kann pravegak

kann pravegak heey eka asey yantra aahe jeey vidyutchumbakiy kshetrancha vapar karoon charge kelele kann atishay uchch vegane aanee urjeparyant chalavate aanee tyanna changlya prakare paribhashit kirananmadhye thevate.
kann bhautikshastratil moolbhut sanshodhanasathi mothya pravegkancha vapar keela jaato. sadhya sakriy asalela sarvat motha pravegak mhanje jineva, switzerlandjavalil mothe hadron collider (ell. etch. see.), jeey see. aar. aine. dware chalavale jaate. haah eka takkar pravegak aahe, joou protonchya done kirananna 6.5 tii. vhee. chya urjeparyant gatee deu shakato aanee tyanna samorasamor takkar deu shakato, jyamule 13 tii. vhee. chya vastumanachya kendratil urja tayar hote. newyorkmadheel brookheven rashtriy prayogshaletil gahoo aanee purvi, fermilab, batavia, eleanoy yetheel tevatron heey itar shaktishali pravegak aahet. sankshepan padarth bhautikshastrachya abhyasasathi pravegkancha vapar synchrotron prakash srot mhanoon dekhil keela jaato. oncological hetunsathi kann upchar, vaidyakeey nidanasathi radioisotope utpadan, ardhvahakanchya nirmitisathi aayan pratyaropan aanee redio karbansarkhya durmil isotopeschya mojamapasathi pravegak vastuman spectrometer yasah vividh prakarchya anuprayoganmadhye lahan kann pravegkancha vapar keela jaato. jagbharat sadhya 30,000 hoon adhik pravegak karyarat aahet.
pravegkanche done moolbhut varg aaheth sthir vidyut aanee vidyut-gatishil (kinwa vidyutchumbakiy) pravegak. "sthir vidyut kann pravegak kananna gatee denyasathi sthir vidyut kshetrancha vapar karatat. cockroft-walton generator aanee vanne dii graph generator heey sarvat samanya prakar aahet. yaa vargache eka lahan pramanatil udaharan mhanje eka samanya junya durchitravani sanchatil cathode reey tube. yaa upkarnanmadhil kanansathi sadhya karnyayogya gatij urja pravegak vidyutdabadvare nirdharit kelee jaate, jee vidyut vighatanadvare maryadit asate. "dusarikade, 'electrodynamic' kinwa 'electromagnetic' pravegak, kananna gatee denyasathi badalatya electromagnetic kshetrancha (ektar chumbakeey preran kinwa dolansheel redio frequency feeled) vapar karatat. yaa prakaranmadhye kann ekach pravegak kshetratun anek vela jaau shakatat, tyamule utpadan urja pravegak kshetrachya samarthyane maryadit nasate. 1920 chya dashakat pahilyanda vikasit jhalela haah varg, bahutek aadhunik mothya pramanavaril pravegkancha aadhar aahe.
rolph videray, gustave icing, lio syllard, max steinbeck aanee ernest laurence heey yaa kshetrache pranete manale jaatat, jyanni bitatron aanee cyclotron yaa pahilya karyarat rekheey kann pravegkachi kalpana kelee aanee tee tayar kelee.
kaaran suruvatichya pravegkanchya kann kirananche lakshya sahasa padarthachya tukadyache anoo hote, kaaran aanvik sanrachanecha tapas karnyasathi tyanchya kendrakanshi takkar marane heey uddisht hote, 20 vya shatkat pravegkanna samanyatah anoo smesher mhanoon sambodhale jaat asey. anek aadhunik pravegak kann aanee anoo kendrak aivaji done upaparmanvik kananmadhye takkar nirman karatat yaa vastusthiti asoonahi hii sandnya kayam aahe.
vapar.
uchch-urja kananche kiran vidnyanatil moolbhut aanee upayojit sanshodhanasathi aanee moolbhut sanshodhanashi sambandhit nasalelya anek tantrik aanee audhyogik kshetranmadhye dekhil upayukt aahet. jagbharat andaje 30,000 pravegak aahet assa andaj vartavala gela aahe. yapaiki keval 1 takke sanshodhan yantre 1 jee. eae. vhee. peksha jaast urja asaleli aahet, tarr sumare 44 takke kiranotsarg upcharansathi, 41 takke aayan pratyaropanasathi, 9 takke audhyogik prakriya aanee sanshodhanasathi aanee 4 takke jaivavaidhyakiy aanee itar qamee urja sanshodhanasathi aahet.
kann bhautikshastra.
dravya, jaaga aanee velechi gatishilata aanee sanrachanechya sarvat moolbhut chaukashisathi, bhautikshastradnya shakya titkya jaast urjevar sarvat sopya prakarchya parasparsanvadancha shodh ghetat. yamadhye samanyatah anek jee. eae. vhee. chya kann urja aanee sarvat sopya prakarchya kananchi parasparkriya samavisht asateh lepton (udaa.jee. electron aanee positron) aanee padarthasathi kwark, kinwa feeled kwanta sathee photon aanee gluon. rangbandimule vegale kwark prayogikdrushtya anupalabdha asalyane, sarvat sopya upalabdh prayoganmadhye, pratham, ekmekanshi lepton aanee dusare, kwark aanee gluonni banalelya nucleons leptonche parasparsanvad samavisht aahet. kwarkchya ekmekanshi jhalelya takkarancha abhyas karnyasathi, shastradnya nucleonchya takkarancha avalamb karatat, jyaa uchch urjevar kwark aanee gluon jyapasoon tayar hotat tyanche moolatah 2-boddy parasparkriya mhanoon upayukt manale jaau shakatat. heey prathamik kann bhautikshastradnya electron, positron, proton aanee antiprotonchi beam tayar karnari yantre vapartat, ekmekanshi kinwa sarvat sopya kendrakanshi (udaa.jee.hydrogen kinwa deuterium) shakya titkya jaast urjevar, samanyatah shekado jee. eae. vhee. kinwa tyahoon adhik.
prathamik kann bhautikshastrasathi vaparale jaanare sarvat mothe aanee sarvoch-urja kann pravegak heey see. aar. aine. yetheel mothe hadron collider (ell. etch. see.) aahe, jeey 2009 pasoon karyarat aahe.
anoo bhautikshastra aanee samasthanik utpadan.
anoo bhautikshastradnya aanee vishvashastradnya heey anoonchi rachana, parasparkriya aanee gunadharm tapasanyasathi, aanee atyant uchch tapmanavar aanee ghanatevar ghanroop padarthanchi tapasani karnyasathi, jase qee mahavisfotachya pahilya kshani ghadale asave, ughadya anukechya kendrakancha, electron kadhoon takalelya kiranancha vapar karoo shakatat. yaa tapasanit anekada loh kinwa sonyasarkhya anoonchya judd kendrakanchi prati kendrak anek jee. eae. vhee. chya urjechya takkarancha samavesh asato. asha prakarcha sarvat motha kann pravegak mhanje brookhaven rashtriy prayogshaletil sapekshavadi judd aayan takkar (aar. aay. see.).
kann pravegak proton beam dekhil tayar karoo shakatat, jeey vikhandan anubhattimadhye banavalelya neutron-samruddha samasthanikanchya ulat proton-samruddha vaidyakeey kinwa sanshodhan samasthanik tayar karoo shakatat; tathapi, alikadil sanshodhanat hydrogenchya samasthanikanna gatee deuun, samanyatah anubhattimadhye banavalelya 99 emm. oo. kase tayar karave heey dakhavale gele aahe, jaree yaa paddhatisathi ajunahi tritium tayar karnyasathi anubhattichi aavashyakta aahe. yaa prakarchya yantrache eka udaharan mhanje losses alamos yetheel lance.
synchrotron vikiran.
chumbakeey kshetratun pasarnare electron synchrotron kiranotsargadware atishay tejaswi aanee susangat photon kiran utsarjit karatat. anoo rachana, rasayanshastra, ghanroop padarth bhautikshastra, jivashastra aanee tantradnyanachya abhyasat yache asankhya upayog aahet. jagbharat mothya sankhyene synchrotron prakash srot astitvat aahet. yuu madheel udaharane.ess. slack national accelerator laboratorymadhye ess. ess. aar. ell., argon national laboratorymadhye aii. pii. ess., laurence berkley national laboratorymadhye aii. ell. ess. aanee brookhaven national laboratorymadhye aine. ess. ell. ess.-3 aahet. europemadhye, lund, sweedenmadhye kamal 4, berlin, germanymadhye besi, oxfordshire, yukemadhye hira, granoble, francemadhye esrf aahet, nantarche ambarmadhye adakalelya kitkanchya tapshilvar trimiteey pratima kadhanyasathi vaparale gele aahet.
mukt-electron lesar (fails) heey synchrotron kiranotsargavar aadharit prakash strotancha eka vishesh varg aahe jeey uchch tatpuratya susangatatesah lahan spandane pradan karate. vishesh rachana kelele phela heey nirikshanksham vishvatil ksh-kirananche sarvat tejaswi srot aahet. yuu madheel ell. see. ell. ess. hii sarvat pramukh udaharane aahet.ess. aanee germanymadhye european exfel. mauu ksh-kiran lesarkade adhik laksh vedhale jaat aahe, jyamule naadee qamee honyabarobarach atosecond vidnyanasathi naveen paddhati ughadatat. ksh-kirananvyatirikt, felscha vapar terrahertz prakash utsarjit karnyasathi keela jaato, udaa.jee. netherlandschya nijmegenmadhye felix, germanychya dresdenmadhye telbe aanee russiachya novosibirskmadhye novophel.
asha prakare prakash srot chalvanyasathi madhyam (jee. eae. vhee.) urja, uchch tivrata aanee uchch beam gunvattechya electron pravegkanna mothee magani aahe.
qamee urja asaleli yantre aanee kann upcharpaddhati.
kann pravegkanchi dainandin udaharane mhanje durchitravani sanch aanee ksh-kiran janitranmadhye janitranmadhye cathode kiran nalya. heey qamee-urja pravegak, tyanchya darmyan kahee hazar voltchya dii. see. voltages electrodechi ekach jodee vapartat. ksh-kiran janitramadhye, lakshya swatach electrodepaiki eka asate. aayan pratyaropan namak qamee-urja kann pravegak haah ekatmik paripathanchya nirmitimadhye vaparla jaato.
qamee urjevar, twaranit kendrakanchya kiranancha vapar karkarogachya upcharasathi kann upchar mhanoon aushadhanmadhye dekhil keela jaato.
anoo pratikriyansathi puresha vegane kananna gatee denyas saksham asalele dc pravegak prakar mhanje cockroft-walton generator kinwa voltage gunak, jeey esiche uchch voltage dcmadhye rupantar karatat kinwa vanne dii graph generator jeey pattyandware vahoon nenyat yenari sthir veej vapartat.
vaidyakeey upkarananche kiranotsarg nirjantukikaran.
electron beam prakriya samanyatah nirjantukikaranasathi vaparali jaate. electron beam heey eka chaloo tantradnyan aahe jeey cobalt-60 cobalt-60 kinwa caesium-137 caesium-137 sarkhya radioisotopadware utsarjit gamma kinwa ksh-kirananpeksha khoop jaast matra darr pradan karate. uchch matra daramule, qamee exposure vel aavashyak asato aanee polymerche vighatan qamee hote. electron charge vahoon nett asalyane, electron beam gamma aanee ksh-kiran yaa donhipeksha qamee pravesh karatat.
sthir vidyut kann pravegak.
aitihasikdrushtya, pahilya pravegkanni charge kelelya kananna gatee denyasathi ekach sthir uchch voltageche sope tantradnyan vaparale. charge kelelya kanala baher kadhalelya nalikedware veg denyat aala, jyachya donhi tokanvar electrode hota aanee tyabhovati sthir kshamata hotee. kann keval ekdach sambhavya farkatoon jaat asalyane, utpadan urja yantrachya pravegak voltageparyant maryadit hotee. hii paddhat aajahi atyant lokpriy asali taree, sthir vidyut pravegkanchi sankhya itar konatyahi prakarapeksha jaast asalyane, havechya avahak yantransathi sumare 1 emm. vhee. chya vyavharik vidyutdab maryademule kinwa sulfur hexafluoridesarkhya uchch astarak samarthyasah dabalelya vayuchya takimadhye pravegak chalavale jaat asatana 30 emm. vhee. mule teey qamee urja abhyasasathi adhik yogya aahet. tandam accelerator' madhye kananchya pravegasathi, teey terminalchya aat asatana kananche shulk ulatavun, kshamata donada vaparali jaate. anoo kendrakanchya pravegasathi aayan (nakaratmak prabharit aayan) vaparoon aanee nantar kiran patal foilmadhun paar karoon uchch vidyutdab terminalchya aat asalelya aayanmadhun electron kadhoon taknyasathi, tyanche catayanmadhye (sakaratmak prabharit aayan) rupantar karoon heey shakya aahe, jeey terminal sodatana punha vegwan hotat.
sthir vidyut pravegkache done mukhya prakar mhanje cockroft-walton pravegak, joou uchch vidyutdab tayar karnyasathi diode-capacitor vidyutdab gunak vaparato aanee vanne dii graph pravegak, joou uchch vidyutdab vidyutdabavar charge vahoon nenyasathi halatya kapad pattyacha vapar karato. sthir vidyut pravegak jaree saral reshevaril kananna gatee dett asale, taree resheey pravegak hii sandnya sthir vidyut kshetranaivaji dolan pravesh pravegkansathi adhik vela vaparali jaate.
vidyut-gatishil (vidyutchumbakiy) kann pravegak.
vidyut sravadvare ladalelya uchch vidyutdab maryademule, kananna uchch urjeparyant gatee denyasathi, sthir kshetranaivaji gatishil kshetrancha samavesh asaleli tantre vaparali jaatat. vidyut-gatishil praveg donpaiki konatyahi eka yantranetun udbhavu shakatoh naun-resonent chumbakeey preran, kinwa resonent circuit kinwa redio frequency (aar. eff.) kshetranchya dolanane uttejit jhalelya pokalya. 
vidyut-gatishil pravegak heey "resheey" asoo shakatat, jyamadhye kann saral reshet gatee detat kinwa "golakar" asoo shakatat, chumbakeey kshetrancha vapar karoon kananna andaje golakar kakshet vakavanyasathi.
chumbakeey preran pravegak.
chumbakeey preran pravegak vadhatya chumbakeey kshetratun preranadvare kananna gatee detat, janoo kann heey transformermadhil duyyam valan aahet. vadhatya chumbakeey kshetramule eka firnare vidyut kshetra tayar hote jeey kananna gatee denyasathi sanrachit kele jaau shakate. preran pravegak ektar resheey kinwa golakar asoo shakatat.
rekheey preran pravegak.
rekheey preran pravegak ferrite-bharit, anunad nasalelya preran pokali vapartat. pratyek pokali bahya dandgolakar nalidware jodalelya washerchya aakarachya done mothya disk mhanoon vicharat ghetali jaau shakate. diskchya darmyan eka ferrite toroid asato. done disk darmyan lagoo kelelya voltage palsamule chumbakeey kshetra vadhate jeey charge kelelya kann bimmadhye shakti jodate.
rekheey preran pravegakacha shodh christophilosne 1960 chya dashakat lavala hota. rekheey preran pravegak ekach chhotya spandanat atishay uchch beam pravahanna (> 1000 aaa) gatee denyas saksham aahet. tyancha vapar flash radiographisathi ksh-kiran tayar karnyasathi keela gela aahe (udaa.jee. lannel) varr dart), aanee chumbakeey bandist sanlayanasathi kann injector mhanoon aanee mukt electron lesarsathi chalak mhanoon manale gele aahet.
bitatron.
bitatron haah eka golakar chumbakeey preran pravegak aahe, jyacha shodh 1940 madhye donald kerstney electronla gatee denyasathi lavala hota. hii sankalpana shevati norwegian-german shastradnya rolph videray yanchyapasun udbhavate. hii yantre, synchrotronpramane, chakriyapane chakriyapane bii kshetrasah donut-aakarachya ring chumbak (khalee pahaa) vapartat, parantu vadhatya chumbakeey kshetratun preranadvare kananna gatee detat, janoo teey transformermadhil duyyam valan aahet, kakshetoon badalat asalelya chumbakeey pravahamule.
yogya pravegak vidyut kshetracha puravatha kartana sthir kakshiy trijya prapt karnyasathi kakshela jodanara chumbakeey pravah kakshetil chumbakeey kshetrapasun kahisa swatantra asane aavashyak aahe, jyamule kann sthir trijya vakramadhye vakatat. tulanene lahan trijya kakshet prakashachya vegane vegane electronna electronna mothya kiranotsargi nukasanamule hii yantre vyavharat maryadit aahet.
resheey pravegak.
resheey kann pravegkamadhye (linac), kananna eka tokala swarasya asalelya laxyasah saral reshet gatee dilee jaate. golakar pravegkanmadhye taknyapurvi kananna prarambhik qamee-urja kick pradan karnyasathi tyancha vapar keela jaato. jagatil sarvat lamb linak mhanje stanford rekheey pravegak, slack, joou lamb aahe. slack haah mulat electron-positivroncha takkar denara hota, parantu aata too ksh-kiran mukt-electron lesar aahe.
resheey uchch-urja pravegak heey plateschee (kinwa drift tube) resheey shreni vapartat, jyavar paryayi uchch-urja kshetra lagoo kele jaate. jevha kann eka platechya jawal jaatat tevha platever lavalelya viruddha dhruviyata shulkadvare teey tyaa dishene vegwan kele jaatat. jevha teey platemadhil chhidratun jaatat, tevha dhruviyata badalali jaate jenekarun plate aata tyanna door karate aanee aata tyadvare pudhchya platechya dishene tyanna gatee dilee jaate. samanyatah kananchya guchchancha pravah vegwan keela jaato, mhanoon pratyek guchchhasathi hii prakriya satat punaravrutti karnyasathi pratyek platever kaljipurvak niyantrit essie voltage lagoo kele jaate.
jasjase kann prakashachya vegachya jawal jaatat tasatase vidyut kshetranche badalanyacha darr itka jaast hoto qee teey redio frequenciver karya karatat aanee tyamule sadhya platesaivaji uchch urja yantranmadhye microwave pokali vaparlya jaatat.
resheey pravegak aushadhanmadhye, kiranotsarg upchar aanee radiosurgeriesathi dekhil mothya pramanat vaparale jaatat. vaidyakeey darjache linac clystron aanee eka jatil vakanari chumbak vyavastha vaparoon electronla gatee detat jee 6-30 mev urjecha kiran tayar karate. electron thet vaparale jaau shakatat kinwa ksh-kirananchi kiran tayar karnyasathi teey lakshyashi bhidale jaau shakatat. utpadit kiranotsargachya kirananchi vishvasarhata, lavchikta aanee achookatemule upchar sadhan mhanoon cobalt-60 upcharpaddhaticha juna vapar mothya pramanat badalala aahe.
golakar kinwa chakriy aar. eff. pravegak.
golakar pravegkamadhye, kann pureshi urja mileparyant vartulat firatat. kann marg samanyatah vidyutchumbakancha vapar karoon vartulat vakalela asato. resheey pravegkanpeksha ('linax') golakar pravegkancha fayda assa aahe qee ring topology satat pravegas parvanagi dete, kaaran kann anishchit kalasathi sankraman karoo shakato. aanakhi eka fayda mhanje golakar pravegak tulanatmak shaktichya resheey pravegkapeksha lahan asato (i.eae. golakar pravegkaitaki shakti midvinyasathi linac atyant lamb asane aavashyak aahe).
urja aanee kanala gatee dilya jaat aahe yavar avalambun, golakar pravegkanna gairsoy hoto kaaran kann synchrotron vikiran utsarjit karatat. jevha konatyahi charge kelelya kanala gatee dilee jaate, tevha too vidyutchumbakiy kiranotsarg aanee duyyam utsarjan utsarjit karato. vartulat pravas karnara kann nehmi vartulachya madhyabhagi vegwan hott asalyane, too vartulachya sparshikechya dishene satat vikiranit hoto. yaa kiranotsargala synchrotron prakash mhanatat aanee too pravegak kananchya vastumanavar khoop avalambun asato. yaa karanastav, anek uchch urja asalele electron pravegak heey linac asatat. tathapi, vishisht pravegak (synchrotron) visheshtah synchrotron prakash (ksh-kiran) tayar karnyasathi tayar kele jaatat.
sapekshatechya vishesh siddhantanusar, padarth nehmi nirvatamadhye, uchch-urja pravegkanmadhye prakashachya vegapeksha haloo pravas karato, kaaran urja vadhate aanee kanancha veg prakashachya vegachya maryadeparyant pohochato, parantu too kadhihi prapt hott nahee. mhanoon, kann bhautikshastradnya samanyatah vegachya drushtine vichar karat naheet, tarr kananchi urja kinwa gatee, samanyatah electron voltmadhye (eae. vhee.) mojalya jaatat. golakar pravegak aanee sarvasadharanpane kann kiranansathi eka mahattvache tattva mhanje kann prakshepavakrachi vakrata kann shulk aanee chumbakeey kshetrachya pramanat asate, parantu (samanyatah sapeksh) gatichya ulat pramanat asate.
cyclotron.
sarvat aadhi karyarat asalele golakar pravegak heey cyclotron hote, jyancha shodh 1929 madhye berkley yetheel california vidyapithatil ernest laurence yanni lavala. cyclotronmadhye kananna gatee denyasathi pokal 'dii' aakarachya plateschee ekach jodee asate aanee tyancha marg golakar kakshet vakavanyasathi ekach motha dvidhruviy chumbak asato. eksaman aanee sthir chumbakeey kshetra b madheel charge kelelya kanancha haah vaishishtyapurn gunadharm aahe qee teey sthir kalavadhisah, cyclotron frequency navachya varanvartevar, joparyant tyancha veg prakashachya "c" vegachya tulanet qamee aahe toparyant pradakshina ghalatat. yacha arth assa qee cyclotronche pravegak dii heey aar. eff. pravegak urja strotadvare sthir varanvartevar chalavale jaau shakatat, kaaran kiran satat baherchya dishene firto. kann chumbakchya madhyabhagi inject kele jaatat aanee tyanchya kamal urjevar bahya kathavar kadhale jaatat.
sapeksh prabhavanmule cyclotron urja maryadeparyant pohochatat, jyamule kann prabhavipane adhik mothe hotat, jenekarun tyanchi cyclotron varanvarta vegwan aar. eff. shhee samanvay sadhanyapasun baher padate. tyamule, sadhe cyclotron protonla keval sumare 15 dashalaksh electron volt (15 mave, jeey "see" chya andaje 10 takke vegashi sambandhit aahe) yaa urjeparyant gatee deu shakatat, kaaran kaaran vidyut kshetramule proton tappyabaher jaatat. jarr aanakhi gatee vadhavali tarr kiran bahya dishene mothya trijyeparyant firat raheel parantu kananna aata vegwan aar. eff. saha tappyatappyane mothe vartul purn karnyasathi puresa veg milanar nahee. sapeksh prabhav samavoon ghenyasathi isochronus cyclotronpramane chumbakeey kshetra uchch trijyeparyant vadhavane aavashyak aahe. isochronus cyclotronche udaharan mhanje switzerlandmadhil pii. ess. aay. ring cyclotron, jeey 590 mevhchya urjevar proton pradan karate, jeey prakashachya vegachya andaje 80 takkeshi sambandhit aahe. asha cyclotroncha fayda mhanje jastit jaast sadhya karata yenyajoga kadhalela proton pravah joou sadhya 2.2 emm. aii. aahe. urja aanee pravah 1.3 megawatt beam powershee sambandhit aahe joou sadhya astitvat asalelya konatyahi pravegkapeksha sarvadhik aahe.
synchrocyclotron aanee isochronus cyclotron.
tyachi urja maryada vadhavanyasathi abhijat cyclotronmadhye badal keela jaau shakato. aitihasikdrushtya pahila drushtikon synchrocyclotron hota, joou guchchanmadhye kananna gatee deto. heey sthir chumbakeey kshetra sootra _ 1 vaparte, parantu pravegak kshetrachi varanvarta qamee karate jenekarun kann baherchya dishene sarpatat asatana, tyanchya vastuman-avalambun asalelya cyclotron anunad varanvarteshi julanare, tappyatappyane rahtil. yaa drushtikonacha fatka guchchhamule qamee sarasari beam tivratemule hoto aanee punha uchch urjechya maganimule mothya kakshet mothya trijyechya aanee sthir kshetrachya prachand chumbakasathi aavashyakatemule hoto.
sapeksh kananna gatee denyachya samasyecha dusra marg mhanje isochronus cyclotron. asha sanrachanet, trijyasah chumbakeey kshetra vadhavanyasathi chumbak dhruvanna aakar deuun serve urjesathi pravegak kshetrachi varanvarta (aanee cyclotron anunad varanvarta) sthir thewali jaate. asha prakare, serve kann sambhru velechya antarane vegwan hotat. uchch urja kann pratyek kakshet shastriy cyclotronpecsha qamee antar pravas karatat, asha prakare pravegak kshetrasah tappyat rahatat. isochronus cyclotroncha fayda assa aahe qee too uchch sarasari tivratechya satatchya kirananna vitarit karoo shakato, jeey kahee anuprayogansathi upayukt aahe. mukhya tote mhanje aavashyak asalelya mothya chumbakcha aakar aanee kimmat aanee sanrachanechya bahya kathavar aavashyak asaleli uchch chumbakeey kshetra moolye prapt karnyatil adchan.
isochronus cyclotron vikasit jhalyapasun synchrocyclotron tayar kele gele naheet.
synchrotron.
sapeksh vastuman kananchya urvarit vastumanachya jawal kinwa tyapeksha jaast asatana (proton, abjavadhi electron volt kinwa jee. eae. vhee. sathee), adhik uchch urjeparyant pohochanyasathi, synchrotron vaparane aavashyak aahe. haah eka pravegak aahe jyamadhye kananna sthir trijyechya vartulat gatee dilee jaate. cyclotronpecsha eka tatkal fayda assa aahe qee chumbakeey kshetra keval kananchya kakshanchya vastavik kshetravar asane aavashyak aahe, jeey ringchya tulanet barech arund aahe. (americet bandhalelya sarvat mothya cyclotronmadhye chumbak dhruv hota, tarr lape aanee lhc sarkhya syncrotroncha vyas sumare 10 kiimii aahe. ell. etch. see. chya done kirananche chhidra eka centimeterchya kramane asate.) ell. etch. see. madhye 16 aar. eff. pokalya, beam steeringsathi 1232 superconducting diapole magnet aanee beam foksingsathi 24 quadrupols asatat. yaa aakaratahi, ell. etch. see. kananna adkhalalyashivay chalavanyachya kshamatemule maryadit aahe. hii maryada 14-teey-vechya velee udbhavate asey siddha kele jaate.
tathapi, pravegadarmyan kananchi gatee vadhalyamule, kakshachi sthir vakrata rakhanyasathi chumbakeey kshetra buub pramananusar vadhavane aavashyak aahe. parinami, cyclotron karoo shakatat tyapramane, synchrotron kananna satat gatee deu shakat naheet, parantu chakrakarpane karya karane aavashyak aahe, guchchanmadhye kanancha puravatha karane, jeey lakshya kinwa bahya beemala samanyatah darr kahee sekandanni 'spills' madhye vitarit kele jaatat.
uchch urja asalele synchrotron tyanche bahutek kaam prakash "see" chya vegane aadhich pravas pravesh kananvar karatat, tyamule vartulachi eka kaksha purn karanyachi vel jawaljawal sthir asate, tasech praveg chalvanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya aar. eff. pokali anunadakanchi varanvarta dekhil sthir asate.
aadhunik synchrotronmadhye, beemche chhidra lahan asate aanee chumbakeey kshetra heey cyclotronpramane kann kakshache sampoorn kshetra vyapat nahee, mhanoon anek aavashyak karye vegali kelee jaau shakatat. eka prachand chumbakapeksha, ekakade shekado tyanusar chumbakanchi eka resha asate, jee nirvat nirvat paipla vedhate (kinwa vedhate). 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatila majboot kendrit sankalpanechya shodhasah synchrotron rachnet kranti jhaali. beemche kendrabindu vishesh chaturbhuj chumbakadware swatantrapane hatalale jaate, tarr praveg swatach lahan resheey pravegkanpramanech vegalya aar. eff. vibhaganmadhye purn keela jaato. tasech, chakriy yantre golakar asanyachi aavashyakta nahee, parantu tyaeivaji beam paipmadhye chumbakanmadhye saral vibhag asoo shakatat jithe beam dhadaku shakatat, thund houu shakatat ii. haah eka sampoorn vegala vishay mhanoon vikasit jhaala aahe, jyala "beam physics" kinwa "beam optics" mhanatat.
tevatron, lape aanee ell. etch. see. sarkhe adhik jatil aadhunik synchrotron kann guchchanna sthir chumbakeey kshetrasah chumbakanchya sathavan ringmadhye vitareet karoo shakatat, jithe teey prayog kinwa pudhil pravegasathi dirgh kalavadhisathi pradakshina ghaloo shakatat. tevatron aanee ell. etch. see. sarkhi sarvoch-urja yantre pratyakshat pravegak sankul aahet, jyat maliketil vishesh ghatakancha eka zot asato, jyat prarambhik kiran nirmitisathi rekheey pravegak, madhyavarti urjeparyant pohochanyasathi eka kinwa adhik qamee urja synchrotron, sathavan rings jethe beam jamaa kele jaau shakatat kinwa "thund" kele jaau shakatat (aavashyak chumbak chhidra qamee karane aanee ghatt laksh kendrit karnyas parvanagi dene; beam cooling pahaa) aanee antim praveg aanee prayogasathi shevatchi mothee ring.
electron synchrotron.
slackcha rekheey kann pravegak tayar jhaala tyaa kalat golakar electron pravegak kann bhautikshastrasathi kahee pramanat anukool navhate, kaaran tyanche synchrotron nuksan aarthikdrushtya nishiddha manale jaat hote aanee kaaran tyanchi kiran tivrata naan dhadakalelya rekheey yantranpeksha qamee hotee. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat qamee kharchat bandhalele cornell electron synchrotron heey moolbhut kann bhautikshastrasathi bandhalelya uchch-urja golakar electron pravegkanchya maliketil pahile hote, shevatche lape hote, jeey sern yethe bandhale gele hote, jeey 1989 teey 2000 paryant vaparale gele hote.
atinil prakash aanee ksh-kiran utsarjit pravesh synchrotron prakash strotancha bhag mhanoon gelya done dashakanmadhye mothya sankhyene electron synchrotron tayar kele gele aahet; khalee pahaa.
synchrotron kiranotsargache srot.
kahee golakar pravegak heey jaanunbujun kiranotsarg (jyala synchrotron prakash mhanatat) tayar karnyasathi tayar kele gele aahet, udaharanarth ksh-kiran jyala synchrotron vikiran dekhil mhanatat, udaharanarth udaharanarth prakash srot joou englandmadhil rutherford appleton prayogshalet bandhala gela aahe kinwa pragat photon srot joou americetil eleanois yetheel argon rashtriy prayogshalet aahe. udaharanarth, uchch-urja ksh-kiran heey prathinanchya ksh-kiran spectroscopisathi kinwa ksh-kiran shoshan sookshm sanrachanesathi (xafs) upayukt aahet.
synchrotron kiranotsarg halakya kanandware adhik shaktishalipane utsarjit hoto, mhanoon heey pravegak nehmich electron pravegak asatat. synchrotron kiranotsargamule, slackchya bhalachya sanshodhanat aanee vikasit kelelya adhik changlya pratimesathi parvanagi milate.
nishchit kshetra paryayi pravanata pravegak.
fixed-feeled ulternating gradient accelerators (eff. eff. aii.), jyamadhye chumbakeey kshetra jeey velevar nishchit kele jaate, parantu majboot phocus sadhya karnyasathi radial badalasah, uchch punaravrutti darasah beemala gatee denyas anumati dete parantu cyclotron kesachya tulanet khoopach lahan radial spreadmadhye. isochronus cyclotronpramane isochronus eff. eff. aii., satat beam operation sadhya karatat, parantu kakshanchya sampoorn trijyecha samavesh asalelya vishal dvidhruviy tyanusar chumbakanchi aavashyakta nasate. eff. eff. aii. madheel kahee naveen ghadamodi samavisht kelya aahet.
rhodotron.
rhodotron haah eka audhyogik electron pravegak aahe joou 1989 madhye jeey. french anucha pottier
urja sanstha (see. eae. aii.), belgiumchya company aayan beam anuprayogandware utpadit. heey electronna nalakachya aakarachya radiofrequency pokalichya vyasachya palikade punha firvoon veg dete. rhodotronmadhye eka electron gunn asate, jee pokalichya madhyabhagi asalelya stambhakade aakarshit honari electron beam utsarjit karate. khambamadhye chhidre asatat jyatoon electron jaau shakatat. electron kiran yaa chhidranpaiki eka chhidramadhun stambhatoon jaato aanee nantar pokalichya bhintitil chhidratun pravas karato aanee vakalelya chumbkala bhetato, nantar kiran vakato aanee punha pokalit pathavala jaato, khambatil dusarya chhidrakade, electron nantar punha khambachya palikade jaatat aanee pokalichya bhinticha dusra bhag aanee pruthakkaranasandarbhat vakalelya chumbakat jaatat aanee ityadi, haloohaloo kirananchi urja vadhavtat joparyant tee vaparasathi pokalitoon baher padoo dett nahee. nall aanee khamb aatalya bajula tambyachya reshet asoo shakatat.
itihas.
ernest laurencecha pahila cyclotron keval 4 inch (100 miimii) vyasacha hota. nantar, 1939 madhye, tyanni 60 inch vyasachya khambachya khambachya eka yantra tayar kele aanee 1942 madhye 184 inch vyasachya yantrache niyojan kele, jeey tathapi, uranium isotope pruthakkaranasandarbhat pruthakkaranasandarbhat mahayuddhasandarbhat kaam karnyasathi ghetale gele; yuddhanantar teey anek varshe sanshodhan aanee aushadhansathi karyarat rahile.
brookhevan rashtriy prayogshaletil cosmotron haah pahila motha proton synchrotron hota, jyane protonla sumare 3 jee. eae. vhee. (1953-1968) paryant gatee dilee. 1954 madhye purn jhalelya berkley yetheel bevatronchi rachana visheshtah protonla puresha urjeparyant gatee denyasathi antiproton tayar karnyasathi aanee nisargachya kann-antipartical samamitichi padtalani karnyasathi karnyat aalee hotee, tyanantarach siddhantbaddha kele gele. brookheven (1960-) yetheel paryayi pravanata synchrotron (aii. jee. ess.) haah paryayi pravanata, "majboot kendrit" chumbak asalela pahila motha synchrotron hota, jyamule beemche aavashyak chhidra mothya pramanat qamee jhaale aanee tyanusar tyanusar chumbakancha aakar aanee kimmat qamee jhaali. sern (1959-) yethe bandhalela proton synchrotron haah pahila pramukh european kann pravegak hota aanee samanyatah aii. jee. ess. sarkhach hota.
stanford rekheey pravegak, slack, 1966 madhye karyanvit jhaala, jyane 3 kiimii lambichya waveguidemadhye electronla 30 jee. eae. vhee. paryant gatee dilee, bogdyat purale aanee shekado mothya cliestrondware chalavale. too ajunahi astitvat asalela sarvat motha resheey pravegak aahe aanee sathavan rings aanee electron-positivron collider suvidhesah tyat sudharana karnyat aalee aahe. haah ksh-kiran aanee yuu. vhee. synchrotron photoncha srot dekhil aahe.
fermilab tevatronmadhye eka ring asate jyacha beam paath asato. 30 september 2011 roji arthsankalpatil kapat jhalyamule bund hoiparyant proton-antiproton takkar mhanoon kaam kele aahe. aataparyant bandhanyat aalela sarvat motha golakar pravegak 26.6 kilometer parigh asalela lape synchrotron hota, joou electron/positron takkar hota. 2000 saalee too padnyapurvi tyane 209 jee. eae. vhee. chee urja prapt kelee jenekarun bogdyacha vapar mothya hadron takkar (ell. etch. see.) sathee keela jaau shakel. ell. etch. see. haah eka proton takkar denara aahe aanee sadhya jagatil sarvat motha aanee sarvoch urja pravegak aahe, joou prati kiran 6.5 tii. vhee. urja (ekoon 13 tii. vhee.) prapt karato.
texasmadhil radd kelelya superconducting super collidercha (ess. ess. see.) parigh 87 kiimii asava. bandhkam 1991 madhye suru jhaale, parantu 1993 madhye teey sodoon denyat aale. prushthbhagavar ashee rachana bandhanyacha vyatyay aanee kharch qamee karnyasathi aanee uchch urjevar atyant pravesh pravesh tivra duyyam kiranotsarganpasun sanrakshn pradan karnyasathi kahee meater rund bogdyanmadhye khoop mothe golakar pravegak nehmich bandhale jaatat.
spallation neutron strotapramane current acceleratorsmadhye superconducting chryomodules samavisht asatat. sapekshavadi judd aayan takkar aanee mothe hadron takkar dekhil kananna gatee denyasathi atichalak chumbak aanee aar. eff. pokali anunadakancha vapar karatat.
uddishte.
kann pravegkache utpadan samanyatah vichalansheel vidyutchumbakachya madhyamatoon, eka vishisht velee, prayoganchya anek reshankade nirdeshit kele jaau shakate. yamule goshti halavanyachi kinwa sampoorn pravegak kiran bund karanyachi garaj naan padata anek prayog karane shakya hote. synchrotron kiranotsargache srot vagalata, pravegkacha uddesh padarthashi parasparsanvad sadhanyasathi uchch-urja kann tayar karane haah asato.
heey sahasa eka nishchit lakshya asate, jase qee durchitravani nalichya babatit padadyachya mageel bajus phosphor lape; neutron srot mhanoon tayar kelelya pravegkamadhye uraniumcha tukada; kinwa ksh-kiran generatorsathi tungsten lakshya. linackmadhye, lakshya fakt pravegkachya shevati basavale jaate. cyclotronmadhil kann marg haah golakar yantrachya kendrapasoon baherchya dishene firnara asato, tyamule resheey pravegak mhanoon pravegak kann nishchit bindupasoon baher padatat.
synchrotronsathi, paristhiti adhik guntaguntichi asate. kananna ichchit urjeparyant gatee dilee jaate. tyanantar, golakar synchrotron naliketoon kananna baher kadhoon lakshyachya dishene nenyasathi vegwan karyarat dvidhruviy chumbak vaparale jaate.
kann bhautikshastra sanshodhanasathi samanyatah vaparla jaanara badal mhanje eka takkar, jyala "storage ring takkar" dekhil mhanatat. done golakar synchrotron samanyatah ekmekanchya varr jawal bandhale jaatat aanee samaan chumbak vapartat (jeey nantar donhi beam tube samavoon ghenyasathi adhik klisht rachana asatat). kananche guchch done pravegkanchya bhovati viruddha dishene pravas karatat aanee tyanchya darmyanchya chhedanbinduvar dhadaktat. yamule urja prachand vadhu shakate; tarr nishchit-lakshya prayogat naveen kann tayar karnyasathi upalabdh urja hii kiran urjechya vargmoolachya pramanat asate, tarr takkar takkaramdhye upalabdh urja resheey asate.
detector.
shodhak kanambaddal tyanchya vegasah aanee charges sanket gola karatat, yacha vapar karoon shastradnya pratyakshat kanavar kaam karoo shakatat. shodhanyachi prakriya atishay guntaguntichi aahe, tyasathi majboot vidyutchumbak aanee pravegkanchi aavashyakta asate. 
uchch urja.
sadhya serve golakar chakmak karnare serve sarvoch urja pravegak aahet, parantu hadron pravegak aanee electron pravegak heey donhi maryadet aahet. uchch urja hadron aanee aayan chakriy pravegkanna vadhiv beam kathoratemule mothya bhautik aakarachya pravegak bogdyanchi aavashyakta asel.
chakriy electron pravegkansathi, vyavharik vakanyachya trijyechi maryada synchrotron kiranotsargachya nukasanadvare thewali jaate aanee pudhil pidhi kadachit vartaman lambichya 10 putt resheey pravegak asel. asha pudhchya pidhichya electron pravegkache eka udaharan mhanje prastavit 40 kiimii lambicha aantarrashtriy resheey takkar.
asey manale jaate qee electron-beam "afterburners" aanee swatantra lesar pulzerchya swarupat plazma wakefield praveg done teey teen dashkant aar. eff. pravegkanchya karyakshamatet natyamay vaadh karnyas saksham asoo shakato. plazma wakefield acceleratorsmadhye, beam pokali plazmane (nirvat aivaji) bharali jaate. electron kinwa lesar prakashachi chhoti naadee ektar vegwan hott asalelya kananchi rachana karate kinwa lagech tyapurvi yete. naadee plazmamadhye vyatyay aanate, jyamule plazmamadhil charge kelele kann ektrit hotat aanee vegwan hott asalelya kananchya guchchamadhye mageel bajukade jaatat. hii prakriya kananchya guchchamadhye urja hastantarit karate, teela aanakhi gatee dete aanee joparyant naadee susangat aahe toparyant suru rahate.
lesar pulzercha vapar karoon millimeter-scale antaravar 200 jee. eae. vhee./mea. itake tivra urja pravanata prapt kelee gelee aahe aanee ektya redio-frequency pravegasathi sumare 0.00 jee. eae. vhee./emm. chya maryadechya ulat, electron-beam pranalinsah bahu-centimeter-scalever 1 jee. eae. vhee./emm. paryantche pravanata tayar kele jaat aahet. slacksarkhe vidyaman electron pravegak, kiran tivratechya kimmativar, tyanchya kann kirananchi urja mothya pramanat vadhavanyasathi electron-kiran afterburnerscha vapar karoo shakatat. samanyatah electron pranali ghattapane ektrit, vishvasarh beam pradan karoo shakatat; lesar pranali adhik shakti aanee sankshiptata deu shakatat. asha prakare, plazma wakefield acceleratorscha vapar keela jaau shakato-jarr tantrik samasya sodavalya jaau shakatat-sarvat mothya acceleratorschi jastit jaast urja vadhavanyasathi aanee vidyapith prayogshala aanee vaidyakeey kendranmadhye uchch urja aananyasathi.
dialectric lesar pravegkadvare 0.25 jee. eae. vhee./emm. peksha jaast pravanata prapt kelee gelee aahe, jee sankshipt uchch-urja pravegak tayar karnyasathi aanakhi eka vyavharya drushtikon sadar karoo shakate. famatosekand kalavadhichya lesar pulscha vapar karoon, astarak lesar pravegkansathi 0.69 jee. eae. vhee./emm. chaa electron pravegak pravanata nondavali gelee. pudhil anukulikaranantar 1 teey 6 jee. eae. vhee./emm. chya kramache uchch pravan apekshit aahet.
krishnavivarache utpadan aanee sarvajanik surakshechi chinta.
superstering siddhantache kahee andaj achook asalyas bhavishyat, sarvoch urja pravegkavar krishnavivarachya utpadanachi shakyata udbhavu shakate. 2008 madhye karyanvit jhalelya ell. etch. see. chya sandarbhat mothya pramanavar nondavalelya sarvajanik surakshechya chintanmule heey aanee itar shakyata nirman jhalya aahet. ell. etch. see. suraksha moolyankan gatane tayar kelelya navintam jokhim mulyankanat vividh sambhavya dhokadayak paristhiti "kalpana karnyayogya dhoka nahee" asey moolyankan kele gele aahe. jarr krishna chhidre tayar jhaali tarr saiddhantikdrushtya assa andaj vartavala jaato qee asha lahan krishna chhidranche beckenstein-hocking kiranotsargadware atyant lavkar bashpibhavan hoil, parantu jeey adyap prayogikdrushtya apure aahe. jarr takkar denare krishna chhidre nirman karoo shakat asateel tarr vaishvik kirane (aanee visheshtah atee-uchch-urja vaishvik kirane, uhecr) teey yuganuyugin tayar karat asateel, parantu tyanni adyap konalahi haanee pohochavaleli nahee. urja aanee gatee jatan karnyasathi, uhecr aanee sthanik padarthanchya takkarane nirman jhalele konatehi krishnavivarache nirman pruthvichya sandarbhat sapeksh vegane hone aavashyak aahe aanee teey antaralat paloon gele pahije, kaaran tyanche sanchay aanee vadhicha darr khoop mand asava, tarr takkar takkar (samaan vastuman asalelya ghatkansah) krishnavivaracha veg pruthvichya palayan vegapeksha qamee, 11.2 kiimii prati sekand asanyachi kahee shakyata asate aanee teey pakadanyasathi aanee tyanantarchya vadhisathi jababdar asel. tarihi asha paristhititahi paristhititahi butkya aanee neutron neutron jhalelya yuhekrachya takkaramule tyancha jalad naash hoil, parantu yaa vastoo samanya khagolshastriy vastoo asalyache disun yete. tyamule jarr sthir sookshm krishna chhidre tayar kelee gelee pahijet, tarr saurmalechya naisargik aayushyat konatehi lakshaniy sthool parinam houu nayet mhanoon tee khoop haloohaloo vadhane aavashyak aahe.
pravegak operator.
atichalakta, cryogenics aanee uchch shaktiche radiofrequency emplifier yasarkhya pragat tantradnyanacha vapar, tasech aayanikaran kiranotsargachi upasthiti, pravegak suvidhanchya surakshit operationsathi aavhane nirman karate. twarak chalak kann pravegkache karya niyantrit karato, drushtikon gunottar, vartaman tivrata aanee lakshyavaril sthan yasarkhe karyatmak mapdand samayojit karato. nirvat, chumbak, chumbakeey aanee radiofriquency veej puravatha aanee niyantrane aanee sheetak pranali yasarkhya samarthan pranalinchi tayari sunishchit karnyasathi teey pravegak dekhbhal dekhbhal sanvad sadhatat aanee tyanna madat karatat. yavyatirikt, pravegak chalak pravegak sambandhit ghatananchi nond thevato.

