kizil guha

kizil lenya (kizil kinwa kizil mhanoon dekhil romankrut;;) haah bauddha khadakat koralelya lenyancha eka sanch aahe joou chinmadhil zinjiangmadhil axu prantatil baicheng countymadhil kizil townshipjawal () sthit aahe. heey thikan kuchapasoon 65 kilometer (rastyane 75 kiimii) paschimes muzat nadichya uttar uttar aahe. haah parisar resheem rastyache vyavsayik kendra hote. madhya ashiyai qalaa aanee bauddha dharmachya resheem marg prasarat yaa lenyanchi mahattvachi bhoomika aahe aanee chinmadhil sarvat june pramukh bauddha guha sankul asalyache mhatale jaate, jyacha vikas ii. sha. sha aanee aanee shatkadarmyan jhaala. kizilchya guha chinmadhil tyanchya prakarchya purvichya aahet aanee tyanche model nantar purvekadil bauddha lenyanchya bandhkamat sweekarle gele. yaa jaageche dusare naav ming-oee () aahe, jaree hii sandnya aata pramukhyane purvekadil shorchukchya thikanasathi vaparali jaate.
kizil lenya 2014 madhye unescochya jaagtik varsa yadeet jaagtik varsa sthalacha bhag mhanoon samavisht karnyat aalya hotya.
guha.
kizil lenee sankul heey pracheen bauddha lenee sthalanpaiki sarvat mothe aahe jeey pracheen tocharian kucha samrajyashi sambandhit aahet, tasech shinjiyangmadhil sarvat mothe aahe. kizilgaha lenee, kumtura lenee, subhashi mandir aanee simsim lenee hii jawalpaschi itar prasiddha thikane aahet. kizil lenya yaa 'chinmadhil sarvat junya pratinidhik guha' aahet. guhanchi nirmiti jhaali tyaa velee, kuchacha bhag heenyan bauddha dharmachya rudhivadi sarvastivadin paddhatiche palan karat hota, jaree suruvatichya aanee alpasankhyak dharmguptanchya upasthitichi nond dekhil jhaali aahe. sopya chauras lenya dharmaguptane ii. sha. sha shatkapasoon kinwa tyapurvi sthapan kelya asavyat, tarr ii. sha. sha shatkachya madhyapasoon bharbharatila aalelya 'madhyavarti stambh' lenya sarvastivadin shaleshi sambandhit asoo shakatat.
vihangavalokan.
kizilmadhye 236 guha mandire aahet, jee purvekadoon paschimekade 2 kiimii lambichya kadyavar koraleli aahet. yapaiki 135 ajunahi tulanene abadhit aahet. kiranotsargi carbonchya tarkhevar aadharit, kahee pramanat sarvat junya lenya sumare 300 salchya aahet. bahutek sanshodhakanche asey mutt aahe qee, aanee shatkachya suruvatila, tang prabhav yaa bhagat pohochalyanantar, yaa lenya kadachit sodoon denyat aalya hotya. tocharian bhashanmadhye lihileli kagadpatre kizilmadhye sapadali aanee kahee guhanmadhye tocharian aanee sanskrut shilalekh aahet jyat kahee rajyakartyanchi nave aahet.
anek lenyanmadhye madhyavarti stambhachi rachana aahe, jyamadhye yatrekaru madhyavarti stambhabhovati pradakshina ghaloo shakatat, jyat buddhachya putalyasathi eka jaaga samavisht aahe, jee stupache pratinidhitva karate.
gumpha itar teen prakarchya aaheth chauras guha, "prachand pratima asalelya" guha aanee mathanchya peshi (kutee). sumare done trutiyansh lenya kutee aahet, jyaa bhikshunche nivassthan aanee bhandare aahet aanee yaa lenyanmadhye bhittichitre naheet. kalkram haah charchecha vishay rahila aahe.
"madhyavarti stambh" gumpha rachana.
vishisht 'madhyavarti stambh' rachnet, yatrekaru madhyavarti stambhabhovati pradakshina ghaloo shakatat, jyat buddhachya putalyasathi eka jaaga samavisht aahe, jee stupache pratinidhitva karate. ekhadya aarakhadyavar disanara tathakathit 'madhyavarti stambh' haah pratyakshat eka stambh nahee tarr guhechya mageel bajus asalela keval khadak aahe, jyamadhye pradakshina ghalanyas anumati denara golakar margika kantalali hotee.
madhyavarti stambhachya stambhasamor eka mothee khandak asaleli kaksh aanee yaa jaganna jaganna bajunna bogdyasarkhe done margika asaleli eka chhoti mageel kaksh aahe. samoril kholeet, buddhachi trimiteey pratima aateel bhagache kendra mhanoon kaam varnan mothya thikani thewali gelee asatee, tathapi, yapaiki konatihi shilpe kizilmadhye tikoon rahileli naheet. mageel kakshat parinirvan drushya bhittichitra kinwa mothya shilpachya swarupat asoo shakate aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, donhiche sanyojan asoo shakate. madhyavarti stambh" rachana bahudha uttar jivanumadhil kaara tepechya sanrachanatmak rachneshi sambandhit aahe.
madhyavarti stambh" gumphanmadhil chitrancha karyakram samanyatah eka nishchit vyavastheche anusaran karatoh mukhya kothadichya bhintinvar buddhache upadesh disatat, chhatavar jatkankade nirdesh karnare ramboid rekhachitra aahet, madhyavarti thikani indershala guheche drushya aahe. magchya kholeet kinwa margikevar parinirvanshi sambandhit drushye aahet aanee shevati baher padnyavarche chitra tusit swarg aanee bhavishyatil buddh maitrey yanchyashi sambandhit aahe.
shodh.
kizil lenya pratham 1902-1904 madhye tetani mohimedware shodhalya aanee shodhalya gelya, teshin vatnabe (<unk>) aanee kenyu horry (Â) yanchya netrutvakhalil japani moheem, count otanidware nidhi puravala gela, parantu sthanik bhookampanantar, kucha bhagat chaar mahinyanchya shodhanantar hii moheem ghaighaine nighun gelee.
tyanantar yaa german turfan mohimeche pramukh albert grunwedell yanni (december 1905-6 julai 1907) kizil lenyancha shodh ghetala. albert wonn leey kook haah yaa german mohimecha dekhil bhag hota aanee albert grunvedelchya margdarshanakhali hota, parantu juuna 1906 paryant rahila, jevha tyala eka mothya aajaramule british bharatala ravana vhave lagale. guhanche chhayachitra kadhale gele, rekhachitre kadhali gelee aanee bhittichitrancha motha bhag kadhoon germanyla pathvanyat aala.
grunwedellne mothya sankhyene chitre kadhali, parantu tyanche puratatviy moolya tikavoon thevanyasathi aanee kadhoon takalyavar kinwa vahatukidarmyan tyancha naash houu shakato yaa bhitine, tyanna kapanyapurvi tyanche chhayachitra kinwa rekhatan karnyasathi asey karnyapurvi nondi karanyachi kalji ghetali. chitranchya agadi achook nondi ghenyasathi tyane canvascha vapar keela. udaharanarth, grunwedellne tyacha shodh kassa lavala yache varnan kele aahe. teey kadhoon taknyachya uddeshane tyane pratham eka achook rekhachitra kadhale. pann ekada rekhachitra tayar jhalyavar, kadhalyavar bhittichitra vighatit jhaale aanee teey vagaloon haravale. ekoon, yaa german mohimene ajunahi anek chitre kadhoon takali aanee jawaljawal 120 petty bhittichitre berlinla pathavali. grunwedellne 1912 madhye tyachya shodhancha parinam "chean turkimadhil altabuddistishe cultstaton, berricut uber arcologieshe arbiten vonn 1906 biis 1907 bii kucha, karasar und inn dair osa turfan" madhye prakashit keela.
grunwedellne shodhun kadhale qee bauddha kalechya vikasachya samajutisathi kizil lenya aavashyak hotya aanee tyanni pashchatya kalatmak prabhavanche kahee prakar dekhil suchavaleh
french sanshodhak paul pelliot aanee tyache chhayachitrakar charles noet, jeey janewari 1907 pasoon kuchamadhye hote, tyanni german mohimenantar lagechach, 1 september 1907 pasoon, kahee divasant kizilla bhet dilee aanee charles noetne teey ghetale.
albert wonn leey kook chauthya german mohimeche netrutva karat kizil aanee aaspaschya bhagat parat aala, tyane anek chitre kadhoon takali, jyat grunwedellne thevaleli chitre samavisht hotee, parantu samanyatah tyachya purvavartichya tulanet khoopach qamee nondi ghetalya.
tarikh yojana.
albert grunwedell aanee german shaala.
1912 madhye grunwedellne 1912 madhye eka sanrachanatmak yojana prastavit kelee jee 20 vya shatkat prabhavi rahili aahe. heey moolatah 'shaili 1' aanee 'shaili 2' yaa done qalaa shakhanchya vyakhyevar aadharit aahe. shaili I, jyala 'indo-iranian' asey mhatale jaate, tee gandhar kaletoon aalee aahe aanee bhittichitranmadhye hiravya aanee naringi ranganchya yojana aanee naisargik chhayansah gadad dalanbar parshvabhoomi asate aanee sthapatyakalet gumbad chhat asalelya chauras guhancha samavesh asato. shaili II hii sasani kalamadhun aalee aahe aanee chamakdar hiravya-nilya rangdravyanmadhil eka majboot virodhabhas darshavite. sthapatyashastriyadrushtya, shaili II chya guhanmadhye madhyavarti stoop stambh aahe jyabhovati pradakshina ghalanyasathi golakar margika aahe. grunvedelchya matey, shaili II hii ii. sha. aanee shatkapurvichi hotee. grunwedell nantar, albert wonn leey kook aanee ernst waldsmidt yanni guhanmadhye sapadalelya shilalekh shilalekhanvar aadharit tarkha prastavit kelya. tyanni 500 teey 600 paryantchi shaili I aanee 600 teey 650 paryantchi shaili II prastavit kelee. hii kalkramanusar margdarshak tattve tattve shatkat, shatkat dashkaparyant atyant prabhavshali rahili.
carbon 14 dating aadhunik prayatna.
redio-carbon vishleshanache vividh prayatna gelya kahee varshant karnyat aale, jyat vividh pramanat yash midale, parantu pahilya guhanchya tarkha sumare ii. sha. puu. 300 paryant mage dhakalanyacha aanee shaili aanee rung yojanannusar german vargikaranala aavhan denyacha mukhya parinam.
1979 madhye, eka chiinii sanstha (̃̃ ̃w ̃scínénésté, "venavu baohu kexu jishu yanjiyusuo") carbon-chachani kelelya guha 63,13.
suu baee.
yaa tarkhanvar aadharit aanee guhanchya vastukalechya vishleshanavar (sopyapasoon adhik atyadhunik), suu baine eka prabhavshali tarikh yojana prastavit kelee, jyamule pahilya guhanchya tarkha sumare 300 see. eae. paryant mage dhakalalya gelya.
huo aanee wang.
1989-1993 madhye, huo aanee wang (Кони чениченте те, "zhongguo shehui kxuayuan kaogu yanjiyusuo") yanni khaleel lenyanchi chachani keleeh ',', ',', 34,68, ', 98,', ', 117,', 119,125, ', 135,162,', 180,189,196, ',', ',', ',', '27,39,', ',' 91,92,99, ', 139,161,165,', '. tyanni eka kalkram prastavit keela jyamadhye suu baee yanni purvi prastavit kelelya kalkramat kahee lakshaniy farak aahet.
nagoya vidyapithachya japani sanghanni 1995,1997,1998 aanee 2011 madhye khaleel guhanchi chachani keleeh ',', ', 13,67,', ', 92,'.
anek parinam anirnit rahatat, kadhikadhi agadi parasparvirodhi dekhil asatat aanee carbon carbon tarkhechya anishchitatechya maryadechya sandarbhat, gumphanche arthpurn vibhajan pradan karnyasathi, prashna asalela aitihasik kaal khoopach lahan aahe. kizil guhansathi dilelya sarvat arund carbon tarkha 68 takke sambhavyatechya patalicha (1σ) sandarbh detat, jee lakshaniy patalichi anishchitata darshavate aanee jevha tarkha manak puratatva prathenusar 95 takke sambhavyatechya patalishi (2σ) julavun ghetalya jaatat, tevha suruvatichya aanee sarvat qamee tarkhanmadhil kalavadhi itka motha (sumare 200 teey 300 varshe) hoto qee guhanmadhil vaiyaktik tulana nirathak hote. 2001 pasoon marylene martin rii yanni prastavit kelyapramane, bahutek sanshodhak aata carbon-datings kalatmak aanee sthapatyashastriy vishleshan ektrit karnyacha drushtikon vapartat, vishvasarh namkaranakade jaanyacha eka marg mhanoon.
guha, bhittichitre aanee vastukala.
1906 madhye albert grunvedelchya german mohimechya chamoone kizil lenyancha shodh ghetala. grunvedelchya margdarshanakhali kaam varnan albert wonn leey kook yanna aarogya samasyanmule juuna 1906 madhye baher padave lagale. grunwedellne aavashyak manalya mhatale bhittichitranna kadhoon taknyapurvi samanyatah chhayachitre kadhali aanee tyanchi nakkal kelee. kadhoon takalele bahutek tukade aata berlinchya dahlem yetheel ashiyai qalaa sangrahalayat (purviche sangrahalay phara undess kunst) aahet. itar sanshodhakanni bhittichitranche kahee tukade kadhale, jeey aata russia, japan, koria aanee americetil sangrahalayanmadhye aadhalu shakatat. jaree yaa jaageche nuksan jhaale asale aanee lootpat jhaali asali taree sumare 5000 chauras meater bhintchitre shillak aahet, hii bhittichitre mukhytah jaatak katha, avadan aanee buddhachya dantkatha darshavtat aanee sarvastivadachya heenyan shalechya paramparetil eka kalatmak pratinidhitva aahet.
carbon-chachani aanee shailishastriy vishleshanamule kizil yetheel chitranmadhil teen mukhya kalkhand nishchit karnyat madat jhaali, jyat ii. sha. 300 teey ii. sha. 650 yaa kalavadhicha samavesh aahe. kizilchi prarambhik qalaa tarim tarimiilaw pashchatya qalaa paddhatishi sambandhit aahe aanee pramukhyane gandhar aanee irani jagacha prabhav, visheshtah heftalitescha prabhav aanee purv aashiyatil konatahi prabhav darshavit nahee.
kizil lenyanna german lokanni navanchya malikanni niyukt kele hote aanee chiinii lokanni tyanna swatantrapane kramank dile aahet. rii yanni patravyavahar takta tayar keela aahe.
aata 90-17 teey 90-24 ashee sankhya asalelya kahee agadi suruvatichya guha 1990 chya dashakapasun madhya madhyavarti praveshdvaravaril kadyachya khalchya bhagat sapadalya aahet. yaa guha chaukoni kinwa aayatakruti hotya, jyachya chhatavar nalee hotee, parantu konatyahi sajavatishivay.
samanya vaishishtye.
kizilmadhil bhittichitranche eka ullekhaneey vaishishtya mhanje nilya rangdravyancha vyapak vapar, jyat afaganistanatil lapis lazulipasoon midavalelya maulyavan ultramarine rangdravyacha samavesh aahe. ernst waldsmidtne yaa pradeshatil kalechya vargikaranat teen vegvegale kalkhand aaheth pahilya tappyatil bhittichitre lalsar rangdravye vapartat, tarr mhanje tappyatil bhittichitre nilya rangache rangdravye mubalak pramanat vapartat. aadhichya chitranmadhye adhik greek-bharatiy kinwa gandhar prabhav pratibimbit hotat, tarr mhanje chitranmadhye irani (sassanian) prabhav disun yetat. nantarchya guhanmadhye qamee aakhyayika aanee/kinwa jaatak aahet asey disate, jyachya jaagi asankhya lahan buddhanchya (tathakathit hazar buddh rachana) kinwa nimbuses basalelya buddhanchya punaravruttichya rachana aahet. pahilya done tappyanchya chitranmadhye chiinii ghatakancha abhav disun aala. turkeek-chiinii kalkhand haah shevatcha tappa turfan bhagat sarvadhik purava aahe, parantu kizilmadhye keval done guhanmadhye tang chiinii prabhav disun aala.
kizil bhittichitranche aanakhi eka vaishishtya mhanje anek guhanchya mukhya kholichya chaukatichya chhatatil chhatatil aakarachya thokalyanmadhye vibhagani. drushyanche varnanatmak anukram darshavinyasathi yaa lahan aakarachya aat anek tharanmadhye ekmekanchya varr bauddha drushye chitrit kelee jaatat.
rangdravye.
ksh-kiran vivartan vishleshanadvare kizil guhanchya chitratil rangdravyanche vishleshan kele gele aahe. laal pramukhyane sindur aanee laal shise aahet, jeey aaj mothya pramanat vikrut aahet aanee laal garud aahet. nile rangdravye lapis lazulipasoon tayar kelee jaatat. hirave rangdravye tambyapasoon tayar hotat.
atakamitesarkhi hydroxy chloride khanije. tapkiri-kaale rangdravye hii pii. bii. oo. 2 asatat, jee laal shisechya oxidationpasoon midavali jaatat. pandhare rangdravye pramukhyane jipsammadhun midavali jaat asat.
shaili kalavadhi.
1933 madhye leey kook aanee waldsmidt yanni aupcharik kelelya shailinche vistrut vargikaran samanyatah sweekarle gele aahe.
pahilya shailila 'indo-iranian shaili I' mhanatat aanee tapkiri, santri aanee hiravya rangacha vapar karoon, suruvatichya serve lenyanna najuk toone-aun-toone chitranni jhakale aahe. indo-irani' heey naav kizil yetheel pahilya guhachitranchya nirmitiche adhyakshapad adhyakshapad irani kalechya ghatkansah ektritpane bharatatil kalatmak prabhav darshavate. yaa shailichya mukhya pratinidhik guha mhanje 'hippocampychi guha' (guha 118), 'chitrakaranchi guha' (guha 207), 'morr guha' (guha 76), 'atichitrit guha' (guha 117), 'putalyanchi guha' (guha 77) aanee 'navikanchi guha' (guha 112). khajinyachya guhecha (gumpha 83,84) chhota gut samkalin manla jaato, parantu kinchit vaiyaktik shailit, jyala kadhikadhi 'vishesh shaili' ('sonderstill') mhanatat. pahili shaili fakt kizilmadhye aadhalate, fakt jawalchya kumaturamadhil eka guhah "gumbad asaleli guha".
mhanje shailila 'indo-iranian shaili II' mhanatat aanee kizilchya itar bahutek lenyanna aachchhadit karate, jyat tapkiri, santri aanee hiravi aanee visheshtah eka spasht lapis-lazuli nila vaparoon jordar bhinn rung aanee majboot resha strokecha vapar keela jaato. indo-iranian heey naav punha vyapakpane madhya ashiyai aanee irani jagachya mahattvachya prabhavansah bharatatil kalatmak prabhav darshavate. hii shaili pudhe teen vyapak kalkhandanmadhye vibhagali gelee aahe.
shevati, kizil yetheel keval done guhanmadhye tisari uigur-chiinii shaili disate.
pahili indo-irani shailih najuk "naringi aanee hiravi" chitre.
tarim tarimiilaw sarvat jaast loksankhya asalelya kuchachya rajyane uttarekadil resheem margavar eka mokyache sthan midavale, jyamule teey samruddha jhaale aanee vyapar aanee sanskratiche eka samruddha kendra banale. kucha haah resheem rastyanchya arthvyavasthecha eka bhag hota aanee sogdiana aanee bactrias urvarit madhya ashiyachya samparkat hota aanee asha prakare bharat, iran aanee chinchya kinarpattichya bhaganchya sanskratinshi dekhil samparkat hota. suruvatiche abhyagat dnyat aahet, asha mess titynus. isavi sunn sunn shatkapasoon, hahn rajvansh aanee kushan samrajyachya aashrayakhali, parthian aine shigao, uazis lokaksema aanee zee kian kinwa bharatiy choo shhow-phoo (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ sanskratichi bharbharat jhaali aanee bharatiy sanskrut granthanche bhashantar kucheyan sadhu aanee anuvadak kumarjiv (344-413 see. eae.), swatah kashmirmadhil eka bauddha manasacha mulga aanee rajachi baheen kucheyan rajkumari yanni kele.
pahili shaili, jyala kadhikadhi bharat aanee madhya aashiyatil prabhav darshavinyasathi 'pahili indo-irani shaili' mhatale jaate, tee ii. sha. 300 teey 500 yaa kalavadhicha samavesh karate aanee bharatatil majboot chav asalelya gandharan sankalpana aanee naringi aanee hiravya ranganni vaishishtyikrut aaheh mahila nartak aanee sangitkar bahutekda nagna kinwa purn stanansah ardhe nagna asatat. yaa chitranchi qalaa agadi parishkrut aahe aanee kizil kalecha "shastriy" kaal tayar karateh chhata najuk asatat, resha bareek aanee mohak asatat, rung haloohaloo misalatat aanee pott aanee aakarmanachi jaaniv detat. uttar afaganistanatil bamiyanchi chitre samanyatah kizil lenyanchya kaleche purvasuchak manali jaatat. yaa kalachya akheris, gandhar kalecha prabhav heafthalites antargat jivanu aanee kucha yanchyatil kshetrachya rajkiy ektrikaranacha parinam manla jaato, joou ii. sha. 480 teey 560 paryant kinwa kahee dashakannantar tikala.
kalavadhi 1: "shastriy" prarambhik shaili (sumare 300-400 ce).
kizilmadhil sarvat junie chitre 'shastriy' avasthetil aahet. tyanchi shaili atishay mohak aanee "chitramay" aahe, jyat shilpakaleche praman vyakt karnyasathi sharirala atyadhunik chhayankan dile aahe. resha shuddha aanee sookshm asatat, rung mausarpane misalatat. hii shaili vaishishtyapurnapane bharatiy dekhil aahe aanee tee gandhar kinwa kashmirashi sambandhit asoo shakate. yaa suruvatichya shailiche udaharan hippocampychi guha (guha 118) aahe aanee tee eka vishisht shaala tayar karoo shakate. heey pudhil tappyachya shailishi virodhabhas karate, jase qee 'putalyanchya guhechya' kotharatil patalanmadhye disate, jase qee 'daad', jeey adhik thalak aahe, tivra rangancha vapar karoon (parantu tarihi tapkiri, hiravi aanee santri fakt), jaad resha aanee sope namune.
suruvatichi chitre.
bharatiy brahmi lipicha vyutpann vyutpann bharatiy-europeey bhashetil tochariyanmadhil prarambhik shilalekh, kinwa 'guhechya' (guha 27) madhye aadhalalyapramane, falkanvaril anek suruvatichya chitranmadhye vaparale jaatat.
sarvat aadhi rangavalelya guha.
jiin rajvanshachya chiinii itihasanusar (ii. sha. 1), ii. sha. sha shatkaparyant kuchamadhye aadhich eka hazar bauddha stoop aanee mandire hotee.
kizil yetheel sarvat junya rangavalelya guha '(guha 118) aanee' khajinyachya guha '(anukrame 83 aanee 84) aahet asey manale jaate. 118 hii guha, bahudha yaa teenpaiki sarvat junie, madhyavarti madhyavarti kholvar sthit aahe. 83 aanee 84 hii guha tyach madhyavarti praveshdvaravar aahet. yaa guhanmadhye sadhya sthapatya rachana aahet, jyat spasht shailitil chitre aahet, jee bharatiy prabhav pratibimbit karatat. kuchatil kuleen kinwa shrimant tocharian datya, angarkhe paridhan karoon, kadhikadhi bhaktichitranchya bajula gudghe tektana disatat.
"hippocampychi guha" (guha 118,300-350 ce).
(guha 118) laa bhet dilee aanee chhayachitra kadhale gele, aay. dii. 1 chya yaa german mohimedware aanee 1907 madhye paul peliyatchya french mohimedware. bhittichitrancha motha bhag kadhoon germanyla pathvanyat aala, visheshtah 1914 madhye wonn leey kook yanni, jyanni lunette aanee waltchya bajoo kadhoon takalya.
yaa guhet eka aayatakruti kholee (3.6 x 4.8 meater) aahe, praveshdwar lamb bajula aahe aanee jyache chhat eka aadvya nalicha khajina tayar karate. eka darvajatoon pohochata yenyajogya gumphasamor, pyramidchya chhapparasah chitranni sushobhit keleli titakich rund mokali jaaga hotee. donhi kholya 1 meater jaad bhintine vegalya aahet. yaa prakarchya khandak asalelya guheche pratirup ii. sha. sha shatkatil kaara tepe yetheel jivanumadhye aadhalu shakate.
mukhya kothadichya magchya bhintimadhye eka mothe chitra (3.42 meater rund aanee 2.16 meater unch) aahe, jyat eka rajache sevkasahache adnyat drushya aahe, bahudha "swargiy rajvadyatil kaushalya aanee sangeet" (<unk>). aakrutinchi manovrutti aanee mudra ii. sha. chya chya shatkatil nagarjunakondachya koreev kamanchi aathvan karoon detat. madhyabhagi eka raja basala aahe, tyachya bhovati asankhya sevak aahet, visheshtah tyachya davya bajula eka jawaljawal nagna stree basali aahe. teey madhyavarti gulabachya aakarachya judd goal kanatale ghalatat. ghalatat pratirupan heey gandharatil haddachya murtichi aathvan karoon dete. roman kaleche soochak asalelya naisargik velichya rinsausah salag paach sajavatichya simandware heey chitra vistratpane tayar kele aahe.
bhittichitranche rung tapkiri rangachya vividh chhata aahet, jyat halakya hiravya rangache tukade aahet, parantu nilya rangache naheet, jeey tathakathit "naringi aanee hiravya" shailichi vyakhya karatat. chhatavaril madhyabhagi surya aanee chandra, done bhikshu aanee panjanmadhye manvi aakruti gheuun udanara pakshi yanchya ruparesha aahet. chhatavaril bajoo lahan aakarachya parvatanni banalelya aahet, jyabhovati manav, prani, talav aanee zaade yanchi naisargik rachana aahe, bahudha purvekadil rachana jee samanyatah kizil yetheel nantarchya guhanmadhye sweekarli gelee hotee. vilakshan pranyanchya eka tolhine bajuchya bhintinpasun chhat vegale kele. samanya shaili suruvatichi asalyache disate aanee bahudha kashmir aanee bamian yetheel 24 vya lenitoon ghetali gelee asavi.
chhatavaril chandrakaksha bauddhanchi alankrut drushye darshavtat. yogya lunut olakhane katheen aahe, parantu raja kinwa yoddhyachya aakrutikade vakanara bodhisatva darshavit asalyache disate. talachya bhagat devatanni vedhalelya sofyavar eka pratima asalele eka bhavya drushya disate. davikadil chandraman tusit swargatil bhavee maitreyacha buddh darshavito. yachya khalee sumeru parvatache chitran aahe jyabhovati vividh naag, bhaktanchya pratima aanee prani aahet.
 angarkshanmadhye, sumare 40 centimeter unch, kahee khanjirane susajj, magchya bhintivaril bhittichitranchya davya aanee ujavya ujavya disatatah ii. sha. sha shatkatil kadachit udatt aanee shrimant kucheyan datya. datyanpaiki ekakade teen jalatya dhoop shanku aahet. tyane bandist aanee valalele, jawalun jawalun bahunsah collerless angvastra paridhan kele aahe. gudghyachya kinchit varr pohochanara angvastra, pattyane bandhalela asato. pant samaan rangache asatat aanee tyanchi seema samaan asate. too talvyakhali talvyakhali cruciate ligaments rakhadi rangache payanche boot ghalato. pathimagil aakrutimadhye pushpahar aanee eka prakarcha sensor aahe, ghatt-fitting sleeves kalya beltyukt lapp jacketmadhye paridhan kelele aahe, jyat charahi bajunna laal kadaa aanee bharpur hirwa poshakh aahe. tyanche cases thet nukavar kapale jaatat, samkalin chiinii itihasatil jiin shoomadhye kuchachya lokansathi dekhil sandarbhit kesanchi shaili. mukhya bhittichitrachya varchya davya davya bajula, laal zaga ghaloon aanee ocharchya katalelya kesansah, hatodine aupcharik baranila aakar denyat guntalela, eka chitrakar tyachya mage datyanpramanech angvastra ghatalela disala, parantu tyache doke fakt rahile.
"khajinyachi guha see" (guha 83,300-350 ce).
 madhyavarti madhyavarti praveshdvaravar asalelya chaar 'khajinyachya lenyanchya' (82,83,84,85) sankshipt samoohacha haah eka bhag aahe. hii tulanene lahan chauras guha (3.6x3.6m) aahe, jyachya madhyabhagi kadachit moorti kinwa stupasathi eka munch aahe. yethe chhat kosalale aahe, parantu kadachit eka gumbad tayar jhaala aahe.
magchya bhintivar eka jaatak katha, divyavadanatil rudrayan aakhyayika, changlya prakare sanrakshit drushya hote, jyat raja rudrayan aapali ranee chandraprabh hiche nrutya pahato, jee patal burkha aanee dagine vagalata nagna disate. nrutyadarmyan, rajala tyachya patnicha lavkarach mrutyu hoil ashee purvasoochana hotee aanee tine bauddha nun bananyas sangitale. aakrutinchi shaili aanee drushtikon samanyatah bharatiy asatat, jase qee nartakachi tribhang mudra, raja jyaa prakare basato. tathapi, rajane paridhan kelelya mukutatil karananya fiti irani shahee pratikvadatun swikarlya gelya.
yaa guhet, chitranchya chaukati, visheshtah velanchya renox, bahudha ii. sha. sha shatkatil roman kaletoon tayar kelya aahet. hii guha guha 84 peksha thodishi aadhichi asoo shakate. bhittichitra grunwedellne berlinla pathavale hote (sandarbh mike III 8443).
hii chitre mauu aanee najuk aaheth aakarman heey rangchhata aanee ranganchya shrenikaranadvare paribhashit kele jaate, reshechya tikshna maryadedware nahee. ekandarit, "rekhatan karnyapeksha brushla pradhanya aahe".
"khajinyachi guha buub" (guha 84,300-350 ce).
 eka chauras, bahudha ghumat asaleli guha hotee (4x4 meater, yethehi chhat kosalale aahe), jee kizil yetheel purvichya, sopya gumpha sanrachaneche parikshan karate, jee bamian (gumpha 24) pasoon dekhil olakhali jaate. 84 lenyanmadhil chitranche mool bharatiy aahe asey disate, bahudha kashmirmadhun. teey buddhanchya aakrutyabhovati ubhe asalele lokanche gut dakhavtat, jeey ektar basale aahet kinwa ubhe aahet. sthananachi kholee thodi uthal aahe, aakruti vakr torsos aakarshak aahet. chehare goal aanee khadbadit asatat. gavat 84 yaa lenisathi sha shatkachya purvardhatil tarikh suchavate. serve chitre grunwedellne berlinla pathavali hotee.
yaa done guha 82 yaa lenila lagoon aahet, eka alankrut vihar dekhil ii. sha. puu. 1 madheel aahe aanee 85 hii eka lahanshi uddhvast jhaleli guha aahe.
"morr guha" (guha 76, sumare ii. sha. 400).
(german bhashet" "founhohley" ") hii dekhil eka prarambhik guha aahe, jaree tee thodishi nantar sumare ii. sha. 400 paryantchi asali, aanee tyanantar madhyavarti madhyavarti agadi baher mhanje khadkal baherchya bhagat" "putalyanchi guha" "(guha 77) aahe". too carbon ii. sha. sha-madhyapasoon shatkachya madhyat aahe. too "sampoorn kizil chakratil sarvat olakhala jaanara bharatiy" asalyache mhatale jaate. hii chitre gandhar qalaa aanee ajanta lenyanchya bhittichitranche pratidhvanit karatat.
mukhya kholichya aadhi eka aayatakruti praveshdwar, jyache khoon kelele chhappar aata kosalale aahe. mukhya kakshat ghumatyukt chhappar aahe, eka navkalpana bamian yetheel suruvatichya guhanmadhye aanee kizil yetheel 83 aanee 84 guhanmadhye pahilyanda disali. guhechya antechambermadhye buddhachya asankhya moorti, tasech sushobhit lakadi baak aanee qamee pradarshan table sapadale.
mukhya kholichya madhyabhagi eka motha munch aahe, jyavar bahudha buddhanshi sambandhit kahee pramukh moorti ubhya hotya. guhechi vastukala purvichya guhanchya tulanet lakshaniy pragati darshavate, parantu tee guhechya 'madhyavarti stambh' sanrachanechya purvabhagi aahe. anek chitre buddhache jeevan spasht karatat. grunwedellne bhet dilee toparyant mukhya kotharachi fakt davi bhint mothya pramanat abadhit rahili hotee. buddhanchya aayushyatil chaar mahattvache kshan dakhavale, tarr aakashiy nirikshak varchya balkanivar ubhe aaheth 1) siddharatancha janm aanee pahili teen pavale jyamadhye buddh nagna aanee aadhich unch disato, 2) rajvadyachya baher chaar bhetee, 3) vruddha striyanmadhye rupantarit jhalelya maranchya mulinche pralobhan aanee 4) marancha hallah. prachar varnan buddhachi drushye olakhanyayogya asali taree madhalya ranget jawaljawal purnapane nuksan jhaale hote. patalanna 5 teey 9 ashee sankhya dilee jaau shakate, parantu 5 aanee 9 heey shejarchya bhintinvar jaanare ardhe falak aahet. eka patalavar sainik sarkhe disatat. bhintichya talashi falakanche tukade hote jyat darshavile hoteh 10) parinirvan, 11) buddhala shavpetimadhye thevalele bhakt, 11) buddhala tyachya shavpetimadhye thevalele bhakt aanee 12) buddhache antyasanskar jhaale asavet. bhittichitrancha varcha bhag grunwedellne kadhoon takala aanee panelmadhye germanyla pathavala, jithe kahee ajunahi sangrahalayat andadhundapane thewale aahet.
buddhanchya jivanatil vividh ghatananche heey sadarikaran, anukrame patalanvar, jaree moranchya guhetale puttle tyanchya kathor kalkramanusar rachnemule ullekhaneey asale, taree, sikri stupasarkhya gandharatil udaharananchi aathvan karoon dete. aandhramadhyehi ashach prakarche varnanatmak puttle sapadale aahet.
talgharavaril ghumat moranchya pankhanmadhye karananya apsara bharalelya aath jodyanchya bhaganni banalela aahe. ghumatbhovati bhootkalatil asankhya devata aanee buddh rangavale aahet.
qalaa itihaskar benjamin rolandchya matey, urvarit tukadyanpaiki ekavar bhashya kartana, teey "olakhanyayogya bharatiy vanshik prakar aahet".
brahmani shilalekhanni label kelele bhikshu aanee fulanchi topali hatat ghetalelya eka kucheyan datyachi chhayachitre darvajyachya bhintivar disali. kizilchya kalet anekada datyanchya chitranmadhye spashtikaranatmak label jodale jaat asat. yaulat, asha labelcha vapar varnanatmak sadarikaranasathi kadhich keela jaat nasey.
navikanchi guha" (212 hii guha, sumare ii. sha. 400).
shailishastriy vishleshanavar aadharit, '(' hohle dair searies ') haah rayajdware ii. sha. madhyapasoon shatkachya suruvaticha aahe. carbonchya tarkha lakshaniyaritya nantarchya aahet, sumare 561-637 ce. yaa guhet dnyanachya vividh margambaddalache dirgh varnanatmak anukram hote. bahutek puttle aata dahlem sangrahalayat aahet. navikanchya guheteel' chitranchi samagri spashtapane gandharan pratikratinpaiki ghetali aahe.
eka chitrakar "rumakama" (, "rommadhil eka"), guheteel sanskrut shilalekhat disato. bhittichitrachya ujavya bajula lihilelya shilalekhat asey lihile aaheh
grunvedelchya matey, "vartule (mandalani) nihsanshaypane paaney aanee manvi kavatyanni banavalelya kathancha sandarbh detat", jeey bhittichitranchya khalchya simevar rangavale gele aahe.
rumakama kinwa romkam haah shabd kizil chitranmadhye tasech nantarchya tibeti dastaivajat aadhalato aanee too roman samrajya kinwa byzantine samrajyatun aalelya eka chitrakaracha sandarbh asalyache manale jaate.
kalavadhi 2: thalak shailisah (sumare 400-500 ce) "naveen shaala".
kizil yetheel chitranchya sarvat junya "shastriy" shailiche anusaran karat, jee visheshtah mohak aanee "chitramay" hotee, shilpache praman vyakt karnyasathi shariranchya atyadhunik chhayansah, eka naveen shaala "putalyanchi guha" saha disate, jyat "," jeey adhik thalak aahe, tivra rangancha vapar karoon (parantu tarihi tapkiri, hirave aanee santriparyant maryadit aahe), jaad resha aanee kahise "rangeet rekhachitre" sarkhe sope namune aahet. hii shaili kushananchya netrutvakhalil helenwadi, irani aanee bharatiy prabhavanchya sangmatoon udbhavali asey manale jaate aanee tyache nirmitiche mukhya kendra bamian yethe hote, jeey "madhya aashiyatil bhikshunchya vasahatisathi eka prakarcha mool math" banale.
shailitil hii utkranti chitrit kelya mhatale mukhya sankalpananmadhye badalasah aahe. shastriy kalat buddhanchya jivanachi katha aanee asankhya jaatak kathanni kendrasthani sthan midavale. aata mukhya uchchar buddhachya pravachananvar aahe, jeey samanyatah mukhya kothadichya bhintinna jhakatat, sobatach bajoo aanee mageel margikanche swaroop jyamadhye buddh, parinirvan yanchya mrutyuchya ghatananche chitran kele aahe.
antargat utkrantichi farshi chinhe naan disalyane (visheshtah suruvatichya tappyat) kizilmadhil shailinchya achanak badalanna, itar pradeshantil kalakaranchya naveen gatanchya achanak aagmanala, tyanchya swatachya kalatmak vakprachar aanee tantre aananyala, rii shrey deto. haah kaal lamb angarkhe aanee lahan khambir khanjiranni sajj asalelya unch butanmadhye chitrakaranchi swayam-chitre disanyane dekhil chinhankit keela jaato, jase qee 
 kinwa anek, anekada sanskratmadhye tyanchi swatachi olakh patavanari lebale. yaa chitrakaranchya kapadyanchya shailiche aanee prakarache varnan anekada sasanian mhanoon kele gele aahe, parantu alikadech heafthalite mhanoon prastavit kele gele aahe, kaaran dilbergin tepe, balalik tepe kinwa bamiyanmadhil heafthalite aakrutyanshi samya aahe aanee yaa kalat jawaljawal eka shatak heafthalitene tarim tarim niyantran thewale hote.
"putalyanchi guha" (guha 77,375-400 ce).
(pratima) hii eka bhavya guha hotee, jee morr guhechya (guha 76) shejari sthit hotee. hii eka "prachand pratima guha" aahe, jyat mukhya kothadit jaaga nahee, parantu eka munch aahe jyavar bahudha buddhachi prachand ubhi moorti ubhi aahe. asamanya rachnet, mageel margika mukhya kotharapeksha khoop mothee aanee rund aahe, jyachi rundi 8.7 meater aahe, unchi 5.10 meater aahe. kizilmadhye keval saat itar "prachand pratima lenya" dnyat aahet, jyat lenya, 70,136,139,146 yancha samavesh aahe. buddhanchi eka prachand pratima samavoon ghenyasathi tyanchi rachana kelee gelee aahe, kotharachi unchi sumare 5 meetarparyant pohochate aanee kadhikadhi 16.5 meater itaki unch (jase qee gumph 47 madhye), aanee eka unch mageel kholee (bahutekda sumare 5-6 meater unch).
gumphechya asankhya moorti chikanmati aanee pendha, tantu kinwa kesanpasoon majbutikaranasathi banvilelya hotya aanee bahutekda ii. sha. 6 vya shatkatil hotya, parantu aata carbon tarkhanchya sanyogane 375-400 ii. chya tarkha aahet. anek moorti sachanpasun banvilya gelya hotya, jyavar sanskrut nave hotee, jee bahudha crafsman kinwa malakanchi nave aahet.
hii guha eka "madhyavarti stambh" guha aahe, parantu mukhya kotharache chhappar, jyane sumare 6 meater unchivar eka khadda tayar keela hota, teey purnapane kosalale aahe. mukhya kothadichya bhintinvar kahee chitre rahilih tee anek ranganmadhye aayojit keleli buddhanchi pravachane hotee, yaa pratyek chitracha aakar 1.34 meater rund aanee 96 centimeter unch hota. pravachan pratima "shuddha gandhar shailichya" hotya. tyanchi shaili 'chitrakaranchya guhechya (guha 207)' agadi jawal hotee aanee grunvedelchya matey, 'tyanna ekach hatane amalat aanalyache disate. albert grunwedell yanni donhi lenyanna samaan 'pahila tappa' kalavadhiche (500-600 ce) shrey dile.
atishay sunder chitranche anek sookshm tukade aaplyaparyant pohochale aahet, jyanche shrey putalyanchya guhes dile jaate. grunwedellne spasht kele qee keval kothadit rahile, buddhachya pravachanachi serve drushyeh
1) kothadichya ujavya bhintivar, grunwedellne eka pravachanache chitra varnan kele, jyat "buddhasamor prathna karnara halakya poshakhatil eka tarun", jyache varnan aata 'daad' mhanoon kele gele aahe, 'teey' putalyanchya guhetoon aale asalyache dnyat aahe. <bii. aar.>
2) viruddha thikani, davya bhintivar, grunwedellne eka dharmopadeshachya drushyache varnan kele jyamadhye buddhala 'fakt tyache paay shillak hote', jeey 1907 madhye charles noet inn-seatoo yanni kele hote.>
3) shevati grunwedellne eka dharmopadeshachya drushyache varnan kele jyat keval gudghe tekanara eka bhakt urala hota, joou tyaa putalyanchya guhetoon aala asalyache dnyat hote.
mukhya kothaditil yaa patalanchi shaili bajuchya corridor walts aanee mageel corridorchya parishkrut, "shastriy" shailipeksha lakshaniyaritya vegali aahe. teey vegvegalya chitrakaranchi aanee vegvegalya qalaa paddhatinchi shifaras karatat. kholyanmadhye, chitranmadhye, chitranmadhye tivra rung, jaad resha aanee sopya namunyancha vapar karoon, chitra adhik thalak asatat. kotharatil chitranche rung jaree adhik tivra asale taree teey ajunahi tapkiri, hirave aanee santriparyant maryadit aahet. mothe dolhe aanee rund papanya usheera jhalelya kushanachya kamanchi aathvan karoon detat. yaa naveen prakarchya chitranmule tyaa kalat kuchamadhye eka dhadsi naveen shailicha uday jhalyache soochit hote.
, aanee jyanche kapade "agadi julatat" (cafton, boot...) guhechya eka bhittichitrat disate. mulat, heey chitra aata ashram sangrahalayat aahe. tyach kapadyansah aanakhi done bhakt moorti mageel corridormadhye dekhil aadhalalya hotya. 
, jeey mukhya kothadichya prachand buddhachya davya bajula snrakshak (bahudha vajrapani) mhanoon ubhe hote. resheem margachya uttarekadil bhagachya kalemadhye yaa prakarche kavach anek shatkanpasun vaparale jaat hote aanee nantar chinmadhye prachalit jhaale. doke hii eka tatpurati bharr aahe. samrat phoo gianne (aar. purvichya kiin rajvanshachya (351-394), jyane ii. sha. 3 madhye tatpurte kucha jinkla, tyane kuchen sainikanchya shaktishali kavachancha ullekh keela, joou eka prakarcha chainmail aanee sasaniy preranecha lameller kavach aahe joou kizil guhanchya chitranmadhye dekhil disatoh
bajuche marg sanrachanatmakdrushtya atyant atyadhunik aahet aanee aajahi drishyaman aahet. pratyek margikechya bahya bhintivar eka khalcha munch chalato, jyavar putalyanchya ranga pradarshit kelya jaat hotya, tyanchya mage bhittichitre hotee. tyanchya varr, pratyek margikechya shirshasthani eka unch khadda tayar jhaala, jyat dakshinekadil bajus eka chandra aahe aanee buddh maitreybhovati ubha aahe aanee tyanchya varr hippocampy (guha 118) chya guhechya khandkat 207) prakarchya rombus losanges bhudrushya aahet.
magcha marg, joou aajahi disato, too agadi asamanya aahe, kaaran tyacha khajina trikoni aahe, teen sapat rekhansh prushthbhaganni banalela aahe, jyavar kardchya dekpramane sanrekhit kelele aahet. mageel bhintivaril bakavar, parinirvanchya eka drushyat eka prachand jhukaleli buddh pratima ubhi hotee, jyat buddhavar mohak udanare devata firat hote. magchya bakavar basalele, tyanchya payanvar basalele disat hote.
yaa guheteel chitranchi shaili, visheshtah bajuchya aanee magchya margikanmadhil chitranchi shaili atishay mohak aanee "chitramay" aahe, jyat shilpakaleche praman vyakt karnyasathi shariranchya atyadhunik chhayankan aahe. heey 'hippocampychya guhe' chya (gumpha 118) shailishi agadi samya aahe aanee tyach shaleshi sambandhit asoo shakate. hii parishkrut shaili kholyanmadhil patalanchya shailishi, 'daad' shhee, joou tivra rung (tapkiri, hiravi aanee santri), jaad resha aanee sopya namunyancha vapar karoon adhik thalak aahe, yachyashi virodhabhas karate. heey vichalan asey soochit karate qee 'putalyanchi guha' yaa done suruvatichya shailinmadhil sankramankalin asoo shakate. nantarchya lenya, udaharanarth 'sangitkaranchi guha', yaa aanakhi vegalya shailikade nirdesh karatat, jyat ii. sha. chya chauthya shatkatil pashchatya kalene prerit kelelya vegvegalya mulansah, tivra nilya rangdravyanchya mubalak vaparasah, shareer aakarache chitran karnyasathi, spasht rung aanee 'ligney clair' tikshna resha vaparlya jaatat.
"chitrakaranchi guha" (guha 207, dinank 478-536 see. eae.).
(" "malerhohle", "" "chinaichi guha 207") hii kizilchya sarvat junya gumphanpaiki eka aahe aanee sarvat sunder gumphanpaiki eka aahe ". yaa guhet kotharchya mageel bhintivar buddhachi moorti hotee aanee tyala eka nalee-kavachyukt bhramankaksha hotee. mukhya talgharat donhi bajunchya bhintivar upadesh varnan buddhachi nauu bhittichitre hotee.
guheche naav bhittichitranchya bajula ubhe asalelya, rangeet kapela aanee brush dharan kelelya chitrakaranchya asankhya swayam-chhayachitranvarun aale aahe. anek chitrakaranna eka label asate, jase qee sanskratmadhye (gupt lipi): 'tukanche chitra' ('chitrakar tukasya') tyachya shejari. "chitrakara" haah tocharian nasoon, "chitrakar/chitrakala" sathee sanskrut (aanee nantar hindi, chitrakala) aahe. kizilchya kalet olakh patavanari lebale anekada dengidaranchya chitranmadhye jodali jaat asat, parantu varnanatmak drushyanmadhye kadhich jodali jaat nasey.
yaa chitransathi sumare ii. sha. 500 chee tarikh denyasathi paleography, shailishastriy vishleshan aanee carbon dating ekatra yetat. kahee shailitil ghatakanmadhye buddhanchya drushyanvar, bhintinchya varchya bajula roman shailitil chitrafitansarkhya majboot shastriy sparsh asato.
kizil yetheel itar kahee guhanpramanech chitrakaranchya guhet, ujavya bajula trikoni collar aanee eka adviteey kesharachana asalelya kaftanmadhye purushanche chitran kele aahe. aanakhi eka chinhak mhanje talvarisathichi done-bindu nilamban pranali, jee eka heafthalite navkalpana asalyache disate aanee tyanni niyantrit kelelya pradeshanmadhye tyanni sadar kelee hotee. hii chitre sumare 480-550 ii. sha. yaa pradeshatil heafthalite rajvatit banavaleli asalyache disate. kizil guhanmadhil sumare ii. sha. 500 madheel kahee chitranmadhil gandhar kalecha prabhav haah heafthalites khalee bactria aanee kucha yanchyatil kshetrachya rajkiy ektrikaranacha parinam manla jaato.
chitrakaranchya guhanchi chitre carbon dinankit 478-536 see. eae. aahet. 1912 madhye albert grunwedellne asey manale qee 'putalyanchya guhechi' bhittichitre 'chitrakaranchya guhepramanech tyach kalakaranni tayar kelee hotee' aanee tee 'shuddha gandhar shailit' hotee. tasech, putalyanchya guhanmadhye, eka cup rung dharan kelele, asey kapade aahet jeey (cafton, boot) yachyashi "agadi julatat"...). kizil yetheel chitrakaranchya kapadyanchya shailiche varnan anekada sasanian mhanoon kele gele aahe, parantu bamian, dilbarjin tepe kinwa balalik tepemadhil aakrutyanshi samya asalyamule aata heafthalite manale jaate. grunwedellne donhi lenyanna samaan 'pahila tappa' kalavadhiche (500-600 ce) shrey dile.
mukhya kothadit buddhanchya upadeshachi 18 drushye aahet. yaa thikani buddhachi eka smarak moorti aanee indershala guhechya katheshi sambandhit chitre asali pahijet. bamiyanpasoon dnyat asalelya vastukalecha prakar punarutpadit karat aahe. ujavya margikevar yuddhatil avashesh aanee buddhanche avashesh vatoon ghenyashi sambandhit bhittichitre hotee, tyapaiki ekavar ghodyanvar sashastr yoddhe disat hote. 1912 paryant mageel margikevaril bhittichitre jawaljawal purnapane nahishi jhaali hotee. parinirvanatil drushye soochit karnare keval kahee khuna shillak hotya. davya corridorver eka sunder bhittichitra hote jyat eka sadhu gudghyachya tekadivar asalelya rajgharanyala buddhachya shikavaninche prasaran kartana disato, qee tyachya samoril bahya bhintivaril bhittichitra purnapane nahise jhaale hote.
chitrakaranchya guheteel chitre aanee madhyapasoon-sha shatkatil dilbergin tepe aanee penjikentchya chitranmadhye samanata aadhalali aahe.
guha 60: "sarvat mothee guha".
sarvat mothee guha' mhanoonahi olakhali jaanari hii eka guha aahe, jee anek kalkhandat vistarli gelee hotee aanee tyat ajunahi pahilya kalatil shastriy shailishi sambandhit kahee chitre aahet, tarr bahutek chitre nantarchya mhanje kalatil aahet. hii guha shahee dengidaranchya chitrasathi olakhali jaate, jyachya vaishishtyapurn varnamala sobat brahmi lipitil eka label aahe. pahilya shailichya chitrat shahee dengidaranchya chitrache heey ekmev dnyat sambhavya udaharan aahe, tarr teey mhanje kalat barechada aadhaltat. chitrakalechi shaili chitrakaranchya guhet (guha 207) 207) shailisarkhich aahe. purush datyachi kesharachana hii chitrakaranchya guhetalya prasiddha chitrakarasarkhich aahe.
hii guha manyanchya golakar chaukatimadhye sasani shailitil badakanchya upasthitisathi dekhil ullekhaneey aahe, hii eka suprasiddha rachana aahe jee madhya ashiyamadhye pasarali aahe aanee aafrasiyabpasun olakhali jaate. hii rachana bahudha shahee dengidaranchya chhayachitranpeksha nantar rangavali gelee asavi.
dusari indo-irani shailih 'nilee aanee hiravi' chitre yachya agadi viruddha aahet.
dusari indo-irani shaili" kahee madhyavarti tappyansah vikasit jhaali, jyat bharatatoon satat prabhav vyakt keela gela, purv irani kshetracha prabhav, tyaa velee sasani samrajya aanee heafthalitene vyapalela, majboot sogdian sanskrutik ghatkansah. sassinids aanee pashchatya turkankadun parabhoot jhalyanantar sumare ii. sha. 550 madhye heafthalitesney rajkiy satta gamavali, parantu teey ardh-swatantra rajyanmadhye vibhagoon gele aanee barach kaal prabhavi rahile. chean teey sasani samrajya aanee byzantine samrajya yanchyatil naveen resheem margachya madhyabhagi asalele sogadiya, tyaa kalat atyant samruddha jhaale.
madhya-ashiyai shailiche ghatak.
yaa shailiche vaishishtya mhanje tyaa kalat bahudha tivra sogdian-tocharian vyaparasah aanalelya majboot irani-sogdian ghatkandware darshavile jaate, jyacha prabhav visheshtah madhya-ashiyai caftancemadhye sogdian kapad designs tasech anek aakrutyanchya sogdian lamb talvaranmadhye spasht aahe. itar vaishishtyapurn sogdian designs mhanje motichya padakanmadhil badkansarkhe prani. indo-irani prabhav pauranik aakrutyanmadhye dekhil disun yeto, jase qee chochmadhye saap asalela pakshi garud, pawan dev vayu, surya dev aaditya kinwa chandra dev.
madhya aashiyatil lapis lazuli nilya rangdravyanchya aayatitoon shakya jhalelya tivra virodhabhas asalelya "nilya aanee hiravya" rangancha vapar aanee rupareshansathi resha rekhatane heey yaa shailiche vaishishtya aahe. sangitkaranchi guha" yache udaharan dete, jyat shareer aakar rekhatanyasathi spasht rung aanee "ligney clair" tikshna resha vaparlya jaatat, tyaa ii. sha. sha shatkatil pashchatya kalepasoon prerit asalyache disate aanee aadhichya kalatil kizil guhanchya shailipeksha khoop vegali aahe, jee yaulat atishay mohak aanee kalatmak aahe, jyat sookshm rung aanee shilpakaleche praman vyakt karnyasathi shariranchya atyadhunik chhayankan aahe aanee jee kadachit vegvegalya kalatmak mulankade nirdesh karate. ajunahi yaa chitranmadhye purv-ashiyai prabhav disat nahee.
kalavadhi 1: prarambhik sankraman shaili.
pahilya kalkhandat sankramankalin shailichya chhotya antarane samavesh hoto, jyamadhye chitre sookshm aanee tyaeivaji sookshm rahatat, parantu nile rangdravye disu lagali aahet. aanee, tasech aanee kadhikadhi yaa naveen shailicha pahila kaal manla jaato.
kalavadhi 2: mukhya shailiyukt kalavadhi.
"sangitkaranchi guha" (guha 38).
reechya matey, kizil yetheel 'madhyavarti stambh' gumphanpaiki 'hii bahudha sarvat junie guha aahe, jee ii. sha. chya chauthya shatkachya madhyat aahe aanee tyachi pratimashastra dekhil sarvat pracheen aahe. suu baee yanni kelelya carbon chachanimadhye 310 +/- 80 see. eae. teey 350 +/- 60 see. eae. (i.eae. 230-410 ce) chee kamal shreni. huo aanee wang yanni yaa guheche shrey mhanje kalkhandala dile, jyamule tee sha shatkachya madhyapasoon madhyapasoon shatkachya uttaradhaparyant (sumare 350-499 see. eae.) aahe. paramparik german datation hii guha 600-650 ce kalatil asalyacha andaj vartavala aanee kalkramanusar 'naringi-hiravya shaili' gut yashasvi jhalyache mhatale mhatale nantarchya 'nilya-hiravya shaili' chey udaharan mhanoon sadar kele.
ekhadya aarakhadyavar disanara tathakathit 'madhyavarti stambh' haah pratyakshat eka stambh nahee tarr guhechya mageel bajus asalela keval khadak aahe, jyamadhye pradakshina ghalanyas anumati denara golakar margika kantalali hotee. buddhanchi moorti thevanyasathi tayar kelelya 'madhyavarti stambh' madhye eka jaaga aahe aanee mukhya praveshdwarala donhi bajunna aanakhi done jaaga aahet aanee magchya margikevar jaaga aahet. madhyavarti sthanamadhye bahudha indershala guhet dhyan karat asalelya buddhala kizil yetheel aavarti madhyavarti vishay asalelya parvatachya parshvabhoomichya sajavatisah chitrit kele gele aahe. bhavishyatil buddh, maitrey, tusit swargat, baher padnyachya daravaril eka sunder bhittichitrat disato. sanrachanatmakdrushtya, hii guha tulanene sadhee rahate, kaaran tyat bahuli kinwa bahuli nahee.
chitranchi shaili gandhar aanee kashmirchi qalaa, mathuranchi qalaa aanee prarambhik gupt qalaa, roman qalaa aanee pamirachya kalecha lakshavedhi prabhav yatoon ghetali gelee aahe. yaa kalat kumarajivane kutch aanee kashmirmadhye varanvar pravas keela hota aanee itar anekanchyabarobarach yaa kalechya prasarat too mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavat asava. gumphecha sanrachanatmak namuna haah jivanumadhye kaara tepe asoo shakato. chitranche sapat, suu-rekhit prushthbhag roman opus sectile tantrachi aathvan karoon detat, jeey sumare 331-359 see. eae. madhye samruddha jhaale.
lenee 14: madhya ashiyai vyapari.
14 vya lenichi, eka chhoti aanee jawaljawal chauras kholee, jyache chhat (2.17x2.17 meater) chaukatiche aahe, tee 'daad' peksha junie manali jaate aanee tee ii. sha. 4 vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun ii. sha. 5 vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, ii. sha. 400 chya sumaras, rii. yaa guhet anek rachana aahet jyat madhya ashiyai ashiyai tyanchya vatet vividh dhokyancha samna karava lagat asalyache dakhavale aahe, jase qee andharat haravane aanee dragon-raja mabine vachavane. lenee 14 hii kahee aakrutyanni paridhan kelelya poshakh shaili kinwa kavach prakaransathi eka mahattvachi aitihasik chinhak manali jaate.
lenee 17: tocharian rajgharane (sumare ii. sha. 500).
lenee 17 ("") hii lenee 14 jawal v lenee 8 chya ujavikade khadkavar unch asaleli mothee "madhyavarti stambh" guha aahe. hii bahudha 14 teey 19 yaa kalatil lenyanchya samoohachi mukhya guha hotee, jyat anek alankrut nivassthan kinwa vihar dekhil samavisht aahet aanee tee dharmik sevansathi samarpit hotee. suu baee 17 hii guha mhanje tappyatil (395-465 ce-+ 65) aahe, aanee 14 hii guha aahe. luo aanee wang yanni tee 465 ce +-65 chee aahe. shailigat vicharanchya aadhare rii 17 hii guha sumare 500 chee asalyache shrey detat. hii eka "madhyavarti stambh" guha aahe, jyat eka lahan, atishay rangiberangi, chaukoni kaksh (3.80x3.90 meater) aahe, jyat eka chaukatiche chhat, done bajuchya margikansah eka madhyavarti stambh aanee eka mageel kholee aahe. yaa guha bahudha jawalchya viharansathi lahan prathanasthale hotya.
17 vya guhet, praveshdwar bhintichya khalchya davya patalavar, raja, ranee aanee done tarun rajkumaranche banalele eka shahee kutumb disale. tyanchyasobat bhikshu aanee kaftanmadhye manse asatat. heey avashesh aata ashram sangrahalayat aahet. raja sasani-prakarchya shahee fitisah mukut aanee tiheri prabhamandal paridhan karato. too lahan lahan designsne sajavalela lamb pandhara kaphan paridhan karato aanee tyachyakade lamb boot aahet. tyacha ujava haat tyachya chhatisamor dhoop diwa dharoon aahe aanee tyachya davya hatat eka samaan talwar aanee eka laal pishavi aahe. pahilya bootchya mage ghodyachya lamb talvaricha shevat disato. rajachi olakh kuchacha tocharian raja mhanoon karata yete. tyachi ranee lamb poshakh paridhan karate aanee tyachi done mule, rajkumar, alankrut kaftan ghalatat aanee gora kesanche asatat.
qalaa itihaskar benjamin rolandchya matey, kizilmadhil chitre darshavtat qee "tocharian disanyat mangolaivaji european hote, halake rung, nile dolhe aanee soneri kinwa lalsar kesansah aanee shoorvir aanee tyanchya mahilanchya veshbhushemadhye pashchimekadil shoor yugachya bhitidayak soochana aahet". chiinii lokanni kucheyan raje asey naav deuun, bahudha kucheyananchya nilya rangakade nirdesh karat, 'pandhara' assa arth asalela 'wii' haah upsarg jodala. ii. sha. 645 madhye chiinii bhikshu juanzangne namood kele qee, "teey swatahla resheem aanee bharatkamasathi alankrut kapade ghalatat".
yaa guhet madhya ashiyai ashiyai tyanchya vatet andharat haravane aanee dragon-raja mabine vachavane yasarkhya vividh dhokyancha samna karava lagat asalyache dekhil disate. dusari katha mhanje changlya changlya sabuchi (sabah), joou andharat haravalelya 500 500 eka gatala marg dakhavanyasathi, tyanchi mashal mhanoon vapar karnyasathi swatachya bahunna aag lavto aanee tyanna yashasviritya vachavato. hii katha anek chitranmadhye disate, jyat vyapari madhya ashiyai veshbhushet aanee untansah asatat aanee sabmadhye bodhisatvache gunadharm aahet.
17 hii guha dunhuang (268 aanee) jawalil sarvat junya sushobhit mogao lenyanchya samkalin aahe, jyaa uttar veichya aakramanapurvi ii. sha. 419 teey 439 darmyan uttar liyangne bandhalya aanee sushobhit kelya hotya. tyanchyat anek shailigat vaishishtye samaan aahet.
"sola talvardharkanchi guha" (guha kra. 8, 432-538 ce).
(" "hohle dair schwertragger", "juuna) hii eka prasiddha guha aahe jyat bhittichitranchi malika aahe jyat talvarivalyanna cafton paridhan kelele aanee lamb talwar aanee khanjaranni sashastr darshavile aahe". hii bhittichitre carbon dinankit 432-538 ce aahet. talwarbajanna 'tocharian dengidar' asehi sambodhale gele aahe.
dengidaranche rashtriyatva kinwa vanshikteche arth vegvegale aahet. kahee lekhak assa dawa karatat qee datya kharokharach tokariyan aahet, tarim tarimiilaw eka durmil lock jeey sarvat purvekadil indo-european bhasha, changlya prakare dastaivajikaran keleli tokariyan bhasha bolatat. yaa prabandhanusar, bhittichitranmadhil dengidar indo-european prakarche aahet, jyanni irani shailiche kapade aanee lalsar cases ghatale aahet.
eka alikadil arth assa aahe qee talvarvahu heey pratyakshat heafthlights aahet, jyanni ii. sha. 490 teey 560 paryant tarim tarim kabja keela hota, agadi chitranchya nirmitichya velee. ii. sha. 502 teey 556 darmyan kucha haah visheshtah tyanchya adhipatyacha bhag hota. datyanchi kapadyanchi shaili, pratimashastra aanee bhautikshastra heey balalik tepe kinwa dilbergin tepe sarkhya thikani heafthalite shaktiche kendra asalelya tokharistanchya (bactria) chitranmadhye darshavilelya varnananchya atyant jawal asalyache mhatale jaate. visheshtah, eka dumadalela lepel asalela coat heafthalite prabhavacha parinam manla jaato, tarr paramparik kuchian kotmadhye done lepel asatat. sadhya, shikshakanmadhye sarvat prachalit mutt asey disate qee heafthlights suruvatila turkey moolche hote.
ashach prakarche dengidar kumtura guhanmadhye disu shakatat.
sola talvardharkanchya guhet", sola talvardharkanchi bhittichitre madhyavarti stambhachya bhovati bajuchya davya aanee ujavya margikanmadhye aahet, jee bhaktanchya miravnukiche anukaran karatat. mukhya kholichya bajunna basalelya buddhanchya bhovati gut vatap patalanni vyapalele aahe, tarr khajinyala asankhya lahan buddhanni utsarjit utsarjit jwalanni sajavale aahe.
mageel margika, madhyavarti stambhachya mage eka mageel kholee tayar karate, tee eka nalee-kavach asaleli aayatakruti kholee aahe jyat bajuchya praveshasathi done margika aahet. too anek netradipak bhittichitranni sushobhit karnyat aala hota, jyat avasheshanche vatap vatap mothya bhittichitrasaha, kavachadhari sainik ghode aanee hattinvar swar hote (yojnevar β). vadye dharan kelelya karananya asparanni khajinyala bhavyapane sajavale hote. magchya bhintivar parinirvanche chitran hote, jyat buddhachi osaraleli pratima aanee tyavar udanare aspar hote. september 1907 madhye charles noet yanni bhittichitre kadhali, parantu nantar tyaa serve phaun leey kook yanni germanyla neuun aanalya. mageel corridorchi punarrachana alikadech museum phaur aeshiyatishe kunstmadhye bandhanyat aalee.
gumpha 181: chhotya tarimiilaw unch thikanchi gumpha.
daad', jyala 'sarvoch guha' dekhil mhanatat, tyache albert grunwedell yanni eka vishesh manoranjak guha mhanoon vistrut varnan kele aahe. teey spasht karatat qee hii guha darachya ujavya bajula unchavar aahe, jyacha arth hii aahe qee tyachi bhittichitre nehamichya pratimabhangapasun jatan kelee gelee aaheh visheshtah chehare changlya prakare sanrakshit kele aahet. tasech, bhittichitranmadhye sajavatisathi sonyachya fayalincha vapar keela jaat navhata, jyamule chorisathi protsahan qamee jhaale. tyachya platesmadhye, grunwedell gumphechya bhittichitranche chitran karato, jithe too gumpheche adhikrut naav detoh "hoklijende hohle dair 2. schlucht" schlucht" tarimiilaw unch jaagechi guha"), jeey gumpha 181 chey german naav aahe.
grunwedell spasht karatat qee guhechi rachana atyant durmil aahe, kaaran tee nalee-kavach asaleli guha naheeh tyaeivaji, chhatala tambucha aakar aahe. tambusarkhya chhatavaril bajunchya sapatpanamulech grunwedell mothya patalanvaril bahutek chhatavaril chitre sahajpane kadhoon takoo shakala, jeey baryl-walt chhatavaril majboot vakr prushthbhagasaha ashakya aahe. tambusarkhe chhat pratyek bajula saat dagine asalelya rajkumaranchya ranganni vedhalele aahe.
bajuchya bhintivar buddhanchya pravachanachi, tyapaiki kiman aath, vividh manovrutti aanee poshakhat paricharkanchi gardi asaleli, thodishi ashant drushye darshavili aahet. praveshdvaravar donhi bajunna tocharian datyanchi aanee bhikshunchi chitre hotee. praveshdvaravar sabhovatalachya devputransaha maitreyache nehamiche chitra hote. bajuchya margikanmadhye jaatak kathanchi chitre hotee, tarr jagechya mageel margikevar buddhachya parinirvan pradarshanasathi magchya bhintivar eka baak kinwa peeth hote, jyavar devatanchi udya hotee. viruddha bhintivar buddhachya antyasanskaranche drushya hote. grunwedellne bahutansh bhittichitre germanyla pathavali.
yaa guhet sumare 164 centimeter unchichya 'dhyanasana' buddhachi eka shirvirahit lakadi moorti sapadali.
bhinti aanee chhatavaril chitre samanyatah gumpha gumpha sambandhit aahet, parantu kahee lekhak tyaeivaji tyanche shrey detat. gondhal vadhavanyasathi, wonn leey kook yanni 1924 madhye lihile qee chhatavaril chitre pratyakshat baryl-waltmadhun aalee aahet aanee tyanni assa dawa keela qee 1906-1907 madheel bhittichitre kadhoon takanyache kaam purn varnan grunwedellne waltche chukiche varnan kele aahe. gumpha 181 paryant pohochane katheen rahile aahe aanee tee kadhihi rangavali gelee navhati assa davahi keela gela aahe.
kalavadhi 2 (nantarcha tappa, 500-700 ce).
yaa tappyat ii. sha. sha shatkachya madhyapasoon ii. sha. sha shatkachya suruvatiparyantcha kalavadhi samavisht aahe. yaa kalavadhitil carbon chachanine 545 +/- 75 see. eae. teey 685 +/- 65 see. eae. (i.eae. 470-750 ce) chee kamal shreni. mayaa guha (n.224) hii yaa kalatil prasiddha guhanpaiki eka aahe. aitihasikdrushtya, yaa kalatil chitre 552 madhye rauran khagnetchya virodhat jhalelya uthavanantar aanee tyanantarchya pradeshik vistaranantar turk vistaranshi sambandhit asalyache disate. heey kahee sainikanchya kavchachya shailimadhyehi, visheshtah tyanchya nashpatichya aakarachya shirastrananmadhye, bhintchitranmadhye pahile jaau shakate.
atishay vipareet, kadhikadhi agadi anaisargikaritya aanee bhavya paddhatine, spasht rung vaparale jaatat. yaa kalakarachya paletmadhye bharpur lapis lazuli nila rung samavisht keela aahe. tvachecha rung kinwa kesancha rung anekada agadi anaisargikaritya asato. parshvabhoomit anekada bharpur phule, fale kinwa paaney asatat. dagine anekada udhalpattiche asatat. punha, yaa chitranmadhye purv-ashiyai prabhav disat nahee.
mayaa guha (tisare sankul, guha 224, c.550-600 ce).
"auph" "III enlays" "hii yaa kalatil sarvat prasiddha lenyanpaiki eka aahe". too sumare ii. sha. puu. 1 chaa aahe aanee bahudha ii. sha. 552 madhye rauran khagnetviruddha turk uthav aanee tyanantarchya turk vistarachya ghatananche anusaran karato. kahee bhittichitranmadhye chitrit kelelya shoorviranchya shirastrananmadhye turkey prakarche vaishishtyapurn nashpatichya aakarache vibhajit shirastran asalyache mhatale gele aahe.
buddhane tyachya antyasanskaradarmyan kelelya shoksandeshavaril eka prasiddha bhittichitra mayaa guhet (224), guhechya mageel margavarun, vanshik veshbhushetil vividh aakrutyansah disate. shoke shoke teen purushanni tyanchya kapalavaril tvacha kinwa chhati tyanchya chakoone kapali, hii swayam-angachhed karanyachi pratha skythian lock palatat. jarr shoke shoke eka turkey manla jaato.
mayaa guha (dusare sankul, guha 205, ii. sha. chya 6 vya shatkachya shevati).
"carbon-dinankit ii. sha. sha-sha shatkatil aahe. yaa guhet sanskratmadhil shilalekh aahet jyat kutch anantvarmacha raja namood aahe. tyala done sashastr sevak sobat dakhavanyat aale aahet.
eka rajkumar tyachya patnisah jawalchya bhittichitranmadhye disato, jyacha ullekh jawalchya shilalekhat bhavee raja tottika aanee tyachi rajkumari swayamprabha mhanoon keela aahe.
yaa guhechi tarikh agadi achookpane ii. sha. sha shatkachya akheris namood karnyat aalee aahe, jee shilalekhanmadhye sapadalelya rajyakartyanchya navanvar aadharit aahe, visheshtah raja tottika aanee tyachi patni swayamprabha (eka sanskrut naav), jeey suvarnapushp (ii. sha. 1 varr rajya kele asey olakhale jaate) aanee tyacha mulga suvarnadev yanchyasobat laal gumbad guhechya bhintinvaril shilalekhanmadhye disatat. shilalekh dekhil chitrakaranchya guhepeksha nantarchya tarkha suchavatat, jyat "chitrakar tutuka" baddal adhik pracheen shilalekh aahe.
laal gumbad guha 67: adhik shahee samarpan.
aanakhi eka jawalchya guhet, '(gumpha 67) dekhil eka ranee aanee sahaa rajansah dengidaranchya yadicha ullekh karnare shilalekh aahet, tyapaiki suvarnapusp (shasson 600-625 ce) aanee tyacha mulga suvarnadev (shasson 625-648 ce) yancha samavesh aahe. shilalekhanmadhye raja tottika aanee tyachi patni swayamprabha (eka sanskrut naav) yanchi nave dekhil samavisht aahet, jee mhanje gatachya (guha 205) mayaa guhet dekhil disatat, jee yaa done guhanchya kalatil nikatata darshavate. shilalekh dekhil chitrakaranchya guhepeksha nantarchya tarkha suchavatat, jyat "chitrakar tutuka" baddal adhik pracheen shilalekh aahe.
laal gumbad asalelya guhet eka granthalay hote jyamadhye sanskratmadhil sarvat junya dnyat hastalikhitanpaiki ekasah khoop junya hastalikhite sapadalya hotya.
lenee 69: kuchachya rajache chitra aanee samarpan (surakshitpane 600-647 see. eae. chey dinank).
yaa kalkhandat kizil guhanmadhye ekmev dnyat surakshit tarikh aaheh rajachya prakashmalamadhye shilalekh aaheh 'suvarnapushpachya fayadhyasathi tyachya mulane bandhalele mandir', suvarnapushpane 600 teey 625 darmyan rajya kele aanee chiinii strotannusar tyache teen mulge ii. sha. 647 purvi maran pavale.
ii. sha. 630 madhye jevha tyane kuchala bhet dilee, tevha chiinii bhikshu juanzangla suvarn-puspacha mulga aanee uttaradhikari suvarnadev aanee kuchacha raja heenyan yanchi krupa midali.
zuanzangne kuchachi vaishishtye anek tapashilanmadhye varnan kelee (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> 
1) "kahee farkansah lekhanshaili bharatiy aahe>
2) teey resheem aanee bharatkam yanche sajavatiche kapade ghalatat. teey tyanche cases kapatat aanee vahanare aavaran (tyanchya dokyavar) ghalatat >
3) raja kucheyan (kuzi) jaaticha aahe>
4) yaa deshat sumare ekashe math (sanghram) aahet, jyanche paach hajarahun adhik shishya aahet. heey sarvastivadachya (shhow-yih-saee-yu-poe) shalechya chhotya vahanashi sambandhit aahet. tyanche siddhant (sutranche shikshan) aanee tyanche shist niyam (vinayachi tattve) heey bharatapramanech aahet aanee jeey teey vachatat teey tech (mool) vapartat."<bii. aar.>
5) yaa valvantatil shaharachya uttares sumare 40 lii. antaravar dongarachya utaravar done math aahet.
yaa ghatana ii. sha. 648 madhye kuchaviruddhachya tang mohimechya thodyach aadhi ghadalya hotya.
kalavadhi 3: antim varnanatmak utkranti.
kizil yetheel antim tappa haah mhanje indo-irani shailicha tisra tappa aahe. tyachya fulanchya shevati, kizilmadhye ghumatyukt madhyavarti khamb gumpha, eka prakarchi "madhyavarti khamb" rachana, aala aanee pradakshina ghalanara margika, parantu devatanni sushobhit kelelya bhavya gumbadane mukut ghatalelya ghankshetrajavalachya atyant vaishishtyapurn mukhya kotharasah udayas aalee. chitrakalechi shaili atishay parishkrut aahe aanee tee kumaturasarkhihi pahili jaau shakate. pratimashastra dekhil vikasit jhaale aahe, eka vishvashastriy buddh sarvavyapi aanee bhavya jhaala aahe, jyabhovati anekada lahan buddhanchya asankhya utpatti aahet. yaa apavadatmak aanee atishay parishkrut prakarchya guheche udaharan 123 hii gumpha aahe, jee 'vartul-dharan varnan kabutaransah gumpha' aahe. heey eka antim varnanatmak utkrantiche pratinidhitva karate, jyamadhye vishvashastriy buddhanchya aakrutinche varchasva aahe, tarr duyyam aakruti aanee katha nehmich lahan bhoomika bajavtat.
"angathi dharan varnan kabutaransah guha" (guha 123).
(gumpha 123) madhye eka prakarchi 'madhyavarti stambh' rachana hotee, jyat vishisht aanee pradakshina ghalanara margika hota, parantu devatanni sushobhit kelelya bhavya ghumatane mukut ghatalelya atishay vaishishtyapurn ghan mukhya kotharasah. mukhya kothar khambachya samore eka chauras praveshdwar kinwa mukhya sabhagruh (3.42 x 3.42 meater) tayar karato, jyamule mageel bhint tayar hote, praveshdvaravar sushobhit ghumat aahe. ubhe asalelya bauddha devatanni sushobhit kelelya ghumatasathicha namuna bamian yetheel gumphanchya qa gatat aadhalel. yaa pradeshatil itar kahee guhanmadhyehi teey disu shakate.
yaa guheche naav 'pushpahar dharan varnan karananya hansanchya' (kinwa angathi) namunyavarun thevanyat aale aahe. pasoon, jeey aitihasikdrushtya olakhalya gelelya rajache chitran aanee shilalekh asalyamule 625-647 see. eae. chey aahe. yaa chinhamule, gumpha 123 yach kalavadhichi asoo shakate.
 mukhya kothadichya bajoo vyapoon ghya. tyanchyakade purn shareer asalele 'mandorla' prabhamandal asate, jeey basalelya kinwa ubhe asalelya buddhanchya gardine bharalele asate. yaa smarak pratima shravasti yetheel shakyamuni buddhancha dusra mahan chamatkar darshavtat. tyachyakadun nighanare asankhya buddh, pratyekjan kamalat ubhe aahe, heey 'divyavadanat' varnan kelyapramane, shravastitil tyachya sakhol dhyanacha parinam aahe. sarvastivadin aanee mulasarvastivadinmadhye yaa mahan chamatkarabaddalchi hii samaj sarvat pramukh aahe. done smarak buddhanchya bhovati sevak, kahee halakya tvacheche aanee kahee gadad tvacheche aanee eka vajrapani aahet.
bajuchya margikanmadhye dekhil aahet, parantu yaveli buddhabhovati purak sushobhit pattyasah, joou bharalela aahe, mhanoon yaa guheche naav denyat aale aahe. serve buddh pratima asankhya sevak, devata aanee vajrapaninni vedhalelya aahet.
albert wonn leey cock yanchya netrutvakhalil madhya aashiyatil chauthya shahee prussian mohimedware hii chitre mothya pramanat europemadhye aanali gelee. 1928 chya sumaras berlinmadhye yaa guhechi punarbandhani karnyat aalee, parantu yuddhadarmyan tyache nuksan jhaale. alikadech ashiyachya sarvat mothya sangrahalayat tyachi punha bandhani karnyat aalee aahe. davya bajuchya bhintiche chitra agadi tashach jaagi aahe, agadi kharab jhaale aahe.
vastukala aanee sajavatichya babatit hii guha atishay utkrusht aanee parishkrut aahe aanee kizil yetheel itar guhanchya mukhya pravahapasun door jaate. mariane yaldiz yanni yala "shinjiangchya rahasyanpaiki eka" mhatale aahe. samanyatah, bajuchya bhintivar ubhe asalelya smarakanchya buddhanchya mage, varnanatmak drushye praveshdvaravar thewali jaatat. hii eka mandani aahe jee gansumadhye purvekade lokpriy jhaali. antim varnanatmak utkrantimadhye, guha buddhachya aakrutila mothe karate aanee duyyam aakruti aanee kathanna nehmich lahan bhoomika dete.
yaa kalatil itar guha.
madhya guha" (guha 186), "samorun tisari guha" (guha 187) dekhil yaa yaa kalkhandache pratinidhi manale jaatat.
uigur-chiinii shaili (ii. sha. sha shatkat).
chauthya kalkhandala, jyache varnan 'tisari shaili' asehi kele jaate, chiinii chitrakalecha motha prabhav padato, joou tang rajvanshachya kalatmak kriyakalapancha aanee vistarancha parinam aahe. turfan teey khotanparyantchya sampoorn tarim tarim kuchachi sanskruti ii. sha. 648 chya chiinii dandatmak aakramanat padali, jyamule kuchachya indo-irani shailincha ant jhaala. tang rajvanshachya mohim dalanche netrutva varnan purv turk general ashina sherne akra hazar kucheyan rahivashanna shirachhed karoon fashi denyache aadesh dile. asey nondavale gele aahe qee, "tyane paach mothee shahare aanee tyanchyasobat asankhya purush aanee striya nasht kelya... pashchimekadil jameen dahashatine tabyat ghenyat aalee."
kizil yetheel done guhanmadhye tang kalatil qalaa aaheh guha 43 aanee guha 229. jawalchya kumtura aanee turfanmadhye, aata chiinii shaili prachalit aahet.
ii. sha. 670 madhye, tibeti samrajyane khotan, kucha, karashahar aanee kashgarsah bahutek tarim khore jinkale, jeey tyanni 692 madhye chiinii lokanni yaa bhagavar niyantran parat gheiparyant thewale.
ii. sha. 753 madhye, tarim tarim uttarekadil bhag turfanmadhye sthit asalelya uighur khagnetchya turkanni tabyat ghetala. ii. sha. 790 madhye eka naveen tibeti vijay jhaala. ii. sha. 900 paryant haah parisar muslim varchasvakhali hota.
grunth aanee shilalekh.
prem kavita.
kizilmadhye aadhalanari aanee sumare ii. sha. 600 madheel (hastalikhit ii. sha. 496) tarikh asaleli, tocharian buub madheel eka dnyat prem kavita vagalata, tochariyanankadun dnyat asalele bahutek grunth dharmik aaheth
"" "kyzyl granthalay".
kizil granthalayat sanskrut kinwa tokharian buub bhashet lihilelya "aaj dnyat asalelya bharatiy rangbhumichya sarvat junya pratinpaiki kahee" hotih hii bharatiy natake, jyanna sanskrut sahityat natka mhanatat, paryayi gadya aanee padya, sangeet aanee chitranatya, aanee nisargaramya sanket dekhil pradan karatat jenekarun ekach kalakar drushtikon aanee aavaj badaloon sampoorn natak sakaru shakel. hii natake 'bianwen' navachya 'mantrakatha' kinwa chiinii 'parivartan granthan' chya ugamsthani aahet.
kizilvishayi kizilvishayi shatkatil tibeti dastaivaj.
albert grunwedell yaa german vyaktila seent pietersbergmadhye sapadalelya kizil lenyancha shodh lagla, joou 13 vya shatkatil kucha aanee kizil lenyanshi sambandhit tibeti majkoor aahe, jyat tantrik bauddha dharmachya drushtikonatun lenyanche varnan varnan nakashasah aahe. tibeti majkuranusar, kahee guhanmadhil chitre 'mendre' (bahudha mandhatra) navachya tokharian (thogar) rajane, eka uchch darjacha bhikshu anandvarman yachya sallyane tayar kelee hotee. rajane bharatiy kalakar, narvahanadatt aanee syrian kalakar, priyaratna yanna tyanchya shishyansah lenya rangavanyache aadesh dile. shejaril khotani raje vijayvardhan aanee muralimeen yannihi kalakaranna tyaa thikani pathavun mhanje guhechya chitrakamat madat kelee.
japani bauddha vidvanane eka vegala anuvad dilah
samm vanne shaikchya alikadil anuvadanusar, majkoor assa asavah
samm vanne shaikchya matey, "mendrey" haah indo-greek raja menander kinwa bauddha strotancha pauranik raja manadhatra asoo shakato; "polosi" heey raja prasenjitche chiinii sankshipt roop asoo shakate; "romkam" heey byzantine samrajya asoo shakate; "nagna" heey niganth asateel.
tibetmadhye, 'thow-garr' 'thod-curr' navacha desh tokharistanshi (pracheen jivanu) sambandhit aahe.
prabhav.
kizil lenya yaa 'chinmadhil sarvat junya pratinidhik guha' aahet. kizil guhanchya kalecha prabhav uttar liang rajvanshachya (421-439 ii. sha.) kalatach, dunhuang yetheel, mogao guhanmadhil guhanchya kalevar aanee tyanantar chinmadhil chitrakalevar padala asey manale jaate.
itihaskar daniele see. vaah
naash, vidhvans, vidhvans aanee paryatan.
ii. sha. sha aanee aanee shatkatil tyanchya bandhkam aanee sajavatipasun, kizil lenyanna dharmik vidhvans aanee kshay yaa anek kalkhandancha samna karava lagla aahe.
pashchatya puratatvashastradnyanni 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila urvarit sarvottam kalakrutinvar mothya pramanat namune tayar kele. tyanchya vasahatvadi drushtikonavyatirikt, islami pratima aanee khajinyachya shikarichya lootmaramule jhalelya vidhvansapasun yaa kalakrutinche sanrakshn karane hii tyanchi eka kathit prerana hotee. vighatit kelelya patalanpaiki bahutek panel germanytil berlin yetheel sangrahalayat pathvanyat aale hote, parantu vidamban mhanje mhanje mahayuddhachya vidhvansat anekjan haravale, aanee sarvottam prakarananmadhye keval chhayachitre kinwa rekhachitre shillak rahili. berlinmadhil sovietanni dekhil mothya sankhyene bhittichitre tipali hotee aanee alikadech ashram sangrahalayat tee sapadali.
alikadchya kalat, laal rakshakanni dekhil yaa jaagecha naash karnyat yogdan dile aanee shevatche pann kamitakami nahee, 2005 pasoon paryatan uddeshansathi yaa jaageche parivartan kelyane anek lenyanchi vikrutee jhaali aahe aanee puratatva dnyanachi aparivartaniy haanee jhaali aahe. aaj, jaree anek gumpha agadi prabhavi aahet, taree yapaiki ekahi guha purnapane abadhit rahili nahee asey mhanata yenar nahee.
pramukh kizil guha.
yaa lenyanna pratham german bhashet albert grunwedell yanni vividh vaiyaktik vaishishtyanchya aadhare nave dilee hotee. yapaiki anek nave ingerjit rahili aahet. alikadech, samanyatah pashchimepasun purvekade asalelya lenyanchya bhaugolik sthitivar aadharit, eka sankhya pranali chiinii lokanni sweekarli.

