dnyanachya yugat vidnyan

dnyanachya yugatil vidnyanacha itihas tarkbuddhichya yugatil vidnyan aanee tantradnyanatil vikasacha magova gheto, jevha dnyanachya kalpana aanee aadarshancha europe aanee uttar americet prasar keela jaat hota. sadharanpane, haah kaal aala aanee jhaali shatkatil vaidnyanik krantichya antim divasanpasun, french kranti (1789) aanee napolean yuganantar (1799-1815) andaje andaje shatkaparyant vistarato. vaidnyanik krantimadhye pahilya vaidnyanik samajanchi nirmiti, copernicanismcha uday aanee aristotalian naisargik tattvadnyan aanee gallenchya pracheen vaidyakeey siddhantanche visthapan jhaale. 18 vya shatkaparyant, vaidnyanik adhikar dharmik adhikaranna visthapit karoo lagale aanee rasayanshastra aanee jyotishshastrachya shakhanni vaidnyanik vishvasarhata gamavali.
dnyanodayala ekhadya vishisht siddhantat kinwa siddhantanchya sanchat samavisht kele jaau shakat nasale taree dnyanbodh pravachan aanee vicharanmadhye vidnyanane pramukh bhoomika bajavali. anek dnyanprapti lekhak aanee vicharvantanna vidnyanatil parshvabhoomi hotee aanee teey vaidnyanik pragatishi dharm aanee abhivyakti aanee vicharanchya swatantryachya vikasachya bajoone paramparik adhikar ulthavoon taknyashi sambandhit hote. sthoolpane sangayache tarr, dnyan vidnyan anubhavvad aanee tarkshuddha vicharanna khoop mahatva dete aanee pragati aanee pragatichya dnyanpraptichya aadarshasah antarbhut hote. bahutek dnyanpraptichya drushtikonapramane, vidnyanache fayade sarvatrikpane pahile gele naheet; jeane-jacks russo yanni nisargapasun mansala door thevalyabaddal aanee lokanna anandi karnyasathi kaam naan kelyabaddal vidnyanavar teeka kelee.
dnyanachya kalat vidnyanavar vaidnyanik sanstha aanee akadaminche varchasva hote, jyanni mothya pramanat vidyapithanchi jaaga vaidnyanik sanshodhan aanee vikasachi kendre mhanoon ghetali hotee. sanstha aanee akadami dekhil vaidnyanik vyavasayachya paripakvatacha kanaa hotya. aanakhi eka mahattvacha vikas mhanje vadhatya sakshar loksankhyemadhye vidnyanache lokpriy hone. tattvadnyananni janatela anek vaidnyanik siddhantanchi olakh karoon dilee, visheshtah 'vishvakosh' aanee voltairdware neutonionismche lokpriyakaran tasech newtonchya 'philosophy naturalis principia mathematica' chey french anuvadak emily du chatlet yanni. kahee itihaskaranni 18 weey shatak vidnyanachya itihasatil eka katheen kaal mhanoon chinhankit kele aahe; tathapi, yaa shatkat aushadh, ganeet aanee bhautikshastrachya saravat lakshaniy pragati disun aalee; jaivik vargikaran vikasit jhaale; chumbakatva aanee vijechi naveen samaj; aanee eka shakha mhanoon rasayanshastrachi paripakvata, jyane aadhunik rasayanshastracha paya rachala.
vidyapithe.
18 vya shatkat parismadhil vidyapithanchi sankhya tulanene sthir rahili. 1700 paryant europemadhye sumare 105 vidyapithe aanee mahavidhyalaye hotee. uttar americet 44 hotee, jyat navyane sthapan jhalelya harvard aanee yelcha samavesh hota. britton vagalata, jethe sanstha aanee vidyarthyanchi sankhya vadhali, bahutek pashchatya deshanmadhye dnyanodayadarmyan vidyapithachya vidyarthyanchi sankhya sadharanpane sarkhich rahili. vidyapithache vidyarthi samanyatah shrimant kutumbatil purush hote, jeey ektar vaidyakeey, kayada kinwa charchmadhye karkird shodhu lagale hote. bhavishyatil doctor, vakeel aanee padrinchya sadasyanna shikshit karnyasathi pramukhyane vidyapithe astitvat hotee.
naisargik tattvadnyan yaa shirshakakhali vidnyanacha abhyas bhautikshastra aanee rasayanshastra aanee naisargik itihasachya samoohamadhye vibhagala gela hota, jyamadhye shareer rachnashastra, jivashastra, bhuvidnyan, khanijashastra aanee pranishastra yancha samavesh hota. bahutek european vidyapithanni 18 vya shatkachya suruvatila yantrik tattvadnyanacha cartasian prakar shikavala aanee 18 vya shatkachya madhyat haloohaloo neutonianvad swikarla. eka ullekhaneey apavad spainmadhil vidyapithe hotee, jee catholic dharmachya prabhavakhali 18 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant jawaljawal purnapane aristotalian naisargik tattvadnyanavar kendrit hotee; asey sadar shevatchya vidyapithanpaiki tee hotee. aanakhi eka apavad germany aanee scandinaviachya vidyapithanmadhye jhaala, jithe halley vidyapithache pradhyapak khrishchan wolf yanni libnizian bhautikshastradvare sudharit cartatianismcha eka prakar shikavala.
18 vya shatkapurvi, vidnyan abhyaskram jawaljawal keval aupcharik vyakhyanandvare shikavale jaat hote. 18 vya shatkachya pahilya dashakanmadhye abhyaskramanchi rachana badaloo lagali, jevha vyakhyananmadhye pratyaksh pratyakshike jodali gelee. piyare polyneer aanee jacks rohault heey vargat bhautik tattvanchi pratyakshike pradan sadar pahilya vyaktinpaiki hote. dorkhandachya shevati panyachi badali halavanyapasun, kendrapasarak shakti paanee badalit dharoon thewel heey dakhavanyapasun teey havechya pampacha vapar karnyashi sambandhit adhik prabhavi prayoganparyant prayogancha samavesh hota. eka visheshtah natyamay air-pump pratyakshikat air-pampachya kachechya receivermadhye safarchand thevane aanee parinami nirvat hoiparyant safarchandala sphot hoiparyant havah kadhoon takane samavisht hote. polyneerchi nidarshane itaki prabhavi hotee qee 1722 madhye lui chaudavyala tyacha abhyaskram sadar karnyasathi tyala aamantran denyat aale.
18 vya shatkat aanee 19 vya shatkachya pahilya dashakat vidnyan abhyaskramachya rachnet sudharana karnyache kahee prayatna karnyat aale. sumare 1745 pasoon, sweedenmadhil hats pakshane naisargik tattvadnyanala bhautikshastra aanee ganitachya done vegvegalya shakhanmadhye vegale karoon vidyapith pranalimadhye sudharana karnyasathi prastav mandale. heey prastav kadhihi amalat aanale gele naheet, parantu teey 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat sansthatmak sudharanansathichya vadhatya aavahananche pratinidhitva karatat. madhye 1777, craco aanee polandmadhil vilna yetheel qalaa abhyas naitik tattvadnyan aanee bhautikshastra yaa done naveen vidyashakhanmadhye vibhagala gela. tathapi, hii sudharana 1795 aanee aanee falaninantar tiku shakali nahee. french krantidarmyan, francemadhil serve mahavidhyalaye aanee vidyapithe 1808 madhye 'university imperial' yaa ekach sansthekhali radd karnyat aalee aanee tyat sudharana karnyat aalee. university" neey qalaa aanee vidnyan swatantra pradhyapkanmadhye vibhagale, jeey europemadhye yapurvi kadhihi kele gele navhate. netherlandschya united kingdamne 1815 madhye teech pranali vaparali. tathapi, europechya itar deshanni 19 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant pradhyapakanchya samaan vibhaganicha avalamb keela nahee.
francechya vidyapithanni dnyanachya kalat vidnyanachya vikasat qamee bhoomika bajavanyacha cull dakhavala; tyaa bhoomikevar french vidnyan akadamisarkhya vaidnyanik akadaminche varchasva hote. brittenmadhil vidyapithanche yogdan sammishra hote. ekikade, cambridge vidyapithane dnyanachya suruvatilach neutonianvad shikavanyas suruvat kelee, parantu vidnyanachya pragatimagil madhyavarti shakti bananyat teey apayashi tharale. yaa kshetrachya kshetrachya tokala scottish vidyapithe hotee, jyanchyakade majboot vaidyakeey vidyashakha hotya aanee tee vaidnyanik vikasachi kendre bunley. fredrick II chya kalat german vidyapithanni vidnyanala protsahan denyas suruvat kelee. khristi wolfche cartasian-libnizian bhautikshastrache adviteey mishran hallechya bahereel vidyapithanmadhye sweekarle jaau lagale. 1734 madhye sthapan jhalele gottingen vidyapith, tyachya samakakshanpeksha barech adhik udarmatvadi hote, jyamule pradhyapakanna tyanche swatache abhyaskram aakhanyachi aanee tyanchi swatachi pathyapustake nivadanyachi parvanagi midali. gottingen yanni sanshodhan aanee prakashan yavarhi bharr deela. german vidyapithanmadhil aanakhi eka prabhavshali vikas mhanje german bhashechya bajoone lattincha tyag.
17 vya shatkat, isaq beakmanche yantrik tattvadnyan aanee calculus aanee khagolshastratil khrishchan hugenschya karyasah, netherlandsney vidnyanachya pragatimadhye mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali hotee. dutch prajasattakatil vidyapithanmadhil pradhyapak heey neutonianvad neutonianvad pratham vyaktinpaiki hote. leiden vidyapithatun, vilemchya kabaritil vidyarthyanni itar dutch vidyapithambarobarach hardwijk aanee frankermadhye aanee amsterdam vidyapithatahi neutonionismcha prasar keela.
dnyanachya kalat vidyapithanchi sankhya lakshaniyaritya vadhali nahee, taree naveen khajgi aanee sarvajanik sansthanni shikshanachya tartudit bharr ghatali. bahutek naveen sansthanni ganitavar eka shakha mhanoon bharr deela, jyamule teey vyapari, lashkari aanee naudal adhikari aanee abhiyante yasarkhya ganitache kahee karyarat dnyan aavashyak asalelya vyavsayanmadhye lokpriy jhaale. dusarikade, vidyapithanni abhijat, greek aanee lattin bhashanvar bharr deela, aanee aupcharikaritya shikshit nasalelya vyaktinmadhye naveen sansthanchya lokpriyates protsahan dile.
sanstha aanee akadami.
vidyapithachya vidvattechya ulat vaidnyanik dnyanache nirmate mhanoon vaidnyanik krantitoon vaidnyanik akadami aanee samaj udayala aale. dnyanachya kalat, kahee sansthanni vidyapithanshi sambandh nirman kele kinwa kayam thewale. tathapi, samkalin strotanni vidyapithachi upayuktata dnyanachya prasarat hotee, tarr samaj dnyan nirman karnyasathi kaam karat hote assa dawa karoon vidyapithanna vaidnyanik sansthanpasun vegale kele. sansthatmak vidnyanatil vidyapithanchi bhoomika qamee houu lagalyane, vidwan samaj sanghatit vidnyanacha paya banale. 1700 nantar europemadhye prachand sankhyene adhikrut akadami aanee sanstha sthapan karnyat aalya aanee 1789 paryant sattarahun adhik adhikrut vaidnyanik sanstha hotya. yaa vadhichya sandarbhat, bernard dii fontainel yanni 18 vya shatakache varnan karnyasathi 'akadamiche yug' haah shabd tayar keela.
sampoorn europbhar vaidnyanik vikasachya shahari kendranmadhye dnyanachya yugat rashtriy vaidnyanik sansthanchi sthapana jhaali. jhaali shatkat londonchi royal society (1662), parris 'akadami royal days sciences' (1666) aanee berlin 'akadami dair vicenshaften' (1700) chee sthapana jhaali. 18 vya shatkachya suruvatichya sumaras, seent. pietersberg aanee 'kungliga vetenscopsacademine' (royal swedish academy auph sciences) (1739) tayar karnyat aale. bolonya, bordo, copenhagen, digeon, leons, montpellier aanee upsala yethe lagali shatkapasoon pradeshik aanee prantiy samaj udayas aale. vadhichya yaa suruvatichya kalanantar, 1752 teey 1785 darmyan barcelona, braseels, doublin, edinberg, gottingen, manheim, munich, padua aanee turin yethe sansthanchi sthapana jhaali. danzig (1743) chey khajgi 'natureforchende geselshaft' aanee birminghamcha chandra samaj (1766-1791) yasarkhya aparivartit samajancha vikas rashtriy, pradeshik aanee prantiy samajanchya vadhibarobarach jhaala.
tantrik kaushalya pradan karnyasathi rajyane adhikrut vaidnyanik sansthanna sanadi kele hote. yaa sallagar kshamatemule vaidnyanik samajanna dnyanachya kalat upalabdh asalela vaidnyanik samuday aanee sarkari sanstha yanchyatil sarvat thet sampark upalabdh jhaala. rajya prayojakatv heey sansthansathi fayadeshir hote kaaran tyamule vyavasthapanatil swatantryasaha vitt aanee manyata midali. bahutek sansthanna tyanchya swatachya prakashananvar dekhrekh thevanyachi, naveen sadasyanchya nivadivar niyantran thevanyachi aanee samajachya prashasanavar niyantran thevanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee hotee. tyamule akadami aanee sansthanmadhil sadasyatva atyant nivadak hote. kahee sansthanmadhye, sadasyanna sahbhagi honyasathi varshik shulk bharave lagat asey. udaharanarth, shahee samaj tyachya sadasyanchya yogdanavar avalambun hota, jyane kharchamule vividh prakarche karagir aanee ganitshastradnya vagalale. samajik upkramanmadhye sanshodhan, prayog, nibandh puraskar spardhanche prayojakatv aanee sansthanmadhil sahyogi prakalpancha samavesh hota. vaidnyanik niyatkalikanchya prakashanadvare samaj aanee sarvasadharanpane samaj yanchyat aupcharik sanvadacha sanvad dekhil vikasit jhaala. niyatkalikanni samajachya sadasyanna prakashit karanyachi aanee tyanchya kalpana itar vaidnyanik sanstha aanee sakshar janatene vaparanyachi sandhee dilee. vidwan samajanchya sadasyanna sahaj upalabdh asaleli vaidnyanik niyatkalike hii dnyanachya kalat shastradnyansathi prakashanacha sarvat mahattvacha prakar bunley.
niyatkalik.
akadami aanee sansthanni tyanchya sadasyanchi vaidnyanik kaame tasech tyanchi karyapaddhati prakashit karoon dnyanvidnyanacha prasar karanyachi seva kelee. lagali shatkachya suruvatila, londonchya royal societyne prakashit kelele 'daad philosophical transaction auph daad royal society' heey niyamit, timahi aadharavar prakashit honare ekmev vaidnyanik niyatkalik hote. 1666 madhye sthapan jhalelya parris academy auph sciencessne, kahee vela varshanuvarshe varshanuvarshe khandanmadhil kalavadhisah, traimasik niyatkalikapeksha aatmacharitranchya khandanmadhye prakashit karnyas suruvat kelee. kahee adhikrut niyatkalike adhik varanvar prakashit jhaali asali taree, eka peparchya punaravalokanasathi tyachya pratyaksh prakashanakade sadar karnyapasoon barach vilamb jhaala hota. american philosophical societyche vyavhar" yasarkhya chhotya niyatkalikanche prakashan tevhach jhaale jevha khand purn karnyasathi pureshi samagri upalabdh hotee. parris akadamimadhye, prakashanasathi sarasari teen varshancha vilamb jhaala. eka velee haah kalavadhi saat varshanparyant vadhavanyat aala. parris akadameene 'comitte dii library' chya madhyamatoon sadar kelelya lekhanvar prakriya kelee, jyat kaay prakashit kele jaeel kinwa honar nahee yabaddal antim shabd hota. 1703 madhye, ganitshastradnya antoin palakanni, visheshtah 'kamite' neey nakarlele shodhanibandh prakashit karnyasathi, 'bhautikshastra aanee ganitatil sanshodhan' heey niyatkalik suru kele.
asha shaikshanik niyatkalikanchya maryadanmule swatantra niyatkalikanchya udayasathi lakshaniy jaaga sodali. kahee prasiddha udaharananmadhye johann ernst emmanuel walchche 'dair naturefortior' (naisargik sanshodhak) (1725-1778), 'journal days sackvance' (1665-1792), jesuit 'memoirs dii travox' (1701-1779) aanee libnizche 'ecta eruditorum' (abhyasakanche ahwal/krutee) (1682-1782) yancha samavesh hoto. sampoorn dnyanpraptidarmyan swatantra niyatkalike prakashit kelee gelee aanee samanya lokanmadhye vaidnyanik swarasya nirman jhaale. akadamichya niyatkalikanni pramukhyane vaidnyanik shodhanibandh prakashit kele, tarr swatantra niyatkalikanmadhye punaravalokne, saransh, paradeshi granthanchi bhashantare aanee kadhikadhi vyutpann, punarmudrit sahitya yancha samavesh hota. yapaiki bahutansh grunth sthanik bhashet prakashit jhaale hote, tyamule tyancha khandiy prasar vachakanchya bhashevar avalambun hota. udaharanarth, 1761 madhye russian shastradnya mikhail lomonosov yanni shukrabhovatichya prakashachya vartulala, jeey grahachya sankramanadarmyan drishyaman hote, teey grahache vatavaran asalyache yogyaritya shrey dile; tathapi, russiachya baher kahee shastradnyanna russian samajale asalyane, tyachya shodhala 1910 paryant mothya pramanat shrey dile gele nahee.
dnyanachya kalat niyatkalikanmadhye kahee badal jhaale. pratham, tyanchi sankhya aanee aakarat vaadh jhaali. lattin bhashet prakashit karnyapasoon door jaaun sthanik bhashet prakashit karnyachya bajunehi paul uchalale gele. prayogik varnane adhik tapshilvar jhaali aanee samikshansah yeu lagali. 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat, dusra badal jhaala jevha niyatkalikanchya eka naveen jaatine vaidnyanik samudayatil naveen ghadamodi aanee prayogambaddal masik prakashit karnyas suruvat kelee. yaa prakarchya niyatkalikanpaiki pahile mhanje francois rosierche 'observations suur laa physics, suur laal' histoir natureley ett suur leesa arts ', jyala samanyatah' rossier journal 'mhanoon sambodhale jaate, jeey 1772 madhye pahilyanda prakashit jhaale. niyatkalikane naveen vaidnyanik ghadamodi varshik aanee traimasikanchya tulanet tulanene lavkar prakashit karnyas parvanagi dilee. tisra mahattvacha badal mhanje shist niyatkalikanchya naveen vikasat disanare visheshikaran. vyapak prekshakvarg aanee satat vadhat olakhalya prakashan sahityasah, curtische 'vanaspatishastra masik' (1787) aanee 'annels dii chimi' (1789) yasarkhya vishesh niyatkalikanmadhye dnyanachya yugatil vaidnyanik shakhanmadhil vadhati vibhagani pratibimbit hote.
vishvakosh aanee shabdakosh.
jaree shabdakosh aanee vishvakosh pracheen kalaparyant pasarale asale aanee dnyanprapti vachkansathi teey naveen nasale taree, grunth dirghkal dirghkal yaditil shabdanchi vyakhya karnyapasoon 18 vya shatkatil vishvakosh shabdakoshatil tyaa shabdanchya adhik tapshilvar charcheparyant badalale. hii kaame sushikshit uchchabhru lokanpeksha dnyan paddhatshir karnyasathi aanee vyapak prekshakanna shikshan denyasathichya dnyanoday chalvalicha eka bhag hotee. 18 weey shatak jasjase pudhe sarkat gele tasatase dnyankoshanche aashayahi vachakanchya aavadinusar badalat gele. granthanmadhye dharmashastrachya babinpeksha dharmnirpeksh babinvar, visheshtah vidnyan aanee tantradnyanavar adhik laksh kendrit karnyacha cull hota.
dharmnirpeksh babimbarobarach, vachakanni vishayanchya aadharavar mandanyat aalelya avjad kamanpeksha varnanukramik kramvari yojanela dekhil pasanti dilee. itihaskar charles porset yanni varnamalavishayak tippani kartana mhatale aahe qee, "vargikaran shoonya patali mhanoon varnamalatmak kram serve vachan dhorananna adhikrut karato; yaa sandarbhat teey dnyanache prateek manale jaau shakate.porsetsathi, vishayshastriy aanee shrenibaddha pranalinche talhane asha prakare kamancha mukt arth lavnyas anumati dete aanee samatavadache eka udaharan banate. tarkbuddhichya yugat vishvakosh aanee shabdakosh dekhil adhik lokpriy jhaale kaaran asha granthanna granthanna sushikshit grahakanchi sankhya vadhu lagali. lagali shatkachya uttaradhat, dashkanushatke prakashit sahbhagi shabdakoshanchi aanee vishvakoshanchi sankhya 1760 teey 1769 darmyan 63 varoon french krantichya (1780-1789) pudhil dashakat andaje 148 paryant vadhali. sankhyetil vadhibarobarach, shabdakosh aanee vishvakoshanchi lambihi vadhali, jyat anekada anek chhapil aavrutya asatat jyaa kadhikadhi purak aavrutyanmadhye samavisht kelya jaatat.
pahila tantrik shabdakosh johnn harris yanni tayar keela hota aanee tyache shirshak 'lexican technicum kinwa, qalaa aanee vidnyanancha eka sarvatrik ingraji shabdakosh' asey hote. harrischya pustakane dharamshastriy aanee charitratmak nondi talhalya; tyaeivaji teey vidnyan aanee tantradnyanavar kendrit hote. 1704 madhye prakashit jhalele 'lexican technicum' heey ingerjit lihilele pahile pustak hote, jyat bhautik vidnyan aanee navigations ganeet aanee vyavsayik ganitache varnan karnyasathi paddhatshir drushtikon swikarla gela. itar tantrik shabdakoshanni harrischya pratimeche anusaran kele, jyat ephraim chamberschya 'cyclopedia' (1728) chaa samavesh hota, jyat paach aavrutyancha samavesh hota aanee harispeksha heey eka lakshaniy mothe kaam hote. yaa kamachya folio aavruttit foldout koreev kamanchahi samavesh hota. cyclopedia' neey neutonian siddhant, lokikan tattvadnyanavar bharr deela aanee tyat korivkam, madya tayar karane aanee rangkam yasarkhya tantradnyanachi sakhol tapasani kelee. germanymadhye, ashikshit bahusankhyansathichi vyavharik sandarbh kaame 18 vya shatkat lokpriy jhaali. marperger curious natcher-, kunst-, berg-, gevarkund handlungs-lexicon' (1712) yaa granthane vyavasay aanee vaidnyanik aanee vyavsayik shikshanache upayukt varnan sadar sandnya spasht kelya. "jablonxy algemine lexican" (1721) haah "handlungs-lexican" peksha adhik prasiddha hota aanee vaidnyanik siddhantapeksha tantrik vishay adhorekhit keela hota. udaharanarth, majkurache paach stambh madyala samarpit hote, tarr bhoomiti aanee tarkshastra anukrame fakt bavis aanee satra olee vatap karnyat aale hote. encyclopedia britannica' chee pahili aavrutti (1771) german shabdakoshanpramanech tayar karnyat aalee hotee.
tathapi, dnyanachya yugat vaidnyanik dnyanala paddhatshir sadar sandarbh granthanche pramukh udaharan tantrik shabdkoshanaivaji sarvatrik vishvakosh hote. serve manvi dnyan sarvasamaveshak sandarbh karyat nondavane heey sarvatrik vishvakoshanche uddisht hote. dennis diderot aanee jeane leey rond dii 'alumbert yanche' vishvakosh, kinwa shabdakoshatil vidnyan, days arts ett days mattiers 'heey yaa kamanpaiki sarvat prasiddha aahe. 1751 madhye prakashit honyas suruvat jhalelya yaa karyat pastis khand aanee 71,000 hoon adhik swatantra nondi hotya. vidnyan aanee hastakaleche tapshilvar varnan karnyasathi mothya sankhyene praveshika samarpit hotya. dii 'alumbertchya' encyclopedia auph diderot 'chya prathamik pravachanat, qalaa aanee vidnyanatil manvi dnyanachi vyapti nondavanyache kamache mothe uddisht spasht kele aaheh
dnyanachya zaad' nusar yaa mothya karyachi vyavastha karnyat aalee hotee. yaa vrukshane qalaa aanee vidnyan yanchyatil lakshaniy vibhajan pratibimbit kele, jeey mukhyatve anubhavavadachya udayamule hote. dnyanachi donhi kshetre tatvadnyanadvare kinwa dnyanachya vrukshachya tantudware ekjoot jhaali hotee. dnyanacha dharmacha apbhransh haah vrukshachya rachnet spasht keela gela, visheshtah jethe dharamshastra eka paridhiy shakha mhanoon ganale jaate, jyat kalee jaadoo jawalcha shejari mhanoon asate. vishvakosh' neey lokpriyata midvalyanantar, 1777 nantar too quarto aanee aktevo aavrutyanmadhye prakashit jhaala. quarto aanee aktevo aavrutya mageel aavrutyanpeksha khoopach qamee mahag hotya, jyamule 'vishvakosh' uchchabhru lokansathi adhik sulabh jhaala. robbert darnton yancha andaj aahe qee french krantipurvi sampoorn france aanee europemadhye 'vishvakosh' chya andaje 25,000 pratee prachalit hotya. vyapak, tarihi parvadanara vishvakosh vistarat olakhalya prekshakanparyant dnyan aanee vaidnyanik shikshanache prasaran darshavinyasathi aala.
vidnyanache lokpriyikaran.
dnyanachya yugane vidnyanachya shakhet aanalelya sarvat mahattvachya ghadamodinpaiki eka mhanje tyache lokpriyikaran. qalaa aanee vidnyan yaa donhi vishayanmadhye dnyan aanee shikshan midvu midvu vadhatya sakshar loksankhyemule mudran sanskraticha vistar jhaala aanee vaidnyanik shikshanacha prasar jhaala. annadhanyachya upalabdhatet jhaleli mothee vaadh hii naveen sakshar loksankhyemule jhaali. yamule anek lock garibeetoon baher padoo shakale aanee annasathi jaast paise denyaeivaji tyanchyakade shikshanasathi paise hote. lokpriy karane haah samanyatah vyapak dnyanachya aadarshancha eka bhag hota, jyane "jastit jaast lokanna mahitee upalabdh karoon denyacha" prayatna keela.18 vya shatkat naisargik tattvadnyanatil janateche swarasya vadhat asatana, sarvajanik vyakhyananche abhyaskram aanee lokpriy granthanchya prakashanane vidyapithe aanee akadamichya parighavar rahilelya haushi aanee shastradnyansathi paise aanee prasiddhiche naveen marg khule kele.
british coffey haus.
adhikrut sansthanmadhun sarvajanik kshetrat udbhavalelya vidnyanache prarambhik udaharan mhanje british coffey haus. coffey hausachya sthapanesah, rajkiy, tatvik aanee vaidnyanik charchansathi eka naveen sarvajanik munch tayar karnyat aala. aala shatkachya madhyat, oxfordchya aaspas coffeehooses tayar jhalya, jithe shaikshanik samudayane coffeehoosne parvanagi dilelya aniyantrit sambhashanacha fayda ghenyas suruvat kelee. kahee vidvananni adhikrut sansthechya prayogshalechya baher vidnyan aanee prayoganvar charcha karnyasathi naveen samajik jaagecha vapar karnyas suruvat kelee. coffey hausachya aashraydatyanna sahbhagi honyasathi fakt coffeechee dish kharedi karane aavashyak hote, jyamule aarthik sadhananchi parva naan karata, sambhashanatun fayda honyachi sandhee anekanna midali. shikshan haah eka madhyavarti vishay hota aanee kahee aashraydatyanni itaranna dhade aanee vyakhyane denyas suruvat kelee. rasayanshastradnya pieter stell yanni 1660 chya dashakachya suruvatila tilliardchya coffeehoosemadhye rasayanshastrache dhade dile. londonmadhye coffey haus vikasit hott asatana, grahakanni khagolshastra aanee ganeet yasarkhya vaidnyanik vishayanvaril vyakhyane atishay qamee kimmatit aikali. coffey hausachya ullekhaneey utsahi lokanmadhye johnn aubrey, robbert hook, james bridges aanee samuel pappies yancha samavesh hota.
sarvajanik vyakhyane.
sarvajanik vyakhyan abhyaskramanmadhye adhikrut sansthanshi sanlagn nasalelya kahee shastradnyanna, kahee vela tyanchya swatachya kalpana, aanee pratishtha nirman karanyachi sandhee aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, udarnirvahasathi, vaidnyanik dnyan prasarit karnyasathi eka munch upalabdh karoon denyat aala. dusarikade, lokanni pratyakshik vyakhyananmadhun dnyan aanee manoranjan donhi midavale. 1735 teey 1793 darmyan, sattarahun adhik vyakti prayogik bhautikshastratil sarvajanik prekshakansathi abhyaskram aanee pratyakshike dett hotya. vargatil upasthitichi sankhya shambhar teey chaar kinwa pachsheparyant hotee. abhyaskram eka teey chaar aathvade, kahee mahine kinwa sampoorn shaikshanik varshaparyantchya kalavadhit badaltat. divasa aksharshah konatyahi velee abhyaskram dile jaat hote; navintam ratri 8 vaa 9 vajata ghadale. kaam sadar lokanna sahbhagi honyachi parvanagi dett aanee uchchabhru lokanchi upasthiti darshavat, sandhyakali 6 vajanyacha sarvat lokpriy prarambh kaal hota. vidyapithe aanee itar sansthanmadhun pratibandhit, mahila anekada pratyakshik vyakhyananmadhye upasthit asayachya aanee tyanni mothya sankhyene lekhaparikshak tayar kele.
vyakhyananche mahatva guntaguntiche ganeet kinwa bhautikshastra shikavanyamadhye navhate, tarr bhautikshastrachi tattve vyapak lokansamor dakhavane aanee charcha aanee vadavivadala protsahan dene heey hote. samanyatah, vyakhyane sadar sadar vyaktinni bhautikshastrachya konatyahi vishisht brandche palan kele nahee, tarr vegvegalya siddhantanche sanyojan dakhavun dile. vijechya abhyasatil naveen pragatimule prekshakanna pratyakshike dilee gelee, jee samanya lokanmadhye vaidnyanik kagadpatranpeksha jaast prerana gheuun aalee. jeane-antoin nollet aanee itar vyakhyate yanni vaparlelya lokpriy pratyakshikanche eka udaharan mhanje 'vidyutikrut mulga'. pratyakshikat, eka tarun mulala chhatavarun, jaminila aadvya bajula, resheem taransah latkavale jaeel. tyanantar tyaa mulache vidyutikaran karnyasathi vidyut yantracha vapar keela jaeel. moolatah chumbak banoon, too nantar vyakhyatachya tyachya bhovati vikhuralelya vastooncha sangrah aakarshit karat asey. kadhikadhi eka tarun muleela lekhaparikshakankadun mulachya galala sparsh karnyasathi kinwa chumban ghenyasathi bolavale jaat asey, jyamule done mulanmadhye 'vidyut chumban' mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya jaananya futatat. asha chamatkaranni prekshakanche nakkich manoranjan kele asate, parantu bhautik tattvanchya pratyakshikane shaikshanik uddesh dekhil sadhya keela. 18 vya shatkatil eka vyakhyane tyanchya nidarshananchya upyuktatevar jore dett teey "samajachya bhalyasathi upayukt aahet" asey mhatale." 
chhapil kshetrat lokpriy vidnyan.
dnyanachya kalat europemadhil vadhatya saksharatechya daramule vidnyanala chhapil madhyamatoon lokpriy sanskratit pravesh karata aala. adhik aupcharik karyanmadhye mool vaidnyanik majkoor samajoon ghenyasathi shaikshanik parshvabhoomi nasalelya vyaktinsathi vaidnyanik siddhantanchya spashtikaranancha samavesh hota. surr isaq neuton yanche prasiddha 'philosophiya naturalis principia mathematica' lattinmadhye prakashit jhaale hote aanee dnyanprapti lekhakanche bhashantarache aanee bhashetil bhashantarache vishleshan suru hoiparyant abhijat bhashetil shikshanashivay vachkansathi teey aprapya rahile. 1738 madhye voltairne prakashit kelelya 'elements day laa philosophy dii neuton' haah neutonianvad aanee 'principia' chaa pahila french parichay hota. 1756 madhye tichya mrutyunantar prakashit jhalelya 'principia' chaa emily du chatletcha anuvad, newtonchya siddhantancha vaidnyanik akadami aanee vidyapithachya palikade prasar karnyas dekhil madat jhaala.
tathapi, voltaircha parichay aanee chatletcha anuvad honyapurvi vidnyanane lokpriy sanskratichya dishene eka mothe paul takale. bernard dii fontainelchya 'jagachya bahulatevaril sambhashan' (1686) chya prakashanane pahile mahattvapoorn karya chinhankit kele jyane samanya lokansathi, sthanik bhashet aanee vachakanche manoranjan lakshat gheuun vaidnyanik siddhant aanee dnyan spashtapane vyakt kele. heey pustak visheshtah vaidnyanik lekhanat rus asalelya mahilansathi tayar karnyat aale hote aanee tyanni ashach vividh kamanna prerana dilee hotee. yaa lokpriy rachana viveki shailit lihilya gelya hotya, jyaa akadami aanee shastradnyanni prakashit kelelya guntaguntichya lekhanpeksha, granthanpeksha aanee pustakanpeksha vachkansathi adhik spashtapane mandalya gelya hotya. charles leadbaterchya 'khagolshastra' chee (1727) jahirat 'eka purnapane naveen karya' mhanoon karnyat aalee hotee jyat 'lahan aanee sope niyam aanee khagolshastriy saranya' samavisht asateel.vadhatya mahila prekshakansathi lihitana francesco algarottine" "ill neutonionism parr leey dame" "prakashit kele, jeey eka prachand lokpriy kaam hote aanee elizabeth carterne italionmadhun ingerjit anuvadit kele hote". mahilansathichya neutonianvadachi ashich olakh heinry pemberton yanni tayar kelee hotee. tyanche 'surr isaq neuton yanchya tattvadnyanache drushya' heey lekhadvare prakashit karnyat aale. grahakanchya vidyaman nondi darshavtat qee vividh samajik shrenitil mahilanni heey pustak vikat ghetale, jeey madhyamvargatil vaidnyanikdrushtya pravrutt mahila vachakanchi vadhati sankhya darshavate. dnyanachya kalat, mahilanni swatah lokpriy vaidnyanik kaame tayar karnyas suruvat kelee. saara treamerne mulansathi 'nisargachya dnyanachi sopee olakh' (1782) heey shirshak asalele eka yashasvi naisargik itihasache pathyapustak lihile, jeey nantar anek varshe akra aavrutyanmadhye prakashit jhaale.
dnyanachya kalat kavita aanee sahityat vidnyanacha prabhav adhik samanyapane disu lagla. kahee kavita vaidnyanik roopak aanee pratimanni bharalelya jhalya, tarr itar kavita thet vaidnyanik vishayanvar lihilya gelya. surr richard blackmore yanni 'creation, saat pustakanmadhil eka tatvik kavita' (1712) yaa padyasathi neutonian pranalila vachan dile. 1727 madhye newtonchya mrutyunantar, tyachya sanmanarth anek dashake kavita lihilya gelya. james thomson (1700-1748) yanni tyanchi 'newtonchya smaranarth kavita' lihili, jyat newtonchya hanibaddal shoke vyakt keela gela, parantu tyanchya vidnyanachi aanee varshachi prashansa keleeh
vidnyanache sandarbh anekada sakaratmak asale taree, kahee dnyanvardhak lekhak hote jyanni shastradnyanvar tyanchya obaddhobad, kshullak karkirdibaddal teeka kelee. vilyam blakes itar vidnyanvirodhi lekhakanni, bhautikshastra, yantriki aanee ganeet vaparoon vishvatil guntagunt, visheshtah devachya sambandhat, sulabh karnyacha prayatna kelyabaddal shastradnyanna fatkarle. yaa kalat pranayramya paramparet dusht shastradnyachya charitryacha ullekh karnyat aala. udaharanarth, ernst theoder wilheim hofmanchya karyat eka dusht hatalani karnara mhanoon shastradnyache vaishishtya.
vidnyanat mahila.
dnyanachya yugat mahilanna vaidnyanik sanstha, vidyapithe aanee vidwan vyavasayanpasun vagalanyat aale hote. mahilanna, jarr kahee asel tarr, swa-abhyas, shikshak aanee adhik khulya manachya vadilanchya shikavnukindware shikshit kele jaat asey. karagiranchya mulee vagalata, jyaa kadhikadhi karyashalet madat karoon tyanchya vadilancha vyavasay shikatat, sushikshit mahila pramukhyane uchchabhru samajacha bhag hotya. samaj aanee vidyapithanmadhun mahilanna vagalanyacha parinam mhanje sukshmadarshakasarkhi vaidnyanik upkarane vaparnyat tyanchi asamarthata, jyamule barech swatantra sanshodhan rokhale gele. kharey tarr, 18 vya shatkat nirbandh itake kathor hote qee suininsah mahilanna sandusha vaparnyas manai hotee. tyaa vishisht nirbandhamule vadhatya nirbandhatmak, purush-varchasva asalelya vaidyakeey samudayache udaharan midale. 18 vya shatkat, purush shalyachikitsakanni strirogshastrat suininchi bhoomika swikaranyas suruvat kelee. kahee purush vyangkaranni vaidnyanik manachya mahilanchihi khilli udavali aanee tyanche varnan tyanchya gharguti bhoomikekade durlaksh kelyache kele. vidnyanatil mahilanchya nakaratmak drushtikonatun kahee dnyanprapti granthanmadhye spasht bhavna pratibimbit jhaali qee mahilanna shikshit karanyachi garaj nahee, kinwa tyanna shikshit kele jaau naye; jeane-jacks russo yanni 'emil' madhye yaa matache udaharan dile aaheh
yaa maryada asoonahi, kahee purushanmadhye vidnyan kshetrat mahilanna pathimba hota aanee 18 vya shatkat anekanni vidnyanat maulyavan yogdan dile. laura baasee aanee russian rajkumari yekaterina daskova yaa aupcharik sansthanmadhye sahbhagi sahbhagi done ullekhaneey mahila hotya. baasee heey eka italian bhautikshastradnya hote, jyanni bologna vidyapithatun ph. dii. prapt kelee aanee 1732 madhye tethe adhyapan karnyas suruvat kelee. dashkova sentchya russian imperial academy auph sciencechi sanchalak bunley. 1783 madhye pietersberg. maharani catherine daad gret hichyashi tiche vaiyaktik sambandh (aar. 1762-1796) neey teela heey padd midvanyachi parvanagi dilee, jyamule itihasat vaidnyanik akadamichya sanchalakpadavar eka mahilechi pahili niyukti jhaali. iva ekeblad hii royal swedish academy auph sciencemadhye (1748) samavisht honari pahili mahila tharali.
adhik samanyatah, striya purush natevaik kinwa jodidarashi sambandh thevun vidnyanat sahbhagi hott asat. carolin hershellne tichya khagolshastriy karkirdichi suruvat kelee, jaree suruvatila kahee pramanat anichhene, ticha bhau william hershella madat karoon. carolin hershella tichya aath dhoomketuchya shodhasathi aanee tichya 'flamsteedchya sthir gadad nirikshanansathi nirdeshank' (1798) sathee sarvat jaast smaranat thewale jaate. 1 august 1786 roji, hershellne ticha pahila dhoomketu shodhala, jyamule vaidnyanik manachya mahilanmadhye khoop utsah hota. fanny bernine yaa shodhavar bhashya kartana mhatale qee, "haah dhoomketu khoop lahan hota aanee tyachya rupat bhavya kinwa lakshavedhi asey kahihi navhate; parantu too pratham mahilecha dhoomketu aahe aanee mallah too pahanyachi khoop ichcha hotee.merrie-aine pierate paulz yanni tyanche patee antoin lavoisier yanchyasobat sahkaryane kaam kele. lavoiseerchya prayogshaletil sanshodhanat madat karnyavyatirikt, naveen rasayanshastravaril tichya patichya kamasathi anek ingraji granthanche frenchmadhye bhashantar karanyachi jababdari tichyavar hotee. polzney tichya patichya anek prakashananche chitran kele, jase qee tyacha 'rasayanshastravaril grunth' (1789).
itar anek mahila vaidnyanik granthanchya chitrakar kinwa anuvadak banalya. francemadhye, madeline francois bassportla shahee vanaspati udyanat chitrakar mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale hote. ingraji mahila merrie delanyne chitranachi eka anokhi paddhat vikasit kelee. tichya tantrat jiwant vanaspatinchya jiwant pratikruti punha tayar karnyasathi shekado rangeet kagadache tukade vaparane samavisht hote. germanmadhye janmalelya maria sibila merrian aanee dorothea maria graphs tichya mulee keetak aanee naisargik jagachya kaljipurvak vaidnyanik abhyasat sahbhagi hotya. mukhytah jalrang, vellamvarche goche vaparoon, tee 18 vya shatkatil aaghadichya kitakshastradnyanpaiki eka bunley. ekoon paach varshanchya kalavadhisathi vanaspati jivanacha abhyas karnyasathi surinamchi vaidnyanik sahal sahal pahilya mahila kitakshastradnyanpaiki tyaa eka hotya.
kuleen mahilanni kadhikadhi merrie somerset aanee margaret harles tyanchya swatachya vanaspati udyananchi lagwad kelee. kadhikadhi anek bhashanchya samajutipeksha vaidnyanik anuvadasathi jaast garaj asate. newtonchya 'principia' chey frenchmadhye bhashantar karnyavyatirikt, emily du chatletne tyachya mrutyunantar ganiteey bhautikshastrat nuktyach jhalelya pragaticha samavesh karnyasathi newtonchya kamacha vistar keela.
shist.
khagolshastra.
copernicus, capler aanee neuton yanni pudhe kelelya kamache aadhar tayar karoon, 18 vya shatkatil khagolshastradnyanni durbini parishkrut kelee, gadad soochi tayar kelya aanee swargiy vastoonchya halchali aanee sarvatrik gurutvakarshanache parinam spasht karnyachya dishene kaam kele. tyaa kalatil pramukh khagolshastradnyanpaiki edmond halley heey hote. 1705 madhye hallyne visheshtah tejaswi dhoomketuchya aitihasik varnanancha yogya sambandh keval eka dhoomketuchya punaragamanashi jodala, jyala nantar hallycha dhoomketu asey naav denyat aale, jeey tyachya dhoomketuchya kakshanchya gananevar aadharit hote. hallyne neutonian vishvacha siddhantahi badalala, jyat sthir sthir varnan kele hote. jevha tyanni gadad pracheen sthananchi tulana tyanchya samkalin sthananshi kelee, tevha tyanna aadhalale qee teey badalale aahet. james bradleyne taramargi paralexche dastaivajikaran karnyacha prayatna kartana lakshat aale qee samuel molinuxes tyane aadhi pahilelya pahilelya aspasht gatee prakashachya vichalanamule jhaali hotee. haah shodh vishvachya suryakendriy pratimanacha purava hota, kaaran suryabhovati pruthvichi pradakshina hii hii nirikshan kelelya sthiteet spasht gatee ghadavate. yaa shodhamule bradley prakashachya vegachya agadi jawalcha andaj lavu shakala.
18 vya shatkatil shukranunche nirikshan heey vatavaranache varnan karnyasathi eka mahattvache paul tharale. 1761 madhye shukra sankramanachya darmyan, russian shastradnya mikhail lomonosov yanni grahavar prakashachya vartulache nirikshan kele. lomonosovne yaa ringche shrey suryaprakashachya apavartanala dile, jyache tyane yogya gruhitak kele qee teey shukranuchya vatavaranamule jhaale hote. 1779 madhye johann heroniumus shrotter yanni kelelya nirikshananmadhye shukranchya vatavaranache aanakhi purave gola kele gele. jatil ganiteey gananandware shukranchya vastumanachi ganana kartana grahane alexes claude dii clarotla tyachya lakshaniy ganiteey kaushalyanvar kaam karanyachi sandhee dekhil dilee.
tathapi, tyaa kalatil barech khagolshastriy karya 18 vya shatkatil sarvat natyamay vaidnyanik shodhanpaiki ekamule chhayankit hote. 13 march 1781 roji haushi khagolshastradnya william hershell yanni tyanchya shaktishali paravartit durbinisah eka naveen grah shodhala. suruvatila dhoomketu mhanoon olakhala jaanara haah khagoliy pind nantar grah mhanoon swikarla gela. tyanantar lagechach, yaa grahala hershellne 'georgium sidus' asey naav dile aanee francemadhye tyala hershelium asey naav denyat aale. johann bodene prastavit kelyapramane, uranus heey naav hershelchya mrutyunantar mothya pramanavar vaparale gele. khagolshastrachya saiddhantik bajoone, ingraji naisargik tatvadnya johnn michel yanni 1783 madhye pahilyanda gadad gadad astitvacha prastav mandala. michel yanni asey gruheet dharale qee jarr ekhadya tarakeey vastuchi ghanata pureshi vadhali tarr tyachi aakarshak shakti itaki mothee hoil qee prakashahi baher padoo shakanar nahee. tyane assa andajahi lavala qee gadad gadad sthan teey sabhovatalachya sabhovatalachya tanyanvar tivra gurutvakarshan shaktidvare nirdharit kele jaau shakate. krishnabindupeksha kahisa vegala asala taree, krishna taara haah albert einsteinchya sapekshatechya samanya siddhantapasun udbhavalelya krishnabinducha purvavarti mhanoon samajala jaau shakato.
rasayanshastra.
rasayanik kranti haah 18 vya shatkatil eka kaal hota, joou rasayanshastrachya siddhant aanee saravatil lakshaniy pragatine chinhankit keela gela. vaidnyanik krantichya kalat bahutek vidnyan paripakv jhaale asale taree, 18 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant rasayanshastrala adyap paddhatshir chaukat kinwa saiddhantik siddhantanchi ruparesha tayar karata aaleli navhati. rasayanache ghatak ajunahi rasayanshastrachya abhyasat vyapale hote aanee naisargik jug pruthvi, paanee, havah aanee agni yaa shastriy ghatakanpasun banalele aahe assa vishvas prachalit rahila. rasayanik krantichi pramukh kamgiri hii paramparikpane antoin lavoiseerchya jwalan auxigen siddhantachya bajoone flogiston siddhant sodoon dene mhanoon pahili gelee aahe; tathapi, alikadil abhyasanmadhye rasayanik krantimage yogdan yogdan shaktinche kaaran anek ghatak asalyache mhatale aahe.
johann joachim bechar aanee george ernst stall yanchya netrutvakhali vikasit kelela flogiston siddhant haah jwalan utpadanancha hishob karnyacha prayatna hota. yaa siddhantanusar, flogiston navacha padarth jwalansheel padarthanmadhun jaalanyachya madhyamatoon sodala gela. parinami tayar jhalelya utpadanas 'calcs' asey sambodhale gele, joou tyachya tyachya swarupat 'deflogisticated' padarth manla jaat asey. flogiston siddhantaviruddhacha pahila bhakkam purava 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat brittenmadhil vayaveey rasayanshastradnyankadun midala. joseph black, joseph prestly aanee heinry cavendish yaa sarvanni havechi nirmiti karnare vegvegale vayoo olakhale; tathapi, 1772 chya sharad rututil antoin lavoisierne shodh yeiparyant, jevha jalale tevha sulfur aanee phosphorus vajan "vadhate [edd]" qee flogiston siddhant ulgadanyas suruvat jhaali.
tyanantar lavoiseerne pranvayucha shodh lavala aanee tyala pranavayu asey naav dile, pranyanchya shvasochchhavasatil tyachya bhoomikeche aanee havechya samparkat asalelya dhatunchya calcination varnan kele (1774-1778). 1783 madhye, paanee heey auxigen aanee hydrogenche sanyug asalyache lavoiseerla aadhalale. lavosierchya prayoganchya varshanni flogiston siddhantala virodh karnara eka karyasanch tayar keela. 1785 madhye akadameela tyanche 'flogistonveril pratibimb' vachalyanantar, rasayanshastradnyanni junya flogiston siddhant aanee naveen auxigen siddhantavar aadharit shibiranmadhye vibhagani karnyas suruvat kelee. louis bernard guton dii morweu yanni vikasit kelelya rasayanik namkaranancha eka naveen prakar, lavoiseerchya madatine, ghatakanche vansh aanee prajatimadhye dwipadi vargikaran kele. udaharanarth, jalalele shise auxide aanee prajatichya shiseche hote. lavoiseerchya naveen rasayanshastrat sankraman aanee sweekar sampoorn europemadhye vegane badalat hota. naveen rasayanshastra 1790 chya dashakachya suruvatila glassgo aanee edinberg yethe sthapit karnyat aale hote, parantu germanymadhye teey haloohaloo sthapit jhaale. akheris auxigen-aadharit jwalan siddhantane flogiston siddhant budavoon takala aanee yaa prakriyet aadhunik rasayanshastracha paya tayar keela.

