
mesoamerica

mesoamerica haah eka aitihasik pradesh aanee sanskrutik kshetra aahe joou uttar amerikechya dakshin bhagapasoon suru hoto aanee madhya amerikechya bahutansh bhagaparyant pasarlela aahe, asha prakare madhya mexico, bellies aanee gwatemala, ell salvador, honduras aanee nikaragwa aanee uttar costa rika yaa deshancha samavesh aahe. 1493 madhye hispaniola betavar amerikeche spanish vasahatikaran suru honyapurvi purv-columbian yugat, mesoamerikamadhye 3,000 varshanhun adhik kaal anek samajanchi bharbharat jhaali. jaagtik itihasat, mesoamerica heey done aitihasik parivartananche thikan hoteh (1) prathamik shahari pidhi aanee (2) sthanik mesoamerican lokanchya european, african aanee ashiyai lokanchya mishranatoon naveen jaagtik sanskratinchi nirmiti, jyanna amerikechya spanish vasahatikaranane parichay karoon denyat aala hota.
16 vya shatkat, sheetpitt aanee gover yasarkhya eurasian roganmule, jeey vasahati lokanmadhye sthanik hote parantu uttar americet naveen hote, 90 takkyanhun adhik sthanik lokanche mrutyu jhaale, parinami tyanchya samajache aanee sanskratinche mothe nuksan jhaale. mesoamerica heey jagatil sahaa kshetranpaiki eka aahe jithe pracheen sanskruti swatantrapane udayas aalee (sanskratiche ugamsthan pahaa) aanee americet dusare. sadhyachya perumadhil norte chiko (carrell-super), uttar kinarpattichya pradeshat eka swatantra sanskruti mhanoon udayas aalee.
eka sanskrutik kshetra mhanoon, mesoamericachi vyakhya tyachya sthanik sanskratinni vikasit kelelya aanee samayik kelelya sanskrutik vaishishtyanchya mozakdware kelee jaate. ii. sha. puu. 7000 pasoon, koko, makaa, shengdane, tomato, avocado, vanilla, squash aanee mirchi, tasech turkey aanee kutryanchya palivpanamule, pallio-bharatiy shikari-gola karananya aadivasi gatanpasoon baithi krishi gavanchya sanghatanet sankraman jhaale. tyanantarchya prarambhik kalat, guntaguntichi pauranik aanee dharmik parampara, eka jordar sankhyatmak pranali, eka jatil dindarshika pranali, chendu khelanyachi parampara aanee eka vegali sthapatya shaili yasarkhi shetee aanee sanskrutik vaishishtye yaa bhagat pasarali. yaa kalatahi gave samajik starbaddh houu lagali aanee pramukhanmadhye vikasit houu lagali. obsidian, jaid, koko, sinabar, spondylus shales, hematite aanee syramics yasarkhya lakzari vastoonchya devanghevanisathi vyapar marganchya jaalyane ekmekanshi jodaleli mothee aupcharik kendre bandhali gelee. madhyaamerikan sanskratila chaak aanee moolbhut dhatuvidnyan maheet hote, parantu yapaiki konatehi tantrikdrushtya sambandhit jhaale nahee.
sarvat suruvatichya guntaguntichya sanskratinpaiki eka hotee olmec sanskruti, jee meksikochya aakhati kinanyavar vasali hotee aanee tehuvantepekchya istamasachya aatalya aanee dakshinekade vistarli hotee. prarambhik olmec aanee chiapas, oksaka aanee gwatemala yetheel itar sanskratinmadhil varanvar sampark aanee sanskrutik devanghevanine mesoamerican sanskrutik kshetracha paya rachala. pracheen mesoamerikamadhil, visheshtah prashant kinanyavaril, lakshaniy pradeshik dalanvalanamule heey serve sulabh jhaale.
yaa prarambhik kalat vishisht dharmik aanee pratikatmak parampara pasarlya, tasech kalatmak aanee sthapatya sankulancha vikas jhaala. tyanantarchya purvashastriy kalat, mexicomadhye aguada phenix aanee calackmul, gwatemalamadhye ell mirador aanee tickle aanee monte alban yethe zapotek yasarkhya kendranchya udayasah mayanmadhye guntaguntiche shahari rajya vikasit houu lagale. yaa kalat, epi-olmec aanee zapotek sanskratinmadhye pahili kharee mesoamerican lekhan pranali vikasit karnyat aalee. abhijat mayaa logosyllabic lipit mesoamerican lekhan parampara tyachya shikharavar pohochali.
mesoamerica haah jagatil keval sahaa pradeshanpaiki eka aahe jithe lekhan swatantrapane vikasit jhaale aahe asey olakhale jaate (itar pracheen egypt, peru, bharat, sumer aanee chean aahet). madhya mexicomadhye, teotihuacan shahar abhijat kalachya shikharavar pohochale; tyane eka lashkari aanee vyavsayik samrajya sthapan kele jyacha rajkiy prabhav dakshinekade mayaa kshetraparyant aanee uttarekade pasarla. ii. sha. 600 chya sumaras tiotihuakanchya patananantar, madhya meksikomadhil zochikalko aanee kolula sarkhya anek mahattvachya rajkiy kendranmadhye spardha suru jhaali. yaa velee abhijat yugat nahua lock uttarekadun dakshinekade mesoamerikamadhye jaau lagale aanee madhya mexicomadhye rajkiy aanee sanskratikdrushtya varchasva gajavale, kaaran tyanni oto-manguan bhasha bolananyanna visthapit kele.
abhijat kalatil suruvatichya kalat, madhya mexicomadhye toltech sanskratiche aanee oksaka madhye mixteche varchasva hote. sakhal mayaa bhagat chichen itza aanee mayapan yethe mahattvachi kendre hotee. abhijat-kalanantarchya kalachya akheris, madhya meksikochya eztech lokanni madhya mesoamericecha bahutansh bhag vyapanare eka upanadi samrajya bandhale.
16 vya shatkat spanish vijaysah vishisht mesoamerican sanskrutik parampara sampali. pudhil shatkanmadhye, mesoamerican sthanik sanskruti haloohaloo spanish vasahatvadi rajvatichya adheen jhalya. mesoamerikamadhye rahana sthanik lokanmadhye mesoamerican sanskrutik varshache pailu ajunahi tikoon aahet. anekjan tyanchya purvajanchya bhasha bolat rahatat aanee tyanchya mesoamerican mulanpasoon mage valoon anek pratha palatat.
vyutpatti aanee vyakhya.
mesoamerica' yaa shabdacha greekmadhye shabdasha arth 'madhya america' assa hoto. madhya america haah bahutekda americetil mothya kshetracha sandarbh deto, parantu mesoamericacha sandarbh denyasathi purvi yacha adhik sankuchitpane vapar keela gela aahe. daad handbook auph middle american indiance' chya 16 khandanche shirshak heey eka udaharan aahe. "mesoamerica" chee vyapakpane vyakhya, jawalche sanskrutik aanee aitihasik sambandh asalelya lokancha samooh asalelya mesoamerican sanskratiche ghar asalele kshetra mhanoon kelee jaate. mesoamericachi achook bhaugolik vyapti kalantarane badalali aahe, kaaran sanskruti dakshin meksikomadhil tyachya madhyavarti bhagapasoon uttar aanee dakshineparyant vistarli aahe.
haah shabd pratham german vanshikshastradnya paul kirchoff yanni vaparla hota, jyanni namood kele qee yaa pradeshatil vividh purv-columbian sanskratinmadhye samanata astitvat aahe jyat dakshin mexico, gwatemala, bellies, ell salvador, paschim honduras aanee nikaragwa aanee vayavya costa rikachya prashant sakhal bhagancha samavesh aahe. sanskrutik itihasachya paramparet, 20 vya shatkachya suruvatipasun madhyaparyant prachalit asalelya puratatviy siddhantanusar, kirchoffne yaa kshetrachi vyakhya hajaro varshanchya aantar-aanee aantar-pradeshik parasparsanvadamule (mhanje.eae., prasar). mesoamerica heey eka jawalche-aadarshavadi sanskrutik kshetra mhanoon olakhale jaate. hii sandnya aata purv-columbian manavvanshashastriy abhyasachya manak paribhashet purnapane ektrit kelee gelee aahe. yaulat, anukrame uttar mexico aanee paschim united statescha sandarbh denanya eridoamerica aanee oesisamerica yaa bhagini sandnya vyapak vaparat aalya naheet.
mesoamerican sanskrutik paramparechi vyakhya karnari kahee mahattvapoorn sanskrutik vaishishtye ashee aaheth
bhoogol.
madhya american istmasvar sthit, joou uttar aanee dakshin americela 'see. aii.' darmyan jodato."10° aanee 22° uttar akshansh, mesoamerikamadhye paryavaraniy pranali, bhaugolik kshetre aanee paryavaraniy sandarbhanche jatil sanyojan aahe. yaa vegvegalya thikananche done vyapak shreninmadhye vargikaran kele aaheh sakhal pradesh (samudraspatipasun 1000 meterchya darmyanche kshetra) aanee 'ultiplanos' kinwa uchch pradesh (samudraspatipasun 1,000 teey 2,000 meterchya darmyan sthit). sakhal bhagat, up-ushnakatibandhiy aanee ushnakatibandhiy hawaman sarvat samanya aahe, jase qee prashant aanee meksikochya aakhat aanee caribean samudrajavalil bahutek kinarpattisathi kharey aahe. koradya ushnakatibandhiy teey thund dongral havamananparyantchya uchchpradeshanmadhye havamanachi adhik vividhata disun yete; ubdar tapman aanee madhyam parjanyamanasah pramukh hawaman samshitoshna aahe. koradya oksaka aanee uttar yukatanpasoon teey damat dakshin prashant aanee caribean sakhal bhaganparyant paus badalato.
sanskrutik up-kshetre.
mesoamerikamadhil anek bhinn up-pradesh bhaugolik aanee sanskrutik vaishishtyanchya ektrikaranadvare paribhashit kele jaatat. heey up-pradesh sanskratikdrushtya arthpurn asanyapeksha adhik sankalpanatmak aahet aanee tyanchya maryadanche seemankan kathor nahee. udaharanarth, mayaa kshetra done samanya gatanmadhye vibhagale jaau shakateh sakhal pradesh aanee uchch pradesh. sakhal pradesh pudhe dakshin aanee uttar mayaa sakhal bhagat vibhagale gele aahet. dakshin mayaa sakhal pradesh samanyatah uttar gwatemala, dakshin campeche aanee meksikomadhil quintana ruu aanee bellies yancha samavesh asalele manale jaatat. uttarekadil sakhal pradesh yukatan dweepkalpachya urvarit uttarekadil bhagala vyapatat. itar kshetranmadhye madhya mexico, paschim mexico, aakhati kinarpattichi sakhal pradesh, oksaka, dakshin prashant sakhal pradesh aanee aagney mesoamerica (uttar hondurasah) yancha samavesh aahe.
sthalakruti.
meksikochya khoyyas vedhalelya unch shikharanpasun aanee madhya siera madrey parvatanmadhil uttarekadil yukatan dweepkalpachya khalchya sapat pradeshanparyant, mesoamerikamadhye vyapak bhaugolik bhinnata aahe. pico dii orizaba haah puebla aanee veracruzechya simevar sthit supt jwalamukhi haah mesoamerikamadhil sarvat unch parvat aahe. tyachi shikhar unchi 5,636 meater (18,490 phoot) aahe.
anek chhotya parvatarangancha samavesh asalele siera madre parvat, uttar mesoamericapasun dakshinekade costa rikamarge jaatat. hii sakhali aitihasikdrushtya jwalamukhiy aahe. madhya aanee dakshin mexicomadhye, siera madrey sakhalicha eka bhag ije volcanico transversal kinwa trans-mexican jwalamukhi patta mhanoon olakhala jaato. siera madre parvataranget 83 nishkriy aanee sakriy jwalamukhi aahet, jyat mexicomadhye 11, gwatemalamadhye 37, ell salvadormadhye 23, nikaraguamadhye 25 aanee vayavya costa rikamadhye 3 aahet. mishigan tantrik vidyapithachya matey, yapaiki 16 ajunahi sakriy aahet. sarvat unch sakriy jwalamukhi popocatepatal aahe, jyachi unchi 5,452 meater (17,887 phoot) aahe. nahuatla heey naav kayam asalela haah jwalamukhi mexico shaharachya aagneyela 70 kiimii (43 mail) antaravar aahe. mexico-gwatemala simevaril takana, gwatemalamadhil tajumulko aanee santameria, ell salvadormadhil izalco, costa rikamadhil erinal aanee ometepavaril concepsion aanee maderas heey nikaraguaamadhil kokibolka talavatoon ugavananya donhi jwalamukhinni tayar kelele bett heey itar ullekhaneey jwalamukhinmadhye samavisht aahet.
eka mahattvache bhaugolik vaishishtya mhanje tehuantepekche istamas, eka nimn pathar jeey uttarela siera madre dell suur aanee dakshinela siera madre dii chiapas darmyan siera madre sakhali todate. tyachya sarvoch binduvar, istmas samudraspatipasun 224 meater (735 phoot) unchivar aahe. meksikoche aakhat aanee meksikotil prashant mahasagar yanchyatil sarvat qamee antar dekhil heey kshetra darshavate. done kinarpattyanmadhil antar andaje 200 kiimii (120 mail) aahe. istmasachi uttarekadil bajoo daldalichi aahe aanee ghandat jangalane jhakaleli aahe-parantu siera madre parvat sakhalitil sarvat khalcha aanee sarvat sapat bindu mhanoon tehuantepekcha istmas, tarihi mesoamerikamadhil mukhya vahtook, dalanvalan aanee aarthik marg hota.
panyache shareer.
uttar mayaa sakhal pradeshanchya baher, nadya sampoorn mesoamerikamadhye samanya aahet. kahee adhik mahattvachya kshetranni yaa bhagatil manvi vyavasayache sthan mhanoon kaam kele. mesoamerikamadhil sarvat lamb nadee mhanje osumacinta, jee gwatemalamadhye salina kinwa chiksoy aanee laa payson nadichya abhisaranane tayar hote aanee 970 kiimii (600 mail)-480 kiimii (300 mail) paryant uttarekade vahate, jyapaiki naukanayanyogya aahet-akheris meksikochya aakhatat vahoon jaate. itar ullekhaneey nadyanmadhye reo grande dii santiago, grajalva nadee, motagwa nadee, ulua nadee aanee hondo nadee yancha samavesh aahe. uttar mayaa sakhal pradesh, visheshtah yukatan dweepkalpacha uttarekadil bhag, tyanchya nadyanchya jawaljawal sampoorn abhavasathi (mukhytah bhaugolik bhinnatechya sampoorn abhavamule) ullekhaneey aahet. yavyatirikt, uttar dweepkalpat konatehi talav astitvat naheet. yaa bhagatil panyacha mukhya srot mhanje jalbhrut, jyanna senots navachya naisargik prushthbhagachya ughadyandvare pravesh keela jaato.
8, 264 chauras kiimii (3,191 chauras mail) kshetrafalachya nikaragua talav haah mesoamerikamadhil sarvat motha talav aahe. chapala sarovar heey meksikoche sarvat mothe godya panyache sarovar aahe, parantu texoco sarovar heey kadachit sarvat prasiddha sthan aahe jyavar eztech samrajyachi rajdhani tenochtitalanchi sthapana jhaali hotee. uttar gwatemalamadhil lake petten itza heey ullekhaneey aahe, kaaran jethe shevatche swatantra mayaa shahar, tayal (kinwa noah petten), 1697 paryant spanish lokanviruddha hote. itar mothya talavanmadhye lake etitalan, lake isable, lake guija, lemoa aanee lake majua yancha samavesh hoto.
jaivavividhata.
jawaljawal serve parisanstha mesoamerikamadhye aahet; jagatil dusya kramankachi sarvat mothee mesoamerican barrier reif pranali aanee laa daas (reo plateno biosphere rakheev, tawa asangani, patuka rashtriy udyan aanee bosava biosphere rakheev) heey americet aakarane keval amazona nantar dusya kramankavar asalele varshavan heey adhik prasiddha aahet. dongral pradesh mishra aanee shankuchya aakarache jungle aahet. jaree iucnchya laal yadeet asalelya prajatinchi sankhya darvarshi vadhat asali taree jaivavividhata hii jagatil sarvat shrimant prajatinpaiki eka aahe.
kalkram aanee sanskruti.
mesoamerikamadhil manvi vyavasayacha itihas tappyanmadhye kinwa kalkhandanmadhye vibhagalela aahe. pradeshanusar thodyasha badalasah, heey pallio-indian, puratan, purvashastriy (kinwa rachnatmak), abhijat aanee uttarshastriy mhanoon olakhale jaatat. mesoamerican sanskrutik pratidiptichya gabhache pratinidhitva karnare shevatche teen kalkhand pudhe done kinwa teen up-tappyat vibhagale gele aahet. 16 vya shatkat spanish lokanchya aagmananantarcha bahutansh kaal vasahatvadi kaal mhanoon vargikrut keela jaato.
prarambhik kalkhandatil farak (i.eae., uttaradhatil purvashastriy kalatil shevatparyant) samanyatah samajik-sanskrutik sanghatanechya vegvegalya sanrachananche pratibimb asate, jyache vaishishtya samajik-rajkiy guntagunt vadhane, naveen aanee bhinn nirvah dhoranancha avalamb karane aanee aarthik sanghatanet honare badal (vadhiv aantarpradeshik parasparsanvadasaha) heey aahe. sampoorn mesoamerikamadhye vividh rajkiy ghatakanche chakriy sfatikikaran aanee vibhajan karoon abhijat kalanantarcha abhijat kaal vegala keela jaato.
pallio-indian.
madhyaamerikan pallio-indian kaal shetichya aagmanapurvicha aahe aanee bhatkya shikar aanee upajivikeche dhoran gola karane heey tyache vaishishtya aahe. samkalin uttar americet disalyapramanech mothya khelacha shikar haah mesoamerican pallio-indianchya udarnirvah dhoranacha eka motha ghatak hota. yaa thikani obsidian blade aanee clovis-shailitil basari prakshepak bindu hote.
puratan.
pracheen kaal (8000-2000 bii. see. eae.) haah mesoamerikamadhil suruvatichya shetichya vadhimule darshavila jaato. pracheen kalatil suruvatichya tappyat vanya vanaspatinchi lagwad, anaupacharik palivpanat sankraman aanee kalavadhichya akheris baithipana aanee krishi utpadanat parinati yancha samavesh hota. naisargik vatavaranache parivartan heey kiman madhya holosinpasoonche eka samanya vaishishtya aahe. pracheen sthalanmadhye gwatemala yetheel esquintla yetheel "sipaket" samavisht aahe, jithe makyachya paragkananche namune see paryantche aahet. ii. sha. puu. 3500.
purvashastriy/rachnatmak.
mesoamerikamadhye vikasit jhaleli pahili guntaguntichi sanskruti hii olmekchi hotee, jee sampoorn purvashastriy kalat veracruzechya aakhati kinarpattichya pradeshat rahat hotee. olmekchya mukhya sthalanmadhye sann lorenzo tenochtitlan, laa venta aanee trace zapots yancha samavesh aahe. vishisht tarkha badaltat, parantu hii thikane andaje 1200 teey 400 ii. sha. puu. darmyan vyapali gelee hotee. olmekshi sanvad sadhananya itar suruvatichya sanskratinche avashesh takalik aabaj, izapa aanee teopantquenitlan yethe aanee hondurasachya dakshineparyant sapadale aahet. chiapas aanee gwatemalachya prashant sakhal bhagatil sanshodhan asey suchavate qee izapa aanee monte alto sanskruti olmekchya aadhichi asoo shakate. izapachya uttaradhat sapadalelya vividh shilpanshi sambandhit radiocarbonche namune ii. sha. puu. 1800 teey 1500 darmyanchi tarikh suchavatat.
madhya aanee uttarardh purvashastriy kalat, dakshin mayaa dongral pradesh aanee sakhal pradeshat aanee uttar mayaa sakhal bhagatil kahee thikani mayaa sanskruti vikasit jhaali. ii. sha. puu. 1000 nantar sarvat junie mayaa sthale ekatra aalee aanee tyat nakbe, all mirador aanee seros yancha samavesh aahe. madhya teey uttaradhatil purvashastriy mayaa sthalanmadhye kaminaljuyu, sival, edzana, coba, lamanai, komchen, zibilchalton aanee sann bartolo yancha samavesh aahe.
madhya mexican dongral pradeshatil purvashastriy pradeshache pratinidhitva tlapakoya, tlatilco aanee cucuilco yasarkhya sthalandvare kele jaate. yaa sthalanchi jaaga akheris teotihuakanne ghetali, jeey eka mahattvache abhijat kalatil thikan hote, jeey akheris sampoorn mesoamerikamadhye aarthik aanee parasparsanvadachya kshetranvar varchasva gajavat hote. teotihuaakanachi vasahat hii purvashastriy kalatil uttaradhatil kinwa andaje ii. sha. 50 madheel aahe.
oksakachya khonyat, sann jose mogot heey yaa bhagatil sarvat junya kayamswarupi shetichya gavanpaiki eka aahe aanee matichi bhandi vaparnare pahile gaav aahe. suruvatichya aanee madhya purvashastriy kalat, yaa sthalane bachavatmak paliced, aupcharik rachana, adobcha vapar aanee chitralipi lekhanachi kahee suruvatichi udaharane vikasit kelee. samajik-sanskrutik aanee rajkiy sanrachanet aamulagra badal darshavinare, varshane midalela darja darshavinare heey pahile thikan dekhil mahattvache hote. sann jose mogotla akheris purvashastriy kalatil zapotek samrajyachi tyanantarchi rajdhani monte albanne mage takale.
paschim meksikomadhil nayarit, jalisco, kolima aanee michoacan yaa rajyanmadhil purvashastriy, jyala auxidente asehi mhanatat, teey farse samajale jaat nahee. lutaryanni japt kelelya aanee 'shaft thumbr parampara' shhee sambandhit asalelya hajaro moorti yaa kalache sarvottam pratinidhitva karatat.
abhijat.
prarambhik abhijat.
abhijat kaal haah anek rajyanchya udayane aanee varchasvane chinhankit keela aahe. suruvatichya aanee uttaradhatil abhijat kalatil paramparik farak tyanchya badalatya bhagyamule aanee pradeshik pradhanya rakhanyachya tyanchya kshamatedvare chinhankit keela jaato. madhya meksikomadhil teotihuacan aanee gwatemalamadhil tickle heey sarvoch mahattvache aahet; suruvatichya abhijat kalatil tatpuratya maryada samanyatah yaa sthalanchya mukhya kalkhandashi sambandhit aahet. oksakamadhil monte alban heey aanakhi eka abhijat kalatil rajyavyavastha aahe, jee yaa kalat vistarli aanee bharbharatila aalee, parantu zapotek rajdhanine itar done sthalanchya tulanet qamee aantarpradeshik prabhav padala.
suruvatichya abhijat kalat, teotihuakanne durgami sthool-pradeshik parasparsanvad jaalyamadhye bhag ghetala aanee kadachit tyavar varchasva gajavale. teotihuacan yethe chitrit kelelya sthapatya aanee kalakruti shailinchi (talud-tablero, tripod slab-paay asaleli syremic bhandi) nakkal kelee gelee aanee anek durvarchya vasahatinmadhye tyancha avalamb karnyat aala. pachuka obsidian, jyacha vyapar aanee vitaran aarthikdrushtya tiotihuaakandware niyantrit kele gele asalyacha yuktivad keela jaato, teey sampoorn mesoamerikamadhye aadhalate.
suruvatichya abhijat kalat rajkiy, aarthik aanee lashkaridrushtya dakshin mayaa sakhal bhagavar tikalache varchasva hote. tikal yethe kendrit asalelya vinimay jaalyane sampoorn aagney mesoamerikamadhye vividh prakarchya vastoo aanee vastunche vitaran kele, jase qee madhya meksikomadhun aayat kelele obsidian (udaa.jee.pachuka) aanee dongral gwatemala (udaa.jee., ell chayal, joou pramukhyane suruvatichya abhijat kalat mayandware vaparla jaat asey) aanee gwatemalamadhil motagua khoyatil jaid. picklecha anekada petten khoyatil itar rajyanshi tasech tyavyatiriktachya itar rajyanshi sangharsh hota, jyat quaxactoon, caracol, doses pilas, naranjo aanee calackmul yancha samavesh hota. suruvatichya abhijat kalatil akheris, yaa sangharshamule 562 madhye caracolchya hatoon tikalcha lashkari parabhav jhaala aanee haah kaal samanyatah tickle viram mhanoon olakhala jaato.
usheera abhijat.
ushiracha abhijat kaal (ii. sha. pasoon suru hott aahe. ii. sha. 600 teey ii. sha. 909) haah mayaa bhagatil asankhya pradeshik rajyanmadhye aantarpradeshik spardha aanee gatvadacha kaal mhanoon darshavila jaato. yaa kalachya suruvatila tikalchi samajik-rajkiy aanee aarthik shakti qamee jhalyamule heey mothya pramanat ghadale. mhanunach yaa kalatach itar sthale pradeshik mahatva prapt karoo shakali aanee caracol, copan, palenk aanee calackmul (jeey caracolshi sanlagn hote aanee tikalchya parabhavat madat kelee asavi) aanee gwatemalachya petexbatten pradeshatil doss pilas aguateca aanee canquens adhik aantarpradeshik prabhav taknyas saksham hotee. 710 chya sumaras, tickle punha udayala aala aanee tyane majboot yutee karnyas aanee tyachya sarvat white shatruncha parabhav karnyas suruvat kelee. mayaa bhagat, kalantarane abhijat tathakathit "mayaa kosalane" saha samapt jhaale, eka sankramankalin kaal joou dakshinekadil sakhal bhaganchi samanya loksankhya qamee karane aanee uttarekadil sakhal bhagatil kendrancha vikas aanee phule jodane.
antim abhijat.
samanyatah mayaa kshetrala lagoo kelele, antim abhijat andaje see darmyancha vel vyapate. 800/850 aanee see. 1000 aii. dii. ekandarit, samanyatah uttar mayaa sakhal bhagatil puuk vasahatinchya vadhatya pradhanyashi yacha sambandh aahe, jyache naav pramukhyane jithe teey aadhaltat tyaa tekdyanvarun thevanyat aale aahe. puuk vasahati visheshtah eka adviteey sthapatya shailishi (puuk sthapatya shaili) sambandhit aahet jee mageel bandhkam tantranpasun tantrik vichalanache pratinidhitva karate. pramukh puuk sthalanmadhye uksamal, sayil, labna, kaba aanee oxkintok yancha samavesh hoto. samanyatah puuk tekadyanchya parisarat aanee aaspaschya bhagat kendrit asatana, hii shaili purvekade chichen itza aanee dakshinekade edzanaparyant durvar nondavali gelee aahe.
chichen itza heey uttar mayaa sakhal bhagatil abhijatanantarche thikan asalyache mulat manale jaat hote. gelya kahee dashkantil sanshodhanane heey siddha kele aahe qee teey pratham prarambhik/usheera abhijat sankramanachya kalat sthayik jhaale hote parantu antim abhijat aanee prarambhik uttarshastriy kalat teey prasiddha jhaale. tyachya apojichya kalat, yaa vyapakpane dnyat asalelya thikanane uttarekadil sakhal bhaganvar aarthik aanee rajkiy varchasva gajavale. tyachya isla seritos bandar sthaladvare shakya asalelya parigh-dweepkalpiy vinimay margatil tyachya sahbhagamule chichen itzala madhya mexico aanee madhya america yasarkhya bhaganshi atyant jodalele rahnyas anumati midali. chichen itza yetheel vastukalechya spasht 'meksikankaran' mule bhootkalatil sanshodhakanna asey vatate qee chichen itza heey toltech samrajyachya niyantranakhali astitvat hote. kalkramanusarchi mahitee yaa suruvatichya vyakhyeche khandan karate aanee aata heey dnyat aahe qee chichen itza heey toltekchya aadhiche hote; mexican sthapatya shaili aata done pradeshanmadhil majboot aarthik aanee vaicharik sambandhanche soochak mhanoon vaparlya jaatat.
postclassic.
uttarshastriy (kshetranusar 900-1000 ce pasoon suruvat), uttaradhatil abhijat pramanech, chakriy sfatikikaran aanee vividh rajyanchya vikhandanadvare darshavile jaate. mukhya mayaa kendre uttarekadil sakhal bhagat hotee. chichen itzanantar, jyachi rajkiy rachana suruvatichya uttar-shastriy kalat kosalali, mayapan madhya uttar-shastriy kalat prasiddha jhaale aanee see. 200 varshe. mayapanchya vikhandananantar, uttarekadil sakhal bhagatil rajkiy rachana oxcutzcab aanee tiho (merida, yukatan) sarkhya mothya shaharambhovati kinwa shahar-rajyambhovati firat hotee, jee ekmekanshi spardha karat hotee.
chiyapasachya dongral bhagatil tonina aanee madhya gwatemalachya dongral bhagatil kaminaljuyu hii dakshinekadil dongral mayachi mahattvachi kendre hotee. nantarche thikan, kaminaljuyu, heey mesoamericatil sarvat jaast kaal vyapalelya sthalanpaiki eka aahe aanee see pasoon satat vasale hote. ii. sha. puu. 800 teey ii. sha. 1200 paryant. itar mahattvachya dongral mayaa gatanmadhye utatlanche keey 'iche', zakuleumadhil maam, mixco viejomadhil pocomam aanee gwatemalan dongral pradeshatil iximche yetheel kachikel yancha samavesh hoto. pipil ell salvadormadhye rahat hote, tarr chorty purv gwatemala aanee vayavya hondurasmadhye hote.
madhya mexicomadhye, uttarshastriy kalacha prarambhik bhag toltekchya udayabarobar aanee tyanchi rajdhani tula (jyala tolan asehi mhanatat) yethe sthit samrajyashi sambandhit aahe. suruvatila teotihuaakanchya samkalin asalele eka mahattvache prarambhik abhijat kendra asalele kolula, tyachi rajkiy rachana kayam thevat hote (tee kosalali nahee) aanee abhijatanantarchya kalat pradeshikdrushtya mahattvache kendra mhanoon kaam karat rahile. uttarshastriy kalatil uttarardh samanyatah mexico aanee eztech samrajyachya udayas jodalela aahe. mesoamerikamadhil sarvat samanya dnyat sanskrutik gatanpaiki eka asalelya eztekne jawaljawal sampoorn madhya mexico, aakhati kinarpatti, mexicocha dakshin prashant kinarpatti (chiapas aanee gwatemala), oksaka aanee gererover rajkiy varchasva gajavale.
tarrascan (jyanna paa 'urahepecha asehi mhanatat) heey michoacan aanee gerero yethe sthit hote. tzintzuntzan yethe tyanchi rajdhani asalele, tarascan rajya heey abhijat kalatil uttaradhat eztekchya varchaswala sakriyapane aanee satat virodh karananya mojkya rajyanpaiki eka hote. mesoamerikamadhil itar mahattvachya uttarshastriy sanskratinmadhye purv kinanyavaril totonakcha (aadhunik kalatil veracruz, puebla aanee hidalgo yaa rajyanmadhye) samavesh hoto. huestech totonakchya uttares, pramukhyane aadhunik kalatil tamaulipas aanee uttar veracruz yaa rajyanmadhye rahat hote. anukrame mittal aanee zachila yethe kendrit asalelya mixtech aanee zapotek sanskratinmadhye oksakache vastavya hote.
1519 teey 1521 darmyan spanishchya aagamanane aanee tyanantarchya tyanchya eztekvaril vijaysah postclassiccha shevat hoto. itar anek sanskrutik gatanni nantarparyant sahmati darshavali nahee. udaharanarth, tayal yetheel itza aanee zakpetan yetheel kavojsah petten bhagatil mayaa gut 1697 paryant swatantra rahile.
kahee mesoamerican sanskratinni kadhihi prabhavi darja prapt keela nahee kinwa prabhavi puratatva avashesh sodale naheet parantu tarihi teey ullekhaneey aahet. yamadhye otomi, micks-zoke gut (jeey olmekshi sambandhit asoo shakatat kinwa nastil), uttar youto-eztecan gut, jyanna anekada chichimeka mhanoon sambodhale jaate, jyat cora aanee huikol, chontel, huavs aanee madhya americetil pipil, zinkan aanee lenkan lokancha samavesh aahe.
itar vaishishtye.
udarnirvah.
ii. sha. puu. andaje 6000 paryant, mesoamerikechya dongral bhagat aanee sakhal bhagat rahana shikari-gola karnanyanni squash aanee mirchichya suruvatichya lagvadisah shetee paddhati vikasit karnyas suruvat kelee. makyache sarvat june udaharan see. ii. sha. puu. 4000 madhye aanee oksakamadhil guheteel guila naquitz yethoon yete. yapurvichya makyache namune panama, ii. madheel losses ladron lenichya thikani nondavale gele aahet. ii. sha. puu. 5500. tyanantar thodya velane, ardh-krishi samudayanni sampoorn mesoamerikamadhye itar pikanchi lagwad karnyas suruvat kelee. makaa haah sarvat samanya paliv prani hota, parantu samanya shengdane, tepari bean, laal rangachi ranari bean, jikama, tomato aanee squash hii serve samanya lagwad ii. sha. puu. 3500 paryant jhaali. tyach velee, yaa samudayanni tantu aanee vastrodyogasathi kapus, yukka aanee bhuimug yancha vapar keela. ii. sha. puu. 2000 paryant makyache peak heey yaa pradeshatil mukhya peak hote aanee aadhunik kalat teey tasech rahile. ramon kinwa breadnut vruksh ('brosimum elicastrum') haah maida utpadanat makyacha adhunmadhun paryay hota. madhyaamerikan sanskratinchya dainandin aaharat dekhil fale mahattvachi hotee. sevan kelelya kahee mukhya padarthanmadhye avocado, papai, pair, memi, zapot aanee enona yancha samavesh hoto.
mesoamerikamadhye paliv pranyansathi yogya pranyancha abhav hota, visheshtah paliv prani mothya gandulanche. vahatukisathi masuda pranyancha abhav haah mesoamerica aanee dakshin american andigechya sanskratinmadhil eka ullekhaneey farak aahe. badak, kutre aanee turkeys itar prani palale gele. ii. sha. puu. 3500 chya sumaras sthanik patalivar palanyat aalela turkey haah pahila hota. pracheen mesoamerikamadhye kutre heey pranyanchya prathinanche prathamik srot hote aanee sampoorn pradeshat sathavalelya sathyanmadhye kutryanchi hadey samanya aahet.
yaa pradeshatil samaj annasathi kahee vanya prajatinchi shikar karat asat. yaa pranyanmadhye harran, sassa, pakshi aanee vividh prakarche keetak yancha samavesh hota. teey manjariche phara aanee pakshyanche pisare yasarkhya vilasi vastunchi dekhil shikar karayache.
sakhal pradesh aanee kinarpattichya maidananmadhye rahana mesoamerican sanskruti, yaa bhagat fale aanee pranyanchi vipulata asalyamule, dongral sanskratinpeksha kahee kalanantar krishi samudayanmadhye sthayik jhalya, jyamule shikari-gola karnari jivanshaili adhik aakarshak jhaali. sakhal pradesh aanee kinarpattivaril mesoamerican lokanna masemari haah ann purvathyacha eka pramukh srot hota jyamule kayamswarupi samudayanmadhye sthayik honyasathi aanakhi protsahan midale.
rajkiy sanghatana.
aupcharik kendre hii mesoamerican vasahatinche kendrabindu hotee. mandiranni sthanik abhimukhata pradan kelee, jee aajubajuchya shaharala dilee gelee. tyanchi vyavsayik aanee dharmik kendre asaleli shahare nehmich rajkiy ghatak asat, kahee pramanat european shahar-rajyapramanech, aanee pratyek vyakti teey jithe rahat hote tyaa shaharashi olakh karoo shakat asey.
nehmi drishyaman honyasathi aupcharik kendre bandhali jaat asat. pyramid heey urvarit shaharapeksha vegale ubhe rahnyasathi, dev aanee tyanchya shaktinche pratinidhitva karnyasathi hote. aitihasik thurr heey aupcharik kendranche aanakhi eka vaishishtyapurn vaishishtya aahe. serve aupcharik imarati vegvegalya tappyanmadhye bandhalya gelya hotya, eka dusyachya varr, asha prakare qee aata aapan jeey pahato teey sahasa bandhkamacha shevatcha tappa asato. shevati, aupcharik kendre hii pratyek shaharachya olakhiche sthapatyashastriy bhashantar hotee, jyache pratinidhitva tyanchya dev aanee malakanchya poojedware kele jaate. stelle hii sampoorn mesoamerikamadhye samanya sarvajanik smarke hotee aanee vividh sthalanche shasak aanee kuleen yanchyashi sambandhit ullekhaneey yash, ghatana aanee tarkha lakshat thevanyas madat karat hotee.
arthvyavastha.
mesoamericache asankhya aanee vaividhyapurn paryavaraniy jaganmadhye vibhajan jhaale hote heey lakshat gheta, yaa bhagat rahana konatyahi samajache swavlamban jhaale nahee, jaree khoop lamb pallyacha vyapar keval atyant durmil vastunsathi kinwa vilasi samagrisathi samanya hota. yaa karanastav, pracheen kalatil shevatchya shatkanpasun (ii. sha. puu. 8000-ii. sha. puu. 1000), pradeshanni kahee mubalak naisargik sansadhananchya nishkarshanat visheshatva midvoon aanee nantar sthapit vyavsayik vyapar jaalyandvare aavashyak anupalabdha sansadhanansathi tyancha vyapar karoon paryavaraniy apurepanachi bharpai kelee.
vividh mesoamerican up-pradesh aanee paryavaraniy sandarbhanmadhun vyapar kelya jaananya kahee vishesh sansadhananchi yadee khalilpramane aaheh
vastukala.
mesoamerican vastukala heey mesoamerikamadhil purv-columbian sanskratinni bandhalelya shahari, aupcharik aanee sarvajanik sanrachananna dilele samoohik naav aahe. jaree shailinmadhye khoop vegale asale taree, serve prakarchya mesoamerican vastukalemadhye kahee pramanat parasparsambandh disun yetat, kaaran hajaro varshant atishay mahattvapoorn sanskrutik devanghevan jhaali. mesoamerikamadhil sarvat prasiddha sanrachananpaiki, sapat-varchya pyramid heey sarvat vikasit shahari kendranche eka mahattvache vaishishtya aahe.
mesoamerican vastukaletil done vaishishtye sarvat ullekhaneey aahet. pratham, bhoogol, khagolshastra aanee vastukala yanchyatil jawalcha sambandhah byavachada, shahari kendre kinwa agadi ekach imaratidekhil mukhya dishanna aanee/kinwa vishisht nakshatranshi sanrekhit kelya jaatat. dusare mhanje, pratimashastra haah vastukalecha avibhajya bhag manla jaat asey, jyaa imaratinna anekada dharmik aanee sanskrutik mahatva asalelya pratimanni sushobhit kele jaat asey.
dindarshika pranali.
krishi aadharit lock aitihasikdrushtya varsh chaar hangamanmadhye vibhagatat. yamadhye done sankranti aanee done vishuvancha samavesh hota, jyanna varshala aadhar denare chaar 'dishatmak stambh' manale jaau shakatat. varshatil heey chaar vela mahattvache hote aanee aajahi aahet kaaran teey mosami badal darshavtat jeey thet mesoamerican shetkaranchya jivanavar parinam karatat.
mayanni hangami chinhakanche barkaine nirikshan kele aanee tyanchi yogya nond kelee. tyanni bhootkalatil aanee alikadil surya aanee chandragrahan, chandrache tappe, shukra aanee mangal kalavadhi, itar vividh grahanchya halchali aanee aakashiy vastoonchya sanyoganchi nond karnare panchang tayar kele. yaa panchangachya madhyamatoon aakashiy ghatanambabat bhavishyatil bhavishyavanya dekhil kelya gelya. upalabdh tantradnyan pahata hii saranya ullekhaniyapane achook aahet aanee mayaa khagolshastradnyanmadhye dnyanachi lakshaniy patali darshavtat.
mayaa palat asalelya anek prakarchya dindarshikanmadhye sarvat mahattvache mhanje 260 divasanche chakr, 360 divasanche chakr kinwa 'varsh', 365 divasanche chakr kinwa varsh, chandrachakra aanee shukrachakra, jeey shukrachya synodic kalavadhicha magova ghete. european sampark kalatil mayaa mhanali qee bhootkal jaanun ghetalyane vartaman samajoon ghenyas aanee bhavishyacha andaj lavnyas madat hote (diago dii landa). 260 divasanche chakr heey shetiche niyaman karnyasathi, dharmik suttya palanyasathi, aakashiy vastoonchya halchalinna chinhankit karnyasathi aanee sarvajanik adhikaanyaanche smaran karnyasathiche dindarshika hote. 260 divasanche chakr bhavishyakathan karnyasathi aanee (santanchya catholic dindarshikepramane) navjat mulanchi nave thevanyasathi dekhil vaparale jaat asey.
mesoamerican dindarshiketil divas, mahine aanee varshe yanna dileli nave, bahutansh bhag, prani, phule, swargiy vastoo aanee sanskrutik sankalpananvarun aalee aahet jyanna mesoamerican sanskratit pratikatmak mahatva aahe. heey dindarshika mesoamericanchya sampoorn itihasat jawaljawal pratyek sanskratidvare vaparali jaat asey. aajahi, gwatemalamadhil anek mayaa gut, jyat 'qa' iche ',' qa 'ikchi', 'kachikel' aanee oksakache mishra lock yancha samavesh aahe, teey mesoamerican dindarshikechya aadhunik swarupancha vapar karat aahet.
lekhan pranali.
aajparyant ulgadalelya mesoamerican lipi yaa shabdanshasah logogramcha vapar ektrit karoon logosyllabic aahet aanee tyanna anekada chitralipi lipi mhanatat. paach kinwa sahaa vegvegalya lipi mesoamerikamadhye nondavalya gelya aahet, parantu puratatviy dating paddhati aanee kahee pramanat swarth, pradhanya sthapit karnyat adachani nirman karatat aanee asha prakare jyaa agradutoon itar vikasit jhaale. sarvottam dastaivajikaran aanee arthanirdharan keleli mesoamerican lekhan pranali aanee mhanunach sarvat vyapakpane dnyat asaleli abhijat mayaa lipi aahe. itaranmadhye olmec, zapotek aanee epi-olmec/isthamian lekhan pranalincha samavesh aahe. eka vyapak mesoamerican sahitya anshatah sthanik lipinmadhye aanee anshatah aakramananantarchya lattin lipitil pratilekhanmadhye sanrakshit kele gele aahe.
mesoamericachya itar glyphic lekhan paddhati aanee tyancha arth lavane, yaa goshtivar khoop vadavivad jhaala aahe. gair-mayaa mesoamerican grunth heey khyan likhanachi udaharane manale jaau shakatat qee gair-mayaa mesoamerican grunth heey kalpana vyakt karnare, visheshtah dharmik, parantu bolalya jaananya bhashechya dhvanyatmakateche pratinidhitva naan karnare sachitra parampara mhanoon changlya prakare samajale jaatat qee nahee yabaddal eka mahattvachi chaloo charcha aahe.
madhyaamerikan lekhan anek madhyamanmadhye aadhalate, jyat stelle yasarkhya mothya dagadi smarakancha samavesh aahe, jee thet sthapatyakalevar koraleli, stuckover koraleli kinwa rangavaleli (udaa.jee., bhittichitre), aanee matichya bhandyanvar. konatyahi purv-columbian mesoamerican samajat vyapak saksharta hotee asey dnyat nahee aanee saksharta bahudha lekhak, chitrakar, vyapari aanee kuleen lokansah vishisht samajik varganparyant maryadit hotee.
mesoamerican pustak samanyatah ficus amacuschya aateel salapasoon tayar kelelya kagdavar brush aanee rangeet shaine lihile jaat asey. yaa pustakat tayar kelelya salchi eka lamb patti hotee, jee swatantra prushthe paribhashit karnyasathi padadyavaril pattyasarkhi dumadali gelee hotee. prushthe anekada vistrut koreev pustak falakanni jhakali aanee sanrakshit kelee jaat asat. kahee pustake chauras pananni banaleli hotee tarr itar aayatakruti prushthanni banaleli hotee.
solavya shatkatil spanish vijayanantar, spanish dharmgurunni sthanik lekhakanna varnamala granthanmadhye tyanchya bhasha lihayala shikavale. purv-hyspanic kalatil anek maukhik itihas nantar varnamala granthanmadhye nondavale gele. madhya aanee dakshin meksikotil sthanikanni vasahatvadi kalat anek sachitra ghatkansah likhit grunth tayar karane suru thewale. eka mahattvache vidvattapoorn sandarbh karya mhanje 'madhya american bharatiyanche pustika, vanshik aitihasik strotansathi margdarshak'. eztech, mayaa, mixtech aanee zapotek pradeshanmadhye mesoamerican kodis tikoon rahatat.
ankganit.
mesoamerican ankganitine sankhyanna shabdasha aanee pratikatmak moolya donhi asalele manale, jeey mesoamerican vichardhareche vaishishtya asalelya dwaitvadi swarupacha parinam aahe. namood kelyapramane, mesoamerican kramankan pranali jordar hotee (i.eae., 20 kramankachya aadhare).
sankhyanche pratinidhitva karnyasathi, baar aanee dotschee malika vaparali gelee. thipkyanche moolya eka hote aanee pattyanche moolya paach hote. yaa prakarchya ankganitacha sanyog pratikatmak ankashastrashi keela gelah '2' haah utpattishi sambandhit hota, kaaran serve utpatti duheri asalyache manale jaau shakate; '3' haah gharguti agnishi sambandhit hota; '4' haah vishvachya chaar kopyanshi jodalela hota; '5' neey asthirata vyakt kelee; '9' haah adholok aanee ratrishi sambandhit hota; '13' hii prakashachi sankhya, '20' hii vipulatesathi aanee '400' hii anantatesathi hotee. shunyachi sankalpana dekhil vaparali gelee aanee trace zapotschya uttaradhatil purvashastriy vyavasayatil tyache pratinidhitva heey manvi itihasatil shoonyachya sarvat suruvatichya vaparanpaiki eka aahe.
ann, aushadh aanee vidnyan.
makyacha pratikatmak arth aanee vipulatemule makachi mesoamerican utsavanmadhye mahattvachi bhoomika hotee. devanchi stutee kelee jaat asey aanee tyanchi nave thewali jaat hotee.
americetil sthanik lock vividh swarupat sahchar lagwad karat asat. tyanni 8,000 teey 10,000 varshanpurvi squash, nantar makaa, nantar samanya shenga palale, jyamule teen bhagininche krishi tantra tayar jhaale. makaa chadhanyasathi cornstock eka traily mhanoon kaam karat asey aanee biyanyanni nitrogen nishchit keela, jyamule makyala fayda jhaala.
frey bernardino dii sahagunane vanaspati, prani, matiche prakar, itar babinsah sthanik mahitee denanyankadun 11 vya pustakatil pruthvivaril goshti, solavya shatkachya tisya timahit sankalit kelelya florentin codex mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya baaraa khandanchya 'nyu spainchya goshtincha samanya itihas' yaa pustakachi vistrut mahitee gola kelee. bernardino dii sahagunane eztech lokanna 'teonakatal' (dev, pavitra) aanee 'nanacutal' (mashroom) chey ektrit roop mhanoon olakhalya jaananya cylosibe mashroomschya vidhibaddha vaparachi nond kelee. badianus hastalikhit kinwa libellus dii medicinalibus indorum herbis heey purviche kaam asoon, likhit majkoor aanee sthanik drushtikonatun gola kelelya chitransah aanakhi eka eztech codex aahe. pracheen eztech lock tyanchya samajat vividh prakarchya enthiogensacha vapar karat asat.
puravyanvarun asey disun yete qee vanya pranyanna pratikatmak aanee vidhee uddeshansathi pakadale aanee tyancha vyapar keela jaat asey.
pauranik katha aanee jaagtik drushtikon.
 madhyaamerikan pauranik kathanmadhil samayik vaishishtye eka dharm mhanoon tyanchya samaan aadharadvare darshavili jaatat-jaree anek madhyaamerikan gatanmadhye jatil bahudevvadi dharmik pranalinmadhye vikasit jhaale asale taree-kahee shamanvadi ghatak kayam thewale aahet.
agni, pruthvi, paanee aanee nisarg yaa pahilya adim dharmatil vaicharik aanee dharmik ghatakancha samavesh kelyamule devatanchya mesoamerican devatanchya vishal vistarala chalana midali aahe. sookshm devatancha (surya, taare, nakshatr aanee shukra) sweekar keela gela aanee manavvanshashastriy, zoomorphic aanee anthroposomorphic shilpanmadhye aanee dainandin vastunmadhye tyanche pratinidhitva kele gele. kalantarane aanee itar mesoamerican gatanchya sanskrutik prabhavamule yaa devanche guna aanee tyanche gunadharm badalale. ekach velee teen dev aaheth nirmata, snrakshak aanee vidhvansak aanee tyach velee fakt eka. daivi astitvanmadhil dwaitvad heey mesoamerican dharmache eka mahattvache vaishishtya hote. devatanni viruddha dhruvanmadhil sangharshache pratinidhitva keleh sakaratmak, prakash, purush, shakti, yuddh, surya ii. dware udaharan dile jaate.; aanee nakaratmak, andharache udaharan, streeling, vishranti, shantata, chandra ii.
vishisht mesoamerican vishvashastra jagakade suryane pahilelya divasachya jagamadhye aanee chandrane pahilelya ratrichya jagamadhye vegale kele aahe asey pahate. sarvat mahattvache mhanje, jagatil teen atiuddeshiy star eka seeba vrukshane (mayanmadhye 'yakshe') ekatra kele aahet. bhaugolik drushti dekhil mukhya bindunshi jodaleli aahe. kahee bhaugolik vaishishtye yaa vishvadrashtichya vividh bhaganshi jodaleli aahet. asha prakare parvat aanee unch zaade madhya aanee varchya jagala jodatat; lenya madhya aanee khalchya jagala jodatat.
tyag.
samanyatah, yadnya done prakarat vibhagala jaau shakatoh aatmabalidani aanee manvi balidan. mesoamerikamadhil vaicharik rachana aanee samajik-sanskrutik sanghatana jagrut karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya pratimanmadhye balidanache vividh prakar pratibimbit hotat. udaharanarth, mayaa bhagat, rajgharanyatil uchchabhru, garud aanee jagwar, jades vartule kinwa haar jeey hrudayanche pratinidhitva karatat aanee nisarg aanee jeevan pradan karananya rakt yaa donhinche prateek asalelya vanaspati aanee fulanche chitran kele jaate. daivi urja punha bharnyachya tyach hetune, pratimanmadhye pavsasathi kinwa raktasathichya vinantya dekhil dakhavalya gelya. devanna prasann karnyachya prayatnat vidhibaddha yadnya kele jaat hote aanee loksankhyechya sanrakshanachya uddeshane kele jaat hote.
swayam tyag.
swayambalidanachi, jyala raktapat asehi mhanatat, tee swatahun rakt kadhanyachi vidhibaddha pratha aahe. atyant vidhibaddha samarambhanmadhye sattadhari uchchabhru lokandware sadar kelyapramane heey samanyatah pratimashastradvare pahile kinwa darshavile jaate, parantu sansarik samajik-sanskrutik sandarbhat (i.eae., uchchabhru nasalele lock swayam tyag karoo shakat hote). hii krutee samanyatah obsidian presammatic blade kinwa stingre spines kelee jaat asey aanee jeebh, qaan aanee/kinwa jannendriye (itar thikanambarobarach) chhedun kinwa kapoon rakt kadhale jaat asey. jibhetoon kinwa kananchya kanatoon jodalela kaata asalela dorr khechoon aatmabalidanacha aanakhi eka prakar aayojit keela jaat asey. tyanantar tayar jhalele rakt eka vadgyat thevalelya ametevar gola kele gele.
swa-tyag haah keval purush shasakanpurata maryadit navhata, kaaran tyanchya mahila samkaksh anekada yaa vidhibaddha karye karat asat. tyanna samanyatah dorkhand aanee katyanche tantra sadar kartana dakhavale jaate. vakachya abhijat mayaa sthalavaril (jyala ell peru asehi mhanatat) alikadech sapadalelya ranichya thadgyat tichya jananendriyachya bhagat eka aupcharik stingre spine thevanyat aala hota, jeey soochit karate qee striya tyanchya jananendriyamadhye raktastrav dekhil karatat.
manvi balidan.
mesoamerican sanskratichya samajik aanee dharmik pailunmadhye balidanache khoop mahatva hote. pratham, tyat mrutyuche daivi rupantar jhalyache disun aale. mrutyu haah manvi balidanacha parinam aahe, parantu too shevat nahee; too keval vaishvik chakracha pathpurava aahe. mrutyu jeevan nirman karato-daivi urja mrutyupasoon mukt hote aanee devankade parat yete, jeey nantar adhik jeevan nirman karnyas saksham asatat. dusare mhanje, teey yuddhache samarthan karate, kaaran sarvat maulyavan tyag sangharshatun midvile jaatat. yoddhyancha mrutyu haah sarvat motha yadnya asato aanee devatanna paus aanane yasarkhya dainandin kamanmadhye sahbhagi honyachi urja deto. yuddh aanee kaidyanna pakadane hii samajik pragatichi eka paddhat aanee dharmik kaaran banale. shevati, heey done shasak varg, pujari aanee yoddhe yanchya sattevaril niyantranache samarthan karate. purohitanni dharmik vichardharevar niyantran thewale aanee yoddhe yadnya puravat asat. aitihasikdrushtya asehi charchet hote qee balee denanyanchi nivad devanni kelee hotee, 'nivadaleli' asanyachi hii kalpana devanni tharavali hotee. heey nantar vijene dhadakane yasarkhya krutyandvare pradarshit kele gele. jarr ekhadyala vijecha dhakka basala aanee balidanachi garaj bhasali tarr tyanchi nivad anekada tyanchya loksankhyedvare kelee jaat asey, kaaran tyanna asey vatat hote qee teey devanni nivadle aahet.
baul game.
mesoamerican ballgame haah 3000 varshanhun adhik kaal mesoamericatil jawaljawal serve purv-columbian lokankadoon khelala jaanara eka khel hota. sahasrabdichya kalat vegvegalya thikani yaa khelachya vegvegalya aavrutya hotya aanee ulma hii khelachi aadhunik aavrutti ajunahi kahee thikani khelali jaate.
sampoorn mesoamerikamadhye 1300 hoon adhik ballcourt sapadale aahet. teey aakarane lakshaniyaritya badaltat, parantu tyaa sarvanmadhye chendu viruddhachya bajus usalanyasathi bajuchya bhintinsah lamb arund gallya asatat.
ballgame niyam maheet naheet, parantu too bahudha volleyballsarkhach hota, jithe chendu khelat thevanyacha uddesh hota. khelachya sarvat prasiddha aavruttit, kahee aavrutyanmadhye hatpude kinwa rackett, batt kinwa hatmoje vaparale jaat asale taree, kheladu tyanchya nitambanni chendu maratat. chendu ghan rabarapasoon banavala gela hota aanee tyache vajan 4 kilo kinwa tyahoon adhik hote, jyache aakarman kalantarane kinwa khelalya gelelya aavruttinusar khoop vegale hote.
haah khel lahan mulansah aanee kadachit mahilandwarehi sadhya manoranjanasathi khelala jaat asatana, yaa khelat mahattvache vidhee pailu dekhil hote aanee pramukh aupcharik ballgames vidhee karyakram mhanoon aayojit kele jaat asat, jyat anekada manvi balee asatat.
khagolshastra.
mesoamerican khagolshastrat grah aanee itar khagoliy vastoonchya chakranchi vyapak samaj samavisht hotee. surya, chandra aanee shukra yanna sakal aanee sandhyakalcha taara mhanoon vishesh mahatva denyat aale.
seable yetheel goal vedhshala aanee zokikalako yetheel 'vedhshala' yasah kahee thikani vedhshala bandhanyat aalya. anekada, mesoamerican sthalanchi sthapatyashastriy rachana khagolshastriy nirikshananmadhun midavalelya achook gananevar aadharit hotee. yachee suprasiddha udaharane mhanje chichen itza yetheel ell castillo pyramid aanee zokikalako yetheel vedhshala. anek mesoamerican sthalanmadhye aadhalanare eka adviteey aanee samanya sthapatya sankul mhanje eae-gut, jeey khagolshastriy vedhshala mhanoon kaam karnyasathi sanrekhit kele jaatat. yaa sankulache naav maay kshetratil pahilya dnyat vedhshalechya 'group eae' varr aadharit aahe. kadachit mesoamerikamadhye dastaivajikaran kelele sarvat june vedhshala monte aulto sanskratiche aahe. yaa sankulat teen sapat stambh aanee pithanchya sandarbhat eka mandir hote.
jaaga aanee veleche pratikvad.
assa yuktivad keela jaato qee madhyaamerikan samajanmadhye jaaga aanee velechya sankalpana chaar mukhya hokayantra bindunshi sambandhit aahet aanee dindarshikedware ekatra jodalya gelya aahet. tarkha kinwa ghatana nehmi dishabhulyachya disheshi jodalelya asayachya aanee dindarshiket tyaa kalatil vaishishtyapurn pratikatmak bhaugolik vaishishtya nirdisht kele jaat asey. mukhya dishanni dharan kelelya mahattvamule, sampoorn vasahati nasalya taree anek mesoamerican sthapatya vaishishtye, dishadarshaktechya sandarbhat niyojit aanee kendrit hotee.
mayaa vishvashastrat, pratyek mukhya bindula eka vishisht rung aanee eka vishisht jagwar devata (bakab) denyat aalee hotee. tyaa pudhilpramane aaheth
kachchikel aanee qa 'iche' sarkhya nantarchya sanskruti pratyek rangasah mukhya dishancha sambandh rakhatat, parantu vegvegali nave vapartat.
eztekmadhye, pratyek divasache naav eka mukhya bindushi sambandhit hote (asha prakare pratikatmak mahatva pradan karate) aanee pratyek mukhya disha chinhanchya gatashi sambandhit hotee. pratyek disheshi sambandhit chinhe aanee sankalpana khalee dilya aaheth
rajkiy aanee dharmik qalaa.
madhyaamerikan kalatmak abhivyakti hii vichardharenusar hotee aanee samanyatah dharm aanee/kinwa samajik-rajkiy shaktichya vishayanvar kendrit hotee. heey mukhyatve yaa vastusthitivar aadharit aahe qee spanish vijayapasoon vachaleli bahutek kaame sarvajanik smarke hotee. hii smarke samanyatah asha rajyakartyanni ubharali hotee, jyanni tyanchi samajik-sanskrutik aanee rajkiy sthitee drushyamanaritya vaidh karnyacha prayatna keela hota; asey karoon tyanni tyanchi vanshaval, vaiyaktik vaishishtye aanee kamgiri aanee varsa dharmik sankalpananshi jodalele hote. asha prakare, hii smarke visheshtah sarvajanik pradarshanasathi tayar karnyat aalee hotee aanee tyanni dagad, shilpakala, sthapatyashastriy koreev kaam aanee itar prakarchya sthapatyashastriy ghatkansah (udaa.jee., chhapparanchya kondya). vyakt kelelya itar vishayanmadhye velecha magova ghene, shaharache gaurav karane aanee devanchi pooja karane yancha samavesh aahe-heey serve kshamata aanee kalakala suru karananya shasakachya karkirdichya spashtapane vadhishi jodalele hote.
yaa aitihasik kalat tayar keleli bahutansh kalakruti yaa vishayanshi, dharm aanee rajkaranashi sambandhit hotee. shasakanchi rekhatani aanee shilpakala kelee jaat asey. tyanantar aitihasik katha aanee ghatananche kalechya tukadyanmadhye bhashantar karnyat aale aanee dharmik aanee rajkiy sandesh prasarit karnyasathi kalecha vapar karnyat aala.
sangeet.
puratatva abhyasanmadhye purv-columbian kalatil konatehi likhit sangeet kadhich sapadale nahee, parantu sangeet vadye, tasech korivkam aanee chitre sapadali, jee spashtapane darshavtat qee sangeetane mayaa dharmik aanee samajik sanrachananmadhye kashee madhyavarti bhoomika bajavali, udaharanarth, utsav aanee antyasanskaranchya saath mhanoon. mayaa sarkhya kahee madhyaamerikan sanskruti samanyatah dhol, basari aanee shittya yasarkhi vividh vadye vajavat asat. jaree bahutek mool mayaa sangeet spanish vasahatikaranantar nahise jhaale asale, taree tyateel kahee yenare spanish sangeetat misalale gele aanee teey aajparyant astitvat aahe.