
aloom

alume () haah eka prakarcha rasayanik sanyug aahe, samanyatah samanya sutrasah aluminiumche hydrated duheri sulfate meeth, jethe potassium kinwa amoniyamsarkhe eksandh catayan asate. swatahun, "fitkari" haah anekada sutrasah potassium fitkaricha sandarbh deto. soodiyam alume aanee amonium alume yasarkhya monovalent aayanavarun itar alumela nave denyat aalee aahet.
aluminiumchya jaagi kromiyamsarkhya dusya trikoni dhatuche aayan aanee/kinwa sulfurchya jaagi seleniyamsarkhya dusya chalcogencha vapar keela jaato, heey vagalata, samanyatah, samaan sootra aanee rachana asalelya ksharansathi 'alume' heey naav dekhil vaparale jaate. yapaiki sarvat samanya analogue mhanje crome elam.
bahutek udhyoganmadhye, aluminium sulfetcha sandarbh denyasathi 'alume' (kinwa 'peparmekarchi alume') heey naav vaparale jaate, jeey bahutek audhyogik floculationsathi vaparale jaate (chull haah eka purnank aahe jyacha aakar alume shoshalya gelelya panyachya pramanavar avalambun asato). aushadhanmadhye, 'fitkari' haah lus sahayak mhanoon vaparlya jaanarya aluminium hydroxide jailcha dekhil sandarbh gheu shakato.
itihas.
puratatviy sthalanvar fitkari sapadali.
pracheen kalat egyptche paschim valvant heey fitkarichya paryayancha eka pramukh srot hote. heey bashpibhavan pramukhyane,, aanee hote. 
pracheen greek herodotus yane "itihas" madhye egyptian fitkaricha eka maulyavan vastoo mhanoon ullekh keela aahe.
lesbos betavar elunaitpasoon potassium elamche utpadan puratatvadrushtya pramanit aahe.
ii. sha. 7vya shatkat heey thikan sodoon denyat aale hote, parantu kiman ii. sha. 2yyaa shatkatil aahe. melo betavaril mool "elumen" heey pramukhyane potassium elam aanee itar kirkol sulfates elunogenche mishran asalyache disate.
pliny aanee diascoridesmadhye elumen.
roman pliny daad elderchya 'naisargik itihas' madhye 'elumen' navachya padarthache tapshilvar varnan aadhalate.
plinychya varnanachi tulana diascoridesne dilelya 'steepteriya' chya (στyπτηρία) vruttanshi karoon, heey spasht aahe qee donhi samaan aahet. pliny aaplyala mahitee deto qee 'elumen' chaa eka prakar pruthvivar naisargikaritya aadhalala hota aanee tyala 'salsugoterre' mhanatat.
pliny lihile qee vividh padarth 'elumen' yaa navane vegale kele gele hote, parantu tyaa sarvanchi vaishishtye kahee pramanat sankochan hotee aanee tyaa sarvancha rangkam aanee aushadhanmadhye vapar keela jaat asey. pliny lihile qee aanakhi eka prakarcha fitkari aahe jyala greek lock "shiston" mhanatat aanee joou "pandhya rangachya tantuanmadhye vibhagala jaato". shiston" yaa navavarun aanee nirmitichya paddhativarun asey disate qee, haah prakar asey meeth hote jeey kahee kharya khanijanvar, alume slate aanee bituminus shale mhanoon utsfurtapane tayar hote aanee tyat pramukhyane loh aanee aluminiumchya sulfetscha samavesh asato. eka prakarcha 'elumen' haah drav hota, joou bhesal karnyasathi yogya hota; parantu jevha shuddha asato tevha tyat dalimbachya rasat misalalyavar kaala padanyacha gunadharm asato. haah gunadharm panyat loh sulfetchya dravanache vaishishtya darshavito asey disate; samanya (potassium) fitkarichya dravanat assa konatahi gunadharm nasato. heey gadad aanee mand rung rung asalyamule loh sulfateche pradushan khoop aavadat navhate. kahee thikani loh sulfetchi kamatarata asoo shakate, tyamule meeth pandhare asel aanee plininusar, chamakdar rung rangvinyasathi yogya asel.
pliny itar anek prakarchya elumenche varnan karato parantu hii khanije kaay aahet heey spasht nahee. tevha pracheen kalatil 'elumen' nehmich potassium elam kinwa ksharyukt aluminium salfetdekhil navhate.
madhyayugeen granthanmadhye varnan kelele fitkari.
fitkari aanee hirave vitriyal (loh sulfate) yaa donhichi chav god aanee tikshna asate aanee tyanche upayog parasparanvar avalambun asatat. tyamule, madhyayugat, rasashastradnya aanee itar lekhakanni donhi ksharanmadhye ekmekanpasun achook bhedbhav kelyache disat nahee. rasashastradnyanchya likhanat aaplyala aadhalate qee 'mishi', 'saurie' aanee 'chalcantham' heey shabd donhipaiki konatyahi sanyugala lagoo hotat aanee 'attramentum sutorium' heey naav, jeey keval green vitriyolashi sambandhit asanyachi apeksha kelee jaau shakate, teey doghannahi udasinpane lagoo hote.
islami madhyayugat rung udhyogat vaparale jaanare fitkari heey sarvat samanya mordant (kapadavar rung lavnyasathi vaparale jaanare padarth) hote. hii chaad pradeshachi mukhya niryat hotee, jithun tee egypt aanee morokkochya bajarpethanmadhye aanee nantar europemadhye pathavali jaat asey. itar, qamee lakshaniy, srot egypt aanee yemenmadhye sapadale.
alamchi aadhunik samaj.
1700 chya dashakachya suruvatila, jee.eae. stalane assa dawa keela qee chunkhadishi sulfuric aamlala pratikriya dilyane eka prakarcha fitkari tayar hote. jeey. yanni lavkarach truti sudharali.etch. pott aanee aaa.ess. marggraph, jyane dakhavun dile qee kshar heey elumina yaa fitkarichya dravanat otale jaate tevha milanara avkshep, chuna aanee khadupeksha agadi vegala asato aanee samanya chikanmatitil ghatakanpaiki eka aahe.
margaraphane asehi dakhavun dile qee sulfuric aesidmadhye alumina virghaloon aanee ekagra dravanat potash kinwa amonia jodoon fitkarichya gunadharmansah paripoorn chrystals midavata yetat. 1767 madhye, torbern bergamanne aluminium sulfateche fitkarimadhye rupantar karnyasathi potassium kinwa amonium sulfetschee garaj asalyache nirikshan kele, tarr soodiyam kinwa calcium kaam karnar nahee.
samanyatah aadhalanaya fitkarichi rachana shevati 1797 madhye vakvelindware nishchit kelee gelee. claprothla lucite aanee lapidolitemadhye potassiumchi upasthiti aadhaltach,
vakvelinane dakhavun dile qee samanya fitkari heey sulfuric aaml, alumina aanee potashpasoon banalele duheri meeth aahe. tyach niyatkalik khandat, chaptalne roman fitkari, levent fitkari, british fitkari aanee swatah tayar kelelya fitkari yaa chaar vegvegalya prakarchya fitkariche vishleshan prakashit kele, jeey walkwellinchya parinamachi pushti karate.
utpadan.
kahee fitkari khanije mhanoon aadhaltat, tyapaiki sarvat mahatvache mhanje aleunite.
sarvat mahatvache khat-potassium, soodiyam aanee amonium-audhyogikdrushtya tayar kele jaatat. vishisht pakakrutinmadhye aluminium sulfate aanee sulfate monovalent catayan yanche sanyojan samavisht asate. aluminium sulfate samanyatah elam shist, boxite aanee cryolite yasarkhya khanijanvar sulfuric acids prakriya karoon prapt kele jaate.
prakar.
aluminium-aadharit alam yanna monovalent catayanne naav dile aahe. itar kshariy dhatunpramane, lithiyam heey favarani tayar karat nahee; heey eka vastav aahe jeey tyachya aayanchya lahan aakarache kaaran aahe.
sarvat mahatvache alam aahet
rasayanik gunadharm.
aluminium-aadharit favaranimadhye anek samanya rasayanik gunadharm aahet. teey panyat virghalatat, tyanchi chav god asate, nilya litmusla laal karoon teey aaml mhanoon pratikriya detat aanee niyamit ashtabhujamadhye sfatikikaran karatat. dhatuche pratyek aayan panyatil sahaa renunni vedhalele asate. garam kelyavar teey dravikrut hotat aanee garam karane chaloo thevalyas sfatikikaran jhalele paanee nighun jaate, meeth zingte aanee fugatat aanee shevati eka anakar puud rahate. teey sankochak aanee aamleey asatat.
sphatik rachana.
teen vegvegalya sphatik sanrachananpaiki eka sanrachanet fitkari sfatikikaran hote. yaa varganna α-, β-aanee γ-alam mhanatat. 1927 madhye james emm. yanni fupfusachya pahilya ksh-kiran sphatik sanrachanechi nond kelee. cork aanee laurence bragg, aanee fages punarprapti tantra samaroop pratisthapan vikasit karnyasathi vaparale gele.
vidravyata.
panyatil vividh falachya vidravyatemadhye khoop farak asato, soodiyam falachya panyat sahaj virghalatat, tarr cesium aanee rubidium falachya falachya falachya falachya falachya falachya falachya falachya falachya panyat virghalatat. khaleel taktyat vividh vidravyata darshavilya aahet.
tapmanat, 100 bhag paanee virghalateh
vapar.
pracheen kalapasoon aluminium-aadharit favaranicha vapar keela jaat aahe aanee anek audhyogik prakriyanmadhye ajunahi teey mahattvache aahet. potassiumchi fitkari hii sarvat jaast vaparali jaanari fitkari aahe. pracheen kalapasoon tyacha vapar asvachch dravpadarth spasht karnyasathi, rangkamat aanee charmashuddhimadhye eka mordant mhanoon keela jaat aahe. too ajunahi jalsanskrutimadhye, aushadhanmadhye, saundaryaprasadhananmadhye (durgandhinashakanmadhye), ann tayar karnyat (baking powder aanee lonchemadhye) aanee agnirodhak kagad aanee kapadat mothya pramanat vaparla jaato.
mundanapasun honara raktastrav rokhanyasathi, aushadh vikretyankadun upalabdh asalelya stiptic pensilmadhye, kinwa nhavyachya dukananmadhun aanee sajjananchya outfittersmadhun upalabdh asalela fitkaricha block mhanoon, aanee eka sankochak mhanoon dekhil fitkaricha vapar keela jaato. fitkaricha eka bhag thet attar-mukt durgandhinashak (antiperspirent) mhanoon vaparla jaau shakato aanee prakriya naan keleli khanij fitkari bharatiy bajarpethanmadhye tyach uddeshane vikali jaate. aagney aashiyatil sampoorn betavar, potassiumchi falee hii 'tawa' mhanoon sarvat jaast olakhali jaate aanee tiche asankhya upayog aahet. paramparik antiperspirent aanee durgandhinashak mhanoon aanee paramparik aushadhanmadhye khulya jakhama aanee fodansathi yacha vapar keela jaato. sfatikanna sahasa vaparnyapurvi bareek pudmadhye daloon ghetale jaate.
victorian yugat, kahee khadyapadarthanmadhye, visheshtah bhakarimadhye bhesal karnyasathi plaster auph parisasarkhya itar padarthansah fitkaricha vapar keela jaat asey. tyacha vapar khalchya darjache peeth pandhare disanyasathi keela jaat asey, jyamule utpadak pandhya pithavar qamee kharch karoo shakat. kaaran tyat paanee sathun rahate, tyamule bhakari judd hotil, mhanje vyapari tyanchya dukananmadhye tyasathi adhik shulk aakaru shaktil. bhakarichya pratyek bhakarimadhye asalele fitkariche praman manavansathi vishari aanee dirghakalin atisaras karanibhoot asalelya pataliparyant pohochu shakate, jyamule lahan mulanmadhye mrutyu houu shakato.
paramparik kapadat fitkaricha vapar eka mordent mhanoon keela jaato aanee indoneshiya aanee philipinesmadhye, sonyachya daginyancha rung badalanyasathi "tawa", meeth, borex aanee sendriya rangdravyanche dravan vaparale jaat asey. philipinesmadhye, fitkarichi sphatike dekhil jaalali gelee aanee bhavishyadnyanasathi "babelan" dware panyachya khonyat tapaku dilee gelee. betanvaril pranvadi anito dharmanmadhil itar vidhinmadhye dekhil yacha vapar keela jaato.
paramparik japani kalemadhye, fitkari aanee pranyancha gond panyat virghalala jaat asey, jyamule "dausa" () mhanoon olakhale jaanare drav tayar hote aanee kagadachya aakarasathi undercoat mhanoon vaparale jaat asey.
garam panyachya ekagra snanamadhye potassium aluminium sulfate kinwa amonium aluminium sulfetchya swarupat asalele fitkiriche padarth, dagine aanee yantrakar niyamitpane aluminium, tambe, pital, sone (konatyahi carrett), chandi (sterling aanee bareek donhi) aanee steelpasoon banavalelya vastunmadhye tutalelya steelchya kadak drill bitsche vighatan karnyasathi vapartat. yache kaaran asey qee fitkari yapaiki konatyahi dhatushi rasayanikdrushtya konatyahi lakshaniy pramanat pratikriya dett nahee, parantu carbon steelche nuksan karel. jevha ekhadya kamacha tukada asalelya fitkarichya mishranavar ushnata lavali jaate, jyamadhye eka drill biit adakala aahe, jarr haravalela biit puresa lahan asel tarr too kadhikadhi kahee tasanchya aat virghalala/kadhala jaau shakato.
sambandhit sanyuge.
anek trikoni dhatoo fitkari tayar karnyas saksham asatat. fitkiriche samanya swaroop mhanje, jethe ksharyukt dhatoo kinwa amonium aahe, too eka trikoni dhatoo aahe aanee bahutekda 12 asato. crome fitkari heey sarvat mahattvache udaharan aahe, chromium aanee potassiumche gadad jambhalya rangache sfatikeey duheri sulfate, jeey charmashuddhikaranat vaparale jaat asey.
samanyatah, ksharyukt dhatucha anoo motha asato tevha favarani adhik sahajpane tayar hote. haah niyam pratham 1902 madhye lokekne sangitala hota, jyala asey aadhalale qee jarr trikoni dhatoo caesium fitkari tayar karat nasel tarr too itar konatyahi ksharyukt dhatusah kinwa ammoniums fitkari tayar karnar nahee.
selenetyukt favarani.
"selenium" kinwa "selnet alam" asehi olakhale jaate jyat sulfate aayanmadhye sulfurchya jaagi selenium asate, jyamule tyaeivaji selnet () banate. teey majboot oxidising agent aahet.
mishra alam.
kahee prakarananmadhye, vegvegalya eksandh aanee trikoni catayans falachya ghan dravananchi nirmiti houu shakate.
itar hydrates.
dodecahydrates asalelya fitkari vyatirikt, duheri sulfates aanee atulaneey aanee trikoni catayanche selenates itar pramanat hydrations aadhaltat. yaa padarthanna mendozite aanee calinite yasarkhe undecahydrates, gwanidinium aanee diamethylamonium "alam" sarkhe hexahydrates, goldichaitsarkhe tetrahydrates, thallium plutonium sulfetsarkhe monohydrates aanee nirjalit alam (yavapites) yasah alam asehi sambodhale jaau shakate. yaa varganmadhye bhinn, parantu parasparvirodhi, aayan sanyojanancha samavesh aahe.
itar duheri sulfates.
chhadm fitkari heey vishisht sutrache duheri sulfate aahe, jethe
samanya sutrasah duheri sulfates dekhil olakhale jaatat, jethe soodiyam, potassium, rubidium, caesium, thallium, amonium kinwa (), methylamonium (), hydroxylamonium () kinwa hydrazinium () yasarkhe eksandh catayan aahe aanee heey aluminium, chromium, titanium, manganese, vandium, loh, cobalt, gallium, molybdenum, indium, ruthenium, rhodium kinwa iridium yasarkhe trikoni dhatoo aayan aahe.
anuroop selenates dekhil udbhavtat. atulaneey catayan, trikoni catayan aanee aayanchi sambhavya jode hii aayanchya aakaravar avalambun asate.
tutton meeth heey vishisht sutrache duheri sulfate aahe, jethe eka eksandh catayan aanee dvivarshik dhatoo aayan aahe.
rachnatil duheri sulfates, jethe eka eksandh catayan aahe aanee eka dvivarshik dhatoo aayan aahe, tyanna prototypical potassium magneshiyam sulfate nantar langbenites mhanoon sambodhale jaate.