
edward thorandic

edward lii thorandic (31 august 1874-9 august 1949) heey eka american manasshastradnya hote, jyanni tyanchi jawaljawal sampoorn karkird kolambiya vidyapithachya shikshak mahavidhyalayat ghalavali. tulanatmak manasshastra aanee shikanyachya prakriyevareel tyanchya karyamule sambandhvadacha siddhant nirman jhaala aanee shaikshanik manasshastracha vaidnyanik paya rachanyas madat jhaali. tyanni karmchanyanchya pariksha aanee chachani yasarkhya audhyogik samasyanche nirakaran karnyasathi dekhil kaam kele. teey manasshastriy mahamandalachya mandalache sadasya hote aanee 1912 madhye american manasshastriy sanghataneche adhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. 2002 madhye prakashit jhalelya 'review auph general cycology' sarvekshanat, 20 vya shatkatil sarvat uddhrut mansopacharatadnya mhanoon thorandikela navve sthan denyat aale. edward thorandikecha majbutikaran siddhant aanee vartanukichya vishleshanavar shaktishali prabhav padala, jyamule tyachya prabhavachya niyamashi vartanukichya manasshastratil anubhavjanya niyamansathi moolbhut chaukat upalabdh jhaali. vartanukichya manasshastra kshetratil tyanchya yogdanamule shikshanavar tyanche mothe parinam jhaale, jithe prabhavachya kayadyacha vargat motha prabhav aahe.
prarambhik jeevan.
massatucets williamsburg yethe janmalela thorandic haah edward aar aanee massatucets lovelmadhil paddhatvadi mantri ebbie bii thorandic yancha mulga hota. thorandicne roxbury lattin shaletoon (1891), west roxbury, massatucetsmadhil aanee wesleyan vidyapithatun (buub.ess. 1895). tyane emm. kamavale.aaa. 1897 madhye harvard vidyapithat. tyanche done bhau (lyne aanee eshale) dekhil mahattvache vidwan banale. lahan, lyne, vidnyan aanee jaduchya itihasat tadnya madhyayugeen hote, tarr mothe, eshale, ingraji pradhyapak aanee shakespearevar prasiddha adhikari hote.
harwardmadhye asatana, tyala prani kase shikatat (nitishastra) yaat rus hota aanee tyane william jamesobat kaam kele. tyanantar, tyala 'manushya' yaa pranyat rus vatoo lagla, jyachya abhyasasathi tyane aapale jeevan samarpit kele. edwardcha prabandh kadhikadhi aadhunik tulanatmak manasshastracha aavashyak dastaivaj manla jaato. padvinantar, thorandic tyachya prarambhik aavadichya, shaikshanik manashastrakade paratala. 1898 madhye tyanni cycometricschya sansthapakanpaiki eka asalelya james mackin catell yanchya dekharekhikhali kolambiya vidyapithat ph. dii. purn kelee.
1899 madhye, cleveland, ohayo yetheel cases western rakheev mahilansathichya mahavidhyalayat eka varsh dukkhi prarambhik nokri kelyanantar, teey kolambiya vidyapithatil shikshak mahavidhyalayat manasshastrache prashikshak banale, jithe teey tyanchya urvarit karkirdit rahile, manvi shikshan, shikshan aanee mansik chachanicha abhyas karat rahile. 1937 madhye loyce leone thurstone yanchya pavlavar paul thevun, jyanni mageel varshi society aanee tyache journal cycometricica sthapan kele hote, tyaa cycometric societyche thorandic heey dusare adhyaksh jhaale.
29 august 1900 roji tyane elizabeth moultonshee vivah keela. tyanna chaar mule hotee, tyapaiki frances, jeey ganitshastradnya jhaale.
tyanchya karkirdichya suruvatichya tappyat, tyanni hadsanvar vistrut jameen kharedi kelee aanee itar sanshodhakanna tyanchya bhovati sthayik honyasathi protsahit kele. lavkarach tethe eka vasahat sthapan jhaali hotee, jyat too 'aadivasi' pramukh hota.
sambandhvad.
thorandic heey keval vartanukimadhye aanee shikshanacha abhyas karnyatach navhe tarr chikitsalayin prayoganmadhye pranyancha vapar karnyatahi aggressor hote. thorandic tyachya pranyanvaril sanshodhanavar aadharit shikanyacha siddhant tayar karoo shakala. tyancha doctoratecha prabandh, 'animal intelligence aine experimental studdy auph daad associative process inn animal' haah manasshastratil pahila prabandh hota, jyamadhye vishay heey amanaviy hote. prani anukaran kinwa nirikshanadvare karye shiku shakatat qee nahee yabaddal thorandikela swarasya hote. yachee chachani ghenyasathi, thorandikene kodepeti tayar kelya.
kodepeti andaje 20 inch lamb, 15 inch rund aanee 12 inch unch hotya. pratyek peteet eka darvaja hota joou eka dorila jodalelya vajanadvare ughadala gela hota joou eka killivar dhawla hota aanee darvajala jodalela hota. darala jodalelya dorimule petichya aat eka dhaar kinwa button hote. jevha pranyane patti dabali kinwa angathi odhali, tevha darala jodalelya dorimule vajan vadhel aanee darvaja ughadel. thorandikechya kode petichi vyavastha kelee gelee hotee jenekarun pranyala eka vishisht pratisad (eka liver khechane kinwa eka button dabane) karane aavashyak asel, tarr tyane tyanna paloon jaanyasathi kitee vel lagla teey mojale. ekada pranyane ichchit pratisad dilyanantar tyanna paloon jaanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee aanee tyanna bakshis dekhil denyat aale, sahasa ann. thorandikene pramukhyane tyachya kode peteet manjarincha vapar keela. jevha manjari pinjaryat takalya jaat asat tevha tyaa aswasthapane bhatkat asat aanee kinchalat asat, parantu tyanna kase palayache heey kalat navhate. akheris, manjari yogayogane jaminivarche sweach chaloo kartil aanee daar ughadel. manjari nirikshanadvare shiku shakatat qaa heey pahanyasathi, tyanni tyanna chaukatitun paloon jaanare itar prani pahile. tyanantar teey, jyanna itar paloon jaatana pahanyachi sandhee midali, tyanchya kalachi tulana jyanni pall kadhala nahee, tyanchyashi karayache aanee tyanchya shikanyachya darat konatahi farak nasalyache tyanna aadhalun aale. thordikene itar pranyambabatahi asech parinam pahile aanee tyane pahile qee tyane pranyanche panje yogya tantu, batane kinwa pattivar thewale tarihi tyat sudharana jhaali nahee. yaa apayshanmule too shikanyachya chachani aanee truti spashtikaranavar parat aala. tyala aadhalale qee chukun ekada switch chaloo kelyanantar, teey kode petichya aat pratyek yashasvi chachanimadhye switch vegane dabtil. pranyanchya sutakechya aanee sutakechya veleche nirikshan karoon aanee nond karoon, pratyek chachanit pranyanna sutanyasathi lagananya velecha aalekh tayar karnyat thorandike saksham hota, parinami shikanyachi vakrata nirman jhaali. pranyanna suruvatila paloon jaanyat adchan yet hotee, parantu akheris teey 'pakadale' gele aanee pratyek salag kode chaukatichya chachanisah, teey shevati samatulya hoiparyant, jalad aanee jalad pall kadhala. sutakecha vegwan darr shikanyachya vakrareshechya ess-aakarat parineet hoto. shikanyachya vakrareshene asehi suchavale qee vegvegalya prajati ekach prakare parantu vegvegalya vegane shikalya. kode chaukativaril tyachya sanshodhanatun, thorandikela swatacha shikanyacha siddhant tayar karata aala.
kode chaukatiche prayog kahee pramanat prani tyanchya samasyeche nirakaran kartana antardrashtisarkhya asadharan kshamatancha vapar karatat yaa vidhanambaddal thorandikechya napasantatemule prerit jhaale hoteh "prathamatah, bahutek pustake aaplyala manasshastra dett naheet, tarr pranyanchi stutee detat. teey serve pranyanchya buddhimattebaddal aahet, pranyanchya murkhpanabaddal nahee."
thordikecha uddesh kode chaukatitun paloon jaananya manjari antardrushti vaparat hotya qee nahee heey spashtapane vegale karane haah hota. yaa prashnache uttar denyasathi thorandaikchi sadhane mhanje pratyek velee boxmadhye asatana pranyala boxmadhun baher padnyas lagananya velecha aarakhada tayar karoon ughad jhalelya vakrata shikane. tyanni assa tark keela qee jarr prani antardrushti darshavat asateel tarr tyancha paloon jaanyacha vel achanak nagany kalavadhiparyant khalee yeil, joou shikanyachya vakrareshet dekhil achanak ghat mhanoon darshavila jaeel; tarr chachani aanee trutichi adhik samanya paddhat vaparnare prani haloohaloo vakraresha darshavatil. tyacha shodh assa hota qee manjari satatyane haloohaloo shikat hotya.
praudh shikshan.
thorandaikne pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan united stateschya sainyasathi kaam karnyasathi tyache chachani kaushalya thewale, nirakshar, ashikshit aanee bigger-ingraji bhashik bharatiche moolyankan karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya armi beeta chachanichya vikasat bhag ghetala.
thorandiccha assa vishvas hota qee "shikshanane vishisht, samajikdrushtya upayukt uddishtancha pathpurava keela pahije."thorandaikacha assa vishvas hota qee vayachya 35 vya varshaparyant shikanyachi kshamata qamee jhaali nahee aanee tyanantarach darr varshi 1 takkyachya darane. thorandaikne parinamacha niyam dekhil namood keela, joou mhanato qee jyaa vartanannantar changle parinam hotat tyanchi bhavishyat punaravrutti honyachi shakyata aahe.
thorandic yanni bauddhik vikasachi teen mukhya kshetre olakhali. pahili mhanje amoort buddhimatta. hii vegvegalya sankalpananvar prakriya karanyachi aanee samajoon ghenyachi kshamata aahe. dusare mhanje yantrik buddhimatta, jee bhautik vastoo hatalanyachi kshamata aahe. shevati samajik buddhimatta aahe. manvi parasparsanvad hatalanyachi hii kshamata aahe
parinam kayadyacha vikas.
thorandikechya sanshodhanat vadya shikanyavar laksh kendrit kele gele, jyacha arth assa aahe qee kahitari karat asalelya jivanmadhun shikane vikasit hote. udaharanarth, tyane eka manjarala lakadi peteet thewale. baher padanyacha prayatna kartana manjar vividh paddhati vaparat asey, parantu teey yakrutala dhadkat nahee toparyant kahihi kaam karnar nahee. tyanantar, thorandikene manjar punha lakadi peteet thevanyacha prayatna keela. yaveli, manjarala patkan yakrutavar prahar karata aala aanee tee chaukatitun baher padnyat yashasvi jhaali.
suruvatila, thorandaikne apayshamule nirman honanya asantoshachya mahattvavar bharr deela, jeey yashamule samadhanachya bakshisasarkhe aahe, jaree manavanvaril tyachya prayoganmadhye aanee chachanyanmadhye too assa nishkarsh kadhala qee bakshis haah shikshepeksha adhik prabhavi prerak aahe. yashanantar lagech samadhan aale pahije, nahitar dhada budnar nahee yavarhi tyanni bharr deela.
eugenic drushye.
thorandic heey sujananshastrache samarthak hote. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee "nivadak prajnan manasachi shikanyachi, samajdar rahanyachi, nyayachi kadar karanyachi kinwa anandi rahanyachi kshamata badaloo shakate. manasache vatavaran sudharanyacha aanee tyacha swabhav sudharanyacha yapeksha adhik nishchit aanee kifayatshir marg nahee."
teeka.
thorandikecha parinam niyam aanee kode chaukatichya paddhativar vartanushastradnya aanee itar anek manasshastradnyanni savistar teeka kelee. parinamachya niyamavaril teeka mukhytah siddhantachya chaar pailuncha samavesh karatatah parinamache antarbhut kinwa purvgami karya, kayadyache tatvik parinam, shikanyala karanibhoot asalelya prabhavi paristhitinchi olakh aanee kayadyachi sarvasamaveshak upayuktata.
shikshanavar bhaar.
thorandicchya shaikshanik manasshastrane vartanukichya manashastrakade cull suru keela jyane anubhavjanya purava aanee samasya sodavanyasathi vaidnyanik drushtikon vaparnyacha prayatna keela. shikshanacha manasshastra tayar karnyasathi shaley-sambandhit vishayansathi shikshan siddhant, manasopatri aanee upayojit sanshodhan ektrit karananya kahee pahilya manasshastradnyanpaiki thorandic heey eka hote. shikshanavaril tyancha eka prabhav tyaa kalatil chachanya aanee pathyapustakanchya mothya pramanavar vipananavaril tyanchya kalpanandware disun yeto. shikshanane nisarg pratibimbit keela pahije yaa kalpanela thorandikene virodh keela, joou tyaa kalatil vikasatmak shastradnyancha mukhya vichar hota. tyaeivaji tyanna vatale qee shaley shikshanane nisargavar sudharana kelee pahije. tyachya kalatil itar anek manashastradnyanpramane, thorandaikne tyachya nantarchya varshant shikshak aanee shikshakanna vyavharik shaikshanik samasyanna samore jaanyas madat karnyachya uddeshane gunatmak mahitee gola karoon shikshanakade sankhyikeey drushtikon swikarla. tyaa kalee anek hote, tassa thorandikcha siddhant haah eka sanlagnata siddhant hota. tyancha assa vishvas hota qee protsahan aanee pratisad yanchyatil sambandh haah bakshis kinwa pushtidvare drudh hoto. shikanyat prerana haah eka mahattvacha ghatak aahe asehi tyanna vatale. prabhavi kayadyane balkat karnare aanee shiksha denare yanchyatil sambandh prasthapit kele. jaree thorandaikne balkat karnare aanee shiksha denare yanchyatil sambandhanche varnan apoorn asale, taree yaa kshetratil tyache kaam nantar buub sarkhya pudhil sanshodhanat utprerak banale.eff. skiiner.
thorandikecha parinam niyam sangato qee "ichchit parinam nirman karananya pratisadanchi punha shakyata jaast asate tarr apriy parinam nirman karananya pratisadanchi punha shakyata qamee asate". ichchit parinam' aanee 'apriy parinam' yaa sandnya akheris 'prabalak' aanee 'dandak' mhanoon olakhalya jaau lagalya. vartanukichya manasshastratil thorandikche yogdan tyachya vargatil prabhavatoon pahile jaate, jyat vartananchi prashansa karane aanee tyakade durlaksh karnyavar vishesh laksh kendrit kele jaate. ichchit vartanachya ghatanela protsahan denyasathi aanee samarthan denyasathi vargat stuticha vapar keela jaato. jevha vargat vaparale jaate, tevha yogya pratisad aanee yogya vartan vadhavanyasathi stutee darshavili gelee aahe. niyojit durlaksh heey lakshyit vartanachi ghatana qamee karnyasathi, kamkuvat karnyasathi kinwa nasht karnyasathi vaparale jaate. vartan rakhanara prabalak kadhoon niyojit durlaksh kele jaate. udaharanarth, jevha shikshak vidyarthyachya 'radnyachya' vartanakade laksh dett nahee, tevha vidyarthyala heey lakshat yete qee radnyane shikshakache laksh vedhanyat yash yenar nahee.
mahilanchya vartanabaddalchi shraddha.
vartanavar paryavaraniy prabhavanchya prabhavavar khoop jore denanya johnn watsonsarkhya nantarchya vartanuvadyanpramane, thorandikecha assa vishvas hota qee purush aanee striyanchya palakanchya vartanatil farak sanskrutik karananaivaji jaivik karananmule hote. janmajat matbhedanvar samaj 'guntagunticha kinwa vikrut' houu shakato heey manya karat, tyancha assa vishvas hota qee 'jarr aapan [sanshodhakanni] mule aanee mulinche vatavaran agadi sarkhe thewale tarr yaa antahpreranemule mule aanee mulinchya mansik aanee naitik karyanmadhye nishchit aanee mahattvache farak nirman hotil. kharey tarr, watsonne swatah pahilyanda stanpanasathi dhadpadananya matanchya nirikshananchya ahavalat manavanmadhil matechya antahpreranechya kalpanevar ughadpane teeka kelee. watsonne assa yuktivad keela qee, 'paliv prani, kodal aanee' itaransathi qaraa 'yaa aviveki pravruttinpasun udbhavalelya' nursing antahprerane 'mule udbhavananya' thordike 'yaa vartanachach parinam, naveen matanni kathinatene keela hota aanee tyamule teey shikale asave, tarr' sahajsiddha ghatak vyavharikdrushtya shoonya aahet '.
purush aanee striyanche vichar aanee vaganuk yanchyatil janmajat farkambaddalchya thorandicchya vishvasanmadhye samajatil mahilanchya bhoomikebaddal kalbahya yuktivadancha samavesh hota. udaharanarth, 'nursing antahprerane' sobatach, thorandike 'prabhutvala sharanagati' yaa antahpreranebaddal bolale, assa yuktivad karat qee purush samanyatah striyanpeksha sharirikdrushtya mothe asatat, 'mhanoon sarvasadharanpane striya asha prakare mool swabhavane sarvasadharanpane purushanna adheen asatat."jaree yaa matanmadhye thos puravyancha abhav asala taree, yaa yugat asha shraddha samanya hotya aanee anek prakarananmadhye shaikshanik kshetratil mahilanvaril purvgrahala (doctorate karyakram, manasshastriy prayogshala aanee vaidnyanik sansthanmadhye praveshasah) nyayya tharvanyasathi kaam kele.
thorandicchi shabdapustake.
thorandikne shikshakanna shabd aanee vachanachya soochananmadhye madat karnyasathi teen bhinn shabd pustake lihili. yaa maliketil pahile pustak, 'daad teachers verd book' (1921) prakashit jhalyanantar, tyachya purvavartinpeksha andaje eka dashak vegale asaleli aanakhi done pustake lihili aanee prakashit karnyat aalee. yaa maliketil dusare pustak, tyache purn shirshak 'mule aanee tarunansathi sarvasadharan vachanat varanvar aanee mothya pramanat aadhalanaya vees hazar shabdanche shikshakanche shabd pustak' heey hote, jeey 1932 madhye prakashit jhaale aanee tisare aanee antim pustak, 'shikshakanche 30,000 shabdanche shabd pustak', 1944 madhye prakashit jhaale.
tisya pustakachya prastavnet, thorandike lihitat qee tyat asaleli yadee "jyala ekhada shabd lekhee, bolanyat kinwa shikavanyat vaparaycha aahe qee nahee heey jaanun ghyayache aahe, tyala sangate qee haah shabd pramanit ingraji vachan vishayat kitee samanya aahe" (pru. x), aanee teey pudhe sallah detat qee, shikshakankadun, vachan soochana detana konatya shabdanvar bharr dyava heey nivadanyasathi, teey ghetalelya nirnayanna margadarshan karnyasathi, yaa yadicha vapar keela jaau shakato. kahee shabdanna itaranpeksha adhik bharr denyachi aavashyakta asate aanee, thorandikechya matey, tyachi yadee shikshakanna varanvar aadhalanaya shabdanchi mahitee dete jeey nirdeshadvare balkat kele pahijet aanee asha prakare "shabd dnyanachya [vidyarthyanchya] sathyacha kayamswarupi bhag" banale pahije (pru. xi). jarr ekhada shabd yadeet nasel parantu shaikshanik majkurat disat asel, tarr tyacha arth keval jyaa sandarbhat sapadala tyaa sandarbhat tatpurata samajoon ghene aavashyak aahe aanee nantar smrutitoon thodakyat kadhoon takale pahije.
dusya pustakachya parishisht aaa madhye, thorandike tyachya shabdanchya gananeche aanee vishisht shabdanna varanvarta kashee niyukt kelee gelee yache shrey deto. parishisht aaa madhoon nivadalele srot samavisht aaheth
thorandikcha prabhav.
thorandic yanni manasshastrat mothe yogdan dile. prani manasshastradnyanvar, visheshtah vartanukichya lavchiktevar laksh kendrit karnanyanvar tyacha prabhav tyaa kshetrachya bhavishyasathi mothe yogdan dett hota. vartanukicha marg mokala karnyas madat karnyavyatirikt, mapanatil tyanchya yogdanane tatvadnyan, shikshan prashasana aanee sarav, lashkari prashasana, audhyogik karmchari prashasana, nagri seva aanee anek sarvajanik aanee khajgi samajik sevanvar prabhav padala. gestalt manasshastradnya, condition reflexcha abhyas karnare manasshastradnya aanee vartanukisambandhi manasshastradnya yaa sarvanni thordickchya sanshodhanacha prarambhik bindu mhanoon abhyas keela mhanoon thorndickne manasshastrachya anek shalanvar prabhav padala. thorandike haah johnn bii. chaa samkalin hota. watson aanee ivan pavlov. tathapi, watsonchya ulat, thorandikene majbutikaranachi sankalpana sadar kelee. shikshanachya kshetrat manasshastriy tattve lagoo karnare thorandic heey pahile hote. tyanchya sanshodhanane anek siddhant aanee shikshanache niyam tayar kele. tyacha shikanyacha siddhant, visheshtah parinamacha niyam, heey bahudha tyache sarvat mothe yash manale jaate. 1929 madhye, thorandaikne tyachya shikanyachya suruvatichya siddhantala sambodhit kele aanee dawa keela qee too chukicha hota. pudhil sanshodhananantar, tyala tyachya vyayamachya kayadyacha purnapane nishedh karnyas bhag padale gele, kaaran tyala aadhalale qee keval saravamule sanghatana majboot hott nahee aanee keval tyaa kalane sanghatana kamkuvat hott nahee. samadhankarak sthitee ekhadya sanghatanela balkat karate, parantu vartan badalanyat shiksha prabhavi nahee heey shodhun kadhalyanantar tyane ardhe parinamkarak niyam dekhil kadhoon takale. kaay shikale jaate aanee kaay shikale jaat nahee yacha paya rachanyasathi tyanni vartanachya parinamanvar khoop bharr deela. tyanche karya karyatmakatechya shaletoon vartanukikade sankraman darshavate aanee manasshastrala shikshan siddhantavar laksh kendrit karnyas saksham karate. thorandikechya kamacha akheris buub. varr motha prabhav padel.eff. skiiner aanee clark hull. thorandaikpramanech, skiiner, pranyanna peteet thevatat aanee teey kaay shiku shakatat heey pahanyasathi tyanche nirikshan karatat.
thorandic aanee pavlovchya shikanyachya siddhantanche nantar clark haldware sanshleshan karnyat aale. prerana aanee vrutti nirmitivaril tyanchya karyane manvi swabhav tasech samajik vyavasthechya abhyasavar thet parinam keela. thorandicchya sanshodhanane pannas varshe tulanatmak manasshastra chalavale aanee tyaa kalat aanee aajahi asankhya manasshastradnyanvar prabhav padala.
kamgiri.
1912 madhye, thorandic american psychological associationche adhyaksh mhanoon nivadle gele. 1917 madhye teey american statistical associationche sadasya mhanoon nivadle gele. 1917 madhye tyanna rashtriy vidnyan akadamimadhye pravesh denyat aala. teey yaa sanghatanet pravesh ghenanya pahilya manasshastradnyanpaiki eka hote. parinam kayadyache samarthan karananya pranyanvaril prayogansathi thorandic prasiddha aahe. 1932 madhye teey american philosophical societymadhye aanee 1934 madhye american academy auph arts andd sciencessmadhye nivadoon aale. tyach varshi, thorandike american association phaur daad advancement auph scienceche adhyaksh mhanoon nivadle gele.
thordiccha virodh.
tyachya "varnadveshi, laingiktavadi aanee yahudivirodhi aadarshanmule", 2020 chya george floydchya nidarshananmadhye, newyorkmadheel shikshak mahavidhyalayachya vishvast mandalane thordic hallmadhun tyache naav kadhoon taknyasathi ekmatane matdan kele.