
prabalit concrete

prabalit concrete, jyala ferroconcrete dekhil mhanatat, hii eka sammishra samagri aahe jyamadhye concreetchi tulanene qamee tanyata shakti aanee lavchikta adhik tanyata shakti kinwa lavchikta asalelya majbutikaranachya samaveshadvare bharoon kadhali jaate. majbutikaran sahasa, jaree aavashyak nasale taree, steelchya pattya (rebar) asatat aanee samanyatah konkreetchya sanchanchya aadhi concreetmadhye nishkriyapane embed kele jaate. tathapi, concrete majboot karnyasathi tantra mhanoon tanavanantarcha vapar dekhil keela jaato. varshik vaparlya jaanarya aakarmanachya drushtine, hii sarvat samanya abhiyantriki samagri aahe. ganj abhiyantrikichya drushtine, jevha yogya prakare rachana kelee jaate, tevha concreetchi ksharata steelchya rebarche ganjapasoon sanrakshn karate.
varnan.
konkreetchya vishisht bhaganmadhye, jyamule asvikarya cracking aanee/kinwa sanrachanatmak apayash yeu shakate, tanyatechya tanala pratikar karnyasathi samanyatah balkat yojana tayar kelya jaatat. aadhunik prabalit concreetmadhye steel, polymer kinwa paryayi sammishra samgripasoon tayar kelele vividh sudrudhikaran sahitya rebarchya sanyogane asoo shakate kinwa nahee. karyarat bharakhali antim sanrachaneche vartan sudharanyasathi prabalit konkreetvar kayamswarupi taana deela jaau shakato (sankochanamadhye concrete, tanavat majbutikaran). americet, heey karnyachya sarvat samanya paddhatinna purv-tanav aanee uttar-tanav asey mhanatat.
majboot, lavchik aanee tikau bandhkamasathi majbutikaranamadhye kiman khaleel gunadharm asane aavashyak aaheh
itihas.
rashiyatil swerdlowsk oblastmadhil neviansk shaharatil nevianskcha jhukalela manora hii bandhkam paddhat mhanoon prabalit concrete vaparnyasathi olakhali jaanari pahili imarat aahe. too udhyogpati samalingi demidovchya aadeshanusar 1721-1725 darmyan bandhanyat aala hota.
francois kognetne bandhkam sanrachana bandhanyasathi eka tantra mhanoon loh-prabalit concreetcha vapar keela. 1853 madhye, coignetne parisachya upnagaratil 72 ruu charles michel yethe, lokhandi prabalit concreetchi pahili rachana, chaar majali ghar bandhale. coignetne concreetla balkati denyachya varnanatoon asey soochit hote qee tyane heey concreetla takad vadhavanyasathi kele nahee tarr akhand bandhkamachya bhinti ulatanyapasun rokhanyasathi kele. brooklinmadhil pippen imarat tyachya tantracha purava aahe. 1854 madhye, inglish builder william bii. wilkinsonne too bandhat asalelya done majali gharachya konkreetchya chhapparala aanee majlyala balkati dilee. tyachya balkat karnyachya sthitine heey dakhavun dile qee, tyachya purvavartinpeksha vegale, tyala tanatanavache dnyan hote.
19 vya shatkatil french maalee joseph monier heey sanrachanatmak, purvanirmit aanee prabalit konkreetchya vikasat aggressor hote, jeey tikau fulanche bhande banavanyasathi upalabdh asalelya samagribaddal asamadhani hote. taar jaali aanee mortar shale misaloon konkreetchya fulanchya kundyanna balkati denyasathi tyala paytant denyat aale. 1877 madhye, monierla greedchya rachnet thevalelya lokhandi rodcha vapar karoon concreetche stambh aanee gerder majboot karnyachya adhik pragat tantrasathi aanakhi eka paytant denyat aale. jaree monierla nihsanshaypane mahit hote qee concrete majboot kelyane tyache aateel ekatmata sudharel, taree concreetchi taana shakti kitee sudharali aahe heey tyala mahit hote qee nahee heey spasht nahee.
1870 chya dashakapurvi, concrete bandhkamacha vapar jaree roman samrajyapasuncha asala aanee 19 vya shatkachya suruvatila punha suru karnyat aala asala, taree teey adyap siddha jhalele vaidnyanik tantradnyan navhate. thadius hayat yanni, bandhkamatil dhatuchi bachat aanee chhappar, majale aanee chalanyachya prushthbhaganchya nirmititil aagipasoon surakshitatechya sandarbhat, bandhkam samagri mhanoon lokhandas portland-cement-concreets kahee prayoganche varnan yaa shirshakacha ahwal prakashit keela, jyamadhye tyanni prabalit konkreetchya vartanavar tyanche prayog nondavale. siddha aanee abhyasalele vidnyan mhanoon concrete bandhkamachya utkrantimadhye tyanchya karyane mothee bhoomika bajavali. hayatchya kamashivay, tantradnyanachya pragatisathi adhik dhokadayak chachani aanee truti paddhatinvar avalambun asoo shakate.
ernest ell. ingerjit janmalele abhiyanta, ransom heey 19vya shatkachya akheris prabalit concrete tantranche prarambhik navnirmate hote. mageel 50 varshant vikasit jhalelya prabalit konkreetchya dnyanacha vapar karoon, rainsomne prabalit konkreetchya purvichya shodhakanchya jawaljawal serve shaili aanee tantranmadhye sudharana kelee. majboot karananya poladachya pattyala valan dene, jyamule concreetshee asalele tyache bandh sudharane, haah ransomcha mukhya shodh hota. konkreetne bandhalelya tyachya imaratinmule vadhatya prasiddhimule, ransom uttar americetil pahile prabalit concrete pool bandhanyat yashasvi jhaale. tyacha eka pool ajunahi newyorkchya purv tokavaril niwara betavar ubha aahe, americet bandhanyat aalelya pahilya concrete imaratinpaiki eka vilyam wardney tayar kelele khajgi ghar hote, jeey 1876 madhye purn jhaale. ghar visheshtah agnirodhak mhanoon tayar kele gele hote.
 teey eka german nagri abhiyanta aanee loh aanee polad concrete bandhkamache pranete hote. 1879 madhye, vejne monierchya petantache german haqq vikat ghetale aanee 1884 madhye, tyachya companyne prabalit concreetcha pahila vyavsayik vapar keela. 1890chya dashkaparyant, ways aanee tyachya companyne monierchya balkat karnyachya pranalichya pragatimadhye mothe yogdan dile, teey eka suvikasit vaidnyanik tantradnyan mhanoon sthapit kele.
prabalit konkreetne banavalelya pahilya gaganchumbi imaratinpaiki eka mhanje 1904 madhye bandhaleli cincinnatimadhil 16 majali ingole imarat.
dakshin californiatil pahili prabalit concrete imarat hii 1905 madhye bandhanyat aaleli losses angelischya downtownmadheel laflin annex hotee. 1906 madhye, losses angelis shaharatil prabalit concrete imaratinsathi 16 bandhkam parvangya jaaree karnyat aalya, jyat mandir sabhagruh aanee 8 majali hayward hotelcha samavesh hota.
1906 madhye, lamb samudrakinanyavaril bixby hotelchya anshatah kosalanyane bandhkamadarmyan 10 kamgarancha mrutyu jhaala, jevha shoaring akali kadhoon taknyat aale. tyaa ghatanene concrete ubharanichya paddhati aanee imaratinchya tapasanichi chhanani karnyas chalana dilee. hii rachana pokal matichya tilechya ribbed farshi aanee pokal matichya tilechya bharav bhintinsah prabalit konkreetchya chaukatipasun bandhali gelee hotee. yaa paddhativar tadnyanni jordar prashnachinh upasthit kele aanee majale aanee bhinti tasech chaukatisathi prabalit concreetcha vapar karoon 'shuddha' concrete bandhkamasathi shifarasi karnyat aalya.
april 1904 madhye, prabalit konkreetchya saundaryatmak vaparache pranete asalelya american vastuvisharad aanee abhiyanta julia morgan yanni, sann franciscopasoon upasagarachya palikade asalelya mills collegemadhil bail tower, ell campanyl, hii tyanchi pahili prabalit concrete rachana purn kelee. done varshannantar, ell campanyl 1906 chya sann francisco bhookampat konatyahi hanishivay bachavali, jyamule tichi pratishtha vadhanyas aanee tichi samruddha karkird suru karnyas madat jhaali. 1906 chya bhookampane bandhkam sahitya mhanoon prabalit concreetla janatecha prarambhik pratikar dekhil badalala, jyavar tyachya nistejpanabaddal teeka karnyat aalee hotee. 1908 madhye, sann franciscochya paryavekshak mandalane prabalit concreetcha vyapak vapar karnyas parvanagi denyasathi shaharachya imarat sanhita badalalya.
1906 madhye cement vaparnanyanchya rashtriy sanghatnene (nacoo) 'manak kramank' prakashit keela. 1 "aanee, 1910 madhye," prabalit konkreetchya vaparasathi manak imarat niyam ".
bandhkamat vapara.
pattya, bhinti, beam, stambh, paya, chaukati aanee itar anek goshtincha samavesh asalelya prabalit concreetcha vapar karoon anek prakarchya sanrachana aanee sanrachananche ghatak bandhale jaau shakatat.
prabalit concreetche vargikaran precast kinwa cast-inn-places concrete mhanoon kele jaau shakate.
sarvat karyaksham majlyavaril pranalichi rachana aanee amalbajavani hii ishtatam bandhkam rachana tayar karnyasathi mahattvachi aahe. majlyavaril rachneteel chhotya badalancha bhautik kharch, bandhkamache velapatrak, antim samarthya, parichalan kharch, adhibhog patali aanee imaratichya antim vaparavar lakshaniy parinam houu shakato.
majbutikaranashivay, concrete samagrisah aadhunik sanrachana bandhane shakya honar nahee.
vartan.
sahitya.
concrete heey khadbadit (dagad kinwa vitanchya chips) aanee bareek (samanyatah valoo aanee/kinwa chiralela dagad) ekatra karoon bandhani samagri (samanyatah portland cement) aanee panyachi pest asalele mishran aahe. jevha cement thodya pramanat panyat misalale jaate, tevha teey hydrate houn sookshm apardarshak sphatik jaali tayar karate aanee ektritpane ghatt aakarat bund karate. concrete tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaanare sanch sendriya ashuddhata, gaal, chikanmati, lignite ityadi hanikarak padarthanpasun mukt asavet. vishisht concrete mishrananmadhye sankuchit tananna (sumare) uchch pratikar asato; tathapi, konatahi prashansaneey taana (udaa.jee., vakalyamule) sukshmadarshak kathor jaali khandit hoil, parinami concrete footel aanee vegale hoil. yaa karanastav, tanavacha vikas rokhanyasathi vishisht gair-saktiche concrete changlya prakare samarthit asane aavashyak aahe.
jarr steelsarkhya tanat uchch shakti asaleli samagri concreetmadhye thewali gelee tarr sanyukt samagri, prabalit concrete, keval sankochanach navhe tarr vakane aanee itar thet taana kriya dekhil pratikar karate. eka sammishra vibhag jithe concrete sampidan aanee majbutikaran "rebar" tanav pratikar karate, bandhkam udhyogasathi jawaljawal konatyahi aakarat aanee aakarat tayar keela jaau shakato.
pramukh vaishishtye.
teen bhautik vaishishtye prabalit concreetla tyache vishesh gunadharm detatah
eka niyam mhanoon, keval pariman kramvarichi kalpana denyasathi, polad haah 11 peksha jaast pii. etch. varr sanrakshit keela jaato parantu poladachi vaishishtye aanee concrete carbonated jhalyavar sthanik bhautik-rasayanik paristhitinusar 10 peksha qamee kharab houu lagato. concreetmadheel majbutikaran pattya ayashasvi honyachya pramukh karananpaiki chloridechya praveshasah concreetche karbanikaran hii eka pramukh karane aahet.
vishisht prabalit konkreetsathi aavashyak asalele poladache sapeksh cross-sectional kshetra samanyatah khoopach lahan asate aanee bahutek beam aanee slabsathi 1 takkyanpasoon kahee stambhansathi 6 takkyanparyant badalate. majboot karananya pattya samanyatah cross-sectionmadhye goal asatat aanee vyasachya babatit badaltat. prabalit konkreetchya sanrachananmadhye kahivela tyanche aadrata aanee aadrata niyantrit karnyasathi haveshir pokal korsarkhya tartudi asatat.
concreetche vitaran (majbutikaran asoonahi) ubhya prabalit concrete ghatakanchya cross-sectionvar shakti vaishishtye ekroop naheet.
majbutikaran aanee konkreetchya sammishra krutichi yantrana.
steelchya pattyasarkhya aar. see. sanrachanetil majbutikaranala, bharakhalil done samagrichi visangati, padzad kinwa vegale hone talhanyasathi, aajubajuchya konkreetpramanech taana kinwa vikrutitoon jaave lagate. sammishra kriya rakhanyasathi concrete aanee polad yanchyat bhaar hastantaran aavashyak aahe. thet taana konkreetpasoon baar interfacevar hastantarit keela jaato jenekarun tyachya lambichya balkat pattyatil taana badaloo shakel. heey bhaar hastantaran bandhadvare (anchorage) sadhya kele jaate aanee steel-concrete interfacechya parisarat vikasit honare satat taana kshetra mhanoon aadarsh kele jaate.
concrete aanee polad heey done bhinn bhautik ghatak ekatra kaam karoo shakatat yachee karane khalilpramane aaheth
(1) majbutikaran concreetshee changlya prakare bandhale jaau shakate, tyamule teey bahya bhaar aanee vikruticha sanyuktapane pratikar karoo shakatat.
(2) concrete aanee poladache aushnik vistar gunank itake jawal aahet
(konkreetsathi aanee poladasathi) qee done ghatakanmadhil bandhala aushnik taana-prerit nuksan rokhale jaau shakate.
(3) concrete embedded steelche ganj aanee uchch-tapman prerit mauu honyapasoon sanrakshn karoo shakate.
concreetmadheel anchorage (bandh): vishishtatanche code.
vastavik bandh taana tanav kshetrat lavalelya pattichya lambinusar badalat asalyane, sadhyache aantarrashtriy nirdeshankanche sanket bandh tanapeksha vikas lambichi sankalpana vapartat. bandhpatrachya apayashachya viruddha surakshitatesathi mukhya aavashyakta mhanje poladachya vadhicha taana vadhavanyasathi aavashyak asalelya binduchya palikade pattichya lambicha puresa vistar pradan karane aanee hii lambi kiman tyachya vikasachya lambichya barobarichi asane aavashyak aahe. tathapi, jarr pratyaksh upalabdh lambi purn vikasasathi apuri asel, tarr vishesh anchorges pradan karane aavashyak aahe, jase qee cogs kinwa hook kinwa yantrik end plates. teech sankalpana kodmadhye namood kelelya lapp splies lambila lagoo hote jithe splies zonmadhye tanavachi aavashyak satatya rakhanyasathi done shejarchya barmadhye splies (overlapping) pradan kele jaatat.
ganjavirodhi upay.
olya aanee thund havamanat, raste, pool, parking sanrachana aanee itar sanrachanansathi prabalit concrete jeey deesing meethas samore jaau shakatat, teey kaat-pratirodhak majbutikaran jase qee uncoated, qamee carbon/chromium (sookshm sammishra), apoxy-lepit, garam dip galvanised kinwa steelche steel rebarchya vaparamule fayadeshir tharoo shakatat. changli rachana aanee changlya prakare nivadalele concrete mishran anek upayogansathi atirikt sanrakshn pradan karel. kotingchya abhavamule uncoated, qamee carbon/chromium rebar manak carbon steel ribarsarkhech disate; tyachi atyant ganj-pratirodhak vaishishtye steelchya sookshm sanrachanet antarbhut aahet. tyachya gulgulit, gadad kolshachya purnankavar vishisht aii. ess. tii. emm. nirdisht girani chinhankit karoon teey olakhale jaau shakate. epocoxy lepit rebar tyachya epocoxy kotingchya halakya hiravya rangane sahaj olakhala jaau shakato. hott dip galvanised rebar heey exposurechya lambinusar chamakdar kinwa nistej rakhadi asoo shakate aanee steinless rebar eka vaishishtyapurn pandhara dhatucha chamak darshavite joou carbon steelchya majboot pattyapasoon sahajpane vegala karata yeto. astm manak tapasheel aii1035/aii1035 emm pramanit tapasheel vikrut aanee sadhya qamee karbansathi, chromium, concrete majbutikaranasathi steel baar, hott dip galvanised majbutikaran barsathi aii767 manak tapasheel, apoxy lepit steel majbutikaran barsathi aii775 manak tapasheel aanee concrete majbutikaranasathi vikrut aanee sadhya steinless barsathi aii955 manak tapasheel.
rebersche sanrakshn karnyacha aanakhi eka swast marg mhanje tyanna zink phosphatene aachchadan karane. zink phosphet haloohaloo calcium catayan aanee cementchya chhidrachya panyat asalelya hydroxyl ions pratikriya dete aanee eka sthir hydroxypatite thurr tayar karate.
samanyatah rogmukt jhalyanantar kahee kaal aat shirkav karnare sealant lavane aavashyak asate. sealantmadhye rung, plasticche phoom, philm aanee aluminium foil, tarane seal kelele felt kinwa fabric matts aanee kadhikadhi rastyavaril bedd seal karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya bentonite chikanmatiche thurr yancha samavesh hoto.
concrete otanyapurvi calcium nitrite [see. aii. (kramank 2) 2] sarkhe ganj avarodhak dekhil panyachya mishranat misalale jaau shakatat. sadharanpane, 1-2 doubleu. tii. cement vajanachya sandarbhat [see. aii. (kramank 2) 2] chya% chee aavashyakta aahe, jenekarun rebarche ganj houu naye. nitrite aayan heey saumya auxidizer aahe jeey ganjana poladachya prushthbhagavar upasthit vidravya aanee gatishil loh aayananna (eff. eae. 2 +) auxidise karate aanee tyanna adravya ferrick hydroxide (eff. eae. (oh) 3) mhanoon avkshepit karate. yamule anodic auxidationchya thikani poladache nishkriyakaran hote. nitrite haah nitratepeksha adhik sakriy ganj avarodhak aahe, joou dvivardhak lohacha qamee shaktishali auxidizer aahe.
beemchi majbutikaran aanee shabdavali.
eka kiran vakanyachya kshani vakato, parinami eka lahan vakrata yete. vakratechya bahya bajula (taana chehara) concreetla taana anubhav yeto, tarr aateel bajula (sankuchit chehara) too sankuchit taana anubhavato.
ekeri prabalit kiran mhanje jyamadhye concrete ghatak keval tanatanav asalelya bhagajaval prabalit keela jaato aanee taana steel navachya prabalanala tanatanavacha pratikar karnyasathi tayar kele jaate.
duppat prabalit kiran haah eka vibhag aahe jyamadhye tanyata sudrudhikaranavyatirikt concrete ghatak dekhil sankuchit chehnyajaval majboot keela jaato jyamule concreetla sankochan pratikar karnyas aanee taana ghenyas madat hote. nantarchya majbutikaranala sampidan steel mhanatat. jevha concreetche sampidan kshetra sampidit kshanacha (sakaratmak kshan) pratikar karnyasathi apurate asate, tevha vastuvishardane vibhagachya parimananna maryadit kelyas atirikt majbutikaran pradan karave lagate.
qamee-prabalit kiran mhanje jyamadhye tanyata sudrudhikaranchi taana kshamata concrete aanee sampidan steelchya sanyukt sampidan kshamatepeksha qamee asate (tanyata prushthbhagavar qamee-prabalit). jevha prabalit concrete ghatak vadhiv vakanyachya kshanachya adheen asato, tevha taana steel utpann dete, tarr concrete tyachya antim apayashachya sthiteet pohochat nahee. taana steelche utpadan aanee taana mhanoon, eka "qamee-balkat" concrete dekhil lavchik paddhatine utpann dete, jeey tyachya antim apayashachya aadhi eka mothee vikrutee aanee ishara darshavate. yaa prakaranat poladacha utpannacha taana rachana niyantrit karato.
atee-prabalit kiran mhanje jyamadhye taana steelchi taana kshamata concrete aanee sankochan steelchya sanyukt sankochan kshamatepeksha (taana prushthbhagavar atee-prabalit) jaast asate. tyamule 'atee-prabalit concrete' beam sampidak-kshetra concrete chirun aanee tanav kshetra steelchya utpannapurvi ayashasvi hoto, jeey apayshapurvi konatahi ishara dett nahee kaaran apayash tatkal asate.
santulit-prabalit kiran haah assa asato jyamadhye sampidak aanee taana kshetra donhi kiranavar ladalelya bharanusar utpadan detat aanee concrete chiradoon jaeel aanee taana steel ekach velee utpadan deil. haah rachana nikash matra atee-prabalit concretaitkach dhokadayak aahe, kaaran nikami hone heey achanak hote kaaran tanya steelchya utpannachya ekach velee concrete crush hote, jyamule tanav ayashasvi jhalyas tras honyachi farach qamee chetavani milate.
steel-prabalit concrete kshan-vahoon nenare ghatak samanyatah qamee-prabalit karnyasathi tayar kele gele pahijet jenekarun sanrachanechya vaparkartyanna aasann kosalanyachi chetavani milel.
vaishishtyapurn takad mhanje samagrichi takad jithe namunyachya 5 takkyanpeksha qamee shakti qamee disate.
rachana shakti kinwa nammatra shakti hii samagrichi takad aahe, jyat samagri-suraksha ghatakacha samavesh aahe. parvanagi asalelya taana rachnet suraksha ghatakache moolya samanyatah 0.75 teey 0.85 paryant asate.
antim maryada sthitee haah eka vishisht sambhavyatesah saiddhantik apayash bindu aahe. heey ghatak bhaar aanee ghatak pratirodhankhali sangitale jaate.
prabalit konkreetchya sanrachanechi rachana samanyatah niyam aanee niyamannusar kinwa aci-1818, see. eae. bii., eurocode 2 kinwa yasarkhya sanhitechya shifarshinusar kelee jaate. aar. see. sanrachanatmak sadasyanchya rachnet doubleu. ess. dii., yuu. ess. dii. kinwa ell. aar. eff. dii. paddhati vaparlya jaatat. aar. see. sadasyanche vishleshan aanee rachana resheey kinwa gair-resheey drushtikonancha vapar karoon kelee jaau shakate. suraksha ghatak lagoo kartana, imarat sanket samanyatah resheey drushtikon prastavit karatat, parantu kahee prakarananmadhye resheey nasalele drushtikon. naun-linier sankhyatmak anukaran aanee gananechi udaharane pahanyasathi sandarbhanna bhet dyah
purv-dabalele concrete.
prestressing concrete heey eka tantra aahe jeey konkreetchya kirananchi bhaar-wahan shakti mothya pramanat vadhavate. beemchya talachya bhagatil balkat karnare steel, jeey sevet asatana tanatanav shaktinchya adheen asel, concrete tyachya bhovati otanyapurvi tanavat thewale jaate. ekada concrete kadak jhalyavar, majboot karananya steelvaril taana sodala jaato, jyamule konkreetvar antarnirmit sankuchit shakti thewali jaate. jevha bhaar lavala jaato, tevha balkat karnare polad adhik taana gheto aanee concreetmadheel sankuchit shakti qamee hote, parantu tee taana shakti banat nahee. concrete nehmich sankuchit hott asalyane, tyat darad padane aanee apayash yene qamee hote.
steel prabalit konkreetchya samanya apayashi paddhati.
prabalit concrete apuri takad asalyamule, yantrik apayshamule kinwa tyachya tikaupanat ghat jhalyamule ayashasvi houu shakate. ganj aanee gothavane/vitalane chakr kharab rachana kinwa bandhalelya prabalit concreetche nuksan karoo shakatat. jevha rebar kharab hote, tevha auxidation utpadane (ganj) vistartat aanee konkritala todatat aanee konkritpasoon rebarche bandh todatat. tikaupanachya samasyankade nenanya vishisht yantrananchi charcha khalee kelee aahe.
yantrik apayash.
konkreetchya bhagache cracking rokhane jawaljawal ashakya aahe; tathapi, yogya majbutikaran, sandhe niyantran, upchar paddhati aanee concrete mishra rachnadvare craxcha aakar aanee sthan maryadit aanee niyantrit kele jaau shakate. crackingmule aadrata aat ghusu shakate aanee majbutikaranat haanee pohochu shakate. maryada sthitichya rachnemadhye heey sevakshamateche apayash aahe. cracking haah samanyatah apuya pramanat rebarcha kinwa khoop mothya antaravar asalelya rebarcha parinam asato. concreetche darade ektar jastiche bharakhali kinwa lavkar ushmiy sankochan yasarkhya antargat prabhavanmule barey hotat.
concreetchi chiradane, jevha sankuchit taana tyachya samarthyapeksha jaast asato, jevha vaktana kinwa katarane taana majbutikaranachya samarthyapeksha jaast asato tevha rebarche utpadan kinwa apayash, kinwa concrete aanee rebarmadhil bandh ayashasvi jhalyamule kosalanyala karanibhoot honare antim apayash houu shakate.
carbonation.
karbanikaran kinwa tatasthikaran hii havetil carbon dioxide aanee concreetmadheel calcium hydroxide aanee hydrated calcium silicate yanchyatil rasayanik pratikriya aahe.
jevha concreetchi rachana kelee jaate, tevha ribarsathi (vastoochya aat rebarchi kholee) concreetche aavaran nirdisht karane nehamiche asate. kiman concreetche aavaran samanyatah rachana kinwa imarat sanketandware niyantrit kele jaate. jarr majbutikaran prushthbhagachya khoop jawal asel tarr ganjamule lavkar apayash yeu shakate. konkreetchya aachchhadanachi kholee cover meterne mojali jaau shakate. tathapi, jevha majboot karananya poladache vidyut-sambhavya ganj honyasathi puresa aadrata aanee auxigen dekhil asato tevhach carbonated konkreetchya tikaupanachi samasya udbhavate.
carbonatationsathi sanrachanechi chachani karanyachi eka paddhat mhanje prushthbhagavar eka naveen chhidra khodane aanee nantar kapalelya prushthbhagavar phenolphthalene soochak dravanane upchar karane. kshariy konkreetchya samparkat asatana heey dravan gulabi hote, jyamule carbonationchi kholee pahane shakya hote. vidyaman chhidra vaparane purese nahee kaaran ughad prushthbhag aadhich carbonated asel.
chlorides.
jarr chlorides purese uchch sandratemadhye asateel tarr embedded rebarchya ganjala protsahan deu shakatat. chloride aayan heey sthanik ganj (pitting ganj) aanee poladchya majbutikaranache samanya ganj yaa donhi goshti prerit karatat. yaa karanastav, concrete misalanyasathi keval taje kachche paanee kinwa pinyayogya paanee vaparale pahije, chlorides asoo shakananya mishranaivaji khadbadit aanee bareek sanchanmadhye chlorides nasalyachi khatri qaraa.
konkreetchya jalad mandanila protsahan denyasathi calcium chloridecha mishran mhanoon vapar karane ekekali samanya hote. yamule gothan rokhata yeil assa chukicha vishvasahi hota. tathapi, chloridesche hanikarak parinam kalalyavar hii pratha napsant jhaali. jevha shakya asel tevha teey talhale pahije.
rastyanvar panyache gothanare thikan qamee karnyasathi vaparale jaanare dii-icing kshar vaparane heey kadachit prabalit kinwa purv-tanalele concrete pool deck, raste aanee parking garragechya akali apayashachya prathamik karananpaiki eka aahe. epocoxy-lepit majboot karananya pattyancha vapar aanee cathodic sanrakshanacha vapar yamule hii samasya kahee pramanat qamee jhaali aahe. eff. aar. pii. (fiber-prabalit polymer) rebers dekhil chloridesathi qamee sanvedanshil asalyache dnyat aahe. yogya prakare tayar kelele concrete mishran jeey yogyaritya barey houu dile gele aahet teey dii-aaysarchya prabhavansathi prabhavipane abhedya aahet.
chloride aayancha aanakhi eka mahattvacha srot mhanje samudrache paanee. samudrachya panyat vajananusar andaje 3.5 takke kshar asatat. yaa ksharanmadhye soodiyam chloride, magneshiyam sulfate, calcium sulfate aanee bicarbonate yancha samavesh hoto. panyat heey kshar mukt aayanmadhye (naa +, mii. gra. 2 +, see. ell.-,) vighatit hotat aanee panyasah konkreetchya keshikanmadhye sthalantarit hotat. yapaiki sumare 50 takke aayan asalele chloride aayan, carbon steelchya majbutikaran pattyanchya ganjasathi visheshtah aakramak asatat.
1960 aanee 1970 chya dashakat chlorideukt carbonetyukt khanij magnesitecha vapar majlyavaril shirshasthani taknari samagri mhanoon karane tulanene samanya hote. heey pramukhyane samtol aanee dhwani ksheen karnara thurr mhanoon kele gele. tathapi, aata heey dnyat jhaale aahe qee jevha heey padarth aadratechya samparkat yetat tevha teey magnesitemadhye chlorideschya upasthitimule hydrochloric acidche kamkuvat dravan tayar karatat. kalantarane (samanyatah dashake), dravnamule antarbhut rebersche ganj hote. heey samanyatah olya bhagat kinwa varanvar aadratechya samparkat asalelya bhagat aadhalat asey.
kshar silika pratikriya.
hii aakarheen silikachi (chalcedoni, chert, silicius chunkhadi) kadhikadhi cementchya chhidra dravanatil hydroxyl ions (oh-) ektritpane upasthit asaleli pratikriya aahe. kharab sfatikikrut silika (ess. aay. oo. 2) alkadharmi panyat uchch ph (12.5-13.5) varr virghalate aanee virghalate. vidravya vighatit sylic aaml cement pestmadhye asalelya calcium hydroxide (portlandite) saha chhidrajalat pratikriya deuun eka vistrut calcium silicate hydrate (see. ess. etch.) tayar karate. kshar-silika abhikriyemule (aii. ess. aar.) sthanik sooj yete jee taana aanee crackingsathi jababdar asate. ksharyukt silika abhikriyesathi aavashyak atty tippat aaheth
(1) kshar-pratikriyashil ghatak (anakar silika) asalela sanch, (2) hydroxyl aayanchi pureshi upalabdhata (oh-) aanee (3) concreetmadhye 75 takke sapeksh aardratepeksha (aar. etch.) jaast puresa aadrata. yaa ghatanela kadhikadhi 'concrete karkarog' mhanoon olakhale jaate. hii pratikriya reberschya upasthitipasun swatantrapane udbhavate; dharnansarkhya mothya konkreetchya sanrachananvar parinam houu shakato.
uchch alumina cementche rupantaran.
kamkuvat aaml aanee visheshtah sulfetsasathi pratirodhak, heey cement lavkar barey hote aanee tyat khoop jaast tikaupana aanee takad asate. dusya mahayuddhanantar precast concrete vastoo banavanyasathi yacha varanvar vapar keela jaat asey. tathapi, visheshtah jevha yogyaritya barey hott nahee tevha ushnata kinwa velenusar (rupantaran) tyachi takad qamee houu shakate. uchch alumina cementcha vapar karoon prestressed konkreetchya kirananni banavalelya teen chhapparanchya kosalalyanantar, 1976 madhye brittenmadhye yaa cementver bandee ghalanyat aalee. tyanantarchya chaukashitun asey disun aale qee kiran ayogyaritya tayar kele gele hote, parantu bandee kayam rahili.
sulfates.
matitil kinwa bhoojalatil sulfates (ess. oo. 4), puresha pramanat, concreetmadheel portland cementshee pratikriya deu shakatat jyamule vistrut utpadane tayar hotat, udaa.jee.attringite kinwa thomacite, jyamule rachana lavkar ayashasvi houu shakate. yaa prakarcha sarvat samanya hallah konkreetchya pattyanvar aanee payathyachya bhintinvar asato, jethe paryayi ole karane aanee korade karoon sulfate aayanche praman vadhu shakate. jasjase sandrata vadhate tasatase portland cementver hallah suru houu shakato. paipsarkhya daphan kelelya sanrachanansathi, visheshtah purv united statesmadhye, yaa prakarcha hallah khoop durmil aahe. sulfate aayanche praman matichya vastumanat khoop haloo vadhate aanee visheshtah mool matitil sulfetschya prarambhik pramanavar avalambun asate. mool matichya samparkat asalelya concreetcha samavesh asalelya konatyahi prakalpachya rachana tappyat sulfetschee upasthiti tapasanyasathi matichya boaringche rasayanik vishleshan kele pahije. jarr sandrata aakramak asalyache aadhalun aale tarr vividh snrakshak aavarane lagoo kelee jaau shakatat. tasech, yuu. ess. madhye aii. ess. tii. emm. see150 prakar 5 portland cement yaa mishranat vaparale jaau shakate. yaa prakarche cement visheshtah sulfetchya hallyas pratirodhak honyasathi tayar kele aahe.
steel plate bandhkam.
steel platechya bandhkamat, stringers samantar steel platemadhye jodale jaatat. plate assemblies auph site tayar kelya jaatat aanee stringersney jodalelya steelchya bhinti tayar karnyasathi sitewar ekatra welding kelee jaate. bhinti concrete otanyache roop banatat. steel platechya bandhkamane rebar bandhanyachya aanee bandhkam swarupanchya velechya vaparnanya pratyaksh payya kadhoon konkreetchya bandhkamala gatee dilee. yaa paddhatimule utkrusht takad milate kaaran polad baherchya bajula asato, jithe tanyata shakti anekada sarvat jaast asatat.
fiber-prabalit concrete.
fiber majbutikaran pramukhyane shotcritmadhye vaparale jaate, parantu samanya konkreetmadhyehi vaparale jaau shakate. fiber-prabalit samanya concreetcha vapar mukhytah jaminivaril majale aanee padapathansathi keela jaato, parantu bandhkam bhaganchya (beam, khamb, paya ii.) vistrut shrenisathi dekhil vicharat ghetala jaau shakato.), ektar ektyane kinwa hatane bandhalelya rebers.
tantunni (jeey sahasa polad, kaach, plasticche tantu asatat) kinwa cellulose polymer fiberney prabalit kelele concrete heey hatane bandhalelya ribarpeksha qamee mahag asate. tantuncha aakar, pariman aanee lambi mahattvachi aahe. eka patal aanee lahan tantu, udaharanarth lahan, kesanchya aakarache kacheche tantu, concrete otalyanantar fakt pahilya tasanmadhye prabhavi asatat (concrete kadak hott asatana tyache karya cracking qamee karane heey asate), parantu tyamule concreetchi taana shakti vadhanar nahee. european shotcreetsathi samanya aakarache fiber (1 miimii vyas, 45 miimii lambi-steel kinwa plastic) concreetchi taana shakti vadhvel. fiber majbutikaran bahutekda prathamik rebarla purak kinwa anshatah badalanyasathi vaparale jaate aanee kahee prakarananmadhye teey rebarla purnapane badalanyasathi design kele jaau shakate.
polad haah samanyatah upalabdh asalela sarvat majboot tantumay padarth aahe aanee too vegvegalya lambit (europemadhye 30 teey 80 miimii) aanee aakarat (end-hucks) yeto. steelche tantu keval asha prushthbhaganvar vaparale jaau shakatat jeey ganj aanee ganj daag sahan karoo shakatat kinwa talhu shakatat. kahee prakarananmadhye, steel-fiber prushthbhag itar samgrichya samore asato.
kacheche tantumay padarth swast aanee ganj-pratirodhak asatat, parantu steelitke lavchik nasatat. alikadech, purv europemadhye dirghkal upalabdh asalele spun besault fiber yuu. ess. madhye upalabdh jhaale aahe.ess. aanee paschim europe. besaltche tantu kachepeksha majboot aanee qamee mahag asatat, parantu aitihasikdrushtya portland cementchya alkadharmi vatavaranala thet majbutikaran mhanoon vaparnyaitke pratikar kele nahee. cementmadhun besaltche tantu vegale karnyasathi naveen sahitya plasticchya bandhanicha vapar karate.
utkrusht tantu heey graphite-prabalit plastic tantu asatat, jeey steelitkech majboot, vajanane halake aanee ganj-pratirodhak asatat. carbon nanotubeschya vaparane kahee prayoganche suruvatiche parinam aashadayak tharale aahet, parantu konatyahi imaratisathi tee samagri ajunahi khoop mahag aahe.
gair-steel majbutikaran.
naun-steel majbutikaran aanee konkreetchya fiber-majbutikaran yaa vishayanmadhye lakshaniy parasparsambandh aahe. konkreetchya bigger-steel majbutikaranacha parichay tulanene alikadacha aahe; tyachi done pramukh rupe aaheth dhatoo-rahit rebar rodd aanee cement matrixmadhye samavisht kelele bigger-steelche (samanyatah dhatoo-nasalele) fiber. udaharanarth, kachechya tantunmadhye prabalit concreetmadhye (jee. eff. aar. see.) aanee concreetmadhye samavisht kelelya polymer tantunchya vividh upayoganmadhye swarasya vadhat aahe. asey sahitya dhatuchya rebarchi jaaga gheil asey sadhya farse suchavale jaat nasale taree, tyapaiki kahee vishisht anuprayoganmadhye mothe fayade aahet aanee asey naveen anuprayog dekhil aahet jyamadhye dhatuchya rebarcha paryay nahee. tathapi, bigger-steel majbutikaranachi rachana aanee vapar aavhananni bharalela aahe. eka gosht mhanje, concrete heey atyant kshariy vatavaran aahe, jyamadhye bahutek prakarchya kachesah anek samagriche seva ayushya kharab asate. tasech, asha balkat karananya samagriche vartan dhatunchya vartanapeksha vegale asate, udaharanarth katarane, rengalane aanee lavchikta yaa babatit.
fiber-prabalit plastic/polymer (eff. aar. pii.) aanee kaach-prabalit plastic (jee. aar. pii.) madhye polymer, kaach, carbon, aramid kinwa itar polymerche fiber kinwa raal matrixmadhye seet kelele uchch-shaktiche fiber asatat jeey rebar rodd, kinwa greed kinwa fiber tayar karatat. heey rebar steelchya ribarpramanech basavale jaatat. kimmat jaast aahe parantu, yogyaritya lagoo kelya gelelya sanrachananche fayade aahet, visheshtah aantarik concrete alcalinitidware kinwa bahya sanksharak dravpadarthandvare jeey concreetmadhye pravesh karoo shakatat, ganj sambandhit samasyanmadhye natyamay ghat. yaa rachana lakshaniyaritya halakya asoo shakatat aanee sahasa dirgh seva jeevan asoo shakatat. antaral udhyogat aanee lashkarane tyancha vyapakpane sweekar kelyapasoon yaa samagrichi kimmat lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaali aahe.
visheshtah, eff. aar. pii. rodd asha sanrachanansathi upayukt aahet jithe poladachi upasthiti swikararh nasel. udaharanarth, emm. aar. aay. yantranmadhye prachand chumbak asatat aanee tyanusar chumbakeey nasalelya imaratinchi aavashyakta asate. punha, redio tagg vachananya toll boothna redio laharinna pardarshak asalelya prabalit concreetchi aavashyakta asate. tasech, konkreetchya sanrachaneche rachana ayushya tyachya prarambhik kharchapeksha adhik mahattvache aahe, tarr naun-steel reinforcing barechada fayade asatat, jethe reinforcing steelche ganj heey apayashache pramukh kaaran asate. asha paristhitit ganj-pratirodhak majbutikaranamule sanrachaneche ayushya mothya pramanat vadhu shakate, udaharanarth aantar-bharati kshetrat. bhavishyatil varshant konkreetchya sanrachaneshi tadjod honyachi shakyata asalelya paristhititahi eff. aar. pii. rodd upayukt tharoo shakatat, udaharanarth, ballstrades badalalyavar balkanichya kadaa aanee bahu-majali bandhkamatil snangruhatil majale jethe majlyavaril sanrachaneche seva ayushya jalrodhak imaratichya padadyachya seva aayushyapeksha anek patine jaast asanyachi shakyata aahe.
plasticchi majbutikaran anekada majboot asate kinwa kamitakami majboot steelpeksha vajan gunottarat adhik changle asate. tasech, teey ganjala pratikar karate mhanoon, tyala steelchya majbutikaranapramane (samanyatah 30 teey 50 miimii kinwa tyahoon adhik) jaad snrakshak concrete kavharchi aavashyakta nasate. tyamule eff. aar. pii.-prabalit sanrachana halakya aanee dirghkal tiku shakatat. tyanusar, kahee anuprayogansathi sampoorn aayushyatil kharch steel-prabalit concreets kimmat-spardhatmak asel.
eff. aar. pii. kinwa jee. aar. pii. pattyanche bhautik gunadharm poladapeksha lakshaniyaritya bhinn aahet, tyamule rachana vicharat ghenyat farak aahe. eff. aar. pii. kinwa jee. aar. pii. pattyanmadhye tulanene jaast taana shakti asate parantu kadakpana qamee asato, jyamule samatulya steel-prabalit ghatakanpeksha vikshepan jaast asanyachi shakyata asate. antargat eff. aar. pii. majbutikaran asalelya sanrachananmadhye samanyatah steelchya prabalit sanrachananchya plastic vikrutee (lavchikta) shhee tulana karata lavchik vikrutee asate. donhi prakarananmadhye apayash heey majbutikaranachya futanyapeksha konkreetchya dabamule honyachi shakyata jaast asate. prabalit konkreetsathi vikshepan haah nehmich eka pramukh rachana vichar asato. poladaparyant paanee, havah kinwa itar aakramak padarth pohochu nayet aanee tyamule ganj houu naye yasathi polad-prabalit concreetmadheel crack rundi niyantrit kelee jaate heey sunishchit karnyasathi vikshepan maryada nishchit kelya jaatat. eff. aar. pii.-prabalit konkreetsathi, saundaryashastra aanee bahudha paanee-kadakpana heey crack rundi niyantranasathi maryadit nikash asateel. eff. aar. pii. rodmadhye steelchya ribarpeksha tulanene qamee sankuchit shakti dekhil asate aanee tyanusar prabalit konkreetchya stambhansathi bhinn rachana paddhatinchi aavashyakta asate.
eff. aar. pii. majbutikaranachya vaparachi eka kamatarata mhanje tyancha maryadit agni pratikar. jethe agni suraksha haah eka vichar aahe, tethe eff. aar. pii. vaparnari sanrachana tyanchi takad aanee aag lagnyachya sthiteet apekshit asalelya tapmanavar sainyachi lunger rakhane rakhane aavashyak aahe. agnirodhkasathi, cement concreetche aavaran kinwa snrakshak aavaran pureshi jaadi asane aavashyak aahe. concreetmadhye 1 kilo/ghanmeter polypropylene tantunchi bharr padalyane semulated aagidarmyan galatee qamee hote asey disun aale aahe. (mothya pramanat concreetmadhun marg tayar jhalyamule vafecha daab qamee houu laglyamule hii sudharana jhaali aahe asey manale jaate.)
aanakhi eka samasya mhanje katarane majbutikaranachi parinamkarakta. kadak honyapurvi vakoon tayar jhalelya eff. aar. pii. rebar stirap samanyatah steel stirap kinwa saral tantu asalelya sanrachanechya tulanet tulanene kharab kamgiri karatat. tanalyavar, saral aanee vakr pradeshanmadhil kshetra majboot vakane, katarane aanee anudairdhya tananchya adheen asate. asha samasyanna tond denyasathi vishesh rachana tantre aavashyak aahet.
sammishra (fiberglass, besault, carbon) rebar yasarkhya pragat samagricha vapar karoon vidyaman sanrachananmadhye bahya majbutikaran lagoo karnyat swarasya vadhat aahe, jeey apavadatmak shakti pradan karoo shakate. jagbharat, aslan, dacot, vhee-rodd aanee comber yasarkhya vividh deshanni manyata dilelya sammishra rebarchya anek brand aahet. sanyukt rajya america, russia aanee dakshin koria teey germany yaa deshanmadhye sammishra rebarcha vapar karananya prakalpanchi sankhya jagbharat divasaganik vadhat aahe.