samalingipanacha visheshadhikar

piarajcha visheshadhikar haah british piarajchya sadasyanshi sambandhit vishesh visheshadhikarancha eka bhag aahe. heey sansadiy visheshadhikarapeksha vegale aahe, jeey keval haus auph lordsmadhye seva seva samvayaskanna aanee haus auph commonschya sadasyanna lagoo hote, jevha sansadeche adhiveshan chaloo asate aanee sansadiy adhiveshanachya chalis divas aadhi aanee nantar asate.
kalantarane visheshadhikar gamavale gele aahet aanee tyanche uchchatan jhaale aahe. aahe shatkat keval teenach tikoon rahileh samanya lokanchya nyaymandalanaivaji rajyachya itar samvayaskandvare khatala chalavanyacha adhikar, diwani (parantu faujdari nahee) prakarananmadhye atkepasoon swatantrya aanee sarvbhaumala tyala kinwa teela rajyachya babinvar sallah denyasathi pravesh. 1948 madhye itar samvayaskandvare khatala chalavanyacha adhikar radd karnyat aala. kayadeshir mutt, jarr asel tarr, atkepasoon mukt honyacha adhikar atyant maryadit asalyache manate. urvarit visheshadhikarancha vapar keela jaat nahee aanee 1999 madhye aupcharik raddabatal karnyasathi shifaras karnyat aalee hotee, parantu aupcharikpane kadhihi radd karnyat aaleli nahee.
samvayaskanna itar anek adhikar dekhil aahet jeey aupcharikpane samvayaskanchya visheshadhikarancha bhag naheet. udaharanarth, tyanna tyanchya shastranchya kamgirivar rajyabhishek aanee samarthakancha vapar karnyacha adhikar aahe.
vyapti.
prabhuchya gharanyachya sandarbhat tyanche sthan kahihi asso, samvayask aanee samvayask serve samvayaskanna samvayaskatecha visheshadhikar midato. gharat basanyacha adhikar visheshadhikarapeksha vegala aahe aanee too keval kahee samvayaskankade aahe (prabhuchya gharanyat sudharana karnyacha itihas pahaa). tyamule 1707 chya union kayadyatil scottish samvayask aanee 1800 chya union kayadyatil ayrish samvayaskanna piarajcha visheshadhikar aahe. 1800 pasoon, ayrish samvayaskanna united kingdam haus auph commonschya nivadanukit ubhe rahanyacha adhikar aahe parantu teey kanishth sabhagruhat tyanchya sevechya kalavadhisathi samvayaskatecha visheshadhikar gamavatat. 1999 pasoon, ingland, scotland, gret britton aanee united kingdamche vanshparamparagat samvayask jeey haus auph lordsche sadasya naheet teey haus auph commonschya nivadanukisathi ubhe rahoo shakatat. kanishth sabhagruhat seva kelyane tyancha samvayaskatecha visheshadhikar spashtapane gamavala jaat nahee. peearaj kayada 1963 chya tartudinnusar aswikaran jaaree karnara konatahi samvayask piarajche serve visheshadhikar gamavato. samvayaskanchya patni aanee vidhavanna dekhil samvayaskatecha visheshadhikar aahe. vivahane samvayask stree samanya vyaktishi lagn kelyavar visheshadhikar gamavate, parantu samvayask stree 'swatahun' lagn karat nahee. matra, jyaa vyaktinkade shishtacharpurn padvi aahet, tyanna tyaa padavya asalyamule asey visheshadhikar naheet. prabhu aadhyatmik (prabhuchya gharat basnare 26 archbishop aanee bishop) yanna samvayask honyacha visheshadhikar nahee, kaaran kiman 1621 pasoon teey sansadeche swami aahet, samvayask naheet.
sarvbhaumaparyant pravesh.
sarvbhaumala paramparenusar rajyachya samvayaskansah vividh sallagarankadun sallah deela jaato. englandvar norman vijay midvalyanantar, samvayaskanna 'magnum concillium' kinwa gret council sthapan karnyasathi bolavanyat aale, jee sarvbhoum asalelya chaar parishadanpaiki eka hotee. itar teen prevy council, sansad (jyala 'community concillium' kinwa common council mhatale jaat asey) aanee nyayadhish (jyanna kayadeshir babinvar sarvbhaumanche sallagar manale jaate) hote.
keval samvayaskanchi banaleli parishad anekada suruvatichya ingraji rajanni bolavali hotee. shatkanushatke anupayukt rahileli ashee parishad 1640 madhye punarujjivit jhaali, jevha charles mea mahan shikkyakhali jaaree kelelya ritcha vapar karoon rajyatil serve samvayaskanna bolavale. tevhapasoon ashee parishad bolavali gelee nasali taree aanee tyaa velee tee aprachalit manali jaat asali taree, pratyek samvayaskala samanyatah sarvbhaumacha sallagar manale jaate aanee surr william blackstone yanchya matey, 1765 madhye, "rajala bhetanyachi magani karane aanee sarvajanik aarogyasathi too jyaa babincha mahattvacha nirnay gheil asha babincha shalinata aanee aadarane tyachyasamor vichar karane, haah rajyacha pratyek vishisht samvayaskancha adhikar manla jaato."
praveshacha visheshadhikar yapudhe vaparla jaat nahee, parantu kadachit too samvayaskanni kayam thewala aahe, mug too prabhu gharanyache sadasya asso vaa naso. 1999 madhye, sansadiy visheshadhikaravaril sanyukt samiteene piarjecha konatahi urvarit visheshadhikar aupcharikpane radd karanyachi shifaras kelee.
"scandlum magnetum".
ekekali, samvayaskancha sanman visheshtah kayadyane sanrakshit keela jaat asey; samanya manasachi badnami hii badnami kinwa badnami mhanoon olakhali jaat hotee, tarr samvayaskanchi (kinwa rajyachya mahan mahan badnami hii 'badnamichi khilli' mhanoon olakhali jaat asey. 
atharavya shatkatil nyayshastradnya surr william blackstone yanni mutt vyakt keleh
1275 chya westminsterchya kayadyat ashee tartud karnyat aalee hotee qee, "yapudhe konihi konatihi khotee batami kinwa katha sangane kinwa prakashit karane itake katheen nahee, jyamule raja aanee tyache lock kinwa rajyatil mahan purushanmadhye matbhed kinwa matbhed kinwa apaprachar vadhu shakato."vareel kayadyantargat tasech richard II chya karkirdit manjur kelelya pudhil kayadyannusar dandaniy hote. haah chhal aanee faujdari gunha donhi hota. rajanchya parishadene pratham bandee lagoo kelee. heinry VII chya karkirdit, starr chamber heey nyayalay, jeey purvi dangalisarkhya gambhir gunhyanchya sunavanisathi rakheev hote, tyanni khatalyanvar adhikarkshetra sweekarle, tasech badnami aanee badnami kelee. juricivay aanee guptapane basalele nyayalay, anekada rajkiy shastra aanee shahee julamache sadhan mhanoon vaparale jaat asey, jyamule 1641 madhye teey radd karnyat aale; manhanichya khatalyanchya sandarbhat tyachi karye samanya nyayalayanmadhye gelee. matra, tyaa jaagi badnami, badnami aanee nyayalayacha avman yanche kayade vikasit jhalyamule prakarananchi sankhya aadhich qamee jhaali hotee. charles dusarachya karkirdit, too thodya kalasathi punha fashionmadhye aala; bhavishyatil james dusra yane titus otschya virodhat, laurd gerardne tyacha chulat bhau alekzandar fittonchya virodhat aanee duke auph beaufortne johnn arnoldchya virodhat tyacha vapar keela. matra, matra shatkachya akheris teey kalbahya jhaale. manhanichya gunhyachi hii vishisht shreni shevati kayada kayada sudharana kayada 1887 dware radd karnyat aalee.
samvayaskankadun khatala.
jyapramane samanya lokanna tyanchya samvayaskanchya (itar samanya) nyaypithadvare khatala chalavanyacha adhikar aahe, tyachpramane samvayask aanee samvayaskanna purvi itar samvayaskandvare khatala chalavanyacha adhikar hota. 14 vya shatkat samvayaskanna tyanchya swatachya aadeshanusar khatala chalavanyacha adhikar aupcharik karnyat aala. 1341 madhye sammat jhalelya kayadyat ashee tartud aaheh
tarr yaa velepurvi deshatil samvayaskanna atak karoon turungat taknyat aale aahe aanee tyanchi tatpurati kaame, jameen aanee ghare, vastoo aanee malmatta rajachya tabyat denyat aalee aahe aanee kahinna tyanchya samvayaskanchya nirnayashivay thaar maranyat aale aaheh heey dile jaate aanee sammati dilee jaate qee, yaa deshache samvayask naheet... tyachi tatpurati malmatta, jameen, ghare, vastoo aanee malmatta gamavanyacha, kinwa atak karnyacha, turungat taknyacha, bekaydeshir tharvanyacha, nirvasit karnyacha, purvaniyojit karnyacha, uttar denyacha kinwa nyayniwada karnyacha, parantu sansadetil ukt samvayaskanchya nirnayadvare nyayniwada keela jaeel.
samvayaskandvare khatalyacha visheshadhikar ajunahi aspasht hota aanee kayadyat samvayaskanna samavisht kele gele navhate. 1442 madhye, eka charchchya nyayalayane (jyat englandcha raja heinry sahava, heinry beaufort aanee johnn kemp yancha samavesh hota) duchess auph glucester, eleanorla jadutona kelyabaddal doshi tharavale aanee teela aaysal auph manmadhye haddapar kelyanantar, samvayaskanna samvayaskankadun khatalyacha adhikar denara kayada lagoo karnyat aala.
englandchya heinry VII chya karkirdiparyant, rajyachya samvayaskandvare khatalyachya done paddhati hotyah haus auph lordsmadhye khatala (kinwa, yogya shabdat, sansadechya uchch nyayalayadvare) aanee laurd hye karbharachya nyayalayat khatala. sansadeche adhiveshan chaloo asalyas haus auph lordsney yaa prakaranacha khatala chalavala; anyatha, khatala laurd hye karbharachya nyayalayadvare chalavala jaat asey.
laurd hye karbharachya darbarat, laurd hye karbharachya adhyakshatekhali basalelya laurd trierscha eka gut nyayadhish aanee punch mhanoon kaam karat asey. prathenusar, trikutanchi sankhya 23 peksha qamee navhati, tyamule bahumat kiman 12 hote, parantu pratyakshat, sankhya 20 teey 35 paryant hotee. konatya samvayaskanni trikut mhanoon kaam kele heey nivadanyacha adhikar mukutasah asato aanee kadhikadhi durupyogas patra asato, kaaran rajachya padashi sahmat asalelya samvayaskannach laurd hye karbharachya darbarat bolavile jaat asey, jyamule ichchit nirnayache samarthan kele jaat asey. raja william tisra yachya karkirdit sammat jhalelya rajdroh kayadyadvare hii pratha 1695 madhye sampushtat aalee. yaa kayadyanusar serve samvayaskanna trikut mhanoon bolavane aavashyak hote. tyanantarchya serve khatale prabhuchya purn gharanyapudhe ghenyat aale.
haus auph lordsmadhye, laurd hye karbhari haah nyayalayacha adhyaksh kinwa adhyaksh hota aanee sampoorn sabhagruh vastusthiti aanee kayadyache prashna tasech nikal yaa donhi prashnanche nirdharan karat asey. jaree khatalyachya velee tyanni upasthit rahane apekshit hote, taree paramparenusar, bishop aanee aarchbishpanni nikalavar matdan kele nahee. teey charchechya samaptiparyant basale aanee antim matdanachya agadi aadhi sabhagruhatun baher padale. khatalyachya shevati, samvayaskanni ubhe rahoon, 'majhya sanmananusar doshi' kinwa 'majhya sanmananusar doshi nahee' asey mhanat, sarvat kanishth barrenpasoon suruvat karoon aanee pradhanyakramanusar pudhe jaaun, uchch karbhari swamisah samapt houn, tyancha nirnay jaheer karoon, tyanchyapudhe asalelya prashnavar matdan kele. doshi tharvanyasathi baaraa jananche bahumat aavashyak hote. sampoorn sabhagruhane ladali jaanari shiksha dekhil nishchit kelee, jee kayadyanusar hotee. mrutyudandachya gunhyansathi shiksha mrutyu hotee; fashi denyat yenara shevatcha samvayask laurence sherley, chautha earl fairers hota, jyala 1760 madhye khunachya gunhyasathi fashi denyat aalee hotee.
1547 pasoon, jarr ekhadya samvayaskala kinwa samvayaskala deshdroh kinwa hatya vagalata konatyahi gunhyasathi doshi tharavale gele, tarr too kinwa tee tyacha kinwa ticha pahila gunha asalyas shikshepasun vachanyasathi 'samvayaskatecha visheshadhikar' midvanyacha dawa karoo shakat hotee. 1841 madhye cardiganche 7 weey earl james brudenell yanni jaheer kele qee, jarr tyanna dvandvayuddhasathi doshi tharavale gele tarr teey visheshadhikar midvatil aanee shiksha talhtil, toparyant yaa visheshadhikarancha ekoon paach vela vapar karnyat aala. vidheyak mandanyapurvi tyanchi nirdosh muktata karnyat aalee.
haus auph lordsmadheel shevatcha khatala edward russell, russell barren dii clifford yachya virodhat 1935 madhye manavahakkasathi hota (tyachi nirdosh muktata jhaali); pudhchya varshi lordsney samvayaskankadun khatala radd karnyasathi vidheyak manjur kele parantu samanya lokanni tyakade durlaksh kele. jevha prabhunni faujdari nyay kayada 1948 madhye durusti kelee tevha samvayaskankadun khatala chalavanyacha adhikar radd karnyat aala, joou samanya lokanni swikarla. aata samvayaskanvar samanya lokanvar aadharit nyaymandaladvare khatala chalavala jaato, jaree samvayaskanna swatah nyaymandal sevepasoon suut denyat aalee hotee, joparyant haus auph lords kayada 1999 neey haah visheshadhikar haus auph lordschya sadasyanparyant maryadit keela nahee. faujdari nyay kayada 2003 dware 5 april 2004 roji maafee milanyacha adhikar radd karnyat aala.
samvayask, kalpanikdrushtya, mahabhiyogas patra hote aanee aajahi aahet. jaree donhi prakarananmadhye haus auph lords heey nyayalay asale, taree mahabhiyog hii haus auph lordsmadheel khatalyachya vareel prakriyepeksha vegali prakriya hotee. aarop haus auph commonsney aanale hote, grand jurine nahee. yavyatirikt, samanya prakarananmadhye, haus auph lordsney keval gunhegari kinwa deshdrohachya aaropakhali samvayaskanvar khatala chalavala, tarr mahabhiyoganmadhye gunhyancha, deshdrohacha aanee dushkrutyancha samavesh asoo shakato. heey prakaran pramanpatradvare pathvanyaivaji thet haus auph lordsmore aale. ekhadya samvayaskavar uchch deshdrohacha aarop asel tarach laurd hye karbhari adhyakshapad bhushavat asey; anyatha laurd kulpati adhyakshapad bhushavat asat. mahabhiyogachya khatalyanmadhil itar prakriya matra, haus auph lordsmorechya khatalyansarkhyach hotyah khatalyachya shevati, aadhyatmik samvayaskanni maghar ghetali aanee laukik prabhuni tyanchya sanmanasathi matey dilee. 1806 madhye sarvajanik paishacha gairavapar kelyabaddal (tyachi nirdosh muktata jhaali) heinry dundas, pahila viscount mailwhill yanchyavar shevatcha mahabhiyog jhaala. tevhapasoon, mahabhiyog hii united kingadammadhe eka aprachalit prakriya bunley aahe.
dorothy ell. yanchi 'clouds auph whitness' (1926) hii kadambari. vakte khunacha aarop asalelya dukechya lordschya gharamadhil kalpanik khatalyache chitran karatat. vaktyanni tatkalin sadhyachya chachani prakriyevar sanshodhan kele aanee tyancha vapar keela. ealing studiomadhil 'dayalu hrudaye aanee mukut' (1949) yaa vinodi chitrapatat jawaljawal eksarkhech drushya aahe.
atkepasoon mukti.
atkepasoon muktatecha visheshadhikar sansadechya donhi sabhagruhanchya sadasyanna lagoo hoto, kaaran jevha shakya asel tevha tyanni sarvbhaumala sallah denyasathi upalabdh asane aavashyak aahe. itar anek deshanni yaa tartudichi nakkal kelee aahe; udaharanarth, amerikechya sanvidhanat, "senators aanee pratinidhi" ashee tartud aahe... deshdroh, gunhegari aanee shantata bhang vagalata serve prakarananmadhye, tyanchya sambandhit sabhagruhanchya adhiveshanat tyanchya upasthitidarmyan tyanna atakecha visheshadhikar milel."saiddhantikdrushtya, sansad basat nasali tarihi, samvayaskanna visheshadhikar midato kaaran teey sallagar mhanoon sarvbhaumanchi seva karat rahatat. tathapi, samvayask keval diwani prakarananmadhye atkepasoon mukt asatat; faujdari prakarananmadhil atak heey visheshadhikaranchya kakshet yet naheet. 1770 paryant, samvayaskanchya gharguti sevakanna diwani babinmadhye atkepasoon muktatecha visheshadhikar dekhil denyat aala hota.
bahutek vela karjdaranchya turungatil turungvasachya prakarananmadhye haah visheshadhikar lagoo keela jaat asey. 1870 madhye, karjasathi turungwas aanee diwalkhorisathi atkepasoon muktatechya sambandhatil visheshadhikar donhi radd karnyat aale aanee parinami, vyavharik vaparat swatantrya atyant maryadit jhaale. aata diwani karyavahimadhye keval tevhach atak hote jevha ekhadi vyakti nyayalayachya aadeshache ullanghan karate. 1945 pasoon, diwani prakarananmadhye atkepasoon muktatecha visheshadhikar keval done prakarananmadhye udbhavalah 'storton wii. storton' (1963) aanee 'pedden aantarrashtriy vahtook, moss brose, daad roow pashuvaidhyakiy gut aanee barclays banq plc wii. laurd mancroft' (1989). nantarchya sarvat alikadil prakaranat, khatalyachya nyayadhishanni visheshadhikar aprachalit aanee lagoo houu naan shakanara manla aanee karyavahit mhatale, "visheshadhikar lagoo jhaala nahee-kharokhar... aadhunik kalat assa vichar karane ashakya aahe qee, asha paristhitit, teey kele pahije ".
visheshadhikar kalpit katha.
sarvbhoum (pratyakshat spanish grandincha adhikar) yanchya upasthitit topi ghalanyachya adhikarasarkhya vichitra visheshadhikar asalelya samvayaskanchya kalpanik katha prasarit hotat. asha aakhyayikeche sarvat satatyapurn udaharan mhanje rajanchya topinche. dantakathenusar, alstercha earl johnn dii coursey yala raja johnkadoon sarvbhaumanchya upasthitit jhakalela rahanyacha visheshadhikar midala. jaree hii katha khotee asali taree-daad corseyla kadhihi earl banavanyat aale nahee aanee tyala assa visheshadhikar midala nahee-piarjavaril anek anek tyachi punaravrutti karane yogya manale aahe. berks peearaj' chee chee shatkatil aavrutti yaa visheshadhikarachi utpatti suchavateh
tyachya adviteey kamgiriche bakshis denyasathi, raja johnne daad courseyla sarvbhaumanchya upasthitit zakoon thevanyacha visheshadhikar deela asey manale jaate. debrates peearaj" chya 1823 chya aavruttit, 23 vya barren kingselchya, almericus dii courseyne, visheshadhikaravar kassa bharr deela, yacha purnapane kalpanik tapasheel deela aaheh
asha chuka asoonahi, yaa kathechi varanvar punaravrutti jhaali aahe. astitvat asalele vaiyaktik visheshadhikar aprayukt jhaale aahet-udaharanarth, kamgaranchya havelicha swami (joou eka samvayask nahee) 1937 paryant british rajanchya rajyabhishekachya samarambhala upasthit rahanyacha visheshadhikar aanee kartavya mhanoon vistarit karnyat aala hota, parantu 1953 madhye ranee elizabeth dviteey yanchya rajyabhishekachya velee yaa adhikaracha vapar karnyat aala nahee kaaran tyaa velee haveli corporate malkikhali hotee.

