robbert cecil, chelwoodcha pahila viscount cecil

edgar algernon robbert gaskoyne-cecil, chelwoodcha pahila viscount cecil, (14 september 1864-24 november 1958), joou 1868 teey 1923 paryant laurd robbert cecil mhanoon olakhala jaat hota, too eka british vakeel, rajkarani aanee mutsaddi hota. teey rashtranchya sanghatanechya shilpkaranpaiki eka hote aanee tyache rakshak hote, jyanchya sansthesathi kelelya sevemule tyanna 1937 madhye nobel shantata puraskarane sanmanit karnyat aale.
prarambhik jeevan aanee kayadeshir karkird.
sesilacha janm londonchya cavendish square yethe jhaala, too robbert gaskoyne-sesilacha sahava mulga aanee tisra mulga, salisburycha tisra markes, teen vela pantpradhan aanee georgina, surr edward holl uldersonchi mulgi. too james gaskoyne-cecil, salisburycha chautha markes, laurd william cecil, laurd edward cecil aanee laurd quixwood yancha bhau aanee arther balforecha chulat bhau hota. tera varshancha hoiparyant tyache shikshan gharich jhaale aanee nantar tyane chaar varshe eaton mahavidhyalayat ghalavali. tyanni aaplya aatmacharitrat dawa keela aahe qee tyanni tyanchya gharguti shikshanacha sarvadhik anand ghetala aahe. tyanni auxford yetheel vidyapith mahavidhyalayat kayadyache shikshan ghetale, jithe teey eka prasiddha vadavivadak banale. 1886 teey 1888 yaa kalat pantpradhan mhanoon padbhar swikartana, tyanchya vadilanche khajgi sachiv mhanoon tyanchi pahili nokri hotee. 1887 madhye tyanna aateel mandirane barmadhye bolavile hote. 22 janewari 1889 roji durhamchya madhye earl george lambtonchi mulgi lady eleanor lambton hichyashi kelele tyache lagn heey tyane keleli sarvat chaturaichi gosht hotee, asey tyala sangayala khoop aavadate.
1887 teey 1906 paryant, sesilane nagri kayadyacha sarav keela, jyat chancy aanee sansadiy practicemadhil kamacha samavesh hota. 15 juuna 1899 roji tyanchi ranichya sallagarpadi niyukti karnyat aalee. dusare boar yuddh suru jhalyanantar, februwari 1900 madhye tyane court rifleschya satrat bharati mhanoon navanondani kelee, parantu tyane kadhihi sakriy seva pahili nahee. vyavsayik kayadyachi tattve' heey pustak lihinyatahi tyanni sahkarya kele. 1910 madhye tyanna barchya sarvasadharan parishadeche sadasya aanee aateel mandirache pithasin mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. pudhchya varshi hertfordshire quarter satranche adhyaksh mhanoon tyanchi vaadh jhaali tevha teey aadhich shantateche nyaymurti hote.
sanghvadi mukt vyapari.
cecil mukt vyaparavar vishvas thevanara hota, tyane joseph chamberlainchya darr sudharanansathichya aandolanala virodh keela aanee "shrimantansathi rajya sahayyane samrajyavadala saath denyacha eka bhannat prayatna" mhanoon tyacha nishedh keela. februwari 1905 madhye, tyanni pakshache nete arther balfour yanchyasathi 'yuniyanvadi mukt vyapar jaganvaril hallah' yaa vishayavar eka nivedan sankalit kele, jyamadhye tyanni shulk sudharana sanghatanechya eka sadasyachya 'daad times' laa lihilelya patracha hawala deela, jyat mhatale hote qee teey mukt vyapar umedvaranna virodh kartil, mug teey yuniyanvadi asso kinwa udarmatvadi. asha prakarche halle jhaale aahet asha kiman 25 jaaga tyanni olakhalya aahet, assa yuktivad sesilane keela. 1906 chya sarvatrik nivadanukit, cecil marylebone eastche pratinidhitva karnare sansadeche puranmatvadi sadasya mhanoon nivadoon aale.
janewari 1908 madhye, sesilane sahkari sanghvadi mukt vyapari arther eliotla lihileh "majhyasathi, sarvat mothee garaj mhanje, shakya asalyas, sanghvadi pakshamadhye mukt vyaparasathi paay rovane. kaaran, jarr nasel tarr, mea aanee majhyasarkhe vichar karnare itar ektar mukt vyapar kinwa dharmik shikshan, prabhuche ghar aanee aaplyala samaan mahatva asalele vatanare sangharajya yasarkhya itar karanansathi dhokyat aanale jaatil. march 1910 madhye cecil aanee tyacha bhau laurd hyugh yanni chamberlainla ayashasvi aavahan kele qee tyanni ayrish gruhshasanas virodh karnyavar laksh kendrit karnyasathi pudhil nivadanukit ann karache samarthan pudhe dhakalave.
darr sudharananchya vadacha parinam mhanoon 1910 madhye jhalelya konatyahi sarvatrik nivadanukit tyanni marylebonechi jaaga ladhavali nahee. tyaeivaji tyanni janevarichya nivadanukit blackburn aanee decemberchya nivadanukit visbech heey ayashasvi tharale. 1911 madhye, tyanni hertfordshire yetheel hitchin yethe swatantra puranmatvadi mhanoon potnivadanuk jinkley aanee 1923 paryant tyanche khasdar mhanoon kaam kele.
pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan mantri.
pahilya mahayuddhachya udrekachya velee, lashkari sevesathi khoop june, 50 vya varshi cecil reed crossathi kaam karayala gela. tyanchya sakhol dharmik vishvas aanee shantatavadaprati asalelya bandhilakimule tyanna yorkchya aarchbishapche vikar-general karnyat aale. 1915 chya yutee sarkarchya sthapanenantar, teey 30 meey 1915 roji pararashtra vyavharansathiche sansadiy avar sachiv jhaale; 16 juuna roji tyanni prevy councilchi shapath ghetali aanee tyanna 1918-19 madhye sahayyak sachiv mhanoon padonnati midali. tyanni 10 janewari 1919 paryant yaa padavar kaam kele, 23 februwari 1916 teey 18 julai 1918 darmyan nakabandiche mantri mhanoon mantrimandalat atirikt seva bajavali. shatrunviruddha aarthik aanee vyavsayik dabav aananyasathi prakriya tayar karnyasathi teey jababdar hote jyamule tyanna tyanchya tabyat asalelya lashkari dalanna kinwa tyanchya nagri loksankhyela aahar denyas bhag padale gele. yuddhanantar, 1919 madhye tyanna manad sahkari mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee auxford yetheel vidyapith mahavidhyalayache emm. aii. tasech vidyapithachya kulpatisathi yogya ashee nagri kayadyachi manad doctorate pradan karnyat aalee.
rashtranchya sanghachi nirmiti.
september 1916 madhye tyanni mantrimandalat 'bhavishyatil yuddhanchi sandhee qamee karnyachya prastavanvar nivedan' lihile aanee prasarit kele. sesilane yuddhache dukkh aanee vinash, european sanskratila dhoka aanee yuddhanantarchya vivadanchya sambhavyatesah nondavale. aantarrashtriy vivad sodavanyache sadhan mhanoon tyanni yuddhala paryay denyache aavahan kele aanee dawa keela qee german lashkarivadacha naash kinwa swanirnayavar aadharit yuddhottar todga shantatechi hummy denar nahee. sesilane anivarya lavad nakarla parantu niyamit parishad pranali aaksheparh asel assa dawa keela. vaad mitavanyasathi konatihi ladhai suru honyapurvi shantatapurn prakriya anivarya asali pahije. deshanna shantatapurn prakriyes sharan yenyas bhag padnyasathi nakabandisah nirbandh aavashyak asateel. jarr shantata vyavasthet prachand naudal aanee aarthik shakti ekatra karata aalee, tarr "konatehi aadhunik rajya shevati tyachya dabawala virodh karoo shakat nahee". tyanni aasha vyakt kelee qee america "shantata rakhanyasathi sanghatit aarthik karvait sameel honyas" tayar asel. nantar tyanni sangitale qee haah pahila dastaivaj hota jyatoon leag auph nationsche british adhikrut samarthan suru jhaale.
meey 1917 madhye sesilane tyache "bhavishyatil shantata rakhanyasathiche prastav" prasarit kele jyamadhye swakshari karnare yuddhanantarcha pradeshik tadjod paach varshansathi thevanyas sahmat hotil, tyanantar aavashyak asalyas aavashyak kinwa vanchhaniy pradeshik badalanchi amalbajavani karnyasathi eka parishad hoil. desh tyanche aantarrashtriy vivad parishadet sadar karnyasahi sahmat asateel aanee parishadene nirnay gheiparyant tyanna karvai karnyas manai asel. tathapi, teen mahinyanantar, parishad nirnay ghenyat ayashasvi jhalyas rajyanna ektarfi karvai karanyachi parvanagi dilee jaeel. parishadanni ghetalelya serve nirnayanchi amalbajavani serve swaksharikartyandware, "aavashyak asalyas shastranchya balavar" kelee jaeel. jarr ekhadya deshane ekhadya parishadet vivad sadar naan karata yuddhacha avalamb keela, tarr itar desh ektritpane vyavsayik aanee aarthik nakabandi lagoo kartil. sesilane moolatah nishastrikaranache prastav samavisht kele hote parantu surr aayar crow yaa mutsaddine teey 'vinashkari tikela' sadar kelyanantar teey antim masudyatoon kadhoon takale gele, jyamule teey avyavharik asalyache sesilala patale.
november 1917 madhye, sesilane balforekade rashtranchya sanghatanechya prastavanvar vichar karnyasathi eka samitee sthapan karanyachi vinanti kelee. balforene teey manjur kele aanee janewari 1918 madhye laurd philimore yanchya adhyakshatekhali eka samitee sthapan karnyat aalee. meey 1918 madhye, mantrimandalachya parvangine, sesilane philimore ahwal amerikeche adhyaksh vudro willson aanee tyanche sallagar curnell haus yanna pathavala.
aktoobar 1918 madhye, sesilane tyanchya sallyachya vinantinantar leag prastavanvaril eka kagad mantrimandalala prasarit keela. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee prastavanni konatyahi prakarche aantarrashtriy sarkar nakarle asalyane "konatyahi vistrut yantranechi" aavashyakta bhasanar nahee, parantu parishad bolavalya jaiparyant swakshari swakshari kadhihi yuddhat naan jaanyas bandhankarak kaam kararaparyant leag maryadit asel. jarr ekhada desh ektarfi yuddhat gela, tarr swakshari karnare aakramkala parabhoot karnyasathi tyanchya aarthik aanee lashkari serve shakticha vapar kartil. deshanni yuddhala samore jaanyapurvi teen mahinyancha vilamb hii sanghachi pramukh bhoomika asalyache sesilane pahile kaaran tyamule janamtala aapala shantatapurn prabhav padnyasathi vel milel. mantrimandalane haah pepper "sauhardpurn aivaji aadarane" swikarla aanee tyavar konatahi nirnay ghetala nahee. 12 november roji birmingham vidyapithache kulpati mhanoon udghatan samarambhat leegchya vishayavaril bhashanasathi sesilane yaa lekhacha aadhar mhanoon vapar keela. velshchya vighatanala virodh kelyamule 22 november roji sesilane sarkarcha rajinama deela. tyanantar tyanni gilbert murre yanna patra lihoon sangitale qee, tyanna sarkarchya baherchya rashtranchya sanghatanechya sthapanesathi, tyachya aatalya sanghapeksha adhik kahee karanyachi aasha aahe.
november 1918 chya uttaradhat, cecil yanchi pararashtra karyalayachya leag auph nations vibhagachya pramukhpadi niyukti karnyat aalee. aaa. eae. zimmaranne leegchya karyanche tapshilvar varnan karnare nivedan lihile hote aanee sesilane kaam karnyasathi aadhar mhanoon tyachi nivad kelee hotee. tyachya prastavanchya amalbajavanimadhye sahbhagi asalelya vastavik sansthecha saransh lihinyache aadesh tyanni dile. 14 december roji, tyanna 'leag auph nations organization sankshipt sandarbh' pradan karnyat aala, jyala nantar parris shantata parishadet 'cecil plan' mhatale gele. yaa yojnet swakshari swakshari niyamit parishadancha samavesh hota, jee 'leegcha kendrabindu' asel aanee tyanna ekmatane vagave lagel. pantpradhan aanee pararashtra sachivanchya varshik parishadanna, swakshari swakshari chauda varshik baithka purak thartil. eka mothee shakti eka parishad bolavu shakate, yuddh honyacha dhoka asalyas serve sadasya tase karoo shakatat. mothya shaktinni sanghavar niyantran thewale, lahan shaktinni farsa lakshaniy prabhav takala nahee. 17 december roji sesilane mantrimandalala 'cecil yojana' sadar kelee. mantrimandalane 24 december roji leegchya kalpanevar charcha kelee, jyamadhye cecil haah aaghadicha pro-leag vakta hota.
parris shantata parishadet leag auph nations aayogacha samavesh hota, joou leag auph nationschya kararacha masuda tayar karnyasah leegsathi yojana tayar karnyas jababdar hota. sesilane willsoncha ligsathicha masuda pahila aanee tyachya diarymadhye tyane lihile qee too "eka atishay white dastaivaj hota, white prakare vyakt keela gela, kharab prakare vyavasthapit keela gela aanee khoop apoorn hota". 27 janewari roji cecil aanee american kayadeshir tadnya david hunter millerne willsonchya prastavanmadhye sudharana karnyat chaar taas ghalavale, jeey cecil-miller draft mhanoon olakhale gele. tyat mahasattanna leegmadhye adhik adhikar dene, rajyanna tyanchya swatachya jaaga dene, willsonchya lavad prastavanchi punaravrutti karane aanee kayamswarupi aantarrashtriy nyayalayacha samavesh karane yancha samavesh hota. pudhil vataghatimadhye, british masudyatil mahattvache bhag tikavoon thevanyat cecil yashasvi jhaala. jevha willsonne tyat sudharana karnyacha prayatna keela, tevha sabhagruhane tyala sesilala door karnyaviruddha ishara deela, kaaran too "british sarkarshi sambandhit ekmev manus hota jyachya manat kharokhar rashtranchi leag hotee". lloyd georgechya ligbaddalchya utsahachya abhavamule cecil nirash jhaala aanee lloyd georgechya kahee davpechanmule tyane varanvar rajinamyachi dhamki dilee.
leagla ripablikankadun virodh hott asalyabaddal cecil khoop chintit hota aanee tyane american swikararhata midavi yasathi willsonchya kahee maganya manya karnyacha prayatna keela. tyat kararatil monro siddhantanche sanrakshn karane samavisht hote. 21 april roji, british samrajyachya shishtamandalane sesilchi bhet ghetali, jyanni tyanna aashvasan dile qee kararachya masudyavaril varchasvachya tikecha vichar keela gela aahe aanee naveen masudyane "super steet tayar kele jaat aahe ashee dharana" talhali aahe. canadavar aakraman honyacha dhoka nasla taree france kinwa balkansathi dhoka jaast asanyachi shakyata hotee parantu too vicharat ghetala gela navhata, yavar canadiananni aakshep ghetala. shivay, yaa sanghane canadala samrajyacha sadasya asanyapeksha adhik "aantarrashtriyansaha bharit kele. sesilane assa yuktivad keela qee leegchi parishad heey bandhan kevha purn kele jaeel heey tharvel aanee nirnayanchi sarvanumate aavashyakta asalelya canadachya pratinidhila aakshep ghenyas anumati deil, jyamule prakaran sampushtat yeil. george egerton yanni tyanchya leegchya nirmitichya itihasat assa dawa keela aahe qee cecil "leag auph nations commissionchya kamachya madhye tappyachya yashasvi parinamache shrey itar konapekshahi jaast patra aahe".
versailscha taha pahilyanda germanysamore sadar kelyanantar, sesilane thampane yuktivad keela qee germanyvar too qamee kathor keela pahije aanee germanyla leegmadhye sameel honyachi parvanagi dilee pahije. cecil 9 juuna roji parris sodoon gela, aanee kararachya punaravalokanachya tyachya aasha nirash jhalya.
leag auph nations union.
brittenla paratalyanantar, sesilane leag auph nations unionchya upkramanche utsukatene niyojan kele. tevhapasoon sesilache sarvajanik jeevan jawaljawal purnapane leagla samarpit hote; teey 1923 teey 1945 paryant unionche adhyaksh hote. julai 1919 madhye tyanni unionchya punarrachana samitiche adhyakshapad bhushavale, unionne brittenmadhye eka shaktishali pro-leag lobby tayar kelee aahe heey sunishchit karane heey tyanche prathamik uddisht hote jenekarun sarkarne leagla tyachya pararashtra dhoranachya kendrasthani thewale aahe. sesilane puranmatvadi aanee kamgarancha pathimba magat, mothya pramanat esquithian udarmatvadi asalelya sanghache sadasyatva vadhavanyacha prayatna keela.
cecil eka esperantovadi hota aanee 1921 madhye tyane rashtranchya sanghatnene bhashechya samasyevar upay mhanoon esperantocha avalamb karava assa prastav mandala.
1920 teey 1922 paryant tyanni leag asemblimadhye dakshin aafrikechya adhipatyache pratinidhitva kele. 1923 madhye, tyanni american prekshakanna leag samajavun sangtana amerikecha paach aathvadyancha daura keela.
tyancha assa vishvas hota qee "yuddhane european shasak varganchi pratishtha modoon kadhali" aanee tyanchya bepatta jhalyamule eka pokali nirman jhaali hotee jee aapatti talhaychi asel tarr bharoon kadhane aavashyak hote. prathamik upay mhanje khrishchan naitikatechya aadhare european vyavastheche bandhkam, kayadeshir salokyachya yantrasah jyadvare "labadpana aanee ugravad" nasht keela jaeel. versailscha taha too tayar karnyat ayashasvi tharala hota.
mukt vyapar aanee sanghavaril tyancha vishvas haah aantarrashtriy nirnay aanee shantatechya paraspar hamisah vyapar, aatmabalidani aanee aantarrashtriy sahkarya ekatra ekatra jagachya tyanchya sankalpanecha eka bhag hota. leag haah keval yuddhasathicha eka upay navhata, tarr brittons pratyek sadasya rajyat sanskruti jatan kelee jaeel yachee hummy dekhil hotee, jithe "leegcha drushtikon serve rajkaranatun-ireland, udyog, agadi arthvyavastha asha serve goshtinmadhun [chalala] hota...[tyat rajkiy goshtinkade pahanyacha eka naveen marg samavisht aahe-kinwa tyaeivaji 'victorian naitikatekade valane'.
pakshatil sambhavya punarrachana.
sesilane "varg yuddh, mug too hallah jhalela varg jamindar asso kinwa majur, haah rashtriy vighatan karnyacha sarvat kapati prakar" manla. 1920 pasoon, sesilala yutivirodhi aanee samajvadivirodhi shaktinmadhye purogami yutee karoon lloyd george aanee tyache yutee sarkar padayche hote. itar konatyahi pramukh rajkaranyapeksha too lloyd georgecha jaast kaal shatru hota.
brittonchi 'sarvat mothee rashtriy sampatti' asalelya 'nyayache' moort swaroop mhanoon tyanna majee pararashtra sachiv viscount grey yanchya netrutvakhali eka samajvadi virodhi kendra paksh tayar karayacha hota...pararashtra vyavharat... gelya done pidhyanpasun. haah paksh kamgar vargachya virodhat nasel aanee tyat 'sarvottam udarmatvadi aanee kamgar lock' aanee 'kahee junya jamindarancha' samavesh asel. februwari 1920 chya paisley potnivadanukit tyanni esquithla pathimba deela aanee kamgar aanee leag samarthak umedvaranmadhye nivadanuk karar havah hota. julai 1920 chya madhyat, cecil ajunahi grey antargat punarrachanesathi utsuk hota, joou eskvithapeksha rashtranchya leagwar adhik utsuk hota, jyala cecil ajunahi deshat prabhavshali manat hota parantu yapudhe neta rahila nahee.
februwari 1921 madhye, tyancha bhau hyoog cecil yanchyasobat tyanni puranmatvadi vhipcha rajinama deela. 1921 madhye sesilane madhyavarti paksh sthapan karnyacha tyancha prayatna sodoon deela, parantu tarihi sakriy rajkaranat parat yenyasathi tyanna 'grey' havey hote. grey aanee cecil yanchyatil vataghati juuna 1921 madhye suru jhalya. 5 julai 1921 roji eka vyapak baithak (cecil, esquith, grey aanee agraganya esquithian udarmatvadi laurd cray, runseyman aanee surr donald mccullan) jhaali. sesilala pantpradhan mhanoon eskvithaivaji grey asalele "vastavik" udarmatvadi sarkar aivaji eka assal yutee havee hotee aanee swatah eka aupcharik jahirnama aanee grey qee esquith aanee cray nantar adhikrut udarmatvadi nete mhanoon samarthan kartil. surr arther steel-matland heey aanakhi eka puranmatvadi, nantar charchet sameel jhaale aanee tyanchi matey sesilsarkhich hotee, parantu mclean, runseyman aanee cray heey vaimansyapurn hote. julaimadhye sesilane aaplya matdarsangh sanghatanela eka sarvajanik patra lihoon yutee sarkarvar hallah keela.
swatah grey utsuk navhata aanee tyachi drushti qamee hone haah tyachya pantpradhan honyachya prakriyet eka motha adthala tharala asata. tathapi, aktoobar 1921 madhye tyanni tyanchya purvichya matdarsanghat bhashan karoon eka paul uchalale, jyacha farsa parinam jhaala nahee. grechya bhashananantar, sesilane dusare patra prakashit kele jyamadhye tyane jaheer kele qee too grey sarkarla sahkarya karel. novembermadhye, jevha ayrish paristhitimule yutee kosalanyachi shakyata disat hotee, tevha sesilane rajala patra lihoon grela pantpradhan mhanoon niyukt karanyachi vinanti kelee.
april 1922 madhye, madhye eka matdarsanghatil patrat, tyanni pratikriyavadi naan asanyachya mahattvavar jore deuun itar yutivirodhi puranmatvadyanpasun swatahla door thewale aanee meey mahinyat, tyanni dawa keela qee puranmatvadyanmadhil pramukh shakti purushancha eka gut hota, jyanni keval "tyanchya malmattechya sanrakshanachi" kalji ghetali. audhyogik sahkarya aanee leagla pathbal yaa aadharavar sarkarne 'grey' antargat seva karanyachi aapali ichcha tyanni punha jaheer kelee. tathapi, paksh vyavasthechya punarrachanesathi udarmatvadyanchya virodhamule sesilacha bhramniras jhaala aanee mhanoon joparyant esquith neta rahila, toparyant tyane udarmatvadyanmadhye sameel honyache aamantran nakarle. octobermadhye lloyd george yuticha padav aanee puranmatvadi pantpradhan mhanoon bonner kayadyachi niyukti jhalyanantar, sesilane tyala padacha prastav deela gela nasla taree naveen sarkarla pathimba denyache vachan dile.
aadhunik jagaat paramparik tory.
1923 teey 1924 aanee 1924 teey 1927 yaa kalat baldwinchya puranmatvadi prashasanat, teey pararashtra sachivanchya adhikarkshetrakhali, leag vyavharanmadhil british upkramansathi jababdar mantri hote. 28 meey 1923 roji, cecil laurd prevy seal mhanoon mantrimandalat paratala, jeey padd tyachya kutumbatil anek sadasyanni bhushavale hote.
sesilane 29 aktoobar 1923 roji baldwinla patra lihoon, tyaa badalyat jarr baldwinne jordar leag samarthak dhoran sweekarle tarr shulk sudharananna pathimba deu keela. tyanni sangitale qee brittonchya aarthik samasya shulkadvare sodavalya jaau shakat naheet, tyaeivaji european patt, yuddh karj aanee "aantarrashtriy sanshay" yanche nirakaran karoon aanee leag vagalata serve aantarrashtriy sanghatanankadun pathimba mage gheuun sodavata yeu shakat naheet. puranmatvadyanchya darvishayak dhoranashi matbhed asalyamule, december december sarvatrik nivadanukit cecil ubha rahoo shakala nahee. puranmatvadyanni tyanche bahumat gamavalyanantar, 28 december 1923 roji, teey susax countymadhil east grinsteadchya chelvudchya viscont cecil mhanoon piarajmadhye vadhale. 22 februwari 1924 paryant teey laurd prevy seal rahile, jevha ramse mcdonaldchya alpasankhyak kamgar sarkarne padbhar swikarla, mcdonaldne sesilchi maafee magitali kaaran tyanni tyanna sarkarchya leag mantri mhanoon kayam thewale nahee. parantu tyaa kalat, jevha tyanni tyanna kayadyachi manad doctorate dilee tevha chelwood yanna abardin vidyapithache kulguru mhanoon niyukt karnyas sangitale gele.
aktoobar 1924 chya sarvatrik nivadanukit puranmatvadi punha sattet aale aanee sesilala stanly baldwinne duchy auph lankesterche kulpati mhanoon niyukt karnyas sangitale. 1925 madhye jineva yetheel afoo parishadesathi tyanni british shishtamandalache netrutva kele. jineva yethe 1927 chya naudal parishadedarmyan, british samrajya, tyacha vyapar aanee dalanvalan yanchya puresha sanrakshanasathi brittenla kiman sattar jahajanchi aavashyakta aahe yavar americene sahmati darshavanyas nakar dilyanantar vataghati tutalya. british cruiserchi sankhya sattarvarun pannasparyant qamee karnyacha prastav americene tyanchya aakarachya aanee tyanchya bandukanchya kshamatevaril savalatinchya badalyat mandala hota. british pratinidhi mandalacha sadasya asalelya sesilane mantrimandalacha rajinama deela kaaran british sarkarne shahee naudalachya jahajanchi sankhya qamee karnyaivaji parishad modu dilee.
sesilala vadhatya samajik samasya aanee motargadichya vadhatya lokpriyateshi sambandhit sarvajanik dhokyambaddal khoop kalji hotee. 1929 madhye, sesilane navyane sthapan jhalelya jhalelya sanghatanechya adhyakshapadacha sweekar keela, jeey jeey fayda honyasathi anek naveen upayayojana suru karnyasathi yashasviritya moheem rabvinar hote.
1932 paryant leegcha adhikrut pratinidhi asala taree, sesilane leegchya samarthanarth janmat gola karnyasathi swatantrapane kaam kele. francemadhye 'rassemblement universale pore laa paiks' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya aantarrashtriy shantata mohimeche teey sanyukt sansthapak aanee adhyaksh, french nyayshastradnya piyare coat yanchyasamvet hote. yaa kalatil tyanchya prakashananmadhye 'daad weey auph peace' (1928), 'leag; aaa gret experiment' (1941), rashtranchya sanghashi asalelya tyanchya sambandhanche vaiyaktik varnan; aanee 'aul daad weey' (1949), adhik sampoorn aatmcharitra yancha samavesh hota.
1931 madhye suru jhalele japanche manchuriyavaril aakraman heey rashtranchya sanghatanechya kararache ughad ullanghan hote. februwari 1932 madhye jaagtik nihshastrikaran parishad suru jhaali aanee nishastrikaranacha arth assa hota qee britton japani aakraman thambavinyas asamarth hota. baldwinne 27 februwari roji thomas jonsla sangitale, "bobb sesilsarkhech lock jyanni aamhala nihshastra kele aahe, aanee agadi barobar dekhil, aata aamhala karvai karnyasathi pudhe yenyache aavahan karat aahet. pann karvai aamhala kuthe gheuun jaeel?... jarr tumhi aarthik bahishkar lagoo keela tarr tumhala japanane yuddh pukarle jaeel aanee tee singapur aanee hongkong tabyat gheil aanee aamhi teela thambavu shakat nahee, jase aamhi sangato.
sesilane julaimadhye baldwinla lihile qee, too swatahla "adhikadhik aadhunik rudhivadachya sahanubhootitun" pahat hota aanee geneva yethe kelele sarkarche nihshastrikaran prastav "agadi apure" asalyache tyane manale. march 1933 madhye, tyanni baldwinkade takrar kelee qee tantrik sallagaranni, visheshtah britishanni, visheshtah bharatachya vayavya simesarkhya bhagansathi tee kayam thevu thevu, vimane aanee bombsfot radd karanyachi shakyata nasht kelee aahe.
jineva nihshastrikaran parishadetil sesilchya anubhavane tyala khatri patavali qee leag "hancasum" dware dhokyat yet aahe, hii kalpana qee sattecha samtol aanee deshanche rashtriy hitsambandh haah aantarrashtriy sambandhancha ekmev aadhar aahe, jyala shahee sanrakshn samitiche sachiv surr mauris hankey yanche naav denyat aale hote. tyane anthany eden, laurd halifax aanee baldwin yanche kautuk kele parantu mcdonaldla leegcha shatru manale aanee laurd londondary aanee laurd hellsham yanna napsant kele aanee surr johnn sayman yanchyavar 1876 madheel darbinantarche sarvat white pararashtra sachiv mhanoon teeka kelee.
samadhan aanee samadhan.
janewari 1933 madhye edolph hitler germanycha kulpati banalyanantar, sesilala nishastrikaranat pragati honyachi aasha hotee. tyanni "naudal aanee lashkari vimananche sampoorn nirmulan, tasech vimananmadhye german samanatesah aantarrashtriy" nagri havai dalachya nirmitila pathimba deela. nantar 1933 madhye tyanni aakramak shastranchya nirmulanala pathimba deela kaaran 'bachavatmak shakti' mhanje 'france aanee lahan desh tyapeksha surakshit asateel...itar konatyahi prakare. octobermadhye, german lokanni parishad sodanyachya eka mahina aadhi, sesilane eka prasaranat mhatale qee "[german] nihshastrikaran niyantrit karnare niyam" tattvatah itar konatyahi susanskrut shaktichya shastrastranvar niyantran thevanare niyam asale pahijet "aanee gilbert murre yanna lihilelya patrat teey mhanale qee" gobelsne jinevhababat anukool prabhav padala hota aanee ligbaddal teey khoop anandi asalyache mhatale gele hote ". matra, tyanni nazinchya shaikshanik dhoranachi ninda kelee.
april 1934 madhye sesilane phillip noel-bekarla lihile qee baldwinne tyala sangitale hote qee nagri viman vahatukiche aantarrashtriyikaran karnyacha vyavharik marg shodhanyacha hankeycha prayatna ayashasvi jhaala hota, jyavar sesilane uttar dile qee tyala asey vatat nahee qee hankey asha prashnanvar khoop changla sallagar hota kaaran tyane shantata aanee nihshastrikaran nakarle hote. hankey heey rashtranchya sanghatanechya vyavharyatevar suruvatiche tikakar hoteh 1919 madhye tyanni takrar kelee qee leag aayogatil british pratinidhi, cecil aanee smuts, aadarshavadi hote; cecil yaa vishisht prashnavar farsa vyavharik navhata. mallah bheeti vatate qee tyanchi yojana done karananmule kaam naan karata yenyajogi tharel, pahili, tee khoop jaast prayatna karate aanee dusari, yantrakade purese laksh dile jaat nahee. 1923 madhye tyanni lihile qee cecil haah eka 'crank' hota.
1934 madhye, french kattarpanthi lokanchya nivadanukit vijayanantar parishadet french sahkarya midvanyachi sandhee gamavalyabaddal sesilane british sarkarvar teeka kelee. augustmadhye tyane murrela lihile qee kaaran baldwinne 'kattar-lashkari eff.' chaa hawala deela hota. ess. oliver yanni, brittonchi kharee seema hii gadavar aahe asey ghoshit kartana, teey manachya sakhalipasun khoop door hote aanee kamgar pakshachi bauddhik gairsamajuti asoonahi sarkarne "jayala havey" asey mhatale. tyanni rashtravadacha jagbharat prasar aanee brittenmadhye aliptapanachya udrekacha nishedh keela, assa dawa keela qee aliptata heey "arajakateche tattva" hote aanee aadhunik paristhitit desh "vyaktinpeksha ekte rahoo shakat naheet". sesilchya matey british sarkar itake ligvirodhi hote qee tyanni puranmatvadyanshi asalele sambandh todale pahijet aanee kamgaranshi asalele sambandh anukool karoo lagale.
britton, france aanee itali yanchyatil yanchyatil stressa aaghadivar sesilchi teeka jhaali kaaran tee eka ashee yutee asalyache disun aale jyamadhye germanyla vagalanyat aale aanee tyanni nihshastra karnyat aalelya apayshala maaf kele. sesilane baldwinla patra lihoon, hitlerla nihshastrikaran kararavar swakshari karanyachi sandhee dilee jaavi assa yuktivad keela, jaree heey prabhavi tharel qee nahee yabaddal tyala shanka hotee kaaran hitlerne aataparyant kelelya pratyek goshtisah gelya done shatkanchya prussian prathene asey suchavale qee teey ayashasvi hoil. parantu tyachya sambhavya apayshanantar, leegkade "aantarrashtriy "aantarrashtriy ektarfi nakarlyamule shantata dhokyat dhokyat rajyala lagoo houu houu aarthik aanee aarthik upayayojanancha" vichar karnyache kaaran asel.
juuna 1935 madhye, sesilacha assa vishvas hota qee "leegkadoon samoohik dhoka kinwa british maitricha bhang" 1935 aanee 1936 chya atarpradeshavaril italian aakramanas pratibandh karel. british somalilandcha eka bhag italila deuun too rokhanyachya prayatnala sesilchi manjuri midali. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat sesilane italiviruddha leag karvai karnyasathi sarkarvar dabav taknyasathi unioncha vapar keela. tyanni teel nirbandh aanee suez kalwa bund karnyache samarthan kele (jaree heey aantarrashtriy kayadyache ullanghan asale taree). pararashtra dhoranaprati kamgaranchya drushtikonabaddal teey adhikadhik anukool jhaale aanee augustmadhye tyanni tyaa pakshat sameel honyacha vichar keela. novembermadhye jhalelya sarvatrik nivadanukit, tyanni matdaranna leagla pathimba pathimba umedwarala matdan karnyacha sallah denyachya unionchya dhoranala pathimba deela. decemberchya horey-lawal kararala sesilchi napasanti midali kaaran yacha arth assa hoil qee "rashtranchya sangh aanee musolini yanchyatil mhanoon, musolini haah [dii] jinkla" aanee tyaa hoarne aakramanala kimmat dilee nahee heey darshavinyachi ekmev aasha mage takali hotee. sesilacha assa vishvas hota qee francecha germanyvaril sanshay heey kararache mukhya kaaran hote aanee tyamule brittonne italiviruddha french sahkaryachya badalyat germanyviruddha franceshee sambhavya british sahkaryasathi saudebaji kelee pahije.
1935 madhye cecil aanee unioncha aataparyantcha sarvadhik prabhav disun aala. tyanantar, donhi tivra ghasaranila gele. march 1936 madhye reinlandche punarsainikikaran heey 1914 nantarche sarvat dhokadayak sankat door karnyasathi hote, parantu italila sodoon deuun teey sodavata aale nahee kaaran 'france, russia aanee europemadhil pratyek deshachi suraksha aata adhik mothee jhaali asatee, jarr leegne italian aakramanachya parabhavane aadhich siddha kele asate qee sanghatit samuday sampurnatah yuddh dadapun takoo shakato. eprilmadhye, sesilacha assa vishvas hota qee italila jaldosh lavkar vash karava lagel, tyamule brittonne vidyaman nirbandhanna aanee agadi italiviruddha nirbandh vadhavinyasahi pathimba deela pahije. meey mahinyat jevha atisbasi pratirodh kosalala, tevha 'samoohik surakshechi prabhavi pranali' shakya aahe heey dakhavanyasathi italila sanghatoon kadhoon takayala havey hote. anyatha, heey spasht hoil qee leag eka 'apayash' hotee, union 'diwalkhor' hotee aanee samoohik suraksha hii eka 'prahsan' hotee.
sesilane sangharajyatun puranmatvadi maghar rokhanyacha prayatna keela aanee leagla 'samrajyachya sanrakshanasathi' jawaljawal eka aadarsh yantrana mhanoon sadar kele. tathapi, sangh pudhe davikade valala aanee neville chamberlain aanee puranmatvadi kendriya karyalayakadun davya vicharsaranichya sangh pracharabaddal takrari prapt jhalya. meey 1938 madhye sesilane takrar kelee qee sarkarne leagueche vighatan houu dile aahe aanee augustmadhye tyanchi sandigdhata aanee bheeti hii hitlerla pudhil aakramakta haah aantarrashtriy sambandhancha bhang asel heey samajoon ghenyat apayashi tharat aahe.
meey 1938 madhye, tyanni eka patrat mhatale qee german mutsaddegiricha paya itihasat kadhihi pramanik vyavharavar navhtah "german lock yaa sandarbhat nehmipramane yuddh paristhitimadhye tyanchya deshachi kharokhar kalpana karatat. yuddhakhorane satya sangave ashee konachihi apeksha nasate aanee german lokanchya matey teey nehmich yuddhakhor asatat. yuddh mhanje keval shantata tivra karane asey german lokanche mutt aahe. cecil haah munich kararacha tikakar hota, jyadvare chekoslovakiachya german bhashik jamini nazi germanyla denyat aalya hotya. tyanni 20 september 1938 roji pararashtra sachiv laurd halifax yanna patra lihile qee 1885 madhye khartumchya patananantar tyanna konatyahi sarvajanik prashnavar itake katu vatale navhate. sarkarchya vartanamule teey puranmatvadyanpasun purnapane alipta jhaale hote.
sesilane aaplya aatmacharitranmadhye lihile aahe qee chekoslovakche adhyaksh edward benes yanchya patnine tyanchya patichya vatine tyanna durdhvani keela aanee sankatavar sallah magitalah "mallah uttar denyas bhag padale gele, mallah tichya deshabaddal jevadhi sahanubhooti hotee, mea teela majhya konatyahi madativar avalambun rahanyacha sallah deu shakalo nahee. heey ekmev uttar hote jeey kele jaau shakate, parantu teey tayar kartana mallah jitka dayaneey keeda vatala tyapeksha jaast mallah kadhihi vatale nahee. majhyasathi aanee itar anekansathi haah vyavhar aaplya itihasatil konatyahi goshtiitakach lajirvanya prakarcha hota. tyanni pudhe shoke vyakt keela, "yaa sarvanmadhye yapeksha vednadayak kahihi navhate... german lokanni tyanchya konatyahi maganya, jyaa aamhi tatkal sadar kelya, jyacha pratikar keela gela, tyanchi shastranni amalbajavani karnyachya satatchya dhamkyanpeksha vataghati kelya. tyane 'palak' laa eka patra lihoon munichcha nishedh kelah "pann german hummy aahe asey samaja, tyache moolya kaay aahe? germanyvar perfadicha aarop karane anavashyak aahe. keval nazi sarkarnech navhe tarr frederickchya kalapasoonchya serve purvichya german sarkaranni, mahan khalchya staravaril sarkarne tyanchi bhoomika purnapane spasht kelee aahe. tyanchyasathi, aantarrashtriy aashvasan heey sadhyachya hetuchya vidhanapeksha jaast kahee nahee. bhavishyasathi tyachi konatihi purn vaidhata nahee ".
march 1939 madhye urvarit chekoslovak rajyavar german aakramananantar, sesilane eden punha sarkarmadhye sameel honyas virodh keela kaaran asha prakare chamberlainla balkat karane eka aapatti tharel. kamgar pakshabaddal tyanche mutt qamee hote (surr stafford pang aanee noel-bekar vagalata), jyanna teey siddhantvadi aanee avyavharik manat hote. tyanchya matey, clement atley haah "neta navhata" aanee jarr shram prabhavi vhayache asel tarr tyala kadhoon takave lagel. yuddhottar tadjoditil rashtravadachya virodhat tyala 'european rajyanmadhil jawalche ekikaran' havey hote.
1946 chya vasant rutumadhye, tyanni jineva yetheel leegchya antim baithakanmadhye bhag ghetala aanee tyanche bhashan yaa vakyane sampavaleh "leag mrut aahe; sanyukt rashtra dirghayushya prapt qaraa!"
nantarche jeevan.
teey aanakhi tera varshe jagale, adhunmadhun haus auph lordsmadhye tyanche sthan vyapale aanee sanyukt rashtranchya sanghatanechya manad aajivan adhyakshapadachya madhyamatoon shantatesathi aantarrashtriy prayatnanna pathimba deela.
23 april 1953 roji haus auph lords yethe kelelya shevatchya bhashanat sesilane jaagtik shantatesathichya aaplya vachanbaddhatecha punaruchchar keela. tyanni kabool kele qee "heey rashtriy sarvbhaumatvache saar aahe qee swatantra rashtranna, shastranchya balavar, jyachi tyanchi sarkare napasanti karatat asha karvai karnyas bhag padale jaau shakat nahee-aanee teey kharey aahe, tyanni kelelya konatyahi samanya kararachya atty kahihi asot. konatihi vistrut kinwa kushal sanstha hii vastusthiti badalanar nahee.
teey pudhe mhanale qee aantarrashtriy shantatesathi konatihi yojana khrishchan sanskrativar avalambun asali pahije aanee "aamhi visheshtah british assa aagrah dharato qee aaplya swatachya deshat, raja alfredchya kalapasoon teey sadhyachya kalaparyant, khristi sanskruti pratyek sudharanela aanee pratyek pragatila jababdar aahe. teey mhanale qee tyaa pranalivar russian dvandvatmak bhautikvadane hallah keela hota, "tyacha madhyavarti siddhant assa aahe qee manushyache aadhyatmik swaroop ashee konatihi gosht nahee, kinwa jarr asel tarr tyakade durlaksh kele pahije kinwa shakya titkya lavkar chhap padali pahije". tathapi, "jarr tumhi manushyachya aadhyatmik swabhavakade durlaksh kele kinwa too nasht keela, tarr tumhi serve satya, nyay aanee swatantrya jyaa payavar aahe too paya nasht karata, keval paishachya prematoon vahoo shakato kinwa paisa kaay vikat gheu shakato. marksvadi hallah rokhanyasathi tyanni punha shastrasajjata karnyache samarthan kele aanee dawa keela qee "khrishchan sanskruti haah dvandvatmak bhautikvadacha ekmev kharaa paryay aahe". joparyant bhautikvadachya tattvat badal hott nahee, toparyant "shantatesathi aaplyala kayamswarupi suraksha kashee miloo shakate heey mallah disat nahee".
sanman.
sesilchya karkirdine tyala anek sanman midvoon dile. tyanchya samvayskatevyatirikt, 1956 madhye tyanchi sanmananiy sahkari mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee, birmingham vidyapithache kulpati (1918-1944) aanee aberdine vidyapithache kulguru (1924-1927) mhanoon tyanchi nivad jhaali. 1924 madhye tyanna vudro willson foundationcha shantata puraskar denyat aala. sarvat mahattvache mhanje, tyanna 1937 madhye nobel shantata puraskar denyat aala. edinberg, auxford, cambridge, manchester, liverpool, seent andrews, eberdine, prinston, kolambiya aanee ethans yaa vidyapithanni tyanna manad padvi pradan kelya.
24 november 1958 roji, gavatavaril hithjavalil denhill yetheel chelwood gett yetheel tyanchya gharee cecil yanche nidhan jhaale. tyane konatahi varas sodala nahee aanee tyachi wiscountsey namshesh jhaali.
varsa.
laurd homane tyachya mrutyunantar done divasanni lordschya gharat sesilala shraddhanjali vahilih
kadachit aadhunik jagatil pahilya lokanpaiki too eka hota...shantatechya hitasathi rashtranni tyanchya rashtriy babinvar charcha karnyasathi mejbhovati bhetanyachi purn garaj lakshat ghene. leag auph nationschya shilpkaranpaiki too eka hota. aanee too jithe jithe gela tithe shantatechya uddeshane jyaa utsahane pathpurava keela, teey tumchya adhipatinna aathvel. nihshastra jagachi tyanchi drushti, jithe tadjod divas tickel, tee varanvar nirash karnari hotee...jaree jagane tyachya mahan sankalpaneshi julavun ghenyaitake mahan asalyache adyap siddha kelele nasale taree, tevhapasoon sarvanna tyachya aadarshatil yogyatechi khatri patali aahe. rashtranchya sanghatanecha uttaradhikari asalelya sanyukt rashtranmadhye laurd sesilache anek jiwant smarak aahet. aantarrashtriy kshetrat uttam kaam kaam anek samitya tyanchya sankalpanecha parinam hotya aanee ekmekanvar avalambun rahoon lokanna darroj jawal aanat aahet. mea, mea swatah, kaaran majhe vadil leag auph nationschya kshetrat khoop utsuk hote aanee tyanchyabarobar barech kahee karat hote, laurd robbert cecil gharee rahayala yet asalyache aathavate; aanee ratrichya jevanat jevanat vela, jevha mea tulanene tarun hoto, tevha mea tyala tyachya lamb aakrutisah, tablakhali adhikadhik saraktana pahat asey, joparyant tyachya thalichya varr fakt pratishthit doke urale nahee aanee too aamhala bhavishyatil jagachya shantatesathi tyachya serve yojanambaddal sangel. tevhapasoon mallah asey vatat aale aahe qee joparyant too jiwant aahe toparyant aaplyat eka assa aahe joou, sangharsh kitihi kadwa asala aanee jug kitihi aandhale asale taree, aaplya kalat shantata midvanyas kadhihi nirash jhaala nahee.
hillsburoche viscont alekzandar mhanale qee, sesilane "jyaa uddeshasathi, jarr nasel tarr, aaplya sarvanchya aayushyatil mukhya kaaran asayala havey-shantata prasthapit karnyacha prayatna karane aanee manasacha bandhubhav prasthapit karane, tyaa uddeshaprati asalelya tyachya sampoorn bhaktine mallah prabhavit kele...mallah khatri aahe qee, sampoorn desh eka mahan sarvajanik vyaktimatva gamavalyabaddal shoke vyakt karato, jyache aanee jyanchya karyache aapan sarvajan runee aahot. clement atleyne dekhil shraddhanjali vahilih "mallah vatate qee sampoorn jagane eka khoop mahan manus aanee eka khoop changla mitra gamavala aahe. jithe jithe shantatechya karanacha ullekh keela jaeel, tithe bhagwan sesilache naav aanee tyanni tyaa karanasathi itakya varshe dileli sampoorn bhakti nehmich samore yeil. laurd pethic-laurence yanni sesilbaddal mhatale qee, "tyanche jeevan swatahsathi, swatachya vadhisathi kinwa vaiyaktik prakarchya kahee fayadhyasathi nahee, tarr tyanchya sahkari manavanchya kalyanasathi aanee yaa deshachya aanee sampoorn jagachya saubhagyasathi samarpit hote".
salvador daad madariyagane sesilchya patracha saransh dilah
robbert sesilchi gunt, stooping, clerical aakruti kadhihi eka utsuk utsahane pudhe sarakaleli disat hotee, jyachi kalpana ekhadyane tyachya lamb toke asalelya nakala tikshna kele aanee tyachya shaktishali dolhyat chamkali (fakt ekah sesilmadhye dusra dolha kahee farak padat nahee). tyachya kambarechya khishat latakalela too vadhastambh tyachya rajkiy shraddhechya dharmik aadharala saksh dett hota; parantu tikshna jeebh, drudh hanuvati, motha, shaktishali haat, manushyachi havah, manali jaat asey, devasamor namr asalyas purushambaddal abhiman balgat asey, asey soochit karate qee tyachya lamb payanni payanni tyaa unch aakrutimadhye sanghatil gardichya margikanmadhye, khrishchan dharmaday sansthanche star murkhanchya patalipeksha unch thewale jaat hote.

