zyclon bii

zyclon bii (; anuvadit chakrivadal bii) heey 1920 chya dashakachya suruvatila germanymadhye shodhalelya cyanide-aadharit kitakanashakanche vyapari naav hote. tyat hydrogen cyanide (prusic acid), tasech dolhyanna trasdayak asey eka savadh karnare aanee dietomasius arth sarkhya anek shoshakanpaiki eka hote. aushwitz-barkenau, majdnek aanee itar nirmulan shibiranmadhye sthapit gass chambersmadhye andaje 11 laakh lokanna thaar marnyasathi nazi germanyne holocostchya velee vaparlelya tyachya vaparasathi heey utpadan kukhyat aahe.
hydrogen cyanide haah eka vishari vayoo aahe joou pesheey shvasanat hastakshep karato, 1880 chya dashakat californiamadhye pahilyanda kitaknashak mhanoon vaparla gela. germanychya dejesh yetheel sanshodhanatun zyclon (nantar zyclon aii mhanoon olakhale jaanare) yaa kitkanashakancha vikas jhaala, jyane paanee aanee ushnatechya samparkat aalyanantar hydrogen cyanide sodale. pahilya mahayuddhanantar, jevha germanyne rasayanik shastrasarkhe utpadan vaparale tevha tyavar bandee ghalanyat aalee. degusane 1922 madhye dejesh vikat ghetale. tyanchya rasayanshastradnyanchya chamoone, jyat bruno tesh aanee bruno tesh yancha samavesh hota, savadhgirichya dolhyanchya jaljalkartya aanee dietomasius arth sarkhya anek shoshakanpaiki ekasah seelband dabyamadhye hydrogen cyanide packaging karanyachi eka paddhat tayar kelee. naveen utpadanache naav zyclon asehi thevanyat aale hote, parantu aadhichya aavruttipasun vegale karnyasathi teey zyclon bii mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale. vaparat kapade aanee dhundichi jahaje, godame aanee gadyancha samavesh hota.
1942 chya suruvatila nazinni holocostchya velee kaidyanchi hatya karnyasathi nirghrun chhavanit zyclon bii vaparnyas suruvat kelee. tesh aanee tyache upkaryakari carl weinbacker yanna 1946 madhye heey utpadan jaanunbujun ess. ess. laa manavanvar vaparnyasathi vikalyabaddal fashi denyat aalee. hydrogen cyanide aata kvachitach kitaknashak mhanoon vaparale jaate parantu tarihi tyache audhyogik upayog aahet. anek deshantil kampanya paryayi brand navankhali zyclon beechi nirmiti karat aahet, jyat dejeshcha uttaradhikari detia-dejesh, jyane 1974 madhye utpadanache naav badaloon cyanosil kele.
krutichi paddhat.
hydrogen cyanide haah eka vishari vayoo aahe joou koshikeey shvasanamadhye hastakshep karato. electron vahtook sakhalimadhye samavisht asalelya prathinanpaiki ekashi bandhun cyanide peshila adenosine triphosphate (aii. tii. pii.) tayar karnyapasoon rokhate. yaa prathinanmadhye, cytochrome see auxidesmadhye, anek upghatak asatat aanee tyat loh gut asalele legands asatat. zyclon bii chaa cyanide ghatak yaa loh gatanpaiki eka heema aii 3 varr bandhu shakato, jyamule dhatoo-teey-legand paee bandhanadware adhik sthir sanyug tayar hote. yaa naveen loh-cyanide sankulachya nirmiticha parinam mhanoon, heema aii3 gatavar swatah laa basavanare electron yapudhe tase karoo shakat naheet. tyaeivaji, heey electron sanyug asthir karatat; asha prakare, heema gut tyanna yapudhe swikarat nahee. parinami, electronchi vahtook thambate aanee peshi aata aii. tii. pii. sanshleshasathi aavashyak urja nirman karoo shakat naheet. 70 mii. gra. hydrogen cyanide shvasat ghetalyanantar done minitant vajanachya manasacha mrutyu hoto.
itihas.
18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat sapadalele hydrogen cyanide 1880 chya dashakat californiatil limbuvargiy zadanchya dhoomrasanasathi vaparale gele. tyacha vapar itar deshanmadhye sayalo, malavahu gadya, jahaje aanee girnyanchya dhulisathi pasarla. tyache vajan qamee aanee vegane pasarane mhanje tyacha vapar tambunkhali kinwa bandist bhagat karava lagla. kaisar wilheim institute phaur physical chemistry andd electrochemistrychya fritz habber yanni kelelya sanshodhanamule 1919 madhye rasayanikchya lashkari vaparachi chaukashi karnyasathi rajya-niyantrit sangh, duesh geselshaft phara scaddlingsbackampfung emm. bii. etch. (dejesh) chee sthapana jhaali. dejesh yetheel rasayanshastradnyanni qamee asthir asalelya cyanide sanyugamadhye dolhyanna trasdayak asey eka savadhgiriche padarth jodale jeey ushnatechya upasthitit panyashi pratikriya karoon hydrogen cyanide banale. naveen utpadanache kitaknashak zyclon (chakrivadal) mhanoon vipanan karnyat aale. pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan german lokanni shastra mhanoon ashach sutracha vapar kelyamule zyclonver lavkarach bandee ghalanyat aalee.
duesh goaled-und silber-shadianstalt (german goaled andd sylver refinery; degusa) 1922 madhye dejeshche ekmev malak banale. tethe, 1922 pasoon, bruno tesh aanee itaranni hydrogen cyanide seelband dabbyanmadhye packagingwar kaam kele, jyat dolhyanna trasdayak aanee dietomasius arth sarkhya shoshak sthirkartyansah savadhgiriche kaam kele. naveen utpadanas zyclon asehi label denyat aale hote, parantu aadhichya aavruttipasun vegale karnyasathi teey zyclon bii mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale. 20 juuna 1922 roji dejesh paytant arjamadhye (kramank dii 438818) hiradtala zyclon beecha shodhak mhanoon naav denyat aale. 27 december 1926 roji german paytant-end markenamtne paytant pradan kele. 1920 chya dashakachya suruvatis, zyclon bii chaa vapar yuu. madhye karnyat aala.ess. seema seema kapadyanna dhund ghalanyasathi meksikochya simevar simashulk suvidha aahet.
corporate rachana aanee vipanan.
1930 madhye, degusane dejeshchi 42.5 takke malki aay. jee. farbenla aanee 15 takke malki aay. jee. farbenla dilee. goldsmidt aii. jee., tyaa done companyanchya kitaknashak utpadananchi dijeshdware vikri karnyachya adhikarachya badalyat. degusane vyavasthapakiy niyantran kayam thewale.
zyclon yaa brand navache aanee packaging pranalivaril petantache haqq dejeshkade hote, tarr rasayanik sootra digusachya malakiche hote. 52 takke malkichya sclampey jee. emm. bii. etch. kadey chukander prakriyechya kachara utpadananmadhun hydrogen cyanide kadhanyachya prakriyeche adhikar hote. hii prakriya desire varke aanee caliverke collin yaa done kampanyanni parvanyakhali kelee hotee, jyanni parinami nirman jhalele hydrogen cyanide aayji farbenchya stabilisers aanee sharing egchya savadhgirichya agents antim utpadan tayar karnyasathi ekatra kele, jeey upkaran, label aanee dejeshne puravalelya dabe vaparoon pack kele gele. tayar maal dejeshkade pathvanyat aala, jyane heey utpadan vitarak mhanoon kaam dekhrekh done companyanna pathavaleh frankfurtche heard-linger gmbh (hailey) aanee hambergche tesh andd stebeno (testa). tyancha pradesh elbe nadichya kathavar vibhagala gela, heline paschim aanee dakshinela grahak hatalale aanee purvekade teey vasavale. dejeshchya malakiche heliche 51 takke sambhag hote aanee 1942 paryant testache 55 takke sambhag hote.
navachya mahayuddhapurvi dejeshne tyacha zyclon bii napha bahutek paradeshi vikritoon midavala, visheshtah americet, jithe 1931 purvi rosler andd hasleturechya parvanyakhali aanee 1931 teey 1943 paryant american cyanamideware utpadit keela gela hota. 1929 pasoon, united states public health servicene malgadya aanee americet pravesh dekhrekh mexican sthalantaritanchya kapadyanna dhund karnyasathi zyclon bii chaa vapar keela. germanymadhye vaparlya olakhalya kapadyanmadhye (anekada 1930 chya dashakat dejeshne shodhalelya portable seelband kakshacha vapar karoon) aanee jahaje, godame aanee gadyanmadhye dhoomrayukt kapade vaparane samavisht hote. 1943 paryant, zyclon beechya vikricha dejeshchya vikri mahasulat 65 takke aanee tyachya ekoon nafyat 70 takke vaataa hota.
holocostmadhye vapara.
1942 chya suruvatila nazinni holocostchya kalat nirmulan shibiranmadhye hatyeche pasantiche sadhan mhanoon zyclon bii vaparnyas suruvat kelee. tyanni aushwitz-barkenau, majdanek aanee itaratra gass chambersmadhye andaje 11 laakh lokanna thaar marnyasathi yacha vapar keela. bahutansh balee jyoo hote aanee aataparyant yaa paddhaticha vapar karoon jhalelya bahutansh hatya aushwitz yethe jhalya hotya. vitarak heline mothousen, dachau aanee buchenwald yanna zyclon beecha puravatha keela aanee testane too aushwitz aanee majdanekala puravila; shibirannihi adhunmadhun thet utpadkankadun kharedi kelee. germanyt germanyt madhye vikalya gelelya 729 tanpaiki sumare 56 tunn yatna shibiranna vikale gele, jeey deshantargat vikrichya sumare 8 takke hote. aushwitzla 23.8 tunn midale, jyapaiki 6 tunn dhunyasathi vaparale gele. urvarit gass chambersmadhye vaparale gele kinwa kharab honyat haravale (utpadanache namood kelele shelf life fakt teen mahine hote). testane veharmachsathi dhoomrasanchalan kele aanee tyanna zyclon bii puravale. tyanni ess. ess. laa surakshit hatalani aanee dhunyachya uddeshane samagricha vapar karnyache abhyaskramahi dile. april 1941 madhye, german krishi aanee antargat mantralayanni ess. ess. laa rasayanacha adhikrut vaparkarta mhanoon niyukt kele, jyacha arth teey pudhil prashikshan kinwa sarkari dekharekhishivay tyacha vapar karoo shakale.
aushwitzche commandant rudolph hoses mhanale qee kaidyanchi hatya karnyasathi zyclon-beecha vapar tyachya eka adhinastha, ess. ess.-"hoptstermfuhrer" (capton) carl fritzshchya pudhakarane jhaala, jyane august 1941 chya uttaradhat mukhya chhavanit block 11 chya talgharat kahee russian ghubadanna thaar marnyasathi tyacha vapar keela hota. tyanni septembermadhye hosbarobar adhik russian pover prayogachi punaravrutti kelee. block 11 ayogya siddha jhaala, kaaran talghar nantar prasarit karane katheen hote aanee smashanbhoomi (smashanbhoomi I, jee julai 1942 paryant karyarat hotee) kahee antaravar hotee. hatyanche thikan smashanbhumit halavanyat aale, jithe ekach velee 700 hoon adhik piditanchi hatya kelee jaau shakate. 1942 chya madhyaparyant, aktoobar 1941 pasoon nirmanadhin asalelya aushwitz II-barkenau yaa jawalchya upgrah shibirat hii moheem halavanyat aalee.
aushwitz II-barkenau yetheel pahile gass chamber 'reed haus' (ess. ess. stafdware bunker 1 mhatale jaate) hote, eka vitanchi kuteer jee aatalya bhagala fadoon aanee khidakya phutavoon vayoo suvidhet rupantarit kelee gelee. march 1942 paryant tee karyanvit jhaali. 'white haus' kinwa bunker 2 navachya navachya vitanchya kuteerache kahee aathvadyannantar rupantar karnyat aale. hosachya matey, bunker 1 madhye 800 balee padale aanee bunker 2 madhye 1,200 balee padale. 1943 chya suruvatiparyant yaa sanrachana samoohik hatyesathi vaparat hotya. tyaa velee nazinni barkenauchi vayoo kshamata mothya pramanat vadhavanyacha nirnay ghetala. dusare smashanbhumichi rachana mulat talgharatil shavagar aanee jaminivaril bhasmikaran yantransah shavagar mhanoon karnyat aalee hotee; tyanni gass-ghatt darvaje, zyclon bii chembarmadhye taknyasathi chhidra aanee nantar gass kadhanyasathi vayuvijan upkarane basavoon tyache hatya karkhanyat rupantar kele. tisra smashanbhoomi tyach rachanecha vapar karoon bandhanyat aalee hotee. suruvatipasunach vayoo kendra mhanoon tayar kelele 4 aanee 5 heey smashanbhoomi dekhil tyaa vasant rutumadhye bandhanyat aale hote. juuna 1943 paryant, charahi smashanbhoomi karyanvit jhaali. bahutansh piditanchi hatya yaa chaar vastuncha vapar karoon karnyat aalee.
nazinni nazinni madhyat sampoorn europemadhun mothya sankhyene jyoo lokanna aushwitzla pathvanyas suruvat kelee. jyanna kamkajachya kamkajachya nivadle gele navhate tyanna lagech vayudvare pathvanyat aale. mrutyusathi nivadanyat aalelya lokanmadhye sadharanpane ekoon mulanpaiki sumare teen chaturthansh lock asatat aanee tyat jawaljawal serve mule, lahan mulansah mahila, serve vruddha aanee ess. ess. doctorankadun sankshipt aanee varvarchya tapasanivar purnapane tandurust nasalyache disanare serve lock samavisht hote. piditanna sangitale gele qee tyanna aaramat snan karave lagel. tyanna tyanche saman kadhoon gass chembarmadhye nenyat aale.
swachchh sanstha mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya vishesh ess. ess. beurone zyclon bii rugnavahikedware smashanbhumit pochavale. piditanna gasschi pratyaksh pochavani nehmich ess. ess. dware, dekhrekh dekhrekh ess. ess. doctoranchya aadeshanusar hatalali jaat asey. daare bund jhalyanantar, ess. ess. purushanni zyclon bii golya chhatavaril chhidranmadhun kinwa kholichya bajuchya chhidranmadhun fekalya. piditancha 20 minitant mrutyu jhaala. vayuprajvalanavar dekhrekh karnare ess. ess. doctor johann cremer yanni saksh dilee qee "piditanchi oradane aanee oradane ughadyadvare aikoo yete aanee heey spasht hote qee teey tyanchya jivanasathi ladhale".
"gass mukhavate ghaloon 'sonderakmandos' (gass chambersver kaam karnyas bhag padale jaanare vishesh karmchari) nantar mrutdeh chembarmadhun odhoon ghetale. piditanche chashma, krutrim hatpay, dagine aanee cases kadhoon taknyat aale aanee konatehi dantkam kadhale gele jenekarun sone vitaloo shakel. jarr gass chembarmadhye gardi asel, jeey teey samanyatah asat, tarr mrutdeh ardhe-squatting asalele, tyanchi tvacha laal aanee hiravya dagansah gulabi rangachi, tondat kahee foaming kinwa tyanchya kanatoon raktastrav hott asalyache aadhalale. mrutdeh jawalchya jaalpolit jaalanyat aale aanee rakh puranyat aalya, nadeet fekanyat aalya kinwa khat mhanoon vaparlya gelya. polandmadhun soviet laal sainya jawal yet asatana, aushwitz yethe 30 aktoobar 1944 roji shevatchi samoohik vayoo galatee jhaali. november 1944 madhye, ssche pramukh, "reachsfuhrer-ess. ess." heinrich himler yanni sampoorn richmadhye vayoo galatee thambavanyache aadesh dile.
varsa.
1945 madhye dusare mahayuddha sampalyanantar, bruno tesh aanee tesh andd stebenochya carl weinbacker yanchyavar british lashkari nyayalayat khatala chalavanyat aala aanee manavanvar vaparasathi ess. ess. laa jaanunbujun zyclon bii pradan kelyabaddal tyanna fashi denyat aalee. dejesh aanee heliche pradhan karyakari adhikari mhanoon kaam kelele aanee nazi sarkarmadhye padey bhushavnare gerhard peaters yanni dand sanhitetil sudharananmule sutka honyapurvi sahayak mhanoon done varshe aanee aath mahine turungwas bhogala.
kitaknashak kinwa cleaner mhanoon hydrogen sinidecha vapar kahee deshanmadhye pratibandhit kinwa pratibandhit karnyat aala aahe. germany, japan, netherlands aanee americetil kampanyanni tayar kelelya audhyogik prakriyanmadhye bahutek hydrogen sinidecha vapar keela jaato. yuddhanantar dejeshne zyclon beeche utpadan punha suru kele. heey utpadan germanymadhye cyanosil aanee itar deshanmadhye zyclon mhanoon vikale gele. 2008 paryant tyache utpadan chaloo hote. 1986 madhye degusane dejesh detia-fraberg jee. emm. bii. etch. laa vikale. companyla aata detia-dejesh mhanatat. 2015 salaparyant zyclon bii sarkhech eka dhoomau utpadan zek prajasattakachya lucebani zavodi draslovka yanni urgan dii 2 yaa vyapari navane tayar kele hote. zekmadhye 'urgan' mhanje 'chakrivadal' kinwa 'chakrivadal'.
tyanantar vyapari navanmadhye 'zyclon' yaa shabdachya vaparamule ingraji bhashik deshanmadhye santapt pratikriya umatat aahet. 1965 pasoon pinfarine banavalelya portable roller coasterver 'zyclon' yaa navamule yuu. ess. madheel jyoo gatanmadhye nishedh nirman jhaala.ess. 1993 aanee 1999 madhye, british creeda vastra aanee football upkarane puravathadar ambrone mafinama jaaree keela aanee sayman visenthal center aanee beth shalom holocast centercadoon takrari midalyanantar, 1999 pasoon tyachya eka prashikshakachya chaukativar disalele 'zyclon' heey naav vaparane bund kele. 2002 madhye dekhil, simensane 'zyclon' yaa shabdachya american trademarksathicha aapala arj mage ghetala, joou tyanchya sahayyak company bsh bosch und seamens hausgeretne united statesmadhil gharguti upkarananchya naveen shrenisathi vaparnyacha prastav thewala hota. (hii company tyanchya eka vacuum cleanersathi aadhich germanymadhye heey naav vaparat hotee.) tyanchya eka vachkane bii. bii. see. nyoojala trademark arjachi online mahitee dilyanantar sayman visenthal kendrane nishedh nondavala. french company aay. pii. see. chya utpadananchi nave degreasersathi 'chakrivadal' aanee biodegradablesathy 'buub' pratyay vapartatah jyoo gatanchya nishedhanantar 2013 madhye 'chakrivadal buub' chey naav badaloon 'green cap' karnyat aale. eka rabbine mhatale qee heey naav "sarvat changle bhayanak adnyan hote aanee companyla tyachya utpadanacha itihas mahit asalyas white aanee dveshyuktapanacha eka durbhavanapurna vikram hota."
holocast holocast dawa aahe qee zyclon bii vayucha vapar gass chambersmadhye keela gela navhata, aanee fred aii chya badnam sanshodhanavar puravyasathi avalambun aahe. luture, jyala gass chembarchya bhinti aanee chhatanchya namunyanmadhye prussian nilya rangachi patali qamee aadhalali. imaratinchya samanya jalsamadhimule hii imarat astitvat asalyache luturene mhatale aahe. vegalya chhawani imaratitoon ghetalelya gasket samagricha namuna asalelya luturechya nakaratmak niyantranat sinideche avashesh navhate. 1999 madhye, luturechya namunyanche vishleshan karnare rasayanshastradnya james roth yanni sangitale qee chachani sadosh hotee kaaran chachanisathi pathavalelya samgrimadhye mothe tukade hote aanee rasayan prushthbhagachya keval 10 micronchya aat asel. rasayanachya samparkat aalela prushthbhag olakhala gela nahee aanee namunyanchya mothya aakaracha arth assa hota qee upasthit konatehi rasayan anirdharit pramanat patal kele gele hote. 1994 madhye, krakov yetheel nyayvaidhyak sanshodhan sansthene luturechya davyachi punha tapasani kelee, jyat asey mhatale gele qee vita sinidechya samparkat aalyane prussian nilya rangachi nirmiti hone hii atyant sambhavya pratikriya nahee. sookshm prasar tantracha vapar karoon tyanni vayoo kaksh aanee jalvitaran kaksh (sakaratmak niyantran mhanoon) aanee rahanigruh (nakaratmak niyantran mhanoon) yethoon 22 namunyanchi chachani kelee. tyanna delosing chambers aanee gass chambers yaa donhimadhye sinideche avashesh aadhalale parantu rahnyachya gharat ekahi avashesh aadhalala nahee.

