camillo benso, pokalichi ganana

camillo paolo philippo giulio benso, cavor, isolabela aanee lerichi ganana (, 10 august 1810-6 juuna 1861), samanyatah cavor (,) mhanoon olakhala jaanara, eka italian rajkarani, vyapari, arthshastradnya aanee kuleen hota aanee italian ekikaranakade vatchal karnari eka pramukh vyakti hota. teey aitihasik hakkanche nete aanee sardiniya samrajyache pantpradhan hote, dusare italian swatantryayuddha aanee italila ekatra aananyachya giuseppe garibaldichya mohimandarmyan tyanni (sahaa mahinyancha rajinama vagalata) heey padd kayam thewale. united kingdam auph italichya ghoshanenantar, cavorne italiche pahile pantpradhan mhanoon padbhar swikarla; keval teen mahine padavar rahilyanantar tyanche nidhan jhaale aanee 1870 madhye rome tabyat ghetalyanantar deshachya sampoorn ekikaranadvare roman prashnache nirakaran pahanyasathi teey jiwant rahile naheet.
cavorne tyachya suruvatichya varshant, tyaa velee sardiniya samrajyacha bhag asalelya tyachya mool pradesh piedmontmadhye anek aarthik sudharana kelya aanee 'ill resorgimento' yaa rajkiy vartmanpatrachi sthapana kelee. pratinidhi mandalavar nivadoon aalyanantar, madhya-davya aanee madhya-ujavya rajkarnyanchya sanghatanedware pratinidhi mandalavar varchasva gajavat, teey piedmonti sarkardware twarit padavar chadhale. eka mothya railway pranalichya vistar karyakramanantar, cavor 1852 madhye pantpradhan jhaale. pantpradhan mhanoon, cavorne crimean yuddh, dusare italian swatantryayuddha aanee garibaldichya hajaranchya mohimedware piedmontchya margane yashasviritya vataghati kelya, europemadhye eka naveen mahan shakti honyasathi rajnaitikdrushtya piedmont chalavanyas vyavasthapit kele, jawaljawal eksandh italivar niyantran thewale jeey piedmontpeksha paach putt mothe hote jeey sattevar yenyapurvi hote. cavor haah italian pratikatmak vidhicha eka muktaman hota.
cavor heey italian itihasatil sarvat yashasvi khasdar hote, parantu teey visheshtah lokshahivadi navhate, asey ingraji itihaskar dennis mack smith mhanatat. cavor anekada hukumshaha hota, tyachya mantri mantri aanee sansadekade durlaksh karat aanee sansadiy nivadnukanmadhye hastakshep karat asey. tyanni 'trasformismo' aanee itar dhoranancha dekhil sarav keela, jee italimadhye bandanantar lagoo karnyat aalee.
charitra.
prarambhik jeevan.
napolean rajvatit turinmadhye, frenchanchya tabyat asatana malmatta midavalelya kutumbat cavorcha janm jhaala. too michel giuseppe francisco antonio bensochya done mulanpaiki dusra hota, joou cavor aanee isolabelacha chautha marcuse hota aanee lerry, corvegliacha swami, ducino, mondonio, autiglio aanee ponticelli, castagnol, selarengo aanee menabi, sereglio, chiirii, sann salvatore monferrato, santena aanee valfenera, french samrajyacha pahila barren (1781-1850) aanee tyachi patni (1805) edelade (edele) suzanne, selonchi marchioness (1780-1846), swatah french vanshachi hotee. tyache dharmaguru nepoliyanchi baheen paulin aanee ticha patee prince camillo borges hote, jyanchya navavarun camillo asey naav thevanyat aale.
camillo aanee tyacha motha bhau gustavo yanche shikshan suruvatila gharich jhaale hote. too keval daha varshancha asatana tyala turin lashkari akadamimadhye pathvanyat aale. julai 1824 madhye tyala piedmontcha raja charles albert (1831-1849) yachya navane eka paan denyat aale. kathor lashkari shist hatalanyasathi too khoop khambir hota mhanoon, cavor varanvar akadameeteel akadameeteel hallah karat asey. akadameene bandee ghataleli pustake tyachyakade asalyamule tyala ekada bhakari aanee panyavar teen divas jagane bhag padale. too ganiteey vishayanmadhye yogya asalyache aadhalun aale aanee mhanoon 1827 madhye shahee sardinian sainyat abhiyanta dalat bharati jhaala. lashkarat asatana tyane ingraji bhasha tasech jeremi bentham aanee benjamin constant yanchya kamancha abhyas keela, jyamule udarmatvadi pravrutti vikasit jhalya jyamule tyala tyaa velee police dalanvar sanshay aala. lashkari jivanacha kantala aalyane aanee raja charles albertchya pratikriyavadi dhoranambaddalchya tyachya napasantatemule, november 1831 madhye tyane sainyatil aaplya aayogacha rajinama deela. 1832 teey 1848 chya krantikari ulthapalathiparyant tyanni rajdhanichya baher sumare chalis kilometer antaravar asalelya grinzen yetheel kautumbik malmatteche prashasana kele.
tyanantar cavor kahee kaal swizzerlandmadhye tyachya natevaikansah jinevhamadhye rahila. tyanantar tyanni parisacha pravas keela, jithe teey sansadiy vadavivadanni, visheshtah francois gizot aanee edolph theorschya vadavivadanni prabhavit jhaale, jyamule rajkiy karkirdiprati tyanchya bhaktichi pushti jhaali. tyanantar teey londonla gele, jithe teey british rajkaranamule adhik nirash jhaale aanee auxford, liverpool, birmingham, chester, nottingham aanee manchesterla bhet deuun tyanni deshacha daura keela. netherlands, germany aanee switzerland (german bhag aanee lake jineva kshetra) madhoon eka drut drut akheris too punha turinla paratala.
cavorcha assa vishvas hota qee aarthik pragati rajkiy badalachya aadhi viola havee aanee tyane dweepkalpatil railway bandhkamachya fayadhyanvar bharr deela. anek railwaymarg aanee kalve bandhanyache prayojak mhanoon teey vafechya injinatoon injinatoon vahatukiche prabal samarthak hote. 1838 teey 1842 darmyan cavorne tyachya bhagatil aarthik samasya sodavanyachya prayatnanmadhye anek upkram suru kele. tyane aaplya malmattevar vividh krishi tantrancha prayog keela, jase qee beat sakhar vadhavane aanee rasayanik khate vaparnare pahile italian jamindar hote. tyanni piedmonties krishi sansthechi sthapanahi kelee. aaplya mokalya velet, tyanni punha mothya pramanavar pravas keela, mukhytah france aanee united kingadammadhe.
prarambhik rajkiy karkird.
pope payas Ix yanchya pahilya ughadpane udarmatvadi halchali aanee 1848 chya krantimule italian udarmatvadachi eka naveen chalval suru jhaali, jyamule polisanchya bhitishivay, rajkiy kshetrat pravesh houu shakala. tyanantar tyanni anek patrakaransamor piedmontsathichya sanvidhanachya bajoone bhashan kele, jeey akheris manjur karnyat aale. itar anek rajkiy vicharvantanpramane cavor yanna suruvatila naveen pratinidhi mandalat padd denyat aale navhate, kaaran teey ajunahi deshasathi kahise sanshayaspad vyaktimatva hote.
cavorne kadhihi sanyukt deshachya sthapanesathi yojana aakhali nahee aanee nantarhi tyachya pantpradhanpadachya kalat tyache uddisht ekikrut italiaivaji lombardy aanee venesiachya vilinikaranasaha piedmontcha vistar karane heey hote. udaharanarth, puranmatvadi kalat, tyanni eka bigger-krantikari purogami mhanoon pratishtha midavali. teey eka garib sarvajanik vakta hote. tyanantar cavor pudhil nivadanukit parabhoot jhaala, tarr novarachya ladhait piedmonties sainya nasht jhaale, jyamule charles albertney padatyag keela, aanee sinhasanavar tyacha mulga, vijeta emmanuel dusra yala sopavale.
tyanantar matdaranni cavorla sansadet parat aanale, jithe too adhik yashasvi jhaala. europeey bajarpetha aanee aadhunik arthshastra yaa tyanchya dnyanamule tyanna 1850 madhye krishi mantri, vanijya mantri aanee naudal mantri yaa padanvar nenyat yash aale. cavor lavkarach pantpradhan masimo dii 'azeglio yanchya mantrimandalavar varchasva gajavoo lagale. kholitahi varchasva dakhavanyasathi, guha ujavya madhyabhagi aanee davya madhyabhagi ekatra aalee. 1851 madhye cavorla mantrimandalachya aatoon tyachya tyachya virodhat kahee pramanat apmanaspad adhigrahan karoon arthamantri mhanoon kaibinetmadhye badhati midali, jaree tyachya anek aarthik sudharananmule haah piedmontla fayda jhaala. yamule cavorla tyacha railway vistar karyakram suru karnyas parvanagi midali, jyane 1860 salaparyant piedmontla 800 kilometres marg deela, joou tyaa velee italimadhil relvecha eka trutiyansh hota. jaminichi malki, shalanvar niyantran aanee vivah kayadyanvar dekhrekh thevanyache churchche adhikar kamkuvat kamkuvat kayadyat tyanni pudhakar ghetala. jevha bishapanni virodh keela, tevha tyanna shiksha kinwa nirvasana denyat aale, jyamule sampoorn italimadhye udarmatvadi virodhi ghatakancha nayak banoon cavor banala.
piedmont-sardiniache pantpradhan.
cavorne 'conubio' ('vivah') mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya arbano rattazibarobar yutee kelee, ujavya aanee davya madhyamvargiy purushanna ekatra aanale aanee november 1852 madhye dii 'azeglio mantrimandalache patan jhaale. rajane anichhene cavorla pantpradhan mhanoon sweekarle, jee sarvat puranmatvadi sambhavya nivad hotee, parantu tyanche sambandh kadhihi sope navhate.
cavor samanyatah udarmatvadi hote aanee mukt vyapar, matasvatantrya aanee dharmnirpeksh rajvativar vishvas thevayache, parantu teey prajasattak aanee krantikarkanche shatru hote, jyanna teey asanghatit kattartavadi mhanoon ghabarayache, jeey samajik vyavastha bighadavatil. cavorne sansadet vadavivadavar varchasva gajavale, parantu pantpradhan asatana tyanni vaparlelya vadgrast paddhatinsathi tyanchyavar teeka kelee jaate, jyat aapatkalin adhikarancha ativapar, mitranna niyukt karane, itaranna dadapatana kahee vruttapatranna laach dene aanee nivadnukanmadhye dhandal karane yancha samavesh aahe, jaree tyaa velee yaa yaa samanya paddhati hotya. prakalpanche aadhunikikaran, visheshtah railway prakalp aanee sainya aanee shahee sardinian naudal ubharanivar tyanni kelelya mothya kharchamule rashtriy karjat sahaa takkyanni vaadh jhaali. jevha too pantpradhan jhaala tevha piedmontla austriyacha nuktach motha parabhav sahan karava lagla hota, parantu jevha tyacha mrutyu jhaala tevha vijeta emmanuel dusra yane pachpat mothya rajyavar rajya kele, jyane italivar varchasva gajavale aanee europechya mahan shaktinmadhye sthan midavale.
britton aanee francechya mitrarashtranni piedmontla crimean yuddhat pravesh karnyas sangitale, anshatah austriyachya praveshas protsahit karnyasathi, jeey teey karat naheet joparyant italitil austriyan sthananvar hallah karnyasathi piedmonties sainya upalabdh nahee yachee khatri nasate. italitil piedmontchya vistarala mitrapaksh pathimba deteel ashee aasha aasha cavorne, tyachya tyachya pathimbyane parvanagi midatach sahmati darshavali aanee 10 janewari 1855 roji yuddhat pravesh keela. swatahla kharokharach lashkaridrushtya vegale karnyas usheer jhaala hota, parantu 18,000 sainikanchya tukadine parisachya congressmadhye piedmontla sthan midvoon dile jyamule yuddh sampale.
janewari 1858 madhye, italian felis aursenine napolean tisra yachya hatyechya prayatnamule virodhabhasatmakaritya france aanee piedmont yanchyat mutsaddegiricha marg khula jhaala. turungat khatalyachya pratikshet asatana, orsini french samratala eka sarvajanik patra lihile, jyacha shevat assa jhaala, qee "joparyant itali swatantra nahee, toparyant europechi shantata aanee tumchi bhavyata heey keval eka rikame swapna aahe... majha desh mukt qaraa aanee panchvis kotee lokanche aashirvad sarvatra aanee kayamche tumche anusaran kartil."aursenila ajunahi fashi denyat aalee hotee, parantu napolean tisra yane austriyaviruddha piedmonts sanyukt operationchi shakyata shodhanyas suruvat kelee. cavor aanee napolean julai 1858 madhye plombires-leesa-bains yethe bhetale aanee doghanmadhye heey manya jhaale qee piedmont modenachya duchishi yuddh bhadakavanyacha prayatna karel, jyamule austriya pravesh karnyas bhag padel aanee france nantar piedmontla madat karel. tyaa badalyat, cavorne anichhene savoy (piedmonties rajgharanyache sthan) aanee francela nass county denyas sahmati darshavali aanee savoychi rajkumari maria clotilde aanee prince napolean-jerom bonapart yanchyat shahee vivahachi vyavastha kelee, aashcharyakarakpane vijete emmanuelchya sammatishivay.
tyach varshi, cavorne tyacha chulat bhau, prasiddha saundarya, chhayachitrakar kalakar aanee gupt agent virginia oldoinila, samratabarobar shakya tyaa konatyahi margane italian ektrikaranache hitsambandh pudhe nenyasathi pathavale aanee serve babinnusar tee yashasvi jhaali, prasiddhapane nepoliyanchi malkin bunley.
france aanee piedmont yaa doghannihi yuddhachi tayari karnyas suruvat kelee, parantu rajnaitik pathimba zapatyane qamee jhaala. napolean tisra yane yaa bhukhandavar twarit hallah keela aanee britton, russia aanee russiane aantarrashtriy congresscha prastav mandala, jyache eka sambhavya uddisht mhanje piedmontche nihshastrikaran. 23 april roji austriyane eka antim ishara pathavun, piedmontney swatahla nihshastra karanyachi magani karoon, asha prakare austriyala aakramak mhanoon takalyane piedmont vachala. france jamala aanee haloohaloo italimadhye pravesh karoo lagla, parantu piedmontla alp kalavadhisathi swatacha bachav karane aavashyak hote. sudaivane, ferenk gyulechya netrutvakhalil pavasache vadal aanee austriyan anishchitatemule francela prabhavit honyasathi vel midala.
magenta aanee solferinochya ladhayanmule franco-piedmonties sainyache lombardiver niyantran rahile, parantu austriyan lokanna verona, legnago, pesteura aanee mantua yethe chaar killyansah tyanchya "killa chaturbhuj" kshetrache rakshan karnyacha vishvas hota. heey sanrakshn, solferinochya ladhaichi bhayavahata, yuddhat prussian praveshachi shakyata aanee atee-majboot piedmonties rajyachi kshamata yamule napoleanla 11 julai 1859 roji vilafrankachya yuddhaviramachya velee austriyashi swatantra shantata prasthapit karnyasathi patvoon dile gele, jyamule dusare italian swatantryayuddha sampushtat aale. vijete emmanuel yanni shantata sweekarli, parantu kararachya atty vachalyanantar cavor itake santapt jhaale qee tyanni rajinama deela. tathapi, tuscany aanee modenachya rajyakartyanchi satta punarsthapit karane aanee austriyas italian mahasanghachi sthapana yasarkhya anek atty pratyakshat amalat naan aalyane tyane lavkarach aapala aashavad parat midavala.
alphonso ferreiro laa mermora cavorchya padavar yashasvi jhaala aanee tyane kararachya atinche palan karnyacha aagrah dharala, agadi tuscanyla patra pathavun tyanni tyanchya grand dukela parat aananyachi vinanti kelee. tyaveli tuscanycha aabhasi hukumshaha betino rikasoli yane tyachya bhawala kelelya yaa aavahanabaddal lihileh "general laa mermorala sanga qee mea tyache patra hazar tukade kele aahe."francene madhya italian rajyanchya bhavitavyavar piedmontshee thet charcha suru thewali, jyanchya serve tatpuratya sarkaranni piedmontshee ekikaranala pathimba deela parantu tyanchya junya rajyakartyanchya punarsanchayanasathichya kararadvare tyanna pratibandhit kele gele.
cavor rajkaranatun nivrutt houn lerry yetheel tyachya malmattet gela hota, parantu tyala garibaldichya krantikarkanshi rajachi yutee aanee mitrapakshanchya pathimbyashivay austriyashi yuddh nutanikaran karnyachya tyachya ichchhechi chinta hotee. jevha kamkuvat laa marmora mantrimandalane rajinama deela, tevha vijeta emmanuel, willafrankachya yuddhaviramababatchya tyanchya bhandanamule aanee ranichya mrutyunantar rajala tyachya malkinshi lagn karnyapasoon rokhanyat cavorchya yashamule, cavorla punha pantpradhan mhanoon ghenyas nakhush hota. pann 20 janewari 1860 roji guha pathvanyat aalee.
tuscany aanee emilia yanna piedmontmadhye jodanyasathi, cavorne napoleanla francela swachchh aanee chhan sodanyas sahmati darshavali. badalanna manjuri denyasathi yaa serve prantanmadhye mothya bahumatane janmat chachanichi vyavastha karnyat aalee hotee. italila ekatra aanalyas yaa pradeshik nukasanichi bharpai hoil heey bahutekanna patvoon denyat cavor yashasvi jhaala. yasah, ektrikaranacha pahila tappa purn jhaala. done sisilichya borban samrajyacha padav karane aanee dakshin italila piedmontchya niyantranat aanane heey aata garibaldivar avalambun hote.
tyache janmasthan, changle, francechya tabyat dilyamule garibaldi santapt hota aanee tyala shahar punha tabyat ghyayache hote, parantu 4 april 1860 roji palermo yetheel lokpriy bandamule too dakshinekade valala. tyane piedmontijchya eka tukadila cicilly ghenyachi vinanti kelee, parantu cavorne nakar deela. tyamule tyaeivaji, garibaldine eka hazar ("aay mille") laal shirt svayamsevakanchi fauj ubharali. teey 11 meey roji sisilimadhil marsala yethe utarale aanee tyanni calatafimi aanee milazochi ladhaya jinkalya aanee sisilivar niyantran midavale. cavorne sikileela piedmontmadhye jodanyacha prayatna keela, parantu garibaldi aanee tyacha sahkari francesco chrispine tyala parvanagi dilee nahee.
cavorne vijayi emmanuella garibaldila patra lihinyasathi patvoon dile, tyane mukhya bhoomivar aakraman karoo naye ashee vinanti kelee; patra kharokharach pathavale gele hote, parantu rajane gupchoop garibaldila aakraman karanyachi ichcha vyakt kelee. tyane aanakhi eka patra lihoon tyala pudhe jaanyas sangitale, parantu teey ughadpane kadhihi pathavale gele nahee. darmyan, cavorne nepalsmadhye udarmatvadi kranti ghadavun aananyacha prayatna keela, parantu lock tyala swikaru shakale naheet. garibaldine aakraman kele, pokali tyala thambavanyacha marg shodhanyapurvich too galyaparyant pohochanyacha prayatna karat hota. 7 september roji tyane nepalsmadhye pravesh keela, jeey tyaa kalatil italitil sarvat mothe shahar hote aanee ektarfi vijayi emmanuella italicha raja ghoshit kele. garibaldi aata dakshin italicha aanee sisilicha lashkari hukumshaha hota aanee tyane piedmonti sanvidhan ladale parantu sarvajanikaritya guha kadhoon takanyachi magani kelee, jyamule too vijeta emmanuelpasoon thoda vegala jhaala.
garibaldi yaa kshani thambanyas tayar navhata aanee tyane popchya rajyanvar tatkal aakraman karanyachi yojana aakhali. tyaa prakaranat france popchya bachavasathi yuddh jaheer karel ashee bheeti cavorla hotee aanee tyane garibaldila tyacha hallah suru karnyapasoon yashasviritya rokhale. volternochya ladhaimule garibaldi kamkuvat jhaala hota, mhanoon cavorne twareet popachya ambriya aanee marchchya pradeshanvar aakraman kele. yamule piedmontne jinkalelya pradeshancha aanee garibaldine tabyat ghetalelya pradeshancha sambandh jodala gela. raja garibaldila bhetala, jyane dakshin itali aanee sisilivar niyantran sopavale, asha prakare italila ekatra aanale.
guha aanee garibaldi yanchyatil sambandh nehmich tutalela hotah guha hii garibaldichi tulana 'eka kroor' ashee karate tarr garibaldi smaraniyapane guha 'eka qamee shadayantrakari' mhanoon olakhate.
italiche pantpradhan.
1861 madhye, vijeta emmanuel dusra yane italiche rajya ghoshit kele, jyamule cavor italicha pantpradhan jhaala. rashtriy sainya kase tayar karave, konatya kayadeshir sanstha konatya thikani thevavyat aanee visheshtah romche bhavishya yasah, cavormadhye vichar karnyasathi anek katheen mudde hote. bahutek italian lokanna vatale qee rome hii sanyukt italichi rajdhani asali pahije, parantu heey popchya laukik shaktishi aanee charchchya swatantryashi dekhil visangat hote. cavorcha assa vishvas hota qee rome heey "mukt rajyat mukt church" chey sthan rahile pahije, jeey aapale swatantrya kayam thewel parantu laukik shakti sodoon deil. heey mudde 'roman prashna' mhanoon olakhale jaatil. tarihi austriyan venesia hii dekhil eka samasya hotee. venis haah italicha avibhajya bhag asala pahije heey cavorne olakhale, parantu too kassa sadhya karava yavar bhoomika ghenyas nakar dett, "venisachi sutka shastranni kinwa mutsaddegirine hoil qaa?" asey mhatale. mallah maheet nahee. teey providence rahasy aahe."tyachya pararashtra dhoranala manjuri denara prastav prachand bahumatane manjur karnyat aala, jyala mulat keval davya aanee ujavya vicharsaranichya atireki gatanni virodh keela.
italichi nirmiti karane sope kaam navhate, parantu tyavar nirnay ghene haah pantpradhananvar adhik taana asalyache siddha jhaale. 1861 madhye, tyachya karkirdichya shikharavar asatana, dirgh divasanche mahine, nidranash aanee satatchya chintemule pokalivar parinam jhaala. too kadachit maleriyachya aajarane aajari padala aanee paristhiti aanakhi bighadavanyasathi tyane raktastrav hone anivarya kele. tyachya niyamit doctoranni nakar deela asata, parantu too upalabdh navhata; tyamule tyachyakadun konatehi rakt kadhane jawaljawal ashakya hoiparyant pokalitoon anek vela raktastrav hott asey. turinjavalachya santena yethe tyala daphan karnyat aale.
tyachya mrutyunantar, 1866 madhye austriya-russiachya yuddhashi sambandhit sambandhit italian swatantryaladhyachya darmyan italila venis midale. romchya tabyat 1870 madhye italiche (trentino aanee triaste vagalata) ekikaran purn jhaale.
varsa.
aaj, turin, triaste, rome, florence aanee napples anek italian shaharanmadhye mahattvache raste, chauras, piazza aanee metro sthanke aahet jyanna caverche naav denyat aale aahe, tasech mazini aanee garibaldi aahet. pahilya mahayuddhat aanee aanee mahayuddhat ladhalele 'camilly cavor', 'yuddhanauka' sandarbh dii cavor 'aanee naveen' marina militer 'vimanvahu jahaj' cavor 'heey navahi tyanchya sanmanarth denyat aale aahe.
1865 madhye, turinmadhil sarvat junie (1568 madhye sthapan jhaleli) aanee italitil sarvat junya aanee pramukh shalanpaiki eka asalelya 'collegio dei nobili' chey naav badaloon 'liseo ginnasio statel' camillo benso dii cavor '(' liseo classico cavor ') asey karnyat aale.

