
asadharan dharana aanee kalpanik paristhiti

sthavar malmattechya mulyankanachya kshetrat, asadharan gruhitak aanee kalpanik paristhiti heey done jawalche sambandhit prakarche gruhitak aahet jeey mulyankanachya samasyeche purvanirdharit atty mhanoon kele jaatat. vyavsayik moolyankan practicechya (yuu. ess. pii. aii. pii.) eksaman mankannusar, tyaa done niyukt atty aahet jyavar moolyankan karya nirdharit kele jaate, itar mhanje samanya gruhitak, kayade aanee niyam, purak manke, adhikarkshetratil apavad aanee kamachya vyaptivar parinam karananya itar atty. yuu. ess. papp heey vyavsayik manak manale jaate asha sanyukt rajyanmadhye kinwa itar adhikarkshetranmadhye mulyamapanache sankalan kinwa ahwal detana doghanmadhil farak karane mahatvache aahe kaaran yuu. ess. papchya moolyamapan ahavalat pratyekasathi vegvegalya vishisht prakatikaran aavashyakta asatat aanee vegvegalya atty nirdisht karatat jyaa antargat pratyek kele jaau shakate.
gruhitak heey asey vidhan kinwa aut aahe jee kharee asalyache gruheet dharale jaate kinwa gruheet dharale jaate aanee jyatoon nishkarsh kadhala jaau shakato. uspap hii gruhitak hii 'jeey kharey manale jaate' ashee vyakhya karate. eka asadharan dharana hii eka dharana aahe jee khotee aadhalalyas parinami mutt kinwa nishkarsh badaloo shakate. kalpanik sthitee hii vastusthitichya viruddha keleli dharana aahe, parantu jee charcha, vishleshan kinwa matey tayar karnyachya uddeshane gruheet dharali jaate.
yaa donhinmadhil farak haah gruhitakachya sambhavya satyatemadhye aahe. kalpanik sthitee" hii vastusthitichya viruddha asalyache dnyat asaleli sthitee gruheet dharate, tarr eka asadharan dharana ashee sthitee kinwa vastusthiti gruheet dharate jee keval adnyat kinwa anishchit aahe. konatyahi kalpanik paristhiticha samavesh asalelya vishleshanache parinam astitvat asalelya goshti pratibimbit karat naheet asey dnyat aahe kaaran jyaa gruhitkanvar teey andajit kele jaatat teey tathyachya viruddha aahet. asadharan gruhitkanshi nigadit vishleshanache parinam heey jyaa gruhitkannusar vishleshan kinwa matey dilee jaatat tyaa aadharavar asalelya anishchitatechya maryadeparyant astitvat asalelya goshtiche pratibimb keval sambhavyapane nasatat.
samanya gruhitkansah aanee maryadit attins farak.
gruhitakanchi sankalpana hii moolyankan prakriyetil moolyankan samasya olakhanyachya kamachya vyaptichya sankalpaneshi jawalun sambandhit aahe. grahakachya garjannusar yogya kamachi vyapti nishchit karane, mulyankanachya parinamancha vapar aanee mulyankanachya samvayaskanchya apeksha, mulyankanachya kamachi samanya dharana aanee maryadit atty tharavatat.
mulyankanat vividh tathye kinwa atinche anuman kinwa nirdharan samavisht asoo shakate. jyaa vividh tathye aanee atinvar moolyamapan kele jaau shakate, tyaa sarvanchi satyata nishchit karane heey samanyatah mulyankadware kelelya tapasachya vyaptichya palikade asate aanee mulyankakache kaushalya kinwa kshamata olandu shakate. asadharan gruhitak aanee samanya gruhitak yaat farak keela jaato, jyamule mulyankala serve sambandhit tathyanchi vaiyaktikaritya chaukashi naan karata aanee pushti naan karata kahee vishisht gruhitak tayar karata yetat.
sarvasadharan gruhitak hii mulyankanachi eka vaishishtyapurn dharana aahe. maryadit sthitee hii eka vishesh aut aahe jee mulyankanacha vapar maryadit karate, pramukhyane parinamancha ichchit vapar aanee ichchit vaparkarte nirdisht karoon aanee moolyankan ahwal. jarr ekhadya mulyankakachi kahee atimbabat samanya apeksha asel aanee tyane asey konatehi sanket ughad kele nastil jyamule asha gruhitkanvar prashnachinh nirman houu shakel, tarr too gruhitkankade eka samanya gruhitak mhanoon pahoo shakato aanee parinami asadharan gruhitakachya kinwa kalpanik sthitichya prakatikaran aanee vishleshanachya aavashyakta purn karanyachi aavashyakta nahee.
mulyankanachya parinamanchya vaparkartyanchya garja aanee apekshannusar yogya kamachi vyapti nishchit karane aanee mulyankanacha ichchit vapar heey mulyankanachya samasyeshi sambandhit kamachi vyapti aanee tapasachi vyapti nishchit karnyas chalana dete aanee mulyankak mulyankanachya vishayachi aanee bajarpethechi kitee pramanat chaukashi karato heey tharavate. jarr tapas, tapasani kinwa sanshodhanachya darmyan mulyankankartyala asey purave sapadale, jeey vishisht gruhitkanvar prashnachinh nirman karoo shakatat, tarr tyala ajunahi kamachya vyaptibabat aanakhi nirnay ghyayacha asoo shakato. grahakachya garja kinwa apekshannusar, mulyamapankarta sthitichi satyata nirdharit karnyasathi tapas suru thevane nivadu shakato kinwa ulat sanket asoonahi too gruhitakachi satyata gruheet dharane suru thevanyas nivadu shakato, asha paristhitit gruhitak eka asadharan gruhitak asel aanee tase nondavave lagel.
maryadit atty mulyankanachi samasya asha prakare tayar karoo shakatat qee jee tathye kinwa atty agadi khotee asalyache dnyat aahet tyanna kalpanik paristhiti mhanoon pahanyachi garaj nahee.
mulyankankartyachya sanrakshanasathi tasech grahak aanee moolyankan parinamanchya truteey pakshachya vaparkartyanchi mahitee aanee sanrakshanasathi moolyankan ahavalatil mulyankanachya parisarachya charchet sarvasadharan gruhitke aanee maryadit atinche vidhan anekada samavisht kele jaate.
samanya gruhitak aanee maryadit atty kadhikadhi moolyankan ahavalansathi 'kayadeshir' aanee 'boilerplate' mhanoon vicharat ghetalya jaatat, parantu pratyek gruhitak kinwa aut mulyankanachya sandarbhat vajvi aanee samarthaneey asane aavashyak aahe aanee asadharan gruhitak kinwa kalpanik paristhiti olakhane yasarkhya mulyankakachya itar jababdanyanshi sangharsh karoo naye.
udaharane.
atyant tivra udaharane.
jaree yaa sankalpana yuu. ess. papp. antargat aayojit mulyankanachya kshetrat vishesh mahattvachya asalya taree, jethe tyaa mulyankanasathi kayadeshir parinam aanoo shakatat, tyaa samanyatah konatyahi vishleshanatmak kshetrala lagoo hotat, jethe asha gruhitkanvar aadharit vyavsayik matanchi ganana kinwa pratinidhitva vyavsayikadvare grahakala kinwa antim vaparkartyas kalavale jaate, jase qee pramanan karyadvare.
aspasht sankalpana darshavinyasathi mulyamapankarte anekada tokachi udaharane vapartat. mulyankanachya kshetrabaher anek tatvik udaharane aahet jee anekada vilakshan gruhitak, kalpanik paristhiti aanee samanya gruhitak kinwa maryadit paristhiti yanchyatil farak spasht karnyasathi vaparali jaatat.
kalpanik paristhitichi udaharane.
kalpanik paristhitichya utkrusht udaharananmadhye samavisht aaheh 
asadharan gruhitakanchi udaharane.
vishleshanachya velee vaparlya jaanarya asadharan gruhitkanchya udaharananmadhye samavisht asoo shakateh
prastavit bandhkam udaharan.
prastavit sudharana kinwa prastavit badalansah malmattechya mulyankanashi sambandhit asadharan gruhitak aanee kalpanik paristhiti yanchyatil farkache eka adhik trasdayak udaharan. asha udaharanansathi sambhavya moolye, purvalakshi moolye aanee samkalin mulyanshi samajoon ghene aanee paraspar sambandh asane aavashyak aahe.
ekhada karjdar gharachya bandhkamasathi karj denyacha vichar karat asel aanee parinami honanya taaran rakmeche moolya jaanun ghene aavashyak asoo shakate. vishay malmatta hii eka rikt jaaga aahe, parantu grahakala tyaa jaageche moolya kaay aahe kinwa asel kinwa tyavar bandhalelya gharache (vishisht varnan kelelya bhautik vaishishtyanche) moolya kaay asel heey mahit asane aavashyak aahe. charchechya uddeshane, pratyekjan gharachya bandhkamala sumare sahaa mahine lagtil ashee apeksha karato asey aapan gruheet dharoo.
pudhe kase jayache yasathi done paryay aahet. 
vittiy sansthanchya 1989 chya sudharana, punarprapti aanee amalbajavani kayadyantargat, prastavit sudharanansah malmatteche moolyankan tyachya vittiy sansthanchya sudharana, punarprapti aanee amalbajavani kayadyat moolyankan karane aavashyak aahe. 
mulyanchya udaharananmadhye ghat.
byavachada ekhadya vishisht mulyankanacha uddesh malmatteche moolya nishchit karane haah asoo shakat nahee, tarr ekhadya vishisht ghatakache kinwa malmattechya bhagache yogdan moolya nishchit karane kinwa malmattevar parinam karananya kinwa malmattevar ladale jaanyache prastavit asalelya vishisht atinchya mulyavar honara parinam haah asoo shakato.
yaa paristhitichi udaharane samanyatah nyayvaidhyak mulyankanachya kshetrat aadhaltat, jethe malmattecha ekhada bhag kinwa ghatak kadhoon takalyamule kinwa malmattevar pratikool aut ladalyamule honanya mulyatil ghatisandarbhat kayadeshir nirnay ghetala jaato. mulyatil ghat honyacha andaj samanyatah sampoorn malmattechya kimmatitil farak kinwa kharedi karnyapurvi kinwa atishivay aanee malmatteche moolya kinwa kharedi kelyanantar kinwa attis urvarit konatahi farak mhanoon paribhashit keela jaato.
udaharananmadhye samavisht aaheh
uspap vishleshan aanee ahwal aavashyakta.
yuu. ess. papp vyakhya.
yaa done sambandhit sandnya uspapcha majkurat paribhashit kelya aahet aanee bahutek moolyankan sahitya aanee abhyaskram yaa vyakhyanchya bhovati tayar kele gele aahet.
farak vagalata done vyakhya jawaljawal samaan aaheth
"kalpanik atty" mhanje charcha kinwa vishleshanachya uddeshane kelele asey gruhitak jeey dnyat tathyanchya viruddha asalyache dnyat aahe aanee "asadharan gruhitkan" pasoon vegale aahet jeey charcha kinwa vishleshanachya uddeshane dekhil kelele gruhitak aahet, parantu keval anishchit kinwa anirdharit asalelya tathye kinwa atimbabat aahet.
kalpanik paristhiti aanee asadharan gruhitkanmadhil farak kayadeshir parinam deu shakato aanee vishleshanatmak kshetranmadhye sarvat mahatvache aahe jethe asha gruhitkanvar aadharit vyavsayik matanchi ganana kinwa pratinidhitva vyavsayikadvare grahakala kinwa antim vaparkartyas kalavale jaate, jase qee pramanan karyadvare.
uspap vikas aanee ahwal aavashyakta.
kamachya niyamachya uspp vyaptisathi, mulyankankartyane moolyankan assignmentchya niyojanatil vishisht assignment ghatak olakhane aanee assignment attins tyaa ghatakambaddal mahitee gola karane aanee vishleshan karane aavashyak aahe, jyat gruhitak, asadharan gruhitak, kalpanik atty aanee kalpanik paristhiti yancha samavesh aahe.
yavyatirikt, moolyamapan, sallamasalat kinwa samoohik mulyankanachya vikasashi sambandhit serve uspap mankansathi visheshtah asey aavashyak aahe qee moolyamapan samasya tayar kartana aanee kamachya vyaptiche niyojan kartana assignmentmadhye aavashyak asalele konatehi asadharan gruhitak aanee konatihi kalpanik atty olakhalya pahijet.
uspap antargat, moolyamapan keval vishisht atinnusar, visheshtah asadharan gruhitkanvar aadharit asoo shakate.
tyachpramane, moolyamapan dekhil keval kahee atirikt adhik pratibandhatmak paristhitinmadhye, visheshtah, ekhadya kalpanik sthitivar aadharit kele jaau shakate.
yaa aavashyakta namood kelya aahet 
moolyamapan ahwal hatalananya serve uspap mankansathi konatyahi lekhee aanee maukhik moolyamapan ahavalat serve gruhitak, asadharan gruhitak, kalpanik atty aanee assignmentmadhye vaparlya jaanarya maryadit atty spashtapane aanee achookpane ughad karane aavashyak aahe. yaa samaan ahwal mankansathi aavashyak aahe qee moolyankan assignment parinamanchya ahavalat serve asadharan gruhitak aanee kalpanik atty "spashtapane aanee spashtapane" namood kelya pahijet aanee namood kele pahije qee tyanchya vaparamule assignmentchya nikalanvar parinam jhaala asel.
yuu. ess. pii. aii. pii. chey palan hii eka aavashyakta kinwa assignment aut asel, asey lihilele moolyankan ahwal sahasa vegalya vibhagasah kinwa kahivela done bhinn vibhagansah lihile jaatil, jyat serve asadharan gruhitke aanee kalpanik atinchya moolya kinwa upayuktatevaril tark aanee parinam spasht kele jaatil.
yuu. ess. papp vikas aanee ahwal aavashyaktanchi amalbajavani.
asadharan gruhitak aanee kalpanik paristhiti yanchyatil farak haah united statesmadhil sthavar malmatta mulyankanachya kshetratil kayada kinwa vyavsayik manakancha vishay asoo shakato, jithe haah farak keval yuu. ess. papmadhye sanhitabaddha keela jaat nahee, tarr vividh rajya sthavar malmatta mulyankak aayog kinwa vyavsayik mandalandware lagoo keela jaato. tathapi, bahutek moolyankan vyavsayik sanstha aanee sanghatananni protsahan dilyapramane, samoohik moolyankan, vaiyaktik malmatta moolyankan aanee vyavasay moolyankan yasah serve prakarchya mulyankanasathi moolyamapan naitikta aanee vyavsayik vartanas sankalpana spashtapane lagoo hotat.
serve ahwal manke sangatat qee moolyamapan dishabhul naan karananya paddhatine kele gele pahije. asadharan gruhitkanvar aadharit assignment parinamanchi vishvasarhata kinwa achookata hii asadharan gruhitakachya satyatechya sambhavyatedvare maryadit asate. asadharan gruhitke olakhane aanee ahwal dene haah aavashyaktancha uddesh aahe, ahavalatil grahak aanee truteey pakshachya vaparkartyanna asadharan gruhitakachi satyata kinwa sambhavyateche moolyankan karanyachi aanee teey kamachya parinamanchya vishvasarhateshi sambandhit karanyachi parvanagi dene. tyachpramane, ekhadya kalpanik sthitivar aadharit assignment parinamanche parinam pratyakshat astitvat asalelya mulyanche pratibimb nasatat kaaran vishleshan khote mhanoon olakhalya jaananya tathyanvar aadharit asalyache dnyat aahe. kalpanik paristhiti olakhane aanee ahwal dene haah aavashyaktancha uddesh mhanje mulyamapanachya sampreshanachi kshamata maryadit karane mhanje asey soochit karane qee kalpanik sthitee vajvi kinwa sambhavya asoo shakate aanee assignment parinamanchya vaparkartyasathi tyachya vastavik mulyabaddal kinwa dnyat tathyanchya viruddha atinchya astitvababat mulyankanadware dishabhul kelya jaananya sambhavyates maryadit karane.
moolyankan gruhitak aanee kayadeshir gruhitak yamadhil farak.
sankalpana sambandhit asalya taree, mulyankankarte jyala 'gruhitak' mhanatat aanee kayadeshir vyavasay aanee nyayalaye jyala 'anuman' mhanatat tyamadhye eka mahattvacha farak aahe.
bolchalchya arthane yaa done sandnya samanarthi manalya jaatat. anek shabdakosh eka shabdachi vyakhya dusya sandnyeshi karatat.
. kayadeshir sandarbhat, sambhavya tarkapeksha kayadyavar aadharit tathyanchya vishisht sanchatoon midavalela nishkarsh assa anuman paribhashit keela jaato. yacha bolchalchya bhashet arth assa lavala jaau shakato qee jevha kayada anuman lavto, tevha too vastavikatechi parva naan karata vishisht aut gruheet dharat asato.
udaharanarth, bahutek rajya kayade raktatil alcoholchya samagrisathi, bahudha 0.08%, "kayadeshir maryadesah" lihile jaatat. raktatil alcoholche praman nishchit asane haah gunha nahee; daruchya nashet asatana motar vahan chalvane haah gunha aahe. jarr chalkachya raktatil alcoholche praman kayadeshir maryadepeksha jaast mojale gele, tarr ekhadya vishisht vyaktichya sharirikdrushtya jawaljawal aprabhavit asale aanee tyachya vahan chalavanyachya kshamatet bighad jhaala nasla taree too nashet aahe asey kayadyat gruheet dharale jaate.
tathapi, kayadeshir anumanancha vastavik kayadeshir parinam mhanje vastusthitiche kayadeshir nirdharan navhe. bahutansh anuman nakarta yenyajoge asatat. kayadeshir anuman kaay karate teey mhanje eka pakshala eka purvavarti tathya siddha jhalyanantar vishisht vastusthiti siddha karavi lagane door karate, parantu bahutek anuman nakarnyayogya asatat. anuman heey puravyache oze eka pakshakadoon dusya pakshakade badalate.
mulyankanachya paristhitivar parinam karnare kayadeshir anuman durmil aahet, parantu mulyankanachya saravadarmyan mulyankala kayadeshir anumanancha samna karava lagoo shakato. udaharanarth, kahee adhikarkshetranmadhye sarvajanik sansthela, tee malmattechya malkashi todga kadhu shakat nahee heey dakhavanyas saksham asel tarach, khajgi malmattecha nishedh karnyasathi karvai suru karanyachi mubha asate. anekada, nyayalaye kayadeshir andaj lavtat qee jarr sarvajanik sansthene sadbhavanene prastav deela aanee too prastav nakarla tarr tharavaparyant pohochata yet nahee. yaa sandarbhat, jarr prastav swatantra mulyankanavar aadharit asel tarr sarvajanik sanstha sahasa heey darshavu shakate qee tee sadbhavanene saudebaji hotee. haah kayadeshir andaj anekada marg sampadan prakriyecha adhikar jyaa prakare aahe tashach prakare qaa sthapit keela jaato yacha aadhar asato. tyamule mulyankakachi sampoorn pratha kayadeshir anumanancha parinam asoo shakate.
ekhadya kayadeshir anumanala, jyala kamachi aut manale jaau shakate, tyat kayadeshir gruhitak samavisht asoo shakate qee sthavar malmatta anshatah ghenyachya atinantar, prastavit sarvajanik sudharana, tee ghenyachya tarkhenantar lagechach jalad gatine bandhali jaavi aanee anek varshe kinwa dashakanparyant vilamb naan karata, bahudha antim vyavharik vastav asate.
uspap antargat moolyankan karnara aanee sampreshit karnara mulyankankarta kayadeshir anumanadvare pratibandhit tathye aanee atty gruheet dharoon mulyacha andaj lavu shakato, parantu heey anuman eka asadharan anuman aahe qee kalpanik sthitee aahe aanee uspap antargat aavashyakatenusar yogyaritya sampreshit kele aahe heey tharvave lagel. tathapi, kayadeshir sandarbhat uspapcha viruddha paddhatine parinamanchya sampreshanachi aavashyakta asalyas, kinwa kayadyane uspapdware spashtapane parvanagi nasalelya paddhatine kalpanik sthiteet malmatteche moolyankan karane aavashyak asalyas, moolyankan heey adhikarkshetra apavadadvare nirdharit assignment attins pradan kele jaau shakate aanee tarihi uspapche palan kele jaau shakate.