conic vhee. myers

conic vhee. myers, 461 yuu.ess. 138 (1983) haah united stateschya sarvoch nyayalayacha, kamachya thikani sambhavya sarvajanik chintechya babinvar babinvar sarvajanik sarkari pahilya durustichya adhikaranshi sambandhit nirnay aahe. heey pratham shela myers, eka orleans parrish, louisiana, sahayyak jilha vakeel (aii. dii. aii.) yanni aanale hote. teela tiche varishtha, jilha vakeel harry conic ess. aar. yanni kadhoon takale hote.jevha, badali midalyanantar tine tyachyashi aanee tyachya mukhya sahayyak jilha vakilasobat khajgi sambhashanat tivra virodh keela hota, tevha tine tichya sahkari vakilanna conickchya vyavasthapan paddhatincha tyancha anubhav vicharnari prashnavali vitarit kelee. khatalyachya sunavanidarmyan, louisianachya purvekadil jilhyache nyayadhish jacq gorden yanna aadhalale qee golibar prashnavalimule prerit hota aanee asha prakare sarvajanik karmchari mhanoon sarvajanik chintechya babinvar bolanyachya tichya adhikarache ullanghan hote. pachvya circuitne nikalala dujora dilyanantar conicne sarvoch nyayalayat apeal kele.
nyayadhishanni khalchya nyayalayanna 5-4 chya farkane ulat kele. nyaymurti byron white yanni bahumatache lihile qee, myerschya prashnavalimadhye jyaa babinna sparsh karnyat aala hota, tyaa bahutek vaiyaktik hotya, sarvajanik chintechya navhatya aanee yaa karvaimule jilha vakilachya karyalayachya karyaksham sanchalanasathi aavashyak asalelya susanvadi sambandhanna haanee pohochali hotee. william brenan yanni asahmatine yuktivad keela qee bahusankhyancha purvavarticha vapar chukicha hota. prashnavalitil serve baabee janatechya chinteche aahet aanee asha babinvishayi sarvajanik sarkari bhashanavar yacha thund parinam hoil ashee bheeti tyanni vyakt kelee.
sarvajanik sarvajanik tyanchya rojgarachya samkalinpane bolanyacha adhikar vicharat gheuun heey prakaran pahilya ranget hote, jyachi suruvat 'pickering vhee.' pasoon jhaali hotee. shikshan mandal (1968) pandhra varshanpurvi jyamadhye nyayalayane nyayalayane bajoo ghetali hotee. jyasathi bhashan heey purvichya prakaranat vihit niyokta aanee "sarvajanik hitachya samtol sadhanyashi sambandhit sarvajanik chintechya babinvar hote qee nahee yachee chachani sadar kelee. heey doghe "rankin vhee." sarkhya nantarchya prakarananchya nyayalayachya vyakhyesathi margadarshan kartil. mcfursion "(1987). 1990 aanee 2000 chya dashakat, "watter wii. churchill (1994) aanee garcetti wii. conic' chya paristhitishi kahee samya asalele sebalos '(2006) heey nantarche, nyayalayachya nirnayavar aanakhi spashtikaran deil.
antarnihit vivad.
1980 paryant myers paach varshanhun adhik kaal sahayyak jilha vakeel hote. tee eka prabhavi trial vakeel hotee jine nyayalayin kothadit rahnyasathi padonnati nakarlya hotya. tine nyu orleans parisaratil vidhee shalanmadhil karyakramanmadhyehi bhag ghetala hota aanee conickchya karyalayane prayojit kelelya karyakramanmadhye bhag ghetala hota. eka nyayadhishane teela tyane chalavalelya balaparadhi pratham gunhegaranchya pariviksha karyakramat bhag ghenyasathi dekhil patvoon dile hote.
tyaa varshi octobermadhye, myersla sanganyat aale qee tichi tyaa nyayadhishane chalavalelya vibhagat badali kelee jaeel. tyaa velee kelee nyayadhishanchya vibhagat tee jyaa padavar hotee, tee teela aavadali aanee tichi badali jhaali tarr tine karyakramatil prativadinna sallah dilelya prakarananpasun swatahla vegale karave lagel ashee bheeti teela hotee. tine mukhya sahayyak jilha vakeel dennis waldron aanee karyalayache prashikshan pramukh brijet baine yanchyakade yaa chinta vyakt kelya.
waldron aanee conic yanchyabarobarchya dusarya baithakit tine yaa chinta punha upasthit kelya. kelee divashi sakali teela badaliche aupcharik nivedan midale. waldronsobatchya dusarya baithakit tine tichya dukkhachi punaravrutti kelee aanee teela jyaa karyalayachi chinta hotee tyaa karyalayatil itar samasyancha samavesh karnyasathi tichya chinta vadhavalya. tine sangitale qee waldronne teela sangitale qee tyaa chinta samayik kelya gelya naheet, jyavar tine uttar dile qee tee tyavar sanshodhan karel.
tyaa ratri teela zope yet navhati. tyaeivaji tine tichya tichya vitaran karnyachya tichya chintambaddal prashnavali tayar kelee. kelee divashi pahate tine 40 pratee tayar kelya. conic tichyabarobar punha badalivar charcha karnyasathi eka divas sutty radd karoon aat aala. tine tyala sangitale qee tee badalicha vichar karel.
duparchya jevanat tine itar 17 sahayyak jilha vakilanna vaiyaktikaritya prashnavali vitarit kelee. bahutansh lokanni teey sweekarle. kaay ghadat aahe heey waldronla kalale aanee tyala 'miinii-vidroh' hott asalyabaddal conic mhatale gele. uttardatyanna waldron, baine aanee itar paryavekshakanvar vishvas aahe qaa aanee adasvar tyachya rajkiy mohimanvar kaam karnyasathi dabav aahe qaa, jarr too prasarmadhyamandhye aala tarr teey nukasankarak tharel asey vatat asel, yaa prashnanmule conic visheshtah aswasth jhaala hota. tyane myersla tyachya karyalayat bolavale aanee teela sangitale qee teela kadhoon taknyat aale aahe, jeey divasakheris prabhavi jhaale. tee aanakhi teen divas aat yet rahili, tichya files aanee cases notes kramane thewali.
khatala.
tichya badtarfinantar lagechach, myersney louisianachya purv jilhyasathi federal nyayalayat kalam 1983 madhye khatala dakhal keela, joou vaiyaktik aanee tyachya adhikrut kshamatenusar hota. tine tichya pahilya durustichya adhikaranche ullanghan kelyacha aarop keela aanee vetan, punarsthapana aanee nuksan bharpai aanee dandatmak nuksan bharpaichi magani kelee. suruvatila tine prathamik aadesh magitala, parantu nyayadhish jacq gorden yanni gunavattenusar tyache khatalyat rupantar kele. golibaranantar done mahinyanni too tyanchyasamor thevanyat aala. myersney assa yuktivad keela qee prashnavali vitarit kelyabaddal teela kadhoon taknyat aale hote; conicne dawa keela qee hii badali swikaranyas nakar denyamadhil tichya avadnyechi baab hotee.
myers aanee conickche vakeel, anukrame george strickler aanee william vesal, sampoorn prakaranat tyanchya grahakanche pratinidhitva kartil. vessel swatah majee sahayyak jilha vakeel hote aanee tine conickchya karyalayat arj keela tevha tyaa padavar myerschee mulakhat ghenari tee pahili vyakti hotee. tyane tichya firyadi kaushalyambaddal tyachya majee varishthanche sakaratmak moolyankan samayik kele. 
februwari 1981 madhye, gordenne tyacha nirnay jaheer keela. yaa prakaranachi tathye sangitalyanantar, tyala myerscha shodh lagla. "yaa prakaranatil puravyanche pradhanya," tyanni lihile, "asey soochit karate qee firyadila prativadine jilha vakilachya karyalayat prashnavali prasarit kelyamule kadhoon takale hote."tyane samarthan mhanoon nondavale qee aanakhi eka adaa neey saksh dilee qee tee tyachyasobat tichya naveen prakarananchi tayari karat hotee aanee tee conic tichya uttarane samadhani houn tyanchya sakalchya baithakinantar gharee paratali hotee. prashnavalibaddal waldronne phone kelyanantarach too parat aala aanee teela kadhoon takale.
vastusthiti siddha kelyanantar, ghero kayadyakade valala. tyane emm. tii. pasoon chachani lagoo kelee. nirogi shahar bii. dii. edd. vhee. doel, 1977 chaa sarvoch nyayalayacha nirnay, jyane itar goshtimbarobarach, madhyamanshi prastavit dress code samayik kelyabaddal shikshakachi hakalpatti radd kelee. pratham, myersla heey siddha karave lagel qee tiche prashnavaliche vitaran heey ghatanatmakdrushtya sanrakshit bhashan hote aanee tichi hakalpatti haah tyacha parinam hota. jarr tee heey siddha karoo shakali asatee, tarr tine prashnavali vitarit kelee hotee qee nahee heey dakhavanyasathi teela kadhoon taknyat aale asate heey dakhavanyasathi hatodacha bhaar asel.
gorden 'pickering vhee.' varr avalambun hota. shikshan mandal, "pahilya parikshesathi. 1968 chya tyaa aitihasik prakaranat, shalechya aarthik vatpababat shaley mandalavar aanee adhikshakavar teeka karnare patra sthanik vruttapatrachya sampadkala lihilelya shikshikechi hakalpatti nyayalayane ekmatane fetalali hotee. gorden yanni thurgood marshalchya bahumatache mutt uddhrut keleh jaree vidhane sarvajanik aalelya nammatra varishthankade nirdeshit kelee jaau shakatat, taree 'sarvajanik chintechya babinvar sarvajanik aalelya vidhananna pratham durusti sanrakshn dile gele pahije'.'agadi alikadchya eka prakaranat,' gibhan wii. western line ektrit shaley jilha mhanoon, "nyayalayane asehi mhatale hote qee pahilya durustimadhye sarvajanik chintechya babinvar sarvajanik sarkari khajgi bhashanache sanrakshn kele aahe. yaa done prakarananni, tichya prashnavaliche vitaran ghatanatmakdrushtya sanrakshit asalyachi shakyata sthapit kelee, asey gorden yanni lihile.
"sampurnatah ghetale tarr, prashnavalit sadar kelele mudde jilha vakilachya karyalayachya prabhavi karyashi sambandhit aahet aanee sarvajanik mahatva aanee chinteche vishay aahet", asey gorden pudhe mhanale."too" "pickering" "kadey paratala, jyasathi pudhe myerschya mukt-bhashan swarasya aanee sarvajanik sansthechya karyaksham karyat conickchya swarsyamadhye samtol chachani aavashyak hotee". hotee" pachvya circuitchya nirnayane hii chachani spasht karnari bhasha deu keleeh keleeh vartan [sarvajanik] rojgarat antarbhut kartavye aanee ghatanatmak paar padnyat lakshaniy aanee bhautikaritya hastakshep karate heey spashtapane darshavine [sarkar] varr bandhankarak aahe."vishisht babinsathi, gordenne gordenne satvya circuitchya nirnayakade laksh dile jyat chaar kshetre dilee hotee jithe yaa santulanacha vichar keela jaau shakatoh gopaniyata, shist aanee aanee susanvadi sambandh, karmchari aanee tyachya kinwa tichya varishthanmadhil sambandh aanee sarkari bhashanane nokarichya kamgirivar kitee parinam keela.
conicne myersney gopaniyateche ullanghan kelyacha aarop keela navhata. myersney karyalayin dhoranache ullanghan kele aanee tyamule prashnavalichi chhayachitran karoon tichya nokarichya kamgirimadhye adthala nirman jhaala assa dawa tyane keela hota. conicne chhayapratinchya vaparavar karyalayin dhoranacha konatahi purava sadar kelela nahee, asey gordenne sangitale. "asey puravehi dile gele asate, taree asha krutimule rajyachya bajoone santulan sadhanyachya sandarbhat phaar mahattvache aahe assa nishkarsh heey nyayalay kadhu shakale nahee", teey pudhe mhanale."
kamachya velevar prashnavaliche vitaran kelyane tichya nokarichya kamgirimadhye adthala nirman jhaala yacha konatahi purava conicne dakhavala navhata. sahayyak jilha vakeel mhanoon, gorden yanni lihile, qee tyanna tyanchya kamachya tasanmadhye kahee akshansh milanyacha adhikar hota. "firyadi hii eka mehanati, kartvyanishth vakeel hotee, jine tichya nokarine tichyavar ladalelya garja purn kelya, tyashivay dusare kahihi navhate, asey soochit karnyasathi konatahi purava nahee."
varishtha aanee paryavekshit yanchyatil sambandhanvar prashnavalicha kathit parinam, 'prativadicha sarvat jordar yuktivad', asey gordenne shevatchya kshetrala mhatale."tyanni heey manya kele qee heey mahatvache aahe, parantu conicne kelyapramane, keval prashnavali vitarit karanyachi krutee, jyat itar goshtimbarobarach, uttardatyanni chaar namankit paryavekshakanvar vishvas thewala aahe qaa, heey tyaa vyaktimbaddal nakaratmak vidhan mhanoon shist lavnyasathi purvgrahyukt hote yavar tyancha vishvas navhata. tyanni ashach eka prakaranacha hawala deela, jyat eka mahavidhyalayin pradhyapkane prashnavali prasarit karnyat tyanchya bhoomikemule tyanchya kararache nutanikaran kele gele nahee assa aarop keela hota. "[teey] vastusthitiche vidhan navhate, tarr kalpana aanee matanche sadarikaran aanee vinanti hote" aanee asha prakare adhik spashtapane sanrakshit hote.
"jevha serve ghatakancha vichar keela jaato, tevha asey mhanata yenar nahee qee tyachya tyachya kelelya sarvajanik sevanchya karyakshamatela chalana denyamadhye prativadichya swarsyavar ektar pratikool parinam jhaala hota kinwa firyadichya prashnavalichya vitaranamule tyat lakshaniy adthala aala hota", asey gordenne nishkarsh kadhala. asha prakare tyala myersney tichi pahili chachani purn kelyache aadhalale aanee prashnavalichya vitaranasathi teela kadhoon taknyat aale hote, jyamule dusari samadhankarak tharali, yaa tyachya nishkarshacha tyane punaruchchar keela. teela barkhast karnyache ekmev sambhavya kaaran tyala sapadalyamule, asey kelyashivay teela kadhoon taknyat aale asate aanee asha prakare tee jinkley hotee assa aarop keela jaau shakat nahee.
conic tyachya adhikrut kshamatebaher kaam karat hota, mhanoon tyala vaiyaktikaritya jababdar dharale jaau shakat nahee, asey gordenne mhatale. tyane teela punha kamavar aananyache aadesh dile, jaree tine tase kele tarr khatalyamule "firyadisathi susanvadi kamkajache sambandh sadhya karane katheen hoil" ashee tyala chinta hotee. tyane bharpai mhanoon $1,500, nuksanbharpai mhanoon tasech kharch aanee shulk parat karnyache aadesh dile, parantu tine jaheer dilasa aanee dandatmak nuksan nakarle, kaaran conicne tichya nagri hakkankade beparvaine kinwa beparvaine durlaksh kelyache konatehi purave navhate. conicne pachvya circuitla aavahan kele, jyane 1981 chya madhyat thodakyat pushti kelee.
nyayalayasamor.
conicne sarvoch nyayalayat 'pramanpatra' sathee yachika dakhal kelee. 1982 madhye nyayalayane hii vinanti manjur kelee. stricklerne hii batami aikalyavar tyala "hii buchkalyat padanyachi bhavna hotee", kaaran yacha arth kiman chaar nyayadhish jilha nyayalayashi asahmat hote; tyachpramane, vesalane sangitale qee tyala mahit hote qee conic jinkel. american sivil liberties union aanee national education association mayarsasathi 'amicus curie' brief dakhal karoon pushticha aagrah keela. novembermadhye tondi yuktivad jhaale.
nyayadhishanni doghannahi vicharlele prashna pramukhyane khatalyachi tathye spasht karnyavar aanee purvavarti prakarananpasun vegale karnyavar kendrit hote. tyanni ghatananchya kramavar aanee dhokyat asalelya done hitsambandhanmadhye gordenne yogya prakare santulan sadhale hote qaa yavar laksh kendrit kele.
myerschee niyukti hii gambhirpane janahitasathichi baab asoo shakate yaa kalpaneshi veselane vaad ghatala. "[qa] gunhegari jilha nyayalayachya kalam aaa kinwa kalam 1 madhye konatya sahayyak jilha vakilane kaam kele yaat janatela swarasya nahee."tyanni jyaa mohimanche varnan" "fekoon dile" "asey kele aahe, tyaa conickchya mohimanvar kaam karnyasathi adasvar dabav padala hota qaa, assa prashna dekhil janahitasathi navhata, assa yuktivad tyanni keela, kaaran tee nagri sevechi padey navhati".
badali swikaranyas nakar dilyabaddal myersla kadhoon taknyat aale aahe yaa veselchya aagrahala stricklerne aavhan dile. too mhanala qee, gordenla vegale vatale hote, kaaran tine tase kele hote asey nondit soochit kele nahee aanee tee teey swikaranyacha vichar karat hotee. "yachikakartya tyaa tathyansah kharokhar kahihi karoo shakat naslyamule, yaa prashnavalitil majkoor itka maulyavan navhata qee pahilya durustiantargat sanrakshanasathi" swatahsathi "ayogya hota, asey kayadyacha vishay mhanoon mananyachi vinanti teey yaa nyayalayala karatat."william rehankvistne tyala vicharale qee janahitasathichya yuktivadat prashnavali samavisht jhaali asatee qaa, jarr tee keval prativadicha conickchya chaar leftnantanvar vishvas aahe qaa yaa prashnavar maryadit asate. stricklerne uttarat namood kele qee tyanchyapaiki konihi asey mhatale nahee qee tyacha myersshee asalelya tyanchya kamkajachya sambandhanvar parinam jhaala. conicne, nantar sangitale qee, teela kadhoon taknyapurvi tichya tatkal paryavekshakacha sallah dekhil ghetala navhata.
nirnay.
nyayalayane 20 april 1983 roji aapala nirnay jaheer keela. 5-4 chya farkane tyane conicne myersver kelelya golibarala kayam thewale hote, asey mhanat qee tichya pahilya durustichya adhikaranche ullanghan jhaale nahee aanee jilha nyayalayane tyachyavar atibhar ladala hota. nyaymurti byron white yanni bahumatasathi lihile jyat mukhya nyayadhish warren berger, louis powell, sandra day oo 'connor aanee william rehunkvist yanchahi samavesh hota. william brenanchya asahmativar harry blackman, thurgood marshal aanee johnn paul stevens yanni swakshari kelee.
bahusankhyanche mutt.
"prashnavalitil serve baabee janatechya chinteche asalyache aadhalun aalyanantar whiteney lihile, "yaa prakaranat jilha nyayalay chukichya payavar ubhe rahile. tee patrata midvanyat 'pickering' khoop jordar asalyache tyanni namood kele aanee tyaa kshetratil kayadyachya itihasacha aadhava ghetala.
20 vya shatkachya bahutansh kaal, massatusates sarvoch nyayik nyayalayache nyayadhish mhanoon nyu bedford shaharachya bajoone jevha nyayadhishanna aadhalale tevha nyayadhishanni oliver wendell homeschya mhananyache palan kele hoteh "yachikakartyala rajkaran bolanyacha ghatanatmak adhikar asoo shakato, parantu tyala police honyacha ghatanatmak adhikar adhikar shatkachya suruvatichya kalat sarvoch nyayalayane asech mutt mandale hote. mccarthy yugachya suruvatichya sumaras, yaa shatkachya madhyat, sarvajanik sarvajanik nishthechya shapthanvar swakshari karane aanee communist paksh kinwa tatsam sanghatananmadhil mageel sadasyatva nakarane kinwa nakarane aavashyak hote, tyamule nyayalayane tyaa kayadyanna aavhan dile, anekada tyanna lagoo karnyayogya mhanoon aspasht tharavale. hyanchi parinati 'keysian wii.' madhye jhaali. board auph regents', jithe nyayalayane newyorkche kayade aanee niyam radd kele, jyat sarkari mahavidhyalaye aanee vidyapithanmadhil pradhyapakanna teey kadhihi communist pakshache sadasya navhate heey pramanit karanyachi aavashyakta hotee.
"pickering" neey tyaa prakarananvar aadhar ghetala hota aanee sarvajanik sarkari sarvajanik chintechya babinvar bolanyachya adhikarashi sambandhit eka naveen marg tayar keela hota. "[hii prakarane] aamhala assa nishkarsh kadhanyas pravrutt karatat qee, jarr myerschya prashnavaliche sarvajanik chintechya vishayavar bhashan mhanoon yogya prakare varnan kele jaau shakat nasel, tarr tichya sutakechya karananchi chhanani karane aamchyasathi anavashyak aahe", whiteney lihile.
karyalayatil hastantaran dhorananshi sambandhit bahutek myersche prashna heey bahudha janatechya chinteche vishay asalyache bahusankhyanna vatale nahee. "kharey tarr, prashnavali, jarr jantesamor prasiddha kelee gelee tarr, ekach karmchari" "yathasthiti" "neey naraj aahe yaa vastusthitishivay itar konatihi mahitee dilee jaanar nahee"."tyaeivaji, karnyaviruddha vyaktine sangitale, myerscha kharaa uddesh" tichya varishthanshi vadvivadachya aanakhi eka ferisathi darugola gola karane haah hota. heey prashna eka eka badalibaddalacha asantosh aanee tyaa narajiche 'codge celebre' madhye rupantar karnyacha prayatna pratibimbit karatat... jaree, changla nirnay mhanoon, sarvajanik sarvajanik tyanchya sarvajanik kelelya rachnatmak tikela sweekarle pahije, tarr pahilya durustimadhye sarkari antargat karyalayin babinvaril takrarinsathi goalmage mhanoon sarvajanik karyalay chalavanyachi aavashyakta nahee."
mohimanvar kaam karnyasathi karnyasathi dabav jaanavala qaa yaa prashnala shvetvarniyanni sahmati darshavali, kayadeshir sarvajanik chintevar sparsh keela. tyaa karanastav, tarihi golibar nyayya hota qee nahee heey nyayalayala tharvave lagale. karnyaviruddha rangala 'anavashyak katheen' asha asha gordenche oze aadhalale. jilha nyayalayache nyayadhish, tyanni lihile qee, 'pickering' madhye bhasha vicharat ghenyat ayashasvi jhaale hote, jyat asey mhatale hote qee "sarvajanik bhashanamule tyachya kinwa tichya adhikrut kartavye paar padnyachya kshamatet bighad jhaala aahe heey darshavanyat rajyache oze bhashanachya swarupanusar badalate.
conicne myerschya swatachya nokarichya nokarichya parinam jhaala aahe yacha konatahi khatrilayak purava sadar keela navhata asey gordenla yogyaritya aadhalale asale taree conic kinwa tichya tichya tichya kamkajachya sambandhanvar konatahi parinam jhaala nahee yavar pandhare asahmat hote. "jevha sarvajanik ghatanatmak paar padnyasathi kamache jawalche sambandh aavashyak asatat, tevha niyoktyachya nirnayacha vyapak pramanat aadar karane yogya asate", asey white yanni lihile. "shivay, karvai karnyapurvi karyalayatil vyatyay aanee kamkajache sambandh nasht hone heey ughad hoil, asha pramanat ghatana ughad houu denyachi niyoktyachi garaj aamhala disat nahee."
whiteney prashnavaliche gordenche vishleshan heey thet tikyapeksha qamee vidhvansak asalyache nakarle. "prashna, kiman baljabarine sangitaleli matey aanee tathye, sandesh detat aanee assa nishkarsh kadhanyasathi konatyahi asamanya antardrushtichi aavashyakta nasate qee prashnavalicha sambhavya parinam, jaree nasel, tarr too hetu, kuchkami aanee tyachya paryavekshakanvaril avishvasadarshak matala veg dene haah aahe."" dehan "nantar, tyala vel, thikan aanee paddhat dekhil sambandhit vatali, kaaran myersney kamachya velee karyalayat tichi prashnavali vitarit kelee hotee, tee conicushy bhetalyanantar lagechach, timing myersney sangitale qee tee tichya bajoone jaanunbujun hotee. "jevha karyalayin dhoranasandarbhat jyasathi bhashan heey tyaa dhoranala adhyakshanna lagoo karnyababatchya rojgarachya vadatoon udbhavate, tevha keval karyalay chalvanyasathi niyoktyachya adhikarala dhamkavale aahe yaa paryavekshakachya drushtikonas atirikt mahatva dile pahije."
"yethe samavisht maryadit pahilya durustiche heet," whiteney tyacha nishkarsh suru keela, "yasathi tyaa conicne karvai sahan karanyachi aavashyakta nahee, jyacha tyala vajavipane vishvas hota qee karyalay viskalit hoil, tyacha adhikar kamkuvat hoil aanee jawalche kamache sambandh nasht hotil."teey mhanale qee haah nirnay abhivyakti swatantryache adhikar qamee karnyacha nasoon khatalyachya tathyanna vajvi pratisad aahe. "jarr durustine sarvajanik "sarvajanik, eka nagrik mhanoon, sarvajanik babinshi sambandhit charchet sahbhagi honyachya adhikarache rakshan kele tarr karmchari takrarinche ghatanatmakkaran karnyachya prayatnanshi gondhal ghatala tarr abhivyakti swatantryachya mahan tattvansathi haah kharokharach eka pyric vijay asel."
asahmati.
"haah hornbook kayada aahe", asey brenanne lihile, 'jyaa paddhatine sarkar chalavale jaate kinwa chalavale pahije' yabaddalache bhashan haah swa-prashasanasathi aavashyak asalelya sanvadancha eka aavashyak bhag aahe jyache sanrakshn haah pahilya durusticha kendriya uddesh hota."bahusankhyanpramane, myerschya prashnavalimadhye ghatanatmak sanrakshanas patra asalele mudde upasthit kele jaatat asey tyanche mutt hote.
tyanna bahumatatil malki "teen babatint sadosh" vatalih 
yaa prakaranat antarnihit sarvajanik chintechya vishayanvaril bhashan aanee sarvajanik chinteche tharoo tharoo sarvajanik mahattvachya muddyanmadhye farak karnyasathi 'denn' vaparnyabaddal brenanne bahusankhyanna fatkarle. eka padatikat, nyu orlinschya dainik vruttpatra 'times-picayoon' madhye, yaa ghatanechya prasarmadhyamanchya vyapak vruttantakade tasech conickchya karyalayachya antargat kamkajachya itar vruttantankade nirdesh karat, tyanna vatale qee bhashanacha sandarbh aprasangik aahe. "pahili durusti bhashanala vishesh sanrakshn dete, jee aaplya samajache prashasana kase kele jaave yabaddal sarvajanik charchela soochit karoo shakate-too pratyakshat sarvajanik vadacha vishay banala qee nahee yachee parva naan karata."
prashnavalit naav asalelya serve paach paryavekshakanni khatalyachya sunavanidarmyan saksh dilee hotee qee jarr tee parat aalee tarr teey myersosobat kaam suru thevu shakatat, parantu prashnavaliche vitaran tyachya adhikaravar viparit parinam karel yaa conickchya vajvi vishvasala bahusankhyanni adhik mahatva dile hote. "niyoktyachya nirnayacha itka aadar karane sarvajanik rojgarasathi yogya nahee", asey brenanne uttar dile. tyane 'tinker vhee.' kadey laksh vedhale. days moines swatantra samudayik shaala jilha, "haah eka aitihasik mukt bhashan khatala aahe jyamadhye nyayalayane vietnam yuddhachya nishedharth hyschoolchya vidyarthyanna shalet kalya pattya ghalanyacha adhikar kayam thewala hota. tyaa prakaranat bahusankhyanni asey mutt vyakt kele hote qee, itar konatyahi puravyanshivay, hatpattya vighatankari asateel ashee shalechya shalechya bheeti, tyanchyavar bandee ghalanyache samarthan karat nahee. yaa prakaranat tyanna konatahi farak disala nahee.
"brenan yanni shevati sangitale, "aajcha nyayalayacha nirnay sarvajanik sarvajanik sarkari sanstha jyaa paddhatine chalavalya jaatat tyabaddal gambhir vidhane karnyapasoon rokhel kaaran asey kelyane tyanna badtarf honyas uttejan milel". "parinami, nivadoon aalelya aalelya kamgiriche moolyankan karnyasathi janata maulyavan mahitipasoon vanchit raheel."
parinam.
sheela myersney kayadyacha sarav suru thewala aanee ajunahi nyu orlinsmadhye gunhegari sanrakshanache kaam karate. done dashakannantar, 2001 madhye, tine sangitale qee tiche prakaran heey udaharan tharel ashee teela kadhihi apeksha navhati. "mallah vishvas aahe qee yaa prakaranatun majhyasathi eka sakaratmak parinam assa aahe qee jevha mea kahitari karnar aahe asey mhanato tevha lock majhyavar vishvas thevatat", tee mhanali. "mallah vatate qee lokanna vishvas aahe qee mea jyaa goshtivar vishvas thevato tyasathi mea ubha raheen."tathapi, tee mhanate qee sarvajanik karmchari yamule" "nirash" "jhaale hote aanee nirnay ulatala heey pahanyasathi teey jaganyachi aasha karatat".
tee aanee conic, tasech pudhe rajya faujdari nyayalayache nyayadhish banalele waldron yanche changle sambandh rahile. "aapan sagale ajunahi aajubajoola aahot heey eka prakarche vidamban aahe", myers mhanatat. "jevha mea tyanna pahato, tevha mea bolato aanee teey bolatat. mallah vatate qee paraspar sanmanachi eka patali aahe."2003 paryant jilha vakeel mhanoon kaam kelelya conicla dekhil aashchary vatale qee teey deshachya sarvoch nyayalayat pohochale. "haah serve mukt bhashan murkhapana murkhapana hota... aadnya palanyat apayashi tharalelya heey niyoktyane sopya aanee sadhya paddhatine kamavarun kadhoon taknyas saksham asale pahije."
tyanantarche nyayshastra.
paristhititil farak aanee tyachya viruddha dharanemule, 'conic' heey 'pickering' chey purak manale jaat asey, eka chachani sthapan kelee jyasathi jyasathi bhashan sarvajanik chintechya vishayavar hote qee nahee heey nirdharit karane aavashyak hote. nyayalayane 1983 pasoon teen prakarananmadhye yaa prakaranacha fervichar keela aahe. pratyek sarvajanik rojgar vivadache ghatanatmakkaran karnyaviruddha karnyaviruddha lokanni dilelya savadhgirimule antargat tapasat sarvajanik sarkari chauthya durustichya adhikaranvaril done prakarananchi mahitee dekhil midali aahe.
"rankin vhee. mcfursion ".
chaar varshannantar, 1987 madhye, ekhadya sarvajanik "sarvajanik bhashanamule tichi nokri ghatanatmakdrushtya mahag padoo shakate qaa yacha nyayalayala punha vichar karava lagla. rankin vhee. madheel prativadi. mcfursion hii texasmadhil harris kauntichi, up-hawaldar, navyane niyukt jhaleli aanee 1981 madhye probationary darjachi hotee, jevha teela rashtradhyaksh ronald rigan yanchya hatyechya prayatnabaddal kalale. tine eka eka sangitale qee, "jarr tyanni punha tyachyasathi shodh ghetala, tarr mallah aasha aahe qee teey tyala midvatil". heey aikalelya aanakhi eka nayab havaldarane hawaldarala sangitale, jyane teela kadhoon takale.
5-4 chya bahumatane tichya pahilya durustichya adhikaranche ullanghan jhalyache aadhalun aale. thurgood marshalne lihile qee heey bhashan sarvajanik chintechya, rashtrapatinchya aarogyachya spasht vishayavar hote. conic' lagoo karoon aanee sandarbh vicharat gheuun, tyanni asey mutt vyakt kele qee heey vidhan havaldarachya karyat vighatankari navhate aanee mhanoon teey bhashan sanrakshit hote. conic' bahumatacha sadasya louis powell yane vegalya sahmatine lihile qee teey itake khajgi hote qee tyaa prakaranasathi aavashyak asalelya vishleshanachihi aavashyakta navhati. "kamachya thikani serve staranvar niyamitpane niyamitpane asha prakarchya khajgi bhashanasathi heey shiksha karnyache samarthan karnyasathi niyoktyache kayadeshir hitsambandh itake mothe asateel qee heey eka asamanya prakaran asel."
bergerchya jaagi riganane nyayalayat niyukt kelelya antonin skaliyane asahmatine lihile qee myerschya prashnavalit mcfersonchya tippanipeksha kayadeshir sarvajanik hitasathicha dawa jaast aahe. "ekada [tine] rashtrapatinchya dhorananvar spashtapane teeka karane thambavale aanee tyanchi hatya karanyachi ichcha vyakt kelee, tevha tine maryada olandali."jaree hii sarvajanik chintechi baab asali taree, teey pudhe mhanale, constable tyachya sarvajanik pratimeche rakshan karnyat, visheshtah tyache karyalay kayadyachi amalbajavani karnari sanstha asalyane, tyachya purvichya kayadyat manyata midaleli tivra swarasya hotee.
"watter vhee. churchill ".
sarvajanik sarkari pahilya durustichya adhikarancha vichar karnyasathi pudhil prakaran 'watter wii. churchill ". " tyaa prakaranat, satvya circuitmadhun, eleanoychya eka sarkari rugnalayatil eka paricharikene aarop keela qee, paryavekshakachya cross-training dhoranancha rugnachya dekhbhalivar kaay parinam hott aahe yabaddal chinta vyakt prayatna eka eka kelelya tippaninantar teela tyaa paryavekshakala kalavanyat aale. conic" pramanech, yaa muddyavarchya bhashanat vaiyaktik baabee tasech sambhavya sarvajanik chintechya babincha samavesh hota. tippanichya sarasandarbhat pakshanmadhil tathyachya vadamule teey vegale kele gele.
chaar-nyay bahulatesathi lihitana, oo 'connorne asey mhatale qee vadamule, paryavekshakala charchilane jeey sangitale hote tyavar' conic 'chachani lagoo viola havee hotee, tyaeivaji vastusthitichya trikutala jeey sapadel. pahilya prakaranat tine samanyatah paryavekshakacha upman keela hota aanee tichyashi vividh vaiyaktik vadanvar charcha kelee hotee, tyamule charchilane dawa kelyapramane, hii vidhane sarvajanik chintechi baab hotee qaa yache moolyankan karanyachi aavashyakta navhati. itar teen nyayadhishanni swakshari kelelya skaliyachya sahmatine takrar kelee qee niyoktyacha vishvas avastav asalyache aadhalun aalyas nyayalayanni yaa prashnache nirakaran kase karave haah prashna tichya matane khula thewala. "dhisal bajoo haah nyayik shodhancha apariharya parinam aahe", ashee takrar tyanni kelee. "majkurat ullekh nasalelya aanee paramparenusar naan kelelya yaa naveen pahilya durusti prakriyechya maryada sudharnyachya prayatnat aamhi anek dashake ghalavu."johnn paul stevens, swatahsathi aanee sahkari virodhi harry blackman yanchyasathi lihitana, tyachprakare heey anavashyak vatale. "[ghatanatmak] ullanghan keval keval jeey sangitale tyabaddal vajvi chukevar aadharit hote mhanoon nahise hott nahee", asey tyanni lihile. "tyaa tattvacha yogya aadar karnyasathi, ekhadya sarvajanik heey tichya bhashanasathi kadhoon taknyapurvi, vyavasthapanane tyachi tathye spasht karane aavashyak aahe."
"sann diego wii. roow. 
2004 madhye, nyayalayane 'sann diego wii.' madhye 'prati curium' mutt jaaree kele. roow' neey 'conic' varr charcha karanyachi aanakhi eka sandhee dilee. tyane navvya circuitla ulat kele aanee eka police police kadhoon takanyache samarthan kele jyane samanya polis ganvesh paridhan kelele swatache ashleel video ibevar vikale. matane kabool kele qee "sarvajanik chinta chachanichya seema changlya prakare paribhashit kelelya naheet", parantu navvya circuitne mhatalyapramane, mhatalyapramane ashleel video sarvajanik chintechya babinvar bhashya karat navhate heey nirdharit karnyasathi teey upayukt tharale. "[eae] nyayalayachya chaar sadasyanchya" "sangad" "madhye asahmatine vyakt kelelya drushtikonakhali, teey mhanale," "yetheel bhashan sarvajanik chintechya vishayachya vyakhyet yenar nahee" "kaaran tyat janatela police vibhagachya kriyakalapambaddal mahitee dilee gelee nahee". too "police adhikari mhanoon tyachya adhikrut darjyashi jodalela hota aanee tyachya niyoktyachya pratimecha gairfayda ghenyasathi tyachi rachana karnyat aalee hotee."
"garcetti wii. sebalos. 
2006 madhye, ashach prakarche eka prakaran, jyat nokarichya karvaisathi rashtriy staravar prasiddha asalelya varishthala aavhan aavhan mothya shaharatil sahayyak jilha vakilacha samavesh hota, teey nyayalayasamor aale. garcetti wii. madhye. sebalos, "losses angelis kauntichya abhiyojakane dawa keela qee gill garsettichya karyalayane bachav pakshachya vakilasobat sambhashananantar shodh warrantchya pratidnyapatrachya satyatevar prashnachinh upasthit kelyanantar, tyanchyaviruddha pratikool sarkari halchalinchya malikansah pratyuttar dile hote. suruvatila tichya nivruttinantar oo 'connorchi jaaga rikt asalyane vaad jhaala aanee nyayadhishanmadhye gatirodh nirman jhaala. samuel alitochya niyuktinantar, tyavar punha vaad jhaala aanee tyane navvya circuitla ulat karnyasathi nirnayak matdan kele aanee asey aadhalale qee sebalos tyachya pahilya durustichya adhikaranpasun anavshyakpane vanchit rahila navhata.
bahusankhyansathi, anthany kenedila asey aadhalale qee sebalos nirvivad sarvajanik chintechya vishayavar bolat asatana, myers kinwa itar prakarananpramane tyache bhashan tyachya nokarichya kartvyancha bhag mhanoon kele gele hote. tyamule pahili durusti tichyaparyant pohochali nahee. "sarvajanik "sarvajanik vyavsayik vyavsayik astitvat asalelya bhashanavar nirbandh ghalane heey heey khajgi nagrik mhanoon mhanoon konatyahi swatantryache ullanghan karat nahee", asey kenedi yanni lihile. "niyoktyane swatah kaay kaam kele aahe kinwa kaay tayar kele aahe yavar niyoktyache niyantran heey keval pratibimbit karate". tyanni 'rosenberger wii.' madhye tyanchya bahumatachya matatoon bhashecha hawala deela. virginia vidyapith "jyachya parinamane teey paise dett asalelya serve bhashanavar sarkarche niyantran aahe.
david sotterne, teenpaiki eka matbhedat, jithe konatehi ghatanatmak hitsambandh aadhalu shakat naheet asha abhivyakti swatantryachya davyanchya satatyatil eka tokache sanket denyasathi 'conic' chaa vapar keela. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee bahusankhya lock atishay vyapak paddhatine purvavarti lagoo karat aahet; sebalosla tyachya bhashanasathi tyachya kayadeshir kaushalyansathi titke paise dile jaat naheet. "jyaa arthane tyachya bhoomikesathi tyala thos sandesh dene aavashyak hote, too keval kayada aanee tyachya samaan amalbajavanicha aadar karnyachya tulanene amoort binduvar hota, jeey yaa prakaranat vadachya patalivar naheet."stephen brairne asehi namood kele qee sebalosachi vyavsayik aanee naitik karane hotee jyamule tyala tyachyapramanech bolanyas bhag padale jaau shakate aanee nyayalayane tyachi jaaniv thewali pahije.
sarvajanik sarkari chauthya durustichya adhikarancha vapar.
1987 chya karyakalatil aanakhi eka prakaranat, rojgaracha pratyek nirnay ghatanatmak jhaala tarr sarkari karyalaye kaam karoo shakat naheet yachee shvetvarniyanchi samanya samaj jaaniv heey gair-gunhegari prashasakeey tapasadarmyan sarvajanik sarkari chauthya durustichya hakkanche moolyankan karnyasathi margdarshak tattva banale. oo 'connor wii. madhye. aurtega, 'sandra day oo' connor 'neey chaar-nyay bahulatesathi lihilelya hishebatil tyaa pailoocha hawala deela qee sarvajanik sarvajanik tyanchya rojgarachya aadhare tyanche chauthe durustiche adhikar gamavale nasale taree kamachya kamachya dhoranachya kathit ullanghananchi chaukashi karnyasathi tyanchya desk kinwa malmattecha shodh ghenyasathi sarkarla keval vajvi sanshay manakanchi purtata karane aavashyak aahe. "paanee" neey aanakhi eka manyatesah vistar keela, qee jevha sarkar sarvbhoum aivaji niyokta mhanoon kaam karate tevha tyachya ghatanatmak ghatanatmak purn karnyasathi tyache manak qamee asate. 2010 madhye jevha "auntario wii. laingikdrushtya spasht vaiyaktik sandesh ughad karnare polis pejarche lekhaparikshan kayadesheerpane kamashi sambandhit aanee ghatanatmak aahe asey ekmatane tharvatana kwonne yach muddyacha vichar keela.
vishleshan aanee bhashya.
done dashakannantarhi strickler kortashi asahmat hota. "khalchya nyayalayansathi heey eka sope prakaran hote aanee mallah vatate, teey yogya aahe", asey tyanni swatantrya manchala sangitale. nyaymurti brenan barobar hote, asey teey mhanale, "sarvajanik sarvajanik asahmati vyakt karnyacha adhik dhoka aahe."teey lagoo karnyacha prayatna prayatna khalchya nyayalayanchya parasparvirodhi matanmule tyanni tyache manak" "phaar vyavharya nahee" "asehi mhatale". veselane yaa bhashanache varnan 'kshullak kalah' asey kele aanee nyayalayachya nirnayala 'eka samanya samaj asalela drushtikon' mhatale."myerschee prashnavali" jawaljawal 100 takke antargat hotee.
brenanche charitrakar david marrian yaa prakaranakade newyork times companymadhil nyayachya bahumatachya matanmagil done tattvanchi pushti karnare prakaran mhanoon pahatat. vhee. united states, "1971 pasoon panchbhuj kagdanvaril prakaran. tyaa prakaranat kahee pramanat, kamachya thikani vivadanmadhye sarkari sarkari pahilya durustichya adhikarancha dekhil samavesh hota. "[tyancha matbhed] nyayalayachya adhikarambaddalachya [tyanchya] udar drushtikonashi purnapane susangat aahe... aanee abhivyakti swatantrya aanee mahitichya praveshachya shakya titkya purn patalisathi tyanchi vachanbaddhata." 
rashtriy karya haqq sanstheche sansthapak louis maltby yanni yaa nirnayavar tivra teeka kelee aahe. tyanni aaplya pustakat "nyayalayane nuktech tayar kelele kahitari" mhanoon sarvajanik-chintechya garajechi ninda kelee, teey teey karoo shakatat qaa?". "nyay pandhara tyachya rajvaticha 'catch-22' darja gamavala aahe asey disate", asey tyanni lihile. "tumhi tyanchyashi sahmat asal tevha tumhala vyavasthapanala prashna vicharanyachi garaj nahee aanee jevha tumhi tyanchyashi asahmat asal tevha tumhi vyavasthapanala prashna vicharoo shakat nahee kaaran tyanna prashna vicharnyachya krutimulech tumchya kamkajachya sambandhanna haanee pohochu shakate."mcfursion" sarkhya apvadansah, yaa niyamane anek sarvajanik sarvajanik tyanchya tyanchya kharch uchalala aahe asey tyanche mutt aahe. "dukkhad vastav asey aahe qee, tumhi khajgi kinwa sarvajanik kshetrat kaam karata, tumchya rojgaracha vichar karata, bhashan swatantrya hii eka dantkatha aahe."
jevha "sann diego wii. done dashakannantar, toney maurola chinta hotee qee, tyache dharan kelyane sarvajanik-chintechi chachani sambhavyaritya sankuchit houu shakate. pahilya durusti kendrachya sanketsthalavar lihitana tyanni namood kele qee, tyat asey suchavale gele aahe qee, pratyaksh sarvajanik hitasathi uttejan denyasathi sarvajanik-karmchari bhashan heey pahilya durustichya sanrakshanas patra tharvanyasathi purese nahee, parantu asey sarvajanik heet kahitari vaidh asale pahije. "tyaa vyaktinishth sandnya adhikari roow yanchya chitrafitivar lagoo karane heey eka sope kaam asoo shakate", asey tyanni lihile. "parantu, udaharanarth, supermarket vruttpatra kinwa guppy websiteshy sambandhit bhavishyatil prakarananmadhye teey dhokadayak tharoo shakatat."

