electrometer

vidyutmapak heey vidyutbhar kinwa vidyut kshamatetil farak mojanyasathiche vidyut upkaran aahe. aitihasik hastanirmit yantrik upkarananpasun teey uchch-achookata asalelya electronic upkarananparyant anek vegvegale prakar aahet. vacuum tube kinwa solid-steet tantradnyanavar aadharit aadhunik electrometercha vapar voltage mojanyasathi aanee khoop qamee galatee pravahansah 1 femtoempereparyant charge karnyasathi keela jaau shakato. eka sope parantu sambandhit upkaran, electroscope, samaan tattvanvar karya karate parantu keval voltage kinwa shulkanche sapeksh pariman darshavate.
aitihasik electrometer.
suvarn-paan electroscope.
suvarn-paan electroscope heey vidyutbhar darshavinyasathi vaparale jaanare eka upkaran hote. too ajunahi vidnyan pratyakshikansathi vaparla jaato parantu bahutek anuprayoganmadhye electronic mojmap upkarnandware tyache sthan ghetale gele aahe. yaa upkaranat electrodpasoon latkavalelya sonyachya foilchi done patal paaney asatat. jevha vidyutdhruvala preranadvare kinwa samparkadvare charge kele jaate, tevha paaney samaan vidyut prabhar prapt karatat aanee cullomb balamule ekmekanna door karatat. tyanche pruthakkaran heey tyanchyavar sathavalelya nivval shulkache thet sanket aahet. pananchya samoril kachevar, tinchya foilche tukade chikatavale jaau shakatat, jenekarun jevha paaney purnapane vegali hotat tevha tee jaminivar padoo shakatat. masudyanpasun tyanche sanrakshn karnyasathi paaney kachechya lifafyat bund kelee jaau shakatat aanee shulk galatee qamee karnyasathi lifafa baher kadhala jaau shakato. charge galatiche aanakhi eka kaaran aayanikaran kiranotsarg aahe, mhanoon heey talhanyasathi, electrometer seesa sanrakshanane vedhalele asane aavashyak aahe. quartz fiber electrometer aanee kernie fallout metermadhye disalyapramane, heey tattva aayanikaran kiranotsarg shodhanyasathi vaparale gele aahe.
jaree tyache calibrate kele jaau shakate, taree yaa prakarche electroscope samanyatah eka nirdeshak mhanoon kaam karate, mojamapache sadhan mhanoon nahee. adhik majboot aluminium nirdeshak asalelya calibrated electrometercha shodh ferdinand bronney lavala hota aanee 1887 madhye tyache pahilyanda varnan kele gele hote. bronchya matey, manak suvarn-paan electrometer heey aucular micrometer vaparnyachya resolutions jawaljawal changle aahe. mothya voltagesathi bronchya upkaranaparyantche resolution sadhya karoo shakate.
heey upkaran 18 vya shatkat abraham bennet (1787) aanee alessandro volta yanchyasah anek sanshodhakanni vikasit kele hote.
prarambhik chaturthansh electrometer.
chaturthansh electrometer' haah shabd akheris kelvinchya aavrutticha sandarbh dett asatana, hii sandnya pratham eka sopya yantrache varnan karnyasathi vaparali gelee. tyat lakadi eka saral khod asate, jyala hastidant ardhvartulavar chikatalele asate. madhyabhagi eka halka cork chendu eka kendrasthani latkavala jaato. jevha vadya charge kelelya shariravar thewale jaate, tevha khod sahbhagi hoto aanee cork balla mage hatavato. jaree mojalela coone chargechya thet pramanat nasla taree, vikarshan praman heey graduated ardhvartulatun vachata yete. suruvatichya shodhakanmadhye william henley (1770) aanee horace-benedict dii sausur yancha samavesh hota.
kulambache electrometer.
sonyachi paaney kinwa cork-ballchya pratikarshanapeksha adhik sanvedanshil mojmap denyasathi tortioncha vapar keela jaato. tyat kachechya nalasah eka kachecha nall asato jyachya varr kachechi nalee asate. nalichya akshanmadhye kachecha dhaga asato, yachya khalchya tokala gumm lakhachi patti asate, jyachya pratyek tokala gilt pith baul asato. nalakachya prakar chhidradvare, gilt balls aanakhi eka gumm laakh rodd sadar keela jaau shakato. yala vahak kathee mhanatat.
jarr vahak rodcha khalcha chendu chhidramadhye pravesh kartana charge keela gela tarr too aatalya aatalya chendupaiki ekala mage hutwell. valavata yenyajogya kachechya kathichya varchya bajula eka anukramanika aanee scale (chitrat nahee) jodalela asato. chendu punha ekatra aananyasathi valavalelya anshanchi sankhya vahak rodchya chenduchya chargechya pramanachya achook pramanat asate.
kyu vedhshaleche udghatan sanchalak francis ronalds yanni 1844 chya sumaras cullomb tortion santulanamadhye mahattvapoorn sudharana kelya aanee sudharit upkaran londonchya vadya-nirmatyanni vikale. ronalds yanni hirdyanchya lakhachya pattyaivaji patal latakaleli suee vaparali aanee vahak kathichya jaagi suichya pratalatil eka nishchit tukada vaparla. donhi dhatuche hote, tasech latkanari resha aanee tichya sabhovatalachya naliche hote, jenekarun suee aanee sthir tukada thet taar jodanidware charge keela jaau shakato. ronaldsney eka farrade pinjara dekhil vaparla aanee vachan satat nondavanyasathi chhayachitranachi chachani ghetali. too kelvinchya chaturthansh electrometercha (khalee varnan kelele) agradoot hota.
peltier electrometer.
peltierne vikasit kelele heey vidyutsthaitik shaktila chumbakeey suisah santulit karoon vikshepan mojanyasathi chumbakeey kampasacha eka prakar vaparte.
bonnenberger electrometer.
jeey. yanni vikasit kelele bonnenberger electrometer. jee. eff. tii. chya shodhatoon wonn bonnenberger. jee. buub. bearancemadhe, koradya koradya anode aanee cathode darmyan anulambapane latkavalele ekach sonyache paan asate. sonyachya panavar lavalelya konatyahi charjmule teey eka kinwa prakar khambakade sarakate; asha prakare, chargeche chinh tasech tyachya andaje parimanache mojmap kele jaau shakate.
aakarshan electrometer.
aakarshit disk electrometer' mhanoonahi olakhale jaanare, aakarshan electrometer heey charge discommadhil aakarshan mojanare sanvedanshil santulan aahe. yaa vadyachya shodhache shrey william snow harrisla dile jaate, jeey laurd kelvinne aanakhi sudharle.
kelvincha chaturthansh vidyutmapak.
laurd kelvinne vikasit kelele heey serve yantrik electrometerpaiki sarvat sanvedanshil aanee achook aahe. mool rachnet chaar bhaganmadhye kapalelya dholchya aat latkavalelya halakya aluminiumcha vapar keela jaato. heey bhag insulated aahet aanee jodyanmadhye tirpepane jodalele aahet. charge kelele aluminium kshetra eka jodichya bhagankade aakarshit hote aanee aanee door jaate. galvanometerpramanech, kshetrala jodalelya chhotya aarshatoon paravartit paravartit prakashachya kiranadvare vikshepan pahile jaate. ujavikadil korivkam yaa electrometerche thode vegale swaroop darshavate, jyat bund bhaganaivaji chaar sapat platescha vapar keela jaato. plates bahyaritya paramparik karn paddhatine (darshavilyapramane) kinwa vishisht anuprayogansathi vegalya kramane jodalya jaau shakatat.
chaturthansh electrometercha adhik sanvedanshil prakar fredrick lindemanne vikasit keela hota. yaat aluminium kshetraivaji dhatoo-lepit quartz fibercha vapar keela jaato. sukshmadarshakakhali tantuchya halchaliche nirikshan karoon vikshepan mojale jaate. suruvatila suruvatila prakash mojanyasathi vaparla jaanara haah prakar prakar mahayuddhachya suruvatichya tappyat vimananchya infrared shodhasathi vaparla jaat hota.
kahee yantrik electrometer eka pinjaryat thewale jaat asat jyala anekada 'pakshi pinjara' mhanoon sambodhale jaate. haah farrade pinjaracha eka prakar aahe jyane bahya vidyutsthaitik shulkanpasun upkaranala sanrakshn dile.
electrograph.
vidyut aalekh mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya upkaranadvare vijeche vachan satat nondavale jaau shakate. francis ronalds yanni 1814 chya sumaras eka prarambhik vidyutalekhan tayar kele jyamadhye badalatya vijene vijene raal-lepit platemadhye eka namuna tayar keela. 1840 chya dashakat vatavaranatil vijetil badalanchya nondi tayar karnyasathi kyu vedhshala aanee greenwich yetheel shahee vedhshalet yacha vapar karnyat aala. 1845 madhye ronalds yanni vatavaranatil vijechi nondani karnyasathi chhayachitran sadhanancha shodh lavala. prakashsanvedanshil prushthbhag camera boxchya chhidra diaphramchya haloohaloo mage odhala gela, jyamadhye eka electrometer dekhil hota aanee electrometer nirdeshankanchya chaloo halchalinna eka trace mhanoon tipale gele. kelvinne 1860 chya dashakat tyachya chaturthansh electrometersathi (varr pahaa) ashach chhayachitran madhyamancha vapar keela.
aadhunik electrometer.
aadhunik electrometer haah eka atyant sanvedanshil electronic voltmeter aahe jyacha input impedance itka jaast aahe qee bahutek vyavharik karanansathi tyat vahanara current shoonya manla jaau shakato. nanovoltmetersathy sumare 1010ω chya tulanet aadhunik electronic electrometersathi input registance vastavik moolya sumare 1014ω aahe. atyant uchch input pratibadha asalyamule, galaticha pravah talhanyasathi vishesh rachana vichar (jase qee chalavalele kavach aanee vishesh insulation sahitya) lagoo karane aavashyak aahe.
itar upayogambarobarach, anubhautikiy prayoganmadhye electrometercha vapar keela jaato kaaran teey aayanikaran kiranotsargachya margadvare padarthat uralele lahan shulk mojanyas saksham asatat. aadhunik electrometersathi sarvat samanya vapar mhanje aayanikaran kakshansah, geiger countersarkhya upkarnanmadhye kiranotsargache mojmap karane.
compan karnare reed electrometer.
companshil nall vidyutmapak halnara vidyutkosh (companshil nalyachya swarupat) aanee nishchit input vidyutkosh yanchyat tayar jhalela chull sandharitra vapartat. done electrodemadhil antar badalat asalyane, capacitance dekhil badalate aanee vidyut charge capacitorchya aat aanee baher dhakalala jaato. yaa aaveshachya pravahadvare tayar honara paryayi vidyutpravah sanket pravardhit keela jaato aanee capacitorvar lagoo kelelya dii. see. voltagesathi anuroop mhanoon vaparla jaato. electrometercha dii. see. input pratikar keval capacitorchya galatee pratirodhadvare nirdharit keela jaato aanee samanyatah atyant jaast asato (jaree tyacha essie input pratibadha qamee asala taree).
vaparachya soyisathi, companshil nalanchi jodani bahutekda urvarit electrometerla kebaldware jodali jaate. yamule mojanyasathichya chargechya jawal tulanene lahan unit sthit houu shakate, tarr operatorsathi soyiskar asel tethe khoop mothe reed-driver aanee emplifier unit sthit kele jaau shakate.
zadap electrometer.
zadap electrometer atishay uchch geena (transconductance) aanee input pratirodhasah eka vishesh vacuum tube (thermionic zadap) vapartat. input pravahala uchch pratibadha greedmadhye vahoo dile jaate aanee asha prakare nirman honare voltage anode (plate) circuitmadhe mothya pramanat vadhavale jaate. electrometerchya vaparasathi tayar kelelya zadapanmadhye galatiche pravah kahee femtoemperes (10−15 amperes) itake qamee asatat. asha zadapanna hatmoje asalelya hatanni hatalale jaane aavashyak aahe kaaran kachechya lifafyavar uralele kshar yaa chhotya pravahansathi galatiche marg pradan karoo shakatat.
inverted triode" navachya vishesh paripathamadhye, anode aanee greedchya bhoomika ulatya hotat. heey controll electrodela filamentchya sabhovatalachya space-charge kshetrapasun jastit jaast antaravar thevate, controll electrodware gola kelelya electronchi sankhya qamee karate aanee asha prakare input current qamee karate.
ghan-avasthetil vidyutmapak.
sarvat aadhunik electrometermadhe eka kinwa adhik feeled-effect transistercha vapar karoon solid steet emplifier, bahya mapan upkaranansathi jodani aanee sahasa pradarshan aanee/kinwa deta-logging jodani asatat. pravardhak lahan pravah vadhavato jenekarun teey adhik sahajpane mojale jaatil. bahya jodani sahasa saha-aksheey kinwa tri-aksheey rachanechi asatat aanee aayanikaran kiranotsargachya mojamapasathi diode kinwa aayanikaran kakshanna jodanyachi parvanagi detat. pradarshan kinwa deta-logging jodanya vaparkartyala deta pahanyachi kinwa nantarchya vishleshanasathi tyachi nond karanyachi parvanagi detat. aayanikaran kakshanmadhye vaparnyasathi tayar kelelya electrometermadhe uchch-vidyutdab vijpurvatha samavisht asoo shakato, joou aayanikaran kakshat pakshapat karnyasathi vaparla jaato.
ghan-avasthetil vidyutmapak hii bahudha bahuuddeshiy upkarane asatat jee vidyutdab, aaveg, pratirodh aanee vidyutpravah moju shakatat. teey voltageche mojmap "voltage santulan" chya madhyamatoon karatat, jyamadhye input voltagechi tulana atishay uchch input pratibadha (1014 ω chya kramanusar) asalelya electronic circuitcha vapar karoon antargat sandarbh voltage strotashi kelee jaate. current-too-voltage converter mhanoon kaam karnyasathi sudharit kelelya ashach circuitmule upkaranala kahee femtoempearsaitke lahan pravah mojanyas saksham karate. antargat vidyutdab strotashi ektrit karoon, 1017 ω chya kramanusar, khoop uchch pratirodh mojanyasathi vidyutpravah mojmap paddhati sweekarli jaau shakate. shevati, electrometerchya input terminalchya dnyat capacitansvaroon ganana karoon, heey upkaran picocolombchya chhotya anshaparyant, agadi qamee vidyut shulk moju shakate.

