
kalkram

kalkramshastra (lattin 'kalkram', pracheen greek 'chronos', 'vel' aanee '-logia' pasoon) heey ghatananchi tyanchya velenusar vyavastha karnyache vidnyan aahe. udaharanarth, kalmaryada kinwa ghatanancha kram vaparnyacha vichar qaraa. heey "bhootkalatil ghatananchya vastavik laukik kramache nirdharan" dekhil aahe.
kalkram haah niyatkaliktecha eka bhag aahe. pruthvicha itihas, pruthvi vidnyan aanee bhoogarbhiy velechya pramanacha abhyas yasah itihasachya shakhecha dekhil haah eka bhag aahe.
sambandhit kshetre.
kalkramshastra heey aitihasik ghatanancha velevar shodh ghenyache vidnyan aahe. heey kalkramshastravar avalambun aahe, jyala kalnirikshan asehi mhanatat aanee itihaslekhan, jeey itihasache lekhan aanee aitihasik paddhatinchya vaparachi tapasani karate. redio carbon dating carbon-14 samasthanikanche praman tyanchya carbon samgrimadhye mojoon purvichya sajivanchya vayacha andaj lavte. dendrocronology vrukshanchya vadhichya vividh vartulancha sambandh aanee pradeshatil dnyat varsh-darr-varsh sandarbh kram yancha parasparsambandh, jyamule darvarshi havamanatil farak pratibimbit hoto, tyanusar vrukshanchya vayacha andaj lavte. dendrocronologycha vapar redio carbon dating vakransathi calibration sandarbh mhanoon keela jaato.
dindarshika aanee yug.
dindarshika' aanee 'yug' yaa parichit sandnya (kramankit dindarshika varshanchya susangat pranalichya arthanusar) kalkramanusar done purak moolbhut sankalpananshi sambandhit aahet. udaharanarth, aath shatkandarmyan, 8vya shatkat bedene jyaa yugat vapar keela hota, teey khristi yugatil dindarshika julien dindarshika hotee, parantu 1582 nantar teey gregorian dindarshika hote. dionysius exegues (sumare 500) haah tyaa yugacha sansthapak hota, joou aajkal pruthvivaril sarvat vyapak dating pranali aahe. yug mhanje tee tarikh (samanyatah varsh) jevha yug suru hote.
abb urbe kandita yug.
"abb urbe kandita" haah lattin shabd aahe, jyacha arth "shaharachya sthapanepasun (rome)", joou paramparikpane ii. sha. puu. 753 madhye seet keela gela aahe. kahee roman itihaskaranni roman varsh olakhanyasathi yacha vapar keela hota. aadhunik itihaskar roman lokanpeksha teey adhik varanvar vapartat; roman varshe olakhanyachi pramukh paddhat tyaa varshi padd dharan kelelya done vanijyadutanchi nave sangane hii hotee. aitihasik roman granthanchya aadhunik samikshatmak aavruttichya aagmanapurvi, purvichya sampadakanni aukala tyanchyat andadhundapane jodale hote, jyamule too pratyakshat hota tyapeksha adhik vyapakpane vaparla jaat asalyache disate.
iberian itihaskar orosius yane sumare 400chya sumaras prathamach paddhatshirpane tyacha vapar keela. pope boniface 4, sumare 600 saalee, yaa yug aanee eno dominy yanchyat sambandh nirman karnare pahile pope asalyache disate. (edee 1 = aii. yuu. see. 754.)
khagolshastriy yug.
dionysius exeguescha eno dominy yug (jyamadhye fakt calendar varshe 'aii. dii.' aahet) sampoorn khrishchan yugaparyant vistarla gela (jyamadhye, serve calendar varshe 'bii. see.' aahet, parantu 'shoonya varsh' nahee). bedechya daha shatkannantar, french khagolshastradnya phillip dii laa rayer (1702 saalee) aanee jacks cassini (1740 saalee) yanni, keval kahee ganana sulabh karnyasathi, julien dating pranali (joseph scaligerne 1583 saalee prastavit kelee) aanee tyasah eka khagolshastriy yug vaparale, jyat shoonya adhivarsh aahe, jeey 1 (aii. dii.) chya aadhiche aahe.
pragaitihasik.
itihaskaransathi mahattvapoorn asale taree, kalkram nishchit karnyachya paddhati vidnyanachya bahutek shakhanmadhye, visheshtah khagolshastra, bhoogarbhshastra, jivashmashastra aanee puratatvashastrat vaparlya jaatat.
likhit itihasachya anupasthitit, tyachya itihasasah aanee 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhat puratatvashastradnyan aadhalale qee teey matichya bhandyanche tantra aanee shailinvar aadharit sapeksh kalkram vikasit karoo shakatat. egyptologychya kshetrat, vilyam flinders petri yanni kabarinmadhye ekach velee jamaa kelelya samkalin kalakrutinchya gatancha vapar karoon aanee egyptchya suruvatichya aitihasik tappyanpasoon paddhatshirpane mage kaam karoon, purv-rajvansh navpashan kalatil pravesh karnyasathichya anukramancha praneta keela. datingchya yaa paddhatila seriation mhanatat.
kadhikadhi agadi durchya thikani staranvar sapadalelya dnyat vastoonmule, vyaparache utpadan, kalkramanusar jaale vadhavanyas madat hote. udaharanarth, ii. sha. puu. tisya sahasrabdidarmyan uttar europemadhil 'beaker lock' mhanoon teey swatahla kaay mhanatat yachee kalpana naslyamule, kahee sanskratinni vaishishtyapurn swarupanchya sandarbhat tyanna lagoo kelele naav kayam thewale aahe. matichi bhandi aanee itar sanskrutik kalakrutinna eka prakarchya kramane thevanyachya sadhanancha abhyas done tappyat hoto, vargikaran aanee prakarshastrah vargikaran heey varnanachya uddeshane shreni tayar karate aanee prakarshastra asey badal olakhanyacha aanee tyanche vishleshan karnyacha prayatna karate jyamule kalakrutinna anukramat thewale jaau shakate.
visheshtah 20vya shatkachya madhyanantar vikasit jhalelya prayogshalechya tantranni vishisht sanskrutik kshetransathi vikasit kelelya kalkramanmadhye satat sudharana aanee sudharana karnyas madat kelee. asambandhit dating paddhati kalkramala balkat karnyas madat karatat, jeey pushtikarak puravyache eka sootra aahe. aadarshpane, ekhadya jaagechi tarikh tharvanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya puratatviy samagreene ekmekanna purak asale pahije aanee paraspar tapasaniche sadhan pradan kele pahije. keval eka asamarthit tantratoon ghetalelya nishkarshanna sahasa avishvasaniy manale jaate.
samkramakta.
kalkramanusar ghadamodinche samanvay karane hii moolbhut samasya aahe. ekhadya ghataneche samanvay karoon, tee sadhyachya veleshi jodane aanee tyaa ghatanechi itar ghatananshi tulana karane shakya hote. eka deshacha kinwa pradeshacha itihas dusya deshashi jodanyasathi raje aanee netyanchya rajvaticha samanvay sadhane hii itihaskaranmadhye eka vaishishtyapurn garaj aahe. udaharanarth, eusebiusche chronican (325 aaa.dii.) heey aitihasik samkramanachya pramukh karyanpaiki eka aahe. yaa kamache done vibhag aahet. pahilya lekhat caldian, assyri, madhyami, lydian, pertian, hibru, greek, peloponesian, ashiyai aanee roman asha nauu vegvegalya rajyancha varnanatmak itihas aahe. dusra bhag mhanje eka lamb table aahe, jeey nauu rajyanpaiki pratyek rajyatil ghatananche samantar stambhanmadhye samanvay karate.
samantar stambhanchi tulana karoon, vachak konatya ghatana samkalin hotya kinwa done vegvegalya ghatana kitee varshanni vegalya kelya heey tharvu shakato. serve ghatana ekach velechya pramanat thevanyasathi eusebiusne eno mundi (aaa.emm.) yug, mhanje hibru pentatyukmadhil utpattichya pustakatoon ganana kelyapramane jagachya suruvatipasun ghatana ghadalya aahet. eusebiusne vaparlelya gananenusar, heey ii. sha. puu. 5199 madhye ghadale.see. aitihasik ghatananchya tarkha aanee kaal nishchit karnyasathi madhyayugeen jagaat eusebiusche chronican mothya pramanat vaparale jaat hote. tyanantarche kalkramkar, jase qee george syncellus (sumare 811 madhye nidhan jhaale) yanni itar kalkramanshi tulana karoon crononanche vishleshan aanee vistar keela. joseph justus scaliger (1540-1609) haah shevatcha mahan kalkramkar hota, jyane haravalelya chronicanchi punarbandhani kelee aanee 'dii amendation temporum' (1583) aanee 'thesorus temporum' (1606) yaa tyachya done pramukh granthanmadhye serve pracheen itihasache samanvay kele. pracheen jagachya aadhunik aitihasik tarkha aanee kalkramatil bahutansh goshti shevati yaa done granthanmadhun prapt hotat. scaligerne julien divasachi sankalpana shodhun kadhali jee ajunahi itihaskar aanee khagolshastradnya doghansathi veleche manak ekikrut praman mhanoon vaparali jaate.
eusebius, syncellus aanee scaliger yansarkhya paramparik kalkramakanni vaparlya jaanarya samkramanachya sahityik paddhatinvyatirikt, puratatva kinwa khagolshastriy madhyamandvare ghatananche samkraman karane shakya aahe. udaharanarth, herodotuschya pahilya pustakat varnan kelelya thelschya grahanala lydian yuddhachya tarkhesathi vaparale jaau shakate kaaran teey grahan tyaa yuddhatil eka mahattvachya ladhaichya madhyabhagi jhaale hote. tyachpramane, pracheen nondinmadhye varnan kelelya vividh grahanancha aanee itar khagolshastriy ghatanancha vapar aitihasik ghatananche khagolshastriy samanvay sadhanyasathi keela jaau shakato. ghatananche samanvay sadhanyachi aanakhi eka paddhat mhanje anukram dating karnyasathi matichya bhandyansarkhya puratatviy nishkarshancha vapar karane.
hehee pahaa.
kalpanik lekhan.
kalanukramik nasalelya katha sanganyache pailu aanee udaharaneh