
anaupacharik bhram

anaupacharik bhrantya haah naisargik bhashet chukichya yuktivadacha eka prakar aahe. truticha srot keval yuktivadachya 'swaroop' mule nahee, tarr aupcharik bhramanchya babatit aahe, parantu tyanchya 'aashay' aanee 'sandarbh' mule dekhil asoo shakato. chukiche asoonahi, sadya chukiche "disate" aanee tyamule teey swikaranyasathi aanee vaparnyasathi lokanna pravrutt karoo shakate. heey dishabhul karnare swaroop anekada naisargik bhashechya vividh pailunshi jodalele asatat, jase qee sandigdha kinwa aspasht abhivyakti kinwa tyanna spasht karnyaivaji antarnihit aadhar gruhit dharane. 
paramparikaritya, gairsamajuticha bhram, ubhaycharanchi bhram, rachana aanee vibhajanache bhram, khotee duvidha, prashnachi bheek magnyachi bhranti, jahirat-hominem bhranti aanee adnyanakade aavahan yasah mothya sankhyene anaupacharik bhrantya olakhalya gelya aahet. vividh bhrantinche shreninmadhye vargikaran kase karave yabaddal konatahi sarvasadharan karar nahee. kadhikadhi sahityat aadhalanara eka drushtikon mhanje sandigdhatechya bhramanmadhye farak karane, jyanche mool sandigdha kinwa aspasht bhashet aahe, anumananchya bhramanmadhye, jyat khote kinwa anyaykarak aadhar samavisht aahet aanee prasangikatechya bhramanmadhye, jyamadhye parisar itar prakare disalyanantarhi nishkarshashi sambandhit naheet.
samkalin tattvadnyanat, bhramanchya paramparik drushtikonavar barich teeka jhaali aahe. hii teeka anekada yaa yuktivadavar aadharit asate qee kathit truti ajibat chukichya naheet kinwa kiman serve prakarananmadhye taree naheet. yaa samasyevar maat karnyasathi, yuktivad aanee bhrantya samajoon ghenyasathi paryayi marg prastavit kele gele aahet. yamadhye 'sanvadatmak drushtikon' samavisht aahe, joou tarkanna sanvad-khelatil chaal mhanoon gruheet dharato, jyacha uddesh dusya vyaktila tarkshuddhapane patvoon dene haah asato. haah khel vividh niyamandware niyantrit keela jaato. sanvadachya niyamanche ullanghan, sanvadachya pragatila adthala aanane, ashee bhramanchi vyakhya kelee jaate. dnyanshastriy drushtikon" hii aanakhi eka chaukat aahe. tyachi mukhya kalpana ashee aahe qee yuktivad eka dnyanatmak bhoomika bajavtatah aadhich nyayya asalelya vishvasanpasun adyap nyayya nasalelya vishvasanparyant eka pool pradan karoon aapale dnyan vadhavanyache tyanche uddisht aahe. dnyanatmak samarthanacha niyam modoon yaa dhyeyachya palikade jaanare yuktivad heey khote aahet. biasian drushtikonat", dnyanshastriy nikash sambhavyatechya niyamandware dile jaatat, jyancha aaplya vishvasachya anshanni magova ghetala pahije.
yuktivadanche moolyankan aanee teeka karnyasathi eka lekha pradan karane haah bhramancha abhyasacha uddesh aahe. yaat yuktivad kaay aahe yache varnanatmak vivaran aanee konate yuktivad changle kinwa white aahet yache pramanatmak vivaran yaa donhincha samavesh aahe. tattvadnyanat, bhrantinkade sahasa white yuktivadacha eka prakar mhanoon pahile jaate aanee yaa lekhat tyanchi charcha kelee jaate. ashasakeey pravachanamadhye adhik samanya asaleli aanakhi eka sankalpana, bhrantikade yuktivad mhanoon navhe tarr khotya tarihi lokpriy shraddha mhanoon pahate.
paramparik khaate.
anaupacharik bhrantya haah naisargik bhashet chukichya yuktivadacha eka prakar aahe. yuktivad hii prastavanchi eka malika aahe, jyala parisar mhanatat, aanee aanakhi eka prastavasah, jyala nishkarsh mhanatat. yogya yuktivadatil aadhar nishkarshasathi ektar anumanatmak kinwa dosharahit samarthan detat. chukichya yuktivadanmadhil truticha srot yuktivadachya "swarupat", "majkurat" kinwa "sandarbhat" asoo shakato. jarr truti keval 'form' mule asel tarr tee eka aupcharik chook manali jaate. anaupacharik chukanmadhye aupcharik truti dekhil samavisht asoo shakatat parantu tyamadhye pramukhyane 'aashay' aanee 'sandarbh' chya patalivaril truti samavisht asatat. anaupacharik truti naisargik bhashet vyakt kelya jaatat. yamule aupcharik bhramancha abhyas kartana samore naan yenanya vividh adachani yetat, jase qee sandigdha sandnya, aspasht abhivyakti kinwa spashtapane sangnyaivaji antarnihitpane gruheet dharale jaanare parisar. paramparikaritya, mothya sankhyene anaupacharik bhramanchi yadee karnyat aalee aahe, jyat visangaticha bhram, ubhaycharanchi bhrant, rachana aanee vibhajanache bhrant, khotee duvidha, prashnachi bheek magnyachi bhrant, jahirat hominem bhrant kinwa adnyanakade aavahan yancha samavesh aahe. yaa vibhagat charcha kelelya sankalpana aanee prabandhancha vapar karoon yaa bhramancha hishob karnyacha "paramparik drushtikon" prayatna karato.
tark aanee truti.
keval yuktivadanmulech chook houu shakate. vividh chukichya abhivyakti bhrantya mhanoon ganalya jaat naheet kaaran konatahi yuktivad keela jaat nahee, udaa.jee. kaaran konatihi karane dilee jaat naheet kinwa konatehi dave kele jaat naheet. yuktivadanchi mukhya kalpana ashee aahe qee parisar nishkarshala samarthan deto kinwa nishkarsh parisaratoon yeto. anumanatmak vaidh yuktivad samarthanacha sarvat majboot prakar detatah tyanchyasathi, serve aadhar kharey asalyas nishkarsh khota asane ashakya aahe. gair-vaja yuktivadatil aadhar tyanchya nishkarshala kahee pramanat samarthan detat parantu teey dosharahit aaheth serve aadhar kharey asane aanee nishkarsh khote asane shakya aahe. doshpurn yuktivad jaree chukiche asale taree teey tarkshuddhapane saktiche asoo shakatat, tyamule teey aapoaap chukiche nasatat. yuktivadachya aadharakade jyaa aadharavar nishkarsh kadhala jaato, too paya mhanoon pahile jaau shakate. yaa sadrushyanusar, done goshti chukichya houu shakatat aanee yuktivadache rupantar bhrantit houu shakate. paya asthir asoo shakato. parantu jarr too sambandhit nishkarshala aadhar dett nasel tarr eka thos paya dekhil upayukt tharat nahee.
paramparikaritya, bhrantinchi vyakhya teen aavashyak atindware kelee gelee aaheh "bhranti (i) eka yuktivad aahe, (ii) joou avaidh aahe aanee (iii) vaidh asalyache disate."yaa vyakhyemadhye keval aupcharik bhramachi vyapti aahe kaaran tyat aavashyak aut mhanoon anumanatmak avaidhata aahe. parantu yaa sthitichya jaagi tarkik kamjori kinwa chukicha tark yasarkhya adhik samanya sandnyecha vapar karoon anaupacharik bhramachi samavesh karnyasathi tyat sahajpane badal keela jaau shakato. shevatchya khandat yuktivadkartyala kassa disato yacha sandarbh detana eka mansik ghatak samavisht aahe. haah khand tarkatil keval chukanpasoon khyan chukanmadhye farak karnyasathi vaparla jaato, udaharanarth, nishkaljipanamule. kalpana ashee aahe qee bhrantinmadhye eka aakarshak ghatak asato joou aaplyala chook karnyasathi pravrutt karoon keval nishkaljipanachya palikade jaato, jyamule teey qaa kele jaatat heey prathamatah spasht hote. kahee tattvadnya heey swarupache aavahan nakartat kaaran manasshastracha sandarbh tapas vividh prakare guntagunticha karel. eka muddah assa aahe qee vegvegalya lokansathi swaroop vegvegale asate. yaa samasyemadhye samajik vidnyanancha dekhil samavesh aahe, jenekarun doshanchi vyakhya karnyasathi lokanchya konatya sandarbh gatacha sallah ghyava heey tharavata yeil. asey suchavale gele aahe qee, tyachya kendrasthani, bhramancha abhyas haah yuktivadanchya manak pailumbaddal aahe, tyanchya munn valavanyachya shaktibaddal nahee, jyacha abhyas tyaeivaji anubhavjanya manashastradvare keela jaato. 
swaroop, aashay aanee sandarbh.
chukichya yuktivadanmadhil truticha srot yuktivadachya "form", "content" kinwa "context" madhye asoo shakato. yuktivadache "swaroop" kinwa sanrachanela "nishkarshacha niyam" asehi mhanatat. nishkarshacha sarvat prasiddha niyam mhanje 'modus ponence', joou sangato qee 'jarr' pii 'asel tarr' kyu 'aanee' pii 'swarupat dusra, tarr nishkarsh' kyu 'aahe. nishkarshanche niyam aupcharik asatat kaaran teey keval sanrachanevar kinwa aavaratil vakyarachanavar avalambun asate, tyanchya majkuravar nahee. tyamule 'pii' aanee 'kyu' sathee prastavatmak samagri kitihi vaparali gelee taree 'modus ponence' varr aadharit yuktivad vaidh aahe.
yuktivadachi "samagri" tyachya prastavanchya staravar aadhalateh tyamadhye jeey vyakt kele jaate tech aahe. anek anaupacharik bhramanche srot khotya aadharavar aadhaltat. udaharanarth, eka chukichi duvidha mhanje vyavharya paryay vagaloon vastavala atee saralikaran karananya khotya visangati davyavar aadharit eka bhram aahe.
yuktivadacha "sandarbh" mhanje too jyaa paristhitit vaparla jaato. tyachya sandarbhanusar, vegvegalya bhoomika sakaranyacha tyacha hetu asoo shakato. yuktivad chukicha asanyacha eka marg mhanje jarr too tyala bajavayachi asaleli bhoomika paar padnyat ayashasvi tharala tarr. udaharanarth, straumanchya bhramanmadhye, kamkuvat sthitiche shrey aaplya pratispardhyala chukichya paddhatine dene aanee nantar yaa sthitiche khandan karane samavisht aahe. virodhi bhoomikeche khandan kharokharach yashasvi aahe, yaa karanane yuktivad swatach vaidh asoo shakato. pratispardhyakade hii sthitee naslyamule sandarbh patalivar truti aadhalate. ekhadya sandarbhavaril yaa avalambitvacha arth assa aahe qee toch yuktivad dusya sandarbhat yashasvi houu shakatoh jyaa pratispardhyakade pratyakshat strommonchi sthitee aahe.
naisargik bhasha aanee aupcharik bhramanchya viruddha.
"aupcharik bhrantya" heey anumanatmakaritya avaidh yuktivad aahet. aupcharik tarkshastrachya kshetrat tyanna vishesh rus aahe, parantu teey keval thodya dnyat bhramansathi jababdar asoo shakatat, udaharanarth, parinamachi pushti karnyasathi kinwa purvavarti nakarnyasathi. naisargik bhashet" vaparlya jaanarya itar anek bhrantya, udaa.jee. jahiratinmadhye kinwa rajkaranat, anaupacharik bhramancha samavesh asato. udaharanarth, anumanatmakdrushtya vaidh asoonahi khotee duvidha kinwa prashna magane heey khotepana aahet. tyancha anaupacharik tarkshastradvare abhyas keela jaato. anaupacharik bhramanche vishleshan karnyat yenanya adchanicha eka bhag mhanje tyanchi rachana nehmich naisargik bhashet spashtapane vyakt kelee jaat nahee. kadhikadhi 'kaaran', 'mhanoon', 'pasoon' kinwa 'parinami' asey kahee mukhya shabd abhivyaktiche konate bhag parisar tayar karatat aanee konate bhag nishkarsh tharavatat heey darshavtat. parantu itar velee haah farak antarnihit rahato aanee konate bhag parisar aanee nishkarsh mhanoon olakhale pahijet heey nehmich spasht hott nahee. anek anaupacharik yuktivadanmadhye utsahavardhak parisar samavisht aaheh jyaa parisaranna spashtapane sangitale jaat nahee parantu maunane gruheet dharale jaate. kahee deshantargat bhandane aanee rajkiy vadavivadanmadhye, donhi paksh kashabaddal vaad ghalat aahet aanee konatya mudyancha bachav karnyacha tyancha hetu aahe heey suruvatipasunach spasht hott nahee. kadhikadhi vastavik yuktivad pudhe nenyapeksha yaa prathamik muddyanche spashtikaran dene heey charcheche karya asate.
aupcharik aanee anaupacharik bhramanmadhil farkacha virodh 'deductivists' karatat, jeey asey manatat qee deductive avaidhata heey serve bhramanche kaaran aahe. kahee gairsamaj heey anumanatmakdrushtya avaidh disat naheet heey spasht karnyacha eka marg mhanje tyat vividh lapalele gruhitak aahet asey gruheet dharane, jase qee naisargik bhashechya yuktivadansathi samanya aahe. kalpana ashee aahe qee heey serve gruhitak spasht karoon aanee tyadvare anumanatmak avaidhata ughad karoon spasht anaupacharik bhramanche aupcharik bhramanmadhye rupantar kele jaau shakate. serve bhramansathi heey shakya aahe assa dawa samanyatah swikarla jaat nahee. aupcharik upcharasathi eka aavashyakta mhanje sambandhit yuktivadanche aupcharik tarkshastrachya bhashet bhashantar karane, hii prakriya "aupcharikikaran" mhanoon olakhali jaate. anekada yaa prakriyet naisargik bhashechya anek sookshm goshtinkade durlaksh karave lagate. kahee dnyanache adhik avasheshanshivay aupcharikaran kele jaau shakate parantu itar aupcharikaranas virodh karatat. anek anaupacharik chukansathihi heey kharey aahe.
itar marg.
samkalin tattvadnyanat, bhramanchya paramparik drushtikonavar barich teeka jhaali aahe. hii teeka byavachada yaa yuktivadavar aadharit asate qee kahee kathit truti ajibat chukichya naheet kinwa kiman serve prakarananmadhye taree naheet. yuktivad aanee bhrantinchi kalpana kashee karayachi yasathi vividh "paryayi drushtikon" prastavit kele gele aahet. yaa paryayancha uddesh anekada heey darshavine asato qee, tyancha drushtikon pahata, dilelya prakaranat kathit bhranti pratyakshat chukichi aahe qaa yache moolyankan karane shakya aahe. sanvadatmak drushtikon yuktivad paribhashit karnyasathi khel-saiddhantik chaukaticha vapar karato aanee chukanna khelachya niyamanche ullanghan mhanoon pahato. dnyanatmak drushtikonanusar, aadhich nyayya asalelya vishvasanpasun adyap nyayya nasalelya vishvasanparyant pool puravun aapale dnyan vadhavane heey yuktivadanche uddisht aahe. dnyanatmak samarthanacha niyam modoon yaa dhyeyachya palikade jaanare yuktivad heey khote aahet. asey suchavale gele aahe qee serve bhramanche moolyankan karnyasathi ekach chaukat nasel, tarr keval anek aadarsh asateel, jyanusar dilela yuktivad changla kinwa white asoo shakato.
sanvadatmak.
sanvadatmak drushtikon" yuktivadankade keval nishkarshasah aadharanchi malika mhanoon pahat nahee tarr sanvadatil bhashan krutee mhanoon pahato jyacha uddesh dusya vyaktila tyachya swatachya sthitibaddal tarkshuddhapane patvoon dene haah asato. yaa drushtikonachi eka pramukh aavrutti dugglus aine dware sanrakshit kelee jaate. walton. tyachya khel-saiddhantik sankalpanevar, sanvad haah done kheladunmadhil khel aahe. suruvatila, pratyek kheladu prastavanchya sanchasathi vachanbaddha asato aanee tyancha siddha karnyacha hetu asalela nishkarsh asato. jarr kheladu pratispardhyala tyanchya swatachya nishkarshavar pohochavu shakala tarr too jinkla aahe. yaa arthane, sanvadanna 'munn valavanyacha khel' mhanoon darshavile jaau shakate. kheladu vividh halchali karoo shakatat jyaa teey kashasathi vachanbaddha aahet yavar parinam karatat. yaa chaukatit, yuktivad yaa asha halchali aahet jyaa pratispardhyachya vachanbaddhatela aadhar mhanoon ghetat aanee ekhadyala siddha karnyacha prayatna kareet asalelya nishkarshakade netat. heey anekada thet shakya naslyamule, vividh madhyasth pavale uchalali jaatat, jyamadhye pratyek yuktivad pratispardhyala swikaranyasathi madhyasth nishkarsh prastavit karoon aekhadyachya ichchit nishkarshakade kahee pavale takto. haah khel itar goshtimbarobarach konatya halchalinna parvanagi aahe aanee kevha heey tharvina vividh niyamandware niyantrit keela jaato. sanvadatmak drushtikonamule sakaratmak yuktivad, jeey swatachya nishkarshala samarthan detat aanee nakaratmak yuktivad, jeey pratispardhyacha nishkarsh nakartat, tyamadhye farak karane shakya hote.
yaa drushtikonatun, bhramanchi vyakhya sanvad niyamanche ullanghan mhanoon kelee jaate. teey "fasavya paddhatine white yuktivad aahet [teey] jeey sanvadachya pragatila adthala aanatat". udaharanarth, straumanchya bhramanmadhye, kamkuvat sthitiche shrey chukichya paddhatine aaplya pratispardhyala dene aanee nantar hii sthitee siddha karoon swatachya nishkarshaparyant pohochavane samavisht aahe. hii chook kathor arthane tarkik nasoon sanvadatmak aaheh yaa parisaratoon nishkarsh dekhil yeu shakato parantu virodhak yaa vachanbaddhatanche palan karat nahee. kahee prakarananmadhye, vishisht chaal hii eka chook manali jaate qee nahee heey pratyek khelanusar badalate. udaharanarth, ashee kahee prakarane aahet jithe tuu kwok "bhrant" hii ajibat bhrant nasate. haah yuktivad, jyala "dhongipanache aavahan" asehi mhanatat, too pratispardhyache vartan yuktivadachya nishkarshashi visangat aahe assa dawa karoon pratispardhyachya yuktivadala badnam karnyacha prayatna karato. heey paul sanvadache niyam modat nahee. tyaeivaji, tyanchi teeka swatakade valavoon pratispardhyachya sthanatil kamkuvatpana too prakat karoo shakato. hii chaal puravyacha bhaar pratispardhyakade parat aanate, jyamule swatachi sthitee majboot hote. parantu jarr tyacha vapar keval yuktivad talhanyasathi keela gela tarr tarihi too eka bhram aahe.
dnyanshastriy.
dnyanatmak drushtikon" yamagil mukhya kalpana ashee aahe qee yuktivad dnyanatmak bhoomika bajavtatah aadhich nyayya asalelya vishvasanpasun adyap nyayya nasalelya vishvasanparyant eka pool pradan karoon aapale dnyan vadhavanyache tyanche uddisht aahe. dnyanatmak samarthanacha niyam modoon yaa dhyeyachya palikade jaanare yuktivad heey khote aahet. udaharanarth, chukun vaidh tharalele yuktivad ajunahi kashasathi sadosh aahet heey yavarun spasht hoteh kaaran swatah yuktivad karnanyakade nishkarshavar vishvas thevanyache yogya kaaran nasate.
yaa drushtikonatun, prashnachi bheek magane haah eka bhram aahe kaaran too tyachya nishkarshasathi swatantra samarthan pradan karoon aapale dnyan vadhavanyat ayashasvi tharato. tyaeivaji, nishkarsh tyachya eka parisarat aadhich gruheet dharala gela aahe. dusarikade, keval tarkik drushtikon, 'prashnachi bheek magane' chey chukiche swaroop spasht karnyat ayashasvi tharato kaaran yuktivad anumanatmakdrushtya vaidh aahe.
biasian drushtikon haah dnyanatmak drushtikonacha eka vishesh prakar aahe. bayesiyanvad vishvasachya anshancha arth vyaktiparak sambhavyata mhanoon karato, i.eae. vishvas thevana khatrichi patali mhanoon qee vishvas thewala gelela prastav kharaa aahe. yaa drushtikonavar, yuktivadavar aadharit tarkala, sahasa yenanya naveen mahitila pratisad mhanoon, aekhadyachya shraddheche praman badalanyachi prakriya mhanoon arth lavala jaau shakato. bhrantya heey sambhavyadrushtya kamkuvat yuktivad aahet, i.eae. biatian modelver tyanchi sambhavyata qamee aahe. yuktivad haah eka bhram aahe qee nahee heey yuktivadache moolyankan karananya vyaktichya vishvasarhatevar avalambun asate. yacha arth assa qee eka yuktivadasathi jeey chukiche aahe teey dusyasaaathii yogya yuktivad asoo shakate. ekhadyala patvoon denyacha prayatna kartana, ekhadyane prekshakanchya shraddha qaa vicharat ghetalya pahijet heey yavarun spasht hote. parantu sanvadatmak drushtikonapeksha heey prekshakanpasun swatantra yuktivadancha arth dekhil nirman karoo shakate.
kahee nisaradya utaravaril yuktivadanmule bhrantya qaa hotat parantu itar qaa hott naheet heey spasht karnyasathi haah drushtikon yogya aahe. yaa prastavamule akheris white parinamanna karanibhoot tharalelya ghatananchi eka karanatmak sakhali aaplyasobat yeil yaa vastusthitivar aadharit eka vishisht prastavachya virodhat nisaradya utaravaril yuktivad hotat. parantu jaree yaa sakhalitil pratyek payari tulanene sambhavya asali taree, sambhavya ganan ajunahi heey ughad karoo shakate qee serve payya ekatra honyachi shakyata khoopach qamee aahe. yaa prakaranat, yuktivad haah eka bhram asel. parantu sambandhit sambhavyata puresha pramanat jaast asalyas nisarade utaar yuktivad tarksangatpane nyayya tharatat.
prakar.
shaikshanik sahityat vividh prakarchya anaupacharik bhramanchi charcha jhaali aahe. dilelya yuktivadamule tyachya serve prakarananmadhye kharokharach eka bhram aahe qee nahee aanee vegvegalya bhrantinche vargikaran kase kele pahije yaa donhimbabat vaad aahe. yethe vargikaran heey samanyatah shaikshanik sahityat yaa kinwa tatsam atinmadhye aadhalanaya prastavanche anusaran karate. heey sandigdhatechya bhramanmadhye farak karate, jyanche mool sandigdha kinwa aspasht bhashet aahe, anumananchya bhramanmadhye, jyat khote kinwa anyaykarak aadhar samavisht aahet aanee prasangikatechya bhramanmadhye, jyamadhye itar prakare disalyanantarhi parisar nishkarshashi sambandhit nahee. itar vargikaran prastavit kele gele aahet aanee yaa vargikaranatil kahee truti dekhil dusya shreneet gatbaddh kelya jaau shakatat.
sandigdhateche dosh.
sandigdhatechya bhraman' sathee truticha srot bhashechya vaparat aahe. naisargik bhashetil anek sandnyanche arth sandigdha kinwa aspasht asatat, heey yamagche kaaran aahe. sandigdha sandnyanche anek arth aahet tarr aspasht sandnyanche arth aspasht aahet. sandigdhatechya chukanmule anekada keval shabdik vaad hotatah vaad ghalana pakshanchya manat vegvegale vishay asatat aanee tyadvare teey yachee jaaniv naan hota ekmekanshi bolatat. yaa bhrantya talhanyasathi kinwa sodavanyacha eka marg mhanje bhasha spasht karane, udaa.jee. vyakhyanshi vachanbaddha houn aanee naveen bhed sadar karoon. asha sudharananmadhye mool yuktivadache sankshiptakaran samavisht asoo shakate jenekarun chukichi payari shodhane sope hoil.
sandigdhatechya bhramanche kadachit sarvottam udaharan mhanje visangatichya bhramanche, jyamadhye samaan sandnya parisarat done bhinn arthansah disate, udaharnarth
done arth ekmekanshi khoop jawalun sambandhit aahet asha prakarananmadhye vishamata shodhane visheshtah katheen aahe.
ubhaycharanchya bhramanmadhye arthatil sandigdhata dekhil samavisht asate, parantu hii sandigdhata vaiyaktik sandnyanchya patalivar navhe tarr vakyarachanechya sandigdhatemule sampoorn vakyachya staravar udbhavate, udaharnarth
eka arthavar, polisanna daroo pinyachi parvanagi nahee. dusya bajula, itar lokanna madyapan karnyapasoon rokhane heey aata polisanche kaam aahe. haah yuktivad aadhichya vachanavar vajvi aahe asey disate parantu nantarchya vachanavar chukicha aahe.
vibhajan aanee rachaneche dosh heey 'serve' yaa shabdachya sandigdhatemule aanee samaan abhivyaktinmule aahet. yaa shabdacha arth 'samoohik' aanee 'vitaranatmak' assa aahe. udaharanarth, "serve nagrik atyacharicha pratikar karnyasathi purese balwan aahet" yaa vakyacha arth ektar serve ekatra purese (samoohik) balwan aahet kinwa pratyekjan vaiyaktikaritya puresa (vitaranatmak) balwan aahe assa asoo shakato. jarr ekhadi vyakti vakyatoon samoohik arthane asey gruheet dharate qee eka vishisht vyakti pureshi majboot aahe tarr 'vibhajanachi bhranti' kelee jaate. jarr ekhadya gatachya pratyek sadasyachi malmatta aahe qee sampoorn gatachi hii malmatta aahe, yaa vastusthiticha konee andaj lavala tarr 'rachanechi bhranti' kelee jaate. udaharanarth, "tapas pathakacha [eae] sadasya eka utkrusht sanshodhak hota", mhanoon "[aay] tii eka utkrusht tapas gut hota". jaree bhashik sandigdhata heey kaaran nasale tarihi, sampoorn malmatteche tyachya bhaganmadhye kinwa dusya margane chukichya paddhatine hastantaran karane heey 'vibhajan aanee rachaneche dosh' yaa shrenishi sambandhit aahe.
anumanatil truti.
"anumananchya bhramanmadhye" khota kinwa anyaykarak aadhar samavisht asato parantu bahudha anyatha vaidh asato. haah samasyatmak aadhar vegvegali rupe gheu shakato aanee yaa kshetratil vividh up-shreninshi sambandhit, tyavarcha vishvas vegvegalya prakare houu shakato. yaa bhramanmadhye naisargik bhrantya, naitik bhrantya aanee hetupurassar bhrantya yancha samavesh hoto.
khotee duvidha mhanje vyavharya paryay vagaloon vastavala atee saralikaran karananya chukichya visangatipurna davyavar aadharit anumananchi eka bhranti aahe. udaharanarth, "stacy bhandavalshahichya virodhat bolali, mhanoon tee samyavadi asali pahije" assa dawa keela jaato tevha eka chukichi duvidha nirman hote. vagalalelya paryayanpaiki eka mhanje stacy haah communist kinwa bhandavaldar asoo shakat nahee. khote duvidha nirman karanyachi aapali jababdari, ektar kinwa vidhanandware aadesh deuun vastav sulabh karnyachya pravruttimule asoo shakate.
samanyikaranachya chukansathi, chukicha aadhar chukichya samanyikaranamule aahe. vyapak samanyikaranachya bhramachya babatit, apavadatmak prakarnavar eka samanya niyam chukichya paddhatine lagoo keela jaato. udaharanarth, "[eae] ekhadyala tyachya kinwa tichya malmattevar adhikar aahe. mhanoon, jaree johns veda ghoshit karnyat aala asala, taree tyache shastra kadhoon ghenyacha tumhala adhikar navhata."yaa prakaranat, samanyikaran, tyakade durlaksh karate qee vedepana heey eka apavadatmak prakaran aahe jyala malmatteche samanya adhikar aniyantritpane lagoo hott naheet. dusarikade, ghaighaine samanyikaranamadhye, thodya sankhyechya udaharananvar aadharit sarvatrik nishkarsh kadhanyachi ulat chook samavisht aahe. udaharanarth, "mea nikaraguamadhye aataparyant done lokanna bhetalo aahe aanee teey doghehi majhyashi changle vagale. tyamule, mea nikaraguamadhye bhetanar asalele serve lock mallah changle vatatil ".
prashna magane haah paripatrak yuktivadacha eka prakar aahe jyamadhye nishkarsh aadhich parisarat gruheet dharala jaato. yamule, parisarache nishkarshasathi swatantra samarthan pradan karane ashakya aahe. udaharanarth, "hirwa haah sarvottam rung aahe kaaran too serve ranganpaiki sarvat hirwa aahe" heey vidhan, tyachya nishkarshasathi prarambhik gruhitkashivay konatehi swatantra kaaran dett nahee. jevha anek up-yuktyansah eka jatil yuktivad samavisht asato, parinami eka mothe vartul tayar hote, tevha haah bhram shodhane katheen asoo shakate.
prasangikta dosh.
"prasangikatechya bhramanmadhye" asey parisar samavisht asatat jeey anyatha disalyanantarhi nishkarshashi sambandhit nasatat. bhavnikdrushtya bharavun gelyamule, udaharanarth, purvagrah, dayaa kinwa bhitivar kheloon, teey prekshakanna patvoon denyat yashasvi houu shakatat.
prasangikatechya bhramanmadhye edd hominem yuktivad haah eka mahattvacha varg aahe. tyamadhye, vadkarta prabandhavarach hallah karnyaivaji haah prabandh uchcharanaya vyaktivar hallah karoon prabandhavar hallah karnyacha prayatna karato. bhautikshastratil eka siddhant nakarane, kaaran tyacha lekhak jyoo aahe, joou 1930 chya dashakachya suruvatila german bhautikshastra samudayat samanya hota, heey edd hominem bhramache eka udaharan aahe. parantu serve jahirat hominem yuktivad heey khote nasatat. udaharanarth, sakshidaranchya vishvasarhatevar shanka gheuun aaropanviruddha swatacha bachav karane hii nyayalayat eka samanya aanee vajvi pratha aahe. khotya aanee nyayya jahirat hominem yuktivadanmadhil farak haah hallah kelelya vyaktichya charitryachya sambandhitatevar aanee sambandhit prabandhavar avalambun asato. bhautikshastratil siddhantansathi lekhakachya sanskrutik varshachi bahutansh prakarananmadhye phaar qamee prasangikta asalyache disate parantu tyanchya sakshivar vishvas thevane yogya aahe qee nahee yasathi nyayalayatil sakshidarachi vishvasarhata atyant prasangik aahe. kaay aahe heey jahirat hominem bhramacha eka vishesh prakar aahe joou tyanchya yuktivadache thet khandan kinwa khandan naan karata pakhandane aarop karoon pratispardhyachya bhoomikechi badnami karnyacha prayatna karato. too visheshtah soviet aanee russian pracharanshi sambandhit aahe. 
adnyanakade aavahan karane haah aprasangiktemule honara aanakhi eka bhram aahe. ekhadya vishisht davyasathi konatahi purava nahee yaa aadharavar heey aadharit aahe. yaa aadharavarun, assa nishkarsh kadhala jaato qee haah dawa khota asala pahije. udaharanarth, "dev aahe heey konihi mallah kadhich siddha kele nahee, mhanoon mallah maheet aahe qee dev nahee". haah dawa kharaa asala pahije yaa davyachya virodhat purava naslyamule 'adnyanasathi apeal' chee dusari aavrutti samapt hote.
sadrushyatil yuktivad heey 'prasangikatechya bhraman' sathee dekhil sanvedanshil asatat. samyata mhanje samanatevar aadharit done vastunmadhil tulana. "sadrushyatil yuktivadanmadhye dnyat vastoo (" "srot" ") baddalchya mahitipasoon teey done vastunmadhil samanatevar aadharit adnyat vastoochya (" "lakshya" ") vaishishtyanparyantche nishkarsh samavisht asatat". sadrushyatil yuktivadanche khaleel swaroop aaheh "aaa" heey "buub" sarkhech aahe aanee "aaa" chey vaishishtya "eff" aahe, mhanoon "buub" madhye kadachit "eff" heey vaishishtya dekhil aahe. asha yuktivadanchi achookata hii anumanit vaishishtyashi asalelya yaa samyatechya prasangiktevar avalambun asate. yaa prasangikateshivay, yuktivad eka sadosh kinwa chukichi upama aahe, udaharanarth, "jarr ekhadya mulala naveen khelani midali tarr tyala kinwa teela tyachyashi khelayache aahe; mhanoon, jarr ekhadya deshala naveen shastre midali tarr teey tyancha vapar karoo ichchit asateel".