brazilchya rajyaghatnecha itihas

brazilchya swatantra rajkiy itihasat saat sanvidhane aahet. sarvat alikadachi 5 aktoobar 1988 roji manyata denyat aalee.
shahee sanvidhan (1824).
parshvabhoomi.
7 september 1822 roji swatantryapurvi brazilala konatihi aupcharik sanvidhan navhati, kaaran portugalne brazilne swatantrya ghoshit kelyanantar 16 divasanni 23 september 1822 rojich aapali pahili sanvidhan sweekarli.
1823 madhye samrat pedro pahila yane sanvidhan lihinyachi rajkiy prakriya suru kelee.
brazilchya pahilya rajyaghatnecha vistar karane khoop katheen hote aanee tyat samavisht asalelya sattechya sangharshamule dirghkal suru asalelya ashantatet desh grassla, jyane jawaljawal done dashake deshala trast kele. done pramukh tathyanni samasya vadhavalyah
pahilya paristhiticha arth assa hota qee brazilchya jamindaranni (tathakathit 'brazilian paksh') yuvraj pedro pahila yala bhakkam pathimba deela asala taree, 'renois' (portugalmadhil alikadil sthalantaritanna dilele naav) yanchya matancha vichar keela pahije. pratyek bajuchi khoop vegali aanee vegvegali uddishte asalyane konihi jinku shakat navhate aanee tadjodichi aavashyakta hotee.
atirikt samasya dekhil hotyah ghatanatmak sabha brazilmadhye portugij kayadyanchi amalbajavani tharvanyasathi nivadali gelee hotee, naveen sanvidhanacha masuda tayar karnyasathi nahee. parinami, kahee portugij pratinidhinni tyat bhag ghenyas nakar deela. dusarikade, udarmatvadi brazilian pratinidhincha chhal karnyat aala hotah kahinna nirvasit karnyat aale tarr itaranna turungat taknyat aale. asha prakare ghatanatmak sabhene lakshaniy sankhyene matey aikali naheet aanee portugij paksh aanee udarmatvadyanna haanee pohochavanyasathi 'brazilian pakshachi' uddishte pratibimbit kartil.
sanvidhanacha masuda jasjasa pudhe sarkat gela tasatase heey spasht jhaale qee pratinidhi ashee sanvidhan sthapan karnyacha prayatna karat hote jeeh
samratala keval sajavaticha pramukh mhanoon kaam karayache navhate, tarr portugij portugij (jeey brazilcha mukhya aarthik paya hote) hitsambandhanche rakshan karayache hote aanee sansadekade aapale adhikar pudhe sopavane rokhayache hote. 
pavitra aaghadichya netrutvakhalil puranmatvadachya latechya prakashat, samratane ghatanatmak sabha visarjit karnyasathi brazilchya sainyavar aaplya prabhavacha vapar keela, jee vedna ratra mhanoon olakhali gelee. tyanantar swatachya adhikarane tyane eka sanvidhan jaaree kele, jyat karyakari adhikar swatah samratavar kendrit hote (akheris tyala 'ghatanatmak samrat aanee brazilcha kayamcha rakshak' mhanoon mukut ghatala gela).
gela) french sanvidhanavar aanee aanee spanish sanvidhanavar aadharit, sanvidhanane vidhansabhela darja aanee adhikar donhi dile. rajyaghatna aanee tyat pratishthapit kelelya adhikaranchya samarthanarth santulan pradan karnyasathi kalpana kelelya adhikaranchya pruthakkaranasah, "rashtrache pratinidhimandal" mhanoon karyakari, vidhimandal, nyayik aanee madhyasth shakha tayar kelya.
kelya rajyaghatna sanvidhan sabhene tayar kelelya masudyapeksha qamee sansadiy hotee. kharey tarr, serve karanansathi tee eka vilakshan aanee adviteey shasson hotih eka "rashtrapati" rajeshahi. yacha arth assa nahee qee, konatyahi prakare, brazilchya samratala julami kinwa hukumshahashi samya asalele visheshadhikar hote. manvi swatantrya aanee pratishthechya vaiyaktik hummy sanadechya kalmanmadhye samavisht kelya gelya aanee tyancha aadar keela gela. kayade tayar karane kinwa nyayniwada karane aanee shiksha karane yasarkhya vidhimandal shakha aanee nyayvyavasthesathi rakheev asalelya kshetranmadhye samrat karya karnar nahee. 
jaree tyane samratala tyachya purvavartipeksha adhik adhikar dile asale, taree shahee sanvidhan tyachya kalasathi atishay purogami manale jaat hote. european udarmatvadi shaktinni vaparlelya anek sanvidhananpeksha teey adhik purogami manale jaat hote.
sanvidhan.
25 march 1824 roji prakashit jhalelya naveen rajyaghatanene chaar adhikaranchya astitvachi ruparesha aakhalih
rajya parishadechya sadasyanchi niyukti karoon samratane karyakari mandalavar niyantran thewale, prastav mandanyachi parvanagi deuun aanee pratinidhi sabhagruh visarjit karnyacha adhikar deuun vidhimandalavar prabhav padala (senators aajivan basale, tathapi, dilelya prantatil pahilya teen umedvaranmadhye samratane vaiyaktikaritya nivadle gele) aanee sarvoch nyayalayachya sadasyanchi niyukti (aajivan) karoon nyayvyavasthevarhi prabhav padala.
yaa rajyaghatanene brazilian samrajya eka ekatmik rajya mhanoon sthapit kele (prantanna thodi svayatta hotee, jarr asel tarr). 12 august 1834 roji udarmatvadi sudharananchya kalat adhiniyamit kelelya durustine ('atisangat') prantanna tyanchi swatachi vidhimandal kaksh tayar karnyas adhikrut kele, jyanna aarthik babinvar kayade karnyacha, curr tayar karnyacha aanee kendriya sattedvare namankit mukhya karyakari karyakari tyanchya swatachya nagri sevakanchya tukadyancha adhikar hota; tathapi, meey 1840 chya 'vyakhyatmak' kayadyadvare tyat sudharana karnyat aalee, joou puranmatvadi pratikriyechya kalat adhiniyamit karnyat aala, jyamule kendriya adhikarala prantanmadhye nyayadhish aanee polis polis niyukti karanyachi parvanagi midali.
20 julai 1847 roji, eka aadesh (kramank 523) neey pantpradhan padachi sthapana kelee, aupcharikpane "mantrimandal adhyaksh" (jyache daha sadasya ayushyabhar basale hote aanee jeey shevatchya samrajyat keval samratala sallah denari sanstha mhanoon kaam karat hote), rajya parishadeshi gondhal ghaloo nakaa. samratane niyukt kelelya pantpradhananni nantar rajya sachivanche kinwa mantryanche mantrimandal nivadle. mantrimandalala sarvasadharan sabhet bahumatacha pathimba kayam rakhava lagla. sambandhit samasyesathi jababdar asalelya mantryachya pratihakkavina samratachi krutye vaidh navhati. asha prakare, prakare aadeshane brazilchya samrajyache sansadiy vyavsthesah pramanit ghatanatmak rajeshahimadhye rupantar kele.
matadhikar atishay maryadit hota, too sensitory aanee apratyaksh hotah kutumbacha pramukh nasalelya aanee/kinwa shambhar milipeksha qamee nivval varshik utpann asalelya konatyahi purush nagrikala, pratyaksh matdaranchi nivad prayatna, pratinidhi sabhagruh aanee sinetsathi matdan karnyacha adhikar asalelya prathamik nivadnukanmadhye matdan karanyachi parvanagi navhati. parinami, brazilchya vidhimandalancha nishchitpane puranmatvadi cull hota. mothya pramanavar jhalelya nivadanukanchya fasavanukinsaha, samratane nivadalela konatahi pantpradhan-jyala pratinidhi sabhagruh visarjit karnyacha aanee tyasathi naveen nivadanuka ghenyache aadesh denyacha adhikar hota-tyanantarchya nivadnukanmadhye sansadiy bahumat midvanyat kadhihi apayashi tharala nahee.
pavitra trikutanchya navane adhiniyamit 1824 chya sanvidhanane catholic dharmala rajya dharm mhanoon dekhil sthapit kele, jyamule itar dharm keval khajgi paddhatine palale jaau shakatatah bigger-catholic prathanasthale baheroon dharmik imarati mhanoon disu shakat naheet. brazilmadhye janmalelya kinwa mukt jhalelya serve lokanparyant gulamancha vistar karoon, tyanni brazilchya nagarikatvatun gulamanna vagalale.
june prajasattak sanvidhan (1891).
parshvabhoomi.
15 november 1889 roji samrat pedro dusra padchyut jhaala, brazilchi rajeshahi radd karnyat aalee aanee 1824 chee rajyaghatna amalat aanali gelee. eka nishchit uttaradhikari dastaivaj lihila jaat asatana konatihi tatpurati sanvidhan vaparali gelee nahee. 1889 madhye nyayshastradnya aanee rajkarnyanchya eka gatane lekhan prakriya suru kelee aanee nantar 24 februwari 1891 roji ghatanatmak congressne tyat sudharana kelee.
sanvidhan.
tyachya antim swarupat, naveen rajyaghatnecha arth, jaree thode vegale (aanee kahise adhik kendrikrut) swaroop sweekarle asale taree, amerikechya rajyaghatanechya moolbhut tattvanche palan karoon, vaiyaktik swatantryanna protsahan denyasathi eka sanghiy rajya tayar karane haah hota.
rajyaghatanechi mukhya vaishishtye ashee hotih
tisari rajyaghatna (1934).
parshvabhoomi.
1930 madhye, gambhir rajkiy samasyannantar, rashtradhyaksh washington louis yanna 'book dii' etat 'dware ulthavoon taknyat aale. 1891 chee rajyaghatna radd karnyat aalee aanee tatpurte adhyaksh gotulio vargas yanni "vastavik" vaiyaktik hukumshaha mhanoon rajya kele, parantu rajyane uchchabhru lokanna (jyanni swatantryapasun brazilchya rajyavar niyantran thewale hote) heey chaloo rahanyapasun rokhanyasathi sangharsh keela. 1932 madhye, saao paulomadhye, ghatanatmak krantine sanvidhanachi magani kelee. parinami, eka ghatanatmak sabha nivadali gelee aanee 'bandali' neey junya prajasattakala ulthavoon taklyanantar chaar varshanhun qamee kalavadhit 16 julai 1934 roji sanvidhan ghoshit karnyat aale. varganni aaplya adhikarala kayadeshir manyata denyasathi hii rajyaghatna sweekarli.
sanvidhan.
hii rajyaghatna brazilchi sarvat qamee kaal tikanari rajyaghatna hotee, jee keval teen varshe (1937 paryant) tikali.
tyache alpayushya asoonahi, heey sanvidhan mahattvache hote kaaran bahupakshiy nivadnukanmadhye thet nivadoon aalelya pratinidhinni brazilchi rajyaghatna survatipasun lihinyachi hii pahilich vel hotee. yacha parinam mhanoon, tyat brazilchya rajkiy, samajik aanee aarthik jeevanat anek sudharana samavisht kelya gelyah
"estado novo" sanvidhan (1937).
parshvabhoomi.
10 november november ratri, vargas yanni rashtravyapi redio bhashanat jaheer kele qee teey communist samarthit uthav (tathakathit cohain yojana) dadapanyachya bahanyane aapatkalin satta tabyat ghet aahet. tyach ratri, tyanni eka naveen rajyaghatna jaheer kelee jyane tyanchya adhyakshapadache prabhavipane kayadeshir hukumshahimadhye rupantar kele (alp kalavadhi asey soochit karato qee swa-sattapalat aadhich aayojit kele gele hote). nyay mantri francisco camposene teey lihile hote aanee vargas aanee tyache yuddh mantri (lashkar aanee havai dalache sanyukt-commander), eurico gasper dutra yanni teey proofried kele hote.
sanvidhan.
naveen dastaivajala 'polaka' kinwa 'polish sanvidhan' asey mhatale gele kaaran teey 1935 chya aprilchya polish sanvidhanane prerit hote. congress aanee nyaypalikeche adhikar aanee svayatta lakshaniyaritya maryadit karat asatana rashtrapatinche adhikar ektrit karnyacha tyacha hetu hota. spashtapane hukumshahi asoonahi, tyacha hetu purnapane hukumshaha aanee dadapshahicha navhata. tyane mageel rajyaghatanetil bahutansh samajik sudharana rakhalya aanee 1917 chya nagri sanhitevar aadharit, shikshanacha adhikar, sanskruti sanrakshanacha adhikar aanee kautumbik hakkansathi margdarshak tattve aanakhi jodali.
matra, dusarikade, tyane karyakari adhikar mothya pramanat kendrit keleh
pachvi rajyaghatna (1946).
parshvabhoomi.
1945 madhye jevha vargas yanna rajinama denyas bhag padale gele, tevha thet nivadoon aalelya ghatanatmak congressne punha ekada eka naveen sanvidhan lihile.
sanvidhan.
sampoorn rajkiy swatantrya denari hii pahili brazilchi rajyaghatna hotee (agadi brazilian communist pakshalahi kayadeshir karnyat aale hote, jaree thodakyat) aanee deshala adhikrutpane 'estados unidos doo brazil' asey naav denari shevatchi rajyaghatna hotee (aanee tyaa varshachya uttaradhat deshachya navachi vartanook badalel). atirikt "tatpuratya upayayojanancha kayada" (kayadyancha eka sanch joou "sanvidhanachya aadhi" lagoo jhaala aanee too badalala jaau shakala nahee) asalela too pahila hota.
yaa rajyaghataneche pramukh mudde asey hoteh
shevatche done yaa rajyaghatanetil pramukh samasya banatil, kaaran teey kayadesheerateche sankat nirman karanyachi aanee chalana denyachi shakyata hotee (kaaran adhyaksh sahasa bahumatapeksha qamee matanni nivadoon dile jaat asat) aanee cutt (kaaran upadhyaksh sahasa yaa pakshatoon asat).
sahavi rajyaghatna (1967).
parshvabhoomi.
1 april 1964 roji lashkari "sattapalat" jhalyanantar naveen rajvatichya niyantrakanni 1946 chee sanvidhan rakhali aanee shakya titkya lavkar lokshahi punarsanchayit karnyache vachan dile. tathapi, tyanni tase kele nahee aanee tyanna duvidha bhedasavat hotee, kaaran tyanni kelele pratyek mothe paul, uthavasah, sadhyachya sanvidhanachya katekorpane virodhat hote.
lashkari adhyakshanni anukrame jaaree kelelya tathakathit sansthatmak kayadyanna vyavharat sanvidhanapeksha uchch sthan denyat aale hote aanee tyat sudharana karata yet hotee. yaa paristhititahi, pahile lashkari adhyaksh, humberto dii elenkar castello branco, 1966 madhye nagri shasson punarsanchayit karnyasathi vachanbaddha hote. tathapi, mothya sankhyene lashkari aanee nagri atirekyanna vatale qee lashkarala kahee varshe sattet rahave lagel. tyanna 'vidhvansak vyaktin' (jyanna rajvaticha virodh hota) viruddha ladhanyasathi adhik 'yogya' kayadehi parit karayache hote.
tathapi, 1965 paryant, virodhi umedvaranni minas gerais aanee guanabarache governorpad jinkale tevha paristhiti asahya tappyavar pohochali. castello branco yanni nikal radd karnyas nakar deela. castello branco yanni lashkarachya sudharana karyakramala pathimba denyas sahmati darshavali tevhach uthav talhala gela. toparyant lashkarane lokshahiche serve dhong sodoon denyacha nirnay ghetala hota. tyat 'naveen sansthanchi' purvakalpana naslyamule 1946 chee rajyaghatna 'aprachalit' asalyachehi tyala vatale.
castello branco yanni niyukt kelelya vakilanchya chamoone eka naveen sanvidhan lihile aanee nyay mantri, carlos mediros silva yanni tyat sudharana kelee (swatah castello brancochya nirdeshannusar) aanee brazilchya sansadene sampoorn matdan kele (aadhich bahutek virodhkankadun mukt kele gele).
mool sanvidhan.
naveen rajyaghatanechi mukhya vaishishtye ashee hotih
1969 chya sudharana.
1969 madhye, yaa aadhich gambhirpane hukumshahi asalelya dastaivajat tatpuratya lashkari sattapalatane mothya pramanat sudharana kelee aanee aanakhi dadapshahi kelee. 1969 chee durusti kadhikadhi satvi sanvidhan mhanoon manali jaate, kaaran tyat 1967 chya dastaivajacha majkoor jawaljawal purnapane punha lihila gela hota.
naveen ghatanatmak majkurane rajyasathi kahee atirikt sadhane aanalih
tathapi, 1979 pasoon, rajyaghatanela haloohaloo tyachya hukumshahi swarupapasoon mukt karnyat aale. 1985 madhye nagri rajvat parat aalyane yaa prakriyela gatee midali, jyachi parinati 1988 madhye naveen rajyaghatna swikaranyat jhaali.
nagrik sanvidhan (1988-sadhyache).
parshvabhoomi.
brazilchi satvi aanee sadhyachi rajyaghatna 5 aktoobar 1988 roji done varshanchya prakriyenantar jaheer karnyat aalee, jyamadhye 1986 madhye nivadoon aalelya ghatanatmak congressne tee survatipasun lihili hotee.
sanvidhan.
serve prakarchya hakkanchi hummy denyacha aanee swatantrya maryadit karnyachya, gunhyanna shiksha karnyachya aanee vaiyaktik jivanache niyaman karnyachya rajyachya kshamatevar nirbandh ghalanyacha prayatna prayatna lashkari hukumshahichya kalavadhichi hii pratikriya asalyache disate. dusarikade, rajya sudharanansathi spasht niyam pradan kele naheet aanee deshache aarthik niyaman abadhit thewale.
naveen ghatanatmak hamimadhye manai aadesh aanee 'bandicha deta' (sarkarne thevalelya tyachyabaddalachya konatyahi detamadhye pravesh midvanyacha adhikar) yancha samavesh aahe. grahakanchi sanrakshn sanhita (jee 1990 madhye aanali gelee hotee), mule aanee yuva sanhita (1990) aanee naveen nagri sanhita (2002) astitvat asalyacha andajahi tyanni vartavala.
nagri swatantrya aanee hakkanchya ullanghanasathi kathor shikshechi magani karnari hii pahili rajyaghatna hotee. parinami, brazilne nantar konatyahi alpasankhyak kinwa vanshik gataviruddha purvagrah pasaravane haah ajaminpatra gunha banavnara kayada manjur keela. yaa kayadyane dveshyukt bhashan bhashan (nava-nazinsarkhe) kinwa serve nagarikanna samaan vaganuk naan naan kayadeshir nivaran pradan kele. yaa yaa pailoomule apang lokanna sarvajanik sevet (aanee lavkarach serve mothya companyanmadhye) companyanmadhye) rakheev takkewari milanyas aanee krishnavarniy lokanna nyayalayanmadhye purvgrahasathi bharpai magnyas madat jhaali.
1967 chya rajyaghatanechya hukumshahi tarkshastracha bhang karoon, tyane lokshahi rajya aanee ghatanatmak vyavastheviruddh atyachar aanee krutiche ajaminpatra gunhe kele, asha prakare konatyahi prakarchya 'sattapalat' laa rokhanyasathi ghatanatmak sadhane tayar kelee.
kelee arthane lokshahi rajya nirman karanyachi ichcha asalelya rajyaghatanene niyamit matdanavyatirikt janmat, sarvmat aanee samanya nagarikankadun naveen kayade prastavit karanyachi shakyata yasarkhya thet lokpriy sahbhagache anek prakar sthapit kele aahet. yaa lokshahi yantranechi udaharane mhanje 1993 madheel sarkarchya swarupashi sambandhit janmat, jithe rashtrapati pranalila pushti midali aanee 2005 madheel banduka aanee darugola vikrivareel bandishi sambandhit sarvmat.
sanvidhanachya prastavnet (aanee nantar brazilchya chalanat) devacha ullekh karnyas bahutek davya pakshanni dharmik swatantryashi visangat asalyache mhanat virodh keela kaaran teey bahudevvadi (amerindiensarkhe) kinwa nastikanchya adhikaranna manyata dett nahee, parantu teey aataparyant kadhoon takale gele nahee. eka ekar heey ekmev rajya sanvidhan aahe, jeey devacha sandarbh dett nahee. sarvoch sanghiy nyayalayane nikal deela aahe qee devachya sanrakshanachi hii vagalani asanvaidhanik nahee kaaran rajyaghatanechi prastavna hii keval asha tattvanche sanket aahe jee ghatanatmak granthacha parichay mhanoon kaam karate aanee kayadyachya navhe tarr rajkiy vichardharechya kakshet kakshet aamdaranchya vaicharik sankalpana pratibimbit karate. tyamule, prastavanechi jee pratyakshat sarvoch kayadyacha bhag nahee, tyala konatyahi prakarchi nyayik vaidhata nahee aanee tee tee ladoo shakat nahee kinwa adhikar nirman karoo shakat nahee.
sudharana.
vaiyaktik haqq aanee swatantryanshi sambandhit aanee sarkari niyantranat dekhil pragati asoonahi, ghatanatmak majkurane asha pravrutti aanalya jyaa parinami sarkari karyakshamateshi sambandhit gambhir adachani nirman jhalya. pudhil varshanmadhye, visheshtah 1995 pasoon, yacha arth avyavharya, parasparvirodhi kinwa aspasht tartudi door karnyasathi (parantu sarkarne kelelya aarthik sudharananna samavoon ghenyasathi, jyasathi asha sudharananvar kadhikadhi teeka kelee gelee aahe) tyat anek vela sudharana karavya lagalya. august 2020 paryant yaa rajyaghatanet 108 vela sudharana karnyat aalya aahet.

