
grand canal (chean)

grand kalwa, jyala chiinii lock jing-hang grand kalwa (kinwa adhik samanyatah, 'grand kalwa' mhanoon olakhale jaate), heey unescoche jaagtik varsa sthal, hii jagatil sarvat lamb kalwa kinwa krutrim nadee aahe. bijingpasoon suru houn tee tianzin aanee hebei, shandong, jiangsu aanee zhejiang prantanmadhun hangzou shaharakade jaate, jee pivali nadee aanee yangtze nadila jodate. kalvyache sarvat june bhag ii. sha. puu. 5vya shatkatil aahet, parantu vividh bhag pratham suee rajvanshachya kalat (ii. sha. 1) jodale gele hote. 1271-1633 madheel rajvanshanni kalvyachi lakshaniy punarbandhani kelee aanee punarbandhani kelee aanee tyanchya rajdhanicha puravatha karnyasathi tyacha marg badalala. uttar aanee dakshin chinache punarmilan karnyat bhavya kalvyane mothee bhoomika bajavali. kalwa saktichya majuranni bandhala hota aanee uttarekadil pivalya nadila dakshinekadil yangtze nadishi jodala hota, jyamule dakshinekadun uttar chinmadhil rajkiy aanee lashkari sattechya kendranmadhye dhanya vahoon nene khoop sope jhaale.
bhavya kalvyachi ekoon lambi aahe. tyachi sarvat mothee unchi shandongchya parvatanmadhye, 42 meater (138 phoot) chya shikharavar pohochate. 10 vya shatkat, song rajvanshachya kalat (960-1279), sarkari adhikari aanee abhiyanta kiao vauay yanni pound lockcha shodh lavlyanantar chiinii kalvyanmadhil jahajanna jaast unchivar pohochanyat adchan aalee nahee. japani bhikshu enine (794-864), pertian itihaskar rasheed all-deane (1247-1318), corian adhikrut choo buu (1454-1504) aanee italian missionary mattio rikki (1552-1610) yanchyasah itihasabharat anekanni yaa kalvyache kautuk kele aahe.
aitihasikdrushtya, pivalya nadichya niyatkalik puramule kalvyachi suraksha aanee karyala dhoka nirman jhaala. yuddhakalat, pivalya nadichya unch dabe kadhikadhi purasathi jaanunbujun todale jaat asat aanee asha prakare pudhe jaananya shatru sainyacha naash keela jaat asey. yamule sthanik rahivashanna aapatti aanee dirghakalin aarthik adachani yeteel. tatpurte nirjan aanee gairavapar asoonahi, bhavya kalvyane chinchya shahari kendranmadhye suee kalapasoon teey aajparyant swadeshi aanee vadhati aarthik bajarpeth pudhe nellie. yamule jalad vyapar honyas parvanagi midali aahe aanee tyamule cheenchi arthvyavastha sudharali aahe. pivalya nadichya dakshinekadil bhag mothya pramanat sahitya aanee container vahoon nenanya nauka mothya pramanat vaparat aahet.
itihas.
prarambhik kalkhand.
vasant rutuchya uttaradhat aanee sharad rututil kalat, woo rajyacha (jyachi rajdhani sadhyachya suzaumadhye hotee) raja fuchaine qee rajyavar hallah karnyasathi uttarekade kooch kele. tyane vyapari uddeshansathi kalwa bandhanyache aadesh dile, tasech tyachya sainyane uttarela asalelya song aanee luu yaa rajyanmadhye ghuskhori kelee tarr uttarekade puresa puravatha karnyache sadhan tayar karnyache aadesh dile. yala hahn kinwa hangu kalwa "hangu" mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale. yangzouchya dakshinepasun jiangsumadhil huaanchya uttarekade ii. sha. puu. 486 madhye kaam suru jhaale aanee teen varshant hahn kalvyane vidyaman jalmarg, talav aanee daldalicha vapar karoon yangtzela huai nadishi jodale.
hong kalwa ("honggou", "jangali hansancha kalwa" kinwa "durvarchya kalwa") bahudha tyapurvi asalyane hahn kalwa haah nantarchya bhavya kalvyacha dusra sarvat juna bhag mhanoon olakhala jaato. tyane kaifengjavalachya pivalya nadila see aanee bian nadyanshi jodale aanee uttarekadil bhavya kalvyachya aakarache teey aadarsh banale. hong kalvyachya bandhkamachi achook tarikh anishchit aahe; rajdutanni isavi sunpoorv 330 madhye rajyachya simanvar charcha kartana tyacha pratham ullekh keela aahe. itihaskar sima kian (145-90 bii. see. eae.) yanna tyachi konatihi aitihasik tarikh maheet navhati, tyanni yu daad gretchya pauranik karyannantar tyachi charcha kelee; aadhunik vidwan aata teey isavi sunpoorv 6 vya shatkatil asalyache manatat.
suee rajvansh.
aaj zhejiang aanee dakshin jiangsu prantanmadhil bhavya kalvyache bhag mothya pramanat suee rajvanshachi (581-618) nirmiti hotee, joou chinchya mukhya aarthik aanee krishi pradeshachya uttarekadil pivalya nadichya khonyapasoon door aanee dakshinekadil prantankade sthalantarit honyacha parinam hota. tyachya sampoorn itihasat tyachi mukhya bhoomika rajdhanit dhanya vahtook karane hii hotee. kiin rajvansh aanee suee rajvansh, mukhytah suee yanni bhavya kalvyachi sthapana kelyane, uttarekadil simevar tainat asatana sainyane swayampurn shetkari bananyachi garaj dekhil door jhaali, kaaran aata annadhanyacha puravatha sahajpane dakshinekadun uttarekade khindivarun pathavata yet hota.
600 salaparyant, hong kalvyachya talashi gaal mothya pramanat jamala hota, jyamule naditil jahajanna adthala nirman jhaala, jyanche masude tyachya panyasathi khoop khol hote. suee rajvanshache mukhya abhiyanta yuven kaee yanni vidyaman kalvyachya samantar vahana naveen kalvyache utkhanan karnyacha sallah deela, joou chainleu (yanzou) yethe tyapasoon vegala hoil. naveen kalwa zuzouhoon navhe tarr suzoumadhun jaanar hota, jenekarun see nadishi jodani talhata yeil aanee tyaeivaji honge talavachya agadi paschimes huvai nadishi thet sampark sadhata yeil. maa shumauchya dekharekhikhali pannas laakh lokanchya nondavalelya shramansah, grand kalvyacha pahila motha bhag 605 saalee purn jhaala-jyala bian kyu mhanatat. 604 teey 609 yaa kalat dusya suee samratachya kalat, pratham luoyangla yangzou (aanee yangtze khore) shhee jodoon, nantar tyacha vistar hangzou (dakshin) aanee beijing (uttar) paryant karoon bhavya kalwa purnapane purn jhaala. yamule dakshinekadil bhagala uttarekadil prantala, visheshtah tethe tainat asalelya sainikanna dhanya puravine shakya jhaale. kalvyachya bajula aanee samantar jaanara eka shahee rasta aanee tapal karyalaye kurier pranalila aadhar dett hotee. sarkarne zadanchya mothya ranga dekhil lavalya. kalvyachya bandhkamacha itihas 'kaiheji' ('kalvyachya udghatanachi nond') yaa pustakat deela aahe.
587 madhye pivalya nadichya kathavaril purvichya dike-bandhkam prakalpane-abhiyante liang rui yanchya dekharekhikhali-kalvyasathi panyachi patali niyantrit karnyasathi kalvyache kuloop ughadale. jalstaratil farak flash lock chalvanyasathi khoop motha asatana boaty vahoon nenyasathi duheri slipway basavanyat aale hote.
604 teey 609 darmyan, suee rajvanshachya samrat yangne dakshinetil hangzoupasun (aadhunik) beijing aanee pivalya nadichya khoyatil rajdhani pradeshat samapt honyasathi 'vaay' aakarache anek kalve khodanyache aadesh dile. jevha kalwa purn jhaala tevha tyane kiantang nadee, yangtze nadee, huai nadee, pivali nadee, wei nadee aanee haii nadee yaa pranalinna jodale. hangzou aanee yangtze darmyan vahana tyachya dakshin bhagala jiangnan nadee ('yangtzechya dakshinekadil nadee') asey naav denyat aale. kalvyacha madhyavarti bhag yangzou teey luoyangparyant pasarla hota; yangtze aanee huvai darmyancha bhag shanyang nadiparyant suru rahila aanee pudhil vibhag huvaila pivalya nadishi jodat hota aanee tyala tongji kalwa mhatale jaat asey. beijing aanee luoyangla jodana sarvat uttarekadil bhagala yongji kalwa asey naav denyat aale. kalvyacha haah bhag gogurio-suee yuddhandarmyan (598-614) sainyachya vahatookela aata uttar koriyachya simavarti bhagat vaparla jaat asey. 609 madhye kalwa purn jhalyanantar, samrat yangne uttarekadun tyachya dakshinekadil rajdhani yangzou yethe naukanchya nondavalelya lamb naudalachya tafyache netrutva kele.
yaa kalatil bhavya kalwa haah akhand, manavnirmit kalwa navhata, tarr anekada sanlagn nasalelya krutrim kalve aanee ektar kalvyandvare kinwa naisargik nadyancha sangrah hota.
yuan rajvanshanna tang.
changan yetheel tang rajvanshachi (618-907) rajdhani jaree tyaa kalatil chinache sarvat bharbharatiche mahanagar asale, taree bhavya kalvyachya jawal asalele yangzou shahar heey tang yugache aarthik kendra hote. sarkari mithachya ekadhikarasathi mukhyalay aanee samrajyache sarvat mothe purv-aadhunik audhyogik utpadan kendra asanyavyatirikt, yangzou haah uttar-dakshin vyapar akshavar bhaugolik madhyabindu dekhil hota aanee tyamule dakshinekadil vastunche uttarela pathavalele pramukh kendra banale. tang rajvansh aanee tyanantarchya rajvanshanmadhil kalwa pranalicha sarvat motha fayda mhanje yangtze nadichya tribhuj pradeshatoon uttar chinmadhye curr (kaoyun) mhanoon gola kelelya dhanya pathvanyacha kharch qamee karane. pravasacha vel qamee karnyasathi suee kalanantar kalvyat kirkol bharr ghalanyat aalee, parantu ekandarit suee grand kalwa aanee tang grand kalwa yanchyat konatahi moolbhut farak navhata.
735 salaparyant, kalvyachya bajoone darvarshi sumare dhanya pathvanyat yet asalyachi nond jhaali. tang sarkarne kalvyachya kulupband karyakshamtevar dekhrekh thewali aanee puur kinwa itar aapattimule malvahatukichya margat adthala nirman jhalyas margavar dhanye bandhali. dhanyavahatukicha suralit pravas sunishchit karnyasathi, vahtook aayukt lioo yaan (763 teey 779 paryant karyalayat) yanni sampoorn kalvyachya pratyek vibhagachya kholvar basnyasathi vishesh nadee barge jahaje tayar kelee aanee bandhali.
shhee bandanantar (755-763), uttar chinchya arthvyavastheche mothe nuksan jhaale aanee yuddhanmule aanee pivalya nadichya satatchya puramule tee kadhihi purvavat jhaali nahee. ashee ghatana 858 saalee ghadali, jevha bhavya kalvyachya bajoone aalelya prachand puramule hajaro ekar shetjamini budali aanee uttar chinchya maidani bhagatil hajaro lokancha mrutyu jhaala. asha durdaivi ghatanemule sattadhari rajvanshachi vaidhata qamee houu shakate, jyamule itaranna teey swargacha adhikar gamavale aahe asey vatoo shakate; rajgharanyatil adhikaanyaanee eka suralit aanee karyaksham kalwa vyavastha rakhanyache heey eka changle kaaran hote.
kaifeng shahar eka pramukh kendra banale, nantar teey geet rajvanshachi (960-1279) rajdhani banale. jaree tang aanee song rajvansh aantarrashtriy bandare-anukrame gwangzou aanee kwanzou hii sarvat mothee bandaram-aanee sagari paradeshi vyaparamule vyapanyanna mothe bhagya midale asale, taree chinmadhil bhavya kalwa hota jyane sarvat jaast aarthik kriyakalap aanee vyavsayik napha vadhavala. ganyachya aanee aadhichya kalat, duheri slipavevarun jaat asatana bhavya kalvyachya sanyang yundao vibhagat kadhikadhi barge jahaje kosalatat aanee uddhvast hotat aanee nantar anekada sthanik darodekhorankadun curr dhanya lutale jaate. hyamule huananche vahtook sahayyak aayukt kiao vauay yanni 984 saalee pound lock mhanoon olakhalya jaananya duheri-gett pranalicha shodh lavnyas pravrutt kele. yamule jahajanna bandist jaaget pratiksha karanyachi parvanagi midali, tarr paanee yogya pataliparyant vahoon nele jaau shakate; jahajanna adhik sanrakshn denyasathi chiinii lokanni jaaget chhappar asalele hanger dekhil bandhale.
1128 nantar anek varshe bhavya kalvyacha barachsa bhag uddhvast jhaala, jevha kaifengcha governor du chong "du chong", d.1141) yane jiin-song yuddhandarmyan yenanya jurchen aakramankartyancha naash karnyasathi pivalya nadichya panyala rokhanare dike aanee dharane todanyacha nirnay ghetala. purachya malikanmadhye, yamule nadee purnapane shandongchya dakshinekade halali, see nadicha pravah tabyat ghetala aanee pivali nadee shatkanushatke hongze talav aanee purv chean samudrat rikami kelee. jurchen jiin rajvansh yaa pradeshatil ganyashi satatyane ladhat hota. 13 vya shatkat mangolanni aakraman karoon aavashyak durusti suru kareparyant yaa yuddhamule kalwa modkalis aala.
mangol yuan rajvanshachya kalat (1271-1368) cheenchi rajdhani beijingla halavanyat aalee, jyamule paschimekade kaifeng kinwa luoyangla vahana kalvyachya bahuchi garaj door jhaali. 1280 chya dashakat shandong parvataranganchya payathyashi shikhar vibhag khodanyat aala, jyamule ekoon lambi titakich qamee jhaali, jyamule ekoon lambi sumare jhaali aanee prathamach hangzou aanee beijingla thet uttar-dakshin jalmargashi jodale gele. geet aanee jiin yugapramane, yuan rajvanshachya patanadarmyan kalwa nirupayogi aanee modkalis aala.
payabhoot suvidha mhanoon bhavya kalvyacha pashchimekadil itar sthapatyakalanvar prabhav padala aahe. uttar americetil erii kalvyachi rachana aanee prerana chiinii vastukalepasun ghetali gelee aahe. anekanni kalvyakade aarthik fayda mhanoon pahile, joou kalwa aanee tyache fayade yasarkhya aarthik samruddhi aanoo shakato. mattio richichya niyatkalikanmadhye aarthik samruddhiche dastaivajikaran karananya kalvyache tapshilvar varnan kele aahe. pound lock heey erii kalvyachya adhik ullekhaneey vaishishtyanpaiki eka aahe jeey grand kalvyachya payabhoot suvidhanshi thet jodalele aahe kaaran teey itar tatsam jalsrotanmadhye vaparale jaate.
ming rajvanshachi punarsthapana.
1411 teey 1415 darmyan ming rajvanshachya kalat (1368-1644) bhavya kalvyache jawaljawal sampoorn nutanikaran karnyat aale. jinningche dandadhikari, shandong yanni yongle samratachya sinhasanakade eka nivedan pathavale, jyat varshala 'daan' ('id2' litter) dhanya vahoon nenyachya sadhyachya aksham sadhanancha nishedh keela gela, jyadvare teey huvai nadinantar khol teey uthal asha barge prakarat anek vegvegalya nadya aanee kalvyanmadhun hastantarit kele gele aanee nantar dhanya pivalya nadiparyant pohochalyanantar teey khol jahajanvar parat hastantarit kele gele. chiinii abhiyantyanni wein nadiche 60 takke paanee uttarekadil bhavya kalvyat bharnyasathi nairutya dishela valavanyasathi dharan bandhale, urvarit dakshinekade gele. tyanni panyachi patali niyantrit karnyasathi shandongmadhye chaar mothe jalashay khodale, jyamule tyanna sthanik srot aanee panyachya patalivarun paanee pump karane talhata aale. 1411 teey 1415 darmyan ekoon 1,65,000 kamgaranni shandongmadhil kalvyachya talashi gaal kadhala aanee naveen kalve, tatbandi aanee kalvyache kuloop bandhale.
yongle samratane 1403 madhye mingchi rajdhani nanjing yethoon beijingla halavali. yaa nirnayamule nanjingla chinache mukhya rajkiy kendra mhanoon tyacha darja midala nahee. grand kalvyachya punha ughadanyane nanjingpeksha suzoula dekhil fayda jhaala kaaran grand kalvyachya mukhya dhamnivar suzou adhik changlya sthiteet hota aanee tyamule teey ming chinache sarvat mothe aarthik kendra banale. jiangnan pradeshatil suzousobatcha ekmev vyavharya pratispardhi hangzou hota, parantu too grand kalvyachya aanakhi khalee aanee mukhya tribhuj pradeshapasun door hota. 1488 madhye sampoorn chinmadhye paach mahine pravas kartana, jahaj kosalalelya corian choo buu (1454-1504) neey dekhil heey manya kele qee hangzoune pratispardhi mhanoon navhe tarr mothya suzou bajarpethet aarthik puravathadar mhanoon kaam kele. tyamule, bhavya kalvyane tyachya margavar asalelya kahee shaharanche aarthik bhavitavya ghadavale kinwa todale aanee chinmadhil swadeshi vyaparachi aarthik jivanrekha mhanoon kaam kele.
suruvatichya king rajvanshachya (1644-1912) vidwan gu yanavu yanni andaj vartavala qee sampoorn kalwa pranali rakhanyasathi mageel ming rajvanshala "lijiya" korvi pranalidware bharati kelelya 47,004 purnavel majuranna kamavar thevave lagale. 15vya shatkachya madhyat keval 11,775 sarkari dhanya nauka chalvanyasathi 121,500 sainik aanee adhikadhyanchi aavashyakta hotee, heey dnyat aahe.
dhanya pathvanicha marg aanee chinmadhil nadijanya swadeshi vyaparacha pramukh marg mhanoon tyache karya yashivay, grand kalwa haah dirghkalapasun sarkardware chalavala jaanara kurier marg dekhil hota. ming rajvanshat, adhikrut kurier sthanke madhyantarane thewali gelee. pratyek kurier sthankala vegale naav denyat aale hote, jeey serve tyaa kalatil pravasgitanmadhye lokpriy jhaale hote.
king rajvansh aanee aadhunik chean.
17vya shatkachya madhyat manchu lokanni chinavar aakraman kele, ekada beijingchi ming rajdhani bandkhor sainyachya haatee gelyanantar chiinii senapati woo sanguine uttarekadil khinditoon jaanyachi parvanagi dilee. manchunni king rajvanshachi (1644-1912) sthapana kelee aanee tyanchya netrutvakhali, purvipramanech bhavya kalvyachi dekhrekh aanee dekhbhal kelee jaat asey.
1855 madhye pivalya nadila puur aala aanee ticha marg badalala, jyamule shandongmadhil kalvyacha marg tutala. yacha andaj 1447 madhye eka chiinii adhikaone vartavala hota, jyane tippani kelee hotee qee puur-pravan pivalya nadine bhavya kalvyala galyasarkhe banavale aahe jyacha sahajpane galaa dabla jaau shakato (kahee adhikanyanna purv chean samudratoon dhanya pathvanyachi punha vinanti karavi lagali). 1855 madhye, taiping bandkhorichya uttarekadil mohimechya pudhe jaananya sainikanna puur aananyasathi kalvyache dabe ughadanyat aale. pivali nadee olandanyatil adchan, dhanya-jahajansathi paryayi sagari margacha vadhata vikas aanee tianzin-pukou railway aanee beijing-hankou railwayche udghatan asha vividh karananmule kalwa thapp jhaala aanee anek dashakanparyant uttar aanee dakshin bhag vegale rahile. kalvyache anek bhag nutanikaranat padale aanee kahee bhag sapat shetat parat aale. aajahi yaa aapattitun bhavya kalwa purnapane savarla nahee. 1949 madhye peaples republic auph chayanachya sthapanenantar, aarthik vikasachya garjemule adhikanyanna mothya pramanat punarrachaneche aadesh dyave lagale.
yaa mothya zepadarmyan bhavya kalvyane mothee bhoomika bajavali kaaran tyane dhanya vahtook karnyasathi eka karyaksham marg pradan keela.
1990 chya dashkaparyant, kalvyatil pradushan asha tappyavar pohochale hote qee boat aanee bargeche karmchari heey kalya panyachya durgandhimule teey hangzouchya jawal kevha yet hote heey sangu shakat hote. 2001 madhye suru jhalelya 25 kotee dollarschya punarsanchayit prakalpamule panyachi gunavatta itaki sudharali aahe qee tee aata durgandhiyukt rahili nahee aanee punha ekada kahee pranyanna aadhar denyas saksham aahe.
kalvyache aarthik mahatva kayam rahanyachi shakyata aahe. 2012 paryant nauvahan kshamata 40 takkyanni vadhavanyasathi shandong, jiangsu aanee zhejiang prantanchya sarkaranni drejingchi yojana aakhali.
22 juuna 2014 roji, 2014 chya jaagtik varsa parishadet, bhavya kalvyachi jaagtik varsa sthal mhanoon yadee karnyat aalee hotee.
aitihasik vibhag.
tyachya sadhyachya margabarobarach, chauda shatkanchya kalvyanchya bandhkamamule yaa bhavya kalvyache anek aitihasik bhag jhaale aahet. yapaiki kahee gayab jhaale aahet, itar ajunahi anshatah astitvat aahet aanee itar aadhunik kalvyacha aadhar aahet. khaleel goshti sarvat mahattvachya aahet parantu eka sampoorn yadee tayar karoo nakaa.
jiah kalwa.
ii. sha. puu. 12 madhye, uttarekadil jiangsumadhye pivalya nadichya dhokadayak pravahacha vapar karoon bhavya kalvyachi samasya sodavanyasathi, lii hwalong navachya mansane jiah kalwa tayar keela. jyachya pudhe tee vahate tyaa jiah nadivarun naav denyat aale, tee shandongchya veision talavachya kinanyavaril ziazenpasun (aadhunik veision) jiangsumadhil sukiyanparyant vahate. jiah kalvyachya bandhkamamule bhavya kalvyavar keval pivalya nadichya nauvahanala suut midali, sukian teey hua 'aanparyant, jee 1688 paryant jiin phoone madhya kalvyachya bandhkamane kadhoon takali hotee.
nanyang naveen kalwa.
1566 madhye, yutaichya (aata vision talavachya paschim kinanyavar) aaspas pivalya nadichya puramule udbhavalelya samasyanpasun vachanyasathi, nanyang naveen kalwa ughadanyat aala. teey zoozou shaharachya uttares nanyangpasun (aata nanyang shahar, jeey veision talavachya madhyabhagi aahe) teey leuchengchya chhotya vasahatiparyant (aadhunik gaolou gavachya parisarat, veision county, shandong) gele. yaa badalamule bhavya kalwa vision talavachya pashchimekadil sakhal aanee purpravan jaminivarun tyachya purvekadil thodyasha unch jaminivar halavala gela. shandong parvataranganchya simevarun purvekadoon paschimekade vahana nadyanni tyala paanee dile hote.
hyutong kalwa.
jizou kalvyachya shikhar vibhagachya uttares, hyutong kalwa utaravarun khalee gela, mukhytah wein nadidware paanee dile gele, aanee linking shaharatil wei nadila sameel jhaala. 1289 madhye, tyachya eka varshachya bandhkamachya aadhi bhoogarbhiy sarvekshan karnyat aale. maa zizen navachya abhiyantyane bandhalela hyutong kalwa tivra utaravaril jaminivarun jaat hota aanee tanyanchya uchch sandratemule tyala "chahe" kinwa "jhahe", mhanje topananav midale.eae. 'daad river auph lock'. tyachya mothya sankhyene poshak zyanmule (done teey charshe darmyan, mojanichi paddhat aanee varshacha hangam yavar avalambun) tyala 'kwanhe' kinwa 'zyanchi nadee' asehi mhatale jaat asey.
jizou kalwa.
haah, bhavya kalvyacha pahila kharaa shikhar vibhag, 1238 madhye mangol okrukchi yanni hyutong kalvyachya dakshin tokala jinningla jodanyasathi tayar keela hota. yangtzechya unchipasoon teey 42 meater (138 phoot) varr pohochale, parantu paryavaraniy aanee tantrik karananmule 1411 madhye mingchya song lidware tyache punarnirmiti hoiparyant tyala dirghakalin panyachi kamatarata bhasali. baee ying navachya sthanik vyaktine shifaras kelelya song leechya sudharananmadhye wein aanee gwang nadyanna bandhane aanee nanwang navachya chhotya shaharatil jalashayatil talavanna paanee denyasathi tyanchyakadun bajukadil kalve kadhane yancha samavesh hota.
duke huanchi vahinya.
ii. sha. 369 madhye, purv jiin rajvanshacha general huan wein yane huai aanee pivalya nadichya uthal dyancha sampark sadhala. yaa nadyanchya done upanadya, anukrame see aanee jee yanna tyanchya sarvat jawalchya binduvar, shandong parvataranganchya qamee panlot kshetrat jodoon tyanni heey sadhya kele. huan vencha adim shikhar kalwa haah jizou kalvyachya abhiyantyansathi eka aadarsh banala.
yilou kalwa.
shanyang kalwa moolatah yangzouchya dakshines thodya antaravar yangtzevar ughadala gela. gwajauche valuche bett tayar karnyasathi yangtzecha uttar kinara haloohaloo galyukt hott asalyane, jiangnan kalvyatoon yenanya aanee jaananya botinna tyaa betachya purvekadil kathavar lambcha pravas karane aavashyak jhaale. zenzianghoon yangtze visheshtah khadatar paar kelyanantar, sthanik prantachya lakshat aale qee thet gwazou olandun khodalelya kalvyamule pravasacha vel qamee hoil aanee tyamule paar karane surakshit hoil. yilou kalwa ii. sha. 738 madhye ughadanyat aala hota aanee aadhunik bhavya kalwa margacha bhag nasla taree too ajunahi astitvat aahe.
aadhunik abhyaskram.
haah bhavya kalwa nammatrapane beijing aanee hangzou darmyan ekoon lambiparyant vahato; tathapi, sadhya keval hangzou teey liangshan kauntiparyantcha vibhag naukanayanyogya aahe. tyacha abhyaskram aaj saat vibhaganmadhye vibhagalela aahe. dakshinekadun uttarekade jiangnan kalwa, lii kalwa, aateel kalwa, madhala kalwa, luu kalwa, dakshin kalwa, uttar kalwa aanee tonghui nadee aahet.
manavnirmit lianhou sarovar
prashikshan talav 'lianhou' chaa vapar jiangananjavalachya bhavya kalvyachya vibhagala paanee puravanyasathi keela jaat asey. kalwa manavnirmit asalyane kalvyala yogya kholvar thevanyasathi naisargikaritya vahanare purese paanee navhate jenekarun boaty tyatoon pravas karoo shaktil. tyamule bhavya kalvyachya jiangnan vibhagala paanee puravanyasathi manavnirmit talavacha vapar keela jaat asey. sarkarne tyache punarpraptipasun sanrakshn kele hote aanee yogya curr aakaranishivay talavachya panyacha konatahi vapar bekaydeshir manla gela. tyache fayadeshir shoshanapasun sanrakshn kele jaane apekshit hote, parantu varshanuvarshe sarkar badalalyamule, lianhou talav anek vela punha midvanyat aala hota aanee too adhik uthal houu lagla hota. sarkarne talav adhik fayadeshir shetjamini mhanoon badalala jyamule talav vaparoon sudharana aanee krishi sinchan jhaale. yamule lianhou talawala bhavya kalvyala yogya prakare paanee puravata yeu shakale nahee. talav vaparnyasathi vyavharik honyasathi, durusti aanee dekhbhalichya kharchamule kholpanache nuksan khoop jaast jhaale. jaree too manavnirmit talav asala taree too eka sunder dekhava hota. anek lokanni tyachya saundaryachi prashansa kelee aanee talavabaddal vividh kavita lihilya aahet. alikadachya varshant talavacha manoranjanatmak vapar adhik lokpriy jhaala aahe aanee tyamule talavache punarsanchayan houu shakate.
jiangnan kalwa.
kalvyacha haah dakshinekadil bhag zejiangmadhil hangzoupasun, jithe kalwa kiantang nadila jodato, jiangsumadhil zenjiangparyant jaato, jithe too yangtzela milate. hangzou sodoon beijingchya dishene uttarekade gelyanantar, zenziangla pohochanyapurvi haah kalwa taee talavachya purv simebhovati, giaxing, suzou, wuxi aanee changzou yaa pramukh shaharanmadhun jaato. 
ziangnan (kinwa 'yangtzechya dakshines') kalvyacha mothya pramanat vapar barge vahatukidvare keela jaato, jyamule kolasa, container aanee bandhkam sahitya bharbharatichya tribhuj pradeshat aanale jaate. gardichya shaharanmadhye samanyatah tyachi rundi kiman 100 meater asate aanee shejarchya grameen bhagat tee rundi yaa rundichya done kinwa teen patine jaast asate. alikadachya varshant, 'vahtook kondi' qamee karnyasathi pramukh shaharanchya bhovati rund bipass kalve khodanyat aale aahet.
jiangnan kalvyacha suzou vibhag shaharachya paschim bhagatoon vahato. yaat daha shahar darvaje aanee paramparik rachaneche 20 hoon adhik dagadi pool aanee changlya prakare jatan kelele aitihasik bhag tasech mandire aanee mandap yancha samavesh aahe. 
aateel kalwa.
aateel kalwa madhya jiangsuchya shaobo, gaoyu aanee honge talavanna paar karat yangtze aanee huai nadyanmadhye vahato. haah vibhag hua 'aana aanee yangzou yaa shaharanna jodato. yethe kalvyachya paschimela asaleli jameen tyachya talapeksha unch aahe tarr purvela asaleli jameen khalchi aahe. paramparikaritya kalvyachya pashchimekadil shange pradeshat varanvar puur yenyachi shakyata asate, tarr tyachya purvekadil ziahe pradeshat bhavya kalvyachya tatbandichya apayshamule qamee varanvar parantu prachand nukasankarak puur aala aahe. alikadchya kamanmule shangetil purache paanee surakshitpane samudrat valavanyat aale aahe. jiangnan kalvyasarkhach, aateel kalvyacha vapar mothya pramanat kolasa, bandhkam sahitya aanee jiangsu prantachya aaspas vadhatya shipping container aanananya barge vahatukidvare keela jaato.
madhya kalwa.
haah 'madhya kalwa' vibhag huaanpasoon veision talavaparyant jaato, joou luoma talavatoon jaato aanee ekapeksha jaast marganche anusaran karato, shatkanushatke aalelya pivalya nadichya purachya parinamacha parinam aahe. pizou nantar, uttarela eka marg taee 'erzuangmadhun jaato aanee nanyang aanee jinningla bandhalelya hanzuang yetheel veision talavat pravesh karato (haah marg 1566 chya naveen nanyang kalvyacha avashesh aahe-khalee pahaa). dakshinekadil marg zuzoujavalun jaato aanee pixianjavalachya veision talavat pravesh karato. haah nantarcha abhyaskram aaj qamee vaparla jaato. uttar jiangsu prantachya aaspas kolasa aanee bandhkam sahitya aanananya barge vahatukidvare kalvyacha vapar keela jaato.
luu kalwa.
vaishan talavat donhi marg shandong prantat pravesh karatat. yethoon linkingparyantchya kalvyala luu kinwa 'shandong' kalwa mhanatat. tee zaoyang, dushan aanee nanyang yaa talavanchi malika paar karate, jeey nammatrapane akhand jalsanchay tayar karatat. sadhya, panyachya badalancha arth assa aahe qee talav bahutekda koradi jameen asatat. nanyang talavachya uttarekadil jinning shahar aahe. pudhe, jinningchya sumare uttares, kalvyachi sarvoch unchi (samudraspatipasun) nanwang shaharat pohochate. 1950 chya dashakat junya shikhar vibhagachya dakshines eka naveen kalwa khodanyat aala. juna shikharbhag aata korada aahe, tarr naveen kalvyamadhye jalvahatuk karnyayogya itake qamee paanee aahe. aanakhi uttarekade, dongping talavajavalun jaat, kalwa pivalya nadiparyant pohochato. yaa tappyaparyant paanee nasaleli tee aata nadishi jodali jaat nahee. tee uttar kinanyavaril liaocheng shaharat punha disun yete, jithe adhunmadhun nutanikaran kelelya dagadi nalyatoon vahate aanee shandong-hebei simevaril linking shaharat pohochate. liangshan county heey barge vahatukisathi kalvyache uttarekadil antim sthan aahe.
dakshin kalwa.
kalvyacha pachva bhag kalvyanchya wei nadichya pravahat linking teey tiyanjinparyantchya antaravar pasarlela aahe. jaree sarvat uttarekadil vibhaganpaiki eka asala taree tyache naav tianginchya tulanet tyachya sthanavarun aale aahe. yaa tappyavar wei nadee mothya pramanat pradushit aahe, tarr dushkal aanee audhyogik paanee kadhanyamule tee jalvahatuk karnyayogya nahee itaki qamee jhaali aahe. haah kalwa, joou aata hebei prantat aahe, too dezou aanee cangzou shaharanmadhun jaato. prekshakanna haah kalwa jaree yaa shaharachya kendranmadhye khol jalmarg asalyasarkha vatat asala, taree tyachi kholee viyardvare rakhali jaate aanee jithe too aaspaschya grameen bhagatoon jaato tithe kalwa korada asato. tyachya antim tappyat, kalwa vayavyekade valanyapurvi tianjin shaharachya madhyabhagi hye nadila milate.
uttar kalwa aanee tonghui nadee.
beijingchya nagarpalikechya kathavaril tongzouchya dishene shakha karnyapurvi, haii nadichi upanadi yongdingchya pravahanantar kahee kalasathi, tianginemadhye, kalwa vayavyekade jaato. yethech aadhunik kalwa thambato aanee eka bhavya kalwa sanskrutik udyan bandhanyat aale aahe. yuan rajvanshachya kalat, tonghui nadivaril aanakhi eka kalvyane tongzaula madhya bijingmadhil huhai kinwa "mageel samudra" navachya ghatala jodale. ming aanee king rajvanshanmadhye, matra, tonghui naditil panyachi patali qamee jhaali aanee jahaje tongzaupasun bijingparyant pravas karoo shakali naheet. tyanantar tongzou heey kalvyache uttarekadil nauvahan sthanak banale. tongzou yethe maal utaravala gela aanee jaminivarun beijingla nenyat aala. tonghui nadee ajunahi eka rund, concrete-reshankit vadal-vahini aanee beijingchya upnagaransathi nichara mhanoon astitvat aahe.
purv zhejiang kalwa.
purv zhejiang kalwa (geojiang kalwa), jyala hangzou-ingbo kalwa (heii) asehi mhanatat, too zejiangmadhye aahe. tyache paschim toke zixing street, binjiang jilha, hangzou shahar yethe aahe, jeey kaao nadee aanee shoxing shahar tyachya purv tokala, ningbo shaharatil yong nadee mukhdwar olandate. kalwa 239 kilometer (149 mail) lamb aahe. vasant rutoo aanee sharad rututil kalat (andaje ii. sha. puu. 771 teey 476) shoxing shaharatil shanin junya kalvyat kalvyache bandhkam lavkar jhaale. ii. sha. chya tisya shatkat, heey zun navachya adhikaone zixing kalvyachya bandhkamache nirikshan kele aanee sampoorn purv zhejiang kalvyachi sthapana kelee.
dakshinekadil geet rajvanshamadhye (1127-1279), linnon yethe rajdhanichi sthapana karnyat aalee, jyacha arth assa hota qee purv zhejiang kalwa eka mahattvacha nauvahan marg banala. yuan rajgharanyapasun (1271-1368) king rajgharanyaparyant (1644-1912), purvekadil zhejiang kalvyache visheshadhikar gele parantu too naukanayanyogya rahila. alikadachya varshant, vahatukichya naveen sadhananmule kalvyachi haloohaloo jaaga ghenyat aalee aahe. kalvyachi punarrachana 2002 madhye suru jhaali, 2007 paryant tee anshatah naukanayanyogya hotee aanee nutanikaran prakalp 2009 madhye purn jhaala, jaree 2013 chya akheriparyant ningbo vibhag naukanayanyogya navhata.
meey 2013 madhye, purv zhejiang kalwa rashtriy staravar sanrakshit pramukh aitihasik aanee sanskrutik sthalanchya satvya gatat soochibaddha karnyat aala aanee bhavya kalvyat samavisht karnyat aala. november 2008 madhye, beijing-hangzou bhavya kalvyacha vistar aanee bhavya kalwa aanee sagari resheem rastyamadhil marg mhanoon, purv zhejiang kalwa unescochya jaagtik varsa karyakramat namankan filemadhye thevanyat aala. 2014 madhye, beijing-hangzou grand kalwa aanee suee aanee tang grand kalvyasah, purv zhejiang kalwa eka jaagtik varsa sthal banala.
unchi.
jaree haah kalwa nammatra paach nadee pranalinchya panlot kshetranna olandat asala, taree pratyakshat yateel farak itka qamee aahe qee tyat fakt ekach shikhar vibhag aahe. kalvyachya talavachi unchi hangzou yethe samudraspatipasun 1 meater khalee aanee tyachya shikharavar 38.5 meater varr badalate. beijing yethe, tee 27 meetarparyant pohochate, jeey dongaranmadhun paschimekade khalchya dishene vahana pravahanni bharate. heey paanee bijingmadhun tianjinkade, nanavangpasun uttarekade tianjinkade aanee nanavangpasun dakshinekade yangzoukade vahate. jiangnan kalvyatil panyachi patali samudraspatipasun kvachitach varr rahate (zenziang parvatshreni yangtze nadipeksha 12 meater unch aahe).
vapar.
vahtook.
tangpasoon teey king rajvanshanparyant, grand kalwa haah uttar aanee dakshin chinmadhil mukhya dhamani mhanoon kaam karat hota aanee beijingla dhanya vahoon nenyasathi aavashyak hota. jaree tyacha vapar pramukhyane dhanya pathvanyasathi keela jaat asala, taree tyane itar vastunchi vahatookahi kelee aanee kalvyachya bajoone asalela margika eka mahattvacha aarthik patta mhanoon vikasit jhaala. nondi darshavtat qee, tyachya unchivar asatana, darvarshi 8,000 hoon adhik boaty chaar teey saath dashalaksh danne (240,000-360,000 metrik tunn) dhanya vahoon nett asat. vahatukichya soyimule shasakanna dakshin chinmadhye tapasani daunyanche netrutva karnyas dekhil saksham kele. king rajvanshachya kalat, kangshi aanee kianlong samratanni dakshinekade baaraa feiiah kelya, parantu eka pherii hangzoula pohochali.
bhavya kalvyamule chinchya uttar aanee dakshin bhagat sanskrutik devanghevan aanee rajkiy ekatmata dekhil shakya jhaali. yaa kalvyane chinchya suruvatichya kahee europeey paryatkanvarhi eka vegala prabhav padala. marco polone 13 vya shatkatil bhavya kalvyache kamanidar pool tasech godame aanee tyachya shaharancha samruddha vyapar sangitala. prasiddha roman catholic missionary mattio richine 16vya shatkachya akheris kalvyachya bajoone nanjingpasun bijingparyant pravas keela.
1949 madhye chean prajasattakachya sthapanepasun, yaa kalvyacha vapar pramukhyane vita, kankari, valoo, dizzell aanee kolasa yasarkhya mothya pramanat mothya pramanat vastoonchya vahatukisathi keela jaat aahe. yangtzvaril gianbi jahajache kuloop sadhya darvarshi kahee 75,000,000 tunn hatalatat aanee pudhil kahee varshant lii kalwa 100,000,000 tanparyant pohochanyacha andaj aahe. jevha pahilyanda kalwa bandhala gela, tevha too uttar aanee dakshin chinala jodanara vahatukicha eka pramukh srot mhanoon kaam karat hota. aadhunik chinmadhye drutagati marg, railway aanee vegwan railway suru jhalyamule kalvyatil pravasi pravas khoopach qamee samanya jhaala.
sadhya jahaje keval jiningparyant pravas karoo shakatat. pivalya naditoon gaal jamaa jhalyamule aanee panyachya strotanchya abhavamule jinning teey bijingparyantcha vibhag vahatukisathi upalabdh nahee. taiaanparyantchi vahtook purvavat karnyachya yojana aahet.
dakshin-uttar jaal hastantaran prakalp.
dakshin-uttar jaal hastantaran prakalpacha purv marg mhanoon kaam karnyasathi sadhya bhavya kalvyache aadhunikikaran kele jaat aahe. yangtzemadhun atirikt pramanat paanee jiangadu shaharatil kalvyat odhale jaeel, jithe 1980 chya dashakat aadhich eka vishal pumping station bandhale gele hote aanee nantar tyaa margavar pumping stationdware aanee pivalya nadichya khalee bogdyadvare chadhanavar paanee bharale jaate, jithun teey tiyanjinjavalachya jalashayanmadhye utaravar jaau shakate. purvekadil margache bandhkam 27 december 2002 roji adhikrutpane suru jhaale aanee 2012 paryant paanee tianjinparyant pohochanar hote. tathapi, jaal pradushanamule yaa prakalpachya vyavharyatevar parinam jhaala aahe.
ullekhaneey pravasi.
1169 madhye, chean uttarekadil jurchenchya netrutvakhalil jiin rajvansh aanee dakshinekadil dakshin geet rajvansh yanchyat vibhagala gela, tevha dakshinekadil geet samrat shiaozongne tyanchya shaskala naveen varshasathi shubhechha denyasathi eka shishtmandal jurchenla pathavale. shishtamandalache sachiv, lau yue navachya eka vidwan-adhikaone, jyacha barachsa bhag bhavya kalvyavar karnyat aala hota, too pravas nondavala aanee paratalyavar samratala tyachi 'uttarekadil pravasachi diary' sadar kelee.
1170 madhye, kavee, rajkarani aanee itihaskar luu yuu yanni shoxingpasoon yangtse nadiparyantchya bhavya kalvyachya bajoone pravas keela aanee tyanchi pragati eka dindarshiket nondavali.
1200 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, marco polone chinmadhun mothya pramanavar pravas keela aanee tyachya dauyanmadhye grand kalvyacha samavesh hota, joou nantar resheem, cheeni matiche bhande aanee daroo pathvanyasathi eka pramukh marg hota.
1345 madhye, arab pravasi ibn batoota yane cheencha pravas keela aanee abey hayat naditoon (bhavya kalwa) rajdhani khanbalik (beijing) paryant pravas keela.
1488 madhye, jahaj kosalalelya corian vidwan choo buu yanni zhejiangpasun beijingla (aanee koriyala) jaatana bhavya kalvyachya sampoorn lambicha pravas keela aanee tyanchya pravasacha tapshilvar tapasheel deela.
1600 madhye, mattio richine tatkalin chinmadhil kendra sarkarmadhil vidhee mandalache sanchalak wang zongade yanchya madatine ming rajvanshachya vanali samratacha pathimba midvanyasathi nanjinghoon bhavya kalwa jalmargadware beijingla pravas keela.
1793 madhye, jeholmadhil mothya pramanat nishfal rajnaitik mohimenantar, laurd mccartneychya dutavasacha motha bhag bhavya kalvyadvare dakshinekade yangtze tribhuj pradeshat paratala.
1848 madhye, robbert fortune chahachya vanaspatinchya shodhat grand canalchya kathavar hang chau phoo yethe pohochala.