
robbert zajonk

robbert bolslav zajonk (;;;; 23 november 1923-3 december 2008) heey polandmadhye janmalele american samajik manasshastradnya hote, jeey anek dashakanpasun samajik aanee sandnyanatmak prakriyanvar kaam karnyasathi olakhale jaatat. samajik manasshastratil tyanchya sarvat mahattvachya yogdananpaiki eka mhanje keval-exposure effect. zajonk yanni samajik suvidha aanee bhavnechya siddhantanchya kshetranmadhye dekhil sanshodhan kele, jase qee bhavatmak majjatantushastra gruhitak. tulanatmak manasshastratahi tyanni yogdan dile. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee itar prajatinchya vartanabarobarach manavanchya samajik vartanacha abhyas karane, samajik vartanachya samanya niyamambaddalachya aaplya samajutisathi aavashyak aahe. tyanchya drushtikonache eka udaharan mhanje samajik suvidha darshavinare tyanche telegu pranyanvaril karya, jee hii ghatana konatyahi prajatichi parva naan karata pradarshit kelee jaate yacha purava aahe. 2002 madhye prakashit jhalelya 'review auph general cycology' yaa sarvekshanat, 20 vya shatkatil 35 vya sarvadhik uddhrut manasshastradnya mhanoon zajonkala sthan denyat aale. 3 december 2008 roji californiatil palo aulto yethe swadupindachya karkarogane tyanche nidhan jhaale.
charitra.
prarambhik jeevan.
polandmadhil ladz yethe 23 november 1923 roji janmalela zajonk haah kutumbatil ekulata eka mulga hota. 1939 madhye, polandavaril nazi aakraman ladzparyant pohochanyapurvi, tyache kutumb warsaula paloon gele. tyanchya alpakalin vastavyadarmyan, teey jyaa imaratit rahat hote, tyavar havai hallah jhaala. zajonkche aaee-vadil doghehi marle gele aanee too gambhir jakhami jhaala. warsomadheel tyacha urvarit vel tyala german kamgar chhavanit pathavalya jaiparyant warsomadheel bhoomigat vidyapithat abhyas karnyasathi samarpit hota. too kamachya chhavanitun paloon gela, punha pakadala gela aanee nantar francechya rajkiy turungat pathavala gela. dusyanda paloon gelyanantar, too french pratirodhat sameel jhaala aanee parris vidyapithat tyache shikshan suru thewale. 1944 madhye teey englandla gele, jithe teey american sainyachya european mohimedarmyan tyanche anuvadak banale.
karkird.
dusare mahayuddha sampalyanantar, too americet sthalantarit jhaala, jithe tyane mishigan vidyapithat padvipurv praveshasathi arj keela. prabition antargat, tyala swikaranyat aale. 1955 madhye tyanni ph. dii. prapt kelee.dii. 1994 paryant, teey sumare chaar dashake pradhyapak asalelya mishigan vidyapithatun. tyanchya karyakalat tyanni 1980 chya dashakat samooh gatishastrachya sanshodhan kendrache sanchalak aanee 1990 chya dashakat samajik sanshodhan sansthechya sanchalakache padd bhushavale. tyanantar teey stanford vidyapithat manasshastrache manad pradhyapak jhaale.
vaiyaktik jeevan aanee mrutyu.
zajonkche pahile lagn, donna bensonshee, ghatasfotat sampale. bensonpasoon tyala teen mule jhalih pieter, michael aanee joseph zajonk. tyanni tyanche urvarit ayushya tyanchi dusari patni, hazel rose marcus, stanford yetheel samajik manasshastradnya, sanskrutik manasshastratil tyanchya yogdanasathi olakhali jaanari, yanchyasobat ghalavale. zajonkala markspasoon eka mool jhaale, tichi mulgi crycia hotee. californiatil stanford yethe 3 december 2008 roji vayachya 85 vya varshi swadupindachya karkarogamule tyanche nidhan jhaale.
yogdan.
keval-exposure prabhav.
keval-exposure prabhavache pratyakshik heey manasshastratil zajonkchya yogdananpaiki eka aahe. exposure effect hii eka ashee ghatana darshavite jyadvare lock ekhadya vastushi parichit asalyamule tyakade pradhanya darshavtat. tyanni samajik vartanashi sambandhit prakriyanvar laksh kendrit kele, jyat prabhav kinwa bhavna aanee aaklan yanchyatil sambandhanvar bharr deela gela. zajonkcha dawa aahe qee hii ghatana sanskruti, prajati aanee vegvegalya uttejananmadhye astitvat aahe. tyane kombadichi undy aanee undaransah kelela eka prayog keval-sansarg parinamacha purava deto. keval-sampark prabhav achetanpane eka udatt margadvare pudhe jaato asehi teey suchavatat.
samajik suvidha.
samajik suvidha darshavine heey zajonk yanni manasshastrat dilele aanakhi eka yogdan hote. samajik suvidha mhanje itaranchya upasthitichya aaspas kamgirimadhye sudharana karane. vividh prayoganchya madhyamatoon samajik sulbhatesathi zajonk madat karoo shakala. eka prayogat tyanni prekshakanchya upasthitinusar vyakti tyanche nirnay badaltil qaa heey pahanyacha prayatna keela. tyanna aadhalale qee prekshakanchya upasthitit, pramukh pradhanya vadhel.
samajik sulbhatevaril aanakhi eka prayogat, robbert zajonk yanni keval 184 shabdansathi aanee prekshakanchya upasthitit sahbhaginna sanghatana dilya. ardhe sahbhagi ekte, nantar prekshakansobat aanee ulat kaam karat hote. zajonkala aadhalale qee sahbhaginvar prekshakanchya upasthiticha prabhav padato aanee prekshakansobat asatana qamee adviteey pratisad dile jaatat. prekshak samanya chalana urjavan mhanoon kaam karatat, prekshakanchya upasthitit prabhavi pratisadachi shakyata vadhel.
pradhanyanna konatyahi nishkarshanchi aavashyakta nahee.
1980 madhye, american psychological associationkadun 1979 chaa pratishthit vaidnyanik yogdan puraskar midalyachya sanmanarth aamantrit kelelya 'bhavna aanee vicharah pradhanyanna nishkarshanchi aavashyakta nahee' yaa shirshakachya eka sattebajichya aanee mothya pramanavar vadgrast peparne, bhavnik aanee sandnyanatmak pranali mothya pramanat swatantra aahet aanee tee prabhav adhik shaktishali aahe aanee pratham yete assa yuktivad keela.  yaa peparne manasshastratil prabhavamadhye khoop rus nirman keela aanee bhavna aanee bhavpurn prakriyancha abhyas american aanee european manasshastrat punha aaghadivar aanananya anek prabhavanpaiki eka hota. bhavpurn nirnayanche swaroop heey yaa prabhavit karananya nirnayancha aadhar mhanoon anekada vicharlya jaananya aakalansheel aanee sandnyanatmak kriyanpasoon swatantra aanee tyapurviche manale jaau shakate. tyanche prastav bahutek samkalin manasshastra siddhantanmadhil vyapakpane manalya jaananya vishvasachya viruddha asalyache sadar kele gele hote qee bhavatmak nirnay sandnyanatmak nantarcha asato. tyachya nishkarshanmadhye antarbhut aaklan aanee prabhav pranalinchi aanshik svayatta disun aalee, jeey darshavate qee vishvasarh bhavatmak nirnayanchya nirmitisathi olakh smrutichi upasthiti nehmich aavashyak nasate. tathapi, asey varnan kele gele aahe qee yaa pranali ekmekanpasun purnapane swatantra naheet aanee ekmekanvar anek prakare parinam karatat aanee tyach velee, mahitichya prakriyesathi parinamanchya swatantra sathavanukit yogdan detat.
jodidarachya swarupatil ektrikaran
barach kaal ekatra rahilyanantar jodapi tyanchya sharirik vaishishtyanmadhye samanata darshavtat qaa yacha abhyas karnyat zajonkala rus hota. tyanni eka abhyas karoon yacha shodh ghetala, jyamadhye tyanni vivahit jodpyanchi chhayachitre tyanchya lagnachya divashi aanee nantar 25 varshannantar gola kelee. tyanantar tyane bhautik samanatechi chachani ghenyasathi yaa done chitranchi tulana kelee. 25 varshe ekatra rahilyanantar jodpyanchya chehnyachya vaishishtyanmadhye sharirik samanata asalyache nikalanni soochit kele. tyanna asehi aadhalale qee chehnyavaril adhik samanata asalelya jodpyanni soochit kele qee teey adhik anandi aahet aanee tyanna vaivahik yash adhik midale aahe. zajonk aanee tyachya sahakanyanni yaa ghatanesathi khaleel chaar spashtikaran dile.
(aaa) aahar, patee aanee patni ekach prakarche ann khatat, tyamule sevan keleli charbi sarkhich asate aanee yamule chehnyavaril vaishishtye sarkhich houu shakatat.
(buub) pradeshik samanata, vivahit jodapi sahasa ekach pradeshat rahatat, tyamule havamanachya samaan paristhiticha anubhav yeto jyamule chehnyavaril samanata houu shakate.
(qa) lock tyanchyasarkhya disana kinwa akheris tyanchyasarkhya disana vyaktinshi lagn karatat.   
(daad) bhavnik prabhavacha siddhant (weyanbam, 1907), yaa siddhantacha eka parinam mhanje chehnyachya vaishishtyanmadhil samanata sahanubhootichya bhavneshi sambandhit asoo shakate. jevha tumhi konabaddal sahanubhootishil asata tevha tumhi nakalat tyanchya abhivyaktichi nakkal karata jyamule tumhala ashach bhavna jaanavtat. tyamule sahanubhootimadhye chehnyachya motor snayuncha sahbhag dirghkal ekatra rahilelya lokanmadhye chehnyachi samaan vaishishtye nirman karoo shakato.
zajonkchya matey, heey nishkarsh aaplyala sangatat qee itaranshi samajik sampark sadhalyane aaplya chehnyachya vaishishtyanvar parinam houu shakato.
bhavatmak majjatantushastra gruhitak.
bhavatmak neuroscience gruhitak asey manate qee hedonic manahsthiti menduchya tapmanashi sambandhit hotee. heey naate shiranmadhil raktatil badalanmule niyantrit jhaale, jeey hypothalamuschya karyatil badalannusar chadh-utaar karat hote. zajonk yanni asey gruheet dharale qee mendutil shiranmadhil rakt chehnyachya bhavanni niyantrit kele jaate. tyaa badalyat, sharirachya shiranmadhye vahanyapurvi, mendutoon rakt cyanus pokalimadhye vahoon jaate. guhabhakshi sinuschya raktatil ushnata hypothalamuschya tapmanavar tyanchya jawal asalyamule prabhav taknyas saksham asate.
chehnyavaril anandi bhavanmule hypothalamus thund jhaala, jyamule sakaratmak bhavna balkat jhalya. yaulat, nakaratmak bhavna chehnyavaril nakaratmak havbhavanchya hypothalamus garam karnyachya kshamatemule nirman jhalya hotya. zajonk yanni yaa siddhantacha abhyas sanshodhan sahbhaginna swar dhwani uchcharanyas sangoon keela jyacha parinam chehnyavaril bhavnemadhye jhaala jyamule thund rakt aanee menduche namune tayar hotil. zajonk aanee tyachya sahakanyanna aadhalale qee sahbhaginni uttejananche adhik sakaratmak moolyankan kele
haah shodh undaranmadhye dekhil disun aala, jyanche hypothalamus eka chhotya tapasadvare prayogikaritya thund kinwa garam kele gele hote.
undaranmadhye hypothalamic sheetalata.
cephalic rakt tapmanatil badalanmule uttejakanna aakarshan qamee karata yete qaa heey pahanyasathi zajonkala hypothalamic tapmanat ferfar karnyat dekhil rus hota. hypothalamic sheetak kinwa hypothalamic khanyachya darmyan undaranmadhil annache aakarshan aanee anand tapasanyasathi tyanni done prayog kele.
aaharasathicha pahila prayog tapasala gela. swad pratikriyashil chachanila parvanagi denyasathi madhya hypothalamuschya purv simevar hypothalamic thermode asalele 17 narr under tasech done junat tondawate canula basavale gele. pahilya prayogat eka tapasani prakriya hotee jyat prarambhik savayicha tappa hota joou 10 divas chalala aanee chachanicha tappa 6 divas chalala.
divasatoon ekada eka undeer eka pardarshak kakshat thevanyat aala aanee tyacha hypothalamic thermode panyachya pravahashi jodala gela aanee 10 minitanchya kalavadhisathi, hypothalamic thermodela pratyeki 15 sekandanchya dabyat/bund kartana 2.5° neey thund kele gele. hypothalamic cooling 1,3 aanee 5 divasanni vitarit karnyat aale, tarr vartanukichi chachani dusya, chauthya aanee sahavya divashi ghenyat aalee. hypothalamic sheetak darmyan, anek undaranni vadhiv aahar darshavila. zajonkala asehi aadhalale qee hypothalamic thund honyachya darmyan aahar ghetala jaat asey parantu garam keela jaat nahee kinwa jevha under tyachya samanya tapmanavar thewala jaat asey.
tyachya dusya prayogat, jyat swadabaddalachya hedonic aanee pratikool pratikriyanvar najar takali gelee, zajonkne 17 undaranchya hypothalamic thermodela panyachya pravahashi jodale aanee undaranna otanyachya nalikeshi jodale gele. undaranna shuddha sukroj, sukroj/quinine mishran kinwa distilled watter yadruchchik kramane 1 minitanchya kalavadhit, divasatoon ekada dile jaat asey. tyanantar thermode ektar 0-20 sekandansathi 2.5°seey. neey thund kinwa garam keela gela, nantar 20-60 sekandansathi bund keela gela. zajonkala asey aadhalale qee shuddha sukroj, sukroj/quinine mishran kinwa distilled waterchya hedonic pratikriyanmadhye hypothalamic cooling kinwa heatingdware badal keela jaat nahee. 
sangam model.
zajonkne gregg marks sangam model (1975) vikasit kele, jyane janm kram aanee kutumbachya aakarachya aay. kyu. gunanvar honanya parinamache ganiteey model pradan kele, jeey kautumbik gatishil badal aanee bauddhik kshamata yanchyatil sambandhanche praman nishchit karate. heey parimanatmak moolya tayar kartana, sangam sampoorn kautumbik vatavaranachya paripoorn bauddhik kshamatechi sarasari tayar karato. kutumbancha aakar jasjasa vadhato tasatase kutumbacha ekoon aay. kyu. qamee hoto; mothya kutumbatil mulancha aay. kyu. kinchit qamee asato. kutumbatil shevatchya mulala lahan mulanna shikavanyachi sandhee nakarli jaate aanee kutumbatil sarvat lahan mool asanyane thodese 'atirikt' nuksan hote. heey parinam saiddhantikdrushtya mahattvache aahet, parantu parinamancha aakar baryapaiki lahan aahe (sumare 3 aay. kyu. gunanchya shreniparyant), tyamule, janm kram haah aay. kyu. sathee eka paripoorn nirnayak ghatak nahee, jaree tyacha prabhav spasht aahe.
jyaa kshamatevar aay. kyu. janm-kramavar avalambun aahe, tyala witchman, rodgers aanee mccullum (2006) yanni aavhan dile hote, jeey dawa karatat qee nirikshan kelele farak heey tyaeivaji kautumbik farkanche utpadan hote. zajonk yanni assa yuktivad keela qee haah samajala gelela nishkarsh, janm-kramachya parinamanna resheey sambandhanna samantar chukichya paddhatine hatalanyavar aadharit aahe, yashivay tyanni pragati kelelya paddhatinmadhil kamataratambarobarach, jase qee laksh kendrit naan kelelya chachanyancha vapar lagoo karane jyamule lakshaniy lakshaniy cull adnyat rahatat. bjerkadel aanee itaranni kelela abhyas. (vruttapatrat) tyachya swatachya nishkarshandware ghatanechya kautumbik swarupala pathimba deto, jeey darshavite qee vadhati janm shreni 127,902 norwegian samaan-kautumbik bhavandanchya namunyat aay. kyu. madheel ghasaranila samantar aahe.
manvetar pranyanvaril sanvedanatmak parasparkriya
zajonkala sanvedi parasparsanvadachya gruhitkavar chachani karayachi hotee, qee uttejana pratisad keval tivratevar avalambun nasato tarr sthitichya itar pailoonvar dekhil avalambun asato. yasathi, zajonkne eka prayog keela jyamadhye tyane done narr pandhya manjaranchya kabutarancha abhyas keela. kabutaranna done swaranmadhye farak karnyache prashikshan denyat aale hote. tyanna mothaya aavajasathi davi killi aanee mauu aavajasathi ujavi killi chikatvavi lagat asey. pratyek yogya pratisadasathi kabutaranna ann denyat aale. pratyek khatalyanantar, eka blackout aanee tyanantar eka prakash hota joou aanakhi eka khatalyachi suruvat darshavato. zajonkala aadhalale qee sanvedi parasparsanvadache gruhitak kharey aahe, kabutaranni keval swarchi tivrata vaparali nahee tarr pratisad detana prakashachya sadarikaranacha dekhil vapar keela.
puraskar.
zajonk heey 1975chya vartanukisambandhi vidnyan sanshodhanasathichya aas puraskarache vijete hote.
zajonkala 2 september 1979 roji american psychological associationchya baithakit pratishthit vaidnyanik yogdanasathi puraskar midala. bhavna aanee vicharah pradhanyanna nishkarshanchi aavashyakta nahee' yaa vishayavar american manasshastradnyat prakashit jhalele tyanche puraskar bhashan, manasshastratil bhavpurn prakriyanvar punha laksh kendrit karnyat atyant prabhavshali hote.
pudhe vacha.
heey zajonkchya ingrajitil kamanche anshatah granthasuchi aahe.