david louis-williams

james david louis-williams (janm 1934) heey dakshin aafriketil puratatvashastradnya aahet. dakshin aafriketil sann (bushman) rock artvaril sanshodhanasathi teey prasiddha aahet. teey rock aart research instituteche sansthapak aanee purviche sanchalak aahet aanee sadhya whitwatersrand vidyapithat sandnyanatmak puratatva vibhagache manad pradhyapak aahet.
saiddhantik prabhav.
levis-williams yanna yuu. see. tii. madhye padvidharak mhanoon samajik manavvanshashastracha parichay jhaala. yaa kalat tyanna prasiddha samajik manavvanshashastradnya aaa. aar. radcliffe-braun (jyane 1920 madhye yuu. see. tii. yethe samajik manavvanshashastra vibhag suru keela parantu nantar abhyagat vyakhyate mhanoon paratale) aanee monica willson, bronislau malinovskychi vidyarthini. samajik utpadananshi vidhichya sambandhasandarbhat visheshtah malinovskichya kalpanancha arth assa hota qee, sann rock qalaa hii keval dainandin jivanachi katha aahe yaa kalpanela louis-williams akheris aavhan deu shakatat. asha prakare, tyanchya karkirdichya suruvatipasunach aanee tyaa kalatil bahutek vidvananchya ulat, louis-williams sann rock kalekade samajik manavvanshashastriy drushtikonatun pahat hote.
1966 madhye pradhyapak reey inskeep (dakshin aafrikechya puratatva bulletinche tatkalin sampadak) yanni dakshin aafrikechya vidwan patricia vinnikombe yanni tyanna dakhavalelya lekhachya puravyanantar, louis-vilyamsane drackensbergmadhil rock aart pratimanchya vishleshanasathi eka parimanatmak paddhat vaparali. ekoon tyanni tyanchya doctorate prabandh sanshodhanasathi sumare 4000 pratima nondavalya. 1977 madhye purn jhaleli tyanchi ph. dii. aanee nantar 1981 madhye 'andd seeingh symbolic meanings inn sadarn sann rock paintings' mhanoon prakashit jhaali., haah jaagtik staravar rock aart sanshodhanat eka moolbhut grunth manla jaato.
sann rock artmadhil pratimanmagil arth samajoon ghenyavar aata parimanatmak paddhaticha farsa parinam hott nahee. sankhyatmak mulyancha arth kaay aahe yaat khoop jaast sandigdhata aahe.
1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila levis-vilyamsane itar saiddhantik drushtikonancha shodh ghenyas suruvat kelee. kaaran too
dakshin aafriket tyaa velee, varnabhedachya kalat, marksvad hii 'muktichi bhasha' hotee aanee itar upalabdh asalela ekmev samajik siddhant hota. daad economic andd soshal context auph sadarn sann rock aart' (1982) madhye, levis-vilyamsane sann samajatil shamanchya aarthik sthiticha shodh ghetala. mauris godeliyarchya pratikatmak kamachya kalpanancha vapar karoon, levis-vilyamsane sann samajik rachana aanee rock artchya sandarbhat shamananchya vidhee bhoomikechi tapasani kelee.
sann societychya itar sadasyambaddalachya chinta tyanchya sanshodhanat disun yetat, jeey pudhe sangatat 
pramukh sanshodhan sankalpana.
vanshikshastra.
levis-williamschya kamacha paya mhanje vanshikshastracha vapar. padvipurv vidyarthi mhanoon, tyachya vyavsayik karkirdichya suruvatipasunach tyala isaq shapperachya 'daad khoisan pipal auph south africa' (1930) chaa parichay jhaala, tyane sann rock artcha arth sanganyasathi vanshik shastrakade laksh vedhale. 1968 madhye, tyanni bhashashastradnya wilheim bleak aanee tyanchi mehuni lucie lloyd yanche 'bushman lokkathanche namune' vachale aanee nantar 1870 chya dashkatil zaxum-bhashik sann lokanshi jhalelya sambhashanachya pratilekhanchya sangrahatil hastalikhitanmadhye guntale. jaree too teela kadhich bhetala nasla taree, bleakchi mulgi dorothea bleakney yuu. tii. tii. yethe samajik manavvanshashastrat sthan midavale jethe sangrah sangrahit aahe.
itar upalabdh vanshik srot heey louis-williamschya karyat kendrasthani rahile aahet, visheshtah vasahatvadi prashasak joseph orpen yanni 1874 madhye prakashit kelelya eka lekhat king navachya sann margdarshkabarobarchya tyanchya sambhashanabaddal, dakshin sotho mansane mapote kase mhatale yabaddal marrian walshamshey bolalele shabd aanee 1950 aanee 1960 chya dashakat marshal kutumb aanee itaranchya kamatoon vikasit jhalelya kalhari sann vanshikatebaddal dilelya nondi.
visavya shatkat botswana aanee namibiyatil juu/honsey yanni sarav kelyapramane 'trans nrutya' heey levis-williamschya shamanvadabaddalachya yuktivadanchya kendrasthani rahile aahe aanee dakshin aafrikechya rock aartmadhye aartmadhye pratimancha srot mhanoon chetanechya badalalelya avasthambaddal aahe. tathapi, anek sanshodhak (kalakar pippa scotness, sahityik vidwan michael wessels aanee puratatvashastradnya anney soloman yanchyasah) nrutya aanee upcharanche varnan varnan mahattvachya/zam sann ethanographic granthanchya louis-williamschya vyakhyevar aakshep ghetat.
shamanvad.
cyberian tungas shabd 'shaman' pasoon vyutpann jhalela shamanvad, levis-williams yanni mrutyuchya rupkache spashtikaran denyasathi vaparla hota, jyacha tyanni aarop keela aahe qee too vanshikshastra aanee sann rock qalaa yaa donhinmadhye samaan aahe. shamnik jagaat anekada aatmyanni vasalele starit kshetra aahet, jyanna chetanechya badalalelya avasthandvare (aii. ess. see.) pravesh karata yeto. lock vasalelya jagala itar kshetranni purak kele aahe, jyachi sankalpana samanyatah lokvasti asalelya jagachya varr kinwa khalee astitvat asalyache manale jaate. shamnanmadhye yaa itar jaganmadhye madhyasthi karanyachi kshamata asate. sansathi, chetanechya badalalelya avasthanmadhye aanee khadakanchya khadakanchya jethe rock aart aadhalu shakate asha itar kshetranmadhye pravesh keela gelah 
adhik lakshaniy baab mhanje, levis-williamscha dawa aahe qee sann ethnographycha sangrah trans kinwa upchar nrutya darshavito, sann upchar paddhati pahaa, sann vishvasachya kendrasthani aahe, mrutyuche roopak trans nrutyat samavisht aahet. sann shammon nrutya karat asatana, tyanchi alaukik shakti kinwa 'samarthya', tee eka vighatak binduparyant pohochate aanee shariratoon baher udoon jaate toparyant vadhate. yaa tappyavar, teey 'martat', heey heey kshetrat pravas karnyache roopak aahe jithe aatma jyaa prakare rahato tyach prakare rahato jyaa prakare aatma bhautik mrutyunantar pravas karato. tathapi, 20 vya shatkatil vanshik varnanchya vaparashi sambandhit paddhatshir mudde aahet, jyanni rock aart tayar kelee nahee, shekado kinwa hajaro varshe junya kalecha itaratra arth lavnyaitakech.
levis-williams assa yuktivad karatat qee trans nrutya heey rock artmadhil pratikatmakateshi sambandhit aahe. pratimanmadhye darshavileli vaishishtye, jee chetanechya badalalelya avasthanshi sambandhit aahet, tyat anunasik raktastrav aanee 'bahunchya pathichi' mudra samavisht aahe assa yuktivad keela jaato. louis-williams aanee megan bisel (juu/'hone lokambarobarchya tichya kamasathi prasiddha) yanni dakhavun dile qee sanchya vividh gatanmadhil aanee rock artchya vividh paramparanmadhil daree qamee kelee jaau shakate kaaran dakshinetil/zam sann aanee uttarekadil juu/' honsey sann lock doghannihi vaparlelya nrutyabhovati kendrit asalelya samaan sandnya aanee sankalpana aahet. panne-saan' vishvas pranalibabat lorna marshal aanee daniele mccull yansarkhya purvichya vidvananchya karyavar aadharit, bicel aanee levis-williams yanni ektritpane suchavale qee sankalpanatmak bhashik sandnya aanee vidhee juu/'honsey aanee .pratimanchi jatilata samajoon ghenyasathi xam chaa vapar keela jaau shakato. kharey tarr, levis-williams lihitat qee 
neurocycology.
neurocycologycha vapar karoon sankalpanatmak vishvas pranalichya kalpanecha vistar karnyat aala. thomas dowson yanchyasobat, levis-vilyamsane manvi menduchya wiringmadhil sarvatrik neurocycological namune aanee shamanvadi samajantil paddhati yanchyatil sambandhancha shodh ghetala. hallucinogens prayogshaletil prayoganmadhun tayar kelelya mahiticha vapar karoon, tyanni chetanechya badalalelya avasthanmadhye anubhavalya anubhavalya hulucination anek tappyansah eka neurocycological model prastavit kele. sopya shabdat sangayache tarr, heey model chetanechya badalalelya avastha aanee matibhramancha vyaktinishth arth lavane yanchyatil sambandh darshavate.
neurocycological modelcha aadhar assa aahe qee sanskrutik pratima aanee entoptic phenomenon mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya neurological paddhatine tayar kelelya drushya namunyanmadhye farak aahe. aii. ess. see. darmyan, jeey anek prakare prerit kele jaau shakate, ekhadya vishayane anubhavalelya matibhramanachya pahilya tappyat keval entoptic ghatana asatat, jase qee ardhashishi piditanni anubhavalelya chamakdar skotoma. dusra tappa suru hoto jevha vishayadvare matibhramancha arth sanskratikdrushtya parichit aashay assa lavala jaato. yacha arth assa aahe qee vegvegalya sanskratinmadhye entoptic ghatana vegalya prakare samajalya jaatil. antim tappa haah sakhol drushya aanee sharirik matibhramancha eka tappa aahe, jyamadhye sanskrutik sandarbhat samajalya gelelya anek pratima aanee sanvedana aahet.
jagbharatil anek shikari-sangrahak kalanmadhye bhaumitik aanee pratinidhik prakar ekatra qaa yetat heey spasht karnyas saksham asoonahi aanee sanskrutik farkanchi parvanagi asalyas manvi majjasansthedware 'sarvatrik' duva pradan karoon, yaa pratimanavar teeka karnyat aalee aahe. tikakaranna done chinta aahet. pratham, shamanvadache aantar-sanskrutik bahirveshan aanee dusare, yaa kalpananna khoop purviparyant dhakalane. uttarat, levis-williams heey neurocycological modelche palan karatat parantu shamanvadachi kalpana hii sadhee upama nahee, tarr tyasathi sandarbhatmak vyakhya aavashyak aahe yavar jore detat. yavyatirikt, 'sarvkalatil chinheh varchya purapashan kaleteel entoptic ghatana' (1988) madhye vaparlya jaanarya sann, koso lock aanee varchya purapashan kalatil rock aartpeksha adhik udaharananmadhye tantrika-manasshastriy modelmagil kalpana vyavharikdrushtya pradarshit karanyachi aavashyakta aahe.
european guhanmadhye sanshodhan.
louis-vilyamsane 1970 chya dashakapasun francemadhil francemadhil uchch pracheen pashanyugin shail kalecha abhyas keela aahe. varr namood kelelya neurocycological modelver aadharit sann rock aanee french appar paleolithic rock aartmadhye samanata aahe assa tyancha yuktivad aahe. 1972 madhye, italitil valcamonica yethe jhalelya eka parishadet teey andre leroi-gorhan (eka french pragaitihasik puratatvashastradnya, jyane varchya pracheen pashanyugin shail kalevar kaam kele) yanna bhetale. tyaveli leroi-gaurhan lascox yethe kaam karat hota aanee tyane dordognechya guhanchi thikane pahanyasathi louis-viliyamchi vyavastha karnyacha prayatna keela. durdaivane, teey tyanchya tarkhancha samanvay karoo shakale naheet aanee tyanni lascoxla khoop nantar bhet dilee. jeane clots (aanakhi eka french pragaitihasik puratatvashastradnya) sarkhya vidvananchya madatine, too prasiddha chauvet lenisarkhya franco-cantabrian pradeshatil lenyansah kaam karane aanee bhet dene suru thevu shakala aahe.

