
sansarg

sansarg mhanje rogjankandware uutinvar aakraman karane, tyancha gunakar aanee yazman uutinchi sansargjanya ghatak aanee teey nirman karatat tyaa vishari padarthanvar pratikriya. sansargjanya rog, jyala sansargjanya rog kinwa sansargjanya rog asehi mhanatat, haah sansargamule honara aajaar aahe.
sansarg haah rogjankanchya vistrut shrenimule houu shakato, jyat sarvat mahattvache mhanje jivanu aanee vishanu. yazman tyanchya rogpratikarak pranalicha vapar karoon sansargashi ladhu shakatat. sastan pranyanche yazman sansargas janmajat pratisad detat, jyat anekada jaljal hote, tyanantar anukool pratisad asato.
sansargavar upchar karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya vishisht aushadhanmadhye pratijaivike, vishanuvirodhi, burshivirodhi, pratiprotojol aanee kruminashakancha samavesh hoto. 2013 madhye sansargjanya roganmule 92 laakh mrutyu jhaale (ekoon mrutyunpaiki sumare 17 takke). sansargachya roganvar laksh kendrit karananya aushadhachya shakhela sansargjanya rog mhanatat.
prakar.
sansarg sansargjanya ghatakanmule (rogjankanmule) hoto, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
chinhe aanee lakshane.
sansargachi chinhe aanee lakshane rogachya prakaravar avalambun asatat. sansargachi kahee chinhe samanyatah sampoorn shariravar parinam karatat, jase qee thakwa, bhook naan lagane, vajan qamee hone, taap, ratri gham yene, thandi, vedna aanee vedna. itar vishisht sharirachya vegvegalya bhagansathi asatat, jase qee tvachevar pural padane, khokala yene kinwa naak vahane.
kahee prakarananmadhye, sansargjanya rog heey dilelya yajmanamadhye tyanchya bahutek kinwa agadi sampoorn abhyaskramasathi lakshanrahit asoo shakatat. nantarchya prakaranat, rogachi vyakhya keval yajmananmadhye 'rog' (jyacha vyakhyenusar arth aajaar) mhanoon kelee jaau shakate, jeey lakshan nasalelya vahakachya samparkanantar duyyampane aajari padatat. sansarg haah sansargjanya rogacha samanarthi shabd nahee, kaaran kahee sansarganmule yajmanamadhye aajaar hott nahee.
jivanu kinwa vishanujanya.
jivanu aanee vishanujanya sansarg donhi ekach prakarchi lakshane nirman karoo shakatat, tyamule vishisht sansargache kaaran konate heey olakhane katheen asoo shakate. yaa doghanmadhye farak karane mahatvache aahe, kaaran vishanujanya sansarg pratijaivikandware barey kele jaau shakat naheet tarr jivanujanya sansarg houu shakatat.
pathophysiology.
sansargas lagoo honari ghatananchi eka samanya sakhali aahe, jyala kadhikadhi sansargachi sakhali kinwa sankraman sakhali mhanatat. ghatananchya sakhalimadhye anek payya samavisht asatat, jyat sansargjanya ghatak, jalashay, atisanvedanshil yajmanamadhye pravesh karane, baher padane aanee naveen yajmananmadhye sankraman yancha samavesh hoto. sansarg vikasit honyasathi pratyek duva kalkramanusar asane aavashyak aahe. yaa payya samajoon ghetalyane aarogya seva karmcharyanna sansargala lakshya karnyas aanee too honyapasoon prathamatah rokhanyas madat hote.
vasahatikaran.
jevha ekhada jeev yashasviritya sharirat pravesh karato, vadhato aanee vadhato tevha sansarg suru hoto. yala vasahatvad mhanatat. bahutek manavanna sahajpane sansarg hott nahee. jyaa lokanchi rogpratikarak shakti kamkuvat kinwa kamkuvat jhaali aahe, tyanna dirghakalin kinwa satatchya sansargachi shakyata vadhate. jyaa vyaktinchi rogpratikarak shakti dadapali jaate tyaa visheshtah sandhisadhu sansargas balee padanyachi shakyata asate. yazman-rogjankanchya aantarprushthavar yajmanakade pravesh, samanyatah shleshmaladvare tondawate pokali, naak, dolhe, jananendriya, guddwar yasarkhya chhidranmadhye hoto kinwa sukshmajiv khulya jakhmandware pravesh karoo shakato. kahee jeev praveshachya suruvatichya thikani vadhu shakatat, tarr anek sthalantarit hotat aanee vegvegalya avayavanmadhye pranaligat sansarg ghadavun aanatat. kahee rogjanke yazman peshinmadhye (antahkoshikiy) vadhatat tarr itar sharirik dravpadarthanmadhye muktapane vadhatat.
jakhamechya vasahatikaran mhanje jakhametil naan-pratikruti sukshmajiv, tarr sankramit jakhmanmadhye pratikruti karnare jeev astitvat asatat aanee ootee jakhami hotat. serve bahukoshikiy jivanche kahee pramanat bahya jivandware vasahat kele jaate aanee yapaiki bahusankhya ektar yajmanabarobarchya paraspar kinwa samaan sambandhat astitvat aahet. pahilyache udaharan mhanje avayaviy jivanu prajati, jyaa sastan pranyanchya bruhadantrat vasahat karatat aanee nantarche udaharan mhanje manvi tvachevar astitvat asalelya stephylococchya vividh prajati. yapaiki konatyahi vasahatila sansarg manale jaat nahee. sansarg aanee vasahatikaran yateel farak haah bahudha keval paristhiticha vishay asato. rogkarak nasalele jeev vishisht paristhiti pahata rogkarak banoo shakatat aanee agadi sarvat vishari jiwalahi tadjod karnara sansarg honyasathi kahee paristhitinchi aavashyakta asate. kahee vasahatvadi jivanu, jase qee "corinebacteria sp."aanee" "viridance streptococci", "rogjanak jivanunche sanlagnata aanee vasahatikaran rokhatat aanee asha prakare yajmanabarobar sahajeevi sambandh thevatat, jyamule sansarg rokhata yeto aanee jakham lavkar bharoon nighate.
rogjankachya lasikaranamule yajmanala honanya parinamanmadhye samavisht asalele badal aanee antim parinamanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
udaharanarth, anek stephylococcal prajati tvachevar nirupadravi rahatat, parantu jevha sandhe kinwa peritoniumchya capsulsarkhya samanyatah nirjantukikaran jaaget asatat, tevha pratikar naan karata gunakar karatat aanee haanee pohochavtat.
eka manoranjak vastusthiti mhanje gass chromatography-maas spectrometry, 16 chey ribosomal aar. aine. aii. vishleshan, aumics aanee itar pragat tantradnyanane alikadachya dashakanmadhye manavanna adhik spasht kele aahe qee sukshmajiv vasahatikaran agadi asha vatavaranat dekhil khoop samanya aahe jyala manav jawaljawal nirjantukikaran manato. jivanu vasahatikaran hone samanya asalyane, konatya junat jakhamanche sansargit mhanoon vargikaran kele jaau shakate aanee pragaticha dhoka kitee aahe heey jaanun ghene katheen aahe. vaidyakeey vyavharat mothya sankhyene jakhama disalya asoonahi, moolyamapan keleli lakshane aanee chinhe yasathi maryadit darjachi mahitee aahe. american medical associationchya 'tarksangat vaidyakeey tapasani malike' chya niyatkalikat junat jakhamanchya punaravalokanat sansargache soochak mhanoon vadhiv vedaneche mahatva mojale gele. punaravalokanat asey disun aale aahe qee sarvat upayukt nishkarsh mhanje vedanechya patalitil vaadh [sambhavyata gunottar (ell. aar.) shreni, 11-20] sansarg honyachi shakyata jaast karate, parantu vedanecha abhav (nakaratmak sambhavyata gunottar shreni, 0.64-0.88) sansargas nakar dett nahee (saransh ell. aar. 0.64-0.88).
rog.
yajmananchya sanrakshanatmak rogpratikarak yantraneshi tadjod kelee gelee aanee jeev yajmanala haanee pohochavat asel tarr rog udbhavu shakato. sukshmajiv vividh prakarche vishari padarth kinwa vidhvansak enzymes sodalyane uutinche nuksan karoo shakatat. udaharanarth, "clostridium tetani" snayunna ardhangvayu denare vish sodate aanee staphylococcus asey vish sodate jyamule dhakka aanee sepsis nirman hoto. serve sansargjanya ghatak serve yajmananmadhye rog nirman karat naheet. udaharanarth, poliochi lagan jhalelya 5 takkyanpeksha qamee vyaktinna rog hoto. dusarikade, kahee sansargjanya ghatak atyant vishari asatat. weddy gayicha rog aanee cretzfelt-jakob rogas karanibhoot asalela prion haah sansarg jhalelya serve pranyancha aanee lokancha nehmich mrutyu karato.
suruvatichya sansarganantar shareer jivanna swachchh karoo shakat naslyamule satatche sankraman hote. satatche sankraman heey sansargjanya jivachi satat upasthiti, anekada sakriy sansargachya adhunmadhun punaravrutti honanya supt sansarg mhanoon darshavile jaate. kahee vishanu aahet jeey sharirachya vegvegalya peshinna sankramit karoon satat sansarg tikavoon thevu shakatat. kahee vishanu ekada prapt jhaale qee teey kadhihi shariratoon baher padat naheet. eka vaishishtyapurn udaharan mhanje nageen vishanu, joou majjatantunmadhye lapoon rahato aanee vishisht paristhiti udbhavate tevha punha sakriy hoto.
satatchya sansargamule darvarshi jagbharat lakho mrutyu hotat. anek avikasit deshanmadhye parajivindware honare junat sansarg heey uchch rugnata aanee mrutyudarasathi karanibhoot asatat.
prasaran.
itar yajmananmadhye sansarg chakr punha suru karnyasathi aanee jiwant rahnyasathi jivanna sankramit karnyasathi, tyanni (kinwa tyanchya santatine) vidyaman jalashay sodala pahije aanee itaratra sansarg ghadavun aanala pahije. sansarg sankraman anek sambhavya marganni houu shakateh
vishanu viruddha sankramankshamta' yanchyatil sambandh guntagunticha aahe; abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee doghanmadhye konatahi spasht sambandh navhata. vishanujanyata aanee sankramankshamta yanchyatil sambandh anshatah soochit karnare thodese purave ajunahi aahet.
nidan.
sansargjanya rogachya nidanamadhye kadhikadhi pratyaksh kinwa apratyakshapane sansargjanya ghatak olakhane samavisht asate. vyavharat, chamkhil, tvachevaril phood, shwasan pranaliche sankraman aanee atisar yasarkhe bahutek kirkol sansargjanya rog tyanchya vaidyakeey sadarikaranadware nidan kele jaatat aanee vishisht karak karkachya mahitishivay tyanchyavar upchar kele jaatat. rogachya karanabaddalache nishkarsh heey rugna ekhadya vishisht ghatakachya samparkat yenyachi shakyata, samudayatil sukshmajivachi upasthiti aanee itar mahamarishastriy babinvar aadharit aahet. puresha prayatnanmule, serve dnyat sansargjanya ghatak visheshtah olakhale jaau shakatat. tathapi, olakhanyache fayade anekada kharchapeksha jaast asatat, kaaran anekada konatehi vishisht upchar nasatat, kaaran spasht asate kinwa sansargacha parinam saumya asato.
sansargjanya rogache nidan jawaljawal nehmich vaidyakeey itihas aanee sharirik tapasanidvare suru kele jaate. adhik tapshilvar olakh tantranmadhye rugnachya sansargjanya ghatakanchi sanvardhana samavisht asate. sanwardhan sansargjanya jivanna tyanchya sookshm vaishishtyanche parikshan karoon, rogjankandware utpadit padarthanchi upasthiti shodhun aanee jivanna tyanchya genotypedware thet olakhoon tyanchi olakh patvu dete. sansargjanya ghatakachya vadhimule udbhavananya antargat vikrutinchya pratima tayar karnyasathi itar tantre (udaharanarth ksh-kiran, manjar scan, paliv pranyanche scan kinwa aine. emm. aar.) vaparali jaatat. pratima, udaharanarth, hadantil phood kinwa priyondware tayar jhalelya spongiform encephalopathy shodh ghenyasathi upayukt aahet.
lakshananche nidan.
sansargjanya rog asalelya konatyahi vyaktimadhye disanari lakshane nidanas madat karatat, tarihi sanshay siddha karnyasathi sahasa atirikt nidan tantranchi aavashyakta asate. kahee chinhe visheshtah vaishishtyapurn aanee rogache soochak asatat aanee tyanna pathognomonic chinhe mhanatat; parantu hii durmil aahet. serve sansarg heey lakshanatmak nasatat.
mulanmadhye cyanosis, jalad shwas, kharab paridhiy perfusion kinwa petekiyal puralanchi upasthiti gambhir sansargacha dhoka 5 patinni vadhavate. itar mahattvachya nirdeshkanmadhye palakanchi chinta, vaidyakeey antahprerana aanee 40°seey. peksha jaast tapman yancha samavesh hoto.
sukshmajiv sanwardhan.
rognidanasathiche anek marg sukshmajivashastriy sanvardhanavar avalambun asatat, jeey rogjanakache yogya vaidyakeey namunyapasun vegale karatat. sukshmajiv sanvardhanamadhye, vishisht ghatkasathi vadhiche madhyam pradan kele jaate. sambhavya roggrast ootee kinwa dravpadarthatun ghetalelya namunyachi nantar tyaa madhyamat vadhanyas saksham asalelya sansargjanya ghatakachya upasthitisathi chachani kelee jaate. anek rogkarak jivanu poshak aagarvar sahaj vadhatat, jeey ghan madhyamacha eka prakar aahe jeey vadhisathi aavashyak karbodke aanee prathine puravatat, tasech bharpur pramanat paanee puravatat. ekach jivanu platechya prushthbhagavar drishyaman tekadyat vadhel jyala collany mhanatat, jeey itar vasahatinpasun vegale kele jaau shakate kinwa ekatra 'lonn' madhye misalale jaau shakate. vasahaticha aakar, rung, aakar aanee swaroop heey jivanunchya prajatinche, tyachya vishisht anuvanshik rachaneche (tyacha taana) aanee tyachya vadhis aadhar denare vatavaran yanche vaishishtya aahe. olakh patavanyasathi madat karnyasathi itar ghatak anekada thalit jodale jaatat. platesmadhye asey padarth asoo shakatat jeey kahee jivanunchya vadhis parvanagi detat aanee itaranchya navhe, kinwa jeey vishisht jivanunchya pratisadat rung badaltat aanee itaranchya nahee. yasarkhya jivanushastriy pattyancha vapar samanyatah sansargjanya jivanu olakhanyasathi keela jaato. sukshmajiv sanwardhan heey vishanu olakhanyasathi dekhil vaparale jaau shakateh madhyam, yaa prakaranat, sanvardhanamadhye vadhalelya peshi aahet jyamule vishanu sankramit karoo shakato aanee nantar badaloo kinwa maroo shakato. vishanuchi olakh patnyachya babatit, mrut peshincha eka bhag vishanuchya vadhimule hoto aanee tyala 'plake' mhanatat. eukariotic parjivi heey vishisht ghatak olakhanyache sadhan mhanoon sanvardhanamadhye dekhil vadhavale jaau shakatat.
yogya plate sanwardhan tantrachya anupasthitit, kahee sukshmajivanna jiwant pranyanmadhye sanwardhan aavashyak asate. jaree raktavahinyansambandhi aanee sookshm tantre jiwant pranyancha vapar anavashyak banavtat, taree 'mycobacterium lepre' aanee 'traponema pallidum' sarkhe jivanu pranyanmadhye vadhavale jaau shakatat. samanyatah sanwardhan kinwa pranyanchya vadhisathi paryay vaparoon vishanu dekhil olakhale jaatat. kahee vishanu garbhatil andyanmadhye vadhavale jaau shakatat. olakhanyachi aanakhi eka upayukt paddhat mhanje zenodiagnosis kinwa sansargjanya ghatakachya vadhis aadhar denyasathi vectorcha vapar. chagas rog heey sarvat mahattvache udaharan aahe, kaaran rugnanmadhye 'trypanosoma kruzi' yaa karak ghatakachi upasthiti thet darshavine katheen aahe, jyamule nidan nishchitpane karane katheen hote. yaa prakaranat, zenodiagnosismadhye chagas agent teechya vectorcha vapar samavisht aahe. kruzi, "eka asankramit tritomine bugg, joou sansargit asalyacha sanshay asalelya vyaktikadoon rakt sevan karato. nantar teechya vadhisathi bagchi tapasani kelee jaate. tyachya aatadyat 'cruzie'.
sukshmadarshika.
sansargjanya rogachya nidanatil aanakhi eka pramukh sadhan mhanje sukshmadarshika. varr charcha keleli jawaljawal serve sanwardhan tantre, sansargjanya ghatakachi nishchit olakh patvinyasathi, kahee tappyavar sookshm tapasanivar avalambun asatat. sukshmadarshika hii sanyug prakash sukshmadarshakasarkhya sadhya upkarananni kinwa electron sukshmadarshakaevadhich guntaguntichi upkarananni kelee jaau shakate. rugnankadun midavalele namune thet prakash sukshmadarshakakhali pahile jaau shakatat aanee anekada teey vegane olakh patvu shakatat. sukshmadarshakacha vapar anekada jaivarasayanik daag lavnyachya tantrashi dekhil keela jaato aanee pratipinde aadharit tantranchya sanyogane vaparlyas utkrushtapane vishisht keela jaau shakato. udaharanarth, krutrimaritya fluorescent banavalelya pratipindancha (fluorescently label kelelya pratipinde) vapar rogjankanvar asalelya vishisht pratijananshi bandhanyasathi aanee olakhanyasathi nirdeshit keela jaau shakato. tyanantar, pratidipti sukshmadarshakacha vapar, vaidyakeey namune kinwa susanskrut peshinmadhye antargat pratijananshi bandhalelya pratidi shodhanyasathi keela jaato. heey tantra vishanujanya roganchya nidanasathi visheshtah upayukt aahe, jethe prakash sukshmadarshika thet vishanu olakhanyat aksham aahe.
itar sookshm prakriya dekhil sansargjanya ghatak olakhanyas madat karoo shakatat. nakaratmak charge kelele cellular renu aanee rangavaril sakaratmak charge yanchyatil sthir vidyut aakarshanamule jawaljawal serve peshi sahajpane anek moolbhut ranganni dagatat. peshi samanyatah sukshmadarshakakhali pardarshak asate aanee daag vaparnyane tyachya parshvabhoomisah peshicha virodhabhas vadhato. jimesa daag kinwa sphatik jambhala yasarkhya rangane peshivar daag padalyane sukshmadarshakiyala tyacha aakar, aakar, antargat aanee bahya ghatak aanee itar peshinshi tyache sambandh varnan karata yetat. sukshmajivanchya vargikaran vargikaranamadhye dekhil vividh daganchya prakriyes jivanuncha pratisad vaparla jaato. chanyachya daag aanee aaml-jalad daag yaa done paddhati, jivanunche vargikaran karnyasathi aanee rogache nidan karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya manak paddhati aahet. chanyachya dagamule basilota aanee actinomycetota yaa jivanu gatanchi olakh hote, yaa donhimadhye anek mahattvapoorn manvi rogjanke asatat. aaml-jalad daag prakriya actinomycetota vansh "mycobacterium" aanee "nokardiya" olakhate.
jaivarasayanik chachanya.
sansargjanya ghatakanchi olakh patavanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya jaivarasayanik chachanyanmadhye vishisht sansargjanya ghatakache vaishishtya asalelya chayapachay kinwa utsechak utpadanancha shodh ghene samavisht aahe. jivanu tyanchya vansh aanee prajatinchya vaishishtyapurn namunyanmadhye karbodkanmadhe aambavani karat asalyane, kinwan utpadanancha shodh samanyatah jivanu olakhanyat vaparla jaato. jevha jivanu nivadak drav kinwa ghan madhyamanmadhye vadhavale jaatat tevha samanyatah yaa chachanyanmadhye aaml, alcohole aanee vayoo aadhaltat.
sankramit uutinmadhun utsechakanche pruthakkaran dekhil sansargjanya rogachya jaivarasayanik nidanacha aadhar pradan karoo shakate. udaharanarth, manav aar. aine. aii. pratikruti kinwa ulat pratilekhan tayar karoo shakat naheet aanee yaa enzymeschi upasthiti vaishishtyapurn aahe., vishisht prakarchya vishanujanya sansargache. jaree katekorpane bolayache jhaale tarr haemaglutinin heey "enzyme" nahee aanee tyache chayapachay karya nahee, taree hemaglutinin yaa vishanujanya prathinane laal raktpesheenna ekatra jodanyachi olakhanyayogya matrixmadhye asaleli kshamata hii vishanujanya sansargachi jaivarasayanik chachani mhanoon dekhil darshavili jaau shakate.
raktarsashastriy paddhati yaa atyant sanvedanshil, vishisht aanee anekada sukshmajiv olakhanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya atyant jalad chachanya asatat. yaa chachanya pratipindachya visheshtah pratijanala bandhanyachya kshamatevar aadharit asatat. pratijan, samanyatah sansargjanya agentdware tayar kelele prathine kinwa karbodkanmadhe, pratipinde bandhali jaatat. heey bandhan nantar ghatananchi eka sakhali suru karate jee chachanivar avalambun, vividh marganni spashtapane disu shakate. udaharanarth, 'strape throat' chey nidan anekada kahee minitant kele jaate aanee teey karak ghatakanni tayar kelelya pratijananchya swarupavar aadharit asate. piogenes, "jeey rugnachya ghashatoon kapasachya favaryasah kadhale jaate. raktarsashastriy chachanya, upalabdh asalyas, sahasa olakhanyacha pasantiche marg asatat, tathapi chachanya vikasit karane mahag asate aanee chachanimadhye vaparlya jaanarya abhikarmakanna anekada shitalikaran aavashyak asate. kahee raktarsashastriy paddhati atyant mahag asatat, jaree samanyatah vaparlya jaatat, udaharanarth "strape chachani", tyaa swast asoo shakatat.
jatil raktarsashastriy tantre vikasit kelee gelee aahet jyanna immunoese mhanatat. immunoese vidyut-chumbakeey kinwa kann kiranotsargacha sanket tayar karnyasathi aadhar mhanoon moolbhut pratipinde-pratijan bandhan vaparu shakatat, jeey kahee prakarchya upkarnandware shodhale jaau shakate. adnyat sanketanchi tulana lakshya pratijanche praman nirdharit karnyas anumati denanya mankanshi kelee jaau shakate. sansargjanya roganchya nidanat madat karnyasathi, immunoesses sansargjanya ghatakanmadhun kinwa sankramit jivadvare tayar jhalelya prathinanmadhun pratijan shodhu kinwa moju shakatat. udaharanarth, immunoese aii vishanuchya kanatoon prushthbhagavaril prathinanchi upasthiti shodhu shakate. dusarikade immunoese bii, jivanchya rogpratikarak pranalidware tayar kelelya pratipinde shodhu kinwa moju shakate, jyaa vishanula nishprabhavi karnyasathi aanee tyacha naash karnyas anumati denyasathi tayar kelya jaatat.
pratidravya-pratijan bandhanashi sambandhit duyyam pratikriyandware tayar kelele atyant lahan sanket vachanyasathi upkaranancha vapar keela jaau shakato. sansargjanya rogachya nidanasathi kifayatshir svayanchalit prakriya midvinyasathi, upkarnanmule namune ghene, abhikarmak vapar, pratikriyecha vel, sanket shodhane, parinamanchi ganana aanee mahitee vyavasthapan niyantrit karata yete.
pii. see. aar.-aadharit nidan.
polymerase cheen reaction (pii. see. aar.) paddhativar aadharit tantradnyan anek karananmule najikchya bhavishyatil nidanasathi jawaljawal sarvavyapi suvarn manke banatil. pratham, sansargjanya ghatakanchi yadee itaki vadhali aahe qee manvi loksankhyetil jawaljawal serve mahattvapoorn sansargjanya ghatak olakhale gele aahet. dusare mhanje, rog nirman karnyasathi manvi sharirat sansargjanya ghatak vadhane aavashyak aahe; rog nirman karnyasathi moolatah tyane swatache nucleic acid vadhavane aavashyak aahe. sankramit uutinmadhye nucleic acidche heey pravardhan pii. see. aar. vaparoon sansargjanya ghatak shodhanyachi sandhee dete. tisare, pii. see. aar., primer nirdeshit karnyasathi aavashyak sadhane, sansargjanya ghatakanchya genomemadhun ghetali jaatat aanee jarr tyaa genome aadhich nastil tarr kalantarane tyaa genomechi mahitee milel.
asha prakare, konatahi sansargjanya ghatak vegane aanee visheshtah shodhanyachi tantrik kshamata sadhya upalabdh aahe. nidanasathiche manak sadhan mhanoon pii. see. aar. chaa vapar karnyasathi uralele ekmev adthale tyachi kimmat aanee vaparat aahet, jyapaiki konatehi durr karane ashakya nahee. kahee roganchya nidanamule pii. see. aar. paddhatinchya vikasacha fayda honar nahee, jase qee kahee clostridial rog (dhanurvat aanee botulism). heey rog moolbhootpane atyant shaktishali neurotoxin tayar karananya sansargjanya jivanunchya tulanene qamee sankhyedvare jaivik vishari aahet. sansargjanya ghatakacha lakshaniy prasar hott nahee, yamule konatyahi jivanuchi upasthiti shodhanyachi pii. see. aar. chee kshamata maryadit hote.
metagenomic sequencing.
jivanu, vishanujanya, burshijanya, protozoal aanee helminthic rogjanakanchi vistrut shreni, jyamule durbal karnare aanee jivghene aajaar hotat, tyamule sansargache kaaran patkan olakhanyachi kshamata mahattvachi asali taree anekada aavhanatmak asate. udaharanarth, menduvar parinam karnara gambhir aajaar asalelya encephalitischi nimmyahoon adhik prakarane, kaljiche manak (sukshmajivashastriy sanwardhan) aanee atyadhunik vaidyakeey prayogshalechya paddhatincha vapar karoon vyapak chachani karoonahi nidan naan jhaleli rahatat. metagenomic sequencing-aadharit nidan chachanya sadhya vaidyakeey vaparasathi vikasit kelya jaat aahet aanee ekach sarvasamaveshak chachanicha vapar karoon sansargache nidan karnyacha eka sanvedanshil, vishisht aanee jalad marg mhanoon aashvasan darshavit aahet. hii chachani sadhyachya pii. see. aar. chachanyansarkhich aahe; tathapi, vishisht sansargjanya agentsathi prayamraivaji lakshya naan kelele sampoorn genome pravardhan vaparale jaate. yaa pravardhan tappyanantar pudhil pidhiche anukraman kinwa tisya pidhiche anukraman, sanrekhan tulana aanee hajaro rogjankanchya aanee samanya sandarbh genomechya mothya detabesacha vapar karoon vargikaran vargikaran kele jaate. ekach velee, rogjankanchya aanee plasmid genomemadhil roganurodhi pratirodhak januke anukramit kelee jaatat aanee vargikarandrushtya vargikrut rogjankanchya janukanshi sanrekhit kelee jaatat, jyamule roganurodhi pratikar profile tayar hote-pratijaivik sanvedansheelata chachanishi samaan-roganurodhi dekhrekh sulabh karnyasathi aanee rugnachya sansargasathi sarvat prabhavi aushadhancha vapar karoon upcharanchya anukulatesathi parvanagi denyasathi.
jevha rugna rogpratikarak shakti qamee karato tevha metagenomic sequencing nidanasathi visheshtah upayukt tharoo shakate. sansargjanya ghatakanchi satat vyapak shreni rogpratikarak shakti qamee karananya vyaktinna gambhir haanee pohochavu shakate, mhanoon vaidyakeey tapasani anekada vyapak asane aavashyak aahe. yavyatirikt, lakshananchi abhivyakti anekada asamanya asate, jyamule sadarikaranavar aadharit naidanik nidan adhik katheen hote. tisare mhanje, pratipinde shodhanyavar avalambun asalelya nidan paddhati ayashasvi honyachi shakyata jaast asate. mhanoon, serve dnyat manvi rogjankansathi jalad, sanvedanshil, vishisht aanee lakshya naan keleli chachani jee pratipindanaivaji jivachya dii. aine. aii. chee upasthiti shodhate, hii atyant isht aahe.
chachanyanche sanket.
sansargjanya ghatakachya vishisht olakhisathi sahasa sanket tevhach midato jevha ashee olakh rogachya upcharat kinwa pratibandhat madat karoo shakate kinwa prabhavi upcharatmak kinwa pratibandhatmak upay vikasit karnyapurvi aajarachya margache dnyan vadhavu shakate. udaharanarth, 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila, edschya upcharasathi aii. jha. tii. yenyapurvi, rugnachya raktachya namunyanchya rachnevar barkaine laksh thevun rogacha marg palala jaat asey, jaree parinam rugnala pudhil upchar paryay deu karnar nasla taree. kahee pramanat, vishisht samudayanmadhye etch. aay. vhee. chya swarupavaril yaa abhyasanmule vishanuchya sankramanachya margabaddalachya gruhitkanchya pragatila anumati midali. haah rog kassa pasarla heey samajoon gheuun, naveen sansargachi sankhya qamee karnyachya uddeshane mohimanmadhye sarvat jaast dhoka asalelya samudayanna sansadhananche lakshya kele jaau shakate. etch. aay. vhee. chee vishisht raktarsashastriy nidan olakh aanee nantar genotypic kinwa aanvik olakh yamule vishanuchya tatpuratya aanee bhaugolik utpattibabatchya gruhitkancha vikas, tasech itar asankhya gruhitkanna saksham kele. aanvik nidan sadhananchya vikasamule doctor aanee sanshodhakanna anty-retroviral aushadhansah upcharanchya karyakshamateche nirikshan karnyas saksham kele aahe. aanvik nidanshastra aata samanyatah aajaar suru honyachya khoop aadhi nirogi lokanmadhye etch. aay. vhee. olakhanyasathi vaparale jaate aanee etch. aay. vhee. sansargasathi anuvanshikdrushtya pratirodhak asalelya lokanche astitva darshavinyasathi vaparale jaate. asha prakare, ajunahi aushadhanvar konatahi upchar upalabdh nasla taree, vishanu olakhane aanee sankramit vyaktinchya raktatil vishanuchya patalivar laksh thevane, rugnasathi aanee mothya samudayasathi, yacha khoop motha upcharatmak aanee purvanumey fayda aahe.
vargikaran.
up-chikitsalay viruddha chikitsalayin (supt viruddha spasht).
lakshananche sansarg heey 'spasht' aanee 'naidanik' asatat, tarr sakriy parantu lakshaniy lakshane nirman naan karananya sansargala 'apragat', 'shant', 'up-chikitsalayin' kinwa gupt mhatale jaau shakate. nishkriy kinwa supt asalelya sansargala 'supt sansarg' mhanatat. supt jivanu sansargache eka udaharan mhanje supt kshayrog. kahee vishanujanya sansarg supt dekhil asoo shakatat, supt vishanujanya sansargachi udaharane "herpesviridae" kutumbatil aahet.
sansarg' haah shabd ekhadya vishisht rogjanakachi konatihi upasthiti darshavu shakato (kitihi qamee asso) parantu anekada 'vaidyakiyadrushtya spasht' sansarg soochit karnyachya arthane dekhil vaparla jaato (dusya shabdant, sansargjanya rogache prakaran). hii vastusthiti adhunmadhun kahee sandigdhata nirman karate kinwa kahee vapar charchela pravrutt karate; hyavar maat karnyasathi aarogya vyavsayikanni 'vasahatikaran' baddal bolane ('sansarg' aivaji) samanya aahe, jevha tyancha arth assa aahe qee kahee rogjanke upasthit aahet parantu vaidyakiyadrushtya konatahi spasht sansarg (konatahi rog nahee) astitvat nahee.
sansarg abhyaskram.
kalantarane sansarg kassa aanee kuthe hoto yache varnan karnyasathi vegvegalya sandnya vaparlya jaatat. tivra" sansargamadhye, lakshane vegane vikasit hotat; tyacha marg ektar jalad kinwa pradirgh asoo shakato. junat" sansargamadhye, lakshane sahasa aathvade kinwa mahinyant haloohaloo vikasit hotat aanee tyanche nirakaran honyas usheer hoto. subacute" sansarganmadhye, tivra sansargapeksha lakshane vikasit honyas jaast vel lagato parantu junat sansarganpeksha adhik lavkar udbhavtat. phokal" sansarg heey sansargache prarambhik thikan aahe jithun jeev raktpravahatun sharirachya dusya bhagat pravas karatat.
prathamik viruddha sandhisadhu.
sukshmajivanchya anek prakaranpaiki tulanene qamee prakaranmule anyatha nirogi vyaktinmadhye rog hotat. tyaa kahee rogjankanmadhil parasparsanvad aanee teey sankramit karananya yajmananchya sanrakshanamule sansargjanya rog udbhavato. konatyahi rogjankapasun udbhavananya rogache swaroop aanee tivrata hii tyaa rogjankachya yajmanala nuksan pohochavanyachya kshamatevar tasech rogjanakacha pratikar karnyachya yajmananchya kshamatevar avalambun asate. tathapi, sansargavar niyantran thevanyachya prayatnat yajmananchi rogpratikarak shakti dekhil yajmanala nuksan pohochavu shakate. mhanoon, chikitsak, sansargjanya sukshmajiv kinwa sukshmajivanche yazman sanrakshanachya sthitinusar vargikaran karatat-ektar "prathamik rogjanke" kinwa "sandhisadhu rogjanke" mhanoon.
prathamik rogjanke.
prathamik rogjanke tyanchya samanya, nirogi yajmanamadhye upasthiti kinwa kriyakalapanmule rogas karanibhoot tharatat aanee tyanchi aantarik vishanuta (tyanna karanibhoot asalelya rogachi tivrata) haah anshatah, tyanchya punarutpadanachya aanee prasar karnyachya garajecha aavashyak parinam aahe. manavanche anek sarvat samanya prathamik rogjanke keval manavanna sankramit karatat, tathapi, anek gambhir rog heey vatavaranatun prapt jhalelya jivanmule kinwa manvetar yajmananna sankramit karananya jivanmule hotat.
sandhisadhu rogjanke.
sandhisadhu rogjanke udaseen pratikarshakti (rogpratikarakshaktichi kamatarata) asalelya yajmanamadhye sansargjanya rogas karanibhoot tharoo shakatat kinwa jarr tyanna sharirachya aateel bhagat asamanya pravesh asel (udaharanarth, aaghatadvare). sandhisadhu sansarg haah samanyatah poshakanchya samparkat asalelya sukshmajivanmule houu shakato, jase qee jatharantratil kinwa varchya shvasanmargatil rogjanak jivanu kinwa burshi, aanee teey itar poshakankadun (clostridium deficile kolayatispramane) kinwa vatavaranatun aaghatatmak praveshamule (shastrakriyedvare jakhamechya sansargapramane kinwa sanyug fracturepramane) midavalelya (anyatha nirupadravi) sukshmajivanmule dekhil houu shakatat. sandhisadhu rogasathi yazman sanrakshanat bighad aavashyak asato, jeey anuvanshik doshanmule (jase qee dirghakalin granulomates rog), pratijaivik aushadhe kinwa rogpratikarak shakti qamee karananya rasayananchya samparkat yene (jase vishbadha kinwa karkarogachya kemotherapinantar houu shakate), aayanikaran kiranotsargachya samparkat yene kinwa rogpratikarak shakti qamee karananya kriyakalapasaha sansargjanya rogacha parinam mhanoon (jase qee gover, maleria kinwa etch. aay. vhee. rog) udbhavu shakate. samanyatah rogpratikarak shakti qamee asalelya yajmanamadhye honanya rogpratibandhak rogapeksha, udaseen pratikarshakti asalelya yajmanamadhye prathamik rogjanke adhik gambhir rogas karanibhoot tharoo shakatat.
duyyam sansarg.
prathamik sansargakade pratyaksh vyavharat vyaktichya sadhyachya aarogya samasyeche mool kaaran mhanoon pahile jaau shakate, tarr duyyam sansarg haah tyaa mool karanacha eka anukram kinwa guntagunt aahe. udaharanarth, jaljal kinwa bhedak aaghatamule honara sansarg (mool kaaran) haah duyyam sansarg aahe. prathamik rogjanke anekada prathamik sansargas karanibhoot tharatat aanee anekada duyyam sansargas karanibhoot tharatat. sahasa, sandhisadhu sansargakade duyyam sansarg mhanoon pahile jaate (kaaran rogpratikarak shaktichi kamatarata kinwa dukhapat haah purvanirdharit ghatak hota).
itar prakarche sansarg.
itar prakarchya sansargamadhye mishra, itrogenic, nosocomial aanee samuday-adhigrahit sansarg yancha samavesh hoto. mishra sansarg haah done kinwa adhik rogjankanmule honara sansarg aahe. yache eka udaharan mhanje aantrapuchchashoth, joou 'bacteroids fragillis' aanee 'escherichia kolai' mule hoto. dusra mhanje itrogenic sansarg. yaa prakarcha sansarg haah aarogya seva karmchanyapasun rugnala sankramit hoto. nosocomial sansarg haah dekhil aarogya sevechya vyavasthet hoto. nosocomial sansarg heey teey aahet jeey rugnalayat rahtana prapt hotat. shevati, samudayane midavalela sansarg mhanje jyamadhye sampoorn samudayatoon sansarg hoto.
sansargjanya asso vaa naso.
dilela rog sansargjanya aahe heey siddha karnyacha eka marg mhanje kochchya swatvachi purtata karane (pratham robbert koch yanni prastavit kelele), jyamadhye pratham, sansargjanya ghatak keval rog asalelya rugnanmadhyech olakhata yene aavashyak aahe, aanee nirogi niyantranat nahee, aanee dusare, sansargjanya agentla sansarg jhalelya rugnanna dekhil rog hoto. mycobacteriachya prajati kshayarogas karanibhoot tharatat yaa shodhat yaa abhidharana pratham vaparlya gelya.
tathapi, naitik karananmule sahasa aadhunik vyavharat kochchya swatvachi chachani kelee jaau shakat nahee. teey siddha karnyasathi shuddha sanwardhan mhanoon tayar jhalelya rogjankachya nirogi vyaktichya prayogik sansargachi aavashyakta asel. yaulat, agadi spashtapane sansargjanya rog dekhil nehmi sansargjanya nikashanchi purtata karat naheet; udaharanarth, syphilische karak spirocate, "traponema pallidum", heey "inn vitro" mhanoon sanwardhan kele jaau shakat nahee-tathapi sasachya vrushananmadhye jeev sanwardhan kele jaau shakate. plate kalcharmadhun milananya sukshmajivanpasun tayar kelya jaananya shuddha sanwardhan heey poshak mhanoon kaam karananya pranyanchya strotakadun yete heey qamee spasht aahe.
sathichya rogshastra, kinwa kona, qaa aanee kuthe rog hoto yacha abhyas aanee vishleshan aanee vividh loksankhyela rog aahe qee nahee heey kaay tharavate, heey sansargjanya rog samajoon ghenyasathi vaparale jaanare aanakhi eka mahattvache sadhan aahe. rogasansargshastradnya loksankhyetil gatanmadhil farak nishchit karoo shakatat, jase qee vishisht vayogatatil sansargache praman jaast kinwa qamee aahe qee nahee; vegvegalya parisarat rahana gatanna sansarg honyachi shakyata jaast aahe qee nahee; aanee ling aanee vansh yasarkhya itar ghatkandware. rogacha udrek haah turalak aahe qee keval adhunmadhun hott asalela prakar aahe; sthanik, ekhadya pradeshat niyamit prakarananchi sthir patali; sathicha rog, vegane udbhavnari aanee pradeshat asamanyapane jaast prakarane; kinwa mahamari, jee eka jaagtik mahamari aahe, yache dekhil sanshodhak moolyankan karoo shakatat. sansargjanya rogache kaaran adnyat asalyas, sansargachya strotancha shodh ghenyat madat karnyasathi mahamarishastra vaparale jaau shakate.
sansargjanyata.
sansargjanya roganna kadhikadhi sansargjanya rog mhanatat jevha teey aajari vyaktichya samparkatoon kinwa tyanchya sravadvare sahajpane sankramit hotat (udaa.jee., influenzae). asha prakare, sansargjanya rog haah sansargjanya rogacha eka upasanch aahe joou visheshtah sansargjanya kinwa sahaj sankramit hoto. vector sankraman kinwa laingik sankraman yasarkhya sansargache adhik vishesh marg asalelya itar prakarchya sansargjanya, sankramit kinwa sansargjanya roganna sahasa 'sansargjanya' manale jaat nahee aanee anekada prabhavit jhalelyanna vaidyakeey vilgikaran (kadhikadhi shithilpane vilgikaran mhatale jaate) aavashyak nasate. tathapi, 'sansargjanya' aanee 'sansargjanya rog' (sahaj sankramankshamta) yaa shabdacha haah vishesh arth nehmi lokpriy vaparat aadar keela jaat nahee.
sansargjanya rog samanyatah thet samparkadvare eka vyaktikadoon dusya vyaktimadhye sankramit hotat. samparkache prakar heey vyakti-vyaktidvare hotat aanee themb pasaratat. vayuvahinitun honara sansarg, dooshit vastoo, ann aanee pinyache paanee, pranyancha sampark, pranyanche jalashay, keetak chavane aanee paryavaraniy jalashay yasarkhya apratyaksh samparkanmule sansargjanya rogancha prasar hoto.
sharirik sthananusar.
sansarg heey sharirik sthan kinwa sankramit avyav pranalinusar vargikrut kele jaau shakate, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
yavyatirikt, jyaa thikani sansarg sarvat samanya kaaran aahe tyaa thikani pneumonia, mendujwar aanee salpingitis yancha samavesh hoto.
pratibandh.
haat dhune, gauun ghalane aanee faces mask ghalane yasarkhya tantranmule sansarg eka vyaktikadoon dusya vyaktimadhye pasarnyapasun rokhata yeu shakato. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat aushadh aanee shastrakriyemadhye aseptic tantra aanale gele aanee shastrakriyemule honanya sansargachya ghatana mothya pramanat qamee jhalya. varanvar haat dhune heey avanchhit jivanchya prasaraviruddha sarvat mahatvache sanrakshn aahe. pratibandh karnyache itar prakar aahet, jase qee avaidh aushadhancha vapar talhane, kandomcha vapar karane, hatmoje ghalane aanee santulit aahar aanee niyamit vyayamasah nirogi jivanshaili jagane. annapadarth changle shijavane aanee byanch kalapasoon baher thevalele annapadarth talhane dekhil mahatvache aahe.
sansargacha prasar rokhanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya pratijaivik padarthanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
vividh roganchi vividh vaishishtye olakhane haah sansargjanya rogancha prasar rokhanyacha kinwa mandavanyacha eka marg aahe. vishanujanyata, prabhavitanni antar paar karane aanee sansargajanyatechi patali yancha samavesh asalelya rogachya kahee gambhir vaishishtyanche moolyankan kele pahije. udaharanarth, ibola vishanuche manvi prabhed, jyanna sansarg jhaala aahe tyanna atyant lavkar aksham karatat aanee tyanantar lagechach tyanna thaar maratat. parinami, yaa rogane prabhavit jhalelyanna prarambhik sansarg kshetrapasun phaar door jaanyachi sandhee milat nahee. tasech, haah vishanu tvachechya jakhmandware kinwa dolhyasarkhya pargamya padadyandvare pasarla pahije. asha prakare, ibolacha prarambhik tappa farsa sansargjanya nasato kaaran tyachya piditanna keval antargat raktasrav anubhavato. vareel vaishishtyancha parinam mhanoon, ibolacha prasar khoop vegwan aahe aanee sahasa tulanene maryadit bhaugolik kshetramadhye rahato. yaulat, manvi rogpratikarak shakti qamee karnara vishanu (etch. aay. vhee.) tyachya piditanchya rogpratikarak pranalivar hallah karoon atishay haloohaloo tyancha mrutyu karato. parinami, tyache anek balee, teey haah rog vahoon nett aahet heey lakshat yenyapurvich itar vyaktinmadhye vishanu sankramit karatat. tasech, tulanene qamee vishanujanya rogamule tyachya piditanna lambcha pravas karata yeto, jyamule sathichi shakyata vadhate.
sansargjanya roganche sankraman darr qamee karnyacha aanakhi eka prabhavi marg mhanje lahan-jaagtik jaalyanche parinam olakhane. sathichya roganmadhye, sankramit vyaktinchya kendranmadhye kinwa gatanmadhye anekada vyapak parasparkriya aanee sanvedanshil vyaktinchya swatantra kendranmadhye itar parasparkriya hotat. swatantra kendranmadhil parasparsanvad qamee asoonahi, sankramit kendrabarobarchya eka kinwa kahee parasparsanvadandvare haah rog eka sanvedanshil kendramadhye pasaru shakato. asha prakare, sankramit kendranmadhil vyaktinmadhil parasparsanvad door jhalyas lahan-jaagtik jaalyanmadhil sansargache praman kahise qamee kele jaau shakate (aakruti 1). tathapi, kendranmadhil sankraman vaadh rokhanyasathi mukhya laksh kendrit kele tarr sansargache praman mothya pramanat qamee kele jaau shakate. etch. aay. vhee. asalelya aushadh vaparnanchi jaast ghanata asalelya bhagat suee vinimay karyakramancha vapar heey yaa upchar paddhatichya yashasvi amalbajavaniche eka udaharan aahe. aanakhi eka udaharan mhanje 2001 madhye paay aanee tondatil vishanucha prasar rokhanyasathi shejarchya shetanmadhye sambhavya sanvedanshil pashudhananna ring killing kinwa lasikaran karane.
rogvahak-janit rogjanakanche sankraman rokhanyasathi keetak niyantran hii eka samanya paddhat aahe.
jyaa prakarananmadhye keval sansargacha sanshay aahe, tyaa prakarananmadhye, ubavan kalavadhi jaiparyant aanee rog prakat hoiparyant kinwa vyakti nirogi hoiparyant vyaktinna vilgikaranat thewale jaau shakate. gut vilgikaranat rahoo shakatat, kinwa samudayanchya babatit, samudayachya palikade kinwa sanrakshanatmak pruthakkaran jhalyas, sansarg pasaru naye mhanoon, samudayala gherav ghalanyasathi sanityre lagoo kele jaau shakate. sarvajanik aarogya adhikari samajik antarache itar prakar lagoo karoo shakatat, jase qee shaala bund karane, talhebandi kinwa tatpurte nirbandh (udaa.jee. circuit breaker) mahamarivar niyantran thevanyasathi.
rogpratikarak shakti.
bahutek rogjankanchya sansargamule yajmanancha mrutyu hott nahee aanee rogachi lakshane qamee jhalyanantar aaksheparh jeev shevati saaf hoto. yaa prakriyesathi rogjanakache inoculum marnyasathi kinwa nishkriy karnyasathi rogpratikarak yantranechi aavashyakta asate. sansargjanya roganviruddha vishisht adhigrahit pratikarshakti pratipinde aanee/kinwa tii lymphocytesdware madhyasthi kelee jaau shakate. yaa done ghatkandware madhyasthi keleli pratikarshakti khalildware prakat houu shakateh
sukshmajivanna rogpratikarak pranalicha pratisad anekada tivra taap aanee jaljal yasarkhi lakshane nirman karato aanee sukshmajivamule honanya thet hanipeksha adhik vinashkari asanyachi kshamata asate.
sansargas (pratikarshakti) pratikarshakti roganantar, rogjankachya lakshanrahit vahanatoon, samaan rachana asalelya jiwala aashray deuun (paraspar pratikriya) kinwa lasikaranadvare prapt kelee jaau shakate. sandhisadhu rogjankanpeksha prathamik rogjankansathi snrakshak pratijan aanee vishisht adhigrahit poshak rogpratikarak ghatakanche dnyan adhik purn aahe.
jevha loksankhyechya mothya pramanane vishisht sansarganpasun pratikarshakti prapt kelee aahe, tevha kalap pratikarshaktichi eka ghatana dekhil aahe jee anyatha asurakshit lokanna sanrakshanache eka mojmap dete.
jevha yazman rogjanakacha samna karato tevha sansargjanya rogachya rogpratikarak pratikarshaktisathi ektar pratijan-vishisht pratipinde aanee/kinwa tii peshinchya gambhir patalichi aavashyakta asate. kahee vyakti kahee ghatakanchya prushthbhagavaril polysaccharidesathy naisargik seeram pratipinde vikasit karatat, jaree tyancha agentshee farsa kinwa konatahi sampark nasla taree, yaa naisargik pratipinde praudhanna vishisht sanrakshn detat aanee navjat mulanmadhye nishkriyapane sankramit hotat.
aanuvanshik ghatak hoost karatat.
vishisht sansargjanya ghatakachya sansargkari krutiche lakshya asalelya jiwala yazman mhanatat. paripakv kinwa laingikdrushtya sakriy avasthetil agentla aashray denanya yajmanala nishchit yazman mhanatat. alyanchya avasthemadhye madhyavarti poshak samparkat yeto. yazman heey jiwant kahihi asoo shakate aanee alaingik aanee laingik punarutpadan sadhya karoo shakate.
rogjanakanche nirmulan, ektar upchar-prerit kinwa utsfurt, vaiyaktik rugnanni vahoon ghetalelya anuvanshik prakaranni prabhavit houu shakate. udaharanarth, pegilated interferon-alfa-2aii kinwa pegilated interferon-alfa-2bii (pegasis kinwa pegg-intron hii brand nave) saha upchar kelelya genotype 1 hipatities see sathee ribavirinsah ektrit kele gele aahe, asey darshavile gele aahe qee manvi il28bii janukajavalil anuvanshik bahurupata, interferon lambda 3 chey sanketan, vishanuchya upchar-prerit nirmulanatil lakshaniy farkanshi sambandhit aahet. moolatah nisargat nondavalelya yaa shodhatoon asey disun aale aahe qee, il28bii janukajaval vishisht anuvanshik prakar asalelya elil asalele genotype 1 hipatities seeche rugna upcharanantar itaranpeksha kayamswarupi vishanushastriy pratisad midvanyachi shakyata jaast asate. nantar nisargakadun aalelya ahavalat asey disun aale qee tech anuvanshik prakar genotype 1 hipatities see vishanuchya naisargik nirmulanshi dekhil sambandhit aahet.
upchar.
jevha sansarg shariravar hallah karato, tevha "sansargvirodhi" aushadhe sansarg dadapun takoo shakatat. lakshyit jivanchya prakaranusar anek vyapak prakarchi sansargvirodhi aushadhe astitvat aahet; tyamadhye jivanuvirodhi (pratijaivik; pratijaivikasaha), vishanuvirodhi, burshivirodhi aanee parajivivirodhi (pratiprotojol aanee kruminashkasaha) ghatakancha samavesh aahe. sansargachi tivrata aanee prakaranusar, pratijaivik tondane kinwa injectiondware dile jaau shakate kinwa varvarvar lagoo kele jaau shakate. menduchya gambhir sansargavar sahasa antahshira pratijaivikanni upchar kele jaatat. kadhikadhi, eka pratijaivikala pratikar asalyas anek pratijaivikancha vapar keela jaato. pratijaivike keval jivanunsathi kaam karatat aanee vishanunvar parinam karat naheet. pratijaivike jivanunche gunakar qamee karoon kinwa jivanu nasht karoon kaam karatat. aushadhanmadhye vaparlya jaanarya pratijaivikanchya sarvat samanya varganmadhye penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones aanee tetracyclines yancha samavesh hoto.
serve sansarganna upcharachi aavashyakta nasate aanee anek swayam-maryadit sansargansathi upcharamule fayadhyanpeksha adhik dushparinam houu shakatat. pratijaivik vyavasthapan hii sankalpana aahe qee aarogyaseva pradatyanni pratijaivikane jhalelya sansargavar upchar kele pahijet jeey visheshtah lakshyit rogjankansathi kamitakami kalasathi changle karya karate aanee jevha aushadhanna pratisad denare dnyat kinwa atyant sanshayaspad rogjanke asateel tevhach upchar kele pahijet.
sansargachi sanvedansheelata.
covid-19 sarkhya sathichya aajaranmule asey disun yete qee lock sansargas samore jaanyachya tyanchya sanvedanshilatemadhye lakshaniy farak karatat. heey samanya aarogya, vay kinwa tyanchya rogpratikarak sthitimule asoo shakate, udaa.jee. jevha tyanna aadhi sansarg jhaala asel. tathapi, heey dekhil spasht jhaale aahe qee anuvanshik ghatak aahet jeey sansargachi sanvedansheelata nirdharit karatat. udaharanarth, sars-cove-2 sansarganpaiki 40 takkyanparyant lakshane nasalele asoo shakatat, jeey asey soochit karate qee anek lock naisargikaritya rogapasoon sanrakshit aahet. mothya janukeey abhyasanni sars-cove-2 chya gambhir sansargasathi jokhim ghatak paribhashit kele aahet aanee gambhir covid-19 asalelya 659 rugnanchya janukeey kramamadhye jivghenya rogashi sambandhit asalyache disanare janukeey prakar ughad jhaale aahet. yaa abhyasanmadhye olakhala gelela eka januk mhanje prakar I interferon (aay. eff. aine.). jivghena covid-19 asalelya rugnanmadhye, pahilya prakarachya aay. eff. aine. viruddha svayampratibandhak aadhalale, jeey soochit karatat qee aanuvanshikta aanee rogpratikarak shakti yanchyatil guntagunticha parasparsanvad kovidchya naisargik pratikarasathi mahattvacha aahe.
tyachpramane, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 chey sanketan karananya erape 2 janukatil utparivartan, plegchi sanvedansheelata vadhavate asey disate, haah rog 'yersenia pestice' yaa jivanuchya sansargamule hoto. jyaa lokanna janukanchya sampoorn prakarachya done pratee varshane midalya hotya, teey lock kapalelya prakarachya done pratee varshane midalelya lokanpeksha plegpasoon vachanyachi shakyata duppat hotee.
vegvegalya loksankhyanmadhye vegvegalya anuvanshik aanee paryavaraniy paristhiti asatat jyaa sansargavar parinam karatat heey lakshat gheta, sansargajanyatechi sanvedansheelata dekhil sansargachya mahamarishastravar avalambun asate.
mahamarishastra.
2010 madhye sumare 1 kotee lock sansargjanya aajaranmule maran pavale.
jaagtik aarogya sanghatana roganchya aantarrashtriy vargikaran (aay. see. dii.) sanhita prakarannusar jaagtik mrutyuchi mahitee gola karate. 2002 madheel mrutyunchya sankhyenusar khaleel taktyat sarvat jaast sansargjanya roganchi yadee aahe. 1993 chee aakadevari tulana karnyasathi samavisht kelee aahe.
etch. aay. vhee./eds, tii. bii. aanee maleria heey teen pramukh ekmev ghatak/rognashak aahet. jawaljawal pratyek aajaramule honanya mrutyunchi sankhya qamee jhaali aahe, tarr etch. aay. vhee./edsamule honanya mrutyunmadhye chaar patine vaadh jhaali aahe. balpanatil aajaranmadhye pertusis, polyomyelitis, diptheria, gover aanee dhanurvatacha samavesh hoto. qamee shwasan aanee atisaramule honanya mrutyunmadhye mulanchahi motha vaataa asato. 2012 madhye, shvasochavasachya qamee sansargamule andaje 13 laakh lokancha mrutyu jhaala aahe, jyamule teey jagatil mrutyuche chauthe pramukh kaaran banale aahe.
aitihasik mahamari.
tyanchya anpekshit aanee sphotak parinamanchya kshamtesah, sansargjanya rog heey manvi itihasatil pramukh ghatak rahile aahet. mahamari (kinwa jaagtik mahamari) haah eka assa rog aahe joou vyapak bhaugolik kshetravaril lokanna prabhavit karato. udaharanarth,
udayonmukh rog.
bahutek prakarananmadhye, sukshmajiv paraspar kinwa samanya parasparsanvadvare tyanchya yajmananshi susanvad sadhun rahatat. vidyaman parjivi rogkarak banatat kinwa naveen rogkarak parjivi naveen yajmanamadhye pravesh karatat tevha rog udbhavu shakatat.
anek manvi kriyakalapanmule vishanu, jivanu, protojoa aanee ricketsia yasah zoonotic manvi rogjankancha uday jhaala aahe aanee rogvahak-janit rogancha prasar jhaala aahe, jagatikikaran aanee rog aanee vanyajeev rog dekhil pahah
rogacha rogjantu siddhant.
pracheen kalat, greek itihaskar thucidides (-) haah ethanschya plegchya aaplya vruttat lihinara pahila vyakti hota, qee sankramit vyaktikadoon itaranmadhye rog pasaru shakatat. grico-roman vaidya gallenne tyachya 'vividh prakarchya tapavar' () madhye assa andaj vartavala aahe qee, plegchya kahee biyanyanmule plaig pasaratat, jeey havet hote. sushrut sanhitamadhye, pracheen bharatiy vaidya sushrut yanni siddhant mandalah "kushtharog, taap, sevan, dolhyanche rog aanee itar sansargjanya rog laingik sambandh, sharirik sampark, ekatra khane, ekatra zopane, ekatra basane aanee samaan kapade, haar aanee pestcha vapar yamule eka vyaktikadoon dusya vyaktimadhye pasaratat."heey pustak ii. sha. puu. sahavya shatkatil aahe.
pertian vaidya ibn siina (europemadhye evisena mhanoon olakhale jaanare) yanni 'daad cannon auph medicine' (1025) madhye sansarg siddhantacha eka moolbhut prakar prastavit keela hota, jeey nantar 16 vya shatkaparyant europemadhil sarvat adhikrut vaidyakeey pathyapustak banale. cannon" chya chauthya pustakat ibn siina yanni sathichya roganvar charcha kelee, shastriy mayasma siddhantachi ruparesha aakhali aanee too tyanchya swatachya suruvatichya sansarg siddhantashi misalanyacha prayatna keela. kshayrogasah sansarg nondavun, lock shvasadvare itaranmadhye rog sankramit karoo shakatat, asey namood karoon tyanni paanee aanee ghanadvare rogachya sankramanababat charcha kelee. adrushya sansargachya sankalpanevar nantar ayyub saltanatmadhil anek islami vidvananni charcha kelee, jyanni tyanna 'najasat' ('ashuddha padarth') asey sambodhale. ficah vidwan ibn all-huzz all-abdari (-1336) yanni islami aahar aanee svachchatevar charcha kartana, sansarg paanee, ann aanee kapade kase dooshit karoo shakato aanee paanee purvathyadvare pasaru shakato aanee sansarg adrushya kann asoo shakato yabaddal ishara deela.
14 vya shatkat jevha black death bubonic plaig all-aandalasparyant pohochala, tevha arab chikitsak ibn khatima () aanee ibn all-khatib (1313-1374) yanni asey gruhitak mandale qee sansargjanya rog heey sookshm shariramule hotat aanee teey kapade, vahinya aanee kanatale yanchyadvare kase sankramit kele jaau shakatat yache varnan kele. punarujjivanachya kalat, visheshtah italian vaidya girolamo fracastoro yanchya lekhanane, sansargjanyatechya kalpana europemadhye adhik lokpriy jhalya. anton vanne leuvenhoek (1632-1723) yane sukshmajivanche nirikshan karnare pahile vyakti mhanoon sukshmadarshakache vidnyan pragat kele, jyamule jivanunche sahaj drushyikaran shakya jhaale.
19vya shatkachya madhyat johnn snow aanee william budd yanni dooshit panyadvare vishamajwar aanee patakichya sansargjanyateche pratyakshik denare mahattvache kaam kele. panyache pradushan rokhanyasathi upayayojana lagoo karoon tyanchya shaharanmadhye patakichi mahamari qamee karnyache shrey doghannahi dile jaate. lui pasteurne heey nihsanshaypane siddha kele qee kahee rog sansargjanya ghatakanmule hotat aanee rebijsathi eka lus vikasit kelee. robbert koch yanni sansargjanya rogancha abhyas kochchya swanishchit paddhati mhanoon olakhalya jaananya vaidnyanik aadharasah pradan keela. edward gener, jonas salk aanee albert sabin yanni sheetpitt aanee poliosathi prabhavi lussy vikasit kelya, jyacha parinam nantar anukrame yaa roganche nirmulan aanee jawaljawal nirmulan hoil. alekzandar flamingne jagatil pahile pratijaivik, penicillincha shodh lavala, jeey nantar fulanchi aanee sakhali vikasit jhaale. gerhard domagkane sulphonamides vikasit kele, jee pahili vyapak varnapat asaleli krutrim jivanurodhi aushadhe aahet.
vaidyakeey tadnya.
sansargjanya roganche vaidyakeey upchar sansargjanya rogachya vaidyakeey kshetrat yetat aanee kahee prakarananmadhye prasaracha abhyas mahamarishastra kshetrashi sambandhit asato. samanyatah, sansargache nidan suruvatila prathamik upchar karnare doctor kinwa antargat aushadh tadnya karatat. udaharanarth, 'guntaguntichya' pneumoniavar samanyatah internist kinwa pulmonologist (fuffusache doctor) upchar kartil. tyamule sansargjanya rog tadnyanchya kamat rugna aanee samanya chikitsak, tasech prayogshala shastradnya, rogpratikarak shastradnya, jivanushastradnya aanee itar tadnya yaa doghansobat kaam karane samavisht aahe.
sansargjanya rog pathkala jevha savadh kele jaau shakateh
samaj aanee sanskruti.
anek abhyasanni ekhadya bhagatil rogjanak bhaar aanee manvi vartan yanchyatil sambandh nondavale aahet. rogjanakanche jaast praman heey ekhadya bhagatil vanshik aanee dharmik gatanchya qamee jhalelya aakarashi sambandhit aahe. heey itar gatanna talhanyas anukool asalele uchch rogjanakanche bhaar, jyamule rogjanakanche sankraman qamee houu shakate kinwa uchch rogjanakanche bhaar mothya vasahati aanee sainyachi nirmiti rokhane jyamule asoo shakate jeey samaan sanskruti lagoo karatat. rogjanakanche jaast bhaar heey adhik pratibandhit laingik vartanashi dekhil sambandhit aahe, jyamule rogjanakanche sankraman qamee houu shakate. heey aarogyasathi uchch pradhanye aanee jodidaranmadhil aakarshan yanchyashi dekhil sambandhit aahe. uchch prajnan darr aanee prati mool qamee kinwa qamee palakanchi kalji hii aanakhi eka sanghatana aahe jee uchch mrutyudarachi bharpai asoo shakate. bahupatnitvashi dekhil sambandh aahe joou uchch rogjankanchya bharamule asoo shakato, jyamule uchch anuvanshik pratikar asalelya purushanchi nivad karane adhik mahattvache hote. rogjanakanche jaast bhaar heey adhik samoohikta aanee qamee vyaktivad yanchyashi dekhil sambandhit aahe, jeey bahereel gut aanee sansarganshi sampark maryadit karoo shakate. kiman kahee sanghatanansathi paryayi spashtikaran asale taree yapaiki kahee spashtikaran shevati rogjankanchya bharamule asoo shakatat. asha prakare, bahupatneetva heey yaa bhagatil qamee purushah stree gunottaramule dekhil asoo shakate parantu heey shevati sansargjanya roganmule mrutyudar vadhalelya purush arbhakanmule asoo shakate. aanakhi eka udaharan mhanje, aarthik vikasala adthala aanananya uchch rogjankanchya bharamule, kahee pramanat, kharab samajik-aarthik ghatak asoo shakatat.
jivashma nondi.
jivashma avasheshanmadhil sansargacha purava haah paleopathologist, namshesh jhalelya jivanchya prakaratil dukhapati aanee aajaranchya ghatanancha abhyas karananya shastradnyansathi swarasyapoorn vishay aahe. mansahari dynasorechya hadanmadhye sansargachi chinhe aadhalali aahet. matra, jevha heey sankraman upasthit asate, tevha teey sharirachya keval chhotya bhagapurate maryadit asalyache disun yete. suruvatichya mansahari dynasore 'hererasaurus echigulastensis' laa jababdar dharalelya kavatimadhye sujalelya aanee sachchidra hadanni vedhalelya khaddesarkhya jakhama disun yetat. jakhamanchya sabhovatalachya hadanchi asamanya rachana soochit karate qee teey alpakalin, pranghatak nasalelya sansargane prabhavit jhaale hote. kavaticha abhyas karananya shastradnyanni assa andaj vartavala qee chavnyachya khuna dusarya 'hererasaurus' shhee jhalelya ladhait prapt jhalya. sansargache dastaivajikaran kelele purave asalelya itar mansahari dynasoremadhye 'acrocanthosorus', 'allosorus', 'tyrenosorus' aanee kirtland nirmititil tyrenosaur yancha samavesh aahe. donhi tyrenosaursche sankraman heey 'hererasaurus' namunyasarkhe ladhaidarmyan chavalyamule jhaale.
bahya avkash.
2006 chya antaral shuttlechya prayogat asey aadhalun aale qee, ann vishbadhes karanibhoot tharoo shakanara "salmonela typhimurium" haah jivanu, antaralat lagwad kelyavar adhik vishari jhaala. 29 april 2013 roji, nasane nidhi puravalelya renseler polytechnic institutemadhil shastradnyanni ahwal deela qee, aantarrashtriy antaral sthankavar antaral uddanadarmyan, sukshmajiv "pruthvivar naan pahilelya" aanee "vaadh aanee vishbadhemadhye vaadh houu shakate asha prakare antaral vatavaranashi julavun ghet asalyache disate. agadi alikade, 2017 madhye, jivanu pratijaivikanna adhik pratirodhak asalyache aanee jawalpas vajanachya jaaget vadhanare asalyache aadhalun aale. bahya antaralachya nirvatamadhye sukshmajiv tikoon asalyache aadhalun aale aahe.