
soviet union

soviet union, adhikrutpane soviet samajvadi prajasattakanche sangh (yu. ess. ess. aar.), haah eka aantarkhandiy desh hota joou 1922 teey 1991 paryant eurasiachya barachsa bhag vyapala hota. eka pramukh samyavadi rajya, too nammatra pandhra rashtriy prajasattakancha eka sangharajya sangh hota; vyavharat, tyache sarkar aanee tyachi arthvyavastha donhi tyachya antim varshanparyant atyant kendrikrut hotee. mosco shahar hii tyachi rajdhani tasech sarvat mothe aanee sarvadhik loksankhya asalele prajasattakah russian ess. eff. ess. aar., mhanoon kaam karat asatana, soviet unionchya communist pakshadvare shasit heey eka-pakshiy rajya hote. itar pramukh shaharanmadhye, leningrad (russian ess. eff. ess. aar.), keev (ukrainean ess. ess. aar.), minsk (bellorussian ess. ess. aar.), tashkand (uzbekistan ess. ess. aar.), alma-ataa (kazakh ess. ess. aar.) aanee novosibirsk (russian ess. eff. ess. aar.) yancha samavesh hota. akra vel kshetrancha samavesh asalela haah jagatil sarvat motha desh hota.
1917 chya aktoobar krantimadhye deshachi mule hotee, jyat bolshevikanni tyaa varshachya suruvatila februwari krantinantar sthapan jhalelya russian tatpuratya sarkarla ulthoon takale aanee zaar nicolaus dusra yachya padatyaganantar russian samrajyacha ant jhaala. vladimir lenin yanchya netrutvakhalil naveen sarkarne, russian samajvadi sangharajya soviet prajasattak (aar. ess. eff. ess. aar.) chee sthapana kelee, jeey jagatil pahile ghatanatmak hummy asalele samajvadi rajya hote. satatcha antargat tanav kroor russian gruhyuddhat vadhala. yuddh bolshevikanchya bajoone pudhe sarkat asatana, aar. ess. eff. ess. aar. neey yuddhatoon jinkalelya jaminicha nammatra swatantra rajyanmadhye samavesh karnyas suruvat kelee, jyaa december 1922 madhye soviet unionmadhye eka jhalya. 1924 madhye leninchya mrutyunantar, joseph stallin sattevar aala. stallinne jalad audhyogikikaran aanee saktichya samuhikatechya kalavadhiche udghatan kele jyamule lakshaniy aarthik vaadh jhaali, parantu 1930-1933 madhye dushkalat dekhil yogdan dile jyamule lakho lock marle gele. yaa kalat gulagchya saktichya kamgar chhawani vyavasthecha dekhil vistar karnyat aala. stallinne tyachya khyan aanee samajalya jaananya virodhakanna hatavanyasathi mothee shuddhi kelee. dusare mahayuddha suru jhalyanantar germanyne soviet unionver aakraman kele. soviet nagri aanee lashkari mrutanchi ektrit sankhya-andaje 2 kotee lock-mitrapakshanchya sainyachya bahutansh nukasanasathi karanibhoot hotee. dusya mahayuddhanantar, laal sainyane vyapalelya pradeshane vividh soviet upgrah rajye tayar kelee.
shityuddhachya suruvatis soviet sanghachya purvekadil gatala amerikechya paschim gatala samore jaave lagale, nantarcha gut 1949 madhye natochya antargat mothya pramanat eka jhaala aanee 1955 madhye yuddh kararantargat purvicha gut mothya pramanat eka jhaala. 1955 paryant soviet unionchi purv upgrah rajyanmadhye sashastr upasthiti aanee rajkiy varchasva aadhich asalyane, haah karar byanch kalapasoon "anavashyak" manla jaat aahe aanee jyaa ghaighaine tyachi kalpana karnyat aalee hotee, tyamule nato adhikaanyaanee tyala "putthyacha killa" asey naav dile. donhi sanghatananmadhye thet lashkari sangharsh jhaala nahee; tyaeivaji, haah sangharsh vaicharik aadharavar aanee chhadm yuddhandvare ladhala gela. nato aanee warsau karar yaa donhimule lashkari dalancha vistar jhaala aanee tyanche sambandhit gatanmadhye ektrikaran jhaale. august 1968 madhye (albania aanee romania vagalata serve karar rashtranchya sahbhagasah) chekoslovakia yaa swatachya sadasya deshavar yuddh kararane kelele aakraman heey yuddh kararatil sarvat mothe lashkari sangharsh hote, jyacha kahee bhag, eka mahinyapeksha qamee kalanantar albania kararatoon maghar ghenyas karanibhoot tharala. 1953 madhye stallinchya mrutyunantar, nikita khrushchevchya netrutvakhali dii-stalinization mhanoon olakhala jaanara kaal aala. soviet sanghane pahila krutrim upgrah, pahila manvi antaral uddan aanee dusya grahavar (shukra) utarnare pahile shodh gheuun antaral sharyatit suruvatichi aaghadi ghetali.
1970 chya dashakat, soviet unionchya americaberobarchya sambandhanmadhye eka sankshipt 'shithilata' hotee, parantu 1979 madhye soviet sainyane afganistanavar kelelya aakramananantar tanav punha suru jhaala. 1980 chya dashakachya madhyat, shevatcha soviet neta, mikhail gorbachevne, 'glasnost' aanee 'perestroica' yaa tyanchya dhoranandware deshat sudharana karnyacha prayatna keela. 1989 madhye, shityuddhachya antim tappyat, yuddhasandhichya vividh deshanni tyanchya marksvadi-leninist shasananna ulthavoon takale, jyachya barobar sampoorn soviet unionmadhye majboot rashtravadi aanee futiratavadi chalvali suru jhalya. 1991 madhye, gorbachevne lithuania, latvia, estonia, armeniya, georgia aanee moldova yaa soviet prajasattakanni bahishkar takalelya rashtriy sarvmatala suruvat kelee-jyacha parinam mhanoon bahusankhya sahbhagi nagarikanni deshala nutanikaran kelele mahasangh mhanoon jatan karnyachya bajoone matdan kele. august 1991 madhye, communist pakshachya kattar sadasyanni gorbachevchya virodhat uthav keela; haah prayatna ayashasvi jhaala, boris yeltsinne ashantatela tond denyat uchch-bhoomika bajavali aanee tyanantar communist pakshavar bandee ghalanyat aalee. russian mahasangh soviet unionche uttaradhikari rajya banale, tarr itar serve prajasattak yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya patananantar soviet-nantarchi purnapane swatantra rajye mhanoon udayas aalee.
soviet unionne anek mahattvapoorn samajik aanee tantrik kamgiri aanee navkalpana nirman kelya. tyachi arthvyavastha jagatil dusya kramankachi hotee aanee soviet sashastr dalanmadhye jagatil sarvat mothe sainya hote. aine. pii. tii.-niyukt rajya, tyachyakade jagatil sarvat motha anvastrancha satha hota. too sanyukt rashtrancha sansthapak sadasya tasech sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishadechya paach kayamswarupi sadasyanpaiki eka hota. vighatan honyapurvi, purv europemadhil varchasva, lashkari aanee aarthik samarthya aanee vaidnyanik sanshodhanatun deshane jagatil done mahasattanpaiki eka mhanoon aapala darja kayam thewala hota.
vyutpatti.
soviet' haah shabd russian shabd (), mhanje 'parishad', 'sabha', 'sallah', yaa shabdanpasun aala aahe, joou shevati slavic ('batamya'), ingraji 'shahanpana', 'add-vhis-or' (jeey frenchdware ingerjit aale) kinwa dutch ('jaanun ghene'; 'vidnyan' yaa arthachi tulana qaraa) madheel mool slavic maukhik moolapasoon aala aahe. sovietnik' yaa shabdacha arth 'nagarsevak' assa hoto. russian itihasatil kahee sanghatananna 'parishad' () asey mhatale jaat asey. russian samrajyat, 1810 teey 1917 paryant karyarat asalelya rajya parishadela mantriparishad mhanoon sambodhale jaat asey.
1905 chya russian krantidarmyan kamgar parishad mhanoon soviet sangh pahilyanda disu lagale. jaree tyanna shahee sainyane patkan dadapun takale, 1917 chya februwari krantinantar, kamgar aanee sainikanchya soviet sanghancha deshbharat uday jhaala aanee russian tatpuratya sarkarshi satta vatoon ghetali. vladimir leninchya netrutvakhalil bolshevikanni serve satta sovietla hastantarit karanyachi magani kelee aanee kamgar aanee sainikancha pathimba midavala. aktoobar krantinantar, jyamadhye bolshevikanni soviet sanghachya navane tatpuratya sarkarkadoon satta kabij kelee, leninne russian samajvadi federal soviet republic (aar. ess. eff. ess. aar.) chee sthapana ghoshit kelee.
1922chya georgian prakaranadarmyan, leninne russian ess. eff. ess. aar. aanee itar rashtriy soviet prajasattakanna eka mothe sangharajya sthapan karnyache aavahan kele, jyala tyane suruvatila europe aanee ashiyachya soviet prajasattakanche sangh () asey naav dile. joseph stallinne suruvatila leninachya prastavala virodh keela parantu shevati too swikarla aanee jaree serve prajasattakanchi suruvat 'samajvadi soviet' mhanoon jhaali aanee 1936 paryant teey dusya kramane badalale naheet, taree leninachya kararanusar tyane tyache naav badaloon soviet samajvadi prajasattakanche sangh (yu. ess. ess. aar.) kele. yavyatirikt, anek prajasattakanchya pradeshik bhashanmadhye, sambandhit bhashetil 'parishad' kinwa 'tadjod' haah shabd russian 'soviet' chya rupantarat agadi ushira badalala gela aanee itaranmadhye kadhihi nahee, udaa.jee. ukrainean ess. ess. aar.
 (lattin varnamalatah "sssr") heey cyrillic aksharanmadhye lihilelya yu. ess. ess. aar. chya russian bhashetil sandnyeche sankshipt roop aahe. soviet sanghane heey sankshipt naav itake varanvar vaparale qee jagbharatil prekshak tyacha arth jaanun gheu lagale. yanantar, sarvat samanya russian aarambhikaran (lipyantaranah) aahe, jeey vyakaranatil farkanchi bharpai kelyanantar, moolatah ingrajimadhye "ess. ess. aar. ess. chey sanyojan" asey anuvadit hote. yavyatirikt, russian laghuroop naav (lipyantaranah, jyacha shabdasha arth 'soviet union' assa hoto) dekhil samanyatah vaparale jaate, parantu keval tyachya sankshipt swarupat. sarvat alikadchya kalat mahan deshbhaktipar yuddh suru jhalyapasun, soviet unionche russian naav sankshipt karane (udaharanarth, 'united states' heey 'us' madhye sankshipt kele aahe) heey eka sampoorn nishiddha aahe, yache kaaran mhanje russian cyrillic sankshipt roop mhanoon tyaeivaji nazi germanychya kuprasiddha shabdashi sambandhit aahe, jase qee ingrajimadhye 'ss' aahe. eka spasht apavad mhanje russian sankshipt roop soviet unioncha communist paksh ("kpss").
ingraji bhashetil madhyamanmadhye yaa rajyala soviet union kinwa yu. ess. ess. aar. asey sambodhale jaat asey. itar european bhashanmadhye, sthanik bhashantarit laghuroop aanee sankshipt shabd sahasa french kinwa germanmadhye vaparale jaatat. russian ess. eff. ess. aar. neey soviet unionver itake varchasva gajavale qee soviet unionchya bahutansh astitvasathi, tyala samanyatah, parantu chukiche, russia mhanoon sambodhale jaat asey. tantrikdrushtya, russia heey swatah mothya sangharajyat fakt ekach prajasattak hote-jaree 15 prajasattakanpaiki aataparyantche sarvat mothe, sarvat shaktishali aanee sarvat vikasit. tathapi, itihaskar mathyu whitechya matey, russiachya varchasvasathi deshachi sanghiy rachana 'vindo dressing' hotee heey eka khule rahasy hote. yaa karanastav, yu. ess. ess. aar. chya lokanna jawaljawal nehmich 'russian' mhatale jaat asey, 'soviet' mhanoon navhe, kaaran 'pratyekala mahit hote qee haah karyakram kharokhar kona chalvat hote'.
itihas.
kranti aanee paya (1917-1927).
russian samrajyatil aadhunik krantikari kriyakalap 1825 chya bandkhoripasun suru jhaale. jaree 1861 madhye gulamgiri radd karnyat aalee asali taree tee shetkyanna pratikool asalelya atinvar kelee gelee aanee krantikarkansathi protsahan denyasathi tee kelee gelee. 1905 chya russian krantinantar 1906 madhye rajya duma yaa navane sansadechi sthapana karnyat aalee, parantu samrat nicolaus dusra yane nirpeksh rajtantratun ghatanatmak rajeshahikade jaanyachya prayatnanna virodh keela. pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan lashkari parabhav aanee pramukh shaharanmadhil annadhanyachi tanchai yamule samajik ashantata kayam rahili aanee tee aanakhi vadhali.
8 march 1917 roji petrogradmadhye shantata aanee bhojanachya maganisathi eka utsfurt lokpriy nidarshan, februwari krantimadhye aanee nicolaus dusra aanee shahee sarkarcha tyag karnyat paar padale. zarvadi nirankushatechi jaaga samajik-lokshahi russian tatpuratya sarkarne ghetali, jyacha uddesh russian sanvidhan sabhechya nivadanuka ghene aanee pahilya mahayuddhat praveshasathi ladhane suru thevane haah hota. tyach velee, russian bhashet 'soviet' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya kamgar parishadancha deshbharat uday jhaala aanee tyapaiki sarvat prabhavshali, kamgar aanee sainikanchya pratinidhinchya petrograd sovietne tatpuratya sarkarshi satta vatoon ghetali.
vladimir leninchya netrutvakhali bolshevikanni sovhietmadhye aanee rastyanvar samyavadi krantisathi prayatna kele, 'sovietla serve adhikar' hii ghoshana sweekarli aanee tatpurte sarkar ulthoon takanyache aavahan kele. 7 november 1917 roji, bolshevik laal rakshakanni petrograd yetheel hiwali rajvadyavar hallah keela, tatpuratya sarkari netyanna atak kelee aanee leninne ghoshit kele qee aata serve satta sovietla hastantarit karnyat aalee aahe. hii ghatana nantar soviet granthasuchimadhye adhikrutpane "mahan aktoobar samajvadi kranti" mhanoon olakhali jaeel. serve kathit aanee vastavik virodh bund karnyasathi raktaranjit laal dahashat suru karnyat aalee. decembermadhye bolshevikanni kendriya shaktinsobat yuddhaviramavar swakshya kelya, matra februwari 1918paryant ladhai punha suru jhaali hotee. marchmadhye, soviet sanghane yuddhatil sahbhag sampavala aanee breast-litovskchya swatantra shantata kararavar swakshya kelya.
1917 madhye laal aanee goryanmadhye eka pradirgh aanee raktaranjit gruhyuddha suru jhaale, jyachi suruvat jhaali aanee 1923 madhye lalanchya vijaysah samapt jhaali. tyat paradeshi hastakshep, majee samrat aanee tyachya kutumbachi hatya aanee 1921-1922 chaa dushkal, jyat sumare pannas laakh lock marle gele, yancha samavesh hota. march 1921 madhye, polandviruddhachya sambandhit yuddhadarmyan, rigachya shantatevar swakshya karnyat aalya, jyane bellaroos aanee yukrenmadhil vadgrast pradesh polandache prajasattak aanee soviet russia yanchyat vibhagale. soviet russiane purvichya samrajyatil serve navyane swatantra jhalelya rashtranvar punha vijay midvanyacha prayatna keela, jaree tyanche yash maryadit hote. estonia, finland, latvia aanee lithuania yaa sarvanni soviet aakramane mage takali, tarr ukraine, bellaroos (polish-soviet yuddhacha parinam mhanoon), armeniya, azarbaijan aanee georgia laal sainyane tabyat ghetale hote. yavyatirikt, soviet sarkarne jabardastine ann magitalyane motha pratikar jhaala, jyapaiki sarvat ullekhaneey mhanje tambov bund, jeey shevati laal sainyane padale.
yadavi yuddhacha arthvyavasthevar vinashkari parinam jhaala. nafyachya virodhat marshal laucha dhoka asoonahi russiamadhye kaala bajar udayala aala. vinimay madhyam mhanoon paishanchi jaaga vinimayane ghetalyane aanee 1921 paryant avjad udhyogache utpadan 1913chya patalichya 20 takkyanparyant ghasaralyane rubal kosalale. 90 takke vetan paishapeksha vastundvare dile jaat asey. 70 takke injine durustichi garaj hotee aanee saat varshanchya yuddh aanee bhishan dushkalachya parinamansah ann maganimule 3 teey 1 kotee mrutyunparyant dushkal padala. kolashache utpadan 27.5 laakh tunn (1913) varoon 7 dashalaksh tunn (1920) paryant qamee jhaale, tarr ekoon karkhanyache utpadan dekhil 10 kotee rubalsavaroon 10 kotee rubalsparyant ghasarale. prasiddha itihaskar david khrishchan yanchya matey, dhanya peak dekhil 8 kotee 10 laakh tananvarun (1913) 4 kotee 65 laakh tanamparyant (1920) qamee karnyat aale.
yu. ess. ess. aar. chya nirmitivaril karar.
28 december 1922 roji, russian ess. eff. ess. aar., transcockatian ess. eff. ess. aar., ukrainean ess. ess. aar. aanee bellorussian ess. ess. aar. chya purn samarthyavan pratinidhinchya parishadene yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya nirmitivaril kararala aanee yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya nirmitichya ghoshanes manjuri dilee, jyamule soviet samajvadi prajasattakanche sangharajya tayar jhaale. yaa done kagadpatranna yu. ess. ess. aar. chya soviet sanghachya pahilya parishadene pushti dilee aanee 30 december 1922 roji mikhail kalinin, mikhail tskakaya, mikhail frunz, grigori petrovsky aanee alekzandar cherviyakov yaa shishtmandalanchya pramukhanni swakshari kelee. moscotil bolshoi natyagruhachya manchavarun aupcharik ghoshana karnyat aalee.
1917 madhye soviet sattechya suruvatichya kalat deshachi arthvyavastha, udyog aanee rajkaranachi sakhol punarrachana suru jhaali. yacha motha bhag bolshevik prarambhik aadeshannusar, vladimir leninne swakshari kelelya sarkari kagadpatrannusar keela gela. sarvat pramukh pragatinpaiki eka mhanje goelro yojana, jyat russiachya sampoorn vidyutikaranachya aadhare soviet arthvyavasthechya mothya punarrachanechi kalpana hotee. hii yojana tyanantarchya panchvarshik yojanancha namuna bunley aanee 1931 paryant tee purn jhaali. russian yadavi yuddhadarmyan 'yuddh samyavad' chya aarthik dhorananantar, deshat samajvad purnapane vikasit karanyachi purvatayari mhanoon, soviet sarkarne 1920 chya dashakat rashtriyikrut udyogabarobar kahee khajgi udhyoganna sahastitva thevanyas parvanagi dilee aanee grameen bhagatil ekoon ann maganichi jaaga annakarane ghetali.
tyachya nirmitipasoon, soviet unionmadhil sarkar communist pakshachya (bolshevik) eka-pakshachya rajvativar aadharit hote. bhandavalshahi shoshan parat yenyapasoon rokhane aanee lokanchya ichcheche vyavharik paddhatine pratinidhitva karnyasathi lokshahi kendrikaranachi tattve sarvat prabhavi asateel, haah yaa yojanecha uddesh hota. arthvyavasthechya bhavishyatil vadavivadamule 1924 madhye leninchya mrutyunantarchya varshanmadhye sattechya sangharshachi parshvabhoomi nirman jhaali. suruvatila, leninchya jaagi ukrainean ssrche grigori zinoviev, russian sfsrche lev kamenev aanee transcockatian sfsrche joseph stallin yancha samavesh asalelya 'trikoni' neey badalale jayache hote.
1 februwari 1924 roji yuu. ess. ess. aar. laa united kingdamne manyata dilee. tyach varshi, december 1922 chya sangharajyala kayadeshir manyata dett soviet rajyaghatanela manyata denyat aalee.
archie braunchya matey, sanvidhan heey yuu. ess. ess. aar. madheel rajkiy vastavasathi kadhihi achook margdarshak navhate. udaharanarth, dhoran tayar karnyat aanee tyachi amalbajavani karnyat pakshane pramukh bhoomika bajavali yaa vastusthiticha 1977 paryant tyat ullekh navhata. yuu. ess. ess. aar. hii anek ghatak prajasattakanchi eka sangharajyiy sanstha hotee, pratyekachi swatachi rajkiy aanee prashasakeey sanstha hotee. tathapi, 'soviet russia' haah shabd aupcharikpane keval russian sangharajyiy samajvadi prajasattakala lagoo hoto, joou russian ess. eff. ess. aar. chya varchasvamule soviet nasalelya lekhakanni anekada sampoorn deshala lagoo keela hota.
stallin yug (1927-1953).
3 april 1922 roji stallin yanna soviet unionchya communist pakshache sarchitanis mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. leninne kamgar aanee shetkyanchya nirikshanache pramukh mhanoon stallinchi niyukti kelee hotee, jyamule stallinla lakshaniy adhikar midale. haloohaloo aapala prabhav balkat karoon aanee pakshatil aaplya pratispardhyanna vegale karoon aanee tyanna parabhoot karoon, stallin haah deshacha nirvivad neta banala aanee 1920 chya dashakachya akheris tyane ekahati rajvat sthapan kelee. aktoobar 1927 madhye, zinovieve aanee leone trotsky yanna kendriya samititoon haddapar karnyat aale aanee tyanna haddapar karnyat aale.
1928 madhye, stallinne samajvadi arthvyavastha ubharanyasathi pahili panchvarshik yojana sadar kelee. sampoorn krantidarmyan leninne vyakt kelelya aantarrashtriyatavadachya jaagi, eka deshat samajvad nirman karane haah tyacha uddesh hota. udhyogkshetrat, rajyane serve vidyaman udhyoganvar niyantran midavale aanee audhyogikikaranasathi eka sakhol karyakram haatee ghetala. shetimadhye, leninne suchavalelya 'udaharanadvare netrutva' dhoranache palan karnyaivaji, shetanche jabardastine samuhikikaran deshbharat lagoo karnyat aale.
parinami dushkal padala, jyamule andaje tees teey saat dashalaksh mrutyu jhaale; jiwant asalelya kulakancha (shrimant kinwa madhyamvargiy shetkari) chhal keela gela aanee anekanna jabardastine kaam karnyasathi gulagmadhye pathvanyat aale. 1930chya dashakachya madhyat samajik ulthapalath suruch rahili. 1930 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon teey uttaradhaparyant ashantata asoonahi, dusya mahayuddhachya aadhichya varshant deshane eka majboot audhyogik arthvyavastha vikasit kelee.
1930 chya dashakachya suruvatila yuu. ess. ess. aar. aanee pashchimatya deshanmadhil jawalche sahkarya vikasit jhaale. 1932 teey 1934 yaa kalat desh jaagtik nihshastrikaran parishadet sahbhagi jhaala. 1933 madhye, novembermadhye amerikeche navnirvachit adhyaksh franklin dii. franklin yanni sanyukt rajya america aanee yuu. ess. ess. aar. yanchyatil rajnaitik sambandh prasthapit kele. roozveltne stallinchya samyavadi sarkarla aupcharikpane manyata dene nivadle aanee donhi deshanmadhil naveen vyapar kararavar vataghati kelya. september 1934 madhye desh rashtranchya sanghamadhye sameel jhaala. 1936 madhye spanish yadavi yuddh suru jhalyanantar, yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey rashtravadi viruddha prajasattak dalanna sakriyapane pathimba deela, jyanna facist itali aanee nazi germanycha pathimba hota.
december 1936 madhye, stallinne eka naveen sanvidhanache anavaran kele, jyachi jagbharatil samarthakanni kalpana karnyayogya sarvat lokshahi sanvidhan mhanoon prashansa kelee, jaree kahee shanka hotee. american itihaskar jeey. aark getty nishkarsh kadhateh "pruthvivaril sarvat lokshahi desh mhanoon stallinchya soviet unionche kautuk karnare anek jann tyanchya shabdancha pashchatap karnyasathi jagale. shevati, 1930 chya dashakachya uttaradhatil mothya dahashatichya purvasandhyela 1936 chee soviet rajyaghatna sweekarli gelee; pahilya sarvoch sovhietchya "purnapane lokshahi" nivadnukanmadhye keval binvirodh umedvaranna parvanagi denyat aalee aanee 1937 madhye kroor hinsacharachya shikharavar asatana tyaa jhalya. stallinchya sanvidhanat vachan dilele nagri haqq, vaiyaktik swatantrya aanee lokshahi swaroop jawaljawal lagechach chiradale gele aanee stallinchya mrutyunantar byanch kalaparyant teey mrut akshare rahile." 
stallinchya mothya shuddhimule aktoobar krantimadhye sahbhagi jhalelya anek 'junya bolshevikanna' tabyat ghenyat aale kinwa fashi denyat aalee. vargikrut soviet sangrahannusar, aine. keey. vhee. dii. neey 1937 aanee 1938 madhye deed dashalakshahun adhik lokanna atak kelee, jyapaiki 681,692 lokanna golya ghalanyat aalya. tyaa done varshant, darroj sarasari eka hajarahun adhik fashi denyat aalya.
1939 madhye, germanyviruddha britton aanee francesobat lashkari yutee karnyache prayatna ayashasvi jhalyanantar, soviet unionne nazi germanykade natyamay badal keela. britton aanee francene germanybarobar munich karar kelyanantar jawaljawal eka varshanantar, soviet unionne vyapak charchedarmyan germanyshi lashkari aanee aarthik asha donhi prakarche karar kele. britton aanee francechya babatit, soviet unionne germanyshi kelelya kararapeksha, molotov-rebentrop kararamadhye (23 august 1939 roji swakshari kelela), eka gupt protocol samavisht hota jyamule purv europeey rajyanvar soviet aakraman aanee tyanchya pradeshanvar kabja karnyacha marg mokala jhaala. yaa kararamule lithuania, latvia, estonia, besarabia, uttar bukovina aanee purv polandavar sovhietcha kabja shakya jhaala.
1 september roji germanyne polandavar aakraman kele aanee 17 september roji soviet unionne polandavarhi aakraman kele. 6 aktoobar roji polandacha padav jhaala aanee tyanantar soviet tabyat asalelya kshetracha kahee bhag germanykade supurd karnyat aala.
10 aktoobar roji, soviet union aanee lithuania eka kararavar swakshya kelya, jyadvare soviet unionne vilna pradeshavaril polish sarvbhaumatva lithuaniala hastantarit kele aanee 28 aktoobar roji soviet kabja kshetra aanee lithuania naveen pradeshamadhil seema adhikrutpane simankit karnyat aalee.
1 november roji soviet unionne paschim ukrainvar kabja keela, tyanantar 2 november roji paschim belarusvar kabja keela.
novemberchya uttaradhat, finlandchya prajasattakala mutsaddi margane tyachi seema leningradmadhun parat halavanyasathi sakti karnyat asamarth, stallinne finlandvar aakraman karnyache aadesh dile. 14 december 1939 roji, finlandvar aakraman kelyabaddal soviet unionla rashtranchya sanghatoon hakaloon denyat aale. poorves, 1938 aanee 1939 madhye japanchya samrajyashi jhalelya seema sangharshadarmyan soviet sainyane anek nirnayak vijay midavale. tathapi, april 1941 madhye, yu. ess. ess. aar. neey japanshi soviet-japani tatasthata kararavar swakshya kelya, joou soviet 1945 madhye ektarfi todanar hota, jyamule japanchya kathputali rajyachi pradeshik akhandata olakhali jaeel. yaa kararamule japan nantar germanychya bajoone asalelya yu. ess. ess. aar. viruddha yuddhat pravesh karnar nahee yachee khatri jhaali.
dusare mahayuddha.
germanyne molotov-rebentrop karar modala aanee 22 juuna 1941 roji soviet unionver aakraman kele, jyala russia aanee soviet nantarchya itar kahee rajyanmadhye mahan deshbhaktipar yuddh mhanoon olakhale jaate. laal sainyane moscochya ladhait ajey disana german sainyala rokhale. 1942 chya uttaradhapasun 1943 chya suruvatiparyant chalalelya stellingradchya ladhaine germanyla motha dhakka deela, jyatoon teey kadhihi purnapane savarale naheet aanee yuddhat eka nirnayak tappa banala. 1945 madhye germanyne aatmasamarpan karnyapurvi, stellingradnanter soviet sainyane purv europemadhun berlinla dhaav ghetali. german sainyachya 80 takke lashkari mrutyu purv aaghadit jhaale. harry hopkins, franklin dii. yanche nikatche pararashtra dhoran sallagar. ruzvelt yanni 10 august 1943 roji yu. ess. ess. aar. chya yuddhatil nirnayak bhoomikebaddal bolatana sangitale qee, "jaree gret britton aanee amerikechya sainyala 2 german vibhagancha virodh hott asala, taree russian aaghadila andaje 200 german vibhaganche laksh milat aahe."dusya mahayuddhadarmyan 34 dashalaksh sainikanni laal sainyat seva dilee, jyapaiki 80 laakh gulam nasalele alpasankhyak hote.
yu. ess. ess. aar. laa yuddhat khoop tras sahan karava lagla, sumare 2 kotee lock gamvave lagale (aadhunik russian strotanni hii sankhya 26.6 kotee asalyache sangitale). yamadhye 87 laakh lashkari mrutyuncha samavesh aahe. bahutansh nuksan heey vanshik russian hote, tyanantar vanshik ukrainean hote. andaje 28 laakh soviet ghubad heey keval aath mahinyant upasamarine, gairvartanane kinwa fashimule maran pavale. germananchya teen varshanchya vyaparachya kalat belarusmadhye 20 lakhanhun adhik lock marle gele, yaa pradeshatil loksankhyechya jawaljawal eka chaturthansh, jyat belarusmadhil holocostmadhye sumare 550,000 jyoo lokancha samavesh hota. yuddhadarmyan, america, united kingdam aanee chins deshala chaar mothya sahyogi shakti manale jaat asey aanee nantar sanyukt rashtranchya suraksha parishadecha paya bananare chaar police banale. yuddhanantarchya kalat tee eka mahasatta mhanoon udayas aalee. ekekali pashchimatya jagane mutsaddi manyata nakarli hotee, 1940 chya dashakachya uttaradhat yu. ess. ess. aar. chey vyavharikdrushtya pratyek deshasobat adhikrut sambandh hote. 1945 madhye sanyukt rashtranchya sthapanechya velee sanyukt rashtrancha sadasya asalela haah desh sanyukt rashtranchya suraksha parishadechya paach kayamswarupi sadasyanpaiki eka banala, jyane tyala tyachya konatyahi tharavavar nakaradhikar denyacha adhikar deela.
yalta parishadet mitrarashtranshi kelelya kararachi purtata karnyasathi yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey april 1945 madhye soviet-japani tatasthata karar modala, jyacha japan germanyshi yutee karoonahi sanman karat hota aanee 9 august 1945 roji manchukuo aanee japan-niyantrit itar pradeshanvar aakraman kele. haah sangharsh nirnayak soviet vijaysah sampala, jyamule japanchya binshart aatmasamarpanat aanee dusare mahayuddha sampushtat aale.
soviet sainikanni, visheshtah germanymadhye, vyapalelya pradeshanmadhye samoohik balatkar kele. yuddhakalin balatkaranantar anek dashakanche maun rahile. itihaskar antoney beaver yanchya matey, jyanchya pustakanvar 2015 madhye kahee russian shaala aanee mahavidhyalayanmadhun bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee, aine. keey. vhee. dii. (soviet gupt polis) fayali ughad karatat qee netrutvala kaay chalale aahe heey mahit hote, parantu teey thambavanyasathi farse kahee kele nahee. anekada balatkar karnare mageel staravaril gut asat. pradhyapak oleg razeshevsky yanchya matey, "4,148 laal lashkari adhikari aanee anek khasgi lokanna atyachar kelyabaddal shiksha jhaali". yuddh aanee tabyat asatana soviet sainyane balatkar kelelya german mahila aanee mulinchi achook sankhya anishchit aahe, parantu itihaskarancha andaj aahe qee tyanchi sankhya shekado hajaranmadhye aanee bahudha 20 lakhanitaki aahe.
soviet unionla tyachya yuddhakalin prayatnanmadhye americene karj bhadepattidware khoop madat kelee. ekoon, yuu.ess. karj-bhadepattidware yuu. ess. ess. aar. laa vitarit kelelya samagrichi rakkam $11 abj itaki hotih 400,000 hoon adhik jeep aanee truck; 12,000 bakhtarband vahane (7,000 takyansah, jyapaiki sumare 1,386 emm3 lease aanee 4,102 emm4 sherman hote); 11,400 vimane (jyapaiki 4,719 bail pii-39 aeracobras, 3,414 douglus aii paras-20 aanee 2,397 bail pii-63 kingcobrass hote) aanee 17.5 laakh tunn ann. soviet sainikanna yuddhacha fatka basat asatana, ruzveltche sallagar harry hopkins yanna vatale qee sovietla american madat yuddh sampanyas gatee deil.
andaje 17.5 laakh tunn lashkari upkarane, vahane, audhyogik puravatha aanee ann paschim golardhatun yuu. ess. ess. aar. laa pathvanyat aale, 94 takke america yethoon aale. yaa tulanet, janewari 1942 teey meey 1945 yaa kalavadhit american sainyacha puravatha karnyasathi ekoon 2 kotee 20 laakh tunn europeey dalat utarale. assa andaj aahe qee, amerikechya lashkari mankannusar, ektya yu. ess. ess. aar. laa pertian corridordware american vitaran heey saath ladhau vibhag rakhanyasathi purese hote.
shityuddha.
yuddhanantarchya kalat, soviet unionne aapale katekorpane kendrikrut niyantran kayam thevat, aapali arthvyavastha punha ubharali aanee vistarli. tyane purv europechya bahutek deshanvar (yugoslavia aanee nantar albania vagalata) prabhavi niyantran midavale, jyamule tyanche upgrah rajyanmadhye rupantar jhaale. yu. ess. ess. aar. neey aaplya upgrah rajyanna lashkari yutee, 1955 madheel warsau karar aanee 1949 teey 1991 paryant european aarthik samudayache (eae. eae. see.) pratirup, paraspar aarthik sahayya parishad kinwa comecon yaa aarthik sanstheshi bandhale. jaree nammatratah eka "sanrakshanatmak" yutee asali, taree warsau kararache prathamik karya purv european upgrahanvar soviet unionchya varchasvache rakshan karane heey hote, aanee kararachi ekmev thet lashkari krutee mhanje tyanna tutanyapasun rokhanyasathi swatachya sadasya deshanchya aakramane. yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey germanyche bahutansh audhyogik prakalp tabyat gheuun aanee hastantarit karoon swatachya punarpraptivar laksh kendrit kele aanee soviet varchasva asalelya sanyukt upkramancha vapar karoon purv germany, hangeri, romania aanee bulgariahoon yuddh bharpaichi magani kelee. tyanni deshachya hitasathi jaanunbujun banavalelya vyapar vyavasthahi suru kelya. upgrah rajyanvar rajya karananya communist pakshanvar moscoche niyantran hote aanee tyanni kremlinchya aadeshanche palan kele. itihaskar marqa crammer yanni nishkarsh kadhalah "dusya mahayuddhanantarchya pahilya dashakat purv europemadhun soviet unionmadhye sansadhanancha nivval pravah andaje $15 abj teey $20 abj hota, jee rakkam marshal yojneantargat americene paschim europela dilelya ekoon madatichya andaje barobarichi hotee."nantar, comeconne akheris vijayi jhalelya chiinii communist pakshala madat puravali aanee tyacha prabhav jagaat itaratra vadhala. tyachya mahattvakankshanchya bhitine, soviet unionche yuddhakalin mitra, united kingdam aanee united states, tyache shatru banale. tyanantarchya shityuddhat, donhi bajunmadhye apratyakshapane chhadm yuddhanmadhye sangharsh jhaala.
dii-stalinization aanee khrushchev vitalane (1953-1964).
5 march 1953 roji stallin yanche nidhan jhaale. paraspar sahmatichya uttaradhikanyashivay, communist pakshachya sarvoch adhikaanyaanee suruvatila georgy malenkov yanchya netrutvakhalil trikutadvare sanyuktapane soviet unionver rajya karnyacha nirnay ghetala. matra, heey tikale nahee aanee nikita khrushchevne akheris 1950chya dashakachya madhyaparyant sattasangharsh jinkla. 1956 madhye tyanni joseph stallincha nishedh keela aanee paksh aanee samajavaril niyantran sulabh karnyasathi pudhe gele. yala dii-stalinization asey mhatale jaat asey.
1941 chya german aakramanasarkhya aanakhi eka mothya aakramanachya babatit, moscone purv europela tyachya paschim simanchya agra sanrakshanasathi eka gambhir mahattvapoorn snrakshak kshetra manale. yaa karanastav, yu. ess. ess. aar. neey purv european deshanche upgrah rajyanmadhye rupantar karoon, tyachya netrutvavar avalambun aanee adheen rahoon yaa pradeshavar aapale niyantran majboot karnyacha prayatna keela. parinami, 1956 madhye hangerimadhye samyavadvirodhi uthav dadapanyasathi soviet lashkari dalancha vapar karnyat aala.
1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, pashchimeshi soviet sambandh aanee mao tsedong jyala khrushchevcha punarujjivanvad manat hota, tyaa sandarbhat chinashi jhalelya sangharshamule sino-soviet vibhajan jhaale. yamule sampoorn jaagtik marksvadi-leninist chalval thapp jhaali, albania, kambodiya aanee somalia yetheel sarkaranni chinashi yutee karnyacha nirnay ghetala.
1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatichya yaa kalavadhit, yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey antaral sharyatit vaidnyanik aanee tantrik karyachi jaaniv karoon dene suru thewale, amerikeshi spardha keleeh 1957 madhye pahila krutrim upgrah, sputnik 1 prakshepit karane; 1957 madhye lyca navacha eka jiwant kutra; 1961 madhye pahila manushya, yuri gagarin; 1963 madhye antaralat jaanari pahili mahila, valentin tereskova; 1965 madhye antaralat chalanari pahili vyakti alexey leonov; 1966 madhye antaral yaan luna 9 dware chandravar pahile soft landing; aanee pahile chandra rover, lunokhod 1 aanee lunokhodo 2.
khrushchevne 'daad phaul' chee suruvat kelee, jeey deshatil rajkiy, sanskrutik aanee aarthik jeevanat eka guntaguntiche badal hote. yamadhye kahise mokalepana aanee itar deshanshi sampark aanee vastoonchya vastunvar adhik bharr denanya naveen samajik aanee aarthik dhoranancha samavesh hota, jyamule jivanmanat lakshaniy vaadh houu shakate aanee aarthik vikasachi uchch patali kayam rahate. sensorshiphi shithil karnyat aalee. tathapi, krushevchya krishi aanee prashasanatil sudharana samanyatah anutpadak hotya. 1962 madhye, kyubamadhye soviet anoo kshepanastre tainat karnyavishayi tyanni americaberober sankat nirman kele. kyuba aanee turkey yaa donhi deshanmadhun aanvik kshepanastre kadhoon taknyasathi amerikeshi karar karnyat aala, jyamule sankat sampale. yaa ghatanemule khrushchevala khoop laaj vatali aanee pratishtha gamvavi lagali, parinami 1964 madhye tyala sattevarun hatavanyat aale.
sthairyache yug (1964-1985).
krushevhchya hakalpattinantar, samoohik netrutvacha aanakhi eka kaal aala, jyamadhye sarchitanis mhanoon leonid brazenave, pantpradhan mhanoon alexey kosigin aanee presidiumche adhyaksh mhanoon nikolai podgorney yancha samavesh hota, joou 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatila brezhnevne swatahla pramukh soviet neta mhanoon sthapit kareparyant tikala.
1968 madhye, soviet union aanee warsau karar mitrapakshanni prag vasant rututil sudharana chiradoon taknyasathi chekoslovakiavar aakraman kele. tyanantar, brezhnevne aakraman aanee mageel lashkari hastakshep, tasech bhavishyat konatyahi sambhavya lashkari hastakshepala brazenave siddhant sadar karoon nyayya tharavale, jyane yuddh karar rajyat soviet rajvatila konatahi dhoka serve yuddh karar rajyansathi dhoka asalyache ghoshit kele, mhanoon lashkari hastakshepala nyayya tharavale.
brezhnevne paschimebarobar sampoorn 'detente' madhye adhyakshapad bhushavale, jyacha parinam shastrastra niyantranavaril kararanmadhye jhaala (meeth I, meeth II, ballistic kshepanastravirodhi karar) aanee tyach velee soviet lashkari shakti vadhavanyat aalee.
aktoobar 1977 madhye soviet unionchi tisari rajyaghatna ekmatane swikaranyat aalee. 1982 madhye brezhnevchya mrutyuchya velee soviet netrutvachi prachalit manahsthiti badalanyas virodh karnari hotee. vruddha aanee asthir uchch rajkiy netrutvasaha brezhnevchya rajvaticha dirgh kaal 'thapp' manla jaau lagla hota. haah kaal sthairya yug mhanoonahi olakhala jaato, joou deshatil pratikool aarthik, rajkiy aanee samajik parinamancha kaal hota, joou brezhnevchya rajvatit suru jhaala aanee tyachya uttaradhikanyan yoori andropov aanee constantin chernenko yanchya netrutvakhali suru rahila.
1979chya uttaradhat, soviet sanghachya sainyane shejarchya afaganistanmadhye suru asalelya gruhyuddhat hastakshep keela, jyamule pashchimekadil shantata prabhavipane sampushtat aalee.
perestroica aanee glasnost sudharana (1985-1991).
tyanantarchya dashakat done ghadamodinche varchasva hoteh soviet sanghachya aarthik aanee rajkiy sanrachaneche vadhatya pramanat spasht honare kosalane aanee tee prakriya ulatavanyasathi sudharananche prayatna. keneth ess. defies yanni 'telachya palikade' assa yuktivad keela qee, rigan prashasanane saudi arabiala telachi kimmat asha pramanat qamee karnyas protsahit kele qee sovietla tyanche teel vikoon napha houu shakat nahee aanee parinami deshachya katheen chalan sathyat ghat jhaali.
brezhnevche pudhil done uttaradhikari, tyanchya paramparet khol mull asalelya sankramankalin vyaktimatva, phaar kaal tikale naheet. yoori andropov 68 varshancha hota aanee constantin chernenko 72 varshancha hota jevha tyanni satta sweekarli; doghanchahi done varshanpeksha qamee kalavadhit mrutyu jhaala. tisra alpakalin neta talhanyachya prayatnat, 1985 madhye, soviet sanghane pudhchya pidhikade valale aanee mikhail gorbachevchi nivad kelee. apayashi arthvyavastheshivay, afaganistanmadhil pradirgh yuddhamule samyavadi rajvatibaddal janatecha asantosh vadhala. tasech, 1986 madheel chernobyl aapattine gorbachevchya sudharananna prerak shakti dilee. tyanni arthvyavastha aanee pakshachya netrutvat lakshaniy badal kele, jyala 'perestroica' mhanatat. anek dashakanchya mothya sarkari sensorshipanantar tyanchya 'glasnost' yaa dhoranamule lokanna mahiticha laabh midala. gorbachevnehi shityuddha sampavanyasathi halchali kelya. 1988 madhye, yu. ess. ess. aar. neey afaganistanmadhil yuddh sodale aanee aapale sainya mage ghenyas suruvat kelee. pudhchya varshi, gorbachevne soviet upgrah rajyanchya antargat babinmadhye hastakshep karnyas nakar deela, jyamule 1989 chya kranticha marg mokala jhaala. visheshtah, august 1989 madhye panne-european sahalimadhye soviet unionchya sthaganane nantar shantatapurn sakhali pratikriya suru kelee, jyachya shevati purv gut kosalala. berlinchi bhint kosalalyane aanee purv aanee paschim germany punha ektrikaran karat asatana, paschim aanee soviet-vyapt pradeshanmadhil lokhandi padada khalee aala.
tyach velee, yu. ess. ess. aar. sanvidhanachya kalam 72 madheel vegale honyachya swatantryacha hawala dett, soviet prajasattakanni tyanchya pradeshanvar sarvbhaumatva ghoshit karnyachya dishene kayadeshir pavale uchalanyas suruvat kelee. 7 april 1990 roji, janmatsangrahat done trutiyanshpeksha jaast rahivashanni matdan kelyas prajasattakala vegale honyachi parvanagi denara kayada manjur karnyat aala. anekanni 1990 madhye tyanchya swatachya rashtriy vidhimandalansathi soviet yugat tyanchya pahilya mukt nivadanuka ghetalya. yapaiki anek vidhimandalanni 'kayadyanche yuddh' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya union kayadyanchya virodhat kayade tayar karnyas suruvat kelee. 1989 madhye, russian ess. eff. ess. aar. neey lock pratinidhinchi navyane nivadoon aaleli congress bolavali. boris yeltsin yanchi adhyaksh mhanoon nivad jhaali. 12 juuna 1990 roji congressne aaplya pradeshavar rashiyache sarvbhaumatva ghoshit kele aanee kahee soviet kayadyanchi jaaga ghenyachya prayatnat kayade parit karnyasathi pudhe gele. lithuaniatil sajudinchya prachand vijayanantar, baltic rajyanvar sovhietchya bekaydeshir vyapamule 11 march 1990 roji tyaa deshane aapale swatantrya punarsanchayit kelyachi ghoshana kelee. lithuania (raktaranjit ravivar) aanee latvia (barricades) yetheel lokpriy nidarshane chiradoon soviet sainyane futiratela rokhanyacha prayatna keela, jyacha parinam mhanoon asankhya nagrik marle gele kinwa jakhami jhaale. tathapi, yaa krutimule futiratavadyanna keval aantarrashtriy pathimba midala.
yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya sanrakshanasathi 17 march 1991 roji nauu prajasattakanmadhye sarvmat ghenyat aale (urvaritanni matdanavar bahishkar takala), tyaa prajasattakanmadhil bahusankhya loksankhyene naveen mahasanghachya swarupat sangharajyachya sanrakshanasathi matdan kele. janmatsangrahamule gorbachevla thodi chalana midali. 1991chya unhalyat, naveen sangh karar, jyane deshala adhik shithil sanghamadhye rupantarit kele asate, tyavar aath prajasattakanni sahmati darshavali. tathapi, augustchya uthavamule kararavar swakshari karnyat vyatyay aala-gorbachevchya sudharana ulatavanyacha aanee prajasattakanvar kendra sarkarche niyantran punha prasthapit karnyacha prayatna karananya sarkarchya kattar sadasyanni aanee keey. jee. bii. neey kelelya uthav prayatnanmule. uthav kosalalyanantar, rashiyache adhyaksh yeltsin yanchyakade tyanchya nirnayak krutisathi nayak mhanoon pahile gele, tarr gorbachevchi satta prabhavipane sampushtat aalee. sattecha samtol prajasattakankade lakshaniyaritya jhukala. august 1991 madhye, lavia aanee estonia tabadtob tyanche purn swatantrya punarsanchayit karanyachi ghoshana kelee (lithuania 1990 chya udaharananantar). gorbachevne augustchya akheris sarchitanispadacha rajinama deela aanee tyanantar lagechach, pakshache karya anishchit kalasathi sthagit karnyat aale-jyamule tyachi satta prabhavipane sampushtat aalee. sharad rutuparyant, gorbachev moscobaheryl ghatananvar prabhav takoo shakala nahee aanee julai 1991 madhye rashiyache adhyaksh mhanoon nivadoon aalelya yeltasinkadun tyala tithehi aavhan dile jaat hote.
vighatan aanee parinam.
urvarit 12 prajasattakanni sangharajyachya naveen, adhikadhik shithil hott jaananya pratimanvar charcha suru thewali. tathapi, decemberparyant russia aanee kazakhstan vagalata serve deshanni aupcharikpane swatantrya ghoshit kele hote. yaa kalat, mosco craimlins soviet sarkarmadhye jeey kahee shillak rahile teey yeltsinne tabyat ghetale. 1 december roji shevatcha dhakka basala jevha dusya kramankache sarvat shaktishali prajasattak asalelya ukraine swatantryasathi prachand matdan kele. ukrainechya futiratamule desh maryadit pramanatahi ekatra rahanyachi konatihi vastavadi shakyata sampushtat aalee.
8 december 1991 roji russia, ukraine aanee bellaroos (purvi belorus) chya adhyakshanni belaweza kararavar swakshya kelya, jyane soviet union visarjit jhalyache ghoshit kele aanee tyachya jaagi swatantra rajyanche rashtrakul (see. aay. ess.) sthapan kele. heey karnyasathi kararanchya adhikarabaddal shanka kayam asatana, 21 december 1991 roji georgia vagalata serve soviet prajasattakachya pratinidhinni alma-ataa protocolver swakshari kelee, jyane kararanna pushti dilee. 25 december 1991 roji, gorbachev yanni yuu. ess. ess. aar. chey adhyaksh mhanoon rajinama deela aanee karyalay namshesh jhalyache ghoshit kele. adhyakshapadavar asalele adhikar tyane yeltsinkade valavale. tyaa ratri, soviet dhwaj shevatcha khalee utaravanyat aala aanee tyachya jaagi russian tirango fadakavanyat aala.
dusya divashi sarvoch sarkari sanstha asalelya sarvoch sovietne swatahla aanee deshala astitvabaher kadhanyache matdan kele. heey samanyatah eka karyarat rajya mhanoon soviet unionche adhikrut, antim vighatan aanee shityuddhacha ant mhanoon olakhale jaate. soviet sainya suruvatila see. aay. ess. chya sampoorn niyantranakhali rahile, parantu lavkarach teey navyane swatantra jhalelya rajyanchya vividh lashkari dalanmadhye villin jhaale. russiane tabyat naan ghetalelya urvarit kahee soviet sanstha 1991 chya akheris bund jhalya.
vighatananantar, russiala aantarrashtriy staravar yuu. ess. ess. aar. chaa kayadeshir uttaradhikari mhanoon manyata midali. tyaa drushtine, russiane swechhene serve soviet parkeey karj sweekarle aanee sovhietchya paradeshatil malmattanvar swatacha dawa keela. 1992chya lisban protocollanusar, russiane itar majee soviet prajasattakachya pradeshat uraleli serve anvastre swikaranyasahi sahmati darshavali. tevhapasoon, russian mahasanghane soviet unionche adhikar aanee jababdanya swikarlya aahet aanee mothya pramanavar yu. ess. ess. aar. chey uttaradhikari rajya mhanoon pahile jaate. ukraine yu. ess. ess. aar. chya uttaradhikarasathichya vishesh russian davyanna manyata denyas nakar deela aahe aanee yukrensathi dekhil asha darjacha dawa keela aahe, joou ukrainechya kayadeshir uttaradhikaravaril tyachya 1991 chya kayadyachya kalam 7 aanee 8 madhye sanhitabaddha karnyat aala hota. 1991 madhye swatantrya midalyapasun ukraine yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya malkichya paradeshi malmattetil aapala vaataa parat midvanyacha prayatna karat, paradeshi nyayalayanmadhye rashiyaviruddha dave karane suru thewale aahe.
yaa ghatananchya aantarrashtriy parinamancha saransh detana vladislav zubok mhanalah 'soviet samrajyache patan hii eka yuganuyugin bhoo-rajkiy, lashkari, vaicharik aanee aarthik mahatva asaleli ghatana hotee.'vighatan honyapurvi, purv europemadhil varchasva, lashkari samarthya, aarthik samarthya aanee vaidnyanik sanshodhan, visheshtah antaral tantradnyan aanee shastrastranmadhye, dusya mahayuddhanantar chaar dashake deshane jagatil done mahasattanpaiki eka mhanoon aapala darja kayam thewala hota.
soviet nantarchi rajye.
soviet nantarchya 15 rajyansathi rajyanchya uttaradhikarache vishleshan guntaguntiche aahe. russian mahasanghakade kayadeshir 'satatyapurn' rajya mhanoon mothya pramanavar pahile jaate aanee bahutek karanansathi too soviet unioncha varasdar aahe. tyane soviet dutavasachya serve purvichya malmattanchi malki kayam thewali, sampoorn soviet aanvik shastragar varsa mhanoon midala aanee suraksha parishadet kayamswarupi sthanasah soviet unionche yuu. aine. sadasyatva dekhil varsa mhanoon midale.
vighatanaveli yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya itar done saha-sansthapak rajyanpaiki, ukraine haah ekmev desh hota jyane rashiyasarkhe kayade manjur kele hote, aanee dawa keela hota qee too ukrainean ess. ess. aar. aanee yuu. ess. ess. aar. yaa donhi deshancha rajya-uttaradhikari aahe. soviet kararanni ukrainechya bhavishyatil paradeshi kararansathi payabharani kelee tasech desh soviet unionchya 16.37% karj ghenyas sahmat jhaala jyasathi tyala ussrchya paradeshi malmattecha aapala vaataa milanar hota. yu. ess. ess. aar. chaa ekmev satatya' mhanoon rashiyachi sthitee jee pashchimemadhye mothya pramanat sweekarli gelee, tasech pashchimatya deshanchya satatchya dabavamule russiala paradeshat soviet rajyachi malmatta varsa mhanoon miloo shakali aanee tyabaddalchi mahitee lapavata aalee. tyaa yukrenmule russian federation itar majee soviet prajasattakanshi kelelya 'shoonya paryay' kararala kadhihi manyata dilee nahee, kaaran tyane soviet sonyache sathe aanee tyachya hinyanchya nidhibaddal mahitee ughad karnyas nakar deela. done majee prajasattakanmadhil purvichya soviet malmatta aanee malmattevaril vaad ajunahi suru aaheh
sanskrutik malmattechya punarsthapanebabatahi ashich paristhiti nirman jhaali. jaree 14 februwari 1992 roji russia aanee itar majee soviet prajasattakanni minskmadhil 'mool rajyanna sanskrutik aanee aitihasik malmatta parat denyababat' kararavar swakshya kelya, taree russian rajya dumane too thambavala, jyane akheris 'dusya mahayuddhachya parinami ussrmadhe visthapit jhalelya aanee russian mahasanghachya pradeshat sthit asalelya sanskrutik maulyavan vastunvaril federal kayada' manjur keela, jyamule sadhya punarsthapana ashakya jhaali, jyamule dusya mahayuddhadarmyan soviet sainyane lutalela sanskrutik varsa tyachya mool malakanna parat karnyas prabhavipane pratibandh jhaala.
1940 madhye soviet unionne tyancha kabja aanee vilinikaran karnyapurvi astitvat asalelya teen swatantra deshanche punarujjivan mhanoon estonia, latvia aanee lithuania swatahla manatat. teey asey manatat qee jyaa prakriyedvare tyanna soviet unionmadhye samavisht kele gele tyaa prakriyene aantarrashtriy kayada aanee tyanchya swatachya kayadyache ullanghan kele aanee 1990-1991 madhye teey ajunahi kayadeshiraritya astitvat asalelya swatantryacha punaruchchar karat hote.
aaghat upcharanantar jawaljawal serve soviet-nantarchya rajyanna sakhol aanee pradirgh mandicha samna karava lagla, jyamadhye garibi dahapat vadhali. 2001 saalee arthshastradnya steven rosefield yanni kelelya abhyasat tyanni ganale qee 1990 teey 1998 yaa kalat russiamadhye 34 laakh akali mrutyu jhaale, jyasathi teey anshatah washingtonchya ekmatane aalelya 'shock therapy' laa jababdar dharatat.
2011 madhye, 'daad guardian' neey yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya patananantar vees varshanni majee soviet deshanche vishleshan prakashit kele. tyanna aadhalale qee, "kahee prajasattakanmadhye 1990 chya dashakat jee. dii. pii. 50 takkyanitaki ghasarali... bhandwal udhvast hone, audhyogik kosalane, atifuli aanee curr talhane yamule tyancha fatka basala, parantu 2000 chya dashakat punha ekada usalee ghetali gelee aanee 2010 paryant kahee arthvyavastha 1991 chya tulanet paach patine mothya hotya. 1991 pasoon kahee deshanmadhye ayurman vadhale aahe, parantu itar deshanmadhye ghat jhaali aahe; tyachpramane, kahinni mukt aanee nishpaksh nivadanuka ghetalya, tarr itar hukumshaha rahile. 
yashivay ashee sahaa rajye aahet jee itar aantarrashtriy staravar manyataprapt soviet-nantarchya rajyanpasoon swatantryacha dawa karatat parantu tyanna maryadit aantarrashtriy manyata aaheh abkhazia, artsakh, donetsk, luhansk, dakshin oseshiya aanee transnistriya. ichkeriyachya chechan prajasattakachi chechan futiratavadi chalval, gagaooz prajasattakachi gagaooz futiratavadi chalval aanee taliban-afghan swayatt prajasattakachya taliban futiratavadi chalvalila aantarrashtriy manyata nahee.
bhoogol.
soviet union haah jagatil sarvat motha desh hota, joou darja russian mahasanghane kayam thewala aahe. pruthvichya jaminichya prushthbhagachya sahavya bhagavar pasarlela tyacha aakar uttar amerikechya aakarashi tulaneey hota. kazakhstan aanee ukraine hii done itar uttaradhikari rajye, jaminichya kshetrafalachya drushtine anukrame pahilya 10 deshanmadhye aanee europemadhil purnapane sarvat motha desh aahet. european bhag deshachya kshetrafalachya eka chaturthansh bhagacha hota aanee sanskrutik aanee aarthik kendra hote. aashiyatil purv bhag purvela prashant mahasagar aanee dakshinela afaganistanparyant vistarla aanee madhya aashiyatil kahee bhag vagalata, loksankhya khoopach qamee hotee. too purvepasoon pashchimeparyant 11 vel kshetranmadhye aanee uttarekadun dakshineparyant pasarla hota. tundra, taiga, paywata, valvant aanee parvat ashee paach hawaman kshetre hotee.
rashiyapramanech yu. ess. ess. aar. chee pruthvivaril kinwa parighavaril mojmap karnari jagatil sarvat lamb seema hotee. tyacha done trutiyansh bhag kinarpatticha hota. yaa deshachya seema 1945 teey 1991 yaa kalat afghanistan, chinache lock prajasattak, chekoslovakia, finland, hangeri, iran, mangolia, uttar koria, norwey, polland, romania aanee turkey yaa deshanshi jodalelya hotya. berring samudradhunine yu. ess. ess. aar. laa amerikepasoon vegale kele.
deshatil sarvat unch parvat haah tajikistanmadhil samyavadache shikhar (aata ismoil somoni shikhar) hota. yu. ess. ess. aar. madhye jagatil bahutansh sarvat mothe talav; caspian samudra (iransah samayik) aanee jagatil sarvat motha (aakarmananusar) aanee sarvat khol godya panyatil talav baikal, joou rashiyatil antargat jalsanchay dekhil aahe, hyancha samavesh hota.
sarkar aanee rajkaran.
soviet unionmadhye teen adhikar shreni hoteh soviet unionchya sarvoch sovietdware pratinidhitva kelele vidhimandal, mantrimandaladware pratinidhitva kelele sarkar aanee deshatil ekmev kayadeshir paksh aanee antim dhorankarte, soviet unioncha communist paksh (see. pii. ess. yuu.).
communist paksh.
communist pakshachya sarvoch staravar kendriya samitee hotee, jee pakshachya parishadanmadhye aanee parishadanmadhye nivadali jaat asey. tyaa badalyat, kendriya samiteene politburo (1952 teey 1966 darmyan presidium mhanoon olakhale jaanare), sachivalay aanee sarchitanis (1953 teey 1966 paryantche pahile sachiv), soviet unionmadhil "vastavik" sarvoch karyalayasathi matdan kele. sattechya ektrikaranachya pramananusar, ektar politburo hii samoohik sanstha kinwa sarchitanis, jeey nehmich politburo sadasyanpaiki eka hote, tyanni paksh aanee deshache prabhavipane netrutva kele (1941 nantar politbyuroaivaji mantriparishadetil tyanchya padachya madhyamatoon thet vaparlya gelelya stallinchya atyant vaiyaktik adhikaracha kalavadhi vagalata). teey samanya pakshachya sadasyatvadvare niyantrit kele jaat navhate, kaaran pakshachya sanghataneche mukhya tattva lokshahi kendrikaran hote, jeey uchch sansthanchya kadak adhinatechi magani karat hote aanee varoon prastavit umedvaranna samarthan dett nivadanuka binvirodh jhalya.
communist pakshane pramukhyane niyukti paddhativaril niyantranadvare rajyavar aapale varchasva kayam thewale. serve varishtha sarkari adhikari aanee sarvoch sovietche bahutek pratinidhi see. pii. ess. yuu. chey sadasya hote. pakshache pramukh swatah, stallin (1941-1953) aanee khrushchev (1958-1964) heey pantpradhan hote. khrushchevchya saktichya nivruttinantar, pakshachya netyala asha prakarchya duheri sadasyatvapasun pratibandhit karnyat aale hote, parantu nantarchya sarchitanisanni tyanchya karyakalatil kiman kahee bhagasathi sarvoch sovhietchya presidiumchya adhyakshapadache bahutek aupcharik padd dharan kele, jeey nammatra rajyache pramukh hote. khalchya staravaril sansthanvar dekhrekh thewali jaat asey aanee kadhikadhi prathamik paksh sanghatananni tyanchi jaaga ghetali.
tathapi, vyavharat, visheshtah stallinchya mrutyunantar, rajkiy nokarshahivar paksh kitee pramanat niyantran thevu shakala, heey sarvadoor navhate, nokarshahi pakshasobat sangharshat asalelya vegvegalya hitsambandhancha pathpurava karat hotee, kinwa paksh swatah varpasoon khalparyant akhand navhata, jaree gatanvar adhikrutpane bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee.
sarkar.
sarvoch soviet (soviet congresschya uttaradhikari) hii soviet itihasatil bahutansh kalat nammatra sarvoch rajya sanstha hotee, suruvatila rubber stamp sanstha mhanoon kaam karat, pakshane ghetalelya serve nirnayanna manyata dett aanee tyanchi amalbajavani karat. tathapi, 1950,1960 aanee 1970 chya uttaradhat tyache adhikar aanee karye vadhavanyat aalee, jyat naveen rajya aayog aanee samityanchya nirmiticha samavesh hota. panchvarshik yojananna manjuri aanee sarkari arthsankalpashi sambandhit atirikt adhikar tyala midale. sarvoch soviet sanghane varshatoon sadharanpane donada honanya purn satranmadhye aapala adhikar vaparnyasathi eka adhyakshiy mandal (kendriya karyakari samiticha uttaradhikari) nivadle aanee sarvoch nyayalay, procurator general aanee mantrimandal (1946 purvi peaples commissioners council mhanoon olakhale jaanare) yanchi niyukti kelee, jyache adhyaksh (pantpradhan) hote aanee arthvyavastha aanee samajachya prashasanasathi jababdar asalelya prachand nokarshahiche vyavasthapan kele. ghatak prajasattakachya rajya aanee paksh sanrachananni mothya pramanat kendriya sansthanchya sanrachaneche anukaran kele, jaree russian ess. eff. ess. aar., itar ghatak prajasattakachya ulat, tyachya itihasachya bahutansh kalasathi see. pii. ess. yuu. chee konatihi prajasattak shakha navhati, jee 1990 paryant thet sangh-vyapi pakshadvare shasit hotee. sthanik adhikari ashach prakare paksh samitya, sthanik soviet aanee karyakari samityanmadhye sanghatit kele gele hote. rajya vyavastha nammatra sanghiy asatana, paksh eksandh hota.
rajya suraksha polisanni (keey. jee. bii. aanee) soviet rajkaranat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali. laal dahashatvad aanee mothya shuddhimadhye tyacha mahattvapoorn vaataa hota, parantu stallinchya mrutyunantar tyala pakshachya kadak niyantranakhali aanale gele. yoori andropovchya netrutvakhali, keey. jee. bii. rajkiy matbhed dadapanyat guntalele hote aanee tyanni mahitee denanyanche eka vistrut jaale kayam thewale, paksh-rajya sanrachanepasun kahee pramanat swatantra rajkiy abhineta mhanoon swatahla punha prasthapit kele, jyachi parinati 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila pakshachya uchch padasth adhikanyanna lakshya karananya bhrashtacharvirodhi mohimet jhaali.
satta vibhajan aanee sudharana.
1924, 1936 aanee 1977 madhye ghoshit jhalelya rajyaghatanene rajyachya adhikaranna maryada ghataleli nahee. sarkarchya karyakari aanee vidhimandal shakhanche pratinidhitva karananya paksh, sarvoch soviet aanee mantrimandal yanchyat adhikaranche konatehi aupcharik vibhajan astitvat navhate. anaupacharik adhiveshananpeksha hii pranali kayadyane qamee niyantrit kelee jaat hotee aanee netrutva uttaradhikarachi konatihi nishchit yantrana astitvat navhati. politburo aanee kendriya samitee yaa doghanchya nirnayamulech, lenin aanee stallin yanchya mrutyunantar tasech krushchev hyanna padchyut kelyanantar, politburomadhye sattasangharsh suru jhaale aanee kadhikadhi teey pranghatak tharale. gorbachevchya mrutyupurvi, georgy malenkov aanee khrushchev vagalata communist pakshache serve nete, pakshatil antargat sangharshadarmyan pakshachya netrutvatun barkhast karnyat aale.
1988 teey 1990 darmyan, mothya virodhala tond dett, mikhail gorbachevne pakshachya sarvoch sansthanpasun satta kadhoon sarvoch sovietla tyanchyavar qamee avalambun thevanyachya sudharana kelya. peaples deputieschi congress sthapan karnyat aalee, jyache bahusankhya sadasya march 1989 madhye jhalelya spardhatmak nivadnukanmadhye thet nivadoon aale, jeey soviet itihasatil pahile hote. congressne aata sarvoch sovietchi nivad kelee, jee purnavel sansad bunley aanee purvipeksha khoop majboot jhaali. 1920 nantar prathamach tyanni paksh aanee mantrimandalakadun rubber stamp prastav nakarle. 1990 madhye, gorbachevne soviet unionchya adhyakshapadachi suruvat kelee aanee padbhar swikarla, tyachya karyakari karyalayat, pakshapasoon swatantra satta kendrit kelee aanee sarkarla adheen kele, aata tyache naav badaloon yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya mantryanche mantrimandal asey thewale gele.
gorbachevchya netrutvakhalil sangh-vyapi adhikari, boris yeltsinchya netrutvakhalil sudharvadi aanee russian ess. eff. ess. aar. chya navyane nivadoon aalelya sarvoch sovietla niyantrit karnare aanee communist kattarpanthi yanchyat tanav vadhala. 19-21 august 1991 roji kattarpanthi lokanchya eka gatane uthav karnyacha prayatna keela. haah uthav ayashasvi jhaala aanee soviet unionchi rajya parishad 'sankramanachya kalat' rajya sattecha sarvoch avyav bunley. gorbachev yanni sarchitanispadacha rajinama deela, yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya astitvachya shevatchya mahinyansathi fakt adhyaksh rahile.
nyayvyavastha.
nyaypalika sarkarchya itar shakhanpasun swatantra navhati. sarvoch nyayalayane khalchya nyayalayanche (lock nyayalay) nirikshan kele aanee sanvidhanane sthapit kelelya kinwa sarvoch sovietne arth lavalelya kayadyacha vapar keela. ghatanatmak dekhrekh samiteene kayade aanee kayadyanchya ghatanatmakatecha aadhava ghetala. soviet unionne roman kayadyachi chaukashi pranali vaparali, jithe nyayadhish, procurator aanee bachav vakeel 'satya sthapit karnyasathi' sahkarya karatat.
manvi haqq.
soviet unionmadhil manavadhikar gambhirpane maryadit hote. soviet union heey 1927 teey 1953 paryant ekahati rajya hote aanee 1990 paryant eka-pakshiy rajya hote. abhivyakti swatantrya dadapun taknyat aale aanee asahmatila shiksha karnyat aalee. mukt kamgar sanghatana, khajgi mahamandal, swatantra church kinwa virodhi rajkiy pakshanmadhye sahbhag asso, swatantra rajkiy upkram sahan kele jaat navhate. deshat aanee visheshtah deshabaher firanyache swatantrya maryadit hote. rajyane khasgi malmattevaril nagarikanchya adhikaranvar nirbandh ghatale.
manavadhikaranchi soviet sankalpana aantarrashtriy kayadyapeksha khoop vegali hotee. soviet kayadeshir siddhantanusar, "manavadhikaranche labharthi sarkarach aahe, jeey tyaa vyaktichya virodhat" thampane sangitale pahije. soviet rajyala manavadhikarancha srot manale jaat asey. tyamule, soviet kayadeshir pranali kayadyala rajkaranacha eka bhag aanee nyayalayanna sarkarchi sanstha manaychi. soviet gupt police sansthanna vyapak atirikt-nyayik adhikar denyat aale. vyavharat soviet sarkarne kayadyache rajya, nagri swatantrya, kayadyache sanrakshn, halchalinche swatantrya aanee malmattechi hummy yavar lakshaniy ankush thewala, jyanna andreau wishinsky sarkhya soviet kayada siddhantkaranni "burjuva naitikatechi" udaharane manale hote. vladimir leninchya matey, samajvadi nyayalayancha uddesh "dahashatvadacha naynat karane haah navhata... parantu teey siddha karane aanee tattvatah tyala kayadeshir karane ".
soviet unionne 1973 madheel nagri aanee rajkiy hakkanvaril aantarrashtriy kararasarkhya kayadeshir bandhan asalelya manavadhikar kagadpatranvar swakshya kelya, parantu tyaa communist rajvatit rahana lokansathi vyapakpane dnyat kinwa sulabh navhatya, kinwa communist adhikaanyaanee tyanna gambhiryane ghetale nahee.
paradeshi sambandh.
tyachya rajvatit, stallin nehmich antim dhoranatmak nirnay ghet asey. anyatha, soviet pararashtra dhoran soviet unionchya communist pakshachya kendriya samitichya pararashtra dhoranavaril aayogane kinwa pakshachya sarvoch sanstha politburone nishchit kele hote. pararashtra vyavhar mantralayane swatantrapane hii karvai hatalali. 1946 paryant heey pararashtra vyavharansathiche lokanche aayukt (kinwa narcomindal) mhanoon olakhale jaat hote. sarvat prabhavshali pravakte george chicherin (1872-1936), maxim litvinov (1876-1951), vyacheslav molotov (1890-1986), andre waishinsky (1883-1954) aanee andrei graumico (1909-1989) heey hote. buddhijivi mosco steet institute auph international relationsmadhye sthit hote.
prarambhik dhorane (1919-1939).
soviet sanghachya marksvadi-leninist netrutvane pararashtra dhoranachya mudyanvar tivra charcha kelee aanee anek vela disha badalalya. 1920 chya dashakachya uttaradhat stallinne hukumshahiche niyantran swikarlyanantarhi vadavivad jhaale aanee tyane varanvar bhoomika badalalya.
deshachya suruvatichya kalat, asey manale jaat hote qee pratyek pramukh audhyogik deshat lavkarach samyavadi kranti hotil aanee tyanna madat karane hii rashiyachi jababdari hotee. commintern heey nivadiche shastra hote. kahee kranti usalalya, parantu tyaa patkan dadapalya gelya (sarvat jaast kaal tikanare hangerimadhye hote)-hungarian soviet prajasattak-keval 21 march 1919 teey 1 august 1919 paryant tikale. russian bolshevik konatyahi prakarchi madat karnyachya sthiteet navhate.
1921 paryant, europemadhye bhandavalshahi sthir jhaali aahe aanee lavkarach konatyahi vyapak kranti honar naheet, heey lenin, trotsky aanee stallin yanna jaanavale. russiamadhye jeey kahee hote tyache sanrakshn karane aanee tyanche pool uddhvast karoo shakanare lashkari sangharsh talhane heey russian bolshevikanche kartavya banale. russia aata germanys eka paria rajya hote. 1922 madhye doghanmadhye rapallocha taha jhaala, jyane dirghakalin takrarinche nirakaran kele. tyach velee, donhi deshanni guptapane yuu. ess. ess. aar. madheel lapalelya shibiranmadhye bekaydeshir german sainya aanee havai dalachya mohimansathi prashikshan karyakram suru kele.
moscone akheris itar rajyanna dhamkavane bund kele aanee tyaeivaji vyapar aanee rajnaitik manyatechya babatit shantatapurn sambandh ughadanyasathi kaam kele. united kingdamne winston churchill aanee itar kahinchya marksvadi-leninist dhokyabaddalachya ishaiah fetalalya aanee 1922 madhye vyapar sambandh aanee "vastavik" rajnaitik manyata ughadali. yuddhapoorv zarvadi karjanchya tadjodichi aasha hotee, parantu tee varanvar pudhe dhakalanyat aalee. 1924 madhye naveen kamgar paksh sattet aala tevha aupcharik manyata midali. itar serve deshanni vyapar sambandh ughadanyat tyache anusaran kele. 1920 chya dashakachya uttaradhat heinry fordney sovietbarobar mothya pramanat vyavsayik sambandh ughadale, aasha hotee qee yamule dirghakalin shantata prasthapit hoil. shevati, 1933 madhye, americene yuu. ess. ess. aar. laa adhikrutpane manyata dilee, haah nirnay janmat aanee visheshtah yuu. ess. vyavsayik hitsambandhanchya pathimbyane ghetala gela, jyachyakadun naveen fayadeshir bajarpeth ughadanyachi apeksha hotee.
1920 chya uttaradhat aanee 1930 chya dashakachya suruvatila, stallinne jagbharatil marksvadi-leninist pakshanna bigger-marksvadi rajkiy paksh, kamgar sanghatana kinwa davya bajula asalelya itar sanghatananna tivra virodh karnyache aadesh dile, jyanna tyanni samajik facist asey sambodhale. soviet union aanee yaa kalat commintern aanee tyachyashi sanlagn pakshanchya vaparat, sarvasadharanpane bhandavalshahi samajache aanee aksharshah konatyahi soviet-virodhi kinwa stalinvadvirodhi kriyakalap kinwa matanche varnan karnyasathi 'facist' heey topananav vaparale jaat hote. 1934 madhye stellinne lokpriy aaghadichya karyakramadvare swatahla ulatavale, jyat serve marksvadi pakshanna facismchya, visheshtah nazi vividhatechya, virodh karananya serve facistvirodhi rajkiy, kamgar aanee sanghatanatmak shaktinshi sameel honyache aavahan kele gele.
nazi germanytil sattechya vegwan vadhimule parris aanee mosco yaa doghannahi lashkari yutee karnyasathi protsahan midale aanee meey 1935 madhye paraspar sahayyachya franco-soviet kararavar swakshya karnyat aalya. samoohik surakshevar thaam vishvas thevanare, stallinche pararashtra mantri maxim litvinov yanni france aanee brittenshee jawalche sambandh prasthapit karnyasathi khoop mehnat ghetali.
1939 madhye, munich kararanantar ardhya varshanantar, yu. ess. ess. aar. neey france aanee britainsobat nazivirodhi yutee karnyacha prayatna keela. edolph hitlerne eka changla karar prastavit keela, jyamule molotov-rebentrop kararadvare purv europechya bahutansh bhagavar yuu. ess. ess. aar. chey niyantran hoil. septembermadhye germanyne polandavar aakraman kele aanee yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey tyaa mahinyachya uttaradhat aakraman kele, parinami polandachi falani jhaali. yala pratisad mhanoon, britton aanee francene germanyviruddha yuddh jaheer kele, jyamule dusya mahayuddhachi suruvat jhaali.
dusare mahayuddha (1939-1945).
1953 madhye tyachya mrutyuparyant, joseph stallinne aantaryuddh kalat soviet unionchya serve paradeshi sambandhanvar niyantran thewale. germanychya yuddh yantrachi vadhati bandhani aanee dusare sino-japani yuddh suru hounahi, soviet unionne swatachya margavar chalanyacha nirnay ghet itar konatyahi deshala sahkarya kele nahee. tathapi, operation barbarosa nantar, soviet unionche pradhanyakram badalale. united kingdamshi purvi sangharsh hounahi, vyacheslav molotovne yuddhanantarchya seema maganya mage ghetalya.
shityuddha (1945-1991).
shityuddha haah america aanee soviet union aanee tyanche sambandhit mitra, western block aanee eastern block yanchyatil bhoo-rajkiy tanavacha kaal hota, joou 1945 madhye dusya mahayuddhanantar suru jhaala. shityuddha haah shabd vaparla jaato kaaran done mahasattanmadhye thet mothya pramanat ladhai jhaali navhati, parantu tyanni pratyekane proxy wars mhanoon olakhalya jaananya pramukh pradeshik sangharshanna pathimba deela. 1945 madhye nazi germanyviruddhachya tyanchya tatpuratya yutee aanee vijayanantar yaa done mahasattanchya jaagtik prabhavasathichya vaicharik aanee bhoo-rajkiy sangharshavar haah sangharsh aadharit hota. aanvik shastragar vikas aanee paramparik lashkari tainati vyatirikt, varchasvasathicha sangharsh mansik yuddh, prachar mohima, hergiri, durgami nirbandh, creeda spardhanmadhil spardha aanee antaral sharyatisarkhya tantrik spardhandvare apratyaksh margane vyakt keela gela.
prashasakeey vibhag.
ghatanatmakdrushtya, yuu. ess. ess. aar. heey ghatak sangharajya prajasattakanche eka sangharajya hote, jeey ektar ukraine kinwa belorussia (ess. ess. aar. ess.) yasarkhi ekatmak rajye hotee, kinwa russia kinwa transcockesia (ess. eff. ess. aar. ess.) yasarkhi mahasangh hotee, charahi sansthapak prajasattak hote jyanni december 1922 madhye yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya nirmitivaril kararavar swakshari kelee. 1924 madhye, madhya aashiyatil rashtriy simankanadarmyan, uzbekistan aanee turkmenistan heey russiachya turkestan ess. aar. chya kahee bhaganmadhun aanee done soviet avalambitva, khorezam aanee bukharan pii. ess. pii. ess. pasoon tayar jhaale hote. 1929 madhye, tajikistan uzbekistan ess. ess. aar. pasoon vibhakt jhaale. 1936 chya sanvidhanasah, transcockatian ess. eff. ess. aar. visarjit karnyat aale, parinami armeniya, georgia aanee azarbaijan yaa tyachya ghatak prajasattakanna sangharajyanmadhye badhati denyat aalee, tarr kazakhstan aanee kyrgyzia russian ess. eff. ess. aar. pasoon vegale karnyat aale, parinami samaan darja midala. august 1940 madhye, ukraine aanee soviet-vyapt besarabia aanee ukrainean ess. ess. aar. chya kahee bhaganpasun moldeviachi sthapana jhaali. estonia, latvia aanee lithuania dekhil soviet unionne tabyat ghetale aanee ess. ess. aar. ess. madhye rupantarit kele, jyala bahutek aantarrashtriy samudayane manyata dilee navhati aanee too bekaydeshir vyavasay manla jaat hota. finlandvaril soviet aakramananantar, march 1940 madhye eka sangharajya prajasattak mhanoon jodalelya pradeshavar carello-finish ssrchi sthapana karnyat aalee aanee nantar 1956 madhye russiamadhye carelian sr mhanoon samavisht karnyat aale. julai 1956 teey september 1991 darmyan, 15 sangharajye hotee (khalee nakasha pahaa).
nammatra samananche sangh asatana, vyavharat soviet unionver russian lokanche varchasva hote. varchasva itake paripoorn hote qee tyachya bahutansh astitvasathi, deshala samanyatah (parantu chukichya paddhatine) 'russia' mhanoon sambodhale jaat asey. russian ess. eff. ess. aar. heey tantrikdrushtya mothya sangharajyat fakt ekach prajasattak hote, parantu teey aataparyantche sarvat mothe (loksankhya aanee kshetrafalachya drushtine), sarvat shaktishali aanee sarvat vikasit hote. russian ess. eff. ess. aar. heey soviet unionche audhyogik kendra dekhil hote. itihaskar mathyu white yanni lihile qee, russiachya varchasvasathi deshachi sanghiy rachana 'vindo dressing' hotee heey eka khule rahasy hote. yaa karanastav, yu. ess. ess. aar. chya lokanna sahasa 'soviet' navhe tarr 'russian' mhatale jaat asey, kaaran 'pratyekala mahit hote qee haah karyakram kharokhar kona chalvat hote'.
lashkari.
september 1925 chya lashkari kayadyanusar, soviet sashastr dalanmadhye bhudal, havai dall, naudal, sanyukt rajya rajkiy sanchalanalay (ogpu) aanee antargat sainya yancha samavesh hota. ogpu nantar swatantra jhaale aanee 1934 madhye teey aine. keey. vhee. dii. gupt polis dalat sameel jhaale aanee tyamule tyanche antargat sainya sanrakshn aanee antargat aayuktanchya sanyukt netrutvakhali hote. dusya mahayuddhanantar, dhoranatmak kshepanastra dall (1959), havai sanrakshn dall (1948) aanee rashtriy nagri sanrakshn dall (1970) sthapan karnyat aale, jeey adhikrut soviet pranalimadhye pahilya, tisya aanee sahavya kramankavar hote (jaminivaril sainya dusya, havai dall chauthya aanee naudal pachvya kramankavar hote).
sainyacha sarvat motha rajkiy prabhav hota. 1989 madhye, 150 motoryukt aanee 52 bakhtarband vibhaganmadhye vibhagalelya 20 laakh sainikanni seva dilee. 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, soviet naudal hii eka chhoti lashkari shakha hotee, parantu caribean sankatanantar, sergei gorshakovchya netrutvakhali, tyacha lakshaniy vistar jhaala. teey yuddhanauka aanee panbudyansathi prasiddha jhaale. 1989 madhye, tethe 500,000 purushanchi seva kelee gelee. soviet havai dalane dhoranatmak bombfecki vimananchya tafyavar laksh kendrit kele aanee yuddh paristhitichya kalat shatruchi payabhoot suvidha aanee anushakti nasht karane heey hote. yuddhat lashkarala pathimba denyasathi havai dalakade anek ladhau aanee samarik bombfekihi hote. samarik kshepanastra dalankade 1,400 hoon adhik aantarkhandiy ballistic kshepanastre (aay. see. bii. emm. ess.) hotee, jee 28 tall aanee 300 kamand centermadhye tainat hotee.
yuddhanantarchya kalat, soviet sainya paradeshat anek lashkari mohimanmadhye thet sahbhagi hote. yamadhye purv germanytil uthav dadapane (1953), hungarian kranti (1956) aanee chekoslovakiyavaril aakraman (1968) yancha samavesh hota. 1979 teey 1989 darmyan afaganistanmadhil yuddhat soviet unionnehi bhag ghetala.
soviet unionmadhye, samanya saktichi bharati lagoo kelee gelee, mhanje 18 varshe aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya serve saksham purushancha sashastr dalat samavesh karnyat aala.
arthvyavastha.
soviet unionne eka aadnya arthvyavastha sweekarli, jyadvare vastunche utpadan aanee vitaran kendrikrut hote aanee sarkardware nirdeshit kele jaat hote. pramukh arthvyavasthecha pahila bolshevik anubhav haah yuddh samyavadache dhoran hota, jyamadhye udhyogache rashtriyikaran, utpadanache kendrikrut vitaran, krishi utpadanachi jabardastine kinwa jabardastine magani karane aanee paishachi devanghevan, khajgi udyog aanee mukt vyapar nasht karnyache prayatna samavisht hote. laal sainyachya niyantranakhalil bhagat ann purvathyavar bolshevik niyantran lagoo karnyasathihi adthala sainyacha vapar keela jaat asey, jyaa bhoomikemule tyanna lavkarach russian nagri loksankhyecha dvesh nirman jhaala. tivra aarthik kosalanyanantar, 1921 madhye mukt vyapar aanee chhotya vyavasayanchya khajgi malkila kayadeshir manyata dett, leninne yuddh samyavadachi jaaga naveen aarthik dhoranane (nepa) ghetali. parinami arthvyavastha satatyane sudharat gelee.
rajkiy karyalayachya sadasyanmadhye aarthik vikasachya margabaddal pradirgh vadavivadanantar, deshavar niyantran midvalyanantar, stallinne nepalcha tyag keela aanee sampoorn kendriya niyojanavar bharr deela, shetiche jabardastine samuhikikaran suru kele aanee kathor kamgar kayade kele. jalad audhyogikikaranasathi sansadhane gola karnyat aalee, jyamule 1930 chya dashakat avjad udyog aanee bhandavali vastunmadhye soviet kshamatet lakshaniy vaadh jhaali. udarikaranasathi prathamik prerana hii yuddhachi tayari hotee, mukhytah bahereel bhandavalshahi jagavaril avishvasamule. parinami, yu. ess. ess. aar. chey mothya pramanat krishipradhan arthvyavasthepasun mothya audhyogik shaktimadhye rupantar jhaale, jyamule dusya mahayuddhanantar mahasatta mhanoon udayala yenyacha marg mokala jhaala. yaa yuddhamule soviet arthvyavastha aanee payabhoot suvidhancha mothya pramanat vidhvans jhaala, jyasathi mothya pramanavar punarrachanechi aavashyakta hotee.
1940 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, soviet arthvyavastha tulanene swayampurn jhaali hotee; comeconchya nirmitiparyantchya bahutansh kalavadhisathi, deshantargat utpadanancha keval eka lahansa vaataa aantarrashtriy staravar vyapar keela jaat hota. purvekadil gut tayar jhalyanantar, bahya vyapar zapatyane vadhala. tathapi, yu. ess. ess. aar. varr jaagtik arthvyavasthecha prabhav nishchit deshantargat kimmati aanee paradeshi vyaparavar rajyachi maktedari yamule maryadit hota. 1960 chya sumaras dhanya aanee atyadhunik grahak utpadane hii pramukh aayat vastoo bunley. shityuddhachya shastrastra sharyatidarmyan, soviet arthvyavasthevar lashkari kharchancha boja hota, jyache shastra udhyogavar avalambun asalelya shaktishali nokarshahikadun mothya pramanat lobbing kele jaat hote. tyach velee, yuu. ess. ess. aar. tisya jagatil sarvat motha shastrastra niryatdar banala. shityuddhachya kalat soviet sansadhanancha eka bhag soviet-sanrekhit rajyanna madat mhanoon denyat aala hota. 1970 chya dashkatil soviet unionche lashkari andajpatrak prachand hote, jeey sampoorn federal andajpatrakacha 40-60% bhag hote aanee yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya jee. dii. pii. chya 15 takke (1980 chya dashakat 13 takke) hote.
1930 chya dashakapasun 1991 chya uttaradhat visarjit hoiparyant, soviet arthvyavastha jyaa prakare karyarat hotee tee moolatah aparivartit rahili. arthvyavastha aupcharikpane kendriya niyojanadvare nirdeshit kelee gelee, jee gosplandware chalavali gelee aanee panchvarshik yojnanmadhye sanghatit kelee gelee. tathapi, vyavharat, yojana atyant ektrit aanee tatpuratya hotya, jyaa varishthanchya "tatpuratya" hastakshepachya adheen hotya. serve mahattvache aarthik nirnay rajkiy netrutvane ghetale hote. vatap keleli sansadhane aanee yojana uddishte samanyatah bhautik vastunaivaji rubalsmadhye darshavili jaat asat. patt nakarli gelee, parantu vyapak hotee. tulanene vikendrikrut, aniyojit kararadvare utpadanache antim vatap sadhya kele gele. jaree siddhantanusar kimmati kayadeshiraritya varoon nishchit kelya gelya asatya, taree vyavharat tyaa anekada vataghati kelya jaat asat aanee anaupacharik aadvya duve (udaa.jee. utpadak karkhanyanmadhye) vyapak hote.
shikshan aanee aarogya seva yasarkhya anek moolbhut seva rajya-anudanit hotya. utpadan kshetrat avjad udyog aanee sanrakshanala grahakopayogi vastunpeksha pradhanya denyat aale. grahakopayogi vastoo, visheshtah mothya shaharambaheril, anekada durmil, nikrusht darjachya aanee maryadit vividhatechya hotya. niyantran arthvyavasthechya antargat, grahakancha utpadanavar jawaljawal konatahi prabhav navhata aanee vadhatya utpannasah loksankhyechya badalatya maganya kathorpane nishchit kimmatinvar purvathyane purn kelya jaau shakat naheet. eka prachand aniyojit dusari arthvyavastha niyojit arthvyavasthechya barobarine khalchya staravar vadhali, jee kahee vastoo aanee seva puravate jyaa niyojakanna deu shakat navhatya. vikendrikrut arthvyavasthechya kahee ghatakanche kayadeshirkaran karnyacha prayatna 1965 chya sudharanansah karnyat aala.
jaree soviet arthvyavasthechi aakadevari kukhyatpane avishvasaniy asali aanee tichya aarthik vadhicha achook andaj lavane katheen asale, taree bahutek khatyannusar, 1980 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant arthvyavasthecha vistar suruch rahila. 1950 aanee 1960 chya dashakat, tyachi tulanene uchch vaadh jhaali hotee aanee tee paschimekade sarkat hotee. tathapi, 1970 nantar, bhandavali sathyat zapatyane vaadh hounahi (bhandavali vadhicha darr keval japanane mage takala hota), vikas darr sakaratmak asala taree, itar deshanchya tulanet adhik vegane aanee satatyane qamee hott gela.
ekandarit, 1960 teey 1989 darmyan soviet unionmadhil dardoi utpannacha vaadh darr jaagtik sarasaripeksha (102 deshanchya aadhare) kinchit jaast hota. american journal auph public health' madhye prakashit jhalelya 1986 chya abhyasat assa dawa karnyat aala aahe qee, jaagtik bankechya aakadevaricha hawala dett, soviet modelane bahutansh prakarananmadhye aarthik vikasachya samaan staravar bajar arthvyavasthanpeksha jeevan aanee manvi vikasachi changli gunavatta pradan kelee. stanly fisher aanee william easterly yanchya matey, vaadh adhik vegane houu shakali asatee. tyanchya gananenusar, guntavanuk, shikshan aanee loksankhyeche praman lakshat gheta 1989 madheel dardoi utpann purvipeksha duppat asayala havey hote. lekhakanchya yaa kharab kamgiriche kaaran bhandavalachi qamee utpadakta aahe. steven rosefield mhanatat qee stallinchya nirankushatemule jivanmanacha darja khalavala. tyanchya mrutyunantar kahee kaal sudharana jhaali, parantu tee thapp jhaali.
1987 madhye, mikhail gorbachevne tyachya 'perestroica' yaa karyakramadvare arthvyavasthet sudharana aanee punarujjivan karnyacha prayatna keela. tyanchya dhorananmule udhyoganvaril rajyache niyantran shithil jhaale, parantu bajaratil protsahanandware tyanchi jaaga ghetali gelee nahee, parinami utpadanat tivra ghat jhaali. aadhich petroleum niryaticha mahasool qamee jhalyamule trast asaleli arthvyavastha kosaloo lagali. kimmati ajunahi nishchit hotya aanee deshachya vighatananantarhi hii malmatta mothya pramanat sarkari malkichi hotee. dusya mahayuddhanantarchya bahutansh kalat, soviet jee. dii. pii. (pii. pii. pii.) haah jagatil dusya kramankacha aanee 1980 chya uttaradhat tisya kramankacha hota, jaree dardoi aadharavar, too pahilya jaagtik deshanchya mage hota. 1928 madhye samaan dardoi jee. dii. pii. asalelya deshanchya tulanet, soviet unionne lakshaniy vaadh anubhavali.
1990 saalee deshacha manav vikas nirdeshank 0.920 hota, jyamule too manav vikasachya 'uchch' shreneet aala. chekslovakia aanee purv germanynantar, purv gatatil too tisra aanee 130 deshanchya yadeet jagatil 25vaa sarvoch gut hota.
urja.
1970 teey 1980 yaa dashakat soviet unionmadhye indhanachi garaj sakal samajik utpadanachya prati rubal aanee audhyogik utpadanachya prati rubal asha donhi pramanat qamee jhaali. suruvatila hii ghasaran khoop vegane vadhali, parantu 1970 teey 1975 darmyan haloohaloo mandavali. 1975 teey 1980 darmyan tee aanakhi mand gatine vadhali, keval 2.6 takke. david willson yaa itihaskarala asey vatale qee yaa shatkachya akheris soviet indhan utpadanat gass udhyogacha vaataa 40 takke asel. yu. ess. ess. aar. chya kosalanyamule tyacha siddhant pratyakshat aala nahee. siddhantatah, yu. ess. ess. aar. chaa aarthik vikas darr 1990 chya dashakat soviet urja kshetranmule 2-2.5% rahila asata. tathapi, urja kshetrala anek adchaninna samore jaave lagale, tyapaiki deshacha uchch lashkari kharch aanee pahilya jagashi asalele pratikool sambandh.
1991 madhye, soviet unionkade kachchya telasathi aanee dusare naisargik vayusathi pipelineche jaale hote. petroleum aanee petroleum aadharit utpadane, naisargik vayoo, dhatoo, lakud, krishi utpadane aanee vividh utpadit vastoo, pramukhyane yantrasamagri, shastre aanee lashkari upkarane niryat kelee jaat hotee. 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakat, yu. ess. ess. aar. heey katheen chalan midvinyasathi jivashma indhan niryativar mothya pramanat avalambun hote. 1988 madhye tyachya shikharavar asatana, too kachchya telacha sarvat motha utpadak aanee dusra sarvat motha niryatdar hota, joou keval saudi arabiala mage takat hota.
vidnyan aanee tantradnyan.
soviet unionne aaplya arthvyavasthet vidnyan aanee tantradnyanavar khoop bharr deela, tathapi, jagatil pahila antaral upgrah tayar karane yasarkhya tantradnyanatil sarvat ullekhaneey soviet yash, samanyatah sainyachi jababdari hotee. yu. ess. ess. aar. tyachya sthapanenantar tantrikdrushtya jitke magas rahile titkech vikasit jagavar kadhich maat karnar nahee, assa vishvas leninne vyakt keela. soviet adhikaanyaanee mothya pramanat jaale, sanshodhan aanee vikas sanstha vikasit karoon leninchya vishvasaprati tyanchi bandhilaki siddha kelee. 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatila, soviet sanghane 40 takke rasayanshastra ph. dii. mahilanna dile, tarr americet teey keval 5 takke hote. 1989 paryant, soviet shastradnya urja bhautikshastra, vaidyakeey, ganeet, welding aanee lashkari tantradnyan yasarkhya anek kshetranmadhye jagatil sarvottam prashikshit tadnyanpaiki eka hote. kathor rajya niyojan aanee nokarshahimule, pahilya jagachya tulanet soviet sangh rasayanshastra, jivashastra aanee sanganak yaa kshetrat tantrikdrushtya khoop mage rahile. soviet sarkarne lisenkovadachya bajoone janukshastradnyanna virodh keela aanee tyancha chhal keela, heey chhadmavidnyan soviet unionmadhil aanee paradeshatil vaidnyanik samudayane nakarle parantu stallinchya aateel vartulanni tyala pathimba deela. yu. ess. ess. aar. aanee chinmadhye lagoo karnyat aalelya yaa yojnemule pikanche utpadan qamee jhaale aanee mothya chiinii dushkalat yogdan dile asey manale jaate. 1980 chya dashkaparyant vaidnyanik vikasasathi rajyanchya bhakkam pathimbyamule, soviet unionmadhye jagatil itar konatyahi mothya deshapeksha loksankhyechya tulanet adhik shastradnya aanee abhiyante hote.
rigan prashasanakhali, prakalp socretisne tharavale qee soviet unionne vidnyan aanee tantradnyanachya adhigrahanala asha prakare sambodhit kele jeey america vaparat asalelya goshtinpeksha purnapane vegale hote. amerikechya babatit, khajgi aanee sarvajanik asha donhi kshetranmadhye vidnyan aanee tantradnyan prapt karnyache sadhan mhanoon swadeshi sanshodhan aanee vikasasathi aarthik pradhanyacha vapar keela jaat hota. yaulat, yu. ess. ess. aar. jaagtik tantradnyanache sampadan aanee vapar karnyasathi aakramak aanee sanrakshanatmak davpech karat hote, jenekarun tyanni tantradnyanatun midavalela spardhatmak fayda vadhavta yeil aanee americela spardhatmak fayda midvanyapasun rokhata yeil. tathapi, tantradnyan-aadharit niyojan kendrikrut, sarkar-kendrit paddhatine amalat aanale gele jyamule tyachya lavchiktet mothya pramanat adthala aala. americene yacha fayda soviet unionchi takad qamee karnyasathi aanee asha prakare tyachya sudharananna chalana denyasathi ghetala.
antaral karyakram.
1950 chya dashakachya shevati, yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey pahila upgrah-sputnik 1 tayar keela, jyane antaral sharyatichi suruvat kelee-americaberober utkrusht antaral uddan kshamata sadhya karnyasathi spardha. tyanantar itar yashasvi upgrah, visheshtah sputnik 5, jethe chachani kutre antaralat pathvanyat aale. 12 april 1961 roji, yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey vostoke 1 prakshepit kele, jyane yuri gagarinla vahoon nele, jyamule too antaralat prakshepit honara aanee antaral pravas purn karnara pahila manav banala. tyaa velee, antaral shuttle aanee kakshiy sthankansathichya pahilya yojana soviet rachana karyalayanmadhye tayar kelya gelya hotya, parantu shevati designer aanee vyavasthapan yanchyatil vaiyaktik vadanmule heey shakya jhaale nahee.
chandra antaral karyakramachya babatit, yuu. ess. ess. aar. kadey keval svayanchalit antaral yaan prakshepanavaril karyakram hota jyamadhye konatyahi kru spacecraftcha vapar keela gela navhata, antaral sharyatichya 'chandra sharyat' bhagavar uttirn jhaala, joou nishchitpane americananni jinkla hota. soviet unionmadhye american antaralveeranchya chandravar utarnyavar janatechi pratikriya sammishra hotee. soviet sarkarne chandrachya landingbaddalchi mahitee prakashit karane maryadit kele, jyamule pratikriyevar parinam jhaala. loksankhyechya eka bhagane yakade laksh dile nahee aanee dusra bhag yamule santapt jhaala.
1970 chya dashakat, space shuttlechya rachnesathi vishisht prastav udayas yeu lagale, parantu visheshtah electronics udhyogatil (electronicsche jalad atiushna) truti, 1980 chya dashakachya shevataparyant karyakram pudhe dhakalale. pahile shuttle, burran, 1988 madhye udale, parantu manvi karmchanyanshivay. 1991 madhye shuttle prakalp radd jhalyamule, 'pitichka' heey aanakhi eka shuttle akheris dirghkal bandhkamakhali aale. tyanchya antaralat prakshepanasathi, aaj eka naan vaparlele mahasatta rockett, energy aahe, jeey jagatil sarvat shaktishali aahe.
1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, soviet unionne 'miir' kakshiy sthanak tayar karnyat yash midavale. teey 'salute' sthanakanchya bandhkamavar bandhanyat aale hote aanee tyachi ekmev bhoomika nagri darjachi sanshodhan kaame hotee. 1986 teey 1998 yaa kalat karyarat asalele miir heey ekmev kakshiy sthanak hote. haloohaloo tyat american modules itar modules jodale gele. tathapi, jahajala lagalelya aaginantar sthanak zapatyane bighadale, mhanoon 2001 madhye teey jyaa vatavaranat jaloon khaq jhaale tyaa vatavaranat aananyacha nirnay ghenyat aala.
vahtook.
vahtook haah deshachya arthvyavasthecha eka mahattvacha ghatak hota. 1920 aanee 1930 chya uttaradhatil aarthik kendrikaranamule mothya pramanat payabhoot suvidhancha vikas jhaala, visheshtah havai vahtook udyog, aerofloatchi sthapana. deshat jameen, paanee aanee havai vahatukichya vividh paddhati hotya. tathapi, apuya dekhbhalimule, raste, paanee aanee soviet nagri viman vahtook hii bahutansh vahtook pahilya jagachya tulanet kalbahya jhaali hotee aanee tantrikdrushtya magasali hotee.
soviet railway vahtook hii jagatil sarvat mothee aanee sarvadhik vaparali jaanari hotee; tee tyachya bahutek pashchatya samakakshanpeksha adhik vikasit dekhil hotee. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, soviet arthshastradnya railwaveryl kahee oze qamee karnyasathi aanee soviet sarkarche andajpatrak sudharanyasathi adhik raste bandhanyache aavahan karat hote. rastyanche jaale aanee vahan udyog avikasit rahile aanee pramukh shaharambaher ghaan raste samanya hote. soviet dekhbhal prakalp deshakade asalelya kahee rastyanchihi kalji ghenyat asamarth tharale. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatipasun madhyaparyant, soviet adhikaanyaanee naveen bandhkamanche aadesh deuun rastyanchi samasya sodavanyacha prayatna keela. darmyan, raste bandhanipeksha vahan udyog vegane vadhat hota. avikasit raste jaalyamule sarvajanik vahatukichi magani vadhali.
sudharana hounahi, kalbahya jhalelya payabhoot suvidha, guntavanukicha abhav, bhrashtachar aanee chukichya nirnayanmule vahtook kshetrache anek pailu ajunahi samasyanni bharalele hote. vahtook payabhoot suvidha aanee sevanchi vadhati magani purn karnyat soviet adhikari asamarth tharale.
soviet vyapari naudal heey jagatil sarvat mothya naudalanpaiki eka hote.
loksankhyashastra.
pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan aanee russian yadavi yuddhadarmyan (leninachya yuddh samyavad dhorananmule udbhavalelya 'id1' chya dushkalasaha) ekoon mrutyuchi sankhya 1 kotee 80 laakh itaki hotee, 1930 chya dashakat sumare 1 kotee aanee id2 madhye 2 kotinhoon adhik. yuddhottar soviet loksankhya 45 teey 5 kotee itaki hotee jee yuddhapoorv loksankhyashastriy vaadh chaloo rahili asatee tarr jhaali asatee. catherine meridelchya matey, '...vajvi andajanusar sampoorn kalavadhitil atirikt mrutyunchi ekoon sankhya sumare 6 kotee asel.'
pramukhyane vadhatya shaharikaranamule aanee lagnachya vadhatya sarasari vayamule yuu. ess. ess. aar. chaa janmadar 1926 madheel 44 prati hazar varoon 1974 madhye 18 paryant qamee jhaala. mrutyudarat dekhil haloohaloo ghat disun aalee-1926 madheel 23.7 prati hazar varoon 1974 madhye 8.7 paryant. sarvasadharanpane, transcockesia aanee madhya aashiyatil dakshin prajasattakanche janmadar soviet sanghachya uttarekadil bhaganpeksha barech jaast hote aanee kahee prakarananmadhye dusya mahayuddhanantarchya kalat dekhil vadhale, hii ghatana anshatah shaharikaranachya mand daranna aanee dakshinekadil prajasattakanmadhil paramparikpane purvichya vivahanna karanibhoot aahe. soviet europe up-badali prajanankshamtekade valala, tarr soviet madhya ashiyane loksankhyechi vaadh pratisthapan-patalichya prajanankshamatepeksha jaast darshavine suru thewale.
1960 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1970 chya dashakat yuu. ess. ess. aar. madheel mrutyudarat ghat hott asatanacha badal disun aala aanee kamkajachya vayogatatil purushanmadhye too visheshtah ullekhaneey hota, parantu russia aanee deshatil itar pramukhyane slavic bhagatahi too prachalit hota. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhatil adhikrut aakadevarichya vishleshanatun asey disun aale qee 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila bighadalyanantar, praudh mrutyudar punha sudharu lagla. balmrutyu darr 1970 madheel 24.7 varoon 1974 madhye 27.9 paryant vadhala. kahee sanshodhakanni hii vaadh bahutek vastavik manali, jee aarogyachi bighadaleli sthitee aanee sevancha parinam aahe. praudh aanee balmrutyu yaa donhimadhil vadhis soviet adhikaanyaanee spasht kele nahee kinwa bachav keela nahee aanee soviet sarkarne daha varshe serve mrutyuchi aakadevari prakashit karane bund kele. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, jevha mrutyuchya aakadevariche prakashan punha suru jhaale, aanee sanshodhak vastavik karanancha shodh gheu shakale, toparyant soviet loksankhyashastradnya aanee aarogya tadnya mrutyudaratil vadhibaddal gup rahile.
mahila aanee prajanankshamta.
leninchya kalat rajyane purush aanee mahilanchya samanatela protsahan denyasathi spasht vachanbaddhata darshavali. suruvatichya kalat anek russian strivadi aanee samanya russian kaam karananya mahilanni krantimadhye sakriyapane bhag ghetala aanee tyaa kalatil ghatana aanee naveen dhoranancha aanakhi anekanvar parinam jhaala. aktoobar 1918 pasoon, leninachya sarkarne ghatasfot aanee garbhpat kayadyanche udarikaran kele, samalaingikatela gunhegarimukt kele (1932 madhye punha gunhegarikaran kele), sahvasala parvanagi dilee aanee anek sudharananchi suruvat kelee. tathapi, janm niyantranashivay, naveen pranaline anek tutalele vivah tasech asankhya vivahbahya mule nirman kelee. ghatasfot aanee vivahetar sambandhanchya mahamarine samajik adachani nirman kelya jevha soviet netyanna lokanni arthvyavasthechya vadhivar tyanche prayatna kendrit karave ashee ichcha hotee. mahilanna tyanchya prajanankshamtevar niyantran denyas karanibhoot tharalyane janmadarat dekhil tivra ghat jhaali, jee tyanchya deshachya lashkari samarthyasathi dhoka asalyache manale jaate. 1936 paryant, stallinne bahutek udarmatvadi kayade ulatavale, jyamule anek dashake chalalelya pronatalist yugachi suruvat jhaali.
1917 paryant, mahilanna matdanacha adhikar denari russia hii pahili mothee shakti bunley. pahilya aanee dusya mahayuddhatil mothya pramanat jivitahaninantar, russiamadhye mahilanchi sankhya purushanpeksha 4:3 gunottarane jaast hotee. yamule russian samajat mahilanni tyaa kalatil itar mahan shaktinchya tulanet mothya bhoomika bajavalya.
shikshan.
anatoli lunacharsky heey soviet russiachya shikshanasathi pahile lock aayukt banale. suruvatila, soviet adhikaanyaanee niraksharta nirmulanavar khoop bharr deela. soviet shaala vyavasthet serve davya hatane kaam karananya mulanna tyanchya ujavya hatane lihinyas bhag padale jaat asey. sakshar lokanna aapoaap shikshak mhanoon niyukt kele gele. alp kalavadhisathi, pramanasathi gunavattecha tyag keela gela. 1940 paryant, stallin niraksharta door kelee gelee aahe asey jaheer karoo shakale. 1930 chya dashakat samajik halchalinmadhye zapatyane vaadh jhaali, jyache shrey shikshanatil sudharananna dile jaate. dusya mahayuddhanantar deshachya shaikshanik vyavasthecha natyamay vistar jhaala, jyacha prachand parinam jhaala. 1960 chya dashakat, jawaljawal serve mulanna shikshan miloo shakat hote, apavad mhanje durgam bhagat rahnare. nikita khrushchev yanni shikshan adhik sulabh karnyacha prayatna keela, jyamule mulanna heey spasht jhaale qee shikshan heey samajachya garjanshi jawalun jodalele aahe. naveen mansala janm denyasathi shikshan dekhil mahattvache jhaale. thet karyabalat pravesh karananya nagarikanna nokri milanyacha aanee mofat vyavsayik prashikshanacha ghatanatmak adhikar hota.
sanskrutik magasalepanasaha sambandhit rashtrantil arjdaransathi sakaratmak karvaisah, shikshan pranali atyant kendrikrut aanee serve nagarikansathi sarvatrikpane sulabh hotee. tathapi, samanya yahudivirodhi dhoranacha eka bhag mhanoon, jyoo arjdaranna adhik kathor pravesh parikshanna samavoon gheuun uchch shikshanachya agraganya sansthanmadhye anadhikrut jyoo kota lagoo karnyat aala. brazenave yugane eka niyam dekhil sadar keela jyamadhye serve vidyapith arjdaranna sthanik comsomol pakshachya sachivankadun sandarbh sadar karane aavashyak hote. 1986 salchya aakadevarinusar, yuu. ess. ess. aar. sathee prati 10,000 loksankhyemage uchch shikshan vidyarthyanchi sankhya 181 hotee, tarr yuu. ess. ess. aar. sathee 517 hotee.
rashtriyata aanee vanshik gut.
soviet union haah vanshikdrushtya vaividhyapurn desh hota, jyamadhye 100 hoon adhik bhinn vanshik gut hote. 1991 madhye deshachi ekoon loksankhya 29.3 kotee asalyacha andaj hota. 1990 chya andajanusar, bahusankhya loksankhya russian (50.78%), tyanantar ukrainean (15.45%) aanee uzbek (5.84%) hote. 1989 saalee deshachya ekoon vanshik loksankhyenusar, 'id2' purv slavic, 'id1' turkey, '1.6% armeniyan, 1.6% balt, 1.5% finnick, 1.5% tajik, 1.4% georgian, 1.2% moldovan aanee 4.1% itar vividh vanshik gatanche hote.
yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya serve nagarikancha swatacha vanshik sambandh hota. vayachya solavya varshi mulachya palakanni vyaktichi vanshikta nivadali. jarr palak sahmat nastil, tarr mulala aapoaap vadilanchi vanshikta dilee jaeel. anshatah soviet dhorananmule, kahee lahan alpasankhyak vanshik gatanna mothya gatancha bhag manale jaat hote, jase qee georgiachya mingreliyan, jyanna bhashikdrushtya sambandhit georgian lokansah vargikrut kele gele hote. kahee vanshik gut swechhene aatmasat jhaale, tarr itaranna baljabarine aanale gele. russian, belarusi aanee ukrainean, jeey serve purv slavic aanee rudhivadi hote, tyanche jawalche sanskrutik, vanshik aanee dharmik sambandh hote, tarr itar gatanche navhate. ekach pradeshat rahana anek rashtriyatansaha, varshanuvarshe vanshik vaimansya vikasit jhaale.
vividh vanshachya sadasyanni vidhimandalanmadhye bhag ghetala. politburo, kendriya samitiche sachivalay ityadi satteche avyav., aupcharikpane vanshikdrushtya tatasth hote, parantu pratyakshat, vanshik russian lokanche pratinidhitva jaast hote, jaree soviet netrutvat joseph stallin, grigori zinoviev, nikolai podgorni kinwa andrei graumico yasarkhe bigger-russian nete dekhil hote. soviet yugat, vanshik russian aanee ukrainean lock mothya sankhyene itar soviet prajasattakanmadhye sthalantarit jhaale aanee tyapaiki barechjan tethe sthayik jhaale. 1989 madheel shevatchya jangananenusar, soviet prajasattakatil russian 'diaspora' 2 kotee 50 lakhanparyant pohochale hote.
aarogya.
1917 madhye, krantipurvi, aarogyachi sthitee vikasit deshanchya tulanet lakshaniyaritya mage hotee. leninne nantar namood kelyapramane, "ektar uva samajvadacha parabhav kartil kinwa samajvad uva parabhoot karel". 1918 madhye peaples commissionerate aarogyasathi soviet aarogya seva pranalichi kalpana kelee hotee. semashko model antargat, aarogya seva rajyadvare niyantrit kelee jaanar hotee aanee tichya nagarikanna vinamulya puravali jaanar hotee, jee tyaa kalatil eka krantikari sankalpana hotee. 1977 chya soviet rajyaghatanechya kalam 42 neey serve nagarikanna aarogya sanrakshn aanee yuu. ess. ess. aar. madheel konatyahi aarogya sansthanmadhye mofat pravesh milanyacha adhikar deela. leonid brazenave sarchitanis honyapurvi, soviet aarogya seva pranalila anek paradeshi tadnyankadun uchch aadar deela jaat asey. tathapi, brezhnevchya rajyabhishek aanee mikhail gorbachevchya neta mhanoonchya karyakalatun heey badalale, jyaa darmyan sevecha darja aanee tyachya tartuditil asamanata yasarkhya anek moolbhut doshansathi aarogya seva pranalivar jordar teeka karnyat aalee. aarogya mantri yevgeni chazov yanni, soviet unionchya communist pakshachya 19 vya kongresdarmyan, jagatil sarvadhik doctor aanee rugnalaye asalyachya yashavar prakash taktana, pranalichya sudharanansathichya kshetranna manyata dilee aanee asey vatale qee kotyavadhi rubals vaya gele. 
krantinantar serve vayogatatil ayurman vadhale. hii aakadevari swatach kahinchya najaret aalee qee samajvadi vyavastha bhandavalshahi vyavasthepeksha shreshth hotee. 1960 chya dashkaparyant yaa sudharana suruch rahilya, jevha aakadevarine soochit kele qee aayurmanachi apeksha amerikechya aayurmanachya tulanet kahee kaal jaast hotee. 1970 chya dashakat ayurman qamee houu lagale, bahudha daruchya durupyogamule. tyach velee, balmrutyu vadhu lagale. 1974 nantar sarkarne yaa vishayavar aakadevari prakashit karane bund kele. haah cull anshatah deshachya ashiyai bhagat garbhadharanechya sankhyet mothya pramanat vaadh jhalyamule spasht keela jaau shakato, jithe balmrutyu sarvadhik hote, tarr soviet sanghachya adhik vikasit european bhagat lakshaniy ghat jhaali.
dantchikitsa.
soviet dant tantradnyan aanee dant aarogya heey kukhyatpane white manale jaat hote. 1991 madhye, sarasari 35 varshiy vyaktila 12 teey 14 pokalya, bharane kinwa daat gayab hote. toothpaste anekada upalabdh navhati aanee toothbrushes aadhunik dantchikitsechya mankanshi susangat navhate.
bhasha.
leninchya netrutvakhali sarkarne chhotya bhasha gatanna tyanchi swatachi lekhan pranali dilee. jaree kahee truti aadhalalya asalya taree yaa lekhan paddhatincha vikas atyant yashasvi jhaala. yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya nantarchya kalat, samaan bahubhashik paristhiti asalelya deshanni samaan dhorane lagoo kelee. yaa lekhan paddhati tayar kartana eka gambhir samasya ashee hotee qee bhasha ekmekanpeksha bolibhashet khoop bhinn hotya. jevha ekhadya bhashela lekhan pranali dilee gelee aanee tee eka ullekhaneey prakashanat prakashit jhaali, tevha teela 'adhikrut bhasha' chaa darja milel. anek alpasankhyak bhasha hotya jyanna tyanchi swatachi lekhan pranali kadhich midali nahee; mhanoon, tyanchya bhashikanna dusari bhasha ghenyas bhag padale gele. ashee udaharane aahet qee, visheshtah stallinchya kalat, jethe vyapak nasalelya bhashanmadhye shikshan bund karnyat aale hote, asha dhoranatoon sarkar mage hutley. tyanantar yaa bhasha dusya bhashet, mukhytah russian bhashet villin karnyat aalya. dusya mahayuddhachya kalat, kahee alpasankhyak bhashanvar bandee ghalanyat aalee aanee tyanchya bhashikanvar shatrushi sahkarya kelyacha aarop karnyat aala.
soviet sanghachya anek bhashanpaiki sarvat jaast bolalya jaananya russian 'dii facto' neey 'aantarjatiy sampreshanachi bhasha' () mhanoon adhikrut bhasha mhanoon kaam kele, parantu 1990 madhye keval 'dii jeur' chaa darja adhikrut rashtriy bhasha mhanoon swikarla.
dharm.
dharmik nagarikanmadhye khrishchan aanee islamche anuyayi sarvadhik hote. purvekadil khrishchan dharmache varchasva khrishchananmadhye hote, rashiyache paramparik russian orthodox church haah sarvat motha khrishchan sampraday hota. soviet unionche sumare 90 takke muslim sunni hote, sheeya azarbaijan ess. ess. aar. madhye kendrit hote. chhotya gatanmadhye roman catholic, jyoo, bauddha aanee vividh protestant sampraday (visheshtah baptist aanee lutheran) yancha samavesh hota.
russian samrajyat dharmik prabhav prabal hota. russian orthodox charchala rajeshahiche church mhanoon visheshadhikar prapt hota aanee tyanni adhikrut rajya karye paar padnyat bhag ghetala. soviet rajyachya sthapanenantarchya tatkal kalat, krantikarkanni purvichya sattadhari vargacha mitra manalya jaananya rudhivadi charchviruddhachya sangharshacha samavesh hota.
jaree sattadhari communist pakshane dharmala vaidnyanik bhautikvadachya marksvadi bhavneshi visangat manale asale taree soviet kayadyat 'dharmik seva aayojit karnyachya swatantryachi' ghatanatmak hummy denyat aalee hotee. vyavharat, soviet pranaline yaa adhikarachya sankuchit vyakhyela manyata dilee aanee kharey tarr dharmala paravrutt karnyasathi aanee dharmik gatanchya kriyakalapanna aala ghalanyasathi anek adhikrut upayayojanancha vapar keela.
1918 chya lock aayuktanchya parishadene russian ess. eff. ess. aar. laa dharmnirpeksh rajya mhanoon sthapit karnyacha aadesh dekhil deela qee 'serve [thikani] jethe samanya shikshanache vishay shikavale jaatat tethe dharmache shikshan nishiddha aahe. nagrik dharm khajgi paddhatine shikavu shakatat aanee shikavale jaau shakatat.'pudhil nirbandhanmadhye, 1929 madhye swikaranyat aalelya nirbandhanmadhye, sanghatit baibal abhyasasathichya sabhansah charchchya vividh upkramanvar spasht nirbandh samavisht hote. 1920 aanee 1930 chya dashakat hajaro lokanni khrishchan aanee bigger khrishchan asha donhi aasthapana bund kelya. 1940 paryant, 1917 madhye karyarat asalelya 90 takke church, sabhasthale aanee mashidi bund karnyat aalya; tyapaiki bahutansh padnyat aalya kinwa tyanchya aitihasik aanee sanskrutik mulyachi farshi kalji naan gheta rajyachya garjansathi punha tayar karnyat aalya.
ektya 1937 saalee 85,000 hoon adhik rudhivadi pujanyanna golya ghalanyat aalya. 1941 paryant russian orthodox charchchya keval baravya padrinche tyanchya parishmadhye kaam karane baakee hote. 1927 teey 1940 yaa kalavadhit rashiyatil orthodox charchchi sankhya 29,584 varoon 500 peksha qamee (1.7%) jhaali.
soviet union heey adhikrutpane eka dharmnirpeksh rajya hote, parantu 'rajya nastikatechya siddhantanusar' nastiktet jabardastine dharmantar karnyacha sarkar-prayojit karyakram 'aayojit keela gela. sarkarne rajya hitsambandhanchya aadhare dharmanna lakshya kele aanee bahutek sanghatit dharmanvar kadhihi bandee ghatali gelee nasali taree, dharmik malmatta japt karnyat aalee, shraddhavanancha chhal karnyat aala aanee shalanmadhye nastikatecha prachar keela jaat asatana dharmachi khilli udavali gelee. 1925 madhye, sarkarne prachar moheem tivra karnyasathi dahashatvadi nastikanchya sanghatanechi sthapana kelee. tyanusar, dharmik shraddhechya vaiyaktik abhivyaktivar spashtapane bandee nasali taree, aupcharik sanrachana aanee prasarmadhyamanni tyanchyavar samajik kalankachi tivra bhavna ladali hotee aanee kahee vyavasayanchya sadasyanna (shikshak, rajya nokarshaha, sainik) ughadpane dharmik asane samanyatah asvikarya manale jaat hote. stallinchya sattevar aalyanantar chhalala gatee midali, tarr dusya mahayuddhadarmyan sarkarne rudhivadache punarujjivan kele aanee soviet adhikaanyaanee russian rudhivadi churchche visarjan karnyaivaji tyavar niyantran thevanyacha prayatna keela. soviet sattechya pahilya paach varshant, bolshevikanni 28 russian orthodox bishop aanee 1,200 hoon adhik russian orthodox padrinna fashi dilee. itar anekanna turungat taknyat aale kinwa haddapar karnyat aale. shraddhavanancha chhal aanee chhal keela jaat asey. bahutansh madarse bund hotee aanee bahutansh dharmik sahitya prakashit karnyas bandee hotee. 1941 paryant, pahilya mahayuddhapurvi astitvat asalelya sumare 54,000 charchpaiki keval 500 church khule rahile.
dharmik sovhietvirodhi hii bhootkalatil gosht jhaali aahe aanee yuddhachya vadhatya dhokyaas, 1930 chya dashakachya uttaradhat stallin shasson adhik madhyam dharmik dhoranakade valoo lagale yachee khatri patali. dusya mahayuddhadarmyanchya yuddh prayatnanchya samarthanarth soviet dharmik aasthapananni mothya sankhyene jamvajamav kelee. german aakramananantar dharmik shraddhesathi itar nivassthananmadhye church punha ughadanyat aalee. redio moscone eka dharmik taas prasarit karnyas suruvat kelee aanee 1943 madhye moscoche stallin aanee orthodox churchche nete patriarch sergious yanchyat aitihasik baithak jhaali. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhaparyant dekhil stallinla ussrmadhil bahusankhya dharmik lokancha pathimba hota. serve dharmanchya shraddhalunmadhye dharmik karyat vaadh hone hii yaa kalatil samanya pravrutti hotee.
nikita khrushchevchya netrutvakhali, rajya netrutva 1958-1964 madhye charchashi bhidale, jyaa kalat shaikshanik abhyaskramat nastiktevar bharr denyat aala hota aanee asankhya rajya prakashananni nastik drushtikonanna protsahan dile hote. yaa kalat, 1959 teey 1965 yaa kalat charchchi sankhya 20,000 varoon 10,000 varr aalee aanee sabhasthananchi sankhya 500 varoon 97 varr aalee. karyarat mashidinchi sankhya dekhil eka dashakat 1,500 varoon 500 varr ghasarali.
dharmik sansthanvar soviet sarkar dekhrekh thevat hote, parantu church, sabhasthale, mandire aanee mashidi yaa sarvanna brazenave yugat adhik mokali mokali jaaga denyat aalee hotee. orthodox church aanee sarkar yanchyatil adhikrut sambandh punha itake ubdar jhaale qee brazenave sarkarne donada orthodox patriarch alexey pahila yala shramachya laal zendyachya aadeshane sanmanit kele. 1982 madhye soviet adhikaanyaanee kelelya sarvekshanat soviet loksankhyepaiki 20 takke lock 'sakriy dharmik shraddhalu' asalyache nondavale gele.'
varsa.
yu. ess. ess. aar. chaa varsa haah eka vadgrast vishay aahe. yuu. ess. ess. aar. sarkhya samyavadi rajyanche samajik-aarthik swaroop, visheshtah stallinchya kalat, dekhil khoop vadavivad jhaala aahe, jyala nokarshahi samoohikvad, rajya bhandavalshahi, rajya samajvad kinwa utpadanachi purnapane anokhi paddhat asey vegvegalya prakare sambodhale jaat aahe.
yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey dirghkalapasun vividh dhorananchi vyapak amalbajavani kelee, jyat vividh netyankadun mothya pramanat parasparvirodhi dhorane amalat aanali gelee. kahincha yabaddal sakaratmak drushtikon aahe tarr itar deshabaddal teeka karatat, tyanna dadapshahi alpajantantra mhanatat. yuu. ess. ess. aar. vareel matey guntaguntichi aahet aanee kalantarane badalali aahet, vegvegalya pidhyanchi yaa vishayavar tasech tyachya itihasatil vegvegalya kalkhandanshi sambandhit soviet dhorananvar vegvegali matey aahet.
pashchimatya shikshanatadnyanni soviet-nantarchya rajyanchya vikasache vividh vishleshan prakashit kele, assa dawa keela qee yaa vighatananantar yaa deshanmadhil aarthik aanee samajik paristhitit tivra ghat jhaali, jyat daridrya, gunhegari, bhrashtachar, berojgari, begharpana, rogache praman, balmrutyu aanee gharguti hinsachar, tasech loksankhyashastriy nuksan, utpannachi asamanata aanee alpajantantra vargachi vaadh, tasech ushmank sevan, ayurman, praudh saksharta aanee utpannat ghat yancha samavesh aahe. 1988 aanee 1989 aanee 1993-1995 darmyan, serve majee soviet prajasattakansathi giinii gunottarat sarasari 9 ankanchi vaadh jhaali. pashchatya vishleshananusar, ghauk khasgikaranabarobarche aarthik dhakke mrutyudarat jhalelya tivra vadhishi sambandhit hote, russia, kazakhstan, latvia, lithuania aanee estonia yaa deshanmadhye 1991 aanee 1994 darmyan berojgari tippat jhaali aanee purush mrutyu darat 42 takke vaadh jhaali aanee tyanantarchya dashakanmadhye, samyavadanantarchi keval paach kinwa sahaa rajye shrimant bhandavalshahi pashchimmadhye sameel honyachya margavar aahet, tarr bahutek mage padat aahet, kahinna itake qee soviet gut kosalanyapurvi teey jethe hote teey gathanyasathi pannas varshanhun adhik vel lagel.
soviet union visarjit jhalyapasun, lewada centerne kelelya varshik matdanat asey disun aale aahe qee russiachya 50 takkyanhun adhik loksankhyene yaa ghatanebaddal khed vyakt keela aahe, apavad 2012 madhye hota jevha soviet unionla pathimba 50 takkyanpeksha qamee jhaala hota. 2018 chya sarvekshanat asey disun aale qee 66 takke russian lokanni soviet unionchya patanabaddal khed vyakt keela, 15 varshancha vikram prasthapit keela aanee yapaiki bahutansh khedjanak matey 55 varshanpeksha jaast vayachya lokankadoon aalee. 2020 madhye, lewada centerne kelelya sarvekshanat asey aadhalun aale qee 75 takke russian lokanni sahmati darshavali qee soviet yug heey tyanchya deshachya itihasatil sarvat mothe yug hote.
center phaur daad studdy auph public policyne kelelya naveen russia barometer (aine. aar. bii.) sarvekshananusar, 50 takke russian pratisadkartyanni 1991 madhye soviet yuniyanbaddal sakaratmak dharana nondavali. 2000 madhye aine. aar. bii. pratisadkartyanpaiki 75 takkyanparyant hii vaadh jhaali, 2009 madhye kinchit 71 takkyanparyant ghasarali. 2000 chya dashakat, aine. aar. bii. pratisadkartyanpaiki sarasari 32 takke lokanni soviet unionchya punarsanchayanasathi pathimba deela.
2021 chya sarvekshanat, vikrami 70 takke russian lokanni joseph stalinbaddal bahutek/atishay anukool drushtikon darshavila. aarmeniyamadhye, 12 takke pratisadkartyanni sangitale qee yu. ess. ess. aar. kosalane changle jhaale, tarr 66 takke lokanni sangitale qee teey nukasankarak aahe. kyrgystanmadhye, 16 takke pratisadkartyanni sangitale qee yu. ess. ess. aar. chya kosalanyane changle kaam kele, tarr 61 takke lokanni sangitale qee teey nukasankarak aahe. 2018 chya samajik gut sarvekshanat, ukrainechya 47 takke pratisadkartyanche soviet nete leonid brezhnevbaddal sakaratmak mutt hote, jyanni 1964 teey 1982 paryant soviet unionver rajya kele, tarr lenin, stallin aanee gorbachevkade atishay nakaratmakpane pahile. 2021 saalee lewada kendrane kelelya sarvekshanat asey aadhalun aale qee 49 takke russian yu. ess. ess. aar. chee rajkiy vyavastha pasant karatat, tarr 18 takke sadhyachya rajkiy vyavasthela aanee 16 takke pashchatya lokshahila pradhanya detat. sarvekshanat sahbhagi jhalelya 62 takke lokanni kendriya niyojanachya soviet pranalila pradhanya dile, tarr 24 takke lokanni bajarpeth-aadharit pranalila pradhanya dile. lewada kendrachya sarvekshananusar, soviet udasinatechi prathamik karane mhanje soviet prajasattakanmadhil samayik aarthik ekteche fayade, jyat aarthik sthiratecha samavesh aahe. 2016 madhye 53 takke lokanni yacha sandarbh deela hota. kiman 43 takke lokanni soviet unioncha jaagtik rajkiy mahasatta darja gamavalyabaddal shoke vyakt keela. sumare 31 takke lokanni samajik vishvas aanee bhandwal gamavalyache namood kele. urvarit pratisadkartyanni pravasachya vyavharik adchaninpasun teey rashtriy visthapanachya bhavneparyant anek mishra karane dilee.
dusya mahayuddhacha 1941-1945 kaal ajunahi russiamadhye 'mahan deshbhaktipar yuddh' mhanoon olakhala jaato. chitrapat, sahitya, shaletil itihasache dhade, prasarmadhyame aanee kalanmadhye yuddh haah khoop mahattvacha vishay banala. sangharshadarmyan lashkar aanee nagarikanna jhalelya mothya nukasanicha parinam mhanoon, 9 meey roji sajra keela jaanara vijay deane ajunahi rashiyatil sarvat mahattvachya aanee bhavnik tarakhanpaiki eka aahe. catherine wanner thampane sangatat qee vijaydinache smaranotsav heey sovhietchya aathvaninche eka sadhan aahe, kaaran tyanni "soviet bhavyatechi," sovietsky narodmadhil ekatmatechi aanee eka mahasatta rajyacha nagrik mhanoon swatachi bhavna jiwant thewali ".
bahutek shaharanmadhye darvarshi russian vijay dinachya miravnukiche aayojan kele jaate, moscomadhye kendriya lashkari miravnukiche aayojan kele jaate (agadi soviet kalatil). yavyatirikt, 9 meey roji alikadech suru jhalelya amar regimentmadhye lakho russian lock yuddhat ladhalelya tyanchya natevaikanchi chhayachitre gheuun jaatana disatat. russia itar soviet suttya dekhil rakhoon thevato, jase qee pitrubhoomi deane (23 februwari), aantarrashtriy mahila deane (8 march) aanee aantarrashtriy kamgar deane.
purvichya soviet prajasattakanmadhye.
soviet nantarchya kahee prajasattakanmadhye, yuu. ess. ess. aar. baddal adhik nakaratmak drushtikon aahe, jaree yaa vishayavar ekmat nahee. mothya pramanat holodomoremule, vanshik ukrainean lock soviet sangharajyabaddal nakaratmak drushtikon thevatat. ukrainechya dakshin aanee purv bhagatil russian bhashik ukrainean lock yu. ess. ess. aar. baddal adhik sakaratmak drushtikon thevatat. antargat sangharsh asalelya kahee deshanmadhye, visheshtah soviet-nantarchya sangharshatil nirvasitansathi, jyanna tyanchi ghare sodanyas bhag padale gele aahe aanee visthapit jhaale aahet, yu. ess. ess. aar. sathee dekhil udaseen bhavna aahet. hii aathvan hii tyanchya gharee paratanyachi utkat ichcha asanyapeksha deshabaddal kinwa tyanchya dhoranambaddalchi prashansa qamee aahe. transnistriasarkhya purvichya yu. ess. ess. aar. prajasattakatil anek russian antahkshetranmadhye sarvasadharanpane tyache sakaratmak smaran aahe.
rajkiy davikade.
yuu. ess. ess. aar. chey davikadil drushya guntaguntiche aahe. kahee davkhu yu. ess. ess. aar. laa rajya bhandavalshahiche udaharan kinwa teey eka alpajantantravadi rajya asalyache manatat, tarr itar davkhu vladimir lenin aanee russian krantiche kautuk karatat. parishad samyavadi samanyatah yuu. ess. ess. aar. kadey vargabhavbhavna nirman karnyat ayashasvi tharalyache, jyache bhrasht rajyamadhye rupantar hott aahe, jyamadhye uchchabhru vargane samaj niyantrit keela aahe, asey manatat.
arajaktavadi yanchyasarkhe anek stalinvadvirodhi davkhura soviet hukumshahi aanee dadapshahivar atyant teeka karatat. tyala milanari bahutansh teeka soviet unionmadhil hatyakand, yuu. ess. ess. aar. madhye upasthit kendrikrut padanukram aanee samoohik rajkiy dadapshahi tasech sarkari tikakar aanee itar davya pakshansarkhya rajkiy bandkhoranprati hinsa yavar kendrit aahe. samikshak konatyahi mothya kamgar sahkari sansthanchi amalbajavani karnyat kinwa kamgar muktichi amalbajavani karnyat, tasech bhrashtachar aanee soviet hukumshahi swarupachya apayshakadehi laksh vedhatat.
soviet vyavasthela 'laal facism' asey sambodhun arajaktavadi dekhil deshavar teeka karat aahet. yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya virodhatil arajaktavadi vaimansyala karanibhoot asalelya ghatakanmadhye suruvatichya yutinantar makhnovist chalvalicha soviet vinash, arajaktavadi chronstad bund dadapane aanee spanish yadavi yuddhadarmyan soviet samarthit samyavadi gatane pratispardhi arajaktavadi gatancha parabhav yancha samavesh hota.
maovadhyanche yu. ess. ess. aar. baddal sammishra mutt aahe, teey sayano-soviet falanichya kalat tyakade nakaratmakpane pahat hote aanee teey punarikshanvadi asalyache sangoon punha bhandavalshahikade valale. 1963 madhye chiinii sarkarne yu. ess. ess. aar. chya pranalivar teeka kelee aanee paryay mhanoon chinchya vaicharik dhoranala protsahan dile.
soviet union visarjit jhalyanantar, japani communist pakshane (jeey. see. pii.) "aamhi eka pakshachya samaptiche swagat karato, jyat mahan shaktichya varchasvavad aanee varchasvadachya aitihasik dushtateche moort swaroop aahe" yaa shirshakakhali eka prasiddhi patrak jaaree kele.
noam chomsky yanni soviet unionchya patnala "samajvadasathi eka chhotasa vijay" mhatale, keval jagatil sarvat samajvadivirodhi rajyanpaiki ekachya patnamule nahee, jithe kamgar lokanna pashchimekadil tulanet qamee adhikar hote, tarr tyane 'samajvad' haah shabd purv aanee paschim prachar vyavasthanmadhye soviet julumasah sambandhit asanyachya ozepasoon mukt keela-purvesathi, assal samajvadachya tejatoon laabh ghenyasathi, pashchimasathi, sankalpanela dusht banavanyasathi."
sanskruti.
yu. ess. ess. aar. chya astitvachya kalat soviet unionchi sanskruti anek tappyanmadhun gelee. krantinantarchya pahilya dashakat sapeksh swatantrya hote aanee kalakaranni eka vishisht soviet qalaa shaili shodhanyasathi anek vegvegalya shailincha prayog keela. russian lokansathi qalaa sulabh vhavi ashee leninachi ichcha hotee. dusarikade, shekado buddhijivi, lekhak aanee kalakaranna haddapar karnyat aale kinwa fashi denyat aalee aanee bolshevik rajvativiruddha kathit cutt rachalyabaddal golya ghatalelya nikole gumilyov aanee yevgeni zamyatin yansarkhya tyanchya kamavar bandee ghalanyat aalee.
sarkarne vividh kalanna protsahan dile. qalaa aanee sahityat, anek shaala, kahee paramparik aanee itar aamulagra prayogik, vistarlya. communist lekhak maxim gorkey aanee vladimir mayakovsky yaa kalat sakriy hote. mothya pramanat nirakshar samajavar prabhav padanyache sadhan mhanoon, chitrapatanna rajyakadoon protsahan midale aanee digdarshak sergei eisenstein yanche bahutek sarvottam kaam yach kalatil aahe.
stallinchya rajvatit, soviet sanskratiche vaishishtya mhanje sarkarne ladalelya samajvadi vastavadachya shailicha uday aanee varchasva, itar serve kalanvar gambhirpane dadapshahi kelee jaat hotee, apavad vagalata, jase qee mikhail balgakovchya krutee. anek lekhakanna turungat damboon thaar maranyat aale.
khrushchev vitalalyanantar, sensorship qamee jhaali. yaa kalat, soviet sanskraticha eka vishisht kaal vikasit jhaala, jyache vaishishtya mhanje susangat sarvajanik jeevan aanee vaiyaktik jivanavar tivra laksh kendrit karane. qalaa prakaranmadhye adhik prayoganna punha parvanagi denyat aalee, parinami adhik atyadhunik aanee sookshmapane gambhir kaam tayar jhaale. sarkarne samajvadi vastavadavar bharr deela; udaharanarth, lekhak yoori trifonov yanchya kadambyanmadhil anek nayakanni samajvad nirman karnyaivaji dainandin jivanatil samasyanshi swatahla sambandhit kele. yaa uttaradhat 'samizdat' mhanoon olakhale jaanare bhoomigat asantusht sahitya vikasit jhaale. sthapatyakalet, khrushchev yugat mukhytah karyatmak rachnevar laksh kendrit kele gele, tarr stallinchya yugatil atyant sushobhit shailivar laksh kendrit kele gele. sangitamadhye, pashchimatya deshanmadhye jaz sarkhya lokpriy sangitachya prakaranchya vadhatya lokpriyates pratisad mhanoon, yuu. ess. ess. aar. madhye anek jaz vadyavrundanna parvanagi denyat aalee, visheshtah yu. ess. ess. aar. madheel mukhya dhwanimudran lableveroon naav dilelya melodia samoohala.
1980 chya uttaradhat, gorbachevchya 'perestroica' aanee 'glasnost' yaa dhorananmule prasarmadhyame aanee prasarmadhyamandhye deshbhar abhivyakti swatantryacha lakshaniy vistar jhaala.
khel.
1923 chya unhalyat moscomadhye soviet gupt polis chekanchi creeda sanstha mhanoon sarvahara creeda sanstha 'dynamo' chee sthapana karnyat aalee.
mosco yethe 20 julai 1924 roji sthapan jhalele 'swetsky spoort' heey soviet unionche pahile creeda vruttpatra hote.
13 julai 1925 roji russian communist pakshachya (bolshevik) kendriya samiteene "bhautik sanskratichya kshetrat pakshachya karyambaddal" eka vidhan sweekarle. yaa nivedanat soviet samajatil bhautik sanskratichi bhoomika aanee deshatil bhautik sanskruti chalvalitil rajkiy netrutvatil pakshachi karye nishchit karnyat aalee hotee.
21 april 1951 roji soviet olympic samitichi sthapana jhaali aanee aay. oo. see. neey tyachya 45 vya satrat naveen sansthela manyata dilee. tyach varshi, jevha soviet pratinidhi constantin andreanov ioc sadasya jhaala, tevha yuu. ess. ess. aar. adhikrutpane olympic chalvalit sameel jhaala. asha prakare helsinki yetheel 1952 unhali olympic heey soviet kheladunsathiche pahile olympic khel tharale. unhali olympicmadhye soviet union amerikecha sarvat motha pratispardhi hota, tyane naupaiki sahaa samne jinkale aanee sahaa vela hiwali olympicmadhye padakanchya yadeet avval sthan midavale. soviet unionchya olympicchya yashache shrey jaagtik staravar aapali mahasatta pratima aanee rajkiy prabhav darshavinyasathi khelanmadhil mothya guntavanukila dile jaate.
soviet unionchya rashtriy aais hockey sanghane 1954 teey 1991 darmyan jawaljawal pratyek jaagtik ajinkyapad spardha aanee olympic spardha jinkley aanee jyaa aantarrashtriy aais hockey federation (aay. aay. etch. eff.) spardhet tyanni bhag ghetala tyaa spardhet padak midvanyat kadhihi apayashi tharale nahee.
soviet olympic sangh haushi niyamanchya kathavar jaanyasathi kukhyat hota. serve soviet kheladunkade kahee nammatra nokya hotya, parantu pratyakshat teey rajya-prayojit aanee purnavel prashikshit hote. anek tadnyanchya matey, jyamule soviet unionla america aanee itar pashchatya deshanvar motha fayda jhaala, jyanche kheladu vidyarthi kinwa kharey haushi hote. kharey tarr, 1968 nantar soviet unionne padak kramvarit avval sthan midavale aanee, tyache patan hoiparyant, 1984 chya hiwali khelanmadhye, jee. dii. aar. yaa aanakhi eka purvekadil gut rashtranantar, keval ekdach dusya sthanavar rahile. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat haushi niyam shithil karnyat aale aanee 1990 chya dashakat yuu. ess. ess. aar. chya patananantar teey jawaljawal purnapane radd karnyat aale.
british patrakar andreau jennings yanchya matey, eka keey. jee. bii. karnalane sangitale qee agencychya adhikaanyaanee dopping chachanya kamkuvat karnyasathi aantarrashtriy olympic samitikadun (aay. oo. see.) dopingvirodhi adhikari mhanoon bhoomika ghetali hotee aanee soviet kheladunna "[yaa] prachand prayatnandvare vachavale gele". 1980 unhali olympicchya vishayavar, 1989 chya austreliyan abhyasat asey mhatale gele aahe qee, "mosco khelanmadhye kvachitach padak vijeta asato, nishchitpane suvarnapadak vijeta nasato, joou eka prakarche kinwa dusya prakarche aushadh ghet nasatoh sahasa anek prakarche. moscochya khelanna kadachit rasayanshastradnyanche khel dekhil mhatale gele asave."
aay. oo. see. vaidyakeey aayogache sadasya, manfried donike yanni laghvitil epitestosterone praman mojoon testosteronchi asamanya patali olakhanyasathi eka naveen tantrasah khajgiritya atirikt chachanya ghetalya. tyanni chachani kelelya namunyanpaiki vees takke, jyat sola suvarnapadak vijetyancha samavesh aahe, chachanya adhikrut asatya tarr tyanchyavaril shistabhangachi karvai jhaali asatee. donaikchya anadhikrut chachanyanchya nikalanni nantar aay. oo. see. laa tyanchya chachani protocolmadhye tyache naveen tantra jodanyasathi patvoon dile. rakt uttejak' chee pahili nond keleli ghatana 1980 chya unhali olympicmadhye ghadali jevha 5000 meater aanee 10,000 metermadhye padake jinkanyapurvi eka dhavpatula done pint raktane sankramit karnyat aale.
2016 madhye midalelya kagadpatranni losses angelisemadhil 1984 unhali olympicchya tayarisathi track andd fieldmadhye rajyavyapi dopping pranalisathi soviet unionchya yojana ughad kelya. khelanvar bahishkar taknyachya deshachya nirnayachya aadhichya tarkhenusar, dastaivajat pudhil sudharanansathichya soochanansah karyakramachya vidyaman steroidschya karyancha tapasheel denyat aala aahe. soviet unionchya track andd fieldchya pramukhanna nirdeshit kelela sanvad, bhautik sanskruti sansthechya sergei portugalovne tayar keela hota. 2016 unhali alimpikpurvi russian dopping karyakramachya amalbajavanimadhye sahbhagi asalelya pramukh vyaktinpaiki portugalov eka hota.
bhoogol.
soviet unionne sumare eka kshetra vyapale aanee too jagatil sarvat motha desh hota, jyacha darja tyachya uttaradhikari rajyane, russiane kayam thewala aahe. tyane pruthvichya jaminichya prushthbhagacha sahava bhag vyapala aanee tyacha aakar uttar america khandashi tulaneey hota. europemadhil tyacha paschim bhag deshachya kshetrafalachya eka chaturthansh bhagacha hota aanee sanskrutik aanee aarthik kendra hote. aashiyatil purv bhag purvela prashant mahasagar aanee dakshinela afaganistanparyant vistarla aanee madhya aashiyatil kahee bhag vagalata, loksankhya khoopach qamee hotee. too purvepasoon pashchimeparyant akra vel kshetranmadhye aanee uttarekadun dakshineparyant pasarla hota. tundra, taiga, paywata, valvant aanee parvat ashee paach hawaman kshetre hotee.
aadhunik rashiyapramanech soviet unionla pruthvichya varr kinwa parighanchi mojmap karnari jagatil sarvat lamb seema hotee. tyacha done trutiyansh bhag kinarpatticha hota. deshachya seema (1945 teey 1991): norwey, finland, baltic samudra, polland, chekoslovakia, hangeri, romania, kaala samudra, turkey, iran, caspian samudra, afghanistan, chean, mangolia aanee uttar koria. berring samudradhunine deshala amerikepasoon vegale kele, tarr laa peros samudradhunine tyala japanpasoon vegale kele.
soviet unioncha sarvat unch parvat haah tajik ess. ess. aar. madheel samyavadache shikhar (aata ismoil somoni shikhar) hota. tyat jagatil bahutansh sarvat mothe talav; caspian samudra (iranasobat samayik) aanee rashiyatil jagatil sarvat motha aanee sarvat khol godya panyatil talav baikal talav yancha samavesh hota.
paryavaran.
1986 madheel soviet chernobyl durghatna hii nagri anuurja prakalpatil pahili mothee durghatna hotee. jagaat atulaneey, yamule mothya sankhyene kiranotsargi samasthanike vatavaranat sodali jaat aahet. kiranotsargi matra tulanene durparyant vikhuralelya aahet. yaa ghatanenantar thyroid karkarogachi 4,000 naveen prakarane nondavali gelee, parantu yamule mrutyuchi sankhya tulanene qamee jhaali (2005 chee aakadevari). matra, apghatache dirghakalin parinam adnyat aahet. aanakhi eka motha apghat mhanje kishtim aapatti.
soviet union visarjit jhalyanantar, soviet adhikaanyaanee manya kelelya paryavaraniy samasyanpeksha paryavaraniy samasya jaast asalyache aadhalun aale. koola dweepkalp heey spasht samasya asalelya thikananpaiki eka hote. monchegorsk aanee norrilsk yaa audhyogik shaharanchya aaspas, jethe nikelche utkhanan kele jaate, serve jangale dooshit houn nasht jhaali aahet, tarr russiachya uttar aanee itar bhaganvar utsarjanacha parinam jhaala aahe. 1990 chya dashakat, pashchimekadil lokanna anoo suvidhanchya kiranotsargi dhokyanmadhye, nishkriy kelelya anoo panbudyanmadhye aanee anoo kachyachya prakriyemadhye kinwa anoo indhanavar kharch karnyat rus hota. 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila heey dekhil dnyat hote qee yuu. ess. ess. aar. neey kiranotsargi samagri barents samudra aanee kaara samudraparyant pohochavali hotee, jyala nantar russian sansadene pushti dilee. 2000 saalee pashchimekadil keey-141 kursk panbudichya apghatane chinta aanakhi vadhavali. purvi, keey-19, keey-8, keey-129, keey-27, keey-219 aanee keey-278 comsomolate panbudyancha samavesh asalele apghat jhaale hote.