pratishtha (samajshastriy bhashashastra)

samajbhashavidnyanat, pratishtha mhanje itar bhasha kinwa bolibhashanchya tulanet, bhashan samudayamadhye samanyatah vishisht bhasha kinwa bolibhashela dilela aadar. pratishtheche prakar mhanje bhasha kinwa bolibhasha kutumbe jee samanyatah samajadvare sarvat "yogya" kinwa anyatha shreshth manali jaatat. anek prakarananmadhye, teey bhasheche manak swaroop aahet, jaree apavad aahet, visheshtah gupt pratishthechya paristhitit (jethe manak nasalelya bolila khoop mahatva aahe). bolibhasha aanee bhashanvyatirikt, shabdancha uchchar kinwa vapar kinwa vyakaran rachana yasarkhya lahan bhashik vaishishtyanvar dekhil pratishtha lagoo kelee jaate, jee swatantra boolii tayar karnyasathi pureshi vishisht asoo shakat naheet. pratishthechi sankalpana hii bhasha kinwa bhasha audasinyapurnammadhye swarupatil bhinnatechya ghatanesathi eka spashtikaran dete.
pratishthechya bolibhashanchi upasthiti haah lokanchya gatachi pratishtha aanee teey vaparat asaleli bhasha yanchyatil sambandhancha parinam aahe. samanyatah, tyaa samudayat jee bhasha kinwa vividhata adhik pratishthit manali jaate tee adhik pratishthit gatadware vaparali jaate. ekhadya gatachi pratishtha kitee aahe, yacha prabhav teey bolatat tee bhasha tyanchi swatachi bhasha manali jaate qee bolibhasha (mhanje tee swatachi bhasha manali jaau shakel itaki pratishtha nahee) yavarhi padoo shakato.
samajik vargacha adhik pratishthit manalya olakhalya bhasheshi sambandh aahe aanee vegvegalya samudayanmadhil abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee kahivela khalchya samajik vargache sadasya uchch samajik vargatil vyaktinchya bhasheche anukaran karnyacha prayatna karatat jenekarun tyanchi vegali bhasha anyatha tyanchi olakh kashee nirman karel heey talhata yeil. pratishthecha parinam mhanoon bhasha aanee olakh nirman yanchyatil sambandh vegvegalya vyaktinni vaparlelya bhashevar prabhav taktat, teey konatya gatanshi sambandhit aahet kinwa tyanna sambandhit vhayache aahe yavar avalambun asatat.
done kinwa adhik bhinn bhasha vaparlya olakhalya aanee vividh, samajik starit shahari bhagat, jyamadhye vegvegalya bhasha aanee/kinwa bolibhasha bolanare lock varanvar sanvad sadhat asanyachi shakyata asate, asha paristhitit samajik bhashavadachi pratishtha visheshtah disun yete. bhasha samparkacha parinam, samparkat asalelya gatanchya bhashanmadhil shakti sambandhanvar avalambun asato.
samkalin bhashashastradnyanmadhye prachalit mutt asey aahe qee, ekhadi boolii kinwa bhasha tichya samakakshanpeksha "changli" kinwa "white" aahe yaa samajutichi parva naan karata, jevha bolibhasha aanee bhashanche moolyankan "keval bhashik aadharavar kele jaate, tevha serve bhasha-aanee serve bolibhasha-samaan gunwan asatat".
yavyatirikt, konate prakar, nond kinwa vaishishtye adhik pratishthit manali jaatil heey prekshak aanee sandarbhavar avalambun asate. asha prakare 'ughad' aanee 'gupt' pratishthechya sankalpana aahet. ughad pratishtha hii manak aanee "aupcharik" bhashechya vaishishtyanshi sambandhit aahe aanee shakti aanee darja vyakt karate; gupt pratishtha adhik sthanik bhasheshi aanee anekada patauishi sambandhit asate aanee adhikarapeksha ekata, samuday aanee gut olakh adhik vyakt karate.
manak prakar aanee gupt pratishtha.
pratishtheche prakar mhanje jeey samajat bahutek uchch manale jaatat. mhanoon, samanyatah sarkari kinwa sattet asalelyankadun-aanee "yogya" kinwa anyatha shreshth manali jaanari, jaanari protsahan dileli manak bhasha, hii bahudha pratishthechi vividhata asate. tathapi, yaa niyamala anek apavad aahet, jase qee arabi, jyamadhye aantarrashtriy prekshakanna lakshya karoon maas mediamadhye egyptian arabi mothya pramanat vaparali jaate, tarr sahityik arabi (manak arabi mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaate) haah eka adhik pratishthit prakar aahe. pratishtheche prakar vyakarandrushtya vaishishtyapurn naheet, jeey tarkshastra, parinamkarakta kinwa saundaryashastrachya babatit tyanna shreshth siddha karatat. kahee apavad vagalata, teey pratishthit samajik varganche bhasheche prakar aahet. tyamule, dilelya bhasha samudayachya kinwa rashtra-rajyachya pratishthechya vividhatela pratikatmak mahatva aahe aanee teey rajkiy satteche sadhan mhanoon kaam karoo shakate.
bhashan samudayatil manak bhashechi kalpana hii samajat bolalya olakhalya bhashanchya pratishtheshi sambandhit aahe. sarvasadharanpane, "adhik pratishtha hii manakachya kalpaneshi jodaleli asate, kaaran tee uchch kshetranmadhye karya karoo shakate aanee tyache likhit swaroop asate."arbisarkhi kahee prati-udaharane asali taree, pratishthit aanee manak prakar [pravrutti] itakya pramanat julatat qee donhi sandnya eka eka badalyat vaparlya jaau shakatat."
united statessarkhya deshanmadhye, jithe nagrik anek vegvegalya bhasha bolatat aanee vividh rashtriy aanee vanshik gatanmadhun yetat, tethe eka 'lock bhashik' vishvas aahe qee sarvat pratishthit bolibhasha hii ingrajichi ekmev manak boolii aahe jee serve lokanni bolali pahije. bhashashastradnya rosina lippy-green yancha assa vishvas aahe qee pramanit bhashetil haah vishvas samajik vyavasthechya sanrakshanache rakshan aanee tarkshuddhikaran karato, kaaran tee 'aaa-manak' kinwa 'nimn-manak' bhashechi tulana 'aaa-manak' kinwa 'nimn-manak' mansanshi karate."bhashashastradnyancha assa vishvas aahe qee konatihi bhasha itar konatyahi bhashepeksha swabhavikpane changli nahee, kaaran pratyek bhasha tichya vaparkartyanna sanvad sadhanyachi parvanagi denyacha tyacha uddesh purn karate. yache kaaran asey qee bhashecha pratyek prakar paddhatshir aanee niyamaniyojit asato. yaa niyamanmadhye padanukram nasato, tyamule kahee kahee varr thewale jaat naheet.
bhashechya vividhatesathi niyukt kelelya pratishthechya atty aanee sharti vaktya, paristhiti aanee sandarbhanusar badaloo shakatat. eka sandarbhat pratishthit manali jaanari boolii kinwa vividhata jaanun sandarbhat samaan darja dharan karnar nahee. bhashechi sapeksh sthitee prekshak, paristhiti aanee bhaugolik sthanasarkhya itar sandarbhatmak ghatakannusar badalate. gupt pratishtha mhanje bhashechya gair-manak swarupavar thevalele tulanene uchch moolya hoy.
karane.
vividh bhasha aanee bolibhashanna "samruddha sahityik varsa, bhasheche uchch darjache aadhunikikaran, lakshaniy aantarrashtriy pratishtha kinwa tyaa audasinyapurnamchee pratishtha" yasah ghatakanchya aadhare pratishtha dilee jaate. hii aanee itar vaishishtye aanee ghatak, bhashekade uchch pratishthechi mhanoon kase pahile jaate, yaat yogdan detat, jyamule yapaiki kahee kinwa yapaiki konatihi vaishishtye nasaleli bhasha kinwa bolibhasha qamee pratishthechi manali jaate.
"bhasha sanskratishi gumphaleli aahe", mhanoon lokanchya gatachi pratishtha aanee teey bolatat tyaa bhashela dileli pratishtha yanchyat anekada eka majboot sambandh asato, kaaran bhashashastradnya laurie baur yanni lattinchya pratishtheche varnan yaa ghataneche udaharan deteh
hii ghatana keval ingraji audasinyapurn loksankhyepurati maryadit nahee. paschim europemadhye, ekekali kinwa jaanun velee anek bhasha uchch pratishthechya manalya jaat hotya, jyat 'bhoomadhyasagariy bhasha mhanoon italian' aanee punarujjivanachi bhasha mhanoon; aanee aanee shatkatil darbari sanskratichi french 'yancha samavesh hota.
tyachpramane, jevha british bhashashastradnya william johns yanni prakashit keleh
sanskrut hii jagatil sarvat junie bhasha manali jaat hotee, tyanantar itar bhashanni europe aanee dakshin ashiya yaa donhi deshantil, purv-indo-european bhashechya jawal asalyacha kinwa itar purv-indo-european pauranik kathanshi sambandhit asalyacha dawa karoon tyanchi pratishtha vadhavali. 
north carolina steet universitymadhil bhashashastrache pradhyapak walt wolfram mhanatat qee, teey "qamee-sanman asalelya gatanmadhye uchch-sanman asalelya bhasha pranali asalelya united statesmadhil konatyahi paristhiticha vichar karoo shakat naheet". wolfram tyachya pii. bii. ess. mahitipatat yavar aanakhi jore deto, "tumhi american bolata qaa?", aanee eka atishay spasht padanukram kassa aahe heey spasht karato jyamadhye" "aadhunik american ingraji" "shirshasthani aahe aanee african american sthanik ingraji (aii. aii. eae.) talashi aahe, kaaran shaikshanik vyavasthanmadhye aii. aii. vhee. laa kvachitach" "manak" ingraji manale jaate ".
bolanyachya "manak" paddhativar bharr denyakarta shikshan vyavastha hii eka prathamik pratinidhi aahe. udaharanarth, wolframchya mahitipatat shikshakanni 'aave' audasinyapurnamnaa anekada kase durust kele aahe heey dekhil dakhavale aahe, kaaran tyat bhashik vaishishtye aahet jee 'manak' manalya olakhalya goshtinpeksha vegali aahet."shikshakanni shalanmadhye kelelya audasinyapurn vagnyavar teeka keval audasinyapurn audasinyapurn vidyarthyancha upman karat nahee, tarr jyaa vyaktinni yaa vidyarthyanna kase bolayache heey shikavale, tyanchya kutumbatil sadasyansarkhya vyaktinnahi adheen sthiteet aanate. parinami, bhashik aanee samajik sandarbhat samajik gatanchya starikaranala aanakhi balkati milate. jaree itar prakar titkech vaidh asale aanee samaan kalpana sampreshit karnyas saksham asale, taree ingraji ingraji jagbharatil shalanmadhye, yogya ingraji bolanyavar bharr deela jaato. bharatatil mumbaitil eka shalet, 'changle ingraji' bolanyavar motha bharr deela jaato."asha prakare, kaushalya heey kalpana vyakt karnyachya kshamatedvare nirdharit kele jaat nahee, tarr vaktyane" "manak" "ingraji prakarat vaparlya jaanarya niyamanche vyakarandrushtya palan karane aanee tyaa prakare ingraji bolane yavar avalambun asate". heey keval vargat bolanyachya "yogya" paddhatichi kalpana kayam thevat nahee, tarr heey adhinata vargabaherhi vistarte.
anek chitrapat aanee durchitravani karyakram (visheshtah mulanche durchitravani karyakram) vegvegalya patransathi vegvegalya bhashanche prakar vapartat, jeey vishisht marganni tyanchi olakh nirman karatat. udaharanarth, disney animated chitrapatanche nayak manak american ingraji bolatat, tarr lahan patre kinwa virodhak itar uchcharanshi bolanyachi shakyata jaast asate. heey agadi kharey aahe, jevha patre tarkikdrushtya ingraji bolat nasat, jase qee 'aladin' yaa chitrapatat, jyat shirshak patra aladin, tyachya prematil jasmine aanee jasminechya vadilanna american uchchar aahet, parantu itar anek patranna tase vatat nahee. mulanchya durchitravani karyakramanmadhil/chitrapatanmadhil sahanubhootipurn kinwa pratishthit patranshi american uchchar jodale gelyas tyache nakaratmak parinam houu shakatat, jyamule rudhiprayog aanee pakshapat nirman honyas hatbhar lagoo shakato.
prasarmadhyamanmadhil pratishthechya vadavivadache eka prathamik udaharan mhanje 1996 chaa oakland ibonics vaad. bhashechya vividhatechya sandarbhat samajik-shaikshanik muddyanvaril lokanchya matanchi vyapti spasht kartana, oakland, california shaala mandalane sarvajanik shikshanatil ibonixla manyata denara tharav mandala. dvibhashik paristhitisathi shaharala sarvajanik nidhi milanyachya prayatnanmadhye yaa prastavane ibonixla eka bhasha pranali mhanoon manyata dilee. bhashavidnyanache tulanene dnyan nasalelya congress sadasyanmadhye, vruttavahakanmadhye aanee itar bhashyakaranmadhye jordar vadavivad jhaala.
naitikta, dharm aanee naitikateche niyaman vapar samaan vishvasanpasun nirman jhalelya vishvasansah haah vaad atyant vadgrast hota. yaa kshetranvar niyantran niyantran samajutinpramanech, ibonixvaril vadavivad lavchik asalyache manale jaat hote. yaa charchetoon bhasha aanee bhashechya vividhatevishayichya moolbhut vishvasanna tond futale aanee bhasha aanee bhashechya vividhatevishayichya paryayi, mukhya pravahatil nasalelya vishvasanna tond futale." 
bhashechi manovrutti.
bhashecha vaividhya haah bhasha kinwa bolibhasha manla jaato qee nahee yavar pratishthecha prabhav padato. bhashechya vyakhyanvar charcha kartana, dell himesney lihile qee "kadhikadhi done samudayanmadhye paraspar samajanyachya kinwa tyanchya kamataratechya aadharavar samaan kinwa bhinn bhasha asatat asey mhatale jaate", parantu ektya, hii vyakhya anekada apuri asate.
eka bhagat bhasheche vegvegale prakar eka bolibhashechya satatyamadhye astitvat asatat aanee bhaugolikdrushtya halane mhanje anekada sthanik vividhatet badal karane hoy.
yaa satatyapurn bhashecha arth assa aahe qee manak german aanee manak dutch heey paraspar samajanyasarkhe nasale taree, germany aanee netherlandschya simejaval simejaval lokanche bolane tyanchya sambandhit deshanchya manak bhashanpeksha simepalikade asalelya tyanchya tyanchya adhik jawalun julel. tarihi, simejavalache bhashik swatache varnan tyanchya sambandhit manak bhashanpaiki vividh bhasha bolanare mhanoon kartil aanee yaa bolibhashanchi utkranti pramanit bhashanchehi pratibimb padate.
tyanche asha prakare vargikaran kele gele aahe heey heey vastusthiti pratibimbit karate qee "bhashetil farak heey keval bhinn gut sadasyatvache chinh nahee tarr gut drushtikonache shaktishali triggers dekhil aahet". asha aspashtatemule 'bhasha hii lashkar aanee naudal asaleli bolibhasha aahe' yaa sutramadhye parinam jhaala aahe."mhanje, rajkiy aanee samajik shakti asalelya kahee bhasha vividhatechya bhashikankade eka vegali bhasha asalyache manale jaate, tarr 'bolibhasha' [aahe...] eka sandnya jee nimn-vargiy kinwa grameen bhashan soochit karate.
yache eka pramanik udaharan mhanje danish, swedish aanee norwegian bhashansah scandinavian bhasha, jithe bhashetil farak "sanvadat adthale nirman karatat parantu purnapane avarodhit karat naheet", parantu vegvegalya deshanmadhye bolalya olakhalya asalyamule tyaa vegalya bhasha manalya jaatat.
samajik varg.
bolinmadhye kahee farak pradeshik swarupache asale taree bolinmadhye farkanchi samajik karanehi aahet. aahet, "starikrut samudayatil uchchabhru lokanchi sarvajanik pratishthechi boolii abhijat nasalelya staranchya (kamgar varg aanee itar) bolibhashanpeksha vegali asate". kharey tarr, samajbhashavidnyanachya abhyasala kahee pramanat prerit karnyacha prayatna vapar eka lekhat, raven mcdavid yanni lihile qee, "sanskraticha aarsa mhanoon bhasheche mahatva american ingrajimadhil bolibhashetil farkandware darshavile jaau shakate". asha prakare bhashik jyaa prakare bhasha vapartat aanee tyanchi samajik sthitee yanchyatil sambandh heey samajbhashavidnyanatil eka dirghkalapasun olakhale jaanare sadhan aahe.
1958 madhye, samajik farak aanee bolibhashetil farak yanchyatil sambandhancha sarvat suruvaticha abhyas johnn gumpers yanni prakashit keela, jyanni bharatatil eka lahan, atyant starikrut gaav asalelya khalapurmadhil bolanyachya paddhatincha abhyas keela. gavat ekoon 31 jaatee aahet, jyat varchya bajula brahman aanee rajput, talashi chamar aanee bhangi yancha samavesh aahe aanee ekoon loksankhyepaiki 90 takke hindu hote, tarr urvarit 10 takke muslim hote.
gumpersney asey nirikshan nondavale qee vegvegalya jaatee dhvanyatmak aanee shabdik asha donhi prakare vegalya hotya, pratyek jaaticha tyanchya upasanskratisathi vishisht shabdasangrah hota. ullekhaneey mhanje, hindu aanee muslim yanchyatil bolanyatil farak "vaiyaktik sparsh karnyayogya jatinmadhil farkanpramanech aahet aanee sparsh karnyayogya aanee asprushya yanchyatil farkanpeksha nishchitach khoopach qamee mahattvache aahet".
gumpers yanni asehi nirikshan nondavale qee nimn pratishtha gut uchch pratishthechya bhashanachya paddhatinche anukaran karnyacha prayatna karat hote aanee kalantarane, yamule pratishthechi utkranti pradeshik mankanpasoon door jhaali aahe, kaaran uchch pratishtha gatanni swatahla qamee pratishthechya gatanpasoon vegale karnyacha prayatna keela aahe. tyanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee yaa samudayatil bolanyachi paddhat nishchit kartana, kamachya samparkanaivaji "anaupacharik maitri sampark haah nirnayak ghatak asalyache disate".
yache eka udaharan spainmadhil madrid yetheel eka abhyasat dekhil disun aale, jithe lattin american spanish bhashikanchya lakshat aale qee tyanchya spanishchya kahee vaishishtyanche sthanik bhashikanni nakaratmak moolyankan kele hote. lattin american deshanmadhye bolalya olakhalya spanish prakaranmadhye madridmadhil anek sthanikanchya bolanyachya paddhatipeksha bhashik farak aahe. tyancha lattin american spanishcha vapar pratikatmak aanee aarthik bhandavalashi (jase qee samajik varg aanee vanshikta) sambandhit aahe.abhyasat asey mhatale gele aahe qee" "sweekarle jaave mhanoon, vaktyanna yaa" "truti" "durust karavya lagtil aanee spanishchya sthanik vividhateshi" "julavun ghyave lagel", "jeey anusarane aadarsh manale jaate". jaanun shabdant, tyanchya sambandhit samudayanmadhye purn sahbhagi mhanoon manyata milanyasathi, yaa sahbhaginna sthanikansarkhe aavaj karave lagtil.asha prakare, samajik varg pratishtha nishchit karnyat bhoomika bajavato, jyacha lattin american spanishla manyata denyachya paddhativar parinam hoto.
ingrajimadhil bolibhasha aanee samajik starikaran yanchyatil sambandhanche eka ullekhaneey udaharan mhanje newyork shaharatil 'aar' chya chull uchcharanacha vilyam labovcha 1966 chaa abhyas. labov newyork citychya teen department stoarsmadhye gela, jyat sacks (uchch), massies (madhyam) aanee ess. yaa teen spashtapane chitrit kelelya samajik-aarthik gatanchi seva hotee. clain (loow)-aanee tyanchya tyanchya "chautha majala" haah shabd kassa uchcharla yacha abhyas keela. tyachya nikalanni dakhavun dile qee saxmadheel karmchari bahutek vela "aar" uchcharatat, massiche karmchari qamee vela "aar" uchcharatat aanee ess. kharey tarr, 79 takke pratisadkartyanni 'aar' ajibat nahee asey mhatale. labovchya lakshat aalela aanakhi eka cull assa hota qee tinhi dukananmadhye, parantu visheshtah massies, jevha jevha 'chautha majala' mhananyas sangitale gele, tevha karmchari 'aar' uchcharanyachi shakyata jaast hotee.
labovne tyachya nishkarshanche shrey pratyek bolibhashechya kathit pratishthela dile. tyanni namood kele qee newyork shaharachya 'drop' aar 'chee utpatti abhijat british bhashetil aahe, parantu jaanun mahayuddhanantar,' brittoncha shahee darja gamavalyamule 'aar'-qamee british bhashan 'pratishtha bhashan' mhanoon manale jaane bund jhaale. 1966 madhye, jevha labovne tyacha abhyas keela, tevha 'aar' saha 'qaar' aanee 'guard' yasarkhe shabd uchcharane haah pratishthechya bhashanacha eka ghatak manla jaat asey. yacha parinam assa jhaala qee, madhyamvargiy madhyamvargiy, ekada 'chauthya majalyavar' uchchar karanyachi jaaniv jhaali aanee tyanni uchch pratishthechya bolibhasheshi julavun ghenyasathi tyanche uchcharan badalale. khalchya vargachya bhashanat aadhalalelya atipramanat sudharana karoonahi 'aar' laa dileli pratishtha spasht jhaali. aar"-uchchar heey eka pratishthit vaishishtya aahe heey jaanun, jaanun labov abhyasatil anek nimn-varg bhashikanni-jyamadhye vaktyanna shabd yaditoon vachanyas sangitale gele hote-jyaa shabdanmadhye "aar" ajibat navhate asha shabdanmadhye "-aar" jodale. haah abhyas aanee 'chauthya majlyavaril' abhyas yateel farak mhanje vakte tyanchya bhashanavar barkaine laksh thevun hote, utsfurtapane bolat navhate aanee tyamule uchch samajik vargachi nakkal karnyachya prayatnat 'aar' jodanyasathi savadhgiri balgat hote.
gupt pratishtheche aanakhi eka pramukh udaharan lokpriy sanskratit aahe. hiip hopp sangitachya vyapakatemule aanee tyachya 'away' chya vaparamule anek mothya pramanavar vaparlya olakhalya sandnya tayar jhalya aahet. aavechya vaparamule vishisht samajik sandarbhat eka vishisht samajik bhandwal kinwa prabhav nirman jhaala aahe. yaulat, shaikshanik kinwa shrenibaddha vyavasthanmadhye, yaa vividhatechya vaparamule nakaratmak arth yeu shakatat. yamule, vyavasayikankade kiman shaikshanik kaushalya kinwa nimn shikshit asalyache anekada manale jaate. teey garibishi kinwa qamee aarthik sadhananshi dekhil sambandhit asoo shakatat. heey antarnihit kalank aanee purvagrah heey vaktyala shaikshanik, samajik aanee aarthik yashapasoon rokhatat.
ling aanee gupt pratishtha.
gair-manak bolibhasha sahasa qamee manalya jaatat, parantu kahee paristhitinmadhye "shikshan vyavasthene kalankit kelelya bolibhasha ajunahi kamgar-vargatil purushanmadhye" gupt "pratishtha midavatat kaaran tyaa chukichya manalya jaatat". jevha vaktyala vishisht aanee dharmik nasalelya lokanchya gatashi manyata, sweekruti kinwa ekata midvayachi asate kinwa itar vaktyanna tyaa gatashi tyanchi olakh patavanyacha sanket dyayacha asato tevha yaa paristhiti udbhavtat. gupt pratishthechi kalpana pratham william labov yanni mandali, jyanchya lakshat aale qee manak nasalelya bolibhasha bolibhasha bhashikannahi tyanchi swatachi bolibhasha "white" kinwa "nikrusht" asalyache anekada vatat asey. labovchya lakshat aale qee tyanni bolibhasha vaparnyasathi kahee antarnihit kaaran asave, jeey tyanni gut olakhiche sanket mhanoon olakhale. eka udaharan mhanje united statesmadhil mahavidhyalayin bandhunmadhil purushanmadhye antim shabd '-ing' viruddha '-inn' chya vaparavaril 1998 chaa abhyas. bandhutva purushanni '-ing' aivaji '-inn' vaparale, jyatoon lekhakane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee purushanni '-inn' chaa vapar kamgar-vargachya vartanukichya vaishishtyanpramane, 'mehanati' aanee 'anaupacharik' mhanoon pahile, teey darshavinyasathi keela, asha prakare swatahsathi eka vishisht olakh nirman kelee.
elen chunane kelelya abhyasat asey namood kele gele aahe qee jaree african-american sthanik ingrajicha (aii. aii. vhee.) vapar anek american shalanmadhye manak mhanoon pahila jaat nasla taree aanee asha prakare anekada shikshakanni durust keela asala taree, ashee kahee udaharane aahet jithe bigger-african american lock tyanchi olakh eka vishisht margane nirman karnyasathi aii. aii. vhee. chaa vapar karatat aanee african american bhashan samudayat gupt pratishthecha anand ghetat. abhyasat asey nidarshanas aale aahe qee "avekvadi 'apshabd' chey mukhya pravahatil vapar visheshtah samajik vartulanmadhye prachalit aahet jyanna vishamalingi purushatva nirman karanyachi aanee prakshepit karanyachi ichcha aahe" aanee tyat african american bhashan samudayat manyata/sweekruti midvinyasathi avekcha vapar vapar corian-american vidyarthyachi udaharane samavisht aahet. heey adhorekhit karate qee bhashechi sapeksh sthitee prekshakannusar badalate.
tyachpramane, british ingrajimadhil bolanyachya paddhatinchya abhyasat, pieter trudgill yanni asey nirikshan nondavale qee kamgar vargachya mahila purushanpeksha adhik manak boolii bolatat. farida aboo-hyderne bagdadmadhye arabi bhashet pratishthecha asach abhyas keela, jyanantar tine assa nishkarsh kadhala qee baghdadi arabimadhye, striya purushanpeksha pratishthebaddal adhik jagruk asatat. heey jyaa itar bhagat disun aale aahe tyamadhye newzealand aanee chinmadhil gwangdong yancha samavesh aahe. spashtikaran mhanoon, trudgill suchavatat qee purushansathi, kamgar vargachi boolii bolanyashi sambandhit gupt pratishtha aahe. kharey tarr, tyanni pahile qee purush jeey pratyakshat bolatat tyapeksha "qamee" pratishthit boolii bolatat. yaa vyakhyenusar, "mahilancha pratishthechya vaishishtyancha vapar samanya samajik bhashik kramashi susangat aahe, tarr purush jeey apekshit aahe tyapasoon vichalit hotat."elizabeth gordenne newzealandchya abhyasat suchavale qee, khalchya darjachya mahilanshi laingik anaitikatechya sambandhamule striya uchch pratishthechya swarupancha vapar karatat. kaaran kahihi asso, anek sanskratinmadhil striya, pratishthechya bolibhashevishayiche tyanche bhashan badalanyachi shakyata purushanpeksha jaast asalyache disate.
jaree striya purushanpeksha pratishthechya bolibhasha jaast vaparat asalya taree pratishthechya bhashansathi samaan ling pradhanya astitvat asalyache disat nahee. johnn angle aanee sharleen hese-biber yanni kelelya durbhedya samajanchya abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee jaree striya visheshtah shrimantanchya bhashekade aakarshit hott asalya, taree garib purush garib mahilanpeksha pratishthechi bhasha bolanyachi shakyata jaast hotee."yasathi eka spashtikaran dile gele aahe qee," "adhik sampark" "aanee" "adhik aarthik prerana" "asalyamule garib purushankade garib mahilanpeksha dusari bhasha shikanyachi sadhane asanyachi shakyata jaast asate"."
bhashecha sampark.
jevha vegvegalya bhashanche prakar samparkat yetat, tevha doghanmadhye vividh prakarche sambandh nirman houu shakatat, heey serve samanyatah pratishthene prabhavit hotat. jevha tyanchyakade samaan shakti kinwa pratishtha asate, tevha teey adstratum tayar karatat, udaharanarth junya ingraji aanee norse, jeey ekmekanshi ghatak qamee-adhik pramanat samanpane samayik karatat.
anek vasahatvadi bhashanchya sampark paristhitipramane, donhi bhashanmadhye asman satta sambandh asane heey adhik samanya aahe. jyaa bhasha vishisht gatachya sambandhat uchch darjachya asatat tyaa anekada shabd udhar ghetalyane prakat hotat. eka udaharan ingrajimadhye aahe, jyat frenchya aitihasik pratishthecha parinam mhanoon anek french shabd aahet. asha sampark sambandhanchya aanakhi eka sambhavya parinamanmadhye, janmadatyachya madhyamatoon pigin kinwa akheris creol tayar karane samavisht aahe. pigin aanee kreolchya babatit, samanyatah heey lakshat yete qee qamee pratishthechi bhasha dhvanyatmakata pradan karate tarr uchch pratishthechi bhasha shabdakosh aanee vyakaran rachana pradan karate.
creol mhanoon olakhali jaanari naveen bhasha tayar karnyavyatirikt, bhasha samparkamule bhasheche abhisaran, bhasha badal kinwa bhasha mrutyu yasarkhe badal houu shakatat. jevha done bhasha dirghkalapasun ughad hotat aanee tyanche adhik samaan gunadharm disu lagatat, tevha bhasheche ektrikaran hote. jevha ekhada vakta qamee pratishthechi boolii bolanyaivaji uchch pratishthechi boolii bolanyakade valato tevha bhashetil badal hoto. bhashecha mrutyu anek prakare houu shakato, jyapaiki eka mhanje jevha ekhadi bhasha bolanare martat aanee hii bhasha bolanyas shikanari konatihi naveen pidhi nasate. done bhashanmadhil samparkachi tivrata aanee tyanchya sapeksh pratishthechya patalicha prabhav bhashela kitee pramanat shabdik karj milate aanee bhashechya aakarshastra, dhvanyatmak, vakyarachana aanee ekoon sanrachanet badal hoto yavar padato.
bhashechi rachana.
jevha asamksham shakti sambandh asalelya done bhasha samparkat yetat, udaharanarth vasahatikaranadvare kinwa nirvasit paristhitit, parinami yenara creol samanyatah mothya pramanat pratishthechya bhashevar aadharit asato; varr namood kelyapramane, bhashavidanni asey nirikshan nondavale aahe qee qamee-pratishthechi bhasha sahasa dhvanyatmakata pradan karate tarr uchch-pratishthechi bhasha shabdakosh aanee vyakaran rachana pradan karate. kalantarane, creol aanee pratishthechi bhasha yanchyatil satatchya samparkamule qamee houu shakate, jyamadhye creol pratishthechi bhasha adhik jawalun disu lagate. asha prakare qamee kelyane eka croll satatya tayar hote, jyat accrolectpasoon (krolchi eka aavrutti jee pratishthechya bhasheshi khoop samaan aahe), mesolectsparyant (qamee hott olakhalya samaan aavrutya), basilectparyant (sarvat "puranmatvadi" croll). hock aanee joseph yanni varnan kelelya decrolisation eka udaharan mhanje african american verncular inglish (aii. aii. vhee.), jyamadhye junya, adhik puranmatvadi aavrutya 'purn' asha purn chinhakasarkhya vaishishtye jatan karatat, tarr naveen, qamee puranmatvadi aavrutya naheet.
vegvegalya pratishthechya patalivaril bhashanmadhil samparkachya kahee udaharananmule diglausia hii eka ghatana udbhavali aahe, jyamadhye ekhada samuday vishisht paristhitit, samanyatah vartmanpatransathi, sahityasathi, vidyapithachya parisarat, dharmik samarambhansathi aanee durchitravani aanee rediovar uchch pratishthechi bhasha kinwa bolibhasha vaparato, parantu itar paristhitinsathi qamee pratishthechi bhasha kinwa bolibhasha vaparato, anekada gharat kinwa patranmadhye, vinodi pattyanmadhye aanee lokpriy sanskratit sambhashanat. bhashashastradnya charles aaa. fargusanchya 1959 chya "diglosia" yaa lekhat diglosic samajanchi khaleel udaharane soochibaddha kelee aaheth madhya purv aanee uttar aafriket, manak arabi aanee sthanik arabi; greece, katharevova aanee dhimotikimadhye; switzerlandmadhye, swis manak german aanee swis german; aanee haitimadhye, manak french aanee haitian creol. bahutek african deshanmadhye, european bhasha adhikrut, pratishthechi bhasha (manak french, ingraji, portugij) mhanoon kaam karate, tarr sthanik bhasha (volof, bambara, yoroba) kinwa creol (ivarian french, nigerian ingraji) dainandin sanvadachya bhasha mhanoon kaam karatat.
durmil samajanmadhye, pratishthit bhasha kalantarane kalantarane badalanna puranmatvadi paddhatine virodh karate, tarr qamee-sanman asaleli bhasha, sthanik sthanik bhasha, samanya bhasha badalatoon jaate. udaharanarth, anek shatkanpasun europechi uchch pratishthechi bhasha asalelya lattinmadhye kiman badal jhaala, tarr rojchya qamee pratishthechya bolalya olakhalya bhashanmadhye lakshaniy vikas jhaala. tathapi, jarr donhi bhasha muktapane bolalya gelya, tarr pratishthechya bhasheche sthanikkaran houu shakate aanee sthanik vaishishtyancha samavesh houu shakato. eka udaharan mhanje sanskrut, hii eka pracheen pratishthechi bhasha aahe, jyat prarambhik 'vaay-' aanee 'vhee-' yaa shabdansathi aanee tyasathi sthanik bhashetil uchchar samavisht aahet.
pradeshikikaran mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya prakriyet vishisht pradeshik bolibhashanchya prabhavakhali pratishthechi bhasha dekhil badaloo shakate. udaharanarth, madhyayugeen kalat, itali, france, portugal, spain, catalonia, tasech itar roman catholic rashtranmadhye, visheshtah uchcharat, charchsambandhi lattin bhasheche vividh prakar vikasit jhaale-lattin pradeshik uchcharan pahaa. yapaiki kahee farak kirkol hote, jase qee 'aay' aanee 'eae' heey italimadhye uchcharlya jaanyapurvi pann francemadhye uchcharale jaat hote, parantu ingrajimadhye 1200 teey 1600 darmyan mothe swar badal jhalyanantar, englandmadhil swar pranali tyachya european charchmadhil samkakshansathi jawaljawal aparichit jhaali.

