
kwasar

kwasar () heey eka atyant tejaswi sakriy aakashgangeche kendrak (aii. jee. aine.) aahe. tyala kadhikadhi ardh-tarakeey vastoo mhanoon olakhale jaate, sankshipt qso. agnimaletun honare utsarjan eka prachand krishnavivaradvare chalate, jyache vastuman lakho teey kotyavadhi saur vastuman asate, jyachya bhovati vayuyukt sanchay disk asate. black holchya dishene padananya discommadhil vayoo gharshanamule garam hoto aanee vidyutchumbakiy kiranotsargachya swarupat urja sodato, kaaran vayoo (anshatah) aayanikrut asato. kwasarchi tejaswi urja prachand aahe; sarvat shaktishali kwasarmadhye dudhachya aakashgangepeksha hajaro putt jaast prakash asato. samanyatah, kwasarche vargikaran agnachya adhik samanya shrenicha upvarg mhanoon kele jaate. kwasarche laal badal heey vaishvik moolche aahet.
haah shabd ardh-tarakeey [tanyansarkha] "redio strotacha aakunchan mhanoon udbhavala-kaaran 1950 chya dashakat adnyat bhautik utpattiche redio-lahari utsarjanache srot mhanoon pratham kwasar olakhale gele-aanee jevha drishyaman tarangalambivaril chhayachitratmak pratimanmadhye olakhale gele, tevha teey prakashachya mand, tanyansarkhe bindu sarkhe disat hote. kwasarchya uchch-resolutionchya pratimanni, visheshtah hubble space telescopemadhun, heey dakhavun dile aahe qee kwasar aakashgangechya kendranmadhye aadhaltat aanee kahee yazman aakashganga aakashgangeshi jordar sanvad sadhat kinwa villin karat aahet. aii. jee. aine. chya itar shreninpramanech, kwasarche nirikshan kelele gunadharm anek ghatkanvar avalambun asatat, jyat krishnabinduche vastuman, vayoo sanchay darr, nirikshakashi sambandhit sanchay diskchi abhimukhata, jetchi upasthiti kinwa anupasthiti aanee yazman aakashgangetil vayoo aanee dhooladvare aspashtateche praman yancha samavesh aahe.
daha lakhanhun adhik kwasar sapadale aahet, sarvat jawalche dnyat pruthvipasoon sumare 60 kotee prakashvarshe door aahe. sarvat durchya dnyat kwasarchi nond satat badalat aahe. 2017 madhye, kwasar ulas jeey 1342+0928 laal shift 'zed' = 7.54 madhye aadhalun aala. yaa 800 dashalaksh-saur-vastuman kwasarmadhun pahilela prakash jevha vishva keval 69 kotee varshe june hote tevha utsarjit jhaala hota. 2020 madhye, mahavisfotanantar keval 70 kotee varshanni aanee suryachya vastumanachya andaje 15 kotee putt vastumanasaha kwasar poniuena aadhalun aala. 2021 chya suruvatila, 1.6-billion-solar-mass black hols kwasar cuso jeey 0313-1806, bigg bangchya 67 kotee varshannantar "zed" = 7.64 varr nondavale gele. 
kwasar shodh sarvekshananni dakhavun dile aahe qee kwasar kriyakalap durchya bhootkalat adhik samanya hote; shikhar yug andaje 10 abj varshanpurvicha hota. anek, gurutvakarshanachya drushtine aakarshit jhalelya kwasarchya sandratela mothe kwasar gut mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee vishvatil kahee sarvat mothya dnyat sanrachana tayar karatat.
naav.
khagol bhautikshastradnya hong-yee chiuu yanni meey 1964 madhye 'aajche bhautikshastra' yaa lekhat khagolshastriyadrushtya gondhalat takna kahee vastunche varnan karnyasathi 'kwasar' haah shabd pahilyanda vaparla hotah
nirikshan aanee vyakhyecha itihas.
parshvabhoomi.
1917 aanee 1922 chya darmyan, hebber curtis, ernst opic aanee itaranchya kamavarun heey spasht jhaale qee khagolshastradnyanni pahilelya kahee vastoo ("niharika") pratyakshat dudhachya margasarkhya durchya aakashganga hotya. parantu 1950 chya dashakat jevha redio khagolshastra suru jhaale, tevha khagolshastradnyanni aakashganganmadhye, spashtikaranala virodh karananya gunadharmansah visangati asalelya vastunchi eka chhoti sankhya shodhali.
yaa vastoo anek frequencyche mothya pramanat kiranotsarg utsarjit karatat, parantu konatahi srot drukdrushtya shodhala jaau shakat nahee, kinwa kahee prakarananmadhye fakt kahee pramanat durchya tayyapramane eka mand aanee bindupramane object. jyaa rasayanik ghatakanchi rachana vastoone kelee aahe, tyaa olakhananya yaa vastoonchya varnakrameey resha dekhil atyant vichitra aanee avahelit spashtikaran hotya. tyanchyapaiki kahinni tyanchi prakashshakti prakashik shreneet atishay vegane aanee ksh-kiran shreneet aanakhi vegane badalali, jyamule tyanchya aakaravar eka uchch maryada suchavali, jee kadachit sauramalepeksha mothee nasel. yacha arth atyant uchch shakti ghanata aahe. yaa vastoo kasha asoo shakatat yavar barich charcha jhaali. tyanche varnan 'ardh-tarakeey' [arthah tanyansarkhe] 'redio srot' kinwa 'ardh-tarakeey vastoo' (kyu. ess. oo. ess.) asey kele gele, jeey naav tyanche adnyat swaroop pratibimbit karate aanee heey 'kwasar' asey sankshipt jhaale.
prarambhik nirikshane (1960 aanee tyapurvichi).
pahile kwasar (3see 48 aanee 3see 273) 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aakashatil serve redio sarvekshananmadhye redio srot mhanoon sapadale. teey pratham redio srot mhanoon nondavale gele hote jyat sambandhit drishyaman vastoo navhati. interferometer mhanoon lahan durbini aanee lavel durbinicha vapar karoon, tyancha aakar khoop lahan koneey asalyache darshavile gele. 1960 paryant, yapaiki shekado vastoo nondavun tisya cambridge catalogmadhye prakashit karnyat aalya hotya, tarr khagolshastradnyanni tyanchya optical samkakshansathi aakash scan kele hote. 1963 madhye, alaan sandage aanee thomas aii yanni prakashakeey vastusah redio srot 3 see 48 chee nishchit olakh prakashit kelee. mathuse. khagolshastradnyanni redio strotachya thikani eka ksheen nila taara asalyache aadhalale aanee tyache spectrum midavale, jyat anek adnyat vistrut utsarjan resha hotya. visangati spectrumne vyakhyela virodh keela.
british-austreliyan khagolshastradnya johnn bolton yanni kwasarchi anek prarambhik nirikshane kelee, jyat 1962 madheel eka pragati samavisht aahe. aanakhi eka redio srot, 3see 273, chandradware paach guptakriyanmadhun jaeel assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota. parkes redio durbinicha vapar karoon eka guptprakriyemadhye siril jokhim aanee johnn bolton yanni kelelya mojmapanmule marten schmitla redio strotacha drishyaman pratirup shodhata aala aanee mount palomarvaril hail durbinicha vapar karoon optical spectrum midavata aale. yaa varnapatane tyach vichitra utsarjan resha ughad kelya. schmitt heey dakhavu shakale qee hya hydrogenchya samanya varnakrameey resha asanyachi shakyata aahe, jyaa 15.8% dware laal badalalya gelya, tyaa velee, eka uchch laal badal (uchch laal badalasah olakhalya jaananya mojkyach mand aakashgangesah). jarr heey "taayachya" bhautik gatimule asel, tarr 3c 273 konatyahi dnyat taayachya vegachya palikade aanee konatyahi spasht spashtikaranala virodh karat prachand vegane, jawalpas, qamee hott hote. tasech 3see 273 chya prachand redio utsarjanache spashtikaran denyas atyant veg madat karnar nahee. jarr redshift heey vishvashastriy (aata yogya asalyache dnyat) asel, tarr mothya antaramule asey soochit hote qee 3see 273 heey konatyahi aakashgangepeksha barech jaast chamakdar hote, parantu barech adhik sankshipt hote. tasech, 3see 273 heey 1900chya dashkatil abhilekheey chhayachitranvar shodhanyaitake tejaswi hote; teey varshik kalmananusar badalat asalyache aadhalun aale, jeey soochit karate qee prakashacha eka motha bhag aakashgangechya tulanet 1 prakashvarshapeksha qamee aakarachya pradeshatoon utsarjit jhaala hota.
jaree tyane anek prashna upasthit kele asale taree shmitchya shodhamule kwasar nirikshanat zapatyane kranti jhaali. 3see 48 chey vichitra varnapat schmitt, greenstein aanee oke yanni 37 takkyanni hydrogen aanee magneshiyam redshift mhanoon patkan olakhale. tyanantar lagechach, 1964 madhye aanakhi done aanee 1965 madhye aanakhi paach kwasar varnapatanna dekhil samanya prakash mhanoon pushti denyat aalee, joou atyant tivra patalivar lalsar karnyat aala hota. nirikshananvar aanee laal badalanvar swatah shanka nasatanahi, tyanchya yogya vyakhyevar jordar vadavivad jhaala aanee kwasarmadhun sapadalele vikiran atyant vegane asalelya atyant laal badalalelya strotankadun samanya varnakrameey resha hotya yaa boltonachya soochanela tyaa velee mothya pramanat sweekarle gele nahee.
sharirik samaj vikasit karane (1960 chey dashak).
atyant laal badal heey mothe antar aanee veg soochit karoo shakate parantu teey atyant vastuman kinwa kadachit nisargachya itar kahee adnyat niyamanmule dekhil asoo shakate. atyant veg aanee antar heey dekhil prachand urja utpadan soochit karate, jyat spashtikaran nasate. interferometridware aanee ekoon kwasarchya utpadanamadhye kitee farak aahe heey nirikshan karoon aanee agadi sarvat shaktishali drishyaman-prakash durbininmadhye dekhil prakashachya mand tanyansarkhya bindunpeksha adhik kahihi mhanoon pahanyat asamarthatedvare lahan aakaranchi pushti kelee gelee. parantu jarr teey lahan aanee antaralat door asateel tarr tyanche veej utpadan prachand aanee spasht karane katheen asel. tyachpramane, jarr teey khoop lahan aanee yaa aakashgangechya khoop jawal asateel tarr tyanche pratyaksh urja utpadan spasht karane sope asel, parantu tyanche laal badal aanee vishvachya parshvabhumivar shodhanyayogya halchalincha abhav spasht karane qamee sope asel.
schmitt yanni namood kele qee redshift haah vishvachya vistarashi dekhil sambandhit aahe, jase qee habalchya niyamat sanhitabaddha kele aahe. jarr mojaleli laal badal vistaramule jhaali asatee, tarr heey aajtagayat disana konatyahi vastoochya palikade, asadharan uchch prakash aanee urja utpadan asalelya atishay durchya vastoonchya vyakhyela samarthan deil. hii atyant tejasweeta mothya redio signalche spashtikaran dekhil deil. schmitne assa nishkarsh kadhala qee 3see 273 haah ektar yaa aakashgangechya aat (kinwa tyachya jawal) sumare 10 kiimii rund asalela eka vaiyaktik taara asoo shakato kinwa durcha sakriy aakashgangecha kendrak asoo shakato. tyanni sangitale qee eka durchi aanee atyant shaktishali vastoo yogya asanyachi shakyata jaast aahe.
uchch redshiftsathi schmitche spashtikaran tyaveli mothya pramanat sweekarle gele nahee. eka mothee chinta hii hotee qee yaa vastoo door asateel tarr tyanna kitee prachand pramanat urja vikiranit karavi lagel. 1960 chya dashakat konatihi samanyatah sweekarli jaanari yantrana yacha hishob karoo shakali nahee. sadhyache sweekrut spashtikaran, qee teey eka mothya black holmadhye padananya accretion discommadhil padarthamule aahe, heey keval 1964 madhye edwin eae. yanni suchavale hote. salpeter aanee yakov zeldovic aanee tarihi anek khagolshastradnyanni teey nakarle, kaaran yaa velee krishna chhidranche astitva mothya pramanat saiddhantik mhanoon pahile jaat hote.
1960 aanee 1970 chya dashakat vegvegalya spashtikaranancha prastav thevanyat aala, pratyekachya swatachya samasya hotya. asey suchavale gele hote qee kwasar jawalchya vastoo hotya aanee tyanche laal badal heey antaralachya vistaramule navhe tarr khol gurutvakarshanachya vihiritoon baher padananya prakashamule jhaale hote. yasathi eka mothya vastuchi aavashyakta asel, jee uchch prakashshakti dekhil spasht karel. tathapi, mojaleli laal badal tayar karnyasathi puresha vastuman asalela taara asthir asel aanee hayshi maryadepeksha jaast asel. kwasar pratibandhit varnakrameey utsarjan resha dekhil darshavtat, jyaa purvi keval qamee ghanatechya garam vayoo niharikanmadhye disayachya, jyaa nirikshan keleli shakti nirman karnyasathi aanee khol gurutvakarshanachya vihireet basnyasathi khoop pasarlelya asateel. vaishvikdrushtya durchya kwasarchya kalpanebabatahi gambhir chinta hotee. tyanchyaviruddha eka bhakkam yuktivad assa hota qee teey asha urjecha sanket detat jyaa anoo sanlayanasah dnyat urja rupantaran prakriyepeksha khoop jaast hotya. asha soochana hotya qee, kwasar heey antaralachya ashach adnyat prakarchya pradeshat antimaterchya kahee adnyat sthir rupapasoon tayar kele gele hote aanee yamule tyanchi chamak vadhu shakate. itaranni assa andaj vartavala qee kwasar heey varmaholache pandhare chhidra toke kinwa asankhya supernovanchi sakhali pratikriya hotee.
akheris, 1970 chya dashakapasun, puravyanchya anek olee (pahilya ksh-kiran antaral vedhshala, krishna chhidranche dnyan aanee vishvashastrachya aadhunik namunyansah) haloohaloo dakhavun detat qee kwasar redshift vastavik aahet aanee antaralachya vistaramule, kwasar pratyakshat titkech shaktishali aanee schmitt aanee itar kahee khagolshastradnyanni suchavilyaitakech door aahet aanee tyancha urja srot haah eka prachand mothya krishnabinduvar padananya sanchay discomadhun padarth aahe. yaat kwasar yazman aakashgangeche optical aanee ksh-kiran pahane, vividh varnakrameey visangati spasht karananya "madhyavarti" shoshan resha shodhane, gurutvakarshaniy lensinmadhil nirikshane, gannachya 1971 chya nishkarshat kwasar asalelya aakashganganni kwasarpramanech lalsar badal darshavila aanee 1973 chya christianchya nishkarshat anek kwasarchya sabhovatalache "aspasht" qamee chamakdar yazman aakashgangeshi susangat hote.
heey model itar nirikshananshi dekhil changle julate, jeey suchavate qee anek kinwa bahutek aakashganganmadhye eka prachand madhyavarti krishnagahbar aahe. prarambhik vishvat kwasar adhik samanya qaa aahe heey dekhil teey spasht karelah jevha kwasar tyachya sanchay discomadhun padarth kadhato, tevha eka bindu yeto jevha jawalach qamee padarth asato aanee urja utpadan qamee hote kinwa thambate, kaaran kwasar eka adhik samanya prakarcha aakashganga banato.
sanvardhanachya-disk urja-utpadan yantraneche shevati 1970 chya dashakat pratirupan karnyat aale aanee krishna chhidre dekhil thet shodhali gelee (yaa aanee itar anek aakashgangechya kendrasthani supermassive krishna chhidre aadhalu shakatat heey darshavina puravyansah), jyamule hii chinta door jhaali qee kwasar khoop durchya vastooncha parinam mhanoon khoop chamakdar hote kinwa nisargat yogya yantrana astitvat asalyachi pushti kelee jaau shakat nahee. 1987 paryant heey 'changlya prakare sweekarle gele' qee heey kwasarsathi yogya spashtikaran hote aanee kwasarche vishvashastriy antar aanee urja utpadan jawaljawal serve sanshodhakanni sweekarle hote.
aadhunik nirikshane (1970 chya dashakapasun).
nantar asey aadhalun aale qee serve kwasarmadhye tivra redio utsarjan nasate; kharey tarr keval 10 takke "redio-laud" asatat. mhanoon yaa vastooncha sandarbh denyasathi 'cuso' (ardh-tarakeey vastoo) heey naav vaparale jaate ('kwasar' vyatirikt), pudhe 'redio-laud' aanee 'redio-shant' varganmadhye vargikrut kele jaate. 1960 chya dashakat kwasarchya shodhamule khagolshastra kshetravar mothe parinam jhaale, jyat bhautikshastra aanee khagolshastra yanche jawalche chitran samavisht hote.
1979 madhye, albert einsteinchya sapekshatechya samanya siddhantane andajit kelelya gurutvakarshaniy lains prabhavachi duheri kwasar 0957+561 chya pratimansah prathamach nirikshanatmak pushti karnyat aalee.
februwari 2021 madhye prakashit jhalelya abhyasat asey disun aale aahe qee, pruthvi tyaa dishene jaat aahe asey darshavina, viruddha dishene peksha eka dishene (hydrakade) adhik kwasar aahet. parantu yaa dvidhruvachi disha vaishvik sookshm tarang parshvabhoomi kiranotsargachya tulanet pruthvichya gatichya dishene sumare 28° antaravar aahe.
march 2021 madhye, event horizon telescopeshy sambandhit shastradnyanchya sahkaryane, prathamach, krishnagahirachi dhruvikrut-aadharit pratima sadar kelee, visheshtah messier 87 chya madhyabhagi asalela krishnagahora, eka lambvartulakar aakashganga-kanya nakshatrat andaje 55 dashalaksh prakashvarshe door, kwasarla janm denanya shaktincha khulasa karate.
sadhyachi samaj.
aata heey dnyat jhaale aahe qee kwasar hii durchi parantu atyant chamakdar vastoo aahet, tyamule pruthvivar pohochanara konatahi prakash antaralachya metrik vistaramule lalsar hoto.
kwasar sakriy aakashgangechya kendranmadhye rahatat aanee vishvat dnyat asalelya sarvat tejaswi, shaktishali aanee urjavan vastunpaiki eka aahet, jeey dugdhamargapeksha eka hazar putt urja utsarjit karatat, jyat 200-400 abj taare aahet. heey kiranotsarg vidyutchumbakiy varnapatat, jawaljawal eksamanpane, ksh-kirananpasun durchya infraredparyant, atinil optical bandmadhye shikharasah utsarjit kele jaate, kahee kwasar heey redio utsarjanache aanee gamma-reche majboot srot dekhil aahet. jaminivaril durbini aanee hubble space telescopemadhun uchch-resolution imagings, kahee prakarananmadhye kwasarchya sabhovatalachya 'yazman aakashganga' sapadalya aahet. vishesh tantre vagalata, hii aakashganga samanyatah kwasarchya chamkaviruddha pahanyaitaki mand asatat. 3see 273 vagalata bahutek kwasar, jyanche sarasari spasht pariman 12.9 aahe, teey lahan durbinidware pahile jaau shakat naheet.
edwin salpeter aanee yakov zeldovic yanni 1964 madhye suchavalyapramane, kwasar heey durchya aakashgangechya kendrakanmadhil prachand mothya krishna chhidranmadhye samgrichya sanchayadvare chalavale jaatat asey manale jaate-aanee anek prakarananmadhye yachee pushti jhaali aahe. prakash aanee itar kiranotsarg krishnabinduchya ghatana kshitijatun baher padoo shakat naheet. krishnabindu jevha aat firto aanee aat padato tevha krishnabinduvar gurutvakarshanacha taana aanee krishnabinduchya jawalchya samagritil prachand gharshan yamule, kwasardware nirman honari urja nirman hote. kwasarchi prachand chamak madhyavarti supermassive black holschya sanchay discomule hote, jeey ekhadya vastoochya vastumanachya 5.7% teey 32% darmyan urjemadhye rupantarit karoo shakatat, tarr pii-pii sakhali aanvik sanlayan prakriyesathi keval 0.7% chya tulanet jeey suryasarkhya tanyanmadhil urja utpadanavar varchasva thevate. 105 teey 109 saur vastunche madhyavarti vastuman pratidhvanit nakashadvare kwasarmadhye mojale gele aahe. ksheerad aakashgangesah jawalpasachya anek dozen mothya aakashganganmadhye, jyanche sakriy kendra nahee aanee kwasarsarkhi konatihi kriya darshavat naheet, tyanchya kendrakanmadhye (aakashgangeche kendra) samaan supermassive black hole asalyachi pushti jhaali aahe. asha prakare aata asey manale jaate qee serve mothya aakashganganmadhye asha prakarche krishnagahbar asate, parantu keval eka chhotya anshamadhye tyanchya kendrasthani yogya prakarchya kakshet sakriy honyasathi purese dravya asate aanee asha prakare shakti vikiran hote qee teey kwasar mhanoon pahile jaau shakate.
suruvatichya vishvat kwasar adhik samanya qaa hote heey dekhil yavarun spasht hote, kaaran jevha supermassive black hole tyachya jawalchya serve vayoo aanee dhoolcha vapar karato tevha heey urja utpadan sampate. yacha arth assa qee dudhachya margasah bahutek aakashganga sakriy avasthetun geleli asanyachi shakyata aahe, jee krishna-chhidrache vastuman aanee sanchay darr yavar avalambun asalelya kwasar kinwa sakriy aakashgangechya itar kahee vargapramane disate aanee aata shant aahet kaaran tyanna tyanchya madhyavarti krishna chhidranmadhye vikiran nirman karnyasathi padarthacha puravatha nasato.
krishnabinduvar jamaa honare dravya thet aat yenyachi shakyata nahee, parantu krishnabindubhovati kahee koneey gatee asel, jyamule padarth sanchay diskmadhye gola hoil. jevha samanya aakashganga villin hotat aanee krishnavivaracha padarthachya tajya strotashi samavesh hoto tevha kwasar dekhil prajvalit kinwa punha prajvalit kele jaau shakatat. kharey tarr, asey suchavale gele aahe qee jevha andromeda aakashganga sumare 3-5 abj varshant dudhachya aakashgangeshi dhadakte tevha kwasar tayar houu shakato.
1980 chya dashakat, eksandh model vikasit karnyat aale jyat kwasarche vargikaran eka vishisht prakarchya sakriy aakashgangechya rupat kele gele aanee anek prakarananmadhye keval pahanyacha konach tyanna blazer aanee redio aakashgange yasarkhya itar sakriy aakashgangepeksha vegale karato yavar ekmat jhaale.
() dnyat asalela sarvoch-redshift kwasar ulas jeey 1342+0928 hota, jyachi redshift 7.54 hotee, jeey pruthvipasoon andaje 29.36 abj prakash-varshanchya sahgaman antarashi sambandhit aahe (heey antar vishvachya 13.8-billion-year itihasat prakash pravas karoo shakananya antarapeksha barech mothe aahet kaaran avkash swatach vistarat aahe).
malmatta.
(august 2020 paryant), bahutek sloan digital skye sarvekshanatun, ekpeksha jaast kwasar sapadale aahet. serve nirikshan kelelya kwasar varnapatat 0.056 aanee 7.64 (2021 paryant) darmyan laal badal aahet. yaa laal badalanna habalcha niyam lagoo karoon, teey 60 kotee teey 29.36 abj prakash-varshe door aahet (sahajalelya antarachya drushtine) heey dakhavale jaau shakate. sarvat durchya kwasarche mothe antar aanee prakashachya maryadit vegamule, teey aanee tyanchya sabhovatalachi jaaga agadi suruvatichya vishvat astitvat asalyasarkhe disatat.
bahutek aakashgangechya madhyabhagi astitvat asalyache manale jaanare prachand krishna chhidranmadhun kwasarchi shakti nirman hote. aakashgangechya korjaval tanyanche doppler shift heey darshavtat qee teey atishay tivra gurutviya pravanatesah prachand vastumanambhovati firat aahet, jeey krishna chhidre soochit karatat.
jaree pruthvivarun pahilyas kwasar mand disat asale, taree teey dnyat vishvatil sarvat tejaswi vastoo asalyane teey atyant durvaroon disatat. aakashatil sarvat tejaswi kwasar haah kanya nakshatratil 3see 273 aahe. tyachi sarasari spasht pariman 12.8 aahe (madhyam aakarachya haushi durbinidware pahanyaitaki tejaswi), parantu tyachi paripoorn pariman −26.7 aahe. sumare 33 prakash-varshanchya antaravarun, hii vastoo aakashat suryaitakich tejaswi chamkel. tyamule yaa kwasarchi chamak suryachya sumare 4 trillion (4) putt kinwa dudhachya margasarkhya vishal aakashgangechya ekoon prakashachya sumare 100 putt aahe. heey asey gruheet dharate qee kwasar serve dishanni urja vikiranit karat aahe, parantu sakriy galactic kendrak tyachya jetchya dishene pradhanyane vikiranit hott asalyache manale jaate. kotyavadhi varshanpurvi sakriy kendrak asalelya, parantu aajach disana, shekado abj aakashgange asalelya vishvat, hajaro urja vimane pruthvikade nirdeshit kelee javeet, kahee itaranpeksha adhik thet. anek prakarananmadhye, kwasar jitka ujal asel, titke tyache jett thet pruthvivar lakshyit asanyachi shakyata aahe. asha kasaranna blazer mhanatat.
hyperluminus kwasar aii. pii. emm. <aay. dii. 1> haah 1998 saalee shodhala gela tevha hubble space telescopes −32.2. uchch-resolution imaging paripoorn pariman dile gele aanee 10 meterchya keek telescopene heey ughad kele qee hii pranali gurutvakarshanachya drushtine lains keleli aahe. yaa pranalichya gurutvakarshaniy lenschya abhyasatoon asey soochit hote qee utsarjit honara prakash 10 chya ghatkandware motha jhaala aahe. too ajunahi 3c 273 sarkhya jawalchya kwasarpeksha lakshaniyaritya adhik chamakdar aahe.
kwasar heey aajchya tulanet suruvatichya vishvat barech samanya hote. 1967 madhye marten schmitt yanni kelela haah shodh sthir-sthitichya vishvashastrachya virodhat aanee mahavisfot vishvashastrachya bajoone prarambhik majboot purava hota. kwasar heey asey thikan darshavtat jethe prachand krishna chhidre vegane vadhat aahet (sanchayadvare). 2021 madhye nondavalelya tapshilvar anukaranatun asey disun aale qee sarpil bahunsarkhya aakashgangechya sanrachana, vayuvar 'break thevanyasathi' gurutvakarshan shaktincha vapar karatat jeey anyatha aakashgangechya kendranna kayamche pradakshina ghalatil; tyaeivaji breaking yantranene vayula prachand mothya black holsmadhye padnyas saksham kele, jyamule prachand tejaswi urja sodali gelee. hii krishnavivara tyanchya yazman aakashgangetil tanyanchya vastumanasaha asha prakare saha-vikasit hotat jyaa sadhya purnapane samajalya jaat naheet. eka kalpana ashee aahe qee kwasardware tayar kelele viman, kiranotsarg aanee vaare yazman aakashganget naveen tanyanchi nirmiti bund karatat, yaa prakriyela 'feedback' mhanatat. aakashgangechya samoohanchya kendranvar kahee kwasarmadhye majboot redio utsarjan nirman karananya vimananmadhye tyaa samoohanmadhil garam vayoo thund honyapasoon aanee madhyavarti aakashgangevar padnyapasun rokhanyasathi pureshi shakti asalyache dnyat aahe.
kwasarchya prakashmanta badalatya asatat, jyachya veleche praman mahinyanpasun teey tasanparyant asate. yacha arth assa qee kwasar tyanchi urja agadi chhotya pradeshatoon nirman karatat aanee utsarjit karatat, kaaran kwasarcha pratyek bhag asha velechya pramanat itar bhaganchya samparkat asane aavashyak aahe jenekarun prakashatil badalancha samanvay houu shakel. yacha arth assa hoil qee kahee aathvadyanchya velechya pramanat badalnara kwasar kahee prakash-aathvadyanpeksha motha asoo shakat nahee. chhotya pradeshatoon mothya pramanat veej utsarjanasathi tanyanna shakti denanya anusanyojanapeksha adhik karyaksham urja strotachi aavashyakta asate. krishnabindumadhye ghusun gurutviya sambhavya urjeche kiranotsargat rupantaran kelyane 6 teey 32 takke vastuman urjemadhye rupantarit hote, tarr suryasarkhya taatyateel vastuman urjemadhye rupantarit jhalyas 0.7 takke hote. hii ekmev dnyat prakriya aahe jee khoop dirgh mudatit itaki uchch shakti nirman karoo shakate. (supernova aanee gamma-reey sphot aanee thet padarth-pratidravya vinash yasarkhe taramargi sphot dekhil khoop uchch shakti utpadan nirman karoo shakatat, parantu supernova keval kahee divas tikatat aanee vishvat sambandhit velee mothya pramanat pratidravya asalyache disat nahee.)
kwasar heey seifert aakashgangansarkhya itar sakriy aakashganganmadhye samaan asalele serve gunadharm pradarshit karat asalyane, kwasarmadhun utsarjanachi tulana lahan supermassive black holdware chalavalya jaananya lahan sakriy aakashganganshi sahajpane kelee jaau shakate. 1040 watschee (kwasarchi vishisht chamak) chamak nirman karnyasathi, eka vishal krishnavivaracha vapar varshala 10 saur vastunchya samatulya samagricha vapar karava lagel. sarvat tejaswi dnyat kwasar darvarshi 1000 saur vastuman padarth khatat. dnyat sarvat motha padarth prati sekand 10 pruthvichya samatulya padarthancha vapar karato assa andaj aahe. kwasar prakash tyanchya sabhovatalachya paristhitinusar kalantarane lakshaniyaritya badaloo shakatat. kotyavadhi varshe kwasarla indhan dene katheen asalyane, aaspascha vayoo aanee dhool gola karane kwasar sampalyanantar, tee eka samanya aakashganga banate.
kwasarmadhun honare vikiran anshatah "unthermal" (i.eae., black boddy kiranotsargamule nahee), aanee andaje 10 takke madhye redio aakashgangesarkhe jett aanee lobe dekhil asalyache disun aale aahe jeey sapeksh vegane firana kananchya swarupat lakshaniy (parantu qamee samajale) urja dekhil vahoon netat. atyant uchch urja anek yantranandvare spasht kelya jaau shakatat (fermi praveg aanee praveg kendratyagi yantrana pahaa). redio, infrared, drishyaman prakash, atinil, ksh-kiran aanee agadi gamma kiranansah sampoorn nirikshan karnyayogya vidyutchumbakiy varnpatavar kwasar shodhale jaau shakatat. bahutek kwasar tyanchya hydrogenchya 121.6 nm lyman-alfa utsarjan reshechya vishranti-chaukatichya atinil tarangalambimadhye sarvat tejaswi asatat, parantu yaa strotanchya prachand laal badalanmule, jawalil infraredmadhye, tee sarvoch chamak 900.0 nmparyant lalparyant disun aalee aahe. alpasankhyak kwasar majboot redio utsarjan darshavtat, jeey prakashachya vegachya jawal jaananya padarthanchya vimanandware tayar hote. khalchya dishene pahilyas, heey blazer mhanoon disatat aanee anekada asey pradesh asatat jeey prakashachya vegapeksha (superluminal vistar) vegane kendrapasoon door sarkat asalyache disate. vishesh sapekshatechya gunadharmanmule haah eka prakashmay bhram aahe.
kwasar redshift heey tyanchya drishyaman aanee atinil utsarjan varnpatavar varchasva asalelya majboot varnakrameey reshanpasoon mojale jaatat. yaa resha satatchya varnpatapeksha adhik ujal asatat. teey prakashachya vegachya anek takke sarasari vegashi sambandhit doppler rundikaran darshavtat. jalad halchali mothya vastumanala jordarpane soochit karatat. hydrogenchya (pramukhyane lyman malika aanee bamar malikechya), helium, carbon, magneshiyam, loh aanee oxygenchya utsarjan resha sarvat chamakdar resha aahet. yaa resha utsarjit karnare anoo tatasth teey atyant aayanikrut asatat, jyamule teey jaast charge hotat. aayanikaran yaa vistrut shrenivarun asey disun yete qee vayuche uchch vikiranit kwasardware hote, keval garam nahee, aanee tanyandvare nahee, jeey aayanikaran itakya vistrut shreneet nirman karoo shakat naheet.
serve (aspasht) sakriy aakashganganpramanech, kwasar heey ksh-kirananche majboot srot asoo shakatat. redio-laud kwasar heey jetmadhil redio-utsarjak electrondware qamee-urja photonchya ulat compton vikhuranadvare ksh-kiran aanee gamma kirane dekhil tayar karoo shakatat.
"iras 18508-7815 sarkhya qamee aayanikaran asalelya lohachya (ephai) parinami nirman honanya majboot utsarjan resha 'loh kwasar' darshavtat.
varnakrameey resha, punaraayan aanee prarambhik vishva.
kwasar heey mahavisfotachya reonization samaptiche kahee sanket dekhil detat. sarvat june dnyat kwasar ("zed" = 6) gunn-pieterson gart darshavtat aanee tyanchya samore shoshan kshetra asatat jeey soochit karatat qee tyaa velee aantargyalaktik madhyam tatasth vayoo hote. alikadil kwasarmadhye shoshan kshetra disat nahee, parantu tyanchya varnapatat lyman-alfa vann mhanoon olakhale jaanare eka tikshna kshetra asate; heey soochit karate qee aantargangamargi madhyam plazmamadhye reonization jhaale aahe aanee tatasth vayoo keval lahan dhaganmadhye astitvat aahe.
aayanikaran karananya atinil kiranotsargache tivra utpadan dekhil lakshaniy aahe, kaaran teey aakashganga tayar hott asatana punaraayanikaranasathi eka yantrana pradan karel. asey asoonahi, sadhyache siddhant asey suchavatat qee kwasar heey reonization prathamik srot navhate; reonization prathamik karane kadachit tanyanchya suruvatichya pidhya, jyanna loksankhya III taare (bahudha 70 takke) mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee butkya aakashganga (agadi suruvatichya lahan uchch-urja aakashganga) (bahudha 30 takke) hotee.
quasers hiliyampeksha judd ghatakanche purave darshavtat, jeey soochit karatat qee aakashgangene tanyanchya nirmitichya mothya tappyatoon gele, jyamule bigg bangchya kalat aanee pahilya nirikshan kelelya kwasarsachya darmyan loksankhya 3 taare tayar jhaale. yaa tanyanmadhun yenara prakash 2005 madhye nasachya spitzer space telescopecha vapar karoon pahila gela asava, jaree yaa nirikshanachi pushti hone baakee aahe.
kwasar upprakar.
kwasarchya vargikaranamadhye vividh upprakarancha samavesh hoto, jeey vishisht gunadharm asalelya kwasar loksankhyechya upasanchanche pratinidhitva karatat.
aakashiy sandarbh pranalinmadhye bhoomika.
kaaran kwasar heey atyant durche, chamakdar aanee spasht aakarane lahan asatat, tyamule teey aakashavar mapan jaali sthapit karnyasathi upayukt sandarbh bindu aahet.
aantarrashtriy khagoliy sandarbh pranali (aay. see. aar. ess.) hii shekado atirikt-aakashgangechya redio strotanvar aadharit aahe, mukhytah kwasar, jeey sampoorn aakashat pasarlele aahet. teey itake door asalyamule, teey sadhyachya tantradnyanasathi varvar pahata sthir aahet, tarihi tyanchi sthitee atishay dirgh-baseline interferometry (vhee. ell. bii. aay.) dware atyant achookatene mojali jaau shakate. bahutekanchi sthitee 0.001 arcsecond kinwa tyahoon changli mhanoon olakhali jaate, jee sarvottam optical mojmapanpeksha adhik achook parimananchi krama aahe.
anek kwasar.
aakashatil done kinwa adhik kwasarcha gut, jethe kwasar bhautikdrushtya sambandhit naheet, tyaa aakasmik sanrekhanamule, vastavik bhautik nikatatemule kinwa gurutvakarshanachya prabhavamule ekach kwasarcha prakash done kinwa adhik pratimanmadhye valavalyamule houu shakato.
jevha done kwasar pruthvivarun disanyapramane ekmekanchya khoop jawal asalyache disun yete (kahee aarksasekandanni kinwa tyapeksha qamee vela vegale kelele), tevha tyanna samanyatah 'duheri kwasar' mhanoon sambodhale jaate. jevha doghe antaralat dekhil jawal asatat (i.eae. samaan laal badal asalyache aadhalun aale), jarr teey tyanchya yazman aakashgangechya sharirik parasparsanvadachya shakyatechya puresha jawal asateel tarr tyanna "kwasar jodee" kinwa "binary kwasar" asey mhatale jaate.
kwasar yaa vishvatil ekoon durmil vastoo asalyane, ekach bhautik sthanajaval teen kinwa adhik swatantra kwasar sapadanyachi sambhavyata khoop qamee aahe aanee pranali sharirikdrushtya jawalun vegali aahe qee nahee heey nirdharit karnyasathi lakshaniy nirikshanatmak prayatnanchi aavashyakta aahe. 2007 madhye doubleu yetheel nirikshanandware pahila kharaa tiheri kwasar sapadala. emm. havai yetheel mauna keey madheel keek vedhshala. ell. bii. kyu. ess. 1429-008 (kinwa kyu. kyu. kyu. jeey. 1432-0106) pahilyanda 1989 madhye aadhalun aale aanee tyaveli teey duheri kwasar asalyache aadhalun aale. jevha khagolshastradnyanni tisya sadasyacha shodh lavala, tevha tyanni pushti kelee qee strot vegale hote aanee gurutvakarshanachya lenscha parinam navhata. yaa tiheri kwasarmadhye "zed" = 2.076 chey laal badal aahe. ghatak andaje 30-50 kiloparsekdware (andaje 97,000-160,000 prakash-varshe) vegale kele jaatat, jeey parasparsanvad karananya aakashgangesathi vaishishtyapurn aahe. 2013 madhye, kwasarcha dusra kharaa tippat, qqqj 1519+0627, laal shift 'z' = 1.51 saha aadhalala, sampoorn pranali 25 kpc (sumare 80,000 prakash-varshe) chya bhautik pruthakkaranamadhe basaleli hotee.
pahili kharee chaupat kwasar pranali 2015 madhye laal shift 'zed' = 2.0412 yethe sapadali aanee tiche ekoon bhautik praman sumare 200 keey. pii. see. (andaje 650,000 prakash-varshe) aahe.
bahu-pratima kwasar haah eka kwasar aahe jyachya prakashala gurutvakarshaniy lensmadhun jaave lagate, parinami tyach kwasarchya duppat, tippat kinwa chaupat pratima tayar hotat. asha prakarcha pahila gurutvakarshaniy lains 1979 madhye aadhalala too duheri-pratima asalela kwasar kyu 0957+561 (kinwa julee kwasar) hota.
tripatile lains kelelya kwasarche udaharan mhanje pg 1115+08.
einstein cross aanee cloverliffe kwasarsah anek chaupat-pratima kwasar dnyat aahet, 1980 chya dashakachya madhyat asey pahile shodh jhaale.