indo-pertian sanskruti

indo-pertian sanskruti mhanje bharat aanee pakistanmadhye astitvat asalelya sanskrutik sanshleshan. dakshin aashiyatil vividh sanskratinmadhye pertian pailunche shoshan kinwa ekikaran heey tyache vaishishtya aahe. 11 vya shatkatil sultan mahmood gazanvisarkhya vividh muslim turkey-pertian shasakanni, jyaa vayavya bharatatil (sadhyachya pakistan), jithe islami prabhav dekhil drudhpane prasthapit jhaala hota, tyaa pradeshanchya mothya parshiyankaranasathi vegane prayatna kele, jyamule yaa upkhandat pertian prabhav aanee sanskraticha sarvat pahila parichay jhaala. jhaala teey teey shatkat dilli saltanatidvare aanee tyanantar madhyapasoon shatkat mughal samrajyachya madhyamatoon haah samajik-sanskrutik samanvay satatyane udayala aala. turkey, sthanik bharatiy aanee afghan vanshachya vividh muslim rajvanshanni pertian bhashela aashray deela aanee bharatatil pertian sanskratichya vikasat yogdan dile. dilli saltanatine tyanchi swatachi sanskrutik aanee rajkiy olakh vikasit kelee jee pertian aanee bharatiy bhasha, sahitya aanee kalanvar aadharit hotee, jyamule indo-muslim sanskraticha paya tayar jhaala.
dilli saltanat, bangal saltanat, bahmani saltanat, mughal samrajya aanee tyanche uttaradhikari rajye aanee sheekh samrajya yasarkhya bharatiy upkhandatil bahutek muslim rajvanshachi pertian hii adhikrut bhasha hotee. kavita aanee sahityachi tee pramukh susanskrut bhasha dekhil hotee. saltanatichya kalatil anek sultan aanee kuleen madhya aashiyatil pertian turk hote, jeey turkey bhasha tyanchya matrubhasha mhanoon bolat asat. mughal heey sanskratikdrushtya pertian madhya ashiyai (tyanchya vadilanchya bajoone turk-mangol moolche) hote, parantu akheris pertian swikaranyapurvi suruvatila tyanchi pahili bhasha mhanoon chagatai turkey bolat asat. pertian hii uttar bharatatil muslim abhijat vargasathi pasantichi bhasha bunley. mughal aanee indo-pertian itihasache prasiddha vidwan mujafar aalam asey suchavatat qee, akbarchya adhipatyakhalil mughal samrajyachya vividh rajkiy aanee samajik karananmule, tyachya asampradayik aanee pravahi swarupamule pertian hii adhikrut 'bhasha' bunley. yaa bhashanchya prabhavamule hindusthani navachi eka sthanik bhasha nirman jhaali jee aajchya urdu-hindi prakaranchi thet purvaj bhasha aahe.
bharatiy upkhandachya parshiyankaranachya parinami tyacha samavesh 'aajam' chya sarvadeshi pertian jagaat jhaala, jyala aaj shaikshanikdrushtya grater iran mhanoon olakhale jaate, jyane aitihasikdrushtya anek rahivashanna dharmnirpeksh, pertian olakh dilee.
itihas.
gaznavi kalat yaa pradeshat muslim sanskratichya upasthitimule lahor aanee uch heey pertian sahityache kendra mhanoon sthapit jhaale. aboo-all-faraz runi aanee masood saad salman (aaa. 1121) heey lahormadhil done sarvat suruvatiche pramukh indo-pertian kavee hote. mahan" indo-pertian kavinpaiki sarvat june kavee amir khusro (aaa. 1325) dilliche, jyanni tevhapasoon bharatiy upkhandatil urdu bhashikanmadhye itar goshtimbarobarach, urdu sahityache 'janak' mhanoon pratishthit sthan prapt kele aahe.
dilli saltanat aanee mughal yug.
dilli saltanatichya kalat (1206-1526) indo-pertian sanskratichi bharbharat jhaali. 1526 madhye babarvar aakraman, dilli saltanaticha ant aanee mughal samrajyachi sthapana, mughal kalatil qalaa aanee vastukalechya vishesh sandarbhasah indo-pertian sanskratichya suvarnayugachi suruvat karel.
mughal kalat, pertian hii mughalanchi bhasha mhanoon 1707 paryant tikoon rahili aanee tyat samrat aurangzebcha mrutyu dekhil samavisht hota, jyala samanyatah 'mahan mughal' paiki shevatcha manale jaate. tyanantar, mughal samrajyachya patananantar, 1739 madhye nader shaah yanni dillivar kelele aakraman aanee suruvatila hindu marathyanchi aanee nantar bharatiy upkhandatil european shaktichi haloohaloo vaadh, pertian kinwa pertian sanskratila jaree sanrakshn midale asale taree, ghasaranicha kaal suru jhaala aanee sheekh maharaja ranjit sing (aar. 1799-1837).
prashasana aanee shikshanachi bhasha mhanoon pertian bhasha 1839 madhye british east india companyne radd kelee aanee shevatcha mughal samrat bahadoor shaah jaffar, jaree tyachi satta keval pratikatmak kinwa aupcharik asali taree 1857 madhye britishanni tyala padchyut kele.
pudhe, see.eae. bosworth yanni pertian sanskratichya mahattvabaddal lihile aahe, jyane yaa yugat muslim sultananmadhye eka chhap vikasit keleeh "sultan heey khorasanchya pertian sahityik paramparanche udar aashraydata hote aanee nantar navyane jinkalelya uttar bharatatil bhoomivar yaa varshache vahak mhanoon maulyavan bhoomika paar padat, 19 vya shatkaparyant muslim bharatat prachalit asalelya pertian sanskraticha paya rachat hote."
dekkan.
14 vya shatkachya suruvatila, jevha dilli saltanatine dakshinekade rajkiy halchali kelya aanee tughlak rajvanshachya vijayakhali dekkanla saltanatit aanale, tevha uttarchya indo-pertian sanskratit dekkan pradeshache ekikaran suru jhaale. 1327 madhye dillichya uttar bharatiy muslim loksankhyela daulatabad yaa dekkan shaharat sthalantarit karnyache aadesh denyachya sultan muhammad shaah yanchya dhoranamule, dakkanmadhye eka mothe muslim shahari kendra bandhanyasathi. yamule darbarabaher vistarlelya, dekkanmadhye indo-pertian sanskraticha aupcharik parichay jhaala.
jhaala shatkachya madhyat, daulatabadachya urdu bhashik sthalantarit loksankhyene dilli saltanatipasun vegale houn bund kele, parantu yaa pradeshat indo-pertian sanskruti tikoon hotee. moolatah dillitil shetkari husson gangu yane, jyala saltanatine dakkanmadhye sthalantar karnyache aadesh dilelya anek rahivashanpaiki eka hote, 1347 madhye vegale jhalelya bahmani saltanatichi sthapana kelee. tethil shasak pertian sanskratine khoop prabhavit hote, tyanna bhasha aanee sahitya changle maheet hote aanee tyanni tyanchya sampoorn samrajyat pertian bhashechya shikshanala protsahan dile. darbaratil pertian swaroop heey yaa vastusthititun pratibimbit hote qee bahmani naurozsarkhe sann sajare karatat. tyanni jodalelya vastukalevar irani prabhav lakshaniy hota, joou uttarekadil muslimanpeksha adhik hota.
bahmaninchya sthapanenantar pahilya ardhya shatkat mool vasahatvadi aanee tyanchya mulanni bigger-muslim hindunpasoon kinwa muslim paradeshi sthalantaritanpasun purnapane swatantrapane samrajya chalavale hote. tathapi, nantarchya bahmani sultananni mool vasahatitil padmaryadetil ghat kinwa pertian darbari pratimanavar avalambun rahanyachi bhavna kinwa donhimule paradeshatoon paradeshi lokanchi bharati karnyas suruvat kelee. bahmani sultananni tyanchya prashasanat pertian kinwa pertian purushanchi sakriyapane bharati kelee aanee asha paradeshi lokanna kharey tarr bharatiyanpeksha pasanti dilee gelee, jyanna dakhani abhijat varg mhanoon olakhale jaat asey, jeey nantarche bahmani rajyache mool sansthapak aanee samrajyache kharey shilpkar hote. sultan firuz shaah (1397-1422) yane gova aanee chaul yetheel tyachya bandaranmadhun pertian aakhatat jahaje pathavali, jenekarun pratibhavan patre, prashasak, nyayshastradnya, sainik aanee karagiranna parat aanale jaau shakel. yaat irani uchchabhru mahmood gawan (1411-1481) yacha samavesh hota, joou joou bahmani sulatanachya karkirdit tyaa rajyacha eka shaktishali mantri banala.
yamule uttar bharatatil sunni sthalantaritanche vanshaj asalele, bahmani rajvanshache sattadhari sthanik muslim abhijat varg, dakhani aanee afaki (cosmopolitan kinwa pravasi) mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya mahmood gavan yanchyasarkhya paradeshi navoditanmadhye gatbaji jhaali. richard eatonchya matey, dakhani lokancha assa vishvas hota qee saltanatmadhil visheshadhikar, aashray aanee sattechi padey keval tyanchyasathi rakheev thewali gelee pahijet, tyanchya vanshik utpattichya aadhare aanee bahmani rajvansh suru kelyabaddal tyanchya abhimanachya bhavnevar aadharit. eaton bhashetil vibhajanacha dekhil hawala detat, jyat dakhani lock urdu bhashechi dakhani boolii bolayache, tarr afakinna pertian bhasha aavadaychi. 1481 madhye, dakhani lokanni sulatanachya kananna vish dile, jyamule mahmood gawanla fashi denyat aalee. tyanantar dekkan gatache netrutva netrutva nijam-ool-mulk bahari yanni shahari kendranmadhil irani georgian aanee turkmen loksankhyechi mothya pramanat kattal kelee. dakkhani aanee dakkhani yanchyatil gatbajimule, sthanik lashkari jaalyanshi dakkhani lokanche adhik sambandh asalyamule, dakkhani lock sahasa hinsacharala balee padalyane, khadatar ladhaya jhalya. yamule vidwan purush, yatrekaru, chhote vyapari, kuleen aanee nokaransah irani vanshachya lokanvar varanvar andadhund hinsachar jhaala, 1450 madhye chakanchya paradeshi lokanchi, 1481 madhye bidarchi aanee 1591 madhye ahmednagarchi hatya dekkan muslimanni kelee. eatonchya matey, dakhani aanee afaki heey darbarat prabhavasathi prabhavasathi keval done pratispardhi gatanpeksha adhik pratinidhitva karat hote; teey rajya aanee samajachya bhinn sankalpanansathi ubhe hote. jarr dakhani lokanni vasahatvadi kalpana, mhanje pratyaropit vasahati-sansthapak aanee tyanchya vanshajanni banalela samaj, prakat keela, tarr afaki kinwa sarvadeshi lock sanskrutik kalpana, susanskrut shaili, rajyakalechi eka pratishthit parampara, eka pratishthit bhasha yanche pratinidhitva karat asat. pratyek varg tyachya swatachya paddhatine vaidh asalyane, donhipaiki konalahi bahmani rajkiy vyavasthepasun kinwa dakkhan saltanatinpasun purnapane door karata aale nahee. tathapi, dakhani muslim sardaranpramane, afakinchi karye keval tyanchya yazman dakhani sulatananchya aashrayavar avalambun hotee, jenekarun jevha jevha darbarat badal kinwa asthirata yeil tevha afaki purnapane nighun jaatil. seboh aslanianne yaa firatya samudayache varnan 'prasar samaj' asey kele. roy fishelchya matey, itar konatyahi gatapeksha adhik, dakhani muslim haah samajik gut hota joou dakkan saltanatinshi sarvat jaast sambandhit hota aanee saltanatinchi disha tharvanyachya babatit sarvat prabhavi rajkiy gut hota.
richard eatonchya matey, tyach kalatil hindu vijaynagar samrajyadekhil tyachya sanskratit phaar mothe pertian hote. rajdhanichya shahee nivassthananmadhye ghumat aanee khambhedar kamani yasarkhya anek pertian sthapatyashastriy ghatak hote.
bahmani saltanatiche paach dekkan saltanatinmadhye vighatan jhaale, jeey sanskratimadhye samaan hote. 16 vya shatkat goalkonda saltanatine bandhalele hyderabad heey isfahanpasoon prerit hote. hyderabadchya nijamanchya kalat darbaratil bhasha mhanoon persiancha vapar suru rahila aanee 1886 madhye tyachi jaaga urdune ghetali.
dekkan saltanatichya kalat darbari bhasha pertian kinwa arabi hotee, tathapi, tyaa kalat visheshtah vijapurchya aadil shahinni aanee ahmednagar saltanatine marathicha mothya pramanat vapar keela. jaree shasak muslim asale taree sthanik saranjamdar jamindar aanee mahasool gola karnare hindu hote aanee bahusankhya loksankhya dekhil hindu hotee. rajkiy suyogyatemule sultananna marathicha vapar karane mahattvache jhaale. tarisuddha, tyaa kalatil adhikrut kagadpatranmadhye marathi shabdasangrahat purnapane pertian kele gele aahe. baag (baag), karkhana (karkhana), shahar (shahar), bajar (bajar), ducan (dukan), hushar (chatur), kagadacha (kagad), khurchi (khurchi), jameen (jameen), zahirat (jahirat) aanee hazar (hazar) yasarkhya dainandin bhashanat vaparlya jaanarya anek pertian shabdansah pertian prabhav aajahi suru aahe.
bangal.
bangal hii pertian sanskrutik kshetrachi sarvat purvekadil seema hotee. 600 varshanhun adhik kaal (1204-1837), pertian bhasha hii bangalmadhil adhikrut bhasha hotee, jyat dilli saltanatichya prantiy kalat; bangal saltanatichya swatantra kalat; mughal samrajyatil bangal subacha varchasva kaal; aanee ardh-swatantra nawabi kaal yancha samavesh hota. bangal haah shatkanushatke upkhandatil sarvat shrimant pradesh hota, jithe pertian lock, tasech pertian turk, shikshak, vakeel, kavee, prashasak, sainik aanee kuleen mhanoon kaam karnyasathi gangechya tribhuj pradeshat sthayik jhaale. bangali bhashet ajunahi mothya pramanat pertian shabd udhar ghetale aahet. dobhashi navachi eka lokpriy sahityik boolii udayas aalee jee lekhan swaroop mhanoon pertian aanee bangali shabdanchi sammishra rachana hotee. ekekali anek bangali shahare pertian gadya aanee kavitechi kendre hotee. pertian kavitechya tadnyanpaiki eka asalelya hafejane sultan giasuddin aazam shaah yanchyashi ullekhaneey patravyavahar keela aanee tyanni ekatra eka kavita lihili. mughal kalat bangalmadhye pertian sanskrutik abhivyaktichi parakashtha disun aalee.
bangali punarujjivanachya kalat, persiancha abhyas keval musalmanannich navhe tarr raja raam mohan roy yanchyasah hindu vidvanannihi keela hota. atharavya shatkachya madhyapasoon madhyapasoon shatkaparyant, kalkattyat paach teey sahaa dainik masike prakashit jhaali, visheshtah darbin aanee sultan all-akhbar.
adhikrut bhasha mhanoon persiancha vapar kayada kra. 1837 chaa XXIX 20 november 1837 roji bharatiy parishadechya adhyakshanni parishadela manjur keela.
british vasahatvadi kalat.
mughalanni aitihasikdrushtya kahee pramanat indo-pertian sanskratiche prateek mhanoon kaam kele hote, heey lakshat gheta, bahadoor shaah jafarchi satta ulthavane aanee 1858 madhye british mukutavar thet niyantran thevanyachi sanstha hii indo-pertian yugacha ant asalyache manale jaau shakate, jaree bharatiy bandanantar, pertian lock ajunahi prekshakanna kayam thevatat aanee muhammad ikbal (aaa. 1938). britishanni sanskratichya sthapatya shailiche ghatak rajchya imaratinmadhye aatmasat kele, jyamule indo-saracenic vastukala nirman jhaali. 20 vya shatkatil bharatiy musalman aanee visheshtah urdu kavinsathi, urduche purn aaklan karnyasathi pertian bhasha shikane aavashyak hote aanee sushikshit uttar bharatiy muslim vyaktichya sangatisathi madhyavarti hote.
adab.
uttar bharatatil indo-pertian sanskratinmadhye, adab, jyala fakt sadgun vanshik eka prakar mhanoon samajale jaau shakate, hii samajik vartan nirdharit karnari mulyanchi eka sanhita aahe jee indo-muslim sanskratimadhye paribhashit vaishishtya tayar karate.
pakakala.
indo-pertian sanshleshanamule deshi khadyapadarth aanee ghatak, turkey-pertian lokanchya chav aanee paddhatinsah ektrit kelelya pakakrutincha vikas jhaala. heey visheshtah mughalanchya kalat hote, jyanni islami jagachya vividh bhagatoon swayampaki ("bavarchi") yanna aamantrit kele hote. parinami tayar jhalelya yaa pakakala prakarala mughlai pakakala asey sambodhale jaate aanee dakshin aashiyatil pradeshik khanyapinyachya savayinvar tyacha motha parinam jhaala aahe. pradeshik islami shaktinchya svayampakgharat teey pudhe vikasit karnyat aale, jyamule avadhi aanee hyderabadi pakakruti yasarkhya vishisht shaili nirman jhalya.
yaa sanshleshanamule, bharatiy upkhandat 'naan' aanee 'kabab' sarkhya madhya aanee paschim ashiyai khadyapadarthancha samavesh aahe, parantu 'biryani' sarkhya adviteey padarthanchehi ghar banale aahe."
vastukala.
bharatiy upkhandachya islami kalkhandat ghumat, ivan, minar aanee baag yasarkhi vaishishtye vaparoon pertian sanskratitun shailibaddhapane aakarshit keleli vastukala nirman jhaali. suruvatichya islamik shasakanni hindu, bauddha aanee jaine imaratinmadhil spoliya vaparanyachi pravrutti darshavali, parinami bharatiy shaili nirman jhaali jee nantarchya rajyanni parishkrut kelee. tyamule smarakanmadhye corbell kamani aanee jaali yasarkhya adviteey bharatiy sthapatyashastriy ghatakanche vaishishtya disu lagale. mashidi, kille aanee kabare yaa mukhya imarati nirman jhalya. heey aajahi ubhe aahet aanee lahor, dilli aanee hyderabadsarkhya shaharanchya sthapatyakalet tyanche changle pratinidhitva aahe.
indo-pertian vastukala keval islami shaktisathi navhati, kaaran itar dharmanche sadasya aanee shasakanni tee tyanchya smarakanmadhye samavisht kelee hotee. sheekh vastukala heey yache eka ullekhaneey udaharan aahe. hindu vijaynagar samrajyane darbari smarakanmadhye indo-pertian vastukalecha vapar keela.
sangeet.
islami vijayapurvi, bharatiy upkhandala sangeet prathecha itihas hota joou sanskrut sanskratitun aala hota. tyanantarchya indo-pertian sanshleshanamule irani sangeet ghatakancha ogh jhaala, jyamule naveen pertian shasakanchya aashrayadvare yaa pradeshatil sangeet sanskratit aanakhi vikas jhaala. yamule swadeshi sangitatil vichalanachi prerana midali asey disate, jyamule hindusthani shastriy sangeet karnatak sangitapasun vegale jhaale. yaa shailit vaparlya jaanarya sitar aanee sarod yasarkhya kahee mukhya vadyanche pertian vadyanshi jawalche aitihasik sambandh asalyache manale jaate (udaharanarth, setar pahaa). khyal' aanee 'tarana' sarkhya sangeet shaili aanee 'gazalan' chey sangeet sadarikaran hii indo-pertian sangeet sangamachi udaharane aahet. visheshtah, 'kavvali' chya soofi bhakti sangitacha pertian prabhavatoon spasht prabhav padato, jase qee pertian kavitancha varanvar vapar.
yapaiki anek paddhatinchya nirmitiche shrey 13 vya shatkatil kavee, vidwan aanee sangitkar amir khusro yanna dile jaate.

