
bosnia aanee herzegovinache ghatanatmak nyayalay

bosnia aanee herzegovinache ghatanatmak nyayalay () heey bosnia aanee harzegovinachya ghataneche dubhashiya aanee palak aahe, done sansthanchi ghatanatmak nyayalaye aanee bosnia aanee herzegovinache nyayalay yasah deshatil itar konatyahi nyayalayachya nirnayamule udbhavananya muddyanvar tyache apeal adhikarkshetra aahe.
itihas.
bosnia aanee herzegovina heey samajvadi vyavasthepasun sankraman jhalelya deshache eka durmil udaharan dete, jyala tarihi ghatanatmak nyayalay asalyacha itihas aahe, kaaran purvicha yugoslavia haah ekmev desh hota jyachyakade aadhipasunach samajvadi shasankalat ghatanatmak nyayalayanchi vyavastha hotee. purvichya yugoslaviamadhil pahile ghatanatmak nyayalay 1963 chya suruvatilach tayar karnyat aale hote. hii tarikh bosnia aanee harzegovinamadhil ghatanatmak nyayalayachya itihasachya suruvatichya tappyashi julali. purvichya ess. fraichya sanghiy sanrachanenusar, keval sanghiy staravar ghatanatmak nyayalayach navhate, tarr majee yugoslavia visarjit honyapurvi, sahaa prajasattak aanee agadi done swayatt prant-kosovo aanee vojavodina-yanchi swatachi ghatanatmak nyayalaye dekhil hotee.
1963 chya sanvidhananusar 15 februwari 1964 roji bosnia aanee harzegovinachya ghatanatmak nyayalayachi prathamach sthapana karnyat aalee. 1974 chya sanvidhanat tyachya astitvachi pushti karnyat aalee. yaa ghatanatmak nyayalayachya adhikarkshetrat pramukhyane amoort manak niyantran hote. asha prakare, teey (prajasattakachya) kayadyanche sanvidhanashi susangatata aanee itar niyam aanee samanya aanee swayam-vyavasthapan kayadyanchi ghatanatmakata aanee kayadeshirata yabaddal nirnay gheil. prajasattak aanee itar rajkiy-pradeshik ghatak yanchyatil vaad, visheshtah nyayalaye aanee rajkiy-pradeshik ghatakanchya itar sansthanmadhil adhikarkshetratil sangharshanche nirakaran karnyasathi dekhil aavahan kele jaeel. ghatanatmak nyayalayavaril kayada' yaa ghatanatmak nyayalayasamor sanstha, adhikarkshetra aanee karyapaddhatishi sambandhit muddyanche niyaman karato.
dayton shantata kararamadhye ghatanatmak nyayalayachi bhoomika aanee adhikarkshetrachi punarnirdharan karnyat aalee (parishisht 4-bosnia aanee harzegovinachi ghatana, kalam 6).
adhikarkshetra.
sarvasadharanpane, ghatanatmak nyayalayache adhikarkshetra sanvidhanachya kalam 6 aanee 4 antargat paribhashit kele aahe. bosnia aanee harzegovinachya sanvidhanache 'samarthan' karnyachya tyachya pramukh kartvyachya antargat, tyat paach prakarche adhikarkshetra aahe. pathpurava karanyachi karyavahi aanee nirnay denyacha prakar sambandhit prakar aanee prakaranachya swarupavar avalambun asel.
moolatah, yaa vividh prakarchya adhikarkshetranmadhil farak haah ghatanatmak nyayalayacha, ghatanatmakata kayam thevanyachya shastriy karyabarobarach, kahee prakarchya vadanmadhye, sambandhit nyayik kinwa vidhimandal pradhikaranashi adhik thet sambandh aahe yavar aadharit aahe.
adhikarkshetrachya sangharshakhali aanee ghatanatmaktechya amoort punaravalokanakhali udbhavnare vivad.
adhikarkshetrachya sangharshakhali udbhavnare vivad
ghatanatmak nyayalayala sanvidhanantargat astitvanmadhye kinwa bosnia aanee herzegovina aanee astitva kinwa astitvanmadhye kinwa bosnia aanee harzegovinachya sansthanmadhye udbhavananya konatyahi vadacha nirnay ghenyache vishesh adhikarkshetra aahe. parinami, nyayalayala adhikarkshetrachya sakaratmak kinwa nakaratmak sangharshanvar kinwa rajya aanee astitva pradhikaran aanee/kinwa bosnia aanee harzegovinachya sansthanmadhil sambandhankhali udbhavu shakananya itar konatyahi vivadanvar nirnay ghyava lagato.
kayadyanchya ghatanatmakatecha aadhava
ekhadya sansthechya sanvidhanachi konatihi tartud kinwa sansthecha kayada bosnia aanee harzegovinachya sanvidhanashi susangat aahe qee nahee yaa muddyanvar ghatanatmak nyayalayache adhikarkshetra aahe.
jaree, bosnia aanee harzegovinachi ghatana spashtapane keval 'ekhadya sansthechya kayadyachya tartudinvar' laksh kendrit karate, taree heey bosnia aanee harzegovinachya ghataneche samarthan karnyachya nyayalayachya samanya karyanusar bosnia aanee harzegovinachya kayadyanchya ghatanatmakatecha aadhava dekhil soochit karate.
vishesh prakarananmadhye, bosnia aanee harzegovinachya sarvbhaumatva aanee pradeshik akhandateshi sambandhit tartudinsah shejaril rajyashi vishesh samantar sambandh prasthapit karnyacha ekhadya sansthecha nirnay sanvidhanashi susangat aahe qee nahee heey tapasanyache adhikarkshetra dekhil nyayalayakade aahe.
vivadancha sandarbh
donhi sadar kelelya prakarananmadhye, sanvidhananusar, vivad keval khaleel adhikrut pakshandvare nirdeshit kele jaau shakatatah adhyakshapadacha sadasya, mantrimandal adhyaksh, sansadiy sabhechya konatyahi sabhagruhache adhyaksh kinwa upadhyaksh, sansadiy sabhechya konatyahi sabhagruhachya eka chaturthansh sadasya kinwa ekhadya sansthechya vidhimandalachya konatyahi sabhagruhachya eka chaturthansh sadasya.
apeal adhikarkshetra.
ghatanatmak nyayalayache apeal adhikarkshetra ghatanatmak taratudidvare sthapit kele jaate, jyanusar ghatanatmak nyayalayala "bosnia aanee harzegovinamadhil itar konatyahi nyayalayachya nikalamule udbhavananya yaa sanvidhanantargat asalelya mudyanvar apeal adhikarkshetra asel".
yacha arth ghatanatmak nyayalay hii deshatil sarvoch nyayik sanstha aahe. heey rajyaghatanet namood kelelya adhikaranchya aanee swatantryanchya sanrakshanasathi vishesh sansthatmak suraksha mhanoon tyachya bhoomikechi pushti karate.
hii tartud ghatanatmak nyayalayachya niyamandware lagoo kelee jaate, tyamule nyayalayala apeal yogyaritya siddha jhalele aadhalalyas teey donpaiki eka margane kaam karoo shakateh nyayalay purn adhikarkshetra asalele nyayalay mhanoon kaam karoo shakate aanee teey gunavattevar nirnay gheu shakate kinwa aavhanatmak nirnay radd karoo shakate aanee khatala navyane karyavahisathi nirnay swikaranaya nyayalayakade parat pathvu shakate. jyaa nyayalayacha nirnay radd karnyat aala aahe, tyane yogya karyavahit aanakhi eka nirnay ghene aavashyak aahe aanee asey kartana, apilkartyachya adhikaranchya aanee sanvidhanantargat hummy dilelya moolbhut swatantryanchya ullanghanababat ghatanatmak nyayalayachya kayadeshir matala teey bandhil asel.
apilkarte, jyanna asey vatate qee konatyahi nyayalayacha nirnay kinwa itar nirnay tyanchya adhikaranche ullanghan aahe, tyanna serve kayadeshir upay sampalyanantar apeal dakhal karnyacha adhikar aahe, tarr nyayalay sambhavya kayadeshir upayanchya parinamkaraktecha dekhil vichar karel.
itar nyayalayandware ekhadya samasyecha sandarbh.
jyaa kayadyachya vaidhatevar tyacha nirnay avalambun aahe, too kayada yaa sanvidhanashi, manavadhikaranvaril european adhiveshan aanee tyachya protocolshi kinwa bosnia aanee harzegovinachya kayadyanshi susangat aahe qee nahee, kinwa sarvajanik aantarrashtriy kayadyachya samanya niyamachya astitvashi kinwa vyaptishi sambandhit aahe, yaa sandarbhat bosnia aanee harzegovinamadhil konatyahi nyayalayane sandarbhit kelelya muddyanvar ghatanatmak nyayalayala adhikarkshetra aahe.
sarvasadharanpane, ghatanatmak nyayalay khalchya nyayalayachya nirnayashi sambandhit kayada kayam thevu shakate kinwa too avaidh ghoshit karoo shakate. nantarchya vyaktila ghatanatmak nyayalayachya nirnayanusar pudhe jaane aavashyak asel.
sansadiy vidhansabheche adthale door karane.
sanvidhanatmak nyayalayache adhikarkshetra, sanvidhanatmak lokanchya mahattvapoorn hitasathi vinashkaritechya samasyeshi sambandhit bosnia aanee harzegovinachya sansadiy sabhechya lokanchya sabhagruhachya kamat 'adthala' aananyachya prakaranat, anek prakare ghatanatmak nyayalayachya kriyakalapanche eka vaishishtyapurn kshetra darshavate, kaaran heey 'nyayik' aanee 'vidhimandal' adhikadhyanmadhil jawalche 'parasparsanvad' darshavate.
yetheel ghatanatmak nyayalay eka vadache nirakaran karate, jyamadhye loksabhetil teen ghatak lokanpaiki konatyahi ekache pratinidhitva karananya pratinidhinchya bahumatachya matey, sansadiy sabhecha prastavit nirnay haah mahattvapoorn rashtriy hitasathi vinashkari manla jaato, tarr tyach velee loksabhetil yaa samasyechya nirakaranasathi serve 'sansadiy sadhane' sampaleli aahet.
nyayalayachi rachana.
ghatanatmak nyayalayat nauu nyayadhish asatat, jyapaiki chaar bosnia aanee herzegovina mahasanghachya pratinidhinchya sabhagruhadvare nivadle jaatat, done ess. aar. pii. ess. keey. prajasattakachya rashtriy sabhedware nivadle jaatat aanee urvarit teen sadasyanchi nivad bosnia aanee harzegovinachya adhyakshanshi sallamasalat kelyanantar european manavadhikar nyayalayachya adhyakshandvare kelee jaate (lekh vi.1.a). 
sanvidhanat asehi mhatale aahe (kalam vi.1.b) qee nyayadhish heey "uchch naitik darjache pratishthit nyayshastradnya" asale pahijet aanee asey patra asalela konatahi patra matdar ghatanatmak nyayalayache nyayadhish mhanoon kaam karoo shakato. european manavadhikar nyayalayachya adhyakshanni nivadalele nyayadhish bosnia aanee herzegovinache kinwa konatyahi shejaril rajyache nagrik asoo shakat naheet.
suruvatila niyukt jhalelya nyayadhishancha karyakal paach varshancha hota aanee teey punarniyuktisathi patra navhate. tyanantar niyukt jhalele nyayadhish vayachya 70 vya varshaparyant seva deu shakat hote, joparyant tyanni rajinama deela nahee kinwa itar nyayadhishanchya ekmatane karanastav tyanna kadhoon takale gele nahee. sanvidhanat asehi mhatale aahe qee nyayadhishanchya prarambhik niyuktinantar paach varshanhun adhik kaal kelelya niyuktyansathi, european manavadhikar nyayalayachya adhyakshanni nivadalelya teen nyayadhishanchya nivadichya vegalya paddhatisathi sansadiy sabha kayadyadvare tartud karoo shakate, tathapi tyat adyap badal jhalela nahee.
rajyaghatanet nyayalayatil 'ghatak lokanchya' pramanbaddhatechi aavashyakta nahee, tathapi eka ghatanatmak pratha vikasit kelee gelee aahe jyadvare ghatanatmak nyayalayat teen paradeshi nyayadhishanvyatirikt pratyek ghatak lokanmadhun (bosniac, serb aanee crot) done nyayadhish asavet.
nyayalayachi sadhyachi rachanah
majee nyayadhishah
jyaa prakare nyayadhishanchi nivad kelee jaate tyamule gelya kahee varshanpasun vaad nirman jhaale aahet. nyayadhish heey "uchch naitik darjache pratishthit nyayshastradnya" asavet yaa nikashanvyatirikt itar konatehi nikash kinwa aupcharik margdarshak tattve naslyamule, yamule ashee paristhiti nirman jhaali aahe qee rashtriy ghatanatmak nyayalayache nyayadhish hone sope aahe tarr khalchya nyayalayache nyayadhish, kaaran tyaa padavar adhik aavashyakta aanee tapasanichi vishisht prakriya aahe. nyayadhishanchya niyuktimadhye rajkiy prabhavacha motha vaataa asato, tyamule atyant sakriy rajkiy vahak asalelya vyaktinchi nivad sadhyachya nyayadhish seeda palavrik aanee mirsad chiman (ess. dii. aii. pakshache dirghakalin sadasya) kinwa krastan simik (nivad honyapurvi ess. aine. ess. dii. pakshache sadasya) yansarkhya sansthanchya sansadedvare kelee jaate. nyayadhish krastan simik yanna tyanchya pakshachya majee netyabarobarchya vadgrast patravyavaharamule nantar itar nyayadhishanchya ekmatane nyayalayatun badtarf karnyat aale.
ullekhaneey nirnay.
lokanchya matdarsanghavaril nirnay haah bosnia aanee harzegovinachya ghatanatmak nyayalayacha aitihasik khatala aahe, joou prajasattak srpaskachya sanvidhanachya susangatateche aanee bosnia aanee harzegovinachya sanvidhanasah bosnia aanee harzegovinachya mahasanghachya sanvidhanache moolyankan karnyasathi sthapan keela gela aahe. chaar aanshik nirnay 2000 saalee ghenyat aale, jyadvare sansthanchya sanvidhanatil anek kalame asanvaidhanik asalyache aadhalun aale, jyacha bosnia aanee harzegovinachya rajkaranavar motha parinam jhaala, kaaran nyayalayachya nirnayasah deshatil sadhyachya sthitishi julavun ghenyachi garaj hotee. arjdarachya bajoone alp bahumat (5-4) hote.
yaa vastuche aupcharik naav "yuu-5/98" aahe, parantu bosnia aanee harzegovinachya sanvidhanachya prastavnet vaparlya gelelya "ghatak lock" yaa vakyanshachya mahattvabaddal nyayalayachya vyakhyecha sandarbh dett, too "lokanchya matdarsanghavaril nirnay" () mhanoon vyapakpane olakhala jaato. nyayalayasamor aalelya itar ullekhaneey prakaranansathihi haah nirnay aadhar hota.