dakshin aafriketil strivad

dakshin aafriketil strivad haah dakshin aafriketil mulee aanee mahilanche haqq sudharanyasathichya sanghatit prayatnanshi sambandhit aahe. heey prayatna mothya pramanat ekikade strivad aanee laingik samanata aanee vanshik samanata aanee dusarikade african aanee itar itar dakshin african vanshik gatanchya rajkiy swatantryanshi jodalele aahet. suruvatichya strivadi prayatnanmadhye bahutekda mahilanchya matadhikar, 1930 chya dashakapasun suru suru nivadnukanmadhye tyanna matdan karanyachi parvanagi aanee 1950 chya dashakat purush aanee mahilanna samaan vetanachi magani karnyasathi lakshaniy sakriyata yancha samavesh hota. hota dashak haah dakshin aafriketil mahilanchya pragatitil eka mahattvacha tappa hota aanee 1994 madhye varnabhed rajvatichya samaptinantar, deshachya sanvidhanatil badalanmule mahilancha darja majboot jhaala. varnabhedachya samaptipasun, dakshin aafriketil strivad heey deshachya mukti aanee lokshahikaranashi sambandhit yogdan aahe, tathapi, hii chalval ajunahi dakshin aafriketil samajachya kahee vibhaganmadhil antarnihit puranmatvadi aanee pitrusattak drushtikonashi sangharsh karate.
itihas.
vihangavalokan.
dakshin aafriketil strivadala rajkiy aanee vanshik samanatesathichya sangharshanmule tasech laingik samanatesathichya rashtriy aanee aantarrashtriy sangharshanmule aakar midala aahe. dakshin aafriketil mahilanna aitihasikdrushtya rajya-sulabh aanee samajik-aacharanatil vetanasah bhedbhavachya asankhya prakaranna samore jaave lagale aahe. 1983 paryant serve mahilanna matdan karanyachi asamarthata aanee mahilanvaril tivra hinsacharatun prakat honara sanskrutik lingbhed heey eka udaharan hote. dakshin aafriket balatkar aanee gharguti hinsacharache praman jaast aahe, jyachi varanvar nond kelee jaat nahee. jawaljawal eka trutiyansh kishoravayin mulee vayachya vayachya varshaparyant purushankadun laingik baljabari hott asalyache sangatat. yaa aakadevarimule matrickche praman laingik chhalachya uchch pramanat aanee mahilanni anubhavalelya atyacharachya pramanat hote.
yaa samasyanna pratisad mhanoon aanee 1980 chya dashkatil rajkiyadrushtya asthir kalatil badalachya nairashyamule, mahila rajkiyadrushtya adhik sakriy hott asalyane dakshin aafriketil strivadala aakarshan miloo lagale. visheshtah, dakshin aafriketil strivadala 1994 madhye naveen jeevan midale jevha varnabhedanantarchya, lokshahi samajachya purtatesathi sanvidhanache punarlekhan kele jaat hote. punarrachanechya yaa tappyat, mahilanni ghatanatmak chaukatit mahilanchya adhik nyayya sthanasathi ekjoot kele aanee lobbing kele. dakshin aafrikechya lokshahikaranacha mahilanna fayda jhaala kaaran purush varchasva asalelya, rajya dadapshahimule mahilanvar sarvadhik parinam jhaala aanee tyanchyavar atyachar jhaale. rajyaghatanechya vataghatidarmyanchya prarambhik ekikaran aanee mahila haqq chalvalimulech mahilanche haqq aanee samajik paristhitishi sambandhit itar sakriyatela chalana midali. yaa purogami mahilanchya netrutvakhalil chalvalinna nantar aadhunik dakshin africi strivadachya pahilya udaharananpaiki eka mhanoon sambodhale gele. 1990 chya dashkatil dakshin aafriketil strivadi chalvalahi shejaril african deshanmadhil itar ullekhaneey mahila haqq chalvalinchya gatimule pudhe gelee. zimbabwe aanee mosambic sarkhya deshanni prerana mhanoon kaam kele kaaran donhi deshantil mahilanni yashasviritya swatahla sanghatit kele aanee mahilanchya garja rajyacha prashna banavanyasathi lobbing kele.
1990 chya dashakachya madhyat deshachya bahu-vanshiy lokshahikade sankraman karoon, dakshin aafrikechya strivadane punarrachanechya prakriyet yogdan dile, v vanshavad nasalelya, lingbhed nasalelya samajasathi prayatna kele. tathapi, yaa prakriyet strivadi sakriyata aanee aamulagra parivartanshil rajkaran mothya pramanat qamee jhaale. samkalin dakshin africi strivad varg aanee vanshik samanatesathi vyapak rashtriy aanee aantarrashtriy sangharshanmadhye strivadachya bhoomikechya prashnanshi guntalela aahe. dakshin aafriketil strivad haah jaagtik strivadachya ajendyashi susangat aahe, joou samaj aanee rajyachya najaret purush aanee striyanmadhil dwait aanee dwaitanna aavhan denyasathi aanee aavhan denyasathi tayar kelela eka nirantar prakalp aahe. kamgaranchya nuksanbharpaisarkhya itar aadhunik asman samajik sanrachananna aadhar aadhar vishvasanpeksha dakshin aafriketil strivadachi mule mahila aanee mahilanchya kamachya vegvegalya dnyantatve aanee vishvasanmadhye aahet. aantarrashtriy strivadi siddhant thampane sangato qee purush aanee striyanmadhil vishesh dwaitata haah bhedbhavpurn kayade aanee paddhati yancha aadhar aahe. aadhunik dakshin aafriketil strivadyanche uddisht mahilanchya jivanache rajkaran karoon aanee laingik samanatechya kayadyanchi magani karoon yaa dwaitanchi punarbandhani karane heey aahe.
mahilancha matadhikar aanee nagri sahbhag.
dakshin aafriket, mahilanchya matadhikarasathicha sangharsh 1889 madhye suru jhaala aanee too pramukhyane mahila matadhikar sanghatanedware chalavala jaat hota. 1930 chya mahila matadhikar kayadyadvare bahutekda mahilanna matdanacha adhikar denyat aala hota. 1933 chee nivadanuk hii pahili sarvatrik nivadanuk hotee jyat mahila matdan karoo shakat hotya. dakshin aafrikechya sanskrutik nikashanmadhye aanee prashasakeey sansthanmadhye antarbhut asalelya pitrusattak sanrachanemule, mahilanna samanatechya ladhait pratikool paristhitinna samore jaave lagale aahe, visheshtah rangeet mahilanna, jyanna deshachya adviteey vanshik itihasamule varnabhedamule aanakhi mothya tota sahan karava lagla aahe. dakshin aafriketil ashiyai aanee rangeet mahilanna 1983 madhye, bahutekda mahilanna matadhikar midalyanantar paach dashakanhun adhik kalanantar, matadhikar midala.
1933 madhye dennis reitz yanchya patni leela rait yaa sansadechya pahilya mahila sadasya mhanoon nivadoon aalya.
black sash sanghatanechi sthapana 1950 chya dashakat jhaali, suruvatila 'mahila sanrakshn ghatana sangh' asey shirshak hote, parantu akheris mahilanchya nishedh sabhanmadhye kalya sash ghalanyachya savayimule prasarmadhyamanni black sash mhanoon sankshipt kele. yaa kalat, kalya sash sadasyanni rashtriy pakshachya sarkarne cape prantatil matdar yaditoon rangeet kinwa mishra vanshatil matdaranna kadhoon taknyachya virodhat moheem rabavali. varnabhed pranali dakshin aafrikechya jivanachya pratyek pailuparyant pohochu lagali, tevha black sash sadasyanni paas kayade aanee itar varnabhed kayade lagoo karnyachya virodhat nidarshane kelee. tyaa kayadyane prabhavit jhalelya dakshin aafriketil goryantar lokanna tyanchya kayadeshir hakkanvishayi mahitee denyasathi teey nantar sallah karyalaye ughadel.
2 meey 1990 roji african national congressne 'dakshin aafriketil mahilanchya muktivar african national congresschya rashtriy karyakari samitiche nivedan' heey shirshak asalele nivedan jaaree kele, jeey jeey arthane lokshahi rashtrala pudhe nenyasathi laingik samanatechya garajechi pahili rashtriy sweekruti hotee. sarkari padanvar mahilanmadhye lakshaniy asantulan aahe aanee mahilancha drushtikon aanee samasyankade anekada durlaksh kele jaat asalyane teey hanikarak aahe heey dekhil nivedanat manya kele gele. yaa dastaivajachi suruvatila dakshin aafriketil strivadyankadun khoop prashansa jhaali, parantu nantarchya varshant mahilanni vidhanat namood kelelya samasyanche nirakaran karnyasathi karvai naan kelyabaddal kongresvar teeka kelee. tathapi, 1990 pasoon mahilanna sarkarmadhye adhik adhikar midale aahet kaaran aaj dakshin africa haah rashtriy vidhimandalat mahilanche uchch pratinidhitva asalelya pahilya paach african deshanmadhye aahe. hii sudharana mukhyatve dakshin aafriketil rajkiy pakshanna sarkari padanvar kiman mahila pratinidhitva sunishchit karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya anivarya kotyanmule aahe.
samaan vetan.
samajat aadharit asalelya kautumbik aadarshanvar aadharit vetan sanrachanemule, purvi purush heey gharache prathamik utpann manale jaat hote aanee mahilanni midavalele serve vetan heey kutumbachya utpannas purak hote. dakshin aafriketil kutumbanmadhye eksandh kutumbachi rachana qamee samanya hott chalali aahe kaaran adhik striya aanee purush vivahatoon baher padat aahet aanee ghatasfotanche praman vadhate, jyamule eka utpann asaleli ghare sodali jaatat.
dakshin aafriket darr tasala kinwa darvarshi ekach kamasathi linganusar qamee-adhik paise dene bekaydeshir asale taree, mahila asha vyavsayik kshetranchi nivad karat aahet jyanche nuksan bharpai mhanoon kele jaate, jyamule purush aanee striyanmadhye samanya pagarachi daree nirman hote. dakshin aafriket samaan vetan heey jaree pratyakshat asale taree, kayadyane, siddhantadrushtya aadhich prapt jhaale aahe. mulanchi bahutansh jababdari aanee kautumbik praudh paar padanyache dirghkalapasunache oze asalyamule uchch utpann utpann kshetrantil mahila tyanchya purush samakakshanpeksha sarasari qamee taas kaam karatat. hii pagarachi tafavat haah ling asamanatechya pidhyancha varsa aahe aanee mahila anek dashakanpasun jivashastra, vanaspatishastra aanee sankhyiki yasarkhya vishisht mool kshetranvar varchasva gajavat satatyane pragati karat aahet.
2017 madhye, jaagtik aarthik manchane andaj vartavala qee dakshin aafriket mahilansathi andaje midavalele utpann (krayshakti samanata) 9,938 americi dollar hote tarr purushansathi teey 16,635 americi dollar hote. dakshin aafriket, vinavetan kamache praman, jyala palak kinwa praudh praudh mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaate, teey mahilansathi 56.1 aanee purushansathi 25.9 aahe.
bhedbhavvirodhi kayade.
9 august 1956 roji, 20,000 mahilanni mahilansathichya pasachya virodhat pretoriyatil union imaratinvar nishedh morcha kadhala. dakshin africi mahila mahasanghachya (eff. ess. aii. oo.) zendyakhali hii padayatra aayojit karnyat aalee hotee. haah divas nantar dakshin aafriket rashtriy mahila deane mhanoon olakhala gela.
vaivahik malmatta kayada 88 1 november 1984 roji manjur karnyat aala aanee tyane aarthik, samajik, kayadeshir aanee malmatta aanee bahutekda, bharatiy aanee rangeet vivahit mahilanche tyanchya purush jodidarachya adhinata nakarli. yaa kayadyapurvi, ekada lagn jhalyavar kayadyachya drushtine mahilankade kayadeshir alpavayin mhanoon pahile jaat asey, jyamule tyanna konatehi kayadeshir sanrakshn kinwa vaiyaktik samajik swatantrya midale aanee serve aarthik kinwa malmatta purush vanshatoon hastantarit kelee jaavi, asey adhorekhit kele. nagri sanghatananmadhil african mahilanche sanrakshn karnyasathi 2 december 1988 roji kayadyat sudharana karnyat aalee.
1994 madhye deshachya pahilya lokshahi nivadanukanantar, dakshin aafriketil anek bhedbhavpurn kayade radd karnyat aale aanee tyanchi jaaga 1998 chya gharguti hinsa kayadyane ghenyat aalee. 1994 chya sanvidhanane naveen sanvidhanat namood kelelya adhikarancha aanee sanrakshanancha aadar keela gela, tyanche palan kele gele aanee dakshin aafrikechya mahilanchya badalatya garjannusar tyanche anukulan kele gele yachee khatri karnyasathi laingik samanatevaril pahilya aayogachi sthapana kelee.
vaivahik balatkar kayada.
dakshin aafriket paramparikaritya, ekhadyala aaplya patnishi sammati naan gheta sambhog karanyachi parvanagi hotee aanee too balatkar mhanoon banavala jaat navhata. vidhee aayogane 1987 madhye eka kayada prastavit keela, joou dakshin aafriket vaivahik balatkarala gunhegari tharvel. nyaymantryanni heey vidheyak prathamik samitisamor mandale, jyanni masuda nakarla, jyamadhye vaivahik balatkar haah gunha asalyache mhatale hote. vaivahik balatkarala hallyasathi doshi tharvanyachi paristhiti vadhavanyasathi yaa vidheyakat sudharana karnyat aalee. heey navyane tayar kelele vidheyak sansadene sweekarle aanee 1989 madhye dakshin aafrikechya kayadyacha bhag banoon teey manjur jhaale. sansadet suruvatila vaivahik balatkarala gunhegari tharvayache navhate, yache kaaran mhanje teey tyaa velee dakshin aafriket aadhich uchch asalelya ghatasfotanchya darat vaadh karoo shakel. dakshin aafrikechya kayadyanusar vaivahik balatkar haah 'samanya' balatkarasarkha gambhir navhata, tyamule tyache kathor parinam houu nayet.
1993 madhye dakshin africene kautumbik hinsachar pratibandh kayada manjur keela. yaa kayadyane vaivahik balatkar aanee itar gharguti hinsacharala gunhegari tharavale. vaivahik balatkarache aata vargikaran karnyat aale aahe aanee tyacha balatkarachya gunhyat samavesh karnyat aala aahe. yaa kayadyane 'savadhgiricha niyam' dekhil radd keela, joou nyayadhishanna balatkar pidit mulichi vishvasarhata tharvanyachi parvanagi deto.
mahilanchya hakkanchya babatit dakshin africa haah aafriketil sarvat purogami deshanpaiki eka manla jaato. matra, vaivahik balatkarachya sandarbhat dakshin aafriket aanakhi barech kahee karane aavashyak aahe. vaivahik balatkar haah visheshtah dakshin aafrikechya grameen bhagat sanskratimadhye kholvar antarbhut aahe. kayadyanni samajik badalala protsahan dile aahe, parantu deshbharatil sansthanmadhye adhik badal hone aavashyak aahe.
1998 chya gharguti hinsachar kayada 116 chaa uddesh piditanna gharguti atyacharapasun sanrakshn dene haah hota. hii dakshin aafrikechi ghoshana karnari aanee gharguti hinsacharaviruddha ubhe rahnyas vachanbaddha asaleli sthitee aahe. yaa kayadyanusar, polisanni konatyahi gharguti hinsacharachya kayadyachi takrar karane aanee tyanna konatyahi sambhavya gunhegarala atak karanyachi kshamata dene aavashyak aahe. tyat asey mhatale aahe qee konatihi takrar nyayalayasathi sanrakshn aadesh mhanoon dakhal kelee jaau shakate. nyayalayin vyavasthene asey aadesh kase hatalale pahijet heey dekhil yaa kayadyat namood kele aahe.
dakshin aafriketil vaivahik balatkarakade anekada varnabhedacha varsa mhanoon pahile gele aahe. varchasva, satta aanee aakramakta yanchi sanskruti hotee jyamule varanvar balatkar hott asey. varnabhed vyavasthetil vanshik anyayashi balatkar jodalela aahe asey vidwan manatat. itihaskaranna asey aadhalale qee yaa kalat dakshin aafriketil balatkarachya sanskratiche sanshodhan kartana, tee itaki samanya hotee qee samudayanni tee dainandin jivanacha eka bhag mhanoon sweekarli. sarkar aanee samaj pitrusattak sattene chalavala jaat asalyane anek mahilanna vaivahik balatkarachi kabuli denyas laaj vatali. 
karyakartyancha chhal.
1950 chya dashakat, african national congress (aii. aine. see.), dakshin african communist party aanee itar sanghatananchya sadasyansah dakshin african mahila mahasanghachya (eff. ess. aii. oo.) karyakartyanvar deshdrohachya aaropakhali khatala chalavanyat aala.
aavhane.
dakshin aafriketil mahila mahasanghachya itihasavaril sanshodhananusar, suruvatila dakshin aafriketil mahilanchya sangharshakade dwimukh muddah mhanoon pahile geleh pratham, varnabhedacha muddah, joou goryanshivayachya lokanshi bhedbhav karato aanee dusare, mahilanshi bhedbhav karnare kayade aanee sansthancha muddah. varnabhedachya kalat, rangeet striyanna lakshaniy vishamata anubhavavi lagali kaaran tyaa donhi dadapshahi gatancha bhag hotya. serve mahilanni gruheet dharalelya asamanatechya adheen asanyabarobarach, goryambaheril bhedbhavashi sambandhit sanrachanatmak hinsacharamule rangeet mahilanna tras sahan karava lagla. yaa rangeet striyanvar jhalelya atyacharamule tyanchya samajik-aarthik sthitivarhi parinam jhaala, kamgar varg jawaljawal purnapane rangeet mahilancha samavesh hota, tyamule rangeet mahilanna teen vegvegalya prakarchya atyachar aanee bhedbhawala samore jaave lagale. yavyatirikt, shetee aanee seva karyat guntalelya rangeet mahila yaa prathamik loksankhyashastriy hotya, kamgaranche done vibhag jeey 1994 paryant sanrakshanatmak kamgar kayadyat samavisht navhate. anek dashakanparyant, varnabhedavirodhi karane aanee nidarshananna laingik samanatechya upkramanpeksha pradhanya midale. 1991 madhye varnabhed nirmulananantar aanee 1994 madhye lokshahikade sankraman jhalyanantar, mahilanchya hakkankade adhik laksh kendrit karnyat aale.
kahinni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee dakshin aafriketil strivad bahutekda bahutekda, madhyamvargiy mahilanshi sambandhit hota. dakshin aafriketil krishnavarniy lokansathi, strivad hii bahudha swikaranyasathi eka atyant utsahi sthitee asoo shakate; tyachyakade eka vasahatvadi aayat, pandhara aanee madhyam varg mhanoon pahile gele aahe. thuli madoncella sarkhya samkalin krishnavarniy african mahila narivadi aahet.
vyapakpane, dakshin aafriketil strivadala vegvegalya pratisadanna samore jaave lagale aahe. kahijan yaa prayatnanna pathimba detat aanee mahilanchya pragatikade deshachya pragati aanee muktisathi samantar muddah mhanoon pahatat. itar lock strivadi chalval nakartat kaaran tee dakshin aafriketil paramparik pitrusattak pratha aanee purush adhikarala dhoka asalyache manale jaate.
sanstha.
dakshin aafriket mahilansathi konatihi sarvoch sanstha nasali taree, mahila chalvalisathi jeey pudhe jaate teey mhanje mahilanvaril atyachar, laingik nyay aanee dakshin aafriketil purogami mahila chalvalila virodh karnare lock yasarkhya bhinn ahankarancha sangrah aahe. dakshin aafriketil mahila sanghatana keval mahilanchya muktisathich navhe tarr deshachya vanshik itihasapasun rashtriy muktisathi ladhatat, kaaran eka mukti mukti pohochalyas purnapane astitvat rahoo shakat nahee.
dakshin aafriketil mahilanche haqq aanee visheshadhikar vadhavanyat aitihasik bhoomika bhoomika itar sanghatananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
itar rashtriy aanee pradeshik sanghatananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh

