
carthage punic bandare

carthage punic bandare hii carthage shaharachi junie bandare hotee jee pracheen kalat karyarat hotee. carthage hii sarvapratham aanee sarvat mahattvachi eka thalasocracy hotee, mhanje eka ashee shakti jyala 'samudrache samrajya' asey sambodhale jaat asey, jichi prathamik shakti tyachya vyaparachya pramanavar aadharit hotee. tathapi, samudravaril niyantranachya dhoranache palan karnare keval carthagenian navhate, kaaran tyaa kalatil anek lock "samudrajaval aanee samudrasathi rahat hote".
carthage kinwa 'cart hadash' (naveen shahar) heey purvekadil vasahatikaranache utpadan hote, jyache mool tyrechya rajachi mulgi dido yethe hote. anaid" madhye nondavalelya tichya aakhyayikenusar, hii tyrean rajkumari ii. sha. puu. 814 madhye shaharachi sansthapak aanee pahili ranee hotee.see. (sarvat vyapakpane sweekarli jaanari tarikh).
kaaran yutikachi sthapana ii. sha. puu. 1100 chya sumaras jhaali hotee.see.carthage hii uttar aafrikechya kinanyavaril pahili phoenician vasahat manali jaat nahee. tyachya utpattichya palikade, shaharane bhoomadhya samudrachya sampoorn paschim khoyavar mothya pramanat niyantran thewale aanee tyacha africi antarbhag vikasit keela, jevha tyala roman prajasattakala tond dyave lagale, eka udayonmukh shakti jyamule tyache antim patan jhaale.
tyachya olakhimule, koreev bandhkam haah bhoomadhya samudrachya done khonyanmadhil eka aadhar bindu hota; purv bhag, jyala finiciache ugamsthan mhanoon olakhale jaate aanee paschim bhag, joou tyachya vistar aanee ghasaraniche thikan hote.
asha shaharachi bandare, jee bahereel jagashi sanvad sadhanyacha sarvat mahattvacha bindu hotee, tyamule yaa sandarbhat koreev bandhkamachya itihasat moolbhut mahatva aahe. tyanchya itihasache dastaivajikaran eka mahattvachya strotatoon karnyat aale hote; epian, joou ii. sha. puu. 2yyaa shatkat rahnara pracheen greesmadheel itihaskar hota.see. tyanche varnan asoonahi, bandaranche sthan heey 1970 chya dashakat suru jhalelya puratatva utkhananache kaam hote.
srot aanee thikanavaril samasya.
finician shaharanmadhye bandaranche sthan.
finiciansana ekhadya vishisht thikani naveen vasahat nivadanyachi jababdari dilee nahee. naveen vasahatichya sthanala tyachya sanrakshn aanee sarvat mahattvache mhanje tyachya bandar vaishishtyanshi sambandhit anek vichitra garjanna pratisad dyava lagla. malavahu jahaje sahajpane bandarat pravesh karoo shaktil aanee viruddha vaayaane bandarat pravesh karane ashakya kele nahee heey aavashyak hote. yasathi, kepchi nivad visheshtah mahattvachi hotee. yavyatirikt, bandarache sthan, tyachya bhautik vaishishtyanmule, eka sope sanrakshn pradan karave lagale, tyamule vasahati lokanna suraksha sunishchit karnyasathi keval naisargik sanrakshn vadhavave lagale.
naveen shaharachya sthanane yaa done garjanna visheshtah changla pratisad deela. sidi boow saeed" yaa shaharane swatah "stricto sensu" madhye asalelya bhagachya yogya sthanamule jahajavar chadhanyache kshetra nishchitpane sanrakshit karnyat aale hote. too samudrapudyachya bahereel bajus, panyachya done pattyandarmyan (aajche tunis aanee sebkha arianache sarovar) sthit hota aanee aateel bhag ekapathopath eka tekadyanni adavala hota, jyamule eka naisargik sanrakshanatmak resha tayar jhaali.
bandaranche sthan karthejmadhye aahe.
carthage bandaranchya sthanacha muddah punic itihaslekhanat sarvadhik charchila gelela aahe. keval nirikshanadvare, sadhyachya done khayya khayya khayya khayya khayya khayya khayya khayya aanee dusya aayatakruti khayya khayya khayya khayya khayya darane jodalelya aanee 19 vya shatkachya suruvatila chautayaubriyandane koralelya koreev bandhkamachi bandare mhanoon olakhalya gelelya, asha bandare asoo shakat naheet, jyanni itihaskaranchya manat 'romchya sarvat mothya shatru' chya tafyala aashray deela hota.
unescochya aantarrashtriy mohimedarmyan yaa kshetrat nuktyach jhalelya utkhanananmule (aayatakruti khayya sarovarajaval kelelya american utkhanananchi malika aanee golakar khayya sarovarat kelelya ingraji utkhanananmule) khavalyanchya punic utpattichi pushti jhaali, jyachi tarikh ii. sha. puu. 2yyaa shatkatil aahe.see. syremic avasheshanchya shodhamule, visheshtah "carrena" kovhjmadhye kelelya utkhananamule hii tarikh shakya jhaali.
tathapi, uttar aafrikechya shaharachya punic itihasachya pahilya paach shatkanmadhye vaparlele mool bandar adyap sapadale nahee aanee heey bandar khayya sarovarachya thikani hote qee nahee heey dekhil mahit nahee. tyachya astitvachya pahilya done shatkanmadhye, bhoomadhyasagariy bhagatil itar konatyahi vasahatipeksha karthejmadhye bandar suvidha navhatya, kaaran tyat fakt eka jaaga hotee jithun jahaje sodaychi hotee. asha thikananche konatehi drishyaman khuna shillak rahile nahee, kaaran nantarchya sthapanedvare kinwa sthanik sthalbhugolatil aamulagra badalanmule teey nasht jhaale aahet.
carthage bandaranchya sthanacha muddah tyaa thikanchya itihasashi aanee bhaugolikteshi jodala gela aahe. heey dnyat aahe qee kinadhyasambandhiche shaharache sthan shatkanushatke khoop vikasit jhaale aanee pracheen kalat polderisation prakriya jhaali, jyat manvi kruticha samavesh hota jee bagradas naditoon gaal vahoon nenyashi jodali gelee hotee, sagari pravahanmule tethe halavali gelee.
american utkhananat asey disun aale aahe qee salambo toffet kadachit tyaa velee aswasthyakar hota, jeey soochit karate qee adim bandar kshetra bahudha tyaa bhagat sthit hote.
puratatviy utkhanananmadhye kalvyache avashesh sapadale aahet jeey soochit karatat qee teey ii. sha. puu. chauthya shatkat bharnyaparyant karyarat hote.see. naisargik bhupradeshavar bandhanyat aalelya yaa kalvyache puratatviyadrushtya sumare 400 meetarparyant anusaran kele jaau shakate. kahee itihaskaranni asey suchavale aahe qee sapadalelya galanchya swarupamule tunis talavashi sambandh aahe. serge lancellne asehi dastaivajikaran kele aahe qee shaharachya pracheen kalapeksha tunis talavachi patali lakshaniyaritya jaast hotee aanee tyachya kinaryancha sambhavya aashraysthan mhanoon ullekh keela aahe. yaa siddhantanusar, kalwa hii shaharachya aateel bhagat pravesh karanyachi eka 'pravesharekha' hotee. pahilya kalvyachya samantar dusra kalwa asoo shakato asehi manale jaate. yaa suvidhanchya kathavar naudalache godee hote. jawalach hanger, dukane aanee mandire ubharali jaatil, jyamule 'emporium' tayar hoil. heey lakshat ghene mahattvache aahe qee, punic sanskratichya swarupamule, samudrashi tyache sambandh moolbhut hote aanee shaharacha kendrabindu, agora, tyachya aarthik kendrapasoon door asayala nako hota. tadnyanni asey siddha kele aahe qee kalvyacha vapar nauvahan karnyasathi keela gela navhata, tarr visheshtah manvi upasthitila pratikool asalelya bhagat utaranyasathi keela gela hota. mool phoenician vasahatichya madhyabhagi asalelya salambochya tofetache sthan, ii. sha. puu. 8vya shatkatil sapadalelya vibhagannusar yaa sambhavya shatrutvache spasht lakshan aahe.
karthejchya pracheen bandaranchya sthanabaddal tadnyanmadhye anek visangati aahet. itar thikananshi tulana karoon aanee pratikool vaare talhanyachi garaj lakshat gheuun, bandaranpaiki ekache sambhavya sthan antoninuschya snangruhachya kshetrachya parisarat, tyaa jagechya uttares, mhanje leey cramchya dakshinekadil bhagachya dishene thewale jaate. yaa thikani jhalelya shodhanmule asey soochit hote qee heey pahile sthan asanyachi shakyata aahe kaaran roman snangruh samudratoon parat midavalelya jaminivar hote. tyamule yaa bhagat shaharatil pracheen bandaranpaiki eka asoo shakale asate. tathapi, kahee itihaskaranche asey mutt aahe qee, pracheen bandarache thikan sidi bau saeed gavachya parisarat hote, kaaran teey eka kepjaval sthit hote, jyamule tyala finicianschya drushtine itake mahattvache visheshadhikarprapt bhaugolik sthan midale. sarge lancels itar tadnyanni, tunischya talavachya bajoone bandaranchi sthitee thewali, jee aajchya tulanet pracheen kalat qamee ektrit jhaali hotee. lancell bandar marsachya samudrakinanvar shaharapasun sapeksh antaravar (andaje 3 qii. mea.) thevate, parantu megarachya shejarchya jawal aahe.
kahihi jhaale taree, jyaa sanrachananche thase jatan kele gele aahet, tyanchya nirikshanavar laksh kendrit karane aavashyak aahe, jenekarun tyanchya astitvachi tulana pracheen strotanshi karane shakya aahe qaa aanee asha prakare tyanchya bandhkamachi andaje tarikh midvane shakya aahe.
lashkari aanee vyavsayik bandar.
epionche varnan.
aaa. 2yyaa shatkatil lekhak, appiyan.dii., haah chitrapat, dido shaharacha padav pahana aanee jyacha majkoor haravala aahe asha polybiuschya kamavar aadharit hota. tyache varnan khoop mahatvache aahe, jaree teey kadhikadhi uttaranpeksha jaast prashna upasthit karate. haah pracheen itihasachya vishisht vishayanshi sambandhit eka grunth aahe.
killyanni vedhalelya done 'darsena' vyatirikt, epionmadhye eka mothe breakwater aanee eka motha kinara dekhil namood keela aahe.
golakar khayya sarovarache sadhyache kshetra sumare aath hector aahe, tarr dusare khayya sarovarache kshetrafal duppat aahe. vyavsayik bandar eka kalvyane samudrashi jodale gele hote, jeey sadhyachya kraam upasagarat vahoon gele asave, jyapaiki konatehi avashesh astitvat naheet.
epian bandaranna soochit karnyasathi 'kothan' yaa shabdacha hawala deto, haah semitic moolcha shabd aahe joou purushanni tayar kelelya krutrim 'darsena' laa soochit karato. asha jaaga tulanene itar punic shaharanmadhye prasiddha aahet, jase qee motya, sisilimadhye kinwa mahadia, tunitiamadhye. strabo carthage bandaranpasun sisilichya aagneyela asalelya cape lillibious yaa shikharaparyantchya antarachi mahitee dekhil pradan karato, jyacha andaj 1500 stadiumvar (277.5 kiimii) aahe. sahityik paramparechi puratatvashastradvar padtalani jhaali aahe. puratatvashastradnyanni shaharachya itihasachya vividh kalkhandat puratatva sthalanchi punarrachana karnare namune tayar kele aahet. heey namune naudal betavaril chhotya sangrahalayat pradarshit kele aahet.
naudal bett.
pahilya drushtikshepat, golakar khayya sarovarachi olakh pracheen karthejache golakar bandar mhanoon karane katheen aahe jyamadhye paschim bhoomadhya khoyala hadarvananya tafyala aashray denyat aala hota.
"eka prathamik" heey pahane katheen aahe qee tyanchyakade tithe 220 jahaje kashee asoo shakali asatee, udaharanarth quinquerem, paach odhanyansah jahaje teen ranganmadhye vibhagali gelee hotee. tathapi, british utkhananatun asey ughad jhaale aahe qee golakar sarovar heey lashkari bandar hote aanee naudalacha dhwaj yaa betavar asava. punic bandare sapadali aahet, visheshtah hivalyasathi "darsena" tatbandi kinwa koradya bandaranche utaar. rampswer kinchit utaravarchi matichi farshi hotee. heey 'darsena' nihsanshaypane strabone namood kelelya jahajanna samavoon ghenyasathi basavaleli godame hotee.
shodhanyat aalelya puratatviy avasheshanmule yaa jaagechi swagat kshamata vistarane shakya jhaleh golakar betavar 30 tatbandi aanee parighajaval 135 teey 140 tatbandi. ekoon, 160 teey 170 tatbandi, olakhalya gelelya yuddhanaukaitaki samavoon gheu shakatat. darsena' tatbandichya khalee sathavanukichi jaaga hotee. asey manale jaate qee pratyek tatbandi jahajanchya done ranga samavoon gheu shakate. golakar betachya madhyabhagi eka mokali jaaga hotee, jyachya shejari eka manora ubha hota, joou epiyanane namood kelela navarchcha manora asanyachi shakyata aahe.
heey nirbandh pramukhyane naudalache jahaj ubharani kendra mhanoon kaam karoo shakale asate aanee serve jahaje ekach velee chalavanyachi garaj navhati, asey nidarshanas aanoon denyat aale aahe. dusarikade, ektrit karane keval hivalyatach viola havey.
vyavsayik bandar.
donhi bandare eka kalvyane jodali gelee hotee, jyachya praveshdvaravar, epionchya dusarya majkuranusar, vastoo sathavanyasathi eka esplanade vaparla jaat asey. eka american mohimene tyaa bhagat utkhanananchi malika haatee ghetali aanee ii. sha. puu. tisya shatkachya uttaradhatil eka godichya bhagache avashesh sapadale.see. utkhananat bandar suvidhanchi eka malika dekhil ughad jhalih bandar aanee hanger, jeey vyavsayik bandarachya parisarat hote.
bandarapasoon samudraparyant jaanari aanee kinaadhyaajaval sampanari eka vahini, jyala 19 vya shatkatil danish puratatvashastradnya, jyane tyacha abhyas keela, tyachya navavarun 'falbage quadrilatoral' mhanatat. purvekadil kinara ii. sha. puu. 2yyaa shatkatil sagari bhintishi sanvad sadhat hota.see. kaljipurvak kelelya abhyasamule yaa jaageche vargikaran tatbandh kinwa "soma" mhanoon kele gele. epionchya majkurachya sandarbhat, yaa tatbandimadhye, chaal, utaravane aanee sathavanukisathichi jaaga nishchitpane olakhata yete, jyane praveshdvarache prachalit vayapasoon sanrakshn kele. kadachit yach thikani tisya punic yuddhadarmyan roman sainyane paay rovale hote, jyaa pulachya khambavar antim hallah suru jhaala hota.
nishkarsh.
carthage kosalatana bandaranchi bhoomika.
tyachya shevatchya yugat carthage punic bandaranchi vyavastha itakya mahagadya paddhatine karnyat aalee hotee aanee 201 bii madhye swakshari kelelya shantateche ullanghan karananya nutanikaran kelelya sainyachya aadhare mahatvakankshene nirdeshit karnyat aalee hotee.see., roman sinetala carthaginianschya virodhat balacha vapar karnyas pravrutt karane.
shaharachya dakshin tokala vasalelya, shaharatil bandaranna istamasache sanrakshn karananya bhintinpeksha visheshtah halakya bhintinchya upkaranane sanrakshit kele gele hote, kaaran carthagenian lokanna tyanchya naudal shreshthatebaddal vishvas hota. karthejala vatale qee samudratoon hallah karane tyanchyasathi ashakya aahe, kaaran teey konatyahi ghuskhorila mage hatavanyas tayar aahet. roman general publius cornelius sipiyo emilionus yachya netrutvakhalil antim hallah bandar quartermadhun (ii. sha. puu. 145) jhaala. vyavsayik bandarachya purvekadil bhagatil tatbandila aag lavoon, sipiyone aagorala dhamkavat lashkari bandar tabyat ghetale. haah hallah byrsa tekadivar jhalelya antim hallyat jhaala. bandaranchya paristhitiche nuksan tyachya patananantar urvarit shaharasarkhech jhaale aanee tyanantar roman varchasvadarmyan tyacha vapar keela gela.
roman kalat bandaranche sthan.
roman rajvatit naudal betavar stambhanni vedhalelya sarvajanik chaukane kabja keela hota. tyavar eka mandir aanee eka ashtakoniy imarat ubharanyat aalee hotee, jyacha vapar adnyat aahe. roman niyantranadarmyan carthage vyavsayik bandarat jhalelya vyapari kriyakalap romchya tartudisathi moolbhut hote.
ii. sha. 306 madhye shaharala bhookamp jhaala jyane kinarpattiche kshetra gambhirpane uddhvast kele. haah bhookamp itka tivra hota qee shaharala yaa aapattitun savarnyas barach vel lagla. bandaratil kaame chaloo asali taree, tyaa jaagechi bhaugolik rachana mothya pramanat badalali hotee.
bandaranche kaay jhaale?
jaree anek kshetre aspasht rahili asali taree yaa samasyechi guntagunt spasht karnyat aalee aahe. sarge lancell siserocha hawala deto, joou tyachya karyat ("dii legg agraria", II,32,87) asha prakare karthejchya nashabaddal bolato, jaree "tyala majboot bhinti hotya aanee bandare hotee".
bandare kuthe asayala havee, hii thikane vayakade tyanchya dishene avalambun asatat, jyamule tyanchya vaparavar lakshaniy parinam hoil. bandaranchi sambhavya thikane mhanoon olakhali jaanari thikane khalilpramane aaheth
laa marsache vishal samudrakinare vyapari utaranyachya thikananche pratinidhitva dekhil karoo shakatat jeey punic rajdhanichya dainandin jivanache vaishishtyapurn hote. ajunahi africi vanyanni trast asalelya yaa kinanyavar, purvekadil abhimani vyapadhyanchya malkichya jahajanchya aagmanachi kalpana karata yete.