giinii rashtriyatva kayada

guinean rashtriyatva kayada ginichya sanvidhanadvare niyantrit keela jaato, sudharit kelyapramane; guinean rashtriyatva sanhita aanee tyachya sudharana; ginichi nagri sanhita; ginichi kautumbik sanhita; aanee vividh aantarrashtriy karar jyasathi desh swakshari karnara aahe. heey kayade tharavatat qee ginicha nagrik kona aahe kinwa kona honyasathi patra aahe. rashtriyatva midvanyache kayadeshir sadhan, ekhadya rashtratil aupcharik kayadeshir sadasyatva, heey rashtriy aanee rashtra yanchyatil haqq aanee aanee deshantargat sambandh, jyala nagrikatva mhanatat, tyapeksha vegale asate. rashtriyatva heey aantarrashtriy kayadyantargat ekhadya vyaktiche rajyashi asalele naate darshavate, tarr nagrikatva heey tyaa deshatil vyaktiche deshantargat naate aahe. giniche rashtriyatva samanyatah jus solee, i yaa tattvanusar prapt kele jaate.eae. gineemadhye kinwa jus sanguinismadhye janm ghetalyane, i.eae. gineemadhye kinwa paradeshat janmalelya, giniche nagrikatva asalelya palakanparyant. tyaa deshashi sanlagn asalelya vyaktinna kinwa ekhadya tharavik kalavadhisathi deshat kalavadhisathi kayamswarupi rahivashanna naisargikatechya madhyamatoon teey dile jaau shakate.
rashtriyatva sampadan.
gineemadhye janmaveli kinwa nantarchya aayushyat naisargikikaranadware rashtriyatva prapt kele jaau shakate.
janmapasoon.
janmaveli nagrikatva nagrikatva khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
naisargikakaranadware.
ginichya chaliriti aanee parampara samajoon ghetalyachi pushti karnyasathi, tyaa pradeshat puresha kalavadhisathi kalavadhisathi vyaktinna naisargikikaran dile jaau shakate. samanya tartudi ashee aahet qee arjdaranche charitrya aanee vartan changle asate; tyanna konatyahi prakarche gunhegari gunhe naheet, jyamule tyanna eka varshapeksha jaast shiksha hote; teey changle sharirik aanee mansik aarogya asalele aahet; aanee tyanchyakade swayampurn honyasathi pureshi sadhane aahet. arjdaranni samanyatah paach varshe deshat vastavya kele asave. nikash purn lagn paradeshi lokanvyatirikt, naisargik banavalelya itar vyaktinmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
rashtriyatva gamavane.
giniche nagrik rajyachi manjuri mileparyant tyanche rashtriyatva sodu shakatat. moolche guinean swechhene dusare rashtriyatva midavalyamule kinwa matdan karane kinwa sarvajanik padavar kaam karane yasarkhya karyat sahbhagi jhalyamule tyanche rashtriyatva gamavoo shakatat, jeey soochit karate qee teey kele deshache nagrik aahet. naisargik vyaktinche gineemadhye rajyaprati avishvas; rajya kinwa rajya suraksheviruddha gunhe karane; samanya gunhe; deshabaher rahane; kinwa fasavanuk, chukiche sadarikaran kinwa naisargikkaran yachiket lapavane yasathi naisargikaritya kele jaau shakate. jyaa vyaktinche purvi rashtriyatva hote aanee tyanni swechhene tyancha darja gamavala tarr tyanna parat pathvayache asel, tyanni nivassthan sthapan karane aanee punarsthapanechi vinanti karane aavashyak aahe.
duheri rashtriyatva.
janmaveli giniche nagrikatva midavalelya vyaktinsathi gineemadhye duheri rashtriyatvas parvanagi nahee. 
itihas.
african samrajye aanee european sampark (1443-1882).
paschim aafriketil khristikaran aanee vyaparachya sambhavyatecha shodh ghenyasathi rajkumar heinry daad navigatorne parwana dilela khajgi upkram mhanoon 1443 madhye lisban yethe kassa daa ginichi sthapana karnyat aalee. vyapari upkramanmadhye ekatra kaam karnyachya prayatnat african rajyanshi kayamswarupi sambandh prasthapit karane heey tyanche uddisht hote. tyaa varshi tyanni argin betavar sthapan kelelya killyane kinarpattila aarginchya upasagarapasun ginichya aakhataparyant pravesh karnyas parvanagi dilee. 1474 teey 1495 darmyan portugijanni fauta dajalonmadhil lokanshi, visheshtah aakraman lagn phoola lokanshi sanvad sadhanyas suruvat kelee. pandharavya shatkachya akheris, haah pradesh maalee samrajyane jinkla hota, jyala manden samrajya asehi mhanatat. jaree uchch samratache rajya asale taree sthanik pramukhanna tyanchya pradeshatil rahivashanvar svayatta hotee. gavane samajacha kendrabindu tayar keela aanee pramukh tyachya natevaikanna tyanchya nishthechya badalyat sanrakshn dett asey. salag vijayanmadhye, songhai samrajyala 1494 pasoon sthanik lokankadoon khandanichi aavashyakta hotee. 1546 madhye songhaine maalee samrajyachya rajdhanivar hallah keela, parantu 1590 madhye aakraman lagn saadee saltanatimule teey visthapit jhaale. yaa pradeshat islamchya oghamule sahel, mandinka aanee soninke lokanmadhun sthalantarit lock dekhil varchya gineemadhye aale, jithe tyanni kankan yethe milo nadichya kathavar baate samrajyachi sthapana kelee. sadine 1670 paryant rajya kele aanee nantar maalee samrajyache shevatche avashesh jinkalyanantar segauche bambara samrajya varchasva gajavale. yaa pradeshatil vanijyavar niyantran thevanyasathi yaa vividh rajyanni ekmekanshi sanvad sadhala aanee spardha kelee.
atalantikparchya gulamanchya vyaparat adhikadhik sahbhagi hott asalelya europeey lokanni aafrikeche paramparik aarthik sambandh aanee bhoomadhyasagariy muslim vyapar jaalyanmadhye vyatyay aanala, tyanchya jaagi european bajarpethanvar avalambun rahile. bandinna europechya lokanna vikanyacha fayda uthavanyachya tyanchya prayatnat rajyanmadhye aanee rajyanmadhye varanvar sangharsh hott gela, jyamule pradeshachi asthirata nirman jhaali. atharavya shatkachya suruvatila, baate samrajya phuta jallenchya udayonmukh imametashi julale. imamatchi sthapana 1727 madhye phula jihadanchya kalat jhaali, jevha islamikrut phula pashupalak aanee aanee yalunka lokanvar vijay midavala, jeey gaol aanee telemelchya aaspas madhya gineemadhye sthayik jhaale hote. tyanni shariya kayadyane shasit nauu prantanche islami mahasangh sthapan kele, jyachi madhyavarti rajdhani timbo yethe hotee. ekonisavya shatkachya purvardhat gulamanchya vyaparachya nirmulanamule, vyapar jaalyanvar maktedari thevanyachya prayatnat europeey aanee african rajyanmadhye yutee sthapan karnyasathi eka naveen chalana midali. 1827 pasoon frenchanni senegalpasoon dakshinekade aapali upasthiti pasaravanyache prayatna suru kele. paryayi mutsaddegiri aanee shakti vaparoon, tyanni pradeshanvar niyantran midvanyasathi aanee ginichya varchya varchya sardaranna sanrakshn denyasathi karar lihile. 1850 chya dashakat senegambiya aanee bambara samrajyatil shaskanviruddhachya vijayanchya malikansah, 1861 madhye segau tabyat gheuun, tucculair samrajya dinguirai yethe udayas aale. 1870 chya dashakat, pradeshik sangharshanpasun sanrakshn midvanyasathi tucculair samrajya 1864 madhye kosalalyanantar sthapan jhalelya vasoleu samrajyat villin honyas baate samrajyane sahmati darshavali. 1882 paryant, frenchanni melakori, nunez aanee pongo nadyanchya kinarpattivaril pradeshanvar tasech tombo betavar niyantran midavale, jyamule tyanni jyala revears du sud (dakshinekadil nadya) mhatale tyaa kshetravar vyapari chaukya sthapan kelya.
french kalavadhi (1882-1958).
1882 madhye britishanni revears du sudchya vasahatvaril french sarvbhaumatvala manyata dilee. 1884 madhye germanyne bramaya nadee (jyala dembiya nadee asehi mhanatat) aanee kaloom lokanchya dubreka nadimukhamadhil pradesh tabyat ghetala. haah vaad mitavanyasathi, francene 1885 madhye kaloomchya pradeshachya badalyat aanee french vasahatala manyata denyachya badalyat germanycha pradesh pettit popo aanee porto seguromadhye deela. portugalne 1886 madhye french davyala manyata dilee. vasahat senegalpasoon prashasit jhaali hotee, parantu 17 december 1891 roji tee swayatt jhaali. 10 march 1893 roji vasahatiche naav adhikrutpane french giinii asey badalanyat aale. 1895 madhye frenchanni prashasakeey pranali sthapan kelee jee pudhil saath varshansathi french paschim aafriketil tyanchya malmattevar niyantran thewel. governor-general sthapan karnyat aala aanee senegalachya vasahatit dakar yethe mukhyalay sthapan karnyat aale. governor-generalcha adhikar senegal, french giinii aanee hastidant kinarpattichya vasahatinparyant aanee 1899 madhye dahomi aanee french sudanparyant vistaranyat aala. 1848 chya french rajyaghatanechya kalam 109 antargat, french pradeshanvar rajyaghatnecha vistar hoiparyant vishisht kayadyandvare niyantran thewale jayache. yaa tartudine european manakancha avalamb karoon sthanik rahivashanna aatmasat karata aale qee nahee yavar aadharit rashtriyatva kayadyasathi payabharani kelee. 1848 pasoon, jeey lock vasahatinmadhye sthayik jhaale aanee franceche hote, tyanna sampoorn adhikar asalele aanee french kayadyachya adheen asalele nagrik manale jaat hote. tathapi, naveen pradeshanmadhye janmalele nagrik nagrikatva nasalele nagrik manale jaat hote. antilles, gayana, runion aanee bharatachya kahee bhagantil junya vasahatinmadhil nagarikanna rajkiy adhikar denyat aale hote, parantu naveen vasahatinmadhil nagarikanna 14 julai 1865 roji eka aadeshadvare nagrik naan hota, tarr nagrik mhanoon, joparyant tyanni sthanik pratheprati nishtha sodali nahee aanee tyanna nagarikatvachya nagarikatvachya pureshi samaj navhati.
1848 madhye dekhil sampoorn french samrajyat gulamgiri radd karnyat aalee aanee vasahatinmadhil serve french nagarikansathi nagri sanhita lagoo karnyat aalee. nagri sanhitenusar, mahila kayadeshiraritya aksham hotya aanee tyanchya mulanvar pitrutvacha adhikar sthapit karnyat aala hota. lagnanantar, french purushashi vivahabaddha jhalelya strila tichya jodidaraevadhech rashtriyatva aapoaap midale. bekaydeshir mulanna varshapasoon pratibandhit kele gele hote aanee rashtriyatva keval vadilandware prasarit kele jaau shakat hote. bigger-nagrik nagrik vivah aanee varshasambandhit paramparik kayadyandvare shasit hote, jeey vaiyaktik hakkanpeksha samudayachya kalyanala pradhanya detat. yaa kayadyanmule patnila gulam manalya jaanyapasun rokhale gele, tichya patine teela aadhar dene aavashyak hote aanee tichya natevaikanna vadhuchi kimmat milanyacha haqq hota, jenekarun tyanchya natesambandh gatala tichi prajanankshamta gamavalyachi bharpai tyanna milel aanee sangharajyachi kayadeshirata surakshit hoil. lagnachya kararachi kimmat chukavalyanantar, tee aanee tichi santati tichya patichya natesambandhanchya jaalyatil hotee aanee ticha patee maran pavalyas tee varshane miloo shakat hotee.
1889 chya french rashtriyatva kayadyane purvichya vaidhanik kayadyanna sanhitabaddha kele, french manak "jus sanguinis" varoon "jus solee" madhye badalale aanee french west indijparyant vistarle gele. tyachya atinnusar, jyaa striya tyanchya jodidarache rashtriyatva midvanyasathi niyamadvare rajyavihin hotil tyanna lagnanantar tyanche french rashtriyatva kayam thevanyachi parvanagi hotee. 1897 madhye rashtriyatva kayadyat badal karnyat aala, jevha too urvarit french vasahatinmadhye vistaranyat aala. 1897 chya aadeshatil spashtikaranat asey samavisht hote qee french pradeshat janmane rashtriyatva dene heey keval francemadhye janmalelya mulanna lagoo hote, vasahatinsathi vanshachya aavashyakta punarsanchayit karatat. 1881 madhye algeriasathi ghoshit kelelya aanee 1904 madhye french paschim aafrikeparyant vistarlelya code dii laal 'indigenate (swadeshi sthitichi sanhita) antargat, naveen vasahatinmadhil nagarikanni paramparik kayadyache palan kele. tyaa varshi dahomi, giinii, hastidant kinarpatti, senegal aanee sudan yaa vidyaman paach vasahatinsah french paschim african mahasanghachi sthapana karnyat aalee hotee aanee nantar mauritania, niger aanee appar volta yancha samavesh karnyasathi tyacha vistar karnyat aala. 
25 meey 1912 roji, eka 'decret aine. °.'. 27892 'heey vishesh karoon french paschim africi lokanchya sthitila sambodhit karnare jaaree karnyat aale hote. tyachya atinnusar, african prajeche french nagrikatva prapt houu shakat asey, jarr praudh vayat aanee teen varshe yaa pradeshat sthayik adhivas siddha kelyanantar, teey french vachoo aanee lihu shakat hote; teey changle charitrya asalele aanee french sanskratishi nigadit hote, kinwa teey kiman kinwa daha varshe sarvajanik kinwa khajgi french udhyogat guntalele hote; aanee tyanchyakade swa-samarthanachi pureshi sadhane hotee. jyanna lashkari padake kinwa sanmananiy sainyadalachi manyata midali hotee kinwa french nagri sevet hote tyanchyasathi bhashechi aavashyakta maaf kelee jaau shakate. arj kelyavar, vishayanni heey manya karane aavashyak hote qee tyanni paramparik kayadyantargat tyancha vaiyaktik darja sodala aanee french kayadyandvare niyantrit kele jayache. aadeshat namood kele gele aahe qee vivahit striya aanee alpavayin mulanna tyanchya patee kinwa vadilancha darja midala hota, tathapi, vivah paramparik pratheaivaji french kayadyanusar jhaala asel tarach asey hote. 
pahile mahayuddha sampalyanantar francene 'decret enn' haah kayada manjur keela. 24 march 1915 roji, jyaa vishayanni kinwa sanrakshit vyaktinni, jeey nagrik nasalele nagrik hote aanee french pradeshat adhivas sthapit keela hota, tyanna tyanchya patni aanee alpavayin mulanche naisargikkaran karoon, sanman sainyacha cross prapt karoon, vidyapithachi padvi prapt karoon, rashtraseva karoon, karoon darja prapt karoon kinwa french sainyakadun padak prapt karoon, jyanni french mahileshi lagn kele aanee eka varshache nivassthan sthapit kele; kinwa jeey tyanchya mool deshavyatirikt itar vasahatit daha varshanhun adhik kaal rahile hote, asha purn nagrikatva prapt karanyachi parvanagi dilee. 1918 saalee french paschim aafrikesathi lihilelya aadeshacha uddesh yuddhatil sanmanit majee sainik aanee tyanchya kutumbiyanna uddeshun hota, parantu tyanna purvi tyanche adhikar nakarle gele navhate kinwa french rajvativiruddhachya karvait sahbhagi jhaale navhate. yaa kayadyannantarhi, 1920 teey 1930 darmyan keval akra dahomi purushanna purn french nagrikatva midale.
1927 madhye francene eka naveen rashtriyatva kayada manjur keela, jyane kalam 8 antargat vivahit mahilanna patiche rashtriyatva midvanyachi aavashyakta kadhoon takali aanee tee tiche rashtriyatva badalanyas sammati dilyasach tiche rashtriyatva badalale jaau shakate ashee tartud kelee. paradeshi mahilanshi vivah kelelya mool french mahilanchya francemadhye janmalelya mulanna tyanchya matankadun tyanche rashtriyatva midvanyachi parvangihi tyane dilee. jevha tyachi amalbajavani jhaali tevha tyat gwadelop, martiniqa aanee runioncha samavesh hota parantu 1928 madhye french nagarikansathi urvarit french malmatteparyant vistaranyat aala. 1928 chya aadeshachya kalam 26 antargat ashee aut hotee qee algeria, gwadelop, martiniqa aanee runion vagalata french malmattechya mool rahivashanna tee lagoo hott nahee. eka dashkanantar, vivahit mahilanchi kayadeshir asamarthata shevati french nagarikansathi avaidh tharvanyat aalee. 1939 madhye francene tharavale qee vivah aanee varsa heey itake mahattvache aahet qee sthanik nyayalayanmadhye tyancha vyavhar chaloo thevu shakat nahee. tyaa varshi, french paschim africa tasech french vishuvavruttiy aafriket haah kayada lagoo karnyat aala. tyachya atinnusar balvivahala paravrutt karnyat aale. vivahaveli kiman vay mahilansathi chauda aanee purushansathi sola asey nishchit kele, jyaa vivahanmadhye jodidaranni sammati dilee nahee asey avaidh vivah aanee strichya sammatishivay levirate vivah radd kele. 
kele mahayuddhachya shevati, 7 march 1944 roji jaaree kelelya kayadyane, jyanni nagri sevak mhanoon seva kelee kinwa manyata prapt kelee, tyanna french nagrikatva dile. 1946 chya rajyaghatanene francechya pradeshantil serve prajena mool rahivasi mhanoon tyancha vaiyaktik darja naan sodata french nagrikatva dile. 1945 madhye, french rashtriyatvachi eka naveen sanhita manjur karnyat aalee, jyat french purushanchya paradeshi patninna punha ekada svayanchalit french rashtriyatva pradan karnyat aale, parantu french nagrik asalelya matanna francechya baher janmalelya mulanna tyanche rashtriyatva denyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. heey algeria, french gayana, gwadeloop, martiniqa aanee runionla spashtapane lagoo hote aanee 1953 madhye paradeshi pradeshanmadhye vistarit karnyat aale, parantu nantarchya babatit jyanna naisargik kele gele hote tyanchya hakkansathi farak hota. 1951 madhye jackwinotchya aadeshane french paschim aanee vishuvavruttiy aafriket mandel aadeshachya tartudinna balkat kele, jyat ekvis varshanchya kinwa ghatasfotit mahilanna vadil kinwa palakachya niyantranatun kadhoon takale aanee deyake denyasathi aanee vadhuchi kimmat nishchit karnyasathi vishisht niyam sthapit kele. 
23 juuna 1956 roji jaaree kelelya loee-cadder deferedware ginichi kayadeshir chaukat badalanyat aalee, jyane french pradeshanna antargat swashasana dile aanee tyanchya pradeshik vidhansabhancha vistar keela. yaa badalanmule rajkiy halchali vadhalya aanee french federation auph west africa visarjit karnyasathi eka press tayar jhaali. 1958 chya naveen french sanvidhanasathichya vataghatidarmyan, septembermadhye gineemadhye sarvmat ghenyat aale, jyamadhye rahivashanni francechya akhtyarit rashtrakul sthapan karnyasathi navhe tarr tyanche swatantrya midvanyasathi matdan kele. tyaa velee franceberoberche akhandit sambandh nakarnari hii ekmev french vasahat hotee. charles dii gallene dilelya pratisadat, deshala aarthik madat aanee sanrakshn bund karoon, tyala dandatmak bhoomika bajavali. french sarkarne serve adhikari aanee nondi tatadine parat kelya aanee deshatil guntavanuk thambavali. maghar ghetalyamule aanee french rajyaghatanene keval french nagarikanchya hakkambaddal bolalyamule, gineene french samudayat sameel honyas nakar dilyane sankat nirman jhaale, kaaran french arthavyatirikt deshache kona hote yache varnan karnara konatahi rashtriyatva kayada astitvat navhata. french sarkarne asey mhatale qee naveen deshala manyata denyasathi tyanna adhikrut satta hastantaran aavashyak aahe, parantu done mahinyantach sanyukt rashtranchya itar sadasyanpaiki bahusankhya sadasyanni giniche swatantrya manya kele aahe.
swatantryanantar (1958-sadhyache).
2 aktoobar 1958 roji giinii prajasattakache swatantrya ghoshit karnyat aale. eka ghatanatmak aayog bolavanyat aala aanee daha divasanchya aat ghaighaine 1958 chya sanvidhanacha masuda tayar karnyat aala. sanvidhanacha masuda tayar karnyasathi qamee kalavadhi denyat aalyane, french kayadyachi shabdasha nakkal karnyat aalee aanee swatantryanantar konala rashtriyatva midale yasathi konatihi tartud navhati. rashtriyatva kayada (ordonance no.011,1 march 1960) 1960 paryant swikarla gela navhata, parantu too mulat french modelche anusaran karat hota. tyachya atinnusar, jeey mule vaidh hotee, tyanna tyanchya vadilanche rashtriyatva aapoaap milate. jyaa mulanche vadil adnyat hote kinwa rajyavihin hote, tee mule tyanchya aaiche rashtriyatva midvu shakat hotee. ginichya nagarikashi lagn lagn strine, tine visheshtah too nakarnyacha nirnay ghetala nahee aanee tee rajyavihin honar nahee, toparyant, vivah sajra kelyavar tiche rashtriyatva aapoaap midvile. paradeshi vyaktishi lagn karnari ginichi stree vivahadvare aprakrutik kelee jaat nasey, parantu lagnasohalyapurvi teela tase karayache aahe asey ghoshit kelyas tee tichya patiche rashtriyatva gheu shakat asey. jarr ekhadya patnine yapurvi lagnamule tiche rashtriyatva gamavale asel tarr tee gineemadhye nivassthan sthapan karoon, teela purvi ginicha darja hota heey siddha karoon aanee naisargik karoon teey parat midvu shakat hotee.
mahila aanee manavadhikar sanghatananchya dabavakhali, gineene 1982 madhye eka naveen sanvidhan manjur kele. 1983 madhye, rashtriyatva kayadyat (loee 004/aii. pii. aine./83,16 februwari 1983) sudharana karnyat aalee, jyamule yaa pradeshat janmalelya mulanna, palakanche vay kahihi asso, tyanna tyanchya bahumataparyant pohochalyanantar giniche rashtriyatva midvanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. tyane 'double jus solee' chey tattva dekhil sthapit kele, mhanje jarr mool aanee palak doghehi gineemadhye janmale asateel tarr palakanche mool rashtriyatva kahihi asso, mool aapoaap giinii hote. tathapi, tyat asha tartudi kayam thevanyat aalya jyaa mahila aanee purushanna samaan rashtriyatva midvanyachi, tyanche rashtriyatva tyanchya mulanna denyachi, tyanchya mulanchya janmachi nondani karanyachi kinwa olakhpatre midvanyachi parvanagi dett naheet. mule tyanchya aaidware midavalele rashtriyatva nakaru shakat hotee aanee rashtriyatva midvinyasathi prasutipoorv prashasakeey prakriyechi aavashyakta hotee. ginichya nagarikachya patnine lagnanantar aapoaap tichya patiche rashtriyatva midavale, tarr ginichya nagarikacha patee done varshanchya nivasanantarach naisargik houu shakat hota. 1990 madhye, soviet unionchya patananantar, giniyamadhye lokshahi aanee kayadyachya rajvatichya amalbajavanichya magnyansah nidarshane jhaali. ginitil sanvidhanavar pahilyandach sarvmat jhalyanantar aanee nantar 2010 madhye sanvidhan swikarlyanantar, 23 december 1990 roji naveen sanvidhan swikaranyat aale, jyamadhye keval tyaa rashtriyatechi vyakhya vegalya kayadyane karanyachi tartud hotee. 1983 chaa rashtriyatva kayada 2019 chya nagri sanhita madhye samavisht asalelya naveen rashtriyatva taratudindware radd hoiparyant astitvat rahila. 4 julai 2019 roji, naveen nagri sanhitene (ell. oo. aay. ell./2019/0035 aii) kalam 50 teey 179 madheel mageel rashtriyatva kayadyala badaloon, rashtriyatva midvanyache sadhan sulabh aanee samaan kele. adyayavat sanhitechi eka vadgrast tartud ashee hotee qee tyat bahupatnitwala kayadeshirata dilee gelee. 2020 madhye, eka naveen sanvidhan lagoo karnyat aale, parantu september 2021 madhye, eka uthavanantar teey nilambit karnyat aale. 

