
phorta kosmak

phorta kosmak (montenegrinah "twardawa kosmak", "twarwawa kosmach") haah austro-hungarian samrajyatil sarvat dakshinekadil killa hota, joou samrajya aanee montenegro darmyanchya simechya dakshin tokala rakshan dett hota. heey brajichi gavajaval, kinanyavaril budwa aanee tyaa kalatil montenegrinchi rajdhani settinje yanchyatil rastyakade pahana tekadivar vasalele aahe. 1840 chya dashakat bandhanyat aalelya yaa killyavar 1869 chya bandachya velee hallah jhaala aanee 1918 madhye samrajyachya patanaparyant austriyan sainyane tyala suraksha puravali. navyane sthapan jhalelya yugoslaviakade gelyanantar, dusya mahayuddhat kahee kalasathi italian sainyane tyala punha suraksha puravali. hii imarat aata sodoon denyat aalee aahe aanee tee uddhvast avasthet aahe.
parshvabhoomi.
1918 paryant, austriya-hungarian samrajyane petrovacchya agadi dakshinekade, jyala purvi venesian albania mhanoon olakhale jayache, kotarpasoon (jyala tevha kataro mhanoon olakhale jayache) eka arund kinarpattivar niyantran thewale. yaa pattyachya jawalpas ardhya margavar asalelya budwa yethe, eka rasta shaharachya varchya parvatanmadhun montenegrinchi junie rajdhani settinjekade jaato. yaa kshetrala mothe dhoranatmak mahatva hote kaaran haah too bindu hota jyavar austro-hungarian, montenegrin aanee (1878 paryant) ottoman seema bhetalya.
1841 madhye montenegrocha rajkumar pieter dusra petrovic-enjegosh yane austriyashi karar keela jyaa antargat montenegro aanee samrajya yanchyatil seema nishchit karnyat aalee aanee austriyan lokanni montenegrochya swatantryala manyata dilee. kotorchya upasagarachya aaspas aanee kinarpattichya pattyajaval austriyan lokanni bandhalelya killyanchya jaalyacha dakshinekadil bhag mhanoon kosmak killa bandhala gela hota. matra, yaa bhagavar austriyache niyantran surakshit navhate. done gambhir bandkhori shaktishali crivosije kulane kelee hotee, jeey risanchya varr orgeon parvatachya purvekadil bajus rahat hote. 1869 madhye kulane tyanche bund dadapanyasathi pathavalelya austro-hungarian sainyacha parabhav keela, tarr tyanchya sthanik mitranni kosmak killyavar hallah keela. 1882 madheel dusare bund akheris austriyan lokanni hanoon padale.
varnan.
haah killa samudraspatipasun sumare unchivar, budwa-settinje rastyavaril brajichi gavajaval, kosmak tekadivar sthit aahe. sthanik khaninmadhun midavalelya bareek poshakh asalelya chunkhadicha vapar karoon teey bandhanyat aale hote. haah killa sadharanpane uttar-dakshin sanrekhanavar bandhala gela hota aanee tyat done pankh asaleli eka samamiteey imarat aahe jee sumare 20 anshanchya konat madhyavarti ardhvartulakar vibhagala milate. pratyek pankhachya shevati ardhvartulakar vistar asato joou pankhachya mukhya reshechya samkonane purvekade tond karato. yaa rachanene killyachya bachavkartyanna aath dishanni drushye dilee, aayatakruti khidakya aanee mothya kamandar bandukichya banduka antarbhagachya dishene tond karoon hotya. madhyavarti ardhvartulakar buruj paschimekade aanee samudrakade aahe.
killa aata vinashkari sthiteet aahe; too ekekali teen majali hota, parantu sarvat varcha majala purnapane kosalala aahe, jyamule too chhapparhin jhaala aahe. aateel bhinti, majale aanee madhyavarti payya dekhil kosalalya aahet. mukhya payyanchey avashesh ajunahi disat asale taree payya purnapane nahisha jhalya aahet aanee varchya majalyavar pohochata yet nahee, jaree varchya majalyavar ubhe rahnyasathi kahihi shillak nahee.
killyacha aateel bhag mothya pramanat kosalalelya dagadi bandhkamane vikhurlela aahe, jyamule mool majala purnapane aspasht aahe. kosalanyachi vyapti itaki purn aahe qee aateel bhag mulat kassa tayar karnyat aala heey aata dnyat nahee. aateel chaukatichya chhatavar mothya pramanat chhidre aahet. killyachya bahereel bhintinna resh lavnyasathi vaparlya jaananya rakhadi chunkhadichya bareek kaam kelelya chauras thokalyancha pathlag karnyasathi bahereel bhagavar dagadfek karnyat aalee aahe.
killyachya baher eka prashast angan aahe aanee ekekali eka chhavanichya imaratine vedhalele hote, jyapaiki aata fakt tukade urale aahet. yaa bhagat eka kund dekhil aahe, jyane chhavanila panipurvatha keela.
haah killa sahaj upalabdh aahe aanee montenegrin kinaanyaalagat jaananya "primorska planinarska transverzala" yaa lamb pallyachya padapathavar eka margache thikan aahe. tathapi, tyachya uddhvast sthiticha arth assa aahe qee dagadi bandhkam kosalanyacha lakshaniy dhoka aahe aanee abhyagatanna imaratit pravesh kartana atyant savadhgiri balganyacha sallah deela jaato.
itihas.
1841 madhye simeche seemankan jhalyanantar lagechach cosmack killyache bandhkam kadachit suru jhaale; teey 1850 chya sumaras purn jhaale. 6 adhikari aanee vividh vaishishtyantil 248 sainikanni tyala gherav ghatala hota aanee 240 miimii tofanni too sashastr hota. 1869 madhye crivosije bandachya velee, killyavar sthanik kulane hallah keela hota. tyacha senapati friedrich merz yala jawalchya brajichi yetheel vukale perov stojanovic yane golya ghaloon thaar marle, joou nantar sthanik nayak banala aanee brajichichya charchmadhye tyache smaran kele jaate. merzchya mrutyuche shrey prasarmadhyamanni tyachya swatachya avivekipanala dile, kaaran tyane killyala bandkhoranni vedha ghatalela asatana tyachya baher firane nivadle hote. too tabyat ghenyat aala nahee aanee 1875 madhye austriyacha samrat franz joseph pahila yachya bhetiche aayojan kele hote.
kosmak killyachi sadhyachi rachana 1909 salapasoon aahe, jevha too 8 miimii machine gunn, 90 miimii kiimii-04 tofkhana tofa aanee 150 miimii tofanni susajj hota. 1918 madhye pahilya mahayuddhachya samaptiparyant, jevha samrajya kosalale aanee kinarpattichi patti yugoslaviachya yuddhanantarchya samrajyashi jodali gelee, toparyant teey austro-hungarian lokanni vyapalele rahile. dusya mahayuddhat montenegrin kinanyavar italiananchya tabyat asatana 1941 teey 1943 yaa kalat tyacha aanakhi vapar jhaala. tevhapasoon haah killa sodoon denyat aala aahe. aata montenegrochya sanskrutik smarakanchya sanrakshanasathichya prajasattak sansthechya malkichi aahe.
montenegrochya sanskruti mantralayane kosmak killyache varnan "utkrusht rashtriy mahatva asalela" asey kele aahe."jaree killa aata uddhvast honyachya sthiteet asala, taree too vachavanyasathi prastav pudhe dhakalanyat aale aahet. heey ektar teey sathavun aanee imaratiche kramakrami kosalane rokhoon, teey bhagnavshesh aanee smrutee sthal mhanoon jatan karoon kinwa teey punarsanchayit karoon aanee nivassthan mhanoon (jase qee yuva vasatigruh kinwa suttitil sadnika) kinwa sanskrutik sankul mhanoon vaparoon kele jaau shakate. killyache jatan aanee jirnoddhar karnyasathi 2005 madhye andaje 17 laakh euro itka kharch apekshit hota. tathapi, 2017 paryant killyakade durlaksh kele jaat aahe aanee tyache vighatan ajunahi suru aahe.