
aar.yuu.aar.

aar.yuu.aar. check lekhak karel shapek yanche 1920 chey vidnyan-kalpanik natak aahe. "aar.yuu.aar."mhanje (rosamche sarvatrik yantramanav, eka vakyansh joou ingraji aavrutyanmadhye upashirshak mhanoon vaparla gela aahe). yaa natakacha jaagtik premiere 2 janewari 1921 roji hradec kralov yethe jhaala; tyane ingraji bhashet aanee sampoorn vidnyan kalpanaramya bhashet 'robot' haah shabd aanala. "aar.yuu.aar."tyachya prakashanantar lavkarach too prabhavshali jhaala. 1923 paryant, tyache tees bhashanmadhye bhashantar jhaale hote. "aar.yuu.aar."europe aanee uttar americet tyachya kalat too yashasvi jhaala. kapekne nantar tyach sankalpanekade vegalya drushtikonatun 1936 madhye tyachya 'warr with daad neuts' yaa kadambarimadhye pahile, jyamadhye manav nasalele lock manvi samajat sevak-varg banatat.
patre.
aavarane ashee nave darshavtat jee anuvadanusar badaltat. navanchya arthavar, ivan klima, "karel shapekah jeevan aanee karya", 2002, pru. 82.
plot.
saransh.
manavane krutrim sendriya padarthanpasun tayar kelelya 'roboti' (yantramanav) navachya krutrim lokanna tayar karananya karkhanyat yaa natakachi suruvat hote. (yantranaivaji krutrim maans aanee raktache jiwant prani mhanoon, natakachi yantramanavanchi sankalpana ajaivik mhanoon 'yantramanav' yaa kalpanepasoon vegali aahe. nantarchya shabdavalit tyanna android mhatale jaeel.) yantramanavanna manav mhanoon chukiche samajale jaau shakate aanee teey swatacha vichar karoo shakatat. suruvatila manavansathi kaam kartana anand vatalyane, yantramanav bund karatat aanee manavjatichya namsheshila karanibhoot tharatat.
prastavna (swayam anuvadatil pahila kayada).
eka mothya audhyogik shaktichya adhyakshanchi mulgi helena, rosamchya sarvatrik yantramanavanchya betavaril karkhanyat yete. yethe, tee aar. chya mahavyavasthapak dominla bhetate.yuu.aar., joou tichyashi companychya itihasashi sambandhit aahe. rossum 1920 madhye sagari jivashastracha abhyas karnyasathi betavar aala hota. 1932 madhye, rosamane jaree vegalya rasayanik rachnesah sendriya padarthasarkhya padarthacha shodh lavala hota. krutrim jeevan nirman karnyachya tyanchya preranambaddal tyane aaplya putanyashi vaad ghatala. jyeshthala devache astitva siddha karnyasathi kinwa chukiche siddha karnyasathi prani nirman karayache hote, tarr tyachya putanyala fakt shrimant vhayache hote. tarun rossomne shevati tyachya kakala tyane tayar kelelya rakshasanshi khelanyasathi aanee hajaro yantramanav tayar karnyasathi prayogshalet bandist kele. natak hoiparyant (sumare 2000 saal), yantramanav swast aahet aanee jagbharat upalabdh aahet. teey udhyogansathi aavashyak banale aahet.
aar. chya pramukhanna bhetalyanantar.yuu.aar.helenane ughad kele qee tee manavatechya sanghatanechi pratinidhi aahe, jee yantramanavanna mukt karoo pahanari sanstha aahe. karkhanyachya vyavasthapkanna heey murkhpanache vatate. teey yantramanavankade upkarane mhanoon pahatat. helena robotsna paise denyas sangate, parantu aar.yuu.aar. vyavasthapan, yantramanavanna kahihi "aavadat nahee".
akheris helenala khatri patate qee manavatechi sakhali hii paishanchi udhalpatti aahe, parantu tarihi yantramanavanmadhye 'aatma' asato assa yuktivad keela jaato. nantar, domin kabool karato qee too helenavar prem karato aanee teela sakharpuda karnyas bhag padato.
adhiniyam I (swatamadhye adhiniyam II).
daha varshe ulatali. helena aanee tichi paricharika naana sadhyachya ghatananvar, visheshtah manvi janmatil ghat yavar charcha karatat. helena aanee domin, teey bhetale tyaa divasachi aathvan karoon detat aanee jagachya gelya daha varshanchya itihasacha saransh detat, jyala naveen jaagtik yantramanav-aadharit arthvyavasthene aakar deela aahe. helenala bhetatat dow. pittacha naveen prayog, trijya. dow. gall tyachya prayogik robotesache varnan karato, jiche naav helena dekhil aahe. donhi adhik pragat, purnapane vaishishtyapurn yantramanav aahet. guptapane, helenane yantramanav tayar karnyasathi aavashyak asalele sootra jaalale. kayada sampatach yantramanavanche bund rosamchya betavar pohochate.
kayada II (swatamadhye kayada III).
patranna asey vatate qee yantramanavanche sarvyapitva eka dhoka nirman karate. babelchya manonyachya kathecha pratidhvani dett, patranni charcha kelee qee tyanchya bhashanchya palikade sanvad sadhu naan shakanare rashtriy yantramanav tayar karane hii eka changli kalpana asatee qaa. yantramanav sainyane karkhanyala vedha ghatalyane, helenane naveen yantramanav tayar karnyasathi aavashyak asalele sootra jaalalyache ughad kele. tyanche nikatvarti mrutyu heey tyanchya nivadicha thet parinam asale taree, patra manavatechya samaptibaddal shoke karatat aanee tyanchya krutinche samarthan karatat. yantramanvanshi shantata prasthapit karnyasathi vataghati karnyachya prayatnat baschalak marla jaato. yantramanav karkhanyavar hallah karatat aanee companychya kamacha lipic (bandhkam pramukh) asalelya alkist vagalata serve manavanna thaar maratat. yantramanav tyala sodatat kaaran tyanna heey kalate qee, "too yantramanvasarkha tyachya hatanni kaam karato. too ghare bandhato. too kaam karoo shakato."
adhiniyam III (swatamadhye upasamhar).
varshe ulatoon gelee. ajunahi jiwant asalela alquist, helenane nasht kelele sootra punha tayar karnyacha prayatna karato. too eka yantrik abhiyanta aahe, matra, tyala jaivarsayanshastrache apurate dnyan aahe, tyamule tyane farshi pragati keleli nahee. yantramanav sarkarne alquistmadhye madat karnyasathi jiwant manavancha shodh ghetala aahe aanee konihi jiwant aadhalale nahee. jaree tyacha arth assa asala, qee tyala itar yantramanavanna marave lagel aanee tyanche vichhedan karave lagel, taree yantramanav sarkarche adhikari tyala sootra purn karanyachi vinavani karatat. alquist utpann. too yantramanavanna thaar marel aanee tyanche vichhedan karel, asha prakare dusya kayadyat suru jhalele hinsacharache vartul purn karel. alquist naraj aahe. robot primus aanee helena manvi bhavna vikasit karatat aanee premat padatat. eka anuman lavoon, alcoist primus aanee nantar helenala vichhedan karanyachi dhamki deto; pratyekjan tyala-kinwa teela gheuun jaanyasathi aanee dusyala sodavanyasathi vinavani karato. aata alquistla kalate qee primus aanee helena heey naveen aadam aanee eve aahet aanee tyanna jagacha taba detat.
robotschee kapekchi sankalpana.
kapekchya natkat varnan kelele yantramanav heey automatonchya lokpriy arthane yantramanav naheet. tee yantrik upkarane nasoon krutrim aahet.
jaivik jeev jyanna manav mhanoon chukiche samajale jaau shakate. natkachya suruvatila eka vinodi drushyat helenala ticha bhavee patee harry dominshee vaad ghalatana dakhavale aahe, kaaran ticha sachiv eka yantramanav aahe yavar ticha vishvas basat naheeh
<kavita>
dominh sullah, miss glory, tujhyakade eka najar taak.
helenah (ubhi rahoon ticha haat pudhe karate) tumhala bhetun anand jhaala. itar jagapasoon door, heey tumchyasathi khoop katheen asel.
sullah bakiche jug gaurav gamavate heey mallah maheet nahee. kripaya basaa.
helenah (basato) tuu kuthoon aalas?
sullah yethoon karkhana.
helenah arey, tuza janm ithe jhaala hota.
sullah hoy, mallah ithe banavale gele.
helenah (aashcharyachakit) kaay?
dominh (hasatana) sullah hii vyakti nahee, gaurav gamavane, tee eka robot aahe.
helenah arey, mallah maaf curr...
</kavita>
tyache yantramanav manavnirmit jeev prakaranchya adhik aadhunik sankalpananshi samya thevatat, jase qee 'blade runner' madheel pratikruti, 'westworld' durchitravani maliketil 'yazman' aanee punarkalpit 'battlestar galactica' madheel manvi danduka, parantu shapeckchya kalat aadhunik anuvanshik abhiyantrikichi konatihi sankalpana navhati (aanuvanshiktemadhye dnachya bhoomikechi 1952 paryant pushti jhaali navhati). yantramanav tvachesathi ghatt-gart, yakrut aanee mendusathi uttam watt aanee hadey tayar karnyasathi eka karkhana yache varnan aahe. majjatantu tantu, dhamanyu aanee aatade karkhanyatil bobinavar firavale jaatat, tarr yantramanav swatach motargadyanpramane ekatra kele jaatat. kapekche yantramanav heey jiwant jaivik prani aahet, parantu teey ajunahi 'vadhalele' kinwa 'janmalele' yachya ulat 'ekatra kelele' aahet.
eka samikshakane kapekchya yantramanavanche varnan, "pahilya mahayuddhadvare aanee fordist assembly linedware aadhunik samajachya aaghatatmak parivartanache prateek" asey kele aahe."
robot yaa shabdachi utpatti.
yaa natkane 'robot' haah shabd sadar keela, jyane jagbharatil bhashanmadhye 'automaton' kinwa 'android' sarkhya junya shabdanna visthapit kele. lidov novinimadhil eka lekhat, karel shepekne tyachya bhawala joseph haah yaa shabdacha kharaa shodhak mhanoon naav dile. chekmadhye, 'robota' mhanje gulamanna tyanchya malkachya jaminivar jyaa prakarche saktiche shram karave lagat hote aanee teey 'rubb' mhanje 'gulam' pasoon aale aahe.
rossum" heey naav check shabd "rosem" chaa eka sandarbh aahe, jyacha arth "kaaran", "shahanpan", "buddhi" kinwa "samanya dnyan" assa aahe. asey suchavale gele aahe qee 'rossum' chey 'kaaran' mhanoon bhashantar karoon sanket jatan keela jaau shakato parantu keval mejar/porter aavrutti yaa shabdacha 'kaaran' mhanoon anuvad karate.
nirmiticha itihas aanee anuvad.
heey kaam prag buy aventinum yaa done vegvegalya aavrutyanmadhye prakashit jhaale, pratham 1920 madhye, tyanantar 1921 madhye sudharit aavrutti. pudhe dhakalalyanantar, 25 janewari 1921 roji shaharachya rashtriy natyagruhat tyache pratham pradarshan jhaale, jaree toparyant eka haushi gatane aadhich nirmiti sadar kelee hotee.
1921 paryant, paul selfane ektar 'aar' chya mool 1920 aavruttiche bhashantar kele.yuu.aar."kinwa hastalikhit yaa aavruttichya jawalun ingerjit prat qaraa. tyane bahudha yaa natakache swatantrapane bhashantar kele aanee teey londonmadhil seent martin theaterla vikale. selvarche bhashantar 1922 madhye nigel playfairne british manchasathi sweekarle hote, parantu teey lagech tayar kele gele nahee. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat yuu. sathee kamgiriche haqq.ess. aanee canada newyork theater gildla vikala gela, kadachit laurence langnerchya brittonchya bhetidarmyan. playfairchya aavruttit kapekchya mool natkat anek badal samavisht hote, jase qee krutiche naav badalane (prastavna pahili krutee jhaali aanee mothya pramanat sankshipt keleli antim krutee upasamhar bunley), sumare saath olee vagalane (bahutek alquistchya antim bhashanasah), aanakhi anek olee jodane aanee robot varn dammon kadhoon takane (tyachya resha trijya dene). kahee olee vagalane heey laurd chamberlainchya karyalayakadun kelele sensorship kinwa yachya apekshene swayam-sensorship asoo shakate, tarr itar kahee badal swatah kapekne kele asavet jarr self heey hastalikhit pratitoon kaam karat asateel. playfairchya rupantaranchi eka aavrutti 1923 madhye auxford university presne prakashit kelee aanee swatah 'aar' midvanyachya tyachya anubhavanvar aadharit 'vann, too, three' (1926) hii vyangatmak kadambari lihili.yuu.aar."rangeet.
aktoobar 1922 madhye newyork shaharatil garric theatermadhe theater gildney american premierchi nirmiti kelee hotee, jithe too 184 sadarikaranansathi chalala hota. pahilya sadarikaranat, dominchi bhoomika tulshi sidney, johnn mertonne marrius, mofat johnstonne halemyer, louis calvertney alquist, heinry traversney busman, yuddhavirodhi karyakartya merrie crain honane tichya broadway padarpanat robot helena aanee johnn rochene primus ashee sakarli hotee. spensor tracy aanee patt oo 'bryan yanni tyanchya broadway padarpanat yantramanavanchi bhoomika sakarli. hii nirmiti playfairchya rupantaravar aadharit hotee, jaree theresa helburnne dawa keela qee, done check lokansah, tyanni tyachya aavruttichi tulana kapekchya mool majkurashi kelee aanee moolmadhil serve badal rehearsal prakriyecha bhag mhanoon theater gildney kele hote. doubledene 1923 madhye natakachi hii aavrutti prakashit kelee, jaree tyat johnn corbynne 'newyork times' madhye namood kelela, antim drushyat robot helenane robot balala dharoon thevalela badal vagalala.
april 1923 madhye tulshi deanne aar.yuu.aar."londonchya seent martin theatermadhe randian companysathi brittenmadhye. hii aavrutti playfairchya rupantaravar aadharit hotee, parantu fabri aanee halemier hii patre vagalali gelee aanee tyat newyork theater gildchya anek punarrachane samavisht hotya. british granthalayat natkachya yaa aavruttichi eka tanklekhan prat aahe, jee seent martinchya natyagruhane natak suru honyachya done aathvadyanpurvi laurd chamberlainchya karyalayat sadar kelee hotee.
1920 chya dashakat, heey natak anek american aanee british shaharanmadhye sadar karnyat aale, jyat 1923 chya darmyan shikago aanee losses angelisemadhil theater gilled 'road' chaa samavesh hota.
juuna 1923 madhye, kapekne edward marshla 'aar' chya antim oleensah eka patra pathavale.yuu.aar."jeey swatah/natak melyachya aavruttyanmadhun vagalanyat aale hote, jyache varnan tyanni" "[daad] ingraji aavruttit dadapun taknyat aale" "asey kele hote". heey patra dakshini eleanoy vidyapithatil carbondelchya mauris granthalayat, kadachit marshchya hastalikhitat, yaa olinchya ingraji anuvadasah thevanyat aale aahe. haah anuvad 'science fiction studies' (2001) yaa niyatkalikat prakashit jhaala hota. yaa natkachya 1921 chya aavruttichya antim olinche sampoorn bhashantar 'ecarbs' (1981) yaa niyatkalikat prakashit jhaale.
1989 madhye, claudia novac-jonsane kelelya eka naveen, sankshipt anuvadane, kapekchya sudharit 1921 aavruttivar aadharit, playfairdware kadhoon takalelya natakache ghatak punarsanchayit kele. pieter mejar aanee cathy porter yanni 1999 madhye methuen natkasathi aanakhi eka sankshipt anuvad tayar keela. david viilii yanni kelela mukt praveshahin sankshipt anuvad 2006 madhye edelide vidyapithane prakashit keela aanee 2014 madhye adyayavat keela.
samikshatmak swagat.
aar chya newyork nirmiticha aadhava.yuu.aar."daad forum" yaa niyatkalikane yaa natakache varnan "vicharprerak" aanee "eka atyant mool thararpat" asey kele aahe. johnn clutene 'aar' chey kautuk kele aahe.yuu.aar."atishay buddhi aanee jawaljawal rakshasi urjecha khel" mhanoon aanee aantar-yuddh vidnyan kathachya "abhijat shirshakanpaiki" eka mhanoon yaa natakachi yadee karate. luciano floridy yanni yaa natakache varnan asey kele aaheh "tatvikdrushtya samruddha aanee vadgrast", aar.yuu.aar."tyachya pahilya dekhavyapasun eka utkrusht krutee mhanoon ekmatane manyata midali aanee tantrikdrushtya dystopian sahityacha eka abhijat banala aahe."jarka emm. aar' asey burian mhanatat.yuu.aar."eka" "natyamayadrushtya prabhavi, aadarsh vaidnyanik melodrama".
dusarikade, 'robot' pustakanchya malikeche lekhak aanee roboticschya teen niyamanche nirmate isaq asimov mhanaleh 'capecche natak, majhya swatachya matey, khoop white aahe, parantu tyaa eka shabdasathi teey amar aahe. tyane 'robot' yaa shabdache yogdan keval ingrajimadhyech nahee tarr ingrajidware, jyaa serve bhashanmadhye aata vidnyan katha lihili jaate tyaa serve bhashanmadhye dile."kharey tarr, asimovche" "roboticsche niyam" "visheshtah aanee spashtapane" "aar" "madhye darshavilelya paristhitila rokhanyasathi tayar kele aahet".yuu.aar."-kaaran asimovche yantramanav heey manavanna haanee pohochavanyapasun kinwa tyanchi aadnya modanyapasun sampoorn antarnirmit pratibandhasah tayar kele jaatat.
bahutek sakaratmak pratisad midalyanantarhi, yaa natkachya tikakaranchya sopya samjamule shepec swatah khoop nirash jhaala. tyanni yaa natkakade eka bhag vinodi mhanoon pahile aanee manavjat jaree vegalya swarupat tickel yaa vishvasane shevat keela, tarr samikshakanni anekada teey nirashavadi kinwa shunyavadi aanee ektar adyayavat 'frankestein', bhandavalshahivirodhi vyang kinwa samkalin rajkiy vichardharevar teeka asey manale. swatah/natkatil anuvadatil antim krutee (kinwa upasamhar) kitee mothya pramanat sankshipt kelee gelee hotee yacha prabhav samikshakanchya vyakhyevar padala asava.