
sanchayit karyakram niyantran

sangrahit karyakram niyantran (ess. pii. see.) heey durdhvani vinimayasathiche dursanchar tantradnyan aahe. tyache vaishishtya mhanje switching pranali switching pranalitil memarimadhye sangrahit kelelya sanganak programdware niyantrit kelee jaate. ess. pii. see. heey 1950 chya dashakat bail pranalimadhye vikasit kelele electronic switching pranalinche (ess. ess.) saksham tantradnyan hote aanee teey switching tantradnyanachi tisari pidhi manale jaau shakate. sanchayit karyakram niyantranacha shodh 1954 madhye bail labchya shastradnya erna snider hoover yanni lavala, jyanni assa tark keela qee sanganak software durdhvani collchya jodanivar niyantran thevu shakate.
itihas.
1950 chya dashakat prastavit aanee vikasit, ess. pii. see. 1960 chya dashakat utpadan electronic switching pranalinmadhye sadar karnyat aalee. 101eae. ess. khajgi shakha vinimay (pii. bii. ex.) hii vyavsayik grahakanna vistarit seva pradan karnyasathi bail pranalitil eka sankramankalin switching pranali hotee, jyanna anyatha ajunahi electromechanical kendriya karyalay swichdware seva dilee jaat hotee. 1960chya electronic swichingchya chachanimadhye, eleanoymadhil morris yethe ess. pii. see. saha pahila kendriya karyalayin switch basavanyat aala, tyanantar 1965madhye aine. jeey. madheel sukasunna yethe pahila western electric 1eae. ess. switch basavanyat aala. ess. pii. see. aadharit tisya pidhichya switching pranalinchya itar udaharananmadhye british jee. pii. oo. tii. ex. eae. (vividh utpadak), metaconta 11 (iit europe) aanee akey yancha samavesh hoto. ericson aanee phillips pii. aar. ex. yanni kelelya ex telephone exchangechya purv-digital (1970) aavrutya sarvajanik switch kelelya telephone networkmadhye (pii. ess. tii. aine.) mothya pramanat pranali hotya.
ess. pii. see. atyadhunik colling vaishishtye saksham karate. asha prakare devanghevan vikasit jhaali, vishvasarhata aanee ashtapailoota vadhali.
dusya pidhitil vinimay jase qee strogger, panel, rotarii aanee crossbar switch heey keval electromechanical switching ghatakanpasun sanyukt tarkshastra niyantranasah bandhale gele hote aanee tyanchyakade sanganakache software niyantran navhate. pahili pidhi paricharak aanee chalkadware chalavali jaanari hatane chalavali jaanari switchboard hotee.
nantarchya crossbar pranalinni switching matrixmadhye sanganak niyantran dekhil vaparale aanee ess. pii. see. pranali dekhil manali jaau shakatat. udaharananmadhye ericson 11 (sthanik) aanee 13 (sankraman), tasech uttar vidyut nx-1eae andd dii switches aanee iit metaconta 11 yancha samavesh aahe, jeey ekekali paschim europemadhye aanee jagbharatil anek deshanmadhye aadhalat hote. analogue switching matrixcha vapar karnare ess. pii. see. tantradnyan 1980 chya dashakat mothya pramanat tappyatappyane kadhoon taknyat aale aanee 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat bahutek aadhunik networkmadhun teey gayab jhaale hote.
vel-vibhagani bahugunak (tii. dii. emm.) jodanyamule uppranaliche aakarman qamee jhaale aanee durdhvani jaalyachi kshamata lakshaniyaritya vadhali. 1980 chya dashkaparyant, dursanchar udhyogavar ess. pii. see. tantradnyanache varchasva hote.
vyavharya, purnapane digital switches 1970 chya dashakat udayas aalya, french alcatel eae10 aanee canadian nortel dii. emm. ess. malikesarkhya suruvatichya pranalinche utpadan tyaa dashakat suru jhaale. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila itar mothya pramanavar swikarlya gelelya pranali upalabdh jhalya. yamadhye ericson ex 10, joou jagatil sarvat lokpriy switching platform banala, western electric 5es, joou yuu. ess. madhye aanee itar anek deshanmadhye vaparla jaat hota, germanne seamens swd, it pranali 12 (nantarche punerbranded alcatel ess 12) aanee nec neekschee rachana kelee hotee, heey serve jagbharat mothya pramanat vaparale jaat hote. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila britishanni vikasit keleli pranali ex (durdhvani) aanee itar lahan pranali dekhil udayas aalya.
kahee digital switches, visheshtah 5es aanee ericson ex 10 chya agadi suruvatichya aavruttyanni, kodek asalelya digital line cardsshee thet jodani karnyaivaji, ess. pii. see. sarkhya tantradnyanacha vapar karoon analogue concentrator tappyancha vapar karane suru thewale.
21vya shatkachya suruvatila, udhyogane durdhvani switchingchi pachvi pidhi vaparnyas suruvat kelee, kaaran vel-vibhagani multiplexing (tii. dii. emm.) aanee vishesh hardware-aadharit digital circuit switchingchi jaaga softswitch aanee voice over aay. pii. voy. aay. pii. tantradnyanane ghetali aahe.
sanchayit karyakram niyantranache pramukh vaishishtya mhanje eka kinwa ekadhik digital prakriya ekak (sanchayit-karyakram sanganak) jeey pranalichya smrutimadhye sanchayit kelelya sanganak soochanancha sanch ("program") amalat aanatat jyadvare durdhvani jodanya sthapit kelya jaatat, rakhalya jaatat aanee sambandhit electronic circuitarymadhye sampavalya jaatat.
sanchayit karyakram niyantranacha tatkal parinam mhanje vinimay karyanche svayamchalitakaran aanee grahakansathi vividh naveen durdhvani vaishishtyancha parichay.
durdhvani vinimay nehmi konatyahi adthalyashivay satat chaloo rahila pahije; too dosh-sahishnu rachana amalat aanato. devanghevanichya niyantran uppranalimadhye electronics aanee sanganakanchya suruvatichya chachanya yashasvi jhalya aanee parinami purnapane electronic pranali vikasit jhalya, jyamadhye switching network dekhil electronic hote. 1960 madhye mauris, eleanoy yethe sanchayit karyakram niyantran asaleli chachani pranali sthapit karnyat aalee. tyat ardh-kayamswarupi karyakram aanee mapdand sathavanukisathi 18 bitschya shabd aakarasah uddan-jaaga dukan aanee yadruchchik pravesh karyasheel smrutisathi adthala-grid memaricha vapar keela gela. utpadan vaparasathi jagatil pahili electronic switching pranali, kramank 1 ess. ess., meey 1965 madhye nyu jarsichya sukasunna yethe aii. tii. andd. tii. neey suru kelee. 1974 paryant aii. tii. andd. tii. neey 475 kramank sthapit keela hota. 1. ess. ess. pranali. 1980 chya dashakat ess. pii. see. neey dursanchar udhyogatil vidyut-yantrik badalanna visthapit kele, tyamule yaa shabdane aitihasik ruchi vagalata serve gamavale. sanganak aanee microprocessor tantradnyanachya sarvatrik vaparamule aaj, ess. pii. see. hii serve svayanchalit vinimayanmadhye eka avibhajya sankalpana aahe.
electromechanical switching matrixla semiconductor cross-point swichdware badalanyache prayatna, visheshtah mothya pramanavaril vinimay pranalinsathi, lagech yashasvi jhaale naheet. parinami, anek avkash-vibhagani switching pranalinmadhye ess. pii. see. saha electromechanical switching networkcha vapar keela gela, tarr khajgi svayanchalit shakha exchange (pii. aii. bii. ex.) aanee lahan sarvajanik exchangemadhye electronic switching upkarane vaparali gelee. 21vya shatkachya suruvatila electromechanical matrixchi jaaga purnapane electronic upkarananni ghetali.
prakar.
sanchayit karyakram niyantran amalbajavani kendrikrut aanee vitarit drushtikonanmadhye aayojit kelee jaau shakate. 1960 aanee 1970 chya dashakat vikasit jhalelya suruvatichya electronic switching pranalinmadhye (ess. ess.) jawaljawal nehmich kendrikrut niyantran vaparale jaat asey. jaree sadhyachya kalatil anek vinimay rachana kendrikrut ess. pii. see. chaa vapar karat asalya, taree qamee kimatiche shaktishali microprocessor aanee program karnyayogya logic arrey (pii. ell. aii.) aanee program karnyayogya logic controllers (pii. ell. see.) sarkhya vhee. ell. ess. aay. chipchya aagamanane 21vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant vitarit ess. pii. see. vyapak jhaali.
kendrikrut niyantran.
kendrikrut niyantranat, serve niyantran upkarananchi jaaga kendriya prakriya ekak ghete. pranalivaril bharanusar, prati sekand 10 teey 100 colver prakriya karnyas saksham asane aavashyak aahe. bahuprasesar sanrachana hii samanya aahe aanee tee vividh paddhatinmadhye kaam karoo shakate, jase qee bhaar-samayikaran sanrachanet, samkramit duplexes-modmadhye kinwa eka processor stand-buy modmadhye asoo shakato.
standbye mode.
duheri-processor sanrachanepaiki, kamacha rakheev marg haah sarvat sopa aahe. samanyatah eka processor standbye modmadhye asato. sakriy processor ayashasvi jhalyavarach standbye processor online aanala jaato. yaa sanrachanechi eka mahattvachi aavashyakta mhanje jevha tee niyantranavar yete tevha vinimay pranalichi sthitee punha tayar karanyachi sajj processorchi kshamata; mhanje grahak resha kinwa trunkpacky konati vaparat aahe heey nirdharit karane.
chhotya vinimayanmadhye, sajj processor karyanvit hotach sthitee sanket scan karoon heey shakya houu shakate. asha paristhitit keval apayashachya velee sthapit kele jaanare colluch vyatyay aanatat. mothya vinimayanmadhye serve sthitee sanket lakshaniy velet scan karane shakya nahee. yethe sakriy processor pranalichya sthitichi veloveli duyyam sathavanukit prat banavato. jevha badal hoto tevha duyyam smrutitoon alikadil sthitee loaded kelee jaate. yaa prakaranat, shevatche adyayavat aanee apayash yanchyatil sthitee badalana colverch parinam hoto. samayik duyyam sathavan nakkal karanyachi garaj nahee aanee sadhee ekak patalichi anavashyakta pureshi asel. 1. ess. ess. switch heey eka pramukh udaharan hote.
samkramit duplexes mode.
done prosesarmadhye, jeey samaan soochana karyanvit karatat aanee parinamanchi satat tulana karatat, teey yantrasamagri jodani heey karya samkramit duheri paddhatine kele jaate. jarr visangati udbhavali tarr sadosh processor olakhala jaato aanee kahee milisekandant sevetoon kadhoon takala jaato. jevha pranali samanyapane karyarat asate, tevha donhi prosesarkade nehmi smrutimadhye samaan deta asato aanee ekach velee devanghevanichya vatavaranatun mahitee prapt hote. eka processor pratyakshat exchange niyantrit karato, parantu dusra pahilya processorshi samkramit keela jaato parantu exchange controllmadhye sahbhagi hott nahee. tulanatmakadware truti aadhalalyas, processor vegale kele jaatat aanee sadosh processor shodhanyasathi check-out program swatantrapane chalavala jaato. hii prakriya coll prakriyet vyatyay naan aanata chalate jee tatpurati nilambit aahe. jevha eka processor baher kadhala jaato tevha dusra processor swatantrapane karya karato. jevha sadosh processor durust keela jaato aanee sevet aanala jaato tevha sakriy processorchi memory samagri tyachya memarimadhye coppy kelee jaate aanee donhi samkramit kele jaatat aanee tulanatmak saksham kele jaate.
heey shakya aahe qee tulanatmak dosh keval kshanik apayshamule udbhavato joou check out program chalavala jaato tevhahi darshavila jaat nahee. asha paristhitit teen shakyata aaheth
jevha ekhada processor baher kadhala jaato, tevha kirkol apayash olakhanyasathi tyachi vyapak chachani kelee jaate.
bhaar-samayikaran paddhati.
loaded-sharing operationmadhye, yenare coll yadruchchikpane kinwa purvanirdharit kramane eka processorla niyukt kele jaatat jeey nantar purnatvaparyant coll hatalatat. asha prakare, donhi processor ekach velee sakriy asatat aanee bhaar aanee sansadhane gatishilpane samayik karatat. donhi processorna sampoorn vinimay vatavaranat pravesh aahe joou yaa prosesardware sains keela jaato tasech niyantrit keela jaato. coll heey prosesardware swatantrapane hatalale jaat asalyane, tatpurati coll deta sanchayit karnyasathi tyanchyakade vegalya aathvani asatat. karyakram aanee ardh-kayamswarupi mahitee jaree samayik kelee jaau shakate, taree tee anavshyaktechya uddeshane vegalya smrutimadhye thewali jaatat.
eka aantarprakramak duva aahe jyadvare prakramak paraspar samanvayasathi aanee dusyachyyaa 'aarogyachi sthitee' padtalnyasathi aavashyak mahitichi devanghevan karatat. jarr mahitichi devanghevan ayashasvi jhaali tarr, tee shodhanaya processorpaiki eka, apayashi processorne aadhich seet kelelya colls sampoorn bhaar tabyat gheto. tathapi, ayashasvi prosesardware sthapit kele jaanare coll sahasa haravale jaatat. sansadhananchya vatpababat eka bahishkaran yantrana aavashyak aahe jenekarun donhi processor ekach velee samaan sansadhan shodhat nastil. yantrana software kinwa hardware kinwa donhimadhye lagoo kelee jaau shakate. aakruti eka hardware vagalanyache upkaran darshavate, jeey jevha eka prosesardware seet kele jaate, tevha pahilya prosesardware reset hoiparyant dusya prosesardware vishisht sansadhanamadhye pravesh karnyas pratibandhit karate.
vitaran niyantran.
vitarit ess. pii. see. kendrikrut ess. pii. see. peksha adhik upalabdh aanee adhik vishvasarh donhi aahe. niyantran karya vinimayamadhye anek prosesardware samayik kele jaate. yaat qamee kimatiche microprocessor vaparale jaatat. vitarit prakriyesathi vinimay niyantran ektar aadvya kinwa ubhya swarupat vighatit houu shakate.
ubhya vighatanat sampoorn vinimay anek gatanmadhye vibhagala jaato aanee pratyek gatala eka processor niyukt keela jaato. haah processor tyaa vishisht blockshee sambandhit serve kaame karato. tyamule, ekoon niyantran pranalimadhye anek niyantran ghatak ekatra jodale jaatat. anavshyaktesathi, pratyek gatamadhye processorchi nakkal kelee jaau shakate.
aadvya vighatanamadhye pratyek processor keval eka kinwa kahee vinimay karye karato.