
angatha

tarjanichya pudhe, angatha haah hatacha pahila ank asato. jevha ekhadi vyakti vaidyakeey sharirik sthiteet ubhi asate (jithe talva samorasamor asato), tevha angatha haah sarvat bahereel ank asato. angathyasathiche vaidyakeey lattin ingraji sandnya 'pollex' aahe (mothya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya payachya angalachya angathache 'hollux' heey 'heey' polycle 'heey' heey sambandhit visheshan aahe.
vyakhya.
angatha aanee bote.
boat' yaa ingraji shabdala done indriye aahet, agadi ekach vishisht manvi hatachya upanganchya sandarbhatahih
bhashikdrushtya, asey disate qee mool arth yaa doghanpaiki pahila hotah (asehi prastut kele gele aahe), anumanit proto-indo-european bhashet, (kinwa) chey pratyay swaroop hote, jyane anek indo-european-kautumbik shabdanna (tyapaiki daha ingraji shabdakoshat paribhashit kele aahet) janm deela aahe jyat chaitanya sankalpanancha samavesh aahe kinwa tyatoon udbhavale aahe.
itar chaar botansah angatha khaleel goshti samayik karatoh
angatha haah keval ekach asalyamule itar chaar botanpaiki pratyekashi virodhabhas darshavitoho
aanee mhanunach 'sooj' (see. eff. 'tumour' aanee 'mandee') sathee 'indo-european' yaa shabdachi vyutpatti aahe kaaran angatha haah botancha sarvat ghatt asato.
virodh aanee samarthan.
manse.
manvi sharirshastravar laksh kendrit karnare sharirshastradnya aanee itar sanshodhakanna 'virodh' chya shekado vyakhya aahet. kahee sharirshastradnya jevha angatha pachvya botala (lahan botala) andaje asato tevha tyala 'virodh' pratibandhit karatat aanee angatha aanee itar botanmadhil itar andajanna 'opposition' mhanoon sambodhatat. sharirshastradnyansathi, heey arthpurn aahe kaaran yaa vishisht halchalisathi done aantarik hatachya snayunna (anukrame opponence polyces aanee opponence digity minimi) naav dile gele aahe.
itar sanshodhak dusari vyakhya vapartat, virodhi-sthiticha sandarbh flection-apaharan aanee vistar-jode yanchyatil sankraman mhanoon detat; asha prakare durastha angathyachya falankschee "bajoo" opposition "darmyan hatachya kinwa hatachya radial bajus (tarjani botanchya bajula) andaje asate aanee" virodhi "darmyan durastha angathyachya falankschee" palp "kinwa" pamar "bajoo ektar talahat kinwa itar botanna andaje asate.
anga tyachya tatasth sthiteet parat halavalyas tyala punarsthapana mhanatat aanee firatya halchalila parighbhraman mhanatat.
primatologist aanee haat sanshodhanache pranete johnn aanee prudence napier yanni virodh hii ashee vyakhya kelee aaheh "eka ashee halchal jyadvare angathyacha garr prushthbhag urvarit eka kinwa serve botanchya antim padchya samparkat kinwa agadi viruddha dishene thewala jaato."haah" "kharaa", palp-too-palp virodh shakya honyasathi, angatha tyachya lamb akshavar (carpometecarple sandhyavar) firane aavashyak aahe ". manvi angathyasathi kaay adviteey aahe heey adhorekhit karnyasathi hii vyakhya nivadanyat aalee hotee.
itar narbhakshi.
kolee makad vastoo pakadanyasathi tyachya lamb, prehenacil shepaticha cases nasalela bhag vaparoon aksharshah angatha nasalela asalyachi bharpai karato. wanner aanee junya vishvatil makadanmadhye, angatha tyachya akshabhovati firavala jaau shakato, parantu angathyachya garr aanee tarjani boat yanchyatil samparkache vistrut kshetra heey manvi vaishishtya aahe.
"darvinius massile", haah prosemian aanee simean yanchyatil eka eocene primate sankramankalin jivashma hota, jyache haat aanee paay atyant lavchik ankansah hote jyat viruddha angathe aanee helluce hote.
itar garbhasth sastan prani.
yavyatirikt, anek polydactyle manjarinmadhye, sarvat aateel payacha bote aanee sarvat bahereel payacha bote (pinky) donhi viruddha asoo shakatat, jyamule manjar adhik jatil kaame karoo shakate.
sarpatanare prani.
dynasore.
hya vyatirikt, annamadhye ferfar karnyasathi aanee/kinwa shikar pakadanyasathi itar kahee dynasorechi bote anshatah kinwa purnapane viruddha asoo shakatat.
manvi shareer rachnashastra.
hadancha kanaa.
angathyachya sangadyat pahila metacarple haad asato joou carpometacarple sandhyavaril carpuses jawalun aanee metacarphophalengeal sandhyavaril jawalchya falenxs durparyant spasht hoto. heey nantarche haad enterfalengeal sandhyavaril distal falenxs spasht hote. yavyatirikt, metacarphophalengeal sandhyavar done tilyukt hadey asatat.
snayu.
angathyachya snayunchi tulana flagpolla aadhar denanya gaay-vayarashi kelee jaau shakate; angathyachya hadandware tayar jhalelya spasht stambhat sthirata rakhanyasathi yaa snayuyukt gaay-vayarcha taana serve dishanni pradan karane aavashyak aahe. hii sthirata snayundware sakriyapane rakhali jaat asalyane, bahutek angathyachya halchalinchya velee angathyala jodalele bahutek snayu sakriy asatat.
angathyavar kaam karnare snayu done gatanmadhye vibhagale jaau shakatatah bahya hatache snayu, tyanchya snayu potasah agrabhagat sthit asatat aanee aantarik hatache snayu, tyanchya snayu pooat yogya hatamadhye sthit asatat.
bahya.
eka ventral forarm snayu, flexer polices longus (eff. pii. ell.) trijyechya agrabhagapasun trijya tuberocityparyant aanee interosius membrainpasoon udbhavate. too eka vegalya snayu aavaranat carple bogdyatoon jaato, jyanantar too flexer polices bravischya dokyanchya darmyan asato. teey shevati angathyachya durchya falankschya payavar jodale jaate. heey madhyavarti majjatantuchya (see7-see8) agravarti aantarshleshm shakhedvare majjatantu hote, heey purvichya contrahent snayunpaiki eka snayuchi chikati aahe jyane bote kinwa bote ekatra khechale.
hatachya pudhil bajus asalele teen snayu angathyavar karya karatatah
apavartak polices longus (aii. pii. ell.) haah alnah aanee trijya yaa donhichya prushthbhagachya bajunni aanee aantarasth patalatoon udbhavato. pahilya snayuchya dabyatoon jaat, teey pahilya metacarple hadanchya talavar ghusavate. snayucha eka bhag trikoni bhagaparyant pohochato, tarr dusra bhag extensor polices bravis aanee abductor polices bravischya snayunshi misalato. haat apaharan karane vagalata, too haat hatachya talahatyachya dishene sarkavato aanee trijyane kadhoon gheto. radial majjatantuchya khol shakhene (see7-see8) teey majjatantumadhye ghusate.
extensor polices longus (eae. pii. ell.) haah alnachya prushthbhagavar aanee aantarasth patalavar ugam pavto. snayuchya tisya dabyatoon jaat, too angathyachya durchya falankschya payavar ghatala jaato. too trijyechya khalchya tokavaril prushthiy tubercalcha vapar angatha vadhavanyasathi aadhar mhanoon karato aanee dorciflex dekhil karato aanee mangatakade haat kadhoon gheto. radial majjatantuchya khol shakhene (see7-see8) teey majjatantumadhye ghusate.
extensor polyces breevis (eae. pii. bii.) haah alnah distal teey abductor polyces longus, interosius membrain aanee trijyechya prushthbhagachya bajoone udbhavato. kandarachya pahilya dabyatoon, apaharankarta polices longs, teey angathyachya nikatvarti falankschya payala jodalele asate. too angatha vadhavato aanee lamb apaharankartyashi tyachya jawalchya sambandhanmule, angatha dekhil kadhoon gheto. radial majjatantuchya khol shakhene (see7-tii1) teey majjatantumadhye ghusate.
extensor polices longus aanee extensor polices breevische snayu tayar hotat jyala anatomical snuff boxes (tyachya payathyashi angathyachya bajukadil bajus indentation) mhanoon olakhale jaate, radial dhamani mangatavar (snuffboxmadhye nahee) purvela sparsh kelee jaau shakate.
aantarik.
teen thurr snayu aaheth
apavitra policies breevis (aii. pii. bii.) haah scaffoid tubercle aanee flexer retinakulamvar ugam pavto. heey trijaliy teel haad aanee angathyachya nikatvarti falanksmadhye samavisht karate. too madhyavarti majjatantudware (see8-tii1) majjatantu hoto.
flexer polices bravisla (eff. pii. bii.) done shiro asatat. varche doke flexer retinakulamvar udbhavate, tarr khol doke teen carple hadanvar udbhavateh trapezium, trapezoid aanee capitate. metacarphophalengeal sandhyanchya trijya tilavaril hadavar snayu ghatale jaatat. too angatha halavanyache, odhanyache aanee odhanyache kaam karato aanee tyamule angathyala virodh karnyasahi saksham asato. varvarchya dokyala madhyavarti majjatantuchi majjatantu asate, tarr khol dokyala alner majjatantuchi majjatantu asate (see8-tii1).
opponence policischa ugam trapeziumchya tuberculver aanee flexer retinakulamvar hoto. teey pahilya metacarpalachya trijya bajula ghatale jaate. too angathyala virodh karato aanee jodanyat madat karato. too madhyavarti majjatantune majjatantula uttejit karato.
tyat samavisht asalele itar snayu pudhilpramane aaheth
eductor policisla dekhil done shiro asatat. transversal haid sampoorn tisya metacarple hadapasoon udbhavate, tarr tirkas haid tisya metacarpalachya jawalil carple hadanvar udbhavate. metacarphophalengeal sandhyanchya alner sesmoid hadavar snayu ghatale jaatat. too angatha jodato aanee virodh aanee lavchikta vadhavanyas madat karato. alnar majjatantuchya khol shakhene (see8-tii1) teey aswasth hote.
pahilya prushthbhagavaril antargarbhacha, hatachya madhyavarti snayunpaiki eka, angathyachya metacarpalachya talapasoon tarjanichya nikatvarti falankschya trijya bajus vistarato.
vividhata.
manvi angathyamadhye farak asato, jethe angatha angatha varr karnyachya havbhavat asatana pahilya aanee dusya (nikatvarti aanee durchya) fallangemadheel coone 0° aanee jawaljawal 90° darmyan badalato.
asey suchavale gele aahe qee haah farak haah eka autosomal recessive vaishishtya aahe, jyala hichaykarcha angatha mhanatat, jyamadhye samaroop vahak 90° chya jawal coone asato. tathapi, haah siddhant vadgrast aahe, kaaran angathyachya konat farak haah satatyavar yeto aanee itar aprabhavi anuvanshik vaishishtyanmadhye disana dvi-paddhaticha farsa purava disat nahee.
angathyachya itar badalanmadhye brachydactyly prakar dii (joou janmajat lahan durastha falanks asalela angatha aahe), trifalanjal angatha (joou eka angatha aahe jyamadhye nehamichya donaivaji 3 fallanges asatat) aanee polycyndactyly (joou radial polydactyly aanee syndactallyche sanyojan aahe) yancha samavesh hoto.
pakad.
haat pakadanyachya abhyasat purvichya mahattvapoorn yogdankartyanpaiki eka orthopedic primatologist aanee paleoenthropologist johnn napier hote, jyanni purvi kelelya kamachya ulat tyanchya sharirik aadharavar hatachya halchalinche aayojan karnyacha prastav mandala hota, jyat keval aniyantrit vargikaran vaparale gele hote. haat pakadanyachya yaa suruvatichya bahutek kamancha vyavharik aadhar hota kaaran tyacha uddesh hatachya nukasanbharpaichya dukhapatinchi sankshipt vyakhya karane haah hota, jyasathi hatachya halchalinchya sharirik aadharabaddal samajoon ghene aavashyak hote. napierne done prathamik prehensile pakad prastavit keleeh "achook pakad" aanee "power pakad". achookata aanee shakti pakad hii angatha aanee botanchya sthanadvare paribhashit kelee jaate jitheh
angathyachya viruddhatechi achook pakad yanchyashi gallat karoo naye kaaran kahee pranyanmadhye ardh-virodhi angathe asatat parantu tarihi tyanna vyapak achook pakad (udaharanarth tufted capuchin) asalyache dnyat aahe. tathapi, achook pakad sahasa keval uchch vanaranmadhye aadhaltat aanee manavanpeksha keval lakshaniyaritya adhik maryadit pramanat aadhaltat.
tarjanichya durchya falanxla nishkriyapane vadhavanyachya manvi kshamatemule angatha aanee tarjanichya botadarmyan padd-too-padd chimati shakya jhaali aahe. bahutek gair-manav narvanaranna lahan angatha tyanchyaparyant pohochanyasathi tyanchi lamb bote halvavi lagatat.
manavanmadhye, distal padd itar narvanar pranyanpeksha rund asatat kaaran botanchya tokavaril mauu ootee mool hadavar ghodyachya nalyachya aakarachya kathala jodalelya asatat aanee pakadanyachya hatat, distal padd asman prushthbhaganshi julavun gheu shakatat, tarr botanchya tokanmadhye daab adhik samaan pramanat vitarit keela jaato. manvi angathyacha distal padd haah eka nikatvarti aanee distal dabyat vibhagalela asato, joou pahila dusyapekaiishaa adhik vikrut asato, jyamule thamb padd ekhadya vastubhovati aakar gheu shakato.
yantramanavshastrat, jawaljawal serve yantramanav hatanna lamb aanee majboot viruddha angatha asato. manvi hatanpramanech, robotic hatacha angatha dekhil vastoo pakadanyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavato. manvi angatha basavane heey robotic pakad niyojanacha eka preranadayi drushtikon aahe.
 eka arthane, manvi angatha basavane heey soochit karate qee vastoocha konata prushthbhag kinwa bhag pakadanyasathi changla aahe. mug robot aapala angatha tyach thikani thevato aanee angatha basavanyachya aadharavar itar botanchi yojana banavato.
vruddhatvabarobar angathyache karya sharirikdrushtya qamee hote. angathyachya motor anukramache moolyankan karoon heey dakhavun dile jaau shakate.
manvi utkranti.
pahilya carpometecarple sandhache (see. emm. see.) adim svayatta dynasoremadhye jhaali asavi. suruvatichya narvanshanmadhye vastavik farak andaje 70 mayae disun aala, tarr manvi angathyacha aakar see. emm. see. shevati sumare 5 mayae disato. yaa utkranti prakriyecha parinam mhanje dusya aanee tisya seey. mea. see. sandhyanmadhun jaananya akshanchya sambandhat manvi see. emm. see. sandhe 80° uchcharan, 40° apaharan aanee 50° lavchikta yethe sthit asatat.
bahutek motibindusaha kahee narvanar prani viruddha angathe samayik karatat. chimpanzisarkhya orthograde vanaranmadhye chadhan aanee nilamban vartanamule haat lamb jhaale aahet tarr angatha lahan rahila aahe. parinami, heey narvanar virodhiteshi sambandhit padd-too-padd pakad karnyas asamarth asatat. tathapi, babunsarkhya sarvabhru makadanmadhye, sthaliy jivanshailishi julavun ghetalyane botanchi lambi qamee jhaali aahe aanee tyamule hatache praman manvansarkhech aahe. parinami, yaa narvanar pranyanche haat kushal asatat aanee teey padd-too-padd pakad vaparoon vastoo pakadanyas saksham asatat. tyamule keval angathyachya pramanavar aadharit hatalanishi sambandhit kamansathi hatanche anukulan olakhane katheen houu shakate.
purnapane viruddha angathyachi utkranti sahasa homo sapiencechya agradoot homo habilisashi sambandhit asate. tathapi, haah madhyavarti manavvansh avasthanchya malikedware 'homo erects' pasoon (sumare 1 mayae) utkranticha suchavalela parinam aahe aanee mhanunach haah eka adhik guntagunticha duva aahe.
aadhunik manav tyanchya hatachya aanee hatachya snayunmadhye adviteey aahet. tarihi, teey swatahun aakarmanane tayar jhalele rahatat, mhanje pratyek snayu eka kinwa adhik manvetar narvanaranmadhye aadhalato. extensor polices bravis aanee flexer polices longus aadhunik manavanna uttam hatalani kaushalye aanee angathyat majboot lavchikta thevanyas anumati detat.
tathapi, adhik sambhavya paristhiti ashee asoo shakate qee chalanyapurvi 'homo habilis' chaa vishesh achook pakadanyacha haat (viruddha angathyane susajj), mankyacha, shronibhag aanee khalchya hatanchya vishesh rupantarasah adhik pragat hatachya aadhi. aanee, heey tarkik aahe qee eka puranmatvadi, atyant karyatmak rupantaranantar tyala purak asalelya adhik jatil aavrutya asavyat. homo habilis" saha, eka pragat pakad-saksham haat haah pradhyapakiy dvi-tattvavadasah hota, bahudha yacha arth assa hoto qee, saha-nivadak utkranti sambandh astitvat aahe asey gruheet dharoon, nantarche heey purvichya parinami hote kaaran anivarya dvi-tattvavadache adyap palan hone baakee hote. chalane heey vyast hatanche up-utpadan asoo shakate, ulat nahee.
hacks1 (jyala manvi twaran kshetra 2 asehi mhanatat) haah eka januk vadhavnara aahe, jyane advitiyapane viruddha manvi angathyachya utkrantimadhye yogdan dile asave aanee kadachit ghotyat kinwa payat badal kele asavet jyamule manav done payanvar chaloo shakato. aajparyantchya puravyanvarun asey disun yete qee manvi genomemadhe olakhalya gelelya 110,000 januk vardhak kramanpaiki, chimpanzi-manvi shevatchya samanya purvajapasun manvi utkrantidarmyan hacks1 madhye sarvat jaast badal jhaala aahe.