
suvarn manak

suvarn manak hii eka aarthik pranali aahe jyamadhye khatyache manak aarthik ekak sonyachya nishchit pramanavar aadharit asate. 1870 teey 1920 chya suruvatiparyant aanee 1920 chya uttaradhapasun 1932 paryant tasech 1944 teey 1971 paryant jevha americene ektarfipane americi dollarchi sonyat rupantarakshamta bund kelee, tevha suvarnaman haah aantarrashtriy chalan pranalicha aadhar hota, jyamule breton woods pranali prabhavipane sampushtat aalee. tarihi anek rajyankade sonyacha motha satha aahe.
aitihasikdrushtya, chandiche manak aanee dwimitiyata heey suvarnamanakanpeksha adhik samanya aahet. suvarnamanavar aadharit aantarrashtriy vittiy pranalikade valane heey apghat, jaalyache bahyatva aanee marg avalambitva pratibimbit karate. gret brittonne 1717 madhye chukun 'vastavik' suvarnaman sweekarle jevha shahee pudinache tatkalin guru surr isaq neuton yanni chandicha soneshi vinimay darr khoop qamee keela, jyamule chandichi nanee chalanatun baher padali. 19vya shatkat gret britton hii jagatil aaghadichi aarthik aanee vyavsayik shakti bunley, itar rajyanni brittonchi aarthik pranali adhikadhik sweekarli.
dusya mahayuddhanantarchya breton woods pranalicha bhag mhanoon maryadit swarupat punha sthapit karnyapurvi mahamandichya kalat suvarn manak mothya pramanat sodoon denyat aale hote. asthiratechi pravrutti tasech sarkaranvar ladalelya nirbandhanmule suvarnaman sodoon denyat aaleh eka nishchit vinimay darr kayam thevun, udaharanarth, aarthik mandichya kalat berojgari qamee karnyasathi, sarkar vistaratmak dhorananmadhye guntanyat adakali hotee.
39 arthshastradnyanchya sarvekshananusar, bahusankhya (93 takke) lock heey manya karatat qee suvarnamanakade parat gelyane kimatitil sthirata aanee rojgarache parinam sudharnar naheet aanee done trutiyansh aarthik itihaskaranni hii kalpana nakarli qee ekonisavya shatkat soneman "kimmati sthir karnyat aanee vyavasay-chakratil chadhautar qamee karnyat prabhavi hote."tathapi, arthshastradnya michael dii. tarr, suvarn manakache teen fayade aaheth "sthir nammatra aadhar mhanoon tyachi nond; tyachi svayamchalitataa; aanee vishvasarh vachanbaddhata yantrana mhanoon tyachi bhoomika."
amalbajavani.
united kingdamne 1717 madhye sonyache vajan chandichya vajanachya 15.2 putt jaast karoon sonyachya vishisht manakanparyant zep ghetali. 18 vya shatkachya akheris keval tokan chandichi nanee aanee banknote yasarkhya sonyachya pratinidhinchya swikrutidware sambodhit kelelya kapalelya, qamee vajanachya chandichya shillingschya sanyogane sonyacha vapar karane rashtranmadhye adviteey hote.
19 vya shatkat kagadi paishachya adhik vyapak swikrutinantar suvarn sarafa manak udayas aale, eka ashee pranali jithe sonyachi nanee prasarit hott naheet, parantu kendriya bankansarkhe adhikari nishchit kimmatit sonyachya sarafachya chalanat chalanat asalelya chalanachi adlabadal karnyas sahmat aahet. london aanee edinberg yanchyatil devanghevaniche niyaman karnyasathi 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat pahilyanda udayas aalelya keynes (1913) yanni 1870 chya dashakat aantarrashtriy staravar suvarn manakanchi amalbajavani karnyasathi asey manak kase pramukh sadhan banale heey namood kele.
1870 teey 1914 yaa shastriy suvarn manak kalavadhit sonyachya mukt parisancharanavar nirbandh ghalane dekhil tyaa deshanmadhye aavashyak hote, jyanni sonyachya manakanchi amalbajavani karnyacha nirnay ghetala aanee mothya pramanat varsa asalelya chandichya nanyanchi nishchit darane (sarvajanikaritya thevalelya chandiche moolya tyachya ghasaranichya mulyanusar karnyaivaji) sonyat adlabadal karanyachi hummy dilee. limping standard haah shabd byanchdaa tyaa deshanmadhye vaparla jaato, jithe sonyachya barobarine lakshaniy pramanat chandiche naane thewale jaate, tyamule chalanachya kimmati viruddha sonyababat anishchitata nirman hote. manak samanatemadhye thevalelya sarvat samanya chandichya nanyanmadhye french 5-phrank nanee, german 3-marqa theller, dutch gilder, bharatiy rupaye aanee yuu.ess. morgan dollar.
shevati, desh suvarn vinimay manak lagoo karoo shakatat, jethe sarkar nishchit vinimay darachi hummy dete, sonyachya vishisht rakmesathi navhe tarr suvarn mankankhalil dusya deshachya chalanasathi. 1945 teey 1971 yaa kalat breton woods kararantargat jaagtik chalananche yu. ess. madhye nirdharan karoon heey pramukh aantarrashtriy manak banale.ess. dusya mahayuddhanantarche sonyachya sarafa mankanvar asalele dollar heey ekmev chalan aahe.
1873 purvicha itihas.
19vya shatkaparyant chandi aanee dvimiteey manke.
ashiya minormadhye sumare ii. sha. puu. 600chya sumaras sonyacha paisa mhanoon vapar suru jhaala aanee tevhapasoon, paisa mhanoon vaparlya jaananya itar vividh vastoonsah, kalantarane kamitakami moolya gamavana vastoonsah, teey sweekarle jaanare swaroop banale aahet. suruvatichya aanee uchch madhyayugat, byzantine goaled solidus kinwa "bezant" sampoorn europe aanee bhoomadhya pradeshat mothya pramanat vaparale jaat hote, parantu byzantine samrajyacha aarthik prabhav qamee jhalyamule tyacha vapar qamee jhaala.
tathapi, sonyacha ekmev chalan aanee khatyache ekak mhanoon vapar karnari aarthik vyavastha 18 vya shatkapurvi kadhihi udayas aalee nahee. hajaro varshanpasun tee chandi hotee, sone nahee, joou deshantargat arthvyavasthancha kharaa aadhar hotah bahutek lekha vyavasthecha paya, vetan aanee pagar bharnyasathi aanee bahutek sthanik kirkol vyaparasathi.
19 vya shatkat udayas aalelya sadhananni sodavalelya vividh adthalyanmule, dainandin vyavharansathi chalan aanee khatyache ekak mhanoon sone karya karane shakya navhate, tyapaikih
tyamule suruvatichi europeey chalan manke roman samrajyachya dinariyaspasun teey sampoorn paschim europemadhye sharlmanne sadar kelelya penny (dinier) paryant, spanish dollar aanee german reachsteller aanee conventionstellerparyant, jeey 19vya shatkaparyant tikoon rahile, tyaa chandichya mankanvar aadharit hotee. sone heey aantarrashtriy vyapar aanee uchch-mulyachya vyavharanche madhyam mhanoon kaam karat hote, parantu teey samanyatah dainandin chandichya paishachya tulanet kimmatit chadh-utaar karat asey.
dukatsarkhya lokpriy sonyachya nanyanna chandichya babatit nishchit moolya denyachya prakriyet chandichya mankakhali dvi-dhatoo manak udayas aale. itar deshanmadhil sone-chandichya chadh-utaranchya parshvabhumivar, dvi-dhatoo manke thodishi asthir hotee aanee 'vastavik' mhanoon 'samantar dvi-dhatoo mankanmadhye' rupantarit jhaali (jethe sone chandichya tarangatya vinimay darane prasarit hote) kinwa eka-dhatoo mankamadhye parat aale.
19vya shatkachya bahutansh kalat dvimiteey manak rakhanara france haah sarvat mahattvacha desh hota.
suvarn manak mool brittenmadhye aahe.
ingraji pound sterling heey suruvatila 20 shilling kinwa 240 chandichya nanyanche chandiche manak ekak hote. nantarchya chandimadhye suruvatila 1 laakh 35 gramm bareek chandi hotee, jee 1601 neey qamee houn 0.464 gramm jhaali (tyamule 5,57 gramm bareek chandichya shillingla [12 pence] marg midala). tyamule pound sterling moolatah 324 gramm bareek chandi hotee, jee 1601 paryant qamee houn 111.36 gramm jhaali.
kapalelya, qamee vajanachya chandichya nanyanchi aanee shillingchi samasya hii 17 vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun 19 vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant kayamswarupi, nirakaran naan jhaleli samasya hotee. 1717 madhye sonyachya giniche (7.6885 gramm bareek sonyache) moolya 21 shillings nishchit karnyat aale, parinami europe khandatil prachalit gunottarapeksha sone-chandiche gunottar 15.2 adhik hote. tyamule gret britton heey dvi-dhatoo mankankhali "dii jeur" hote, jyat sone heey kapalelya chandichya tulanet swast aanee adhik vishvasarh chalan mhanoon kaam karat hote (purn vajanachi chandichi nanee prasarit hott navhati aanee europemadhye gelee jithe 21 shillings sonyachya ginivar aanalya jaat hotya). anek ghatakanmule 19vya shatkat british suvarn manakacha vistar honyas madat jhaali, mhanjeh
1704 madhye queen eneene kelelya ghoshanene british west indigela suvarn manakanchi olakh karoon dilee; matra, brittonchya vyapari dhorananusar, tyachya vasahatinmadhun sone aanee chandi gharee vaparnyasathi sathavun thevanyachya suvarn chalanacha aanee suvarn manakancha vyapak vapar jhaala nahee. kimmati sonyachya pound sterlingmadhye "dii jeur" mhanoon uddhrut kelya gelya hotya parantu kvachitach sonyat dilya jaat hotya; vasahatinche "vastavik" vinimay aanee khatyache ekak heey pramukhyane spanish chandiche dollar hote. 
napolean yuddhannantar, brittonne 19 vya shatkat anek tappyant kayadeshiraritya dwimitiyapasun suvarn mankankade vatchal kelee, mhanjeh
19vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun brittonne austreliya, newzealand aanee british west indigemadhye tyache suvarnaman prachalit kele, jyat prachalit sonyachya sarvbhoum nota tasech banknote, jyaa sarvbhoum kinwa banq auph englandchya banq notanmadhye rupantarit karata yet hotya, asha swarupat sadar kelya. 1867 madhye canadane yuu. ess. chya barobarine swatacha sonyacha dollar sadar keela.ess. sonyacha dollar aanee sonyachya sarvbhaumala nishchit vinimay darasah.
19vya shatkatil sonyachya gardiche parinam.
1850 paryant keval britton aanee tyachya kahee vasahati suvarnamanavar hotya, itar bahutek desh raupyamanavar hote. france aanee america heey dvimiteey manakanche done adhik ullekhaneey desh hote. french phrank ektar 4.5 gramm bareek chandi kinwa 0.29032 gramm bareek sonyavar rakhanyachya francechya krutinmule 19vya shatkachya pahilya teen timahinmadhye 15.5 chya french gunottarajaval jaagtik sone-chandichya kimmatiche gunottar sthir jhaale, jyamadhye amaryadit pramanat swast dhatoo-sonyachi 20-phrank nanee, aanee jevha praman 15.5 peksha qamee asel tevha chandichi 5-phrank nanee, takanyache prastav denyat aale. 1900 paryant united states dollar dekhil biometelic 'dii jeur' hota, jyachi kimmat ektar 24.0566 gramm bareek chandi kinwa 1.60377 graam bareek sone (gunottar 15.0) hotee; nantarche sudharit karoon 1837 teey 1934 paryant 1.50463 gramm bareek sone (gunottar 15.99) kele gele. 1837 purvi chandiche dollar samanyatah swast chalan hote, tarr 1837 teey 1837 darmyan sone swast hote.
1849chaa jawaljawal yogayogane californiachya sonyacha ogh aanee 1851chya austreliyan sonyachya oghamule jaagtik sonyacha puravatha aanee sonyachya phrank aanee dollarchya tankankamat lakshaniy vaadh jhaali kaaran sone-chandiche praman 15.5 peksha qamee jhaale, jyamule france aanee united states 1850 chya dashakat gret brittons suvarn manakanparyant pohochale. suvarn manakanche fayade pahilyanda yaa mothya gatala jaanavale, jyat britton aanee france heey 19vya shatkatil jagatil aaghadiche aarthik aanee audhyogik samarthya hote, tarr america hii eka udayonmukh shakti hotee.
1860 chya dashakat sone-chandiche praman 15.5 paryant parat yeiparyant, sonyacha vapar karananya deshancha haah gut aanakhi vadhala aanee 19 vya shatkachya akheris aantarrashtriy suvarnamanala gatee midali.
aantarrashtriy shastriy suvarn manak, 1873-1914.
europe aanee americet tyachi suruvat.
german samrajyane raupya uttar german theller aanee dakshin german guldenmadhun german suvarnachinhashi sankraman karnyacha nirnay ghetalyanantar 1873 madhye aantarrashtriy shastriy suvarnaman suru jhaala, jeey 1860 chya aarthik parishadanchya bhavna pratibimbit karate aanee franco-russian yuddhachya shevati franskadoon magani kelelya nukasanbharpaisathi 5 abj sonyachya frankcha (4,55 abj guna kinwa 1,451 metrik tunn) vapar karate. mothya, madhyabhagi asalelya european arthvyavasthene kelelya yaa sankramanamule 1870 chya dashakat anek european deshanni sonyakade valanyas suruvat kelee aanee 1873 madhye lattin chalansanghat chandichya 5-phrank nanyanche amaryadit mudran sthagit kele.
pudhil varshanmadhye khaleel deshanni chandi kinwa dvimiteey chalananmadhun sonyakade valale (brittoncha samavesh paripoornatesathi keela aahe):
1873 nantar suvarnaman haah aantarrashtriy chalan pranalicha aadhar banala. aarthik itihaskar barry ichangreen yanchya matey, "tevhach desh tyanchya paishachya purvathyacha aadhar mhanoon sonyavar sthayik jhaale. tyanantarach suvarn manakanchya aadharavar nishchit vinimay darr nishchit kele gele."eka adviteey aarthik vyavastha swikarane aanee tee rakhane, yamule aantarrashtriy moolya sambandh sthir karoon aanee paradeshi karj sulabh karoon aantarrashtriy vyapar aanee guntavanukila protsahan midale. bigger-audhyogik deshanmadhye suvarnaman nishchitpane sthapit kele gele navhate.
madhyavarti banka aanee suvarn vinimay manak.
1860 chya dashkatil vividh aantarrashtriy aarthik parishadanchya bhitipramane, vikrami yu. saha ektritpane sonyakade valane.ess. comstock lodmadhun chandiche utpadan 1873 nantar ghasarale aanee sone-chandiche praman 1880 paryant 18 chya aitihasik uchchanki patalivar pohochale. europe khandatil bahutek deshanni suvarnamanakade jaanyacha janivpurvak nirnay ghetala, tarr varsa asaleli (aanee purvichi ghasaran jhaleli) chandichi nanee amaryadit kayadeshir chalanaksham rahili aanee naveen sonyachya chalanasathi ankit mulyavar parivartaneey rahili. limping standard haah shabd asha chalananche varnan karnyasathi vaparla jaat asey, jyanche suvarn manakanprati rashtranchi bandhilaki ajunahi deykasathi nivida bharalelya chandichya nanyanchya prachand samoohamule sanshayaspad hotee, jyapaiki sarvadhik french 5-phrank nanee, german 3-marqa verenstellers, dutch gilders aanee american morgan dollars hote.
urvarit khandiy europe dekhil sonyakade valalyamule, chalan asalelya sonyasah brittonche mool sonyache vishisht manak aata vyavharya navhate. durmil sone aanee varsa asalelya chandichya nanyanchi samasya keval rashtriy madhyavarti bankanni rashtriy banq nota aanee sanketik nanyansah chandichi jaaga ghetalyane, deshachya durmil sonyachya purvathyala kendrikrut karoon, varsa asalelya chandichya nanyanchya parivartaniyatechi hummy denyasathi rakheev malmattechi tartud karoon aanee keval bahya kharedisathi banq notanche sonyachya sarafa kinwa itar sonyachya manak chalanat rupantar karnyas parvanagi deuun sodavali gelee. jevha jevha sonyachya pattya dilya jaatat tevha yaa pranalila ektar sonyache sarafa manak kinwa jevha itar sonyache-parivartaneey chalan dile jaate tevha sonyache vinimay manak mhanoon olakhale jaate.
johnn menard keynes yanni 1913 madhye lihilelya 'indian currency andd finance' yaa tyanchya pustakat vareel donhi manakancha ullekh keval suvarn vinimay manak mhanoon keela aahe. tyanni yache varnan pahilya mahayuddhapurvichya aantarrashtriy suvarn manakanche pramukh swaroop asey kele, qee alikadech vikasit kelelya sadhananchya (jase qee kendriya banking sanstha, banknote aanee tokan chalan) anupasthitimule 19 vya shatkapurvi suvarn manakanchi amalbajavani karane samanyatah ashakya hote aanee chalan asalelya sonyasah suvarn vinimay manak brittonchya suvarn vishisht manakanpeksha dekhil shreshth hote. kinsney charcha kelyapramaneh
tyamule 19vya shatkachya uttaradhatil shastriy suvarnaman heey keval chalanat asalelya chandipasoon firatanachya sonyakade jaanare varvarchya bajusache badal navhate. chandichya mothya rakmechya jaagi pratyakshat nota aanee sanketik chalanachi jaaga ghenyat aalee, jyanchya sonyachya mulyachi hummy sonyachya sarafa aanee madhyavarti bankanmadhye asalelya itar rakheev malmattanni dilee hotee. tyaa badalyat, sonyache vinimay manak heey kendriya bankankadoon jaaree kelelya nota asalelya aadhunik chalan chalanapasun keval eka paul door hote aanee jyache moolya bankechya rakheev malmattandware surakshit asate, parantu jyache vinimay moolya kendriya bankechya chalanvishayak dhoran uddishtandvare sonyachya nishchit samatulyatechya badalyat tyachya krayshaktivar nirdharit kele jaate.
europechya baher rollout.
1914 madhye sampalelya shastriy suvarn manakachya antim adhyayat sthanik chalananche moolya sonyashi kinwa pashchatya vasahatvadi shaktichya suvarn manak chalnashi nishchit karoon anek ashiyai deshanmadhye suvarn vinimay manakancha vistar jhaala. netherlands east indies gilder heey 1875 madhye suvarn vinimay mankandware sonyashi jodale gelele pahile ashiyai chalan hote, jyane suvarn dutch gildershee aapali samanata kayam thewali.
1890 purvi vividh aantarrashtriy aarthik parishada bolavanyat aalya hotya, jyat 1880 chya dashakat 20 paryant pohochalelya sone-chandichya gunottarat aanakhi ghasaran houu naye yasathi vividh deshanni muktapane prasarit honanya varsa chandichya nanyanche lampat manak rakhanyache vachan dile hote. matra, 1890 nantar chandichya kimmatitil ghasaran aanakhi rokhata aalee nahee aanee sone-chandiche praman 30chya varr vegane vadhale.
1893 madhye bharatiy rupaya, 'id1' gramchya chandicha 16 british pence (kinwa £1 = 15 rupaye; sone-chandiche gunottar 21.9) nishchit karnyat aale, aanee paramparik chandiche rupaye vaidh chalan rahile. 1906 madhye, 'straits dollar' mhanje 'id1' gramm chandi 28 pensver nishchit karnyat aalee hotee (kinwa £1 = 8 dollars; gunottar 28.4).
japanmadhye 1897 madhye, philipinesmadhye 1903 madhye aanee mexicomadhye 1905 madhye jevha 24.26 jee chandichya purvichya yeena kinwa pesochi vyakhya andaje 0.75 gramm sone kinwa ardha yuu ashee karnyat aalee tevha jawalpas ashich suvarn manke lagoo karnyat aalee.ess. dollar (praman 32.3). 1894-1895 chya sino-japani yuddhanantar japanla aavashyak sonyacha satha midala. japansathi, pashchimatya bhandavali bajarpethet pravesh midvanyasathi sonyakade jaane mahattvache manale jaat hote.
"khelache niyam". "
1920 chya dashakat johnn menard keynes yanni aantarrashtriy vyapar pravahane aadarsh kimmat-vishisht pravah yantraneche anusaran kele asey gruheet dharoon, yuddhapoorv shastriy yugat madhyavarti banka aadarshpane suvarn manakanchi amalbajavani kashee kartil yache varnan karnyasathi 'khelache niyam' haah vakyansh purvalakshi prabhavane vikasit keela. tathapi, 1873 teey 1914 yaa shastriy suvarnamanak yugat pratyakshat aadhalalelya "niyaman" chey ullanghan, kimmat-vishisht pravah yantranene andaj vartavalelya "swayam-sudharana" pravahachya tulanet, rashtriy madhyavarti banka kimmatichya patalivar aanee vishisht pravahachya pravahavar prabhav taknyat kitee adhik shaktishali aahet heey ughad karate.
keynes yanni 1914 purvichya aantarrashtriy suvarn manakanchi amalbajavani karnyasathi madhyavarti bankanchya sarvottam paddhatinvar 'khelache niyam' tayar kele, mhanjeh
arthshastradnya david humey yanni prastavit kelelya kimmat-vishisht pravah yantraneantargat karyarat asalelya aantarrashtriy vyaparachya aadarsh gruhitkavar madhyavarti bankanni suvarnaman rakhane apekshit hote, jyatah
tathapi, vyavharat, shastriy suvarn manak yugatil prajatincha pravah varr varnan kelele swayam-sudharatmak vartan pradarshit karnyat ayashasvi tharala. sonyachya kimmatitil farkancha fayda ghenyasathi atirikt rakmepasoon tutichya deshanmadhye parat yenyacha marg shodhane hii eka vedanadayakpane mand prakriya hotee aanee deshantargat vyajdar qamee karoon kinwa vadhavun deshantargat kimmati vadhavane kinwa qamee karane heey kendriya bankanna adhik prabhavi vatale. uchch kimmatichya patalivaril desh deshantargat magani aanee kimmati qamee karnyasathi vyajdar vadhavu shakatat, parantu yamule guntavanukdarankadun sonyacha ogh dekhil houu shakato-jeey uchch kimmatichya patali asalelya deshanmadhun sonyacha ogh hoil yaa aadharala virodh karate. aantarrashtriy guntavanukdaranna deshantargat malmatta kharedi kinwa vikri karnyacha nirnay ghenanya vikasit arthvyavastha dekhil humayne andaj vartavalelya swayam-sudharana yantranepeksha sonyachya pravahavar prabhav taknyat adhik prabhavi tharalya.
khelachya niyaman" chya ullanghanachya aanakhi eka sanchamadhye, jaree vinimay darr "goaled points" chya baher gele asale taree madhyavarti banka velevar hastakshep naan karane samavisht hote (vareel udaharanat, pound 25.42 frankchya varr chadhanyachi kinwa 25.02 frankchya khalee padanyachi prakarane astitvat hotee). madhyavarti banka sonyachya nishchit vinimay daranvyatirikt itar uddishte sadhya karat asalyache aadhalun aale (udaa.jee. deshantargat kimmati qamee karane kinwa sonyacha prachand ogh thambavane), jaree asey vartan tyanchya suvarn manakanche palan karnyavar sarvajanik vishvasarhatemule maryadit aahe. 1913 purvi french bankanni sonyache paise prati vyakti 200 frankparyant maryadit karoon 1 takke hapte aakarle aanee german reachesbankne sonyache mofat paise anshatah nilambit kele, matra guptapane aanee lajirvanepane asey asey ullanghan kele hote, asey keynes yanni varnan kele.
itar aarthik dhoran uddishtanchya pathpuravyat asha "khelachya niyamankade" durlaksh karatahi kahee deshanna suvarn manakanchi amalbajavani karnyat maryadit yash midale. lattin vittiy sangharajyat, italian lira aanee spanish peseta yancha vyapar, vishisht suvarn-manak patalichya 25.02-25.42f £ chya baher, dirgh kalavadhisathi jhaala.
americet.
suruvat.
1780 chya dashakat thomas jefferson, robbert mauris aanee alekzandar hamilton yanni congressla united statesney dashansh chalan pranali swikaranyachi shifaras kelee. 1785 madheel prarambhik shifaras hii spanish milled dollarver aadharit chandiche manak hotee (371.25 grains kinwa 24.0566 jee fine silverver antim roop), parantu 1792 chya nanee kayadyachya antim aavruttit hamiltonchya 10 dollarchya sonyachya garudala samavisht karnyachya shifarshila dekhil manyata denyat aalee, jyat 247.5 grains (16.0377 jee) bareek sone hote. tyamule hamiltonne yuu.ess. 15. 0 chya sone-chandichya gunottarasah dvi-dhatoo mankavar dollar.
1857 madhye parkeey chalan vimudrikrut hoiparyant pudhil sahaa dashake american jaaree kelele dollar aanee seent heey spanish dollar aanee real (aathvya dollar) peksha qamee prachalit rahile. 10 dollarche sonyache garud europela niryat kele gele jethe 15.5 chya uchch sonyachya gunottaramule teey daha spanish dollarpeksha jaast midvu shakat hote. american chandiche dollar dekhil spanish dollarchya anukulpane tulana kele gele aanee paradeshi kharedisathi sahajpane vaparale gele. 1806 madhye rashtradhyaksh jefferson yanni niryat karnyayogya sonyachi nanee aanee chandichya dollarchi chhapai sthagit kelee, jenekarun united stateschya pudinachi maryadit sansadhane chalanat asalelya apoorn nanyanmadhye valavali jaau shaktil.
nagri yuddhapoorv.
americene 1791 madhye united stateschee pahili banq aanee 1816 madhye united stateschee dusari banq asaleli rashtriy banq sthapan karnyas suruvat kelee. 1836 madhye adhyaksh andreau jackson dusya bankechya sanadecha vistar karnyat ayashasvi jhaale, jyamule banking sansthanviruddhachya tyanchya bhavna tasech khajgiritya jaaree kelelya banknotinaivaji mothya deykansathi sonyachi nanee vaparnyas tyanche pradhanya pratibimbit jhaale. dollarchi sonyachi samatulyata qamee karoonach sonyacha paratava shakya houu shakala aanee 1834 chya nanee kayadyat sone-chandiche praman 16 paryant vadhavanyat aale (1837 madhye antim roop dilele gunottar 15.99 jhaale jevha $10 garudatil bareek sonyache praman 232.2 dhanya kinwa 15.0463 graam asey nishchit kele gele).
1848 madhye californiamadhye aanee nantar austreliyamadhye sonyachya shodhanmule chandichya tulanet sonyachi kimmat qamee jhaali; yamule chandiche paise chalanatun baher padale kaaran bajarat teey paishapeksha adhik maulyavan hote. 1848 chya swatantra koshagar kayadyachya sammatine yu.ess. kathor-paishachya mankavar. american sarkarbarobar vyavasay karnyasathi sone kinwa chandichi nanee aavashyak hotee.
sarkari khaatee banking vyavasthepasun kayadeshiraritya vegali karnyat aalee hotee. matra, pudina gunottarane (pudinamadhye sone aanee chandi yanchyatil nishchit vinimay darr) sonyache moolya vadhavane suruch thewale. 1853 madhye, 50 seent aanee tyapeksha qamee kimmatichya chandichya nanyanmadhye chandiche praman qamee karnyat aale aanee samanya janata (fakt yuu.ess. sarkar tyasathi vinanti karoo shakate). 1857 madhye spanish dollar aanee itar paradeshi nanyancha kayadeshir nivida darja radd karnyat aala. 1857 madhye mukt banking yugache antim sankat suru jhaale, kaaran american banka chandiche paise dene thambavat hotya aanee vikasansheel aantarrashtriy vittiy vyavasthet ulthapalath hott hotee.
gruhyuddhanantar.
yu. sathee paise bharnyas madat karnyasathi haatee ghetalelya chalanvadhichya aarthik upayayojananmule.ess. yadavi yuddhat, sarkarla sone kinwa chandimadhye aaplya jababdanya bharane katheen jhaale aanee vishisht prakarat (sonyachya rokhe) kayadeshiraritya nirdisht naan kelelya jababdanyanchi deyake sthagit kelee gelee; yamule bankanna banq dayitvanche (banq nota aanee thevi) vishisht prakarat rupantar sthagit karave lagale. 1862 madhye kagadi paise kayadeshir chalan kele gele. too eka fiat paisa hota (maganinusar nishchit darane vishisht vastumadhye rupantarit karata yet navhata). yaa notanna 'greenback' asey naav denyat aale.
yadavi yuddhanantar, congressla yuddhapoorv daranvar dhatuche manak punha sthapit karayache hote. greenbackmadheel sonyachi bajarbhav yuddhapoorv nishchit kimmatipeksha ($20.67 prati auns sone) jaast hotee, jyasathi yuddhapoorv kimmat sadhya karnyasathi apasfitikaran aavashyak hote. vastavik utpadanapeksha paishacha satha qamee vegane vadhavun heey sadhya karnyat aale. 1879 paryant greenbachi bajarbhav sonyachya pudina kimmatishi julali aanee barry ichangreenchya matey, tyaa varshi america prabhavipane suvarnamanavar hotee.
1873 chya nanee kayadyane (jyala '73 chaa gunha asehi mhanatat) pramanit chandichya dollarchi (412.5 dhanya, 90 takke dand) tankan nilambit kele, heey ekmev purnapane kayadeshir nivida naane hote, jeey vyakti chandichya sonyache amaryadit (kinwa vinamulya chandi) pramanat rupantar karoo shakat hote aanee 1870 chya dashakat comstock lodmadhun chandichya gardichya agadi suruvatilach. chandichya khaan kamgaranna tyanchya utpadananche mudrikaran karnyat asamarthata asalyabaddal rajkiy aandolan jhalyane 1878 chaa bland-ellison kayada aanee 1890 chaa sherman chandi kharedi kayada jhaala, jyane chandichya morgan dollarchi lakshaniy pramanat tankan karane anivarya kele.
30 juuna 1879 roji parivartaniyata punha suru jhalyanantar, sarkarne punha aapale karj sonyat bharale, simashulkasathi greenback sweekarle aanee sonyachya maganivar greenbachi paratfed kelee. greenbackne sonyachya nanyanna yogya paryay dile, tarr rajkiy dabavamule nirman jhalelya chandichya dollars aanee chandichya pramanpatranchya satatchya atee-jarimule american suvarn manakanchya amalbajavanila adthala aala. sarvatra pasarlelya chandichya chalanavar janatecha vishvas naan rahilyane yuu. varr dhaav ghetali.ess. 1893chya bhitichya kalat sonyache sathe.
ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhat chandicha vapar aanee dvi-dhatoo mankankade parat yene heey varanvar yenare rajkiy mudde hote, visheshtah william jennings bryan, peaples party aanee mukt chandichya chalvaline upasthit kele. 1900 madhye sonyachya dollarla khatyache manak ekak ghoshit karnyat aale aanee sarkarne jaaree kelelya kagadi notansathi sonyacha satha sthapit karnyat aala. greenback, chandichi pramanpatre aanee chandiche dollar heey serve sonyat parat midavata yenyajoge kayadeshir chalan rahile.
yuu madheel chadh-utaar.ess. sonyacha satha, 1862-1877.
yuu.ess. 1862 madhye tyanchyakade 19 laakh auns (59 tunn) sonyacha satha hota. 1866 madhye satha 26 laakh auns (81 tunn) paryant vadhala, 1875 madhye too qamee houn 16 laakh auns (50 tunn) jhaala aanee 1878 madhye too 25 laakh auns (78 tunn) paryant vadhala. nivval niryat tyaa paddhatila pratibimbit karat navhati. yadavi yuddhachya aadhichya dashakat nivval niryat sadharanpane sthir hotee; yuddhanantarchya kalat tee yuddhapoorv patalichya aaspas aniyamitpane badalat hotee, parantu 1877 madhye lakshaniyaritya ghasarali aanee 1878 aanee 1879 madhye tee nakaratmak jhaali. sonyachi nivval aayat mhanje vastoo, seva aanee guntavanuk kharedi karnyasathi american chalanachi parkeey magani parkeey chalanansathichya sambandhit american magnyanpeksha jaast hotee. greenback kalavadhichya (1862-1879) antim varshant sonyache utpadan vadhale tarr sonyachi niryat qamee jhaali. sonyachya niryatit jhaleli ghat hii badalatya aarthik paristhiticha parinam asalyache kahinni manale. yaa kalat sonyachya magani eka sattebajiche sadhan mhanoon aanee aantarrashtriy vyaparala vittapuravatha karananya parkeey chalan bajarpethanmadhye tyachya prathamik vaparasathi hotya. janata aanee khajinyane sonyachya maganit vaadh kelyacha pramukh parinam mhanje sonyachi niryat qamee karane aanee kharedi shaktichya tulanet sonyachya greenback kimmatit vaadh karane.
suvarn manakancha tyag.
pahilya mahayuddhacha parinam.
apura curr mahasool asalelya sarkaranni 19vya shatkat varanvar parivartaniyata sthagit kelee. kharee pariksha matra pahilya mahayuddhachya swarupat aalee, arthshastradnya richard lipsey yanchya matey tee chachani "purnapane ayashasvi" jhaali. pahilya mahayuddhachya udrekasah united kingdam aanee urvarit british samrajyat sonyachya prajatiche manak sampushtat aale.
1913chya akheris, shastriy suvarnaman tyachya shikharavar hote, parantu pahilya mahayuddhamule anek deshanni teey sthagit kele kinwa sodoon dile. laurence adhikadhyachya matey, pahilya mahayuddhanantar suvarn manakache mageel sthan punha suru karnyat apayash yenyache mukhya kaaran mhanje "banq auph englandchi anishchit taralata sthitee aanee suvarn-vinimay manak". sterlingvaril dhavnyamule brittonne vinimay niyantrane ladali jyamule manak ghatkaritya kamkuvat jhaale; parivartaniyata kayadeshiraritya nilambit kelee gelee navhati, parantu sonyachya kimmatinni purvisarkhi bhoomika bajavali nahee. yuddhasathi aarthik madat kartana aanee sone sodoon detana, anek ladhvayyanna prachand vaadh sahan karavi lagali. yuu. aii. madhye kimmatichi patali duppat jhaali.ess. aanee britton, francemadhye tippat aanee italimadhye charpat jhaale. jaree europeey chalanvadhiche darr amerikepeksha adhik gambhir hote, taree vinimay darr qamee badalale. yacha arth assa qee europemadhil tulanet american vastoonchya kimmati qamee jhalya. august 1914 teey 1915 chya vasant rutoo darmyan, yu chey dollar moolya.ess. niryat tippat jhaali aanee tyacha vyapar adhishesh prathamach 1 abj dollarspeksha jaast jhaala.
shevati, hii vyavastha mothya tutee aanee atirikt rakmecha puresa jalad samna karoo shakali nahee; heey purvi sanghatit kamgaranchya aagamanane nirman jhalelya vetanatil ghasaranimule hote, parantu aata yuddh aanee vegwan tantrik badalachya dabavakhali udbhavalelya vyavasthecha eka antarnihit dosh mhanoon manale jaate. konatyahi paristhitit, mahamandichya kalaparyant kimmati samatolaparyant pohochalya navhatya, jyamule pranali purnapane nasht jhaali.
udaharanarth, 1914 madhye germany suvarnamanakanpasun door gela hota aanee yuddhatil nuksanbharpaimule tyachya sonyachya sathyacha barachsa kharch jhalyamule too prabhavipane parat yeu shakala nahee. ruharchya tabyat asatana german madhyavarti bankene (reachesbank) french vyaparachya virodhat sampavar asalelya kamgaranna pathimba denyasathi aanee nukasanbharpaisathi parkeey chalan kharedi karnyasathi prachand pramanat gair-parivartaneey chinhe jaaree kelee; yamule 1920 chya dashakachya suruvatila german atifulikaran jhaale aanee german madhyam vargacha naash jhaala.
yuu.ess. yuddhadarmyan suvarnaman nilambit kele nahee. navyane tayar jhalelya federal rakheev nidhine chalan bajarat hastakshep keela aanee kahee sonyachya aayatiche nirjantukikaran karnyasathi rokhe vikale, jyamule anyatha paishacha satha vadhala asata. 1927 paryant anek desh suvarnamanakade paratale hote. pahilya mahayuddhachya parinami, nivval karjdar desh asalela america 1919 paryant nivval karjdar banala hota.
aantaryuddh kaal.
pahilya mahayuddhachya prarambhi united kingdam aanee urvarit british samrajyat suvarn prajatiche manak sampushtat aale, jevha khajinyachya notanni sonyachya sarvbhoum aanee sonyachya ardhya sarvbhaumanchya chalanachi jaaga ghetali. kayadeshiraritya, sonyachya jaatiche manak radd karnyat aale navhate. banq auph englandne deshbhangachya aavahanadvare suvarn manakancha shevat yashasviritya keela aanee nagarikanna sonyachya jatinsathi kagadi paise parat naan ghenyache aavahan kele. 1925 salich, jevha britton austreliya aanee dakshin aafrikechya sanyogane suvarn mankankade paratala, tevha suvarn prajatiche manak adhikrutpane sampushtat aale.
british suvarn manak kayada 1925 yaa donhine suvarn sarafa manak sadar kele aanee tyach velee suvarn prajati manak radd kele. naveen mankamule sonyachya vishisht nanyanche chalan sampushtat aale. tyaeivaji, kayadyane adhikanyanna maganinusar sonyache sonam nishchit kimmatila vikanyas bhag padale, parantu "keval sumare charshe auns troy [12 kilo] bareek sonyachya pattyanchya swarupat". johnn menard keynes yanni, apasfitikaranachya dhokyancha hawala dett, suvarnaman punha suru karnyachya virodhat yuktivad keela. rajkoshacha kulpati mhanoon yu. ess. $4.86 prati paund sterlingcha yuddhapoorv vinimay darr punarsanchayit karananya patalivar kimmat nishchit karoon, eka chook kelee aahe jyamule mandee, berojgari aanee 1926 chya samanya sampala karanibhoot tharalyacha yuktivad keela jaato. andreau turnbullne yaa nirnayache varnan 'aitihasik chook' asey kele.
1931 madhye poundney suvarnaman sodale aanee aitihasikdrushtya sterlingmadhil tyancha motha vyapar karananya deshanchya anek chalanancha sonyaeivaji sterlingshee sambandh jodala gela. banq auph englandne suvarnaman achanak aanee ektarfi sodanyacha nirnay ghetala.
prachand nairashya.
itar anek deshanni suvarnamanakade parat yenyasathi brittonche anusaran kele, jyamule sapeksh sthiratecha kaal jhaala parantu apasfiticha kalahi jhaala. mahamandine (1929-1939) deshanna suvarnamanapasun door dhakalale jaiparyant hii sthitee kayam rahili. prathamik utpadak deshanni suvarnaman sarvat aadhi sodale. 1931chya unhalyat, madhya europeey banking sankatamule germany aanee austriya yanni sonyachi parivartaniyata sthagit kelee aanee vinimay niyantrane ladali. meey 1931 madhye austriyachya sarvat mothya vyavsayik bankevar chalalyamule tee ayashasvi jhaali hotee. hii dhaav germanymadhye pasarali, jithe madhyavarti bankechehi patan jhaale. aantarrashtriy aarthik sahayya khoop usheer jhaala hota aanee julai 1931 madhye germanyne vinimay niyantrane sweekarli, tyanantar octobermadhye austriya. austriyan aanee german anubhav, tasech british arthsankalpiy aanee rajkiy adachani, sterlingvaril vishvas nasht karananya ghatakanpaiki eka hote, jeey julai 1931 chya madhyat ghadale. dhavpal suru jhaali aanee banq auph englandne tyache barechase rakheev gamavale.
19 september 1931 roji, poundveril sattebajichya hallyanmule banq auph englandne suvarnaman, pratyakshatah "tatpurte" sodoon dile. tathapi, suvarn mankanpasoon apratyakshapane tatpuratya nishkramanamule arthvyavasthevar anpekshitpane sakaratmak parinam jhaala, jyamule suvarn mankanpasoon door jaanyacha adhik sweekar jhaala. atlantic mahasagarat sonyachya mothya pravahamule american aanee french madhyavarti bankankadoon 5 kotee paundanche karj apure hote aanee kahee aathvadyantach sampale. yaa jaanyacha britishanna fayda jhaala. teey aata arthvyavasthela chalana denyasathi aarthik dhoranacha vapar karoo shakatat. austreliya aanee newzealandne aadhich manak sodale hote aanee canadane lagechach tyache anusaran kele.
paradeshi madhyavarti bankanchya dengyancha vistar aanee parinami banq auph englandchya rakheev gunottarat ghat jhalyamule aantaryuddhat anshatah samarthit suvarnaman heey swabhavikpane asthir hote. france tevha parisla jaagtik darjache aarthik kendra banavanyacha prayatna karat hota aanee tyala mothya pramanat sonyacha pravahi midala.
march 1933 madhye padbhar swikarlyanantar, yuu.ess. adhyaksh franklin dii. roozvelt suvarnamanakanpasun door gela.
1932chya akheris, jaagtik chalan pranali mhanoon suvarnaman sodoon denyat aale hote. 1930 chya dashakachya madhyat chekoslovakia, belgium, france, netherlands aanee switzerlandne suvarnaman sodoon dile. barry ichangreen yanchya matey, suvarnaman kosalanyachi teen prathamik karane hotih
mahamandichi karane.
barry ichangreen, pieter temin aanee baine bernanke yanchyasarkhe arthshastradnya, 1929 madhye suru jhalelya aanee sumare eka dashkaparyant chalalelya aarthik mandila dirghkal tikavoon thevanyasathi 1920 chya suvarnamanankala dosh detat. mandichya suvarnaman siddhantache varnan arthshastradnyanmadhil 'ekmat drushtikon' asey kele gele aahe. haah drushtikon done yuktivadanvar aadharit aaheh "(1) suvarnamananusar, chalanvadhiche dhakke deshandarmyan pasarale gele aanee (2) bahutansh deshansathi, sonyache satat palan kelyane vittiy adhikanyanna bankingchya bhitichi bharpai karnyapasoon rokhale gele aanee tyanchya vasuleela adthala aanala gela."tathapi, 2002 chya eka peparmadhye assa yuktivad keela gela aahe qee dusra yuktivad keval" "maryadit sonyacha satha asalelya lahan khulya arthvyavasthanna lagoo hoil". jagatil sarvat motha desh asalelya, jyanchyakade sonyacha prachand satha aahe, tyaa amerikechya babatit asey navhate. bankingchi bheeti, apasfiti aanee ghatatya aarthik ghadamodinchi bharpai karnyasathi vistaratmak dhoran vaparnyapasun amerikevar nirbandh navhate."edward see. chya matey. united statesmadhye, suvarn manakanche palan kelyane federal rakheev nidhila arthvyavasthela chalana denyasathi, diwalkhor bankansathi nidhi puravanyasathi aanee sarkari tutisathi nidhi puravanyasathi paishacha puravatha vadhavanyapasun rokhale gele jeey vistarasathi "mukhya pump" asoo shakate. ekada suvarnamanapasun door gelyanantar, asha paishachya nirmitimadhye sahbhagi honyasathi teey swatantra jhaale. suvarnamanane kendriya bankanchya chalanvishayak dhoranachi lavchikta maryadit karoon, tyancha paisa puravatha vadhavanyachi kshamata maryadit kelee. americet, federal rakheev kayadyanusar (1913) madhyavarti bankene maganichya 40 takke notanna sonyacha aadhar asane aavashyak hote.
uchch vyajadaranmule dollarvaryl apasfiticha dabav vadhala aanee yu. ess. madheel guntavanuk qamee jhaali.ess. banka. 1931 madhye vyavsayik bankanni federal rakheev notanche rupantar sonyat kele, jyamule tyanche sonyache sathe qamee jhaale aanee chalan chalanat asalelya chalanachya pramanat ghat karnyas bhag padale. yaa sattebajichya hallyane yuu. aii. madhye ghabarat nirman jhaali.ess. banking pranali. avmoolyan honyachi bheeti balgoon anek thevidaranni yu. ess. kadoon nidhi kadhoon ghetala.ess. banka. jasjashi bankanchi dhavpal vadhali, tasatase ulat gunak parinamamule paishachya purvathyat aakunchan aale. yavyatirikt newyorkchya fedne european madhyavarti bankanna sonyache (240 tanpeksha jaast) karj dile hote. yaa hastantaranane yuu. laa kararbaddha kele.ess. paishacha puravatha. 1931 madhye britton, germany, austriya aanee itar european desh suvarnamankambaher gele aanee dollarvaryl vishvas kamkuvat jhaala, tevha parkeey karj prashnachinhatmak jhaale.
paishachya purvathyat jabardastine jhalelya aakunchanamule apasfitikaran jhaale. nammatra vyajdar qamee jhaale asale taree, apasfiti-samayojit vastavik vyaj darr uchch rahile, jyanni paise kharch karnyaivaji tyavar taba thewala tyanna bakshis midale, jyamule arthvyavastha aanakhi mandavali. kahee pramanat suvarnaman sodoon yu. ess. laa float karnyachya congresschya anichhemule, united statesmadhil punarprapti britanpeksha mand hotee.ess. brittonne jase kele hote tase chalan.
1930 chya dashakachya suruvatila, federal reservene vyajdar vadhavun, dollarchi magani vadhavanyacha prayatna karoon dollarcha bachav keela. yamule sonyane paradeshi malmatta kharedi karananya aantarrashtriy guntavanukdaranna aakarshit karnyat madat jhaali.
congressne 30 janewari 1934 roji suvarn rakheev kayada manjur keela; yaa upayane federal rakheev bankanna tyancha puravatha yuu. ess. laa hastantarit karnyache aadesh deuun serve sonyache rashtriyikaran kele.ess. khajinyat. tyaa badalyat, bankanna thevi aanee federal rakheev notanchya tulanet rakheev mhanoon vaparnyasathi sonyachi pramanpatre midali. yaa kayadyane rashtrapatinna sonyachya dollarche avmoolyan karnyasahi adhikrut kele. yaa adhikarakhali, 31 janewari 1934 roji rashtradhyakshanni dollarche moolya trie aunsavarun trie aunsmadhye badalale, jeey 40 takkyanhun adhik avmoolyan hote.
mahamandichya dirghkalatil itar ghatakanmadhye vyapar yuddhe aanee yuu. ess. madheel smoot-halley shulkasarkhya adthalyanmule aantarrashtriy vyaparat jhaleli ghat yancha samavesh hoto.ess. aanee gret brittonchi shahee pradhanya dhorane, kendriya bankanche jababdarine kaam karnyat apayash, vetanat ghat houu naye yasathi tayar keleli sarkari dhorane, udaharanarth 1931 chaa davis-bekan kayada, jyamule utpadan kharch vikrichya kimmatinpeksha qamee hoto, jyamule vyavsayik napha aanee karanmadhye vaadh houn arthsankalpiy toot qamee hote aanee samajik surakshesarkhya naveen karyakramanna pathimba midato. yuu.ess. sarvoch alpikar darr 1932 madhye 25 takkyanvarun 63 takkyanparyant aanee 1936 madhye 79 takkyanparyant gela, tarr sarvat khalcha darr dahapat vadhala, 1929 madhye. id1 varoon 1932 madhye 4 takkyanparyant. ekach velee jhalelya mothya dushkalamule yuu. ess.ess. dhulichi vaatee.
gret depression haah patbharanicha parinam asalyache austriyan shalene mhatale. alaan greenspanne lihile qee 1930 chya dashkatil bankanchya apayashanna suruvat jhaali tee gret brittonne 1931 madhye suvarnaman gamavalyamule. yaa kayadyane banking pranalivaril konatahi vishvas "tutala". aarthik itihaskar niyal fergusson yanni lihile qee, 1931chey european banking sankat heey mahamandila kharokharach 'mahan' banavale. federal reserveche adhyaksh mariner accless yanchya matey, sampattiche ekagratamule garib aanee madhyam vargacha jivanman thapp kinwa ghatale hote. heey varg karjat budale, jyamule 1920 chya dashkatil patt visfot jhaala. akheris, karjacha bhaar khoop jaast vadhala, parinami 1930 chya dashkatil mothya pramanat thakbaki aanee aarthik bheeti nirman jhaali.
breton woods.
1944 chya breton woods aantarrashtriy aarthik kararanusar, deshantargat parivartaniyateshivay suvarnaman rakhale gele. itar deshanchya chalananmadhye dollarchya drushtine nishchit kele jaat asalyane sonyachi bhoomika gambhirpane maryadit hotee. anek deshanni sonyacha satha thewala aanee sonyat khaatee nikali kadhali. tarihi, tyanni itar chalanansah shillak thevanyas pradhanya dile, american dollar haah aavadata banala. vinimay prakriyet madat karnyasathi aanee nishchit darr rakhanyasathi rashtranna madat karnyasathi aantarrashtriy vittiy nidhichi sthapana karnyat aalee. breton woodschya aat, patpatradvare samayojan kele gele jyamule deshanna apasfiti chalan talhanyasathi madat jhaali. junya mankannusar, jyaa deshache chalan jaast moolya aahe, tyaa deshache sone qamee hoil aanee joparyant chalan punha yogyaritya mulyankit hott nahee toparyant apasfiticha anubhav yeil. bahutek deshanni tyanchya chalananchi vyakhya dollarchya drushtine kelee, parantu kahee deshanni rakheev aanee vinimay daranche sanrakshn karnyasathi vyapar nirbandh ladale. tyamule bahutansh deshanchya chalananmadhye ajunahi moolbhootpane aparivartaniy hote. 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, vinimay nirbandh hatvale gele aanee aantarrashtriy aarthik tadjodimadhye sone haah eka mahattvacha ghatak banala.
dusya mahayuddhanantar, suvarn mankansarkhich eka pranali aanee kadhikadhi 'suvarn vinimay manak' mhanoon varnan keleli pranali breton woods kararanni sthapit kelee. yaa pranaliantargat, anek deshanni tyanche vinimay darr yuu. chya tulanet nishchit kele.ess. dollar aanee madhyavarti banka prati aunsachya adhikrut vinimay darane dollarchya malkichi sonyat adlabadal karoo shakat hotya; haah paryay kampanya kinwa vyaktinsathi upalabdh navhata. tyadvare dollarshee jodalya gelelya serve chalananche sonyachya babatit nishchit moolya hote. khasgi pakshanna adhikrut darane sonyachi devanghevan karata yet naslyamule bajarbhavat chadh-utaar hott hote. 1960chya bajarbhavatil mothya chadhautaranmule london goaled pool tayar jhaala.
rashtradhyaksh charles dii gaull yanchya 1959-1969 prashasanapasun suruvat karoon aanee 1970 paryant suru rahilyanantar, francene aapale dollarche sathe qamee kele, adhikrut vinimay darane sonyasathi tyanchi devanghevan kelee, yu.ess. aarthik prabhav. yamule, vietnam yuddhasathichya sanghiy kharchachya aarthik taana aanee deyakanchya shillak toot yaa satatyapurn ghatanenantar, yu. ess.ess. rashtradhyaksh richard nixon yanni yuu. aii. chee aantarrashtriy parivartaniyata sampavali.ess. 15 august 1971 roji dollar teey sone ('nixon shock').
dollarchi sonyachi kimmat aanee vinimayancha adhikrut darr sthir rahilyane haah eka tatpurata upay hota. chalananche punarmulyankan karane haah yaa yojanecha mukhya uddesh hota. konatehi adhikrut punarmulyankan kinwa vimochan jhaale nahee. tyanantar dollarcha darr ghasarala. december 1971 madhye, 'smithsonian karar' jhaala. yaa kararat, dollarche sonyachya prati troy aunsavarun prati troy ounsparyant avmoolyan karnyat aale. itar deshanchya chalananche kautuk jhaale. matra, sonyachi parivartaniyata punha suru jhaali nahee. aktoobar 1973 madhye, kimmat vadhavanyat aalee. punha ekada, avmoolyan apurate hote. dusya avmoolyananantar done aathvadyanchya aat dollarla tarangayala sodale gele. vyavharat sodoon dilyanantar byanch kalanantar september 1973 madhye sammoolyachi adhikrut ghoshana karnyat aalee. aktoobar 1976 madhye sarkarne adhikrutpane dollarchi vyakhya badalali; sonyache sandarbh kayadyatoon kadhoon taknyat aale. tevhapasoon, aantarrashtriy chalanvyavastha shuddha fiat paishapasoon tayar jhaali. tathapi, shastriy suvarn manakanchya patananantar sone hii eka mahattvapoorn rakheev malmatta mhanoon kayam rahili aahe.
aadhunik sonyache utpadan.
jee. eff. emm. chya 2012 chya aakadevarinusar, manvi itihasat andaje ekoon 174,100 tunn sonyache utkhanan jhaale aahe. heey andaje 5.6 abj trie auns kinwa, aakarmanachya drushtine, sumare kinwa eka bajuchya ghanaitke aahe. khankam kelelya sonyachya ekoon pramanache vegvegale andaj aahet. yaa farkache eka kaaran mhanje hajaro varshanpasun sonyache utkhanan kele jaat aahe. aanakhi eka kaaran mhanje kahee desh kitee sonyache utkhanan kele jaat aahe yabaddal visheshtah khule naheet. yavyatirikt, avaidh khankamatil sonyachya utpadanacha hishob karane katheen aahe.
2011 madhye jaagtik utpadan sumare 2,700 tunn hote. 1950chya dashakapasun, sonyachya varshik utpadanat vaadh andaje jaagtik loksankhyechya vadhishi (mhanje.eae. jaree too jaagtik aarthik vikasapeksha (1950 pasoon andaje aathpat aanee 1980 pasoon charpat vaadh) mage rahila asala taree yaa kalavadhit too duppat jhaala aahe.
siddhant.
vastunche paise mothya pramanat sathavane aanee vahtook karane gairsoyiche asate. shivay, heey sarkarla fiat chalanapramanech sahajatene vyaparachya pravahat ferfar karanyachi parvanagi dett nahee. tyamule, vastoocha paisa pratinidhi paishala gela aanee sone aanee itar jaatee tyala aadhar mhanoon rakhoon thevanyat aalya.
sone heey tyache durmilata, tikaupana, vibhajaniyata, burshijanyata aanee olakhanyachi sahajata, bahudha chandichya sanyogane, yamule paishacha eka pasantiche roop hote. chandi heey samanyatah mukhya pravahit madhyam hote, jyat sone heey aarthik rakheev hote. vastuche paise anamik hote, kaaran olakhanyache chinh kadhale jaau shakate. aarthik pradhikaranache jeey kahee houu shakate teey asoonahi vastuche paise tyache moolya rakhoon thevatat. dakshin vhietanamchya patananantar, rashtriy chalan nirupayogi jhalyanantar anek nirvasitanni tyanchi sampatti sonyat paschimekade nellie.
vastoo mankannusar chalanache konatehi aantarik moolya nasate, parantu vyapari teey swikartat kaaran teey samatulya prajatisathi kadhihi parat midavata yete. aaa yuu.ess. udaharanarth, chandiche pramanpatra, vastavik chandichya tukadyasathi parat ghetale jaau shakate.
mahamandichya kalat kahee deshanmadhye pahilyapramane, pratinidhik paisa aanee suvarnaman heey nagarikanna atisampada aanee aarthik dhoranachya itar durupyoganpasun sanrakshn detat. yaulat, vastoonchya paishamule apasfitikaran jhaale.
itar deshanchya tulanet suvarnaman lavkar sodalele desh mahamanditun lavkar savarale. udaharanarth, 1931 madhye suvarnaman sodalele gret britton aanee scandinavian desh, francemadhil aanee belgiumchya tulanet khoop aadhi parat aale, jeey sonyavar khoop kaal rahile. chinsarkhya, jyaa deshanche manak raupya hote, tyanni jawaljawal purnapane mandee talhali (kaaran tee tevha jaagtik arthvyavasthet kvachitach samavisht jhaali hotee). suvarnaman sodane aanee nairashyachi tivrata aanee kalavadhi yanchyatil sambandh vikasansheel deshansah dazanbhar deshansathi susangat hota. rashtriy arthvyavasthanmadhye mandicha anubhav aanee kalavadhi qaa vegala hota heey yavarun spasht houu shakate.
vividhata.
jevha vittiy pradhikaranakade vachan dilelya vinimay darane serve prachalit pratinidhi paishache sonyat rupantar karnyasathi purese sone asate tevha 'purn kinwa 100%-rakheev' suvarn manak astitvat asate. adhik sahajpane vegale karnyasathi tyala kadhikadhi goaled spissy standard mhanoon sambodhale jaate. purn manakanche virodhak heey amalat aanane katheen manatat, asey mhanat qee jagatil sonyache praman sadhyachya sonyachya kimmatinvar kinwa tyachya jawal jaagtik aarthik kriyakalap tikavoon thevanyasathi khoop qamee aahe; amalbajavanisathi sonyachya kimmatit anek patine vaadh hoil. suvarnaman pratipadakanni mhatale aahe qee, "ekada paisa tayar jhaala qee, paishacha konatahi satha rojgarachya konatyahi rakmeshi aanee vastavik utpannashi susangat hoto."kimmati sonyachya purvathyashi julavun ghetil, parantu yaa prakriyet lakshaniy aarthik vyatyay yeu shakato, jase qee sonyache manak rakhanyachya purvichya prayatnanmadhye anubhavale gele hote.
aantarrashtriy suvarn-manak pranalimadhye (jeey aavashyakpane sambandhit deshanmadhil antargat suvarn mankanvar aadharit aahe), sone kinwa nishchit kimmatit sonyat rupantarit karata yenyajoge chalan aantarrashtriy deyake denyasathi vaparale jaate. asha pranaliantargat, jevha vinimay darr nishchit pudina darapeksha jaast vadhatat kinwa sonyachya pathvanichya kimmatipeksha qamee hotat, tevha darr adhikrut staravar parat yeiparyant aavak kinwa bahercha pravah hoto. aantarrashtriy suvarn manke anekada konatya sansthanna sonyasathi chalan parat midvanyacha adhikar aahe yavar maryada ghalatat.
prabhav.
39 pramukh yuu. chey matdan.ess. 2012 madhye aay. jee. emm. aarthik tadnyanchya samiteene aayojit kelelya arthshastradnyanna asey aadhalale qee tyanchyapaiki konalahi asey vatale nahee qee suvarnamanakade paratalyane kimmat-sthirata aanee rojgarache parinam sudhartil. arthshastradnyanna jyaa vishisht vidhanashi sahmat kinwa asahmat honyas sangitale gele teey asey hoteh "jarr yuu.ess. tyachya vivekadhin chalanvishayak dhoran vyavasthechya jaagi suvarnamanke aanali gelee, jyat 'dollar' laa sonyachya aunsachi vishisht sankhya mhanoon paribhashit kele gele, tyamule kimmat-sthirata aanee rojgarache parinam sarasari americansathi changle asateel."40 takke arthatadnya asahmat hote aanee 53 takke lock yaa vidhanashi thampane asahmat hote; bakichyanni yaa prashnache uttar dile nahee. sarvekshan kelelya arthshastradnyanchya panelmadhye mageel nobel paritoshik vijete, republican aanee democratic donhi adhyakshanche majee aarthik sallagar aanee harvard, shikago, stanford, emm. aay. tii. aanee itar suprasiddha sanshodhan vidyapithanmadhil varishtha pradhyapakancha samavesh hota. aarthik itihaskaranmadhil sarvekshan parinamanvar 1995 chya abhyasat asey disun aale aahe qee done trutiyansh aarthik itihaskaranni asey mutt vyakt kele aahe qee ekonisavya shatkat kimmati sthir karnyasathi aanee vyavasay-chakratil chadhautar qamee karnyasathi suvarnaman prabhavi hote."
arthshastradnya alaan etch. karnegi melon vidyapithache meltzer 1970 chya dashakapasun suvarn manakanchya ronn paulchya samarthanala nakar denyasathi olakhale jaat hote. kadhikadhi too aaplya virodhacha saransh fakt asey mhanat asey, "[doubleu] eekade suvarnaman nahee. aaplyala suvarnamanabaddal mahitee nahee mhanoon nahee, tarr aapan karato mhanoon aahe."
fayade.
arthshastradnya michael dii. tarr, suvarn manakache teen fayade aaheth "sthir nammatra aadhar mhanoon tyachi nond; tyachi svayamchalitataa; aanee vishvasarh vachanbaddhata yantrana mhanoon tyachi bhoomika."
vakeel.
suvarnamanakade paratanyacha vichar yuu. aii. neey keela hota.ess. 1982 madhye suvarn aayog, parantu tyala keval alpasankhyak samarthan midale. 2001 madhye maleshiyache pantpradhan mahatir biin mohammed yanni naveen chalan prastavit kele jeey suruvatila muslim rashtranmadhil aantarrashtriy vyaparasathi vaparale jaeel, aadhunik islamik sonyache dinar vaparoon, jyala 4.25 gramm shuddha (24 carrett) sone mhanoon paribhashit kele aahe. mahatirne dawa keela qee teey lekhache eka sthir ekak aanee islami rashtranmadhil aikyache rajkiy prateek asel. yamule yuu vareel avalambitva qamee hoil.ess. dollar aanee vyaj aakarnyas bandee ghalana shariya kayadyanusar karj-samarthit nasalele chalan sthapit qaraa. tathapi, haah prastav haatee ghenyat aalela nahee aanee jaagtik chalan pranali ajunahi yu. ess. varr avalambun aahe.ess. mukhya vyapar aanee rakheev chalan mhanoon dollar.
purviche yuu.ess. federal reserveche adhyaksh alaan greenspan yanni manya kele qee teey madhyavarti banketil "alpasankhyakanpaiki" eka hote jyancha suvarn mankambabat kahee sakaratmak drushtikon hota. 1966 chya nibandhat tyanni 'goaled andd economic friedam' yaa shirshak asalelya ain randchya pustakat yogdan dile, greenspanne 'shuddha' suvarnamanakade parat yenyachya prakaranat yuktivad keela; tyaa nibandhat tyanni fiate chalananchya samarthakanche varnan 'kalyankari aakadevari' mhanoon kele, jeey tutichya kharchasathi aarthik dhoranacha vapar karnyacha hetu thevatat. agadi alikadech tyanni assa dawa keela qee chalanvadhila lakshya karnyavar laksh kendrit karoon "kendriya bankanni aapan suvarnamanavar asalyasarkhe vagale aahe", jyamule mankakade paratane anavashyak jhaale aahe.
tyachpramane, robbert barrow yanchyasarkhya arthshastradnyanni assa yuktivad keela qee sthir, rajkiyadrushtya asvikrut aarthik dhoranasathi kahee prakarchi "aarthik rachana" aavashyak asali taree, hii rachana jyaa swarupat ghete-udaharanarth, suvarn manak, itar kahee vastoo-aadharit manak kinwa paishache praman nishchit karnyasathi nishchit niyamansah fiate chalan-teey lakshaniyaritya qamee mahattvache aahe.
suvarn manakache samarthan austriyan school auph economicsche anek anuyayi, mukt-bajar swatantryavadi aanee kahee puravatha-bajuche lock karatat.
yuu.ess. rajkaran.
majee congress sadasya ronn paul heey suvarn manakanche dirghakalin, uchch-profile vakeel aahet, parantu tyanni arthvyavasthechya sthitiche adhik changle pratibimb asalelya vastoonchya topalivar aadharit manak vaparnyas dekhil pathimba darshavila aahe.
2011 madhye yuu. tii. aii. vidhimandalane curr bharnyasathi kayadeshir nivida mhanoon federaldware jaaree keleli sone aanee chandichi nanee swikaranyasathi eka vidheyak manjur kele. jaree tyanchya dhatuchya samagrichi bajarbhav sadhya tyanchya aarthik mulyapeksha jaast asali taree, federal jaaree kelele chalan mhanoon, nanee aadhich karansathi kayadeshir nivida hotee. 2011 paryant ashach prakarcha kayada itar yuu. ess. madhye vicharadhin hota.ess. rajye. heey vidheyak chaha party chalvalishi sambandhit navnirvachit republican pakshachya aamdaranni suru kele hote aanee adhyaksh barak obama yanchya dhorananvaril chintemule prerit hote.
2013 madhye, arizona vidhimandalane ess. bii. 1439 manjur kele, jyamule sone aanee chandiche naane karj bharnyasathi kayadeshir chalan banale asate, parantu rajyapalanni yaa vidheykavar nakaradhikar thewala.
2015 madhye, 2016 chya adhyakshiy nivadanukisathi kahee prajasattak umedvaranni, federal rakheev nidhichya aarthik vaadh vadhavanyachya prayatnanmule chalanwadh nirman houu shakate yaa chintechya aadhare suvarn manakache samarthan kele. suvarnamanamule yuu. ess. laa fayda hoil yaa umedvaranchya davyanshi aarthik itihaskar sahmat navhate.ess. arthvyavastha.