
gwatemalache netrutva

leandas dii gwatemala (gwatemalachya dantkatha, 1930) heey nobel paritoshik vijete lekhak miguel engel esturious yanni prakashit kelele pahile pustak hote. heey pustak asturiyachya gwatemala yaa matrubhoomitil mayaa mool kathanche punarlekhan aahe. tyat lekhakacha manavvanshashastra aanee madhya american swadeshi sanskratincha abhyas pratibimbit hoto, joou francemadhye, europechya drushtikonatun prabhavit asalelya sorbone yethe haatee ghenyat aala hota.
maukhik parampareche swaroop leandas dii gwatemalamadhye spasht aahe, jeey samarpanat darshavilyapramaneh "majhya aaeela, jee mallah katha sangat asey.heey kathanchya utpattiche paramparik patra pratibimbit karate, jyamadhye asturia tyachya kalpanikatechya madhyamatoon samoohik smruteela uchch patalichya jagrutiparyant gheuun jaatat.
samikshak jeane franco yanchya varnanat, yaa pustakane "gwatemalan lokkathanche gitatmak manoranjan dile, jyapaiki anekanna purv-columbian aanee vasahatvadi strotankadun prerana midali".
leandas daad gwatemala' chee lekhan shaili hii eka bhagyavan prayogache utpadan aahe, jyane eka rachana sthapit kelee jyala kavyatmak antardnyan mhatale jaau shakate aanee eka shaili jee bhavishyatil jadui vastavadachya sahityik chalvalicha purvavarti mhanoon pahili jaau shakate. leandas daad gwatemala heey keval manavvanshashastriy drushtikonatunach navhe tarr shailichya maulikatechi pushti karnara eka saundarya anubhav mhanoon dekhil vachata yete.
kelee washburney (dvibhashik aavrutti,) yaa pustakache ingerjit bhashantar kele.
plot saransh.
"leandas daad gwatemala' hii laghukatha malikene banaleli aahe, jee lokpriy sanskratichya maukhik dantkathanche sambandhit majkoor abhivyaktinmadhye rupantar karate.
gwatemala.
gwatemala haah tyach navachya madhya american rashtrabaddalachya dantkathancha pahila parichay aahe. hii katha gwatemalala eka palympsest mhanoon sadar karate, jyamadhye bhootkal viruddha bhootkalache dwait aahe. vartaman aanee mayaa-kwiche viruddha. spanish olakh thalak hote.
eka valanaval rasta aanee eka adnyat shaharakade jaananya gadipasoon katha suru hote aanee deshachya varshane bharalelya doone chepe aanee neena tina yaa galgand asalelya vadildhanyanchya jodivar laksh kendrit karate. yaa vadildhanyanni sangitalelya urvarit pustakachi rachana karananya dantkathanna ekatra karnyasathi, 'kuko dii losses suenos' heey patra sadar kele jaate. tyanantar kathakar done upakhyan sangato, eka bhau pedro dii bettencortbaddal aanee dusare phrai peyo enrequez dii rivera baddal. donhi katha parivartan aanee parasparvirodhi ghatkanvar bharr detat. asturiyajacha mukhya yuktivad assa aahe qee gwatemala heey rashtranvar bandhalele rashtra aahe aanee teey badal shakya aahe.
asturias gwatemalachya vasahatvadi kalat tayar jhalelya gwatemala shahar aanee antigua yasarkhya gwatemalachya mukhya shaharancha aanee sthalancha sandarbh deto. tyane kwirgiwa, tickle, tasech palenk aanee copan yaa gwatemalian sthalancha dekhil ullekh keela aahe, jeey jaree aadhunik kalatil gwatemalacha bhag nasale taree "mayaa samrajyacha" bhag hote.
yaa 'leanda' madhye spasht kele aahe qee gwatemalachi aadhunik shahare pratyakshapane purvichya vasahatvadi aanee sthanik shaharanvar bandhali gelee aahet, jyamule gwatemalachi pratima 'anek staranche ghar' mhanoon tayar hote aanee 'hyspanic aanee mayaa vanshanchya ektela' vaidhata milate. pracheen sanskruti yaa staranmadhye jatan kelya jaatat yavar asturia jore detat.
hii pahili olakh bhootkalatil sanskruti aanee haravalelya paramparanchya punarsthapanebaddal aahe. asha prakare, 'gwatemala' heey tyachya swatachya saundaryachi vaiyaktik ghoshana mhanoon samajale jaau shakate, kaaran too eka assa majkoor aahe, jyamadhye daphan aanee parasparvirodhi shaharanpramanech serve kahee ekatra kele jaate. hii viveki ranniti gwatemalan olakhichi guntagunt darshavate jee asturiusne tyachya aayushyatil bahutansh kalat sahityik drushtine samajoon ghenyacha aanee tyache varnan karnyacha itka utsahane prayatna keela.
kathechya shevati asturius swatahla sadar karato. rajdhanit pohochalyavar too oradato, "mea khoop chhan! majhya pueblo!asha prakare assa yuktivad keela jaato qee hii pahili katha asturiyanchya udasinatechya bhavna prakat karate.
aho, mallah kaay vatate.
hii katha dusari olakh mhanoon kaam karate aanee srushtila vinashacha avibhajya ghatak mhanoon sadar karate. curo dii oro hii aakruti sangel asha saat dantkathanpaiki hii pahili aahe. curo dii oro heey aaplya navodit, fikat tvachechya kathavachakanche pauranik swaroop aahe. hii aakruti 'donn' chepe aanee 'donna' tina yanchyashi kathatmak parasparsanvadat guntaleli aahe, jeey dekhil rahasyamay aakruti aahet jyaa gwatemalachya katha sangana vadildhanyanche pratinidhitva karatat. heey vadildhari eka zadabaddal bolatat jeey velechi kalpana nasht karate.
"kathechya suruvatila, teen prarambhik parichhed vartaman [kaal] madhye aahet aanee nantar curo dii oro (curo dii oro) chya kathenantar bhootkal banatat...) suru hote. heey eka vishisht aashchary uttejit karate, eka vishisht goshticha ullekh naan karata (...) tatpurata gondhal. mhanjech, rahasyamay aanee jawaljawal jadui ghatak yaa kathechya sandarbhat pravesh karatat.
paramparik katha sanganyachya maukhik gunanvar bharr dene dekhil yaa laghukathetun spasht hote. kathakar aaplyala tyachya pravasabaddal aanee tyachya chittathararak ratrichya tyachya vedanebaddal sangat aahe. heey kathan aavajanni bharalele aahe, udaharanarth donn chepe aanee neena tina curo dii orochya aavahanala pratisad detat. asturius agadi shevatchya vakyasah katha sampavatoh aanee sambhashan sampate. curo dii oro aanee donn chepe aanee neena tina yanchyatil majkurachya parasparsanvadacha arth assa dekhil lavala jaau shakato qee, joou tyachya olakhichi mule shodhat aahe, aanee jyanna dusya (pauranik) veleche aanee jaageche heey dnyan aahe, tyanchyavar prashnachinh upasthit kareet aahe.
lyenda dell volcan.
lyenda dell volcan shikavate qee vinashanantar nehmich punarjanm hoto, yacha arth mayaa-quitch sanskraticha punarjanm houu shakato. tyat gwatemalamadhil lokanchya utpatticha sambandh 'anek shatake tikalelya eka divasat' aahe.
tyachi suruvat sahaa mansanpasun hote, jyapaiki teen panyatoon disu lagale aanee teen vaayaatoon disu lagale. sampoorn aakhyayiketil tisya kramankanvar asturiyajcha bharr nahuatla paramparetil sankhyechya mahattvasandarbhat aahe. panyatil teen manse tanyanni swatache poshan karatat aanee vaayaateel lock pakshyansarkhe jangalat chalatat.
yaa mansanvyatirikt done devata aahet, bhookampala uttejan denare cabracan aanee vanyancha aanee aakashacha aatma asalela hurakan. hurakanmule bhookamp hoto aanee serve prani jangalatoon paloon jaatat. nido (spanishmadhye 'gharate' haah shabd) navachya sahaa purushanpaiki eka, haah ekmev prani aahe joou eka sant, pandhara lilly aanee eka mool asalelya trimurtidware mandir bandhanyasathi aadeshit keela jaato. nantar zaade gharatyanni bharoo lagatat, hii katha nutanikaranachya prakriyeche udaharan kase dete heey spasht karate.
hii aakhyayika dharmanmadhil spasht sangharshache varnan karate. heey catholic dharmachya viruddha aahe (udaa.jee.: mayaa-kwiche dharmache pratinidhitva karananya cabracan aanee hurakanchya shaktinsah 'lahan cross' aanee trimurtiche sandarbh.
leanda dell cadejo.
sataravya shatkat ghadavaleli hii aakhyayika manavatemadhye dadapshahivar maat karanyachi kshamata spasht karate.
pahilya parichhedat aaplyala eka kanventmadhil eka sunder navshikya nayak sadar keela jaato, joou kalantarane madrey elvira dii sann francisco banel. hii vyaktirekha kathet vegvegalya vela nave badalate. pudhil anek parichhed tichya bhavnik drushtikonatun sookshmapane aakar ghetalelya teela vedhalelya mathatil vatavaranache varnan karnyasathi samarpit aahet. tee tichya venine trast aahe kaaran tee purushanchya sharirik uttejanala uttejan dete. akheris tee vikshipt hote, mhanoon tichi venee kapoon takte, jee nantar sapat badalate. saap menbattyabhovati gundalato, tyachi jyot vizavato aanee tyaa mansala narkat pathavato. preto cadejo kassa hota teey dakhavato...pralobhanatun janmalela aanee kalachya shevataparyant manavtela tras denyas tayar asalela. madrey elvira dii sann francisco tichya venipasoon swatahla kase mukt karoo shakala yachya varnanadvare, teey kitihi atyachari asale taree, manavatekade tyala bandhana 'juu' pasoon swatahla mukt karanyachi sadhane kashee aahet heey asturias darshavite. yaa kathet mrutyu aanee mrutdehanchya varanvar pratima aahet, tasech jaduchya ghatananchi udaharane aahet.
kathechya shevatchya parichhedat heey spasht nahee qee asturia heey soochit karatat qee tyaa ghatana swapnashivay aanakhi kahee navhatya.
lyenda deey laa tatuana.
manavjat aapale swatantrya kase parat midvu shakate aanee kase parat midvel yache varnan karane haah yaa aakhyayikecha uddesh aahe. dantkatha badamachya zadabaddal nahee, jyache varnan 'pujari-zaad' asey kele jaate. heey zaad mayaa paramparanche rakshan karate aanee varshanuvarshe jaat asalelya ghatananche varnan karate. zibalba mhanoon olakhalya jaananya adholokasamor jyaa chaar marganna tond dyave lagate, tyaa chaar marganmadhye zaad aaplya aatmyache vibhajan karate. heey chaar marg vegvegalya ranganni chinhankit kelele aaheth hirwa, laal, pandhara aanee kaala. aatmyacha pratyek bhag vegalya margavar suru hoto, jyavar tyanna pratyekala pralobhanancha samna karava lagato. mayaa paramparenusar adholokakade nenara kaala rasta, tyachya aatmyacha kahee bhag amoolya daginyanchya vyapanyashi vyapar karato, joou nantar sarvat sunder gulamachya badalyat vaparato. gulam paloon jaato aanee tyachya aatmyacha haravalela bhag shodhat asalelya zadache swaroop akheris teela shodhate. tyanantar chaukashi hastakshep karate aanee tyanna thaar marnyasathi shiksha dete. shevati, sunder gulam tichya hatavar jhadajavalil tattoo lavalelya botichya jadudware ratri paloon jaate. fashichya divashi sakali, turung kothadit eka juna badamacha zaad hii keval paharekyanna sapadate.
yaa aakhyayikenusar, master badam mayaa-quitch sanskratiche pratinidhitva karate aanee chaukashi paradeshi shaktiche pratinidhitva karate. hii aakhyayika darshavate qee "aatma bahya shaktinchya dayevar nasato" aanee mhanoon "manavankade tyanche swatantrya parat midvanyache sadhan nehmich asate".
leyenda dell sombreron.
yaa aakhyayikemadhye, esturious mull/rakshas, ell sombreronchi kalpana gheto aanee jaduchya drushtikonatun tyacha shodh gheto; too eka chendu tayar karato joou disato aanee adrushya hoto, jyamadhye too sombreron kinwa saitanala vedhato.
nayak haah eka sadhu asato, joou tyachya khidakitoon tyachya kothadit usalananya chendune mohat padato. too chendune swatahla mantramugdha karato aanee too kadachit saitanashi sambandhit asel qaa assa vicharhi karoo lagato. too chendusah khelanyat aganit taas ghalavato aanee jevha too eka mahileshi bolato jyachya mulane chendu gamavala hota aanee too parat karnyasathi dabav jaanavato, tevha shejari dawa karatat qee too saitanasarkha disat hota. tyanantar too akheris chendu tyachya khidakitoon baher fekato aanee chenduche rupantar sombreronmadhye hote. asha prakare punha ekada, asturia heey darshavit aahe qee manav "tyanna avanchhitanshi bandhanare sambandh todanyas saksham aahet".
hii aakhyayika, leyenda dell cadejopramanech, gwatemalamadhil spanish vasahatvadi kalashi sambandhit aahe aanee sadhya bolchalchya bhashet lihili gelee aahe. heey spanish aanee gwatemalachya khrishchan pailoonvar laksh kendrit karate aanee teey antigua shaharat ghadate.
senzne tyachya vishleshanat thampane sangitale qee, sadhu jyaa chenducha anand gheto aanee tyachyashi khelato too pracheen mayaa chendu khelache prateek aahe. asha prakare, yaa aakhyayiket khristi aanee mayaa parampara ekatra kelya aahet kaaran chendu haah mayaa vidhichya ghatkashi samaan aahe, parantu tyat saitanachi vaishishtye dekhil aahet.
leyenda dell tessoro dell lugar florida.
hii aakhyayika tyaa velee ghadate jevha spanish vijete gwatemalamadhye aale, tarr mool rahivasi yuddhacha shevat sajra karatat. heey lago dii etitalan talavajaval aahe, jithe tz 'utujil lock rahatat. yaa talavajaval abulo dell agua navacha jwalamukhi aahe, jyacha arth 'panyache aajoba' assa hoto. haah jwalamukhi spanish lokanchya lutmaritoon sutka jhalelya simavarti jamatinpasun khajina lapavato.
hii aakhyayika sandhyela suru hote, jeey senzchya matey, sthanik sanskratichya ghasaranishi tulana mhanoon pahile jaau shakate. yuddhacha shevat jaheer keela jaato aanee katheteel aadivasi lokanmadhye ratrabhar shantatecha utsav sajra keela jaato. tethe sainikanchya tukadyanchi yadee aahe aanee pratyekjan teey paridhan karatat tyaa pankhanchya ranganmule vegala aahe. sthanik mayache pramukh jyanna balee dyayache aahe tyanna ekatra aanatat. pujari jwalamukhila vidhibaddha shiksha jaheer karatat, tarr spaniard ('pandhare purush') jawal yetat tevha vinashacha kshan suru hoto. jamati ghabaroon jaatat aanee aakramanapasun swatache sanrakshn karnyasathi khajina mage sodoon talavakade paloon jaatat.
mool pahili aavrutti tayar karananya serve aath granthanpaiki, jaree tee spanishchya aagmanachya kshani seet keleli asali taree, hii shevatchi ekmev ashee aahe jee purv-hyspanic yugat seet keleli aahe. asturias yaa done sanskratinmadhye virodhabhas darshavato; teey sthanikanche varnan naisargik jagashi (tyanchi bhuja vanaspatinchya raktane hiravi) jodalele asalyache karatat aanee tyanna vipulata aanee samruddhichi bhavna (tyanchyakade phule, fale, pakshi, madhmashya, pankh, sone aanee maulyavan dagad hote) yanchyashi jodatat, tarr tyanchya sandarbhat 'naan' yaa purvavyadhachi varanvar punaravrutti karoon europeananchi kamatarata aanee garja yavar bharr detat.
losses brujos daad laa tormenta primeral.
hii aakhyayika devanchya karyadvare jagachya nirmiticha arth lavnari aahe aanee tyat anek jadui aanee pratikatmak ghatak aahet. heey sahaa bhaganmadhye vibhagale gele aahe aanee tyat prani, vanaspati aanee khanij yaa teen rajyanmadhil astitva tikavanyasathichya pauranik ladhyanche varnan aahe. juan poye haah yaa aakhyayikecha nayak aahe aanee tee eka 'manav-nadee' aahe jee prajanankshamta aanee jivantateche prateek aahe. jevha manav premache niyam visarato aanee kroorpane vagato, tevha nadee anaitik manavansathi shikshecha srot banate. dantkathechya shevati jeey kahee shillak aahe teey mhanje kvichechya jaminichya vanaspatinni aachchhadaleli shahare. yaa kathet esturious eka naveen jaaduchi bhasha tayar karato jyamadhye too mayaa aanee judo-khrishchan kalpananche mishran karato aanee tyanna ekatra karoon juaancha haah sarvanash nirman karato.
kakadi.
hii 'leandas' madheel shevatchi katha aahe aanee tee natkachya swarupat lihili gelee hotee. dusya aavruttit dantkathanmadhye tyachi bharr padali. teen drushye rangeet padadyanni vegali kelee aahet jee vel nighun jaat asalyache darshavtat; padadyache rung (pivala, laal aanee kaala) aanee drushyatil badal suryachya halchalinantar hotat.
mukhya patre ashee aaheth gwakamayo, eka hazar rangancha pakshi, joou fasava aahe, kukalkan kinwa plum kelela sarp aanee chinchinirin, joou kukalkanacha yoddha-sevak aahe. yaee heey aanakhi eka patra aahe jeey 'stree-phool' aahe aanee tyacha balee deela jaanar aahe. gwakamayo aanee kukulkan suryachya aakhyayikevar vaad ghalatat aanee tyachya pathimage, gwakamayo tyachyavar banavat asalyacha aarop karato aanee chinchinirinashi vaad ghalato. shevati, kukalkanachi jaaga ghenyacha cutt rachat, gwakamayo yaishi karar karato, parantu kukalkan vachato. shevati chandra pivalya fulaparyant pohochanyacha prayatna karat asatana chinchinirinchya shariratoon tyacha janm hoto.
hii antim aakhyayika hii eka samajik rachana mhanoon olakh yaa prashnavar drushtikon thevanyas parvanagi denyasathi plummed sarpachya mayaa aakhyayikevar eka spasht punarvishkar aahe. kathet disanara avghad aarsa (joou gwakamayo aanee kyukulkan yanna 'vastavik' kaay aahe yabaddal gondhalat takto) haah kroor sapekshatavadacha roopak aahe, jyachi olakh asturius vastavikateche duheri aanee purak patra vyakt karnyasathi karato. mhanje asturias heey cooklecanchya vishvatil duheri, dvigunit aanee sapeksh mhanoon olakhiche vastav sadar karate aanee heey navyane bandhalelya, sankarit gwatemalan olakhis lagoo karate
lekhak.
miguel esturiouscha janm 1899 madhye gwatemala yethe jhaala aanee too madhyamvargiy parshvabhoomitun aala hota. tyachi aaee mishra parshvabhumichi (mool american aanee spanish) shaley shikshika hotee aanee tyache vadil ernesto esturious heey spanish parshvabhumiche vakeel hote. asturiaj suruvatila kayadyachya shalet shikale, parantu pudhe manavvanshashastra aanee sahityacha abhyas keela. akheris too nobel paritoshik vijeta lekhak banala. tyanni tyanchya abhyasacha barachsa bhag francechya parismadhye ghalavala, parantu lattin ameriketahi pravas keela.
tyanchya pramukh kamanmadhye 'leandas dii gwatemala' (1930), 'ell senor presidente' (1946), 'hombress dii mej' (1949), 'viento fuerte' (1950), 'ell papa verde' (1954), 'losses ojos dii losses entrados' (1960) aanee 'mulata dii taal' (1963) yancha samavesh aahe.
sahityik vishleshan.
asturius tyachya kamacha aadhar tyachya purvajanchya parampara aanee dantkathanvar aadharit aahe aanee european vasahatvadi ghatkanshi misalatana sthanik american sanskratiche achook pratinidhitva pradan karnyacha prayatna karato. aaplya deshache bhavishya heey swadeshi varshachya manyata aanee pramanikaranavar avalambun aahe heey dakhavanyasathi" too paramparik sthanik sanskratiche kahee pailu gheto. tyanchi lekhanshaili adviteey aahe kaaran tyanni sthanik sahityatil vishayshastriy aanee shailigat ghatkansah pashchatya tantrancha samavesh keela aahe, tasech maukhik aanee majkooratil kathanshailicha mell ghatala aahe. jaree kahijan 'leandas dii gwatemala' haah jadui vastavad shailichya agradutanpaiki eka asalyacha dawa karat asale, taree tyachya kamache konatyahi eka purvichya sahityachya shailimadhye vargikaran karnyat asamarthata heey tyachya advitiyateche aanakhi udaharan aahe.
rachana aanee rachana.
leandas' madheel pratyek katha hii gadya swarupat eka kavita aahe, jithe pratyek shabd mahattvacha asato aanee asha prakare tee laghukatha sangrahapeksha jaast aahe. katha eka majboot samaan vibhajanadvare ekatra kelya jaatatah kalpaneche samayik star. suruvatichya dantkatha serve eka laghukathechya swarupat aahet, parantu shevatche, kukalkan heey likhit natkachya swarupat aahe, jeey moolatah madridmadhil natyagruhasathi aahe.
leandas dii gwatemalachi done parichaypatre aaheth "gwatemala" aanee "ahora mea accuerdo", jee done bhinn uddishte purn karatat. "ahora mea accuerdo" eka kathavachkala parichay karoon deto joou lekhkashi agadi olakhala jaau shakato, tarr "gwatemala" vishvachi sthapana karate jyamadhye dantkatha ghadanar aahet.
"1948 madhye prakashit jhalelya dusya aavruttit 'losses brujos day laa tormenta primeveral' aanee 'cucalcan' heey 'leandas dii gwatemala' madhye jodale gele hote. suruvatila teey 'leandas' chee aupcharik ekata todatana disatat ('cucalcan' haah eka tukada aahe joou rangbhumisathi asalyache disate), teey samaan katha aanee sankalpananche anusaran karatat aanee donhi leandaschya pahilya aavruttichya prakashanapurvi lihilele asalyache disate.
asturiyachya kathanchi pravahita haah tyachya sahityacha eka atishay mahattvacha bhag aahe. laghukatha byavachada sangitmay vatatat, janoo tyaa tondawate kathan karayachya asatat aanee kahee vakyanchi punaravrutti heey sulabh karate. eka udaharan mhanje "ell kyuko dii losses suenos vaa hillando losses cuventos" chee punaravrutti.
sthanik sanskraticha samavesh.
asturiyachya kalpanaramya kathanche neo-indigenista mhanoon vargikaran kele jaau shakate. tyanche karya swadeshi sahityatil utkranti aahe; heey mool american lokanchya european varchasvaviruddhachya tyachya gambhir bhoomikedware paribhashit kelele sahitya aahe, tathapi, sahitya jeey ajunahi sthanik lokanchya vilakshan, rudhivadi chitranala bandhalele aahe jeey ektar tyanna nirash aanee europeananvar avalambun thevate kinwa sanskratikdrushtya mishrit houn badal ghadavun aanate. yaulat, asturius tyachya bhoomikecha punarvichar karato aanee sthanik sanskratila gwatemalacha eka nirantar aanee avibhajya pailu mhanoon chitrit karato. heey karnyasathi, asturius sthanik sanskratiche achook pratinidhitva pradan karnyacha prayatna karato aanee asha prakare tyachya purvajanchya parampara aanee dantkathanvar aadharit tyachya karyavar aadharit asato. assa yuktivad keela jaau shakato qee asturia heey paramparik sanskratitil ghatak ghetat "heey darshavinyasathi qee tyachya deshache bhavishya sthanik varshachya manyata aanee pramanikaranavar avalambun aahe".
olakh.
leandas dii gwatemala' madheel swadeshi vishay aanee aadhunikatebaddal lekhak frances jegger mhanatat qee asturiyache 'leandas dii gwatemala' heey darshavate qee bhootkalatil mithakanchya abhyasane gwatemalachi rashtriy olakh nirman karnyas kashee madat kelee aahe. asturiyachya aakhyayika visheshtah european aanee mayaa jaagtik drushtikonache pratinidhitva karatat jeey gwatemalan olakh tayar karatat. jegger haah samikshak lois parkinson zamora yacha sandarbh deto, joou 'leandas dii gwatemala' haah eka assa grunth manato joou '[sanskrutik] utpattichi chinta' darshavito, jyamadhye bhutkalakade pahoon sthanik sanskratichya dnyanachi pokali bharoon kadhanyachi garaj asturiyanna jaanavane aavashyak aahe. yaa chintemule tapshilvar bhashene bharalelya kathanakachi nirmiti jhaali aahe, jyat sthanik sanskrutik utpattichya guntagunt aanee virodhabhasancha samavesh aahe. moolatah, sthanik, vasahatvadi aanee aadhunik lock dantkathanmadhye samanpane ekatra rahatat. jegarchya vishleshanat yavar bharr deela gela aahe qee "leandas dii gwatemala" sanskrutik sankareeta kinwa mestizajechya kalpanela pudhe nenyaeivaji gwatemalamadhil swatantra swadeshi aanee european sanskrutik prabhavanmadhil sanvadala protsahan dete. jasjasa samaj vikasit jhaala aahe aanee tantradnyan pragat jhaale aahe, tasatase yaa badalatya sandarbhat sthanik sanskratichi punarnirdharan karanyachi satat garaj aahe. asha prakare, gwatemala rashtracha vikas aanee tethil lokanchi olakh yaa vividh dantkathanchya sangnyavarun darshavili jaate.
jadui vastavad.
francisco solares-larevchya matey, 'leandas dii gwatemala' chya kathanche vaishishtya asalelya pauranik vichar prakriyekade manavvanshashastriy drushtikonatun navhe tarr yaa sahityache vaishishtya asalelya vastavavar naveen drushtikon thevanyache mool mhanoon pahile pahije. pauranik kshetrat aadharit naveen prakarchya tarkshastrachi hii amalbajavani asturiyanchya kathanna jadui vastavadachya sahityik sankalpanechya kshetrachya jawal aanate. tathapi, lattin american tejichya yaa chalvalicha bhag mhanoon leandasche vargikaran karnyaivaji heey yaa kathanna eka purvavarti banavate, jeey alejo sutar aanee nantarchya jadui vastavad chalvalichya adbhut vastavadachya dishene eka paul aahe. aata aaplyala jeey jadui vastavad mhanoon olakhale jaate tyache anusaran karnyaivaji jaduchya goshtinche vastavadi guna naveen rashtriy olakhicha srot mhanoon sadar karnyababat asturias adhik chintit hote. tarihi 'leandas' madhye aapan pratham jyachi khoon pahoo lagato, jee nantar jadui vastavad mhanoon olakhali jaeel, eka drushti jee vastavala bhramashi jodate. udaharanarth, 'kyuko dii losses suenos' chya swarupasah aapan 'avant laa letre' haah jadui vastavad pahato, joou bhootkalatil shaharanna, jeey aata itar shaharanchya khalee dabalele aahet, tyanche uddipan karnyas anumati deto. vel aanee jaagechi spasht pravahita hii ashee bhavna dekhil nirman karate qee jadui vastavadache tarkshastra asturiyanchya karyat tayar hott hote. tyachpramane, selena milleres yanni 'leandas' chya jagache varnan kele aahe qee, 'leandas dii gwatemala' heey swapnasadrush gunavatta aanee drav sandarbhakade pratigaman asalelya up-bhupradesh nadichya pratibimbadware jagakade pahat aahe, heey kharokharach bhavishyatil jadui vastavadachya chalvalichya dishene eka mahattvapoorn paul asalyache disate.
vishay.
palympsest model.
pahilya aakhyayikenusar, asturias assa dawa karato qee gwatemala anek majale asalelya gharasarkhe ekachya varr dusya puralelya shaharanvar bandhale gele hote. lakshanik arthane heey kharey aahe, kaaran spanish lokanchya aagmanachya avasheshanmadhye, gwatemalan sanskratila mayan varshavar adhipati mhanoon pahile jaau shakate. kharokhar, shabdasha arth lavnyamadhyehi satya aahe, kaaran palenk aanee copanchya avasheshanvar thet spanish shahare ubharali gelee hotee, jyamule babelchya starikrut burujasarkhe kahitari nirman jhaale.
aapan assa andaj lavu shakato qee 'leandas dii gwatemala' chya [pustakachya vastavik swarupacha] hetu yaa kalpanevar spashtapane jore dene asoo shakate qee done parichayatmak granthanmadhye, 'dantkatha' pustakacha madhyavarti bhag banatat aanee asha prakare 'daphan' ('shahare' sarkhich) aahet aanee tyaa karanastav teey apariharya sanskrutik smaranshaktiche utpadan aahet.
asturias heey palympsestchya yaa modelmadhye gwatemala sadar karnyache kaaran aahe (junya sanskrativar ladaleli eka naveen sanskruti jee tyahoon junya sanskratichya varr dekhil basate, ii.) haah muddah mandanyasathi qee gwatemalan olakh purnapane aanee sampurnapane samajoon ghenyasathi, ekhadyane yaa serve staranna ekatra kele pahije aanee tyanna samaan gwatemalan kathecha bhag mhanoon ekatra kele pahije. heey gwatemalan olakh punha shodhanyasathi leanda vaparnyachya asturiyachya uddeshashi sambandhit aahe.
sankarit olakh.
sankareeta mhanje aadhunik gwatemalan olakh, mayaa aanee european sanskratinche mishran mhanoon.
leandanchya prakashanapurvi, sankarit olakhicha vishay bahutek nakaratmak prakashanat sadar keela jaat asey. anek varshannantarhi 'maladron' (1967) sarkhya pustakandware tyanna [mishra rakt asalelya vyaktinna] neech, chor patre mhanoon chitrit kele gele. tathapi, leandaschya babatit, asturia yaa vishayanche punarmulyankan karoo ichchit hote, jeey purvi upekshit kinwa agadi adrushya hote. kathanmadhil sthanik aanee european ghatakanna ekatra aanoon too asey karato.
mayan pauranik kathanmadhye ell sombreron, tatuana aanee kadejochya aakhyayika astitvat hotya, parantu ell tessoro dell lugar florido hii nishchitach eka naveen bharr aahe. parantu asturia yaa ghatakanche keval eka kathepasoon dusya kathet mishran karat nahee, tarr pratyek aakhyayikemadhyehi; udaharanarth pahilya kathet kathakar sthanik gaane aanee nrutya vidhimadhye guntalela asato, parantu too jeey gato teey lattin varnamalatil, aaa-aii-ii-oo-yooche swar aahet. leanda dell jwalamukhimadhyehi, asturiyane jaminivar rahana udananya pranyanchya mool pauranik kathanna ekatra kele aanee tyala vrukshanchi bhoomi mhatale, jyala vijetyanshi sanlagn asalelyanni gwatemala mhatale hote. asha santulanache aanakhi eka udaharan mhanje sombreronchi aakhyayika, jee mool mayaa pauranik katha ghete aanee vasahatvadanantarchya catholic drushtikonatun tee punha sangate. yaa arthane, 'leanda' kadey vanshik shuddikaranachya virodhat pratikriya mhanoon aanee sankarit olakhadvare pratinidhitva kelelya sanskrutik salokyachya bajoone pahile jaau shakate, heey purv-hyspanic jagachya upasthitisaha lokpriy paramparecha samtol sadhun sadhya kele jaau shakate.
ling.
lingsambandh heey 'leandaz' madhye sattechya sambandhanshi samaan mhanoon sadar kele jaatat, parantu teey kahitari sandigdha aanee jawaljawal pravahi mhanoon disate. pahilya aakhyayiket sadar kelele done vadildhari, doone chepe aanee neena tina, eka purush aanee dusari stree asoonahi ekmekanshi samaan aahet. tyanchya samarthyat kinwa tyanchya lingamadhye konatahi farak nahee aanee teey eka astitva asoo shakatat, parantu teey kharokhar done aahet, keval tyanchya navanni vegale aahet.
kukalkan swatah purush aahe, parantu tyacha anubhav strilingi aahe. pratikatmakpane lattin american pratima spanish purushatvachya varchasvatil sattechya sambandhanmadhye dwaivad sthapit karate, tarr sthanik up-shashvatata strilingishi jodate. lingantar heey 'leandaz' madhye vegvegalya velee swatahla sadar karate. udaharanarth, curo dii oro (ahora mea accuerdomadhye) janglala eka stree mhanoon sadar karate, parantu too kharokhar jungle aahe. tyamule too eka nishkriy bhoomiket eka stree banato. samanyatah asturia heey stritvala dadapalele astitva mhanoon sadar karat, sampoorn 'leandas dii gwatemala' madhye, ling sambandhanna sattechya sambandhanshi samaan karatat. leanda dell sombreron" madhye, jevha jevha chendu (pralobhanache prateek aanee white paddhatine) soochit keela jaato, tevha laghuroop aanee strilingi ling vaparale jaate.
prabhav.
europeey prabhav.
esturiousne 1924 teey 1933 paryant parismadhye shikshan ghetale, jyamule tyala tyacha mool desh gwatemalache durvaroon nirikshan karata aale. yethe tyanni georges renaud yanchyasobat mayaa sanskraticha abhyas keela, jyancha, tyanche digdarshak mhanoon, tyanchya sahityik vikasavar lakshaniy prabhav hota. visheshtah punarbharanachi shikavan, jee asturiyasathi tayar kelee gelee aahe, tee mhanje purvi adnyat aanee jawaljawal "qamee mool asalelya" vismrutit gelelya sanskrutik mulancha sakshatkar.
legends auph gwatemala' chee pahili aavrutti atyant mahattvachya mahitisah prakashit karnyat aalee hotee, jyat asey mhatale hote qee lekhak 'parris, 1925-1930' madhye hota. vel aanee jaageche heey sanket tyanchya sahityik anubhavatil saundarya aanee vaicharik paripakvatache yug darshavtat. vayachya 25 vya varshi, asturiyasne swatachi rashtriy olakh navyane aakar denyasathi aanee likhit shabdashi vaiyaktik sambandh prasthapit karnyasathi gwatemalakade kooch kele hote.
parismadhil tyachya kalane dekhil asturiyanna ativastavadachi olakh karoon dilee. asturiyachya likhanavar ativastavadi chalvalicha prabhav aahe, jeey tyachya virodhi aanee visangat vastoonchya vaparatoon sarvat spasht hote. preto assa yuktivad karato qee "eka ativastavadi jagabaddal mokalepana midvanyasathi viruddha goshti vaparato jyamule tyanna adbhut goshti jaanvu shaktil"; yaa sandarbhat, aashcharyakarak goshticha arth assa spasht keela jaato qee "heey" dekhil "teey" aahe. asturiyachya arjamadhye, yacha anuvad assa hoto qee "sattemadhye asalelya vargane tyala olakhanyas nakar deela tarihi gwatemala tyachi mule nakaru shakat nahee."
lattin american prabhav.
arthat, sanskrutik sankarikaranachi jaaniv honyachi prakriya tyachya parismadhye yenyapurvich suru jhaali hotee. jose vasconcelloschya sahbhagane mexican federation auph studantsne aayojit kelelya 1921 madhye vidyarthi aantarrashtriy congressmadhye esturiousne ghetalelya meksikochya dauyacha, mestizo sanskratimbaddalachya esturiajchya kalpananvar nishchit prabhav padel.
lattin' sattechya punarujjivanasathi 'ladhananya french-aadharit lattin press agency kinwa prensa latina yaa karyakartya gatashi asturiacha sahbhagahi titkach mahattvacha hota. march 1928 madhye, asturiane havanah, kyubacha pravas keela aanee prensa latina congressmadhye sahbhagi mhanoon eka mahattvachi bhoomika paar padali. yaa shaharat, jyane tyanchyavar jagacha "karyakarte chauras" mhanoon chhap padali, too kyubachya avant-garde chalvalichya sadasyanchya samparkat aala. france aanee kyuba yaa donhi deshanmadhye ghalavalelya velemule tyala mahattvapoorn samparkanchi olakh jhaali aanee asturiyanna mayan-kwiche sanskraticha samavesh karoon tyachya deshachya utpatticha aanee olakhicha punarvichar karnyas saksham kele. parinami, asturiyasne sthanik sanskratibaddalachya tyachya matanmadhye mothya pramanat sudharana karnyas suruvat kelee. 1920 chya dashakat lihilelya 'ell problema soshal dell india' yaa esturiouschya prabandhat, 'bharatiyanche punarujjivan karnyasathi paradeshi sthalantarala pathimba denyachya sankalpanevar' laksh kendrit kele gele aanee purvgrahane bharr deela gela, 'yachee tulana kartana tyachya karyat jalad badal disun yeto. 1930 chya dashakat, jithe asturia sanskratila mahatva deto aanee tiche kautuk karato, tyaa thikani, leandas dii gwatemala. esturious sthanik american lokansathi "swatahla pravaktyachi bhoomika bajavanyasathi" aataparyant jaato.
esturiousne vachalelya serve pustakanpaiki, antonio mediz bolioche 'laa terra dell faisan vaay dell venado' (teetar aanee harananchi bhoomi) heey pustak 'leandas dii gwatemala' chey sarvat thet purvavarti manale jaate. boliyone kalpanik sahityacha vapar karoon eka kalpanik desh ghadavala jyamadhye tyane mayan lokkatha aanee hyspanic aadhuniktavadachya ghatakanche mishran kele, agadi 1930 madhye asturiyanni jeey kele tyach pramane.
mayaa-kwiche prabhav.
asturiyasathi, dantkatha hii satat badal hott asalelya avasthetil eka sanskrutik kalakruti aahe. yaa badalacha bhag bananyachya ichchhene, asturiyane lokpriy aanee suprasiddha dantkatha ghetalya aanee tyat badal kele, ghatak ekatra kele aanee kahee bhaganna olakhanyachya palikade rupantarit kele.
leandas daad gwatemala haah mukhyatve popol wuh yaa mayaa lokkathanchya pracheen granthavar aadharit aahe. 1927 madhye, jose maria gonzales dii mendoja yanchya sahkaryane, esturiousne popol vuhchya anuvadavar kaam kele aanee tyamule tyachya dantkathanmadhye budun gele. udaharanarth, 'laa leyanda daad tatuana' haah chitrapat chimmatchya kwiche aakhyayikevar aadharit aahe, parantu vasahatvadi kalatil naveen upakhyan aanee patransah purv-hyspanic pauranik kathancha samavesh karnyasathi punha lihila gela aahe.
tathapi, kahee vidwan assa yuktivad karatat qee jyaa goshtine asturiyanna kharokhar prerana dilee tee mhanje sankarit, mishra-vansh rashtrachya utkranti, jyasathi naveen aanee sudharit nirmiti kathancha sanch aavashyak hota. mishra vanshachya asalelya tyachya aaeela tyane heey pustak samarpit kele yaa vastusthitimule heey samarthan miloo shakate.
teeka aanee swagat.
asturiyache varnan eka 'kavee-lekhak' mhanoon kele gele aahe, jyanchya adviteey sahityik kshamatanni kavita, katha, aakhyayika kinwa gadyachya kamanchya seema olandun gwatemalachya utkrantiche varnan asha prakare kele aahe.
1930 madhye yaa pustakachya prakashanantar, francis dii miyomandre yanni tyache frenchmadhye bhashantar kele aanee silas monsegur puraskar jinkla. yaa anuvadamule paul valeryche kautukahi jhaale, jyanni 'leandas dii gwatemala' baddal eka patra lihile hote, jeey kahee aavrutyanmadhye pustakache prastavna mhanoon vaparale gele aahe.
henningen yaa pustakavar teeka karato, assa dawa karato qee teey european prekshakanna aakarshit karate kaaran parisachya apekshanshi susangat asalelya gwatemalacha videshivad. mhanoon, henighanla vatate qee "leandas dii gwatemala" heey kharey aanee banavat donhi aahe; kalpanik kalpanecha bhram nirman karnyat asturiaschi kamgiri french prekshakanchya apekshit apekshanmule purnapane uttejit jhaali. asha vyakhyannusar, heey pustak french prachyavadi kalpananvar aadharit aahe. tathapi, henighan assa dawa karato qee "leandas dii gwatemala" prachyavadi gruhitkala vikrut karate kaaran yethe parisachya vachkanparyant jaaduche jug parat pathavnara 'shodhak' swatah eka mool gwatemalan aahe ". teey mhanatat qee esturious tyachya likhanachi vaidhata aanee vishvasarhata tyane lakshya kelelya european prekshakanna patvoon denyasathi dhorane vaparato; yach karanastav tyane chitre, paul valerychi parichayatmak prastavna, avaiyaktik kathan aanee 'bhootkalatil dantkathanvar konihi vishvas thevat nahee' yasarkhya aswikaranancha samavesh keela.
henighan asehi yuktivad karatat qee gwatemalala bhootkalatil sanskratincha eka pramukh bhag mhanoon sadar karananya parichayamule gwatemalala europechya antargat adhinata nirman hote. henighancha mukhya yuktivad assa aahe qee heey pustak gwatemala aanee europe yanchyatil sangharsh sadar karate aanee heey asturiyachya swatachya olakhichya sangharshache pratibimb aahe. teey mhanatat qee "gwatemala" heey parkiyatevar laksh kendrit karate tarr "ahora kyu mea accuerdo" yaa mithakanpasun vegale honyachya gondhalat sampate. yaa paach aakhyayika pustakachya duheri parichayat asalelya tanavacha talmel sadhanyacha prayatna karatat. "dantkathanmadhye "samanvayavad, duheripana aanee vaividhyata hii apariharya manvi paristhiti mhanoon chitrit kelee gelee aahe". teey mhanatat qee asturia olakh kahee prakarchi shuddhata rakhanyachi ashakyata darshavu ichchitat. asha prakare vanshik aanee sanskrutik asha donhi prakarche astitva apariharya aanee isht asalyache disate. sanskrutik asmitecha sangharsh antim kathet tyachya charmotkarshavar pohochato, "yethe duheripanachi gatishilata sanskrutik shaktichya prashnanni vyapate."teey asey mhanatat qee asturiyanna jaaniv hote qee done sanskruti nehmich ekmekanshi bhidatil aanee" kamkuvat sanskruti nehmich sashaktanchya sanskrutik aadnyandvare adheen asel."vijetyanmule jwalamukhicha udrek jhaala aanee donhi gut vibhagale gele, tarihi samaan navhate. mhanoon, hii katha asturiyajne tyache parician swatva swikaranyache pratinidhitva karate.
all problema soshal dell india' (1923) yaa tyanchya aadhichya nibandhasathi asturiyasvar barich teeka jhaali, jyat tyachya mayan varshavar aadharit gwatemalan olakhiche bhavishya navhate aanee purogami vichardharela taba ghenyas protsahit kele. hii teeka manovruttitil sampoorn badalatoon yete, jeey 'leandas dii gwatemala' vyakt karat asalyache disate. martin leanhard assa yuktivad karatat qee haah purvicha nibandh asturiuschya bhootkalatil eka kaala thasa banala aahe, joou lekhkala 1967 madhye sahityasathi nobel paritoshik midalyanantar pratyekjan visarla aahe asey disate. teey pudhe assa yuktivad karatat qee tarun asturiyanni yaa nibandhat nirvivadpane varnadveshi dave kele, jeey hatvale jaau shakat naheet aanee 'leandas dii gwatemala' dekhil asha vruttipasoon purnapane tutat nahee. leanhardney jyaa prakare asturiyasne gwatemalachya nirmitichya dantkathanche punarlekhan kele tyachi tulana soviet shaikshanik pracharabarobar kelee, assa dawa keela qee tyane rajyachya hitasathi sanskruti aanee lokanchya samoohik smrutimadhye uttarottar ferfar keela.