biang sarkar

beiyang sarkar (), adhikrutpane chinache prajasattak (), kadhikadhi peiyang sarkar kinwa fakt chean asey lihile jaate, heey chean prajasattakache sarkar hote jeey 1912 teey 1928 darmyan tyachya rajdhani bijingmadhye basale hote. tyaa kalat tyala aantarrashtriy staravar vaidh chiinii sarkar mhanoon manyata midali hotee.
heey naav biang sainyavarun aale aahe, jyane king rajvanshacha senapati yuan shikaichya udayasah tyachya rajkaranavar varchasva gajavale. tyachya mrutyunantar, lashkar sattesathi spardha nirman vividh sardar gatanmadhye vibhagale gele, jyala sardar yug mhanatat. jaree sarkar aanee rajya heey rajyaghatanekhali nammatra nagri niyantranakhali asale, taree biang senapati prabhavipane tyavar prabhari hote. tarisuddha, sarkarla rajnaitik manyatesah paradeshat vaidhata labhali, curr aanee simashulk mahasool upalabdh hota aanee teey paradeshi aarthik karjasathi arj karoo shakat hote.
sunn yaat-senchya canton-aadharit kuomintang (kimiti) sarkari chalvalidware 1917 madhye tyachya vaidhatela gambhir aavhan denyat aale. 1926 teey 1928 darmyanchya uttarekadil mohimedarmyan tyacha uttaradhikari chiang kaee-shake yane biang sardarancha parabhav keela aanee gut aanee sarkar ulthoon takale, 1928 madhye deshache prabhavipane ekikaran kele. kumintangne nankingmadhye aapale rashtravadi sarkar sthapan karnyas suruvat kelee; cheenchi rajkiy vyavastha eka-pakshiy rajya bunley aanee kumintang sarkarla tyanantar chinache vaidh sarkar mhanoon aantarrashtriy manyata midali.
rajkiy vyavastha.
februwari 1912 madhye tatpuratya sinetane tayar kelelya chean prajasattakachya tatpuratya sanvidhananusar, rashtriy vidhansabhene (sansad) paach varshanchya karyakalasathi adhyaksh aanee upadhyaksh nivadle aanee mantrimandalachi nivad aanee netrutva karnyasathi pantpradhan niyukt kele. sambandhit mantryanna karyakari aadeshanvar pratihakk karava lagat asey jenekarun teey bandhankarak asateel. lashkar, vitt, dalanvalan aanee antargat hii sarvat mahattvachi mantralaye hotee. 1917 madhye bahutek jahaje dakshinechya ghatanatmak sanrakshn chalvalit sameel jhalyanantar naudal mantralayache mahatva lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaale. dalanvalan mantralay vahtook, tapal aanee dalanvalan bankesathi dekhil jababdar hote aanee prabhavshali dalanvalan gatacha paya hota. antargat mantralay police aanee surakshesathi jababdar hote tarr nyay mantralay kamkuvat hote aanee nyayik vyavhar aanee turung hatalat asey. pararashtra vyavhar mantralayakade wellington kuu sarkhya vyaktinsah eka prasiddha rajnaitik dall hote. senapatinna tyanchya kaushalyachi garaj asalyane pararashtra vyavhar mantralayala lakshaniy swatantrya denyat aale. pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan japanane japt kelelya shandongmadhil german savalatinche 1922 madhye parat yene hii mantralayachi sarvat mothee kamgiri hotee, jyamule sarkarchi pratishtha mothya pramanat vadhali. beyang sarkar kosalalyashivay pararashtra vyavhar mantralayane dakshinechya sarkarla konatyahi aantarrashtriy manyata denyas yashasviritya nakar deela. chean haah leag auph nationscha sansthapak sadasya hota.
vidhansabha dvisadaniy hotee, jyamadhye sinetchi sahaa varshanchi mudat done varganmadhye vibhagali gelee hotee aanee teen varshanchya karyakalasaha pratinidhinche sabhagruh hote. sinetarsachi nivad prantiy vidhansabhandvare kelee jaat asey aanee pratinidhinchi nivad maryadit sarvajanik matadhikaradvare nivadalya gelelya electoral kolejdware kelee jaat asey. sthayi sanvidhan lihine, kayadyacha masuda tayar karane, arthsankalp aanee kararanna manjuri dene, mantrimandalala manyata dene aanee bhrasht bhrasht mahabhiyog chalvane heey vidhansabheche kaam hote. sarvoch nyayalayasah swatantra nyayvyavasthechi dekhil tartud karnyat aalee. prarambhik kayada sanhita gret king kayadeshir sanhitet sudharana karoon german nagri kayadyasarkhe kahitari karnyavar aadharit hotya.
pratyakshat, yaa sanstha majboot vaiyaktik aanee gatbaddh sambandhanmule kamkuvat jhalya hotya. ekandarit, sarkar atyant bhrasht, aksham aanee julami hote. sadhya sattet asalelya konatyahi gatachya lashkari dalanvar bahutansh mahasool kharch keela jaat asey. alpakalin vidhimandalanmadhye nagri gut aanee vadavivad hote, parantu teey lachkhori, jabardastine rajiname kinwa purnapane visarjit karnyachya adheen hote.
sardaranchya kalat, baaraa varshanchya kalavadhit saat rashtradhyaksh, paach kaljivahu prashasana, 34 sarkarpramukh, 25 mantrimandal, paach sansad aanee chaar sanade asalele sarkar atishay asthir rahile. anek vela diwalkhorichya jawal aalee hotee, jithe keval daha laakh dollars nokarshahiche bhavitavya tharvu shakat hote. tyache utpann pramukhyane simashulk mahasool, paradeshi karje aanee sarkari rokhyanmadhun aale, kaaran aaspaschya pradeshanvar mitrarashtranchya sardaranche niyantran asale tarihi rajdhanibaher curr gola karnyat adachani yet hotya. hotya ziilii-anhui yuddhanantar ziilii prantavyatirikt peckingsathi konatahi curr pathavala gela nahee.
itihas.
yuan shikai (1912-1916) antargat.
1911-1912 chya zinhai krantinantar bandkhoranni nanjingmadhye adhyaksh sunn yaat-saine aanee upadhyaksh lii yuanhong yanchya netrutvakhali eka prajasattak tatpurte sarkar sthapan kele. tyanni keval dakshin chinavar niyantran thevalyamule, king rajvanshacha ant karnyasathi tyanna biang sainyacha senapati yuan shikaishi vataghati karavya lagalya. 10 march 1912 roji yuan haah tyacha sattecha tall asalelya peckingmadhye asatana tatpurata adhyaksh jhaala. hatyeche aanakhi prayatna hotil yaa bhitine tyane nanjingla jaanyas nakar deela. vidyaman king nokarshahila peckingmadhye thevane dekhil adhik kifayatshir hote, mhanoon tatpurte synet dekhil uttarekade sarkale; tyamule sarkarne 10 aktoobar 1912 roji pekingpasoon aapale prashasana suru kele.
rashtriy vidhansabha nivadanukit ardhyahun adhik jaaga aanee donhi sabhagruhanche niyantran sanchya rashtravadi pakshala (keey. emm. tii.) denyat aale. padale kramankacha sarvat motha paksh, liang kichao yanchya netrutvakhalil purogami paksh, samanyatah yuanla pasanti dett asey. song giaoren heey pudhche pantpradhan hotil ashee apeksha hotee, parantu tyanni keval kimiti mantryansah mantrimandal nivadanyache vachan deuun yuanla chithawale. vidhansabha bolavanyachya done aathvadyanpeksha qamee kalavadhit tyanchi hatya karnyat aalee. eka tapasat pantpradhan zao bingjun yanchyavar dosharop lavala gela, jyavarun yuanne bhoomika bajavali asey soochit jhaale. yuanne ektar tyane kinwa zaone ganyachi hatya kelee heey nakarle, parantu rashtravadi yavar thaam rahile naheet. yuanne sansadechya sammatishivay eka mothe paradeshi karj ghetale. sanane sanane unhalyat padale krantimadhye yuaanviruddha rashtravadyanchya eka gatache netrutva kele, parantu done mahinyantach tyancha purn parabhav jhaala.
rajeshahiche punarujjivan.
dhamkya aanee lachkhorila pratisad mhanoon, sansadene 10 aktoobar 1913 pasoon suru suru paach varshanchya karyakalasathi yuanchi nivad kelee. tyanantar tyanni rashtravadi aamdaranna nishkasit kele jyamule vidhansabheche ganvesh gamavale jyamule teey tehkoob karnyas bhag padale gele. 1914 madhye, tyanchya bajoone jhalelya ghatanatmak parishadene ghatanatmak karar tayar keela, jyane adhyakshapadala vyapak adhikar dile. naveen vidhimandal, rashtriy parishadela tyanchyavar mahabhiyog chalavanyacha adhikar hota, parantu yuanla konatihi karyavahi honyapurvi teey ichchhene fetalanyacha adhikarhi hota. tarihi samadhani naan hota, tyane assa tark keela qee chiinii lokanna nirankush rajvatichi savay aahe aanee tyane swatahla naveen samrat mhanoon sthapit karnyacha prayatna keela pahije. yavanane pudhe rajeshahishi sambandhit junya confucian sanskaranmadhye bhag ghenyas suruvat kelee.
1915 madhye yuanne eka rajeshahi chalval tayar kelee, jyane tyala sinhasanavar basanyachi pratikatmak vinanti kelee. jawaljawal done hazar pratinidhinchya vishesh rashtriy adhiveshanane ekmatane tyala manyata deiparyant too pratyek velee vinamrapane aanee namrapane nakar dett asey. yuan shikaine "anichhene" sweekarle aanee tyala cheencha samrat mhanoon mukut ghatala gela.
majee nyaymantri liang kichao yanni haah daav pahila aanee yuaanviruddha bund karnyasathi yunnan gatala protsahit kele, jyamule rashtriy sanrakshn yuddhala chalana midali. yuanla jawaljawal sarvatrik virodhala samore jaave lagalyane yuddh white jhaale. tyachya bahutansh leftanantanni tyala sodoon dile. tyanna parat midvanyasathi tyane 22 march 1916 roji chinchya samrajyacha ant jhalyachi ghoshana kelee. tathapi, tyachya shatrunni tyachya adhyakshapadachya rajinamyachi magani kelee. junmadhye yuancha yuremiyamule mrutyu jhaala, jyamule tyache prajasattak tutale.
sardar yugachi suruvat (1916-1920).
lii yuanhong 7 juuna roji yuaanchya jaagi rashtradhyaksh jhaala. nanjingmadhil tyachya rajtantravirodhi bhoomikemule, feng guozang upadhyaksh jhaala. duan kirui yanni pantpradhan mhanoon aapale sthan kayam thewale. 1913 madhye nivadoon aalelya mool sansadechi 1 august roji punarrachana jhaali aanee tatpurati sanvidhan punarsanchayit karnyat aale. sansadet aata teen gut hoteh sunn yaat-sencha chiinii krantikari paksh, liang kichaocha ghatana sanshodhan gut aanee tang hualongcha ghatana charchecha gut.
rashtriy sainyachi nirmiti haah vyavasayacha pahila kram hota. heey samasyapradhan hote kaaran dakshinekadil lokanni avishvasu beyang senapatinna dilelya tyanchya aadeshanpasun vanchit rahoo shakatat yaa bhitine sanshayaspad pratikriya dilee. yaa muddyavar konatihi pragati jhaali nahee.
dusra muddah hota pahile mahayuddha. pramukh duan aanee liang kichao heey mitrapakshanchya bajoone yuddhat pravesh karnyachya bajoone hote. adhyaksh lii aanee sunn yaat-saine yanna virodh hota. german samrajyashi sambandh todanyasathi sansad majboot karnyat duan yashasvi jhaala. jevha japankadun tyache gupt karj ughad jhaale tevha leene duanla kadhoon takale. duanne tyala hatvane bekaydeshir asalyache sangoon tyacha nishedh keela aanee tianginemadhye tall ubharala. bahutek biang senapatinni duaanchi bajoo ghetali aanee sansad visarjit karanyachi magani kelee. juuna 1917 madhye, general zhang jhunane madhyasthi karnyacha prastav deela aanee too aaplya sainikansah tall thokayala gela. german nidhi aanee shastrastranchya pathimbyane tyane rajdhani tabyat ghetali aanee leela sansad visarjit karnyas bhag padale. 1 julai roji tyane puyila samrat mhanoon punha bahal karoon deshala dhakka deela.
japani sainyakade paloon gelyanantar, lii yanni duan kirui yanchi pantpradhan mhanoon punha niyukti kelee aanee prajasattakala sanrakshn denyacha tyanchyavar aarop keela. duaanane eka sainyache netrutva kele jyane manchuchya punarsthapanacha twarit parabhav keela. lii yanni adhyakshapadacha rajinama deela aanee tyanantar feng guozang yanni satta ghetali. bhootkalatil tyachya apriy anubhavanmule duaanane sansad punarsanchayit karnyas nakar deela. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee manchu punarsanchayanavaril tyancha vijay hii dusari zinhai kranti manali jaate aanee naveen sansadesathi nivadanuk niyamancha masuda tayar karnari naveen tatpurati synet tayar karnyasathi tyanni suruvat kelee. yaa sinetane bhavishyatil sansadetil jaganchi sankhya jawaljawal nimmyane qamee kelee.
pantpradhananche padd sansadepasun swatantrapane astitvat rahoo shakat nahee mhanoon duaanchya yuktivadanusar tyanni rajinama dyava, assa dawa tyanchya virodhakanni keela. sunn yaat-saine aanee tyache anuyayi yunnan gut aanee junya gwangxi gatanchya pathimbyane ghatanatmak sanrakshn chalvalikhali pratispardhi sarkar sthapan karnyasathi gwangzoula gele. junya sansadeche eka vilakshan adhiveshan jhaale.
biang sarkarne august 1917 madhye kendriya shaktinviruddha yuddh jaheer kele aanee francemadhye kamgar tukadya aanee cyberiala sanketik sainya pathvanyas suruvat kelee. duanne japankadun mothee karje ghetali, assa dawa karat qee tyane europela pathvanyasathi daha laakh sainikanche sainya tayar karanyachi yojana aakhali hotee, parantu tyachya pratispardhyanna mahit hote qee heey sainya kadhihi desh sodanar nahee, tyacha kharaa uddesh antargat matbhed chiradane haah hota kaaran teey lashkari mantralayachya adhikarkshetrabaher astitvat hote. darmyan, uttar aanee dakshin sarkaranmadhil yuddhamule gatirodh nirman jhaala kaaran donhi bajunni padalelaaa parabhoot karoo shakale nahee. natevaik, mitra, anuhuits aanee sanrakshakanna lashkar aanee sarkarmadhil uchch padanvar badhati denyamadhye duaanchya pakshapatamule biang sainyat tivra phoot padali. tyache anuyayi anhui gut mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale. tyachya virodhakanni rashtradhyaksh fengchya bhovati morcha kadhala aanee ziilii gut tayar keela. ziilii gatane dakshineshi shantatapurn vataghati karnyas pasanti dilee, tarr duanla teey jinkayache hote. rashtrapatinchya hastakshepamule duan yanni pantpradhanpadacha rajinama deela, parantu tyanchya samarthakanni feng yanchyavar tyanna punha bahal karnyasathi dabav aanala.
aanala naveen sansadechya nivadnukanmadhye teen chaturthansh jaaga jaaga duaanchya anfu clubchya bajoone dhandal karnyat aalee. urvarit lock liang shiichya dalanvalan gatakade, liang kichaochya sanshodhan gatakade kinwa swatantrankade gele. 1913 madhye suru jhalela yuancha paach varshancha karyakal adhyaksh feng keval purn karat asalyane, tyanna octobermadhye rajinama dene bhag padale. yaa sarkarchya itihasatil sattechya samanya hastantaranachya sarvat jawalcha, duanne tyachya kattar pratispardhyala adhyaksh mhanoon jhu shichangla sthan dile. duanne fengcha sahkari kaao coon yala uparashtrapatipad denyache vachan dile, parantu kaone eka veshyavar prachand pramanat paise kharch kelyache vrutt vartmanpatranni dilyanantar dalanvalan gut aanee sanshodhan gatane tyala virodh keela. tyanni salokhyache prateek mhanoon dakshinekadil bandkhoranchya eka aakrutila dene dekhil pasant kele. tathapi, dakshinekadil konihi haah prastav swikarla nahee aanee yamule upadhyakshapad rikt jhaale. yamule kaao coon aanee duan yanchyat vair nirman jhaale. jevha fengne adhyakshapadacha rajinama deela, tevha duaanane aaplya pantpradhanpadacha rajinama deela. matra, sarkar aanee lashkaratil tyachya jaalyachya madhyamatoon duan haah deshatil sarvat shaktishali manus rahila. 12 august roji jhalelya baithakit, naveen sansadene aapala barachsa vel 1912 chya tatpuratya sanvidhanachya jaagi naveen sanvidhanacha masuda tayar karnyat ghalavala aanee dakshinetil junya sansadechya virodhat vadavivadat guntale.
guntale parris shantata parishadet, duancha mitra, kaao rulinane japanla germanychya serve savalati shandongmadhye denyache aashvasan dile. yamule meey mahinyat chauthya chalvalila chalana midali, jyamule anhui tolichi sarkarmadhil pakad gambhirpane kamkuvat jhaali. jaree pahile mahayuddha sampale asale, taree khandakanmadhye pathvanyasathi tayar kelele sainya visarjit jhaale nahee. tyaeivaji, bahya mangoliyavar aakraman karnyasathi tyache sahkari jhu shuzheng yanna teey denyat aale. tyachya pradeshachya simevar asalelya itakya mothya sainyala dhoka dhoka manchuriyachya fengtian tolichya zhang zuolinshi heey sambandh bighadale. ziilii gatane sarkarmadhye adhik prabhavachi magani kelee parantu decembermadhye feng guozangcha mrutyu jhaala aanee gut kshanik netrutvahin jhaala. kaao coon aanee woo pephu ziilii toliche nete mhanoon udayas aale aanee tyanni anhui tolicha nishedh karnare paripatrak taar jaaree kele. kaao aanee zhang yanni rashtradhyakshanvar jhu shuzheng yanna barkhast karnyasathi dabav aanala. 1919 madhye dakshineshi jhalelya shanghay shantata vataghati uddhvast kelyabaddal rashtrapati aadhich duaanchya virodhat jhukale hote. zhoo aanee duan doghannihi barkhasticha nishedh keela aanee 6 julai 1920 roji twarit yuddh ghoshit kele. 14 julai roji ziilii-anhui yuddhat donhi bajunmadhye sangharsh jhaala. kahee divasantach, anhui gut parabhoot jhaala aanee duan sainyatoon nivrutt jhaala. 30 august roji naveen sansad visarjit karnyat aalee.
ziilii tolichi chadh-utaar (1920-1924).
jaree zhang zuolinchya fengtian gatane yuddhat ziilii gatala madat karnyat kirkol bhoomika bajavali asali, taree tyanna peckingmadhye satta samayik karanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. donhi bajunshi sambandh asalelya jiin yunpeng yanchi pantpradhan mhanoon nivad karnyat aalee. 1921 chya unhalyat rashtradhyaksh shhoo yanni sansadiy nivadanukanche aavahan kele parantu keval 11 prantanni bhag ghetalyamule nivadanuka avaidh tharalya aanee konatihi vidhansabha bolavali gelee nahee.
zhang woo piphuchya vadhatya lashkari samarthyabaddal aanee japanmadhil tyachya samarthakanna dhoka nirman nirman japanivirodhi bhoomikebaddal chintet padala. aarthik sankatache kaaran mhanoon tyane jinala hatvale aanee december 1921 madhye tyachya jaagi liang shiyene tyala ghetale. woone liangvar japani samarthak asalyacha aarop karoon eka mahinyanantar tyala rajinama denyas bhag padale. washington naudal parishadedarmyan shandong samasyevar japanla pathimba denyache mutsadyanna aadesh aadesh liangchya tarancha tyanni pardafash keela. tyanantar zangne duan kirui aanee sunn yatsen yanchyashi yutee kelee. donhi bajunni tyanchya aaplya ekatra aananyasathi aanee tyanchya shatruncha nishedh karnyasathi paripatrak taar pathavali. 28 april roji, pahile ziilii-fengshian yuddh suru jhaale, jyamadhye woo aanee zangchya sainyacha shanhaiguaanmadhye sangharsh jhaala aanee zangla manchuriyala maghar ghenyas bhag padnara motha vijay midavala.
tyanantar, ziilii gatane lii yuanhong yanna adhyaksh mhanoon punarsthapit karnyasathi rashtriy moheem suru kelee. duaanchya patananantar done varshe jhu shichangsobat saha-astitva asoonahi, tyanni tyanche adhyakshapad bekaydeshir ghoshit kele kaaran teey bekaydeshir sansadedvare nivadoon aale hote. tyanni shhoo aanee sunn yatsen yanna eksandh sarkarchya bajoone tyanchya pratispardhi adhyakshapadacha rajinama denyachi magani kelee. gwangdongvaril tyachya niyantranachi olakh patavanyachya badalyat gwangzoumadhun suryala baher kadhanyas woone cheen jiongmingla patvoon dile. junya sansadeche purese sadasya gansabhechi sthapana karnyasathi ekatra aale, jyane varvarvarchya bajus sarkarla 1917 madhye manchuchya punarsthapanepurvipram kaam karat asalyache disale.
leeche naveen prashasana tyachya pahilya prashasanapeksha adhik shaktiheen hote. tyanchya mantrimandalachya niyuktyanna woo piphoone manyata dyavi lagali. voochi vadhati shakti aanee pratishtha tyachya margdarshak aanee varishtha adhikari kaao kunla mage takat gelee, jyamule doghanmadhil sambandh tanale gele. kaao yanna swatah adhyaksh vhayache hote, parantu woo yanni tyanchya mahattvakankshanna rokhanyacha prayatna keela. adhyaksh lii yanni tadnyancha samavesh asalele 'saksham purush mantrimandal' tayar karnyacha prayatna keela parantu sansadechya adhyakshanni puravalelya khotya afavanvar arthamantri luo vengan yanna atak karoon tyanni teey uddhvast kele. mantrimandalane samuhikpane rajinama deela aanee woo aata leela sanrakshn deu shakala nahee. kaao kunchya anuyayanni naveen mantrimandalavar niyantran thewale aanee lii yanchyavar mahabhiyog chalvanyasathi sansadela laach dilee. tyanantar, kaao yanni vinavetan polisankadun sump aayojit kele aanee rashtrapatinchya rajvadyasathichya suvidha kapalya. lii yanni rashtrapatipadacha shikka sobat ghenyacha prayatna keela, parantu tyanna adavanyat aale.
kaao kunane pudhil kahee mahine tyala nivadoon denyas ichchuk asalelya sansadechya konatyahi sadasyala ughadpane paach hazar dollars deu karoon tyachya adhyakshapadachya pracharat ghalavale. yamule sarvatrik nishedh nirman jhaala parantu tarihi teey nivadoon aale aanee 1923 madhye duheri daha divashi naveen sanvidhanasah udghatan jhaale, jeey 1947 paryant ghoshit kelele ekmev aupcharik sanvidhan hote. tyanni aaplya rashtrapatipadachya kartvyankade durlaksh kele aanee mantrimandalapeksha aaplya aaplya bhetane pasant kele. zhang zuolin, duan kirui kinwa luu yongshiang yanna lubadanyasathi upadhyakshapad punha rikt thevanyat aale hote, parantu kaochya badnamishi konihi sanlagn houu ichchit navhate.
september 1924 madhye ziilii gatpramukh aanee jiangsucha governor qee ziuan yane luu yongshiyangchya zhejiang yaa anhui gatane niyantrit kelelya shevatchya prantatoon tyachya prantatil shanghaivar niyantran thevanyachi magani kelee. keene patkan paay rovale aanee donhi prantanmadhye ladhai suru jhaali. sunn yatsen aanee zhang zuolin yanni zhejiangche sanrakshn karnyache vachan dile, jyamule dusare ziilii-fengtian yuddh suru jhaale. zhejiangcha parabhav jhaala aanee pudhil done mahine woo haloohaloo jhangviruddha jinkat hota.
23 octoberchya pahatechya velee, general feng yuxiangne bijingmadhil uthav mage gheuun ziilii tolicha vishvasaghat keela. tyanni rashtradhyaksh kaao yanna najarkaidet thewale. woone yaa vishvasghatavar tivra pratikriya dett kaola vachavanyasathi aapale sainya samorun khechale. zangne voocha pathlag keela aanee tyachya mageel bajus hallah keela aanee tianzin yethe tyacha parabhav keela. woo madhya maidananmadhye paloon gela jithe sunn chuanfangne zangviruddhachi resha dharali hotee.
tatpurte karyakari sarkar (1924-1926).
2 november 1924 roji, feng yuxiangchya vinantinantar huang phoo yanna karyavahak adhyaksh karnyat aale. tyanni kaao kunache adhyakshapad bekaydeshir ghoshit kele kaaran teey lachkhoridware prapt jhaale hote. jyaa sansadechya sadasyane tyanna matdan kele, tyala atak kelee jaau shakate. 1923 chee rajyaghatna avaidh tharvanyat aalee aanee tichya jaagi 'tatpuratya sarkarsathi niyam' lagoo karnyat aale. puyila nishiddha shaharatoon hakaloon denyat aale aanee itar anek sudharana karnyat aalya. zhang yaa rajeshahivadyane hakalpatti aanee huangchya sarkarla aakshep ghetala. feng aanee zhang yanni duan kirui yanna tatpurte sarkarche pramukh banavanyache aanee junie sansad kayamswarupi visarjit karnyache manya kele. tatpuratya mukhya karyakarikade rashtrapati aanee pantpradhan yanche sanyukt adhikar hote, tyanche mantrimandal muktapane nivadanyachi kshamata hotee aanee teey vidhimandalashivay rajya karoo shakat hote. saiddhantikdrushtya khoop shaktishali asatana, pratyakshat, duan haah feng aanee zangchya dayevar hota.
feng, zhang aanee duan yanni sunn yaat-saine northla rashtriy punarmilanavar charcha karnyasathi aamantrit kele. surya pekingparyant gela pann tyacha yakrutacha karkarog vadhala. 1 februwari roji duaanane 160 sadasyanchi punarrachana parishad tayar kelee. puyila punarsanchayit karnyachya kalpaneshi kalpaneshi duan aanee zangbaddal suryala shanka hotee. marchmadhye surya maran pavala, jyamule tyache dakshinekadil anuyayi vibhajit jhaale.
30 julai roji, biang sarkarchi shevatchi vidhansabha, duaanane tatpurati vidhimandal sthapan kelee. august teey december yaa kalavadhit ghatanatmak masuda aayogache aayojanahi karnyat aale hote, parantu novembermadhye fengshian gatatil general guo songlingne feng yuxiangchya guominjunkade pakshantar kelyanantar yuddh suru jhalyane tyacha masuda kadhihi swikarla gela nahee, jyamule fengshiyanvirodhi yuddhala chalana midali. woo piphoone sattapalaticha badala ghenyasathi fengchya virodhat zangshi yutee kelee. 24 december roji guo marla gela aanee guominjunviruddha ladhai itaki white jhaali qee, feng rajinama deuun soviet unionmadhye gela parantu kahee mahinyant tyachya sainyachya tyala parat bolavale. jevha bharatichi laat gominjunchya virodhat gelee, tevha duaanane swatahpasun door door halavanyasathi pantpradhananche karyalay punarsanchayit kele. 18 march roji bijingmadhye jhalelya nidarshakanchya hatyakandamule duaancha padav jhaala. mothya dabavakhali, duaanane tatpuratya vidhimandalache vishesh adhiveshan aayojit kele jyane hatyakandala nishedh karnara tharav manjur keela. yamule gwaminjun sainikanna duaanchya rakshakanche nihshastra karane aanee mukhya karyakari karyakari pudhchya mahinyat rajnaitik sainyat paloon jaanyas bhag padane thambale nahee. kahee aathvadyannantar jevha zangchya sainyane rajdhani punha tabyat ghetali, tevha tyane duanla parat aananyas nakar deela, jyala too eka vishvasghataki duheri vyavhar karnara sandhisadhu mhanoon pahat hota. zhang aanee voochya sainyane shaharatil rahivashanvar balatkar karoon lutmar kelyane suruvatichya aakramanachya kalat rajdhanila khoop tras sahan karava lagla.
duaanche uttaradhikari kona vhave yavar zhang aanee woo yanchyat matbhed hote. woo yanna kaao coon yanna adhyaksh mhanoon punha sthapit karayache hote parantu zhang yanna tivra virodh hota. tyanantar kamkuvat antarim sarkaranchi malika hotee. lutmar aanee pagarachya kamataratemule nagri seva kosalali aanee mantralayache astitva keval navapurate hote. urvarit cabinet mantryanvar lashkarane dabav ghaloon teey kayam rahnyasathi samoohik rajiname dile. tapal seva, simashulk mahasool seva aanee paradeshi karmchari asalele meeth prashasana heey nokarshahiche ekmev karyarat bhag hote. konatehi vidhimandal tayar kele gele nahee kaaran teey khoop mahag aanee ekatra karane katheen jhaale asate.
uttar moheem aanee lashkari sarkar (1926-1927).
julai 1926 madhye, kuomintangne chinache punarmilan karnyasathi aanee sardarancha parabhav karnyasathi tyanchi uttarekadil moheem suru kelee. tyanni beyangshi sanlagn sardar woo piphu aanee sunn chuanfang yanchya sainyacha vegane parabhav keela, zhang zuolinla chalana dett november 1926 madhye rashtriy shantata seena (aine. pii. aii.; jyala "engojun"/"ankuochun" asehi mhanatat) virodhi kumintang sardar yutee sthapan kelee. qii. mea. madheel antargat sangharshanchya malikenantar, chiang kaee-shekne april 1927 madhye communistanna tyachya rashtriy krantikari sainyapasoon mukt kele aanee moheem thambavali. yaa kalat, aine. pii. aii. chya sardaranchi eka parishad juuna 1927 madhye aayojit karnyat aalee hotee. tyanni tharavale qee serve nagri aanee lashkari shakti zhang zuolinchya vyaktimatvavar kendrit asel. zangla 'generalysimo' ghoshit karnyat aale aanee parinami naveen lashkari sarkar sthapan karnyat aale. biang rajvatichya itihasat hii ekmev vel hotee jevha teey spashtapane lashkari sarkar hote. panne phoola pantpradhan aanee dalanvalan mantri karnyat aale, lioo changkingla krishi aanee kamgar mantri karnyat aale, yaan zebola arth mantri karnyat aale, wang yingtaila pararashtra mantri karnyat aale, lioo zhe yanna shikshan mantri karnyat aale, tyanna lashkari vyavhar mantri (naudalasah) karnyat aale, shhein ruilyn yanna antargat mantri karnyat aale, zhang jinghui yanna udyog mantri karnyat aale, yao zena yanna nyay mantri karnyat aale aanee zia renhu yanna mukhya cabinet sachiv karnyat aale. zangne naveen sarkarsathi jahirnama prakashit keela, jyamadhye tyane chinala bolshevism ('reed') aanee arajakatepasun mukt karanyachi ghoshana kelee aanee vataghatidvare too asman karar ultel asey jaheer kele. tyanantar lagechach, zangchya pararashtra karyalayane chinmadhil japani sainyala shandongmadhun japani sainya mage ghenyachi vinanti karanyachi vinanti pathavali. nagri seva sudharu lagali aanee punha kaam suru jhaale. lashkari vyavhar mantralay tayar karnyasathi naudal aanee lashkari mantralayanche vilinikaran karnyat aale.
1927 chya suruvatila, aine. pii. aii. rajkiy aayogane, zhang zuolin adhik vaidh aanee lokpriy banavanyachya prayatnat, zangdware eka naveen dhoran ghetale jaeel asey ghoshit keleh "lokshahi bhavanecha vikas aanee dadapshahila baljabarine virodh karane. rashtriy sarvbhaumatvachi punarsthapana aanee asman kararanche nirmulan."aarthik paristhiti sudharane aanee bhandwal aanee kamgar yanchyatil sahkarya. lokpriy shikshanala protsahan dene. sthanik swarajya pranalichi amalbajavani. simanchi durusti aanee avikasit bhaganche vasahatkaran. rashtriy sarvbhaumatva aanee vaishishtyanche sanrakshn. adhikrut naitikateche punarsanchayan aanee lokanchya naitikatecha vikas."
woo piphuchya parabhavanantar lagechach, chengtian gut aanee keey. emm. tii. laa manchuriyatil rajkiy paristhitiche kaay karave heey tharvave lagale. august 1926 madhye, hubeimadhil eka kimiti general jiang zuobinla sambhavya yutivar charcha karnyasathi gwangzouhoon mukadenala pathvanyat aale. hivalyachya 1926-1927 dishene, paradeshi nirikshak fengshian-kimiti vasahatichya shakyatecha andaj vartavat hote. 14 janewari roji, rayatarsane nondavale qee yang uting donhi sarkaranmadhye tadjod karnyasathi liang shiyinsobat kaam karat hota. hota suruvatichya fengtian-kimiti vataghatidarmyan, kimitine "uttarekadil moheem (hubei yethe, jithe teey aadhich pohochale hote) sampavanyache" aanee fengtian gatala dakshinekade vistar karoo denyache vachan dile. keey. emm. tii. nusar, zhang zuolin yanna keey. emm. tii. nusar sarkarchya kendriya karyakari samitiche adhyaksh kele jaeel, tarr zhang yanna swatah swatah kinwa dusarya fengtian pratinidhila adhyaksh banvayche hote, jyat keey. emm. tii. pratinidhi upadhyaksh aanee pantpradhan padavar asateel. zangne qii. mea. tii. laa hunan, hubei, zhejiang, sichuan, yunnan, guizou, gwangdong aanee gwangxi yaa prantanmadhye rahnyas sangitale, tasech konatyahi paradeshi prabhavapasun mukt honyas sangitale.
lashkari sarkarkade asey kahitari mhanoon pahile jaat hote, jeey sardarvadapasun mukt houu shakate. sudharananna aanee punarrachanela chalana midali, tasech rajkaranat naveen aadhunikta sweekarli gelee. aine. pii. aii. neey zuzoumadhye kuomintangcha parabhav kelyanantar august 1927 madhye 'dagongbao' chaa eka ark khalee deela aaheh
tathapi, zhang zuolinmadhye sudharana karnyasathi rajkiy shakti naslyamule lashkari sarkar kharokharach aapali vaidhata sthapit karoo shakale nahee. yavyatirikt, aine. pii. aii. chey lashkari apayash aine. pii. aii. chya sarvajanik drushtikonasathi hanikarak hote.
mrutyu (1928).
rashtriy shantata sainyane itar sardar banavanyacha prayatna keela aanee kahee pramanat samanya lock, kuomintangne deu kelelya hinsak, krantikari ektechya ulat, tyala shantatapurn ektrikaran shakti mhanoon pahatat. aine. pii. aii. madheel lashkari netyanni raktapat naan karata deshache ekikaran karoo shakato assa vishvas thevun, qii. mea. tii. madheel madhyamvargiyanshi tadjod karnyacha prayatna keela. march teey august 1927 paryant, fengtian gut aanee keey. emm. tii. yanni vataghati suru kelya. tathapi, kimitiche nete beijing sarkarchya nashasathi pathpurava karnyacha nirdhar karat hote aanee 1927 chya madhyat, feng yuxiangchya guominjun aanee yaan shishanchya shanxi sainyane nanjingmadhil chiangchya kimiti sarkarshi nishtha darshavanyachi shapath ghetali, jyamule biang sarkarla motha dhakka basala.
henanmadhun maghar ghetalyanantar, aine. pii. aii. nete (sunn chuanfang aanee zhang zhongchang vagalata) 7 juuna 1927 roji ekatra aale. senapatinni nanjingshi salokha sadhanyacha prayatna karnyas aanee lokanchya teen tattvanna manyata denyas sahmati darshavali. tyanni 'naitikta' () chey naveen tattva prastavit kele. tyanni rashtriy sarkarchya sudharananvar sahmati darshavali aanee zangla ektar manchuriyala paratanyacha aanee rajkaranapasun door rahanyacha kinwa sarkarmadhye eka mahattvacha rajkarani mhanoon aapale sthan prasthapit karnyacha paryay suchavala. feng yuxiangcha sampoorn naash aanee beijing aanee nanjing yaa donhi sarkaranmadhil mutsaddegirimadhye sanyukt nirnay ghene, yaa done kalmanvar sahmati jhaali.
qii. mea. chee satat pragati hott asatana, zangla 3 juuna 1928 roji beijing sodane bhag padale. padale divashi sakali manchuria yetheel tyachya sattechya talakade parat jaatana, japani kwantung sainyachya sainyachya tyachi gaadee udavoon dilee, jyat tyacha mrutyu jhaala, jyala huanggutun ghatana mhanoon olakhale jaate. yaan shishanchya sainyane lavkarach beijingvar kabja keela, jyamule prabhavipane biang sarkar visarjit jhaale; rashtravadinni 16 juuna roji ekikaran ghoshit kele. 1949 madhye chiinii yadavi yuddh sampeparyant beijingche naav badaloon payping karnyat aale. zangcha mulga zhang zuveliang yane rashtriy shantata sainyacha taba ghetala aanee pramukh panne foochya netrutvakhalil nirvasit sarkar kayam thewale. tathapi, majee mantri aanee rashtrapatinsaha anek nagri sevak aadhich rashtravadi sarkarmadhye gele hote. 1 aktoobar roji nanjingmadhil rashtravadi sarkarla manyata denari america hii pahili mothee shakti bunley. japan hii badalanari shevatchi mothee shakti hotee kaaran tyanna qii. mea. tii. chya japani-virodhi vrutticha tiraskar hota. haah dhong sampavanyasathi zangne chiang kaee-shekashi vataghati kelya jyamule 29 december 1928 roji beyang sarkar, aine. pii. aii. visarjit jhaale aanee rashtravadi dhwajakhali chinache ekikaran jhaale.
punarujjivanache japani prayatna.
nanjingmadhil naveen kimiti eka-pakshiy rajyashi japanche sambandh kharab hote. 1932 madhye jevha japani lokanni futiratavadi manchukuochi nirmiti kelee, tevha naveen deshane biang pratikatmakatecha vapar keela. tyanantar mengjiang, tatpurte sarkar aanee sudharit sarkar aale; jeey serve beyang chinhe vaparat hote. jevha uchch darjache rashtravadi wang jingwei yanni japanmadhye pakshantar kele, tevha 1940 madhye tyanna punarrachit sarkarcha prabhari nemanyat aale. wang yanni biang sarkarla punarujjivit karnyaivaji chungkingmadhil keey. emm. tii. sarkarchya virodhat samantar pratispardhi sarkar tayar karnyasathi rashtravadi chinhe swikaranyacha aagrah dharala. vangche sarkar aanee chongking rashtravadi sarkar yaa doghannihi jawalpas eksarkhi chinhe vaparali aanee yuan shikaichya rajvatiaivaji sunn yaat-senchya rajvatitun tyanchi satatyata asalyacha dawa keela.

