhunik kalatil darwin yethe eka kayamswarupi vasahat sthapan karnyat aalee aanee pashupalakanchya sthanik jameen tabyat ghenyachya prayatnanmule sangharsh nirman jhaala. hii ladhai 20 vya shatkaparyant suru rahili aanee european mrutyunviruddhacha suud ugavane aanee sthanik lokankadoon tyanni choraleli jameen surakshit thevanyachya pashupalakanchya ichchemule tee chalavali gelee. 1928 madhye coniston hatyakandat polisanni kiman 31 sthanik purushanna thaar marle aanee 1932 aanee 1933 madhye pudhil suud ugavan mohima chalavanyat aalya.
itihaslekhan.
1970chya dashkaparyant itihaskaranni british aakramanala sashastr pratikar karnyavar samanyatah farse laksh dile navhate aanee tyala 'yuddh' manale jaat navhate. 1968 madhye manavvanshashastradnya doubleu. eae. etch. stannerne lihile qee austreliyachya itihasat mool austreliyan lokancha samavesh karnyat kinwa seema yuddhanna manyata denyat itihaskaranchya apayashachi eka 'mahan austreliyan shantata' hotee. sangharshanvar charcha karnari kaame 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakat disu lagali aanee austreliyan simecha pahila itihas swadeshi drushtikonatun sangtana, heinry reynoldscha 'simechi dusari bajoo' 1982 madhye prakashit jhaala.
2000 teey 2002 darmyan keath windshutlene 'quadrant' yaa niyatkalikat aanee 'daad fabrication auph aboriginal histree' yaa pustakat lekhanchi malika prakashit kelee. yaa granthanmadhye assa yuktivad karnyat aala hota qee austreliyamadhye dirghkal seema yuddh jhaale navhate aanee itihaskaranni kahee prakarananmadhye ladhayache banavat purave dile hote. windshutlechya davyanmule tathakathit 'itihas yuddh' jhaale, jyamadhye itihaskaranni mool austreliyan aanee european vasahati yanchyatil sangharshachya vyaptivar charcha kelee.
canberamadhil austreliyan yuddh smarkavar seema yuddhanche smaran kele jaat nahee. austreliyan lashkari dalancha samavesh naslyamule austreliyan seema ladha tyachya sanadechya baher aahe, assa yuktivad smarkane keela aahe. yaa sthitila austreliyachya return andd services leegcha pathimba aahe, parantu geophrey blainy, gorden brisco, johnn coats, johnn connor, qeena inglis, michael mackernon aanee pieter stanly yanchyasah anek itihaskaranni yala virodh keela aahe. yaa itihaskarancha assa yuktivad aahe qee yaa ladhaiche smarak yethe smaran kele pahije kaaran tyat mothya sankhyene swadeshi austreliyan aanee nimalashkari austreliyan tukadya sahbhagi hotya. september 2022 madhye, ess. bii. ess. mahitipat malika 'daad austreliyan wars' chya pratham pradarshananantar, yuddh smarakache nivartaman adhyaksh, majee sarkari mantri brendon nelson yanni jaheer kele qee smarakachi prashasakeey parishad "sthanik lokanviruddha, suruvatila britishanni, nantar pashupalakankadun, nantar polisankadun aanee nantar aadivasi sainyane kelelya hinsacharache adhik vyapak, adhik sakhol chitran aanee sadarikaran karnyachya dishene kaam karel". yaa ghoshanes pratisad detana, chitrapat nirmate rashell perkins mhanale, "aamchi malika tayar kartana, aamhi yuddh smarkasobat jawalun kaam kele... [pann] mea heey yetana kadhich pahile nahee. mallah vatale, 'kadachit eka pidhimadhye'... pann aatta nahee... austreliyachya itihasatil haah eka nirnayak kshan aahe. haah joou badal soochit karato, tyala qamee lekhata yet nahee."