
spanish khajinyacha tafa

spanish khajinyacha tafa kinwa west indigecha tafa (jyala chandicha tafa kinwa platecha tafa asehi mhanatat; yacha arth 'chandi' assa hoto) hii 1566 teey 1790 yaa kalat spanish samrajyane aayojit kelelya sagari marganchi eka tafa pranali hotee, jee spenla atalantikchya palikade americetil tyachya pradeshanshi jodat hotee. yaa kafilyancha vapar shetichya vastoo, lakud, chandi aanee sone yasarkhya vividh dhatoo sansadhane, ratne, motee, masale, sakhar, tambakhu, resheem aanee itar videshi vastoonsah vividh prakarchya vastoonchya vahatukisathi keela jaat asey. teel, daroo, kapad, pustake aanee sadhane yasarkhya spanish vastunchi vahtook viruddha dishene kelee jaat asey.
west indigecha tafa haah itihasatil pahila kayamswarupi atalantikpar vyapar marg hota. tyachpramane, sambandhit manila gallion vyapar haah prashant mahasagaratil pahila kayamswarupi vyapar marg hota. spanish paschim aanee purv bharatiy naudalachya tafyala itihasatil sarvat yashasvi naudal mohimanpaiki eka manale jaate aanee vyavsayik drushtikonatun tyanni aajchya jaagtik aarthik vyavastheche pramukh ghatak shakya kele.
itihas.
mool.
1492 chya christopher kolambasachya pahilya mohimepasoon spanish jahajanni naveen jagatoon vastoo vahoon ghetalya hotya. ghodadalanchi sanghatit pranali 1564 pasoon aahe, parantu spenne tyapurvi sarvat mothe caribean bett, kyuba aanee dakshin spaincha sagari pradesh aanee cannery betanvar sanrakshn aayojit karoon nauvahan sanrakshn karnyacha prayatna keela kaaran samudri chachyanche aanee paradeshi naudalachya hallyanmule. 1560 chya dashakat, french khajgi lokanni havanah kadhoon takalyachya pratyuttarat spanish sarkarne kafila tayar keela.
raja phillip dusra yache anubhavi naudal adhikari aanee vaiyaktik sallagar pedro menandez dii avilles yanchya shifarshinchya aadhare mukhya prakriya sthapan karnyat aalya. khajinyache tafa done sagari marganvarun jaat hote. mukhya caribean spanish west indigecha tafa kinwa 'flota dii indias' hota, joou seville yethoon done tukadyanmadhye ravana jhaala, jithe 'kassa dii contratatian' sthit hote, spenla parat yenyasathi havanah yethe bhetnyapurvi veracruz, portobello aanee cartagena yasarkhya bandaranna bandhale gele. dusra marg mhanje manila gallions kinwa 'gallion dii manila', joou prashant mahasagar olandun philipinesla meksikomadhil akapulkoshi jodato. akapulko yethoon ashiyai vastoo khachchar trainne veracruzla pathavalya jaat hotya, jyaa spenla pathvanyasathi caribean khajinyachya tafyat bharalya jaat hotya. yaa vyaparache adhik changle rakshan karnyasathi, pedro menandez dii avilles aanee alvarro dii bazan yanni 1550 chya dashakat gallionche nishchit model tayar kele.
"virodhasathi".
dakshin spainmadhil seville yaa nadee bandaratil 'kassa dii contratation' chya madhyamatoon spenne vyapar niyantrit keela. kayadyanusar, vasahati keval matrubhoomitil ekmev niyukt bandar asalelya sevileshi vyapar karoo shakat hotya. sagari puratatvashastrane dakhavun dile aahe qee, 'archivo general dii indias' madhye nondavalelya vastoonchya vahatukiche praman kadhikadhi jaast hote. paradeshi vyapanyansathi aaghadi ("cargador") mhanoon kaam karnare spanish vyapari aanee spanish vyapari yaa tafyavaril tyanche maal naveen jagaat pathvat asat. kahijan curr naan bharata malvahatuk karnyasathi pratibandhit padarthancha avalamb karat asat. spainchya mukutane khajgi vyapadhyanchya vastoo aanee maulyavan dhatunvar 20 takke darane curr aakarla, joou curr 'quinta real' kinwa royal fifth mhanoon olakhala jaato.
16vya shatkachya akheris spain haah europemadhil sarvat shrimant desh banala. yaa vyaparatoon milanari bahutansh sampatti spanish habsbergdware 16vya aanee 17vya shatkat ottoman samrajya aanee bahutek pramukh european shaktinpasun tyachya european pradeshanche sanrakshn karnyasathi sainyasathi vittapuravatha karnyasathi vaparali jaat asey. spainmadhye aanee spainmadhun baher padananya maulyavan dhatunchya pravahamule sampoorn european arthvyavasthela chalana midali.
maulyavan dhatunchya pravahamule spain aanee paradeshat anek vyapari shrimant jhaale. spanish americet maulyavan dhatunchya shodhacha parinam mhanoon, spaincha paishacha puravatha dahapat vadhala. iberian bajarpethet sone aanee chandichya vadhimule 17vya shatkat uchch chalanvadhila karanibhoot tharale, jyacha spanish arthvyavasthevar parinam jhaala. parinami, rajala kahee mothya karjachya bharana karnyas vilamb karnyas bhag padale gele, jyache nakaratmak parinam tyachya karjdaranvar, mukhytah paradeshi bankersver jhaale. 1690 paryant yapaiki kahee karjdar aata rajmukutala aarthik madat deu shakale naheet. paschim aanee purv bharatiy vasahatinvar spanish maktedari done shatkanhun adhik kaal tikali.
ghat, punarujjivan aanee nirmulan.
potosisarkhya american maulyavan dhatoo khaninchya utpadanat ghat jhalyamule niryatiche aarthik mahatva nantar qamee jhaale. tathapi, suruvatichya varshant vyaparat jordar vaadh jhaali. 1550 madhye 17 jahajanchi sankhya asalelya yaa tafyacha vistar shatkachya akheris 50 peksha jaast mothya jahajanparyant jhaala. 17vya shatkachya uttaradhat hii sankhya tyachya shikharapeksha nimmyahoon qamee jhaali hotee. 17vya shatkachya shevatchya dashakanpasun aarthik paristhiti haloohaloo sudharat asatana, tafyachya kamkajacha haloohaloo punha vistar jhaala, 18vya shatkatil borbansachya karkirdit punha ekada pramukh jhaala.
spanish malvikrila kahivela tyachya vasahatvadi pratispardhyankadun dhoka nirman jhaala hota, jyanni spanish mukhya aanee spanish west indigemadhye tall mhanoon bete tabyat ghenyacha prayatna keela. tathapi, atlantic vyaparala mothya pramanat konatihi haanee jhaali nahee. ingrajanni 1624 madhye seent kitsasarkhi lahan bete hastagat kelee; 1629 madhye haddapar kelee, teey 1639 madhye paratale aanee 1655 madhye jamaikavar kabja keela. french samudri chachyanni 1625 madhye swatahla seent-dominguemadhye sthapit kele, tyanna haddapar karnyat aale, nantar paratale aanee dachanni 1634 madhye kurakaovar kabja keela. paradeshi shaktinche itar nuksan nantar jhaale. 1713 madhye spanish uttaradhikarachya yuddhanantar utrektachya tahanusar, spanish mukutala savalati denyas bhag padale gele jyat englandsathi vyapari visheshadhikarancha samavesh hota jyane tyachya vasahatvadi malkichya kayadeshir vyaparavaril mageel spanish ekadhikarshahiche ullanghan kele. 1739 madhye jenkinchya kananchya yuddhadarmyan, british edmiral francis hosier aanee nantar edward vernon yanni khajinyachya tafyachya parat yenyachya naukanayanas pratibandh karnyachya prayatnat portobelola adavale. 1741 madhye cartegena dii indiyajviruddhachya vernonchya mohimecha parabhav jhaala, jyat manse aanee jahajanche mothe nuksan jhaale. spenne saat varshanchya yuddhadarmyan, mothya sankhyene lahan tafyancha vapar karoon mothya vividh bandaranna bhet deuun, havanah aanee manila (1762-4) chya tatpuratya british japticha samna keela.
1713 madhye spanish uttaradhikarachya yuddhachya samaptimule spanish samrajyavar borban rajvanshachya rajvatichi suruvat jhaali, jyane tyachyasobat borban sudharana aanalya. spainchi ghasaran rokhanyasathi aanee curr mahasool vadhavanyasathi tayar kelelya yaa sudharananmule 18 vya shatkat tafa pranalimadhye anek badal jhaale. phillip wii. yane spanish americetil paristhiticha ahwal denyasathi tapaskartyanna pathavun sudharananchi suruvat kelee, jyanni fasavanukiche purave parat aanale. too aanee visheshtah charles tisra yasah pudhil borban raje, spanish amerikechya prashasanala kendrikrut karnyasathi aanee paradeshi vyaparatoon milananya nafyavar adhik karyakshamatene curr bharnyasathi ektrit prayatna kartil. yaa sudharananpaiki eka mhanje dweepkalpandware chalavalya jaananya, udaharanarth guipuzcon kampanisarkhya, vyapari companyanna vishisht pradeshansathi vyapari maktedari dene. dusya eka goshtit nondanikrut jahajancha kinwa "navios dii registro" chaa vadhata vapar samavisht hota, jeey malvahatuk karnyasathi tafa vyavasthebaher ektyane pravas karat hote. yaa sudharananmule haloohaloo tafa vyavasthechya snrakshak dalanvaril avalambitva qamee jhaale. 1780 chya dashakat spenne aaplya vasahati mukt vyaparasathi ughadalya. 1790 madhye, 'cassa dii contratation' radd karnyat aale, jyamule mahan samanya hetuchya tafyacha ant jhaala. tyanantar naudalachya yuddhanaukanchya chhotya gatanna visheshtah aavashyakatenusar vastoo kinwa sonyache hastantaran karnyasathi niyukt karnyat aale.
naukeche.
darvarshi, done tafyanni spanish americet magani asalelya european vastoonni bharalela spain sodala; tyanna lashkari jahajanni sanrakshn dile hote. amerikemadhun maulyavan maal, visheshtah mexico aanee peru yethoon chandi, spenla parat pathvanyat aalee. pannas kinwa tyahoon adhik jahajancha tafa spenhoon ravana jhaala, eka meksikochya veracruz bandarakade aanee dusra panama aanee kartajenakade jaat hota. seville kinwa kadizchya spanish bandaranpasun, amerikesathi jaananya done tafyanni aafrikechya kinanyavar ekatra pravas keela aanee atlantic olandanyachya pravasapurvichya taratudinsathi cannery betanchya spanish pradeshat thambale. ekada done tafa caribeanmadhye pohochale qee, tafa vegale jhaale. naveen spaincha tafa keval chandi aanee maulyavan laal rangache kochiniyalach navhe tarr chinmadhun manila gallionver pathavalele cheeni matiche bhande aanee resheem dekhil bharnyasathi meksikotil veracruzla ravana jhaala. ashiyai vastoo akapulko teey veracruzparyant khachchar railwayne jaminivarun nenyat yet asat.
tiyara firm" tafa kinwa gallions, dakshin american utpadane, visheshtah potosimadhun chandi loaded karnyasathi cartagena yethe ravana jhaale. peruvian chandi bharnyasathi kahee jahaje panamachya caribean kinanyavaril portobellola gelee. heey calaochya prashant kinarpattivaril bandaratoon pathvanyat aale hote aanee khachcharadvare panamachya istamasachya palikade nele gele hote. samudrakinanyavaril shimpadyachya talapasoon kapale gelele motee gola karnyasathi itar jahaje venezuelachya kinadhyalagatchya caribean betavar margarita yethe gelee. malvahatuk purn jhalyanantar, donhi tafya spainchya parat yenyachya pravasasathi bhetanyasathi havanah, kyuba yethe ravana jhalya.
khachchar railwayne kelela jaminivaril pravas, tasech lamb sagari pravasasathi tafa tayar karnyasathi sthanik shetkyanni puravalelya puravathyamule vasahatvadi spanish amerikechya arthvyavasthela chalana midali. pravas sulabh karnyasathi aavashyak asalele kulupadar, dharamshala aanee khadyapadarth tayar karane aanee malvahatuk karane. tathapi, 1635 madhye mexicomadhye, armada dii barlovento yaa tafyala vittapuravatha karnyasathi aakarlya jaananya vikri karat vaadh jhaali.
1703 aanee 1705 chya darmyan spanish courseer amaro pargo west indigechya tafyat sahbhagi houu lagla. yaa kalat too 'ell away maria vaay laas enemas' yaa yuddhanaukecha malak aanee karnadhar hota, jeey jahaj tyane santa cruze dii tenerife bandaratoon havanah yethe pathavale hote. tyane cannery-american vyaparache laabh tyachya vasahatinmadhye punha guntavale, malvasia aanee viduenochya drakshanchya lagvadisathi samarpit, jyanchi wine utpadane (pramukhyane vidueno) americet pathavali gelee.
spanish khajinyacha pravah.
walton pesomadhye khaleel aakruti deto. 300 varshanchya kalavadhisathi peso kinwa aath tukadyanmadhye sumare 25 gramm chandi hotee, jee german theller aanee dutch rejuxdalderitekich hotee. ekach gallionmadhye 20 laakh peso asoo shakatat. yaa kalavadhit utpadit jhalelya andaje 4 abj pesoche aadhunik andaje moolya 530 abj dollar kinwa 470 abj euro (meey 2015 chya chandichya sarafa kimmatinvar aadharit) asel. utpadit 4 abj pesopaiki 25 kotee peso europela pathvanyat aale, jyapaiki 50 kotee peso aafrikechya aaspas aashiyala pathvanyat aale. urvarit 15 abjanpaiki 650 dashalaksh akapulko yethoon thet aashiyat gele aanee 85 kotee paschim golardhat rahile. spainmadhye thodishi sampatti rahili. 1590 madhye aalelya 1 kotee 10 lakhanpaiki 20 laakh aayat karnyasathi francemadhye gele, 60 laakh aayat aanee lashkari kharchasathi italila gele, jyapaiki 25 laakh qamee unchichya deshanmadhye aanee 10 laakh automan samrajyat gele. 1.50 laakh portugalahun aashiyala pathvanyat aale. tyaa varshi dutch prajasattakat pohochalelya 20 laakh pesopaiki 75 takke naudal sathyansathi baltikmadhye gele aanee 25 takke aashiyat gele. serve strotankadun spanish mukutanche utpann 1550 madhye sumare 25 laakh peso, 1590 chya dashakat 14 dashalaksh, 1760 madhye sumare 15 dashalaksh aanee 1780 madhye 3 kotee hote. 1665 madhye spanish mukutavar 3 kotee peso alpakalin aanee 30 kotee dirghakalin karj hote. naveen jaagtik utpadanat bahutansh chandi hotee, parantu columbian khaninni bahutansh sonyache utpadan kele. khaleel taktyat andajit kayadeshir utpadan dile aahe. tyat taskaricha samavesh karane aavashyak aahe, jee 1600 nantar adhikadhik mahattvachi hott gelee. mukutane kayadeshiraritya eka panchmansh (vastavik) srot ghetala aanee itar karandware adhik prapt kele.
nuksan.
paradeshi khajgi aanee samudri chachyanni anek spanish gallion tabyat ghetale hote ashee samanya dharana asoonahi, floatachya adich shatkanchya operationadarmyan kahee tafa pratyakshat shatrunsamor gamavale gele. keval dutch edmiral piit haine 1628 madhye matanzachya upasagaratil ladhait sampoorn tafa tabyat ghenyat yashasvi jhaala, jyanantar tyacha maal dutch prajasattakat nenyat aala. 1656 madhye kadizchya ladhait aanee 1657 madhye santa cruze dii tenerifechya ladhait, inglish edmiral robbert blakeney donada tafyavar hallah keela, parantu too keval ekach gallion tabyat ghenyat yashasvi jhaala aanee spanish adhikari bahutek chandi ingrajankade jaanyapasun rokhanyat yashasvi jhaale. 1702 madhye spanish uttaradhikarachya yuddhadarmyan vigo bechya ladhait west indigecha tafa nasht jhaala, jevha bandarane tyacha maal utaravalyane aashchary vatale, parantu spanish navikanni aadhich tyacha bahutek maal utaravala hota. yapaiki konatehi halle khulya samudrat jhaale naheet. manila gallionchya babatit, jawaljawal teen shatkanmadhye british yuddhanaukandware keval chaar jahaje tabyat ghenyat aalee hotih 1589 madhye thomas cavenditione "santa annah", 1709 madhye woods roggersney "encarnacion", 1743 madhye george ansonne "kovdonga" aanee 1762 madhye "santisima trinidad". 1704 madhye "rosario" aanee 1710 madhye "begonia" yanni itar done british prayatna ayashasvi kele. chakrivadalanmule jhalele heey nuksan aanee itar vyaparasathi mahattvapoorn aarthik fatka hote.
prasiddha jahajanche bhagnavshesh.
naudalachya ladhait budalelya kinwa samanyatah vadalanmule (1622,1715,1733 aanee 1750 madhye ghadalelya sarvat white jahajansah) jhalelya spanish khajinyachya jahajanche bhagnavshesh heey aadhunik khajinyachya shikarisathi pramukh lakshya aahet. newstra senora dii atocha" aanee "santa margarita" yasarkhya anek goshti vachavanyat aalya aahet. august 1750 madhye chakrivadaladarmyan uttar carolinamadhye kiman teen spanish vyapari jaminivar kosalale. ell salvador" cape lookoutjaval budale, "newstra senora dii soledad" sadhyachya mukhya kinaanyaanjaval kinanyavar gele aanee "newstra senora dii gwadalupe" sadhyachya aukrakokjaval kinanyavar gele.
janm.
tiyara firm tafyacha bhag asalelya spanish vyapari jahaj 'encarnacion' chey bhagnavshesh 2011 madhye sapadale hote, jyat tyacha barachsa maal ajunahi jahajavar hota aanee tyachya patangacha kahee bhag abadhit hota. 1681 madhye panamachya caribean bajuchya chagres nadichya mukhajaval vadaladarmyan 'encornation' budale. encornation' 40 futanpeksha qamee panyat budale. 1715chya tafyatil 'yurka dii lima' aanee 1733chya tafyatil 'sann pedro' chey avashesh khajinyachya shikarina sapadlyanantar aata floridachya panyakhalil puratatviy sanrakshn mhanoon sanrakshit aahet.
capitana.
capitana" (ell rubi) haah 1733chya tafyacha pramukh jahaj hota; varchya metkumbe killijaval chakrivadaladarmyan too jaminivar kosalala, nantar budala. vadaladarmyan teen janancha mrutyu jhaala. tyanantar, gotakhoranni jahajatil bahutansh khajina parat midavala.
1938 madhye punha sapadalelya 1733 jahajanpaiki 'capitana' hii pahili hotee. bachav kamgaranni 10 varshanhun adhik kaal budalelya jahajatoon vastoo vasool kelya. juuna 2015 madhye atirikt sone japt karnyat aale. jahajache sthanah 24° 55.491 'uttar, 80° 30.891' paschim.
sann jose.
1708 madhye british sainyane kolambiyachya kinaanyaanjaval 'sann jose' budavale. tyache avashesh 2015 madhye sapadale hote aanee tyat sone, chandi aanee itar maulyavan dagadanmadhye vikrami 17 abj americi dollars asalyache manale jaate. tyache sthan heey rashtriy rahasy aahe.
newstra senora daad laas maravila.
tafyatil dusya jahajashi dhadakalelya 'newstra senora dii laas maravilas' () chya kathache nuksan jhaale aanee janewari 1656 madhye bahamaschya kinadhyalagatchya praval khadakat budale. 1650 teey 1990 chya darmyan sumare 35 laakh vastoonsah jahajacha maal japt karnyat aala, tarr navintam shodh bahamas sagari sangrahalayat pradarshit kele jaatil.