
shhein kuo

shhein kuo (; 1031-1095) kinwa shhein gua, saujanya naav kunzong (δ χ) aanee topananav mengki (aata samanyatah menguxy mhanoon dile jaate) weng (χ), haah eka chiinii bahushrut, shastradnya aanee ganyachya rajvanshacha (960-1279) rajkarani hota. ganiti, prakashiki aanee bahyashastra yasah abhyasachya anek kshetranmadhye shenn parangat hotee. nagri sevak mhanoon tyanchya karkirdit teey arthamantri, sarkari rajya nirikshak, geet darbaratil khagolshastra vibhagache pramukh adhikari, shahee aadaratithyache sahayyak mantri aanee shaikshanik kulpati mhanoonahi kaam kele. darbarat tyanchi rajkiy nishtha kulpati wang anshi (1021-1085) yanchya netrutvakhalil naveen dhoran gut mhanoon olakhalya jaananya sudharvadi gatashi hotee. 
1088 chya tyachya 'dream pool nibandh' kinwa 'dream torrent nibandh' (; 'menguxy bitan') madhye, chumbakeey suichya hokayantrache varnan karnari kombadi hii pahili hotee, jee nauvahanasathi vaparali jaeel (europemadhye alekzandar nekmane 1187 madhye pahilyanda varnan kele). kombadine uttar dhruvakade chumbakeey ghasaranichya drushtine khyan uttarachi sankalpana shodhali, nilambit chumbakeey suyancha prayog karoon aanee "kombadichya [khagolshastriy] dhruv taara aanee khyan uttarekadil antarachya mojmapasah nirdharit sudharit meridian". dishadarshakanna nauvahanasathi adhik upayukt banavanyasathi manvi itihasatil heey nirnayak paul hote aanee europemadhye aanakhi charshe varshanpasun adnyat asaleli sankalpana asoo shakate (1450 chya sumaras banavalelya german suryakirananche purave chiinii bhoomankanchya dishadarshakansarkhich khuna darshavtat.
tyachya sahkanyasah, venane darrojchya nirikshanancha samavesh asalelya sakhol paach varshanchya prakalpat chandra aanee grahanchya kakshiy margancha nakasha banavanyachi yojana aakhali, tarihi nyayalayatil rajkiy virodhakanni heey hanoon padale. khagolshastratil tyachya karyala madat karnyasathi, shhein kuone shastragar goal, nomon, drishyaman nalichi sudharit rachana kelee aanee eka naveen prakarche pravahit paanee ghadyal shodhale. antardeshiy sagari jivashmanche nishkarsh, matichi dhoop aanee gaal sathavan yavar aadharit, shhein kuo yanni jameen nirmitisathi (bhurupavidnyan) eka bhoogarbhiy gruhitak tayar kele. koradya uttarekadil adhivasat bhoomigat sanrakshit kelelya pracheen petrified bambuche nirikshan kelyanantar, jeey tyachya kalat bambuchya vadhis aadhar denar naheet, tyanni haloohaloo hawaman badalache gruhitak dekhil prastavit kele. panyatoon latakalelya naukanchya durustisathi drydockcha vapar kelyacha ullekh karnare teey chinmadhil pahile sahityik vyaktimatva hote aanee tyanni kalvyachya pound lockchya tulanene naveen shodhachya parinamkaraktebaddal dekhil lihile. jaree camera obscuracha shodh lavnari tee pahili nasali taree kombadine avtal aarshachya kendrabinducha aanee pinholcha sambandh nondavala. shinane bii sheng (990-1051) yanni shodhalelya chull prakarchya mudranabaddal vistratpane lihile aanee tyanchya likhit kamanmule bii shengcha varsa aanee sarvat junya chull prakarachi aadhunik samaj nantarchya pidhyanna denyat aalee aahe. chinmadhil junya parampareche palan karat, kombadine simavarti bhaganchi tapasani kartana eka uthavalela-aaram nakasha tayar keela. eka haushi puratatvashastradnya mhanoon tyane shodhun kadhalelya pracheen crossbo yantraneche varnan jacobcha karmchari asalyache siddha jhaale, eka sarvekshan sadhan jeey 1321 madhye levy baine gersonne varnan kelyashivay europemadhye dnyat navhate.
shhein kuone 'dream pool nibandh' vyatirikt itar anek pustake lihili, tarihi tyachya itar pustakanmadhil barechase lekhan tikale nahee. kombadichya kahee kavita maranottar likhit krutinmadhye jatan kelya gelya. jaree tyanche bahutansh laksh tantrik aanee vaidnyanik mudyanvar asale, taree tyanna bhavishyakathan aanee alaukik goshtinmadhye rus hota, jyat nantarchya sakshidaranchya sakshivarun adnyat udananya vastunche spasht varnan hote. tyane pracheen daovadi aanee confucian granthanvar bhashyahi lihile.
jeevan.
janm aanee tarunya.
shhein kuocha janm 1031 saalee kiantang (aadhunik hangzou) yethe jhaala. tyache vadil shhein zouu (; 978-1052) heey prantiy staravar adhikrut padanvar kaam karnare kahise khalchya darjache abhijat vyaktimatva hote; tyachi aaee suzoumadhil samaan darjachya kutumbatil hotee, tiche pahile naav jhu () hote. shhein kuone tyache balpanatil prarambhik shikshan tyachya aaikadoon ghetale, jee yaa kalat chinmadhye eka samanya pratha hotee. kuo aanee tyacha bhau pii () yanna tyanchya swatachya mothya bhavachya jhu dong (; 975-1016) chya lashkari siddhantanche shikshan dett tyaa swatah khoop sushikshit hotya. uttarela janmalelya tyachya anek uchchabhru samvayskanpramanech, shenn eka pramukh kautumbik kula itihasavar garv karoo shakat naslyamule, tyala tyachya abhyasat yash midvanyasathi tyachya buddhivar aanee kathor nirdharavar avalambun rahane bhag padale, tyanantar shahee pariksha uttirn houn parikshet sahbhagi jhalelya rajya nokarshahachya aavhanatmak aanee atyadhunik jeevanat pravesh karava lagla.
ii. sha. 1040 chya sumaras, kombadiche kutumb sichuan prantat aanee shevati ziamen yetheel aantarrashtriy bandarat sthalantarit jhaale, jithe kombadichya vadilanni pratyek naveen thikani kirkol prantiy padey sweekarli. shhein zouu yanni rashtriy sarvoch nyayalayachya samatulya asalelya pratishthit rajdhanichya nyayvyavasthetahi anek varshe kaam kele. tyachya kutumbane pravas kartana shhein kuone cheenchi vividh shahare aanee grameen vaishishtyanchi dakhal ghetali, tarr tyachya tarunyat tyala tyaa deshachya vaividhyapurn bhaugolik rachnet rus nirman jhaala. prashasakeey prashasanatil aaplya vadilanchya sahbhagache aanee tyat samavisht asalelya vyavasthapakiy samasyanchehi tyanni nirikshan kele; nantar teey sarkari adhikari jhaale mhanoon yaa anubhavancha tyanchyavar kholvar parinam jhaala. lahanpanapasun too anekada aajari padalyamule, shhein kuomadhye aushadh aanee aushadhopacharambaddalhi swabhavik utsukata nirman jhaali.
shhein zouu 1051chya hivalyachya uttaradhat (kinwa 1052chya suruvatila) maran pavala, jevha tyacha mulga shhein kuo 21 varshancha hota. shhein kuo tyachya vadilansathi dukkhi hota aanee confucian naitikateche palan karat 1054 paryant (kinwa 1055 chya suruvatiparyant) teen varshe shokavasthet nishkriy rahila. 1054 paryant, kombadine kirkol sthanik sarkari padanvar kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. tathapi, niyojan, vyavastha aanee rachana karanyachi tyanchi naisargik kshamata aayushyachya suruvatilach siddha jhaali; eka udaharan mhanje tatbandi pranalichya jalvahinyanchi tyanchi rachana aanee dekhrekh, jyane sumare eka laakh ekar (400 chauras kiimii) daldalichya jaminiche pramukh shetjaminit rupantar kele. shann kuo yanni namood kele qee gaal fertilisation paddhatiche yash sinchan kalvyanchya slues getchya prabhavi operationvar avalambun hote.
adhikrut karkird.
1063 madhye shhein kuone shahee pariksha yashasviritya uttirn kelya, jee katheen rashtriy staravaril manak pariksha hotee jee pratyek uchch adhikaonyala sarkari vyavasthet pravesh karnyasathi uttirn hone aavashyak hote. matra, tyanni keval pariksha uttirnach kelee nahee, tarr tyanna sarvottam aanee hushar vidyarthyanchya uchch shreneet sthan denyat aale. yangzou yethe seva kartana, kombadichya tejaswi aanee kartvyanishth charitryane yaa pradeshacha aarthik hetu asalelya zhang chooche (1015-1080) laksh vedhoon ghetale. shenane zangvar kayamswarupi prabhav padala, jyane kendriya nyayalayachya aarthik prashasanat nyayalayin niyuktisathi shenchi shifaras kelee. shhein akheris zangchya mulishihi lagn karel, jee tyachi dusari patni jhaali.
kendra sarkarsathi vidwan-adhikari mhanoon tyanchya karkirdit, shhein kuo heey paschim sheeya rajvansh aanee liao rajvansh yanche rajdoot, lashkari senapati, hydraulic worksche sanchalak aanee hanlin akadamiche pramukh kulpati dekhil hote. 1072 paryant, khagolshastra beuroche pramukh adhikari mhanoon shenchi niyukti karnyat aalee. karyalayatil tyanchya netrutva padasah, dindarshika vidnyan sudharnyachya prakalpansathi shenn jababdar hotee aanee tyane tyachya sahkanyachya wei puchya karyasah chiinii dindarshiket anek sudharana prastavit kelya. tyanchya prabhavi kaushalye aanee arthvyavastha aanee vittavishayak babinmadhil abhiruchimule, shhein yanchi kendriya nyayalayat vitt aayukt mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee.
lii ziyine lihilyanusar, huu venero (huu soochi naat, gaane rajvanshacha eka prasiddha mantri) yachyashi vivah jhalela eka manus, shhein kuo haah leecha margdarshak hota tarr shinane adhikari mhanoon kaam kele. leechya tyachya patnisathichya upnamannusar, jevha tyala tyachya ganiteey karyasathi spashtikaran havey asate tevha sheen kadhikadhi lii too hoodware prashna sodavat asey, kaaran sheen hyun venerola eka ullekhaneey mahila ganitatadnya manaychi. shinane shoke vyakt kelah "tee jarr purush asatee tarr venero majhi maitreen jhaali asatee."
kendra sarkarat karyarat asatana, shhein kuo yanna itaransobat samrajyachya dhanya vyavasthechi tapasani karnyasathi, bekaydeshir curr-sankalan, nishkaljipana, aprabhavi aapatti madat aanee apure jaal-sanrakshn prakalp yaa samasyancha tapas karnyasathi dekhil pathvanyat aale hote. 1073 madhye shenchi zhejiangche pradeshik nirikshak mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee asatana, samratane vinanti kelee qee tee prasiddha kavee suu shhee (1037-1101), jeey hangzoumadhye tatkalin prashasak hote, tyanna bhet deil. shenne yaa baithakicha fayda ghet suchya kahee kavitanchi nakkal kelee, jee tyane samratala sadar kelee, jyat asey soochit kele gele qee tyat ganyachya darbaraviruddha "apmanaspad aanee dveshpurn" bhashan vyakt kele gele hote; nantar lii ding aanee shhu danne yanni suu viruddha nyayalayin khatala dakhal karnyasathi yaa kavitanche rajkaran kele. (1079chee kavyachi gachchivaril kavita chachani) tyachya nishtha aanee kshamatechya pratyakshikansah, shhein kuola samrat shenzong auph song (aar. 1067-1085), jyane shenn kuovar khoop vishvas thewala. tyala 'spasht varasdarasathi sahchar' dekhil banavanyat aale hote (<unk> <unk>; 'taizi zhongyun').
darbarat shenn hii kulpati wang anshi (1021-1086) yanchi rajkiy aavadati hotee, jee sudharkanchya rajkiy gatacha neta hotee, jyala naveen dhoran gut (xin phaa) asehi mhanatat. wang anshicha shhein kuocha purvicha itihas hota, kaaran vanganech shenache vadil zau yanchyasathi antyasanskruticha upakhyan rachala hota. shhein kuone lavkarach wang ansheela prashasak aanee sarkari pratinidhi mhanoon tyachya kaushalyanni aanee kshamatanni prabhavit kele. 1072 madhye, rajdhani shaharabaheril bian kalvyat gaal sathyanchya ubharaniche sarvekshan karnyachya vangchya karyakramachya dekharekhisathi kombadila pathvanyat aale. mool tantracha vapar karoon kombadine kalvyache yashasviritya gaal kadhani kelee aanee khat mhanoon gola kelelya galanche prachand moolya dakhavun dile. 1075chya unhalyat khitan liao rajvanshacha doot mhanoon pathavalyanantar tyala darbarat aanakhi pratishtha midali. khitananni tyanchya seema dakshinekade dhakalanyasathi anek aakramak vataghati kelya hotya, tarr anek aksham geet rajdutanmadhye ferfar keela hota jyanni liao rajyachya maganya manya kelya hotya. mutsaddegirichya utkrusht pradarshanat, shhein kuo emm. tii. yethe khitan rajachya chhavanit aala. yongan (aadhunik pingkwan, hebeijaval), gaane aanee liavo rajvanshanmadhil purvi sangrahit kelelya rajnaitik vataghatichya prateensah sashastr. shhein kuone samrat daozongcha thakkas muddah nakarla, tarr yaa ganyane tyanchi yogya seema punha sthapit kelee. taee vhietchya (aadhunik uttar vhietanammadhil) lii rajvanshachya sandarbhat, shinane tyachya 'dream pool nibandhanmadhye' dakhavun dile qee too 'id1' chya sino-vhietnami yuddhachya purvasuchanamadhye pramukh kheladunshi (vhietnami bajukadoon) parichit hota. tyachya pratishthit kamgirimule, sheen wang anshichya naveen dhoran gatachya athara anadhikrut mukhya rajkiy nishthavantanchya abhijat vartulachi vishvasarh sadasya bunley.
jaree wang anshichya bahutek sudharana naveen dhorananmadhye rajya vitt, bhukar sudharana aanee shahee parikshanvar kendrit asalya taree lashkari chinta dekhil hotya. yamadhye daha laakh sainikanna kayam thevanyacha kharch qamee karnyasathi sainya vadhavane, 1076 madhye meethpetar aanee gandhak utpadan aanee vitarnavar sarkari maktedari thevane (daruchya gulachya upayancha shatrunchya haatee haat jaanar nahee yachee khatri karnyasathi) aanee paschim zia aanee liavo rajvanshachya ganyachya uttarekadil pratispardhyanprati aakramak lashkari dhoran yancha samavesh hota. song rajvanshachya lashkari dalanni paschim ziachya tangut viruddha vijayi pradeshik laabh midvalyanantar kahee varshanni, 1080 madhye shhein kuo yanna yanzou (aadhunik kalatil yanan, shanxi prant) chya sanrakshanasathi lashkari adhikari mhanoon sopavanyat aale. 1081chya sharad rututil mahinyant, paschim ziyachi anek tatbandi asaleli shahare tabyat ghetana, kombadi song rajvanshachya pradeshache rakshan karnyat yashasvi jhaali. yaa ladhayanmadhil gunvattesathi samrat shenzongne shenkade anek padavya dilya aanee shenkade lashkari moheem suru asalelya sola mahinyant tyala samratakadun 273 patre midali. tathapi, samrat shenzongne eka ahankari lashkari adhikaonyavar vishvas thewala jyane samrat aanee kombadichya mokyachya killyanchya prastavachi aadnya modali, tyaeivaji kombadila nirupayogi mokyachya thikananna balkati dilee. shivay, yaa adhikaone mukhya killyavaril aaplya pramukh padavarun kombadichi hakalpatti kelee, jenekarun tyala vijayachi konatihi shakyata nakarta yeil. yacha parinam jawaljawal vinashkari hota, kaaran ahankari adhikadhyachya sainyacha naash jhaala hota; zinzong yao mhanato qee mrutanchi sankhya 60,000 hotee. tathapi, kombadi tyachya killyanche aanee yanzoula jaananya ekmev sambhavya tangut aakraman margache rakshan karnyat yashasvi jhaali.
mahabhiyog aanee nantarche jeevan.
naveen kulpati kaee kyu (; 1036-1093) yanni aapatti aanee jivitahanisathi kombadila jababdar dharale. sheen kuo jyaa pradeshasathi ladhala hota too pradesh sodoon denyabarobarach, kaine sheenla tyachya padachya aasanavarun hakaloon dile. rajya prashasana aanee lashkaratil tyanchi ekekalichi pratishthit karkird gamavalyamule shenche jeevan aata kayamche badalale hote. tyanantar kombadila pudhil sahaa varshansathi eka nishchit nivassthani prabeshankhali thevanyat aale. matra, teey prashasanapasun alipta asalyamule tyanni shaicha brush uchalanyacha aanee sakhol vidvattapoorn abhyasasathi swatahla samarpit karnyacha nirnay ghetala. rajya-prayojit karyakramasathi done bhaugolik attleses purn kelyanantar, kombadila tyachya probationchi shiksha uthavun, tyala tyachya pasantichya thikani rahanyachi parvanagi deuun, tyala bakshis denyat aale. kombadivar aarop karnyat aalelya konatyahi purvichya doshansathi kinwa gunhyansathi nyayalayakadun teela mafihi denyat aalee hotee.
darbaratil kamatoon kadhoon takalelya tyachya adhik nishkriy varshanmadhye, shhein kuone chiinii abhijat aanee saksharanchya karamanukicha anand lutala, jeey itaransathi tyachi bauddhik patali aanee sanskrutik aavad darshavitat. tyachya 'dream pool nibandhanmadhye' varnan kelyapramane, shhein kuone 'nauu pahunyanchya' (jiuk) sangaticha anand lutala, chiinii zitharsathi bhashanachi eka aakruti, vekicha juna 17x17 ola prakar (jyala aaj goo mhanoon olakhale jaate), zena bauddha dhyan, shaee (sulekhan aanee chitrakala), chaha pine, rasvidhyeche sevan, kavita japane, sambhashan aanee daroo pine. heey nauu upkram chiinii vidvanachya junya tathakathit chaar kalancha vistar hote.
1119 chya jhu yuchya 'pingzou table toxes' (; 'pingzou ketan') yaa pustakanusar, shhein kuoche done vivah jhaale hote; dusari patni huananahun aalelya zhang choochi () mulgi hotee. lady zhang atishay sahansheel aanee ugra asalyache mhatale jaate, anekada shann kuola shivigal kareet asey, agadi ekekali tyachi dadhi kadhanyacha prayatnahi karat asey. shhein kuochi mule anekada hyamule naraj asayachi aanee hii vaganuk sodanyasathi lady zangla pranipat karayachi. asey asoonahi, lady zangne shhein kuochya mulala tyachya pahilya lagnatoon baher kadhanyasathi, tyala gharatoon baher kadhanyaitake door gele. tathapi, lady zangchya mrutyunantar, shhein kuo eka khol dareet padali aanee tyane swatahla budun ghenyasathi yangtze nadeet udee marnyacha prayatnahi keela. aatmahatyecha haah prayatna jaree ayashasvi jhaala asala taree eka varshanantar tyacha mrutyu hoil.
1070 chya dashakat, kombadine aadhunik kalatil zenziang, jiangsu prantachya bahereel bhagat eka bhavya baag malmatta kharedi kelee hotee, jeey eka mahan saundaryache thikan hote jyala tyane 1086 madhye pahilyanda bhet dilyanantar tyala 'dream brook' ('menguxy') asey naav dile. shhein kuo 1088 madhye kayamswarupi dream brook estatemadhye rahayala gela aanee tyach varshi tyane tyachya 'dream pool nibandh' yaa pustakache naav tyachya baag-malmatta malmattevar thevun tyache jeevan likhit kaam purn kele. 1095 madhye tyachya mrutyuparyant, shhein kuone tyachya aayushyachi shevatchi anek varshe vishranti, vilgikaran aanee aajarpanat ghalavali.
vidvattapoorn kamgiri.
shhein kuone vividh vishayanvar vistrut lekhan kele. tyanchya likhit karyat done bhaugolik atlus, ganiteey susangatata, sarkari prashasana, ganiteey khagolshastra, khagolshastriy vadye, marshal sanrakshanatmak davpech aanee kille, chitrakala, chaha, aushadh aanee anek kavitansah sangitavaril eka grunth samavisht hota. joseph nidham aanee nathan sivin yansarkhya synologistsney tyanchya vaidnyanik lekhanache kautuk kele aahe aanee sivinane tyanchi tulana tyanchya gayan rajvanshachya chiinii samkalin suu geet, tasech goatfried leibniz aanee mikhail lomonosov yansarkhya bahushrutanshi kelee aahe.
uthavalela-dilasa nakasha.
joseph needham suchavatat qee hahn rajvanshachya (ii. sha. puu. 202-ii. sha. puu. 220) matichya bhandyanchya kahee bhandyanmadhye krutrim parvat jhakan mhanoon darshavilyane chinmadhil unchavalelya-aaram nakashyachya vikasavar parinam jhaala asava. hahn rajvanshacha senapati maa yuan (ii. sha. puu. 14-ii. sha. 49) yane ii. sha. 32 chya tandalachya nirmit namunyat dyaa aanee parvatancha unchavalela dilasa nakasha tayar kelyache nondavale aahe. shhein kuochya sarvat mothya etalasmadhye chean aanee paradeshi pradeshanche tevis nakashe samavisht hote jeey 1:900,000 chya eksaman pramanat rekhatale gele hote. kombadine bhusa, lakud, menn aanee gavhachi pest vaparoon eka unch-aaram nakasha dekhil tayar keela. jhu zee (1130-1200) haah huang shangchya unchavalelya-aaram nakashapasun prerit hota aanee mhanoon tyane lakud aanee chikanmatipasun banavalela swatacha portable nakasha tayar keela joou aath tokanchya tukadyanpasun dumdu shakat hota.
aushadhashastra.
aushadhashastrasathi, kombadine purese nidan aanee upchar tasech aushadhanchi yogya nivad, tayari aanee prashasana yanchya adchanimbaddal lihile. vividh prakarchya aushadhi vanaspatinchi olakh, vapar aanee lagvaditil tapasheel aanee bhashashastriy achukatebaddal tyanni khoop kalji ghetali, jase qee konatya mahinyat aushadhi vanaspati gola karavyat, tyanchi achook pikanyachi vel, upcharansathi konate bhag vaparave; paliv vanaspatinsathi tyanni lagwad vel, garbhadhan aanee falotpadanachya itar babimbaddal lihile. vanaspatishastra, pranishastra aanee khanijashastra yaa kshetrat, shhein kuone chinmadhye aadhalanaya shekado vegvegalya vanaspati, krishi pike, durmil vanaspati, prani aanee khanijanche dastaivajikaran aanee paddhatshir varnan kele. udaharanarth, kombadine nondavale qee khanij orpimentcha vapar kagdavaril lekhanachya chuka lavkar mitavanyasathi keela jaat asey.
sivil engineering.
chinmadhye drydock pahilyanda vaparla gela tyaa tarkhesathi shhein kuoche lekhan haah ekmev srot aahe. shhein kuo yanni lihile qee zee-ingchya karkirdit (1068-1077), darbari adhikari huang huaxin yanni 60 meater (200 phoot) lamb bhavya naukanchya durustisathi eka yojana tayar kelee jee eka shatak junie hotee; moolatah, huang huaxin yanni panyatoon boaty nilambit karnyasathi pahila chiinii drydock tayar keela. tyanantar yaa boaty hawaman badalapasoon vachavanyasathi chhapparane jhakalelya godichya godamat thevanyat aalya. shenne naveen shodhachya parinamkaraktebaddal dekhil lihile (i.eae. kalvyanmadhye vaparlya jaananya junya flash lockchya rachanechi jaaga ghenyasathi 10vya shatkatil abhiyanta kiao veyo yanni) pound lockcha vapar keela. tyane lihile qee yamule pachshe varshik majuranche kaam, rokh rakmechya taranparyantcha varshik kharch vachala aanee 21 tunn/21000 kilochya sthanbaddh botichya aakarachi maryada 113 tunn/115000 kiloparyant vadhavali.
jarr teey shhein kuochya vishleshanasathi aanee tyachya 'dream pool nibandhanmadhye' vastuvisharad yuu haao (fl. 970), nantarche kaam itihasat haravale asate. tumhi eka prasiddha lakadi pagodachi rachana kelee jee 1044 madhye jaloon khaq jhaali aanee 1049 madhye tyachya jaagi tyach unchichya vitanchya pagodane ('lokhandi pagoda') badalale, parantu tyachya rachaneche nahee. kombadichya uddharanavarun-kinwa kadachit kombadichya yu havchya 'lakudkam niyamavali' chya swatachya bhashantaratun ('mujing')-asey disun yete qee 10 vya shatkat aadhich ekkachya pramananchi shrenibaddha pranali hotee, eka pranali jee kombadi mhanate qee tyachya kalat adhik achook jhaali hotee parantu asey namood karate qee konihi kadachit asha dhvanikaryachi punarutpadan karoo shakat nahee. tathapi, 1103 chya vidwan-adhikrut lii jee (1065-1110), 'architectural paddhatinvaril grunth' (<unk> <unk>; 'yingzao fashi') yanchya vyapak likhit karyat moort swarupit asalelya ekak pramananchya adhik jatil aanee paripakv pranalichi tyanni apeksha kelee nahee. class ruittenbeak mhanato qee shenne uddhrut kelelya 'wooderwork manual' chee aavrutti bahudha shenche yoochya kamacha saransh kinwa yuu havne mool kelelya dooshit parichhedachi aahe, jase shhein lihitatah "kahinchya matey, heey kaam yuu havne lihile hote."
shareer rachnashastra.
chiinii lokanni byanch kalapasoon manvi sharirachi tapasani karnyat rus ghetala hota. udaharanarth, ii. sha. 16 madhye, sheen rajgharanyane hadapana wang mangane, aajaranvar upchar shodhanyasathi, tyachya dhamani aanee vhiserachi tapasani karnyasathi, eka fashi dilelya manasache vichhedan karnyache aavahan kele. kombadine manvi sharirshastratahi rus ghetala, ghashat teen zadap asatat yaa dirghkalapasun chalalelya chiinii siddhantala door karat lihile, "jevha drav aanee ghan ekatra aatmasat kele jaatat, tevha aekhadyachya tondat teey swatahla done ghashachya vahinyanmadhye kase vibhagatat?"kombadine asey mhatale qee swarayantra hii sampoorn shariramadhye havetoon mahattvapoorn" "qee" "vitarit karananya pranalichi suruvat hotee aanee annanalika hii eka sadhee nalee hotee jee ann potat takte". kombadichya tarkanantar aanee 1045 madhye fashi dilelya darodekhoranchya vichhedan nishkarshanmadhye sudharana kelyanantar, 12 vya shatkachya suruvatichya chiinii sharirik vichchhedanane shevati kombadichya done ghashachya zadpanvaril vishvasala samarthan dile, teen nahee. tasech, nantarche geet rajvansh nyayadhish aanee suruvatiche nyayvaidhyak tadnya geet see. aay. (1186-1249) heey tyanchya "anyayachya durust kelelya gola kelelya prakarananmadhye" lihilyanusar, hatyechya prakarananche nirakaran karnyasathi shavavichedanachya vaparas protsahan deteel.
ganeet.
ganitachya vyapak kshetrat, shhein kuone anek vyavharik ganiteey samasyanvar prabhutva midavale, jyat bhoomiti, vartul packing aanee trikonamiticha vapar karananya swarmel aanee kamani samasyansathi anek jatil sutre samavisht aahet. kombadine khoop mothya sankhyanmadhye lihinyachya samasyankade laksh dile, (104) 43. kombadichya "lahan vadhichya tantrane" samaan farak malikecha samavesh asalelya samasyanchya packingsathi chiinii ganitacha paya rachala. saal restivo lihito qee kombadine aayatakruti pyramidchya frastamsarkhya aakarachya jaaget tharanmadhye gola karata yeu shakananya kegschee sankhya nishchit karnyasathi uchch malikechya yogacha vapar keela. tyachya 'vartulanna chhedanyache tantra' yaa sutramadhye, tyane vartulachya kamanicha andaje vyas "d", "sagitta" v "aanee kamanila adheen karananya taar" c "chee lambi dilee, jyachi lambi tyane" s "=" c "+ 2v2/d ashee andajit kelee. restivo lihito qee vartulanchya kamanichya lambitil kombadichya karyane 13 vya shatkat guo shoujing (1231-1316) yanni vikasit kelelya golakar trikonamiticha aadhar pradan keela. tyanni mojani falkavar vaparlya jaanarya algoridam prakriyetil shortcutchi ruparesha tayar karoon mojani rodd tantra dekhil sope kele, hii kalpana ganitshastradnya yang hui (1238-1298) yanni vistarli. vijete jeey. katz thampane sangato qee kombadichi '9 neey bhagane, 1 neey vadhavane; 8 neey bhagane, 2 neey vadhane' hii paddhat, '9,1, talashi jode 1; 9,2, talashi jode 2' yaa punaravrutti jodanichya kavita yojana paddhatichi thet agradoot hotee.
shenne rajyachya khajinyasathi kaam kartana jeey kahee shikale tyabaddal vistratpane lihile, jyat jameen karachi ganana, aavashyaktancha andaj, chalan samasya, mapanshastra ityadinmule udbhavalelya ganiteey samasyancha samavesh aahe. kombadine ekada lashkari dhoranat yuddh rachnesathi aavashyak asalelya bhupradeshachya jaagechi ganana kelee aanee itar sainikansathi swatache ann aanee ann aanananya manvi vahakanchya maryada lakshat gheuun shakya titkya dirghkalaparyantchya lashkari mohimechi ganana kelee. shenne purvichya yee jing (672-717) yaa bauddha bhikshubaddal lihile, jyane panyane chalana aakashiy bhukhandavar lavkar palayan karanyachi yantrana lagoo kelee. ganiteey kramparivartan vaparoon, kombadine 'goo' board gemvar yee jingchya sambhavya sthananchya gananeche varnan kele. kombadine paach ranga aanee panchvis khelanchya tukadyancha vapar karoon yasathi ekoon sankhya mojali, jyamule 847,288,609,443 hii sankhya midali.
prakashshastra.
pracheen chiinii mohistanni ii. sha. puu. 4thya shatkat kelyapramane, shhein kuone pinhole camera aanee jalatya aarshasah prayog keela, kaaran chinchya yuddharat rajyanchya kalatil mosey heey kadachit camera obscurachya sankalpaneche varnan karnare pahile hote, jaree tyanche greek samkalin aristotal nasale taree. iraqi muslim shastradnya ibn all-hetham (965-1039) yane camera obscuracha aanakhi prayog keela aanee jyamiteey aanee parimanatmak gunadharmanche shrey denare teey pahile hote, parantu kendrabindu, jalanara bindu aanee pinhole yaa teen vegvegalya kiranotsargachya ghatanancha sambandh nondvinari shenn hii pahili hotee. yogya roopak vaparoon, kombadine optical pratima vyutkramanachi tulana oerlock aanee kambar asalelya drumshey kelee. kendrabindusaha, tyanni asehi namood kele qee avtal aarshatil pratima ulat aahe. cameiacha obscura vaparoon prayog karnari pahili vyakti aapan asalyache kadhihi thampane naan sanganari shhein, tyachya likhanat asey sanket dete qee camera obscurachi hatalani, duan chengshi (aaa. 863) tang rajvanshachya kalat (618-907), samudrakinanyavaril chiinii pagodachya ulatya pratimechya sandarbhat. 12vya teey 17vya shatkatil chiinii lekhak shhein kuo yanni kelelya prakashshastriy nirikshananvar charcha kartil parantu tyanna pudhe nenar naheet, tarr leonardo daa vincy (1452-1519) heey europemadhil pahile asey lekhak asateel jyanni camera obscuramadhil kendrabindu aanee pinholbaddal asech nirikshan kele.
chumbakeey suee kampas.
abhiyanta aanee shodhak maa juuna (see. 200-265), chiinii lokanni dakshin-nirdeshit ruth, joou chumbakatva vaparat navhata, too dishabhul mhanoon vaparla hota. 1044 madhye 'sarvat mahattvachya lashkari tantrancha sangrah' (; 'wujing zongyao') nondavale qee, mashanchya aakarachya vastoo, lohpatrakatun kapalya gelya, thermormanensdware chumbakeey kelya gelya (moolatah, kamkuvat chumbakeey shakti nirman karananya garam karane) aanee eka petine vedhalelya panyane bharalelya vadgyat thevalelya, dakshin-nirdeshit rathachya bajula dishatmak marg shodhanyasathi vaparlya gelya.
tathapi, yanmargasathi sarvat suruvatichya chumbakeey dishabhulincha vapar keela jaeel, heey shhein kuochya kalaparyant navhate. tyachya likhit karyat, shhein kuone chumbakeey kampas-suee aanee khyan uttarachya sankalpanecha pahila dnyat spasht sandarbh deela. tyanni lihile qee steelchya suya ekada lodestone cholalya qee tyanche chumbakiyakaran kele jaate aanee tyaa tarangatya sthiteet kinwa aarohananmadhye thevalya jaatat; tyanni nilambit hokayantra vaparnyasathi sarvottam swaroop asalyache varnan kele aanee namood kele qee hokayantranchi chumbakeey suee ektar dakshin kinwa uttar dishene nirdesh karate. shhein kuo yanni thampane sangitale qee suee dakshinekade nirdesh karel parantu vichalanasah, asey mhanat qee "[chumbakeey suya] nehmi dakshinekade nirdeshit karnyaivaji kinchit purvekade visthapit hotat."
shhein kuone lihile qee junya aath hokayantra mukhya bindunaivaji chovis-bindu gulab vaparane shreyaskar hote-aanee pahile kombadichya mrutyunantar lagechach nauvahanasathi vaparale gele hote. chovis-bindu-gulab hokayantrasathi vaparnyache pradhanya kombadichya adhik achook khagolshastriy meridianchya shodhatoon udbhavale asave, jeey dhruv taara aanee khyan uttaratil tyachya mojamapandware nirdharit kele jaate; tathapi, teey bhoomansik shraddha aanee paddhatinni dekhil prerit houu shakale asate. 1119 madhye prakashit jhalele (1111 teey 1117 paryant lihilele) lekhak jhu yuu yanche pustak, 'pingzou table toxes', heey sagari nauvahanasathi hokayantrachya vaparachi pahili nond hotee. tathapi, jhu yoochya pustakat 1086 salchya ghatananche varnan kele aahe, jevha shhein kuo 'dream pool nibandh' lihit hota; yacha arth assa qee shenachya kalat hokayantra aadhich naukanayan vaparat asoo shakate. konatyahi paristhitit, chinkadoon samudraparyatanasathi hokayantracha sarvat aadhi vapar samajoon ghenyasathi, chumbakeey hokayantranvaril shhein kuoche lekhan amoolya tharale aahe.
puratatva.
shhein kuochya anek samkalinanna junya kalakrutinchya sankalanachya puratan prayatnanmadhye rus hota. jaree shann kuo yanna puratatvashastrat rus qaa hota yapeksha vegalya karananmule tyanna puratatviy karyat dekhil rus hota. kombadichya sushikshit confucian samkalinanna vidhimadhye tyancha vapar punarujjivit karnyasathi pracheen avashesh aanee puratan vastoo midvanyat rus hota, parantu anubhavjanya puravyanchya aadhare, puratatviy shodhanmadhun vastoo mulat kasha tayar kelya jaat hotya aanee tyanchi karyakshamta kaay asatee yabaddal kombadi adhik chintit hotee. shhein kuone tyachya kalatil lokanvar teeka kelee jyanni puratatviy utkhanane kinwa shodhanmadhun sapadalelya moort puravyancha navhe tarr keval tyanchya kalpanecha vapar karoon pracheen vidhee vastunchi punarbandhani kelee. yaa vastoo "hrushinchi" kinwa pracheen kalatil kuleen vargachi utpadane aahet yaa itaranchya kalpanecha dekhil shenne tiraskar keela, aanee vastunche utpadan aanee utpadanache shrey samanya kamgar lokanna aanee mageel kalatil karagiranna dile. kahee lekhak lihitat qee shhein kuo yanni "puratatvashastrasathi aantarshakhiy drushtikonachya vaparache samarthan kele aanee pracheen upayanchya abhyasat dhatushastra, prakashshastra aanee bhoomitimadhil tyanchya karyadvare asha drushtikonacha swatah sarav keela."
khagolshastra vibhagat kaam kartana, puratatva aanee junya avasheshanmadhil shhein kuochya swarsyamule tyala vidyaman pratimanmadhun tasech atirikt mahitee pradan karoo shakananya pracheen granthanmadhun shastragar kshetrachi punarrachana karnyas pravrutt kele. kombadine tyache prakashshastra prayog kartana pracheen aarshancha vapar keela. tyanni pracheen shastrastranche nirikshan kele, jyat pracheen crossbover scale keleli drushti upkarane aanee sammishra blade asalelya talvarichya pracheen utpadananche varnan kele gele, jyat uchch-carbon steelchya done tikshna kadaa asatana, lokhandi aanee qamee-carbon steelcha madhyabhag hota. eka jaankar sangitkar asalyane, kombadine pokal hatoda vaparoon pracheen ghanta latkavanyachi soochana kelee. pracheen zuvei thadgyatil koreev koreev kamanchya tyachya mulyankanat, shenane mhatale aahe qee koreev kamanmadhye hahn rajvanshachya kalatil assal kapade disun yetat.
jiangsu yetheel haicho yetheel gharachya bagetoon eka pracheen crossbo upkaran shodhun kadhalyanantar, kombadila aadhalale qee, eka lamb parvatachi unchi mojanyasathi, jyaa prakare ganitshastradnya unchi mojanyasathi ujavya konache trikon lavu shakat hote, tyach prakare, tyaa bhagavarchya shrenibaddha mojmapanmadhye chinhankit kelele cross-wire grid pahanyache upkaran vaparale jaau shakate. 1321 madhye siddha jyoo ganitshastradnya levy baine gerson (1288-1344) yanni yabaddal lihinyaparyant, jyache varnan anyatra kele gele navhate, asey jekabcha karmchari mhanoon olakhale jaanare sarvekshan upkaran shenne shodhale hote, assa dawa needham karato. shenne lihile qee sampoorn donger pahatana, vadyavarche antar lamb hote, parantu dongarachya bajucha eka chhotasa bhag pahatana, upkarananchya cross pisamule antar qamee hote, jyala nirikshakachya dolhyapasun aanakhi door dhakalave lagale, jyachya pudhchya tokapasoon padvidan suru hote. tyane lihile qee jarr konee tyaa upkarnavar baana thewala aanee tyachya tokapasoon pudhe pahile tarr parvatachi patali mojali jaau shakate aanee asha prakare tyachi unchi mojali jaau shakate.
bhoogarbhshastra.
pracheen greek aristotal (ii. sha. puu. 384-ii. sha. puu. 322) yane tyachya havamanshastrat pruthvimadhye bhautik badalachi kshamata kashee hotee yabaddal lihile aahe, jyat eka velee serve nadya aanee samudra jethe hote tethe astitvat navhate aanee korade hote yaa vishvasasah. greek lekhak zenophanes (ii. sha. puu. 570-ii. sha. puu. 480) yanni antardeshiy sagari jivashma heey kase purave hote yacha purava deela qee prachand niyatkalik puramule manavjaticha bhootkalat anek vela naash jhaala hota, parantu jaminichi nirmiti kinwa samudrakinare badalnyabaddal kadhihi lihile nahee. du yuu (222-285) haah chiinii jiin rajvanshacha adhikari, asey manat hota qee tekadyanchi jameen akheris dyanmadhye samtal kelee jaeel aanee dyaa haloohaloo unch houn tekadya tayar hotil. daoist rasashastradnya jeey hang (284-364) yanni pauranik amar magubaddal lihile; jeey yanchya likhit sanvadat, ekekali purv samudra kassa hota (i.eae. purv chean samudra) ghan jamineet rupantarit jhaala hota jithe tutichi zaade vadhali hotee aanee eka divas donger aanee koradya, dhoolyukt jamininni bharaleli hotee. nantarche pertian muslim vidwan aboo rehan all-biruni (973-1048) yanni nadyanchya mukhavar khadakanchya nirmitiche nirikshan kartana bharat ekekali bharatiy mahasagarane jhakalela hota asey gruheet dharale.
shann kuo yannich purava mhanoon anek nirikshananvar aadharit jameen nirmitichya prakriyebaddal (bhoo-aakrutishastra) eka gruhitak tayar kele. yaat samudrapasun shekado mailanvar asalelya parvatachya bhoogarbhiy staravaril jivashma kavachanche nirikshan samavisht hote. teey mhanale qee, taihang parvat aanee venzoujavalachya yandang parvatachi vichitra naisargik dhoop pahilyanantar, parvatanchi dhoop, unchavane aanee gaal sachalyane jaminicha aakar badalala aanee tee tayar jhaali. tyanni asey gruheet dharale qee gaal vahoon gelyane khandachi jameen prachand kalavadhit tayar jhaali asavi. 1074 madhye taihang parvatanna bhet detana, shhein kuone mothya pattyasarkhya kadyavarun aadvya dishene jaananya pattyamadhye dvibhajak kavach aanee andakar khadakanche star pahile. shinane prastavit kele qee haah khadak ekekali eka pracheen samudrakinanyache sthan hota joou tyachya kalaparyant shekado mail purvekade sarkala hota. shinane lihile qee zipingchya rajvatichya kalat (1064-1067) zezouchya eka mansane tyachya baget saap kinwa dragonsarkhi disanari eka vastoo shodhun kadhali aanee tyachi tapasani kelyanantar, mrut prani varvar pahata 'dagad' madhye badalala hota assa nishkarsh kadhala. jinchengche dandadhikari zheng boshun yannihi yaa pranyachi tapasani kelee aanee itar sagari pranyanvar disana samaan aakarachya khuna nondavalya. shhein kuone yachee tulana chinmadhye aadhalanaya 'dagadi khekadyanshi' kelee.
shenne asehi lihile qee, jethe teey kadhihi ugavale jaat naheet asha hawaman kshetrat petrified bamboo bhoomigat aadhalalyamule tethil hawaman kalantarane bhaugolikdrushtya badalale asave. sunn 1080 chya sumaras, shhein kuo yanni nondavale qee yanzou (aadhunik yaan 'aana) jawalil eka mothya nadichya kathavaril bhuskhalanamule ekada kinara kosalalyanantar jaminikhali anek dazanbhar phoot mokali jaaga ughad jhaali hotee. yaa bhoomigat jaaget shekado petrified bamboo hote, jyanchi mule aanee khod ajunahi abadhit aahet, shhein kuo yanni lihilyanusar "serve dagadat badalale". uttar chinmadhil yanzou yethe bamboo vadhat naheet aanee aadhichya rajvanshachya konatya kalat bamboo vadhale asavet heey tyala gondhalat takanare hote, asey shhein kuo yanni namood kele. olsar aanee udas sakhal jaaga bambuchya vadhisathi yogya paristhiti pradan karatat heey lakshat gheta, yanzouche hawaman agadi pracheen kalatil tyaa varnanashi julale asave assa andaj shenne lavala. jaree yamule tyachya anek vachakanna utsukata lagali asatee, taree madhyayugeen chinmadhil paleoclimatologycha abhyas eka sthapit shakha mhanoon vikasit jhaala nahee.
rajvanshache tatvadnyani jhu zee (1130-1200) yanni jivashmanchya yaa vichitra naisargik ghatanebaddal dekhil lihile. tyane shhein kuochi kaame vachali hotee asey olakhale jaate. kombadine kelelya matichi dhoop aanee havamanvishayak varnanat georgious agricolache varnan tyachya 1546 chya 'dii veterbus ett novis metalys' yaa pustakat kele aahe. shivay, kombadicha gaal jamaa honyacha siddhant james huttonchya purvicha aahe, jyache abhootpurv karya 1802 madhye prakashit jhaale (aadhunik bhoogarbhashastracha paya manale jaate). itihaskar joseph nidham yanni kombadichya vruttantanchi tulana scottish shastradnya rodrick merchison (1792-1871) yachyashi kelee, jyala eka aakasmik bhuskhalanache nirikshan kelyanantar bhuvaidnyanik bananyachi prerana midali.
havamanshastra.
aata havamanshastra mhanoon olakhalya jaananya goshtinshi sambandhit prarambhik andaj aanee gruhitkanchi chinmadhye shhein kuochya aadhi eka dirgh parampara hotee. udaharanarth, hahn rajvanshacha vidwan wang chong (27-97) yane jalchakrachya prakriyeche achook varnan kele. tathapi, kombadine kahee nirikshane kelee jee chiinii sahityat anyatra aadhalali naheet. udaharanarth, 20 vya shatkachya pahilya dashakat chinmadhye tyanche nirikshan hoiparyant keval paschim golardhat astitvat asalyache manale jaanare chakrivadal varnan karnari kombadi hii purv aashiyatil pahili hotee.
kombadine tark deela (purvi sunn sicong, 1015-1076 neey prastavit kele hote) qee indradhanushya heey pavasat suryachya savalit tayar hote, jevha surya tyavar chamkel tevha teey ghadate. paul dong lihitat qee vatavaraniy apavartan hii eka ghatana mhanoon indradhanushyache shenche spashtikaran mulat aadhunik vaidnyanik tattvanshi susangat aahe."europemadhye, rogger bekan (1214-1294) heey asey suchavnare pahile hote qee indradhanushyache rung pavasachya thembandware suryaprakashache pratibimb aanee apavartan yamule jhaale hote.
shenne asey gruheet dharale qee suryaprakashachi kirane pruthvichya prushthbhagavar pohochanyapurvich apavartit hotat, mhanoon surya nirikshan karnare pruthvivaril lock tyala tyachya achook sthiteet pahat naheet, dusya shabdant, spasht suryachi unchi suryachya vastavik unchipeksha jaast aahe. dong lihito qee "tyaa velee, haah shodh ullekhaniyapane mool hota."ibn all-heathmane tyachya" "prakashshastrachya pustakat" "(1021), sandhyelachya sandarbhat vatavaraniy apavartanavar dekhil charcha kelee aahe".
khagolshastra aanee upkarane.
khagolshastra vibhagache pramukh adhikari mhanoon, shhein kuo madhyayugeen khagolshastrache utsuk vidwan hote aanee tyanni anek khagolshastriy upkarananchya rachana sudharlya. nomon, armillery goal aanee clepsidra ghadyalanchi sudharit rachana karnyache shrey kombadila dile jaate. clepsidra sathee tyane eka naveen atipravah-takichi rachana kelee aanee veleche mapan calibrate karnyasathi rekheey prakshepan karnyaivaji adhik karyaksham uchch-kram prakshepanasathi yuktivad keela. khagolshastriy drushtinalichya 5vya shatkatil pratimanat sudharana karoon, shhein kuone tyacha vyas vadhavala jenekarun naveen calibration dhruv taache anishchit kalasathi nirikshan karoo shakel. 5 vya shatkat jhu gengchya kalapasoon dhruv taachee sthitee badalat asalyamule heey ghadale, mhanoon shhein kuo yanni teen mahine dhruv taayachya margache parishrampurvak nirikshan kele, tyachya margachya mahiticha aarakhada tayar keela aanee nishkarsh kadhala qee too teen anshanpeksha kinchit jaast badalala hota. yaa khagolshastriy shodhancha tyaa velee chinmadhil bauddhik samudayavar parinam jhaala hota. shenche rajkiy pratispardhi aanee samkalin khagolshastradnya suu song yannihi tyachya aakashiy etalasachya chauthya taayachya nakashamadhye, shenche dhruv taache (tian shuchya madhomadh, − 350 anshanvar aanee sadhyachya dhruviy) sudharit sthan dakhavale.
suryagrahanachi aanee chandragrahanachi khagolshastriy ghatana ii. sha. puu. 4thya shatkat khagolshastradnya ganne dii aanee shhee shhein yanni pahili hotee; nantarchya khagolshastradnyanni chandrachya suryachya sapeksh sthitichya aadhare grahanancha andaj lavnyababat soochana dilya. tatvadnyani wang chong yane ii. sha. puu. 1lya shatkatil jing fangchya likhanachya 'vikiran prabhav' siddhantachya aanee zhang hengchya (78-139) siddhantaviruddha yuktivad keela; nantarchya doghanni yogya prakare gruhit dharale qee chandrachi chamak keval suryapasoon paravartit honara prakash aahe. jing fangney ii. sha. puu. 1lya shatkat lihile hote qee chinmadhye surya aanee chandra golakar aakarache ('crossbo bulletsarkhe') aahet, sapat naheet heey byanch kalapasoon kase manya kele gele hote. shhein kuone dekhil asha prakare surya aanee chandragrahanambaddal lihile, tarihi khagoliy vastoo golakar qaa hotya heey spasht karnyasathi yacha vistar keela, jeey khagoliy vastunsathichya 'sapat pruthvi' siddhantachya virodhat hote. tathapi, shhein kuone goal pruthvichya siddhantache samarthan kele asey soochit karnyasathi konatahi purava nahee, joou 17 vya shatkat mattio ritchie aanee jhu gwangki yanni chiinii vidnyanat sadar keela hota. jevha khagolshastriy vedhshalechya sanchalkane shhein kuola vicharale qee surya aanee chandrache aakar golasarkhe goal aahet qee pankhyansarkhe sapat aahet, tevha shhein kuo yanni spasht kele qee chandra vadhanyachya aanee qamee honyachya dnyanamule aakashiy vastoo golakar aahet. zhang hengne mhatalyapramane, shhein kuo yanni chandrachi tulana chandichya eka chendushi kelee, joou prakash nirman karat nahee, parantu dusya strotakadun (surya) pradan kelyas prakash paravartit karato. tyane spasht kele qee jevha sooryacha prakash tirkas asato, tevha chandra purn disato. tyanantar tyane spasht kele qee jarr konee konatyahi prakarcha gola pandhya choornane jhakala tarr aanee nantar bajoone pahile tarr too ardhchandrakar disel, mhanoon tyane assa tark keela qee aakashiy vastoo golakar aahet. tyanni asehi lihile qee, jaree surya aanee chandra mahinyatoon ekada ekmekanshi jodalele aanee virodhi asale, taree yacha arth assa nahee qee tyanche marg jevha bhetatil tevha pratyek velee surya grahan hoil, kaaran tyanchya kakshiy marganchya chhotya tirakasatemule.
kombadi hii pratigamikaranasaha grahanchya halchalinchya vividhateche spashtikaran denarya tyachya vishvashastriy gruhitkansathi dekhil olakhali jaate. tyachya sahkanyachya wei poochya lakshat aale qee, pratyaksh suryachya tulanet sarasari suryachi ganana karnyache june tantra chukiche aahe, kaaran nantarche gatichya vegwan tappyat tyachya pudhe hote aanee mand tappyat tyachya mage hote. kombadiche gruhitak grico-roman paramparetil upchakrachya sankalpanesarkhech hote, keval kombadine grahanchya kakshiy marganchya bajuchya vibhagachi aanee grahanchya vegachya badalanchi tulana vilochya pananchya tokavaril bindunshi kelee. johnn bii. pramanech aakashiy halchalinchya moolbhut bhautik sadrushyat. hendersonne tyache varnan kele, shinane chandrachya margacha sambandh suryaprakashachya margashi, "eka zadavar gundallelya dorkhandachya aakrutishi keela."
khagolshastra vibhagatil tyanche sahkari wei puu yanchyasobat, shhein kuo yanni paach varshanchya satatyasathi ratri teen vela khagolshastriy nirikshane nondavun grahanchya aanee chandrachya halchalinche achook nirdeshank aakhanyachi yojana aakhali. kombadichya kalatil ganyachya khagolshastradnyanni ajunahi purvichya yee jingcha chandra siddhant aanee nirdeshank kayam thewala, joou 350 varshannantar mothya trutichya sthiteet gela hota. purvichya chiinii khagolshastradnyanni avkashiy halchalinche avkashiy shabdat varnan karnyat ayashasvi tharalyabaddal shenne teeka kelee, tarihi tyanni grahanchya prerak shaktisathi kinwa itar avkashiy halchalinsathi konatehi kaaran denyacha prayatna keela nahee. shhein aanee wei yanni chandra aanee grahansathi khagolshastriy nirikshane suru kelee aanee tyanchi thikane eka ratritoon teen vela aakhali, jee salag paach varshe viola havee hotee. prasiddha yee jingche nirdeshank chukiche hote yaa tyanchya aagrahamule naraj houn, darbaratil adhikari aanee khagolshastradnyanni wei aanee shenchya karyala tivra virodh keela. samanya mansala tyanchyapeksha jaast kaushalya aahe yaa narajimule tyanni wei poochi badnamihi kelee. jevha wei aanee shhein yanni sanshayaspad chukiche siddha karnyasathi nomonecha vapar karoon sarvajanik pratyakshik kele, tevha itar mantryanni anichhene chandra aanee saur truti durust karnyas sahmati darshavali. heey yash asoonahi, tyanni akheris weey aanee shenchya grahanchya halchalinchi sarani nakarli. tyamule, keval sarvat white aanee sarvat spasht grahanchya chuka durust kelya gelya aanee anek truti shillak rahilya.
chull prakarchi chhapai.
shhein kuo yanni lihile qee kinglichya karkirdit (1041-1048), ganyachya samrat reinzongchya (1022-1063) kalat, bii sheng (990-1051) mhanoon olakhalya jaananya eka adnyat samanya aanee karagirane syremic jangam prakarchya chhapaicha shodh lavala. jaree majkuracha eka bhag tayar karnyasathi vaiyaktik varn ekatra karnyacha vapar pracheen kalapasoon hott asala, taree bii shengchi paddhatshir navkalpana tyachya kalasathi purnapane krantikari hotee. ekhadyala keval pustakachya kahee pratee chhapayachya asateel tarr hii prakriya kantalvani hotee, parantu jarr ekhadyala shekado kinwa hajaro pratee banvaychya asateel tarr hii prakriya avishvasaniyapane vegwan aanee karyaksham hotee, asey shhein kuo yanni namood kele. shhein kuochya likhanachya palikade, tathapi, bii shengchya jivanabaddal kinwa tyachya aayushyat chull prakarchya prabhavabaddal kahihi mahitee nahee. jaree bii shengchya jivanacha tapasheel kvachitach dnyat hota, taree shhein kuone lihileh
jevha bii sheng maran pavala, tevha tyachya prakarcha zara majhya anuyayanchya tabyat gela (i.eae. kombadichya putanyanpaiki eka), jyapaiki too aataparyant eka maulyavan malmatta mhanoon thewala gela aahe.
chull prakarchya chhapaicha vapar karoon uttaradhatil geet rajvanshachya kalat chhapalelya pustakanchi kahee udaharane astitvat aahet. yamadhye 1193 madhye chhapalelya zouu bidachya 'notes auph daad jaid holl' (hasad) chaa samavesh aahe, jyat 'dream pool nibandh' madhye namood kelelya beeck kelelya-matichya chull prakarchya varnanchi paddhat vaparali gelee aahe. kublai khancha sallagar yao shhoo (1201-1278) yane ekada eka shishya yang gu yala, jyala tyane 'chull' sheen kuo 'asey sambodhale hote, tyacha vapar karoon bhashavishayak prathamik aanee nava-confucian grunth chhapanyasathi patvoon dile. wang zena (fl. nong shhoo" chaa maulyavan krishi, vaidnyanik aanee tantrik grunth lihinanya 'id1' neey sampoorn khand tayar karnyasathi matichya bhandyansah matichya bhandyanchya prakarachi baking karnyachya paryayi paddhaticha ullekh keela aahe. wang zena yanni 1297 kinwa 1298 saalee, teey anhui prantatil jingadeche dandadhikari asatana, lakadi jangam prakaracha shodh lavoon tyacha vapar sudharla. purvichya bii shengne lakadi jangam prakarasah prayog kele hote, parantu vangche mukhya yogdan mhanje faratya tableancha vapar karananya lakadi jangam prakarachya jatil, paddhatshir vyavsthesah sadhya yantrik upkaranansah akshararachana karanyachi gatee sudharane. jaree nantarcha dhatucha jangam prakar chinmadhye vaparla gela asala, taree wang zenane tiin dhatucha jangam prakar vaparoon prayog keela, parantu tyacha vapar aksham asalyache aadhalale.
15 vya shatkaparyant, chinmadhil ming rajvanshat (aanee tyapurvi koriyamadhye, 13 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant) dhatuchi chull prakarchi chhapai vikasit jhaali aanee kiman 16 vya shatkaparyant chinmadhye tee mothya pramanat vaparali gelee. jiangsu aanee fujianmadhye, shrimant ming yugatil kutumbanni dhatuchya prakarchya chhapaicha (mukhytah kansya vaparoon) vapar prayojit keela. yamadhye 1490 saalee chiinii kansya-prakarchya jangam chhapaicha praneta asalelya hua suee (1439-1513) yanchya chhapaichya kamancha samavesh hota. 1718 saalee, king rajvanshachya madhyabhagi (1644-1912), jhu zidding mhanoon olakhalya jaananya taiaanchya vidvanane matichya bhandyanaivaji dantvaidhyakanni jangam prakar vikasit keela. zaee jinsheng (buub. 1784), jingshian, anhuiche shikshak, jyanni matichya bhandyanche jangam prakarche akshar banavanyat tees varshe ghalavali aanee 1844 paryant tyanchyakade paach aakaranchi 100,000 hoon adhik chiinii lekhan akshare hotee.
hii pragati asoonahi, 9 vya shatkatil chiinii tang rajvanshachya kalapasoon lakudbandichya chhapaicha jitka vyapak vapar purv ashiyamadhye jhaala hota, titka jangam prakarchya chhapaicha purvichya ashiyamadhye kadhihi jhaala nahee. likhit chiinii bhashemadhye, mothya pramanat likhit morphim varnanmule chull prakarachi sweekruti aanee vyavharik vaparat adthala nirman jhaala aanee tyamule mothya pramanat asantoshkarak mhanoon pahile gele. yavyatirikt, johannes gutenbergne (1398-1468) pahilyanda shodhalelya european mudranalayala akheris chinmadhye manak mhanoon purnapane sweekarle gele, tarihi purv ashiyai deshanmadhye lakudbandichya chhapaichi parampara lokpriy aahe.
vidnyan aanee tantradnyanatil itar kamgiri.
sheen kuo yanni kitkanchya sankhyevar niyantran thevana naisargik shikari kitkanchya ghatananche varnan kele, jyapaiki nantarchya kitkanmadhye chinchya krishi talavar vidhvans karanyachi kshamata hotee.
shenne dhatuvidnyanatil pragatibaddalhi lihile. 1075 madhye sizou yetheel loh utpadak jilhyala bhet detana, kombadine thund sphotakhali cast ironche punarujjivan karnyachya "aanshik decarburization" paddhatiche varnan kele, jee hartwell, nidham aanee vertime sthitee hii besemer prakriyechi purvavarti aahe. loh udyog aanee utpadan prakriyet devdar kalikh vaparnare shaee utpadak yanchya garjanmule kombadi jangaltodichi chinta karat hotee, mhanoon tyane nantarchya petroleumcha paryay suchavala, joou tyala vishvas hota qee "pruthvivar akshaypane utpadit keela jaat hota". kombadine jalalelya petroleum indhanachya dhuratil kalicha vapar keela (sheo, jyala tee mhanatat teey rock oil) eka naveen, adhik tikau prakarchi lekhan shaee shodhanyasathi; ming rajvanshache aushadhashastradnya lii shizen (1518-1593) yanni lihile qee kombadichi shaee "lakhasarkhi chamakdar aanee pinewood lamp-blackpasoon banavalelya kalikhapeksha shreshth" kinwa pinewoodpasoon tayar keleli kalikh hotee.
shraddha aanee tatvadnyan.
shhein kuo heey tatvik daoist kalpananchya bajoone hote, jyanni tyanchya kalatil anubhavjanya vidnyanachya adhikarala aavhan dile hote. anubhavjanya nirikshan aanee nond kelelya abhyasadvare barech kahee olakhale jaau shakat asale taree, vishvachi rahasye amaryad aahet, asey kahitari jeey vaidnyanik tapas keval tukadyanmadhye aanee aanshik samajane vyakt karoo shakato, asey davoezamne thampane sangitale. shhein kuo yanni aadhyatmik prakriya aanee 'aparishkrut khuna' dware prapt karata naan yenanya purvadnyanachya praptiche spashtikaran detana pracheen daovadi 'aay ching' chaa sandarbh deela, jyachi tulana tyanni ganiteey khagolshastrashi kelee. nathan sivin yanni assa prastav mandala aahe qee, "aapale naan jodalele anubhav aanee teey spasht karnyasathi aapan gruheet dharalelya ekatmak karanatmak jagamadhye spasht farak karnari kombadi hii itihasatil pahili hotee", jee biderman aanee scarfstein sthitee heey heraclitus, plato aanee democrituschya karyanmadhyehi antarbhut aahe. shencha niyati aanee purvasuchanavar thaam vishvas hota aanee tyane tyanchyamadhil sambandhanchi tarkshuddha spashtikarane kelee. kombadila nasheeb, goodh bhavishyakathan, vichitra ghatananmadhye vishesh rus hota, tarihi aayushyatil serve baabee purvaniyojit hotya yavar vishvas thevanyachya pravruttiviruddha ishara deela. eka gharala veej lagali hotee aanee serve lakadi bhinti jalalya navhatya (parantu fakt kalya jhalya) aanee aatalya lakhachya vastoo changlya hotya, tarihi dhatuchya vastoo dravat vitalalya hotya, asha ghataneche varnan kartana shhein kuo yanni lihileh
bahutek lock keval samanya jivanachya anubhavandvare goshtincha nyayniwada karoo shakatat, parantu yaa vyaptibaheril ghatana kharokharach asankhya aahet. keval samanya dnyan aanee vyaktinishth kalpanancha vapar karoon naisargik tattvanchi tapasani karane kitee asurakshit aahe.
pracheen confucian tattvadnya mensius (ii. sha. puu. 1) vareel tyachya bhashyamadhye, shinane jyala kharaa marg mahit hota tyache anusaran karnyache mahatva lihile, tarihi hriday aanee munn keval sanvedanatmak anubhavadvare satyache purn dnyan prapt karoo shakale nahee. tyachya swatachya adviteey paddhatine parantu menciuschya kalpananni prabhavit jhalelya shabdancha vapar karoon, shinane eka swayatt antargat adhikarabaddal lihile jyane naitik nivadikade aekhadyachya kalasathi aadhar tayar keela, hii sankalpana sheenchya jiwant rahnyachya aanee swavlambanadware yash midvanyachya jivanatil anubhavanshi jodaleli aahe. chiinii abhijat granthanvaril tyachya bhashyabarobarach, shhein kuone alaukik bhavishyakathan aanee bauddha dhyandharanechya vishayanvarhi vistratpane lihile.
qalaa teeka.
eka qalaa samikshak mhanoon, imaratinche aanee tyasarkhya goshtinche chitran kartana 'lahananna mothya drushtikonatun pahane' yaa tattvache palan karnyat ayashasvi tharalyabaddal shinane lii cheng (919-967) yanchya chitranvar teeka kelee. tyane dong yuaanchya kamanchi prashansa kelee (ii. 934-see. 962); tyanni namood kele qee jaree dongchya kamache jawalche drushya jaree asey mutt nirman karel qee tyachi brush tantre sarsari hotee, parantu durvaroon pahileli tyachi landscape chitre bhavya, chamakdar aanee vastavadi drushyanchi chhap deil. yavyatirikt, dongchya kalakrutinvar shenche lekhan jiangnan shailichya chitrakalecha sarvat juna dnyat sandarbh darshavate. tyachya 'chitrakalevaril gaane' aanee tyachya 'dream pool nibandhanmadhye', shinane tang chitrakar wang wei (701-761) yanchya sarjansheel kalakrutinchi prashansa kelee; shinane namood kele qee wang haah adviteey hota kaaran tyane 'sarjansheel karyachya rahasyamay karanat aanee sakholatet pravesh keela', parantu itaranni tyachya chitranche vastavat rupantar naan kelyabaddal tyachyavar teeka kelee, jase qee barfal, hivalyatil bhupradeshat vadhana kelyachya zadavaril tyache chitra.
likhit kaame.
shhein kuoche bahutek likhit karya kadachit mantri kaee jing (1046-1126) yanchya netrutvakhali shuddha kele gele hote, jyanni wang anshichya naveen dhorananche punarujjivan kele, jaree tyanni aaplya purvavartinchya aanee visheshtah puranmatvadi shatrunchya likhit karyat aamulagra badal karnyasathi kinwa nasht karnyasathi sangharshachi moheem suru kelee. udaharanarth, kombadichi keval sahaa pustake shillak aahet aanee tyapaiki chaar pustake lekhakane lihilyanantar lakshaniyaritya badalali aahet.
aadhunik kalat, kombadichya likhanachi sampoorn yadee aanee saransh denyacha sarvottam prayatna haah 1956 madhye lihilelya 'brush toxes' chya pramanit aavruttit huu daojingane lihilela parishisht hota.
"swapnatil nibandh".
shhein kuochya 'dream pool nibandh' madhye vividh vishayancha shodh ghenare sumare 507 swatantra nibandh aahet. nisarg, vidnyan aanee vastav aanee jagaat aadhalanaya serve vyavharik aanee sakhol jidnyasanchya vividh pailunche aaklan aanee varnan karnyacha kombadicha haah antim prayatna hota. dream brook brush toxes' yaa shirshakacha shabdasha anuvad, tyachya swapnatil brook estatecha sandarbh deto, jithe tyane tyachya aayushyachi shevatchi varshe ghalavali. shirshakabaddal, too mhanatoh "majhyakade bolanyasathi fakt majha lekhan brush aanee shaicha slab asalyamule, mea tyala brush tock mhanato."
heey pustak mulat 30 adhyayanche hote, tarihi eka adnyat chiinii lekhakachya 1166 chya aavruttine yaa granthache sampadan kele aanee 26 adhyayanmadhye punarrachana kelee.
itar likhit kaame.
jaree 'dream pool nibandh' heey nishchitach tyanche sarvat vyapak aanee mahattvache kaam asale, taree shhein kuone itar pustakehi lihili. 1075 madhye, shhein kuone 'zinning fenguan lii' (; 'bhavya shantata rajvatichya kalatil obletary yug khagolshastriy pranali') lihili, jee haravali hotee, parantu eka ganyachya rajvanshachya granthasuchichya 7 vya adhyayat soochibaddha kelee hotee. chiinii dindarshiketil sudharanambabat shhein kuocha haah adhikrut ahwal hota, jeey geet nyayalayachya adhikrut dindarshika pranaline keval anshatah sweekarle hote. sarkari sevetoon nivruttichya varshanmadhye, shhein kuone "liang fang" (; "changli aushadhi sutre") mhanoon olakhali jaanari eka sutrasanchalan kelee. 1126 chya sumaras prasiddha suu shhee (1037-1101) yane ashach sangrahasah teey ekatra kele, joou vidambanatmakpane shhein kuochya sudharkanchya gatacha aanee darbaratil naveen dhoranancha samarthak asalela rajkiy virodhak hota, tarihi shhein kuo aanee suu shhee heey mitra aanee sahkari hote heey dnyat hote. shenane 'mengki wanguai luu' (; 'swapnatil odhyat visarlya gelelya utkatatechi nond') lihili, jee shenchya nivruttichya kalatahi sankalit kelee gelee hotee. heey pustak tyachya tarunyapasun grameen jeevan aanee chinchya vilag parvatiy pradeshanmadhil jeevan paristhitichya vanshik vivarananvar aadharit eka grunth hota. tyache keval uddharan 'shuo phoo' () sangrahat tikoon aahet, jeey mukhytah unch dongral pradeshantil grameen lock vapartat tyaa krishi avajare aanee sadhananche varnan karatat. shhein kuone 'changxing jee' (; '[daad viscount auph] changxingchi sankalit sahityik kaame') dekhil lihili. tathapi, heey pustak maranottar sangrah hote, jyat kombadine lihilelya vividh kavita, gadya aanee prashasakeey kagadpatrancha samavesh hota yaat shanka nahee. 15vya shatkaparyant (ming rajvanshachya kalat) heey pustak punarmudran jhaale, tarihi keval 19vaa adhyay urala. haah adhyay 1718 madhye punha chhapala gela, parantu tyat kharabaritya sampadan karnyat aale. akheris, 1950 chya dashakat lekhak huu daujingne yaa chhotya parantu maulyavan karyala purak banavat, shenn kuachya vidyaman kavyasangrahat (shanghaih shang-haii shhu-tian, 1958) shenane lihilelya itar vikhuralelya kavitanchi bharr ghatali. pravas nondi sahitya' ('yooji venuxue') yaa lokpriy ganyanchya kalatil sahityik shrenichya paramparet, shhein kuone 'kaay visaroo naye yachee nond', pravasasathi konatya prakarchi gaadee yogya aahe, ekhadyane yogya annapadarth aanavet, ekhadyane aanalele vishesh kapade aanee itar anek vastoo yabaddal pravasi margdarshak mhanoon lihile.
tyachya 'anek goshtincha pudhcha bhag' madhye, ganyache lekhak cheng duchang (1123-1195) yanni namood kele qee saine kuone lashkari vijay sohalyasathi tayar kelelya charananna nantar shinane lihile aanee prakashit kele. yaat shhein kuochi eka chhoti kavita 'song auph visier' samavisht aahe, jee vayavya ashiyai bhatkya lokanchya antargat aateel bhagatalya 'mavee hukin' ('ghodyachya shepatiche nashwar taranche vadya' kinwa 'ghodyachya shepatichi vayali') heey sangeet vadya ganyachya sainyachya netrutvakhalil yuddhakaidyanche roopak mhanoon vaparteh
itihaskar jonathan stock namood karato qee vareel kavitet varnan kelele vakalele dhanushya "hukin" vajavanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya kamandar dhanushya darshavate, tarr vadyacha aavaj swatach yuddhakaidhyanni tyanchya parabhoot khanbaddal vyakt kelelya asantoshache pratinidhitva karato.
varsa.
prashansa, teeka aanee teeka.
confucianism rutlej karzan vishvakosh" madhye, zinzong yao mhanato qee wang anshichya naveen dhoran sudharananmadhye tyachya utsuk sahbhagamule shhein kuocha varsa dooshit jhaala hota, tyachya krutivar nantarchya paramparik itihasat teeka jhaali. tathapi, bahushrut mhanoon kombadichi pratishtha changli manali jaate. joseph needham yanni sangitale qee shhein kuo heey "chiinii itihasatil mahan vaidnyanik vicharanpaiki eka hote."french synologist jacks gernet yanche mutt aahe qee kombadiche munn" "aashcharyakarakpane aadhunik" "hote"."yao tyachya" "dream pool nibandhanmadhye" "shenchya naisargik vidnyananchya sakhol nondimbaddal sangatoh
aapan shhein kuochya sangrahala eka apariharya prathamik srot mhanoon pahile pahije, jeey baravya shatkapurvi chiinii vidnyanane sadhya kelelya atulaneey patalichi pushti karate.
tathapi, tobby eae. huff lihito qee shhein kuochya lekhanachya "vikhuralelya sanchat" spasht rachana aanee "saiddhantik tikshnata" mhanje vaidnyanik siddhant nahee. nathan sivinane lihile qee kombadichi maulikta hii "kshullak upadeshavad, darbari aakhyayika aanee alpakalin utsukata" asaleli aahe jee thodi antardrushti pradan karate. donald holzmann lihitat qee shenne "tyachya nirikshananna sarvasadharan siddhantasarkhya konatyahi goshtimadhye kuthehi sanghatit kelele nahee."huff lihitat qee hii suruvatichya chiinii vidnyanachi eka pranaligat samasya hotee, jyat bolonyachya vakeel gratian (eff. ell.) yanchya" "concordance andd discordent cannons" "sarkhya european karyanmadhye aadhalanaya paddhatshir upcharancha abhav hota". 12 weey shatak). chiinii lokanni abhyasalelya serve vividh vidnyananna ektritpane shakha deu shakananya vidnyanachya vyapak sankalpanechya sandarbhat, shivin thampane sangato qee shhein kuochya likhanatoon asey soochit hott nahee qee tyane tyachya vaividhyapurn dnyanasathi eka ekatmik chaukat sadhya kelee kinwa shodhali; eka samaan dhaga mhanje eka uchch nagri sevak mhanoon tyachya karkirditil vividh jababdanya."
daphan aanee maranottar sanman.
tyachya mrutyunantar, shhein kuola hangzouchya yuhang jilhyatil, taiping tekadichya payathyashi asalelya thadgyat daphan karnyat aale. akheris tyachi kabar nasht jhaali, tarihi ming rajvanshachya nondinni tyache sthan soochit kele, jeey 1983 madhye sapadale aanee 1986 madhye sarkarne sanrakshit kele. thadgyachya vitanchya sanrachaneche avashesh, ganyachya rajvanshachya kachechya vastoo aanee nanyansah rahile. hangzou nagarpalika samiteene september 2001 madhye kombadichya thadgyache jirnoddhar purn kele.
tyachya thadgyabarobarach, shhein kuochi "menguxy" baag malmatta, zenjiangmadhil tyachi purvichi done ekar (8,000 chauras meater) malmatta, 1985 madhye sarkarne punarsanchayit kelee. tathapi, nutanikaran keleli menguxy baag hii shhein kuochya kalatil mool bhagacha keval eka bhag aahe. yaa thikani bandhalele king rajvanshachya kalatil sabhagruh aata mukhya pravesh dwar mhanoon vaparale jaate. baganchya smarak sabhagruhat, shenn kuochya kalatil mool baag darshavinare eka mothe chitra aahe, jyat vihiri, hiravya bambuchya baag, dagadi farasbandiche marg aanee mool sabhagruhachya sushobhit bhinti yancha samavesh aahe. yaa pradarshan sabhagruhat eka vyaspithavar basalelya shhein kuocha 1.4 meater (4.6 phoot) unch putala aahe, jyat kachechya kapatat tyachya 'dream pool nibandhanchya' shatkanushatke junya prakashit pratee aahet, jyapaiki eka japanmadhil aahe. bagechya estatemadhye sangamarvari zende, shenn kuoche putale aanee shastrastranchya golyache eka pratirup dekhil pradarshit kele aahe; eka lahan sangrahalay gallery mendhyachya vividh kamgiriche chitran karate.
nanjingmadhil jambhalya rangachya parvatiy vedhshalene 1964 madhye eka naveen laghugrah shodhala aanee tyala shhein kuo (2027 shhein guo) chey naav dile.