manavadhikaranchi sarvatrik ghoshana

manavadhikaranchi sarvatrik ghoshana (udhar) haah sanyukt rashtranchya aamsabhene swikarlela aantarrashtriy dastaivaj aahe joou serve manavanche haqq aanee swatantrya sunishchit karato. eleanor roozvelt yanchya adhyakshatekhalil yu. aine. samiteene tayar kelela haah tharav, mahasabhene 10 december 1948 roji parris, france yetheel palace dii chailot yethe jhalelya yaa satrat tharav 217 mhanoon swikarla. tyaveli sanyukt rashtranchya 58 sadasyanpaiki 48 sadasyanni bajoone, konee virodhat matdan kele nahee, aath sadasya anupasthit rahile aanee doghanni matdan kele nahee.
manvi aanee nagri hakkanchya itihasatil moolbhut majkoor asalelya yaa ghoshanemadhye 30 lekhancha samavesh aahe jyat ekhadya vyaktiche 'moolbhut adhikar aanee moolbhut swatantrya' tapshilvar aahet aanee tyanche sarvatrik swaroop serve manavanna antarbhut, avibhajya aanee lagoo asalyache pushti aahe. serve lokansathi aanee serve rashtransathi yashache samaan manak" mhanoon swikarlele, 'udhar' heey rashtra, "rashtriyatva, rahanyache thikan, ling, rashtriy kinwa vanshik mool, rung, dharm, bhasha kinwa itar konatyahi darjachi parva naan karata serve manavanna" janmatah swatantra aanee sanman aanee hakkanmadhye samaan "mhanoon manyata denyas vachanbaddha aahe. 
hii ghoshana tyachya 'sarvatrik bhashe' sathee eka 'mailacha dagad dastaivaj' manali jaate, jyamadhye vishisht sanskruti, rajkiy vyavastha kinwa dharmacha konatahi sandarbh nahee. tyane thet aantarrashtriy manavadhikar kayadyachya vikasala prerana dilee aanee aantarrashtriy manavadhikar vidheyak tayar karnyachya dishene pahile paul hote, jeey 1966 madhye purn jhaale aanee 1976 madhye lagoo jhaale. jaree kayadeshiraritya bandhankarak nasale taree, udharchi samagri vistarane sangitali gelee aahe aanee tyanantarchya aantarrashtriy kararanmadhye, pradeshik manavadhikar sadhane aanee rashtriy sanvidhananmadhye aanee kayadeshir sanhitanmadhye samavisht kelee gelee aahe.
sanyukt rashtranchya serve 193 sadasya deshanni yaa ghoshanene prabhavit jhalelya nauu bandhankarak kararanpaiki kiman eka kararala manyata dilee aahe, jyat bahusankhyanni chaar kinwa tyahoon adhik kararanna manyata dilee aahe. jaree hii ghoshana swatah bandhan naan ghalanari aanee paramparik aantarrashtriy kayadyacha bhag nahee yavar vyapak ekmat asale taree, kahee deshanmadhil nyayalaye tyachya kayadeshir prabhavavar adhik nirbandhatmak asali taree, tyachya anek tartudi bandhankarak aahet aanee paramparik aantarrashtriy kayadyat manjur jhalya aahet yavar dekhil ekmat aahe. tathapi, udharne jaagtik aanee rashtriy asha donhi staranvaril kayadeshir, rajkiy aanee samajik ghadamodinvar prabhav padala aahe, tyache mahatva anshatah tyachya 530 anuvadanmadhun siddha hote, jeey itihasatil konatyahi dastaivajatil sarvat jaast aahe.
rachana aanee aashay.
sarvatrik ghoshanechya antarnihit sanrachanevar prastavna aanee parichayatmak samanya tattvansah 'code napolean' chaa prabhav hota. canadache kayadeshir vidwan johnn peaters humphrey yanni tayar kelelya prarambhik masudyavar kaam pratinidhitva french nyayshastradnya rene cassin yanni tayar kelelya parshvabhoomi masudyat tyachi antim rachana tayar jhaali.
yaa ghoshanemadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
casinane yaa ghoshanechi tulana greek mandirachya praveshdvarasobat kelee, jyat paya, paya, chaar stambh aanee eka padatrane hotee. kalam 1 aanee 2-tyanchya pratishtha, swatantrya, samanata aanee bandhubhav yaa tattvansah-payache aadharstambh mhanoon kaam kele. ghoshanechi karane sanganare prastavaneche saat parichhed mandiraparyantchya payachey pratinidhitva karatat. ghoshanecha mukhya bhag chaar stambh tayar karato. pahilya stambhat (lekh 3-11) vyaktiche haqq asatat, jase qee jaganyacha adhikar aanee gulamgirivar bandee. dusra stambh (lekh 12-17) nagri aanee rajkiy samajatil vyaktiche adhikar samavisht karato. tisra stambh (lekh 18-21) dharmik swatantrya aanee sanghatana swatantrya yasarkhya aadhyatmik, sarvajanik aanee rajkiy swatantryanshi sambandhit aahe. chauthya stambhat (lekh 22-27) samajik, aarthik aanee sanskrutik adhikar mandanyat aale aahet. shevati, shevatche teen lekh rachana ekatra bandhanare padiment pradan karatat, kaaran teey pratyek vyaktichya ekmekanprati aanee samajaprati asalelya paraspar kartvyanvar jore detat.
itihas.
parshvabhoomi.
parshvabhoomi mahayuddhadarmyan, aupcharikpane sanyukt rashtra mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya mitrapakshanche, tyanchya moolbhut yuddh mhanoon sweekarle gelele uddisht chaar swatantrya aaheth bhashan swatantrya, dharmik swatantrya, bhitipasoon swatantrya aanee abhavapasun swatantrya. yuddhachya akheris, 'moolbhut manavadhikar aanee manvi vyaktimatvachi pratishtha aanee moolya yavar vishvas' yachee pushti karnyasathi aanee 'vansh, ling, bhasha kinwa dharm yaa bhedbhavashivay sarvansathi manavadhikar aanee moolbhut swatantryancha sarvatrik aadar aanee palan' karnyas protsahan denyasathi serve sadasya deshanna vachanbaddha karnyasathi sanyukt rashtranchya sanadevar charcha, masuda tayar aanee manyata denyat aalee. yuddhanantar jevha nazi germanyne kelele atyachar purnapane spasht jhaale, tevha jaagtik samudayamadhye ekmat asey hote qee yuen charterne jyaa adhikarancha ullekh keela aahe tyanchi pureshi vyakhya keleli nahee. manvi hakkanvaril sanadechya tartudinna prabhavi karnyasathi vyaktinche adhikar nirdisht karnari sarvatrik ghoshana tayar karane aavashyak manale gele.
masuda samitee.
juuna 1946 madhye, manavadhikaranna protsahan denyasathi jababdar asalelya navyane sthapan jhalelya sanyukt rashtrancha eka pramukh bhag asalelya aarthik aanee samajik parishadene (ecosock) manavadhikar aayogachi (chaa. aar.) nirmiti kelee-sanyukt rashtranmadhye eka sthayi sanstha jee suruvatila aantarrashtriy haqq vidheyak mhanoon kalpana kelee hotee tee tayar karnyache kaam sopavanyat aale hote. manavateche pratinidhi honyasathi tyat vividh rashtriy, dharmik aanee rajkiy parshvabhumiche 18 sadasya hote. februwari 1947 madhye aayogane jahiranamyache lekh lihinyasathi amerikechya eleanor roozvelt yanchya adhyakshatekhali manavadhikar masuda samitichi vishesh sarvatrik ghoshana sthapan kelee. roozvelt, tichya jaagi, yuu. sathee mahattvachi hotee.ess. manavadhikaranchi sarvatrik ghoshana swikaranyasathi mahasabhechya prayatnanna protsahan dene. done varshanchya kalavadhit yaa samitichi done satranmadhye baithak jhaali.
sanyukt rashtranchya sachivalayatil manavadhikar vibhagache navyane niyukt jhalele sanchalak, canadian johnn peaters humphrey yanna sanyukt rashtra mahasanchalakanni yaa prakalpavar kaam karnyasathi bolavile hote, aanee teey ghoshaneche pramukh masudedar banale. masuda samitichya itar pramukh sadasyanmadhye upadhyaksh pii.see. chean prajasattakache chang, franceche rene cassin aanee tyachya samitiche pratinidhi lebnonche charles mallick. tyachya nirmitinantar eka mahinyanantar, masuda samiticha vistar austreliya, chiilii, france, soviet union aanee united kingdamchya pratinidhinsaha chean, france, lebnon aanee united stateschya udghatan sadasyancha samavesh karnyasathi karnyat aala.
nirmiti aanee masuda.
ghoshanesathi 'aarakhada' tayar karnyache shrey humphrela dile jaate, tarr casinane pahila masuda tayar keela. doghannahi itar sadasyankadun lakshaniy mahitee midali, jyapaiki pratyekamadhye bhinn vyavsayik aanee vaicharik parshvabhoomi pratibimbit jhaali. ghoshana patratil kautumbik samarthak vakye cassin aanee mallick yanchyakadun kathitpane ghetali gelee aahet, jeey khrishchan lokshahi chalvalicha prabhavakhali hote; mallick, eka khrishchan dharamshastradnya, dharmik reshanchya palikade aakarshit karnyasathi olakhale jaat hote aanee summa dharamshastracha hawala dett aanee vividh khrishchan panthancha abhyas karat hote. chang yanni dastaivaj adhik sarvatrik banavanyasathi dharmache serve sandarbh kadhoon takanyache aavahan kele aanee vataghatitil gatirodh door karnyasathi confucianism pailuncha vapar keela. chiliche eka shikshak aanee nyayadhish hernan santa cruze yanni samajik aarthik hakkanchya samaveshala jordar pathimba deela, jyala kahee pashchatya deshanni virodh keela hota. sadasyanni sahmati darshavali qee tatvik vadavivad chang aanee mallick yanchya virodhi matanmadhye kendrit hota, malikne nantar sadasyanche aabhar mantana changla vegale kele, asey mhatale qee namood karnyasathi barech kahee aahe, parantu changchya kalpanancha masuda tayar kartana tyachya swatachya matanvar parinam jhaala.
roozveltne tichya aatmacharitranmadhye, juuna 1947 madhye masuda samitichya pahilya satradarmyan ashach eka devanghevaniche varnan karat, udharala mahitee manyata vadavivad aanee charchevar bhashya keleh dow. chang haah eka bahulvadi hota aanee ekapeksha jaast prakarche antim vastav aahe yaa prastavavar aakarshak paddhatine thaam hota. teey mhanale qee, yaa ghoshanet keval pashchimatya kalpananpeksha adhik pratibimbit viola havey aanee dow. humphrela tyachya drushtikonat sargrahi asale pahije. matra, tyanni dow. humphrey, kharokharach dow. mallick, jyanchyakadun tyane thomas equinaschya tattvadnyanache kahee pramanat spashtikaran dett twarit pratyuttar dile. dow. humphrey utsahane charchet sameel jhaala aanee mallah aathavate qee eka velee dow. chang yanni suchavale qee sachivalay kadachit confucianism moolbhut tattvancha abhyas karnyat kahee mahine ghalvel!
meey 1948 madhye, tyachya nirmitinantar andaje eka varshanantar, masuda samiteene tyache dusare aanee antim satra aayojit kele, jithe tyane sadasya desh aanee aantarrashtriy sansthanchya tippanya aanee soochanancha vichar keela, pramukhyane sanyukt rashtranchi mahitee swatantryababatchi parishad, jee purvi march aanee eprilmadhye jhaali; mahilanchya sthitivaril aayog, jagbharatil mahila hakkanchya sthitivar ahwal denari ecosockmadhil eka sanstha; aanee american rajyanchi navvi aantarrashtriy parishad, bogota, kolambiya yethe march teey meey 1948 paryant aayojit kelee gelee, jyane dakshin americetil manvi haqq aanee kartavye, jagatil pahile samanya aantarrashtriy manavadhikar sadhan, yaa amerikechya jahiranamyacha sweekar keela. sanyukt rashtranchya anek sanstha, aantarrashtriy sanstha aanee bigger sarkari sansthanmadhil pratinidhi aanee sallagarhi upasthit rahile aanee tyanni soochana sadar kelya. kayadeshir balasah manavadhikaranche aantarrashtriy vidheyak tayar kele jaau shakate aanee ghoshanesobat swikaranyasathi sadar kele jaau shakate ashee aasha dekhil vyakt karnyat aalee.
antim masuda.
21 meey 1948 roji adhiveshanachya samaptinantar, samiteene manavadhikar aayogakade 'manavadhikaranchi aantarrashtriy ghoshana' aanee 'manavadhikarancha aantarrashtriy karar' yancha eka punarlikhit majkoor sadar keela, joou ektritpane aantarrashtriy haqq vidheyak tayar karel. manavadhikar aayogane jineva 21 meey teey 18 juuna 1948 yaa kalavadhit jhalelya yaa satrat yaa punarlikhan kelelya ghoshanechi adhik tapasani kelee aanee tyavar charcha kelee. tathakathit 'geneva majkoor' sadasya deshanmadhye prasarit karnyat aala aanee anek prastavit sudharananchya adheen hota; udaharanarth, bharatachya hansa mehata yanni spashtapane suchavale qee, ling samanata adhik changlya prakare pratibimbit karnyasathi, 'serve purush samaan bananyaivaji serve manav samaan tayar kele gele aahet' assa yaa ghoshanecha dawa aahe. dakshin aafrikeche charles theodor teey watter yanni jahiranamyatun 'pratishtha' haah shabd kadhoon taknyasathi khoop sangharsh keela, asey mhanat qee 'pratishthela konatehi sarvatrik manak nasate aanee too' adhikar 'navhata. manvi pratishthela sarvatrik manvi haqq mhanoon soochibaddha kelyane dakshin aafrikechya naveen rashtriy pakshachya sarkarne nuktech suru kelelya 'varnabhed' pranalivar teeka hoil asey disun aale mhanoon tii waterne yogya vishvas thewala. mallick yanni uttarat sangitale qee, 1945 madhye sanyukt rashtranchya sanadecha masuda tayar karnyat dakshin aafrikeche pantpradhan zaan smuts yanni mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali hotee aanee sanademadhye 'pratishtha' haah shabd 'sarvbhoum manvi haqq' mhanoon samavisht keela hota. teey waterche prayatna asoonahi, sarvbhoum manavadhikar mhanoon jahiranamyat 'garima' haah shabd samavisht karnyat aala.
manjuri dilee.
12 matanchya bajoone, konihi virodh keela nahee aanee chaar anupasthit rahilyane, chau. prastavit kararachi samagri aanee amalbajavani tapasanyat asamarth asale taree prastavit ghoshanes manyata dilee. aayogane julai aanee august 1948 madhye tyachya satvya adhiveshanat punaravalokan aanee manjurisathi jahiranamyacha manjur majkoor, tasech karar aarthik aanee samajik parishadekade pathavala. parishadene 26 august 1948 chaa tharav (vii) swikarla, manavadhikaranchya aantarrashtriy ghoshanecha masuda sanyukt rashtra mahasabhekade pathavala.
sanyukt rashtranchya aamsabhechya yaa satradarmyan 30 september teey 7 december 1948 darmyan bolavalelya aamsabhechya yaa samiteene, sanyukt rashtranchya sadasya deshanchya sudharanansathi 168 prastavanvar charcha aanee nirakaran karnyasah, masuda ghoshanebabat 81 baithka ghetalya. 6 december roji jhalelya 178 vya baithakit yaa samiteene 29 matanchya bajoone ghoshana sweekarli, konihi virodh keela nahee aanee saat anupasthit rahile. tyanantar haah dastaivaj 9 aanee 10 december 1948 roji vyapak aamsabhet vichararth sadar karnyat aala.
dattak.
parisachya palace dii chailot yethe 10 december 1948 roji sarvasadharan sabhene tharav aaa/race/217 (iii) [aaa] mhanoon sarvatrik ghoshana sweekarli. tyaveli sanyukt rashtranchya 58 sadasyanpaiki 48 sadasyanni bajoone matdan kele, konihi virodhat matdan kele nahee, aath sadasya anupasthit rahile aanee hondura aanee yemen matdan karnyat kinwa anupasthit rahanyat ayashasvi jhaale.
eleanor roozveltla, donhi tyanchya mool yuu. aii. madhye, yaa ghoshanechya swikarasathi pathimba gola karnyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavanyache shrey dile jaate.ess. aanee jagbharat, vividh aanee anekada virodhi rajkiy gatanna aakarshit karnyachya tichya kshamatemule.
baithakichi nond ghoshana swikaranyababatchya charchechi pratyaksh antardrushti pradan karate. dakshin aafrikechi sthitee hii tyachya varnabhed pranaliche rakshan karnyacha prayatna mhanoon pahili jaau shakate, jyane ghoshanetil anek kalamanche spashtapane ullanghan kele. saudi arabiachya anupasthitis pramukhyane ghoshanechya done lekhanmule prerana midalih kalam 18, jyamadhye pratyekas 'aapala dharm kinwa vishvas badalanyacha' adhikar aahe aanee kalam 16, samaan vivah hakkanvar. sahaa samyavadi rashtranni anupasthit rahilyache spashtikaran tyanchya davyane dile gele qee hii ghoshana facism aanee rashtriy-samajvadacha nishedh karnyasathi pureshi navhati. tathapi, eleanor roozveltla vatale qee anupasthit rahanyache kaaran kalam 13 hote, jyat nagarikanna tyancha desh sodanyacha adhikar pradan keela gela hota. itar nirikshak jahiranamyachya "nakaratmak hakkanna" soviet gatane virodh keela aahe, jase qee sarkaranna kahee nagri aanee rajkiy adhikaranche ullanghan naan karnyache aavahan pratinidhitva tartudi.
british shishtamandalane ghoshanechya bajoone matdan kartana, prastavit dastaivajat naitik deshachya aahet parantu kayadeshir shakticha abhav aahe yabaddal nirasha vyakt kelee; nagri aanee rajkiy hakkanvaril aantarrashtriy karar 1976 paryant lagoo jhaala nasata, jyamule bahutek ghoshanes kayadeshir darja midala.
yaa ghoshanechya bajoone matdan karnare 48 desh pudhilpramane aaheth
 mahitipustakamadhye gut = nimn-alfa vaparla gela hota aanee khaleel nondincha vibhag yeiparyant too pradarshit hone apekshit nahee -->
aath desh anupasthit rahileh
done deshanni matdan kele naheeh
sanyukt rashtrasanghachya sadhyachya bahutansh sadasya deshanni sarvbhaumatva midavale aanee nantar sansthet sameel jhaale, jee aitihasik matdanacha haqq asalelya tulanene qamee sankhyetil rajyansathi jababdar aahe.
aantarrashtriy manavadhikar deane.
10 december haah sarvatrik ghoshana swikaranyacha vardhapan deane darvarshi jaagtik manavadhikar deane kinwa aantarrashtriy manavadhikar deane mhanoon sajra keela jaato. vyakti, samuday aanee dharmik gut, manavadhikar sanghatana, sansad, sarkare aanee sanyukt rashtrandvare haah smaranotsav sajra keela jaato. dashakachya smaranotsavanmadhye anekada jahiranamyabaddal aanee sarvasadharanpane manavadhikarambaddal jagrukta vadhavanyasathi mohima chalavalya jaatat. 2008 saalee yaa ghoshaneche 60 weey varsh sajare jhaale aanee 'aaplya sarvansathi pratishtha aanee nyay' yaa sankalpanevar varshbhar upkram rabavanyat aale. tyachpramane, 2018 madheel 70 vya vardhapan dinanimitt jaagtik '#standupforhumanrights' moheem rabavanyat aalee, jyat tarunanna lakshya karnyat aale.
prabhav.
mahatva.
1948 madhye mahasabhene kelelya ghoshaneche mahatva asatana, eleanor roozvelt mhanaleh
aaj jahiranamyala manyata detana, dastaivajache moolbhut swaroop spashtapane lakshat thevane heey prathamik mahattvache aahe. haah karar nahee; haah aantarrashtriy karar nahee. heey kayadyache vidhan kinwa kayadeshir dayitva asalyache nahee aanee nahee. manavadhikar aanee swatantryachya moolbhut tattvanchi hii ghoshana aahe, jee sarvasadharan sabhechya sadasyanchya aupcharik matadvare manya karoon chhap padali jaeel aanee serve rashtranchya serve lokansathi yashache samaan manak mhanoon kaam karel.
sanskruti, dharm, kayadeshir vyavastha aanee rajkiy vichardharechya spashtapane palikade asalelya dharmnirpeksh, arajnaitik dastaivajat tattvancha sarvasamaveshak aanee sarvatrik sanch pradan karnyasathi udhar haah abhootpurv manla jaato. tyachya sarvatriktechya davyache varnan 'amaryad aadarshavadi' aanee 'sarvat mahatvakankshi vaishishtya' asey kele gele aahe.
hii ghoshana adhikrutpane ingraji aanee frenchmadhil dvibhashik dastaivaj mhanoon sweekarli gelee, jyachi adhikrut bhashantare chiinii, russian aanee spanish bhashet jhaali, jyaa serve sanyukt rashtranchya adhikrut karyarat bhasha aahet. tyachya swabhavikpane sarvatrik swarupamule, sanyukt rashtranni khajgi aanee sarvajanik sanstha aanee vyaktinchya sahkaryane dastaivajache shakya titkya adhik bhashanmadhye bhashantar karnyasathi ektrit prayatna kele aahet. 1999 madhye, 'ginnies book auph recordsney' yaa ghoshaneche varnan 298 anuvadansah jagatil 'sarvadhik anuvadit dastaivaj' mhanoon kele; eka dashkanantar jevha majkoor 370 vegvegalya bhasha aanee bolibhashanparyant pohochala tevha haah vikram punha ekada pramanit jhaala. 2016 madhye 'udhar' neey 500 hoon adhik anuvadancha tappa gathala aanee 2021 paryant, 530 bhashanmadhye anuvadit karnyat aala asoon, too sarvadhik anuvadit kelela dastaivaj rahila aahe.
tyachya prastavnet, ghoshana patrat namood kelelya manavadhikaranchi sarvatrik aanee prabhavi manyata aanee palan surakshit pratinidhitva purogami upayayojanansathi sarkare swatahla aanee tyanchya lokanna vachanbaddha karatat. eleanor roozvelt yanni haah majkoor karar mhanoon swikaranyaivaji ghoshana mhanoon swikaranyas pathimba deela, kaaran tyancha assa vishvas hota qee tyacha jaagtik samajavar united stateschya swatantryachya ghoshanepramanech prabhav padel. jaree tee kayadeshiraritya bandhankarak nasali taree, hii ghoshana 1948 pasoon bahutek rashtriy sanvidhananmadhye samavisht kelee gelee aahe kinwa tyavar prabhav padala gela aahe. tyane rashtriy kayade, aantarrashtriy kayade aanee kararanchya vadhatya sankhyecha paya mhanoon tasech manvi hakkanche sanrakshn aanee protsahan manyata pradeshik, uparashtriy aanee rashtriy sansthanchya vadhatya sankhyecha paya mhanoonahi kaam kele aahe.
yaa ghoshanechya sarvasamaveshak tartudi eka 'mapdand' aanee sandarbh bindu mhanoon kaam karatat jyadvare karar sanstha aanee amalbajavanivar laksh laksh vividh manavadhikar kararanchya itar yantranedvare manavadhikaranprati deshanchya vachanbaddhatecha nyay keela jaato.
kayadeshir parinam.
aantarrashtriy kayadyat, ghoshana hii kararapeksha vegali asate, jyamadhye samanyatah bandhane bandhanyaivaji pakshanmadhil aakanksha kinwa samajootdarpana namood keela jaato. serve sadasya deshanna bandhankarak asalelya sanyukt rashtranchya sanadet sandarbhit asalelya "moolbhut swatantrya" aanee "manavadhikar" madhye pratibimbit pratibimbit paramparik aantarrashtriy kayadyavar pratibimbit karnyasathi aanee vistratpane sanganyasathi hii ghoshana spashtapane swikaranyat aalee. yaa karanastav, manavadhikaranchi sarvatrik ghoshana haah sanyukt rashtrancha aanee vistarane, sanyukt rashtranchya sanadetil serve 193 pakshancha eka moolbhut ghatanatmak dastaivaj aahe.
tathapi, kayadeshiraritya lagoo karata yenyajoga dastaivaj mhanoon ghoshanechi sthitee jagbharat mothya pramanat badalateh kahee deshanni teey tyanchya deshantargat kayadyanmadhye samavisht kele aahe, tarr itar desh tyala keval aadarshanche vidhan manatat, jyat konatyahi bandhankarak tartudi naheet. 
anek aantarrashtriy vakilanche asey mutt aahe qee hii ghoshana paramparik aantarrashtriy kayadyacha bhag aahe aanee tyachya kalamanche ullanghan pratinidhitva sarkaranvar rajnaitik aanee naitik dabav aananyache eka shaktishali sadhan aahe. eka pramukh aantarrashtriy nyayshastradnyane 'udhar' chey varnan 'sarvatrikpane sarvasadharanpane sweekarle gelele nikash spasht karnare manale jaate' asey kele."itar kayadeshir vidvananni pudhe assa yuktivad keela aahe qee yaa ghoshanet" "jus cogens" "heey aantarrashtriy kayadyache moolbhut tatva aahe, jyapasoon konatehi rajya vichalit houu shakat nahee kinwa tyacha upman karoo shakat nahee". nahee" sanyukt rashtranchya manavadhikaranvaril aantarrashtriy parishadene sallah deela qee hii ghoshana serve vyaktinprati 'aantarrashtriy samudayachya sadasyansathi eka bandhan aahe'.
nagri aanee rajkiy hakkanvaril aantarrashtriy karar aanee aarthik, samajik aanee sanskrutik hakkanvaril aantarrashtriy karar yaa done bandhankarak sanyukt rashtranchya manavadhikar kararancha paya mhanoon yaa ghoshanene kaam kele aahe. serve prakarchya vanshik bhedbhavachya nirmulanavaril aantarrashtriy adhiveshan, mahilanvaril bhedbhav nirmulanavaril aantarrashtriy adhiveshan, mulanchya hakkanvaril sanyukt rashtranche adhiveshan, sanyukt rashtranche atyacharavirodhatil adhiveshan aanee itar anek bandhankarta aantarrashtriy kararanmadhye yaa ghoshanechi tattve vistratpane sangitali gelee aahet. sarkar, shikshantadnya, vakeel aanee ghatanatmak nyayalaye aanee tyanchya manyataprapt manavadhikaranchya sanrakshanasathi tyachya tattvanna aavahan pratinidhitva vyaktindvare yaa ghoshanecha mothya pramanavar ullekh keela jaat aahe.
rashtriy kayada.
2022 chya abhyasanusar, 'udhar' neey [rashtriy] ghatanatmak hakkanchya vishisht sanchacha sweekar lakshaniyaritya vegwan keela."eka vidvanacha andaj aahe qee 1948 madhye jahiranamyacha sweekar jhalyapasun tayar kelelya kiman 90 rashtriy rajyaghatananmadhye" moolbhut hakkanchi vidhane aahet, jee, jithe teey sarvatrik ghoshanechya tartudinchi vishvasoopane punarutpadan karat naheet, tithe kiman tyatoon prerit aahet."1948 nantarchya dashakanmadhye swatantrya swatantrya kiman 20 african rashtranni tyanchya sanvidhanat udharcha spashtapane sandarbh deela. 2014 paryant, afghanistan, benin, bosnia-herzegovina, burkina faso, burundi, kambodiya, chaad, comoros, coat dii 'ivore, vishuvavruttiy giinii, ethiopia, congoche lokshahi prajasattak, gabon, giinii, haiti, maalee, mauritania, nikaragwa, niger, portugal, romania, ravanda, saao tome aanee principe, senegal, somalia, spain, togo aanee yemen yaa rajyaghatnecha ajunahi thet ullekh aahe. shivay, portugal, romania, saao tooma aanee principe aanee spainchya sanvidhananmule tyanchya nyayalayanna sarvatrik ghoshanechya susangatatenusar ghatanatmak nikashancha "arth lavnyas" bhag padale jaate.
anek deshantil nyayik aanee rajkiy vyaktinni tyanchya nyayalaye, sanvidhane kinwa kayadeshir sanhitanvar prabhav kinwa prerana mhanoon udharcha thet vapar keela aahe. bharatiy nyayalayanni bharatiy rajyaghatnevar nikal deela aahe qee, "ghoshanetil bahutansh kalame [moort swarupachi] aahet". antigua, chaad, chiilii, kazakhstan, seent vincent aanee grenadines aanee zimbabwe yasarkhya vaividhyapurn deshanni yaa ghoshanetun ghatanatmak aanee kayadeshir tartudi midavalya aahet. kahee prakarananmadhye, udharchya vishisht tartudi rashtriy kayadyat samavisht kelya jaatat kinwa anyatha pratibimbit kelya jaatat. aarogya kinwa aarogyachya sanrakshanacha adhikar belgium, kyrgyzstan, paraguay, peru, thayaland aanee togochya sanvidhanat aadhalato; armeniya, kambodiya, ethiopia, finland, dakshin koria, kyrgyzstan, paraguay, thayaland aanee yemenmadhye aarogya seva pradan karnyasathi sarkarvar ghatanatmak deshachya astitvat aahet.
yuu chey sarvekshan.ess. 1988 salaparyantchya prakarananmadhye united stateschya sarvoch nyayalayane kelelya ghoshaneche paach sandarbh aadhalale; federal apeal nyayalayanni sola sandarbh; federal jilha nyayalayanni chovis sandarbh; diwalkhori nyayalayane eka sandarbh; aanee paach rajya nyayalayanni anek sandarbh dile. tyachpramane, 1994 madhye kelelya sanshodhanat sampoorn yuu. ess. madheel federal aanee rajya nyayalayanni kelelya ghoshaneche 94 sandarbh olakhale gele.ess.
2004 madhye, yuu.ess. sarvoch nyayalayane 'sosa wii.' madhye nikal deela. alvarez-matchen "qee ghoshana" aantarrashtriy kayadyachya babatit tyachya swatachya balavar deshachya ladat nahee "aanee yuu. ess. chya rajkiy shakha.ess. aantarrashtriy sadhananprati deshachya deshachya aanee tyanchi amalbajavani karnyayogyata yanchi sanghiy sarkar chhanani karoo shakate. tathapi, yuu.ess. nyayalaye aanee vidhimandal ajunahi manavadhikaranshi sambandhit kayadyanchi mahitee denyasathi kinwa tyancha arth lavnyasathi yaa ghoshanecha vapar karoo shakatat, hii sthitee belgium, netherlands, bharat aanee shrilankechya nyayalayanni samayik kelee aahe.
pratikriya.
prashansa aanee pathimba.
yaa sarvatrik ghoshanechi anek ullekhaneey karyakarte, nyayshastradnya aanee rajkiy netyankadun prashansa jhaali aahe. lebnonche tatvadnya aanee mutsaddi charles mallick yanni yala "pahilya kramankacha mahattvacha aantarrashtriy dastaivaj" mhatale, tarr jahiranamyacha masuda tayar karnyat madat pratinidhitva manavadhikar aayogache (see. aar.) pahile adhyaksh eleanor roozvelt yanni sangitale qee, too "sarvatra serve purushancha aantarrashtriy magna carta banoo shakato."1993 saalee manavadhikaranvaril sanyukt rashtranchya jaagtik parishadet, manavadhikaranvaril sarvat mothya aantarrashtriy melavyanpaiki eka, mutsaddi aanee 100 deshanche pratinidhitva pratinidhitva karananya tyanchya sarkaranchya" "sanyukt rashtranchya sanadetil uddishte aanee tattvanprati aanee manvi hakkanchya sarvatrik ghoshaneprati asalelya vachanbaddhatecha" punaruchchar keela aanee yaa ghoshanevar bharr deela qee, "" prerana srot mhanoon aanee vidyaman aantarrashtriy manavadhikar sadhananmadhye samavisht asalelya manak vyavasthet pragati karnyasathi sanyukt rashtransathi haah aadhar aahe "."5 aktoobar 1995 roji kelelya bhashanat pope johnn paul dusra yane vatican kadhihi swikarat nasale taree, yaa ghoshanes" "aaplya kalatil manvi vivekatil sarvoch abhivyaktinpaiki eka" "mhatale". european unionchya vatine 10 december 2003 roji jaaree kelelya nivedanat marcello spatfora mhanale qee, yaa ghoshanene manavadhikaranna aantarrashtriy samudayatil sambandhanna aakar manyata tattve aanee aanee chaukatichya kendrasthani thewale aahe.
aantarrashtriy manavadhikarancha eka stambh mhanoon, udharala aantarrashtriy aanee bigger sarkari sanghatananmadhye vyapak pathimba aahe. sarvat junya manavadhikar sanghatananpaiki eka asalelya aantarrashtriy manavadhikar mahasanghane (eff. aay. dii. etch.), jahiranamyat namood kelelya serve hakkancha aadar, nagri aanee rajkiy hakkanvaril aantarrashtriy karar aanee aarthik, samajik aanee sanskrutik hakkanvaril aantarrashtriy kararala protsahan dene heey tyache mukhya aadesh aahet. amnesty international yaa yaa sarvat junya aantarrashtriy manavadhikar sanghatnene niyamitpane manavadhikar deane sajra keela aahe aanee udharchi jagrukta aanee pathimba aananyasathi jagbharatil karyakramanche aayojan kele aahe. kwekar united nations auphis aanee american friends service kamitisarkhya kahee sansthanni tarunanna udharvar shikshit karnyasathi abhyaskram kinwa karyakram vikasit kele aahet.
swarasya gut tyanchya vishisht kshetrachya sandarbhat udharchya vishisht tartudi uddhrut karatat kinwa vistrut karatat. 1997 madhye, american library associationchya parishadene (aii. ell. aii.) vichar, mutt aanee abhivyakti swatantryashi sambandhit kalam 18 teey 20 laa manyata dilee, jeey abhivyakti swatantryachya sarvatrik adhikarachya aanee library biil auph ritesmadhye sanhitabaddha kele gele hote. yaa ghoshanene alanchya davyacha aadhar tayar keela qee sensorship, gopaniyatevar aakraman aanee matancha hastakshep heey manavadhikaranche ullanghan aahe.
teeka.
muslim bahul desh.
afghanistan, egypt aanee iraq, pahalvi iran aanee pahile syrian prajasattak; jyaa turkey prajasattakat mothya pramanat muslim loksankhya hotee parantu adhikrutpane dharmnirpeksh sarkar hote, asha turkestan prajasattakasaha, tyaa velee sanyukt rashtranche sadasya asalelya bahutek muslim-bahusankhya deshanni 1948 madhye yaa ghoshanevar swakshari kelee. islami kayadyache ('sharee') ullanghan hott asalyacha dawa karoon muslim bahusankhyak deshanmadhil ghoshanevar saudi arabia ekmev anupasthit hota. adhikrutpane islamik rajya asalelya pakistanne yaa ghoshanevar swakshari kelee aanee saudichya bhoomikevar teeka kelee, aanee dharmik swatantryacha udharcha moolbhut manvi adhikar mhanoon samavesh karnyachya bajoone jordar yuktivad keela.
shivay, kahee muslim mutsaddi nantar sanyukt rashtranchya itar manavadhikar kararancha masuda tayar karnyat madat kartil. udaharanarth, sanyukt rashtranmadhil iraqchya pratinidhi, bediya afnanne laingik samanatela manyata manyata shabdanvar kelelya aagrahamule aay. see. see. pii. aar. aanee aay. see. see. aar. madheel kalam 3 tayar jhaale, jeey udharsah, aantarrashtriy haqq vidheyak tayar karatat. pakistani mutsaddi shaista sohra vardi ikramullah yanni jahiranamyachya masudyavar, visheshtah mahilanchya hakkanchya sandarbhat, prabhav padala aanee aanee narsamhar adhiveshanachya tayareet bhoomika bajavali.
1982 madhye, deshachya navyane sthapit jhalelya islamik prajasattakache pratinidhitva pratinidhitva sanyukt rashtratil irani mutsaddine mhatale qee hii ghoshana 'judo-khrishchan paramparechi dharmnirpeksh samaj' hotee jee muslim lock 'shariya' kayadyashi sangharsh kelyashivay amalat aanoo shakat naheet.
30 juuna 2000 roji, bahutek muslim jagache pratinidhitva pratinidhitva islamik sahkaryachya sanghatanechya sadasya deshanni, lokanna "vansh, rung, bhasha, ling, dharmik shraddha, rajkiy sambandh, samajik sthitee kinwa itar babinchya aadhare konatahi bhedbhav naan karata" islami shariya nusar sanmananiy jeevan jaganyache swatantrya aanee adhikar aahet asey sanganara paryayi dastaivaj, islammadhil manavadhikaranvaril kairo ghoshaneche samarthan karnyacha adhikrutpane sankalp keela. kairo ghoshana hii udharala pratisad mhanoon vyapakpane manya kelee jaate aanee jaree tee keval islami nyayshastratun ("ficah") vyutpann jhaali asali taree tee samaan sarvatrik bhasha vaparte.
islammadhil manavadhikaranvaril kairo ghoshanechya ghoshanesandarbhat tii. morokkochya rabatchya aantarrashtriy vidyapithatil kayada aanee rajyashastrache pradhyapak jeremi gunn yanni mhatale aaheh
vividh kshetratil anek vidvananni yaa ghoshanechya kathit pashchimatya aanee dharmnirpeksh pakshapatabaddal chinta vyakt kelee aahe. abdulaziz sachedina yanche nirikshan aahe qee muslim heey jahiranamyachya sarvatrik aadharanshi vyapakpane sahmat aahet, jeey islamdware samayik kele gele aahe, parantu vishisht samagrivar bhinn aahet, jeey anekanna "vishisht muslim sanskrutik mulyambaddal asanvedanshil vatate, visheshtah jevha muslim samajatil samoohik aanee kautumbik mulyanchya sandarbhat vaiyaktik hakkambaddal bolanyacha vichar yeto". tathapi, teey nondavtat qee bahutek muslim vidwan, dastaivajachya swabhavik dharmnirpeksh chaukatila virodh karat asatana, tyachya kahee "payancha" aadar karatat aanee sweekar karatat. sachetina pudhe assa yuktivad karato qee anek khrishchananni ashach prakare kahee dharmik mulyanchya virodhat dharmnirpeksh aanee udarmatvadi purvagrah darshavalyabaddal ghoshanevar teeka kelee.
kazakche dharmik vidwan gallim zucipbeck aanee zanar nagayeva yanni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee muslim bahusankhyak deshanmadhye manavadhikaranchi nakarane kinwa ayashasvi amalbajavani aanee 'sharia' kayadyashi tyanchi disanari visangati sadhyachya 'puranmatvadi islami vidvattechya aanee muslim manachya dnyanshastriy sankatatoon' udbhavate, jyachi mule shatkanushatke junya kathor maryadet karanasathichya bhoomikechya bandivasat aanee muslim jagatoon eka gatishil vidnyan mhanoon tarkvadi viveki islami dharamshastra ('kalam') gayab honyat aahet. yavyatirikt, teey islami vidvattet dnyanshastriy sudharana haatee ghenyachya garajechi pushti karatat, jeey islamik nyayshastrachya dnyanmimansa aanee karyapaddhatimadhye ("usul all-ficah") manavadhikar aanee nyayachya aantarrashtriy manakancha samavesh darshavate.
pakistani vanshachya american islami strivadi vidwan aanee muslim dharamshastradnya rifat husson yanni yuktivad keela aaheh
eka muslim canadian manavadhikar karyakarte faisal kutty yanche mutt aahe qee, "eka bhakkam yuktivad keela jaau shakato qee aantarrashtriy manavadhikaranchi sadhyachi rachana hii eka sanskrutik rachana aahe jyamadhye pashchatya samaj sahajpane swatahla gharee shodhato...]. itar samajankade manvi hakkanchya samaan vaidh paryayi sankalpana asoo shakatat heey manya karane aanee tyanche kautuk karane mahatvache aahe."georgetown vidyapithatil shantata abhyas karyakramachya sanchalak iren oh yanni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee, udharchya kahee taratudimbaddalache muslim aarakshan aanee dastaivajachya dharmnirpeksh aanee pashchatya purvgrahabaddal vyapak vaad, tulanatmak varnanatmak naitiktevar aadharit paraspar sanvadadvare sodavala jaau shakato.
"marayala nakar denyacha adhikar". "
sanyukt rashtranche majee sahayyak sarchitanis aanee nobel shantata puraskar vijete seane mcbride yanchyasarkhya, 'amnesty international' aanee 'warr registers international' sarkhya gatanni 'marnyas nakar denyachya adhikarachi' sarvatrik ghoshanet bharr ghalanyachi himayat kelee aahe. yuddhavirodhi aantarrashtriy sansthene mhatale aahe qee lashkari sevevar pramanik aakshep ghenyacha adhikar pramukhyane udharchya kalam 18 pasoon prapt jhaala aahe, joou vichar, vivek aanee dharmik swatantryacha adhikar rakhoon thevato. manavadhikar parishad varanvar asey thampane sangat aahe qee, kalam 18 madhye "vichar, vivek aanee dharmachya swatantryacha vaidh vapar mhanoon lashkari sevevar pratyekacha kartvyanishth aakshep ghenyacha adhikar" samavisht aahe, asey namood karoon, adhikar adhik spasht karnyasathi sanyukt rashtranmadhye kahee pavale uchalanyat aalee aahet.
american manavvanshashastriy sanghatana.
american manavvanshashastriy sanghatnene tyachya masuda prakriyedarmyan udharvar teeka kelee aanee ishara deela qee tyachya sarvatrik hakkanchya vyakhyet pashchimatya pratiman pratibimbit hote jeey pashchimatya rashtranvar anyaykarak hote. tyanni pudhe assa yuktivad keela qee pashchimatyanchya vasahatvad aanee dharmpracharanachya itihasamule teey urvarit jagasathi eka samasyapradhan naitik pratinidhi banale aahet. tyanni sanskrutik sapekshatavadachya moolbhut sankalpnansah vichar karnyasathi teen nondi prastavit kelyah
bancock ghoshana.
1993 madhye jhalelya manavadhikaranvaril jaagtik parishadepurvi, anek ashiyai rajyanchya mantryanni bancock ghoshana sweekarli, jee sanyukt rashtranchya sanadechya tattvanprati aanee manavadhikaranchya sarvatrik ghoshaneprati tyanchya sarkaranchya vachanbaddhatechi pushti karate. manavadhikar heey parasparavalambi aanee avibhajya aahet assa tyancha vishvas tyanni vyakt keela aanee manvi hakkanchi sarvatrikta, vastunishthata aanee gair-nivadaktechya garjevar bharr deela. tathapi, tyach velee, tyanni sarvbhaumatva aanee hastakshep naan karnyachya tattvanvar bharr deela, aarthik, samajik aanee sanskrutik hakkanvar adhik bharr denyache aanee visheshtah, swaksharikartyandarmyan aantarrashtriy sahkarya nirdesh sthapit karoon aarthik vikasachya adhikaravar bharr denyache aavahan kele. bangcock ghoshana hii manavadhikaranchya sandarbhat ashiyai mulyanchi eka mahattvachi abhivyakti manali jaate, jee manavadhikaranchya sarvatrikikaranavar vistrut teeka karate.

