makhanda, dakshin africa

makhanda, jyala grahamstaun asehi mhanatat, heey dakshin aafrikechya purv cape prantatil sumare 1,40,000 lokanchi loksankhya asalele shahar aahe. heey poort elizabethchya ishanyes aanee purv londonchya nairutyela sthit aahe. makana sthanik nagarpalikemadhil heey sarvat mothe shahar aahe aanee nagarpalika parishadeche sthan aahe. yethe roads vidyapith, uchch nyayalayacha purv cape vibhag, andhansathi dakshin africi granthalay (salb), dakshin aafrikechya anglican charchcha eka bishop vibhag aanee 6 dakshin africi payadal batalian dekhil aahet. yashivay, shaharachya aagneyela andaje 3 kiimii antaravar jagprasiddha waterloo pharm aahe, jeey 36 kotee varshanpurviche apavadatmak mauu-uutinche sanrakshn karnare jagatil ekmev nadimukhatil jivashma sthal aahe.
29 juuna 2018 roji grahamstaunpasoon makhanda asey shaharache naav badalanyache adhikrut rajpatra prasiddha karnyat aale. zosa yoddha aanee paigambar makhanda qaa enxelle yanchya smaranarth shaharache adhikrutpane makhanda asey namkaran karnyat aale.
itihas.
sthapana.
chauthya zosa yuddhanantar 1812 madhye leftnunt-curnell johnn graham yanni cape colonychya purvekadil seema surakshit karnyachya mohimecha eka bhag mhanoon lashkari chauki mhanoon grahmstownchi sthapana kelee. suruvatila curnell graham yanni tyanche mukhyalay karj pharm notuvar sthapan karnyacha nirnay ghetala, jyala aata table pharm mhanoon olakhale jaate, parantu dhwaj aanee stockenstromechya shifarshinusar teey lucas meyarchya karj pharm dii ritfontenchya nivassthani halavanyat aale. sadhyachya church chaukavar asalelya naveen mukhyalayavaril bandhkam asha prakare juuna 1812 madhye suru jhaale.
mohimecha eka bhag mhanoon, grahamala zurveldmadhun aine. dii. ell. emm. bii. qaa. rarhabe yanchya netrutvakhalil pradeshat parisarabaher 20,000 zosa saaf karnyache aadesh denyat aale. zosa yuddhancha bhag asalelya mohimedarmyan, grahamane zosa shete jaalanyacha samavesh asalelya anek jalalelya matichya davpechancha avalamb karnyache aadesh dile. 1812 paryant grahamane aapale kaam purn kele aanee grahmstownche rupantar yaa pradeshatil madhyavarti lashkari chaukit kele.
grahmstownchi ladhai.
22 april 1819 roji, enxelle (kinwa zosa paigambar makhanda) yanchya netrutvakhali mothya sankhyene zosa yoddhyanni grahamstaun yethe tainat asalelya british chhavanivar hallah keela. zosa lokanni curnell willshire yaa commanding officerla vasahativaril tyanchya niyojit hallyabaddal ishara deela hota. zosa lokanni navjat vasahativar kelelya asankhya hallyanpaiki haah eka hota. ladhaidarmyan, britishankade darugola qamee hota. zosas, endelumbecha yoddha mulga madushanechya ekoon netrutvakhali 10,000 sainikanchya sainyasah, sumare 300 sainikanchya chhavanivar maat karoo shakale naheet. enxellene aatmasamarpan kele aanee tyala bandivasat gheuun robben betavar qaid karnyat aale. 1819 madhye khrisamasachya divashi tyane paloon jaanyacha prayatna keela parantu yaa prayatnat too budala.
vaadh.
1820 chya dashakat grahamstaunchi vaadh jhaali, kaaran 1820 madhye sthayik jhalele anek lock aanee tyanchi kutumbe adhik surakshit vyaparat swatahla sthapit karnyasathi shetee sodoon gelee. 1833 madhye, grahamstaunmadhye "done kinwa teen ingraji vyapari mothya pramanat sampattiche hote, parantu samanya arthane kvachitach konatahi samaj hota" asey varnan kele gele. sarvajanik granthalay hii eka dayaneey baab aahe. 1833 paryant, assa andaj vartavala gela hota qee grahmstownchi loksankhya andaje 6,000 hotee. kahee dashkant teey cape taunanantar cape colonyche sarvat mothe shahar banale. 1852 madhye teey eka bishparik banale. haah paramparikaritya albany kshetrachi rajdhani aanee sanskrutik kendra hota, eka jilha joou paramparikaritya ingraji bhashik hota aanee tyachi vishisht sthanik sanskruti hotee.
1872 madhye, cape government railwayne grahmstownla grahmstownla poort alfredshee aanee antardeshiy vikasit rashtriy railway jaalyala jaalyala railway margache bandhkam suru kele. 3 september 1879 roji teey purn jhaale aanee ughadanyat aale.
1930 paryant cape taunanantar grahamstaun heey dakshin aafriketil dusare sarvat mothe shahar mhanoon zapatyane vadhale. 1860 chya dashakachya suruvatila adhik shaala, vanaspati udyan aanee purv jilha sarvoch nyayalayachi sthapana jhaali. 1864 madhye cape taunaivaji grahamstaun yethe sansadeche purn adhiveshan aayojit karnyat aale hote. grahmstownla tyachya madhyavarti sthanamule cape colonychi rajdhani banavanyachi charcha hotee. heinry carter galpinne shodhalelya pahilya pahilya chachaniche thikan grahamstaun hote.
1904 madhye, roads trustchya anudanadvare grahamstaunmadhye roads vidyapith mahavidhyalayachi sthapana karnyat aalee. 1951 madhye teey eka purn vikasit vidyapith, roads vidyapith banale.
naav badalane.
grahamstaun heey naav zurveldchya regimentche commander curnell johnn grahm yanchya cape hottentot corpswaroon aale aahe, jyanni juuna 1812 madhye sadhyachya church squarechya jagevar asalelya corpschya naveen mukhyalayavaril bandhkamachi dekhrekh kelee. grahamstaun heey pudhe albanichya aaspaschya pradeshasathi dharmik, lashkari, prashasakeey, nyayik aanee shaikshanik kendra banale.
qalaa aanee sanskruti mantri nathee mathethava yanni sarkari rajpatra kra. 29 juuna 2018 chaa 641. rajpatranacha uddesh 28 julai 2018 paryant aakshep kinwa tippanyansathi mantryanchya nirnayachi jahirat karane haah hota.
bhaugolik navansah bhaugolik vaishishtyanche naav badaloon "anyaykarak bhootkalala sambodhit karnyasathi pratikatmak bharpai" asey kele jaave, yaa satya aanee salokha aayogachya shifarshimule, 1819 madhye vasahatichya chhavanivaril tyachya ayashasvi hallyachya manyatesathi shaharache naav badaloon makhanda karnyacha prastav hota. 2 aktoobar 2018 roji, makhandachya smaranarth grahamstaunache adhikrutpane makhanda asey namkaran karnyat aale.
dharm.
seent. michael aanee seent. george cathedral heey grahamstaunchya anglican bishapprasadanche sthan aahe. yaa shaharat roman catholic, presbyterian, ethiopian episcopal, methodist, baptist, pinkster protestant, dutch reformed (nederduits gereformerde kirk), karishmai, apostolic aanee pentecostal church dekhil aahet. hindu, vaidnyanik, bhookampak, nantarchya kalatil sant aanee muslimanche yeshu khristache church yanchyasathihi yethe sabhasthale aahet.
yaa shaharat chalisahoon adhik dharmik imarati aahet aanee tyanna 'santanche shahar' asey topananav denyat aale aahe. etch. yanni nondavalelya eka kathenusar. vhee. morton yaa shaharala 1846 madhye grahamstaun yethe tainat asalelya shahee abhiyantyankadun tyache topananav midale jyanna bandhkam sadhananchi garaj hotee. tyanni cape taunala eka sandesh pathavun shastrastranchya dukanatoon tyanna white pathvanyachi vinanti kelee. sthanik patalivar vikoon kharedi qaraa' asey uttar parat aale. grahamstaunmadhye kahee white nahee", asey uttar hote.
loksankhyashastra.
2011 chya jangananenusar shaharachi loksankhya 67,264 hotee, jyapaiki 78.9% yanni swatahla 'kaala african', 11.3% 'rangeet' aanee 8.4% 'pandhara' asey varnan kele. 1994 pasoon, agadi purvekade asalelya purvichya siskei zosa matrubhoomitun kalya lokancha lakshaniy ogh hott aala aahe. loksankhyechya 72.2% chee pahili bhasha zosa aahe, tarr 13.7% africans bolatat aanee 10.8% ingraji bolatat.
shikshan, qalaa aanee sanskruti.
yaa shaharat roads vidyapith, andhansathi dakshin aafrikeche rashtriy granthalay, rashtriy ingraji sahitya sangrahalay, dakshin aafrikechi jalchar jaivavividhata sanstha (purvichi jeey. ell. bii. smith sanstha), african sangitache aantarrashtriy granthalay (ilam), albany sangrahalay aanee aafriketil ingraji abhyas sanstha aahet. gelya done dashkant waterloochya shetatoon jhalelya anek pragjivshastriy shodhanmule purvekadil cape prantachya jivashmanmadhye jaagtik swarasya nirman jhaale aahe aanee yamule asankhya aantarrashtriy sahyog jhaale aahet. heey shodh aanee sahyog robbert doubleu. chya satatyapurn karyamule shakya jhaale aahet. devonian parisanstha prayogshaleche gass, albany sangrahalay, jyanni aapale bahutansh ayushya black shelchya blocksche utkhanan aanee abhyas karnyasathi samarpit kele aahe, tyanni nantar dakshin african roads agency limitedchya (sanral) madatine 1980 chya dashakachya madhyat rastyanchya kapanitoon sutka kelee.
varnabhedachya kalat asman shikshanacha varsa ajunahi yaa purvichya simavarti shaharatil madhyamik shikshanachya tartudimadhye pratidhvanit hoto, jithe matrick uttirn honyache praman aanee shikshanachya samanya gunavattet lakshaniy visangati aahet. yaa samasyeche nirakaran karane heey shaharatil sarvat mothya aavhananpaiki eka aahe.
march 1984 madhye, grahamstaun shaharane eka dhwaj swikarla, joou vanshparamparagat tadnya praa. rods vidyapithache hyu smith.
shaharatil ghadyal manore.
shaharatil manorachya ghadyalanchi yadee, tyanche sthan aanee teey karyarat asalyas khalilpramane aaheh
sann.
shaharat darvarshi done mothe utsav hotatah juuna/julaimadhye rashtriy qalaa mahotsav aanee varshachya pahilya karyakalat cyphest africa aanee sumare 50,000 lokanna aakarshit karate. rashtriy qalaa mahotsav haah aafriketil sarvat motha qalaa mahotsav aahe aanee dakshin aafriketil aanee aantarrashtriy qalaa kshetratil kahee pramukh pratibha sanskruti aanee kalatmak abhivyakticha utsav sajra karnyasathi shaharat yetat. vidnyan, tantradnyan, abhiyantriki, ganeet aanee navkalpananvishayi janjagruti, samajootdarpana aanee kautukala protsahan denyasathi 1996 madhye dakshin aafrikecha rashtriy vidnyan mahotsav sthapan karnyat aala. 2013 pasoon heey shahar puku baal sahitya sansthene sadar kelelya puku katha mahotsavache yajmanpadahi bhushavate. zosa yetheel sahitya aanee shaikshanik/karamanook sahitya sulabh karnyachya uddeshane rashtriy qalaa mahotsav aanee roads vidyapithatil african abhyas vibhagachya bhagidarit haah mahotsav tayar karnyat aala hota.
daboon thewa.
yaa shaharat dakshin aafriketil sarvat june jiwant swatantra vruttpatra aahe. "grocot mail" chee sthapana 1870 madhye grocot kutumbane kelee aanee 1831 madhye sthapan jhalelya "grahamstaun journal" navache eka vruttpatra vikat ghetale. "journal" chey purviche malak robbert godlonton yanni andris stockenstromechya karar pranalila virodh karnyasathi teey aanee tyanchya itar kagadpatrancha vapar keela hota aanee zosasah adhik jameen japt karnyache samarthan kele hote. aata heey roads university school auph journalism andd media stadijdware chalavale jaanare sthanik vruttpatra aahe aanee aajahi tyache naav kayam aahe.
patrakarita prashikshanache eka pramukh kendra mhanoon, roads vidyapith 1947 madhye sthapan jhaleli 'activate' aanee 2007 madhye suru jhalela 'daad aupidan press' hii done vidyarthi vruttapatre dekhil aayojit karate, jee pramukhyane parisarabaher parisarabaher vidyarthyanchya garja bhagavatat. 
sarkar.
dakshin aafrikechya sangharajyachya sthapanesah grahamstaun uchch nyayalay dakshin aafrikechya navyane sthapan jhalelya sarvoch nyayalayacha (cape tauun antargat) sthanik vibhag banala. 28 juuna 1957 roji, purv cape vibhag yaa navane purv jilha nyayalay, eka prantiy vibhag banale. prantiy sarkarchya grahamstaunchya itar kahee bhagatahi purvekadil kepche kendra mhanoon kaam kele.
1994 madhye, grahamstaun navyane sthapan jhalelya purv cape prantacha bhag banala, tarr bhishochi prantiy rajdhani mhanoon nivad karnyat aalee.
heey uchch nyayalayachya purv cape vibhagache tasech albany jilhyasathi jilhyasathi nyayalay aahe. uchch nyayalayachya upasthitimule, rajyache itar anek sambandhit avyav jase qee mukhya karyalay aanee sarvajanik khatala sanchalak shaharat upasthit aahet.
itar kahee sarkari (mukhytah prantiy) vibhag shaharat shakha kinwa itar karyalaye chalavatat.
cape collany vidhimandalachya baithakiche aayojan karnari cape taunchya baherchi grahamstaun hii ekmev vasahat hotee (swatantra vasahat nirman karanyachi magani shant karnyasathi eka paul).
nagarpalika sarkar.
2000 salaparyant grahmstownchi swatachi nagarpalika hotee. tevhapasoon, tyacha vistar kakadu jilhyatil makana sthanik nagarpaliket jhaala aahe.
2012 pasoon makana sthanik nagarpalika aaplya nagarikanna paanee vishvasaniyapane puravu shakali nahee. 2013 madhye heey sankat vadhatach gele.
2013 madhye, nauu divasanchya panitanchaichya nishedharth dakshin aafrikechya jalmantri edna molewala grahmstowncha panipurvatha purvavat karnyache kaam denyat aale. aarthik gairvyavasthapanasah payabhoot suvidhanvaril qamee kharch heey yaa vyatyayachya karananmadhye samavisht aahet. molevane sthapan kelelya krutee dalane 2014 paryant hii samasya sodavali navhati. 2021 chya mahalekha parikshakanchya ahavalat asey aadhalun aale qee nagarpalika karjanni tyachya malmattepeksha 813 dashalaksh rupaye (54.2 kotee dollarschya samatulya) jaast kele aanee teey purn aanee yogya nondi thevanyat ayashasvi tharale aahet. 2022 paryant varishtha vyavasthapan haah faujdari tapasacha vishay hota aanee prantiy sarkarla nagarpalika aarthik vasulibabat sarvoch nyayalayat apeal karnyasathi timahi ahwal dyava lagla. 
samajik samasya.
aktoobar 2015 madhye, paradeshi dveshyukt hinsacharachya latedarmyan 500 hoon adhik lock visthapit jhaale aanee 300 hoon adhik dukane lutali gelee.
kahee lock paramparik african aushadh vapartat kaaran teey prabhavi asalyache manale jaate. kahee vanaspati aahet jyaa parisaratil sthanik lokanmadhye lokpriy aahet.
hatancha coat.
nagarpalika (1)-september 1862 madhye pahile shastra gruheet dharale gele. tyanni fintrichya grahamchya bahunchi chukichi aavrutti zaan vanne rebeakchya bahunshi (chukichya ranganmadhye), shahamrugachya shikharasah kelee. tyache samarthak bibtya aanee jiraf hote aanee tyache bodhvakya 'sadgun aanee natak' asey hote.
nagarpalika (2)-cape prantiy prashasanane nagarpalikanna tyanchya shastranchya kotchi tapasani karoon aavashyak asalyas tyanchi punha rachana karnyachya aavahanala pratisad mhanoon, nagarparishadet ivan mitford-barberton aanee etch. yanni tayar kelela eka naveen coat auph arms hota. 1950 madhye ellis tomlinson. 20 julai 1950 roji shastra mahavidhyalayane teey manjur kele aanee september 1994 madhye heraldry beuromadhye nondani kelee.
naveen bhuje ashee hotih "kinwa, eka eka, teen annulate 2 aanee 1 kinwa; eka mukhya pattyavar, teen escalope kinwa" (samanya mansachya drushtineh eka soneri dhaal, varoon khalparyant, kalya aadvya pattyavar teen soneri scalope kavach aanee laal trikonavar teen soneri rings pradarshit karate). shikhar badaloon soneri bhittichitra mukutatoon baher baher shahamrugachya pankhanchya pattyat badalanyat aale aanee pratyek khandyavar eka khanda thevun samarthak vegale kele gele.
samajik chalvali.
2017 madhye, makanache punarujjivan! eka swatantra nagri samaj sanghatana sthapan karnyat aalee. 2018 chya pahilya timahit, makanachya punarujjivanamule rashtriy batamya nirman jhalya, jevha tyanni apayashi tharalelya payabhoot suvidhanchi durusti karnyasathi aanee see. bii. dii. madheel suraksha aanee swachchata sudharanyasathi pudhakar ghetala. sthanik aanee aantarrashtriy nagrik aanee majee vidyarthyankadun dengya prapt jhalya.
dakshin aafriketil berojgar lokanchya chalvaliche makhandamadhye bhakkam astitva aahe.

