
chalm

chelm (;;;) heey december 2021 paryant 60,231 rahivasi asalele aagney polandmadhil eka shahar aahe. teey lublinchya aagneyela, zamoshkchya uttarela aanee biyala podalaskachya dakshinela, kahee ukrainechya simevar sthit aahe. 1999 madhye lublin viododshipcha bhag hoiparyant chelm hii chelm viododshipchi rajdhani hotee.
jaree junya shaharatil asankhya ullekhaneey aitihasik smarke aanee paryatan aakarshanehi yethe aahet, taree heey shahar mukhytah audhyogik swarupache aahe. chelm heey eka bahuvidh (purviche) bishparik aahe. tyache naav 'zulmu' yaa mool-gulam shabdavarun aale aahe, joou eka tekadi aahe, joou vayasok gorka tatbandichya vasahatichya sandarbhat aahe. chelm heey ekekali roman catholic, rudhivadi khrishchan, protestant aanee jyoo lock asalele eka chaitanyashil bahusanskrutik aanee dharmik kendra hote. dusya mahayuddhanantar loksankhya eksandh jhaali.
itihas.
aadhunik chelmchya bhagatil vasahatinche pahile khuna kiman 9 vya shatkatil aahet. pudhil shatkat, eka tatbandi asalele shahar () tayar karnyat aale aanee suruvatila murtipujak upasaneche kendra mhanoon kaam kele gele. yaa navachi vyutpatti aspasht aahe, jaree bahutek vidvananni teey sapat tekadi darshavina mool-gulam sandnyetun ghetale aahe. shaharache kendra 'gora chelamska' navachya tekadivar aahe. tathapi, heey naav kahee celtic moodapasoon aale aahe asehi siddha kele jaate. 981 madhye, tevha buzanchya slavic jamatine vastavya kelele heey shahar, keevan rusne, aaspaschya chirantan shaharansah jinkale. eka sthanik aakhyayikenusar, mahan vladimirne 1001 madhye tethe pahila dagadi killa bandhala. 1018 madhye kivvar polandane kabja kelyanantar, 1031 madhye keevan rajvatikade parat jaanyapurvi haah pradesh polandmadhye paratala.
1235 madhye, hallichya danillo romnovichne shaharala eka shahar sanad dilee aanee 1240-1241 madhye mangolanni hallicha naash kelyanantar tyachya kshetrachi rajdhani 1241-1272 madhye halavali. danilone 1237 madhye tekadivar eka naveen killa dekhil bandhala, joou mangol hallyancha samna karananya kahee ruthenian killyanpaiki eka hota aanee virgine mereechya janmachya basilica yethe eka orthodox park (diosis) sthapit keela. 14 vya shatkaparyant, heey shahar galicia-volinia samrajyacha bhag mhanoon aanee nantar chelm aanee beljchya alpakalin rajvaticha bhag mhanoon vikasit jhaale (beljache duchy pahaa). 1366 madhye, polandacha raja kasimir tisra yane galicia-volinia yuddhanmadhil vijayanantar yaa pradeshavar taba midavala. 4 janewari 1392 roji, shahar sthalantarit karnyat aale aanee magdeberg kayadyantargat adhikar denyat aale, jyat prachand antargat svayatta hotee aanee shaharat polish aanee itar catholic vasahatincha ogh disun aala.
1359 madhye chelmacha lattin vidhee catholic bishop tayar karnyat aala, parantu 1480 nantar tyache sthan chrasnisto yethe halavanyat aale. 1790 madhye tyache naav badaloon chelm-lublinche bishop karnyat aale, 1805 madhye teey dadapun taknyat aale, parantu 2005 pasoon chelm nammatra punarsanchayit karnyat aale aanee catholic charchane lattin nammatra bishop mhanoon soochibaddha kele.
orthodox bishparikne 16 vya shatkachya uttaradhat romchya seesah romchya catholic parchi auph chelm-bails mhanoon tyachya byzantine vidhila kayam thevat, tyachya samvet pravesh keela, parantu 1867 madhye too shahee russian orthodox charchcha bhag banala aanee aata too polish orthodox charchcha lublin aanee chelmacha archdiosis aahe.
heey shahar chelmchya aitihasik pradeshachi rajdhani hotee, prashaskiyadrushtya polish mukutchya qamee polland prantatil ruthenian viododshipcha eka bhag hota. 15vya aanee 16vya shatkat shaharachi bharbharat jhaali. tevha chelmache rabbi elijah baal shame yanni lihilele chelmache golam prasiddha jhaale, parantu polandacha vidhvans karananya yuddhanmule 17 vya shatkat shaharachi ghasaran jhaali. 18 vya shatkat, purv polandmadhil paristhiti sthir jhaali aanee swedish puur aanee khamelnitsky uthavadarmyan jhalelya nukasanitun shahar haloohaloo savaru lagale. tyane catholic, rudhivadi aanee jyoo dharmanchya lokansah polandachya serve bhagantil anek naveen vasahati aakarshit kelya. 1794 madhye, chelm viododeshipchi sthapana karnyat aalee. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat koshioskochya uthavat sameel jhalelya pahilya shaharanpaiki chelm heey eka hote. 8 juuna 1794 chya chelmchya ladhait, generalchya sainyane. valerian zubov aanee boris lessie yanchya netrutvakhali russiananni jozef jhajakjekcha parabhav keela, aakramankari sainyane heey shahar punha ekada lutale. pudhchya varshi polandachya tisya falanicha parinam mhanoon heey shahar austriyane tabyat ghetale.
vibhajananche vay.
1809 madheel napolean yuddhandarmyan, polland-austriyan yuddhachya parinamane, heey shahar kahee kalasathi duchy auph warsaucha bhag hote. tathapi, 1815 chya viennachya congressne too shahee russiala deela. sthanik prashasakeey aanee dharmik karyalaye (bishpariksah) lublinmadhye halavanyat aalyane shaharane ghasaranichya kalat pravesh keela. 19vya shatkachya madhyat, russian sainyane shaharache eka majboot chhavanimadhye rupantar kele, jyamule russian sainik loksankhyecha eka mahattvapoorn bhag banale. 1866 madhye, jevha shahar naveen railwaymargashi jodale gele, tevha ghasaranicha kaal sampala. 1875 madhye, russian adhikaanyaanee uniate bishprikche visarjan kele aanee serve sthanik unitsna jabardastine russian orthodox charchmadhye rupantarit kele gele. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat, sthanik prashasakeey karyalaye punarsanchayit karnyat aalee aanee 1912 madhye sthanik burbaniya tayar karnyat aala. 1905 chya russian krantidarmyan shaharat provitacha ukrainean dnyanoday samaj sthapan karnyat aala.
pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat, 1915 madhye bahutek ukrainean aanee russian loksankhyela sloboda ukraine aanee rashiyat halavanyat aale, jyanantar polish loksankhyechya takkevarit lakshaniy vaadh jhaali. heey shahar austriyananchya tabyat aale. 3 meey 1918 roji, chelm heey eka mothe polandache prakatikaran asalele thikan hote, kaaran polandacha 3 meey sanvidhan deane sajra karnyasathi 15,000 hoon adhik khamb jamale hote. september 1918 madhye, apostolic abhyagat embrogio demiano achile rutty (bhavee pope payas XI) yanni shaharala bhet dilee, sthanik polish lokanni tyanche swagat kele. 2 november 1918 roji, polandane adhikrutpane swatantrya midvanyachya nauu divas aadhi, polish lashkari sanghataneche sthanik sadasya aanee sthanik shalanchya vidyarthyanni, gustav orlics-dreserchya netrutvakhali, austriyan sainikanna nihshastra kele aanee shaharala austriyan rajvatipasun mukt kele. polandachya purvichya russian falanichya pahilya mukt jhalelya polandachya shaharanpaiki chelm heey eka hote. polandachya pahilya ghodadal regimentchi sthapana chelm yethe karnyat aalee, jyane lavkarach vlodava aanee hrubizov yaa jawalchya shaharanna mukt kele. interbellum, chelm heey kauntiche eka aasan hote, jeey prashaskiyadrushtya dusya polish prajasattakachya lublin viododshipmadhye (1919-1939) sthit hote.
dusare mahayuddha.
dusare mahayuddha suru jhalelya polandavaril german-soviet sanyukt aakramanachya darmyan, 27 september 1939 roji aakramankari soviet laal sainyane chelamvar kabja keela, parantu german-soviet seema kararanusar done aathvadyannantar maghar ghetali. 7 teey 9 aktoobar 1939 yaa kalat german sainyane yaa shaharavar kabja keela aanee tyache naav badaloon 'kulm' asey thewale. yuddhachya suruvatila, chelmachi loksankhya sumare 33,000 hotee, jyapaiki 15,000 jyoo hote. 1 december 1939, shukravari sakali 8 vajata sumare 2000 jyoo purushanna german ess. ess. sanrachana aanee sthanik sthanik adhikaanyaanee vedhalelya bajar-chauras ('okraglak' kinwa 'renake') kadey nele. tyanna herbiszovchya dishene mrutyu morcha kadhanyas bhag padale gele. morchat shekado lokanchi hatya karnyat aalee, itarancha chhal karnyat aala aanee tyanna marhan karnyat aalee. tyanna soviet simevar nenyat aale, jithe tyanna bandukichya golibarat nadee olandavi lagali. akheris kadachit 400 purush mrutyu morchat bachavale aanee 1600 lokanchi kattal karnyat aalee.
janewari 1940 madhye, german lokanni "action tii 4" chaa bhag mhanoon sthanik mansopchar rugnalayatil 440 rugnanchi hatya kelee, jyat 17 mulancha samavesh hota. juuna 1940 madhye, "abb-action" darmyan, german lokanni khambanche samoohik atak kelee, jyanna nantar lublinmadhye qaid karnyat aale aanee nantar anekada saxenhossen chhalchhavanit haddapar karnyat aale, tarr kahinchi yaa pradeshat hatya karnyat aalee. 1940 madhye jawalchya kumova khonyat gestapone kelelya 115 khambanchya hatyakandat sthanik polish mahapouranchi hatya karnyat aalee. 1940 chya uttaradhat, jyoo lock chalmchya eka chhotya bhagapurate maryadit hote, jeey khoop gardichya paristhitit rahat hote, eka kholila anek dazanparyant. jyoo lokanna chelmajaval aanee itar thikani jabardastine kaam karnyasathi bharati karnyat aale hote. german reechane naveen lublin jeelhyat 16 saktichya kamgar shibire sthapan kelee. chelmchya shejarchya gavantil aanee gavantil sthanikannahi yaa shibiranmadhye kaam karnyas bhag padale gele. (germanmadhye "khelam" kinwa "kulam" dekhil), kahee shibire mukhya railway margashi railway shakha margachya madhyamatoon hatya shibiranshi jodali gelee hotee.
1942 madhye, operation rehard darmyan, atyant gupt belzek, treblinka aanee sobibor nirmulan shibire saktichya kamgar shibiranjaval bandhanyat aalee. serve polish jyoo lokanchi hatya karane haah tyancha uddesh hota. meey 1942 madhye, 1000 vruddha chelm jyoo lokanna sobibor nirmulan shibirat pathvanyat aale, jithe tyanchi tabadtob hatya karnyat aalee. augustmadhye, ghettotil bahutansh mulansah aanakhi 3000 teey 4000 pathvanyat aale. octobermadhye, ess. ess. aanee tyanchya ukrainean sahayyakanni tyanchi gherabandi kelee aanee aanakhi 2000 teey 3000 jyoo lokanna sobiborla haddapar kele. novembermadhye urvarit jyoo lokanna railway sthankaparyant nenyat aale. bahutansh lokanna sobiborla pathvanyat aale. lapalelyancha shodh ghenyat aala aanee ssne anek ghetto imarati jaalalya aanee lapalelya anek lokanna thaar marle. kahee jyoo majur mhanoon ghettomadhye rahile, parantu janewari 1943 madhye tyanchihi hatya karnyat aalee. chelmamadhil andaje 60 jyoo lock hote jeey holocostmadhun bachavale. kahee vachalelyanna chelm khadoo bogdyanmadhye aashray midvanyat yash aale. tathapi, yuddhachya suruvatila purvekade paloon gelelya sumare 400 itar lock chelmala paratale parantu teey patkan pudhe gele.
1941chya operation barbarosa nantar german lokanni purv polland aanee ukraine kinwa belarusmadhye pakadalya gelelya laal sainyachya sainikansathi, julai 1944 paryant sumare 2,00,000 kaidyanchya paschim (mukhytah france) varr, chelm yethe eka yuddhakaidi-chhawani sthapan kelee, jyala 'stallag 319' mhanatat. teen varshant, sumare 90,000 kaidyanni tethe aapala jeev gamavala. 319chya 'stallug' chya piditanchya smaranarth meey 2009 madhye videshi mutsadyanchya upasthitit chelm yethe smarakache anavaran karnyat aale.
1942 teey 1945 paryant, chalem heey one-apachya tathakathit mrutyu pathkandware aanee ukrainean rashtravadyanchya gatanni kelelya khambanchya volinian hatyakandanchya asankhya thikananpaiki eka hote. shahar aanee tyachya parisarat ukrainean aanee polandachya swasanrakshanamadhye suud ugavanyasathi jhalelya hatyahi jhalya. itihaskar grazegorz motika aanee volodymyr vitrovic yanni namood kelyapramane, haah vishay atyant vadgrast aahe, kaaran 1944 madhye, aun-apacha neta roman shukhevich yane tethe jhalelya yuddh gunhyansathi polish jababdariche purave tayar karnyacha aadesh jaaree keela.
jyoo sahityat chalm.
dusya mahayuddhachya akheris, chelmchya 18,000 jyoo loksankhyepaiki keval eka avasheshach jiwant rahila. teey israyal, america, canada, lattin america kinwa itar deshanmadhye sthalantar karnyat yashasvi jhaale. 
dakshin africa. isaq bashevis gayak, yiddish bhashetil nobel paritoshik vijete kadambarikar, jyanni 'daad fools auph chelm andd dear histree' (1973 madhye ingraji anuvadat prakashit) lihili aanee padyat katha lihinare mahan yiddish kavee, yasarkhya jurie kathakar aanee lekhakanna chelm prasiddha jhaale. chelm jyoo lokkathanchya ullekhaneey rupantaremadhye aaron zitlincha vinodi chitrapat 'chelmer khakhomim' ('chelmache dnyani purush'), shlomo saymancha 'daad hiroj auph chelm' (1942), ingraji anuvadat 'daad viz maine auph helm' (sayman, 1945) aanee 'morr viz maine auph helm' (sayman, 1965), tasech vaay. vaay. trunk. elon mandelbaumche 'chelmaxioms daad maxims, exioms, maxioms auph chelm' (david aar. godain, 1978) jyoo chelmchya dnyani purushanna dnyani parantu vivekaheen vidwan manatat. chelm katha midarashchya vyakhyatmak prakriyeche aanee vadvivadachya talmudik shailiche anukaran karatat aanee rabbi grunth aanee dainandin kshetrat tyanche prakatikaran yanchyatil sanvad suru thevatat. chelm jyoo parishadeche vaishishtya asalelya pratyaksh sparshik prashnacha arth talmudik sahityachya vishalatevar vinodi sanket mhanoon lavala jaau shakato. samantar yuktivad aanee bhashik samanateche sanyojan yahudi majkurachi parampara, mhanje talmudik, chelm lokkathandware chamkanyas anumati dete.
loksankhyashastra.
polandachya swatantryanantar, 1921 chya polish jangananemadhye 12,064 jyoo, 9,492 roman catholic (pole), 1,369 orthodox khrishchan (ukrainean, ruthenian aanee bellarucian) aanee 207 lutheran (german) ashee 23,221 loksankhya aadhalali.
september 1939 madhye, dusare mahayuddha suru jhaale tevha, shaharatil 60 takke (18,000) rahivasi jyoo hote.
prekshaniy sthale aanee khuna.
virgine mereechya janmachya barok basilicasah gora chelamska aanee shaharachya khalee asalele chelm khadoo bogade, europe aanee jagatil eka adviteey rachana hii shaharatil mukhya khuna aanee paryatakanchi aakarshane aahet. shaharacha mukhya aitihasik chauras mhanje 'plack lukzkovskigo' (lukzkovsky chauras), joou rangiberangi aitihasik shahargruhanni bharalela aahe aanee tyat jatan keleli junie vihir aahe.
rajkaran.
biya podlasca/chelm/zamoshk matdarsanghatun (2006) nivadoon aalelya sansadechya sarvat prabhavshali sadasyanmadhye (sejam) badach tedues (ess. ell. dii.-up), bratkovsky archadiuse (pii. ess. ell.), byra zaan (ess. ell. dii.-up), janowski zbignave (ess. ell. dii.-up), kwiyatkowski marian (samubrona), levzuk henrique (ell. pii. aar.), michalsky jerzi (samubrona), nikolski letch (ess. ell. dii.-up), scomra zazepan (ess. ell. dii.-up), stanibula riszard (pii. ess. ell.), stephanese, francizen, stelden (stelden), stelden (stelden), stelden (stelden), stelden (stelden), stelden (stelden), stelden
chinhe.
chelmacha dhwaj haah 2h3 praman asalela eka aayatakruti aahe, joou samaan rundichya (varr-pandhara, khalcha-hirwa) done samantar, aadvya pattyanmadhye vibhagalela aahe. varchya pattivar, madhyabhagi, chelmacha bahuncha coat aahe.
aantarrashtriy sambandh.
julee shahare-bhagini shahare.
chelm heey yasah jodale gele aaheh