bharatacha aarthik itihas

ii. sha. puu. pahilya sahasrakachya akheris suru houn bharatatil british rajvatichya suruvatichya sumaras sumaras sumare adich sahasrabdiparyant bharat hii jagatil sarvat mothya arthvyavasthanpaiki eka hotee.
ii. sha. puu. 500 chya sumaras mahajanpadanni punch-marqa keleli chandichi nanee tayar kelee. haah kaal sakhol vyapar kriyakalap aanee shahari vikasane chinhankit keela gela. ii. sha. puu. 300 paryant, maurya samrajyane teen mukutdhari rajanni rajya kelelya tamilakamsah bahutek bharatiy upkhandala ekatra kele hote. parinami nirman jhaleli rajkiy ekata aanee lashkari surakshemule eka samaan aarthik vyavastha nirman jhaali aanee krishi utpadaktet vaadh houn vyapar aanee vanijyat vaadh jhaali.
maurya samrajyanantar chola, pandya, cher, gupt, pashchimi ganga, harsh, paal, rashtrakoot aanee hoysal yasah shastriy aanee suruvatichya madhyayugeen rajye aalee. pahilya aanee 18 vya shatkatil bahutansh kaal bharatiy upkhandachi arthvyavastha jagatil konatyahi pradeshapeksha sarvat mothee hotee. ii. sha. 1000 paryant, bharatachi arthvyavastha avishvasaniy samruddha hotee, jee jagachya jee. dii. pii. chya sumare 33 takke kinwa sampoorn jagachya eka trutiyansh itaki hotee, jyamule samrajyatil lock aarthikdrushtya sthir hote aanee loksankhyechi vaadh niyantranat hotee.
uttarekadil dilli saltanat aanee dakshinekadil vijaynagar samrajyachya barobarine, uchch madhyayugeen yugat bharatane dardoi jee. dii. pii. vaadh anubhavali. aanee shatkachya uttaradhat, bharatiy upkhandacha bahutansh bhag mughal samrajyachya adhipatyakhali punha ekatra aala hota, jeey kahee kalasathi punha jagatil sarvat mothee arthvyavastha aanee utpadan shakti banale, jeey pudhil shatkat tukade honyapurvi aanee jinkanyapurvi jaagtik jee. dii. pii. chya sumare eka chaturthansh utpadan karat hote. paschimela dutch aayatipaiki keval 40 takke aayat karnara bangal suba haah samrajyacha sarvat shrimant prant, jyat purv-audhyogikikaran kalat pragat, utpadanaksham shetee, vastrodyog utpadan aanee jahajbandhani hotee.
18 vya shatkaparyant, mysorian lokanni eka mahatvakankshi aarthik vikas karyakram suru keela hota, jyane mysur rajyala eka pramukh aarthik shakti mhanoon sthapit kele. aay. dii. 1' madhye francis buchanan yanni maisurmadhye kelelya krishi sarvekshananche vishleshan kartana shivramkrishna yanni 'nirvah basket' vaparoon, asey andaj kadhale qee ektrit bajariche utpann nirvah patalichya jawaljawal pachpat asoo shakate. maratha samrajyane tyachya niyantranakhalil mukhya bhaganmadhye prabhavi prashasana aanee curr vasuli dhoran dekhil vyavasthapit kele aanee samant rajyanmadhun chauth kadhale.
bharatane british rajvatit vividh hastakala udhyoganche audhyogikikaran aanee samapti anubhavali, jyacha parinam mhanoon pashchimatya jagatil vegwan aarthik aanee loksankhya vadhisah jaagtik arthvyavasthet bharatacha vaataa 1700 madheel madheel varoon 1950 madhye 4.2% paryant ghasarala aanee jaagtik audhyogik utpadanat tyacha vaataa 1750 madheel 25% varoon 1900 madhye 2% paryant ghasarala. vyapari kshetra mhanoon tyachya pracheen itihasamule aanee nantar tyachya vasahatvadi sthitimule, vasahatvadi bharat uchch patalivaril vyapar, guntavanuk aanee sthalantarasaha aarthikdrushtya jagashi ekatmik rahila.
1850 teey 1947 yaa kalat, kalat aantarrashtriy dollarchya mudatit bharatacha jee. dii. pii. $125.7 abj varoon $213.7 abjaparyant vadhala, 70 takke vaadh kinwa 0.55% chaa sarasari varshik vaadh darr. haah vadhicha uchch darr hota, jevha mughal yugat (1600-1700) 22 takkyanni vaadh jhaali hotee, varshik vaadh darr 0.20% hota kinwa 1700 teey 1850 yaa kalat bahutansh british east indian companychya rajvatichya dirgh kalavadhimadhye, jithe tee 39 takke kinwa 0.22% varshik vadhali hotee.[11] tathapi, british rajvatichya akherparyant, bharatachya arthvyavasthene jaagtik jee. dii. pii. chya khoopach qamee pramanache pratinidhitva kele. 1820 madhye bharatacha jee. dii. pii. jaagtik jee. dii. pii. chya 16 takke hota. 1870 paryant too 12 takkyanparyant aanee 1947 paryant 4 takkyanparyant ghasarala hota.
1947 madhye sthapan jhalelya bharatiy prajasattakane, tyachya bahutansh swatantra itihasasathi, vyapak sarvajanik malki, niyaman, laal fiti aanee vyapar adthalyansah kendriya niyojan sweekarle. 1991 chya aarthik sankatanantar kendra sarkarne aarthik udarikaranache dhoran suru kele.
indus asat sanskruti.
pahili dnyat kayamswarupi aanee pramukhyane shahari vasahat asaleli indu asat sanskruti ii. sha. puu. 3500 teey ii. sha. puu. 1800 darmyan bharbharatila aalee. tyat pragat aanee bharbharatichi aarthik vyavastha hotee. tethil nagrik shetee, paliv prani palat asat, tambe, kansya aanee tinpasoon dhardar sadhane aanee shastre banavat asat aanee itar shaharanshi vyapar karat asat. asat dholavira, harappa, lothal, mohenjodaro aanee rakhigarhi yaa pramukh shaharanmadhil susthitit asalele raste, jalnissaran vyavastha aanee panipurvatha yancha purava shahari niyojanabaddalache tyanche dnyan ughad karato.
pracheen aanee madhyayugeen vaishishtye.
pracheen bharatat jaree lakshaniy shahari loksankhya asali, taree bharatachi bahutansh loksankhya khedyanmadhye rahat hotee, jyanchya arthvyavastha mothya pramanat ekaki aanee swayampurn hotya. shetee haah pramukh vyavasay hota aanee kapad, ann prakriya aanee hastakala yasarkhya haat-aadharit udhyogansathi kachcha maal puravat gavachya annapadarthanchya garja purn karat asey. asey, lock nhavi, sutar, doctor (aayurvedik vyavsayik), suvarnakar aanee vinkar mhanoon kaam karat asat.
dharm.
aarthik ghadamodinna aakar denyat dharmachi prabhavi bhoomika hotee. prayagraj, varanasi, nashik aanee puri yasarkhi tirthakshetre, mukhytah nadyanvar kendrit asaleli, vyapar aanee vyaparachi kendre mhanoon vikasit jhaali. dharmik karyakram, sann aanee tirthayatra karnyachya prathemule aatithya udhyogachi prarambhik aavrutti nirman jhaali.
jaine dharmatil arthshastravar mahaveer aanee tyachya tatvadnyanacha prabhav aahe. jaine dharmacha prasar audhyogikikaran 24 tirthankaranpaiki too shevatcha hota. arthshastrashi sambandhit, tyanni 'ankantha' (gair-vilinikaran) yaa sankalpanechya mahattvavar bharr deela.
kautumbik vyavasay.
sanyukt kutumb vyavasthet, kutumbatil sadasyanni kutumbachi dekhbhal karnyasathi aanee vyavsayik upkramanmadhye guntavanuk karnyasathi tyanchi sansadhane gola kelee. yaa pranaline tarun sadasyanna prashikshit aanee niyukt kele jaeel aanee vruddha aanee apang sadasyanna pathimba deela jaeel yachee khatri kelee. yaa pranaline shetichi jameen pratyek pidhinusar vibhaganyapasun rokhali, jyamule praman labhanpasun utpannas madat jhaali. asha nirbandhanmule kanishth sadasyanmadhil shatrutvavar ankush lagla aanee aadnyadharaktela chalana midali.
sanghatanatmak sanstha.
kautumbik aanee vaiyaktikaritya malkichya vyavsayansah, pracheen bharatat gana, paanee, puga, vrat, sangh, nigam aanee shreni yasah samoohik karyat sahbhagi honyache itar prakar hote. nigam, paanee aanee shreni heey bahudha vyapari, karagir aanee karagiranchya aarthik sanghatanancha aanee kadachit neem-lashkari sansthancha dekhil sandarbh detat. visheshtah, shrenimadhye aadhunik mahamandalanshi anek samanata hotya, jyaa ii. sha. puu. puu shatkapasoon ii. sha. sha shatkaparyant bharatat vaparlya jaat hotya. pracheen bharatat asha sansthancha vapar sarvatra hota, jyat aksharshah pratyek prakarchya vyavasay, rajkiy aanee nagarpalika upkramancha samavesh hota.
shreni hii eka swatantra kayadeshir sanstha hotee, jyat malmatta tichya malkanpasoon swatantrapane dharan karanyachi, tyachya sadasyanchya vartanavar niyantran thevanyasathi swatache niyam tayar karanyachi aanee karar karanyachi, khatala bharnyachi aanee swatachya navane khatala dakhal karanyachi kshamata hotee. manuche kayade" VIII aanee chanakyache "arthshastra" yasarkhya pracheen strotanni done kinwa adhik shreninmadhil khatalyansathi niyam pradan kele aanee kahee srot sarkari sarkari ("bhandagarika") sandarbh detat, jyane kiman ii. sha. puu. 6 vya shatkapasoon shreninmadhil vadansathi madhyasth mhanoon kaam kele. pracheen bharatatil vividh kalat 18 teey 150 shreninmadhye vyapar aanee hastakala yaa donhi upkramancha samavesh hota. visheshikaranacha haah star vikasit arthvyavastheche soochak aahe jyamadhye shreni lokanni mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali. kahee shreninmadhye 1,000 hoon adhik sadasya hote.
shrenimadhye lakshaniy pramanat kendrikrut vyavasthapan hote. shrenicha pramukh rajachya darbarat aanee anek vyavsayik babinmadhye shrenichya hitsambandhanche pratinidhitva karat asey. pramukh shrenila kararanmadhye bandhu shakat asey, kamachya atty nishchit karoo shakat hote, anekada jaast nuksanbharpai midvu shakat asey aanee prashasakeey adhikari hote. pramukhanchi nivad anekada shrenichya sadasyandvare nivadanukidware kelee jaat asey aanee mahasabhedvare tyanna sattevarun kadhoon takale jaau shakat hote. pramukh anekada done teey paach karyakari karyakari udyog chalvat asey, jyanna vidhansabhene dekhil nivadoon dile.
nanee.
punch marqa kelele chandiche sungate ii. sha. puu. puu shatkachya aaspas prachalit hote. gangachya maidani bhagatil mahajanpadanni ii. sha. puu. puu shatkachya sumaras tayar keleli tee pahili dhatuchi nanee hotee aanee bharatatil nanyanche sarvat june khuna hotee. bharatatil anek rajye aanee shasakanni nanee jaaree kelee, taree devanghevan ajunahi mothya pramanat prachalit hotee. gavanni tyanchya pikancha eka bhag mahasool mhanoon deela tarr tethil karagiranna tyanchya sevesathi pikanmadhun vetan midale. pratyek gaav bahutansh swavlambi hote.
maurya samrajya.
maurya samrajyachya kalat (ii. 321-185 bii. see.), mahattvache badal aanee ghadamodincha bharatiy arthvyavasthevar parinam jhaala. bharatacha bahutansh bhag ekach shasakachya akhtyarit yenyachi hii pahilich vel hotee. samrajya astitvat aalyane, vyapar marg adhik surakshit jhaale. samrajyane raste bandhanyasathi aanee tyanchi dekhbhal karnyasathi mothya pramanat sansadhane kharch kelee. sudharit payabhoot suvidha, vadhiv suraksha, mojmapanmadhye adhik ekarupata aanee chalan mhanoon nanyancha vadhata vapar, vyaparat vaadh. yaa kalat jaagtik arthvyavasthet bharatacha vaataa 32 teey 35 takke asalyacha andaj aahe.
suruvatichya kalapasoon ii. sha. aanee shatkaparyant dakshin bharat aanee aagney aanee paschim ashiya yanchyat sagari vyapar mothya pramanat keela jaat hota. malbar aanee coromandal kinarpatti hii donhi ii. sha. puu. pahilya shatkapasoon mahattvachi vyapari kendre hotee, jee aayat aanee niryatisathi tasech bhoomadhya pradesh aanee aagney ashiya yanchyatil sankraman bindunsathi vaparali jaat hotee. kalantarane, yaa swatahla sanghatananmadhye sanghatit kele jyanna rajya sanrakshn midale. itihaskar tapan raichoudhary aanee irrfan habib yancha dawa aahe qee, videshi vyaparasathicha haah rajya aashray ii. sha. upkhandat shatkaparyant sampushtat aala, jevha sthanik parshi, jyoo, syrian khrishchan aanee muslim samudayanni, suruvatila malbar aanee nantar coromandal coromandal, too mothya pramanat tabyat ghetala.
resheem marg.
itar vidwan asey suchavatat qee aanee aanee jhaala shatkadarmyan bharatatoon paschim ashiya aanee purv europaparyantcha vyapar sakriy hota. yaa kalat, bharatiy vyapari azarbaijanmadhil grater bakoochya upnagaratil surkhani yethe sthayik jhaale. yaa yaa eka hindu mandir bandhale, jeey soochit karate qee 17 vya shatkaparyant bharatiyansathi vyapar sakriy aanee samruddha hota.
pudhe uttares, saurashtra aanee bangalchya kinarpattyanni sagari vyaparat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali aanee gangechi maidane aanee sindhu sindhu nadijanya vyaparachi anek kendre hotee. panjab pradeshala afaganistanshi pradeshanna khaibar khindidware aanee pudhe madhya purv aanee madhya ashiyaparyant bahutansh jaminivaril vyapar keela jaat asey. jaree anek rajye aanee shasakanni nanee jaaree kelee asali, taree devanghevan prachalit hotee. gavanni tyanchya krishi utpadanacha eka bhag mahasool mhanoon shasakanna deela, tarr tyanchya karagiranna tyanchya sevesathi kapanichya velee pikancha eka bhag midala.
dilli saltanat.
dilli saltanatichya aadhi aanee darmyan (ii. sha. 1) islamne eka vaishvik sanskruti nirman kelee. tyane samajik aanee aarthik jaalyansah vyapak aantarrashtriy jaalyanchi soya kelee. teey afro-eurasiachya mothya bhagat pasarale hote, jyamule vastoo, lock, tantradnyan aanee kalpanancha prasar vadhala. suruvatila vighatankari asoonahi, dilli saltanat bharatiy upkhandala vadhatya jaagtik vyavasthet ekikrut karnyasathi jababdar hotee.
bharatiy upkhandat yantrik tantradnyanacha adhik vapar karnyashi haah kaal julala. upkhandat shatkapasoon bharatane islamik jagatatil kahee yantrik tantradnyanacha avalamb karnyas suruvat kelee, jyat gears aanee puli, cams aanee crank asaleli yantre yancha samavesh aahe. krumee gear roller kapus jinacha shodh bharatiy upkhandat upkhandat aanee aanee shatkat lagla hota aanee aajahi bharatat tyacha vapar keela jaato. kapus jinmadhye crank handlecha samavesh pahilyanda bharatiy upkhandat dilli saltanatichya uttaradhat kinwa suruvatichya mughal samrajyachya kalat disala. kapus utpadan, jeey bahudha khedyanmadhye vinale gele asave aanee nantar kapadat vinanyasathi dhagyachya swarupat shaharanmadhye nele gele asave, dilli saltanatichya kalat bharatbhar firatya chakanchya prasaramule pudhe gele, jyamule dhagyacha kharch qamee jhaala aanee kapasachi magani vadhanyas madat jhaali. firatya chakancha vadhata vapar aanee roller kapus jinmadhye krumee upkaran aanee crank handlecha samavesh yamule bharatiy kapus kapad utpadanat mothya pramanat vaadh jhaali.
jee. dii. pii. andaj.
aarthik itihaskar engus maddison yanchya 'jaagtik arthvyavasthechi ruparesha, 1-2030 aii. dii.: nibandh sthool-aarthik itihas' yaa granthanusar, bharatiy upkhand haah ii. sha. 1 teey 1600 yaa kalat jagatil sarvat utpadanaksham pradesh hota.
mughal samrajya.
bharatiy upkhandatil arthvyavasthene pracheen kalapramanech kamgiri kelee, matra aata teela vyapak pradeshik tanavachya tanawala samore jaave lagat hote. parthsarthine andaj vartavala qee 1600 teey 1800 darmyan bharatiy upkhandat 28,000 tunn (pramukhyane naveen jagatoon) sarafa aala, joou tyaa kalatil jagachya utpadanachya 30 takke itka hota.
1600 madhye samrat akbarchya khajinyachya varshik utpannacha andaj 9 kotee dollar aahe (donashe varshannantar 1800 madhye gret brittonne ghetalelya curr ghenyachya ulat, joou ekoon 9 kotee dollar hota). 1600 saalee bharatiy upkhandacha pradesh aarthik drushtine jagatil hotee kramankacha sarvat motha pradesh asalyacha andaj hota, joou chinpeksha fakt khalee hota.
akbarchya kalat, mughal samrajya tyachya shikharavar hote kaaran tyane uttar bharatachya vishal pradeshavar niyantran thewale hote aanee dekkan rajyanshi yutee kelee hotee. tyane eksaman simashulk aanee curr-prashasana pranali lagoo kelee. 1700 madhye, samrat aurangzebchya sarkari tijorit 10 kotee paund kinwa 4 kotee 50 laakh dollarspeksha jaast varshik mahasool nondavala gela, joou tyachya samkalin francechya lui chaudavyachya dahapat hota, tarr loksankhyechya satra putt niyantrit hota.
ii. sha. chya pahilya shatkapasoon jhaala shatkachya madhyaparyant bharat jaagtik audhyogik utpadanachya sumare 25 takke utpadan karat hota. eka vyapak raste vyavastha tayar karane, eksaman chalan nirman karane aanee deshache ekikaran karane yasathi mughal jababdar hote. mughalanni suur samrat shher shaah suurii yane sadar kelele rupayache chalan sweekarle aanee pramanit kele. kele dashkaparyant mughalanni kiman 96 takke shuddhatesah kotyavadhi nanee naan tutata tayar kelee. yaa samrajyane bharatiy krishi aanee audhyogik utpadananchi jaagtik magani purn kelee.
tulanene uchch pataliche shaharikaran asalelya mughal samrajyakhali shahare aanee shaharanni vikas anubhavala. 1600 paryant, bharatachi 4.6 teey 15 takke loksankhya shahari bhagat rahat hotee, 1840 chya sumaras hii sankhya 6.40 teey 11 takke hotee. anek shaharanchi loksankhya pavane daha laakh teey paach lakhanchya darmyan hotee, tarr aagarasah (aagar subahmadhye) kahinni 800,000 lock aanee dhakyanni (bangal subahmadhye) kahee khatyannusar 10 lakhanhun adhik lock thewale hote. shireen moosavi yancha andaj aahe qee 36 takke kamgar duyyam aanee trutiyak kshetranmadhye hote, jee 1750 madhye 65-75% shetimadhye guntaleli asalyacha andaj asalelya purv europechya tulanet bigger-prathamik kshetranmadhye jaast takkewari hotee.
shetee.
bharatiy krishi utpadanat vaadh jhaali. annadhanyachya pikanmadhye gahoo, tandul aanee java yancha samavesh hota, tarr bigger-ann nagadi pikanmadhye kapus, nila aanee afoo yancha samavesh hota. aanee shatkachya madhyaparyant, bharatiy shetkari makaa aanee tambakhu yaa amerikemadhil done pikanchi mothya pramanat lagwad karoo lagale hote. bangali shetkari tutichi lagwad aanee resham lagvadichi tantre shikale, jyamule bangal suba haah eka pramukh resheem utpadak pradesh mhanoon sthapit jhaala. europechya tulanet shetee pragat hotee, jyache udaharan biyane khodanichya purvichya samanya vaparatoon milate.
mughal prashasanane bigger-mughal samrat shher shaah suurii yachya kalat suru jhalelya krishi sudharananvar bharr deela. akbarne heey sweekarle aanee aanakhi sudharana jodalya. mughal sarkarne sinchan pranali ubharanyasathi nidhi deela, jyamule pikanche utpadan aanee peak khoop jaast hote.
akbarne suru keleli eka sudharana mhanje "zabt" navachi naveen bhoo-mahasool pranali. tyane curr pranalichi jaaga eksaman chalanavar aadharit aarthik curr pranaline ghetali. mahasool pranali kapus, nila, oos, vruksh pike aanee afoo yasarkhya uchch mulyachya nagadi pikanchya bajoone pakshapati hotee, jyamule nagadi pike pikavanyasathi rajyanna protsahan midale, jyamule bajarpethetil magani vadhali. zabt" pranaliantargat, mughalanni lagvadichya kshetrache moolyankan karnyasathi vyapak cadastral sarvekshan kele. jyanni naveen jameen lagvadikhali aanali tyanna karmukt kalavadhi deuun mughal rajyane adhik jameen lagvadila protsahan dile.
aarthik itihaskar emmanuel wallerstein, irrfan habib, persival bhala aanee ashoke desai yanni uddhrut kelelya puravyannusar, 17 vya shatkatil mughal bharat 17 vya shatkatil europe aanee 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila british bharatat dardoi krishi utpadan aanee vaparachi manke samaan hotee.
utpadan.
jhaala shatkaparyant, mughal bharat heey aantarrashtriy vyaparatil sarvat mahattvachya utpadan kendranpaiki eka hote. pramukh udhyoganmadhye vastrodyog, jahajbandhani aanee polad yancha samavesh hota. prakriya kelelya utpadananmadhye sutee kapad, dhage, dhaga, resheem, taag utpadane, dhatuchi bhandi aanee sakhar, teel aanee lonee yasarkhya khadyapadarthancha samavesh hota. audhyogik krantipurvi 18 vya shatkatil paschim europepramanech utpadanachya yaa vadhikade purv-audhyogikikaran eka prakar mhanoon pahile gele aahe.
suruvatichya aadhunik europemadhye mughal bharatatoon, visheshtah sutee kapad, masale, mirpud, nila, resheem aanee meethpeetar (shastrastranmadhye vaparasathi) ashee utpadane aayat kelee jaat hotee. udaharanarth, european fashion kahee pramanat bharatiy kapad aanee reshimavar avalambun jhaali. aanee shatkachya uttaradhapasun jhaala shatkachya suruvatiparyant, aashiyatun aayat british aayatipaiki 95 takke aayat mughal bharatakadun hote aanee aashiyatun aayat dutch aayatipaiki 40 takke aayat ektya bangalchya suba prantatoon hote. mughal bharatat european vastunchi magani qamee hotee, europechi niryat mukhyatve kahee lokri, kappe, kachechi bhandi, yantrik ghadyale, shastre, visheshtah firangi talvarisathichya blade aanee kahee vilasi vastunpurati maryadit hotee. vyapar asantulanamule europechya lokanna dakshin ashiyai aayatisathi paise denyasathi mothya pramanat chandi aanee kahee pramanat sonyachi niryat mughal bharatala karavi lagali. bharatiy vastoo, visheshtah bangalmadhil vastoo, indoneshiya aanee japansarkhya itar ashiyai bajarpethanmadhyehi mothya pramanat niryat kelya jaat hotya.
sarvat motha utpadan udyog haah sutee kapad utpadan hota, jyamadhye vividh ranganmadhye upalabdh asalelya, naan rangavalelya vastoo, calicose aanee malmal yanche utpadan samavisht hote. kapasacha kapad udyog haah samrajyachya aantarrashtriy vyaparachya mothya bhagasathi jababdar hota. bangalcha suba prant, visheshtah dhakyachya aaspas, heey kapus utpadanache sarvat mahattvache kendra hote. dachanni aayat kelelya kapadat 50 takkyanhun adhik aanee sumare 80 takke reshami kapad ektya bangalmadhun aayat kele jaate. bangali resheem aanee sutee kapad europe, indoneshiya, japan aanee aafriket mothya pramanat niryat kele jaat hote, jithe gulamansathi vastoo aanee khajinyachya devanghevanimadhye tyancha eka mahattvapoorn ghatak hota. brittonchya sanrakshanvadi dhorananmadhye, jase qee 1685-1774 calico kayadyanni, aayat kelelya bharatiy vastrodyogavar shulk ladale.
mughal bharatat jahajbandhanicha motha udyog hota, visheshtah bangalchya subah prantat. aarthik itihaskar inderjit reey yancha andaj aahe qee qee aanee aanee shatkat bangalche jahajbandhani utpadan varshik 223,250 tunn hote, tarr 1769 teey 1771 yaa kalat uttar americetil ekonis vasahatinmadhye 23,061 tunn utpadan jhaale hote.
bangal suba haah mughal samrajyacha sarvat shrimant prant hota, joou kapad utpadan aanee jahajbandhani yasarkhya udhyoganmadhye jaagtik staravar prasiddha hota. aanee resheem aanee sutee kapad, polad, meeth pieter aanee krishi aanee audhyogik utpadananchi niryat karane. daha lakhanhun adhik loksankhya asaleli bangalchi rajdhani dhaka hii samrajyachi aarthik rajdhani hotee.
deshantargatdrushtya, bharatacha barachsa bhag tandul, resheem aanee sutee kapadasarkhya bangali utpadananvar avalambun hota.
jhaala shatkachya purvardhat, mughal samrajyacha samrajyacha jhaala, aanee nadershahne mughal samrajyavar kelelya aakramanamule dilli uddhvast jhaali, khajina rikama jhaala, hajaro lock marle gele aanee hajaro lock tyanchya pashudhanasah gulam mhanoon vahoon nele gele, jyamule samrajya kamkuvat jhaale aanee mughal-nantarchya rajyancha uday jhaala. bharatatil bahutansh bhagant mughalanchya jaagi marathyanni varchasva gajavale, tarr itar lahan pradeshik rajye, jee bahudha usheera mughal upanadya hotya, udaharanarth uttarela nawab aanee dakshinela nijam, tyanni svayatta ghoshit kelee. tathapi, mughal curr prashasana pranali kahee pramanat badalasah mothya pramanat abadhit rahili aanee yuddhancha kharch bharoon kadhanyasathi chinache 5 teey 6 takke mahasuli moolyankan pratyakshat 50 takke kinwa tyahoon adhik vadhale assa andaj tapan raichoudhary yanni vartavala. tyachpramane yach kalat, maddison yanni usheera mughal arthvyavasthechya utpannachya vatpababat khaleel andaj dile aaheth
18 vya shatkat udayas aalelya mughal-nantarchya rajyanmadhye, maratha samrajya, bangal suba (bangalchya navabanchya adhipatyakhali) aanee dakshin bharatiy rajya mysur hii pramukh aarthik shakti hotee.
jeffrey jee. williamson yanni assa yuktivad keela qee mughal samrajyachya patanacha apratyaksh parinam mhanoon 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat bharat audhyogikikaranapasun door gela aanee tyaa british rajvatimule nantar aanakhi audhyogikikaran jhaale. jaree itar shatkaparyant bharatiy vastrodyogane british vastrodyogapeksha spardhatmak fayda kayam thewala. prasannan parthsarthi yanni prativad keela qee mughal-nantarchya anek rajyanmadhye, visheshtah bangal, maratha aanee mysur, jhaala shatkachya uttaradhat brittenshee tulana karata yet asatana, ghat jhaali nahee.
british rajvat.
british east india companycha kalkatta yetheel vyapari tall bangalchya subahchya naveen nawab siraj uda-daula yachya hatoon haravalyanantar eka varshanantar, 1757 madhye jhalelya plasichya ladhait tyane nawab aanee tyachya french east india companychya mitrapakshanvar nirnayak vijay midavala. navabcha lashkari senapati miir jaffar yala company snehi mhanoon niyukt karnyas sahmati darshavoon vijay midavala, jarr tyane siraj uda-daulachya sankhyashastriyadrushtya varishtha sainyala tyachya malak gharanyavar valavale aanee donhi pakshanna bharpai denyasathi navabchya khajinyachi vibhagani kelee. companyne parat midavale aanee nantar 1765 pasoon bangalchya prantat navabanchya vatine curr mahasool gola karnyacha adhikar midvat, kalkattyala balkati dilee, karmukt vyapar karnyacha adhikar, tyane sthapan keleli shahare aanee karkhane majboot karnyacha adhikar, sthanik sainya sthapan karnyacha adhikar, vyapari companyche prabhavi rajya upkaranat rupantar aanee nantar british rajmukutasathi prayojak. 1857 chya bharatiy bandanantar, british rajmukut hastakshep karel aanee companychya niyantrit pradeshat aupcharik vasahatvadi prashasana sthapan karel.
british east india companychi satta.
east india companyla mahasool gola karnyacha adhikar midalyanantar lagechach, bangalchya navabanchya vatine, companyne sone aanee chandi aayat karanyachi deed shatkatil pratha mothya pramanat bund kelee aanee eka dashakahun adhik kaal, jee aataparyant britton, american vasahati, purv ashiya kinwa african gulamanna parat pathavalya vaparlya vastunsathi, atlantic gulamanchya vyaparat gulamansathi vinimay karnyasathi, tee paise dett asey.
yavyatirikt, mughal rajvatit, bangalchya adhyakshapadachya kalat gola jhalelya jameen aanee afoochya mahasulamule companychya prashasanala vittapuravatha karnyas, shipai sainya ubharanyas aanee bharatachya itar bhaganmadhye yuddhanna nidhi denyas madat jhaali aanee nantar pudhe, udaharanarth, afoochya yuddhanmadhye, sadharanpane 10 takke atirikt bhandwal baniyanchya savkarankadun gola karnyat aale.
1760-1800 yaa kalat bangalcha paishacha puravatha mothya pramanat qamee jhaala hota. kahee sthanik takya bund karane aanee urvaritanvar barkaine dekhrekh thevane, vinimay darr nishchit karane aanee nanyanche pramanikaran yamule aarthik mandila chalana midali.
yaa kalat, east india companyne pradeshik jameen, afoo aanee meeth curr nishchit karoon gola karoon, vegane vistarat asalelya samrajyat kinwa bharatiy kshetrachya 35 takke bhagat curr prashasanat sudharana suru kelya. snrakshak aanee snrakshak rajyanvar apratyaksh niyam sthapit karnyat aale.
1780-1860 yaa kalavadhit bharat sarafat bharalya vaparlya prakriya kelelya vastoonchya niryatdarapasun kachcha maal niryatdar aanee utpadit vastooncha kharedidar banala.
1807 pasoon atlantic gulamancha vyapar radd kelyane, donhi bajunni eka mahattvapoorn niryat bajarpeth nasht kelee aanee dakshin ashiyai kamgaranchya aayatiche aayojan karnyasathi caribean lagvadis protsahan dile.
1820 paryant bharat avval sthanavarun ghasarun chinanantarchi jagatil dusari sarvat mothee arthvyavastha banala hota.
britishanchya aarthik dhorananmule tyanna bharatachya mothya bajarpeth aanee kapus sansadhananvar maktedari midali.
1750 chya dashakat bharatatoon europe, america, ashiya aanee aafriketil bajarpethanmadhye bareek kapus aanee resheem niryat kele jaat hote. east india companyne anglo-african trikoni vyaparat gulamansathi vinimay kelelya aanee french aanee arab gulamanchya vyaparat samavisht asalelya vyapar vastunpaiki andaje 30 takke kimatichya kapasachya tukadyancha puravatha keela.
east india companyche kharedidar, swatantra british, dutch aanee french east india companychya kharedidaransaha, aitihasikdrushtya ekmekanviruddha spardha karat, bangali madhyasthanna kapasachya tukadyanchya (kapadache boult andaje 18 yard buy eka yard aakarache) pramanasathi, vishisht darjache aanee pudhil varshi vitaranasathi namuna, aagau aagau aurder denyasathi. eka companychya paishane kharedi kelelya vastoo, tyaa pradeshatil sthanik vinakarankadun kharedi karoon, tyaeivaji uchch bolidarala vikoon, madhyasth anekada magani kelele praman kinwa gunavatta kararbaddha pakshaparyant pohochavanyat ayashasvi tharatat. east india companyla bangalvar prashasakeey adhikar midalyanantar, companyne sthanik sthanik itar pakshanchya sevanpurvi tyanche aadesh purn karnyas bhag padale, jyamule sthanik madhyasth aanee pratispardhi east india kampanya yaa doghankadunhi nishedh jhaala. british east india companyne yaa pradeshat vikalya vaparlya dhagyachi kimmat tharvanyas suruvat kelyanantar tyanni tase kele, jyacha aitihasikdrushtya kapasachya tukadyachya kimmatitil bahutansh vaataa hota. yaa kruticha sthanik utpadanavar parinam hott nasla taree, sthanik madhyasth aanee aantarrashtriy vyaparat guntalelya pratispardhi kampanyanvar parinam houn kalkatta prashasanala aarthik fayda jhaala. 
jhaala shatkachya uttaradhapasun british udhyoganni calico kayade punha lagoo karnyasathi aanee punha bharatiy vastrodyog aayativar curr aakarnyas suruvat karnyasathi tyanchya sarkarche lobbing karnyas suruvat kelee, tarr samantar tyanna bharatachya bajarpethanmadhye pravesh deu deela. 1813 chya sanadedware, bharatasobatchya bahutansh british vyaparavaril east india companychi donashe varshe junie maktedari kadhoon takalyane, britishanchya vastunsathi, jee aata company shulk kinwa shulkashivay bharatat vikali jaau shakate, toparyant sanrakshit bharatiy bajarpeth ughadanyas bhag padat, tee brittonchya sansadene anshatah manya kelee. itar shatkachya suruvatipasun, bharatiy bajarpethanmadhye british vastrodyog disu lagale, vastrodyog aayatiche moolya 1850 madheel 25 laakh paundavarun 1896 madhye 18 kotee 40 laakh paundparyant vadhale. british karkhanyanna kachchya kapasachi aayat shulkashivay kelee jaat asey, jeey soot aanee vastrodyog tayar karat asat aanee teey bharatala parat vikat asat, tasech shulkashivay.
bharatiy itihaskar rajat kaant reey yanni namood kele qee bharatiy sutee kapad udhyogachi sapeksh ghasaran 1820 chya dashakachya madhyat suru jhaali. matra, suruvatila tyachi ghasaranicha veg mand asala taree sthir hota, parantu 1860 paryant sankatat pohochala, jevha 563,000 kapad kamgaranni tyanchya sarkari gamavalya. recha andaj aahe qee 1850 paryant udyog sumare 28 takkyanni ghasarala. tathapi, too uchch-darjachya aanee nimn-darjachya deshantargat bajarpethanmadhye tikoon rahila. reey yanni assa yuktivad keela qee british bhedbhavpurn dhorananmule udhyogachya niryativar nihsanshaypane dabav aala, parantu brittenmadhil tantrik navkalpanandware tyachi ghasaran adhik changlya prakare spasht kelee gelee aahe asey suchavate. amiya bagchine hatpatte hatpatte lokanchya rojgaravar firatya khachcharachya shodhachya parinamacha andaj vartavalah
itar shatkaparyant bharatiy vastrodyogane british vastrodyogapeksha spardhatmak fayda kayam thewala hota, jevha brittonne akheris bharatala mage takat jagatil sarvat motha sutee vastrodyog utpadak mhanoon sthan midavale. 1811 madhye, bangal ajunahi america aanee hind mahasagarat sutee kapadyancha pramukh niryatdar hota. matra, itar shatkachya suruvatichya kalat bangali kapasachi niryat ghatali, kaaran bangalmadhil british aayat 1811 madheel 25 takkyanvarun 1840 madhye 93 takkyanparyant vadhali.
itar shatkachya hotee timahit, kachchya kapus, afoo aanee nilyacha samavesh asalelya kachchya malacha bharatachya bahutansh niryatisathi vaataa hota. 1930 chya dashakachya akheris bharatiy vastrodyog aanee kachchya kapus, taag, bhang aanee resheem niryatichi varshik $20 kotipeksha jaast jhaali.
east india companychya antargat shoshan karnyayogya khanij sathe olakhayala suruvat jhaali hotee, pahilya kolasa khaninsah, tyaa pradeshatil upalabdh sansadhane olakhanyasathi aanee tyancha nakasha tayar karnyasathi bharatiy bhoogarbhiy sarvekshan sthapan karnyat aale hote. itar shatkachya uttaradhat bharatat eka aadhunik loh aanee polad udyog sthapan hoil, jyamadhye jyamadhye dashkaparyant varshik 30 laakh tunn dhatoo aanee 25 laakh tunn kolasa tayar hoil.
east india companyancha vyapar aanee dhatuyukt raste jaale saksham audhyogikikaran udhyogacha vistar 1850 pasoon 1943 paryant karnyat aala.
1787 madhye, ishapur yethe barud karkhana sthapan karnyat aala; 1791 madhye tyache utpadan suru jhaale, aata too 1904 madhye suru jhalela raifal karkhana aahe. 1801 madhye, gunn andd shale karkhana, kalkatta sthapan karnyat aala aanee utpadan 18 march 1802 roji suru jhaale. 1947 madhye bharat swatantra honyapurvi athara shastrastra karkhane hote.
sthanik patalivar tayar jhalelya kagadachya girnyanmadhye tayar kelelya sthanik patalivar utpadit kagadachya chhapil chhapil pahilya bharatiy lekhikechi prakashne, eae. aay. see. antargat, hikkichya bangal rajpatrapasun 1940 chya dashkaparyant, darvarshi eka laakh tunn kagadache utpadan hott hote.
british raaj.
mughal samrajyachya aupcharik vighatanane bharatiy prajanprati britishanchya vagnyat badal ghadavun aanala. british rajvatit, mothya pramanat railway prakalp utsahane suru karnyat aale aanee sarkari sarkari aanee hummy nivruttivetanane mothya sankhyene uchch jaatichya hindunna prathamach nagri sevet aakarshit kele. 1875 paryant british kapasachya niryatine bharatiy bajarpethetil 55 takke hissa shoshala. 1850 chya dashakat bombemadhye pahili kapus giranya ughadalya, jyamule kautumbik majurivar aadharit kuteer-aadharit gharguti utpadan pranalisamor aavhan ubhe rahile. 1870-1906 darmyan dardoi vastavik jee. dii. pii. madhye 14 takke vaadh jhaali.
american yadavi yuddhadarmyan, 1864 paryant americi dollarche moolya ardhe houn 1.54 jhaale. franco-russian yuddhatil (1870-71) vijayanantar, germanyne franskadoon £ 200,000,000 chee mothee nuksan bharpai kadhali aanee nantar suvarn aarthik mankanvar brittenmadhye sameel honyasathi pudhe sarkala. sarkala bhitipoti france, america aanee itar audhyogikikaran audhyogikikaran deshanni germanycha pathlag karoon sone sweekarle. japansarkhe desh jyanna sonyachi aavashyak upalabdhata navhati kinwa bharatasarkhe desh, jeey samrajyavadi dhorananchya adheen hote, teey bahutekda chandichya mankanvar rahile. tyanantar chandi-aadharit aanee sone-aadharit arthvyavastha natakiyaritya bhinn jhalya. chandichya arthvyavasthanvar sarvat jaast parinam jhaala, jyaa pramukhyane sonyachya arthvyavasthanshi vyapar karat hotya. chandichya sathyanchya aakarat vaadh jhaali, jyamule sonyache sapeksh moolya vadhale. chandivar aadharit bharatavar tyacha motha parinam jhaala, kaaran tyacha bahutansh vyapar britton aanee itar sonyavar aadharit deshanshi hota. sterlingchya tulanet mojale asata, chandichya kimmatit ghasaran jhaali, tasech rupayache vinimay moolyahi ghasarale.
1890 teey 1910 yaa kalat bharatiy arthvyavastha darvarshi sumare 1 takkyanchya darane vadhali, aanee panjab kalvyachya vasahati, ganga kalwa aanee aasamchya jangalatil ekar ekar lagvadisarkhya yojananchya madhyamatoon, jee tyach kalavadhit duppat jhalelya loksankhyechya tulanet vadhaleli jameen aahe, tee vadhalelya krishi utpadanavar mothya pramanat avalambun hotee. parinami vastavik utpannachya patalimadhye thodasa badal jhaala. bahutansh shetkari udarnirvahachya patalivar asatana shetee ajunahi varchasva gajavat hotee.
udhyojak jamshedji taata (1839-1904) yanni 1877 madhye madhya bharatatil katai, vinakam aanee utpadan companypasoon tyanchya audhyogik karkirdichi suruvat kelee. itar bharatiy giranyanni sthanik lahan-mukhya kapus aanee brittenmadhun aayat kelelya sadhya yantrasamagricha vapar karoon swast khadbadit soot (aanee nantarche kapad) tayar kele, tarr tatane egyptmadhun mahagadya lamb-mukhya kapus aayat karoon aanee united statesmadhun adhik jatil ring-spindle yantre kharedi karoon barich changli kamgiri kelee, jenekarun brittenmadhun aayat aayat dhagyala spardha karata yeil.
1890 chya dashakat tatane bharatiy nidhicha vapar karoon avjad udhyogat vistar karnyachya yojana suru kelya. rajane bhandwal dile nahee, parantu polad udhyogat america aanee germanyviruddha brittonchya ghasaranichya sthitichi jaaniv asalyamule, tyala bharatat polad karkhane havey hote, tyamule tyane konatehi atirikt polad vikat ghenyache vachan dile, anyatha taata vikoo shakanar nahee.
1930 chya dashakachya akheris, kapus, taag, shengdane, chaha, tambakhu aanee chamadyancha shetitoon shetitoon 500 + dashalaksh dollarschya varshik niryatit bahutansh vaataa hota.
british guntavanukdaranni itar shatkachya uttaradhat eka aadhunik railway pranali tayar kelee-tee tevha jagatil chauthya kramankachi sarvat mothee railway pranali bunley aanee bandhkam aanee sevechya gunvattesathi prasiddha hotee. lashkari vaparasathi aanee aarthik vikasasathi tyache moolya lakshat gheuun sarkarne pathimba deela. suruvatila railway khajgi malkichi aanee chalavali jaat hotee aanee british prashasak, abhiyante aanee kushal karagir chalvat asat. suruvatila keval akushal kamgar bharatiy hote.
1832 madhye railway vyavasthechi yojana pratham vikasit karnyat aalee. madrasmadhil laal tekdyanpasun chintadripet pulaparyant pahili railwaygady gelee, jyache udghatan 1837 madhye jhaale. tyala 'laal dongral railway' asey mhatale gele. tyacha vapar malvahatukisathi keela jaat asey. 1830 aanee 1840 chya dashakat aanakhi kahee chhotya resha bandhanyat aalya. teey ekmekanshi jodale gele naheet aanee malvahatuk karnyasathi vaparale jaat hote. east india companyne (aanee nantar vasahatvadi sarkarne) khajgi guntavanukdaranchya pathimbyane naveen railway companyanna asha yojneantargat protsahan dile jeey kaam suru asatana jameen purvel aanee paach takkyanparyant varshik paratavyachi hummy deil. kampanyanni 99 varshanchya bhadepattyakhali marg tayar karoon chalvayache hote, sarkar tyanna aadhi kharedi karnyacha paryay rakhoon thevat hote. 1854 madhye governor-general laurd dalhauzi yanni pramukh pradeshanna pradeshanna trunk lineche jaale bandhanyachi yojana tayar kelee. naveen railway companyanchi eka malika sthapan karnyat aalee, jyamule jalad vistar jhaala.
1853 madhye, bombemadhil boorii bunder aanee thane darmyan pahili pravasi railway seva suru karnyat aalee, jee sumare 1 kotee rupayanche antar paar karate. yaa jaalyache marg laabh 1860 pasoon 1880 paryant vadhale-mukhytah bombay, madarsa aanee kalkatta yaa bandar shaharanmadhun antardeshiy margane pasarat hote. bahutansh railway bandhkam british abhiyantyanchya dekharekhikhali asalelya bharatiy kampanyanni kele hote. pranali majbootpane bandhali gelee hotee. anek mothya sansthananni tyanchi swatachi railway vyavastha tayar kelee aanee sampoorn bharatat jaal pasarale. 1900 paryant bharatakade vividh malki aanee vyavasthapan asalelya, rund, meater aanee narrow gej networkwar karyarat asalelya railway sevanchi sampoorn shreni hotee.
hedrick assa yuktivad karatat qee raaj lines aanee khajgi kampanya yaa doghannihi keval european paryavekshak, nagri abhiyante aanee agadi locomotive abhiyantyansarkhya karyarat karyarat kamavar thewale. sarkarchya dukananchya dhorananusar, bahutansh bharatiy kampanya bund karat, railway kararanvaril nivida londonmadhil bharatiy karyalayakade sadar karane aavashyak hote. railway kampanyanni tyanchi bahutansh upkarane aanee sute bhag brittenmadhye kharedi kele. bharatat railway dekhbhal karyashala astitvat hotya, parantu tyanna kvachitach locomotives tayar karanyachi kinwa durust karanyachi parvanagi hotee. christainsonne (1996) vasahatvadi uddesh, sthanik garja, bhandwal, seva aanee khajgi viruddha sarvajanik hitsambandhankade pahile. railwella rajyavar avalambun thevanyamule yashat adthala nirman hoto, kaaran railway kharch itar serve rajya kharchanpramanech nokarshahi andajpatrak prakriyetoon jaave lagat asey, assa nishkarsh tyanni kadhala. tyamule relvecha kharch railwaychya kinwa tyanchya pravashanchya garjanna pratisad deu shakala nahee.
1951 madhye, purvichya bharatiy sansthananchya malkichya battis margansah 42 swatantra railway pranali ektrit karoon 'bharatiy railway' navache ekach ekak tayar karnyat aale. 1951 madhye vidyaman railway vyavastha kshetranchya bajoone sodoon denyat aalee aanee 1952 madhye ekoon sahaa vibhag astitvat aale.
kerosene, petrol, rung aanee rasayananchya utpadanasathi pahile telshuddhikaran karkhane sthapan karnyat aale, sthanik patalivar, sthanik sathyanchi olakh patalyanantar utpadan vadhat gele, 1940 chya dashkaparyant, darvarshi 60 dashalaksh gallen petrochemicals utpadan kele jaat hote.
british samrajyavadacha bharatavar honara aarthik parinam yavar vaad suru aahe. haah muddah edmond burke yanni pahilyanda upasthit keela, jyanni 1780 chya dashakat east india companyvar jordar hallah keela, assa dawa keela qee warren hastings aanee itar varishtha varishtha bharatiy arthvyavastha aanee samaj uddhvast keela aahe aanee 19 vya shatkat romesh chander datt yanni tyacha tapasheel deela. bharatiy itihaskar rajat kaant reey (1998) yanni hii tarkpaddhati pudhe chaloo thewali, asey mhanat qee 18 vya shatkatil british rajvatine lutmariche roop ghetale aanee paramparik arthvyavasthesathi hii eka aapatti hotee. rechya samarthanane aarthik nichara siddhantanusar, britishanni ann aanee paishacha satha qamee keela aanee uchch curr ladale jyamule 1770 chya bhayanak dushkalala karanibhoot honyas madat jhaali, jyamule bangalchya eka trutiyansh lokancha mrutyu jhaala. reey yanni assa yuktivadahi keela qee british bharat swatantryapurvi british bharatala brittonchya swatachya audhyogikikaranachi nakkal karanyachi parvanagi denyasathi aavashyak protsahan, tantradnyan hastantaran aanee sanrakshanvadi chaukat denyat ayashasvi tharala.
british itihaskar pii. jeey. mughal yugachya samruddhimule garibi aanee arajaktes marg midala yaa drushtikonacha marshalne punha arth lavala aanee assa yuktivad keela qee britishancha taba haah bhootkalapasun tivraritya tutalela nahee. british niyantran mukhyatve pradeshik shaskandware sopavanyat aale hote aanee varanvar varanvar, pranghatak dushkal vagalata 18 vya shatkat samanyatah samruddha arthvyavasthene teey kayam thewale. marshalne nondavale qee britishanni sthanik curr prashasakanchya madhyamatoon mahasool vadhavala aanee june mughal curr darr kayam thewale. parkeey aakramak mhanoon ingrajanchya bharatiy rashtravadi vruttanaivaji, pashvi shaktine satta kabij karane aanee pradeshacha garibpana karane, marshal eka british rashtravadi arth mandatat jyamadhye britishanche purn niyantran navhate, parantu tyaeivaji pramukhyane bharatiy sanchalit samajache niyantrak hote aanee jyamadhye satta rakhanyachi tyanchi kshamata bharatiy uchchabhru lokanchya sahkaryavar avalambun hotee. marshalne kabool kele qee tyacha barachsa arth anek itihaskaranni nakarla aahe.
kahee itihaskar companychya rajvatikade bharatachya audhyogikikaran aanee brittonchya audhyogik kranti yaa donhinmadhye eka pramukh ghatak mhanoon laksh vedhatat, asey suchavatat qee 1757 chya vijayanantar bangalmadhun gola jhalelya bhandavalane audhyogik krantidarmyan kapad nirmitisarkhya british udhyoganmadhye guntavanukila pathimba deela tasech british sampatti vadhavali, tarr bangalmadhil audhyogikikaranat yogdan dile.
itar aarthik itihaskaranni bharatiy arthvyavasthechya sadhyachya nirashajanak sthitisathi vasahatvadi rajvatila doshi dharale aahe, kaaran bharatiy udhyoganmadhye guntavanuk hii vasahat asalyane maryadit aahe. british rajvatit bharatatil anek sthanik utpadan udyog sankuchit jhaale. british rajvatichya aarthik dhorananmule magani aanee rojgarat ghat jhalyane hastakala aanee hatmag kshetranmadhye mothee ghasaran jhaali; udaharanarth, hatmag udhyogache soot utpadan 1850 madheel 419 dashalaksh paundanvarun 1900 madhye 240 dashalaksh paundanvar aale. british east india companychya bharatatil rajvatit annadhanyache utpadan ghatale, mothya pramanat garibi aanee aanee daridrya aanee asankhya dushkal. parinami bharatatoon englandla bhandavalache lakshaniy hastantaran jhaale, jyamule bharatiy arthvyavasthechya aadhunikikaranasathi konatyahi paddhatshir prayatnanaivaji mahasulacha mothya pramanat nichara jhaala.
aarthik itihaskaranni sampoorn british rajvatit curr aakarani aanee sarvajanik hitasathichya taratudinmadhil pradeshik farkancha tapas keela aahe, jyamadhye bharatatil shaikshanik kharch aanee saksharta yanchyat eka majboot sakaratmak sambandh aadhalato; aitihasik prantiy dhoranancha ajunahi tulanatmak aarthik vikas, utpadakta aanee rojgaravar parinam hoto.
itar aarthik itihaskar 1930 chya dashakat mahatma gandhinni swadeshi chalvalichi sthapana kelee aanee akhil bharatiy gramodyog sanghatnene, paramparik pashchatya aarthik modelchya tulanet paryayi, swayampurn, swadeshi, grameen arthvyavasthela protsahan denyasathi; tasech british rajvatichya shevatchya timahit audhyogik vastunvar mothya pramanat bahishkar takane, curr sump aanee meeth curr radd karane, sarvajanik mahasool, sarvajanik karyakram, vaadh aanee audhyogikikaran yavar ahinsak pratikar chalvalicha parinam yavar charcha karatat.
bharatane british utpadakanna kachchya malacha mahattvapoorn puravathadar aanee british utpadit vastunsathi eka mothee bandist bajarpeth mhanoon kaam kele.
1750 madhye jagachya audhyogik utpadanat bharatacha vaataa 25 takke hota, joou 1900 madhye jagachya audhyogik utpadanat 2 takkyanparyant ghasarala. 19 vya shatkat brittonne bharatala mage takat jagatil sarvat motha kapad utpadak mhanoon sthan midavale. shaharikaranachya babatit, 19 vya shatkatil british bharatachya tulanet 1600 madhye mughal bharatachi loksankhya shahari kendranmadhye rahnari (15 takke) jaast takkewari hotee.
2014 madhye stephen broadberry, johann custodies aanee bishnupriya gupt yanni khaleel tulanatmak andaj sadar keleh
anek aarthik itihaskaranni assa dawa keela aahe qee 18 vya shatkat bharatat vastavik vetan qamee hott hote aanee teey "europeey patalipeksha khoopach qamee hote". itaranni yavar aakshep ghetala aahe, jyanni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee vastavik vetan ghat 19 vya shatkachya suruvatila kinwa bahudha 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat jhaali, mukhytah "jagatikikaran shaktincha" parinam mhanoon.
clingingsmith aanee williamson yancha assa yuktivad aahe qee, punarudyogikaranapurvi 1750 teey 1860 yaa kalavadhit done atishay bhinn karananmule bharatache audhyogikikaran jhaale. 1750 aanee 1810 darmyan, mughal varchasva gamavalyamule naveen nirankush shasakanna tyanchya jinkalelya loksankhyela mahasool shetee karnyas parvanagi midali, curr aanee bhadyachya maganya utpadanachya 50 takkyanparyant vadhalya, tyaa kalat chinmadhye kadhalelya 5-6% chya tulanet aanee mothya pramanat pradeshik yuddhasathi nidhi ubharanyasathi aakarlya gelya. yuddhasathi majur aanee pashudhanachya vaparasah, nammatra vetanasah dhanya aanee vastrodyogachya kimmati vadhalya, kaaran loksankhyene maganya purn karnyacha prayatna keela, bharatiy hastakalechi spardhatmakata qamee kelee aanee pradeshik vastrodyogavar parinam jhaala. tyanantar 1810 teey 1860 paryant, british karkhana pranalichya vistaramule jagbharatil vastrodyogachya sapeksh kimmati qamee jhalya, utpadakta vadhimule, eka cull joou bharatat vadhala kaaran samvarti vahtook krantimule vahtook kharchat lakshaniy ghat jhaali aanee jyaa upkhandat dhatuyukt raste disale navhate, tyaa upkhandat yantrik vahatukichya parichayane ekekali sanrakshit bajarpetha jaagtik spardhesathi ughad kelya, jyamule karagiranchya utpadanavar parinam jhaala, parantu krishi kshetra sthir jhaale.
angus maddison mhanatoh
bharat audhyogikikaran karnyat qaa apayashi tharala, assa prashna itihaskaranni upasthit keela aahe. 18 vya shatkat jaagtik kapus udhyogat tantrik kranti jhaali, tarr bharatiy udyog uddan shuttlecha avalamb kelyanantar thapp jhaala aanee audhyogikikaran 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhat suru jhaale. anek itihaskaranni asey suchavale aahe qee, bharat ajunahi mothya pramanat krishipradhan desh hota aanee tethe vastoonchya paishachya vetanachi patali qamee hotee, brittenmadhye nammatra vetan jaast hote, tyamule kapus utpadakanna mahagadya naveen kamgar-bachat tantradnyanacha shodh lavnyas aanee kharedi karnyas protsahan hote aanee bharatat vetanachi patali qamee hotee, tyamule utpadakanni tantradnyanat guntavanuk karnyaivaji adhik kamgar niyukt karoon utpadan vadhavanyas pradhanya dile.
vasahatvadi teji.
1906-50 darmyan, bharatacha dardoi vastavik jee. dii. pii. 5.7 takkyanni ghasarala, tarr brittoncha 45 takkyanni aanee amerikecha 111 takkyanni vadhala. british vasahatvadi rajvatine eka sansthatmak vatavaran nirman kele jyane bharatiy samajala sthir kele, jaree tyanni urvarit jagashi vyapar rokhala. tyanni railway, taar aanee aadhunik kayadeshir pranalichi eka suvikasit pranali tayar kelee. niryatisathi aanee bharatiy udhyogasathi, visheshtah taag, kapus, oos, coffey, rubber aanee chahachya kachchya malasathi nagadi pike vadhavanyas chalana chalana vyapak sinchan pranali ubharanyat aalya.
1928 saalee europe, uttar america aanee japanchya baher lavalelya kapus spindlepacky 48 takke bharatat hote (dunn andd hardy, 1931:25). 1935 madhye europe, uttar america aanee japanchya baher utpadit poladachya 50 takke utpadan bharatat jhaale (bii. keey. ess., 1950:265-74). dorabji taata yanchya netrutvakhalil taata loh aanee polad companyne (tisco) 1908 madhye biharmadhil jamshedpur yethe (sadhya zarkhandmadhye) aapala karkhana ughadala. 1945 madhye 120,000 120,000 too bharatatil aaghadicha loh aanee polad utpadak banala. tisco heey tantrik kaushalya, vyavasthapakiy kshamata, udhyojakta kaushalya aanee audhyogik kamgaransathi uchch vetanache bharatache prateek banale.
pahilya mahayuddhachya kalat, britton, mesopotemiya aanee purv aafrikechya margavar bombay aanee karachit sainya aanee dhanya vahoon nenyasathi relvecha vapar keela jaat asey. brittenmadhun upkarane aanee bhaganchi pathvani qamee jhalyamule, dekhbhal adhik katheen jhaali; gambhir kamgaranni sainyat pravesh keela; karyashalanche rupantar shastrastra banavanyasathi karnyat aale; kahee sampoorn marganche locomotive, rolling stock aanee track madhyapurvekade pathvanyat aale. maganit achanak jhaleli vaadh railwella kvachitach tikavata aalee. yuddhachya akheris railwaychi sthitee khoop khalavali hotee. hotee mahayuddhat railway karyashalanche punha shastrastranchya karyashalanmadhye rupantar karnyat aale.
vastavik jee. dii. pii. madhye atyalp vaadh houn, mahayuddhadarmyan chalanwadh hii eka rashtriy samasya mhanoon udayas aalee. yaa kalat vasahatvadi prashasananni bigger-shahee khajgi sampattila protsahan dile hote. birla aanee sahoo jaine yanchya gharanni martin burn, burd helgers aanee andreau yul yanchya gharanna aavhan denyas suruvat kelee. 1925 paryant rashtriy loksankhyepaiki sumare eka-navva bhag shahari hota.
bharatatil mahamandimule pahile aarthik tejiche chakr sampale. vasahatvadi prashasanane karjacha taana qamee karnyasathi farse kahee kele nahee. sarvat white parinamanmadhye apasfiticha samavesh hota, jyamule jyamule karjacha boja vadhala. 1929 teey 1934 darmyan ekoon aarthik utpadanat ghat jhaali nahee. bangalmadhil taag heey sarvat jaast prabhavit kshetra hote, jeey paradeshi vyaparatil eka mahattvacha ghatak hote; 1920 chya dashakat teey samruddha jhaale hote parantu 1930 chya dashakat kimmati ghasaralya. rojgarhi qamee hott aahe, tarr shetee aanee laghuudhyogane laabh darshavila aahe. sarvat yashasvi naveen udyog sakhar hota, jyachi 1930 chya dashakat ulkapindane vaadh jhaali hotee.
1920-40 darmyan sone-chandiche gunottar charpat vadhoon 100-1 jhaale, jyamule 1890 chya dashakapeksha white sankat nirman jhaale. banq auph englandne nondavale aahe qee 14 julai 1947 roji bharatiy madhyavarti bankekade 16 kotee paundanchi sakaratmak shillak hotee aanee british rajvatichya kalavadhisathi, udaharanarth, british indiane united kingdamsobat vyapar adhishesh kayam thewala.
strotah indian sterling ballance, pru. 2, 15 jan.1.1947, banq auph ingland (bii. oo. eae.), oo. vhee. 56/55.
british samrajyatil tulanatmak karbalachi, dardoi curr biil, aaykar darr aanee ekoon vasahatvadi mahasulachi purtata karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya shramachya divasannusar, abhyasatoon asey soochit hote qee bharatatil karbalachi purtata karnyasathi britainpramanech sumare nimmya divasanchi shramsankhya aavashyak hotee aanee newzealand, austreliya, canada aanee hongkongsarkhya kahee vasahati vasahatinchya tulanet eka trutiyansh, jyacha kahee aarthik itihaskarancha andaj aahe qee vasahati bharatiy prashasanala aarthik vikas, saksharta aanee audhyogikikaranala gatee denyasathi aavashyak asalelya mahasulapasun vanchit thewale hote, jeey samrajyachya itar bhaganmadhye anubhavale gele hote.
navyane swatantra jhalelya pann kamkuvat asalelya kendra sarkarchya khajinyane 1950 madhye 33.4 kotee paund varshik mahasool nondavala. yaulat, hyderabad rajyachya nijam asaf jaah VII chee sampatti tyaveli sumare 66.8 kotee paund asalyache mothya pramanavar nondavale gele. 1950 paryant rashtriy loksankhyechya sumare sahavya bhagache lock shahari hote. eka americi dollarchi devanghevan 4.79 rupayanna jhaali.
carl marksney 1857 madhye lihilelya lekhat asey suchavale hote qee east india companyche 1854 madhye dardoi nammatra (chandi) utpann brittonche andaje 1:12 hote, tasech nammatra dardoi curr bhaar yukeche 1:12, franceche 1:10 aanee prushiyache 1:5 hota. eae. aay. see. prashasana satatyane sthanik toot qaa chalvat hote aanee prashasanasathi nidhi puravanyasathi bharatat paise udhar ghenyachi garaj qaa hotee heey spasht karane.
prasannan parthsarthi yanchyasarkhya aarthik itihaskaranni yaa andajanvar teeka kelee aahe, prathamik strotanvarun asey disun yete qee 18 vya shatkatil bangal aanee mysurmadhil vastavik (dhanya) vetan brittenshee tulana karata yete. emmanuel wallerstein, irrfan habib, persival bhala aanee ashoke desai yanni uddhrut kelelya puravyannusar, 17 vya shatkatil mughal bharatatil dardoi krishi utpadan aanee vaparache manak 17 vya shatkatil europe aanee 20 vya shatkachya suruvatichya british bharatapeksha jaast hote. shivramkrishna yanni francis buchanan yanni maisurmadhye kelelya krishi sarvekshananche vishleshan kele, 'nirvah basket' vaparoon andajaparyant pohochale, qee ektrit bajariche utpann nirvah patalichya jawaljawal pachpat asoo shakate, tarr sambandhit tandalache utpann tippat aahe. tyachi tulana europechya pragat bhagashi kelee jaau shakate. tathapi, mahitichya kamataratemule konatahi nishkarsh kadhanyapurvi adhik sanshodhan aavashyak aahe. 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila british bharatapeksha 16 vya shatkachya uttaradhat mughal bharatache dardoi utpann 1.24% jaast hote, asey shireen moosavi yancha andaj aahe, jaree utpadit vastoonchya babatit vadhanari krayshakti vicharat ghetali tarr farak qamee asel. 20 vya shatkachya suruvatichya british bharatachya (11.2%) arthvyavasthepeksha duyyam kshetrane mughal arthvyavasthet (18.2%) jaast takkevariche yogdan dile, assa andajahi tine vartavala.
aarthik itihaskar paul bairokh yanchya matey, bharat aanee chinmadhye 1750 saalee europechya tulanet dardoi jee. dii. pii. (pii. pii. pii.) jaast hota. 1750 saalee bairochane andaj vartavala qee pashchimatya jagachi dardoi jee. aine. pii. 1960 saalee americi dollarmadhe 182 dollar (1990 dollarmadhe $) aanee bigger-pashchimatya jagachi 1960 saalee 188 dollar (1990 dollarmadhe $) hotee, jee chean aanee bharat yaa donhi deshanchya tulanet jaast hotee. tyanni dilelya itar andajanmadhye 1700 madhye englandsathi $150-190 aanee 1800 madhye bharatasathi $160-210 yancha samavesh aahe. byrochne andaj vartavala qee 1800 nantarach paschim europeey dardoi utpann pudhe aale. andren gunder phrank, robbert aii. yasarkhe itar. itar shatkapurvi ashiyamadhye (visheshtah chean aanee bharat) dardoi utpann aanee jee. dii. pii. vadhicha darr qamee qamee andajanvar, visheshtah chean aanee bharatat tyaa kalat dardoi utpann aanee vadhicha darr lakshaniyaritya jaast asalyache nantarchya sanshodhanat aadhalun aale, asey asey andajanvarhi denmark, keneth pomeranz aanee amiya kumar bagchi yanni teeka kelee.
bharatiy prajasattak.
samajvadi teji.
swatantryapurvi curr mahasulacha motha vaataa bhukaratoon nirman hott asey. tyanantar mahasulacha vaataa mhanoon jameen curr satatyane qamee hott gela.
swatantryachya velee varshane midalelya aarthik samasya falanishi sambandhit kharchamule vadhalya, jyamule sumare 20 teey 40 laakh nirvasit ekmekanhun bharat aanee pakistanmadhil naveen seema olandun paloon gele. nirvasitanchi vasahat haah eka motha aarthik taana hota. falanimule bharatache purak aarthik kshetranmadhye vibhajan jhaale. britishanchya kalat, taag aanee kapus bangalchya purv bhagat (purv pakistan, 1971 nantar, bangladesh) pikavale jaat hote, parantu prakriya mukhytah bangalchya paschim bhagat hott asey, jeey bharatache paschim bangalche rajya banale. parinami, swatantryanantar bharatala purvi ann utpadanasathi vaparlya vaparlya jaminiche rupantar kapus aanee taag lagvadisathi karave lagale.
1950 chya dashakat vikas suruch rahila, vikasacha darr bharatachya rajkarnyanchya apekshepeksha qamee sakaratmak hota.
nehru yanchya pantpradhanpadachya karyakalatil akherparyant, bharatala annadhanyachi gambhir tanchai jaanavali.
1950 pasoon bharatala vyapar tuticha samna karava lagla, jee 1960 chya dashakat vadhali. bharat sarkarkade arthsankalpatil mothee toot hotee aanee tyamule teey aantarrashtriy staravar kinwa khajgiritya paise udhar gheu shakat navhate. parinami, sarkarne bharatiy rakheev bankela rokhe jaaree kele, jyamule paishacha puravatha vadhala, jyamule chalanwadh jhaali. 1965 chya bharat-pakistani yuddhamule america aanee pakistanshi maitripurna asalelya itar deshanni bharatala dileli paradeshi madat mage ghetali, jyamule avmoolyan aavashyak jhaale. madat punha suru honyapurvi bharatala vyapar udarikaran karave lagel asey sanganyat aale. udarikaranasaha avmoolyan karnyache rajkiyadrushtya apriy paul haah pratisad hota. sanrakshn kharch haah 1965/1966 madheel kharchachya 24.06% hota, joou 1965 teey 1989 yaa kalavadhit sarvadhik hota. 1965/1966 chya dushkalamule avmoolyan tivra jhaale. 1960 chya dashakat jee. dii. pii. dardoi 33 takkyanni vadhala, 1970 chya dashakat too too chya shikharavar pohochala, 1980 chya dashakat too 41 takke aanee 1990 chya dashakat 20 takkyanparyant ghasarala.
1951 teey 1979 yaa kalat arthvyavastha varshala sarasari 3.1 takkyanchya darane kinwa dardoi 1 takkyachya varshik darane vadhali. yaa kalat udhyogacha varshik sarasari 4.5 takkyanchya darane vikas jhaala, tarr sheticha darr 3 takke hota. 1950-77 darmyan dardoi vastavik jee. dii. pii. 59 takkyanni vadhala.
pantpradhan indira gandhi yanni rashtriy aanibani jaheer kelee aanee 1975 madhye sanvidhan nilambit kele. 1975 paryant rashtriy loksankhyepaiki sumare eka panchmansh shahari hote.
pantpradhan nehru yancha samajvadavar vishvas hota aanee tyanni tharavale qee bharatala jastit jaast polad utpadanachi garaj aahe. tyamule tyanni hindusthan steel limited (etch. ess. ell.) hii sarkari malkichi company sthapan kelee aanee 1950 chya dashakat teen polad prakalp ubharale.
dusare aarthik teji chakr 1979 chya teel sankatane sampale jyamule 1980 chya dashakat vittiy toot nirman jhaali. 1975 saalee bharatacha jee. dii. pii. (1990 saalee americi dollar) 545 abj dollar, yuu. ess. ess. aar. madhye 1,561 abj dollar, japanmadhye 1,266 abj dollar aanee americet 3,517 abj dollar hota. 1977-94 darmyan dardoi vastavik jee. dii. pii. madhye 51 takke vaadh jhaali.
bhandavalshahichi teji.
1990 chya dashakapasun bharatatil aarthik udarikaranamule rashtriy utpannachya vadhimadhye aanee sanrachanet eka aadarsh badal jhaala. 1994-2013 darmyan dardoi vastavik jee. dii. pii. madhye 142 takke vaadh jhaali.
2000 salaparyant rashtriy loksankhyechya sumare eka chaturthansh shahari hote.
hote shatkat bharatiy polad udhyogacha europemadhye vistar houu lagla. janewari 2007 madhye bharatachya tatane european polad utpadak corus samoohala 11.3 abj dollarla vikat ghetale. 2006 saalee (londonmadhye sthit parantu bharatiy vyavasthapan asalelya) mittal steelne 34.3 abj dollarsla arceller vikat ghetale aanee jaagtik utpadanachya 10 takke utpadanasah jagatil sarvat motha polad utpadak, arcelermital banala.
sarkarne dilli, chennai, mumbai aanee kolkata yanna vividh bharatiy pradeshanshi jodanare suvarn chaturbhuj raste jaale suru kele. janewari 2012 madhye purn jhalela haah prakalp swatantra bharatatil sarvat mahatvakankshi payabhoot suvidha prakalp hota.
corona vishanuchya mahamarimule bharatiy arthvyavasthet mandee aalee. 2013-21 darmyan dardoi vastavik jee. dii. pii. madhye 39 takke vaadh jhaali.
krayshaktichya samanatechya tulanesathi, americi dollarche 9.46 rupaye asey rupantar kele jaate. 2009 pasoon jee. dii. pii. madhye kiman 5 takkyanchi satat vastavik vaadh hott asoonahi, bharatiy arthvyavastha nokarshahichya adthalyanmadhye adakali hotee.

