
united states apeal nyayalaye

united states auph appeals hii united states federal nyaypalikechi madhyavarti apeal nyayalaye aahet. apeal nyayalaye 13 'paripathanmadhye' vibhagaleli aahet. akra paripathanna 'pratham' teey 'akarave' asey kramank dile jaatat aanee teey united stateschya bhaugolik kshetranna vyapatat aanee yuu. ess. kadoon apeal aikatat.ess. tyanchya simechya aat jilha nyayalaye. kolambiya circuit jilhyamadhye fakt washington, dii. see. samavisht aahe. federal circuit kayadyachya kahee vishesh kshetrancha samavesh asalelya prakarananmadhye united statesmadhil federal nyayalayankadun apeal aikate. apeal nyayalaye kahee prashasakeey sansthanche nirnay aanee niyam banavanyachya apilanchi sunavani dekhil karatat, yapaiki aataparyantchya prakarananpaiki sarvat motha vaataa dii.see. circuit. apeal nyayalayanchya nirnayanvarun apeal yuu. kadey ghetale jaau shakatat.ess. sarvoch nyayalay.
sarvoch nyayalayanantar, united states auph appeals hii united statesmadhil sarvat shaktishali aanee prabhavshali nyayalaye manali jaatat. lakho american lokanna samavoon ghenanya pradeshat kayadeshir purvat sthapit karnyachya tyanchya kshamatemule, united stateschya apeal nyayalayancha yuu. ess. varr majboot dhoranatmak prabhav aahe.ess. kayada. yavyatirikt, sarvoch nyayalay darvarshi dakhal kelelya 7,000 teey 8,000 prakarananpaiki 3 takkyanpeksha qamee prakaranancha fervichar karnyacha nirnay ghetalyamule, yuu.ess. apeal nyayalaye bahutek federal prakarananmadhye antim madhyasth mhanoon kaam karatat.
sadhya yuu. ess. madhye 17 nyayadhish aahet.ess. yuu. ess. chya kalam 3 nusar congressne adhikrut keleli apeal nyayalaye.ess. sanvidhan. itar sanghiy nyayadhishanpramanech, tyanna united stateschya rashtradhyakshanni namankit kele aahe aanee united states sinetane tyanna pushti dilee aahe. tyancha aajivan karyakal aahe, (2023 paryant) $246,600 varshik pagar midvat aahe. rikt padanmule aanee khatale sunavani suru thevana varishtha nyayadhishanchi adhikrut nyayadhishanchya sankhyeviruddha ganana kelee jaat naslyamule, sevetil nyayadhishanchi vastavik sankhya badalate.
yuu. chey nirnay.ess. nyayalaye sthapan jhalyapasun 'federal reporter' maliket prakashit honanya khajgi company westney apeal nyayalaye prakashit kelee aahet. keval nyayalaye prakashanasathi niyukt karatat asey nirnay samavisht kele jaatat. (pachvya aanee akaravya circuits vagalata sarvanchi) "aprakashit" matey pashchimekadil "federal appendix" madhye swatantrapane prakashit kelee jaatat aanee tee lexisnexis kinwa westlo sarkhya online detabasemadhye dekhil upalabdh aahet. agadi alikade, nyayalayin nirnay nyayalayin adhikrut sanketsthalanvar electronic paddhatine dekhil upalabdh karoon denyat aale aahet. tathapi, kahee federal nyayalayin nirnay dekhil aahet jeey rashtriy surakshechya karanansathi vargikrut kele jaatat.
apeal nyayadhishanchi sarvat qamee sankhya asalele circuit heey pahile circuit aahe aanee apeal nyayadhishanchi sarvat jaast sankhya asalele circuit heey bhaugolikdrushtya mothe aanee loksankhyeche door pashchimetil navve circuit aahe. nyayadhishanchi sankhya jee yuu.ess. congressne pratyek circuitsathi adhikrut kele aahe, jeey kayadyadvare nirdharit kele aahe, tarr jyaa thikani tyaa nyayadhishanni apeal aikanyasathi niyamitpane basane aavashyak aahe tyaa thikani vihit kele aahe.
jaree apeal nyayalayanna varanvar 'circuit court' mhatale jaat asale, taree tyancha gondhal 1789 teey 1911 yaa kalat sakriy asalelya united stateschya purvichya circuit kortanshi houu naye, jevha lamb pallyachya vahatukichi suvidha khoopach qamee hotee aanee jee pramukhyane pratham-stariy federal trial court hotee jee shaharanmadhil aanee tyaveli astitvat asalelya lahan shaharanmadhil vikhuralelya loksankhyela seva denyasathi veloveli 'circuit' madhye eka thikanahun dusya thikani jaat asat. 1891 chya nyaypalika kayadyat sadhyachi "apeal nyayalaye" pranali sthapan karnyat aalee.
prakriya.
kaaran apeal nyayalayankade keval apeal adhikarkshetra aahe, tyamule teey khatale ghet naheet. keval mool adhikarkshetra asaleli nyayalaye khatale chalavatat aanee asha prakare shiksha (faujdari prakarananmadhye) aanee upay (diwani prakarananmadhye) nishchit karatat. tyaeivaji, apeal nyayalaye kayadyachya chukansathi trial kortachya nirnayancha aadhava ghetat. tyanusar, apeal nyayalay keval trial kortakadoon nond (mhanje, pakshanni dakhal keleli kagadpatre aanee pratilipi aanee konatyahi khatalyavaril konatehi pradarshan) aanee pakshanchya kayadeshir yuktivadancha vichar karate. heey yuktivad, jeey lekhee swarupat sadar kele jaatat aanee dazanbhar teey shekado prushthanparyant asoo shakatat, tyanna sankshipt mahitee mhanoon olakhale jaate. kadhikadhi vakilanna apeal nyayadhishansamor maukhik yuktivadansaha tyanchya lekhee sankshipt mahitimadhye jodanyachi parvanagi asate. asha sunavanimadhye, keval pakshakaranche vakilach nyayalayashi bolatat.
apeal nyayalayanmadhil prakriyeche niyaman karnare niyam heey apeal prakriyeche sanghiy niyam aahet. apeal nyayalayat, apeal jawaljawal nehmich teen nyayadhishanchya "panel" dware aikale jaate, jyanna upalabdh nyayadhishanmadhun yadruchchikpane nivadle jaate (varishtha nyayadhish aanee circuitla tatpurte niyukt kelelya nyayadhishansah). tathapi, kahee prakarananmadhye 'aine banq' sunavani hote. navvya circuit nyayalay vagalata, 'aine banq' nyayalayat serve circuit nyayadhish asatat jeey sakriy padavar asatat, parantu tyat varishtha kinwa niyukt nyayadhishancha samavesh nasato (kahee paristhitinmadhye, varishtha nyayadhish tyach khatalyachya suruvatichya tappyat sahbhagi jhalelya 'aine banq' sunavanimadhye sahbhagi houu shakatat). navvya circuit apeal nyayalayat (29) mothya sankhyene apeal nyayadhish asalyamule, yadruchchikpane nivadle gelele keval daha nyayadhish aanee mukhya nyayadhish 'aine banq' prakarane aikatat.
anek dashakanpurvi, federal nyayalayin khatalyanchya kahee varganna amerikechya sarvoch nyayalayat svayanchalit apeal karnyacha adhikar hota. mhanjech, yaa prakaranatil eka paksh apeal nyayalayachya nirnayala sarvoch nyayalayat apeal karoo shakato aanee tyala heey prakaran swikarave lagate. apeal nyayalayachya bahutansh prakarchya nirnayansathi svayanchalit apeal karnyacha adhikar, 1925 chya nyaypalika kayadyane, congresschya kayadyane sampushtat aala, jyane federal nyayalayin vyavasthetil itar anek goshtinchi punarrachana kelee. mukhya nyayadhish william howard taft yanni haah kayada manjur karanyachi vinanti kelee hotee.
sadhyachi prakriya ashee aahe qee ekhadya prakaranatil paksh circuit nyayalayachya nirnayacha aadhava ghenyasathi sarvoch nyayalayat arj karoo shakato. yala pramanpatrachya ritsathi yachika karane asey mhanatat aanee sarvoch nyayalay aaplya swatachya vivekbuddhine, khalchya nyayalayachya konatyahi nirnayacha aadhava ghenyasathi nivadu shakate. atyant durmil prakarananmadhye, sarvoch nyayalay apeal nyayalayakadun nirnay denyapurvi pramanpatrachi riit deu shakate, jyamule khalchya nyayalayachya nirnayacha thet aadhava ghetala jaau shakato. watergate ghotalyashi sambandhit prakaranat nikal denyapurvi pramanpatra, "united states wii. nixon, "aanee federal shiksha margdarshak tattvancha samavesh asalelya 2005 chya nirnayat," united states wii. booker ".
apeal nyayalay ekhadya prakaranacha fervichar kartana nirnayasathi sarvoch nyayalayala prashna dekhil vicharoo shakate. hii prakriya purvi kahee pramanat samanyapane vaparali jaat hotee, parantu aata tee khoopach durmil aahe. udaharanarth, 1937 teey 1946 darmyan vees 'pramanpatra' prakarane sweekarli gelee, tarr 1947 pasoon sarvoch nyayalayane keval chaar prakarane sweekarli aahet. dusya circuitmadhe, 'aine banq' basoon, 'united states wii.' yaa prakaranat hii prakriya vaparnyacha prayatna keela. penaranda, "375 eff. 3dii 238 (2dii siir. 2004), sarvoch nyayalayachya 'blakely vhee.' madheel nirnayacha parinam mhanoon. washington, "pann sarvoch nyayalayane haah prashna fetalala. sarvoch nyayalayane prashnancha sanch swikarla aanee tyanchi uttare dilee, yachee shevatchi ghatana 1982 chya 'ciity auph meskite wii.' madhye hotee. aladincha killa, ink.
diwalkhorichya prakarananmadhil apilanchi sunavani thet tyachya parisarachya diwalkhori nyayalayakadun karnyasathi apeal nyayalay diwalkhori apeal samitee bolavu shakate. keval pahilya, sahavya, aathvya, navvya aanee dahavya circuitne diwalkhori apeal panel sthapan kele aahe. jyaa mandalanmadhye diwalkhori apeal samitee nahee, tyanchya diwalkhorichya apilanchi sunavani jilha nyayalayakadun hote.
apeal nyayalayanche nirnay, khalchya sanghiy nyayalayanchya nirnayanpramane, bandhankarak purvavarti sthapit karatat. tyaa circuitmadhil itar federal nyayalayanni, tyanantar, khatalyacha nirnay vegalya paddhatine ghetala jaava asey trial jajala vatate qee nahee yachee parva naan karata, ashach prakarananmadhye apeal nyayalayachya margdarshanache palan kele pahije.
congress aanee rajya vidhimandalanchya krutinusar, sanghiy aanee rajya kayade veloveli badaloo shakatat aanee karoo shakatat. tyamule, apeal kartana astitvat asalela kayada, tyaa prakaranat diwani kinwa faujdari kayadyantargat vadgrast asalelya ghatananchya velee astitvat asalelya kayadyapeksha vegala asoo shakato. apeal nyayalay apeal kartana astitvat asalelya kayadyanusar kayada lagoo karate; anyatha, teey asey nirnay dett asel jeey twarit kalbahya hotil aanee heey vel aanee sansadhanancha apavyay asel, kaaran asha nirnayanna purvavarti mhanoon uddhrut kele jaau shakat nahee. "[aaa] nyayalayane aapala nirnay detana kayada lagoo karane, asey kelyane ughad anyay hoil kinwa tyaulat vaidhanik nirdesh kinwa kahee vidhimandalacha itihas nasel tarr."
tathapi, jarr naveen kayada lagoo karnyacha parinam prativadila haanee pohochavanyasathi 'purv-vastavik' kayada tayar karane asel tarr vareel niyam faujdari prakarananmadhye lagoo houu shakat nahee.
jaree itar nyayalaye tyanchya swatachya nirnayanmadhye circuit nyayalayane jaaree kelelya margdarshanacha vapar karoo shakatat, taree circuit nyayalayanni kelele nirnay keval nyayalayachya dekharekhikhalil rajyanna lagoo hotat. ekach prakaranachi sunavani keval eka circuit nyayalayadvare kelee jaau shakate, tarr eka mukhya kayadeshir tattvacha khatala vegvegalya circuit nyayalayanmadhye anek prakaranandware chalavala jaau shakato, jyamule united stateschya vegvegalya bhaganmadhye visangati nirman hote. yamule circuit nyayalayanmadhye vibhajan nirnay tayar hoto. anekada, done kinwa adhik mandalanmadhye vibhajan nirnay jhalyas aanee sambandhit khatala sarvoch nyayalayat dakhal keela gela tarr vibhajan sodavanyasathi sarvoch nyayalay teey prakaran gheil.
vakeel.
circuit nyayalayat apeal kelelya prakaranat vakeel mhanoon kaam karnyasathi, vakilala pratham tyaa circuitchya barmadhye pravesh dene aavashyak aahe. united stateschya konatyahi rajyat kayadyacha sarav karnyasathi pravesh ghetalelya konatyahi vakilala circuit kortachya barmadhye pravesh deela jaato. vakeel arj sadar karato, shulk bharato aanee praveshachi shapath gheto. circuitchya nyayadhishansamor lekhee kinwa khulya nyayalayat shapath dilee jaate qee nahee yabaddal sthanik pratha badalate aanee apeal nyayalaye arjdar vakilala tyala kinwa teela konati paddhat aavadate heey nivadanyachi parvanagi detat.
namkaran.
1891 madhye jevha apeal nyayalaye tayar karnyat aalee, tevha astitvat asalelya nauu circuitpacky pratyekasathi eka tayar karnyat aalee aanee pratyek nyayalayala 'united states circuit court auph appeals phaur daad _ _ _ _ circuit' asey naav denyat aale. 1893 madhye jevha kolambiya jilhyasathi apeal nyayalay tayar karnyat aale, tevha tyala 'kolambiya jilhyasathi apeal nyayalay' asey naav denyat aale aanee 1934 madhye tyache naav badaloon 'kolambiya jilhyasathi united states court auph appeals' asey karnyat aale. 1948 madhye congressne tyaa velee astitvat asalelya serve apeal nyayalayanche naav badaloon tyanchya sadhyachya aupcharik navanmadhye badalleh pratyek kramankit circuitsathi apeal nyayalayala 'united states court auph appeals phaur daad _ _ _ circuit' asey naav denyat aale aanee 'kolambiya jilhyasathi united states court auph appeals' heey 'kolambiya circuit jilhyasathi united states court auph appeals' banale. vidyaman aathvya paripathala upavibhajit karoon 1929 madhye dahave paripath tayar karnyat aale aanee vidyaman pachvya paripathala upavibhajit karoon 1981 madhye akarave paripath tayar karnyat aale. federal circuitchi nirmiti 1982 madhye united states court auph customs andd paytant appeals aanee united states court auph klemchya apeal vibhagachya vilinikaranane karnyat aalee.
nyayik parishada.
nyayik parishada hii pratyek mandalatil samitya aahet, jyanchyavar tyanchya mandalanmadhye nyayachya prabhavi aanee jalad prashasanasathi aavashyak aanee yogya aadesh denyachi jababdari asate. tyanchya jababdanyanmadhye nyayik shist, paripath dhoran tayar karane, amerikechya nyayik parishadetoon prapt jhalelya dhoranatmak nirdeshanchi amalbajavani aanee nyayik gairvartanukishi sambandhit varshabharat dakhal kelelya aadeshanchi sankhya aanee swaroop yavar united states nyayalayanchya prashasakeey karyalayala varshik ahwal sadar karane yancha samavesh aahe. nyayik parishadanmadhye parisarache mukhya nyayadhish aanee parisarache nyayadhish aanee jilha nyayadhishanchi samaan sankhya asate.
paripath rachana.
apeal nyayalaye aanee kanishth nyayalaye aanee jyaa vishisht itar sansthanvar tyanche apeal adhikarkshetra aahe tyaa khalilpramane aaheth
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paripath loksankhya.
2020 chya united stateschya jangananechya aakadevarinusar, pratyek vartulat rahnari loksankhya khalilpramane aahe.
itihas.
1789 chya nyaypalika kayadyane teen parisare sthapan kelee, jee nyayik jilhyanche gut hote jyamadhye united states circuit nyayalaye sthapan kelee gelee hotee. mool teen paripathanna sankhyanaivaji vegali nave denyat aalee hotih purv, madhya aanee dakshin. pratyek circuit kortat sarvoch nyayalayache done nyayadhish aanee sthanik jilha nyayadhish hote; teen circuit keval circuit nyayalayanchya gatamadhye nyayadhish niyukt karnyachya uddeshane astitvat hote. kahee jilhyanmadhye (jeey samanyatah pravas karananya nyayasathi sarvat katheen hote) circuit court navhate; yaa jilhyanmadhye jilha nyayalay circuit courtache mool adhikarkshetra vaparat asey. naveen rajyanna sangharajyat pravesh midalyamule, congressne anek varshe tyanchyasathi circuit court tayar kele naheet.
rodd betane sanvidhanala manyata dilyanantarchya varshaparyant paripathanchi sankhya aparivartit rahili, jevha madhyaratrichya nyayadhishanchya kayadyane jilhyanchi sahaa kramankit paripathanmadhye punarrachana kelee aanee paripath nyayadhishanchi nirmiti kelee jenekarun sarvoch nyayalayachya nyayadhishanna yapudhe paripathavar swar vhave laganar nahee. tathapi, haah kayada march 1802 madhye radd karnyat aala aanee congressne tartud kelee qee tyaa varshichya 1 julaiparyant purvichya circuit nyayalayanche punarujjivan kele jaeel. parantu tyanantar tyane eprilmadhye 1802 chaa naveen nyaypalika kayada manjur keela, jenekarun junya nyayalayanche punarujjivan kadhihi lagoo houu shakale nahee. 1802 chya kayadyane circuit ryding punarsanchayit kele, parantu circuitla keval ekach nyayasah; tyamule tyane sahaa naveen circuit tayar kele, parantu 1801 chya kayadyapeksha thodya vegalya rachnansah. yaa sahaa paripathanna nantar itaranni vadhavale. 1866 paryant, pratyek naveen circuit (alpakalin california circuit vagalata) sobat navyane tayar keleli sarvoch nyayalayachi jaaga hotee.