
ethiopiachi pradeshik utkranti

aksam samrajyapasun suruvat karoon, ethiopiacha pradesh tyachya sabhovatalachya bhoomivar vijay midvat lakshaniyaritya vikasit jhaala. itar jaagtik shaktimbarobarchya majboot oxumite vyapari bhagidarine tyachya pradeshik vistarala mahatva dile. 330 madhye, aksamane merochya nubian shaharala vedha ghatala, jyamule tyachya mothya vistarachi suruvat jhaali. dakshin arabiamadhye islami varchasva udayas aalyanantar shevati teey qamee jhaale aanee akheris 10vya shatkat teey kosalale.
1270 paryant zagve rajvanshacha uday jhaala aanee rajya kele, jevha amhara-shevan yekuno amalakne shevatcha raja, ettabarakviruddha bund kele, jyamule solomonic rajvanshachya netrutvakhalil ethiopian samrajyachi suruvat jhaali. aamda seyon pahila aanee zaara yakub yaa samratanchya netrutvakhali samrajya tyachya sarvat mothya vistaraparyant pohochale. 1896 madhye, samrat menelic dusra yachya vijayane africa aanee italian vasahatvadasathi 19 vya shatkatil sangharshapasun door rahoon, ethiopiachya aadhunik seema majboot kelya. 1952 madhye samrat halley selasichya netrutvakhalil ethiopian samrajya sarkarne eritriya tabyat ghetale, jyachi parinati eritrian swatantryayuddhat jhaali. 1993 madhye ethiopian peaples revolutionary democratic frontney (eae. pii. aar. dii. eff.) tabyat ghetalelya velee janamatadvare eritriya akheris vegale jhaale.
akshumait samrajya.
eka samrajya mhanoon aksamane vyapari sambandh vadhavale aanee tyanantar tyacha pradesh vistarla. laal samudrane ii. sha. puu. pahilya sahasrakapasun vyapar marganvar prabhav padala hota aanee ajunahi too khristi yugat aahe. oxumite vastoo pramukhyane hattinche daat hote, jyaa bhoomadhya, madhya purv aanee leventmadhun niryat kelya jaat asat, kaaran vyapari aafrikechya aateel bhagatoon paschimekade vahat asat. purvi, dakshin arabi loksankhya collo, matara, atsby aanee yeha yasarkhya aksamchya mukhya thikani sthayik jhaali hotee.
eka anamik shaskane "barfane jhakalelya durgam parvatanmadhye" nailchya palikade uttarela vijay midavala jithe "samian lock" rahat hote. jevha laal samudravaril oxumiteche niyantran tivra jhaale, tevha tisya shatkachya uttaradhat axumla eka mahan shakti mhanoon vargikrut kele gele, jyacha purava 'monumentum julitanum' dware midato aanee tyala stewart munro-gavatadvare aadhar deela jaato. 330 madhye, akshamane akshamcha raja ezhan yachya netrutvakhalil meroila purnapane barkhast kele, jyamule tyachya purvavarti osanasah pradeshik vistaracha kalavadhi chinhankit jhaala.
hemair khristi raja marthadilan yanuf yane oxumite khrishchananchi kattal karoon aanee church jaalun yemenvar aakraman karnyacha prayatna keela aanee raja kalebne 518 madhye eka lashkari moheem suru kelee jyane yemenla parabhoot karoon aanee yemencha oxumite pradesh surakshit karoon yashane shant kele.
madhyayugeen muslim vistar.
aksumchya patnane madhya aanee dakshinekadil ethiopiamadhye rajkiy pokali nirman jhaali aanee yaa pradeshat muslim saltanatinchya sthapanecha marg mokala jhaala. shovachya saltanatipasun teey kafa aanee sidama rajyanparyant arab aanee itar vyapadhyanchya anek kafilyanni pashchimecha pravas keela. 10vya shatkachya uttaradhat, sthanik muslim virodh asoonahi makhzumite rajyane shovachya parighavar aapala pradesh vadhavala, tarr itaranni shovachya purvekadil bhag aanee harari patharakade aapale rajya sthapit kele.
1277 madhye ifat saltanatchi sthapana jhaali, kurayashchya sultanane tyacha pradesh tabyat ghetalyanantar 1285 madhye mukhzumai saltanatcha ant jhaala. rajyane jawalchya muslim rajyanvar aanee vyapari sansthananvarhi vijay midavala aanee shovachya purvekadil bhagakade vatchal kelee. damot khrishchan aanee itar sthanik loksankhyeshi jhalelya gambhir sangharshanantar aarthik sankramananmule saltanatine aapala pradesh paschimekade vistarla. ifatchya saltanatine varchasva prasthapit kele tevha itar muslim rajye (davaro, fatagar, baalee, sidamo aanee hadiya rajye) dakshinet ektrit jhaali. muslim mahasangh dakshinekade gret rift valley talavanparyant pasarla aanee uttarekadil khrishchan solomonic rajvanshane tyala aavhan deiparyant majboot vyapar aanee sanskrutik samruddhi vadhali. madhyayugeen islam 12vya aanee 13vya shatkachya darmyan, hamitic-kushi sanskratine prabhavit houn, aanee moolbhootpane ulamanni badallela aanee hajmule prabhavit jhalela hota.
ethiopian samrajya.
zemin mesafintparyantcha prarambhik solomonic kalavadhi.
vaag aanee lasta yasarkhe aitihasik pradesh heey ethiopian rajyat badalanyasathi eka jalvibhajak hote. 14 vya shatkat, samrat aamda seyon (1314-1344) gondar, balga, menz, beeta amhara, angot, gayint, augo midrey, tigray aanee jirru yetheel uttarekadil loksankhyela protsahit karoon shevachya dakshinet deshacha vistar karoo shakala. vistar mothya pramanavar dharmik aanee vyavsayik manla jaat hota parantu kahee vasahatvadi hetu dekhil astitvat hote. tyanantarchya pradeshik vistaramule yaa khrishchan-vastee asalelya bhagat naveen church aanee mathanchi nirmiti aanee bandhkam jhaale aanee bharpur ishwarshasit chalval suru jhaali. pradeshik vistar jasjasa suru rahila, ethiopian orthodox tewahedo church vasahatvadat prabhavshali banale. ethiopian rajya samanyatah ekuno amalakcha uday aanee davit II (lebna dengal) (1270-1540) chya mrutyuchya darmyan vistarle. madhyayugeen ahavalanmadhye zaara yakub aanee aamda seyon I yanchya karkirdit kembattamadhye aalelya naveen vasahatincha ullekh aahe.1316/1317 chya aaspas, aamada seyonne damot jinkale, jyamule gib aanee omo khonyanmadhun vyapar marg tayar jhaale. aata tyachya rajyachya vistarala aagney muslim rajye, vallashma rajvansh aanee ifatchya jinkalelya saltanatine virodh keela. 1325 madhye tyane massavachya kinanyavar varchasva prasthapit kele aanee 1330 madhye hadiya saltanatit pravesh keela, parinami dakshinekadil sidama rajyanche varchasva prasthapit jhaale. aamda seyonne purvekadil muslim rajyanvar, tyanchya vyapar margansah, varchasva gajavale aanee 1332 madhye ifat saltanat tabyat ghetali. jaree anirnit asale taree, tyacha vijay pashchimekadil done khrishchan rajyanchya patnane samapt jhalah dongola (nubia) aanee alva (sennar).
zaara yakobchya mrutyunantar sattechi alpakalin ghasaran jhaali. kulinanchya sangharshanmule paristhiti aankhich bighadali. samrat naud atyant ghabarala hota aanee tyachya kamkuvat netrutvane 1415 madhye yaa pradeshat adal saltantila kayadeshir manyata dilee, jyachi rajdhani dakkar (sadhyachya somalilandmadhye) hotee. adalchya sattevar yenyamule ethiopian samrajyashi sangharshanchi malika suru jhaali aanee akheris 1529 madhye ethiopian-adal yuddh jhaale. adalcha senapati ahmed ibn ibrahim all-ghazi (ahmed gran) yane ethiopianchya bahutek dongral pradeshanvar vijay midvat ethiopian samrajya twarit tabyat ghetale, 1531 madhye amba selchya ladhait uttar tigray prantat pohochala. tyanantar 1530 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant davit dusra yane shithilpane sanghatit pratirodh chalval suru kelee. gulamgiri hii aafrikechya shingala zela bandarashi jodanari pramukh bajarpeth bunley. samrat gelodevos yanchya netrutvakhalil prapatiyanni portugij bandukdharyanchya madatine samrajya mukt kele.
7 meey 1769 roji tigray governor raas mikel sehalne solemonic samrat iyas pahila yala padchyut kelyanantar yejju oromo rajvanshachya udayapasoon suruvat houn, zemen mesafint mhanoon olakhalya jaananya kalat ethiopiache vegalepan aanee vikendrikaran jhaale. tyache vaishishtya mhanje kathputali rajeshahi, kaaran samrat kiman adhikar asalele pramukh banale. 1852 madhye, kassa (tevodros dusra) yane gojamchya sainyacha parabhav keela aanee raas allie gondarmadhun paloon gela aanee tyachya sainyasah taborsathi tayar keela. tevedrosne zemin mesafintcha ant keela aanee 1852 madhye takusachya ladhait tyaa sarvanna parabhoot karoon aanee 1855 madhye swatahla ethiopiacha samrat ghoshit kelyanantar ethiopian sansthananna (gojjam, gonder aanee sheva) ekatra kele. yejjucha raas allie 1856 madhye haddapar houn maran pavala.
zeminnantarchi mesafint yuddhe.
1874 pasoon, ottomanchya netrutvakhalil egyptian yuteene teen dishanni ethiopiavar aakraman kele, sadhyachya jibutimadhil tajura bandaratoon pravesh keela, parantu ausa saltanatine tyala mage takale. harar 1875 madhye tabyat ghenyat aala aanee 1885 paryant muhammad rauf pasha yachya tabyat hota, parantu gundetchya ladhait ethiopian sainyane tyacha parabhav keela. punha 1876 madhye, american general lorringchya netrutvakhalil egyptian sainyane dusya aakraman karnyacha vyarth prayatna keela aanee gurachya ladhait tyancha parabhav jhaala. 1885 madhye italian vasahatinni egyptchya niyantranakhalil massava heey laal samudravaril bandar tabyat ghetale aanee tyala sanrakshit rajya ghoshit kele. itar european vasahatvadi shaktinshi spardha karane aanee ethiopian pradesh pudhe nene haah yamagcha uddesh hota. jevha italian lokanni tyanchya vijayancha vistar antardeshiy staravar keela, tevha 1887 madhye dogalichya ladhait merab melashcha governor raas alula ingida yane tyancha parabhav keela.
darveshchya netrutvakhalil mahadist sudani sainyane ethiopiashi ladha deela; 1885 madhye egyptchya lokanna madat karnyasathi ekada raas alulane tyancha parabhav keela aanee shevati 1889 madhye samrat yohannes chautha yachya mrutyunantar galabatchya ladhait teey vijayi jhaale.
menelic II.
1896 madhye samrat menelic dusra yane dakshinekade aapale rajya vistarle aanee ethiopiachya aadhunik seema tayar kelya, jyanna menelikcha vistar asey mhanatat. yaa vistarache done hetu hoteh pahila mhanje european vasahatvadapasun ethiopia vachavane aanee dusra pureshi sansadhane midvane. 24 march 1891 roji ethiopia, britton aanee itali yanchyat tripakshiy kararavar swakshya karnyat aalya, jyat juba nadee aanee blue nailche seemankan karnyat aale. yaa patrane ethiopiachya pradeshashi european sanvadacha aanee davyancha aadhar mhanoon kaam kele. menelikcha vistar borena aanee arcy sarkhya asankhya oromo upasamuhanni tasech ogadenchya somali pradeshaparyant pohochalela hota. 1889 madhye, tyanni laal samudra kinarpatti aanee kahee kinarpattivaril dongral pradesh tabyat ghenyasathi italian pratinidhinshi karar keela, jeey nantar 1890 madhye italian vasahatit samavisht karnyat aale.
menalikala annachi tanchai sosavi lagali jyamule too aaplya sainyala khayala deu shakala nahee kinwa dongral bhagatil lokanchya garja aanee tyanchi pashudhan aanee nangarani purn karoo shakala nahee. dakshinekadil sakhal bhagatil pashupalakanvar hallah karoon tyane dongral bhagatil vyapak dushkal yashasviritya thambavala aanee aaplya samrajyacha vistar keela. baharu zevade (1978) nusar, atirikt pashudhan menelikkade pathvanyat aale, jyane teey tyachya "maquennet" kulinanmadhye vibhagale. darmyan, begameder aanee tigray yaa pradeshatil nirvasitanni "vijayi sainyachya shrenicha naash keela".
bhatkya lock kendriya sanskraticha avibhajya bhag navhate; teey amhari kinwa konatihi sambandhit bhasha bolat navhate. prapatatil lock tyanna 'zelan', shabdasha 'asabhy' manat aanee tyancha vapar sampatti sampadan karnyasathi karat. curr aakarani aanee chhapyandware shahee vistar aanee lashkari chaukya sthapan karnyat ethiopiachya madhyavarti bhaganchi mahattvapoorn bhoomika hotee. 1892 madhye, menelikchya sainyane ogadenmadhil pashudhan aanee malmatta japt kelee, jyamule rahivashanmadhye upasamar jhaala. 1895 madhye, american sanshodhak arther donaldson smith haah ogadenchya dakshin simevar menelikchya sainyane kelelya atyacharancha sakshidar asalela ekmev manus hota. tyanni eka nirikshan lihileh
1 august 1895 roji jevha aamhi sesabhanela pochalo, tevha tithe uttam guranche mothe kalap pahoon mallah aashchary vatale. mea somalilandmadhye yapurvi kadhihi itakya ardhi gure ekatra pahili navhati...kahee divasannantar jevha mea aikale qee, rus mekonenchya netrutvakhali, tyanchya guredhonyankadun tyanchyavar chhapa takala gela, tyanchi guredhore fekali gelee, tarun mulinna gulam mhanoon nele gele aanee vruddha lock marle gele aanee tyanchi angachhed kelee gelee, tevha tumhi majhya dukkhachi kalpana karoo shakata.
garja purn karnyasathi apuya annamule sainikanna atirikt japtila samore jaave lagale; raas volde gabrielne arcy loksankhyeche angachhed kele, lutale aanee tyacha naash keela. gulamgiri aanee curr aakarani hii sarvasamanya baab hotee aanee tyanchya kalpanchya varshik vadhipeksha adheen asalelya lokanvar jaast curr aakarla jaat asey. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat, ethiopian samrajyane luuk aanee baidoaasarkhya tyachya done vyavsayik shaharanvar hallah karoon dakshin somaliyavar aakraman karnyacha aanee vistar karnyacha prayatna keela, parantu menelic II sainyacha yashasviritya parabhav jhaala aanee tyanna maghari pathvanyat aale. 1897 madhye, menelikchya sainyane borena simevar antim vijay midavala, jyamule ell vaak aanee golbo jamatinna dirre patharavar jamave lagale. 
31 julai 1897 roji, fitavari habte georghis dinagade yanchya netrutvakhali 15,000 shahee sainikanni borena tabyat ghetale aanee dire aanee libanmadhye pahila ethiopian chhawani ughadanyat aalee, jyat atyant vyavsayik chhape takanare paksh hote. borenamadhye upasthit rahanyat britishanchya apayshamule ethiopian lock twarit tabyat ghenyacha dawa karnyasathi simevar pohochale. borinacha sardar kallu afalata dido yane vijayachi batami aikali aanee kismayuchya kinanyavar britishankade eka shishtmandal pathavale, jyadvare hikkichya matey, tyane "ethiopian shikariche udas chitra" chitrit kele. 1897 chya anglo-ethiopian kararachya anushangane simevar dekhrekh thevanyasathi aanee chinhankit karnyasathi seema aayog 1902-1903 madhye pathvanyat aala, jyala laal resha mhanatat. 10 julai 1900 roji, italine ethiopia aanee iritriyachya italian vasahatimadhil seema nishchit karnyasathi ethiopiashi karar keela. french somaliland, nantar march 1897 madhye jibooti, italian eritriya (1900,1902 aanee 1908), british keeniya (december 1907), british somaliland (1897 aanee 1907) aanee anglo-egyptian sudan (meey 1902) yanchya aadhi 1908 chya italo-ethiopian tahadvare italian-vyapt somaliyachya simevarun antim seemankan tayar jhaale.
purv africa.
1935 madheel dusya italo-ethiopian yuddhat ethiopian sainyala parabhoot kelyanantar, italine meey 1936 madhye ethiopiacha bhag italian purv aafrikecha ghoshit keela, jyat eritriya aanee somalilandchya (1940 madhye vyapalelya) purvichya vasahatincha samavesh hota, jyat 666,000 chauras mail (1,725,000 chauras kilometer) peksha jaast loksankhya hotee aanee andaje loksankhya 12,100,000 hotee. tathapi, loksankhyechi ghanata samaan navhati; eritriyache kshetrafal 99,000 chauras mail hote, jyamadhye 1,500,000 loksankhya, prati chauras mail 16.6 chee ghanata, 305,000 chauras mail kshetrafalache ethiopia, 9,450,000 loksankhya aanee 31.0 loksankhya ghanata, aanee 270,000 kshetrafalache somaliland, 1,150,000 loksankhya aanee 4.22 loksankhya ghanata hotee. tyaa velee tyachya paschimela anglo-egyptian sudan, purvela british somaliland, dakshinela british keeniya aanee ishanyela laal samudra hota.
ethiopian samrajyat chaar prashasakeey vibhag hoteh harar, galla-sidamo, amhara aanee sayoa governorates, nantarche november 1938 madhye vistarle gele. governorates italian governorchya adhikarakhali hote, jeey italian viceroyla jababdar hote. 10 juuna 1940 roji dusya mahayuddhachya kalat, italine britton aanee fransviruddha yuddh jaheer kele. 1941 madhye, british sainya aanee ethiopian arbegnoch chalvaline purv african mohimet ethiopia mukt keela, parinami 1944 chya anglo-ethiopian kararantargat britishanni ethiopiachya sarvbhaumatvala manyata dilee, jaree kahee pradeshanche prashasana britishanni thodakyat kele hote, 10 varshanpeksha jaast nahee. 1947 madhye, jaree vividh pradesh kahee varshe britishanchya tabyat rahile, taree italine ethiopiachya sarvbhaumatvala manyata dilee.
eritriasah mahasangh.
1940 madhye italine mitrarashtranviruddha yuddh jaheer kelyanantar eritriyachya sthitivaril british dhoran, eritriyala ethiopiamadhye sameel honyas madat karnyasathi samrat halley selasichya sahkaryane hote. 1941 chya suruvatila, british aanee american sallagaranni iritriyatil tigray prantachya bhavishyatil hatalanivar charcha kelee. yuddhachya suruvatila, george steer yanchya netrutvakhalil guptachar gatadware chhapil patrakandware eritrian sainikanshi sanvad sadhala jaat asey. italian vasahatvadi sainyache vighatan karane aanee eritrian askarisana valvantat aanane haah prathamik uddesh hota. steer yashasvi jhalah november 1940 teey februwari 1941 paryant, hajaro eritrian askaris italian sainyatoon nighun gele.
julai 1940 madhye, hail selasi aanee eritrian pararashtra vyavhar mantri laurenzo tezaz yanchyat ethiopian shahee aadeshavar swakshya karnyat aalya, jyat 'ethiopian bandhun' shhee sangharsh karnyachya soochana dilya gelya. meey 1941 madhye, eritrian nete aanee vadildhanyanni "mehber fikiri hegger" (deshavaril premachi sanghatana) sthapan kelee, jee britishanni yuniyanvadi aanee atireki chalval mhanoon varnan kelee. 1941 madhye italichya parabhavanantar ethiopiachya vasahatvadi seema ekatra karnyachya prayatnanmadhye done paryayanvar charcha jhaali; tigray pradesh ethiopiachya tabyat dene aanee grater somaliyachi sthapana karane. dusya bajoone 1943 madhye eritrian sarvbhaumatvavar prashnachinh upasthit kele.
ethiopia aanee eritriyachya sangharajyiy sangharajyachi khatri karnyasathi, samrat paach varshanchya vanvasanantar sinhasanavar paratalyanantar lagechach 5 meey 1941 roji asmara yethe sanghvadi pakshachi (up) sthapana karnyat aalee. asmaramadhil nidarshananni ethiopia aanee eritriya yanchyatil sambandh jaheer keela. 1943 pasoon, eritriyamadhye rahana vaghanchi vanshik, sanskrutik aanee rajkiy ekata prasthapit karnyacha prayatna karananya futiratavadi chalvalit, joou udayas aala, parinami hail selasi prashasanaviruddha pratirodh chalval suru jhaali, jyala voyen bund mhanoon olakhale jaate.
2 december 1950 roji sanyukt rashtranchya mahasabhene eritriyala ethiopiache swayatt ekak mhanoon sanghatit karnyacha tharav 390 manjur keela...ethiopian mukutchya sarvbhaumatvakhali. sanyukt rashtra mahasabhene eritrian sanvidhanacha masuda tayar karnyasathi baa, ethiopian sarkar aanee eritrian lokanshi sallamasalat karnyasathi aanee eritrian vidhansabhela sanvidhanacha vichar karnyasathi madat karnyasathi eritriyasathi enz matienzo edd unn aayuktanchi nivad kelee. 1 september 1952 roji eritriyache ethiopiashi ekikaran jhaale.
samrajyat lokshahichya abhavamule eritrian samajat ulthapalath jhaali. udaharanarth, eritrian nyayvyavasthevaril ullanghanamule eritrian sanvidhanakade deshacha sarvoch kayada mhanoon durlaksh kele gele aanee iritriyatil daranmadhye 20 takke vaadh houn jivanmanachya kharchat mothya pramanat vaadh jhalyane, loksankhyevar ladalelya aarthik adchanicha nishedh karat aktoobar 1952 madhye sump jhaala. 30 september 1952 roji, halley selasine jaaree keleli ghoshana kramank 30, jyane eritrian sanvidhanachya kalam 85 chey ullanghan karnyas uttejan dile. aupcharik virodh samanyatah bhrashtacharacha hawala dett dadapala gela. tathapi, ethiopian samrajyachya sarkarvirodhat naraji vadhali aanee virodh pramukhyane ganyat vyakt keela gela. september 1960 madhye, asamaramadhil sampamadhye, 300-400 vidyarthyanni bhag gheuun, eritrian dhwaj aanee shikka punarsanchayit karanyachi magani karnyat aalee. nidarshakanna anekada turungat takale jaat asey; kahinna turungvasachi shiksha bhoganyasathi ethiopiamadhye pathvanyat aale. 1961 paryant eritrian pratikar punha suru jhaala, jyamule eritrian swatantryayuddha jhaale.
eritriya aanee ethiopiache vighatan.
1991 madhye, ethiopian lokanchya krantikari lokshahi aaghadine (eae. pii. aar. dii. eff.), ethiopian yadavi yuddhadarmyan durg sarkarshi ladhananya yuteene ethiopian sarkarvar satta kabij kelee. april 1993 madhye eka aniyantrit janmat chachani ghenyat aalee, jyat bahusankhya eritrian lokanni swatantryachya bajoone kaul deela aanee parinami eritrian sarkarla manyata midali. 28 meey 1993 roji eritriyache naveen rajya sanyukt rashtranmadhye samavisht karnyat aale.