
pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan british sainya

pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan british sainyane tyachya pradirgh itihasatil sarvat mothe aanee sarvat mahagade yuddh ladhale. french aanee german sainyachya ulat, sangharshachya suruvatila british sainya heey keval svayamsevakanpasun tayar hote-saktichya sainyachya aivaji. shivay, british sainya tyachya french aanee german sainyapeksha khoopach lahan hote.
pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat chaar swatantra british sainya hote. pahilya tukadit niyamit sainyache andaje 247,000 sainik hote, jyapaiki nimmyahoon adhik british samrajyachya chhavanisathi paradeshat tainat hote, jyanna sumare 210,000 rakheev aanee sambhavya 60,000 atirikt rakheev nidhicha pathimba hota. haah ghatak british moheem dalacha (bii. eae. eff.) kanaa banala, joou francemadhye sevesathi tayar jhaala aanee juna tiraskar mhanoon olakhala gela. dusare sainya andaje 246,000-shaktishali pradeshik daladware pradan kele gele hote, jeey suruvatila gruh sanrakshanasathi vatap kele gele hote parantu yuddhachya suruvatichya ladhayanmadhye niyamit sainyache mothya pramanat nuksan jhalyanantar teey sainyala balkat karnyasathi vaparale jaat hote. tisare sainya kitchners armi hote, jyat laurd kitchnerchya svayamsevakanchya aavahanala pratisad denanya purushancha samavesh hota aanee jeey 1916 madhye somechya ladhait sakriy jhaale. chauthe sainya janewari 1916 madhye anivarya seva suru jhalyanantar saktichya sainyasah vidyaman sanghatananchi balkatikaran hote. 1918 chya akheris, british sainya 3,820,000 purushanchya kamal samarthyaparyant pohochale hote aanee 70 hoon adhik vibhaganmadhye tainat karoo shakat hote. bahutansh british sainya francemadhil paschim aaghadivar aanee belgiummadhye german samrajyachya virodhat mukhya yuddhbhumivar ladhale. kahee tukadya austriya-hangeri aanee bulgarian sainyachya virodhat itali aanee salonikamadhye guntalelya hotya, tarr itar tukadya madhya purv, africa aanee mesopotemiyamadhye-pramukhyane ottoman samrajyachya virodhat-ladhalya aanee eka tukadi singataochya vedhyadarmyan chinmadhil japani sainyachya bajoone ladhali.
yuddhane lashkari senapatinsathi dekhil samasya nirman kelya, kaaran 1914 purvi, konatyahi sevarat generalne operationvar kamand keleli sarvat mothee rachana hii eka vibhag hotee. british sainyachya vistaramule kahee adhikanyanna eka varshapeksha qamee kalavadhit brigedmadhun corps commander mhanoon badhati midali. lashkari kamandaranna vikasit kelelya naveen davpechanna aanee shastrastranna dekhil samore jaave lagale. yuktivadatun khandak yuddhakade valalyamule payadal aanee tofkhana yaa doghannahi ekatra kaam kase karave heey shikave lagale. aakramak khelidarmyan aanee bachav kartana, teey aaghadichya resheche rakshan karnyasathi sainya kase ekatra karave heey shikale. nantar yuddhat, jevha yuddh kramvarit machinegan corps aanee tank corps jodale gele, tevha tyancha dekhil naveen samarik siddhantat samavesh karnyat aala.
aaghadichya purushanna purvathyachya samasyanshi sangharsh karava lagla-annachi kamatarata hotee; aanee olsar, undaranni grast asalelya paristhitit rog mothya pramanat pasarla hota. shatruchya karvaibarobarach, anek sainikanna naveen rogancha samna karava lagalah trench phoot, trench fever aanee trench nephrietis. november 1918 madhye jevha yuddh sampale, tevha shatruchi karvai aanee rogacha parinam mhanoon british sainyatil mrutanchi nond 673,375 lock marle gele aanee bepatta jhaale, tarr aanakhi eka 1,643,469 jakhami jhaala. sangharshachya shevati sainya hatavanyachya dhastine british sainyachi takad lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaali, 1918 madheel tyachya sarvoch 'id1' sainikanchya takdivarun 1920 paryant 370,000 sainikanparyant.
sanghatana.
1707 chya union kayadyannusar englandche rajya aanee scotlandche rajya ektrit jhalyanantar british sainyachi nirmiti jhaali hotee aanee scottish sainya prabhavipane ingraji sainyat villin jhaale hote. heey anek niyamit aanee rakheev lashkari dalanpaiki eka hote (mhanje, naudal dalanpeksha vegale asalele "jameen" sashastr dall) aanee 19vya shatkachya uttaradhaparyant, tyat keval niyamit (mhanje, "vyavsayik") ghodadal aanee payadal tukadyancha samavesh hota, jeey (19vya shatkaparyant) yuddh sachivanchya netrutvakhalil yuddh karyalayadvare prashasit hote, tarr shahee tofkhana, keval adhikari-shahee abhiyante aanee shahee sappers aanee khaan kamgar (shahee abhiyantyandvare niyukt) heey aayudh mandalachya niyantranakhali (jeey lashkari dalanna pathimba denare sainya aanee shastrastra sathya, vahtook aanee itar bhoomikanshi sambandhit vividh nagri-karmchari vibhag dekhil niyantrit karat hote) shastrastra lashkari dall mhanoon swatantrapane sanghatit kele jaat hote. rakheev dalanmadhye british betanchya parganyanmadhye (1870 paryant) laurd-leftnantdware niyantrit (19vya shatkat) aanee british vasahatinmadhil pramukh senapatindware (samanyatah vasahatichya nagri governordware bharali jaanari niyukti) lashkari (kinwa 'ghatanatmak shakti'), yomanri aanee svayamsevak dall yancha samavesh hota. nagri sainya moolatah sthanik nidhine chalana, sthanik sevetil payadal tukadyanni banalele hote. yomnari ghodadal regimentnee banaleli hotee. svayamsevak dall pramukhyane payadal regimentnee tayar kele hote, jeey moolatah keval shatrutvachya kalavadhisathi ubhe kele gele hote. heey rakheev dall sthanik (gruh sanrakshn) sevesathi hote aanee tyanchya karmchanyanna paradeshat seva karnyas bhag padale jaau shakat navhate. teey swatantra sainya dekhil hote, jeey british sainya aanee shastrastra lashkari dalasathi sahayak hote. 1859 saalee british sainyachya niyamit rakheev dalachya sanghatananantar, gondhal talhanyasathi rakheev dalanna samanyatah 'sthanik sainya' kinwa 'sahayak sainya' mhanoon sambodhale jaat asey. crimean yuddhanantar, shastrastra mandal radd karnyat aale aanee shastrastra lashkari dall british sainyat villin karnyat aale. mandalache purviche vividh nagri vibhag, jyat dukane, vahtook, barrex aanee itar aadhar kshetrancha samavesh hota, teey dekhil british sainyat villin karnyat aale aanee tyanche lashkarikaran karnyat aale. 1850 chya dashakapasun, lashkarala saktichya sainyatoon swayamsevi dalat punha sanghatit karnyat aale, tyachya kahee payadal regiment itar bhoomikanmadhye rupantarit jhalya, tarr suruvatipasunach tofkhana kinwa abhiyante mhanoon naveen tukadya dekhil ubharalya gelya. 1859 pasoon svayamsevak dall dekhil eka dall mhanoon punha sthapit karnyat aale jeey shantata kalat ardhvel aadharavar rakhale gele hote, jeey shatrutva udayas aalyanantar moort swarupasathi tayar hote. 1870 chya dashakapasun, yuni, milicia aanee svayamsevak dalachya tukadya aanee tukadyanni tyanchi adviteey olakh gamavali, niyamit aanee rakheev dalachya tukadyanpeksha tukadyanmadhye sankhyabal asalelya tukadya kinwa kampanya banalya. jaree swatantra rakheev sainya astitvat rahile asale taree, british betanvaril lokanche prashasana aanee nidhi 1870 chya dashakat yuddh karyalayane tabyat ghetala. konatyahi lashkari tukadi, mug tee halnyayogya asso kinwa sthanik-seva, jaree tee sanghatit aanee prashasit asali, yuddh karyalayacha nidhi prapt karnari, british sainyacha bhag mhanoon niyukt kelee gelee hotee, tyamule british betanmadhil rakheev sainya (tasech shahee killyachya vasahatinmadhil rakheev tukadya aanee vahini betanchya mukut avalambitva) british sainyacha bhag banale. jasjase vividh sainya adhik ektrit hott gele, tasatase vyavsayik sainya samanyatah rakheev sainyadalanpasun vegale kele gele aanee tyanna 'niyamit sainya' kinwa 'niyamit sainya' asey sambodhale gele. 1908 madhye, british betanvaril yomnari aanee svayamsevak dall pradeshik dall tayar karnyasathi villin karnyat aale, jeey aichchhik rahile (mhanje, tyanchi swechhene bharati suru rahili, parantu niyamit sainya aanee nagri sainyapramanech sevechya kalavadhisathi bharati kelee gelee aanee chauda divasanchya soochanesah shantikaladarmyan teey rajinama deu shakale naheet). tyach velee, (british betanmadhye) sainyadlala vishesh rakheev mhanoon punha sanghatit karnyat aale, jeey ajunahi gruhsanrakshanasathi tukadya tainat karat hote, parantu anyatha eka prashikshit rakheev mhanoon kaam karat hote, jyatoon niyamit tukadya aanee kuthehi seva denyas jababdar asalelya companyanna balkat karnyasathi karmchanyanchi badali kelee jaau shakat hotee. pahilya mahayuddhaparyant, british lashkari dall (british betanvar kinwa vasahatinmadhye, british pradeshat ubhe rahilele aanee vahini betanvarhi ubhe rahilele, parantu british bharatiy sainya, adhirajyatil lashkari dall kinwa british snrakshak dalanche sainya nahee) ajunahi sanghatananche eka sankul hote, aanee ekach prashasanakhali katekorpane ekach sainya navhate. parinami, 'british lashkar' yaa shabdacha arth sandarbhanusar aahe, jaree tyachya sarvat sankuchit, adhikrut vyakhyet tyacha sandarbh keval tyaa lashkari dalancha aahe jyanna yuddh karyalayane sainyachya nidhitun purnapane kinwa anshatah nidhi deela hota.
pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan british sainya aaplya sanghatanecha shodh samrajya vistarachya vadhatya magnyannusar gheu shakale. hii chaukat bharatichi swayamsevi pranali aanee regiment pranali hotee, jee 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhatil cardwell aanee childers sudharanandware paribhashit kelee gelee hotee. british sainya tayar hote aanee pramukhyane samrajyachya babinsathi aanee tyanantarchya vasahatvadi yuddhansathi bolavanyat aale hote. 19vya shatkachya shevatchya varshant, lashkar dusya boar yuddhat (1899-1902) eka mothya sangharshat sahbhagi jhaale hote, jyat tyachya davpechatil, netrutvatil aanee prashasanatil truti adhorekhit kelya gelya. 1904 chya esher ahavalat lashkari parishad, samanya karmchari, sainyachya pramukh senapatiche karyalay radd karane aanee samanya karmchari pramukh tayar karane yasarkhya aamulagra sudharananchi shifaras karnyat aalee. 1907 chya halden sudharananni aupcharikpane saat vibhaganche (eka ghodadal, sahaa payadal) moheem dall tayar kele, svayamsevakanchi chauda ghodadal brigade aanee chauda payadal vibhaganchya naveen pradeshik dalat punarrachana kelee aanee junya sainyadlala vishesh rakheev dalat badalale.
august 1914 madhye yuddh suru jhaale tevha british niyamit sainya heey eka lahan vyavsayik dall hote. tyat 24,432 niyamit sainikancha samavesh hota, jeey chaar pathakanchya rakshak dalanmadhye (grenadier, 3 tukdyansah; coldstream, 3 tukdyansah; scots, 2 tukdyansah; ayrish 1 tukadisah), 68 pathakanchya aanee raifal brigade (naav asoonahi, hii eka payadal tukadi hotee), 31 ghodadal tukadya, tofkhana aanee itar sahayyak shastre hotee. bahutek payadal pathakanchya done niyamit tukadya hotya, jyapaiki ekane gharee seva dilee aanee paradeshat tainat asalelya dusya tukadila masuda aanee badali pradan kelee, tarr mohim dalacha bhag honyasathi dekhil tayar hote-royal fucilliers, warcestershire regiment, middlesex regiment, kings royal raifal corps aanee raifal brigade (prince concertchya swatachya) kadey chaar niyamit tukadya hotya, jyapaiki done paradeshat seva dett hotya. niyamit sainyatil jawaljawal ardhe (157 payadal tukadyanpaiki 74 aanee 31 ghodadal tukadyanpaiki 12) sampoorn british samrajyat paradeshat sainyadalat tainat hote. royal flying corps 1918 paryant british sainyacha bhag hota. yuddh suru hoiparyant tyat 84 vimanancha samavesh hota.
niyamit sainyala pradeshik sainyacha pathimba hota, jyachi sankhya september 1913 madhye sumare 246,000 hotee aanee yuddh suru jhalyavar, teey gruhsanrakshanat tainat karnyat aale hote. august 1914 madhye, sathyanche teen prakar hote. lashkari rakheev pradeshat asey sainik hote jyanni tyanchi rangeet seva purn kelee hotee aanee nagri jeevanat paratalyanantar rakheev pradeshat sameel jhaale hote; teey 145,350 majboot hote. 2013 chya atinmadhye tyanna darr aathvadyala sumare 70 paund kimatiche 3 shilling aanee 6 pence (17.5 pence) dile jaat hote aanee tyanna varshala 12 prashikshan divas upasthit rahave lagat hote. vishesh rakheev pradeshat aanakhi 64,000 sainik hote aanee pradeshik sainyapramanech haah ardhvel sainikancha eka prakar hota. vishesh rakheev kheladula suruvatiche sahaa mahinyanche purnavel prashikshan hote aanee yaa kalavadhit tyala niyamit sainikaitakech vetan dile jaat asey; tyanantar tyanna darvarshi teen kinwa chaar aathvadyanche prashikshan dile jaat asey. rashtriy rakheev pradeshat sumare 215,000 purush hote, jeey pradeshik force county sanghatanandware rakhalya jaananya nondanivar hote; yaa purushanna lashkari anubhav hota, parantu itar konatehi rakheev dayitva navhate aanee keval sumare 60,000 lokanna deshat kinwa paradeshat sakriy bhoomika bajavanyas ichchuk kinwa saksham mhanoon vargikrut kele gele hote.
jaree khandat pathavalelya british moheem dalat (bii. eff.) tayar honyasathi keval 150,000 manse lagech upalabdh hotee, taree niyamit aanee rakheev-kiman kagdavar-sumare 7,00,000 sainikanche ektrit sainya hote. yaat sahaa payadal vibhag aanee eka ghodadal vibhag hota. yaulat, 1914 madhye french sainyane 1,650,000 sainya aanee 62 payadal vibhaganna sanghatit kele, tarr german sainyane 1,850,000 sainya aanee 87 payadal vibhaganna ektrit kele.
tyamule brittonne sahaa niyamit aanee chauda pradeshik payadal vibhagansah yuddh suru kele. yuddhadarmyan, aanakhi sahaa niyamit, 14 pradeshik, 36 kitchners armi aanee shahee naudalachya naudal vibhagasah itar sahaa vibhaganchi sthapana karnyat aalee.
vibhagani.
1914 madhye, pratyek british payadal vibhagat teen payadal brigade hote, pratyek chaar batalian, pratyek bataliyanmadhye done machinegans (vibhagat 24). tyanchyakade chaughapaiki chauda 18-paund tofansah teen maidani tofkhana brigade, athara hovitzers eka maidani hovitzer brigade, chaar 60-paund bandukansah eka judd tofkhana battery, done abhiyante maidani kampanya, eka shahee abhiyanta signal company, eka ghodadal squadran, eka cycleswar company, teen maidani rugnavahika, chaar lashkari seva dall, ghodeswari vahtook kampanya aanee vibhagiy mukhyalay samarthan tukadya dekhil hotya.
1914 madhye befala niyukt kelelya ekal ghodadal vibhagat paach tukadyanmadhye 15 ghodadal regimentcha samavesh hota. tyanchya french aanee german samkakshanchya ulat, jeey fakt qamee pallyachya carbine sashastr hote, teey riflesney sashastr hote. paradeshi ghodadal vibhaganchya tulanet ghodadal vibhagakade tofkhanyanchehi mothe vatap hote, jyat 24 13-paund tofanchi done tukadya aanee pratyek regimentsathi done machineganmadhye vyavastha hotee. khalee utaravalyavar, ghodadal vibhag haah payadal vibhagapeksha qamee tofkhana asalelya done kamkuvat payadal tukadyanchya samatulya hota. 1916 paryant, francemadhye teen brigedpacky pratyeki paach ghodadal vibhag, ghodadal dalatil pahile, dusare, tisare vibhag aanee bharatiy ghodadal dalatil pahile aanee dusare bharatiy ghodadal vibhag hote, bharatiy ghodadal dalatil pratyek brigedmadhye british ghodadal regiment hotee.
yuddhadarmyan, payadal vibhagachi rachana haloohaloo badalali aanee payadal vibhaganna sendriya agni sahayya pradan karnyavar bharr denyat aala. 1918 paryant, british vibhagat teen payadal brigade hote, pratyeki teen batalian. yaa pratyek tukadikade 36 levis machinegan hote, jyamule vibhagat ashee ekoon 324 shastre tayar jhaali. yavyatirikt, 16 tofa asalelya chaar tukadyanmadhye 64 wickers machinegans eka vibhagiy machinegan batalian hotee. vibhagatil pratyek brigedmadhye aath stock mortars mortar battery dekhil hotee. tofkhanyane tyachya batterychi rachana dekhil badalali. yuddhachya suruvatila, pratyek brigedmadhye sahaa bandukansah teen battery hotya; tyanantar teey pratyek brigedmadhye chaar bandukansah chaar batterykade valale aanee shevati 1917 madhye, battery kamandaranvar kharch karnyasathi pratyek brigedmadhye sahaa bandukansah chaar batterykade valale. asha prakare, suruvatichya aathvadyanmadhye ladhalya gelelya firatya yuddhapasun teey 1916 aanee 1917 chya sthir khandak yuddhaparyantchya vividh ghadamodinna pratisad dett, yuddhadarmyan sainya mothya pramanat badalel. befchya ghodadalane lashkarachya 9.28% chey pratinidhitva kele; julai 1918 paryant teey fakt 1.65% chey pratinidhitva karel. payadal 1914 madheel 64.64% varoon 1918 madhye lashkarachya 51.25% paryant qamee hoil, tarr shahee abhiyante 1918 madhye 5.91% varoon 11.24% paryant vadhatil.
british moheem dall.
entente cordial' chya atinnusar, european yuddhat british sainyachi bhoomika british moheem dalachya (bii. eae. eff.) sainikanna nene hotee, jyat sahaa payadal vibhag aanee paach ghodadal brigade hote, jyanna done sainya dalanmadhye vibhaganyat aale hoteh I corps, dugglus hegchya netrutvakhali aanee II corps, horace smith-dorienchya netrutvakhali. sangharshachya suruvatila, british bharatiy sainyala madatisathi bolavanyat aale; august 1914 madhye, suruvatila francemadhye pathavalelya 9,610 british adhikadhyanpaiki 20 takke bharatiy sainyatil hote, tarr itar 76,450 padanpaiki 16 takke british bharatiy sainyatil hote.
1914chya akheris (mons, leey kaiteu, ayasne aanee yeepresachya ladhayannantar), jaree german aaghadi rokhanyat yashasvi jhaale asale taree junya niyamit british sainyacha aksharshah naynat jhaala hota.
aktoobar 1914 madhye, 7 vaa vibhag francemadhye aala, jyane british III corpscha paya tayar keela; ghodadal teen vibhaganchya swatachya tukadyanmadhye vikasit jhaale hote. december 1914 paryant, pahilya aanee dusya sainyat vibhagalelya paach sainyadalanna tainat karoon, bii. eff. neey vistar keela hota. niyamit sainyachi takad qamee hott gelee, tevha sankhya tayar jhaali-pratham pradeshik dalane, nantar feeled marshal kitchnerchya naveen sainyachya swayamsevakanni. august 1914chya akheris, tyanni sahaa naveen vibhag ubharale hote; march 1915 paryant, vibhaganchi sankhya 29 paryant vadhali hotee. pradeshik sainyacha dekhil vistar karnyat aala, dusya aanee tisya tukadya ubharalya aanee aath naveen vibhag tayar kele, jyamule shantatechya kalat 14 vibhaganchi takad vadhali. tisya sainyachi sthapana julai 1915 madhye jhaali aanee kitchnerschya svayamsevakanchya sainyachya oghamule aanee pudhil punarrachanemule, chauthe sainya aanee rakheev sainya, jeey pachve sainya banale, 1916 madhye sthapan jhaale.
bharati aanee saktichi bharati.
august 1914 madhye, 300,000 purushanni ladhanyasathi nondani kelee hotee aanee septemberchya akheris aanakhi 4,50,000 lock sameel jhaale hote. svayamsevakachya suruvatichya mahinyanche eka pramukh vaishishtya mhanje mitranchya tukadyanchi nirmiti. heey asey purush hote jeey ekatra rahat hote aanee kaam karat hote aanee jyanna bharatisathi protsahan mhanoon ekatra prashikshan ghenyachi aanee ekach vibhagat seva karanyachi parvanagi hotee. yaa dhoranamule, jevha mitranchya tukadyanna jivitahani jhaali, tevha brittenmadhil sampoorn samudayanna asman nuksan sosave lagale. janewari 1916 madhye saktichi bharati suru jhalyanantar, mitranchya aanakhi tukadya ubharalya gelya naheet.
janewari 1916 madhye avivahit purushansathi saktichi bharati suru karnyat aalee. lashkari seva kayada 1916 madhye asey nirdisht kele gele qee 18 teey 41 varshe vayogatatil purushanna lashkarat sevesathi bolavane bandhankarak aahe, joparyant teey vivahit (kinwa mulansah vidhva) nastil kinwa anek rakheev vyavasayanpaiki eka vyavasayat seva dett nastil, jeey sahasa audhyogik hote parantu jyat padri aanee shikshak dekhil samavisht hote. tevha irelandla united kingdamcha bhag mhanoon darja asoonahi haah kayada irelandla lagoo jhaala nahee (parantu 1918 chey saktiche bharati sankat pahaa). meey 1916 madhye vivahit purushansathi saktichi bharati karnyat aalee. janewari 1916 paryant, jevha saktichi bharati suru karnyat aalee, 26 laakh purushanni sevesathi swechhene kaam kele hote, yuddh sampanyapurvi aanakhi 23 laakh purushanna saktine bharati karnyat aale hote; 1918 chya akheris, lashkar 40 laakh purushanchya shikharavar pohochale hote.
shambhar divasanchya (august-november 1918) mrutyuchya nondinchya vishleshanavarun asey soochit hote qee, mrutanpaiki sumare 60 takke lock saktiche hote (anek purush mageel staravaril nokyanmadhun 'baher padale' aanee 1917-18 madhye aaghadichya ranget tainat jhaale hote, jyanni yuddhat swechhene kaam kele hote) aanee alikadech paschim aaghadivar sevesathi vayachi maryada ekonis teey athara-sadeaath paryant qamee karoon, mrutanche sarasari vay ajunahi visavya dashakachya madhyat hote. ellison hine tippani karatat qee jaree nondi apoorn asalya taree heey mrut purush sampoorn bii. eff. chey pratinidhi namune hote qee nahee heey sangane katheen jhaale asale taree, yuddhanantarchya befmadhye mukhytah saktichya "mulancha" samavesh hota assa dawa mhanoon savadhgirine vagale pahije. shivay, jaree tyanchya swatachya tukdyanvyatirikt deshachya itar bhagantun sainikanna tukadyanmadhye pathvanyat aale asalyachi anek prakarane nishchit hotee, tarihi anek tukadya tyanchya paramparik sthanik bhagatil sainikanni bharalya hotya, jyaa purvichya yuddhapramanech hotya. tyamule 'regiment nasht karnyacha jaanunbujun prayatna' karnyat aala hota asey dave swikaranyapurvi savadhgiri balgali pahije... aanee sainyache rashtriyikaran qaraa "(udaa.jee. daad warr daad infuntory norn' (1938) madhye doone.
mahilannihi swayamsevi bhoomika bajavali aanee ladhau nasalelya bhoomiket kaam kele; yuddhachya akheris 80,000 mahila bharati jhalya hotya. tyanni bahutek ranee alekzandrachya shahee lashkari paricharya seva (cams), prathamik upchar paricharya yonari (fanny), swayamsevi sahayya tukadi (wadd) aanee 1917 pasoon, jevha mahila sainyachya sahayyak dalachi (doubleu. aii. aii. see.) sthapana jhaali, tevha sainyat paricharika mhanoon kaam kele. pakakala; yantrik; lipic aanee vividh asha chaar vibhaganmadhye vak vibhagali gelee hotee. bahutansh jann gharchya aaghadivar rahile, parantu sumare 9,000 lokanni francemadhye seva dilee.
senapati.
1914 madhye, british abhiyan dalachya (bii. eae. eff.) konatyahi sevarat british adhikaone sakriy mohimanvaril vibhagapeksha mothya sanrachanevar niyantran thewale navhate. august 1914 madhye niyukt jhalela bii. eff. chaa pahila pramukh senapati feeled marshal johnn french hota. dusya boar yuddhatil ghodadal vibhag haah tyacha shevatcha sakriy senapati hota.
1914 madhye british pratham dalacha senapati douglus hegg hota. frenchanni 1912 madhye tippani kelee hotee qee philled kamandapeksha karmchari padasathi hegg adhik yogya tharel. frenchanpramanech hegg haah ghodadalacha manus hota. tyachi shevatchi sakriy kamaan dusya boar yuddhadarmyan hotee, pratham ghodadal vibhagat varishtha karmchari adhikari mhanoon, nantar brigedchya aakarachya tukadyanchya gatache netrutva karat. british dviteey dalache pahile commander leftnunt general james grearson heey eka prasiddha davpechkar hote, jyancha francemadhye aalyanantar lagechach hrudayavikarachya zatkyane mrutyu jhaala. frenchanna tyanchya jaagi leftnunt general herbert plummer yanchi niyukti karayachi hotee, parantu frenchanchya ichcheviruddha, kitchnerne tyaeivaji leftnunt general horace smith-dorien yanchi niyukti kelee, jyanni 1879 madhye zulu yuddhat aapali lashkari karkird suru kelee hotee aanee teey isandalvanachya ladhait vachalelya keval paach adhikadhyanpaiki eka hote. sudan moheem aanee dusya boar yuddhadarmyan tyane payadal senapati mhanoon prachand pratishtha nirman kelee hotee. dusya boar yuddhanantar, too anek sudharanansathi jababdar hota, visheshtah ghodadalasathi utaravalelya prashikshanat vaadh karnyas bhag padat hota. yala frenchanni (eka ghodadalvir mhanoon) shatrutva dakhavale. 1914 paryant, smith-dorianbaddal frenchanchi napasanti sainyat prasiddha jhaali.
1915 madhye loojchya ladhait ayashasvi jhalelya aakramananantar, frenchya jaagi hegla befcha senapati mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale, joou urvarit yuddhasathi pramukh rahila. somechya ladhait, paschendelchya ladhait aanee shambhar divasanchya aakramak, 1918 madhye german sharanagatila karanibhoot tharalelya vijayanchya malikedarmyanchya tyachya senapatichya bhoomikesathi too sarvat prasiddha jhaala. hegchya jaagi general charles carmichael monorone pahilya sainyachi kamaan sambhalali, jyanantar september 1916 madhye general heinry hornne satta ghetali, joou yuddhadarmyan british sainyache netrutva karnara tofkhana parshvabhoomi asalela ekmev adhikari hota.
akheris december 1914 madhye general plummerchi dusya tukadichi kamaan sambhalanyasathi niyukti karnyat aalee aanee 1915 madhye dusya sainyachya adhipatyakhali smith-dorienche uttaradhikari mhanoon tyanni padbhar swikarla. dusya boar yuddhat tyanni payadal dalala netrutva dile hote, jithe tyanni aapali pratishtha nirman karnyas suruvat kelee. tyane teen varshe yapres salientchi kamaan sambhalali aanee 1917 madhye messinschya ladhait german sainyavar jabardast vijay midavala. plummerla samanyatah paschim aaghadivaril varishtha british senapatinpaiki eka mhanoon olakhale jaate.
1914 madhye, general edmond elenbee heey ghodadal vibhagache aanee nantar befmadhil ghodadal dalache commander hote. monschya maghar aanee yapresachya pahilya ladhaidarmyan tyachya netrutvachi nond jhaali. payadal dalala netrutva dilyanantar, paschim aaghadivaril tisya sainyache netrutva karnyasathi tyanchi niyukti karnyat aalee. tyane yapurvi zulu yuddh, sudan moheem aanee dusya boar yuddhat kaam kele hote. 1917 madhye, tyanna egyptian moheem dalache netrutva denyat aale, jithe tyanni 1917 aanee 1918 madhye palestine aanee siriyachya vijayavar dekhrekh thewali. 1914 madhye francemadhil british moheem dalache pramukh asalelya archibald murre yanchi jaaga allenby yanni ghetali.
allenbeachya jaagi tisya lashkari senapatichya jaagi general julien bingne padbhar swikarla, jyane tisya ghodadal vibhagache senapati mhanoon yuddh suru kele. yeepresachya pahilya ladhait changli kamgiri kelyanantar, tyane ghodadal dalanchya adhipatyakhali elenbeecha uttaradhikari mhanoon padbhar swikarla. august 1915 madhye british ix corpsche netrutva karnyasathi tyanna dardnellus yethe pathvanyat aale. tyane 105,000 sahyogi sainik aanee bhoomadhya abhiyan dalachi (emm. eae. eff.) bahutansh upkarane atyant yashasvipane baher kadhanyachi yojana aakhali. janewari 1916 madhye ekahi manus naan gamavata maghar yashasviritya purn jhaali. bing aadhich paschim aaghadivar paratala hota, jithe tyala canadian dalache netrutva denyat aale hote. tyanchi sarvat ullekhaneey ladhai april 1917 madheel vimi rijchi ladhai hotee, jee canadachya sainyane britishanchya pathimbyane paar padali hotee.
general heinry rollinson yanni 1898 madhye omdarmanchya agrakramadarmyan kitchnerchya karmchanyanvar kaam kele aanee dusya boar yuddhat vishisht kamgiri kelee, jithe tyanni sarvat saksham british senapatinpaiki eka mhanoon pratishtha midavali. rollinsonne 1914 madhye british IV corpschee kamaan ghetali aanee nantar 1916 madhye chauthya sainyachi kamaan sambhalali, kaaran sommevar mitrapakshanchya hallyachya yojana vikasit kelya jaat hotya. yuddhadarmyan, rollinson navinyapurn davpech vaparnyachya tyachya ichchhesathi prasiddha hote, jyacha vapar tyane amienschya ladhait keela, jithe tyane tofkhanyansah takyandware kelele halle ekatra kele.
general hubert guff yanni ladysmithchya madtidarmyan eka chadhatya payadal regimentche netrutva kele, parantu 1901 madhye mothya boar dalavar hallah kartana tyanchi kamaan nasht jhaali. jevha teey bii. eff. madhye sameel jhaale, tevha teey tisya ghodadal brigedche netrutva karat hote aanee eka varshapeksha qamee kalavadhit tyanna brigedmadhun corps kamandmadhye badhati denyat aalee. september 1914 madhye tyanna dusya ghodadal vibhagachi, april 1915 madhye 7 vya vibhagachi aanee julai 1915 madhye british aay corpschee kamaan denyat aalee. tyanni loojchya ladhait aay corpschee kamaan sambhalali. meey 1916 madhye, pachvya sainyacha senapati mhanoon tyanchi niyukti karnyat aalee, jyala paschendelchya ladhait mothya pramanat nuksan sosave lagale. pachvya sainyachya patanakade vasant rututil aakramanatil german pragatiche kaaran mhanoon mothya pramanavar pahile gele aanee march 1918 madhye goffla tyacha senapati mhanoon barkhast karnyat aale, yuddhatil shevatchya mahinyansathi general william birdwoodne tyache sthan ghetale. birdwoodne yapurvi austreliyan dalala netrutva dile hote, jyaa niyuktisathi davpech aanee samarik kaushalyache sanyojan aavashyak hote.
macedonian aaghadivar, general george milne yanni british salonika sainyache netrutva kele aanee general iaan hamilton yanni gallipoli mohimedarmyan durdaivi mefche netrutva kele. tyane yapurvi pahile boar yuddh, sudan moheem aanee dusare boar yuddh yaat seva pahili hotee.
brittenmadhye, prabhavipane british sainyache vyavsayik pramukh asalele shahee general staffche (siggs) pramukh general james murre hote, jyanni yuddhachya suruvatichya varshant teey padd kayam thewale. 1915 chya uttaradhat, nantar 1915 chya akheris, general william robertsonne alp kalavadhisathi tyachya jaagi archibald murre yanchi niyukti kelee. hegche prabal samarthak asalele robertson yanchi jaaga 1918 madhye general heinry hyoojes willson yanni ghetali.
adhikadhyanchi nivad.
august 1914 madhye british sainyat 28,060 adhikari hote, jyapaiki 12,738 niyamit adhikari hote, urvarit rakheev hote. november 1918 paryant lashkaratil adhikadhyanchi sankhya 1,64,255 paryant vadhali hotee. yuddhadarmyan commission denyat aalelya 247,061 adhikadhyanpaiki heey vachalele hote.
yuddhapoorv bahutek adhikari lashkari sambandh asalelya kutumbanmadhun aale hote, jeey abhijat kinwa samvayask hote; sarvajanik shaley shikshan jawaljawal aavashyak hote. 1913 saalee sumare 2 takke niyamit adhikanyanna padavarun padonnati denyat aalee hotee. yuddhadarmyan adhikari dalat shantikalin sainyatil niyamit adhikari, yuddhadarmyan kayamswarupi dall niyukt kelele adhikari, yuddhakalasathi tatpurte dall manjur kelele adhikari, shantikalin kalat dalbaddha pradeshik lashkari adhikari, yuddhapoorv niyamit aanee pradeshik sainyachya padanvarun dalbaddha jhalele adhikari aanee keval yuddhakalasathi dalatoon dalbaddha kelele tatpurte adhikari yancha samavesh hota.
september 1914 madhye, laurd kitchnerne jaheer kele qee too vistarat asalelya sainyasathi adhikari puravanyasathi svayamsevak aanee niyamit aine. see. oo. shodhat aahe. bahutansh svayamsevak madhyamvargatun aale hote, jyat vyavsayik aanee lipic vyavasayatil sarvat motha gut (27 takke), tyanantar shikshak aanee vidyarthi (18 takke) aanee vyavsayik purush (15 takke) hote. march 1915 madhye, asey aadhalun aale qee 12,290 purush heey vidyapith kinwa sarvajanik shaala adhikadhyanchya prashikshan dalache (otc) sadasya hote. bahutansh lokanni arj kele aanee tyanna aayog denyat aale, tarr jyanni arj keela nahee asha itaranna dekhil niyukt karnyat aale. 1916 chya suruvatila thet niyukti mothya pramanat bund jhaali, tevhapasoon bahutek naveen adhikaanyaanee sambhavya adhikadhyanchya eka tukadit asale tarihi pratham shreneet seva dilee hotee.
ekada umedvarachi adhikari mhanoon nivad jhaali qee, padonnati jalad houu shakate. aaa. ess. 15 varshe niyamit sainyat seva dilyanantar smeltzerla 1915 madhye sekand leftnunt mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. too padavar chadhala aanee 1917 chya vasant rutuparyant tyala leftnunt curnell mhanoon badhati denyat aalee aanee too 6 vya batalian, buffs (royal east kent regiment) chaa commanding officer hota.
jalad padonnatibarobarach, yuddhane bataliyanchya commanding adhikaanyaanche vay dekhil lakshaniyaritya qamee kele. 1914 madhye, tyanche vay 50 varshanpeksha jaast hote, tarr 1917 teey 1918 darmyan bii. eff. madheel batalian commanding officerche sarasari vay 28 hote. yaa tappyaparyant, 35 varshanpeksha jaast vayache purush aata batalianla kamand karnyas patra naheet heey adhikrut dhoran hote. haah cull kanishth adhikadhyanmadhye disun aala. vayachya 18 vya varshi anthany eden eka bataliyanche sahayak hote aanee tyanni vayachya 20 vya varshi 198 vya brigedmadhye brigade mejar mhanoon kaam kele.
yuddhamule samanya karmchanyanchya pragatisathi sandhee dekhil upalabdh jhalya, visheshtah suruvatichya kalat, jevha anek majee varishtha adhikanyanna nivruttinantar parat bolavanyat aale hote. yapaiki kahee jann, tyanche vay vadhalyamule, seva karanyachi tyanchi anichha kinwa kshamata aanee tandurusticha abhav yamule vanchit asalyache aadhalun aale; bahutansh lokanna yuddhache pahile varsh sampanyapurvich nivruttis parat pathvanyat aale, jyamule eka daree rahili jee khalchya darjachya adhikanyanna bharoon kadhavi lagali. crimean yuddh aanee dusya boar yuddhatil karmchanyanchya kamachya gunavattevar teeka kelyane haldenchya kalat vyapak badal jhaale hote. camberley yetheel karmchari mahavidhyalayacha mothya pramanat vistar karnyat aala aanee laurd kitchnerne 1904 madhye bharatiy lashkari adhikadhyansathi kweta yethe karmchari mahavidhyalayachi sthapana kelee. tathapi, august 1914 madhye jevha yuddh suru jhaale, tevha karmcharivargasathi purese padvidhar navhate. chaar mahinyanche karmchari abhyaskram suru karnyat aale aanee teey regimentchya adhikaanyaanee bharalele hote, jyanna tyanche prashikshan purn kelyanantar vividh mukhyalayanmadhye tainat karnyat aale hote. parinami, prashikshan aanee anubhavane haloohaloo paristhiti sudharali nahee toparyant karmchanyanche kaam punha kharab hote. 1918 madhye, jyaa karmchari adhikanyanna keval sthir khandak yuddhasathi prashikshan denyat aale hote, tyanna ardh-khulya yuddhachya magnyanshi julavun ghenyas bhag padale gele.
yuddhadarmyan, brigadier-general aanee tyahoon adhik darjache 78 british aanee dominian adhikari sakriy sevedarmyan marle gele kinwa maran pavale, tarr aanakhi 146 jakhami jhaale, vayuyukt jhaale kinwa pakadale gele.
siddhant.
british adhikrut itihaskar brigadier james edward edmonds yanni 1925 madhye nondavale qee, "1914 chey british sainya heey aataparyant yuddhat pathavalele sarvottam prashikshit, sarvottam susajj aanee sarvottam sanghatit british sainya hote". heey kahee pramanat halden sudharananmule hote aanee lashkarane swatah badal aanee prashikshanachi garaj olakhali. prashikshan hivalyat vaiyaktik prashikshanane suru jhaale, tyanantar vasant rutumadhye squadran, company kinwa battery prashikshan; unhalyat regiment, batalian aanee brigade prashikshan; aanee unhalyachya uttaradhat aanee sharad rututil vibhag kinwa aantar-vibhagiy vyayam aanee lashkari yuktya. serve staranvaril mukhyalayancha samaan siddhant 'philled service pockett book' madhye darshavila gela hota, joou 1906 madhye yuddh karyalayat karmchari abhyas sanchalak mhanoon kaam kartana hegg yanni sadar keela hota.
dusya boar yuddhane lashkarala, lamb pallyachya, masik-poshit riflesney aachchhadalelya agnikshetranmule udbhavananya dhokyanvishayi satark kele hote. volley firing aanee frontal hallyanchya jaagi, vistarit kramane pudhe jaane, upalabdh kavharcha vapar, hallyala pathimba denyasathi tofkhana vaparane, bajoo aanee ektrit halle aanee golibar aanee halchalinvar adhik bharr denyat aala. sainyane, tyanchi thikane lapavanyasathi aanee darugola jatan karnyasathi, nantar salag latanmadhye hallah karnyasathi, shatruchya nirnayak bandobastachya dishene, golibar naan karata, yashtine shakya titkya durparyant golibar reshet pudhe jaane apekshit hote.
ghodadalane hergiricha sarav keela aanee adhik niyamitpane ladha dett utaravale aanee janewari 1910 madhye, general staff conferencemadhye nirnay ghenyat aala qee utaravalelya ghodadalala hallah aanee sanrakshanat payadal davpech shikavale pahijet. ghodadalavar chadhana aanee utaravalelya yaa donhi prakarchya karvaisathi prashikshit aanee alp pallyachya karbainaivaji paydalasarkhyach rifles susajj asalelya pramukh european shaktitil teey ekmev ghodadal hote. dusya boar yuddhadarmyan midalelya anubhavacha parinam mhanoon, yuddh suru honyapurvi ghodadalala khandak sadhane dekhil denyat aalee hotee.
payadalachi nishanbaji aanee agni aanee halchal tantra heey boar davpechanni prerit hote aanee curnell charles monro yanni jevha teey shorncliffe yetheel bandukkhana shaleche prabhari hote tevha aupcharik siddhant mhanoon sthapit kele hote. 1914 madhye, british raifal golibar itka prabhavi hota qee kahee ahwal asey hote qee german lokanna asey vatale qee tyanna mothya sankhyene machinegancha samna karava lagat aahe. lashkarane rayfalchya saravavar laksh kendrit kele, nishanbaji sudharanyasathi aanee eka minitala 15 prabhavi feiiah midvinyasathi samarpit asalelya parvataranganvar divas ghalavale; eka sargentne 30 sekandat nirdharit kelelya lakshyat 38 feiiah karnyacha vikram keela. tyanchya 1914 chya kaushalya-shastranchya baithakit, pahilya bataliyanchya black watchney 184 gunaketyanchi, 263 pratham shreniche fatake, 89 dviteey shreniche fatake aanee chaar truteey shreniche fatake nondavale. payadalane anekada adhikari kinwa aine. see. oo. chya aadeshashivay, kavharmadhun hallah aanee golibar dekhil keela, jenekarun sainik tyanchya swatachya pudhakarane krutee karoo shaktil. yuddhachya aadhichya shevatchya saravat, heey nondavale gele hote qee "payadalane jaminicha adbhut vapar keela, chhotya dhavpattyanmadhye pragati kelee aanee nehmi duheri aanee jawaljawal nehmich pravan sthanavarun golibar keela".
shastre.
british sainyakade 'lii-enfield emm. keey. III' (ess. emm. ell. emm. keey. III) heey laghupat hote, jyat eka boult-action aanee mothya masik kshamatecha samavesh hota, jyamule prashikshit riflemanla eka minitala 'id1' golya marane shakya jhaale. pahilya mahayuddhachya nondi british sainyane german hallekhoranna mage hatvalyabaddal sangatat, jyanni nantar nondavale qee tyanna machinegancha samna karava lagla hota, jevha pratyakshat too keval smulls sashastr prashikshit riflemancha eka gut hota. hevi wickers machinegan heey yuddhbhumivaril sarvat vishvasarh shastra asalyache siddha jhaale, tyachya sahanshilatechya kahee parakramanni lashkari pauranik kathanmadhye pravesh keela. eka vruttat 24 august 1916 roji uchch lakadavar machinegan corpschya 100 vya companyne kelelya karvaibaddal sangitale aahe. yaa kampanikade 10 wickers gunn hotya; british hallah suru asatana pratihalla karnyasathi german sainya tethe tayar houu naye mhanoon, durchya vishisht bhagavar 12 taas satat covering phayar karnyache aadesh denyat aale hote. tofkhanyansathi darugola, shidha aanee panivahu jahaj mhanoon payadalachya done kampanya vatap karnyat aalya. done manasanni patt bharnyachya yantrache kaam 12 taas naan thambata kele, 250-goal pattyancha puravatha thewala. banduka thund thevanyasathi tyanni 100 naveen baryl aanee purushanche pinyache paanee aanee shauchalayatil badalisah serve paanee vaparale. tyaa 12 tasanchya kalavadhit, 10 bandukinni tyanchya darmyan daha laakh feiiah kelya. eka chamoone 120,000 golya zadalyachi mahitee aahe. mohimechya shevati, pratyek bandook uttam prakare kaam karat hotee aanee sampoorn kalavadhit ekahi bandukichi nasadhus jhaali navhati assa aarop aahe.
aktoobar 1915 madhye jaminivaril aanee vimanatil vaparasathi halki levis bandook sweekarli gelee. levis bandook vikarspeksha sumare 80 takke vegwan aanee adhik portable asalyacha fayda hota. pahilya mahayuddhachya akheris, 50,000 hoon adhik levis banduka tayar jhalya hotya; tyaa paschim aaghadivar jawaljawal sarvatra hotya, jyaa wickers bandukipeksha sumare 3:1 chya gunottarane jaast hotya.
britishanni tatpuratya mortarcha vapar thamba-antar mhanoon keela, 2 inch madhyam mortar aanee tyache "toffey safarchand" prakshepak march 1915 pasoon tainat kele gele. heey 81 miimii stokes mortardware mage ghenyat aale, jeey pratham 1915 chya akheris jaaree karnyat aale jeey nantar french sainyane dekhil sweekarle.
shevati, marqa aay tank-eka british shodh-khandak yuddhatil gatirodhavar upay mhanoon pahila gela. jyaa chinhavar mea indhan bharalyashivay aanee vegat hote; tyane september 1916 madhye somevar pratham seva pahili.
payadalachi yukti.
sagari sharyati" nantar, yuktivadane khandak yuddhala marg deela, jyachya vikasasathi british sainyane tayari keleli navhati. aakramak firatya yuddhachya apekshene, lashkarane sainikanna sanrakshanatmak davpechanchi soochana dilee navhati aanee kateri taar, hatbomb kinwa khandak mortar midvanyat teey apayashi tharale hote. khandak yuddhachya suruvatichya varshant, samanya payadal hallah bataliyanvar aadharit hota, jyamadhye chaar kampanya hotya jyaa pratyeki chaar palatananni banalelya hotya. yaa tukadine pratyeki 10 laata tayar kelya, tarr pratyek companyne done palatananchya done laata tayar kelya. pahilya sahaa laata yaa teen tukadyanchya companyanmadhil ladhanyache ghatak hotya, satvya latanmadhye tukadi mukhyalay hote; urvarit companyne aathvya aanee navvya latanchi nirmiti kelee, jyaa upkarane pudhe nene apekshit hote, dahavya latanmadhye stretcher vahak aanee vaidyakeey karmchari hote. jaree pratyek manasakade tyachi raifal, beyonet, gass mask, darugola, done hatbomb, wire cutter, eka kudal, done rikamya valuchya pishavya aanee flairs asale taree rachana darr done minitanni pudhe jaane apekshit hote. vareel vyatirikt, tabyat ghetalelya resha aanee tatbandichya durustisathi, vahoon nenanya palatananni atirikt darugola, kateri taar aanee bandhkam sahitya dekhil vahoon nele.
1918 paryant, anubhavamule davpechanmadhye badal jhaala hota; payadal aata kathor reshanmadhye pudhe sarkat navhate, tarr lavchik latanchi malika tayar kelee. teey guptapane, andharachya aachchhadanakhali halatat aanee german reshejavalil kavach chhidra kinwa itar aavaran vyapatat. chakmakikhoranni pahili laat tayar kelee aanee pratikar karnyachya thikanancha shodh ghenyasathi german aaghadichya ranget sarpatananya barrage pathpurava keela. dusari kinwa mukhya laat ekach filemadhye pulton kinwa vibhaganmadhye aalee. tisari tukadi, dalbalanchya chhotya gatanpasoon tayar jhaali hotee, chauthya latene tabyat ghetalelya pradeshache rakshan karane apekshit hote. serve laata pudhe jaatana jaminicha fayda ghetil ashee apeksha hotee. (takyansah kaam kartana khalee pahaa)
pratyek palatanmadhye aata eka louis gunn vibhag hota aanee eka vibhag hota joou haat-grenade fekanyat (tevha bomb mhanoon olakhala jaanara) tadnya hota, pratyek vibhagala hergirichi kartavye paar padnyasathi done scouts pradan karnyas bhag padale gele. pratyek palatanane, teey pudhe jaat asalelya hallyat, naan thambata, paraspar agni sahayya pradan karane apekshit hote; parantu leap frogging sweekarle gele, jyat aaghadichya palatanane eka uddesh ghetala aanee pudhil pulton tyanchya madhyamatoon aanee pudhil uddeshakade gele, tarr levis gunnerne agni sahayya pradan kele. khandak aanee khodkam saaf karnyasathi grenadecha vapar keela jaat hota, pratyek bataliyanne agni sahayya puravanyasathi done khandak mortar pudhe nele.
takichi yukti.
khandak yuddhacha gatirodh todanyasathi yaa takichi rachana karnyat aalee hotee. somvareel tyanchya pahilya vaparat, tyanna payadalachya adhipatyakhali thevanyat aale aanee tyanna dilelya lakshyanvar gut kinwa jodyanmadhye hallah karnyache aadesh denyat aale. tyanna sainyachya chhotya gatanchi nemanook dekhil karnyat aalee hotee, jeey shatruchya hallyanpasoon jawalun sanrakshn puravat asatana snrakshak mhanoon kaam karat hote. machine ganchi jaaga aanee sainyachi sandrata jodanyasathi keval nauu takya german reshet pohochalya. vatet 14 jann kosalale kinwa vahoon gele, tarr aanakhi 10 jann shatruchya golibarat jakhami jhaale.
1917 madhye, cambrychya ladhaidarmyan, tank corpsney naveen davpech sweekarle. teen takya ekatra kaam karat trikon rachnet pudhe jaatil, jyachya mageel done takya payadal palatanla cover puravatil. yaa takya kateri taranmadhye antar nirman karoon sobat asalelya payadalala tyatoon jaave lagat hote, tyanantar german majboot bindu dadapanyasathi tyanchya shastrastrancha vapar karayacha hota. yuddhadarmyan taakee-infentory sahkaryachi parinamkarakta disun aalee, jevha 51 vya (dongral) vibhagachya mejar general george harper yanni takyanna sahkarya karnyas nakar deela, yaa nirnayamule tyanna konatyahi payadal pathimbyashivay pudhe jaanyas bhag padale gele; parinami german tofkhanyanni bankarchya mage 12 peksha jaast takyancha naash keela.
1918 paryant paristhiti punha badalali hotee, jevha taakee hallyanmadhye darr 100 jananna eka taakee asel kinwa pratyek uddeshasathi 12-16 takichi taakee company asel. pratyek companycha eka vibhag samore asel, urvarit company mage mage asel aanee pratyek taakee payadal palatanla sanrakshn purvel, jyanna pudhe jaanyachya soochana denyat aalya hotya, upalabdh kavharcha vapar karoon aanee machine gunn firingdware samarthit kele gele hote. jevha takya shatruchya majboot binduvar pohochatat, tevha teey bachavkartyanna guntavoon thevatat, tyanna aashray denyas bhag padatat aanee tyanna pudhil payadalachya upkarnanvar sodatat.
tofkhanyachi yukti.
yuddhapurvi, tofkhana swatantrapane kaam karat asey aanee yashasvi hallah sunishchit karnyasathi payadalala pathimba denyas shikavale jaat asey. 1914 madhye, 60-paundanchi tofkhana hii sarvat judd bandook hotee, jee pratyek judd batterymadhye chaar hotee. shahee ghodyachya tofkhanyane 13-paundancha vapar keela, tarr shahee maidani tofkhanyane 18-paundanchi bandook vaparali. 1918 paryant paristhiti badalali hotee; tofkhana heey yuddhbhumivaril pramukh sainya hote. 1914 aanee 1918 darmyan, shahee maidani tofkhana 45 maidani tukadyanvarun 173 maidani tukadyanparyant vadhala hota, tarr shahee chhawani tofkhanachya judd aanee vedha ghalana tofkhana 32 judd aanee sahaa vedha ghalana tukadyanvarun 117 judd aanee 401 vedha ghalana tukadyanparyant vadhalya hotya.
judd bandukanchya batterychya sankhyet jhalelya yaa vadhimule, sainyala judd banduka firavanyachi adhik karyaksham paddhat shodhane aavashyak hote. (aavashyak asalelya ghodya shodhane katheen tharat hote.) yuddh karyalayane 1,000 hoon adhik holt caterpillar tractorchi magani kelee, jyamule vedha ghatalelya tofkhanyanchi halchal badalali. paschim aaghadivar firatya lamb pallyachya judd tofkhana puravanyasathi lashkarane vividh railway platformwar atirikt naudal banduka dekhil tainat kelya.
1914 paryant, tofkhana samanyatah drishyaman lakshyanvar khulya thikananvar golibar karat asey, tofkhana regiment kinwa brigade heey ekach lakshyavar golibar karanyachi savay asalele sarvat mothe unit hote. khandak yuddh swikarlyamule aanalela eka navkalpana mhanje barrage-hii sandnya 1915 madhye nyuv chappelchya ladhait pahilyanda vaparali gelee. khandak yuddhamule nirikshakancha vapar, adhik atyadhunik tofkhana agni yojana aanee tofkhana karnyasathi vadhatya vaidnyanik drushtikonasaha apratyaksh golibar karanyachi garaj nirman jhaali hotee, jithe tofkhanyanna banduka thevanyasathi adhikadhik klisht gananecha vapar karava lagla hota. vaiyaktik banduka lakshyit kelya jaat hotya jenekarun tyanchya golichya padanyacha namuna tayar karnyasathi itaranshi samanvay sadhala jaau shakel; barragechya babatit, namuna eka resha hotee.
rengalanara barrage haah eka barrage hota joou kadachit chhotya vadhimadhye uchalala gela, jenekarun too paydalabarobar haloohaloo pudhe sarkat gela, jyanna tyanchya swatachya aagichya halatya bhintichya mage jawal jaanyasathi prashikshan dile gele hote, anekada jawal; payadal kamandaranna tyanchya sainikanna shakya titkya jawal thevanyasathi protsahit kele gele, agadi maitripurna golibaramule jhalelya jivitahanichya jokhamivar dekhil. rengalanara barrage aashcharyakarak ghatak kayam thevu shakat hota, hallekhor sainya nighun jaanyachya kahee vel aadhi banduka golibar suru karat hotya. jevha shatruchya sthitichi purnapane ferniyantran kelee gelee navhati, tevha teey upayukt hote, kaaran teey vaiyaktik lakshya aadhich olakhanyavar avalambun navhate. bachavkartyanna barey honyasathi, aashraysthanatun baher padnyasathi aanee tyanchya sthananvar chalanyasathi vel milanyapurvi payadalane shatruchya sthanavar pohochave, hii rengalanaya barragemagil kalpana hotee. somechya ladhaichya pahilya divashi, barragene payadalala mage takale, jyamule bachavkartyanna tyanchya dougoutmadhun baher padane shakya jhaale aanee hallekhoransathi vinashkari parinam jhaale. eka varshanantar, 1917 madhye, araschya dusya ladhait rengalanaya barragene tyachi parinamkarakta darshavali. rengalanaya barrage eka kamkuvatpana mhanje payadal tofkhana velapatrakachya adheen hote, tarr payadal kamandaranche samarik paristhitivar qamee niyantran hote aanee tyamule yuddhbhumibhovati tyanchya sainyachi chaal kashee chalvayachi heey visaranyacha dhoka hota. barrageche mahatva itake hote qee payadalachya swatachya agnishaktivar avalambun rahoon tyachya pudhe jaanyachya halchalila pathimba denyabarobarach payadalachi paramparik yukti kadhikadhi visarali jaat asey.
payadal german khandakanparyant pohochale qee, tofkhana rengalanaya barragevaroon ubhe asalelya barragekade halala, payadalachya pudhe eka sthir barrage jeey tyanna pratihalla karnyapasoon vachvel aanee tyanni sthan majboot kele. eka prakar mhanje boxes barrage, jyamadhye teen kinwa chaar barrage eka boxes tayar karatat-kinwa bahutekda boxchya teen bajoo-vegalya karnyachya aanee pudhil ranget atirikt sainya aanane rokhanyasathi. jaree tyacha vapar german tukdyaviruddha aakramakpane dekhil keela jaau shakat asala taree yacha vapar samanyatah khandak hallyanche sanrakshn karnyasathi keela jaat asey. dusya prakarcha barrage mhanje german pratihallachya pratyuttarat sodanyat aalela saus barrage. german barragedware durdhvaniche taar kapanyacha cull asalyamule, purvaniyojit rangacha jwalagrahak signal takoon saus barrage khalee aanala jaau shakato. tyanantar eka purv-nondanikrut barrage noow manchya jaminivar khalee yeil.
takichya parichayanantar, adthale aanee machine ganchya jaaga nasht karoon payadalala madat karnyasathi tofkhanyachi aavashyakta rahili nahee. tyaeivaji, tofkhanyane german tofkhanyanna prati-battery golibarane nishprabhavi karoon madat kelee. leftnunt william laurence bragg yanchya netrutvakhalil british lashkarachya sanshodhakanni dhwani shreni vikasit kelee, jee shatruchya tofkhanyache sthan tyachya bandukichya golibaramule nishchit karanyachi eka paddhat aahe. dhwani shreni aanee royal flying corps nirikshakankadun ahwal gola karoon, prati battery prayatnanche samanvay sadhanyasathi pratyek dalat eka prati battery karmchari adhikari (see. bii. ess. oo.) niyukt karnyat aala hota. yuddhachya akheris, heey lakshat aale qee barrage mahattvacha parinam mhanje bhautik vidhvansapeksha shatruche manobal qamee karane aanee dadapane haah hota; 1916 madhye vaparlya gelelya aathvade dalanvalanachya bombusfotapeksha payadal hallah jhalyanantar lagechach eka lahan, tivra bombsfot adhik prabhavi hota.
sanvad.
1912 madhye sthapan jhalelya shahee abhiyantyanchya signal sevevar signal preshan, taar, durdhvani aanee nantar wireless sampreshan, lashkari mukhyalayapasun brigedparyant aanee tofkhanyasathi battery pataliparyantchya sampreshanachi jababdari denyat aalee hotee. bahutansh yuddhasathi, sainyachya sanvadachya prathamik paddhati signal preshan (dhavpatu, ghodyavar doot, kutre aanee vahak kabutare niyukt karane), drushya sanket, taar aanee durdhvani yaa hotya. yuddhachya suruvatila, sainyakade qamee sankhyene wireless sanch hote, jeey judd aanee avishvasaniy asanyavyatirikt lamb laharinvar chalavale jaat asat. 1915 madhye, khandak wireless sanch sadar karnyat aale, parantu shravan karananya german lokanni prasaran sahajpane rokhale.
yuddhachya suruvatila nagri durdhvani vaparale jaat hote, parantu prachalit asalelya olsar, chikhalmay paristhitit teey avishvasaniy asalyache aadhalun aale. parinami, kshetriy durdhvanichi rachana karnyat aalee; eka asey upkaran jeey swatachya switchboards karya karate. dhwani sanvadavyatirikt, tyat morse code keys eka buzzer unit hote, jenekarun tyacha vapar coded sandesh pathvanyasathi aanee prapt karnyasathi keela jaau shakel. hii suvidha upayukt tharali jevha, bombusfotadarmyan, sphotananya golyanni aavaj sanvad budavala. durdhvani heey asha reshanni jodalele hote, jyanche golibar aanee sainyachya halchalinmule satat nuksan hott hote. yaa resha samanyatah puralya gelya hotya, aanee tutalelya bhaganchi bharpai karnyasathi anavashyak resha basavanyat aalya hotya.
semaphore zende, dive aanee zende, dive aanee dive aanee heliograph heey drushya sanketanche prathamik prakar hote. khulya yuddhat, drushya sanket (sanket zende aanee heliographacha vapar) heey praman hote. eka saksham signal collar signal flags (divasachya velee) aanee signal lights (ratri) eka minitala 12 shabd prasarit karoo shakato. signal dive, jeey lakadi kesamadhye surakshit hote, tyat batteriever chalanari morse code qee vaparali gelee. matra, yaa sanket tantrache kahee tote hote. khandak yuddhat, yaa paddhati vaparnanya chalakanna shatruchya golibarala samore jaanyas bhag padale gele; signal divyandware mageel bajus pathavalele sandesh shatru sainyala disat navhate, tarr asha sandeshanna uttare sahajpane sapadali aanee chalak punha ekada shatruchya golibarala balee padale.
yuddhadarmyan, sainyane khandakanmadhye vaparnyasathi pranyannahi prashikshan dile. kutre sandesh gheuun jaat asat; ghode, khachchar aanee kutryancha vapar durdhvani aanee taranchya taransathi keela jaat asey. vahak kabutare, jeey pudhchya rangetoon sandesh parat aanat asat, tyannahi takyanmadhye nele jaat asey jenekarun teey hallyachya velee sandesh pohochavu shaktil. yuddhadarmyan 20,000 hoon adhik kabutare aanee 370 hatalanare vaparale gele aanee kahee vela teey sampreshanache ekmev sadhan hote.
royal flying corps.
yuddhachya suruvatila, surr david henderson yanchya netrutvakhalil royal flying corps (aar. eff. see.) madhye paach squadran hote-eka observation baloon squadran (aar. eff. see. kramank 1 squadran) aanee chaar viman squadran (kramank 2,3,4 aanee 5). 13 september 1914 roji heey unit pahilyanda havai shodhasathi vaparale gele, parantu 9 meey 1915 roji jevha tyanni aubers rijvar wireless sampreshanacha vapar paripoorn keela tevhach teey karyaksham jhaale. 1914 madhye havai chhayachitranacha prayatna karnyat aala, parantu punha, teey pudhchya varshich prabhavi jhaale. august 1915 madhye, general hugg trenchardne hendersonchi jaaga ghetali. yuddhadarmyan british havai shakticha vapar, eka tohee dalapasoon ladhau dalaparyant vikasit jhaala, jyane khandakanchya varr havechi kamaan midvanyacha aanee reshechya mageel lakshyanvar bombfake karnyacha prayatna keela. aar. eff. see. chee suruvatichi vimane tyanchya german pratispardhyanpeksha nikrusht hotee; april 1917 madhye (raktaranjit april mhanoon olakhali jaanari), aar. eff. see. neey 300 hoon adhik viman karmchari aanee 245 vimane gamavali. 1917 chya uttaradhaparyant nahee, sopith unt aanee 1960 chya dashakat.eae. 5, havechya niyantranasathi teey yashasviritya spardha karoo shakale qaa?
17 august 1917 roji general zaan smuts yanni havai shaktichya bhavishyababatcha ahwal yuddh parishadela sadar keela. shatruchya jaminicha naash aanee audhyogik uddishte aanee loksankhyechi kendre mothya pramanat nasht karanyachi' kshamata dilee. tyanni naveen havai seva sthapan karanyachi shifaras kelee jee lashkar aanee shahee naudalachya patalivar asel. tathapi, naveen sevechya nirmitimule royal nevel air sarvhisachya (aar. aine. aii.) qamee vaparlya jaananya sainikancha aanee yantrancha vapar hoil, tasech aantar-seva shatrutva sampel, jyacha kadhikadhi viman kharedivar viparit parinam jhaala hota. 1 april 1918 roji, aar. eff. see. aanee aar. aine. aii. yanche vilinikaran karoon royal air force (aar. aii. eff.) hii naveen seva sthapan karnyat aalee. haah raaf titkach naveen havai mantralayachya niyantranakhali hota. 1918 paryant, chhayachitran pratima 3,000 hoon adhik karmchanyankadun ghetalya jaau shakalya aanee tyancha arth lavala jaau shakala. yuddhapurvipasun upalabdh asoonahi, 1918 paryant vimananmadhye parachute navhate. 1914 madhye sumare 2,073 karmchanyansah suruvat kelyanantar, 1919 chya suruvatiparyant yaa rafmadhye 4,000 ladhau vimane aanee 114,000 karmchari hote.
shahee abhiyantyanche sainya.
1 august 1914 roji, shahee abhiyantyanmadhye niyamit lashkar aanee rakheev dalatil 25,000 adhikari aanee purushancha samavesh hota; 1917 chya tyach tarkheparyant, teey ekoon 250,000 paryant vadhale hote. 1914 madhye, jevha bii. eff. francemadhye aale, tevha pratyek payadal vibhagashi jodalya gelelya done abhiyanta kshetra kampanya hotya, jyaa september 1914 paryant teen kampanyanparyant vadhavanyat aalya. pratyek vibhagakade eka signal company dekhil hotee, jee corps, vibhag aanee brigade mukhyalayanmadhil sanvadasathi jababdar hotee.
december 1914 madhye germananni gichi yethe 10 chhotya khanee udavalya, tyala pratisad mhanoon shahee abhiyanta bogda kampanya sthapan karnyat aalya. pahilya british khaneet 17 februwari 1915 roji 60 vya dongravar sphot jhaala. meey 1915 madhye aubers parvataranganchya ladhait aanee september 1915 madhye loojchya ladhait khanincha vapar vadhat gela. julai 1916 madhye, somechya ladhaichya pahilya divashi, jyala lochnagar crater mhanoon olakhale gele, teey laa boisel yetheel eka khanine tayar kele.
akheris ekvis kampanya sthapan karnyat aalya aanee tyanna bhuyari marg, kebal khandak, khandak, dugout tasech aakramak kinwa sanrakshanatmak khankamasathi niyukt karnyat aale. yuddhachya shevati, imaratinchi dekhbhal aanee payadal aaghadichya killyanchi aanee tofkhanyanchi rachana, durdhvani, wireless aanee itar sanket upkarane, railway, raste, panipurvatha, pool aanee vahtook yasathi abhiyante thet jababdar hote. tyanni railway aanee antardeshiy jalmargahi chalavale.
machine gunn corps.
pratyek payadal dalasathi ekach visheshadnya machine-gunn company sthapan karnyacha prastav yuddh karyalayakade pathavalyanantar, september 1915 madhye, avjad machine-gunn pathake (emm. jee. see.) puravanyasathi machine gunn corps (emm. jee. see.) chee sthapana karnyat aalee-heey lakshya bataliyanmadhun banduka aanee gunn sangh mage gheuun sadhya kele jaeel. aktoobar 1915 madhye tayar jhalelya emm. jee. see. madhye payadal machine-gunn kampanya, ghodadal machine-gunn squadron aanee motor machine-gunn battery yancha samavesh hota. khandakanmadhye, dalachya banduka interlocking feeled auph fires tainat kelya gelya aanee payadalavar hallah karnyaviruddha teey eka vinashkari sanrakshanatmak shastra asalyache siddha jhaale. tyancha apratyaksh agni sahayak bhoomiket dekhil vapar keela jaat asey, jyamadhye tyanni varr aanee pudhe jaananya payadalachya bajuvarun aanee german khandakanchya mage, balkat aanee puravatha samorun yenyapasoon rokhanyasathi golibar keela.
takiche shareer.
tank corpschee sthapana 1916 madhye "hevi section machine gunn corps" mhanoon karnyat aalee. 15 september 1916 roji somechya ladhait prathamach tankincha vapar karnyat aala. tyancha hetu hota qee teey payadalasathi kateri taar chiradoon taktil, nantar khandak olandatil aanee german reshanchya mage konatyahi pragaticha fayda ghetil. november 1916 madhye, tyanche naav badaloon hevi branch emm. jee. see. aanee juuna 1917 madhye, tank corps asey karnyat aale.
moolatah aii, bii, see aanee dii yaa chaar vibhaganchya niyukt kelelya avjad shakha emm. jee. see. chya companyanmadhye tayar jhalelya pratyek kampanikade sahaa takya, teen purush aanee teen mahila aavrutya (tofkhana kinwa machinegan) hotya, jyat eka taakee company rakheev mhanoon hotee. november 1916 madhye, pratyek companychi teen companyanchi eka tukadi mhanoon sudharana karnyat aalee, jyat tukadi 20 tukadyanparyant vadhavanyachi yojana hotee, pratyek taakee tukadit 32 adhikari aanee 374 purush hote.
takya pramukhyane paschim aaghadivar vaparlya jaat asat. 1917 madhye cambrychi ladhai hii yuddhatil pahili ladhai hotee, jyamadhye rangadyancha mothya pramanavar vapar karnyat aala hota; 476 rangadyanni hallah suru keela aanee german aaghadi kosalali. duparchya velee british german reshechya paach mail mage gele hote. 1918 madheel aminschya ladhait takichya molache kautuk jhaale; hallyat 414 takyanchya 10 judd aanee done halakya tukadyancha samavesh karnyat aala. 342 marqa viruddha 72 vipetsna kavachacha aanee payadalasathi puravatha pudhe nenyasathi tayar kelelya aanakhi 120 takyanni pathbal dile hote. hallyachya pahilya divasachya akheris, tyanni german reshet pravesh keela hota, 16,000 kaidi ghetale gele. september 1918 madhye, british sainya heey jagatil sarvat yantrikrut sainya hote. yuddhachya akherparyant sumare 22,000 sainikanni tank corpsmadhye seva dilee hotee.
1917 chya suruvatila aath aprachalit chinh I takyanchi eka tukadi dakshin palestinemadhye pathvanyat aalee aanee tethe turkey sainyaviruddha karvai karnyat aalee.
lashkari seva dall.
lashkar seva dalane (aii. ess. see.) purush, darugola aanee sahitya samore pohochavanyasathi vahtook vyavastha chalavali. yuddhachya suruvatila 12,000 sainik hote, teey november 1918 paryant 300,000 hoon adhik jhaale. yavyatirikt tyanchyakade bharatiy, egyptian, chiinii (chiinii kamgar dall) aanee itar sthanik majur, vahak aanee dukanatil purush hote. tyanni ghodeswari aanee yantrik vahtook kampanya, lashkarachi punarbhar seva aanee aii. ess. see. kamgar kampanya puravilya. august 1914 madhye tyanni aaghadila bhakari pochavalya jyaa november 1918 paryant vadhalya.
royal armi medical corps.
royal armi medical corps (aar. aii. emm. see.) neey doctor, apaghatgrastanchi sutka, maidani rugnavahika aanee lashkarasathi rugnalaye puravali. british reed cross, seent johns rugnavahika aanee friends rugnavahika unitchya aichchhik madatine yaa dalala tyachya kamat madat karnyat aalee.
yuddhadarmyan donada victoria cross pradan keleli ekmev vyakti ramcomadhil doctor, capton noel godfrey chaves, vhee. see. aanee baar, emm. see. hotee.
ramackcha katekorpane sadasya nasla taree, stretcher vahak lance corporal william harrold coultman vhee. see., dcm andd baar, mm andd baar, heey yuddhatil sarvat sushobhit itar padd hote.
khandkyanmadhye jeevan.
1914chya akheris, paschim aaghadivaril yuddh thapp jhaale hote aanee khandak resha belgiumchya kinanyapasun swees simeparyant vistarlya hotya. september 1915 paryant, british aaghadichi lambi kahishi vadhali. sainikanna dilasa milanyapurvi, teey eka velee sumare aath divas aaghadichya kinwa rakheev reshechya khandakanmadhye hote.
eka vishisht aaghadichya kshetrat teen khandak hote; agni khandak, aadhar khandak aanee rakheev khandak, heey serve dalanvalan khandakanni jodalele hote. khandak kholat vegvegale hote, parantu teey sahasa sumare chaar kinwa paach phoot khol asat, kinwa unch panyache table asalelya bhagat bachavkartyanna saral ubhe rahnyasathi valuchya pishavyanchi bhint bandhali jaat asey, agnichya khandakanna aag lavnyachi payari dilee jaat asey, jenekarun hallekhor hallyachya velee golibar karoo shaktil (aakruti pahaa). aadarshpane, khandakachya talashi duckpartschya ranga lavalelya hotya jenekarun purush chikhalat budnar naheet aanee dugout bhintimadhye kapale gele, yamule ghatak aanee golibarapasun aashray midala, jaree british sainyat dugout sahasa adhikari aanee varishtha aine. see. oo. sathee rakheev hote. tyanantar purushankadun tyanna shakya asel tithe zopane apekshit hote aanee olya havamanat teey groundsheetkhali kinwa duckboardvaril khandakachya talashi asalelya tambunmadhye rahat asat.
samore, tofkhanyanchya tofancha, tofkhanyancha aanee golyancha sainikanna satat dhoka hota aanee yuddh jasjase pudhe jaat gele tasatase tyanna havai hallyannahi samore jaave lagale. aaghadichya kahee kshetranmadhye sampoorn yuddhadarmyan qamee kriyakalap disun aale, jyamule jeevan tulanene sope jhaale. itar kshetranmadhye satat hinsak halchali suru hotya. tathapi, shant kshetranmadhye ajunahi snipers, tofkhana golibar aanee roganmule dainandin jivitahani hott hotee. kathor paristhiti, jithe khandak anekada ole aanee chikhalmay asat aanee uva aanee undaranchi satatchi sangati jee naan puralelya shariranna khaat asat, tee anekada rog vahoon nenari asat. anek sainikanna trench phoot, trench fever aanee trench nephrietischa tras hota. tyanna hivalyachya mahinyant himdah aanee unhalyat ushnatecha thakwa dekhil yeu shakato. purush anekada ole aanee atyant chikhalyukt kinwa korade aanee atyant dhoolyukt asat. ann sahasa pudhchya ranget shijavale jaau shakat navhate kaaran konatyahi dhuramule shatruchi aag lagate, garam ann heey sanvad khandkansobat anakalaneey "gavatpeti" madhye gheuun jaave lagat asey, kadhikadhi teey ushira pohochat kinwa ajibat yet navhate.
dainandin dincharya.
khandkanmadhil dainandin jivanachi suruvat sakalchya 'ubhe rahnyachya' velapasoon jhaali. pahatechya eka taas aadhi sarvanna jaage karnyat aale aanee german lokanni pahate kelelya chhapyapasun bachav karnyasathi tyanchya jaagi tainat rahanyache aadesh denyat aale. ubhe rahoon, purushanni nashta karanyachi aanee snan karanyachi vel aalee hotee. ekada purn jhalyavar, aine. see. oo. lock rifles aanee upkarane saaf karane, valuchya pishavya bharane, khandakanchi durusti karane kinwa shauchalaye khodane yasathi dainandin kaame niyukt karat asat. dainandin kaame purn jhalyanantar jeey karmchari kamavarun door hote tyanna zopanyasathi jaaga sapadaychi. satatchya bombsfotanmule aanee jiwant rahanyacha prayatna karnyachya nivval prayatnanmule, zopecha abhav samanya hota. shatrunchya halchalinvar laksh thevun, santri kartvyavar rahnyasathi sainikannahi teey valsarane ghyave lagat asey.
divasachya prakashat pratyek bajuchya aaghadichya reshevar snipers aanee shodhak satatyane nirikshan karat asat; tyamule sandhyakalparyant aanee ratra hoiparyant halchalinvar nirbandh hote. andharachya aachchhadanakhali, sainyane mahatvachi dekhbhal aanee punha puravatha keela, shidha aanee paanee aaghadichya ranget aanale jaat hote, tajya tukadyanni vishrantisathi aanee punarpraptisathi sainya mage jaat asatana jaaga badalalya. khandkavar chhapehi taknyat aale aanee khandak aanee tatbandi durust karnyasathi bandhkam pakshanchi sthapana karnyat aalee, tarr noow manchya jamineet kateri taranchi durusti kinwa nutanikaran karnyasathi wiring paksh pathavale gele. pahatechya eka taas aadhi, pratyekjan punha ekada ubhe rahnar hota.
pudhchya ranget jaat aahe.
aaghadichya reshet jaat asalelya vibhaganidvare eka sanch prakriya vaparali jaat hotee. teey pudhe jaat asalyachi mahitee tyanna midalyanantar, brigadier aanee batalian kamandaranna tyanchya sainyane tabyat ghetalelya aaghadichya bhaganchi punha tapasani karnyasathi pudhil bhagat nele jaeel. darmyan, shidhapatrika aanee darugola kadhanyasathi vaparlya jaananya paddhati aanee samoril sainikanna tyancha puravatha kasha prakare keela jaat hota yache nirikshan karnyasathi bataliyanchya vahtook adhikanyanna vibhagachya mukhyalayat nele jaeel. vibhagiy tofkhana gatachya tukadya pudhe jaatil aanee jyaa tukadichya tofkhana tukadyanna teey aaram dett hote, tyaa tukadyanna jodalya jaatil. paach divasannantar, aaghadichya sainyasathi niyojit asalelya payadal tukadyanni louis gunn sanghatil tyanche tadnya aanee grenade adhikari, machine gunn adhikari, chaar company commander aanee kahee signallers yanna khandak dukane tabyat ghenyasathi aanee tukadya aat jaanyapurvi khandak dincharyet sthayik honyasathi pathavale. ratrabhar, tukadya ranget ghusatil aanee tofkhana aadhich sthiteet asalelya banduka tabyat ghetil, tyanchya banduka mage sodoon jyaa aaramat hotya tyaa tyanchya tabyat ghetil.
shist.
kayadeshir adhikar.
shevati sainya rajkiy adhikarakhali hote. 1688chya gauravshali krantipasoon, united kingadammadhe tajala sthayi sainyachi parvanagi denyat aaleli nahee-sansadene darvarshi (1950chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun darr paach varshanni) manjur kelelya lashkari kayadyatoon tyache astitva prapt hote. haus auph commonsney yaa jababdanya gambhiryane ghetalyah shale-shockbabatchi sthitee spasht karnare hegche patra 14 march 1918 roji haus auph commonsmadhye vachoon dakhvave lagale. pahilya mahayuddhatil bahutek shistabhangache niyam 1881 chya lashkari kayadyatoon ghetale gele, jaree kahee gunhyanna sakriy sevevar adhik kathorpane hatalale gele, udaa.jee. tattvatah luut kinwa jaanunbujun aadnyabhang kelyas fashichi shiksha hote.
gunhe qamee.
qamee gunhe heey commanding adhikadhyandvare hatalale jaat asat. chhotya gunhyansathi, company commanderla thakwa kartvyabaddal dand kinwa barrekmadhye bandist kele jaau shakate, batalian commanding officer 28 divasanparyantchya maidani shikshecha aadesh deu shakato kinwa corperalla padchyut karoo shakato (adhikari aanee varishtha aine. see. oo. yanna court marshaldware hatalale jaat asey, agadi kshullak gunhyanvyatirikt). itar padanvar asananya padanvarunahi sutty kinwa jyeshthatva gamavale jaau shakate.
maidani shikshechi (eff. pii.) jaaga koya marane (1868 madhye gharee aanee 1881 madhye sakriy sevevar radd kele gele, jaree 1907 paryant lashkari turunganmadhye vaparale jaat hote). eff. pii. kramank 1 (jyamadhye mansala nishchit vastoola bandhane bandhanyat aalee hotee, udaa.jee. 60, 210 prakarananna eka mothe chaak) denyat aale, jeey 50 paiki eka vyaktichya barobariche hote (jaree vyavharat anek punaravrutti gunhegar hote). eff. pii. kramank 1 havamananusar khoop apriy asoo shakato, kahinni too anagarik mhanoon tiraskar keela hota aanee kahee ghatakanmadhye vidhee kele hote (udaa.jee. eka vyaktila eka shedmadhye bandist karoon aanee tyachyabarobar hatkadya ghaloon); austreliyan sainyane british sainikanna sodoon dilyachi prakarane dekhil hotee jyanna tyanni bandhalele aadhalale, jaree itar tukadyanmadhye gambhir gunhyansathi aavashyak shiksha manali jaat hotee. eff. pii. kramank 2 chaa arth assa hota qee eka mansala bandhane bandhali gelee hotee parantu tyaa jaagi too basavala gela navhata.
khalchya darjachya vyaktila marane haah gunha hota, parantu kahee tukadyanmadhye adhikaanyaanee hinsacharachya madhyamatoon shist palanyakade dolhe mitane kinwa swatahi tase karane heey asamanya navhate.
court marshal.
gambhir gunhe karananya purushanvar philled general court marshaldware khatala chalavala jaat asey, jyacha parinam kadhikadhi fashila hoto. hii 'kangaru nyayalaye' hotee asey 'dave' karoonahi (udaa.jee. shaut ett morning' yaa pustakat, jyamadhye asey mhatale aahe qee purushanna 'nyayya sunavaniche moolahi midale naheet') 1990-4 madheel nondi prakashit kelyane heey khote asalyache disun aale. pratyakshat tyanchyakade karyapaddhatiche kathor niyam hote aanee tathye ughad karnyache kartavya hote. shantatechya kalatil samanya court marshalchya ulat, nyayalayala sallah denyasathi kayadeshirdrushtya patra nyayadhish-vakeel navhata, parantu 1916 chya suruvatipasun eka 'court marshal officer'-sahasa nagri jivanacha kayadeshir anubhav asalela adhikari-asey karnyasathi anekada upasthit hota.
aaropila panelchya rachnevar aakshep ghenyacha adhikar hota (udaa.jee. jarr ekhadya adhikadhyacha yaa prakaranashi sambandh asel kinwa aaropishi tyache sambandh kharab asateel) aanee jarr tyane nivad kelee tarr tyacha bachav karnyasathi, jarr tyane nivad kelee, taree jaree yuddh suru asatana 'kaidyanche mitra' adhik samanya jhaale. jyaa adhikaone court marshalache aayojan kele hote too tyavar basoo shakat navhata aanee sarvat kanishth adhikaone pratham matdan kele (varishthanchya matashi pudhe jaanyachi shakyata qamee karnyasathi). tathapi, nyayalayancha spashtapane "jalad" honyacha hetu hota aanee kahee vela uchch pradhikaranane tyanna kahee gunhyanche udaharan denyasathi protsahit kele hote aanee vyavharat nyayalayachi narmai aanee aaropichi swatacha bachav karanyachi kshamata mothya pramanat bhinn hotee. kahinni doshi tharavale kinwa bachav pakshala hajar naan karane kinwa sakshidaranna bolavane nivadle aanee bahutek prakarananmadhye gunha itka ughad hota qee farsa bachav karata yet navhata.
89 takke court marshalne doshi tharavalela nikal parat deela, bahutansh prakarane rajevina anupasthiti (sarvat samanya gunha), madyapan aanee aadnyabhang yasarkhya gunhyansathi hotee. sainikanna aparadh karnyapasoon paravrutt karnyasathi, tarr doshi vyaktila changlya vartanasathi dilasa midvanyachi sandhee denyasathi, turungvasachya atty anekada nilambit kelya jaat asat.
252 adhikadhyanvar khatala chalavanyat aala, tyapaiki 76 takke doshi aadhalale, sarvat samanya gunha (52 takke prakarane) daroo pine haah hota. jaree teen adhikanyanna fashi denyat aalee asali taree eka adhikaonyala tivra fatkar (60 takke prakarane-tyachya karkirdila motha dhakka) kinwa rokh rakkam milanyachi shakyata hotee (30 takke prakarane-tyache commission kadhoon ghenyat aale, jyamule sampoorn samajik upman jhaala aanee tyala tajakhali konatyahi nokaripasoon, agadi sthanik parishadesathi kaam karnyapasunahi pratibandhit kele gele-parantu rokh rakkam asalelya adhikaonyala tarihi vegalya unitmadhye khajgi mhanoon niyukt kele jaau shakate).
fashi.
fashichi shiksha ekmatane manjur karavi lagali aanee nirnay aadeshachi sakhali paar karat asalyane vividh adhikaanyaanee lekhee pushti kelee. eka vyaktichi batalian aanee brigade commander tyanchya swatachya nondivar bhashya karnyacha cull dakhavtat, parantu varishtha senapati tyaa tukadyatil gunhyacha prakar aanee shist sthitibaddal adhik chintit asatat. sambandhit natyagruhachya pramukh senapatikadun antim pushti (kinwa anyatha) honyapurvi, jee. etch. kyu. yetheel nyayadhish mahadhivaktyanehi aniyamitatechya nondi tapasalya.
fashichi shiksha sunavanyat aalelya 3,080 purushanpaiki 346 purushanna pratyakshat fashi denyat aalee, yapaiki bahusankhya (266) sodoon gelyamule, fashichi pudhchi sarvat mothee karane hatya (37-yaa purushanna kadachit tyaa velee nagri kayadyantargat fashi denyat aalee asatee) aanee bhyadpana (18). bandkhorisathi doshasiddhi durmil hotee-1917 madhye etaplechya gondhalasathi keval eka vyaktila golya ghalanyat aalya. golya ghatalelya purushanpaiki 91 jann aadhich nilambit shikshechya aanee nauu jann done shikshechya shikshechya adheen hote. 91 paiki 40 jananna aadhich nilambit fashichi shiksha sunavanyat aalee hotee, tyapaiki 38 jananna sodoon dilyamule aanee eka vyaktila sodoon dilyamule donada aadhich 'fashichi shiksha' sunavanyat aalee hotee.
tyaa velee asey jaanavale hote qee, ladhait bahutek sainik ghabarale asalyamule, sodoon gelelya purushanche eka udaharan tayar karane aavashyak aahe. aaghadichya sainikannahi kadhikadhi asey vatale qee jyanni tyanchya jodidaranna sodoon nighun jaaun 'golee marane yogya aahe'. eka itihaskar lihito qee sainikanna fashichi shiksha anyaykarak vatali yacha 'aksharshah konatahi purava' nahee, jaree dusra lihito qee kahee sainikanni fashichi shiksha nakarli, tarr bahutekanna tee nyayya vatali. sodoon jaane mhanje samanyatah 21 divasanchi anupasthiti kinwa parat naan yenyacha hetu darshavinara itar purava, udaa.jee. nagri kapade paridhan karane kinwa pramukh niyojanasathi ahwal denyat ayashasvi hone. fashi denadhyanmadhye samanyatah mule nasatat-sarasari vay visavya dashakachya madhyat hote aanee 40 takke lock yapurvi gambhir sankatat hote. tees takke niyamit kinwa rakheev hote, 40 takke swayampakghar svayamsevak hote, 19 takke ayrish, canadian kinwa newzealand svayamsevak hote, parantu keval nauu takke saktiche hote, jeey saktichya bharatisathi soochit karatat, tyapaiki barechjan 21 varshankhalil hote, jeey yuddhat ushiraparyant sainyacha motha bhag banale hote. keval fashi dilelya purushanchya nondi tikoon aahet, tyamule purushanna qaa maaf kele gele hyachya karananvar bhashya karane katheen aahe, parantu asey suchavale gele aahe qee 90 takke fashichi shiksha maaf karnyache dhoran heey kadachit samajachya khadatar ghatakankadun bharati kelelya chhotya niyamit sainyasathi tayar kelelya lashkari kayadyachya vaparat jaanunbujun dayaa karane asave. 38, 630 valvantanpaiki keval 7,361 valvantat hote. bahutansh lock aaghadichya ranget navhate-fashi denyat aalelya 14 palayankartyanna united kingadammadhe atak karnyat aalee-aanee anek palayankartyanni kadhihi aaghadichya ranget kaam kele navhate.
yuddhachya uttaradhat, fashi dilelya purushanchya kutumbanna sahasa adhikaanyaanee pandhare khote sangitale; tyanchya kutumbanna nivruttivetan midale aanee purushanna itar mrut sainikanpramanech tyach kabarinmadhye daphan karnyat aale.
pahilya mahayuddhatil done sarvat pratishthit british senapati lords allenby aanee plumour yanchya haus auph lordsmadheel aakshepanvarun 1930 madhye parityagacha mrutyu radd karnyat aala; dusya mahayuddhat tyachya punarsthapanesathi kelelya magnyanna rajkiy karanastav nakaradhikar denyat aala.
yaulat, pahilya mahayuddhat serve chitrapatgruhanmadhye santrichya kamavar zoplyabaddal fashichi shiksha sunavanyat aalelya 393 purushanpaiki keval doghanna fashi denyat aalee (ekmekanna jaage thevanyasathi santri sahasa jodyanmadhye tainat kele jaat asat; mesopotemiyamadhye seva karananya yaa doghanna, teey ekatra zopalele aadhalalyamule, teey sanghikpane zopalele asalyache soochit karat, yache eka udaharan banavale gele).
british mohimetil saat takke austreliyan hote, parantu 25 takke palayan karnare hote, tarr british sainikapeksha austreliyan turungat jaanyachi shakyata nauu patine jaast hotee. hegg yanni austreliyan lokanna golya ghalanyachi parvanagi magitali, parantu tyanchya sarkarne nakar deela.
pahilya mahayuddhachi british shist tyaa kalatil itar bahutek sainyanchya tulanet visheshtah gambhir navhati (udaa.jee. russian aanee italian). frenchanni keval 133 aanee germananni 48 fashi dilyachi kabuli dilee, parantu donhi sainyanna shistit samasya asalyane hii aakadevari vishvasarh nasel.
shaul shock aanee kshama.
tyaa velee aaghatanantarcha tanav vikar (jyala 'shale shock' mhanoon olakhale jaate kaaran suruvatila menduchya patlala jhalelya aaghatamule too hoto asey chukiche manale jaat hote) olakhala jaau lagla aanee sanrakshanat-tattvatah-swikararh hota; jaree gunhyancha aarop asalelya sainikanni sanrakshn mhanoon shale shockcha chukicha dawa karnyacha prayatna keela ashee chinta hotee, taree tyache vargikaran yuddhatil dukhapat mhanoon kele gele. eka itihaskarane lihile aahe qee, "konatyahi paristhitit eka sainik hota jyala vaidyakeey karmchanyanni shale shockney grast asalyache pramanit kele hote, jyala pratyakshat fashi dilee gelee", "shale shockcha aarop karananya, parantu jyancha dawa nakarla gela hota asha purushanna pratyakshat fashi denyat aalee ashee farach qamee prakarane aadhaltat", aanee fashi denyat aalelya bahutek purushanna shale shockney grassley hote, asey aadhunik pracharkanchya soochana "spashtapane asatya" aahet. tathapi, aanakhi eka itihaskarane asey nidarshanas aanoon dile aahe qee sainikane kelelya shale-shockchya davyala gambhiryane ghetale jaeel qee nahee, aanee sainikanna sarsari vaidyakeey tapasani dilee jaat asalyachi udaharane deto kinwa nahee; shale-shockche vishisht sandarbh asamanya aahet aanee nondi sahasa chakkar yene, vichitra valane, kharab majjatantu ityadincha sandarbh detat. asha prakarcha aaghat tyaa velee ajunahi farsa samajala gela navhata.
1919, 1922, 1925 aanee 1938 madhye chaukashi jhaali, jyat aata haravalelya aanee aata mrut jhalelya sakshidaranchya kagadpatranchi tapasani kelee gelee. babingtonchi 'udaharanadakhal' (1983) aanee cycs aanee putkovskichi 'shaut ett morning' (1989) hii pustake mafisathi moheem suru karnyacha ughadpane hetu hotee. hii moheem februwari 1993 madhye nakarnyat aalee kaaran prakriyatmak truticha konatahi purava navhata (mhanje.eae. tyanna tyaa velee kayadyanusar yogyaritya doshi tharavale gele hote) aanee bhutkalavar aadhunik moolye ladane yogya nahee asey vatale. done varshanchya tapshilvar punaravalokanenantar 1998 madhye heey prakaran punha fetalanyat aale, jyamadhye "konatihi pandhari prakarane, barich kalee prakarane aanee moothbhar karadya prakarane" aadhalali jyat vaidyakeey puravyankade durlaksh kele gele kinwa bolavale gele nahee. 2006 madhye sarkarne heey nirnay ulatavale aanee serve purushanna kshama kelee aanee pahilya mahayuddhache balee mhanoon manyata dilee. tathapi, itakya kalavadhinantar pratyek prakaranatil puravyanchi punha tapasani karane ashakya asalyane tyanchi shiksha ulatali gelee nahee.
itar shist.
shatruchya samore bhyadpana" kelyabaddal adhikari aanee aine. see. oo. yanni jyaa purushanna jaagich golya ghatalya, tyanchi keval upakhyanatmak nond aahe aanee tyanchi aakadevari nahee, asey nidarshanas aanoon denyat aale aahe.
13, 000 hoon adhik shahee lashkari police ('reed caps') hote. teey lokpriy navhate, asha velee jevha polis mothya shaharantil tarunanmadhye anekada apriy asat. polisanvyatirikt, tyanchya kamacha motha bhag morchachya velee shist rakhane aanee raste suralit chalvane aanee yuddhatoon stragglers gola karane haah hota. march 1918chya maghardarmyan 25,000 straglersna gola karnyat aale aanee tyanna ladhau tukadyanmadhye parat pathvanyat aale. shatruchya agrakramamule mukhyalay kshetrala dhoka nirman jhalyas shahee lashkari polisahi prasangi ladhale.
sainikanni kadhikadhi lashkari polisankadun golya ghaloon ladhanyas nakar denanya purushanchya labad katha sangitalya. itihaskar richard holmsney lihile aahe qee asha ghatana ghadalyabaddal konatihi vishvasaniy pratyaksh mahitee astitvat nahee.
purushanni avanchhit samalingi sambandhanchi adhunmadhun udaharane dilee hotee, tyanantar aaghadichya ranganpasoon vachanyasathi lashkari aanee diwani kayadyantargat samalaingikta haah gunha hota, parantu yaa gunhyasathi khatala kvachitach chalavala jaat asey aanee purushanni samalingi sambandhankade dolhe mitalyache purave dekhil aahet.
sakaratmak prerana.
purushannahi sakaratmak marganni prerit kele gele. naveen padake sthapan karnyat aalih lashkari cross december 1914 madhye warrant adhikari aanee captainparyantchya adhikadhyansathi tayar karnyat aala, march 1916 madhye itar padkansathi lashkari padak (jaree kahee purushanchya khedasathi, tyat vishisht aacharan padkasarkhe rokh bakshis navhate). british samrajyacha kram (jyapaiki emm. bii. eae. eka shreni aahe) 1917 madhye sthapan karnyat aala. 1918 paryant, shauryasathi padake anekada eka aathvadyachya aat dilee jaat asat jenekarun too manus too prapt karnyasathi puresa kaal jagel.
sharyatichya baithka, maifilichya mejwani (dragg acts-changlya dragg ranyanna mothee magani hotee), samudrakinanyavarchya feiiah aanee purushanche manoranjan karnyasathi football samne aayojit kele jaat asat. wipers times' saha vividh anadhikrut prakashne hotee-yaa samanya sainik aanee kanishth adhikadhyanchya matambaddal antardrushti detat. ughad deshbhakti durmil hotee aanee (pantpradhan) etch. yanchyasarkhe rajkarani. etch. esquith aanee ramse mcdonald (yuddhacha virodhak, nantar kamgar pantpradhan) yanchyavar vyangchitra kele gele.
manobalatil najukpana 1917-18.
1917 chya akheris-paschendelchya ladhaichi bhayanak paristhiti aanee cambrychya ladhaiche nirashajanak parinam aanee vijay kinwa yuddh sampane disat nasalyane-befmadhye manodhairya samasyanche kahee purave hote. 1917chya akheris manushyabalavaril mantrimandal samitee daruchya nashet, sodoon jaanyat aanee mansik vikaranmadhye chintajanak vaadh aanee yipres yethe sainikanni 'jivanacha apavyay' kelyabaddal samorun paratalyachya batamya aikat hotee. general eyelmer hunter-westonne hegla (hegg diary 25 februwari 1918) ishara deela qee tyachya kahee manasanni bhet denanya kahee emm. pii. ess. laa teey 'majur emm. pii. ess.' aahet qaa asey vicharale hote aanee tyanna yuddhachya bhayanakatebaddal takrar kelee hotee aanee teey kashasathi ladhat aahet asey vicharale hote.
martin middlebrookne lihile qee, tanavakhali sapadalelya adhikanyanna anekada pudhchya rangetoon door shantpane punha kamavar pathavale jaat asale, taree heey outlet kvachitach "itar padansathi" upalabdh hote. 1917chya akheris swatahun jhalelya jakhamanchya sankhyet aanee olya chadari kinwa chaghalana corditemadhye zopun swatahla aajari padna purushanchya sankhyet lakshaniy vaadh jhaali. aatmahatyanchya sankhyecha andaj lavane katheen aahe kaaran asha purushanna samanyatah 'krutimadhye marle gele' asey soochibaddha kele gele hote. 7vya green howardchya eka anubhavi kheladune aathvan karoon dilee qee, 'dev raja vachav' asey gaane gauu nakar dett, tyache pathak charchchya sanchalanat atyant shant rahat asey, aanee pudhe mhatale qee, 'pann aamhi velsachya rajkumarachi pooja karat hoto. wellscha rajkumar (bhavishyatil edward VIII) sainikanmadhye khoop lokpriy hota, kiman tyachya mahagadya abdullah cigaret vitareet karnyachya savayimule nahee. middlebrookne tippani kelee qee british manodhairya sthitibaddal samanyikaran karane katheen aahe, kaaran teey purvichya niyamit aanee pradeshik tukdyansah, kadachit prerit purushancha gabha rakhoon, tukadyanmadhye khoop farak hote. itar sainyala shistit samasya hotya, tarr etaplechya bandavyatirikt british shist samanyatah ladhait aanee tyachyamadhun donhi thikani tikoon rahili.
paschim aaghadi.
feeled marshal surr johnn french yanchya netrutvakhali, yuddh jaheer jhalyapasun kahee divasantach british moheem dall (bii. eae. eff.) francemadhye tainat houu lagale. german lokanshi pahili chakmak 23 august 1914 roji mones yethe jhaali, jyanantar mitrarashtranni mothya maghar ghenyas suruvat kelee, bii. eff. leey kaiteuchya ladhait sahbhagi hote. septembermadhye ayasne prati-aakramanat bhag ghenyapurvi, marnechya pahilya ladhait german aaghadi rokhanyat bii. eff. chee eka chhoti bhoomika hotee, jyanantar 'race too daad see' mhanoon olakhala jaanara kaal aala, jyaa darmyan bii. eff. laa flandersmadhye punha tainat karnyat aale. 1914 saalee 'first yipres' neey shevat keela, jyane yeepresachya pramukhansathichya pradirgh sangharshachi suruvat kelee. 14 aktoobar teey 30 november darmyanchya ladhait britishanche 58,155 balee gele (7,960 mrut, 29,562 jakhami aanee 17,873 bepatta). anekada asey mhatale jaate qee yuddhapoorv vyavsayik sainya yeepresachya pahilya ladhait maran pavale. british sainya sumare 84,000 payadal sainikansah francemadhye aale hote. ladhaichya akherparyant, befala 86,237 balee padale hote, jyat bahutansh payadalala hote.
1915 madhye khandak yuddh prachalit jhaale aanee paschim aaghaditil kanishth bhagidar mhanoon bii. eff. neey chhotya ladhayanchi malika ladhali, kahee vela mothya french aakramananshi samanvay sadhun, jase qee new chappelchi ladhai jee nehmich shale sankatashi sambandhit asate, aubers rijchi ladhai, memadhil festubertchi ladhai aanee junmadhil gichichi ladhai. 22 april 1915 roji, german sainyane yapresachi dusari ladhai suru kelee, paschim aaghadivar prathamach vishari vayucha vapar keela aanee mukhya bajus asalelya unch jaminicha barachsa bhag tabyat ghetala. september 1915 paryant, svayampakgharatil naveen lashkari vibhaganpaiki pahilya tukadine ranget pravesh kelyane befcha aakar vadhala hota aanee artoichya tisya ladhaicha bhag mhanoon, befane eka motha hallah suru keela, loojchi ladhai, prathamach navyane vikasit kelelya swatachya rasayanik shastrancha vapar keela. parinami jhalelya apayshamule feeled marshal frencha ant jhaala. 19 december 1915 roji general surr dugglus hegg yanni tyanchya jaagi bii. eff. chey commander-inn-chief (see-inn-see) mhanoon niyukti kelee.
british sainyasathi, 1916chya varshavar somechya ladhaiche varchasva hote, jee 1 julai roji vinashkariritya suru jhaali. somcha pahila divas haah british sainyachya itihasatil sarvat raktaranjit divas aahe, jyat 19,240 british sainik marle gele aanee 38,470 jakhami kinwa bepatta jhaale, heey serve kahee qamee kinwa konatyahi fayadhyasathi nahee. keval kharey yash dakshinet hote, jethe kalpanashil davpech vaparoon aanee frenchanchya madatine, naveen sainyachya 18vya aanee 30vya tukadyanni montaubansah tyanchi serve uddishte ghetali aanee niyamit 7vya tukadine mametz tabyat ghetale. thippal yethe, 36vya (alster) vibhagane schwaben redout tabyat ghetale parantu itaratra pragati naslyamule tyanna maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele. tyanantar sadechar mahinyanchya sangharshat general heinry rollinsonche chauthe sainya aanee general hubert gafche pachve sainya 4,20,000 mrutanchya kimmatit sarasarine pudhe gele.
februwari 1917 madhye german sainya hindenberg reshekade mage hatoo lagale aanee yaa jabardast sanrakshanamulech eprilmadhye araschya ladhait befchya ghatkanvar hallah jhaala. yaa ladhaisathi, pantpradhan-david lloyd george-yanni naveen french see-inn-see (robbert nivel) yanchya aadeshanusar hegg aanee beff yanna thewale hote, jyanni shampenmadhye mothya aakramanachi yojana aakhali hotee. 16 meey roji jevha ladhai adhikrutpane sampali, tevha british sainyane lakshaniy pragati kelee hotee, parantu konatyahi tappyavar mothee pragati sadhya karnyat teey asamarth tharale hote. eka yashasvi kamgiri karnyat apayashi tharalelya hegne aata flandersmadhye aakramak khelee suru karnyachya tyachya pasantichya yojnevar kaam suru kele. eka yashasvi prathamik karvait, general herbert plumerchya dusya sainyane yeepresachya dakshinekadil messign parvatshreni tabyat ghetali. 31 julai 1917 roji suru jhaleli paschendelechi ladhai (jyala yeepresachi tisari ladhai asehi mhanatat) hii yuddhadarmyan british aanee rajya sainyane sahan kelelya sarvat katheen sangharshanpaiki eka hotee, jyat yuddhabhoomi dareet modali hotee. 6 novembarparyant passchendel parvatshreni tabyat ghenyat aalee navhati, toparyant yaa befmadhye sumare 310,000 lock mrutyumukhi padale hote. 1917chey varsh, british sainyasathi, cambrychya ladhaine sampale jyane "samuhikpane" karyarat asalelya takyanchi kshamata darshavili. tisra lashkari commander-general julien bing-yane eka mahatvakankshi pragatiche niyojan kele aanee pahilya divashi abhootpurv pragati sadhya kelee parantu pudhe jaanyasathi kinwa ektrit karnyasathi rakheev nidhicha abhav hota. german prati-aakramanamule gamavaleli bahutansh jameen punha midvanyat yash aale.
yuddhache shevatche varsh-1918-aapattine suru jhaale aanee vijayat sampale. 21 march 1918 roji, germanyche mukhya quartermaster-general general erich ludendorff yanni vasant rututil aakraman suru kele, jyacha uddesh american moheem dalache (aii. eae. eff.) samarthya prachand honyapurvi paschim aaghadivaril mitrapakshanna parabhoot karane haah hota. pahilya fatakacha mukhya bhaar-operation michael-general goffchya pachvya sainyavar padala jyala maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele. mitrarashtranna bhedasavana sankatala pratisad mhanoon, french general ferdinand phoch yanna paschim aaghadivaril mitrapakshanchya sainyache 'generalysimo' (sarvoch senapati) karnyat aale, aanee tyanni bii. eff. laa tyanchya dhoranatmak dishene thewale. pudhil german hallah lies nadichya ladhait yeepresachya dakshines aala aanee yethehi beff parat padale. feeled marshal hegg yanni tyancha tyaa divasacha prasiddha aadesh jaaree keela, "bhintila pathee lavoon aanee aaplya karyachya nyayavar vishvas thevun, aaplyapaiki pratyekane shevatparyant ladhale pahije."pramukhyane frenchanvar padnara tisra motha german hallah, shevati junmadhye marnevar thambavanyat aala. 8 august roji, general rollinsonchya chauthya sainyane eminschee ladhai suru kelee, jee shambhar divasanchya aakramakatechi suruvat hotee, jee paschim aaghadivaril mitrapakshanchya antim aakramanachi suruvat hotee. pudhil kahee aathvadyant, befchya serve pachahi sainyane sompasoon flandersparyant aakraman kele. 11 november 1918 roji sakali 11:00 vajata germanybarobar yuddhaviram lagoo hoiparyant ladhai suru rahili.
antim hallyanmadhye, befane 188,700 kaidi aanee 2,840 banduka tabyat ghetalya hotya, jyaa french, belgian aanee american sainyane ektritpane ghetalelya bandukanpeksha keval 7,800 kaidi aanee 935 banduka qamee hotya.
itar mohima.
ireland.
easter rising heey 1916 chya easter aathvadyat irelandmadhye jhalele bund hote. irelandmadhil british rajvat sampushtat aananyachya aanee ayrish prajasattak sthapan karnyachya uddeshane ayrish prajasattakanni teey kele hote. ayrish prajasattak bandhutvachya lashkari parishadene aayojit keleli hii utkranti 24 teey 30 april 1916 paryant chalali. ayrish svayamsevakanchya sadasyanni, lahan ayrish nagrik sainyasah, cumman naa mabanchya 200 sadasyansah, doublinmadhil pramukh thikane tabyat ghetali aanee britainpasoon swatantra asalele ayrish prajasattak ghoshit kele.
lashkarache sainyabal doublinmadhye halavanyat aale aanee 28 eprilparyant, 1600 bandkhoranna 18 teey 20,000 sainikancha samna karava lagla, saat divasanchya ladhainantar uthav dadapun taknyat aala, tyachya netyanna nyayalayin ladhait maranyat aale aanee fashi denyat aalee. easterchya vadhatya jivitahanimadhye 450 lock marle gele, 2,614 jakhami jhaale aanee nauu bepatta jhaale, jawaljawal serve doublinmadhye hote. itaratra ekmev mahattvapoorn krutee doublinchya uttarela asalelya ashburn yethe hotee. lashkari mrutanmadhye 116 jann thaar, 368 jann jakhami aanee 9 jann bepatta hote. ayrish aanee doublin police dalat 16 jann marle gele aanee 29 jann jakhami jhaale, 254 ladhau nasalele nagrik marle gele.
salonika.
serbian sainyala pathimba denyachya aanee bulgariala virodh karnyachya uddeshane greek sarkarchya vinantivarun salonikamadhye eka naveen aaghadi ughadanyat aalee. british salonika sainyache pahile sainya aktoobar 1916 madhye salonikamadhye pohochale, serbian sainyala albania aanee greesmadhye maghar ghenyapasun rokhanyasathi khoop usheer jhaala. 1916 teey 1917 darmyan french, british aanee russian sainya salonikamadhye aale aanee french general mauris sarrelchya ekoon aadeshakhali, teey purvela asalele mitra sainya kinwa "purveche mitra sainya" mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale.
bulgarian sainya nasht karnyachya uddeshane, french aanee britishanni april 1917 madhye konatehi lakshaniy yash naan midavata naveen aakraman suru kele. donhi bajunni konatyahi halchalishivay eka gatirodh nirman jhaala; german lokanni haah morcha 'mitrarashtransathi europecha sarvat motha najarkaidet taknara tall' mhanoon olakhala. hii paristhiti 18 september 1918 paryant tikali, jevha general george milne yanchya netrutvakhali british aanee greek sainyane doiran sarovar kshetrat hallah keela. bulgarian sainyane-jeey aata maghar ghet aahe-30 september 1918 roji yuddhaviramavar swakshya kelya.
itali.
itali 5 meey 1915 roji mitrapakshanchya bajoone yuddhat sameel jhaala, 23 meey 1915 roji austriya-hangeriviruddha aanee 28 august 1916 roji germanyviruddha yuddh ghoshit kele. italian mohimet british sainyacha sahbhag 1917 chya uttaradhaparyant suru jhaala nahee, jevha italian aaghadivaril parabhav rokhanyasathi madat karnyasathi sainya pathvanyat aale. 24 aktoobar 1917 roji caporatochya ladhait dusare italian sainya kosalale aanee italian lokanna piyave nadikade maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele, jithe tyanna paach british aanee sahaa french vibhagansah paschim aaghaditun balkat kele jaau shakate, sampoorn shastransah aanee general herbert plummerchya netrutvakhali. prabalit italian lokanni piyave nadichya ladhait austro-hungarian pragati rokhanyat yash midavale. aktoobar 1918 madhye mitrapakshanchya pratihalla darmyan, vittorio venetochya ladhait mothe nuksan jhalyanantar austriya-hungarian sainya kosalale. tyanantar lagechach 3 november 1918 roji yuddhaviramavar swakshya karnyat aalya.
chean.
1914 madhye, singataoche german bandar tabyat ghenyasathi japani sainyachya samarthanarth dusya bataliyanchya dakshin velsachya seema sainikanni chinmadhye utarnyanantar singataochya vedha mhanoon olakhalya jaananya mohimet british sainya sahbhagi jhaale hote. british 23,000-shaktishali krutee dalacha bhag hote, jyat 1500 sainikanchi mishra british-bharatiy brigade aanee yuddhanauka yancha samavesh hota. 31 aktoobar 1914 roji bandaravaril bombsfot suru jhaala aanee 7 novembarparyant japani 18 vya vibhag, 29 vya payadal brigade aanee british-bharatiy brigedne hallah karoon chhawani aanee tiche 4,000 sainik tabyat ghetale.
purv africa.
1914 madhye wonn leto-vorbekchya durlakshit german aanee african askari sainyachya virodhat purv africi mohimechi suruvat dekhil jhaali. aafriketil bahutansh british mohima africi askari tukadyandvare kelya jaat asat, jase qee rajachya african rifles (qaar), dakshin africi kinwa bharatiy lashkarachya tukadya. british sainyache netrutva general horace smith-dorien, dakshin aafrikeche general zaan smuts aanee british general arther reginald hoskins yanni kele. british bharatiy sainyatil qaar aanee 27 vya bengaluru brigedchya tukadyanni heey dall tayar kele hote, jyat dusya batalian, nishthavan regiment (uttar lancashire) heey netrutva karat hote. wonn leto-vorbekchya shutztrupche german sainya aparajit rahile aanee europemadhil yuddhaviramachya 14 divasannantar 25 november 1918 roji tyanni aatmasamarpan kele.
african vagalata british aanee samrajya sainyatil mrutancha darr 6,000 hota aanee 3,000 jakhami jhaale hote. shatruchya karvaipeksha adhik sainik roganmule maran pavale aanee ekoon mrutanpaiki 70 takke aajarpanamule jhaale.
gallipoli.
31 aktoobar 1914 roji turkeyne german bajoone yuddhat pravesh keela hota. mitrarashtransathi dardanels samudradhuni bund karane haah tyacha pahila upkram hota. april 1915 madhye, shahee naudalachya dardnellis tabyat ghenyachya prayatnanchya apayshanantar, british aanee anzack sainya general iaan hamiltonchya netrutvakhali gallipoli dweepkalpavar utarale. mukhya british halle heey krutiyache pahile, dusare aanee tisare yuddh hote. 25 april 1915chee mool uddishte sadhya karnyachya uddeshane turkey sanrakshn dalaviruddhachya hallyanchi hii malika hotee. tyaa serve tyanchi uddishte sadhya karnyat ayashasvi tharalya. augustmadhye, suvala khadivar aanakhi eka landing karnyat aale. kitchnerchya naveen sainyakadun 10 vya vibhagachya aagamanane, 53 vya, 54 vya pahilya-ola pradeshik vibhag aanee dusya aarohit vibhagachya utaravalelya yomanrine suvala landingla balkati dilee. 29vaa vibhag dekhil aanakhi eka dhakka denyasathi helsvaroon suvala yethe halavanyat aala. aakramanala punha jiwant karnyacha shevatcha british prayatna 21 august roji skimmitter tekadi aanee tekadi 60 varr hallyansah jhaala. yaa tekadyanchya niyantranane anzack aanee suvala aaghadyanna ekatra aanale asate, parantu donhi yuddhanna yash midale nahee. 29 august roji jevha 60 vya dongravar ladhai thambali, tevha sadichya unchisathichi ladhai aanee kharokharach dweepkalpasathichi ladhai prabhavipane sampali; janewari 1916 paryant mitrapakshanni maghar ghetali hotee.
mrutancha andaj khoop vegala aahe, parantu yaa mohimet sahbhagi asalelya sumare 480,000 mitrapakshanchya sainikanpaiki 180,000 jakhami jhaale aanee 44,000 marle gele, mrutanpaiki 20,000 british hote.
mesopotemiya.
mesopotemiyamadhye ladhanare british sainya pramukhyane british bharatiy sainyakadun ghetale gele hote, jyat keval ekach british rachana hotee, tee mhanje 13vaa (paschim) vibhag. parshiyatoon shahee naudalacha teel puravatha surakshit karane haah tyacha uddesh hota. 7 november 1914 roji, general surr johnn nixon yanchya netrutvakhalil british bharatiy sainyane mesopotemiyavar aakraman kele aanee 23 november roji basramadhye pravesh keela. yaa suruvatichya aakramananantar, 7 december 1915 teey 29 april 1916 yaa kalavadhit, jevha 13,000 british aanee bharatiy sainyachya sampoorn chhavanine aatmasamarpan kele, tevha kutt-all-amarachya vedhyat turkankadun britishansathi vinashkari aanee apmanaspad parabhav jhaala. britishanni punarrachana kelee aanee upalabdh sainyachi sankhya 2,50,000 paryant vadhavali. akheris general fredrick stanly modd senapati jhalyavar britishanni punha gatee midavali aanee december 1916 madhye eka naveen aakraman suru jhaale. 24 februwari 1917 roji, kutt-all-amra sanyukt british aanee bharatiy sainyachya tabyat gela aanee bagdadla march 1917 madhye tabyat ghenyat aale. baghdad tabyat ghetalyanantar eka aathvadyat, general maudene bagdadchi ghoshana jaaree kelee, jyat prasiddha resha hotee, "aamche sainya tumchya shaharanmadhye aanee jamineet vijete kinwa shatru mhanoon yet nahee, tarr muktidate mhanoon yete". 18 november 1917 roji patkimule jhalelya maudechya mrutyunantar leftnunt general surr william marshal heey maudeche uttaradhikari jhaale. aktoobar 1918 paryant teey "nadee yuddh" chaloo thewale, jevha britishanni mosul teel kshetra tabyat ghetale, jyachya vikasamule turkey sainyache patan jhaale. 30 aktoobar 1918 roji tarkibarobarchya mudrochya yuddhaviramavar swakshya karnyat aalya. mohimedarmyan 100,000 british aanee bharatiy marle gele. yapaiki 53,000 mrutyu pavale, tarr 13,000 mrutyu aajarane balee padale.
sinai aanee palestine.
sinai aanee palestine mohimes suze kalvyachya sthir sanrakshanachya dhoranachya tikela chalana midali, jyat sahaa payadal vibhag aanee paach ghudsavar brigade karyarat hotya. turkeechya pahilya suez aakramanala pratyuttar dilyanantar, nauu vibhag paschim aaghadila aanee eka mesopotemiyala pathvanyat aala.
sinai aanee palestinemadhil british sainyat tyanantar 10weey, 42weey, 52weey, 53weey, 54weey, 60weey, 74weey aanee 75weey vibhag samavisht jhaale. british yomani enzac mounted vibhag, austreliyan mounted vibhag aanee yomani mounted vibhagancha bhag bunley. shahee unt dall dalasah, ghodchuk kelelya sainyane valvantatil tukadi tayar kelee. sampoorn sainya-jyala egyptian moheem dall (eae. eae. eff.) mhanoon olakhale jaate-kairomadhye general surr archibald murre yanchya netrutvakhali hote.
murrene turkey sainyachya virodhat satatyane pragati kelee, jeey roman, magdhaba aanee rafachya ladhait parabhoot jhaale. tathapi, 1917 madheel gazachya pahilya aanee dusya ladhait tyala mage hatavanyat aale. gazachya dusya ladhaitil parabhavanantar yuddh karyalayane eefchi kamaan badalanyas pravrutt kele aanee 28 juuna 1917 roji, murrechya jaagi general surr edmond allenby yanni padbhar swikarla, jyane mohimela punha ball dile.
allenbeane adhik paramparik margane aaplya sainyachi punarrachana kelee. aata leftnunt general surr harry chauvel yanchya netrutvakhalil valvantatil ghudsavar dall; leftnunt general surr phillip chetwad yanchya netrutvakhalil XX corps aanee leftnunt general edward bulfin yanchya netrutvakhalil XXI corpscha samavesh hota. aktoobar 1917 madhye, tyanni gazachya tisya ladhait aanee mughal parvataranganchya ladhait turkey sainyacha parabhav keela, jyamule ottoman satve aanee aathve sainya anukrame jerusalem aanee haifachya dishene mage hatanyat yash aale. yamule december 1917 madhye jerusalem tabyat ghetale gele.
februwari aanee april 1918 madhye, austreliyan ghudsavar sainyane ammanchya paschimes palestinemadhil ess salt yaa gavajaval jorden nadichya poorves done chhapyanmadhye bhag ghetala. jaree heey chhape ayashasvi tharale asale taree tyanni turkey senapatinna assa vishvas thevanyas protsahit kele qee mukhya british prayatna jorden olandun suru keela jaeel, jevha pratyakshat too kinarpattichya maidanatoon suru keela jaeel. francemadhil sankatamule yaa velee eif khoop kamkuvat jhaala hota, jyamule 52vya aanee 74vya vibhaganna paschim aaghadivar pathvanyat aale, yomanri mounted vibhagache vighatan jhaale aanee urvarit chaar vibhaganmadhye bahutansh british payadal bharatiy sainyane badalale. september 1918 madhye, allenbeachya sainyane nirnayak megido aakraman jinkale, jyamule 31 aktoobar 1918 roji swakshari jhalelya automan samrajyasah mudrochya yuddhaviramala chalana midali.
sinai aanee palestine mohimetil ekoon mitrapakshanche balee 60,000 hote, jyapaiki 20,000 marle gele. mrutanpaiki sumare 15,000 british hote.
pertia.
1917 madhye russian zarchya padatyaganantar, coccus aaghadi kosalali, jyamule madhya ashiya-aanee tyapalikade bharat-turkey sainyasathi khula rahila. yuddh karyalayane turkstanchya sainyashi ladhanyas tayar asalelya konatyahi urvarit russian sainyala kinwa nagarikanna sanghatit karnyasathi nivadalele british adhikari aanee aine. see. oo. chey sainya pathvanyachya yojnesah pratisad deela. rudyard kiplingchya stacky andd company yaa kadambarichya namvant patrasathi prerana denare, mejar general leonel charles dunsterville yaa tyachya senapatinantar heey dall dunsterforce mhanoon olakhale jaau lagale. august 1918 madhye teey bakoo yethe pohochale. ashee aasha hotee qee dunsterforce khrishchan georgian, armeniyan aanee assyri lokanmadhun sainya ubharu shakel jyanni russiananna pathimba deela hota aanee aitihasikdrushtya turkanna ghabarale hote. dunsterforcela kahee pramanat yash midale asale taree heey karya tyachya kshamatechya palikade siddha jhaale.
senusi arbanshi ladha.
november 1915chya uttaradhat, senusi mhanoon olakhalya jaananya turkey samarthak islami arab panthachya vadhatya dhokyala pratisad mhanoon, 'western frontier force' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya sammishra british sansthela british bharatiy lashkari adhikari mejar general alekzandar wallace yanchya netrutvakhali libiachya valvantat mersa matruh yethe pathvanyat aale. december aanee janevarimadhye oom rakhum, gebel medwa aanee halazin yethe arbanviruddha tivra ladhaya jhalya. aata mejar general william petton yanchya netrutvakhalil paschim valvantatil sainyane februwari aanee march 1916 madhye sidi barani aanee sallam punha tabyat ghetale. etch. emm. tii. 'murina' aanee etch. emm. ess. 'taara' madheel jahaj kosalalelya british navikanna, jyanna biir hakim yethe thevanyat aale hote, westminsterchya dukechya netrutvakhali bakhtarband gadyanchya tukadine vachavale.
parinam.
pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan british sainya heey brittonne tyaa tappyaparyant tainat kelele sarvat mothe lashkari dall hote. paschim aaghadivar, british moheem dalane sarvat majboot ladhau dall mhanoon yuddh sampavale, jeey amerikechya sainyapeksha adhik anubhavi hote aanee tyache manobal french sainyapeksha changlya sthiteet hote.
matra, vijayachi kimmat jaast hotee. pradeshik dalasah british sainyasathi adhikrut 'antim aanee durust' mrutanchi aakadevari 10 march 1921 roji jaaree karnyat aalee. 4 august 1914 teey 30 september 1919 yaa kalavadhit jhalelya nukasanit 573,507 'karvait marle gele, jakhmanmule maran pavale aanee itar karananmule maran pavale' aanee 254,176 bepatta (une 154,308 yuddhakaidyanchi sutka), ekoon 673,375 mrut aanee bepatta. mrutanchya aakadevarivarun asehi soochit hote qee 1,643,469 jakhami jhaale hote. kahee lokansathi, 1918 madhye ladhai sampali nahee. russian yadavi yuddhat mitrapakshanchya hastakshepadarmyan british sainyane russiala sainya pathavale, tyanantar janewari 1919 madhye anglo-irish yuddh aanee meey 1919 madhye tisare anglo-afghan yuddh jhaale. tisya afghan yuddhanantar 1920 madhye british sainya aanee somaliland darvesh yanchyatil sangharsh jhaala. jeey ladhait kinwa vyaparachya kartvyanmadhye sahbhagi navhate tyanna padchyut karnyat aale. yuddh sampalyanantar jhalelya id1 sainikanchya vighatanane, eka varshachya aat, british sainya 800,000 sainikanparyant qamee jhaale hote; november 1920 paryant, yuddhaviramachya swaksharinantar done varshanni, hii sankhya 370,000 purushanparyant ghasarali hotee.
august 1919 madhye daha varshachi satta lagoo karnyat aalee, jyat british sashastr dalanni pudhil daha varshant british samrajya konatyahi mothya yuddhat sahbhagi honar nahee yaa gruhitkavar tyanchya andajancha masuda tayar karava ashee aut ghatali hotee. 1928 madhye, winston churchill yanni sarkari tijorit kulpati mhanoon mantrimandalala haah niyam swa-shashvat banavanyache yashasviritya aavahan kele aanee mhanunach visheshtah radd kelyashivay too lagoo hota. yaa niyamacha parinam mhanoon sanrakshn kharchat kapat jhaali, jee 1919-1920 madheel 76.6 kotee paundanvarun, 1921-1922 madhye 18.9 kotee paundanvar aanee 1932 madhye 10.2 kotee paundanvar aalee. british sainyane pahilya mahayuddhatil dhade shikanyacha aanee tyanna tyachya yuddhapoorv siddhantat swikaranyacha prayatna keela. 1920 chya dashakat aanee 1930 chya dashkatil bahutansh kalat, samanya karmchanyanni eka lahan, yantrikrut, vyavsayik sainya sthapan karnyacha prayatna keela aanee prayogik yantrikrut dall tayar kele, parantu konatyahi dhokyachya abhavi, tyache mukhya karya british samrajyabhovatichya chhavanichya kartvyanvar parat aale.