
shefa-amr

shefa-amr kinwa shafram (саfāʼamr, сачарам, сачарам) heey israyalachya uttar jilhyatil eka arab shahar aahe. tyat sunni muslim bahusankhya aanee mothya pramanat khrishchan arab aanee druze alpasankhyakansah loksankhya hotee.
vyutpatti.
pamar lihito qee yaa navacha arthah 'amr' chee seema kinwa dhaar. sthanik patalivar aanee chukun yacha arth 'aamer (edd dhahar)' chaa upchar assa hoto"
itihas.
pracheen kaal.
shefa-aamar yethe prarambhik kansya yug aay. bii. aanee madhya kansya yug aay. bii., loh, hellenistic aanee roman kalkhandatil bhinti, aasthapana aanee matichya bhandyanche utkhanan karnyat aale aahe.
shefa-amracha ullekh pratham toseftamadhye (tractate mikwat 6:1) shaferm () yaa navane keela jaato, tyanantar ii. sha. 500 madhye sudharit talmudcha ullekh keela jaato, jithe tyacha ullekh anek thikani, tractate 'avoda jarah' 8bii aanee 'roash hashnah' 31bii, aanee itaranmadhye keela jaato."
roman kalapasoon tethe konatihi adthala naan yeta vasahat astitvat aahe, jevha marcus aureliuschya karkirdit jyoo mahasabheche aasan asalyache talmudmadhye namood kelelya shaharanpaiki teey eka hote. paramparenusar, heey sabhasthan, jethe nantarchya kalat june sabhasthan 'mahaneh sheikhina' bandhale gele hote, asey manale jaat asey. juna shefa-'amr' aata jyaa bhagat police station, vividh church aanee jyoo rastyanvar bandhale gele aahe, tyaa bhagat sthayik jhaala hota. ekonisavya shatkachya uttaradhat paschim palestinechya sarvekshanadvare sushobhit daphan lenyanche dastaivajikaran karnyat aale hote; tyaa isavi sunn 5vya aanee 6vya shatkatil byzantine kalatil khrishchan thadge asalyache aadhalun aale. greek shilalekhahi sapadale.
guha aanee khaninchya puratatviy utkhananatun asey disun aale qee tyancha vapar roman aanee byzantine yugat keela gela hota. shefa-aamarmadhye church aanee kabyansah byzantine avashesh aahet.
junya shaharachya dakshin bhagat, byzantinechya uttaradhatil aanee umayyadchya suruvatichya kalatil paach tappyantil avashesh ughad karnyasathi bachav utkhanan karnyat aale. shodhanyat aalelya vastunmadhye eka taboon oven, lahan maidani dagadancha eka padpath, eka mosack padpath joou kadachit wine press trading flooarcha bhag hota, eka lahan chauras wine press, hatane tayar kelele crater, aayat kelele cypriot baul aanee eka khule swayampak bhande yancha samavesh aahe. kachechi aanee matichya bhandyanchi bhandihi sapadali.
madhyayug.
crusaderschya kalat heey thikan 'safran', 'saffernum', 'castrum zafetanum', 'saffer castrum' kinwa 'cafrum' mhanoon olakhale jaat asey. yoddha sainikanni gavat eka killa bandhala, joou nites templer vapartat. killyachya payathyashi churchs eka tatbandi asaleli vasahat hotee, jithe ektar sthanik khrishchan kinwa dharmayuddhavir rahatat. tyaveli 'shuffer' aam 'mhanoon olakhalya jaananya yaa gavacha vapar muslim nete saladin yanni' id2 'aanee' id1 'darmyan ekravaril hallyansathi lashkari tall mhanoon keela hota.
1229 paryant, heey thikan punha yoddhachya haatee aale; 1271 chya shantata kararat sultan bebar aanee 1283 madhye sultan kalavun yanni yachee pushti kelee. italian bhikshu ricauldo daa monte dii cross yanni 1287-88 madheel gawala bhet dilee aanee namood kele qee tethe khrishchan rahivasi hote. 1291 paryant heey mamlukchya niyantranakhali hote, kaaran tyaa varshi sultan all-ashraf khalilane shaharache utpann kairo yetheel dharmaday sansthela vatap kele hote.
ottoman yug.
galileymadheel suruvatichya ottoman rajvatit, 1564 madhye, shefa-amr gavacha mahasool jerusalemmadhil hasseki sultan imretchya naveen vakfasathi niyukt karnyat aala hota, jyachi sthapana suleiman daad grandchi patni hasseki hurrem sultanne (roxellana) kelee hotee. 16vya shatkachya suruvatichya dashakanmadhye thodya sankhyene jyoo lokancha ullekh hota, parantu shatkachya akheris ekahicha ullekh navhata.
1573 salchya eka farmanmadhye namood kele aahe qee shefa-amr haah aakkachya "nahia" (up jilha) madheel gavanchya gatatil eka gut hota, jyanni ottoman prashasanaviruddha bund kele hote. 1577 paryant, gavane 200 bandukancha shastragar gola keela hota. 1596 chya curr nondinmadhye, shefa-amr haah 83 kutumbanchi ("khana") loksankhya aanee aath avivahit, serve muslim asalelya, safad sanjakcha bhag asalelya akkachya "nahia" chaa bhag hota. ekoon mahasool 13,600 akya hota, jyapaiki bahutansh nishchit rakmemadhye denyat aala hota. karpatra utpadananmadhye adhunmadhun milanara mahasool, bakya aanee madhmashyancha samavesh hota aanee rahivashanni olive oil presachya vaparasathi kinwa malkisathi paise dile.
18 vya shatkat yaa gawala mahatva midale. shatkachya suruvatila heey gaav zaheer all-umarche kaka aanee khalchya galileeche pramukh sheikh sheikh allie zaydani yanchya niyantranakhali hote. heey dekhil dnyat aahe qee gavat kiman 1740 chya suruvatilach eka killa hota. 1740 chya dashakat zaheer all-umar sattevar aalyanantar, allie zaydanichya jaagi tyacha putanya, zahircha mulga uthmanane sthan ghetale. 1775 madhye zahirchya mrutyunantar, jazar pashane nishtha aanee aagau curr bharnyachya aashvasanachya badalyat uthmanla shefa-amracha governor mhanoon kaam suru thevanyachi parvanagi dilee. jazar pashane killyacha naash karava asey sthir lokanchya aadeshanantarhi too akhand rahoo deela. anek varshannantar uthmanla hatavanyat aale aanee tyachya jaagi jazar pashacha niyukt ibrahim aboo kalush yala ghenyat aale.
yaa kalat shefa-amr heey kapus pikavana kshetrachya madhyabhagi v naisargik aanee manavnirmit sanrakshanamule kahee pramanat mahattvache pradeshik kendra hote. shefa-amarachya vadhisathi kapasache mahatva moolbhut hote. gavasathiche curr vivaranpatra yaa pikapasoon apekshit asalelya mothya paratavyachi pushti karate. 18 vya shatkat shefa-aamarmadhye jyoo lokanchya upasthitiche nishchit sanket hote. 1839 madhye moses montefiorene kelelya jangananenusar shefa-amramadhye 107 sephardic jyoo lock rahat hote. muhammad allie pashachya jaanyane tyanchi sthitee bighadali, tyaa kalat shefa-amr heey tethil jyoo nagrik jawaljawal rikame jhaale, jyanni haifa aanee tiberiyala jaanyacha nirnay ghetala hota. 1850 aanee 1887 madhye morokkochi sumare 42 jyoo kutumbe shefa-amr yethe sthayik jhaali, parantu 1920 paryant serve jyoo lokanni shahar sodale hote.
1799 chya nepoliyanchya aakramanatil piyare jacotinchya nakashat heey thikan dakhavale gele, jyala "chafa amr" asey naav denyat aale.
james finane 1877 madhye lihile qee "bahusankhya rahivasi drusses aahet. kahee muslim aanee kahee khrishchan aahet; parantu [1850 madhye] tees jyoo kutumbe shetkari mhanoon rahat hotee, tyanchya swatachya jaminivaril malmattet dhanya aanee olivechi lagwad karat hotee, tyapaiki bahutek kautumbik varsa hote; yapaiki kahee lock algerian vanshache hote. tyanche swatache sabhasthan aanee kayadeshirdrushtya patra kasai hote aanee tyanchi sankhya purvi adhik lakshaniy hotee."tathapi," nantar teey done kutumbanmadhye qamee jhaale, urvarit [haifamadhye] gele kaaran teey bandar samruddhila gele."1875 madhye bhet denanya conder aanee kitchenerla sanganyat aale qee yaa samudayat 2,500 aatmyancha samavesh hota-1,200 muslim, urvarit druce, greek aanee lattin hote."1880 chya dashakat shaharatil druze samuday lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaala kaaran tyache sadasya ottoman adhikadhyankadun saktichi bharati talhanyasathi purvekade hauranchya maidani bhagat sthalantarit jhaale.
sumare 1887 salchya loksankhyechya yadivarun asey disun aale qee shefa-amramadhye sumare 2,750 rahivasi hote; 795 muslim, 95 greek catholic, 1,100 catholic, 140 lattin, 175 maronite/protestant, 30 jyoo aanee 440 druze.
britishancha aadesh.
1920 saalee palestinecha british aadesh sthapit karnyat aala. 1922 chya palestinechya jangananechya velee, shefa-amrachi loksankhya 2,288 hotih 1,263 khrishchan, 623 muslim aanee 402 druze. khrishchananpaiki 1,054 melkite, 94 anglican, 70 roman catholic, 42 greek orthodox aanee teen maronite hote. 1931 chya jangananenusar, shefa-amramadhye 629 ghare hotee aanee 1,321 khrishchan, 1,006 muslim, 496 druze aanee eka jyoo loksankhya hotee. shafa' amr upnagar 'sathee 234 vyapalelya gharanmadhye aanakhi 1,197 muslimanchi nond karnyat aalee.
1945chya aakadevarit anivarya sarkarne sankalit kelelya aakadevarinusar shahari loksankhya 1,560 khrishchan, 1,380 muslim, 10 jyoo aanee 690 'itar' (bahudha druze) aanee grameen loksankhya 3,560 muslim asalyache disun aale.
israyal.
20 weey shatak.
1948 madhye shefa-amrala israyali sainyane 8 teey 14 julai darmyan operation dekelchya pahilya tappyat tabyat ghetale. druze loksankhyene aay. dii. eff. laa sakriyapane sahkarya kele. muslim nivassthani jordar golibar karnyat aala aanee hajaro rahivasi kusumiyela paloon gele. nazarethchya patananantar kahee nirvasitanna tyanchya gharee paratanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. loksankhyela kathor lashkari kayadyantargat thevanyat aale. november 1949 madhye shefa-amrachya ullekhaneey vyaktinchya eka gatane shaharatil 300 hoon adhik bekaydeshir rahivashanchi yadee idfla dilee. 1966 paryant lashkari satta tikali.
shefa-amrache majee mahapour ibrahim nimr hussen heey 1975 madhye sthapan jhalyapasun israyalmadhil arab mahapouranchya samitiche (nantar arab pathpurava samitee) adhyaksh hote. 1981 madhye shefa-amr yethe arab samudayat aarogya seves protsahan denyasathi eka ngo sthapan karnyat aala. teey swatahla '-aarogya sanshodhan aanee sevansathichi arab rashtriy sanstha' asey sambodhat hote. 1982 madhye, lebanonvaril israyali aakramananantar, mahapour ibrahim nimr hussen yanni jameen divasanantar sthapan kelelya samitichya aadhare 'sarvoch pathpurava samitee' sthapan kelee. tyat sthanik parishadanche 11 pramukh tasech gudghyache arab sadasya hote. 1990 chya dashkaparyant nazareth yethe jhalelya baithakine vistarit houn tee galileymadheel palestini lokanche pratinidhitva karnari eka chhoti sansad bunley hotee.
21 weey shatak.
16 meey 2004 roji, shahajinchya dashkatil mohin yaa vyaktine manal najib aboo rayed, tyachi vidhva suun, tyachya mulachi patni aanee tyachya done natvandanchya aaichi hatya kelee. manalane done varshanpurvi karkarogamule ticha patee gamavala hota aanee too haifa jawalil daliet ell karmelchya druze gavat yaa jodpyachya gharee rahat hota. yaa ghatanenantar pidit aanee marekyachya kutumbiyanmadhye sangharsh jhaala. 27 februwari 2009 roji antim samet jhaala, jevha shefa-amr aanee daliyat all-carmel yaa mishra shaharatil sumare 300 kutumbatil sadasya, manyavar aanee rahivasi samet vidhimadhye sahbhagi jhaale. teey, done shaharanchya mahapouransah khrishchan aanee muslim manyavaransah, gudghe tekanare sadasya (druze aanee muslim), israyalachya druze samudayache dharmik nete aanee uttar israyalmadhil anek gavanmadhil druze dharmik netyancha motha tukada ekatra jamale. bhashananantar, manyavaranni "sulha" (samet) kararavar swakshya kelya aanee dastaivaj adhikrutpane manjur jhalyache ghoshit jhalyanantar, marekyachya kutumbiyanni "sulha" samitiche nete sheikh muafaq tarif, raktache paise asaleli eka pishavi ("deeya") nuksan bharpai dilee aanee tarifane pishavi hatya kelelya mahilechya chulat bhavandankade supurd kelee. pishavit 200,000 nee (sumare $50,000) hote, jeey "samanya" tadjodiche paise asateel tyapeksha jawaljawal ardhe hote, parantu marekyachya kutumbane adhik paise aananyas nakar deela, assa dawa keela qee tyanchyakade sansadhane naheet aanee teey 'vede' kaka asalyamule swatahla diwalkhor banavanyas tayar navhate.
4 august 2005 roji, parvangishivay anupasthit asalelya israyali sainikane, eden natan-zada yane shaharatil basmadhye asatana golibar keela, jyat chaar arab rahivasi thaar jhaale aanee itar bavis jann jakhami jhaale. golibaranantar, natan-zadavar jawalchya jamavane maat kelee, tyanchi hatya kelee aanee dagadanni marhan kelee. pratyakshadarshinchya mhananyanusar, 'kippa' paridhan kelela jyoo sainik sarvajanik basane shefa-amarkade jaat asalyache pahoon bus chalkala aashchary vatale, mhanoon tyala tyacha sadhyacha marg ghyayacha aahe yachee khatri aahe qaa, ashee natan-zadala vicharana kelee. mrutyu jhalelya chaar bahininmadhye, hazar aanee deena turkey yaa tyanchya visavya dashakachya suruvatichya done bahini aanee bus chalak michel bahauth aanee nader haik yaa done purushancha samavesh hota. hallyanantarchya divasant, 40,000 lock piditanchya samoohik antyasanskarala upasthit hote. bahininna islamik smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale aanee purushanna khrishchan catholic smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. jakhaminna haifa yetheel rambam rugnalayat dakhal karnyat aale. shefa-amr nagarpalikene piditanchya smaranarth eka smarak ubharale.
janewari 2008 madhye, mahapour ursan yaseen yanni swatantryachya 60 vya vardhapan deane sohalyasathi israyali rajya samitichya adhikanyanna bhet dilee aanee shefa-amr yaa utsavat sahbhagi honyacha irada asalyache jaheer kele. 2011 madhye, 7,000 khrishchan, druze aanee muslimanni dharmik chhalala balee padalelya iraq aanee egyptmadhil khrishchananchya samarthanarth ekatmata morcha kadhala.
bhoogol.
shefa-amr heey israyalachya uttar jeelhyat galileechya praveshdvaravar aahe. heey bhoomadhya samudrapasun aanee hypha, ekar aanee nazareth yaa teen shaharanpaiki pratyekatun aahe, jithe anek rahivasi karyarat aahet. heey shahar saat tekdyanvar vasalele aahe, jyamule tyala 'little rome' heey naav midale aahe. galileechya dyaa aanee parvatanmadhil sambandh mhanoon shaharachi unchi aanee tyache mokyache sthan yamule too ekapeksha jaast vela tyachya jilhyacha kendrabindu banala, visheshtah zaheer all-umarcha mulga uthman yachya kalat, jyane tyat eka killa bandhala aanee tyachya bhovati manore bandhali. haifa aanee ekar darmyan pasarlela samudra asalela haifacha upasagar aanee galileeche unch parvat aanee shaharachya sabhovatalache dyaa shaharatil unch thikananvarun pahata yet hotya.
loksankhyashastra.
1951 saalee loksankhya 4450 hotee, jyapaiki sumare 10 takke itar gavanmadhun antargat visthapit vyakti hotya. 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatila, shefa-amrachi sumare 25,000 dunam jameen khaleel paddhatindware japt karnyat aalih jameen bund lashkari kshetra mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aalee, tyanantar tee kayadeshiraritya "lagvadikhali naan yenyasathi" puresa vel gelyanantar, krishi mantryanni shejarchya jyoo bahusankhya samudayanna deuun "tyachi lagwad kelee gelee aahe yachee khatri karnyasathi" aaplya adhikarancha vapar keela. kahee jameen jyoo lokanchya malkichi hotee. 1953-4 madhye aanakhi 7,579 dunam japt karnyat aale. gavachi ekoon jameen 1945 madheel 58,725 dunamvarun 1962 madhye 10,371 dunamvar aalee.
see. bii. ess. nusar, 2012 madhye shaharachi dharmik aanee vanshik rachana mukhytah arab hotee (jyamadhye 59.2% muslim, 26.5% khrishchan aanee 14.3% druze yancha samavesh hota). shefa-amr heey israyalmadhil chauthya kramankacha sarvat motha arab khrishchan samuday aahe aanee teey mukhytah greek-melkite catholic aahet. see. bii. ess. nusar, 2012 madhye shaharat 38,300 nondanikrut nagrik hote. 40.4 takke loksankhya 19 varshanpeksha jaast vayachi navhati, 20 teey 29 darmyanchi 14.9%, 30 teey 44 darmyanchi 21.1%, 45 teey 64 darmyanchi 17.8% aanee 5.7% 65 kinwa tyahoon adhik vayachi hotee.
shefa-amarmadhil varshanuvarshe loksankhyah
arthvyavastha.
see. bii. ess. nusar, 2012 madhye shaharat 12,494 pagardar aanee 1062 swayamrojagarache kamgar hote. 2012 saalee shaharatil pagardar kamgaranche sarasari masik vetan 5,412 rupaye hote. pagardar purushanche sarasari masik vetan 6,312 rupaye hote tarr mahilanche 3,904 rupaye hote. swayamrojagarache sarasari utpann 7,381 hote. 235 lokanna berojgariche laabh midale aanee 3,971 lokanna utpannachi hummy midali.
shikshan aanee sanskruti.
2012 madhye, 9,459 vidyarthyanchya loksankhyes seva denanya 24 shaala hotyah 5,360 vidyarthyansah 15 prathamik shaala aanee 4,099 vidyarthyansah 13 uchch madhyamik shaala. 2012 madhye, baravya iyattechya vidyarthyanpaiki 53.7% neey matrick pramanpatra midavale. shaharachya purvekadil bhagat, miffle hapayinni eka sarvajanik sanganak kendra, eka sarvajanik granthalay, eka mothe karyakram sabhagruh aanee barech kahee bandhale.
shefa-amr yethe tamrat all zetaun hii prathamik shaala (sumare 150 vidyarthi) aahe, jee muslim, khrishchan aanee druze yanna ekatra seva denyasathi aanee ekmev arabi bhasha waldorf shaala mhanoon prasiddha aahe. harduff yetheel waldorf shikshakanchya sahkaryane shalene likhit aanee bolalya jaananya arabimadhil farkanchi soya karnara bhashecha abhyaskram vikasit keela. hii shaala tinhi dharmanche sann sajare karate.
1999 madhye sangitkar aamer nakhaleh yanni shefa-aamarchya madhyabhagi beat almusica conservatorychi sthapana kelee hotee. heey vividh vadyanmadhil sangeet abhyasache varshbhar karyakram dete aanee sangeet sadarikaran aanee maifili aayojit karate. darvarshi shefa-aamar haah 'phorta festival' mhanoon olakhala jaanara sangeet mahotsav aayojit karato."deshbharatil arab mule abhijat arabi ganee ganyat bhag ghetat aanee ekala 'voice auph daad ear' mhanoon nivadle jaate."raheeb haddad yanni sthapan keleli baath gayakvrund deshbharat sadarikaran karate aanee anek aantarrashtriy karyakramanmadhye sahbhagi hote. gayak reem talhami sampoorn arab jagaat sadarikaran karatat. beat almusica staffver asalele aud vadak aanee violinevadak tayasir elias heey sangitkar, vahak aanee sangitshastradnya aahet jeey baar-ilaan vidyapithat vyakhyanehi detat. butrus lucia hii chitrakar, khrishchan charchchya pratimanmadhye parangat aahe.
shefa-amarmadhil pahili natake 1950 chya dashakat khrishchan scoutsdware sadar kelee gelee. 1970 chya dashakapasun anek chitrapatgruhe ughadali gelee aahet. tyanchyamadhye shefa-aamar natyagruh, ather natyagruh, yuva natyagruh, alghurbal all shefa-amari natyagruh aanee all ufok natyagruhache putra hote. shaharatil sarvat mothe natyagruh mhanje rashtriy arab natyagruh, gurbal aasthapana. abhineta, vinodi kalakar aanee pantomist saeed salam yane darvarshi aayojit keela jaanara 3 divasiy aantarrashtriy pantomime mahotsav sthapan keela.
shefa-amr heey tyachya mastic-aadharit iscream, "bozette shefa-'amr" sathee olakhale jaate.nakhaleh coffey company hii israyalachya arab samudayatil coffeechee aaghadichi utpadak company aahe.
junya shaharachya kahee bhaganmadhye naveen upahargruh-cafey ughadale gele aanee shefa-aamarchya tarunancha aashray ghet tyanna ratriche jeevan protsahan midale. aii. doubleu. tii. cafemadhye sangitik ratri aayojit karnyas suruvat jhaali, jithe aud aanee itaransah sthanik gayak aanee vadye vajavanare prekshakansathi sadarikaran karatat.