
vitalalelya-meeth anubhatticha prayog

vitalaleli meeth anubhatti prayog (emm. ess. aar. eae.) hii oka rij rashtriy prayogshaletil (oo. aar. aine. ell.) eka prayogik vitalaleli meeth anubhatti sanshodhan anubhatti hotee. yaa tantradnyanache sanshodhan 1960 chya dashakat karnyat aale, anubhatti 1964 paryant bandhanyat aalee, tee 1965 madhye gambhir jhaali aanee 1969 paryant chalavali gelee. swachchata prakalpacha kharch andaje $130 dashalaksh hota.
msre hii 74 megawatchi chachani anubhatti hotee, jee drav fluoride thorium anubhatti navachya swabhavikpane surakshit epithermal thorium breeder anubhattichya neutronic "curnell" chey anukaran karate. tyat pramukhyane done indhanancha vapar keela gelah pratham uranium-235 aanee nantar uranium-233. nantarche 233uf4 heey itar anubhattyanmadhye thoriyampasoon prajnan jhalyamule jhaale. hii eka abhiyantriki chachani asalyane, neutron mojamapachya bajoone thorium mithacha motha, mahagada prajnan kavach vagalanyat aala.
msremadhye, anubhattichya gabhadhyatil ushnata, radiatorvar vahana havecha vapar karoon sheetak pranalidware vahili jaat asey. asey manale jaate qee ashach prakarchya anubhattya bund-chakr vayoo turbinesarkhya uchch-karyakshamatechya ushma engines urja deu shakatat.
emm. ess. aar. eae. chey pipe, coor watt aanee sanrachanatmak ghatak hastelloy-aine pasoon tayar kele gele hote aanee tyache madhyasth heey pyrolytic graphite coor hote. msresathiche indhan life-beff2-zaarph4-yueph4 (65-29.1-5-0.9 moll%) hote, graphite korne tyala niyantrit kele aanee tyache duyyam shitalak flybe (2-beff2) hote, teey 650°seey itake garam hote aanee sumare deed varshanchya purn veej operationchya samatulya karyarat hote.
parinam eka sadhee, vishvasarh anubhatti asalyache aashvasan dile. vitalalelya-meeth anubhattichya prayogcha uddesh heey darshavine haah hota qee prastavit vitalalelya-meeth urja anubhattichi kahee pramukh vaishishtye vyavharik anubhattimadhye moort rupat samavisht kelee jaau shakatat jee surakshitpane aanee vishvasarhatene chalavali jaau shakatat aanee jaast adchanishivay rakhali jaau shakatat. sadhepanasathi, teey baryapaiki lahan, eka-drav (i.eae. prajnan naan karnari) anubhatti 10 megawatt kinwa tyapeksha qamee vegane karyarat asate, jyamadhye duyyam (indhan-mukt) mithadvare havemadhye ushnata nakarli jaate.
anubhattiche varnan.
gabha.
pyrolytic graphite coor, grade see. jee. bii., dekhil madhyasth mhanoon kaam karat asey.
msrecha vikas suru honyapurvi, chachanyanni asey darshavile hote qee jyaa chhidranmadhye sukshmamapakanchya kramane chhidre aahet tyaa grayfitemadhye meeth pravesh karnar nahee. tathapi, ichchit chhidra sanrachanesah graphite keval lahan, prayogikdrushtya tayar kelelya tukadyanmadhye upalabdh hote aanee jevha ekhada utpadak msrechya garja purn karnyasathi naveen shreni (cgb) tayar karnyasathi nighala, tevha adchanincha samna karava lagla.
indhan/prathamik shitalak.
indhan 7liff-beff2-zardrf4-uf4 (65-29.1-5-0.9 moll%) hote.
pahile indhan 33 takke 235yuu hote, nantar 233uf4 chey thode praman vaparale gele.
viman anubhatti prayogasathi purvichya vitalalelya meeth anubhatti sanshodhanamule 1960 paryant fluoride meeth aadharit vitalalelya-meeth anubhattichi adhik changli samaj nirman jhaali hotee.
fluoride kshar heey jordar ionic asatat aanee vitalalyavar teey uchch tapman, qamee daab aanee uchch kiranotsargachya pravahat sthir asatat. qamee dabavaril sthirata qamee majboot anubhatti vahinyanna parvanagi dete aanee vishvasarhata vadhavate. florinchi uchch pratikriyashilata bahutek vikhandan pratikriya upautpadane adakavate.
asey disun aale qee drav meeth indhan aanee kachara yaa thikani rasayanikaritya vegale karoo deil.
indhan pranali seelband kakshanmadhye hotee, jee varchya sanrakshanatil ughadyandvare dirgh hatalani sadhanansah dekhbhalisathi thewali gelee hotee. dekhbhalipurvi aanee nantar indhan parisancharan pranalila flush karnyasathi life-beff 2 mithachi taakee vaparali gelee. anubhattichya shejari asalelya peshimadhye indhan kinwa flush mithadvare phuge kadhanyasathi gass budbude karnyasathi eka sopee suvidha hotih auxide kadhanyasathi etch2-hydrogen fluoride, uranium hexafluoride mhanoon uranium kadhanyasathi florin. houbenrich aanee engel, robertson aanee lindaur heey anubhatti aanee prakriya prakalpache adhik tapshilvar varnan karatat.
duyyam shitalak.
duyyam meeth life-beff2 (66-34 moll%) hote.
pump.
indhan pampachi vadgi hii parisanchari loopsathi vadhichi jaaga hotee aanee yethe zenon aanee cryptonla mithapasoon baher padnyasathi gasschya jaaget sumare indhanachi favarani kelee gelee. sarvat mahattvapoorn neutron vish zenon-135 kadhoon takalyane anubhatti surakshit aanee punha suru karane sope jhaale. ghan-indhan anubhattyanmadhye, indhanatil 135xe punha suru kelyavar neutron shoshale jaatat, tyanantar 135xe jaloon khaq jhalyamule pratikriyashilatet achanak udee lagate. paramparik anubhattya bund jhalyanantar zenon-135 kshay hoiparyant tasantas pratiksha karavi lagoo shakate aanee lagech punha suru houu naye (tathakathit "iodine pitt").
pampachya vadgyat eka bandar dekhil hote jyadvare mithache namune ghetale jaau shakat hote kinwa indhan-samruddha karananya ekagrat mithache (yuu. eff. 4-liff kinwa puff 3) capsule aanale jaau shakat hote.
havah-thund ushnata vinimayak.
tyaa velee, uchch tapmanakade jawaljawal eka gairsoy mhanoon pahile jaat hote, kaaran teey paramparik vafechya turbinechya vaparat adthala aanat asat. aata, asha tapmanakade uchch-karyakshamatechya bund-chakr vayoo turbine vaparanyachi sandhee mhanoon pahile jaate. done mahinyanchya uchch-shaktichya operationantar, mukhya cooling bloerspacky ekachya apayshamule anubhatti 3 mahine bund hotee.
neutronics aanee aushnik-hydraulics.
anubhattine sthir neutronic operation anubhavale. jarr ektar tapman vadhale kinwa budbude tayar jhaale tarr drav indhan ksharanche praman vadhel aanee kahee drav indhan kshar gabhanyatun baher kadhale jaatil, jyamule pratikriyashilata qamee hoil.
msre vikas karyakramat anubhatti bhautikshastra prayog kinwa ushnata hastantaran mojamapancha samavesh navhata. msremadhye purese akshansh hote qee andajanpasunchya vichalanamule prayogik anubhattichya surakshitateshi kinwa uddishtanchya purtateshi tadjod honar nahee.
bandhkamasathichi maidane.
prathamik pranali ghatakanche bandhkam aanee junya viman anubhatti prayog imaratiche badal (jeey prastavit 60 megawatt (tii) viman anubhattisathi anshatah punarnirmit kele gele hote) 1962 madhye suru karnyat aale. meeth pranalichi sthapana 1964 chya madhyat purn jhaali. ornal gunavatta hummy, niyojan aanee bandhkamachya vyavasthapanasathi jababdar hotee. prathamik pranali ornal karmchanyandware sthapit kelya gelya; up-kantratdaranni imaratit badal kele aanee sahayyak pranali sthapit kelya.
sanrachanatmak mishradhatu hastelloy-aine.
qamee chromium, nickel-molybdenum mishradhatu, hastelloy-aine, msremadhye vaparale gele aanee fluoride kshar flybe aanee flinackshee susangat asalyache siddha jhaale. mithashi sampark sadhanare serve dhatuche bhag hastelloy-enpasoon tayar kele gele hote.
msresathi hastelloy-enchi nivad vimanachya anupranodan paristhititil chachanyanchya aashadayak parinamanchya aadhare aanee aavashyak dhatushastriy mahitichya uplabdhatevar aadharit hotee. msresathichya vikasamule aii. ess. emm. eae. code manjurisathi aavashyak asalela pudhil deta tayar jhaala. yaat hastloy-aine kharedisathi aanee ghatak nirmitisathi manke tayar karane dekhil samavisht hote. msresathi vividh aakaranchya samagriche sumare 200,000 paund (90,000 kilo) vyavsayikdrushtya utpadan kele gele. ghatak nirmitivaril bolinchya vinantya anunirmiti udhyogatil anek kampanyankade gelya, parantu naveen mishradhatucha anubhav naslyamule sarvanni ekarakami bolya sadar karnyas nakar deela. parinami, serve pramukh ghatak yuu madhye tayar kele gele.ess. oka parvatshreni aanee paduka yetheel anuurja aayogachya malkichi dukane.
msresathi rachana taana nishchit karnyat aala tyaa velee, upalabdh asalelya aakadevarine asey soochit kele qee hastelloy-enchi takad aanee rengalanyachya daravar kiranotsargane kvachitach parinam jhaala hota. bandhkam vyavasthit jhalyanantar, aushnik neutron vikiranamule taana-vighatan jeevan aanee asthibhang taana mothya pramanat qamee jhalyache aadhalun aale. msre tananche punha vishleshan karnyat aale aanee assa nishkarsh kadhanyat aala qee anubhattila tyachi uddishte sadhya karnyasathi purese ayushya asel. tyach velee, hastelloy-encha bhangarala asalela pratikar sudharanyasathi eka karyakram suru karnyat aala.
hastelloy-aine sathee eka out-auph-pile ganj chachani karyakram rabavanyat aala, jyane msre paristhitit atyant qamee ganj darr darshavile. samagri chachani anubhattimadhye ughad jhalelya capsulvaroon asey disun aale qee 200 doubleu/seey. mea. 3 peksha jaast kshar vikhandan shaktichya ghanatecha indhan meeth, hastelloy-aine aanee graphitechya susangatatevar konatahi pratikool parinam jhaala nahee. gothavalelya ksharanchya radiolysisdware, parantu keval sumare qamee tapmanat, florin vayoo tayar hoto asey aadhalun aale.
visheshtah msresathi vikasit kelelya ghatakanmadhye vitalalele meeth vahoon nenanya reshansathi flange, freeze volve (eka havah-thund vibhag jithe meeth gothavale aanee vitalavale jaau shakate), thimbalsmadhye karya karnyasathi lavchik niyantran rodd aanee indhan sampler-samruddhi yancha samavesh hota. kendratyagi pump heey viman anubhatti karyakramat yashasviritya vaparlya gelelya pampanpramanech vikasit kele gele hote, parantu durastha dekhbhalichya tartudinsah aanee zenon kadhanyasathi favarani pranalisah. durastha dekhbhalichya babincha msrechya rachnet samavesh hota aanee vikasamadhye pipe ekatra remot kapanyasathi aanee brazing karnyasathichi upkarane, kadhoon taknyayogya heater-insulation units aanee kormadhun dhatoo aanee grayfiteche namune kadhanyasathichi upkarane yancha samavesh hota.
vikas aanee bandhkam kalmaryada.
1960 teey 1964 yaa kalat msreche bahutansh prayatna msrechi rachana, vikas aanee bandhkam yasathi samarpit hote. graphite aanee hastelloy-aine, yaa donhichya inn-pile aanee out, utpadan aanee pudhil chachani heey pramukh vikas upkram hote. itaranmadhye anubhatti rasayanshastravaril kaam, hastelloy-ensathi banavat tantracha vikas, anubhatti ghatakancha vikas aanee durastha dekhbhal niyojan aanee tayari yancha samavesh hota.
operation.
emm. ess. aar. eae. 5 varshe karyarat hotee. 1964 madhye meeth bharnyat aale aanee december 1969 madhye anuurja moheem sampali aanee yaa kalat prayogachi serve uddishte sadhya jhaali.
checkout aanee prenuclear chachanyanmadhye flush meeth aanee indhan vahak mithache 1,000 tasanche paribhraman samavisht hote. anubhattila gambhir banavanyasathi vahak mithamadhye uf4-life eutectic mhanoon samruddha 235yoochii bharr ghaloon, juuna 1965 madhye msrechi anuchachani suru jhaali. rodche moolya aanee pratikriyashil gunank mojanyasathi shoonya-shakti prayoganantar, anubhatti bund karnyat aalee aanee veej karyanvit karnyasathi antim tayari karnyat aalee. indhan pampat galatee jhalelya telachya vafeche kiranotsargi offgass aanee plug kelele gass filter aanee zadapanni polymerisation kele tevha vijechya aarohanas vilamb jhaala. ushnata-nirakaran pranalichya kshamatenusar, 7.4 megawatt (tii) paryant maryadit asaleli kamal shakti meey 1966 madhye gathali gelee.
done mahinyanchya uchch-shaktichya operationantar, mukhya cooling bloerspacky ekachya apayshamule anubhatti teen mahine bund hotee. offgass line plagmule aanakhi kahee vilamb jhaale, parantu 1966 chya akheris startupchya bahutek samasya mage padalya. pudhil 15 mahinyant, anubhatti 80 takke vela gambhir hotee, jyat 1,3 aanee 6 mahinyanche prachalan indhan nichara jhalyamule akhandit hote. march 1968 paryant, emm. ess. aar. eae. chee mool uddishte purn jhaali hotee aanee 235yuu saha aanvik operation purn jhaale hote.
toparyant, bharpur 233yuu upalabdh jhaale hote, mhanoon indhan mithamadhye yureniyamsathi 233yoochii badali aanee naveen aanvik vaishishtyanche nirikshan karnyasathi operation samavisht karnyasathi msre karyakram vistarit karnyat aala. aun-site prakriya upkaranancha vapar karoon flush meeth aanee indhan meeth yanna uranium punarprapt karnyasathi florin kele gele kaaran uf6.233uf4-life eutectic nantar vahak meethat jodale gele aanee aktoobar 1968 madhye, msre 233uver karya karnari jagatil pahili anubhatti bunley.
233yuu shoonya-shakti prayog aanee gatishilata chachanyanni andajit neutronic vaishishtyanchi pushti kelee. mithachya prakriyecha eka anpekshit parinam mhanje tyache bhautik gunadharm kinchit badalale gele jenekarun nehmipeksha jaast pramanat vayoo indhan pampatoon parisanchari loopmadhye pravesh keela gela. indhan pump kinchit qamee vegane chalavun, parisanchari vayoo aanee tyasobat asalelya vijechya chadhautaranna door kele gele. anek mahine uchch shaktivar chalalelya operationmule yaa anubhattitil 233yousaaathii capture-too-fission gunottar achook mojale jaau shakate, jyamule 233yuu operationchi uddishte purn hotat.
operationchya shevatchya mahinyant, zenon kadhoon takane, vikhandan utpadananche nikshepan aanee tritium vartanachi tapasani kelee gelee. yaa kalat makeup indhan mhanoon puff3 jodoon vitalalelya-meeth anubhattyanmadhye plutonium vaparnyachya vyavharyatevar bharr denyat aala.
december 1969 madhye antim bund jhalyanantar, anubhatti jawaljawal eka varshasathi sajj thevanyat aalee hotee. tyanantar eka maryadit tapasani karyakram rabavala gela, jyat kormadhun eka moderator baar, eka controll rodd thimbal, heat exchanger tube, indhan pampachya vadgyatil bhag aanee antim anubhatti bund kartana galatee jhalelya freeze walvecha samavesh hota. tyanantar antim vilhewat lavnyasathi kiranotsargi pranali bund karnyat aalya.
aakadevari.
mapdand aanee karyatmak aakadevarih
vijechi kshamatah 8 megawatt (aushnik) <bii. aar.>
utpadanah 92.8 jee. doubleu. etch. <bii. aar.>
samatulya purn-shaktih 11,555 taas
indhan meethah fluoride <bii. aar.>
catayanh 65 takke lii-7,29.1% bii, 5 takke zedr, 0.9 takke yuu <br>
vajanah 11,260 paund (5,107 kilo)>
vitalanyache tapmanah 813 phph (434 sase) <bii. aar.>
pravesh tapmanah 1175 eff (635 see) <bii. aar.>
nirgamanache tapmanah 1225 eff (663 see) <bii. aar.>
pravah darah 400 gall/minit (1514 ell/minit) <bii. aar.>
indhan pump parisancharanah 19,405 taas
shitalak meethah fluoride <bii. aar.>
catayanh 66 takke lii-7,34 takke <bii. aar.>
vajanah 15,300 paund (6,940 kilo)>
shitalak pump parisancharanah 23,566 taas
madhyasth anoo graphite
containerh hastelloy-aine
pahile indhanah yuu-235 <bii. aar.>
pahila gambhirah 1 juuna 1965 <br>
aushnik utpadanah 72,441 emm. doubleu. etch.>
gambhir tasah 11,515 taas <bii. aar.>
purn-shakti utpadan samtulyah 9,006 taas
dusare indhanah yuu-233 <bii. aar.>
gambhirah 2 aktoobar 1968 <br>
aushnik utpadanah 20,363 emm. doubleu. etch. <bii. aar.>
gambhir tasah 3,910 taas <bii. aar.>
purn-shakti utpadan samtulyah 2,549 taas
bandah december 1969
parinam.
emm. ess. aar. eae. chya anubhavatoon sarvat vyapak aanee kadachit sarvat mahattvacha nishkarsh assa hota qee vitalalelya meethane chalana anubhattichi sankalpana vyavharya hotee. tee barach kaal chalali, maulyavan mahitee midali aanee dekhbhal surakshitpane aanee jaast vilamb naan karata purn jhaali.
emm. ess. aar. eae. neey apeksha aanee andajanna pushti dilee. udaharanarth, heey dakhavun denyat aale keeh indhan meeth kiranotsargachya hanipasoon pratirodhak hote, indhan meethane grayfitever hallah keela navhata aanee hastelloy-enche ganj nagany hote. favarani pranalidware indhanatil mithatoon utkrusht vayoo kadhoon takale gele, jyamule 135xe vishbadha sumare 6 anshanni qamee jhaali. vikhandan utpadanache bahutansh ghatak mithamadhye sthir rahile. operation darmyan mithamadhye uranium aanee plutoniumchi bharr padane jalad aanee anpekshit hote aanee florinikaranadware uraniumchi punarprapti karyaksham hotee. critical loading, reactivity coefficient, dynamics aanee dirghakalin reactivity badalansah neutronics, purvichya gananeshi sahmat aahet.
itar kshetranmadhye, operationmule deta sudharla kinwa anishchitata qamee jhaali. vishisht emm. ess. aar. neutron spectrummadhil 233yuu capture-too-fission gunottar heey sudharlelya moolbhut mahitiche eka udaharan aahe. indhan mithachya redox kshamatevar vikhandanacha parinam door jhaala. kahee ghatakanche ("utkrusht dhatoo") nikshepan apekshit hote, parantu msrene graphite, dhatoo aanee drav-vayoo interfacevaril sapeksh nikshepanavar parimanatmak mahitee pradan kelee. emm. ess. aar. eae. madhye mojalele ushnata hastantaran gunank paramparik rachana gananeshi sahmat hote aanee anubhattichya aayushyamadhye badal jhaale naheet. mithamadhye auxigen maryadit karane prabhavi tharale aanee dekhbhalidarmyan dooshit upkarananpasun vikhandan utpadananchi pasaranyachi pravrutti qamee hotee.
emm. ess. aar. eae. chya karyamule vitalalelya-meeth anubhattitil tritiumchya samasyechi antardrushti midali. asey disun aale qee ganana kelelya 54 see. aay./divas (2 tii. bii. kyu.) utpadanapaiki sumare <id. 1> indhan pranalitoon pratibandhit peshi vatavaranat pasarale aanee aanakhi eka <id. 1> ushnata kadhoon taknyachya pranalidware haveparyant pohochale. heey apurnank jaast navhate, heey soochit karate qee kahitari anshatah garam dhatundware tritiumche hastantaran nakarat hote.
eka anpekshit shodh mhanje indhan mithachya samparkat aalelya serve dhatuchya prushthbhagavar aantar-danadar cracking. indhanamadhye nirman honare vikhandan utpadan-tellurium heey yaa bhang honyache kaaran hote. anubhattichya karyadarmyan madhyabhagatun antarane kadhoon taknyat aalelya namunyanmadhye heey pratham nondavale gele. controll-rodd thimbal, heat-exchanger tube aanee pump baulchya bhaganchya tukadyanchya shastrakriyenantarchya tapasanitun cracking sarvavyapita ughad jhaali aanee msr sankalpanesathi tyache mahatva adhorekhit kele. fatanchi vaadh itaki vegwan hotee qee, faulo-aun thorium breeder anubhattichya niyojit tees varshanchya aayushyamadhye tee samasya bunley. hastelloy-aine madhye thodya pramanat neobium jodoon hii cracking alpavadhit qamee kelee jaau shakate. tathapi, dirgh exposure velechya parinamanche moolyankan karnyasathi aanee vaparlelya mishranansathi kahee parasparsanvad mapdandanche moolyankan karnyasathi pudhil abhyas aavashyak hote.
sevamukti.
bund kelyanantar, meeth dirghakalin surakshit sathavanukit asalyache manale jaat hote. qamee tapmanat, radiolysisamule florinla mithapasoon mukt karata yete. pratikar mhanoon, 1989 paryant darvarshi meeth punha garam kele jaat hote.
parantu 1980 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon, kiranotsarg pranalidware sthalantarit hott asalyachi chinta hotee, eka naitik alankrut karmchanyane nondavale jeey dhokadayak anubhattichya varr kagadopatri kaam karananya 125 lokanpaiki hote, jeey nirjantuk kinwa nishkriy kele gele navhate. urja vibhagache oka rij operations vyavasthapak joou baine lagron yanni 125 karmchanyanna baher kadhanyache aadesh dile, jeey doow oka rij operationsche pramukh nivasi nirikshak william danne deford, pii.eae. 1994 madhye kelelya namunyanvarun uraniumchi sandrata disun aalee jyamule anoo sankatacha dhoka nirman jhaala, tasech florin vayuchi sambhavya dhokadayak nirmiti jhaali-ghanata jhalelya mithachya varchya vatavarnamadhye florinche vatavaran andaje eka hote. aagami nirjantukikaran aanee sevamukti prakalpala yu. ess. sobatchya paryavaran vyavasthapan kararantargat bechtel jacobsla niyukt kelela "tantrikdrushtya sarvat aavhanatmak" upkram mhatale gele.ess. urja vibhagachya oka rij operations organization. 2003 madhye, msre swachchata prakalp andaje $130 dashalaksh itka hota, aanee 2009 madhye too purn hone apekshit hote.
mithatoon uranium kadhoon takane akher march 2008 madhye purn jhaale, matra tarihi meeth panbudyanmadhye vikhandan utpadanansah sodale gele.
mothya kharchacha barachsa bhag, ornalane indhan qamee karoon yogya prakare sathavalelya sathavanukitalya thund indhan mithatoon florin aanee uranium hexafluoride utkrantichya apriy aashcharyamule jhaala hota, parantu aata msrchya rachnet heey vicharat ghetale gele aahe.
sambhavya nishkriyata prakriyeche varnan kele gele aahe; atirikt florin jodoon uranium hexafluoride mhanoon aanee soodiyam carbonate jodoon plutonium dioxide mhanoon plutonium indhanatoon kadhoon takale pahije.