jiim kavalyache kayade

jiim kavalyache kayade heey hoto shatkachya uttaradhat aanee pii.) shatkachya suruvatila dakshin united statesmadhye sadar kelele rajya aanee sthanik kayade hote, jyat vanshik pruthakkaran lagoo kele gele, 'jiim kavala' hii african-americansathi eka nindaniy sandnya aahe. asey kayade 1960 paryant lagoo hote. jaree dakshinebaheril anek rajyanni sarvajanik nivassthan aanee matdanatil bhedbhavavar bandee ghatali asali taree aupcharik aanee anaupacharik pruthakkaran dhorane amerikechya itar bhaganmadhye dekhil astitvat hotee. punarbandhanichya kalat african american lokanni midavalele rajkiy aanee aarthik laabh kadhoon taknyasathi aanee matadhikar kadhoon taknyasathi dakshin dakshinetil yugat lokshahi varchasva asalelya rajya vidhimandalanni dakshineche kayade lagoo kele.
vyavharat, jiim kavalyachya kayadyanni 1870 chya dashakachya suruvatis, amerikechya purvichya sanyukt rajyanchya rajyanmadhil aanee itar kahee rajyanmadhil serve sarvajanik suvidhanmadhye vanshik pruthakkaran anivarya kele. 1896 madhye 'placy viruddha placy' yaa prakaranat jiim kavalyanche kayade kayam thevanyat aale. fergusson, jyamadhye sarvoch nyayalayane african american lokansathichya suvidhanshi sambandhit 'vegala parantu samaan' kayadeshir siddhant mandala. shivay, 1861-1865 madheel yadavi yuddhanantar dakshinechya bahutek bhagat tyachi sthapana jhalyapasun sarvajanik shikshan moolatah vegale karnyat aale hote.
jaree siddhantanusar, "samaan" pruthakkaran siddhant sarvajanik suvidha aanee vahatukisathi dekhil vistarit keela gela asala, taree african american lokansathi suvidha gorya american lokanchya suvidhanchya tulanet satatyane nikrusht aanee qamee nidhi asalelya hotya; kadhikadhi, krishna samudayasathi konatyahi suvidha navhatya. samanatepasun door, kayadyacha eka bhag mhanoon, jiim kavyane americet americet bahutek african american lokansathi aarthik, shaikshanik, rajkiy aanee samajik tote aanee duyyam darjache nagrikatva sansthatmak kele. 1909 madhye national association phaur daad advancement auph coloured pipal (aine. aii. aii. see. pii.) chee sthapana jhalyanantar, tee jiim kavalyanchya kayadyanviruddha aanee tathakathit 'swatantra parantu samaan' siddhantaviruddha nirantar sarvajanik nishedh aanee mohimanmadhye sameel jhaali.
1954 madhye, sarvajanik shalanche (rajya-prayojit) vibhajan yu. ess. neey asanvaidhanik ghoshit kele.ess. aitihasik prakaranatil sarvoch nyayalay "braun wii. topeka shikshan mandal ". kahee rajyanmadhye, yaa nirnayachi amalbajavani karnyasathi anek varshe lagali, tarr warren nyayalayane 'haart auph atlanta motel, ink.' sarkhya itar prakarananmadhye jiim kavala kayadyaviruddha nikal dene suru thewale. vhee. united states (1964). sarvasadharanpane, urvarit jiim kavalyanche kayade 1964 chya nagri haqq kayadyane aanee 1965 chya matdan haqq kayadyane ulatale.
vyutpatti.
jiim kavala kayada' yaa vakyanshacha sarvat aadhi dnyat vapar 1884 saalee vruttapatratil lekhat congress vadavivadacha saransh detana keela jaau shakato. 1892 madhye 'newyork times' chya lekhamadhye louisianala vegalya railway gadyanchi aavashyakta aahe, yaa shirshakat hii sandnya aadhalate. jiim kavala' yaa vakyanshachi utpatti bahudha 'jump jiim kavala' yaa yugat abhinetya thomas dii. yanni sadar kelelya krishnavarniy lokanchya ganya-aanee-nrutya vyangchitrala dilee jaate. blackfacemadhye tandul, pahilyanda 1828 madhye sadar karnyat aala. tandalachya prasiddhicha parinam mhanoon, jiim kavala 1838 paryant eka apmanaspad abhivyakti banala hota jyacha arth "nigro" assa hoto. hoto shatkachya akheris jevha dakshin vidhimandalanni african american lokanviruddha nirdeshit vanshik pruthakkaran kayade manjur kele, tevha heey kayade jiim kavala kayade mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale.
mool.
janewari 1865 madhye, united statesmadhil gulamgiri radd karnyachya sanvidhanatil durusticha prastav congressne mandala aanee 18 december 1865 roji teravi durusti mhanoon manyata dilee.
1865-1877 chya punarrachanechya yugat, federal kayadyanni yuu. ess. madhye nagri hakkanche sanrakshn pradan kele.ess. dakshinela mukt purush, african american jeey purviche gulam hote aanee alpasankhyak krishnavarniy lock jeey yuddhapurvi mukt hote. 1870 chya dashakat, lokshahivadyanni haloohaloo dakshinekadil vidhansabhanmadhye satta parat midavali, kaaran kuu clucks clan, white leag aanee reed shartsarkhya hinsak bandkhor nimalashkari gatanni prajasattak sanghatan viskalit kele, prajasattak karyalayin pratinidhi shaharabaher nele aanee kalya matdaranna dhamkavanyache davpech mhanoon tyanchi hatya kelee. mothya pramanat matdaranchya fasavanukichahi vapar karnyat aala. eka udaharanat, uttar carolinachya kinarpattivaril eka thet uthavamule kinwa bandamule lokshahi paddhatine nivadoon aalelya republican pakshachya karyakari aanee pratinidhi pratinidhi hinskaritya hatavanyat aale, jyanna ektar pakadale gele kinwa tyanchi zadati ghenyat aalee. 1868 pasoonchya mohimandarmyan krishnavarniy american lokanviruddha vadhatya hinsacharamule louisianamadhye rajyapalpadachya nivadanuka jawal aalya hotya aanee anek varshe vadgrast hotya.
hotya tadjodimule rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukit dakshinecha pathimba midvanyasathi sarkarne dakshinekadun shevatche sangharajyiy sainya mage ghetale. dakshinekadil pratyek rajyat shwet lokshahivadi lokanni rajkiy satta parat midavali hotee. yaa dakshinekadil, yugat, "muktidata" sarkaranni jiim kavalyanche kayade kele, adhikrutpane deshachi loksankhya vegali kelee. jiim kavalyache kayade heey eka vanshik gatavar visheshtah nirdeshit adhinayakvadi rajvatiche prakatikaran hote.
kalya lokanchi nivad ajunahi 1880 chya dashakat mothya kalya loksankhyechya sthanik bhagat sthanik karyalayanmadhye kelee jaat hotee, parantu rajya aanee rashtriy nivadanukansathi tyanche matdan dadapun taknyat aale. matdar nondani aanee nivadanuk niyam adhik pratibandhatmak karnyasathi rajyanni kayade manjur kele, parinami bahutek krishnavarniy lock aanee anek garib shvetvarniy lokancha rajkiy sahbhag qamee houu lagla. 1890 aanee 1910 chya darmyan, misisipipasoon suru jhalelya akra majee sangharajyanpaiki daha rajyanni naveen sanvidhan kinwa sudharana manjur kelya jyamule matdan curr, saksharta aanee aaklan chachanya aanee nivas aanee nond thevanyachya aavashyaktanchya sanyogadvare bahutek krishnavarniy lokanna aanee hajaro garib shvetvarniy lokanna prabhavipane matadhikarapasun vanchit kele gele. aajobanchya kalmanni kahee ashikshit goryanna matdan karanyachi tatpurati parvanagi dilee parantu bahutek krishnavarniy lokanna konatahi dilasa deela nahee.
yaa upayayojananmule dakshinet matdanachi sankhya lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaali. louisianamadhye, 1900 paryant, rajyachya loksankhyechya bahusankhyancha samavesh asala taree, kalya matdaranchi sankhya 5,320 paryant qamee jhaali. 1910 paryant, keval 730 krishnavarniy lokanchi nondani jhaali hotee, jeey patra krishnavarniy purushanpaiki 0.5 takkyanpeksha qamee hote. "rajyatil 60 paiki 27 parganyanmadhye, ekahi krishnavarniy matdarane nondani keleli navhati; aanakhi 9 parganyanmadhye, keval eka krishnavarniy matdar hota."uttar carolinamadhil sanchit parinamacha arth assa hota qee 1896 teey 1904 yaa kalavadhit krishnavarniy matdaranna matdar yaditoon purnapane kadhoon taknyat aale. tyanchya bharbharatichya madhyam vargachi vaadh mandavali. uttar carolina aanee itar dakshinekadil rajyanmadhye, krishnavarniy lokanna rajkiy vyavasthet adrushya banavalyamule tras sahan karava lagalah "matadhikar nakarnyachya eka dashakat, shvetvarniy varchasva mohimene shvetvarniy uttar carolinian lokanchya manatoon krishnavarniy madhyamvargiyanchi pratima mitavali hotee."alabamamadhye, hajaro garib goryannahi matadhikarapasun vanchit thevanyat aale hote, jaree suruvatila aamdaranni tyanna aashvasan dile hote qee naveen nirbandhanmule tyanchyavar viparit parinam honar nahee.
jeey matdan karoo shakat navhate teey juriever kaam karnyas patra navhate aanee sthanik karyalayansathi nivadanuk ladhavu shakat navhate. teey rajya vidhimandalanvar prabhav takoo shakat naslyamule aanee tyanchya hitankade durlaksh kelyamule teey rajkiy jivanapasun prabhavipane gayab jhaale. bahutansh dakshinekadil rajyanmadhye prathamach punarbandhani vidhimandalanni sarvajanik shaala sthapan kelya hotya, parantu yuddhanantarchya dakshinekadil tanavachya aarthik paristhitit kapus qamee hott asalyane krishi arthvyavastha qamee rahili asali taree, yugat mulanchya shalanchya tulanet kalya mulansathichya shalanna satatyane qamee nidhi deela jaat asey.
shalanpramanech, krishnavarniy lokansathi sarvajanik granthalaye astitvat asalyas, tyanna qamee nidhi deela jaat asey aanee tyaa tyaa junya pustakancha aanee itar sansadhanancha satha karat asat. pii.) shatkachya pahilya dashkaparyant dakshin africi american lokansathi yaa suvidha suru karnyat aalya navhatya. jiim kavalyachya sampoorn yugat, granthalaye keval adhunmadhun upalabdh hotee. pii.) shatkapurvi, african american lokansathi sthapan keleli bahutek granthalaye shaala-granthalay sanyojan hotee. karnegi foundationchya anudananusar madhyamvargiy sakriyatecha parinam mhanoon yaa kalat european-american aanee african-american yaa donhi deshanchya aashraydatyansathi anek sarvajanik granthalaye sthapan karnyat aalee.
kahee prakarananmadhye, nivadanukitil fasavanuk qamee karnyachya uddeshane kelelya purogami upayayojananmadhye, udaharanarth dakshin carolinamadhil aath chaukat kayadyat, nirakshar asalelya krishnavarniy aanee shvetvarniy matdaranviruddha karvai karnyat aalee, kaaran teey nirdeshanche palan karoo shakale naheet. purogami yugat (1890-1920) african american lokanna yugat samanya loksankhyepasun vegale karane kayadeshir aanee aupcharik hott asatana, tee pratha dekhil hott hotee. jiim kavalyachya kayadyanni krishnavarniy lokanna khelanmadhye kinwa karamanukit sahbhagi honyas spashtapane manai kelee nasalyachya prakarananmadhyehi, eka vegali sanskruti samanya jhaali hotee.
jiim kavalyachya sandarbhat, sandarbhat adhyakshiy nivadanuk africi american lokanchya hitsambandhanviruddha tivrapane tirkas hotee. bahutek krishnavarniy american ajunahi dakshinet rahat hote, jithe tyanna prabhavipane matadhikarapasun vanchit thevanyat aale hote, tyamule teey ajibat matdan karoo shakat navhate. matdan curr aanee saksharatechya aavashyaktanmule anek garib kinwa ashikshit lokanna matdan karnyas bandee ghalanyat aalee asali taree, yaa atinmadhye varanvar truti hotya jyamule european american lokanna aavashyakta purn karnyapasoon suut midali. udaharanarth, oklahomamadhye, 1866 purvi matdan karnyas patra asalelya kinwa 1866 purvi matdan karnyas patra asalelya konashi sambandhit asalelya konalahi (eka prakarcha 'dada kalam') saksharatechya aavashyakatetun suut denyat aalee hotee; parantu tyaa varshapurvi jyaa purushankade matadhikar hota teey keval pandhare kinwa european-american hote. european american lokanna saksharta chachanitun prabhavipane suut denyat aalee hotee, tarr krishnavarniy american lokanna kayadyane prabhavipane vegale kele hote.
vudro willson heey nyu jarsimadhun nivadoon aalele lokshahivadi hote, parantu teey dakshinet janmale aanee vadhale aanee gruhyuddhanantarchya kalatil dakshinet janmalele pahile adhyaksh hote. tyane aaplya mantrimandalat dakshinekadil lokanchi niyukti kelee. washington shahar, dii. jaree, kahinni twarit vegalya kamachya thikanansathi dabav taknyas suruvat kelee.see.aanee yadavi yuddhanantarpasun sanghiy karyalaye ektrit karnyat aalee hotee. 1913 madhye, rashtrapatinni niyukt kelelya koshagar sachiv william gibbs mccadoo yanni eka sarkari karyalayat krishnavarniy aanee shvetvarniy mahila ekatra kaam karat asalyabaddal aapale mutt vyakt keleh "mallah khatri aahe qee heey shvetvarniy mahilanchya dhanyachya virodhat gele pahije. yugat striyanna yantranvar keval yugat striyanna kaam karayala lavu naye asey kahee kaaran aahe qaa?"
uttar aanee madhyapashchimatil african-american nete aanee yugat purogami gatanni khoop virodh keela asala taree willson prashasanane sanghiy karyalayanmadhye vegalepana aanala. vanshik vibhajan heey krishnavarniy aanee european american lokanchya hitasathi samaan aahe yaa tyanchya swatachya drudh vishvasamule tyanni dakshinekadil pruthakkaranvadi rajkarnyanchi niyukti kelee. kelee gatisburg yetheel mahan punarmilanaveli willsonne 4 julai roji, abraham linkenchya 'serve purush samanpane nirman jhaale aahet' yaa ghoshanechya ardhashatabdinimitta, gardila sambodhit keleh
willsonchya agadi ulat, 'washington bii' chya eka sampadakiyane aashchary vyakt kele qee 1913 chey 'punarmilan' heey 'gulamgirichya namsheshtesathi' thevanyasathi punarmilan hote qaa kinwa 'gulamgiri kayam thevanyasathi thevanyasathi punarmilan hote aanee jeey aata muktila ayashasvi upkram mhanoon sadar karnyasathi fasavanuk karnyasathi olakhalya rajdhanikade pratyek kalakruti aanee yuktivadancha vapar karat aahet. itihaskar david doubleu. 1913 madhye willsonne gatisburg yethe jyaa "shantata mahotsavache" adhyakshapad bhushavale, teey "jiim kavalyanche punarmilan hote aanee yugat varchasva heey samarambhanche mook, adrushya guru asalyache mhatale jaau shakate", asey blytene nirikshan nondavale.
texasmadhye, anek shaharanni 1910 teey 1920 chya darmyan nivasi pruthakkaran kayade sweekarle. kayadeshir kadakatenusar panyache vegale karanje aanee shauchalaye aavashyak hotee. african american lokanna vagalanyala prajasattak lilly-white chalvalitahi pathimba midala.
aitihasik vikas.
jiim kavala fodanyache suruvatiche prayatna.
charles sumner aanee benjamin eff. yanni 1875 chaa nagri haqq kayada aanala. butlerne, vansh, rung kinwa purvichya gulamgirichya sthitichi parva naan karata, pratyekala dharamshala, sarvajanik vahtook, natyagruhe aanee karamanukichya itar thikanansarkhya sarvajanik nivassthananmadhye samaan vaganuk milanyacha haqq aahe yachee hummy dilee. yaa kayadyacha vyavharat farsa parinam jhaala nahee. 1883 chya sarvoch nyayalayachya nirnayane haah kayada kahee babatint asanvaidhanik asalyache tharavale aanee mhatale qee kongreskade khajgi vyakti kinwa mahamandalanvar niyantran nahee. dakshinekadil yugat lokshahivadyanni congressmadhye eka thos matdan gut tayar kelyamule, dakshinetil ekoon loksankhyesathi jaaga vibhagoon thevanyachya adhik adhikaramule (jaree lakho lokanna matadhikarapasun vanchit kele gele hote), congressne 1957 paryant dusra nagri haqq kayada manjur keela nahee.
1887 madhye, rev. doubleu. etch. yugat aanee kalya/rangeet pravashansathi vegvegalya gadyanchya tartudicha hawala dett, bhedbhav kelyabaddal georgia railway kampaniviruddha aantarrajyiy vanijya aayogakade takrar dakhal kelee. companyne "swatantra parantu samaan" nivasachi aupher dilyachya karanastav dilasa midava yasathi yashasviritya apeal kele.
1890 madhye louisiana eka kayada manjur keela jyamadhye railwaymarganwar rangeet aanee yugat pravashansathi swatantra nivasachi aavashyakta hotee. louisiana kayada 'pandhara', 'kaala' aanee 'rangeet' (mhanje mishra european aanee african vanshache lock) yanchyat farak karato. kayadyane aadhich nirdisht kele hote qee kaale lock yugat lokansobat gaadee chalvu shakat naheet, parantu 1890 purvi rangeet lock yugat lokansobat gaadee chalvu shakat hote. nyu orlinsmadhil sambandhit kaale, rangeet aanee pandhare nagarikanchya gatane kayada radd karnyasathi samarpit eka sanghatana sthapan kelee. yaa gatane hommer placyla tyachi chachani ghenyasathi patvoon dile; too eka rangeet manus hota joou rangeet rangeet hota aanee purvajanmadhye aathva 'nigro' hota.
1892 madhye, placine purv louisiana railwaveryl nyu orleans yethoon pratham shreniche tikit vikat ghetale. ekada too trainmadhye chadhala qee tyane train conductorla tyachya vanshik vanshachi mahitee dilee aanee keval yugat rangachya karmadhye basala. tyala tee gaadee sodoon tyaeivaji 'fakt rangeet' gadimadhye basanyache nirdesh denyat aale. placine nakar deela aanee tyala tabadtob atak karnyat aalee. nyu orlinschya nagrik samiteene heey prakaran amerikechya sarvoch nyayalayaparyant ladhale. teey 'placy vhee.' madhye parabhoot jhaale. fergusson (1896), jyamadhye nyayalayane nikal deela qee "vegalya parantu samaan" suvidha ghatanatmak aahet. yaa nishkarshamule united statesmadhil krishnavarniy aanee rangeet lokanviruddha aanakhi 58 varshe kayadeshir bhedbhav jhaala.
1908 madhye congressne rajdhanit vegalya rastyavaril gadya aananyachya prayatnacha parabhav keela.
united statesmadhil varnabhed aanee jiim kavalyache sanrakshn.
gulamgiri sampushtat aalyanantar goryanchya dakshinekadil lokanna mukt kamgar vyavasthapan shikanyat adchanincha samna karava lagla aanee tyanni african american lokancha nishedh keela, jyanni mahasanghachya yadavi yuddhatil parabhavache pratinidhitva keleh "sampoorn dakshinet yugat varchaswala aavhan dile jaat asatana, anek goryanni tyanchya naveen adhikarancha vapar sadar african american lokanna dhamkavun tyanchya purvichya sthitiche rakshan karnyacha prayatna prayatna dakshinekadil lokanni sarvajanik jaaga aanee kayadyatil suvidha vegalya karnyasathi aanee dakshinetil krishnavarniy lokanvar samajik varchasva punha sthapit karnyasathi tyanchya sattecha vapar keela.
dakshin sarvajanik samajatoon african american lokanna paddhatshirpane vagalanyache eka kaaran mhanje teey tyanchya swatachya sanrakshanasathi hote. pii.) shatkachya suruvatichya eka vidvanane suchavale qee krishnavarniy lokanna shvetvarniy shalanmadhye jaanyachi parvanagi dene mhanje "tyanna satat pratikool bhavna aanee matanna adheen karane", jyamule "eka vikrutiyukt vansh chetana" houu shakate. yaa drushtikonatun krishnavirodhi bhavna halakya arthane ghetalya gelya, kaaran gulamgiri hii vanshik jaatee vyavastha banalyanantar dakshinet dharmandhata vyapak hotee.
yugat varchasvache samarthan vaidnyanik varnabhed aanee african american lokanchya nakaratmak rudhiprayoganni kele hote. samajik vibhajan, gharapasoon teey aantarjatiy buddhibal khelanviruddhachya kayadyanparyant, krishnavarniy purushanna yugat striyanshi laingik sambandh thevanyapasun rokhanyacha eka marg mhanoon aanee visheshtah kaala haranachya atyachari rudhiprayogasathi nyayya tharvanyat aale.
dusare mahayuddha aanee yuddhanantarche yug.
1944 madhye, sahyogi nyaymurti phrank marfine yoochya shabdakoshat 'varnabhed' haah shabd aanala.ess. korematsu wii. madheel sarvoch nyayalayachi matey. united states, "323 yuu.ess. 214 (1944). kelee mahayuddhadarmyan japani american lokanche jabardastine sthalantar kayam thevun nyayalay 'varnadveshachya kuroop khandkat' budat aahe, asey mutt marfine aaplya asahmatichya matat vyakt kele. sarvoch nyayalayachya matanusar 'varnadveshacha' vapar pahilyandach karnyat aala (tyaa divashi jaaree kelelya 'steel vhee louisville andd nashville railway company' 323 192 (1944) madhye ekmatane mutt detana marfine tyacha donada vapar keela). marfine haah shabd paach vegvegalya matanmadhye vaparla, parantu tyane nyayalay sodalyanantar, done dashake matanmadhye punha 'varnabhed' vaparla gela nahee. tyanantar 'loving vhee.' chya aitihasik nirnayat too disala. virginia ".
1930 aanee 1940 chya dashakat anek bahishkar aanee pruthakkaranaviruddha nidarshane jhaali hotee. national association phaur daad advancement auph coloured pipal (aine. aii. aii. see. pii.) pii.) shatkachya suruvatipasun dakshinekadil krishnavarniy matdaranna matadhikarapasun vanchit sadar kayadyancha samna karnyachya prayatnanmadhye anek khatalyanchya prakarananmadhye guntaleli hotee. suruvatichya kahee nidarshananni sakaratmak parinam sadhya kele, visheshtah kelee mahayuddhanantarchya varshant rajkiy sakriyatela balkati dilee. america aanee jagbharatil swatantryasathi ladhalyanantar krishnavarniy majee sainik samajik dadapshahisathi adheer hote. 1947 madhye keey. udaharanarth, pitsbergchya urban leegchya leroy iravhisane shaharachya department stoardware rojgarachya bhedbhavachya virodhat nidarshananche netrutva kele. hii tyanchya swatachya prabhavshali rajkiy karkirdichi suruvat hotee.
kelee mahayuddhanantar, rangeet lokanni vadhatya pramanat pruthakkaranala aavhan dile, kaaran tyanna asey vatat hote qee tyanni tyanchya lashkari sevemule aanee tyagamule purn nagrik mhanoon vagnyacha adhik adhikar midavala aahe. nagri haqq chalvalila anek thalak muddyanni urja midali, jyat 1946 madhye kelee mahayuddhatil diggaj isaq woodard yanna polisanni marane aanee andhatva aanane yancha samavesh hota.ess. lashkaracha ganvesh. 1948 saalee rashtradhyaksh harry ess. trumanne sashastr sevanmadhil vanshik bhedbhav sampushtat aananara karyakari aadesh 9981 jaaree keela. tyach varshi, silas herbert huntney arkansas vidyapithat pravesh ghetala, jyamule dakshinet shikshanache vargikaran prabhavipane suru jhaale.
nagri haqq chalvalila gatee midalyane aanee jiim kavalyachya kayadyanvar hallah karnyasathi federal nyayalayancha vapar keela asata, dakshinekadil anek rajyanchya yugat varchasva asalelya sarkaranni pratikaranche paryayi prakar parit karoon pratikar keela.
qamee karane aanee kadhoon takane.
itihaskar william chafe yanni kayadeshir vyavasthet, asantulit aarthik shakti aanee dhamkavane aanee mansik dabavat vyakt kelyapramane jiim kavalyachi sarvat white vaishishtye talhanyasathi african-american samudayamadhye vikasit kelelya bachavatmak tantrancha shodh ghetala aahe. chafe mhanatat qee, tyaa nirbandhanna sookshmapane aavhan denyasathi protsahan detana, yugat lokanni ladalelya nirbandhanna samavoon ghenyasathi samajat 'krishnavarniy lokanni swatach sanrakshanatmak samajikaran' nirman kele hote. walking daad titerope' mhanoon olakhale jaanare, badal ghadavun aananyache asey prayatna 1920 chya dashakapurvi thodese prabhavi hote.
tathapi, yamule nantarchya pidhyansathi vanshik samanata aanee vibhajan door karnyasathi paya tayar jhaala. chafe yanni assa yuktivad keela qee badal suru karnyasathi aavashyak sthane sanstha, visheshtah krishnavarniy church hotee, jee samuday-ubharani aanee rajkaranachya charchechi kendre mhanoon kaam karat hotee. yavyatirikt, kahee serve-krishnavarniy samuday, jase qee teela bayu, mississippy aanee ruthville, virginia yanni sampoorn krishnavarniy samajasathi abhimanache aanee preraneche srot mhanoon kaam kele. 1950 chya dashkatil nagri haqq chalvalichya aakramak, mothya pramanat sakriyatechya utkanthavardhak tappyavar pohocheparyant, kalantarane, vidyaman dadapshahi kayadyanche mage hatane aanee ughadpane ullanghan vadhale.
"braun vhee. shikshan mandal.
naacp kayadeshir bachav samiteene (naacpasoon swatantra jhalela eka gut)-aanee tyache vakeel thurgood marshal yanni 'braun wii.' haah aitihasik khatala aanala. topekanche shikshan mandal, "yuu. chya aadhi.ess. mukhya nyayadhish earl warren yanchya netrutvakhalil sarvoch nyayalay. 1954 chya nirnayak nirnayat, warren nyayalayane ekmatane (9-0) 1896 chaa 'nirashajanak' nirnay fetalala. sarvoch nyayalayala asey aadhalale qee kayadeshiraritya anivarya ("dii jeur") sarvajanik shaletil vibhajan asanvaidhanik aahe. yaa nirnayache durgami samajik parinam hote.
mahavidhyalayin khelanche ektrikaran karane.
1950 aanee 1960 chya dashakat dashakat mahavidhyalayin creeda sanghanche vanshik ektrikaran dakshinekadil ajendyavar sarvoch hote. yaat samanata, varnabhed aanee uchch-profile khel jinkanyasathi aavashyak asalelya avval kheladunchya majee vidyarthyanchya maganiche mudde samavisht hote. aagney bhagatil pramukh rajya vidyapithanchya atlantic coast conferencene (aii. see.) aaghadi ghetali. pratham tyanni uttarekadun ekatmik sanghanche velapatrak aakhanyas suruvat kelee. shevati, booster aanee nagri haqq gatanchya dabavakhali shaley staravar tyanchya sanghanche ektrikaran kele. sthanik aanee rajya rajkaran, samaj aanee vyavasayavar varchasva asalelya majee vidyarthyanchya aadharasah, aii. see. shaala tyanchya prayatnanmadhye yashasvi tharalya, asey pamela grundycha yuktivad aahe, teey kase jinkayache teey shikale hoteh
sarvajanik kshetra.
1955 madhye, rosa parksney montgomeri, alabama yetheel eka yugat mansala ciity basmadhil tichi jaaga denyas nakar deela. asey ghadanyachi hii pahili vel navhati-udaharanarth, nauu mahinyanpurvi 15 varshiy claudet kolvinane teech gosht kelyamule udyane prerit jhaali hotee-parantu udyanatil nagri avadnya kayada pratikatmakpane, 1954 nantarchya nagri haqq chalvalichya vadhisathi eka mahattvacha utprerak mhanoon nivadala gela; karyakartyanni tyachya bhovati montgomeri bus bahishkar bandhala, joou eka varshahoon adhik kaal chalala aanee parinami shaharatil khajgi basache vargikaran jhaale. nagri hakkanchya nishedh aanee krutee, kayadeshir aavhanansah, parinami kayadevishayak aanee nyayalayin nirnayanchi malika nirman jhaali jyamule jiim kavala pranali kamkuvat honyas hatbhar lagla.
kayadeshir pruthakkaran samapt karane.
jevha congressne 1964 chaa nagri haqq kayada aanee 1965 chaa matdan haqq kayada manjur karnyasathi dvidaleey paddhatine dakshinekadil philibustersvar maat kelee tevha vibhajan sampavanyachi nirnayak karvai jhaali. mahattvapoorn badal shakya karnyasathi 1954-1965 yaa kalat ghatakancha eka jatil parasparsanvad anpekshitpane ekatra aala. sarvoch nyayalayane 'braun vhee.' madhye pahila pudhakar ghetala hota. shikshan mandalane (1954) sarvajanik shalanche vibhajan asanvaidhanik ghoshit kele. uttar aanee simavarti rajyanmadhye amalbajavani jalad hotee, parantu dakshinet mothya pramanavar pratikar navachya chalvalidware jaanunbujun thambavanyat aalee, jee grameen pruthakkaranvadyanni prayojit kelee hotee, jyanni mukhyatve rajya vidhimandalanvar niyantran thewale hote. dakshin udarmatvadi, jyanni sanyamacha sallah deela, tyanna donhi bajunni fatkarle aanee tyancha prabhav maryadit hota. nagri haqq chalval adhik mahattvapoorn hotee, visheshtah martin luther king junier yanchya netrutvakhalil dakshini khrishchan netrutva parishad (ess. see. ell. see.). yamule mothya pramanat junya, adhik madhyamvargiy nockpinna netrutva bhoomika swikartana visthapit kele. kingne mothya pramanavar pratyakshike aayojit kelee, jyane network television batamya hii eka navinyapurn aanee sarvatrikpane pahili jaanari ghatana asatana madhyamanche laksh vedhoon ghetale.
ess. see. ell. see., vidyarthi karyakarte aanee lahan sthanik sanghatananni dakshinet nidarshane kelee. rashtriy laksh alabamachya birminghamwar kendrit hote, jithe nidarshakanni tarun kishoravayin mulanna nidarshak mhanoon vaparoon janivpurvak bail aanee tyachya polis dalala chithawale-aanee konarne eka divasat 900 jananna atak kelee. kelee divashi konarne biilii club, polis kutre aanee uchch daab asalelya panyachya nalya ughadya padalya aanee tarun nidarshakanna pangvanyasathi aanee kroortene shiksha karnyasathi, jyane deshala bhaybhit kele. vyavasayasathi aanee dakshinekadil aadhunik hott chalalelya purogami shahari pratimesathi teey khoop white hote. adhyaksh johnn eff. sanyamachi magani sadar kenedine birminghammadhe suvyavastha purvavat karnyasathi sanghiy sainyacha vapar karanyachi dhamki dilee. birminghammadhil parinam mhanje tadjod, jyadvare naveen mahapouranni church bombsfot aanee hatyanchya parshvabhumivar donhi sharyatinsathi granthalay, golph course aanee itar shahar suvidha ughadalya.
ughadalya unhalyat dakshinekadil 200 shahare aanee shaharanmadhye 800 nidarshane jhaali, jyat 100,000 hoon adhik sahbhagi jhaale aanee 15,000 jananna atak karnyat aalee. juuna 1963 madhye alabama yethe, governor george wallace yanni pahilya done krishnavarniy vidyarthyanna alabama vidyapithat pravesh denyachya nyayalayachya aadeshala virodh karoon sankat vadhavale. kenedine congressla eka sarvasamaveshak nagri haqq vidheyak pathavun pratisad deela aanee mahadhivakta robbert eff. vegalya shalanviruddha federal khatale dakhal karane aanee bhedbhavpurn karyakramansathi nidhi nakarane. martin luther kingne august 1963 madhye washingtonmadhye eka prachand morcha kadhala, jyamadhye tyaa velee deshachya itihasatil sarvat mothee rajkiy sabha asalelya linken smarkasamor 2,00,000 nidarshakanna baher kadhanyat aale. kenedi prashasanane aata nagri haqq chalvalis purn pathimba deela, parantu shaktishali dakshini congress sadasyanni konatahi kayada adavala.
kenedichi hatya jhalyanantar, adhyaksh lindon bii. johnson yanni shaheed rashtrapatinche smarak mhanoon kenedi nagri haqq kayada twarit manjur karnyache aavahan kele. johnsonne uttar prajasattak lokansobat yutee kelee jyamule sabhagruhat manjuri midali aanee 1964 chya suruvatila cinetmadhye manjuri midalyane sinetche republican nete everate dirkson yanchya madatine. itihasat prathamach, dakshin philibuster tutale aanee sinetane shevati 19 juuna roji 73 teey 27 chya matanni tyachi aavrutti manjur kelee.
1964 chaa nagri haqq kayada haah congressne aataparyant kelelya samaan hakkanchi sarvat shaktishali pushti hotee. tyane upahargruhe aanee karamanukichya thikanansarkhya sarvajanik nivassthananmadhye pravesh milanyachi hummy dilee, shalanmadhil suvidhanche vargikaran karnyasathi khatale dakhal karnyasathi nyay vibhagala adhikrut kele, nagri haqq aayogala naveen adhikar dile; aanee bhedbhavachya prakarananmadhye federal nidhi kapanyachi parvanagi dilee. yashivay, 25 kinwa tyahoon adhik karmchari asalelya vyavasayansathi tasech sadnika asalelya gharansathi vanshik, dharmik aanee laingik bhedbhav bekaydeshir tharvanyat aala. dakshinane shevatchya kshanaparyant virodh keela, parantu 2 julai 1964 roji rashtradhyaksh johnson yanni naveen kayadyavar swakshari kelyanantar, too deshbharat mothya pramanat swikarla gela. georgiachya restaurant malak lester maddoxney darshavilelya keval tivra virodhakancha eka vikhurlela bhag hota.
janewari 1964 madhye rashtradhyaksh lindon johnson yanni nagri hakkanchya netyanchi bhet ghetali. 8 janewari roji, tyanchya pahilya steet auph daad union bhashanadarmyan, johnson yanni congressla "congresschya yaa adhiveshanala, gelya shambhar satranchya ektrit adhiveshanapeksha nagri hakkansathi adhik kaam karnare adhiveshan mhanoon olakhale jaau dyave" asey sangitale."21 juuna roji, nagri haqq karyakarte michael schwerner, andrew goodman aanee james channy heey misisipichya neshoba countymadhye bepatta jhaale, jithe teey swatantrya unhali prakalpacha bhag mhanoon african american matdaranchya nondanisathi swayamsevi mhanoon kaam karat hote. teen karyakartyanchya bepatta honyachya ghatanene rashtriy laksh vedhale aanee tyanantarchya santapacha vapar johnson aanee nagri haqq karyakartyanni uttar aanee pashchatya lokshahivadi aanee prajasattakanchi yutee tayar karnyasathi aanee 1964 chaa nagri haqq kayada manjur karnyasathi kongresvar dabav taknyasathi keela.
2 julai 1964 roji, johnsonne 1964 chya aitihasik nagri haqq kayadyavar swakshari kelee. tyat sarvajanik nivassthananmadhye (khajgi malkichi upahargruhe, hotels aanee dukane aanee khajgi shaala aanee kamachya thikani) bhedbhav bekaydeshir tharvanyasathi vanijya kalamacha vapar keela. vanijya kalamacha haah vapar warren nyayalayane 'haart auph atlanta motel wii.' yaa aitihasik prakaranat kayam thewala. united states 379 yu. ess. 241 (1964).
1965 paryant, dakshinekadil parganyanmadhye matdar nondanisathi shikshanadvare rajyachya matadhikarapasun vanchit thevanyachya prayatnanche kahee kalapasoon kaam suru hote, parantu ekandarit tyanna keval mafak yash midale hote. khol dakshinechya kahee bhagat, yugat pratikaramule heey prayatna jawaljawal purnapane ayashasvi tharale. 1964 madhye misisipimadhye teen matdan haqq karyakartyanchi hatya aanee rajyane rajyane khatala chalavanyas nakar dilyane, tasech krishnavarniy lokanviruddha hinsa aanee dahashatvadachya itar anek krutyanni rashtriy laksh vedhale hote. akheris, 7 march 1965 roji, selmahoon montgomerichya rajyachya rajdhanikade rajdhanikade edmond petus pool olandun shantatapurn alabama morcha morcha county aanee rajya sainikanni kelelya vinautsahi hallyamule, rashtrapati aanee congress yanna prabhavi matdan adhikar amalbajavani kayadyala dakshinekadil aamdaranchya virodhavar maat karnyasathi patale. adhyaksh johnson yanni matdanachya adhikarachya majboot kayadyachi magani kelee aanee lavkarach matdan haqq kayada kayada vidheykavar sunavani suru jhaali.
1965 chya matdan haqq kayadyane serve sanghiy, rajya aanee sthanik nivadanukansathi matdan karnyasathi kayadeshiraritya manjur kelele rajya adthale sampushtat aanale. aitihasikdrushtya qamee alpasankhyak matdar sankhya asalelya parganyanvar federal dekhrekh aanee dekhrekh thevanyachi tartudahi tyanni kelee. pratikaravar maat karnyasathi anek varshe amalbajavanichi aavashyakta aahe aanee matdaranna tyanchya pasantiche umedvar nivadanyachi kshamata sunishchit karnyasathi nyayalayanmadhye atirikt kayadeshir aavhane tayar karnyat aalee aahet. udaharanarth, anek shahare aanee parganyanni parishad sadasyanchi mothya pramanavar nivadanuk suru kelee, jyacha parinam alpasankhyak matey qamee karnyachya aanee alpasankhyak-samarthit umedvaranchi nivadanuk rokhanyachya anek prakarananmadhye jhaala.
2013 madhye, roberts court, shelby county wii. dharkane, matdan haqq kayadyane sthapit keleli aavashyakta kadhoon takali qee dakshin rajyanna matdan dhoranatil badalansathi federal manjurichi aavashyakta hotee. anek rajyanni matdanachya praveshavar nirbandh nirbandh tyanchya kayadyanmadhye twarit badal kele.
prabhav aanee parinam.
african american jeevan.
jiim kavalyanche kayade aanee dakshinetil linchingche uchch praman heey pramukh ghatak hote jyamule 20 vya shatkachya purvardhat mothya pramanat sthalantar jhaale. dakshinet sandhee khoop maryadit asalyamule, african american lock changle jeevan jaganyasathi ishanya, madhyapashchim aanee paschim rajyanmadhil shaharanmadhye mothya sankhyene gele.
african american kheladunna jiim kavalyachya yugat yugat virodhamule barach bhedbhav sahan karava lagla, jyamule tyanna bahutek sanghatit creeda spardhanmadhun vagalanyat aale. boxer jacq johnson aanee joou louis (jeey doghehi jaagtik havywaite boxing champian banale) aanee track andd feeled athlete jessy ovens (jyanni 1936 chya berlin yetheel unhali olympicmadhye chaar suvarnapadake jinkley) yanna yaa yugat mahatva midale. baseballmadhe, 1880 chya dashakat sthapan jhalelya rangareshene anaupacharikpane krishnavarniy lokanna pramukh leegmadhye khelanyas manai kelee hotee, jyamule nigro leegcha vikas jhaala, jyat anek utkrusht kheladu hote. 1947 madhye eka mothee pragati jhaali, jevha jackie robinsonla mejar leag baseballmadhe khelanara pahila african american mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale; tyane kayamswarupi rangpatti todali. pudhil varshanmadhye baseball sanghanche ektrikaran suruch rahile, jyamule 1960 chya dashakat pramukh leegmadhye krishnavarniy baseball kheladuncha purn sahbhag jhaala.
aantarjatiy vivah.
jaree kadhikadhi dakshinetil jiim kavalyanchya kayadyanmadhye ganale jaat asale, taree itar rajyanni dekhil apbhranshavirodhi kaydyansarkhe kayade manjur kele hote. 1964 chya nagri haqq kayadyane apbhranshavirodhi kayade radd kele gele naheet, parantu yuu. ess. neey tyanna asanvaidhanik ghoshit kele.ess. sarvoch nyayalay (warren court) neey sarvanumate dilelya nirnayat 'premal wii. virginia "(1967). mukhya nyayadhish earl warren yanni nyayalayachya matanusar lihile qee, qee vanshachi vyakti tyachyasobat rahate kinwa lagn naan karnyache swatantrya asate aanee rajya tyache ullanghan karoo shakat nahee."
nyaymurtinchya chachanya.
amerikechya sanvidhanatil sahavi durusti gunhegari prativadinna tyanchya samvayaskanchya jyuridware khatala chalavanyacha adhikar dete. federal kayadyanusar, keval federal gunhyansathi sarvasamaveshak jyuridware doshasiddhi dilee jaau shakate, tarr rajye tyanchya swatachya jurie aavashyakta nishchit karnyas swatantra hotee. oregon aanee louisiana yaa done rajyanvyatirikt serve rajyanni doshi tharvanyasathi ekmatane nyaypeeth nivadle. tathapi, oregon aanee louisiana kiman 10-2 chya nyayadhishanna faujdari shiksha tharvanyachi parvanagi dilee. gunhegari doshasiddhisathi ekmatane nyaymandalachi aavashyakta bhasavi yasathi 2018 madhye louisianachya kayadyat sudharana karnyat aalee, jee 2019 madhye prabhavi jhaali. tyaa durustipurvi, kayadyakade jiim kavala kayadyanche avashesh mhanoon pahile gele hote, kaaran tyane nyaymandalitil alpasankhyak aavajanna upekshit karanyachi parvanagi dilee hotee. 2020 madhye sarvoch nyayalayane ramos wii. madhye asey aadhalale. louisiana, "rajya staravar faujdari doshasiddhisathi ekmatane jurie matey aavashyak aahet, jyamule oregoncha urvarit kayada radd hoto aanee louisianamadhil mageel prakarane ulatali jaatat.
nantar nyayalayin prakarane.
1971 madhye, yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalay (berger nyayalay), swan wii. charlote-mcclenberg shikshan mandalane, ekatmata sadhya karnyasathi vidyarthyanche vargikaran basache samarthan kele.
nyayalayin sadasyatva badalat asatana sanvidhanacha arth lavane aanee alpasankhyak hakkansathi tyacha vapar karane heey vadgrast rahile aahe. iaan eff. sarkhe nirikshak. lopejacha assa vishvas aahe qee 2000 chya dashakat sarvoch nyayalay yathasthitiche adhik sanrakshn karnare banale aahe.
aantarrashtriy.
nazi germanychya sarkarne neuremberg kayade lihitana jiim kavalyanchya kayadyanpasun prerana ghetali asey purave aahet.
aathvan.
mishiganchya mothya jalad pravahatil ferris steet universitymadhye, tyanchya sanskrutik prabhavabaddal shaikshanik sanshodhan aanee shikshanachya uddeshane, vanshik pruthakkaranala protsahan protsahan kinwa african american lokanchya vanshik rudhiprayoganna sadar sadar dainandin vastooncha eka vistrut sangrah, vanshik smaraneey vastunche jiim kavalyache sangrahalay aahe.

