endospore

endospore hii eka supt, katheen aanee gair-punarutpadak rachana aahe jee filum basilota madheel kahee jivanunni tayar kelee aahe. endospore' heey naav bijkan kinwa biyanyasarkhya swarupache soochak aahe ('endo' mhanje 'aat'), parantu teey kharey bijkan nahee (i.eae., santati nahee). haah eka tutalela, supt swaroop aahe jyamadhye jivanu swatahla qamee karoo shakato. endosporechi nirmiti samanyatah poshak tattvanchya kamataratemule hote aanee samanyatah gramm-positive jivanunmadhye hote. endospore tayar jhalyavar, jivanu tyachya peshi bhintimadhye vibhajit hoto aanee nantar eka bajoo dusarila vyapate. endosporsamule jivanu dirgh kalavadhisathi, agadi shatkanushatkehi supt rahoo shakatat. bijkan 10,000 varshanhun adhik kaal vyavharya rahilyache anek ahwal aahet aanee lakho varshe junya bijkananchya punarujjivanacha dawa keela gela aahe. andaje 25 kotee varshe junya mithachya sfatikanmadhye 'basilus marizmortui' chya vyavharya bijkanancha eka ahwal aahe. jevha vatavaran adhik anukool hote, tevha endospore swatahla vanaspatijanya sthiteet punha sakriy karoo shakate. bahutek prakarche jivanu endospore swarupat badaloo shakat naheet. endospore tayar karoo karoo jivanu prajatinchya udaharananmadhye "basilus serius", "basilus anthrasis", "basilus thuringiensis", "claustridium botulinum" aanee "claustridium tetani" yancha samavesh hoto. archaea' madhye endosporechi nirmiti aadhalat nahee. 
endosporemadhye jivanuche dii. aine. aii., ribosomes aanee mothya pramanat diapicolinic acid asate. diapicolinic aaml heey eka bijkan-vishisht rasayan aahe jeey endosporcechya suptata rakhanyachya kshamatet madat karate asey disate. heey rasayan bijanuchya koradya vajanachya 10 takkyanparyant asate.
endospore poshak tattvanshivay jagoo shakatat. teey atinil kiranotsarg, nirjalikaran, uchch tapman, atyant gothanare aanee rasayanik jantunashakanna pratirodhak aahet. cheej ukalalyanantar chijvar 'basilus subtillis' vadhanyacha abhyas kelyanantar ferdinand kohanane thermo-pratirodhak endosporce pratham gruhitak kele. bijkan hii vadhisathi prajnan yantrana aahe hii tyanchi kalpana hii utsfurt nirmitichya aadhichya soochanansathi eka motha dhakka hotee. khagolbhautikshastradnya stein siegerdson mhanale qee, "pruthvivar 4 kotee varshe june vyavharya jivanu bijkan sapadale aahet-aanee aamhala mahit aahe qee teey kiranotsargasathi khoop kathor aahet."vanaspatijanya peshinchya bhinti nasht karoon kaam karnare samanya jivanurodhi ghatak endosporvar parinam karat naheet. endospores samanyatah maatee aanee panyat aadhaltat, jithe teey dirghkal jagoo shakatat. vividh prakarche sukshmajiv "bijkan" kinwa "putee" tayar karatat, parantu qamee jee + see gramm-positive jivanunche endospores heey kathor paristhitila sarvat jaast pratirodhak asatat.
jivanunche kahee varg endosporsaivaji exosporcemadhye badaloo shakatat, jyanna microbial sists asehi mhanatat. exospore aanee endospore heey done prakarche 'hibernating' kinwa supt avastheche tappe aahet jeey sukshmajivanchya kahee varganmadhye disatat.
jivanunche jivanchakra.
jivanunchya jivanchakrat turalakpane virghalane aavashyak nahee. jivanu tikoon rahnyas madat vhavi mhanoon, samanyatah pratikool paryavaraniy paristhitimule phugavata suru hoto. endospores jivanachi konatihi chinhe darshavat naheet aanee tyamule tyanche varnan cryptobiotic mhanoon kele jaau shakate. endospores anishchit kalasathi vyavharyata rakhoon thevatat aanee teey yogya paristhitit vanaspati peshinmadhye ankurit houu shakatat. paryavaraniy uttejananmule ankuran suru hoiparyant endospores hajaro varshe tikoon rahile aahet. nisargat tayar tayar sarvat tikau peshi mhanoon tyanche varnan kele gele aahe.
rachana.
jivanu antargatpane ekach endospore tayar karatat. bijkan kadhikadhi exosporium mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya patal aavaranane vedhalele asate, jeey "bijkan coat" varr asate. bijanucha coat, joou lysozymesarkhe mothe vishari renu renu chalanisarkhe karya karato, too anek vishari renunsathi pratirodhak asato aanee tyat ankuranamadhye guntalele enzymes dekhil asoo shakatat. basilus subtillus" endosporcemadhye, bijanuchya kotmadhye 70 peksha jaast coat prathine asatat, jee aateel aanee bahereel coat tharat sanghatit kelee jaatat. shuddha 'buub' chaa ksh-kiran vivartan namuna. subtillis endospores niyamit niyatkalik rachana asalelya ghatakachi upasthiti darshavtat, jyacha andaj kadot aanee ijima yanni keratinsarkhya prathinanpasun tayar keela asava. tathapi, pudhil abhyasanantar yaa gatane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee bijanuchya coat prathinanchi rachana keratinpeksha vegali hotee. jevha 'buub. subtilischya genomecha kramvarit kram keela gela, manvi keratinche konatehi ortholog sapadale nahee. aachchadan' heey bijanuchya aavaranakhali asate aanee tyat peptidoglycan asate. coor wall" hii aachchadanachya khalee asate aanee endosporechya protoplast kinwa "coor" laa vedhate. koarmadhye bijkan gunasutra dna asate, jeey saps (lahan aaml-vidravya bijkan prathine) mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya chromatinsarkhya prathinanni aachchhadit asate, jeey bijkan dnahe uv kiranotsarg aanee ushnatepasun sanrakshn karatat. takkyanparyant ribosomes aanee itar enzymessarkhya samanya peshi sanrachana dekhil asatat, parantu chayapachaydrushtya sakriy nasatat.
endosporechya koradya vajanachya 20 takkyanparyant takkyanparyant calcium diapicolinate asate, jeey dii. aine. aii. sthir karate asey manale jaate. dvidhruviy aaml heey bijanuchya ushnatechya pratikarasathi jababdar asoo shakate aanee calcium ushnatechya aanee oxidising ghatakanchya pratikarat madat karoo shakate. tathapi, ushnatesathi pratirodhak parantu dvidhruvi aaml nasnare utparivartak vegale kele gele aahet, jyamule ushnata pratirodhat yogdan yogdan itar yantrana dekhil karyarat aahet asey soochit hote. endosporcemadhye lahan aaml-vidravya prathine (sasps) aadhaltat. hii prathine dii. aine. aii. laa ghatt bandhatat aanee ghanikaran karatat aanee anshatah yuu. vhee. prakash aanee dii. aine. aii.-hanikarak rasayananchya pratikarasathi jababdar asatat.
endosporechya bhintichi rung aanee daganmadhye abhedyatemule prakash sukshmadarshanikhali endosporechi kalpana karane katheen asoo shakate. urvarit jivanu peshi dagu shakatat, tarr endospore rangheen rahate. yacha samna karnyasathi, moeller stein navache eka vishesh daag tantra vaparale jaate. jyamule endospore laal disu shakato, tarr urvarit peshi nilya rangache daag taktat. endosporsasathi aanakhi eka daag lavnyache tantra mhanje shafer-fulton daag, jeey endosporcechya hiravya aanee jivanunchya shariravar laal rung takte. bijkananchya tharanchi vyavastha khalilpramane aaheh
thikan.
antasnayuchi sthitee jivanunchya prajatinmadhye vegali asate aanee olakh patavanyasathi upayukt asate. peshitil mukhya prakar mhanje antim, up-terminal aanee madhyavarti endospores. antim endospores peshinchya dhruvanvar disatat, tarr madhyavarti endospores qamee-adhik pramanat madhyabhagi asatat. subterminal endospores heey yaa done tokanchya darmyanche asatat, jeey sahasa khambanchya dishene purese door disatat parantu kendrachya purese jawal asatat jenekarun teey terminal kinwa central manale jaau shakat naheet. parshvik endospores adhunmadhun disatat.
antim endospores asalelya jivanunchya udaharananmadhye "clostridium tetani", haah rogjanak joou dhanurvatachya rogas karanibhoot tharato, yacha samavesh hoto. madhyavarti endospore asalelya jivanunmadhye "basilus serius" samavisht aahe. kadhikadhi endospore itka motha asoo shakato qee seela endosporechya bhovati pasaravta yeu shakato. heey "clostridium tetani" chey vaishishtya aahe.
nirmiti aanee vinash.
upasamarichya paristhitit, visheshtah carbon aanee nitrogen strotanchya kamataratemule, kahee jivanunmadhye sporolation navachya prakriyedvare ekach endospore tayar hoto.
jevha ekhadya jivanula paryavaraniy paristhiti pratikool hott asalyache samajate tevha too endosporulation prakriya suru karoo shakato, jyasathi sumare aath taas lagatat. dii. aine. aii. chee pratikruti tayar kelee jaate aanee tyachya aanee urvarit peshichya darmyan 'spore septum' mhanoon olakhali jaanari puttle bhint tayar houu lagate. peshicha plazma puttle yaa bhintila vedhato aanee dii. aine. aii. chya bhovati duheri puttle sodanyasathi too bund karato aanee vikasit hott asalelya sanrachanela aata forespore mhanoon olakhale jaate. calcium diapicolinate, diapicolinic acidche calcium meeth, yaa kalat agrabhagat samavisht kele jaate. diapicolinic aaml endosporemadhil prathine aanee dii. aine. aii. sthir karnyas madat karate. pudhe done tharanmadhye peptidoglycan aachchadan tayar hote aanee jivanu agrabhagachya bahereel bajus beejak coat jodato. endospore nirmitichya antim tappyat navyane tayar honare endospore nirjalit hote aanee matru peshitoon sodanyapurvi paripakv houu dile jaate. aachchadan hetch aahe jeey endosporela tapmanas itake pratirodhak banavate. aachchhadanamadhye eka aateel puttle asate jyala gabha mhanatat. yaa gabhabhovati asalelya aateel patalamule samanyatah sukshmajivancha naash tayar yuu. vhee. prakash aanee kathor rasayananviruddha endosporecha pratikar hoto. aata virupan purn jhaale aahe aanee jevha sabhovatalachya vanaspati peshiche avmoolyan hoil tevha paripakv endospore sodale jaeel.
endospores bahutek ghatkanshi pratirodhak asatat jeey samanyatah tyanchyapasun tayar jhalelya vanaspati peshi nasht karatat. persister peshinchya ulat, endospore heey vatavaranatil poshak maryademule (upasamar) suru jhalelya aakarshastriy bhinnatechya prakriyecha parinam aahet; 'upasamar' asalelya loksankhyemadhye koram sensingdware endosporulation suru kele jaate. gharguti swachchata utpadane, alcohole, chaturthansh amonium sanyuge aanee detergent yasarkhya bahutek jantunashakancha endosporvar farsa parinam hott nahee. tathapi, ethylene auxide (eae. tii. oo.) aanee 10 takke bleach yasarkhe nirjantukikaran karnare alkylating ghatak endosporcechya virodhat prabhavi aahet. bahutek anthrax bijkananna nasht karnyasathi, pramanit gharguti bleach (10 takke soodiyam hypochlorites) kiman kahee minitansathi bijkananchya samparkat asane aavashyak aahe; asha dravanat bijakananche agadi qamee praman 10 minitanpeksha jaast kaal tiku shakate. bleachy jaast sandrata adhik prabhavi nasate aanee tyamule kahee prakarche jivanu ektrit houu shakatat aanee asha prakare tikoon rahoo shakatat.
ushnata aanee kiranotsargala lakshaniy pratirodhak asatana, endospores jaloon kinwa panyachya ukalatya bindupasoon, 100°seey. peksha jaast tapmanat autoclavingdware nasht kele jaau shakatat. endospore heey 100°seey. varr tasantas jagoo shakatat, jaree tasanchi sankhya jitaki jaast asel titaki qamee tiktil. tyancha naash karnyacha eka apratyaksh marg mhanje tyanna asha vatavaranat thevane jeey tyanna tyanchya vanaspatijanya sthiteet punha sakriy karate. yogya paryavaraniy paristhitisaha teey eka kinwa done divasat ankurit hotil aanee nantar endosporciteke kathor nasalelya vanaspati peshi thet nasht kelya jaau shakatat. yaa apratyaksh paddhatila tindalization mhanatat. mhanatat shatkachya uttaradhat swast autoclavechya sthapanepurvi kahee kaal hii nehmichi paddhat hotee. ksh-kiran aanee gamma kiranansarkhya aayanikaran kiranotsargachya dirghkal samparkat rahilyane bahutek endospores dekhil nasht hotil.
autoclave keleli vastoo kharokhar nirjantukikaran jhaali aahe yachee padtalani karnyasathi 'geobacillus stearothermophilus' sarkhya vishisht prakarchya (samanyatah rogkarak nasalelya) jivanunchya endosporcecha vapar tapasanya mhanoon keela jaatoh bijkan asaleli eka chhoti capsule vastoonsah autoclavemadhye thewali jaate; chakranantar capsulechi samagri tyatoon kahee vadhel qee nahee heey tapasanyasathi sanvardhit kelee jaate. jarr kahihi vadhanar nasel tarr bijkan nasht jhaale aanee nirjantukikaran yashasvi jhaale.
rugnalayanmadhye, endoscopsarkhya najuk aakramak upkarnanvaril endospores qamee tapman aanee naun-corrosive, ethylene auxide sterilisersdware marle jaatat. yaa upkarnanvaril udrek rokhanyasathi ethylene auxide heey ekmev qamee-tapmanache nirjantukikaran aahe. yaulat, "uchch patalivaril nirjantukikaran" endosporcecha naash karat nahee parantu kolonoskopasarkhya upkaranansathi vaparale jaate jeey nirjantuk sharirik pokalimadhye pravesh karat naheet. hii nantarchi paddhat keval ubdar paanee, enzymes aanee detergent vaparte.
jivanuyukt endospores pratijaivik, bahutek nirjantukikaran aanee kiranotsarg, ukalane aanee korade karane yasarkhya bhautik ghatkansathi pratirodhak asatat. bijanuchya aavaranatil abhedyata hii endosporechya rasayananchya pratikarasathi jababdar asalyache manale jaate. endosporcecha ushnata pratikar vividh ghatakanmule hotoh
punha sakriy karane.
jevha paristhiti adhik anukool asate aanee tyat "sakriyakaran", "ankuran" aanee "vaadhee" yancha samavesh asato tevha endospore punha sakriy hone hote. jaree endospore bharpur poshak tattvanmadhye asale taree, sakriyakaran jhaale nahee toparyant teey ankurit houu shakat nahee. endospore garam kelyane heey suru houu shakate. ankuranamadhye supt endospore chayapachay kriyakalap suru karate aanee asha prakare suptavasthela todate. samanyatah bijanucha thurr futane kinwa shoshane, endosporechi sooj, chayapachay kriyakalapanmadhye vaadh aanee paryavaraniy tanavacha pratikar qamee hone heey tyache vaishishtya aahe.
ankurananantar vaadh hote aanee tyat endosporecha gabha naveen rasayanik ghatakanchi nirmiti karato aanee junya bijkananchya aavaranatun baher padoon purnapane karyasheel vanaspatijanya jivanu peshimadhye vikasit hoto, jeey adhik peshi tayar karnyasathi vibhajit houu shakatat.
endosporcemadhye vanaspati peshinpeksha pachpat jaast gandhak asato. haah atirikt sulfur bijanuchya kotmadhye cysteine yaa amino aesidchya rupat kendrit asato. asey manale jaate qee supt sthitee rakhanyasathi jababdar asalelya macromoleculemadhye systeine samruddha prathinancha thurr asato, joou ess-ess jodnyandware sthir hoto. yaa jodyanmadhye ghat jhalyas trutiyak rachana badalanyachi kshamata asate, jyamule prathine ughad hotat. prathinanmadhil haah sanrachanatmak badal endospore ankuranasathi aavashyak sakriy enzymatic sites ughad karnyasathi jababdar asalyache manale jaate.
endospore khoop kaal supt rahoo shakatat. udaharanarth, egyptian farochya kabarinmadhye endospore sapadale. jevha yogya madhyamat, yogya paristhitit thewale gele, tevha teey punha sakriy houu shakale. 1995 madhye, california polytechnic steet universitychya raul canoe yanna dominican republickmadhil eka zadatun ambarmadhye adakalelya jivashma madhmashyanchya aatadyat jivanu bijkan sapadale. ambarmadhye jivashmit keleli madhmashi sumare 2 kotee 50 laakh varshe junie hotee. umber ughadun futalyavar bijkan ankurit hotat aanee madhmashyanchya aatadyatun sahitya kadhale jaate aanee poshak tattvanchya madhyamatoon thewale jaate. sukshmadarshakadvare bijakananche vishleshan kelyanantar, heey nirdharit kele gele qee peshi aaj dominican prajasattakatil madhmashyanmadhye patranmadhye "lycinibacillus sphericus" shhee khoop samya asalelya aahet.
mahatva.
cellular differentiationsathi eka saralikrut model mhanoon, endospore nirmitichya aanvik tapashilancha, visheshtah model organism "basilus subtillis" madhye, mothya pramanat abhyas keela gela aahe. yaa abhyasanni januk abhivyaktiche niyaman, pratilekhan ghatak aanee aar. aine. aii. polymerage sigma ghatak upaghatakanchya aaplya samajutimadhye barech yogdan dile aahe.
2001 chya anthrax hallyanmadhye 'basilus anthrasis' yaa jivanuchya endosporcecha vapar karnyat aala hota. dooshit tapal patranmadhye patranmadhye choornamadhye anthrax endosporcecha samavesh hota. yaa jaanunbujun jhalelya vitaranamule anthraxchee 22 dnyat prakarane (11 shwas aanee 11 tvachechi) jhaali. inhalation anthrax asalelya rugnanmadhye mrutyuche praman 45 takke (5/11) hote. shvasochavasane anthrax asalelya itar sahaa vyakti aanee tvachechya anthrax asalelya serve vyakti barey jhalya. jarr tee pratijaivik upcharansathi nasati, tarr aanakhi anekanna fatka basala asata.
pashuvaidhyakiy kagadpatrannusar, "buub. jevha tyala sastan pranyanchya raktat asalelya carbon dye oxidiveji auxigen disato tevha anthrasis 'virghalato; heey jivanunna sanket dete qee teey pranyachya tokaparyant pohochale aahe aanee eka nishkriy vikhurnyayogya aakarvidnyan upayukt aahe.
sporulationsathi mukt oxygenchi upasthiti aavashyak asate. naisargik paristhitit, yacha arth vanaspati chakr sankramit yajmananchya qamee auxigen vatavaranat ghadate aanee yajmanamadhye, jeev keval vanaspati swarupat asato. ekada yajmanabaher gelyavar, havechya samparkat aalyanantar phugavata suru hoto aanee bijakananche prakar haah moolatah vatavaranatil ananya tappa asato.
jaivtantradnyan.
"basilus subtillis" bijkan heey punarsanyojit prathinanchya abhivyaktisathi aanee visheshtah sukshmajivashastra, jaivtantradnyan aanee lasikaran yaa kshetratil moolbhut aanee upayojit sanshodhanache sadhan mhanoon peptides aanee prathinanchya prushthbhagachya pradarshanasathi upayukt aahet.
endospore tayar karnare jivanu.
endospore tayar tayar jivanunchya udaharananmadhye vanshancha samavesh hotoh

