moolyamapan

samanya vaparat, moolyankan mhanje manakanchya sanchadvare niyantrit nikashancha vapar karoon vishayachi gunavatta, moolya aanee mahatva yanche paddhatshir nirdharan aanee moolyankan karane. nirnay ghenyat madat karnyasathi, kinwa purn jhalelya asha konatyahi krutiche uddisht aanee uddishte aanee parinamambabat sadhya kinwa mulyache praman nishchit karnyasathi, tee sanstha, karyakram, aarakhada, prakalp kinwa itar konatyahi hastakshep kinwa upkramache moolyankan karnyasathi, konatyahi uddishtache, sadhya karnyayogya sankalpana/prastav kinwa konatyahi paryayache moolyankan karnyasathi madat karoo shakate.
purvichya kinwa vidyaman upkramambaddal antardrushti midvanyavyatirikt, bhavishyatil badal olakhanyat pratibimb saksham karane aanee madat karane haah mulyankanacha prathamik uddesh aahe. moolyankan heey anekada qalaa, gunhegari nyay, sanstha, naa-napha sanstha, sarkar, aarogya seva aanee itar manvi sevansah vividh prakarchya manvi upkramanmadhye swarasya asalelya vishayanche vaishishtyikaran aanee moolyankan karnyasathi vaparale jaate. heey dirghakalin asate aanee eka kalavadhichya shevati kele jaate.
vyakhya.
moolyankan mhanje sanrachit arth lavane aanee prastav kinwa parinamanchya andajit kinwa vastavik parinamanna arth dene. tee mool uddishte aanee ektar kaay andajit kele gele aahe kinwa kaay sadhya kele gele aanee teey kase sadhya kele gele heey pahate. tyamule moolyamapan heey rachnatmak asoo shakate, jeey sankalpana kinwa prastav, prakalp kinwa sansthechya vikasadarmyan, prastav, prakalp kinwa sanstheche moolya kinwa parinamkarakta sudharnyachya uddeshane hott aahe. heey saranshatmak dekhil asoo shakate, jeey purn kelelya krutee kinwa prakalpatoon kinwa nantarchya velee kinwa paristhitit sansthetun dhade ghenare asoo shakate.
moolyamapan haah swabhavikpane saiddhantikdrushtya mahitipurn drushtikon aahe (spasht asso vaa naso) aanee parinami mulyankanachi konatihi vishisht vyakhya tyachya sandarbhanusar-siddhant, garja, uddesh aanee moolyankan prakriyechi karyapaddhati tyanusar tayar kelee gelee asatee. asey mhatalyavar, mulyankanachi vyakhya ashee kelee gelee aaheh
uddesh.
karyakramachya mulyankanacha mukhya uddesh "nirnay tayar karoon karyakramachi gunavatta nirdharit karane" haah asoo shakato, marthe hertue, sylvane haule, stephany mongiat (2009). eka paryayi drushtikon assa aahe qee "prakalp, mulyankankarte aanee itar bhagdharak (nidhi (nidhi yaa sarvankade prakalpache sarvottam moolyankan kase karave yabaddal sambhavya bhinn kalpana asateel kaaran pratyekachi 'gunavatte' chee vegali vyakhya asoo shakate. tyamule samasyecha gabha mhanje kaay moolya aahe heey paribhashit karane."
yaa drushtikonatun, moolyankan hii eka vadgrast sandnya aahe, kaaran mulyankankarte moolyankan yaa shabdacha vapar ekhadya karyakramachya mulyankanache kinwa tapasache varnan karnyasathi karatat, tarr itar lock moolyankan heey keval upayojit sanshodhanache samanarthi mhanoon samajoon ghetat.
mulyankanachya uddeshacha vichar kartana done karye aahet. rachnatmak moolyamapan heey utpadan kinwa prakriya sudharanyasathi mahitee pradan karatat. saranshatmak moolyamapan heey utpadan kinwa prakriyecha avalamb karnyacha nirnay ghenyasathi alpakalin parinamkarakta kinwa dirghakalin parinamachi mahitee pradan karatat.
serve moolyamapan ekach uddeshane kele jaat naheet, kahee moolyamapan keval mojata yenyajogya karyakramachya parinamanvar kinwa mulyankanachya nishkarshanvar laksh kendrit karnyaivaji dekhrekh karya karatat aanee mulyankananchya prakaranchi sampoorn yadee sankalit karane katheen asel. yache kaaran asey qee moolyankan haah ekatmik saiddhantik chaukaticha bhag nahee, jyamadhye vyavasthapan aanee sanghatanatmak siddhant, dhoran vishleshan, shikshan, samajshastra, samajik manavvanshashastra aanee samajik badal yasarkhya anek vishayancha samavesh aahe.
charcha.
tathapi, paddhatshir gruhitkanchya sanchache katekor palan kelyane mulyankanache kshetra mukhya pravahatil prekshakanna adhik sweekarya houu shakate parantu heey palan mulyankankartyanna karyakramanna karyakramanna asankhya samasyanna samore jaanyasathi naveen dhorane vikasit karnyapasoon rokhanyachya dishene kaam karel. assa dawa keela jaato qee moolyankan ahavalanpaiki keval alpasankhyak moolyankan (grahak) dware vaparale jaatat (datt, 2006). yache eka samarthan asey aahe qee "jevha mulyankanachya nishkarshanna aavhan dile jaate kinwa tyancha vapar ayashasvi hoto, tevha hitdharak aanee grahakanna nishkarsh kamkuvat kinwa warrant avishvasaniy vatale" (fornier andd smith, 1993). yaa paristhitichi kahee karane mhanje mulyankanasaha samayik uddishtancha sanch sthapit karnyat mulyankankartyache apayash, kinwa atee mahatvakankshi uddishte nirman karane, tasech mulyankanachi uddishte aanee prakriyet vyakti aanee karyakramanmadhil sanskrutik farkanshi tadjod karnyat aanee tyancha samavesh karnyat ayashasvi hone. yapaiki konatihi samasya mulyankanachya vyakhyechya abhavamule nahee, tarr grahakanvar purvkalpit kalpana aanee mulyankanachya vyakhya ladanyacha prayatna prayatna mulyankankartyanmule aahe. mulyankananchya kharab vaparache mukhya kaaran mhanje grahakachya garjannusar mulyankananchya shivankamat abhav, kaaran grahakachya garajepeksha mulyankanachi purvanirdharit kalpana (kinwa vyakhya) (ghar, 1980). mulyankanasathi pramanit karyapaddhati vikasit karnyasathi, pratinidhi-tattva, gopaniyata, bhagdharkanchi vyakhya, maryadit dayitva aanee paise kharch karata yeteel asha adhik jaanunbujun samasya yasarkhya naitikatevishayichya prashnanche nikal vicharnyachya aanee sanganyachya lagoo marganvar pohochane aavashyak aahe.
manke.
swarasya asalelya vishayanusar, asey vyavsayik gut aahet jeey moolyankan prakriyechi gunavatta aanee kathorateche punaravalokan karatat.
karyakram aanee prakalpanche tyanche moolya aanee teey jyaa sandarbhat rabavale jaatat tyaa sandarbhat sandarbhat parinamanche moolyankan karane naitikdrushtya aavhanatmak asoo shakate. mulyankankartyanna bahya mulyankanas pratirodhak asalelya guntaguntichya, sanskratikdrushtya vishisht pranalincha samna karava lagoo shakato. shivay, prakalp sanstha kinwa itar bhagdharkanna vishisht mulyankanachya nikalat guntavale jaau shakate. shevati, mulyamapankartyanna swatah "hitsambandhancha sangharsh (see. oo. aay.)" samasyancha samna karava lagoo shakato kinwa vishisht mulyankanas samarthan denare nishkarsh sadar karnyasathi hastakshep kinwa dabav anubhavava lagoo shakato.
samanya vyavsayik aacharsanhitemadhye, niyokta sansthedvare nirdharit kelyapramane, vartanukichya manakanche teen vyapak pailu samavisht asatat aanee tyat aantar-mahavidhyalayin sambandh (jase qee vividhata aanee gopaniyatecha aadar), parichalanvishayak mudde (yogya kshamata, dastaivajikaran achookata aanee sansadhanancha yogya vapar) aanee swarsyache sangharsh (gharaneshahi, bhetvastu swikarane aanee itar prakarche pakshapat) yancha samavesh hoto. tathapi, vishisht naitik aavhananchya vyavasthapanamadhye vaparlya jaau jaau mulyankakachya bhoomikesathi vishisht margdarshak tattve aavashyak aahet. shaikshanik mulyankanasathichya mankanvaril sanyukt samiteene karyakram, karmchari aanee vidyarthyanchya mulyankanasathi manke vikasit kelee aahet. sanyukt samitee manke chaar vibhaganmadhye vibhagali gelee aaheth upayuktata, vyavharyata, auchitya aanee achookata. vividh european sansthanni dekhil tyanchi swatachi manke tayar kelee aahet, jee sanyukt samiteene tayar kelelya mankanshi qamee-adhik pramanat sambandhit aahet. teey paddhatshir chaukashi, mulyankankartyachi kshamata aanee sachoti, lokambaddal aadar aanee samanya aanee sarvajanik kalyanabaddal aadar yavar aadharit moolya nirnayanvishayi margdarshak tattve pradan karatat.
american evaluation association mulyankankartyansathi margdarshak tattvancha eka sanch tayar keela aahe. yaa tattvancha kram mhanje tyanchyamadhye pradhanya soochit karat nahee; paristhiti aanee mulyankakachya bhoomikenusar pradhanya badalel. tattve khalilpramane chalatatah
nirnayache swatantrya asha prakare kayam rakhale jaate qee moolyamapan kele jaeel, yachee khatri karoon swatantrya prapt hote
nishkarshanvar nishkarshanvar pakshacha prabhav kinwa dabav nasato aanee sangharsh talhata yet nahee.
vyaj, asey qee mulyankankartyacha vishisht nishkarshat vaataa nasato. sangharsh
visheshtah jethe mulyankanasathicha nidhi vishisht sansthandvare deela jaato, tithe vyaj haah muddah aahe
mulyankanachya nishkarshanmadhye bhag gheuun, aanee heey sambhavya tadjod mhanoon pahile jaate
mulyankankartyache swatantrya. jaree heey manya kele jaate qee mulyankankarte parichit asoo shakatat
jyaa sansthanche kinwa prakalpanche tyanna moolyankan karane aavashyak aahe, swatantryasathi tyanna teey aavashyak nahee
prakalpachya niyojanat kinwa amalbajavanimadhye sahbhagi jhaale. vyajachi ghoshana karavi
jethe prakalpashi konatehi fayade kinwa sambandh namood kele aahet tethe kele jaatil. nirnayache swatantrya
udaharanarth, mulyankankartyanvar ladanyat aalelya konatyahi dabavaviruddha tikavoon thevane aavashyak aahe,
prakalp nidhi puravathadaranna mulyankanat asha prakare badal karayache aahet qee prakalp tyachyapeksha adhik prabhavi disel
nishkarsh satyapit karoo shakatat.
nihpakshapatipana haah nishkarsh heey samarthya aanee samarthyache nyayya aanee sakhol moolyankan asanyashi sambandhit aahe.
prakalp kinwa karyakramachya kamkuvatpana. yasathi serve sambandhit bhagdharkankadun yogya tee mahitee ghene aavashyak aahe
aanee nishkarsh pakshapat naan karata aanee pardarshak, pramanbaddh aanee munn munn duvyasah sadar kele
nishkarsh aanee shifarshinchya darmyan. tyamule mulyankankartyanni tyanchya nishkarshanchi maryada ashee karane aavashyak aahe qee
purava. nihpakshapatipana sunishchit karnyasathi bahya aanee antargat punaravalokan hii eka yantrana aahe. assa aahe aadhava
mahattvapoorn (kharch kinwa sanvedansheelatechya drushtine nirdharit) mulyankananchi aavashyakta. punaravalokan asey aahe
kamacha darja aanee nishkarshanmadhye kitee pramanat eka spasht duva deela jaato yavar aadharit
aanee shifarasi.
pardarshaktesathi bhagdharkanna mulyankanache kaaran, nikash yanchi jaaniv asane aavashyak aahe
jyadvare moolyamapan hote aanee jyaa uddeshansathi nishkarsh lagoo kele jaatil. pravesh
nishkarsh sahaj vachaniy aanee spasht asanyadvare moolyamapan dastaivaj sulabh kele pahije
mulyankanachya paddhati, drushtikon, mahitiche srot aanee kharchachi spashtikarane
kharch keela.
yavyatirikt, aay sarkhya aantarrashtriy sanstha.emm.eff. aanee jaagtik bankechi swatantra moolyankan karye aahet. sanyukt rashtranchya vividh nidhi, karyakram aanee sansthanmadhye swatantra, ardh-swatantra aanee swa-moolyankan karyanche mishran aahe, jyanni swatahla eka pranali-vyapi gair-moolyankan gut (yu. aine. eae. jee.) mhanoon sanghatit kele aahe, jeey karya balkat karnyasathi aanee mulyankanasathi eka nikash aanee manke sthapit karnyasathi ekatra kaam karatat. oo. eae. dii. dii. aii. see. madhye eka moolyankan gut dekhil aahe, joou vikas moolyankan manke sudharanyasathi prayatna karato. mothya bahurashtriy vikas bankanchya (emm. dii. bii. ess.) swatantra moolyankan ekkandware adhik emm. dii. bii. parinamkarakta aanee jababdarisathi mulyankanacha vapar balkat karnyasathi, emm. dii. bii. mulyankananmadhun dhade samayik karnyasathi aanee mulyankanatil susanvad aanee sahkaryala protsahan denyasathi moolyankan sahkarya gut tayar keela aahe.
drushtikon.
moolyankan" yaa shabdache vegvegalya lokansathi vividh arth aahet, jeey yaa prakriyeshi sambandhit mudde upasthit karatat jyat samavisht aahe; konatya prakarche moolyankan kele pahije; adhik dnyan aanee jagrukta midvanyachya uddeshane moolyankan prakriya qaa asavi aanee moolyankan karyakramat kase samakalit kele jaate? moolyamapan prakriyet vividh ghatak dekhil antarbhut aahet, udaharanarth; ekhadya karyakramatil prabhavanche gambhir parikshan karane jyamadhye ekhadya karyakramabaddal sapeksh mahitee gola karane aanee tyache vishleshan karane samavisht aahe.
michael quin patton yanni hii sankalpana prerit kelee qee moolyankan prakriya yaa dishene nirdeshit kelee pahijeh
2003 madhye thomson aanee hoffman yanni mulyankanachya dusarya drushtikonavar aadharit, asha paristhiticha samna karane shakya aahe, jyamadhye prakriya yogya manali jaau shakat nahee; udaharanarth, ekhada karyakram anpekshit kinwa ayogya asalyas. yamadhye satatyapurn nityakramacha abhav; kinwa sambandhit paksh karyakramachya uddeshababat karar karoo shakanar naheet, yacha samavesh asel. yavyatirikt, prabhavak kinwa vyavasthapak, mulyankanat sambandhit, mahattvache kendriya mudde samavisht karnyas nakar deto
marg.
mulyamapanachya prayatnambaddal vichar karnyache, rachana karnyache aanee tyanche sanchalan karnyache anek sankalpanatmakdrushtya vegale marg aahet. aaj vaparat asalele anek moolyamapan paddhati mahattvachya samasyanche nirakaran karnyat kharokharach adviteey yogdan detat, tarr itar vidyaman paddhatinna kahee prakare parishkrut karatat.
drushtikonanche vargikaran.
ghar aanee stufflebeam aanee websterdware mulyamapanachya drushtikonanche done vargikaran tyanchya adviteey aanee mahattvachya moolbhut tattvanchya drushtine vyavasthapit karnyayogya sankhyechya drushtikonanmadhye ekatra kele jaau shakate.
mulyamapanache serve pramukh marg udarmatvadi lokshahi navachya samaan vichardharevar aadharit asalyache sabhagruh manate. yaa vichardharechya mahattvachya tattvanmadhye nivadiche swatantrya, vyaktiche vaishishtya aanee vastunishthatevar aadharit anubhavjanya chaukashi yancha samavesh hoto. teey asehi sangatat qee teey serve vyaktinishth naitiktevar aadharit aahet, jyamadhye naitik aacharan heey ekhadya vyaktichya kinwa gatachya vyaktinishth kinwa antardnyani anubhavavar aadharit aahe. vyaktinishth naitikatecha eka prakar mhanje upayogitavadi, jyamadhye 'changle' heey sampoorn samajasathi aanandacha ekach, spasht arth kaay aahe yavar avalambun asate. vyaktiparak naitikatecha aanakhi eka prakar mhanje antardnyani/bahulvadi, jyamadhye 'changlya' chaa konatahi ekach arth lavala jaat nahee aanee asha arth lavnyala spashtapane sanganyachi kinwa nyayya tharvanyachi garaj nahee.
yaa naitik sthananmadhye dnyanpraptisathichya tattvadnyan-sambandhit dnyanmimansa aahet. vastunishtha dnyanmimansacha sambandh upayogitavadi naitikteshi aahe; sarvasadharanpane, tyacha vapar sarvajanikaritya ughad kelelya paddhati aanee mahitidvare bahyaritya satyapit kele jaau shakate (aantar-vishayavishayak karar) asey dnyan prapt karnyasathi keela jaato. vyaktiparak dnyanmimansacha sambandh antardnyani/bahulvadi naitikteshi aahe aanee tyacha vapar vidyaman vaiyaktik dnyanavar aadharit naveen dnyan prapt karnyasathi keela jaato, tasech sarvajanik tapasanisathi upalabdh asalele (spasht) kinwa upalabdh nasalele (maun) anubhavahi ghetale jaatat. tyanantar pratyek dnyanmimansacha drushtikon done mukhya rajkiy drushtikonanmadhye vibhagato. pratham, vyavasthapak aanee vyavsayikanchya hitsambandhanvar laksh kendrit karoon drushtikon eka uchchabhru drushtikon gheu shakatat; kinwa teey grahak aanee sahbhagi drushtikonanvar laksh kendrit karoon eka vyapak drushtikon dekhil gheu shakatat.
mulyanchya bhoomikekade aanee naitik vicharakade tyanchya drushtikonanusar, stufflebeam aanee webster places teenpaiki eka gatat pravesh karatat. rajkiy abhimukhata ekhadya vastuche moolya pratyakshat kaay aahe aanee asoo shakate yachee parva naan karata sakaratmak kinwa nakaratmak drushtikonas protsahan dete-teey yala chhadm-moolyankan mhanatat. prashnanchya abhimukhata madhye asha paddhatincha samavesh asato jyaa ekhadya vastoochya moolyashi visheshtah sambandhit uttare deu shakatat kinwa deu shakat naheet-teey yala ardh-moolyankan mhanatat. mulyanchya abhimukhata madhye pramukhyane ekhadya vastuche moolya nirdharit karnyachya uddeshane asalelya paddhatincha samavesh hoto-teey yala kharey moolyankan mhanatat.
jevha vareel sankalpanancha ekach velee vichar keela jaato, tevha dnyanmimansa, pramukh drushtikon (gharapasoon) aanee abhimukhata yaa sandarbhat mulyamapanache pandhra marg olakhale jaau shakatat. rajkiyadrushtya niyantrit aanee jansampark abhyas yaa done chhadm-moolyankan paddhatinche pratinidhitva kele jaate. teey abhijat drushtikonatun vastunishtha dnyanmimansashastravar aadharit aahet. sahaa ardh-moolyankan paddhati vastunishtha dnyanmimansacha vapar karatat. tyapaiki paach-prayogik sanshodhan, vyavasthapan mahitee pranali, chachani karyakram, uddishtanvar aadharit abhyas aanee aashay vishleshan-eka uchch darjacha drushtikon ghetat. jababdari haah janadrushtikonatun ghetala jaato. saat saat mulyamapanachya paddhatincha samavesh aahe. nirnay-kendrit aanee dhoranatmak abhyas heey done drushtikon, abhijat drushtikonatun vastunishtha dnyanmimansa varr aadharit aahet. grahak-kendrit abhyas heey vastunishtha dnyanmimansachya vastunishtha drushtikonatun aadharit aahet. manyata/pramanpatra aanee parangat abhyas yaa done paddhati abhijat drushtikonatun vyaktivadi dnyanmimansashastravar aadharit aahet. shevati, virodhi aanee grahak-kendrit abhyas heey vastuman drushtikonatun vyaktiparak dnyanmimansashastravar aadharit aahet.
drushtikonancha saransh.
khaleel takta pratyek drushtikonacha saransh chaar gunadharmanchya drushtine karnyasathi vaparla jaato-aayojak, uddesh, samarthya aanee kamkuvatpana. abhyas aayojit karnyasathi vyavsayik vaparat asalelya mukhya vicharanche kinwa sanketanche pratinidhitva aayojak karato. uddesh haah atishay samanya staravar abhyasasathi ichchit parinamache pratinidhitva karato. samarthya aanee kamkuvatpana heey itar vaishishtyanche pratinidhitva karatat jeey vishisht abhyasasathi drushtikon vaparaycha qee nahee heey tharvatana vicharat ghetale pahijet. khaleel katha ektrit gatbaddh kelelya drushtikonanmadhil farak adhorekhit karate.
chhadm-moolyankan.
rajkiyadrushtya niyantrit aanee jansampark abhyas heey uchchabhru drushtikonatun kele jaatat. jaree heey donhi drushtikon ekhadya vastubaddalachya mulyanchya arth lavnyala chukiche darshavanyacha prayatna karat asale, taree teey ekmekanpeksha vegale karya karatat. rajkiyadrushtya niyantrit abhyasandvare midavaleli mahitee dharkachya vishesh hitsambandhanchi purtata karnyasathi prakashit kelee jaate kinwa rokhali jaate, tarr jansampark mahitee vastavik paristhitichi parva naan karata ekhadya vastuchi sakaratmak pratima tayar karate. donhi abhyasancha pratyaksh paristhitit vapar karoonahi, yapaiki konatahi drushtikon moolyankan paddhati swikararh nahee.
vastunishtha, abhijat, ardh-moolyankan.
eka gut mhanoon, heey paach drushtikon shistabaddh chaukashichya drushtikonancha atyant aadaraniy sangrah darshavtat. teey ardh-mulyamapanache marg manale jaatat kaaran vishisht abhyas vaidhpane konatyahi mulyachya prashnanna sambodhit naan karata keval dnyanachya prashnanvar laksh kendrit karoo shakatat. vyakhyenusar, asey abhyas moolyamapan nasatat. heey drushtikon moolyamapan naan karata vaishishtyikaran nirman karoo shakatat, jaree vishisht abhyas donhi tayar karoo shakatat. yapaiki pratyek drushtikon tyacha ichchit uddesh changlya prakare purn karato. teey vastunishthavadi aadarshakade kitee pramanat jaatat, tyaa kramane tyanchi sthoolpane charcha kelee jaate.
paddhati aanee tantre.
moolyamapan paddhatshirpane vaividhyapurn aahe. paddhati gunatmak kinwa parimanatmak asoo shakatat aanee tyat prakaran abhyas, sarvekshan sanshodhan, sankhyikeey vishleshan, namuna nirman aanee itar anek goshtincha samavesh hoto, jase keeh

