thylacoid

thylacoids heey chloroplast aanee cyanobacteria aat padadyane bandhalele khand aahet. teey prakashsanshleshanachya prakash-aadharit pratikriyanche thikan aahet. thylacoidsmadhye thylacoid lumenchya bhovati eka thylacoid padada asato. chloroplast thylacoids varanvar grana (ekvachanah "granum") mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya diskche dheeg tayar karatat. grana heey entergrannel kinwa stromal thylacoidsdware jodalele asatat, jeey granumchya stackna ekach karyatmak dabyat ekatra jodatat.
thylacoid patalanmadhye, chlorophyll rangdravye quantasome navachya pakitanmadhye aadhaltat. pratyek quantazome 230 teey 250 chlorophyll renu asatat.
vyutpatti.
thylacoid' haah shabd greek shabd 'thylacos' kinwa 'θύλακος' pasoon aala aahe, jyacha arth 'pishavi' kinwa 'pishavi' assa hoto. tyamule, 'thylacoid' mhanje 'pishavisarkhi' kinwa 'pishavisarkhi'.
rachana.
thylacoids yaa chloroplast stromamadhe antarbhut asalelya padadyala bandhalelya sanrachana aahet. thylacoidschya eka guthalila granum mhanatat aanee tee nanyanchya guthalisarkhi disate.
puttle.
thylacoid padada heey prakashsanshleshanachya prakash-aadharit pratikriyanche thikan aahe, jyamadhye prakashsanshleshit rangdravye thet padadyamadhye antarbhut asatat. pratyek 1 nanometer nanometer gadad aanee halakya pattyancha haah eka paryayi namuna aahe. thylacoid lipid bilayer procariotic puttle aanee aateel chloroplast patlasah vaishishtyapurn vaishishtye samayik karate. udaharanarth, thylacoid puttle, cyanobacteria aanee itar prakashsanshleshit jivanunmadhye amleey lipids aadhalu shakatat aanee prakashpranalichya karyatmak akhandatemadhe sameel asatat. uchch vanaspatinche thylacoid padade pramukhyane phospholipids aanee galactolypidspasoon tayar hotat jeey padadyanchya bajoone aanee tyapalikade asampramanat vyavasthit asatat. thylacoid puttle phospholipidspeksha galactolypidsmadhye samruddha asatat; tasech teey pramukhyane shatkon tappa II tayar karatat jyamule monogalecotosyl diaglyceride lipid tayar hote. hii adviteey rachana asoonahi, vanaspati thylacoid padada mothya pramanat lipid-bilayer gatishil rachana gruheet dharalyache disun aale aahe. uchch-dravatva asalelya linolenic aamlane samruddha asalelya thylacoid padadyanchi nirmiti tayar lipidsche sanshleshan eka jatil margavar kele jaate, jyamadhye endoplasmic reticulum aanee plasteed lifafachya aateel padadyamadhye lipid purvavartinchi devanghevan hote aanee teey aateel padadyavarun putkedware thylacoidsmadhye vahoon nele jaatat.
lumen.
thylacoid lumen haah thylacoid padadyane vedhalela eka satat jaleey tappa aahe. prakashsanshleshanadarmyan photophosphorylationsathy heey eka mahattvachi bhoomika bajavate. prakash-aadharit pratikriyedarmyan, proton thylacoid padadyavarun lumenmadhye pump kele jaatat jyamule teey ph 4 paryant amleey banate.
granum aanee stroma lamel.
uchch vanaspatinmadhye thylacoids granum-stroma membrain asemblimadhye sanghatit kele jaatat. granum (bahuvachan grana) haah thylacoid diskcha eka dheeg aahe. chloroplastmadhye 10 teey 100 grana asoo shakatat. grana heey stroma thylacoidsdware jodalele asatat, jyanna intergrannel thylacoids kinwa lamelle dekhil mhanatat. grana thylacoids aanee stroma thylacoids tyanchya vegvegalya prathinanchya rachnedware olakhale jaau shakatat. grana chloroplastchya mothya prushthbhagachya kshetrafal aanee aakarmanachya gunottarat yogdan dete. thylacoid patalanchya alikadil electron tomography abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee stroma lamelle heey grana stack akshala lumb asalelya rund patrakanmadhye sanghatit kele jaatat aanee grannel interfacevar anek ujavya hatache helical prushthbhag tayar karatat. davya hatache helical prushthbhag ujavya hatachya helics aanee sheets darmyan ektrit hotat. vegvegalya trijya aanee pichchya paryayi helical membrain prushthbhaganche heey jatil jaale padadyacha prushthbhag aanee vakanyachi urja qamee karate asey darshavile gele. aataparyant tayar jhalelya sarvat vyapak yaa naveen modelane asey ughad kele qee done, parasparvirodhi, junya modelschee vaishishtye sanrachanet sahastitvat aahet. visheshtah, varanvar "parking garrage" sanrachana mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya paryayi hastkaushalyachya helical ghatakanchya samaan vyavastha endoplasmic reticulummadhye aanee ultradons anoo padarthat upasthit rahanyacha prastav hota. hii sanrachanatmak rachana datpane bharalele thurr kinwa patrake yanchyat jodanyasathi moolbhut bhoomiti tayar karoo shakate.
rachana.
jevha rope jaminivarun baher padatat tevha chloroplast heey proplastidspasoon vikasit hotat. thylacoidchya nirmitisathi prakashachi aavashyakta asate. vanaspatichya garbhat aanee prakashachya anupasthitit, proplasteeds etioplastmadhye vikasit hotat jyat ardh-sfatikeey puttle sanrachana asatat jyanna prolemeller boddy mhanatat. jevha prakashachya samparkat yetat, tevha yaa prolemeller vastoo thylacoidsmadhye vikasit hotat. andharat vadhalelya ropanmadhye heey hott nahee, jyanche ethiolation hote. prakashachya samparkat naan aalyane thylacoids ayashasvi houu shakatat. yamule chloroplast ayashasvi hotat, parinami vanaspaticha mrutyu hoto.
thylacoid nirmitisathi 'plastids 1 madhye putika-prerak prathin' (whip 1) chee kriya aavashyak asate. vanaspati yaa prathinanshivay jagoo shakat naheet aanee aanee patali qamee jhalyamule mand vaadh hote aanee prakashsanshleshan karanyachi kshamata qamee asalelya vanaspatinchi vaadh fikat hote. moolbhut thylacoid puttle nirmitisathi whip 1 aavashyak asalyache disate, parantu thylacoid patalatil prathine sankulanchya asemblisathi nahee. cyanobacteria, chlamydomonas sarkhya hiravya shaiwal aanee "arabidopsis thaliana" sarkhya uchch vanaspateensah thylacoids asalelya serve jivanmadhye heey sanrakshit kele jaate.
vilgikaran aanee vibhajan.
bhinn aanee pravanata kendrapasaranachya sanyojanacha vapar karoon vanaspati peshinmadhun thylacoids shuddha kele jaau shakatat. udaharanarth, yantrik katarane, heey vilag thylacoidsche vighatan, lumenal ansh sodate. paridhiy aanee avibhajya puttle apurnank urvarit puttle anshatoon kadhale jaau shakatat. soodiyam carbonate (Na2co3) saha upchar paridhiy puttle prathine vegale karato, tarr detergent aanee sendriya dravkansah upchar avibhajya puttle prathine vidravya karato.
prathine.
thylacoidsmadhye anek avibhajya aanee paridhiy puttle prathine tasech lumenal prathine asatat. thylacoid apurnankanchya alikadil proteomics abhyasanni thylacoidschya prathinanchya rachnevar adhik tapasheel pradan kele aahet. yaa mahiticha saransh anek plasteed prathinanchya detabasemadhye denyat aala aahe, jeey online upalabdh aahet.
yaa abhyasannusar, thylacoid protiommadhye kiman 335 vegvegalya prathinancha samavesh asato. yapaiki 89 lumenmadhye, 116 avibhajya puttle prathine aahet, 62 stroma bajula paridhiy prathine aahet aanee 68 lumenal bajula paridhiy prathine aahet. sanganakeey paddhatindware atirikt qamee-vipulata asalelya lumenal prathinancha andaj lavala jaau shakato. dnyat karye asalelya thylacoid prathinanpaiki 42 takke prakashsanshleshanat guntaleli asatat. pudhil sarvat mothya karyatmak gatanmadhye prathinanche lakshyikaran, 11 takke prakriya aanee dumadane, oxidative strace pratisad (9 takke) aanee anuvad (8 takke) yaat guntaleli prathine samavisht aahet.
avibhajya puttle prathine.
thylacoid patalanmadhye avibhajya puttle prathine asatat jee prakash-kapani aanee prakashsanshleshanachya prakash-aadharit pratikriyanmadhye mahattvachi bhoomika bajavtat. thylacoid patalamadhye chaar pramukh prathine sankul aaheth
prakashpranali II hii mukhytah grana thylacoidsmadhye asate, tarr prakashpranali I aanee aii. tii. pii. synthes heey bahutek stroma thylacoids aanee granachya bahya tharanmadhye asatat. cytochrome cytochrome sankul sampoorn thylacoid patalanmadhye samaan ritine vitareet kele jaate. thylacoid puttle pranalimadhye done prakash pranalinchya vegalya sthanamule, firatya electron vahakansathi tyanchyamadhye electron shuttle karane aavashyak aahe. heey vahak mhanje plastoquinone aanee plastocyanin. plastoquinone prakashpranali II pasoon cytochrome b6f sankulaparyant electronche shuttle karate, tarr plastocyanin cytochrome b6f sankulapasun prakashpranali i paryant electron vahoon netat.
ektritpane, hii prathine prakash urjecha vapar electron vahtook sakhali chalvanyasathi karatat jee thylacoid puttle aanee naduff, terminal redox pratikriyeche utpadan olandun chemiosmotic kshamata nirman karatat. aii. tii. pii. synthes photophosphorylation darmyan aii. tii. pii. tayar karnyasathi chemiosmotic kshamata vaparte.
chhayachitra pranali.
yaa prakashpranali prakash-chalit redox kendre aahet, pratyekamadhye antena sankul aahe jeey chlorophyll aanee carotenoids aanee phycobiliproteins sarkhya sahayak prakashsanshleshit rangdravyancha vapar vividh tarangalambivar prakash midvinyasathi karate. pratyek antena sankulat 250 teey 400 rangdravyanche renu asatat aanee teey shoshun ghenari urja anunad urja hastantaranadvare pratyek prakashpranalichya pratikriya kendrasthani asalelya vishesh chlorophyll "aii" madhye hastantarit kelee jaate. jevha pratikriya kendravaril done chlorophyll "aii" renunpaiki eka anoo urja shoshun gheto, tevha electron uttejit hoto aanee electron-grahankarta renumadhye hastantarit hoto. prakashpranali I madhye tyachya pratikriya kendravar kendravar mhanoon niyukt chlorophyll "aii" renunchi eka jodee asate, jee jastit jaast 700 nm prakash shoshun ghete. prakashpranali II madhye madhye chlorophyll asate jeey 680 nm prakash uttam prakare shoshun ghete (lakshat ghya qee hii taranglambi khol laal rangashi sambandhit aahe-drishyaman varnapat pahaa). pii rangdravyasathi lahan aahe aanee pratyek pratikriya kendratil chlorophyll renunsathi nanometermadhil vishisht shoshan shikhar hii sankhya aahe. heey vanaspatinmadhye asalele hirave rangdravya aahe jeey viina-sahayya dolhyanna disat nahee.
cytochrome cytochrome complexes.
cytochrome cytochrome complexes haah thylacoid electron vahtook sakhalicha bhag aahe aanee thylacoid lumenmadhye protonchya pampingmadhye jodape electron hastantarit karatat. urjavanpane, teey done prakash pranalinmadhye sthit aahe aanee prakash pranali II-plastoquinonmadhun plastocyanin-photosystem i madhye electron hastantarit karate.
aii. tii. pii. synthes.
thylacoid aii. tii. pii. synthes haah mitochondrial aii. tii. pii. ess. sarkhach see. eff. 1. eff. oo.-aii. tii. pii. synthes aahe. see. eff. 1 bhag stromala chikatalela asatana too thylacoid patalat ektrit keela jaato. asha prakare, aii. tii. pii. sanshleshan thylacoidschya stromal bajula hote jethe prakashsanshleshanachya prakash-swatantra pratikriyansathi aii. tii. pii. aavashyak asate.
lumen prathine.
electron vahtook prathine plastocyanin lumenmadhye asate aanee cytochrome cytochrome prathine sankulapasun prakashpranali i paryant electronla shuttle karate. plastoquinone heey lipid-vidravya asatat aanee tyamule thylacoid patalamadhye jaatat, tarr plastocyanin thylacoid lumenmadhun jaate.
thylacoidsche lumen heey prakashpranali II chya lumenal bajushi sambandhit auxigen vikasit hott asalelya sankuladware panyachya auxidationche thikan dekhil aahe.
lumenal prathinancha andaj tyanchya lakshyit sanketanchya aadhare sanganakeey paddhatine lavala jaau shakato. arabidopsismadhye, tatt signal asalelya andajit lumenal prathinanpaiki, dnyat karye asalele sarvat mothe gut prathine prakriya (proteolysis aanee folding) madhye 19 takke, prakashsanshleshanat 18 takke, chayapachayat 11 takke aanee redox vahak aanee sanrakshanamadhye 7 takke sahbhagi aahet.
prathinanchi abhivyakti.
chloroplastcha swatacha genome asato, joou anek thylacoid prathinanna encode karato. tathapi, tyanchya cyanobacterial endosymbiotic purvajankadun plasteed utkrantichya darmyan, chloroplast genomepasoon peshinchya kendrakat janukanche vyapak hastantaran jhaale. yacha parinam assa hoto qee chaar pramukh thylacoid prathin sankulanna anshatah chloroplast jeenomdware aanee anshatah nuclear jeenomdware encode kele jaate. yaa prathinanchya sankulanchi yogya stoikiometry aanee assembly sunishchit karnyasathi done vegvegalya avayavanmadhye encode kelelya vegvegalya upaghatakanchya abhivyaktiche saha-niyaman karnyasathi vanaspatinni anek yantrana vikasit kelya aahet. udaharanarth, prakashsanshleshi upkaranachya bhaganna sanketikrut tayar anujanukanche pratilekhan prakashadvare niyantrit kele jaate. thylacoid prathin sankulanche jaivik utpatti, sthirata aanee uladhal thylacoid patalatil redox-sanvedanshil kinesesdware phosphorylationdware niyantrit kelee jaate. chloroplast-encoded prathinancha anuvad darr assembly bhagidaranchya upasthiti kinwa anupasthitidvare niyantrit keela jaato (sanshleshanachya dnyanadvare niyantran). yaa yantranet chloroplast emm. aar. aine. aii. chya 5 'anuvadit nasalelya pradeshala atirikt prathinanchya bandhanidware nakaratmak abhipray samavisht asato. chloroplastla electron hastantaran sakhalisathi prakashpranali I aanee II chya gunottarat santulan rakhane dekhil aavashyak aahe. thylacoid patalatil electron vahak plastoquinonchi redox sthitee prakashpranalichya pratikriya kendranchya chloroplast janukanchya encoding prathinanchya pratilekhanavar thet parinam karate, asha prakare electron hastantaran sakhalitil asantulanacha pratikar karate.
thylacoidsla lakshya karnare prathine.
chloroplastchya aat signal peptides aanee procariotic-prakarchya strav margandware thylacoid prathine tyanchya gantvyasthanavar lakshya kelee jaatat. vanaspatichya anoo jeenomdware encode kelelya bahutek thylacoid prathinanna yogya sthanikikaranasathi done lakshyikaran sanketanchi aavashyakta asateh peptidela lakshya karnare aine-terminal chloroplast (aakrutimadhye pivalya rangat darshavile aahe), tyanantar thylacoid lakshyit peptide (nilya rangat darshavile aahe). bahya aanee aateel puttle (tii. oo. see. aanee tick) sankulanchya translocondware prathine aayat kelee jaatat. chloroplastmadhye pravesh kelyanantar, aayat kelelya prathinanvar protease prakriya karoon pahile lakshyit peptide vegale kele jaate. heey yaa lakshyikaran sanketache mukhavata kadhoon takte aanee yaa lakshyikaran tappyat stromamadhun thylacoidmadhye prathine niryat kelee jaatat. yaa yaa tappyasathi thylacoidschya prathine sthanantaranachya ghatakanchya krutichi aavashyakta asate aanee tee urja-aadharit asate. ess. aar. pii.-aashrit marg (1), tatt-aashrit marg (2) dware kinwa tyanchya transmembrane kshetrandvare (aakrutimadhye darshavilele nahee) utsfurtapane prathine padadyamadhye ghatali jaatat. lumenal prathine ektar tatt-dependent pathve (2) kinwa seek-dependent pathve (3) dware lumenmadhye thylacoid patalavar niryat kelee jaatat aanee thylacoid lakshyikaran sanketatoon fatalyamule sodali jaatat. vegvegale marg vegvegalya sanketancha aanee urjechya strotancha vapar karatat. secular (srav) margasathi urjecha srot mhanoon aii. tii. pii. chee aavashyakta asate aanee tyat seekai asato, joou aayat kelelya prathinanshi bandhala jaato aanee prathinanna paar karnyasathi secular puttle sankul asato. thylacoid signal peptidemadhye julya arginine swarupachi prathine tatt (julya arginine translocation) margadvare pathavali jaatat, jyasathi urja srot mhanoon puttle-baddh tatt complexes aanee ph gradient aavashyak asate. ess. aar. pii. (signal recognition partical) margadvare itar kahee prathine padadyamadhye ghatali jaatat. chloroplast ess. aar. pii. tyachya lakshyit prathinanshi ektar anuvadanantar kinwa saha-anuvaditpane sanvad sadhu shakate, asha prakare aayat kelelya prathinanchi tasech chloroplastchya aat anuvadit jhalelya prathinanchi vahtook karoo shakate. ess. aar. pii. margasathi urja srot mhanoon jee. tii. pii. aanee ph. pravanata aavashyak asate. kahee transmembrane prathine urjechi aavashyakta naan thevata stromal bajukadoon aapoaap padadyamadhye dekhil samavisht karoo shakatat.
karya.
thylacoids heey prakashsanshleshanachya prakash-aadharit pratikriyanche thikan aahe. yamadhye prakash-chalit jaal auxidation aanee auxigen utkranti, prakashpranali aanee cytochrome sankulachya electron vahtook sakhalisah thylacoid patalanvar protonche pumping aanee utpann jhalelya proton pravanatacha vapar karoon aii. tii. pii. synthesdware aii. tii. pii. sanshleshan yancha samavesh aahe.
panyache photolysis.
prakashsanshleshanachi pahili payari mhanje prakashsanshleshit electron vahtook sakhalyansathi tasech proton pravanata sthapan karnyasathi proton pradan karnyasathi prakash-chalit paanee qamee karane (vibhajan). paanee-vibhajan pratikriya thylacoid padadyachya lumenal bajula hote aanee prakash pranalinni tipalelya prakash urjedware chalavali jaate. panyache heey auxidation soyiskarpane oo2 heey kachara utpadan tayar karate jeey cellular shvasanasathi mahatvache aahe. pratikriyedvare tayar jhalela aanvik auxigen vatavaranat sodala jaato.
electron vahtook sakhali.
prakashsanshleshanadarmyan electron vahatukiche done bhinn prakar vaparale jaatatah
gair-chakriy prakaramadhye donhi prakash pranalincha sahbhag samavisht asato, tarr chakriy electron pravah keval prakash pranali i varr avalambun asato.
chemiosmosis.
thylacoid puttle aanee tyachya avibhajya prakashpranaliche eka pramukh karya mhanje chemiosmotic kshamata sthapit karane. electron vahtook sakhalitil vahak, protonchi stromapasoon lumenparyant sakriyapane vahtook karnyasathi electronchi kahee urja vapartat. prakashsanshleshanadarmyan, stromadhil ph 8 chya tulanet lumen ph ph qamee amleey hote. heey thylacoid patalavar protonsathi 10,000 putt ekagrata pravanata darshavate.
proton pravanatacha srot.
lumenmadhil proton teen prathamik strotanmadhun yetat.
proton pravanata hii nadapy reductagevar nadapy + pasoon naduff tayar karnyasathi stromadhil protonchya vaparamule dekhil hote.
aii. tii. pii. pidhi.
chloroplastmadhil aii. tii. pii. (adenosine triphosphate) nirmitichi aanvik yantrana mitochondriasarkhich asate aanee tee proton prerak shakti (pii. emm. eff.) pasoon aavashyak urja ghete. tathapi, chloroplast heey aii. tii. pii. sanshleshanasathi aavashyak sambhavya urja nirman karnyasathi pii. emm. eff. chya rasayanik kshamatevar adhik avalambun asatat. pii. emm. eff. hii proton rasayanik kshamata (proton ekagrata pravanata dware dilee jaate) aanee transmembrane vidyut kshamata (padadyavaril charge pruthakkaranadvare dilee jaate) yanchi berries aahe. mitochondria aateel patalanchya tulanet, jyat charge pruthakkaranamule padada kshamata lakshaniyaritya jaast asate, thylacoid patalanmadhye charge pravanata nasate. yachee bharpai karnyasathi, thylacoid patalavar 10,000 putt proton ekagrata pravanata mitochondria aateel patalavar 10 putt pravahachya tulanet khoop jaast aahe. lumen aanee stroma yanchyatil parinami tayar honari chemiosmotic kshamata atp synthescha vapar karoon atp sanshleshan chalvanyasathi pureshi jaast asate. proton atp synthessmadhil vahinyandvare pravanatachya khalee parat jaat asatana, adp + paee etipimadhye ekatra kele jaatat. asha prakare, prakash-aadharit pratikriya proton pravanatedvare aii. tii. pii. chya sanshleshanas jodalya jaatat.
cyanobacteriamadhye thylacoid padada.
cyanobacteria heey atyant bhinn padada pranalinsah prakashsanshleshit procariots aahet. cyanobacteriamadhye thylacoid patalanchi antargat pranali asate jithe prakashsanshleshan aanee shvasochavasachya purnapane karyasheel electron hastantaran sakhali rahatat. vegvegalya puttle pranalinchi upasthiti yaa peshinna jivanunmadhye eka adviteey jatilata dete. cyanobacteria padadyanchi punarrachana karnyas, naveen padada lipidsche sanshleshan karnyas aanee yogya padada pranalisathi prathinanna yogyaritya lakshya karnyas saksham asane aavashyak aahe. bahya puttle, plazma puttle aanee thylacoid puttle yaa pratyekachya cyanobacterial peshimadhye vishesh bhoomika asatat. cyanobacterial peshi jivashastrat puttle pranalinchi rachana, karyakshamta, prathinanchi rachana aanee gatishilata samajoon ghene heey eka mothe aavhan aahe.
uchch vanaspatinchya thylacoid jaalyachya ulat, jeey grana aanee stroma lamelemadhye vegale kele jaate, cyanobacteriatil thylacoids anek ekagra kavchanmadhye sanghatit kele jaatat jeey vibhajit hotat aanee atyant jodalele jaale tayar tayar samantar tharanmadhye misalatat. yamule eka satatche jaale tayar hote jeey ekach lumenla (uchch-vanaspati chloroplastpramane) vedhate aanee panyamadhye vidravya aanee lipid-vidravya renunna sampoorn puttle jaalyat pasaru dete. shivay, samantar thylacoid patrakanmadhye chhidra anekada disun yetat. padadyamadhil hii antar sampoorn peshimadhye ribosomes, glycogen granules aanee lipid bodys vividh aakarachya kananchi vahtook karnyas anumati dete. thylacoidsmadhil tulanene mothe antar bahya prakash-kapani antena, phycobilisomsasathi jaaga pradan karate. hii sthool rachana, uchch vanaspatinchya babatit, bhautik rasayanik vatavaranatil badalandarmyan kahee lavchikta darshavate.

