
jaagtik prashasana

jaagtik prashasana mhanje asha sanstha jyaa aantarrashtriy ghatakanchya vartanacha samanvay sadhatat, sahkarya sulabh karatat, vivad sodavtat aanee samoohik krutichya samasya door karatat. jaagtik prashasanat niyam tayar karane, dekhrekh karane aanee tyanchi amalbajavani karane heey vyapakpane samavisht aahe. jaagtik prashasanat, vividh prakarche ghatak-keval rajyech navhe-sattecha vapar karatat. tyamule shasson heey sarkarpeksha vyapak aahe.
19vya shatkachya madhyat jaagtik prashasanachi suruvat jhaali. pahilya mahayuddhanantar aanee visheshtah dusya mahayuddhachya samaptinantar teey visheshtah pramukh jhaale. dusya mahayuddhanantar aantarrashtriy sanghatananchi sankhya lakshaniyaritya vadhali aahe. prashasakeey sambandhanmadhye sahbhagi asalelya ghatakanchi (mug tee rajye, bigger sarkari sanstha, sanstha aanee dnyanshastriy samuday asot) sankhyahi lakshaniyaritya vadhali aahe.
jatil parasparavalamban, aantarrashtriy sarkare, bahustareey shasson, jaagtik ghatanatmakata aanee suvyavasthit arajakta yasarkhya jaagtik prashasanachya gatishilatesathi vividh sandnya vaparlya gelya aahet.
vyakhya.
jaagtik staravar manvi samajanchi sanghatana aanee kendrikaranasathichya serve niyamanna niyukt karnyasathi jaagtik prashasana haah shabd mothya pramanavar vaparla jaato. naveen jaagtik prashasanasathicha munch jaagtik prashasanachi vyakhya fakt 'grahache samoohik vyavasthapan' ashee karato. sanyukt rashtrancha purvavarti, vudro willsonchi leag auph nations hii jaagtik prashasanala protsahan denanya pahilya sansthanpaiki eka hotee.
paramparikpane, "sarkar" heey "shasson" kinwa rajkiy adhikar, sanstha aanee shevati niyantran yanchyashi sambandhit aahe. "shasson" hii eka ashee prakriya darshavate jyadvare sanstha swatantra samajik sambandhancha samanvay aanee niyantran karatat aanee jyanchyakade tyanchya nirnayanchi amalbajavani karanyachi kshamata asate. tathapi, james rosenausarkhya lekhakanni aantarrashtriy vyavasthesarkhya vyapak rajkiy adhikarachya anupasthitit parasparavalambi sambandhanche niyaman darshavinyasathi 'shasson' dekhil vaparale aahe. kahijan aata 'jaagtik sarvajanik dhoran' chya vikasabaddal bolatat.
boston vidyapithachya paradi school auph global studies yetheel yaa vishayavaril vidwan aadil najam yanni jaagtik prashasanachi vyakhya keval "jaagtik sarkarchya anupasthitit jaagtik prakriyanche vyavasthapan" ashee kelee aahe."thomas jee. jaagtik prashasana'-jeey changle, white kinwa udaseen asoo shakate-heey thos sahkari samasya-nirakaran vyavasthela sandarbhit karate, jyapaiki anekanmadhye keval sanyukt rashtranchach navhe tarr 'itar yu. aine.', mhanje aantarrashtriy sachivalay aanee itar bigger-rajya ghatak yancha dekhil samavesh hoto."dusya shabdant, jaagtik prashasana mhanje jaagtik vyavhar kasha prakare vyavasthapit kele jaatat.
rajyanni tyanchya samkakshanchya sambhavya vaidhatecha fayda talhanyasathi aanee khaleel done atty lagoo jhalyas deshantargat vaidhata vadhavanyasathi nagri samaj sanghatanancha (see. ess. oo. ess.) aupcharikpane samavesh karanyachi adhik shakyata aaheh pratham jarr teey jaagtik prashasakeey jaalyasathi adhik madhyavarti asateel tarr; aanee dusare, itar rajyanni aupcharikpane see. ess. oo. ess. chaa dekhil samavesh keela tarr. asha prakare, jaagtik hawaman dhoranat aupcharikpane see. ess. oo. chaa samavesh karava qee nahee yababatchya sarkari nivadi spashtapane deshantargat ghatkandware mothya pramanat prerit aahet, lekhak aantarrashtriy network prabhavanvar laksh kendrit karatat.
hii vyakhya vyaptimadhye lavchik aahe, jee jaagtik suraksha aanee suvyavastha yasarkhya samanya vishayanna kinwa vishisht kagadpatre aanee matechya dudhachya paryayanvaril jaagtik aarogya sanghatanechya vipananavaril sanhita yasarkhya kararanna lagoo hote. sahbhag haah dwaipakshik aahe qee nahee (udaa.jee. done deshanmadhye vahana nadichya vaparache niyaman karnyasathicha karar), karya-vishisht (udaa.jee. vastoo karar), pradeshik (udaa.jee. tlatelolkocha taha), kinwa jaagtik (udaa.jee. aprasar karar). hii "sahkari samasya-nirakaran vyavastha" aupcharik asoo shakate, jee samoohik vyavhar vyavasthapit karnyasathi vividh ghatkansathi (jase qee rajya adhikari, aantarsarkari sanstha (aay. jee. oo. ess.), bigger sarkari sanstha (aine. jee. oo.), khajgi kshetratil sanstha, itar nagri samaj ghatak aanee vyakti) kayadyancha aakar gheuun kinwa aupcharikpane sthapan kelelya sanstha asoo shakatat. teey anaupacharik (paddhati kinwa margdarshak tattvanpramane) kinwa tatpuratya sanstha (yutipramane) dekhil asoo shakatat.
tathapi, ekhadi sanstha ekhadya muddyavar nammatra aaghadi gheu shakate, udaharanarth jaagtik vyapar vyavharanmadhye jaagtik vyapar sanghatana (doubleu. tii. oo.). tyamule, jaagtik prashasana hii sarvasanmatichi aantarrashtriy prakriya manali jaate, jee rashtriy sarkare aanee aantarrashtriy mahamandalanvar parinam karnari margdarshak tattve aanee karar tayar karate. asha sahmatichya udaharananmadhye aarogyavishayak samasyanvaril doubleu. tii. oo. dhoranancha samavesh asel.
nirnay ghenyachya prakriyet niyamak margdarshak sthapit kartana doubleu. tii. oo. chee aavashyakta asate, jaagtik prashasakeey kayada doubleu. tii. oo. sobat hatmilavani karnyasathi sakriy asato. ekapeksha jaast desh kinwa rajyancha samavesh asalele nirnay ghetana jababdari, pardarshakta aanee vaidhata yancha samavesh kartana teey jaagtik tattvanna protsahan detat. rajyanmadhil bhavishyatil vaad talhanyasathi heey aavashyak aahe.
thodakyat, jaagtik prashasanachi vyakhya ashee kelee jaau shakate qee "rajya, bajarpeth, nagrik aanee sanstha, aantar-aanee bigger-sarkari, yanchyatil aanee tyanchyamadhil aupcharik aanee anaupacharik sanstha, yantrana, sambandh aanee prakriyanche sankul, jyadvare jaagtik staravar samoohik hitsambandh vyakt kele jaatat, kartavye, jababdanya aanee visheshadhikar sthapit kele jaatat aanee sushikshit vyavsayikandvare matbhed madhyasthi kelee jaatat."
jaagtik varnabhed ulgadane, jaagtik rajkaranache vihangavalokan' yaa pustakache lekhak titus alekzandar yanni jaagtik prashasanachya sadhyachya sansthanche varnan 1991 purvi dakshin aafrikechya aupcharik aanee anaupacharik sanrachananmadhil alpasankhyak rajvatishi asankhya samantar asaleli jaagtik varnabhedachi pranali mhanoon kele aahe.
vapar.
dhoran nirmitichya aantarsarkari samanvayache prayatna pracheen kalapasoon shodhale jaau shakatat, parantu aantarrashtriy samanvay aanee sahkaryachya prabhavi swarupancha sarvasamaveshak shodh kharokharach wwychya samaptinantar suru jhaala. yuddhanantarchya kalatach ajunahi astitvat asalelya kahee aantarrashtriy sansthanchi (kinwa tyanchya jawalchya purvavartinchi) sthapana jhaali. aantarrashtriy prashasana aanee dhoranatmak samanvayachi uddishte aanee prakaranvar charcha karnyasathi yaa kalavadhit mothe yogdan denanya vicharvantanmadhye jeey.emm. shantateche aarthik parinam' aanee 'jee' asey tyanche mutt aahe. jaagtik chalan pranalichya yuddhottar vikasavaril tyanchya kamansah casal.
1991 madhye soviet unionche vighatan jhalyane sattechya santulanachya dhoranavar aadharit aantarrashtriy itihasachya dirgh kalavadhicha ant jhaala. yaa aitihasik ghatanepasun, grahane bhoo-dhoranatmak vighatanechya tappyat pravesh keela aahe. udaharanarth, bahutek sarkaransathi rashtriy-suraksha model ajunahi astitvat asatana, haloohaloo udayonmukh samoohik vivekala marg dett aahe, joou too pratinidhitva karat asalelya pratibandhit chaukatichya palikade vistarato.
1990 chya shityuddhanantarchya jagaat anek samasyanvar aadharit eka naveen pratiman udayala aaleh
tantra.
jaagtik prashasana sadharanpane chaar tappyanmadhye vibhagale jaau shakateh
aantarrashtriy sanstha aanee mahamandalansah jaagtik adhikari vegvegalya marganni tyanchya karyasuchanecha aadar karatat. sansthatmak darja, kaushalya, naitik adhikar, kshamata kinwa samajalya gelelya kshamatetun adhikar prapt houu shakatat. shashvat vikasache uddisht 16 dware moort kelelya majboot sansthansathichya samarthanarth 2030 chya karyasuchit yaa dhoranancha vapar keela jaato.
vishay.
tyachya suruvatichya tappyat, jaagtik prashasana bhoo-rajkaranatun varshane midalelya sankalpana aanee shantata, sanrakshn, bhoo-dhoran, rajnaitik sambandh aanee vyapar sambandh yasarkhya aantarrashtriy sambandhanchya siddhantavar aadharit hote. parantu jasjase jagatikikaran vadhat aahe aanee parasparavalambanachi sankhya vadhat aahe, tastashi jaagtik patali dekhil anek vishayanchya vyapak shrenishi atyant sambandhit aahe. khalilpramane anek udaharane aahet.
paryavaran prashasana aanee grahache vyavasthapan.
"vegwan gatee aanee manvi kriyakalapanchya nisargavaril parinamachya kadachit aparivartaniy swarupamule nirman jhalelya sankatasathi sarkare aanee nagarikankadun samoohik uttare aavashyak aahet. nisarg rajkiy aanee samajik adthalyankade durlaksh karato aanee sankatache jaagtik pariman rajya sarkare kinwa kshetriy sansthanni ektarfipane suru kelelya konatyahi krutiche parinam radd karate, teey kitihi shaktishali asale taree. hawaman badal, mahasagar aanee vayoo pradushan, anoo jokhim aanee anuvanshik hatalanishi sambandhit jokhim, sansadhane aanee jaivavividhata qamee hone aanee namshesh hone aanee sarvat mahattvache mhanje jaagtik staravar mothya pramanat nirvivad rahilele vikas model heey serve yaa vegwan aanee kadachit aparivartaniy parinamachya vividh abhivyaktinpaiki aahet.
jagatikikaranachya chaukatit haah parinamach ghatak aahe, joou itar serve kshetranna vagalanyasathi ekmekanshi spardha karananya rajyanchya pranalila aavhan detoh jaagtik prashasanachya vividh kshetranmadhye, sampoorn manvi samudayachya samoohik krutinchya swarupat, sankatachi tatadichi uttare paryavaran vyavasthapanala sarvat jaast havee aahet. tyach velee, yaa krutee yaa samudayachya pragatishil ubharanila aadarsh banavanyasathi aanee balkat karnyasathi madat kartil."
yaa kshetratil prastavanmadhye samoohik paryavaraniy krutee kashee shakya aahe yaa muddyavar charcha jhaali aahe. gelya 30 varshant anek bahupakshiy, paryavaran-sambandhit karar jhaale aahet, parantu tyanchi amalbajavani karane katheen aahe. prastavit jaagtik paryavaran sanghatana (doubleu. eae. oo.) yasarkhya aantarrashtriy paryavaran sanrakshanashi sambandhit serve muddyanna kendrikrut karnari aantarrashtriy sanstha sthapan karnyachya shakyatevar dekhil kahee charcha aahe. sanyukt rashtra paryavaran karyakram (yu. aine. eae. pii.) hii bhoomika bajavu shakato, parantu tee maryadit aadesh asaleli eka lahan-stariy sanstha aahe. yaa prashnane done viruddha matey nirman kelee aaheth european union, visheshtah france aanee germany, anek ngos, eka vio tayar karnyachya bajoone aahe; united kingdam, america aanee bahutek vikasansheel desh aichchhik upkramanchi nivad karnyas pradhanya detat.
shashvat vikasasathichi aantarrashtriy sanstha jaagtik paryavaran prashasanasathi "sudharana ajenda" prastavit karate. mukhya yuktivad assa aahe qee jaagtik paryavaran prashasanachya pranalichya aavashyak uddishtanvar eka naan bolalele parantu shaktishali ekmat astitvat asalyache disate. yaa uddishtansathi uchch darjache netrutva, dnyanavar aadharit majboot paryavaraniy dhoran, prabhavi ekatmata aanee samanvay, paryavaran prashasana pranalichi sthapana karananya sansthanche changle vyavasthapan aanee paryavaraniy chinta aanee krutee aantarrashtriy dhoran aanee krutichya itar kshetranmadhye pasaravane aavashyak aahe.
jaagtik paryavaran sanghatana.
1992 pasoon paryavaraniy samasyanche laksh hawaman badalakade valale. hawaman badalachya seemapar swarupamule, yaa jaagtik samasyela jaagtik staravar samore jaanyasathi jaagtik paryavaran sanghatanesathi (vio) (kadhikadhi jaagtik paryavaran sanghatana mhanoon sandarbhit) vividh maganya karnyat aalya aahet. sadhya, paryavaran dhoran vikasit karnyache aanee tyachi amalbajavani karnyache adhikar asaleli ekach jaagtik niyamak sanstha astitvat nahee. vio tayar karnyachya kalpanevar tees varshanpurvi charcha jhaali hotee, parantu alikadil 'paryavaraniy mega conferences' (udaa.jee.reo shikhar parishad aanee pruthvi shikhar parishad 2002).
anek rashtriy paryavaran sanghatanancha vapar jaminivarun vatavaran tayar karnyat madat karnyasathi keela jaato. nisarg sanwardhan praval khadak punha vadhavanyapasun teey hawaman badalavar upay shodhanyaparyant madat karate. nisarg sanwardhan sansthet 70 hoon adhik deshanmadhye shastradnya aanee svayamsevak aahet, jeey shakya titke jagache sanwardhan karnyasathi kaam karat aahet. pradushan maryadit karane, adhivasache nuksan thambavane aanee jaivavividhatela protsahan denyacha prayatna karane yasah aantarrashtriy dhorane tayar kartana, teey upay shodhanyasathi itar deshansobat kaam karatat. teey itar aantarrashtriy sanghatananshi hatmilavani karatat, jeey paryavaran sudharanyasathi marg shodhanyat madat karatat. paryavaraniy sanrakshn nidhi paryavaraniy sankatanvar upay shodhanyasathi nisarg sanwardhan sansthesobat kaam karato.
sadhyache jaagtik paryavaran prashasana.
aantarrashtriy paryavaran sanghatana astitvat aahet. 1972 madhye tayar jhalela sanyukt rashtrancha paryavaran karyakram (yu. aine. eae. pii.) sanyukt rashtranmadhil deshanchya paryavaraniy kriyakalapancha samanvay sadhato. unep aanee tatsam aantarrashtriy paryavaran sanghatanankade heey kaam purn karnyasathi yogya nasalyache manale jaate. sansthatmakdrushtya kamkuvat, vighatit, ubhe rahnyatil kamatarata aanee ishtatam nasalele paryavaran sanrakshn puravinare mhanoon tyanchyavar teeka kelee jaate. jaagtik paryavaraniy samasyansathi sadhyachi vikendrikrut, qamee nidhi aanee katekorpane aantarshaskiy vyavastha hii nikrusht darjachi asalyache mhatale gele aahe. tathapi, eka vio tayar kelyane samkalin jaagtik paryavaraniy prashasanachya kahee adhik prabhavi pailunna kamkuvat karnyacha dhoka asoo shakato; visheshtah tyache vikhandit swaroop, jyatoon lavchikta udbhavate. yamule pratisad adhik prabhavi houu shakatat aanee vegvegalya kshetranmadhye duve tayar karata yetat. jaree paryavaran aanee hawaman badal heey jaagtik mudde mhanoon tayar kele gele asale taree levin mhanatat qee 'tantotant yach staravar sarkari sanstha sarvat qamee prabhavi aahet aanee sarvat najuk aahet yavar vishvas thevato' tarr oberther aanee gehring assa yuktivad karatat qee teey swatachya fayadhyasathi sansthatmak punarrachanepeksha thode adhik deu kartil.
aantarrashtriy drushtikonatun paryavaranache sanrakshn karnyachya vikasat sanyukt rashtra mothya pramanavar sahbhagi aahe. 2012 saalee shashvat vikasavaril parishadet tyanni surakshit aanee nirogi paryavaranachya dishene kaam karnyasathi purnapane vachanbaddha kele aahe. yamadhye zaade lavnyapasun teey nagrik konatya prakarchya gadya chalvu shakatat, yaa prakarancha samavesh aahe. anek upayanche vishleshan aanee lekhan darmyan, tyanna jaagtik paryavaraniy adhiveshananmadhye samanvay majboot aanee vadhavanyachya shakyata aadhalalya aahet.
badal kele jaat nasale taree, paryavaraniy parinam nirman karnyat anek sanstha guntalelya aahet. gelya done dashakanmadhye cull qamee jhaala aahe aanee paryavaranala dhoka vadhala aahe. badal ghadavun aananyasathi jaagtik prashasakeey sudharana karnyat aalya aahet, parantu khel yojana prabhavi banavanyacha muddah aahe.
jaagtik paryavaran sanghatana aanee jaagtik vyapar sanghatana.
vyapar aanee paryavaranavaril vadatoon eka vio tayar karnyasathi anek prastav samore aale aahet. paryavaranachya sanrakshanasathi eka vio tayar karnyaivaji, paryavaraniy samasya thet jaagtik vyapar sanghatanet (doubleu. tii. oo.) samavisht kelya pahijet assa yuktivad keela gela aahe. doubleu. tii. oo. laa "vyapar kararanche ektrikaran karnyat aanee bajarpetha ughadanyat yash midale aahe kaaran teey rashtriy rajyanvar kayadeshir dabav aananyas aanee vivad sodavanyas saksham aahe". 2010 madhye tyanchi arthvyavastha kosalalyanantar greesmadheel kahee karjachi paratfed karnyasathi saur urjecha vapar karnyachya shakyatebaddal greece aanee germany sadhya charchet aahet. jarr tee sweekarli gelee tarr sansadhananchi hii devanghevan heey vadhiv aantarrashtriy sahkaryache udaharan aahe aanee eka udaharan aahe jithe doubleu. tii. oo. urja vyapar karar swikaru shakate. jarr bhavishyat ashach prakarche vyapar karar asateel, tarr doubleu. tii. oo. chee paryavaraniy shakha nishchitach aavashyak asel. tathapi, doubleu. tii. oo./vee. oo. vyavastheche tikakar mhanatat qee yamule bajaratil antargat apayashanna adhik thet sambodhit karnyavar laksh kendrit honar nahee kinwa niyam-nirmitimadhye mothya pramanat sudharana honar nahee.
doubleu. tii. oo. shhee jodaleli asso vaa naso, naveen agencychya nirmitila aata jaagtik vyapar sanghataneche (doubleu. tii. oo.) majee pramukh renato rugiro tasech doubleu. tii. oo. chey naveh niyukt sanchalak supachai panichpakadi yanni manyata dilee aahe. paryavaraniy samasyansathi jaagtik sansthatmak chaukativar charcha nihsanshaypane suru raheel parantu sadhya konatyahi eka prastavala farsa pathimba nahee.
jaagtik vyaparamadhye eka rajyatoon dusya rajyat pathavtana mothya pramanat nidhi aanee karancha samavesh hoto. singapurchya pantpradhananni eka upay tayar keela jyamule serve deshanna fayda hoil, jyamule serve rajyansathi aarthik sthirata aanee shashvat vikasala chalana milel. prakhyat vyakticha gut (eae. pii. jee.) serve sahbhagi lokansah nyayya aanee samaan niyam tayar karnyasathi aarthik jaagtik prashasanavar niyantran thewel. yaa prashasakeey sanrachanesathi vittiy sansthancha vikas aavashyak asel aanee tyat serve desh ekatra kaam kartil.
arthvyavastheche aanee jagatikikaranache prashasana.
2008chya aarthik sankatamule kadachit haah vishvas qamee jhaala asel qee, mukt bhandavalshahi serve gambhir aarthik bighad swatach durust karel, tasech arthvyavasthela rajkaranapasun swatantrya milel assa vishvasahi asel. pardarshaktecha abhav aanee lokshahichya palikade, aantarrashtriy vittiy sanstha aarthik kosalane hatalanyat aksham asoo shakatat asey mhatale gele aahe. asey anek aahet jyancha assa vishvas aahe qee mukt-bajar bhandavalshahi sthir samajache aarthik dhoran tayar karnyat aksham asoo shakate, kaaran teey vishamata vadhavu shakate asey siddha kele gele aahe.
tathapi, vyavasthechya sambhavya apayshanvaril vadavivadamule shaikshanik jagane upay shodhanyas pravrutt kele aahe. tubiana aanee severinochya matey, "sarvajanik vastoonchya sankalpanevar aantarrashtriy sahkaryachya siddhantavar punha laksh kendrit karane hii shakyata dete. . . vikasavaril aantarrashtriy vataghatitil gatirodh todane, samayik hitsambandhanchya aakalanasah, joou waf sampalelya aantarrashtriy ektemadhye naveen jeev shwas ghet aahe."
joseph stiglitz assa yuktivad karatat qee anek jaagtik sarvajanik vastunche utpadan aanee puravatha loksankhyela keela pahije, parantu nahee aanee anek jaagtik bahya baabee vicharat ghetalya pahijet, parantu naheet. dusarikade, teey mhanatat, aantarrashtriy munch anekada apardarshakta aanee guptatechya sanrakshanakhali purnapane asambandhit samasyanvar upay shodhanyasathi vaparla jaato, joou rashtriy lokshahi chaukatit ashakya asel.
aantarrashtriy vyaparachya vishayavar, susanne george asey sangato. . . tarkshuddha jagaat, uttar aanee dakshin asha donhi bhagatil lokanchya garja bhagavanari vyapar vyavastha tayar karane shakya hoil. . . . asha vyavastheantargat, jaagtik banq aanee aay. emm. eff. neey lagoo keleli tisya jagache karj aanee vinashkari sanrachanatmak samayojan dhorane chiradoon takane ashakya hote, jaree yaa vyavasthene bhandavalshahi radd kelee nasati."
rajkiy aanee sansthatmak prashasana.
samajachya rajkiy sanghataneshi jagatikikaranashi julavun ghene shakya hoil asey jababdar jaagtik prashasana nirman karane mhanje sthanik, rashtriy, pradeshik aanee jaagtik asha pratyek staravar lokshahi rajkiy vaidhata sthapit karane.
hii vaidhata midvinyasathi ekach velee punarvichar aanee sudharana karane aavashyak aaheh
jaagtik prashasanachya samasya aanee prashasanachi tattve yaa vibhagat jaagtik prashasanachya rajkiy pailuvar adhik tapshilvar charcha kelee aahe.
rajkiy aanee sansthatmak sarkare manvi hakkanche rakshan karnyat aanee rajyanmadhye serve goshti samaan karnyat madat karatat. madhyam santulan heey yuddh ufalun yenyas aanee yadavi yuddhanna pratibandh karate. teey jagala jaagtik sankatapasun rokhatat aanee rajkaranat nagarikancha sahbhag vadhavanyachya marganvar sanshodhan karnyasathi karyakram aahet jenekarun teey adhik sahbhagi houu shaktil. parasparavalambanachya vadhatya vadhimule rajkiy aanee sansthatmak prashasanachi garaj vadhali aahe.
jaagtik aarogya prashasana.
jethe prashasana mhanje rajya aanee bigger-rajya ghatakanmadhil sansthatmak vyavastha, jaagtik aarogya prashasana mhanje asha sansthatmak vyavastha jyancha aarogyavar pratyaksh aanee apratyaksh parinam hoto. 2002 purvi, 'jaagtik aarogya prashasana' haah shabd astitvat navhata; jaagtik aarogya hatalanyasathi seemapar upkramanche (sanrachana aanee prakriya) varnan mhanoon too udayas aala. jaagtik aarogya prashasana (jee. etch. jee.) heey purvichya 'aantarrashtriy aarogya prashasana' (aay. etch. jee.) yaa shabdachi jaaga ghenyasathi aale aahe, jeey adhik rajya-kendrit pranali aanee yugat kaam karat hote. jee. etch. jee. sathee tyachya anek arthanmule aanee vividh upayoganmule spasht vyakhya aanee "sankalpanatmak spashtata" aavashyak aahe.
jaagtik aarogya prashasana heey rajya aanee bigger-rajya ghatakanmadhil paraspar sambandhanna pradhanya dete. hii aantarjodani purvichya jaagtik aarogya pranalinpeksha vegali asoon, rajyetar ghatakanchi mothee bhoomika aahe, jyanchi sankhyahi vadhat aahe. ekte rajya karak anek aarogya aavhanancha samna karoo shakat naheet asha velee bigger-rajya ghatakanna mahattvapoorn manale jaate. jaagtik aarogya prashasana heey ajendyachi mandani, sansadhananchi jamvajamav aanee vatap aanee vivad nivaran yasarkhya kshetranmadhye bigger-rajya aanee rajya donhi ghatkansathi naveen bhoomika dete. yaa badalatya bhoomikanmule, aaichya dudhachya paryayanchya vipananaviruddha jaagtik moheem, unicef, jeey, aantarrashtriy bebby food action network aanee itar samvichari bigger-sarkari sanstha (ngo) yaa samasyeche nirakaran karnyasathi ekatra aale, asha naveen prakarchya bhagidari nirman jhalya aahet. ngo samudayamadhye aadhalanari vividhata lakshat gheta, vishisht ngo vishisht muddyanvar rajya ghatakanchya sahkaryane kaam karoo shakatat, jyamule doghanmadhye adhik kayamswarupi parantu pravahi sahkarya tayar hote.
shantata, suraksha aanee sangharsh nivaranasathiche shasson.
1989 madhye berlinchi bhint kosalalyapasun sashastr sangharshanche swaroop aanee tivrata badalali aahe. id1 chya ghatana, afghanistan aanee irakmadhil yuddhe aanee varanvar honare dahashatvadi halle heey serve darshavtat qee sangharsh thet sahbhagi asalelya ladhvayyanchya palikade parinam karoo shakatat. pramukh shaktinni aanee visheshtah americene sangharsh sodavanyache sadhan mhanoon yuddhacha vapar keela aahe aanee kadachit teey suruch raheel. jarr americetil anekanna asey vatat asel qee kattarpanthi muslim jaalyane halle suru thevanyachi shakyata aahe, tarr europemadhye rashtravadi chalvali haah sarvat kayamswarupi dahashatvadi dhoka asalyache siddha jhaale aahe. dahashatvadavirodhatil jaagtik yuddh heey, pashchimatya rajye, pashchimatya nasaleli rashtre aanee aantarrashtriy sansthanmadhil sanyukt sansthanchya aaghadichya sahkaryasah, surakshechya kshetrat udayonmukh jaagtik prashasanacha eka prakar aahe. bayer assa yuktivad karatat qee 'varchasvavadi prashasanachya' yaa swarupat sahbhag haah americaberoberchi samayik olakh aanee vichardhara, tasech kharch-laabh yaa donhinmule hoto.
tyach velee, jagbharat, visheshtah madhya aanee purv africa aanee madhya purv asha nagri aanee manavadhikarancha aadar naan kelya jaananya bhagat, yadavi yuddhe suru aahet. heey aanee itar pradesh kayamswarupi sankatat kholvar adakale aahet, hukumshahi shasananni tyanna adthala aanala aahe, tyapaiki anekanna amerikecha pathimba aahe, jyamule loksankhyecha sampoorn bhag dayaneey jivanshailit qamee jhaala aahe. aaplyala jyaa yuddhancha aanee sangharshancha samna karava lagat aahe, tyachi vividh karane aaheth aarthik asamanata, samajik sangharsh, dharmik sampradayikta, pashchatya samrajyavad, vasahatvadi varsa, pradeshavaril vivad aanee paanee kinwa jameen yasarkhya moolbhut sansadhananvar niyantran. heey serve jaagtik prashasanachya kholvar rujalelya sankatachi udaharane aahet.
parinami nirman jhalele yuddhamay hawaman spardhatmak rashtravadashi aantarrashtriy sambandh prasthapit karate aanee shrimant aanee garib deshanmadhye lashkari andajpatrak vadhavanyat, shastra udyog aanee lashkari-kendrit vaidnyanik navkalpananchya fayadhyasathi mothya pramanat sarvajanik paishacha gairavapar karnyat yogdan dete, tyamule jaagtik asurakshitatela chalana milate. yaa prachand rakmepaiki eka ansh, pruthvivaril loksankhyechya moolbhut garjanvar kayamswarupi todga kadhanyasathi puresa asel, tyamule yuddh aanee dahashatvadachi karane vyavharikdrushtya nasht hotil.
andree michelcha assa yuktivad aahe qee shastrastranchi sharyat keval adhik jomane pudhe jaat nahee tarr pashchimatya deshansathi dakshinechya deshanvar tyanche varchasva rakhanyache heey nishchit sadhan aahe. purvekadil gut deshanchya vighatananantar, tee mhanate, shatruchya kayamswarupi shodhasah (sadhya iraq, iran, libia, siiriya aanee uttar koreane avtar ghetalelya) aanee lashkari-audhyogik sankul aanee shastrastranchya vikrila kayamswarupi nyayya tharvanyasathi itaranchi bheeti aanee dvesh petvoon janatechi hatalani karnyasathi eka ranniti tayar karnyat aalee hotee. lekhak asehi aathavato qee, sanyukt rashtratil 'bigg five' jyanna nakaradhikar aahe, teey jagbharatil 85 takke shastrastranchya vikrisathi jababdar aahet.
shantata, suraksha aanee sangharsh nivaranasathiche prastav, mug teey aarthik, samajik, dharmik, rajkiy kinwa pradeshik asso, sangharshachya karananna pratibandh karoon suru hotat. yasathi lokanche jivanman sudharanyasathi-aarogya, nivas, ann aanee kaam-aanee shikshanasathi, shantata, samajik nyay aanee ekata aanee vividhata yaa mulyanmadhil shikshanasah, jaagtik gavache pratinidhitva karananya ekach nanyachya done bajoo mhanoon adhik sansadhane niyukt karane aavashyak aahe.
gelya alikadchya varshant vadhalyashivay kahihi naan karata lashkari andajpatrak niyantrit karoon kinwa qamee karoonahi shantatesathi sansadhane midavata yeu shakatat. hii prakriya jaagtik nihshastrikaran aanee shastra udhyoganche rupantaran karnyachya yojananshi jodaleli asoo shakate, jee pramukh shaktinsah serve deshanna pramananusar lagoo hote. durdaivane, gelya dashkatil yuddhasadrush havamanamule, nagri-samajachya vadavivadanmadhyehi, jaagtik nishastrikaranachya serve yojana raddabatal tharalya aahet aanee tyanna dirghakalin dhyey kinwa agadi aadarshavadi drushtikon mhanoon parve padnyat madat jhaali aahe. haah nihsanshaypane shantatechya uddeshasathi aanee manavjatisathi eka dhakka aahe, parantu too kayamswarupi adthala asanyapasun door aahe.
sashastr sangharsh sodavanyat aantarrashtriy sansthanchihi bhoomika aahe. sudharit aanee lokshahi sanyukt rashtra pranalidware kinwa european unionsarkhya sambandhit pradeshik pradhikarananni dilelya vishesh aadeshasah lahan aantarrashtriy jalad upayojan units yamadhye hastakshep karoo shakatat. 2006 chya lebnon yuddhadarmyan unifil majboot kele gele tevhachya paristhitipramane, anek deshanchya sainyacha vapar karoon pratyek sangharshasathi heey unit visheshtah tayar kele jaau shakat hote. dusarikade, konatyahi rashtriy sainyala sanyukt kinwa pradeshik aadeshashivay tyachya pradeshabaher ektarfi hastakshep karnyacha adhikar nasel.
aanakhi eka muddah jyache nirakaran karane yogya aahe too yuddhadarmyan balacha vapar aanee aacharanasathichya kayadeshir attinshi sambandhit aahe. jeane-rene bachelet heey 'manavatechya tattvachya' garjeshi sambandhit lashkari naitikatechya sankalpanesah uttar dete."lekhakane heey tattva khalilpramane paribhashit kele aaheh" serve manav, tyanche vansh, rashtriyatva, ling, vay, mutt kinwa dharm kahihi asso, ekach manavateche aahet aanee pratyek vyaktila tyachya jivanacha, akhandatecha aanee sanmanacha aadar karnyacha avibhajya adhikar aahe."
vidnyan, shikshan, mahitee aanee dalanvalanache prashasana.
aarthik jagatikikaran.
jaagtik vyapar sanghatanecha (doubleu. tii. oo.) sarvajanik vastoo aanee sevanche udarikaran karnyacha ajenda sanskruti, vidnyan, shikshan, aarogya, jiwant jeev, mahitee aanee sanvadashi sambandhit aahe. 1999 chya seatle baithakit ghadalelya ghatananpasun suru jhalelya badal-jagatikikaran chalvalidware aanee internetvaril sahyogi paddhatinchya aashcharyakarak sphotadvare madhyam aanee dirghakalin kalat purnapane vegalya aanee kadachit adhik prabhavshali pramanat yaa yojanechi keval anshatah bharpai jhaali aahe. tathapi, rajkiy aanee vyapak nagarikancha pathimba tasech puresha sansadhanancha abhav, nagri samaj aataparyant jaagtik staravar sampoorn samajasathi paryayi yojana vikasit aanee prasarit karoo shakala nahee, jaree bharpur prastav aanee upkram vikasit kele gele asale, taree kahee itaranpeksha adhik yashasvi jhaale, yaa serve kshetranmadhye eka nyayya, adhik jababdar aanee adhik aarogya-aanee shashvatatevar aadharit jug tayar karnyasathi.
samajasathi vidnyan.
vidnyanacha vichar karata, "[aar] shodh adhikadhik aarthik bajarpethechya garjankade zukato, kshamata aanee dnyanache vastunmadhye rupantar karato, rojgar lavchik aanee anaupacharik karato aanee spardhatmak tattvache palan karoon khajgi hitsambandhanchya fayadhyasathi uddishte aanee nafyavar aadharit karar sthapit karato. gelya done dashkant sanshodhanane ghetalelya disha aanee tyatoon jhalelya badalanni tyachya sadhyachya aanee bhavishyatil mohimanvar prashna naan vicharta tyala tyachya prarambhik dhyeyatoon (kshamata nirman karane aanee visheshtah samajikdrushtya mahatvache, dnyan, swatantrya rakhane) mothya pramanat door kele aahe. pragati hounahi, kinwa kadachit tyacha parinam mhanoonahi, manavjatila gambhir samasyanna tond dyave lagat aaheh garibi aanee upasamar adyap door hone baakee aahe, anvastre vadhat aahet, paryavaraniy aapatti vadhat aahet, samajik anyay vadhat aahe aanee asech.
samanya lokanche navudarvadi vyaparikaran heey rugnanchya aivaji aushadhanirman companyanchya hitsambandhanna anukool aahe, ann prakriya companyanchya hitsambandhanna shetkari aanee grahakanchya hitsambandhanna anukool aahe. sarvajanik sanshodhan dhorananmule aarthik nafyachya yaa prakriyela pathimba midala aahe, jithe aarthik bajarpethedware sanshodhanachya parinamanche adhikadhik moolyankan kele jaate. asha prakare 1994 chya bauddhik sampada kararandware dnyan aanee sajivanna paddhatshir paytant denyachi pranali sampoorn grahavar lagoo kelee jaat aahe. anek kshetrantil sanshodhan aata khajgi kampanyandvare nirdeshit kele jaat aahe."
jaagtik staravar, "[i] vishisht kshetravar varchasva gajavana sthanantaranmule, pratyek staravar, tyanche swatache sandarbh vaparnanya aanee eka vegalya vatavaranat jaanunbujun kelelya tantrik sansthanvar avalambun rahanyacha dhoka nirman hoto. hii prakriya 'paytant samuday' dware pahili jaau shakate jee sajivanchya petantala protsahan dete, tasech anuurjevar niyantran thevana adhikaonsah. haah antarmukh drushtikon serve guntaguntichya tantrik aanee kayadeshir kshetranmadhye tadnyanchya samudayanchya tulanet adhik dhokadayak aahe, jyat sanshodhan aanee vikasasathi vittapuravatha karananya pramukh aarthik sansthanche varchasva vadhat aahe."
dusarikade, vidnyan kshetrat anek navinyapurn prayog udayala aale aahet, jase keeh utpadan pranalichya lokshahikaranache sadhan mhanoon vivek kalame aanee nagarikanche patalah vidnyan dukane aanee samuday-aadharit sanshodhan. rajkiyadrushtya vachanbaddha shastradnya dekhil jaagtik staravar adhikadhik sanghatit hott aahet.
moolye, pradhanye, lokpriy tatvadnyan aanee sanskruti.
sarvat mahattvache mhanje, pratyek desh doubleu. tii. oo. kinwa unesco sarkhya aantarrashtriy sansthanmadhye, visheshtah madhyam kshetrat, tyanchi moolye aanee samoohik pradhanye ladanyacha prayatna karato. udaharanarth, chitrapatanchya pracharasah, tyanchya soft powerla protsahan denyachi hii eka sandhee aahe. tathapi, chitrapat kinwa chitrapat udyog dekhil mothya pramanat bajar-aadharit hitsambandhanvar aadharit aahe-deshanvar nahee-aanee udaharanarth, paryayi bhavishyatil samaj (samajik arthshastra) kinwa hawaman badalachya vastavik-jaagtik samasyanche (navintam vaidnyanik dnyanavar aadharit) changlya prakare vicharpurvak sakaratmak drushtikon chitrit naan kelyabaddal tyanchyavar teeka kelee gelee aahe. kahinni samkalin lokpriy kalpanaramya (pramukhyane chitrapat, chitrapat aanee durchitravani malika) varr tippani kelee aahe, qee "bhandavalshahichya samaptichi kalpana karnyapeksha jagachya samaptichi kalpana karane sope aahe" kinwa sadhyachya samasyanna yashasviritya kase samore jaave lagel yachee kalpana karane sope aahe.
shikshan aanee dnyan.
shaikshanik andajpatrak kadak karnyatoon vastuvardhanacha parinam disun yeto, jyamule sarvajanik seva mhanoon samanya shikshanachya gunavattevar parinam hoto. jaagtik bhavishyatil online ahwal aaplyala yachee aathvan karoon deto. . . 2015 chya ardhya margavar "(lekhakachi teepah sahasrabdichya uddishtansathichi antim mudat)," hii tafavat bhitidayak aaheh 8 kotee mule (tyapaiki 4 kotee 40 laakh mulee) shalebaher aahet, upekshit gatanna (2 kotee 60 laakh apang aanee 3 kotee sangharshagrast mule) vagalale jaat aahe. aanee sarvatrik pravesh mahattvacha asala taree, too shikanyachya sudharit parinamansah jodala gela pahije-visheshtah, mule daridrya qamee karnyasathi aavashyak asaleli moolbhut saksharta, sankhyatmakata aanee jeevan kaushalye prapt karat aahet."
sadhyachi shaikshanik vyavastha sarvatrik upalabdh karoon denyabarobarach, pranali sudharanyache aanee guntaguntichya aanee anpekshit jagatil badalanchya gatishi julavun ghenyache aavahan dekhil kele jaat aahe. yaa muddyavar, edgar morin thampane sangato qee aapan dnyan sanghatit karnyachya aaplya paddhativar '[aar]' chintan kele pahije. yacha arth shakhanmadhil paramparik adthale door karane aanee jeey fatale aahe teey punha jodanyasathi naveen marg tayar karane."morinne tayar kelelya unescochya ahavalat" bhavishyatil shikshanasathi saat tattve "aaheth manvi aatma aanee manvi vartanache nehmich parajivikaran karananya truti aanee bhram shodhane; dnyanala prasangik banavane, mhanje.eae. vichar karanyachi eka paddhat jee bhed aanee sambandh nirman karate; manvi sthitee shikavane; sthaliy olakh shikavane; manvi aanee vaidnyanik anishchitatancha samna karane aanee tyanna samore jaanyasathi shikavanyachya dhoranancha samna karane; swatahbaddal aanee itarambaddalchi samaj aanee manavjatisathi naitikta shikavane.
sanshodhakancha assa yuktivad aahe qee samanya samasya sodavanyachya kaushalyanna shikshanachya kendrasthani thevanyachi samajik garaj aahe aanee vastavik samasya sodavnyavar khoop qamee laksh dile jaat aahe, udaa.jee. madhyam saksharta, shikshan paddhati aanee vidnyan shikshan. udaharanarth, arthvyavastha kahee pramanat shashvatatekade valanyasathi punarrachana karoo shakatat, tyamule itar nokya gamavalya jaat asatana jagbharat 'harit nokyanchee' sankhya vadhu shakate. asha badalanmule, visheshtah jaagtik staravar, shikshan pranali vikasit karane-sambhavyatah prasarmadhyamansah-aanee punha prashikshan ghenyache marg sthapit karnyat madat karane adhik fayadeshir tharoo shakate.<sandarbh naav = "10.1016/j.enpol.2006.01.009 "> </ref>
naveen jaagtik sahkarya.
naveen tantradnyanachi, visheshtah internetchi, zapatyane vaadh, gelya dashkatil jaagtik samudayachya vastunche utpadan aanee devanghevanichya vikasashi jodaleli aahe. haah vikas manoranjan, prakashan aanee sangeet aanee madhyam udhyoganchya aakarat kayamswarupi badal karat aahe. jyaa prakare sanstha, vyavasay aanee nagri samaj sanghatit keela jaato tyachyasah vadhatya lokanchya samajik vartanavar aanee kamavar dekhil yacha prabhav padat aahe.
peear-too-peear samuday, samanya-aadharit peear utpadan aanee wikipedia sarkhya samoohik dnyan-nirmiti prakalp kinwa gnu/linux software sarkhya mukt aanee mukt srot software prakalpanmadhye jagbharatil lakho vaparkarte sahbhagi jhaale aahet. creative commons, project draudown-eka web 1 jaagtik munch, joou hawaman badal qamee karnyachya sambhavya upayayojananchi mothee sankhya ektrit karato, cyber lokshahi paddhati aanee kshetriy, pradeshik aanee jaagtik staravar tyaa vikasit karanyachi vastavik shakyata yasarkhe anek navinyapurn upkram aahet.
sanshodhan aanee tantradnyanatun yenanya aapattijanak jokhaminche nivaran.
eka paywald lekhat, american shastradnyanni jeevan vidnyan sanshodhanatun mothee jokhim qamee karnyasathi dhoran-aadharit upay prastavit kele aahet-udaharanarth apghat kinwa gairavaparadvare (jaagtik) mahamari. jokhim vyavasthapan upayayojananmadhye naveen aantarrashtriy margdarshak tattve aanee aachar manke, prabhavi dekhrekh, jaagtik staravar dhorananvar prabhav taknyasathi yu. ess. dhorananmadhye sudharana aanee jaivasuraksha dhorananmadhil truti olakhane aanee tyanche nirakaran karnyasathi sambhavya drushtikonancha samavesh asoo shakato.
pradeshik matey.
pradeshik kheladu, mug teey markosur aanee european unionsarkhe pradeshik samooh asso kinwa chean, america aanee bharat yasarkhe pramukh pradeshik kheladu mhanoon pahile jaanare pramukh desh, jaagtik prashasanat vadhata rus ghet aahet. yaa samasyevar charcha karanyachi udaharane martina timmerman aanee itaranchya karyanmadhye aadhalu shakatat."ishanya aashiyatil sansthatmak pavalah jaagtik prashasanakade pradeshik pavale"; dugglus louis, "jaagtik prashasana aanee nyayasathicha shodh-khand I: aantarrashtriy aanee pradeshik sanghatana"; olav scram stokke, "aantarrashtriy vyavasthanchya parinamanche parikshan karane", jeey aantarrashtriy sambandhanchya sandarbhat uttar kinwa arctic pradeshachya ubharanivar charcha karate; jeffery haart aanee johnn edelman spero, "21 vya shatkatil jagatikikaran aanee jaagtik prashasana", jeey mexico, brazil, bharat, chean, taiwan aanee dakshin koria yasarkhya deshanchya dabavavar charcha karate, "jaagtik nirnay ghenyachya tablever eka sthan midvinyasathi mahattvache pradeshik kheladu"; phrank altemolar, "aantarrashtriy vyapar aavhaneh pradeshik aanee jaagtik prashasanasathi tulanah europe aanee purv aafriketil pradeshik models aanee itar anek bhoomika".
africa.
aantarrashtriy dhoranavar mutt vyakt karnyasathi lock kinwa pradeshapeksha nehmich sodavali jaanari samasya mhanoon pahili jaanari, african aanee africa samuday aanee samajik ektechya tatvik paramparevar aadharit aahet jee urvarit jagasathi prerana mhanoon kaam karoo shakate aanee jaagtik shasson ubharanimadhye yogdan deu shakate. eka udaharan sabelo jeey yanni dile aahe. endlovu-gathseny jevha too aaplyala ubantu sankalpanechi prasangikta aathvan karoon deto, jee manavanchya parasparavalambanavar jore dete.
asha prakare african nagri samajane khandachya prashasanasathi prastav tayar karnyas suruvat kelee aahe, jeey sthanik, african aanee jaagtik asha serve parimananna karanibhoot aahe. udaharananmadhye, 'sthanik kayadeshir prashasanache bandhkam', 'khandachya vikasachya aavhanancha samna karnyas saksham rajya sudharana' aanee 'aafrikeche upekshit hone sampavanyasathi prabhavi pradeshik prashasana' yasathi 'dylog suur laa governance aine afric' yaa jaalyachya prastavancha samavesh aahe."
dakshin america.
21 vya shatkat lattin americet davya vicharsaranichya sarkaranchya naveen aanee vaividhyapurn pidhiche aagman jhaale aahe. yamule rajkiy aanee prashasakeey nutanikaran suru karnyasathichya upkramanche darvaje ughadale aahet. nagarikancha sahbhag gheuun rajyachya bhoomikechi punarnirdharan karnyachya tyanchya paddhatisathi yapaiki anek upkram mahattvapoorn aahet aanee asha prakare lokanchya aavajavar pratham aanee sarvat mahattvachepane bandhalelya bhavishyatil jaagtik prashasanasathi eka aadarsh mhanoon kaam karoo shakatat. equador aanee boliviamadhil sanvidhan sabha hii yaa ghatanechi moolbhut udaharane aahet.
1990 madhye sanvidhan sabhechya sthapanevar suru jhalelya charchemage samajik aanee sthanik chalvali hotya. november 2006 madhye rafael koria deshachya pramukhanchya bhetila aalyanantar, 'kyu seey vayan todos' (teey serve jaau dya) yaa ghoshavakyasaha vyapak lokpriy krutimule congresschya serve rajkiy pakshanna vidhansabha sthapan karnyababat sarvmatasathi dikshant samarambh swikaranyas yash aale.
april 2007 madhye, rafael koriyachya sarkarne sanvidhan sabhechya sthapanela manjuri denyasathi lokanshi sallamasalat aayojit kelee. ekada tyala manjuri midalyanantar, septembermadhye vidhansabheche 130 sadasya nivadle gele, jyat 100 prantiy sadasya, 24 rashtriy sadasya aanee europe, lattin america aanee americetil sthalantaritansathi 6 sadasyancha samavesh hota. novembermadhye yaa sabhechi adhikrutpane sthapana karnyat aalee. vidhansabheche sadasya paramparik rajkiy pakshanche tasech naveen samajik chalvalinche hote. julai 2008 madhye, vidhansabhene naveen sanvidhanacha majkoor purn keela aanee september 2008 madhye tyala manyata denyasathi sarvmat ghenyat aale. viruddhachya 28.1% matanchya tulanet 63.9% matey aanee 24.3% anupasthit rahnyachya darasah naveen majkurachi manjuri jinkley gelee.
naveen rajyaghatanene aarthik, samajik, sanskrutik aanee paryavaraniy hakkanvar (esser) kayadyache rajya sthapit kele aahe. heey kayadyachya rajvatichya adheen asalelya samajik rajyachya kayadeshir pratimeche rupantar 'hamiyukt kalyanachi ghatana' ('constitution dell binestar guarantizado') madhye karate, jee bhootkalatil kwechua tasech 21 vya shatkatil samajvadi vichardharedvare prastavit kelelya 'changlya jivanachya' purvajanchya samudayik vichardharepasun prerit aahe. deshantargat utpadan aanee vyaparala anukool asaleli sanrakshanvadi pranali sthapan karoon rajyaghatna ann sarvbhaumatvachya sankalpanela protsahan dete. shikshan, aarogya, payabhoot suvidha aanee itar sevansathi sarvajanik madatiche eka model dekhil vikasit karate.
yavyatirikt, heey teen paramparik adhikaranmadhye bharr ghalate, nagrik sahbhag aanee samajik niyantran parishad navacha chautha adhikar, joou purvichya ghatanatmak niyantran sanstha aanee samajik chalvalinni banalela aahe aanee sarvajanik dhorane ghatanatmak aahet qee nahee yache moolyankan karane anivarya aahe.
naveen bolivian sanvidhanala 25 janewari 2009 roji sarvmatadvare manyata denyat aalee, jyachya bajoone 61.4% matey padali, viruddhmadhye 38.6% matey padali aanee 90.2% matdan jhaale. prastavit sanvidhan eka sanvidhan sabhene tayar kele hote, jyat keval rajkiy paksh aanee uchchabhru lokanche hitsambandh pratibimbit hott navhate, tarr sthanik lock aanee samajik chalvalinche pratinidhitvahi hote. equadorpramanech, 1990 pasoon sampoorn deshatil sthanik lokanchya melavyat, 2000 chya dashakachya suruvatila swadeshi morcha suru thevun aanee nantar september 2004 madhye santa cruze yethe kautumbik shetkari aanee sthanik lokanni sthapan kelelya ekata karar ('pacto dii yunidad programatico') yaa karyakramasah, lokanni sanvidhan sabhechya ghoshanechi magani kelee hotee.
rajyaghatna sthanik lokanchi svayatta, vishisht sthanik kayadeshir vyavastheche astitva, pratyek samudayachi vann sansadhananchi vishesh malki aanee sansadechya sthanik sadasyancha kota manya karate. jyaa parganyanna tyanchya naisargik sansadhananche vyavasthapan karnyacha aanee tyanche pratinidhi thet nivadanyacha adhikar aahe, tyanna tee svayatta dete. prati vyakti jastit jaast 5,000 hector malkichi parvanagi asalelya 'latifundio' pranalivar bandee ghalanyat aalee aahe. rajyane hummy dilele manvi haqq mhanoon paanee aanee swachchata milane, tasech veej, vayoo, tapal seva aanee dursanchar yasarkhya itar moolbhut seva jyaa ektar rajya kinwa kantrati kampanyandvare puravilya jaau shakatat, tyaa rajyaghatanene samavisht kelya aahet. naveen rajyaghatanene sarvajanik, khajgi aanee samajik sanstha aanee sahkari sansthanni banalele samajik aanee samudayik aarthik model dekhil sthapit kele aahe. heey khajgi upkram aanee udyog swatantryachi hummy dete aanee sarvajanik sansthanna naisargik sansadhane aanee sambandhit prakriya vyavasthapit karnyache tasech rajyaghatanedware samavisht sarvajanik seva vikasit karnyache kaam sopavate. khajgi aanee aantarrashtriy guntavanukipeksha rashtriy aanee sahkari guntavanukila pasanti dilee jaate.
boliviachya ekatmak bahudeshiy rajyat spanishs 36 adhikrut sthanik bhasha aahet. naisargik sansadhane hii lokanchi aahet aanee rajyadvare prashasit kelee jaatat. astitvat asalelya lokshahiche swaroop aata keval pratinidhi aanee/kinwa pakshanvar aadharit manale jaat nahee. asha prakare, "lock tyanchya pratinidhinchya aanee sanvidhan sabhechya, nagrik vidhimandalachya upkramachya aanee sarvmatadvare vicharpurvak aanee sarkarcha vapar karatat. . ."aanee" rajkiy paksh, nagrik gut aanee sthanik lokandware lokpriy pratinidhitva vaparale jaate."asha prakare", rajkiy paksh aanee/kinwa nagrik gut aanee/kinwa sthanik lock thet adhyaksh, upadhyaksh, senator, sabhagruh pratinidhi, ghatak-vidhansabha sadasya, nagarsevak, mahapour aanee nagarpalika pratinidhi yanchya karyalayansathi umedvar sadar karoo shakatat. samaan atty sarvanna kayadeshiraritya lagoo hotat. . . ."
uttar america.
adhyaksh barak obama yanni jaheer kelelya pararashtra dhoran prastavanmadhye jaagtik daridrya kayada punarsanchayit karane samavisht aahe, jyache uddisht 2015 paryant eka dollarpeksha qamee dainandin utpannavar jaganari jagachi ardhi loksankhya qamee karnyasathi sahasrabdi vikas uddishte purn karnyat yogdan dene aahe. paradeshi madat duppat houn 50 abj dollars honyachi apeksha aahe. yaa paishacha vapar sushikshit aanee nirogi samuday nirman karnyasathi, garibi qamee karnyasathi aanee lokanche aarogya sudharanyasathi keela jaeel.
pararashtra dhoran aanee jaagtik prashasana sudharanyasathi america aanee chean ekatra kaam karat aahet. aantarrashtriy vyavasay udyogala pathbal denyasathi 3 varshancha prakalp aahe. tyanni hawaman badal, vyapar, guntavanuk aanee vitt yaa kshetranvar charcha kelee aahe. 
chiinii rajkaran aanee vyavasay sanshodhan kendrane (aar. see. see. pii. bii.) bahutansh aantarrashtriy sambandh baithka ghetalya aahet aanee krutee yojananchi bhet ghenyasathi aanee tyavar charcha karnyasathi jagbharatil vidvananna aananyasah vikasasathi sarvadhik upay suchavale aahet.
aantarrashtriy sansthanchya babatit, white hausache sanketsthal konatyahi tapashilat naan jaata jaagtik banq aanee aay. emm. eff. chya sudharananche samarthan karate.
jaagtik prashasanashi thet sambandhit pararashtra dhoranasathichya obama-biden yojnetil aanakhi mudde khalee dile aaheth
ashiya.
aashiyatil jaagtik prashasanatil vadhati ruchi, rajyanchya rashtravadi drushtikonanche varchasva asalelya adhikrut sandeshansathi paryayi drushtikonache pratinidhitva karate. jaagtik prashasanasathi prastav vikasit karnyacha upkram 2006 madhye shanghay yethe jhaala, jyala pratyek khandatil tarun upasthit hote. yaa upkramane kalpana aanee prakalp tayar kele jyanna done prakaranmadhye vargikrut kele jaau shakateh pahila aanee adhik paramparik prakar, jyamadhye aantarrashtriy utsarjan sanghatanesarkhya anek naveen sansthanchi nirmiti samavisht aahe aanee dusra jaale-aadharit pranalinchya aayojanavar aadharit adhik navinyapurn prakar. udaharanarth, rajyanmadhye jaagtik staravar sahkari niyantranachi pranali aanee naveen tantradnyanacha vapar karoon nagri samajache swayam-sanghatan, hii eka ashee prakriya aahe jee 'madat-sathee-jaagtik aavahan kendra' kinwa muktapane sanvad sadhananya, mahitee samayik karananya, charcha karananya aanee ekmat-aadharit upay shodhanaya nagarikanvar aadharit naveen model sthapan karnyasathi kaam karel. teey aantarjal aanee madhyamancha vapar karoon, vidyapithe, ngo, sthanik svayamsevak aanee nagri-samaj gut asha anek prakarchya sansthanmadhye kaam kartil.
khandache loksankhyashastriy mahatva lakshat gheta, pradeshik staravar aashiyatil shasson aanee paddhatinvaril charchecha vikas, tasech jaagtik staravaril prastav, serve prakarchya bhagdharkanmadhye jaagtik sanvad balkat karnyasathi, eka sanvad joou eka nyayya jaagtik vyavastha nirman karel, pudhil kahee varshant nirnayak tharel.(kishore mehboobani pahaa).
europe.
michel rokardchya matey, europechi drushti samayik nahee, parantu eka samoohik itihas aahe joou europeanana european unionsarkhya haloohaloo rajkiy bandhkamasathi prakalp nivadanyachi parvanagi deto. yaa nirikshanavar aadharit, rockard jaagtik prashasana ubharanyasathi teen dhoranancha vikas karnyas samarthan denanya european drushtikonachi kalpana karatoh sanyukt rashtranmadhye sudharana karane, jaagtik niyamancha mukhya srot mhanoon kaam karnyasathi aantarrashtriy karar tayar karane aanee "nyayadvare aantarrashtriy drushyacha purogami pravesh."
europechi itar rashtransarkhi matey naheet, tathapi viennache rajdoot walter lychem yanchya matey, "aaj pratyek nagrik dusyachi pratishtha aanee sambandhit manavadhikaranchya manyatesathi yogdan deu shakato. nagrik-kendrit manavadhikar karyakramancha parinam jagatil serve pradeshantil manavadhikar shaharanmadhye disun yeto. samajik ekatmatechi paristhiti nirman karnara nagrik dekhil shantata aanee surakshitatesathi aavashyak yogdan deto."ekandarit, samaan manavadhikar uddisht asane haah serve rashtranmadhye antim khel aahe. 
jaagtik prashasanadvare europeche aata mukhya laksh shantata rakhanyacha cull rakhanyavar aahe. ireland, sweeden, finland, denmark, germany, austriya, belgium aanee norwey heey desh shantata rakhanyat sahbhagi aahet. tyanni palan karnyasathi niyam aanee nikash sthapit karnyasathi aantarrashtriy sahkarya sanshodhan jaalyasah kaam kele aahe.
aantarrashtriy faujdari nyayalayachi serve rashtranchi manyata, aantarrashtriy gunhegaranna atak karnyasathi adhikrut aantarrashtriy police dalacha paryay aanee curr aashraysthane, mothya pramanat pradushankari kriyakalap aanee dahashatvadi karvayanna pathimba denanya rajyanna samore jaanyasathi nyayik karyapaddhatichi sanstha yasah anek "sadhyachya kalatil mothe prashna" aahet asey rocard manatat. parasparavalambanachya ghoshanesathicha prakalp, jaagtik vyapar aanee upkramanmadhye punha samtol kassa sadhava aanee samoohik vastoonchya (havah, pinyache paanee, teel ii.) vyavasthapanasathi jaagtik niyam kase tayar karave yasarkhya prashnanvar yenanya varshant vadavivadala chalana denanya "naveen samasyanchi" ruparesha dekhil tyanni mandali.) aanee seva (shikshan, aarogya ii.)).
shaikshanik sadhan kinwa shist.
aantarrashtriy rajkaranatil sankalpana mhanoon 'jaagtik prashasana' yaa shabdacha aspasht arth lakshat gheta, kahee lekhakanni tyachi vyakhya thos nasoon shist aanee paddhatshir drushtine karnyacha prastav mandala aahe. yaa lekhakansathi, jaagtik prashasana hii eka vishleshanatmak sankalpana kinwa drushti mhanoon adhik changlya prakare samajoon ghetali jaate jee jaagtik rajkaranavar paramparik aantarrashtriy sambandh siddhantapeksha vegala vishisht drushtikon pradan karate. thomas jee. vees aanee rorden wilkinson yanni assa yuktivadahi keela aahe qee jaagtik prashasanat aantarrashtriy sambandhanchya kahee vibhajanavar eka shist mhanoon maat karanyachi kshamata aahe, visheshtah jevha jaagtik vyavasthechya prashasanabaddal prashnancha sanch mhanoon samajale jaate. itar lekhakanni jaagtik prashasanachi sankalpana eka vyavhar kshetra mhanoon mandali jyamadhye sarvajanik, khajgi aanee atee-sarkari ghatak yasarkhe vividh bhagdharak rashtriy simanshi bandhane nasalelya samasyambabat prabhavasathi spardha karoo shakatat. yaa sankalpanemule vataghatichya kshetratun vishisht bhagdharkanna vagalanyachi tattve adhik changlya prakare samajoon gheta yetat kaaran kahee ghatakanmadhye puresa prabhav midvanyasathi aavashyak asalelya aarthik, samajik, sanskrutik aanee pratikatmak sansadhanancha abhav asato.
aantarrashtriy sambandhanche abhyaskram denanya vidyapithansaha kahee vidyapithanni jaagtik prashasanat padvi abhyaskram suru karnyas suruvat kelee aahe.
prashna.
manak yantranancha vistar aanee sansthanche jagatikikaran.
jaagtik bajarpethetil vyavasayanche vadhate niyaman haah jagatikikaranacha eka parinam aahe. tathapi, heey badal garja purn karnyasathi apure aahet assa dawa zaan aart scholte karatatah "samkalin itihasatil samajik sambandhanchya sarvasadharan tivra jagatikikaranasaha grahanchya adhikarkshetra aanee matdarsanghancha samavesh asalelya niyamak upkaranancha abhootpurv vistar jhaala aahe. matra, ekandarit, heey jaagtik prashasana jaagtik sarvajanik dhoranachya sadhyachya garajanchya tulanet kamkuvat aahe. naitik sthitee, kayadeshir paya, bhautik vitaran, lokshahichi olakh aanee karishmai netrutvatil kamatarata yamule ektritpane vidyaman jaagtik shasananmadhye mothya kayadeshir kamatarata nirman jhalya aahet."
rajkiy paksh, sanghatana, pradeshik adhikari aanee sarvbhoum rajyanmadhil sansad sadasya asha jaagtik staravar karyarat asalelya jaalyanchi aanee sansthanchi sthapana karnyasathi vividh strotandvare prastav aanee upkram vikasit kele gele aahet.
rachana aanee uddishte.
jaagtik lokshahi prashasana ubharanyasathichya atinpaiki eka mhanje jaagtik prashasanachya kayadeshir nirmitivar aanee uddishtanche susanvad sadhanyavar nagrik sanvadasathi munch vikasit karane.
heey kayadeshir swaroop jaagtik sanvidhanache roop gheu shakate. piyare calem aanee gustavo mareen yanchya matey, "jaagtik samudayachya sansthesathichya prakriyemule nirman jhaleli jaagtik sanvidhan sanyukt rashtranchya sansthanna aanee aantarrashtriy vittiy nidhi, jaagtik banq aanee jaagtik vyapar sanghatana yasarkhya itar bahupakshiy sansthanna lagoo asalelya haqq aanee kartvyancha kram sthapit karnyasathi samanya sandarbh mhanoon kaam karel."uddishte tayar karnyababat, manavjatiche aanee grahache rakshan karnyachya uddeshane sanyukt rashtranchya sahasrabdi vikas uddishtanchi aavashyak parantu apuri mahattvakanksha aanee tyanchi amalbajavani karnyatil prachand adachani, nagarikanna vistar prakriyet sahbhagi honyasathi aamantrit karnyat ayashasvi tharalyabaddal lock pathimba nasalelya sansthatmak upkramanchi apureeta spasht karatat.
yavyatirikt, jaagtik rajyaghatanene "jaagtik prashasanacha aadhar bananyasathi aanee amerikechya samaan kruteela margadarshan karnyasathi maryadit sankhyene ekoon uddishte spashtapane vyakt kelee pahijet.aine. sanstha aanee bahupakshiy sanstha, jethe yaa pratyekachi vishisht bhoomika yaa samaan uddishtanchya pathpuravyasathi adheen aahe."
calemne khaleel uddishte prastavit kelee aaheth
aantarrashtriy sansthanmadhye sudharana karane.
grahachya gambhir samasyanche vyavasthapan karanyachi mothee jababdari swikaranyas asamarth aahe qaa? adhik spashtapane, yaa aavhanacha samna karnyasathi saksham honyasathi sanyukt rashtra swatamadhye asha prakare sudharana karoo shakate qaa? 2008chey aarthik sankat, mageel varshatil hawaman aapattinni nirman kelelech prashna, vinashkari manvi vyavasthapanachya anpekshit parinamambabat upasthit karat asatana, aantarrashtriy vittiy sansthanmadhye asha prakare sudharana karata yeteel qaa qee, tyaa tyanchya mool karyakade parat jaatil, jeey garajoo deshanna aarthik madat puravane hote?
rajkiy ichchhashakti aanee aantarrashtriy staravar nagarikancha sahbhag naslyamule aantarrashtriy sanstha, visheshtah jaagtik banq, aantarrashtriy vittiy nidhi aanee jaagtik vyapar sanghatana (doubleu. tii. oo.) yasarkhya vittiy sanstha, 'navudarvadi' ajendyat samavisht jhalya aahet. piyare calem yaa vikasacha tapasheel deto, tarr joseph eae. aay. emm. eff., jaagtik banq aanee doubleu. tii. oo. sarkhya aantarrashtriy sansthanchi garaj itaki mothee kadhich navhati, parantu lokanmadhye tyanchyavarcha vishvas itka qamee kadhich navhata, yakade stiglitz laksh vedhatat.
sanyukt rashtranchya sudharananchya pramukh pailunpaiki eka mhanje mahasabhechya pratinidhitvakshamatechi samasya. vidhansabha 'eka rajya, eka mutt' yaa tattvavar karya karate, jenekarun prachand bhinn aakarachya rajyancha matavar samaan parinam hoto, jyamule pratinidhitva vikrut hote aanee parinami vishvasarhata mothya pramanat qamee hote. tyanusar, "mahasabhene prabhav padanyachi konatihi vastavik kshamata gamavali aahe. yacha arth shrimant deshanni aayojit kelelya krutee aanee sallamsalatisathichya yantranechi pramukh bhoomika aahe."
gustav masia heey sanyukt rashtranchya aamulagra sudharananchi vyakhya aanee amalbajavani karnyache samarthan karatat. lekhak jaagtik lokshahicha paya aanee nagri, rajkiy, aarthik, samajik aanee sanskrutik hakkancha aadar aanee sanrakshn tasech aantarrashtriy kayadyachya dhoranatmak bhoomikechya manyatemadhye rujalelya jaagtik samajik kararachi nirmiti karoo shakel asha naveen paya tayar karnyacha prastav mandato.