
vaparkarta detagram protocol

sanganak networkingmadhye, yujar detagram protocol (yuu. dii. pii.) haah internet protocol sanchatil mukhya sampreshan protocolpacky eka aahe, joou internet protocol (aay. pii.) networkwaril itar yajmananna sandesh pathvanyasathi (packetmadhye detagram mhanoon vahtook keela jaato) vaparla jaato. aay. pii. jaalyamadhye, yu. dii. pii. laa sanvad marg kinwa deta marg sthapit karnyasathi purv sanvadachi aavashyakta nasate.
yuu. dii. pii. kiman protocol yantranesah eka sadhe jodanivirahit sampreshan model vaparte. yuu. dii. pii. mahitichya akhandatesathi checksum aanee mahitichya aakrutichya srot aanee gantvyasthanavar vividh karyanna sambodhit karnyasathi poort kramank pradan karate. tyat konatehi hatmilavani karnare sanvad naheet aanee asha prakare vaparkartyachya karyakramala antarnihit networkchya konatyahi avishvasaniyateshi ughad karate; vitaran, aurder kinwa duplicate sanrakshanachi konatihi hummy nahee. network interfaces staravar truti-durusti suvidhanchi aavashyakta asalyas, anuprayog tyaeivaji prasaran niyantran protocol (tii. see. pii.) kinwa pravah niyantran prasaran protocol (ess. see. tii. pii.) vaparu shakato jeey yaa uddeshasathi tayar kele gele aahet.
truti tapasani aanee durusti ektar aavashyak nasalelya kinwa anuprayogamadhye kelya jaananya uddeshansathi yuu. dii. pii. yogya aahe; yuu. dii. pii. protocol stackmadhye asha prakriyecha overhead talhate. vel-sanvedanshil anuprayog anekada yuu. dii. pii. vapartat kaaran packets sodane heey punarprasaranamule packetschya vilambasathi vaat pahanyapeksha shreyaskar aahe, jeey real-time pranalimadhye paryay asoo shakat nahee.
yaa protocolchi rachana david pii. yanni kelee hotee. 1980 madhye reed aanee aupcharikpane paribhashit kele.
gunavishesh.
yuu. dii. pii. haah eka sadha sandesh-kendrit vahtook thurr protocol aahe jyache dastaivajikaran kele jaate. yuu. dii. pii. header aanee pelodchi akhandatechi padtalani (cheksamdware) dett asale taree, teey sandesh vitaranasathi varchya thurr protocolla konatihi hummy dett nahee aanee yuu. dii. pii. layer ekada pathavalyanantar yuu. dii. pii. sandeshanchi konatihi sthitee rakhoon thevat nahee. yaa karanastav, yuu. dii. pii. laa kadhikadhi "avishvasaniy detagram protocol" mhanoon sambodhale jaate. jarr prasaran vishvasarhata havee asel tarr tee vaparkartyachya anuprayogat amalat aanane aavashyak aahe.
yuu. dii. pii. chey anek gunadharm tyala vishisht anuprayogansathi visheshtah yogya banavtat.
bandare.
anuprayog yazman-teey-yazman sampreshan sthapit karnyasathi detagram sockets vaparu shakatat. anuprayog eka saketala tyachya deta transmission antim bindushi bandhato, joou aay. pii. patta aanee portcha sanyog aahe. asha prakare, yuu. dii. pii. anuprayog bahugunan pradan karate. poort hii eka software rachana aahe jee poort kramankadvare olakhali jaate, eka 16-biit purnank moolya, 0 aanee 65535 darmyan poort kramankanna parvanagi dete. poort 0 aarakshit aahe parantu pathvanyachya prakriyes pratisadat sandesh apekshit naslyas teey eka anumati strot poort moolya aahe.
internet niyukt sankhya pradhikaranane (aay. aii. aine. aii.) poort kramank teen shreninmadhye vibhagale aahet. 0 teey 1023 heey poort kramank samanya, suprasiddha sevansathi vaparale jaatat. yuniksasarkhya karyapranalivar, yapaiki eka bandar vaparnyasathi superyoojarchya karyapranalichi parvanagi aavashyak asate. 1024 teey 49151 heey bandar kramank aayna-nondanikrut sevansathi vaparale jaanare nondanikrut bandar aahet. 49152 teey 65535 hii gatishil bandare aahet jee konatyahi vishisht sevesathi adhikrutpane niyukt keleli naheet aanee konatyahi hetusathi vaparali jaau shakatat. heey alpakalin bandare mhanoon dekhil vaparale jaau shakatat, jeey yajmanavar chalanare software aavashyakatenusar sanvadache antim bindu gatishilpane tayar karnyasathi vaparu shakate.
yuu. dii. pii. detagram rachana.
yuu. dii. pii. detagrammadhye detagram 'header' asato aanee tyanantar 'deta' vibhag (anuprayogasathi payload deta) asato. yuu. dii. pii. detagram headermadhye 4 feeled asatat, jyapaiki pratyek 2 bites (16 bits) aaheth
aay. pii. vhee. 4 madhye (tablemadhye gulabi parshvabhoomi) 'checksum' aanee 'soars poort' kshetrancha vapar aichchhik aahe. aay. pii. vhee. 6 madhye fakt 'soars poort' kshetra aichchhik aahe.
checksum ganana.
cheksamchi ganana karnyasathi vaparali jaanari paddhat yethe paribhashit kelee aahe aanee karyaksham gananechi charcha khalilpramane kelee aaheh
dusya shabdant, serve 16-biit shabdanchi berries aekhadyachya purak ankganitadvare kelee jaate. 16-biit moolye joda. pratyek jodanivar, jarr carrie-out (17vaa biit) tayar keela gela asel, tarr 17vaa carrie biit firwa aanee dhavana ekunchya sarvat qamee lakshaniy bitmadhye joda. shevati, yu. dii. pii. checksum kshetrache moolya midvinyasathi hii berries nantar purak kelee jaate.
jarr checksum gananeche moolya shoonya (serve 16 bits 0) asel tarr teey aekhadyache purak (serve 1s) mhanoon pathavale pahije kaaran shoonya-moolya checksum soochit karate qee cheksamchi ganana kelee gelee nahee. yaa prakaranat, praptakartyasathi konatyahi vishisht prakriyechi aavashyakta nahee, kaaran 1 chya purak ankganitemadhye serve 0 aanee serve 1 heey shoonyachya barobariche aahet.
aay. pii. vhee. 4 aanee aay. pii. vhee. 6 madheel farak cheksamchi ganana karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya chhadm shirshakat aahet aanee aay. pii. vhee. 6 madhye checksum aichchhik nahee. vishisht paristhitinmadhye, aay. pii. vhee. 6 vaparachya yuu. dii. pii. anuprayogala tunnel protocolls shoonya yuu. dii. pii. shoonya-checksum mode vaparanyachi parvanagi aahe.
aay. pii. vhee. 4 syudo header.
jevha yuu. dii. pii. aay. pii. vhee. 4 varr dhavate, tevha cheksamchi ganana 'syudo header' vaparoon kelee jaate jyamadhye vastavik aay. pii. vhee. 4 headermadhun kahee samaan mahitee asate. chhadm header heey aay. pii. packett pathvanyasathi vaparale jaanare vastavik aay. pii. vhee. 4 header nahee, teey keval checksum gananesathi vaparale jaate.
srot aanee gantavya patta heey aay. pii. vhee. 4 headermadhye aahet. yu. dii. pii. sathee protocol aahe (aay. pii. protocol kramankanchi yadee pahaa): 17 (0x11). yuu. dii. pii. lambi kshetra mhanje yuu. dii. pii. shirshalekh aanee mahitichi lambi. feeled deta mhanje prasarit deta.
aay. pii. vhee. 4 sathee yuu. dii. pii. checksum ganana aichchhik aahe. jarr checksum vaparla gela nasel tarr too shoonya mulyavar seet keela pahije.
aay. pii. vhee. 6 chhadm shirshalekh.
aay. pii. vhee. 6 madhye mothe patte aanee bhinn shirshalekh mandani asalyane, cheksamchi ganana karnyasathi vaparali jaanari paddhat tyanusar badalali jaateh
cheksamchi ganana kartana, punha eka chhadm header vaparale jaate jeey vastavik aay. pii. vhee. 6 headerchi nakkal karateh
aay. pii. vhee. 6 headermadhil srot patta aahe. gantavya patta heey antim gantvyasthan aahe; jarr aay. pii. vhee. 6 packetmadhye marganirdeshan header nasel, tarr too aay. pii. vhee. 6 headermadhil gantavya patta asel; anyatha, mool nodavar, too marganirdeshan headerchya shevatchya ghatkamadhil patta asel aanee, prapt karananya nodavar, too aay. pii. vhee. 6 headermadhil gantavya patta asel. pudhil header kshetrache moolya mhanje yu. dii. pii.: 17 sathiche protocol moolya. yu. dii. pii. lambi kshetra mhanje yu. dii. pii. header aanee detachi lambi.
vishvasarhata aanee gardi niyantran.
vishvasarhatecha abhav, yuu. dii. pii. anuprayoganna kahee packett nuksan, punarnirdharan, truti kinwa nakkal houu shakate. yuu. dii. pii. vaparat asalyas, antim vaparkarta anuprayoganni sandesh prapt jhaala aahe yachee pratyaksh-velechi pushti yasarkhya konatyahi aavashyak hastandolan pradan karane aavashyak aahe. tii. eff. tii. pii. sarkhe anuprayog, aavashyakatenusar anuprayog tharamadhye prathamik vishvasarhata yantrana jodu shakatat. jarr ekhadya anuprayogala uchch darjachi vishvasarhata aavashyak asel tarr tyaeivaji pareshan niyantran protocolsarkhe protocol vaparale jaau shakate.
bahutek vela, yuu. dii. pii. anuprayog vishvasarhata yantrana vaparat naheet aanee tyanchyamule tyanna adthala dekhil yeu shakato. pravahit madhyam, real-time multiplayer games aanee voice over aay. pii. (vhee. oo. aay. pii.) hii anekada yuu. dii. pii. vaparnari anuprayoganchi udaharane aahet. yaa vishisht anuprayoganmadhye, pakitanchi haanee hii sahasa jivgheni samasya nasate. udaharanarth, vhee. oo. aay. pii. madhye vilamb aanee gondhal hii prathamik chinta aahet. haravalelya mahitichi punha pathvani karanyachi vinanti karat asatana tii. see. pii. anuprayogala tyanantarchi mahitee puravat naslyamule konatihi pakit haravalyas tii. see. pii. chya vaparamule gondhal hoil.
anuprayog.
domain neem system (dii. aine. ess.), sadhe network vyavasthapan protocol (ess. aine. emm. pii.), rooting information protocol (aar. aay. pii.) aanee dynamic hoost configuration protocol (dii. etch. see. pii.) yasah anek pramukh internet anuprayog yuu. dii. pii. vapartat.
aavaj aanee video rahdari samanyatah yuu. dii. pii. vaparoon prasarit kelee jaate. vastavik-veleche video aanee audio streaming protocol adhunmadhun haravalelya packets hatalanyasathi tayar kele gele aahet, tyamule haravalelya packetsche punha prasaran kelyas mothya vilambapeksha gunavattet fakt kinchit ghasaran hote. tii. see. pii. aanee yuu. dii. pii. donhi ekach jaalyavar chalatat, 2000chya dashakachya madhyat kahee vyavasayanna asey aadhalale qee yaa vastavik-velechya anuprayoganmadhun yuu. dii. pii. rahdarit vaadh jhalyamule tii. see. pii. chaa vapar karananya, udaharanarth vikri bindu, lekha aanee databases pranali (jevha tii. see. pii. packetmadheel nuksan shodhate, tevha teey tyacha deta darr vapar parat karel) yasarkhya anuprayoganchya kamgirimadhye kinchit adthala nirman hoto.
openvpn sarkhya kahee vpn pranali udp vaparu shakatat aanee vishvasarh jodanya amalat aanatana anuprayog staravar truti tapasani karoo shakatat.
kyu. aay. see. haah yuu. dii. pii. chya varr bandhalela vahtook protocol aahe. quick eka vishvasarh aanee surakshit jodani pradan karate. vishvasarhata aanee surakshitata sunishchit karnyasathi anukrame tii. see. pii. aanee tii. ell. ess. chey sanyojan vaparnanya etch. tii. tii. ess. chya aadhichya aavrutyanchya ulat etch. tii. tii. pii./3 kwikcha vapar karate. yacha arth assa qee tii. see. pii. aanee tii. ell. ess. sathee done swatantra hastandolan karnyaivaji, jodani sthapit karnyasathi etch. tii. tii. pii./3 ekach hastandolan vaparte, mhanje jodani sthapit karnyasathi ekoon vel qamee hoto.
yuu. dii. pii. aanee tii. see. pii. chee tulana.
pareshan niyantran protocol haah eka jodani-kendrit protocol aahe aanee shevat teey shevatparyantche sampreshan sthapit karnyasathi hatmilavani aavashyak aahe. ekada jodani seet jhalyavar, vaparkartyacha deta jodanidware dvi-dishene pathavala jaau shakato.
yujar detagram protocol haah eka sopa sandesh-aadharit jodanivirahit protocol aahe. jodani nasalele protocol samarpit end-too-end jodani sthapit karat naheet. praptakartyachi tayari kinwa sthitichi padtalani naan karata eka dishene strotatoon gantvyasthanakade mahitee prasarit karoon sanvad sadhala jaato.