francisco daad toldo

francisco alvarez dii toldo (oropesa, 10 julai 1515-escalona, 21 april 1582), jyala 'vicerial solan' mhanoonahi olakhale jaate, haah spainchya rajyacha eka kuleen aanee sainik aanee perucha pachva viceroy hota. anekada 'peruche sarvottam viceroy' mhanoon olakhale jaanare, tyachya prashasanacha peruchya sthanik lokanvar jhalelya nakaratmak parinamabaddal anekada tyachi ninda kelee jaate.
toledonam spainchya ashant viceroilitymadhye sthairya aanale aanee prashasakeey sudharana lagoo kelya jyamule spanish vasahatvadi rajvatiche swaroop aanee andische mool rahivasi aanee tyanche spanish adhipati yanchyatil sambandh badalale. kapat" navachya dhoranasah, toledonam peru aanee boliviatil bahutansh sthanik lokanna tyanchya khristikaranachi amalbajavani karnyasathi, curr aanee curr gola karnyasathi aanee khaninmadhye aanee itar spanish udhyoganmadhye kaam karnyasathi swadeshi majur gola karnyasathi baljabarine naveen vasahatinmadhye sthalantarit kele. yaa kapatimbaddal, inka samrajyachya mitachya antargat sthanik lokanchya maganinusar saktichya majuricha vistar kelyabaddal aanee vilkabamba yetheel nava-inka rajyacha shevatcha inka pramukh tupac amaru yala fashi dilyabaddal tyacha nishedh karnyat aala aahe.
30 november 1569 teey 1 meey 1581 paryant, ekoon akra varshe aanee paach mahine, toledo yanni viceroyche padd bhushavale. tyala kayadeshir rachana aanee jyaa sansthandvare spanish vasahat donshehun adhik varshe karyarat hotee tyaa sansthanna balkati yogdan afat viceroilityche "sarvoch aayojak" mhanoon tyachi prashansa kelee jaate. vidwan johnn hemming yanni toldoche varnan "jagatil mahan vasahatvadi prashaskanpaiki eka" asey kele aahe. tyanni tyanche varnan 'pramanik aanee sanmananiy pann shant aanee aswasth' asey kele...nirankush "aanee" tapasvichya swabhavasah."
janm aanee suruvatichi varshe.
francisco dii toldocha janm 15 julai 1515 roji orpesa, castille yaa kuleen kutumbatil alvarez dii toldo yethe jhaala, tarr tyachya aaiche nidhan jhaale, jyamule tyachya manahsthitivar gambhir aanee maun prabhav padala. tichya mavashi merrie aanee elizabeth tyanchya sangopanasathi jababdar hotya. too chautha aanee shevatcha mulga hota, dusra count auph oropesa, aanee maria figueroa vaay toledo, gomez suarez dii figueroachi sarvat mothee mulgi, dusra count auph feria aanee maria alvarez dii toledo, aaee duke auph alba dii tormschee mulgi.
vayachya aathvya varshi too spaincha raja charles pahila yachya darbarat gela, ranichya patni leonor aanee isabelle yanna eka paan mhanoon kaam karnyasathi. tyane lattin, itihas, vaktrutva aanee dharamshastra, talwarbaji, sangeet, nrutya aanee darbari shishtachar shikale.
samrat charles wii.
1530 madhye raja charles pahila yane tyala gharee sweekarle tevha francisco dii toledo pandhra varshancha hota, shantata aanee yuddh yaa donhichya sarvat vaividhyapurn paristhitit tyachya shevatchya divasanparyant tyaa samratabarobar hota. shahanpanache dhoran, 'machiavalianism' aanee tyachya bhagidaranmadhye santulan sadhanyachi pravrutti pravrutti rajashi asalela haah vaiyaktik sampark pudhil sarkari kamasathi eka upayukt anubhav mhanoon kaam karel.
1535 madhye, jevha too vees varshancha hota, tevha tyala dharmik-lashkari kram asalelya alcantara orderchya ghodyachi savay lagali aanee anek varshannantar 1551 madhye yaa mahamandalala esbutureche kaam denyat aale.
hastakshep karnari pahili lashkari karvai mhanje tunisver vijay (1535), joou uttar aafriketil plaza hiskavoon hiskavoon ottoman turkanwar shahee sainyacha eka motha vijay hota. samratane europechya europechya gelyanantar, tarun alvarez dii toldo rommadhun gela, jithe raja carlos pahila yane francechya francis pahilacha virodh keela, jyamule tyaa deshabarobar (samratachya karkirditil tisra) aanakhi eka yuddh suru jhaale, 1536-1538 varshanmadhye. shantatechya swaksharinantar, alvarez dii toldo spenla paratala aanee nantar flandersmadhye gentla gela. ekada uttar aafriketil ottoman algierschya mohimet sahbhagi jhaale, jee moheem kharab havamanamule (1541) ayashasvi tharali.
pudhil varshanmadhye tyane shahee shastranchi seva karane suru thewale, parantu aahar, mandale aanee parishadanmadhyehi bhag ghetala. too eka atishay ashant kaal hota, tasech ottoman turkanchya hallyamule germanymadhye, samrajyavadi kakshet asalelya pradeshat protestantvadachi pragati jhaali. yaa serve kalat alvarez dii toldo samrat charles wii. chya jawal hota.
fransviruddha naveen yuddh suru karnyasathi tyane englandshee spanish vataghati kelya.
bharatiyanna midayala havey asalelya kayadeshir darjabaddal swarasya asalelya hyspanic amerikechya samasya tyanni hatalalya. jevha dharmashastradnyanchya mandalasamor 'indigechya vinashacha eka sankshipt ahwal' haah majkoor frear bartolome dii laas kasas yanni mandala tevha too valadolidmadhye hota aanee jyala indigechya naveen kayadyanchya likhanachi mahitee hotee jyamule perumadhye ashee khalbal udali.
1543 madhye fransviruddhachya chauthya yuddhadarmyan tyane samratabarobar itali aanee germanyla jaanyasathi barcelona sodale. tyane gelderland aanee durenchya ladhayanmadhye bhag ghetala.
1556 madhye charles pahilacha tyag jhaala aanee parinami tyacha spaincha daura jhaala aanee 12 november roji, yustechya mathakade jaatana, jyarandila day laa vherachya killyat pravesh keela, jyache yazman, oropesache chauthe gana, fernando alvarez dii toldo vaay figueroa, jeey francische putane hote aanee jyanna juna majee raja dekhil midala hota. 3 februwari 1557 paryant mukkam rahila, jevha yustemadhil kaame purn jhaali, charles I chey antim vishrantiche thikan. 1558 madhye tyachya mrutyuparyant doghanni tyachi seva kelee.
pudhil varshe alvarez dii toledonni alkantarachya kramashi sambandhit upkramanmadhye ghalavali. 1558 teey 1565 darmyan too rommadhye rahila, jithe tyane mahadhivakta mhanoon aadeshachya kayadyanchya charcha aanee vyakhyet bhag ghetala.
perucha viceroy.
1569 madhye toldo perucha pachva viceroy jhaala (jyat tyaa kalatil boliviacha samavesh hota). spainchya phillip dusra yane tyachi viceroy mhanoon niyukti kelee. peru haah spainchya vasahatvadi samrajyacha 'ratna' hota. francisco pizarone 1532-1533 madhye inka samrajyavar vijay midavalyane spenla prachand sampatti midali hotee, parantu toledola eka arajak paristhiti varshane midali hotee. toledokade asalelya samasyanmadhye spanish vijete aanee perumadhil dharmnirpeksh aanee dharmik adhikari yanchyatil aanee tyanchyamadhil sangharshancha samavesh hota. vasahatvadi vasahatvadi bhrashtachar sthanik hota. europeey roganchya sangharsh aanee sathimule 1520 teey 1570 yaa kalavadhit deshi, andean lokanchi peruvian loksankhya sumare 75 takkyanni (1 kotee teey 25 laakh) qamee jhaali hotee. inka samrajyachi eka prachand sthitee ajunahi vilkabambamadhye spanish niyantranabaher astitvat hotee. spainchya drushtikonatun, sarvat gambhir baab mhanje, spainchya aarthik vyavasthet pramukh yogdan yogdan chandiche utpadan qamee hott hote. 
viceroy mhanoon francisco dii toldochya aagmanaparyant, andian loksankhyeche spanish rajya mothya pramanat apratyaksh hote. roman catholic pujari vagalata, spanish lokanna bharatiyanmadhye rahnyas manai hotee aanee spanish lokanni tyanchya sthanik netyandvare, cassic kinwa kurakandware andian lokankadoon khandani aanee shram kadhale. spanish vasahatinchya anekada shram aanee khandanichya kroor magnyanvyatirikt, indian bharatiy sanskruti anek prakare, inkanchya rajvatichya kalapasoon farshi badalaleli navhati.
toledo yanni 'nava-inca bandkhori dadapun takane, vasahatvadi sarkar aanee kayadeshir sanstha balkat karane, sthanik lokanna catholic dharmat pravrutt karane aanee mahasulache dheeg qamee karane' yaa mahattvakankshi karyakramachi kalpana kelee aanee tyachi amalbajavani kelee.
samanya tapasani (bhet denara samanya).
november 1569 madhye toldo lima yethe aala. aktoobar 1570 madhye too lima sodoon gela aanee peru aanee boliviachi vaiyaktik tapasani suru kelee. 1570 teey 1575 yaa paach varshanchya pravasasathi, tasech kuzko, arekwipa aanee potosi yasarkhya mahattvachya shaharanmadhye lamb thambe gheuun, tyane serve viceregal nyayalayasah eka motha dall sobat ghetala. tyachya jaanyapurvi, toledonam kiman 42 nirikshakanchi niyukti kelee, jeey mahitee gola karnyasathi, janganana karnyasathi, andian adhikari aanee netyanchi niyukti karnyasathi aanee dharm aanee khandani yasarkhya babimbabat nirnay ghenyasathi vasahatichya pratyek pratinidhi (pradesh) laa bhet deteel. toledonam nirikshakanna kapat nirman karnyacha marg tayar karnyachya soochana dilya. tyachya samanya tapasanidarmyan, toledonam peruvar rastyapasoon rajya kele aanee mothya sankhyene samasyanvar nirnay ghetale.
nava-inca rajyacha naash.
1569 madhye jevha toldo peru yethe aala, tevha titu kusi yaa samratasah eka nava-inka rajya, spanish rajvatibaher vilkabamba yaa durgam jungle shaharat ajunahi astitvat hote. toledola suruvatila titu kusi aanee itar inka kulinanna malmatta aanee sampatti deuun spanish adhikaryanna aakarshit karanyachi aasha hotee, parantu tapasani tapasani tyachya tapasadarmyan tyache mutt kathor jhaale. toldo yanna kalale qee inka samrajya, samrat aanee tyache avashesh rajya ajunahi anek andean lokankadoon poojale jaat hote aanee inka dharm ajunahi mothya pramanat palala jaat hota. tyane nava-inka rajyala spanish rajvatisathi dhoka manale aanee majee inka samrajya, nava-inka rajya aanee inka dharmachya vaidhatela badnam karanyachi moheem suru kelee. 
meey 1571 madhye titu kusicha achanak mrutyu jhaala. vilkabamba yetheel inkanni tyachya mrutyusathi eka catholic pujarila doshi tharavale aanee tyala thaar marle. tupak amaru haah naveen samrat jhaala. inkanni aanakhi anek spaniard marle aanee toledonam neo-inka rajyacha naash karnyasathi 250 spaniard aanee 2,000 andineschee lashkari moheem vilkabambala pathavali. spanish lokanni tupac amaru aanee itar inka kulinanna tabyat ghetale aanee eka chhotya khatalyanantar 24 september 1572 roji kuzkochya plaza dii aarmasmadhye tupackcha shirachhed karnyat aala. toledonam nantar dharmik avashesh nasht karoon aanee itar inka kulinanna shiksha karoon inkacha varsa nasht karanyachi moheem suru thewali. "aagami shatkanmadhye konatyahi bandkhor bharatiyansathi inka dantkatha prerana tharel heey toledonchya najaret barobarach hote...pann inkache goodh itake majboot hote qee drudhnishchayi viceroyne teey udhvast kele nahee."inkanni serve shakti gamavali hotee, parantu" shahee bhootkalatil bhavnik smrutee bharbharatila yet rahili."
peruchi punarrachana karane.
peruchya viceroilitychya punarrachanemadhye toledonam teen pramukh kaame purn keleeh (1) andean lokanche anivarya punarvasan, jyala reduction mhanatat, spanish shailitil gavanmadhye; (2) adhik mahasool midvinyasathi chandi aanee itar khaninchi sanghatana; aanee (3) andean lokanni deshbharat saktichya shramachi vyavastha ladane. 
kapat.
sampoorn amerikemadhye aanee philipinesmadhye spanish vasahatinche eka vaishishtya mhanje kapat. toldochya viceroilitypurvi perumadhye, bharatiy bahutek lahan, vikhuralelya vasahatinmadhye rahat hote. vikhuralelya vasahatinmule spanish vasahatvadi vasahatvadi tyanche rajya ladane katheen jhaale, parantu andean lokanchi upajeevika aanee astitva heey anekada tathakathit ubhya dweepsamuhatil vegvegalya unchivaril aanee vaishishtyanvaril vividh vatavaranachya tyanchya shoshanavar avalambun hote. toldochya kapatansathichi prathamik prerana mhanje thet rajya niyantran sthapit karane aanee charchchya sthanik loksankhyeche khrishchankaran sulabh karane, tasech curr aakarani aanee kamgaranche vatap vadhavane."toldo mhanale qee yaa kapatinmule sthanik jamindar aanee khaan kamgarankadun shoshan honyapasoon, vasahatvadi nyayvyavasthedvare chhalalya jaanyapasun aanee khotya dharmadvare fasavalya jaanyapasun mool rahivashanche sanrakshn hoil.spanish hoil.spanish sthanik gatanna asthir aanee niyantrit naan kelyas arajakta aanee aalshipanachi shakyata asalyache manale. spainchya rajala sangitalyapramane, toldoche yaa kapatinche sarvat mahattvache samarthan asey hote qee, tyaa spanish aarthik sthitisathi khoop mahattvachya asalelya khaninchya jawal asateel. 
toldochya yojnanmadhye sumare 14 laakh andian loksankhya asalelya 840 ghatinchi kalpana karnyat aalee hotee, jee prati ghat sarasari sumare 1,600 lock hotee. pratyek khand mukhya plaza aanee chauras aanee rastyanche niyamit jaale asalelya spanish shaharashi samya hota. gharanchi rachana dekhil qamee karnyat aalee hotee. udaharanarth, teey rastyasathi khule rahayache, "atee gopaniyatemule murtipuja, madyapan aanee avaidh laingik sambandh nirman honyacha dhoka qamee karnyasathi."eka pujari rahivashanchya aadhyatmik garajanchi purtata karat asey. pratyek kapat karnyache netrutva hii spanish shailichya sarkarchi jababdari hotee, parantu yaa kapat karnyacha sarvat mahattvacha adhikari eka kuraka hota, joou eka swadeshi neta hota, jyavar khankam aanee itar udhyogansathi khandani aanee majur gola karanyachi jababdari hotee. 
toledochya kapatanna bahutansh vela yashasvi aanee apayash asey donhi mhanoon darshavile gele aahe. peru aanee boliviamadhil anek shahare tyancha paya qamee karnyachya nirmitivar taktat. tathapi, andean loksankhyela qamee karnyavar laksh kendrit kelyane rogachya ghatananmadhye vaadh jhaali aanee junya inka samrajyachi loksankhya toldo nantar kiman aanakhi 50 varshe qamee hott rahili. 1580 chya dashakat spainchya rajala dilelya ahavalat asey mhatale aahe qee, "anek bharatiy khaninmadhye, itar majuranmadhye kinwa varanvar varanvar sathichya aajaranmule maran pavale aahet; itar lock tyanchya shramanpasun aanee khandanichya khandanichya vachanyasathi paloon gele aahet."
khankam.
khankam, visheshtah chandiche khankam haah viceroilitycha sarvat mahattvacha aarthik upkram hota. boliviatil potosi yetheel ekach dongarane dongarane shatkachya uttaradhat jagatil ekoon chandichya utkhananapaiki andaje 60 takke chandiche utpadan kele. khankamavaril vees takke curr haah spainchya samrajyasathi mahasulacha eka pramukh srot hota.
potosi yethe inka paddhatinni chandiche utkhanan kele jaat hote, parantu 1560 chya dashkaparyant sarvat shuddha chandi qamee jhaali aanee utpadan ghatale. tathapi, paryacha vapar karoon chandicha dhatoo shuddha karanyachi eka naveen paddhat, angan prakriya, mexicomadhye shodhali gelee. toledone spanish mukutasathi huankavelika yetheel paryachya khanee japt kelya aanee angan prakriya suru kelee. tyanni yala "huvancavelica parvat aanee potosi parvat yanchyatil jagatil sarvat mahattvacha vivah" mhatale."1571 teey 1575 darmyan chandiche utpadan charpat vadhale. chandi aanee paaraa utpadanat vaadh jhalyamule hajaro majuranchi magani vadhali aanee bahutansh magani saktichya majuranni purn kelee. londonitaki mothee loksankhya asalele potosi heey jagatil sarvat mothya shaharanpaiki eka banale.
saktiche kaam.
visheshtah jyaa khanincha mahasool spainchya matrubhoomichya aarthik sthitisathi mahattvacha hota, asha khaninna, andian kamgaranna pravesh sulabh karane haah toldochya kapatincha sarvat mahattvacha uddesh hota.
itar upay.
tyanni sthanikanche dharmantar karnyasathi aanee tyanna dharmik prashikshan denyasathi kathor parishram ghetale. tyanni inkanchya rajkiy aanee samajik sanrachananna viceroilitychya jivanashi julavun ghenyacha prayatna keela. tyane 'mita' chee junie pranali dekhil vaparali, jee inkaschya antargat korvi shramacha eka prakar hotee, saktichya sthanik shramacha eka prakar mhanoon. tyachya mitachya sudharanannusar, gavatil purush loksankhyechya satvyapeksha jaast lokanna saktine bharati kele jaau shakat navhate, tyanna tyanchya mool gavanpasoon door kaam karnyas bhag padale jaau shakat navhate aanee tyanna tyanchya shramachi bharpai milanyacha haqq hota. yaa sudharananna nantar toldo sudharana asey mhatale gele.
toledonam pedro sermiento dii gamboala, tyaa kalapasoon vachalelya kahee vruddhanni dileli mahitee sankalit karoon perumadhil purv-hyspanic kalacha itihas lihinyache kaam sopavale. sermientoche karya tyaa kalavadhisathi mahiticha eka amoolya srot manale jaate. sangrahalay sthapan hoil yaa aashene toledone rajakade hii mahitee pathavali.
tyane 1570 madhye peru yethe chaukashichi sthapana kelee. geronimo louis dii cabrera yane 6 julai 1573 roji cordoba shaharachi (aadhunik argentinamadhye) sthapana kelee. tarija aanee kochabamba (donhi aadhunik boliviamadhye) 1574 madhye sthapan karnyat aale.
1574 madhye, toldo, jyanna inka aanee spanish lock chiriguanos (eka apmanaspad naav) mhanat hote, asha purv bolivian gwarani lokanna dadapanyasathi, jyaa aata aagney bolivia aahe, tyaa chako pradeshat lashkari mohimesah gela. gwari lock andicemadhil spanish aanee bharatiy vasahatinvar hallah karat hote. hii moheem ayashasvi tharali aanee toldocha mrutyu jawaljawal eka aajarane jhaala, bahudha maleriyamule. 
1579 madhye francis drake peruchya peruchya vidhvans karat hota. toledone ingrajanantar jahajancha tafa pathavala parantu drack aanee tyacha gallion daad golden hinned tabyat ghenyat too ayashasvi jhaala, jyane nantar gallion newstra senora dii laa concepiancha khajina tabyat ghetala. tyanantar toledonam tyanantar samudrakinaryavar samudri chachyanpasun sanrakshanasathi kille bandhale aanee ell callao bandarat pedro sermiento dii gamboachya netrutvakhali 'laa armada dell maar dell suur' (dakshinekadil tafa) dekhil sthapan keela.
tyane pool bandhale aanee viceroilitymadhye pravasachi surakshitata sudharali. perusathi (aanee kharey tarr dakshin amerikesathi) tayar keleli pahili nanee 1568 teey 1570 darmyan disu lagali. potosi yetheel khaninmadhun milanari chandi jagbharat pasarali.
aathva, spenla parat jaa, turungwas aanee mrutyu.
asey asoonahi, viceregal pustake santulit naan rahilyabaddal aanee curr spenla parat naan pathavalyabaddal toledola doshi dharale gele. 1581 madhye tyala spenla parat bolavale gele. tethe tyala 1582 paryant turungat dambanyat aale, jithe tyacha naisargik karananmule mrutyu jhaala.

