
kalmaryada

kalkram mhanje kalkramanusar ghatananchi yadee pradarshit karane. hii samanyatah eka graphik rachana asate, jyat samantar tarkhansah label keleli lamb patti aanee sahasa samkalin ghatana darshavilya jaatat.
kalresha, vishay aanee mahitila sajese, veleche pratinidhitva karnare konatehi yogya praman vaparu shakatat; anekjan resheey praman vapartat, jyamadhye antarache ekak velechya nishchit rakmechya barobariche asate. haah kalkram kalkramatil ghatananvar avalambun asato. utkrantichi kalmaryada lakho varshanhun adhik asoo shakate, tarr 11 septemberchya hallyanchya divasachi kalmaryada kahee minitant aanee sphotachi kalmaryada milisekandanmadhye houu shakate. anek kalresha resheey kalmapak vapartat-visheshtah jethe khoop mothe kinwa lahan kalmaryada sambandhit asatat-laghuganak kalresha veleche laghuganak praman samavisht karatat; kahee 'ghaee qaraa aanee pratiksha qaraa' kalkram zoom lains rupkansah chitrit kele jaatat.
itihas.
vel aanee jaaga (visheshtah resha) yaa manvi vicharanmadhye gumphalelya sankalpana aahet. ghadyalanmadhye vartulachya swarupat resha sarvavyapi aahe, vel lambi, antar, aadhi aanee nantarchya drushtine bolali jaate. krambaddha, vibhajit velechi kalpana panchang, dindarshika, takte, aalekh, vanshavali aanee utkranti vrukshanmadhye dekhil darshavili jaate, jithe resha madhyavarti aahe.
mulat, kalkramanusar ghadamodi mukhytah majkurachya swarupat mandalya jaat asat. heey itihasanusar, rajachya yadyanpramane roop dharan kele. tyanchya bajula, tablecha vapar olympicchya greek tablepramane aanee consul aanee vijayanchya roman yadyanpramane keela jaat asey. vruttantanmadhye farach qamee katha hotee aanee naisargik aanee manvi krutinmadhye konatahi farak naan karata, lokanche kaay jhaale heey nondavale hote.
europemadhye, chauthya shatkapasoon, pramukh kalkramanusar sanketan heey table hote. yache anshatah shrey eusebiusla dile jaau shakate, jyane jyoo, murtipujak aanee khrishchan itihasatil sambandh samantar stambhanmadhye mandale, jyachi parinati roman samrajyat jhaali, khristi drushtikonanusar jevha khristacha janm jhaala tevha moksh shakya titka pasaravanyasathi. tyanche kaam mothya pramanat nakkal kele gele aanee teey pahilya chhapil pustakanpaiki eka hote. yamule khristi jaagtik itihas aanee bhavishyakal yaa kalpananchi purtata jhaali. heey table tayar karane, jodane aanee nirdeshankansah vachane sope aahe, tyamule teey punarujjivanachya vidvananchya vividh strotanchya samarupatevar laksh kendrit karoon shoshan karnyas dekhil yogya aahe. yaa vaparanni ekach stambhatil varshe aanee ghatananchya thikananchya (rajye) shirshasthani asalelya tablela kalachi pramukh drushya rachana banavale.
17vya shatkaparyant, itihaskaranni assa dawa karnyas suruvat kelee hotee qee kalkram aanee bhoogol heey achook mahitiche done srot aahet jeey itihasachya arajakatemadhye suvyavastha aanatat. bhoogolat, punarujjivan nakasha nirmatyanni tolemyche nakashe adyayavat kele aanee nakasha rajachya samarthyache aanee dnyanache prateek banala. tyachpramane, samkalin strotankadun jaagtik itihasache ekeri kalkram heey itihaskaranvar parinam karoo shakate yaa kalpanecha parinam jhaala. kalkramanusar achookatechya abhavamule gerards mercatorchya babatit kelyapramane, tablever aitihasik grahan jodale gele. kalacha rupkatmak nakasha banavanyachya aashene, sampoorn itihasala eka dindarshika varshavar basavanyapasun teey aitihasik rekhachitranchya malikeparyant vividh chitramay prayog udayas aale. vyavharikdrushtya mothe aanee adhik tapshilvar pustak chitre banvina mudran aanee korivkamatil vikasamule heey badal houu shakale, parantu 17 vya shatkat, kahee badalansah tablever varchasva kayam rahile.
1765 madhye prakashit jhalelya joseph prestlychya 'charitrapat' madhye aadhunik kalkram udayas aala. tyat tarkha sopya paddhatine sadar kelya gelya aanee 18 vya shatkat lokpriy hott asalelya aitihasik pragatichya sankalpanesathi eka pratirup pradan kele gele. tathapi, prestallyne olakhalyapramane, itihas purnapane resheey nahee. tablecha fayda assa aahe qee teey yapaiki anek chhedanbindu aanee shakhanche marg sadar karoo shakate. prestallysathi, tyacha mukhya vapar itihasachi pratima mhanoon navhe tarr 'itihasachya dnyanasathi yantrik madat' hota. kahihi jhaale taree, 18vya aanee 19vya shatkat kalkram khoop lokpriy jhaala hota. 19vya shatkat pratyakshavadipana udayala aala aanee kalkramchitran aanee vrukshavrund vishleshanachya vikasamule vividh vegane vel drishyaman jhaala. yamule lokanna assa vichar karnyas protsahan midale qee ghatana kharokharach vastunishthapane nondavalya jaau shakatat.
tathapi, kahee prakarananmadhye, adhik mahitisah kalmaryada bharnyane tee keval avyavaharyatekade dhakalali gelee. jacks barbue-duborgcha 1753 chaa 'kalkramik vishvavidhya' haah 54 phoot lambichya gundalyavar basavala gela hota. charles joseph minard yanchya 1869 chya russian mohimetil french sainyachya jivitahanichya vishayavaril nakashane eka-dishatmak reshevar khoopach qamee laksh kendrit kele. charles renovierchya 1876 chya 'eukroni' yaa europechya itihasachya shakhanchya nakashamadhye itihasacha vastavik marg aanee prati-tathyatmak marg yaa donhiche chitran kele aahe. 19vya shatkachya akheris, heinry bergson yanni kalaresheche roopak 'vel aanee swatantra ichcha' madhye fasavanare asalyache ghoshit kele. mothya itihasacha aanee sakhol kalacha prashna kalareshechya bhinn rupanna janm deela, jase qee olaf stapledonchya 1930 chya 'last andd first maine' yaa granthat, jithe aitihasik teey vishvashastriy asha pramananvar kalresha kadhalya jaatat. byanch kalapasoonchya payadvare samaan tantre vaparali jaatat aanee kalkramanusar pratinidhitva karnyachya adachani france picabiasah drushya kalakaranni kawara, jeey. varr sadar kelya aahet. jeey. grandville aanee saul steinberg.
prakar.
vividh prakarchya kalresha aaheth
kalmaryada kalpana karnyachya anek paddhati aahet. aitihasikdrushtya, kalresha yaa sthir pratima hotya aanee samanyatah kagdavar rekhatalelya kinwa chhapalelya asat. kalmaryada graphik rachana aanee kalakarachya mahitichi kalpana karnyachya kshamatevar mothya pramanat avalambun hotee.
vapar.
ekhadya vishayasathichya aitihasik ghatana aanee cull yancha kram kinwa kalkram samajoon ghenyat vidyarthyanna aanee sanshodhakanna madat karnyasathi shikshanat anekada kalmaryadecha vapar keela jaato. eka vishisht pramanavaril vel darshavinyasathi, kalrekha ghatana, kalavadhi (jase qee jivankal kinwa yuddhe) aanee ekach velee kinwa kalavadhi aanee ghatananche parasparsambandh yanchyatil velechya apvyayanchi kalpana karoo shakate.
aitihasik abhyasat.
kalmaryada itihasachya abhyasasathi visheshtah upayukt aahet, kaaran tyaa kalantarane badalachi bhavna vyakt karatat. yuddhe aanee samajik chalvali byanchdaa kalmaryada mhanoon darshavilya jaatat. charitransathihi kalresha upayukt aahet. udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
naisargik vidnyanat.
khagolshastra, jivashastra aanee bhoogarbhshastra yasarkhya naisargik jug aanee vidnyananmadhye dekhil kalresha vaparlya jaatatah
prakalp vyavasthapanat.
prakalp vyavasthapanasathi aanakhi eka prakarchi kalmaryada vaparali jaate. kalmaryada sangh sadasyanna konate tappe sadhya karane aavashyak aahe aanee konatya velechya velapatrakanusar heey jaanun ghenyas madat karate. eka udaharan mhanje sanganak pranalichya jivanchakrachya amalbajavanichya tappyat prakalpachi kalmaryada nishchit karane.
software.
kalmaryada (purvichya jaaga aanee karyatmak maryadanmule aata maryadit rahileli nahee) aata digital aanee parasparsanvadi aahet, jee samanyatah sanganakachya softwares tayar kelee jaatat. microsoft encarta vishvakoshane vidyarthi aanee samanya lokansathichya sarvat suruvatichya multimedia kalresha pradan kelya. hyperhistery aanee chronosume hii parasparsanvadi kalkram softwarechi itar udaharane aahet.