
jaalyachi gardi

deta networking aanee katar siddhantatil networkchi gardi mhanje sevechi qamee jhaleli gunavatta aahe jee jevha network node kinwa duva hatalu shakat nahee tyapeksha jaast deta vahoon nett asato tevha udbhavate. vishisht parinamanmadhye ranget utaranyas vilamb, packett nasht hone kinwa naveen jodani rokhane yancha samavesh hoto. gardicha parinam assa aahe qee deu kelelya bharamadhye vaadh jhalyamule ektar fakt network thruputmadhye thodi vaadh kinwa agadi ghat hote.
jaale protocol jeey gardimule jhalelya packetchya nukasanachi bharpai karnyasathi aakramak punarprasaran vapartat, teey suruvaticha bhaar asha patalivar qamee kelyanantarhi, jodine gardi vadhavu shakatat, jyamule samanyatah jaale gardi houu shakat nahee. asha jaalyanmadhye ekach patalichya bharakhali done sthir sthitee disun yetat. qamee utpadan asalelya sthir sthitila congestive capless mhanatat.
jaalyanche jaale kosalane talhanyasathi gardi niyantran aanee gardi talhanyachi tantre vapartat. yamadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh 802.11 madheel csma/ca aanee mool ethernetmadhil samaan csma/seedee sarkhya protocolmadhil ghatankiy backoff, tcpmadhye vindo qamee karane aanee router aanee network swichsarkhya upkarnanmadhye yogya rang lavane. gardiche nirakaran karananya itar tantranmadhye pradhanya yojanancha samavesh hoto, jyaa kahee packetsna itaranpeksha jaast pradhanya detat aanee pravesh niyantranachya vaparadvare vishisht pravahasathi jaale sansadhananche spasht vatap karatat.
jaale kshamata.
jaale sansadhane maryadit aahet, jyat router prakriyecha vel aanee link thruput samavisht aahe. anek samanya paristhitinmadhye jaalyanvar sansadhanancha vaad udbhavu shakato. wireless lann sahajpane ekach vaiyaktik sangankadware bharali jaate. agadi vegwan sanganakachya jaalyanvarhi, kahee server aanee client sangankadware pathicha kanaa sahajpane gardila jaau shakato. botnetdware seva nakarnyache halle heey internetchya pathimagil sarvat mothya network duve dekhil bharnyas saksham aahet, jyamule mothya pramanat networkchi gardi nirman hote. durdhvani jaalyanmadhye, samoohik coll karyakram digital durdhvani paripathanna bharavun takoo shakato, jyachi vyakhya seva nakarnyacha hallah mhanoon kelee jaau shakate.
sanyugma patan.
congestive kosalane (kinwa gardi kosalane) hii ashee sthitee aahe jyamadhye gardi upayukt sanvad rokhate kinwa maryadit karate. gardiche dhasalhane samanyatah jaalyatil chok pointsvar hote, jithe yenanya rahdarine baher jaananya bandwidthapeksha jaast asate. sthanik kshetra jaale aanee vistrut kshetra jaale yanchyatil jodani bindu heey samanya chok points aahet. jevha jaale yaa sthiteet asate, tevha teey sthir sthiteet sthayik hote, jithe rahdarichi magani jaast asate parantu qamee upayukt utpadan upalabdh asate, jyaa darmyan packett vilamb aanee tota hoto aanee sevechi gunavatta atyant kharab asate.
1984 paryant sanyugma kosalane hii eka sambhavya samasya mhanoon olakhali gelee. aktoobar 1986 madhye internetchya suruvatichya kalat heey pahilyanda disun aale, jevha aine. ess. eff. aine. tii. tappa-1 neey tyachya 32 kbit/s kshamatevarun 40 biit/s paryant pariman teen kramane qamee kele, jeey 1987 aanee 1988 darmyan end nodesney vanne jacobson aanee sally floydchya gardi niyantranala lagoo karnyaparyant suru rahile. jevha intermigiate routerdware hatalalya jaau shakanayapeksha jaast packets pathavalya gelya, tevha intermigiate routerne anek packets fekoon dilya, networkchya antim bindunni mahitee punha prasarit karanyachi apeksha kelee. tathapi, suruvatichya tii. see. pii. amalbajavanimadhye punarprasaran vartan kharab hote. jevha heey packett nasht jhaale, tevha antim bindu atirikt packets pathavtat jeey haravalelya mahitichi punaravrutti karatat, jyamule yenare darr duppat hotat.
gardivar niyantran.
atee-sadasyata ghetalyamule honari gardi talhanyasathi gardi niyantran dursanchar jaalyatil rahdari praveshat badal karate. heey samanyatah packetsche darr qamee karoon purn kele jaate. gardiche niyantran preshakanna 'jaale' varr adhirajya gajavanyapasun rokhate, tarr pravah niyantran preshkala 'praptakartyavar' adhirajya gajavanyapasun rokhate.
gardi niyantran siddhant.
gardi niyantran siddhantacha praneta phrank kelee yanni keela, jyanni sookshm aarthik siddhant aanee bahirmukh anukulan siddhant lagoo keela, jyat tyanchya swatachya daranvar niyantran thevana vyakti "ishtatam" jaale-vyapi darr vatap sadhya karnyasathi kase sanvad sadhu shakatat yache varnan kele gele. ishtatam" darr vatpachi udaharane mhanje kamal-kiman nyayya vatap aanee kelichi pramananusar nyayya vatpachi soochana, jaree itar anek shakya aahet.
sootra 1 heey pravah sootra 2 chaa darr asoo dya, sootra 3 heey duva sootra 4 chee kshamata asoo dya aanee sootra 5 heey 1 asoo dya jarr pravah sootra 2 heey duva sootra 4 aanee 0 vaparat asel anyatha. sootra _ 8, sootra _ 9 aanee sootra _ 10 heey sambandhit vector aanee matricks asoo dya. sootra _ 11 heey eka vadhanare, katekorpane avtal karya asoo dya, jyala upayuktata mhanatat, jeey darr sootra _ 8 varr prasarit karoon vaparkartyala kitee fayda hoto heey mojate. ishtatam darr vatap nantar samadhankarak tharate.
yaa samasyeche lagrange dual vegale hote jenekarun pratyek pravah networkne soochit kelelya "kimmati" varr aadharit swatacha darr nishchit karato. pratyek duva kshamata eka maryada ladate, jyamule lagrange gunak, sootra _ 15 tayar hoto. yaa gunakanchi berries, sootra _ 16 hii tee kimmat aahe jyala pravah pratisad deto.
tyanantar gardi niyantran haah vitarit optimization algoridam banato. anek vartaman gardi niyantran algoridam yaa chaukatit tayar kele jaau shakatat, sootra 15 heey ektar nuksan sambhavyata kinwa link sootra 4 varr ranget vilamb asane. eka motha kamkuvatpana mhanje teey serve pravahanna samaan kimmat dete, tarr vindo pravah niyantran sarkanyamule phugavata hoto jyamule dilelya duvyavar bhinn pravahanche nirikshan karnyasathi bhinn nuksan kinwa vilamb hoto.
gardi niyantran algoridamche vargikaran.
gardi niyantran algoridamche vargikaran karnyachya marganpaiki khalilpramane aaheth
qamee karane.
jaalyachi gardi rokhanyasathi kinwa jaal kosalanyas samore jaanyasathi yantranancha shodh lavala gela aaheh
samanyatah khalee takalelya mahitichi punaravrutti karane heey antim binduche yogya vartan asate, parantu punaravruttiche praman haloohaloo qamee hote. serve antim bindu heey karat asalyas, gardi vadhate aanee jaale samanya vartan punha suru karate. santh suruvat yasarkhya itar dhorananmule, gardicha shodh lagnyapurvi naveen jodanya routerver adhirajya gajavoo nayet yachee khatri hote.
samanya router gardi talhanyasathichya yantranemadhye yogya rang aanee itar velapatrak algoridam aanee yadruchchik lavkar shodhane (laal) samavisht aahe jithe gardi aadhalalyavar packets yadruchchikpane padalya jaatat. heey gardi kosalanyapurvi antim bindunna sancharan mandavanyas sakriyapane pravrutt karate.
kahee shevat teey shevatche protocol gardichya paristhitit changle vagnyasathi tayar kele aahet; tii. see. pii. heey eka suprasiddha udaharan aahe. gardi hatalanyasathi pahilya tii. see. pii. amalbajavaniche varnan 1984 madhye karnyat aale hote, parantu vanne jacobsonne 1988 madhye berkley manak vitaran unix ("bii. ess. dii.") madhye mukt srot upay samavisht kelyane pratham changle vartan pradan kele.
yuu. dii. pii. gardi niyantrit karat nahee. yuu. dii. pii. varr tayar kelelya niyamavaline gardi swatantrapane hatalali pahije. gardipasoon swatantra, nishchit darane prasarit honare protocol samasyapradhan asoo shakatat. anek voice over aay. pii. protocolls real-time streaming protocolmadhye haah gunadharm aahe. tyamule gardichya velee pakitanchi padzad houu naye yasathi sevechya gunvattesarkhya vishesh upayayojana kelya pahijet.
vyavharik jaale gardi talhane.
jodani-kendrit protocol, jase qee mothya pramanavar vaparale jaanare tii. see. pii. protocol, packetchya hanisathi ghadyal kinwa tyanchya sankraman darr samayojit karnyasathi ranget vilamb. vividh jaale gardi talhanyachya prakriya vegvegalya vinimayanna aadhar detat.
tii. see. pii./aay. pii. gardi talhane.
tii. see. pii. gardi talhanyacha algoridam haah internetvaril gardi niyantranasathi prathamik aadhar aahe.
jevha samvarti tii. see. pii. pravahat shepatichya thembancha anubhav yeto, visheshtah jevha bufferbloat upasthit asato tevha samasya udbhavtat. heey vilambit packett nuksan tii. see. pii. chya svayanchalit gardi talhanyat hastakshep karate. jyaa serve pravahanmadhye heey packett nasht hote, teey ekach kshani tii. see. pii. punarprashikshan suru karatat-yala tii. see. pii. jaagtik samkraman mhanatat.
sakriy rang vyavasthapan.
sakriy rang vyavasthapan (aii. kyu. emm.) mhanje network interfaces niyantrak (aine. aay. see.) shhee sambandhit asalelya transmit bufferchya aat network packetschee punarbandhani kinwa padane. heey karya network schedulardware kele jaate.
yadruchchik lavkar shodhane.
eka upay mhanje jaalyachya upkarananchya baher padnyachya ranget yadruchchik lavkar shodhane (laal) vaparane. ekapeksha jaast agragami rang asalelya networking hardware portvar, bharit yadruchchik prarambhik shodh (reed) vaparla jaau shakato.
laal apratyakshapane kahee packets takoon tii. see. pii. preshak aanee praptakarta yanna sanket dete, udaa.jee. jevha ranganchi sarasari lambi thresholdpeksha jaast asate (udaa.jee. 50 takke) aanee eae paryant adhik packets resheey kinwa ghanatene hatavate.jee. 100%, rang jasjashi pudhe bharate.
lavkar yadruchchikpane majboot shodh.
dnil-auph-service (dii. oo. ess.) hallyanviruddha, visheshtah qamee-darr dnil-auph-service (ell. dii. oo. ess.) hallyanviruddha tii. see. pii. thruput sudharanyasathi majboot yadruchchik prarambhik shodh (aar. aar. dii.) algoridam prastavit karnyat aala hota. hallyanmule honanya dolansheel tii. see. pii. ranganchya aakaramule ell. dii. oo. ess. hallyankhali laal-sarkhe algoridam asurakshit hote yachee pushti prayoganni kelee.
pravah-aadharit reda.
kahee jaale upkarane bandare susajj asatat jee pratyek pravahache anusaran aanee mojmap karoo shakatat aanee tyadvare seva dhoranachya kahee gunavattenusar khoop mothya bandwidth pravahache sanket denyas saksham asatat. eka dhoran nantar kahee nikashannusar serve pravahanmadhye bandwidth vibhajit karoo shakate.
spasht gardichi adhisuchana.
aanakhi eka marg mhanje spasht gardi adhisuchana (eae. see. aine.) vaparane. jevha done yajmananna teey vaparayache aahe asey sanket detat tevhach eae. see. aine. chaa vapar keela jaato. yaa paddhatisah, spasht gardiche sanket denyasathi protocol bitcha vapar keela jaato. laal/laal algoridamdware packetchya haniche sanket denanya apratyaksh gardichya soochanepeksha heey changle aahe, parantu tyasathi donhi yajmananchya pathimbyachi aavashyakta aahe.
jevha ekhadya routerla eae. see. aine.-saksham mhanoon chinhankit kelele pakit milate aanee routerla gardichi apeksha asate, tevha too eae. see. aine. dhwaj seet karato, pathavnala gardichi mahitee deto. pathvanaya vyaktine tyachi prasaran bandwidth qamee karoon pratisad deela pahije, udaa.jee.tii. see. pii. vindocha aakar qamee karoon kinwa itar marganni pathvanyacha darr qamee karoon.
tii. see. pii. vindo aakar.
vahtook qamee karoon gardi talhane karyakshamatene sadhya kele jaau shakate. jevha ekhada anuprayog mothya file, graphik kinwa web prushthachi vinanti karato, tevha too sahasa 32k aanee 64k darmyanchya 'vindo' chee jahirat karato. yacha parinam mhanoon server detachi sampoorn vindo pathavato (file vindopeksha mothee aahe asey gruheet dharoon). jevha anek anuprayog ekach velee download karanyachi vinanti karatat, tevha hii mahitee varchya pravahatil pradatyavar gardicha bindu tayar karoo shakate. vindo jahirat qamee karoon, durastha server qamee deta pathavtat, tyamule gardi qamee hote.
mage eae. see. aine.
backward eae. see. aine. (bii. eae. aine.) hii aanakhi eka prastavit gardi adhisuchana yantrana aahe. aay. pii. networksathi moolbhut eae. see. aine. yantrana lagoo karnyasathi, aay. pii. staravar gardichya soochana thevanyasathi aanee networkchya antim bindunmadhye konatyahi vataghatichi aavashyakta naan rahnyasathi aay. see. emm. pii. strot shaman sandeshancha vapar aay. pii. sanket yantrana mhanoon karate. yogya samayojanansathi tii. see. pii. aanee yuu. dii. pii. sarkhya layer protocolchya vahatukisathi prabhavi gardichya soochana prasarit kelya jaau shakatat.
congestive kosalane talhanyache dushparinam.
redioche duve.
congestive kosalane talhanare protocol samanyatah asey gruheet dharatat qee detachi haanee gardimule hote. wired networkwar, prasaranadarmyan truti durmil asatat. wify, 3jee aanee redio thurr asalele itar network hastakshepamule deta gamavanyachi shakyata asate aanee kahee prakarananmadhye kharab thruput anubhavu shakatat. redio-aadharit bhautik tharavar chalana tii. see. pii. jodanyanmadhye detachi haanee disun yete aanee gardi hott aahe yavar chukicha vishvas thevanyacha cull asato.
alpakalin sambandh.
chhotya jodanyansathi slow-start protocol white kamgiri karato. junya web brouserni anek alpakalin jodani tayar kelya aanee pratyek filesathi jodani ughadali aanee bund kelee. yamule bahutek jodanya santh prarambh paddhatimadhye rahilya. prarambhik kamgiri kharab asoo shakate aanee anek jodanya santh-prarambh vyavasthetun kadhihi baher padat naheet, jyamule vilambata lakshaniyaritya vadhate. hii samasya talhanyasathi, aadhunik brouser ektar ekach velee anek jodanya ughadatat kinwa vishisht sarvharkadoon vinanti kelelya serve fayalisathi eka jodanicha punha vapar karatat.
pravesh niyantran.
pravesh niyantran hii ashee konatihi pranali aahe jyat naveen jaale jodani sthapit karnyapurvi upkarananna parvanagi milane aavashyak asate. jarr naveen jodanimule gardi nirman honyacha dhoka asel tarr parvanagi nakarli jaau shakate. udaharananmadhye aay. tii. yuu.-tii. jee. madheel vaad-mukt sankramanachya sandhincha (see. eff. tii. ex. oo. pii.) samavesh hoto.paramparik wiringwar gharguti networkingsathi etch. aine. manak, aay. pii. networksathi sansadhan aarakshan protocol aanee ethernetsathi pravah aarakshan protocol.