
dhatuvidnyan

dhatuvidnyan mhanje sukshmadarshakacha vapar karoon dhatunchya bhautik sanrachanecha aanee ghatakancha abhyas karane.
dhatushastriy tantracha vapar karoon syremic aanee polymeric sahitya dekhil tayar kele jaau shakate, mhanoon syramography, plastography aanee ektritpane, bhautikshastra yaa sandnya aahet.
dhatushastriy namune tayar karane.
dhatuvidnyan namunyacha prushthbhag dalane, chamkavane aanee korivkam karnyachya vividh paddhatindware tayar keela jaato. tayar kelyanantar, tyache anekada optical kinwa electron microscopy vaparoon vishleshan kele jaate. keval dhatuvidnyan tantracha vapar karoon, eka kushal tantradnya mishradhatu olakhoo shakato aanee bhautik gunadharmancha andaj lavu shakato.
yantrik tayari hii tayarichi sarvat samanya paddhat aahe. prushthbhagachi ichchit gunavatta prapt hoiparyant namunyachya prushthbhagavarun samagri kadhanyasathi uttarottar bareek gharshak kann vaparale jaatat. hii dalani aanee chamkavanyasathi anek bhinn yantre upalabdh aahet, jee gunavatta, kshamata aanee punarutpadanakshamatechya vegvegalya maganya purn karnyas saksham aahet.
paddhatshir tayari paddhat haah kharee rachana sadhya karnyacha sarvat sopa marg aahe. tyamule namuna tayar karnyasathi bahutek samagrisathi yogya asalelya niyamanche palan karane aavashyak aahe. samaan gunadharm asalele vegvegale sahitya (kathorata aanee lavchikta) samaan pratisad deil aanee tyamule tayaridarmyan samaan upbhogya vastunchi aavashyakta asate.
dhatuvidnyanvishayak namune samanyatah garam sampidan thermosating raal vaparoon 'aarohit' kele jaatat. purvi, phenolic thermosating raal vaparale gele aahet, parantu aadhunik epocoxy adhik lokpriy hott aahe kaaran upchar kartana qamee honari sankochan parinam uchch dhaar dharanasah adhik changlya aarohanat hote. eka vishisht aarohanache chakr namuna aanee aarohanache madhyam daboon tapmanat garam karel. jevha namune tapmanasathi khoop sanvedanshil asatat, tevha done bhaganchya epocoxy ralane 'colled mount' kele jaau shakatat. namuna basavane haah eka surakshit, pramanit aanee ergonomic marg pradan karato jyadvare dalanvalan aanee pollishing operation darmyan namuna thevanyasathi.
aarohit kelyanantar, dhatucha prushthbhag ughad karnyasathi namuna olsar jameen asato. namuna uttarottar bareek aanee sookshm gharshak madhyamansah ground keela jaato. silicon carbide apgharshak kagad hii dalanyachi pahili paddhat hotee aanee aajahi vaparali jaate. tathapi, anek dhatuvidnyani hinyachya gritche nilamban vaparnyas pradhanya detat, jeey sampoorn pollishing prakriyedarmyan punha vaparta yenyajogya kapad padver vaparale jaate. nilambanatil hikyachi jaali 9 micrometerpasoon suru houu shakate aanee eka micrometervar sampu shakate. samanyatah, silicon carbide pepper (ess. aay. see. pepper) vaparnyapeksha hinyachya nilambanasah pollishing kelyane, visheshtah ughad honanya chhidralupana, jyaa silicon carbide peparvar kadhikadhi 'smear' kele jaate, tyapeksha changle parinam midatat. namuna dalalyanantar, pollishing kele jaate. samanyatah, eka namuna, smear, dragg kinwa pull-outpasoon mukt aanee tayari prakriyepasoon kiman vikrutee shillak asatana, scratch-mukt aarshavar purnaviram tayar karnyasathi, eka nidraheen kapadavar alumina, silika kinwa hinyachya galoon polish keela jaato.
pollishing kelyanantar, kahee sookshm sanrachaneche ghatak sukshmadarshakadvare pahile jaau shakatat, udaa.jee., samavesh aanee nitride. jarr sphatik rachana ghanahin asel (udaa.jee.tri kinwa zedr sarkhya shatkon-bund pack kelelya sphatik sanrachanesah dhatoo, sookshm rachana cross polarized prakash (prakash sukshmadarshak) vaparoon korivkam naan karata ughad kelee jaau shakate. anyatha, namunyache sookshm sanrachaneche ghatak yogya rasayanik kinwa vidyut apghatakiy utkirnan vaparoon ughad kele jaatat.
vinashak nasalelya prushthbhagachya vishleshan tantranmadhye patal puttle kinwa warnish lavane samavisht asoo shakate jeey sukavalyanantar solale jaau shakate aanee sukshmadarshakakhali tapasale jaau shakate. heey tantra 1957 madhye piyare armond jackwett aanee itaranni vikasit kele hote.
vishleshan tantra.
dhatuvidnyanvishayak vishleshanamadhye anek bhinn sukshmadarshakiy tantre vaparali jaatat.
sookshm tapasani kuthe karavi yasathi margdarshak mhanoon, korivkamanantar, sookshm tapasani kuthe karavi yasathi margdarshak mhanoon, korivkamala sarvasamanya pramanapeksha vegala pratisad denanya konatyahi drishyaman bhaganna shodhanyasathi tayar namunyanchi vinasahayya dolhyane tapasani kelee pahije. konatyahi electron dhatuvidnyan (emm) tantrachya aadhi nehmi prakash optical sukshmadarshakachi (loam) tapasani kelee pahije, kaaran tee sadar karnyasathi adhik vel lagato aanee upkarane adhik mahag asatat.
pudhe, kahee vaishishtye loam, eae. saha sarvottam nirikshan kele jaau shakatat.jee.ghatakacha naisargik rung loams pahila jaau shakato parantu eae. emm. pranalinsah nahee. tasech, tulanene qamee aavardhananvar sookshm sanrachananchya pratimecha virodhabhas, udaa.jee.scanning electron microscope (seey. emm.) peksha, <500x, lommadhye khoop changle aahe, tarr transmission electron microscope (tame) samanyatah sumare 2000 teey 3000x peksha qamee aavardhananmadhye vaparale jaau shakat naheet. lomchi tapasani jalad asate aanee tee mothya kshetrala vyapoo shakate. asha prakare, same kinwa temp vaparoon adhik mahag, adhik vel ghenari pariksha tantre aavashyak aahet qee nahee aanee namunyavar kaam kuthe kendrit kele pahije heey vishleshan tharvu shakate.
rachana, sankalp aanee pratimecha virodhabhas.
prakashachya sukshmadarshakanchi rachana namunyachya polish kelelya prushthbhagala namunyachya tappyavar ektar saral kinwa ulat thevanyasathi kelee jaate. pratyek prakarache fayade aanee tote aahet. bahutek lomche kaam 50 teey 1000x darmyan aavardhanane kele jaate. tathapi, changlya sukshmadarshakadvare, uchch aavartananvar tapasani karane shakya aahe, udaa.jee., 2000x, aanee tyahunahi jaast, joparyant pratimechi vikrutee karnyasathi vivartan kadaa upasthit nasatat. tathapi, lomchi resolution maryada sumare 0.20 teey 0.3 micrometerpeksha changli nasel. 50x peksha qamee aavardhananvar vishesh paddhati vaparlya jaatat, jyaa cast namunyanchya sookshm sanrachaneche parikshan kartana khoop upayukt tharoo shakatat, jethe dendritesarkhya vaishishtyanche nirikshan karnyasathi drushya kshetrat adhik avkashiy coverage aavashyak asoo shakate.
prakashshastrachya sankalpanacha vichar karnyavyatirikt, pratimecha virodhabhas jastit jaast karoon drushyamanata dekhil vadhavane aavashyak aahe. utkrusht resolution asalela sukshmadarshak ekhadya sanrachanechi pratima kadhu shakat nahee, mhanje pratimecha virodhabhas qamee asalyas drushyamanata nasate. pratimecha virodhabhas prakashshastrachya gunavattevar, lensveril kottingswar aanee flair aanee glair qamee karnyavar avalambun asato; parantu, tyasathi yogya namuna tayari aanee changlya koreev tantrachi dekhil aavashyakta asate. tyamule, changlya pratima midvinyasathi jastit jaast resolution aanee pratimecha virodhabhas aavashyak asato.
ujjwal aanee gadad kshetra sukshmadarshika.
bahutek loam nirikshane ujjwal kshetra (bii. eff.) prakash vaparoon kelee jaatat, jethe aapatkalin prakash margala lumb asalelya konatyahi sapat vaishishtyachi pratima tejaswi asate kinwa pandhari disate. parantu, itar prakash paddhati vaparlya jaau shakatat aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, adhik tapshilasah utkrusht pratima pradan karoo shakatat. darqa-feeled microscopy (dii. eff.) hii nirikshanachi eka paryayi paddhat aahe jee uchch-virodhabhas pratima aanee pratyakshat ujjwal-kshetrapeksha jaast resolution pradan karate. gadad kshetrachya prakashamadhye, prakash akshala lumb asalelya vaishishtyanmadhun yenara prakash avarodhit keela jaato aanee gadad disato, tarr prushthbhagakade jhukalelya vaishishtyanmadhun yenara prakash, joou bii. eff. madhye gadad disato, dii. eff. madhye tejaswi kinwa "swayam-tejaswi" disato. udaharanarth, dhanyanchya seema bii. eff. peksha dii. eff. madhye adhik spasht asatat.
dhruvikrut prakash sukshmadarshika.
ghan nasalelya sphatik sanrachanansah (pramukhyane shatkon jawalun bharalelya (etch. see. pii.) sphatik sanrachanansah) dhatunchya sanrachanecha abhyas kartana dhruvikrut prakash (pii. ell.) khoop upayukt aahe. jarr namuna prushthbhagala kiman nuksan pohochavat tayar keela gela asel tarr rachana cross-polarized prakashat spashtapane disu shakate (polarizer aanee vishleshakacha optic aksh ekmekanshi 90 ansh aahe, mhanje.eae., paar kele). kahee prakarananmadhye, etch. see. pii. dhatoo rasayanikaritya korala jaau shakato aanee nantar pii. ell. vaparoon adhik prabhavipane tapasala jaau shakato. rung koralele prushthbhag, jethe eka patal aavaran (jase qee sulphide, molybodate, chromate kinwa tatvik selenium aavaran) prushthbhagavar asha kholvar upakala vadhavale jaate jithe bii. eff. tayar karananya rangeet pratimansah tapasalyavar hastakshep parinam tayar hotat, teey pii. ell. saha sudharle jaau shakate. jarr changlya rangasah changla hastakshep chitrapat midvane katheen asel tarr sanvedanshil rung (ess. tii.) filtercha vapar karoon pii. ell. madhye tapasani karoon rung sudharle jaau shakatat.
vibhedak hastakshep contrast sukshmadarshika.
aanakhi eka upayukt imaging mode mhanje differential interference contrast (dii. aay. see.), joou sahasa polish bhautikshastradnya georges nomarsky yanni tayar kelelya pranalidware prapt keela jaato. hii pranali sarvottam tapasheel dete. dii. aay. see. heey bii. eff. madhye adrushya asalelya, polishchya samatalavaril chhotya unchichya farkanche drishyaman tapashilat rupantar karate. kahee prakarananmadhye tapasheel khoop lakshavedhi aanee khoop upayukt asoo shakato. jarr walleston prisms ess. tii. filtercha vapar keela tarr rung deela jaato. rung heey volaston prismchya samayojanadvare niyantrit kele jaatat aanee tyancha swatahun konatahi vishisht bhautik arth nasato. parantu, drushyamanata adhik changli asoo shakate.
tirkas prakash.
dii. aay. see. neey mothya pramanat junya tirkas prakash (oo. aay.) tantrachi jaaga ghetali aahe, jeey sumare 1975 purvi paravartit prakash sukshmadarshakanvar upalabdh hote. oo. aay. madhye, ubhya prakashkala lumb pasoon offset kele jaate, jyamule unchitil farak darshavinare chhayankan parinam tayar hotat. hii prakriya sankalp qamee karate aanee sampoorn drushyachya kshetrat asman prakash nirman karate. tathapi, jevha lokanna dusya tappyatil kann varr ubha aahe qee polishchya samatalakhali khalee aahe heey jaanun ghenyachi garaj hotee aanee too ajunahi kahee sukshmadarshakanvar upalabdh aahe tevha oo. aay. upayukt tharala. mountchya eka kopyakhali kagadacha tukada thevun konatyahi sukshmadarshaka varr oo. aay. tayar kele jaau shakate jenekarun plain-auph-polish aata optical akshala lumb rahnar nahee.
scanning electron aanee transmission electron microscope.
jarr ekhadya namunyache uchch aavardhan kartana nirikshan karane aavashyak asel, tarr tyachi tapasani scanning electron sukshmadarshakadvare (seey. emm.) kinwa pareshan electron sukshmadarshakadvare (tii. emm.) kelee jaau shakate. urja prasaran spectrometer (eae. dii. ess.) neey susajj asatana, sookshm sanrachanechya vaishishtyanchi rasayanik rachana nishchit kelee jaau shakate. carbon, auxigen aanee nitrogen yasarkhe qamee-anoo sankhya ghatak shodhanyachi kshamata, vaparlelya detectorchya swarupavar avalambun asate. parantu, eddware yaa ghatakanche praman nishchit karane katheen aahe aanee jevha taranglambi-pasaravanara spectrometer (doubleu. dii. ess.) vaparla jaato, tevha tyanchya kiman shodhanyayogya maryada jaast asatat. parantu kalantarane eddware rachaneche praman mothya pramanat sudharle aahe. doubleu. dii. ess. pranalimadhye aitihasikdrushtya adhik changli sanvedansheelata (ghatakache qamee praman shodhanyachi kshamata) aanee qamee-anoo vajan ghatak shodhanyachi kshamata, tasech rachananche adhik changle pramanankan, edchya tulanet hote, parantu tee vaparnyas mand hotee. punha, alikadachya varshant, doubleu. dii. ess. vishleshan karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya gateet lakshaniy sudharana jhaali aahe. aitihasikdrushtya, sames ads vaparale jaat hote tarr doubleu. dii. ess. electron microprobe vishleshkasaha (empa) vaparale jaat hote. aaj, same aanee empa yaa donhi shabdansah edd aanee doubleu. dii. ess. vaparale jaatat. tathapi, samarpit empa haah semsarkha samanya nahee.
ksh-kiran vivartan tantre.
ksh-kiran vivartan (ex. aar. dii.) tantracha vapar karoon sookshm sanrachananche vaishishtyikaran dekhil anek varshanpasun kele jaat aahe. jarr tyanchya sphatik rachana vegvegalya asateel tarr namunyat upasthit asalelya vividh tappyanchi takkewari nirdharit karnyasathi xrd chaa vapar keela jaau shakato. udaharanarth, kadak poladamadhye rakhoon thevalelya austeniteche praman xrd (astm eae 975) vaparoon sarvottam mojale jaate. jarr ekhada vishisht tappa mothya namunyatoon rasayanikdrushtya kadhala jaau shakat asel, tarr sphatik rachana aanee jaalichya parimananchya aadhare xrd vaparoon too olakhala jaau shakato. rasayanik rachaneche praman nishchit kele jaate, asha thikani yaa karyala ads aanee/kinwa wds vishleshanadvare purak kele jaau shakate. parantu 2-3 micrometerpeksha qamee vyasachya kananvar eae. dii. ess. aanee doubleu. dii. ess. lagoo karane katheen aahe. lahan kanansathi, olakh patvinyasathi temp vaparoon vivartan tantre kelee jaau shakatat aanee avkshepasah matrixcha shodh talhanyasathi pratikruti paddhatincha vapar karoon matrixmadhun kadhalyas lahan kananvar edd kele jaau shakatat.
parimanatmak dhatuvidnyan.
dhatushastriy namunyanche parimanatmak vishleshan karnyasathi anek tantre astitvat aahet. serve dhatoo aanee mishradhatu aanee dhatoo nasalele kinwa sammishra sahitya yanchya sanshodhanat aanee utpadanat hii tantre maulyavan aahet.
sookshm sanrachaneche praman tayar kelelya, dvimiteey pratalavar trimiteey bhag kinwa ghatakachya madhyamatoon kele jaate. mojmapanmadhye sopya mapanshastra tantrancha samavesh asoo shakato, udaa.jee.prushthbhagachya aavaranachya jaadiche mojmap, kinwa swatantra dusya tappyatil kanancha spasht vyas (udaharanarth, lavchik lohatil golakar graphite). matricks aanee dusya tappyatil sanrachananche moolyankan karnyasathi mapnasathi stereologycha vapar dekhil aavashyak asoo shakato. stereology heey dvimiteey vibhagani pratalavar 0-, 1-kinwa 2-aayami mojmap ghenyache aanee sookshm sanrachaneche praman, aakar, aakar kinwa vitaran teen parimananmadhye mojanyache kshetra aahe. heey mojmap sookshm sanrachanevar aachchadan karananya namunyanchya madatine kinwa svayanchalit pratima vishleshakanchya madatine hatane prakriya karoon kele jaau shakatat. serve prakarananmadhye, mojamapasathi yogya sankhyikeey aadhar midvanyasathi purese namune ghetale jaane aavashyak aahe. purvagrah door karnyasathi prayatna karane aavashyak aahe.
kahee sarvat moolbhut mojmapanmadhye tappyatil kinwa ghatakachya aakarmanachya apurnankache nirdharan, bahuparataliy dhatoo aanee mishradhatunmadhil danyachya aakarache mapan, kananchya aakarache aanee aakarache vitaran mojane, kananchya aakarache moolyankan aanee kananmadhil antar yancha samavesh hoto.
dhatuvidnyanavaril aii. ess. tii. emm. internationalchi samitee eae-4 aanee itar kahee rashtriy aanee aantarrashtriy sanghatanansah manak sansthanni sookshm sanrachananche parimanatmak varnan kase karave yache varnan karananya manak chachani paddhati vikasit kelya aahet.
udaharanarth, ekhadya tappyache kinwa ghatakache praman, mhanje tyacha aakarman apurnank, aii. ess. tii. emm. eae. 562 madhye paribhashit keela aahe; hatane kelelya danyachya aakarache mojmap aii. ess. tii. emm. eae. 112 (ekach aakarachya vitaranasah summ-aksheey danyachya sanrachana) aanee eae. 1182 (dvi-model danyachya aakarache vitaran asalele namune) madhye varnan kele aahe; tarr aii. ess. tii. emm. eae. 1382 heey chitra vishleshan paddhatincha vapar karoon konatyahi danyachya aakaracha prakar kinwa sthitee kashee mojali jaau shakate yache varnan karate. manak takte vaparoon adhatu samaveshakteche vaishishtyikaran aii. ess. tii. emm. eae. 45 madhye varnan kele aahe (aitihasikdrushtya, eae. 45 madhye keval hatane takta paddhati samavisht kelya aahet aanee asha takta mojmap karnyasathi pratima vishleshan paddhati aii. ess. tii. emm. eae. 1122 madhye varnan kelee gelee hotee. pratima vishleshan paddhati sadhya eae. 45 madhye samavisht kelya jaat aahet). adhatu samavesh, carbide, graphite ityadi sarkhya swatantra dusya tappyatil kananche vaishishtyikaran karnyasathi eka rudhibodhatmak paddhat., heey aii. ess. tii. emm. eae. 1245 madhye sadar kele aahe.