
vishvakosh britannicachi akravi aavrutti

encyclopedia britannica' chee akravi aavrutti (1910-1911) hii 29 khandanchi sandarbh rachana aahe, jee 'encyclopedia britannica' chee aavrutti aahe. heey dnyankosh british prakashanatun american prakashanakade sankraman karat asatana vikasit karnyat aale hote. tyache kahee lekh tyaa kalatil sarvat prasiddha vidvananni lihile hote. 40, 000 nondi asalelya vishvakoshatil yaa aavruttine sarvajanik kshetrat pravesh keela aahe aanee tee internetvar sahaj upalabdh aahe. aadhunik shishyavruttimadhye aanee vishvasarh srot mhanoon tyacha vapar tyachya kahee majkurachya kalbahya swarupamule samasyapradhan manla gela aahe. aadhunik vidvananni kahee lekhanna 19vya aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatichya kalatil sanskrutik kalakruti manale aahe.
parshvabhoomi.
1911chee akravi aavrutti american prakashak horace everate hooper yanchya vyavasthapanasah ekatra karnyat aalee. mageel aavruttiche sampadan karananya hyoog chisholm yanchi mukhya sampadak mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee, tarr walter ellison phillips heey tyanche pramukh sahayyak sampadak hote.
mulat, hooparne 25 khandanchya 9vya aavruttiche haqq vikat ghetale aanee 1902 madhye prakashit jhalelya dahavya aavruttimadhye akra atirikt khandansah (ekoon 35 khand), 'daad times' yaa british vruttapatrala tyachi punarmudran jaaree karnyasathi patvoon dile. hooparcha 'daad times' shhee asalela sambandh 1909 madhye sampushtat aala aanee tyane 29 khandanchya akaravya aavrutti prakashit karnyasathi cambridge vidyapithachya vruttapatrashi vataghati kelya. jaree heey samanyatah eka sarvotkrusht british karya mhanoon olakhale jaat asale, taree akaravya aavrutticha american prabhav lakshaniy hota, keval american aanee canadian samgrichya vadhiv pramanatach navhe tarr teey adhik lokpriy banavanyasathi kelelya prayatnanmadhyehi. american vipanan paddhatinni dekhil vikrila madat kelee. yogdan denanyanpaiki sumare 14 takke (1507 paiki 214) uttar americetil hote aanee tyanchya kamache samanvay sadhanyasathi newyork karyalay sthapan karnyat aale.
vishvakoshatil yogdankartyanchya aadyakshare nivadalelya lekhanchya shevati kinwa chinsarkhya lamb lekhanchya babatit vibhagachya shevati disatat aanee yaa aadyaksharanchya pratyek khandat eka killi dilee jaate. edmond gose, jeey. yansarkhe kahee lekh tyaa kalatil sarvat prasiddha vidvananni lihile hote. buub. daphan, algernon charles swinburn, johnn muir, pieter kropotkin, tii. etch. huxley, james hopwood geans aanee william michael rosetty. tevhachya qamee dnyat yogdankartyanmadhye ernest rutherford aanee bertrand russell yanchyasarkhe kahee lock hote jeey nantar pratishthit jhaale. 9vya aavruttipasun anek lekh prakashit karnyat aale, tyapaiki kahee kiman adyayavat kele gele. pustakachya kahee lambiche lekh sopya sandarbhasathi lahan bhaganmadhye vibhagale gele hote, tarihi itar lekh khoop sankshipt hote. sarvat prasiddha lekhakanni samanyatah keval ekach lekh kinwa lekhacha kahee bhag deela aahe. bahutansh kaame patrakar, british sangrahalayatil vidwan aanee itar vidvananni kelee hotee. 1911 chee aavrutti hii vishvakoshatil pahili aavrutti hotee, jyat keval mojkyach mahila yogdankartyanpeksha jaast mahila sahbhagi hotya, jyat 34 mahilanni yaa aavruttisathi lekhanche yogdan dile hote.
akaravya aavruttimadhye 'britannica' chya swarupat anek badal kele gele. khand tayar asatana prakashit karnyachya aadhichya paddhatiaivaji, teey purn prakashit honare pahile hote. chhapil prakar gally proofmadhye thewala gela aanee prakashan hoiparyant satat adyayavat keela jaat asey. sarvasamaveshak nirdeshank khandasah jaaree keleli 'britannica' chee hii pahili aavrutti hotee, jyamadhye eka shrenibaddha nirdeshank jodala gela hota, jithe sarkhe vishay soochibaddha kele gele hote. dirgh grunth lambiche lekh samavisht naan karnare heey pahile hote. jaree yaa kamachi ekoon lambi tyachya purvavartinitakich asali taree lekhanchi sankhya 17,000 varoon 40,000 paryant vadhali hotee. jiwant lokanchya charitrancha samavesh karnari 'britannica' chee hii pahili aavrutti hotee. steelers handatla' chya prasiddha 9vya aavruttichya sola nakashanche keval ingerjit bhashantar karnyat aale, germanytil gotha yethe justus perthes yanni chhapalelya shahee tukadyanmadhye rupantarit kele aanee nakashe yaa aavrutticha eka bhag banale. nantarchya aavrutyanmadhye keval perthesache nakashe qamee darjache punarutpadan mhanoon samavisht kele gele.
coleman aanee simmansachya matey, vishvakoshatil aashay khalilpramane vitarit karnyat aalah
hooparne 1920 madhye sears, robak aanee company auph shikagoche haqq vikale, jyamule 'britannica' chey mothya pramanat american prakashan bananyache sankraman purn jhaale. 1922 madhye, pahilya mahayuddhasah madhalya varshatil ghatanancha samavesh asalele atirikt teen khand (hyoog chisholmane sampadit kelele) prakashit karnyat aale. yaa sarvanni miloon akaravya aavruttichya punarmudranasaha yaa kamachi baravi aavrutti tayar kelee. teen khand aanee baravya aavruttichi punarmudran asaleli ashich teravi aavrutti 1926 madhye prakashit jhaali. londoncha sampadak jeey.ell. garvin, jase chisholm maran pavala hota. baravya aanee teravya aavrutya akaravya aavruttishi jawalun sambandhit hotya aanee bahutek samaan aashay samayik kelya hotya. tathapi, heey adhikadhik spasht hott gele qee kamachi adhik sakhol adyayavat aavashyakta hotee.
1929 madhye prakashit jhalelya chaudavya aavruttit lakshaniy sudharana karnyat aalee, jyat naveen vishayanna vav denyasathi barach majkoor vagalanyat aala kinwa sankshipt karnyat aala. tathapi, aadhunik mahitee sadarikaran vaparoon 1974 madhye purnapane naveen pandharavi aavrutti prakashit hoiparyant akravi aavrutti hii 'vishvakosh britannica' chya pratyek nantarchya aavrutticha aadhar hotee.
akaravya aavruttiche lekh ajunahi aadhunik vachak aanee vidvanansathi, visheshtah eka sanskrutik kalakruti mhanoon, maulyavan aanee swarasyapoorn aaheth british samrajya tyachya kamal patalivar hote, samrajyavad mothya pramanat aavhanatmak navhata, jagachya bahutek bhagavar ajunahi samratanche rajya hote aanee ashant jaagtik yuddhe ajunahi bhavishyat hotee. aadhunik vishvakoshatun vagalalelya vishayansathi, visheshtah charitra aanee vidnyan aanee tantradnyanachya itihasasathi teey eka amoolya sansadhan aahet. eka sahityik grunth mhanoon, 20 vya shatkachya suruvatichya gadyache udaharan mhanoon vishvakoshala mahatva aahe. udaharanarth, tyat aadhunik sandarbh granthanmadhye jitke samanya nahee, titke dayaneey bhrant (avaiyaktik shakti kinwa nirjiv vastoonna manvasarkhya vaishishtyanche shrey dene) yasarkhya sahityik sadhanancha vapar keela jaato.
punaravalokne.
1917 madhye, ess. heey topananav vaparale. ess. encyclopedia britannica' chya akaravya aavruttitil truti aanee pakshapatavar 200 + pananchi teeka, 'vanne dyne, daad us aart critic aanee lekhak willard huntington rait yanni prakashit kelee. raitane assa dawa keela qee 'britannicamadhye' chukichi vidhane, akshamya truti, tivra aanee deshbhaktipar purvagrah, vaiyaktik vaimansya, tathyachya ughad chuka, vidvatteche adnyan, bigger-british sanskratikade ghor durlaksh, eka aashcharyakarak ahankar aanee american pragatisathicha eka ughad tiraskar asey vaishishtya hote.
akravi aanee chaudavya aavrutya sampoorn vachalyabaddal prasiddha asalelya aamos urban shirkne sangitale qee, chaudavya aavruttila akaravya aavruttipeksha eka mothee sudharana asalyache tyanna vatale, asey sangoon qee "bahutek sahitya purnapane punarlikhit kele gele hote".
vishvakoshah tyancha itihas yuganuyuge' (1966) yaa pustakat robbert collison yanni akaravya aavruttibaddal lihile qee tee 'bahudha aataparyant prakashit jhalelya' britannica 'chee sarvottam aavrutti hotee aanee tee' encyclopedia italiana 'aanee' espasa 'yaa teen mahan vishvakoshanpaiki eka mhanoon sthan ghete. jawaljawal sampoorn brittenmadhye tayar jhaleli hii shevatchi aavrutti hotee aanee pahilya mahayuddhachya udrekapurvi jagachya dnyanacha saransh mhanoon velevar tyachi sthitee visheshtah maulyavan aahe.
surr keneth clark yanni 'anadar part auph daad wood' (1974) yaa akaravya aavruttibaddal lihile, "ekjan eka vishayavarun dusya vishayakade zepavato, manacha khel aanee tyanchya lekhakanchya vyaktimatvanni jitke aakarshit hote titkech tathya aanee tarkhanmule hote. dederotechya paramparetil haah shevatcha vishvakosh asala pahije, joou asey gruheet dharato qee jevha purvgrahane thodishi mahitee rangavali jaate tevhach tee sansmaraniy kelee jaau shakate. jevha tii. ess. eliotne lihile qee 'aatmyala khidakichya aasanavar gundaloon' vishvakosh britannica 'vachtana, too nishchitpane akaravya aavrutticha vichar karat hota."(clark haah eliotchya 1929 madheel" "animula" "yaa kavitecha sandarbh deto".) hii george louis borges yanchya aavadatya kamanpaiki eka hotee aanee tyanchya sampoorn kamkajachya aayushyasathi mahitee aanee aanandacha srot hotee.
1912 madhye, ganitshastradnya ell. see. karpinskyne ganitachya itihasavaril lekhanmadhil chukambaddal akaravya aavruttivar teeka kelee, jyapaiki ekahi tadnyanni lihilela navhata.
ingraji lekhak aanee majee pujari joseph mccabe yanni 'encyclopedia britannicachya khotya aanee khotya goshti' (1947) madhye dawa keela aahe qee 11 vya aavruttinantar roman catholic charchchya dabavakhali 'britannica' varr sensor karnyat aala hota. suruvatila, akaravya aavruttivar roman catholic charchchya sadasyankadun teeka jhaali, jyanni tyavar chukiche pratinidhitva kelyacha aanee catholicanviruddh pakshapati asalyacha aarop keela. akaravya aavruttiche sarvat "jordar" american catholic samikshak heey khrishchan masika "america" chey sampadak hote.
virginia woolfpasoon teey pradhyapakanparyantchya adhikaanyaanee qalaa, sahitya aanee samajik vidnyanavar burjuva aanee junya paddhatichi matey asalyabaddal 11vya aavruttivar teeka kelee. eka samkalin cornell pradhyapak, edward bii. 1912 madhye lihilelya 'titchener' neey lihile qee, 'naveen' britannica 'tyachya kalatil aanee pidhitil mansik vatavaranachi punarutpadan karat nahee... adhikaracha prabhav asoonahi aanee karmchanyanchi chhanani karoonahi, samanya manasshastratil duyyam lekhancha motha bhag... teey buddhiman vachkachya garjanshi julavun ghet naheet.
april 2012 chya eka lekhat, 'daad guardian' chya nete pedersonne mhatale qee akravi aavrutti 'yuddhachya kattalipurvi vasahatvadi aashavadachya shikharavar' darshavate aanee yaa aavruttine 'sangrahakanmadhye jawaljawal pauranik pratishtha midavali aahe.
tikakaranni anek aavrutyanvar varnabhed, laingikta aanee yahudivirodhipanache aarop kele aahet. negrover niyantran thevanyachi' garaj aanee 'nigro purushanni pandhya mahilanvar varanvar honanya balatkarachya gunhyachi ghatana' yancha hawala dett, american gruhyuddhanantar shvetvargache sanrakshn aanee dakshin americetil suvyavastha punarsanchayit karnyasathi 'kuu clucks clan' chee akravi aavrutti. tyachpramane, sujananshastrasathi yuktivad kartana, asey mhatale jaate qee "qamee buddhimattecha prachar karane, garib, sadosh aanee gunhegaranchya shrenila poshan dene heey atarkik aahe... jeey aaj vanshik pragatisathi itake dhokadayak aahet ". 1903 madhye bhautikshastratil nobel paritoshik aanee 1911 madhye rasayanshastratil nobel paritoshik jinkalyanantarhi, akaravya aavruttit merrie curieche charitra nahee, jaree ticha ullekh ticha patee piyare curiechya charitrat thodakyat keela gela aahe. britannica' neey eka motha mahila sampadakiy karmchari niyukt keela jyane shekado lekh lihile jyasathi tyanna shrey dile gele nahee.
sarvajanik kshetra.
1911 chee aavrutti aata kopiraitdware pratibandhit nahee aanee mhanunach tee aanakhi anek aadhunik swarupat muktapane upalabdh aahe. ekekali teey tyachya kalatil shaikshanik ekmatavarche vishvasarh varnan asale taree, anek aadhunik vachakanna anek mothya chuka, vanshik aanee varnadveshi tippanya aanee itar samasyansathi 'vishvakosh' madhye dosh aadhalatoh
encyclopedia britannica' chee akravi aavrutti 'britannica' chya pratishthemule aanee tee aata sarvajanik kshetrat asalyamule aanee internetvar upalabdh karoon dilyamule, samanyatah uddhrut srot bunley aahe. wikipedia aanee 'project gutenberg vishvakosh' yasah anek aadhunik prakalpanni tyacha srot mhanoon vapar keela aahe.
"project gutenberg vishvakosh".
project gutenberg vishvakosh hii 'vishvakosh britannica' chee akravi aavrutti aahe, jyache naav badaloon britannicachya vyaparchinhachya chintanche nirakaran kele gele aahe. project gutenbergchya prastavancha saransh khalee bahya duve vibhagat deela aahe aanee tyat majkoor aanee chitralekhan samavisht aahe. vitarit proofreeder 1911 chya 'encyclopedia britannica' chee sampoorn electronic aavrutti tayar karnyavar kaam karat aahet.
bahya duve.
1911 chya 'encyclopedia britannica' majkurache itar srot.
aadhichya duvyanmadhye lakshyamadhye vaparlelya jodanicha avalamb keela jaato.