
bandukitoon udalele

bandukitoon udavane hii fashichi eka paddhat aahe jyamadhye pidit vyaktila samanyatah tofanchya tondala bandhale jaate, jeey nantar sodale jaate, parinami mrutyu hoto. george carter stent yanni yaa prakriyeche varnan khalilpramane keleh
bandukine udavane heey 16 vya shatkapurvi fashiche eka nondavalele sadhan hote aanee 20 vya shatkaparyant vaparale jaat hote. portugij vasahatvadyanni 16vya aanee 17vya shatkat 1509 pasoon selon (aadhunik srilanka) teey mosambic teey brazilparyantchya tyanchya samrajyamadhye hii paddhat vaparali hotee. mughalanni 17vya shatkat aanee 18vya shatkat, visheshtah bandkhoranviruddha hii paddhat vaparali.
fashichi hii paddhat bharatatil british vasahatvadi rajvatishi sarvat jawalun sambandhit aahe. 1857 chya bharatiy bandanantar, 'bandukine udavane' hii britishanni bandkhoranna tasech sodoon jaanyachya gunhyat doshi aadhalalelya bharatiy shipayanna fashi denyasathi vaparali jaanari eka paddhat hotee. purvi mughalanni palalelya paddhatincha vapar karoon, britishanni 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat bandukanni udavane suru kele.
bharatiy upkhandat mrutdeh nasht karane aanee avashesh vistrut parisarat vikhurane heey fashiche sadhan mhanoon dharmik karya hote kaaran yamule hindu aanee muslimanchya aavashyak antyasanskaranna pratibandh hota. tyanusar, shraddhalunsathi shikshechi mudat mrutyuchya palikade vadhavanyat aalee. paradeshi kabjadharkanna heey changle samajale hote aanee africa, austreliya kinwa amerikeche samvarti paradeshi kabjadharak mhanoon samanyatah yaa prathecha vapar keela jaat navhata. agadi alikadech 1930 madhye afaganistanmadhye 11 panjashiri bandkhoranviruddha yaa prathecha apavadatmak vapar karnyat aala.
vidhee.
ekhadya vyaktila bandukitoon udavanyachi eka samanyapane nondavaleli paddhat mhanje tyanna bandukichya thadgesamor bandhane aanee nantar tyanna golya ghalane. pratyaksh tofane tof bharalyachi kahee vela nond hote; parantu, adhik samanyatah, rikami kadtuse kinwa drakshanchya golicha vapar pramanit keela jaato. doshila bandhanyachya paddhatiche khaleel varnan afaganistanmadhil 7 julai 1839 roji aahe, jyala suja shahane dost mohammed khanviruddhachya mohimedarmyan aadesh deela hotah
tof sodanyapurvi piditela bandukisamor sthir karane hii aataparyantchi sarvat nondavaleli paddhat asali taree, 1596 madhye istanbulchya eka prakaranat assa aarop karnyat aala aahe qee piditela pratyakshat bandukit basavanyat aale aanee tyach paddhatine fashi denyat aalee. kahee prasangi lokanna rocketne bandhun havet udavanyat aale hote yachee pushti karnare ahwal astitvat aahet. hyder alichya karkirdit (1761-1782) aanee maratha samrajyatil 1800 chya deshdrohachya prakaranatahi hii brahmanala shiksha asalyache mhatale jaate.
paddhatishi sambandhit samasya.
asha amalbajavanichya velee nehmi yojnenusar goshti ghadalya naheet. 1857 madhye ferozepur yethe samoohik fashichya velee, rikamya kadtuse vaparnyacha aadesh hota, parantu tyaeivaji kahee bandukanmadhye drakshancha maaraa keela jaat asey. tofanna tond denanya anek prekshakanna drakshanchya goline marle gele aanee parinami kahinche avyav kapave lagale. yavyatirikt, kahee sainikanna yogya prakare maghari pathvanyat aale navhate aanee maans aanee hadanchya tukadyanni tyanna dukhapat jhaali hotee. dusya eka prakaranat, golee lagnyachya sthiteet asalela eka sainik khalee padnyat yashasvi jhaala, jyacha pudhil parinam jhalah
itaranni nondavale qee shikari pakshi fashichya jagechya varr kase pradakshina ghalat hote aanee havet manvi mansache tukade pakadanyasathi khalee zepavale, tarr itaranna kutryanni fashichya thikanabaddal firat asatana aanee fashichya parinami sarvatra pasarlelya sharirache kahee tukade gilanyasathi ghatanasthali dhaav ghetalyane malmal jhaali.
mughal samrajya.
fashichi paddhat mhanoon bandukine udavanyacha bharatiy upkhandat eka dirgh aanee vaividhyapurn itihas aahe aanee 18 vya shatkachya madhyapasoon aanee tyanantarchya anek ahwal tyachya vividh vaparachi saksh detat. bandkhorichya velee aanee vividh gunhyansathi shiksha mhanoon fashichi paddhat vaparali jaat asey. yethe, bandukitoon udavanyachya mughal paramparevar, udaharanarth tyach upkhandatil british paramparechya purvichi sthanik parampara mhanoon laksh kendrit kele jaate.
anek itihaskaranni nondavale aahe qee fashichi paddhat mhanoon lokanna bandukitoon udavane hii bharatiy upkhandatil eka 'junie mughal shiksha' hotee. pahilya mughal samrat babarchya rajvatichya agadi aadhi, tyacha mulga humayun yane 6 march 1526 roji, tyachya vadilanchya lodee rajvanshachya virodhat jhalelya anek sangharshanchya eka ghatanet, 100 afghan kaidyanna bandukitoon udavale asey mhatale jaate. 17vya shatkachya uttaradhat, uttar bharatatil jaat lokanchya sadasyanni bund kele aanee mughal samrajyachya virodhat chhapa takala aanee samrat aurangazebane tyanchya netyanpaiki ekala bandukine udavanyacha aadesh dilyache eka vruttat mhatale aahe. aajchya bihar rajyatil aurangabadjavalil umgacha shevatcha hindu pramukh asalyache mhatale jaanare purbil sing yanna eka adnyat mughal samratane aurangabadla nele aanee bandukine udavale. sheekh bandkhor bandaa sing bahadoorla akheris 1716 madhye samrat farrukhsiyarne parabhoot kele aanee tyachya fashinantar, bandachya mulala "tofane udavoon denyacha" aadesh denyat aala.
purvichi prakarane bandkhor kinwa lashkari virodhakanna bandukinmadhun udavanyachi udaharane aahet, tarr mughal yugat itar gunhyansathi yaa prakarchya fashicha vapar karanyachi kahee udaharane dekhil hotee. udaharanarth, jahangirchya kalatil eka upakhyanatmak kathet (aar. 1605-1627) eka hindu muliche jabardastine apaharan aanee muslim adhikadhyashi lagn karnyas sammati dilyabaddal aanee tyala manyata dilyabaddal samratane bandukitoon sahaa mullah udavale. 1714 madhye, chor haah morcha kadhana sainyasathi tivra santap hota; eka sapala tayar karnyat aala aanee lapavalelya rakshakankadun pakadale gelele done chor nantar bandukitoon udavale gele. 1719 madhye vedha ghalatana, mughal sainyachya senapatisathi, tyachya sainyachya upasthitit bandukinmadhun pakadalya gelelya chaar palayankartyanna udavoon deuun, palayankartyanchi samasya akheris sodavanyat aalee.
portugij samrajya.
portugij vasahatvadyanvar, anek khatyanmadhye, tyanchya anek vasahatinmadhye fashichi shiksha mhanoon bandukitoon udavanyacha vapar kelyacha aarop aahe. eka sankshipt punaravalokan khalilpramane aaheh
srilanka.
portugij sanshodhak francisco dii almeida yane 1509 chya sumaras selon yethe bandukinmadhun anek vyaktinna udavale asey sangitale jaate. 1656 madhye dachanni kolambola vedha ghatalyanantar, shaharachya loksankhyela tivra dushkal sahan karava lagla. eka stanpan karnari aaee itaki upashi rahili qee tiche dudhache utpadan thambale aanee tiche baal marat hote. tine tyala marane aanee khane tharavale. ekada portugij senapatila tichya narbhakshaktechya krutichi jaaniv jhaali qee, tyane teela bandukine udavanyacha aadesh deela, parantu yaa vishisht udaharanat, padri aanee pramukh nagarikanni tyala heey krutya karnyapasoon rokhale.
mosambic.
monomotapa yetheel sanshodhak francisco barretochya 1569-73 mohimedarmyan, tyane ekekali sumare 50 muslim vyaktinna turungat takale aanee tyanna 'fasavar latkavale, tofanni udavale, zadanchya fandyanvar fadale, kuhwad kinwa golya ghatalya'. 18 vya shatkachya madhyat, vayavya portugij mozambikmadhye, gulamansathi fashichi shiksha bandukinmadhun udavali jaat asey mhatale jaate aanee 19 vya shatkachya pahilya dashakat, asey nondavale jaate qee eka aakramak aakramankartyala portugijanni pakadale aanee bandukitoon udavale.
brazil.
1618 madhye brazilmadhye portugijanchya virodhat sthanikancha pratikar sthir hota, jaree tyanchyapaiki eka neta, amaro yala qaid karoon bandukine udavanyat aale.
british bharat.
1857 purvi.
bharatiy bandachya aadhi, asha prakare bund kinwa palayan kelyabaddal doshi aadhalalelya 'shipayanna' fashi denyachi britishanchi pradirgh parampara hotee. eka itihaskaranusar, british parampara 1760 madhye suru jhaali, jevha british east india companyne vaparat asalelya fashichya shikshechya paddhatinchi tapasani kelee. 24 pargana jilhyatil, asey aadhalun aale qee fashichi samanya lashkari paddhat mhanje kokra maroon mrutyudand dene. junya mughal shiksha mhanoon bandukine udavanyachya sandarbhat, east india companyne heey tantra, kokra marane, adhik pratibandhatmak, adhik sarvajanik aanee adhik manvi mhanoon nivadle. aadhich 1761 madhye, lakhipurmadhye, "jyanna kaidi karnyat aale hote, tyaa choranchya netyala tofane thaar maranyache, jenekarun itaranna rokhata yeil" asey aadesh denyat aale hote. tantrikdrushtya, court-marshalchya prakarananmadhye asey disate qee 1857 paryant nyayalaye british adhikadhyanaivaji bharatiy adhikadhyanchi banaleli hotee, parantu tyat asey jodale gele aaheh "jaree tyanche adhyakshapad, aanee" samanyatah netrutva aanee shasson ", adhikshak adhikari karatat, jyanche kartavya, tathapi, keval puravyanche pratilekhan karane aanee sthanik adhikanyanna sallah aanee sallyane madat karane heey aahe".
march 1764 madhye, eka "subhedar" (sthanik adhikari) neey guptapane tyachya netrutvakhalil lokanna shatru sainyat sameel honyasathi patvoon denyachi yojana aakhali; tyachi yojana sapadali aanee tyala court marshal karnyat aale aanee tyachya sainyasamor bandukine udavanyat aale. tyach varshi septembermadhye, mejar hector munro yanni 24 kinwa 25 'ring leaders' laa fashi dilee, jyanni eka batalian valvantat takali ("bakshisancha abhav", "tartudincha abhav" aanee hawaman aanee rogachya samasyanmule valvant). fashila manjuri detana, eka tippanikarane mhatleh "tyanantar bund karanyachi konatihi pravrutti disun aalee nahee". 1775 madhye, madras sainyatil 9vya sthanik bataliyanche commandant, muktoom saheb yanni bombesathi vahtook jahajavar chadhanyache aadesh nakarle. sahebne aaplya aadnyekhalil lokanna jahajavar chadhanyas nakar denyasahi rajee kele; tyanantar tyala atak karnyat aalee aanee tyachya aadnyekhalil lokanna bund karnyas pravrutt kelyacha tyachyavar aarop karnyat aala. februwari 1775 madhye, saheb yanna court-marshal karnyat aale aanee teey doshi aadhalale; nyayalayane tyanna bataliyanchya upasthitit bandukitoon udavanyachi shiksha sunavali. tyanantar, purvi tyachya netrutvakhalil lock shantpane bombela nighale, tarr madras sainyat 'commandant' chaa darja radd karnyat aala. 1782 madhye, bardhaman aanee bairakpurmadhye bandkhori jhaali. bardhaman yetheel nyayalayane teen bandkhoranna fashichi shiksha sunavali, tyapaiki doghanna bandukitoon udavoon dile gele, jyala fashi denyat aalee. barrackpur khatalyanmadhye, khatalyachya sunavanitil pachpaiki chaar jananna bandukine udavanyachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee, tarr shevatchya vyaktila eka hazar chabook maranyachi aanee "tyachya manevar dori thevun chhavanitun baher kadhanyachi" shiksha sunavanyat aalee. tisya anglo-mysur yuddhadarmyan (1789-1792), sahaa tukadyanni pagarachya thakbakivarun bund kele aanee tyanchya adhikanyanna turungat takale. jevha suvyavastha purvavat jhaali, tevha done sarvat sakriy bandkhoranna bandukinmadhun udavanyat aale. 1781 aanee 1783 madheel kahee prakarananmadhun disun yete qee, bandkhoranna keval bandukitoon udavale gele nahee, tarr sainikanna dekhil sodoon dilyache doshi tharavale gele.
keval 'shipayanna' bandukitoon udavoon maranyat aale asey nahee. 1798 madhye madrasachya padatik tofkhanyachya pahilya tukadit british sainikanmadhye bandkhori jhaali. eka british sainikala bandukitoon udavoon denyacha nishedh karnyat aala. tathapi, heey apavadatmak asalyache disate aanee eka itihaskarane mhatale aahe qee britishanni bandukitoon udavoon dilela sainik forster haah ekmev european aahe.
1804 madhye, lashkari ladhaidarmyan, leftnunt barchchya netrutvakhalil sainyane tyanchya chhavanichi jaaga sodanyas nakar deela. curnell burn yanna kathor upayayojana aavashyak vatalya, tyanni court-marshal bolavale aanee tyat sahbhagi asalelya done adhikanyanna bandukinmadhun udavanyat aale aanee itar nauu adhikanyanna "gambhir kopare" marle gele. kruteela purn manyata deuun, lekhak nirikshan karatoh "jyaa upayavar vishvas thevanyas serve kaaran aahe, tyacha sarvottam parinam jhaala, kaaran tyanantarchya vedhyadarmyan mrutdehane sarvat jaast sthirata aanee yogyatesah vagale".
1806chya vellore bandat, british adhikari aanee sainikanchya ratrichya hatyakandapasun suruvat houn, dadapshahidarmyan anek 'shipai' marle gele, tarr sahaa bandkhoranna bandukitoon udavanyachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee. 1812 madhye, european adhikanyanna thaar marnyacha eka cutt travancore yethe sapadala; done ring leadersna bandukitoon udavoon denyat aale aanee itar anekanna fashi denyat aalee. 1819 madhye, tabyat ghetalelya nagpur rajyachya haddapar kelelya rajamadhye sameel jhalelya sahaa palayankartyanna ingrajanni pakadale aanee 7 februwari roji tyanna bandukitoon udavoon dile. 1832 madhye, serve europeancha naash karnyasathi kathitpane rachanyat aalela cutt bengalurumadhye sapadala. sumare 100 aaropinpaiki chaar jananna bandukitoon udavanyachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee, tarr itar doghanna golya ghalanyachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee.
kadhikadhi, jaree ekhadya vyaktila mrutyudandachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee asali, taree too kadachit kshama kinwa shiksheche laghukaran apekshit karoo shakato. 1784 madhye, pagarachya kamataratemule eka regimentne bund kele. leftnunt general leingne bandkhoranna dadapun takale aanee baaraa jananna bandukitoon udavanyache aadesh dile. baaraa paiki shevatcha kheladu matra khoop bhagyavan hotah tofa tondala bandhala gela, tyala teen vela fuse jaloon khaq hone sahan karave lagale. tyanantar tyane leftnunt general leingla vicharale qee asha prakare marane tyache kharokharach bhagya aahe qaa aanee leingne tyala maaf karane nivadle. 1795 madhye madhyapurmadhye, court-marshalmadhye paach 'shipayanna' bandamule bandukitoon udavoon denyat aale, tarr itar teen shipayanna fashi denyat aalee. matra, tyanchya khatalyanna apeal karnyat aale aanee tyaeivaji tyanchi shiksha sevetoon barkhast karnyasathi qamee karnyat aalee. 1824 chya barrackpur bandamadhye, pahilya anglo-bermi yuddhat "shipayanchya" santapamule, bund raktaranjit dadapun taklyanantar chaar divasanni, netyanpaiki eka, 47 vya regimentcha bindi tiwari, "fakir" chya veshat lapoon aadhalala. tyanantarchya court-marshalmadhye, tyala bandukine udavoon denyacha dand thothavanyat aala, parantu tyaeivaji tyala sakhalyanmadhye latkavanyat aale aanee tyachya mrutyunantar tyache shareer kahee mahinyansathi gibbetmadhye thevanyat aale. 1836 madhye, eka shipayala shatrupaksh paloon jaanyat doshi tharvanyat aale aanee tyane tyachya european adhikanyanna sodoon dile. rangishala bandukitoon udavale gelyacha nishedh karnyat aala, parantu hii shiksha 'samudrachya palikade vahtook' madhye rupantarit karnyat aalee.
mahan bund.
1857 chya bharatiy bandachya dadapshahidarmyan britishanni kelelya tyachya vaparashi fashichi hii paddhat drudhpane sambandhit aahe. 1857 chya bandachya velee britishanni kelelya fashichya praman aanee varanvartechi bhavna 1857 chya 'allon indian mail' yaa niyatkalikat dilelya ghatananchya ahavalanmadhye disun yeteh
adhikrut aakadevariche udaharan mhanoon, vruttapatranchya ahavalanchya sankalnaivaji, 1859 saalee british haus auph commonsla panjabmadhil peshavar khoyatil bandavar lihilelya eka vruttapatrat, meey-september 1857 yaa kalavadhit 523 jananna fashi denyat aalee, tyapaiki 459 jananna bandukine golya ghatalya, 20 jananna fashi denyat aalee (13 jananna sodoon jaanyasathi) aanee shevatchya 44 jananna bandukitoon udavanyat aale. tyaa 44 paiki chaar jananna bund karnyaivaji sodoon dilyachya aaropakhali fashi denyat aalee. aagarabaddalchya kshetrachi julai-novemberchi adhikrut aakadevari sangate qee, jyanna fashichi shiksha sunavanyat aalee hotee, tyapaiki 78 paiki doghanchi shiksha turungat rupantarit karnyat aalee hotee, tarr 4 jann bandukitoon udavanyat aale hote. yaveli indormadhil itar adhikrut aakadevarinusar, adhikrutpane shiksha jhalelya 393 shipayanpaiki 32 shipayanna fashi denyat aalee, tyapaiki 21 jann bandukitoon udavoon denyat aale. anek britishanni asehi mhatale qee, bharatiy bandkhoranni bandadarmyan british nagarikanna bandukinmadhun udavale hote. anek strotanni namood kelelya vishisht prakaranacha shree. aanee shrimati. berch, shrimati. ekford aanee shrimati. defontain, jeey serve fatehgad yethe bandukinmadhun udavale gele asey mhatale jaate.
bandukitoon udavalelya bharatiy shipayachi kavati, elam begg, british pabmadhye sapadali aanee 'daad kavati auph elam begah daad life andd death auph aaa rebel 1857' yaa pustakacha vishay aahe.
1857 nantar.
1857chey bund hii shevatchi vel navhati jevha british vasahatvadi sarkarne fashichi paddhat mhanoon tof vaparoon udavanyacha vapar keela. udaharanarth, 1871 madhye sheekh panthachya cucas kinwa namdharichya 65 sadasyanna britishanni bandukitoon udavoon thaar marle.
afghanistan.
afaganistanat, ekonisavya shatkachya suruvatipasun 1930 paryant fashichi shiksha mhanoon bandukine udavanyachi parampara pramanit kelee jaate. hii pratha visheshtah afaganistanmadhye upayukt manali jaat hotee, jithe "kamkuvat shasson, bund aanee mothya pramanat darodekhor yaa sarvanmule rajyachya vaidhatela dhoka nirman jhaala". kahee udaharane pudhe yetat.
durrani rajvansh.
1802 madhye, mahmood shaah durranichya sainyane gilzai jamatincha darun parabhav keela aanee pudhil aakramanacha nishedh karnyasathi, tyane eka netyala aanee tyachya done mulanna bandukinmadhun udavanyacha tasech gilzai kavatitoon eka minar bandhanyacha aadesh deela. 1803 madhye, jevha shaah shuja durranine tyacha savatra bhau mahmoodla sattevarun hakaloon dile, tevha tyane mahmood, aashikchya mitravar suud ugavoon, vishvasghatane suja aanee mahmudcha savatra bhau jamaan shaah durrani, joou 1800 madhye mahmudne hakalpatti karnyapurvi durrani samrajyacha raja hota, tyala bandukitoon udavoon deela. pahilya anglo-afghan yuddhadarmyan shaah shuja sinhasanavar punha basavalyanantar, tofane pudhil fashi denyat aalee. 1841 madhye, eka european lekhakachya hatyesathi eka afghan vyaktila bandukitoon udavanyat aale. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat, general william notchya netrutvakhalil anglo-durrani mohimene eka bandkhor netyala pakadale, jyala shaah shujachya mulachya aadeshanusar fashi denyat aalee.
lokhandi amir, 1880-1901.
1880 madhye, abdur rahman khaan afaganistancha amir jhaala aanee tyachya kroorata aanee majboot rajvatisathi tyala vegane 'lokhandi amir' heey topananav midale. udaharanarth, eka strotacha andaj aahe qee, sinhasanavar asalelya tyachya 20 varshanchya kalat, varshala sarasari 5,000 fashi denyat aalya, tyapaiki anek bandukitoon udavoon denyat aalya. udaharanarth, ektya december 1889 madhye 24 jann bandukinmadhun udavale gele aanee itar anekanna itar marganni fashi denyat aalee ashee nond aahe.
tajik rajvatitil dahashatvad, 1929.
janewari 1929 madhye, afaganistanmadhye tivra hinsacharache eka naveen chakr suru jhaale jevha tajik habibullah kalakani amir jhaale. british adhikrut humphrase yanni lihileh "konihi surakshit navhate, ghare andadhundapane lutali gelee, mahilancha upman keela gela aanee afghan raktaranjit itihasachya itihasat abhootpurv dahashatiche rajya sthapan jhaale". rajkiy virodhakanna anekada bandukinmadhun udavale jaat asey kinwa itar marganni fashi dilee jaat asey. aktoobar 1929 madhye habibullache rajya ulthavoon taknyat aale aanee nantar kuhesthani tajikancha chhal karnyat aala. 6 april 1930 pasoon 'daad newyork times' madheel eka lekhache shirshak asey hoteh 'kabool yethe bandukitoon udavalele akra afghan'.