yabor shaharacha itihas

yabor shahar () haah eka aitihasik parisar aahe jyamadhye floridatil tumpa yetheel yabor shaharacha aitihasik jilha samavisht aahe. heey tumpa shaharachya agadi ishanyes aanee poort tumpa khadichya uttarela aahe. yaa parisarat vishisht sthapatya, pakakala, sanskrutik aanee aitihasik varsa aahe joou tyachi bahu-vanshik rachana pratibimbit karato. jawaljawal purnapane sthalantaritanni bandhalela aanee loksankhya asalela eka samruddha utpadan samuday mhanoon too dakshin americetil adviteey hota.
viber shaharachi sthapana 1885 madhye vicente martinez-yabor yanchya netrutvakhalil sigar utpadakanchya gatane eka swatantra shahar mhanoon kelee hotee aanee 1887 madhye tampane tee jodali hotee. mool loksankhya bahutek cuban aanee spanish sthalantaritanchi hotee jeey sigar karkhanyanmadhye kaam karat hote. tyanantar lagechach italian aanee purv-europeey jyoo sthalantaritanni anek kirkol dukane, shete aanee kirana dukane, petty karkhane, chhapil dukane aanee itar udyog sthapan kele jeey sigar udyog aanee tyachya kamgaranchi seva karat hote.
martinez-yaborne lahan ghare, "casitas" bandhanyachi pratha suru kelee, jee karmchari rakhoon thevanyasathi tyachya kamgaranna kimmatit kharedi karata yeu shakali. tyanni vaidyakeey seva sunishchit karnyasahi madat kelee aanee sthanik raste aanee padpath prashast kele.
1890 chya dashakat haah parisar zapatyane vadhala, jyacha vikas eka pracheen chaukitoon jhaala, jithe sail valuchya rastyansah pramukhyane tarun cuban aanee spanish purush kaam shodhat hote, jeey aadhunik suvidha aanee vaividhyapurn loksankhyashastriy rachnesah eka gajbajalele shahar banale. yaa dashakat, yabor shaharatil rahivashanni paraspar madat sanstha, kamgar sanghatana, anek bhashanmadhil vruttapatre aanee itar anek samajik aanee nagri sanstha sthapan kelya, vyavasayanchya vividh roasters, rahivashanchya vividh sanskratinna mool asalelya naveen 'lattin' sanskratit misalanara eka chaitanyashil nagri samaj tayar karnyat madat kelee. 1920 chya dashakat yabor shaharachi vaadh aanee bharbharat suruch rahili, toparyant tyache karkhane darvarshi jawaljawal ardha abj hatane gundallelya sigarche utpadan karat hote, jyamule tampala 'sigar shahar' asey topananav midale.
1930 chya dashakachya suruvatila mahamandichya aagamanane jagbharatil uttam sigarchya maganit tivra ghat jhaali aanee yabor shaharachya aarthik payala motha fatka basala. kahee sigar karkhane bund jhaale, itaranni hatane gundalaleli parampara sampavali aanee kharch qamee karnyasathi yantrikikaranakade valale aanee urvarit kamanmule utpadan aanee pagarat tivra ghat jhaali, parinami sampoorn parisarat vyapak berojgari aanee adachani nirman jhalya. aahet mahayuddhanantar sigarchi magani vadhali, parantu toparyant, yabor shaharatil jawaljawal serve sigar karkhane yantrikrut jhaale aanee tyanni ekekali hajaro lokanni niyukt kelelya kushal aanee changlya pagarachya karagiranna punha kamavar ghetale nahee. yuddhatoon nivrutt sainik paratale, tevha tyanni vadhatya vayatil parisar sodoon, changlya gruhnirman aanee aarthik shakyata asalelya bhaganna sodane nivadle, jyamule ghatati loksankhya aanee aarthik aakunchan honyacha cull vegwan jhaala. 1950 aanee 60 chya dashakat hii prakriya aanakhi vegwan jhaali, jevha sanghiy shahari nutanikaran karyakram aanee aantarrajya 4 chya bandhkamamule shekado gruhnirman ghatkansah anek sanrachana padalya gelya. niyojit punarvikas kadhich jhaala nahee aanee tyacha vyavsayik jilha aanee samajik gabha aksharshah sodoon gelyane, yabor shahar durlaksh aanee kshay honyachya kalat gele.
1980 chya dashakachya suruvatis, 7 vya avenuever (laa septima) kendrit asalelya junya vyavsayik jilhyachi haloohaloo punarprapti suru jhaali, pratham kalakaransathi bohemian aashraysthan mhanoon aanee 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, eka lokpriy nitelife aanee karamanook jilha mhanoon. 2000 pasoon, 7 vya margajavalil anek aitihasik sanrachananche nutanikaran aanee punarsanchayit karnyat aale aahe aanee bandhkam bahutek dirgh rikamya jaganmadhye bharale gele aahe. naveen sanrachananmadhye hotels, karyalay aanee kirkol jaaga aanee sadnika sankulancha samavesh aahe, jyamule ardhya shatkatil yabor shaharachi pahili loksankhya vadhali aahe. nivasi kshetre jase qee vhee.emm. junya sanrachananche nutanikaran aanee naveen bandhanisah, yabor aanee tampachya unchimadhyehi saumyata disu lagali aahe.
yabor shaharacha juna vyavsayik jilha aanee jawalpasachya kahee nivasi bhaganche punarujjivan jhaale asale taree, serve mool parisarane punarpraptimadhye bhag ghetala nahee. mothya yabor shaharachya kahee bhaganmadhye, visheshtah aay-4 chya uttarela aanee uttares rastyachya purvela, garibi aanee rog yaa samasya suru aahet.
sthapana.
peru aanee cigarets.
newyork shaharatil eka vyavsayikane peruchya zadancha shodh ghenyat ayashasvi tharalyamule thet parinam mhanoon yabor shahar astitvat aale. spanish immigray gavino guteirres prashikshanadvare nagri abhiyanta hote, parantu 1880 chya dashakachya madhyat newyork shaharatil falanchya packing aanee canning firmmadhye tyanna nokri midali. tyane aikale hote qee tumpa khadee bhagat peryachi anek zaade jangali ugavat aahet aanee tyachya companychya utpadan shreneet bharr ghalanyachya vicharat, november 1884 madhye tee shodhanyasathi nighala.
haah pravas lamb aanee katheen hota. prakalp pranalidware chalavala jaanara floridala jaanara sadhyacha railway marg keval dakshinekade jacksonville, floridaparyant gela, jethe sentchya khalee vafechya botiche jodani hote. johns nadee teey sanford, florida (sadhyachya orlandojaval). guteirres yanni urvarit pravas stagekochne rajyabhar farasbandi nasalelya grameen rastyanvarun (eka vegala railway marg, dakshin florida railway, sanford aanee tumpa yanna jodanara yaa velee aanee guteirres yanchya bhetichya eka varshapeksha qamee kalavadhit purn jhaala) keela. guteerezla tumpa yaa vilag gavat vyavsayik darjache konatehi pair sapadale naheet. masemari aanee tyachya chhotya bandaratoon florida gura aanee limbuvargiy prani pathvane heey yaa samudayache mukhya vyavsayik upkram hote. sthanik arthvyavastha sangharsh karat hotee; tathapi, prakalp pranaliche malak aanee dakshin florida railwaymargache bahusankhya bhagdharak heinry prakalp, rajyabharat tyachya railwaymarganche jaale vadhavanyachya prakriyet hote, jeey akheris tampala urvarit yuu. ess. shhee thet jodel.ess. railway pranali. railwaymarg purn jhalyanantar yaa bhagat vikasachi kshamata aahe yachee khatri karoon gheuun gutirrez yanni tumpa sodale. 20 februwari 1886 roji suru jhalelya jacksonville, tampa aanee qee west railwayne bandhalelya margadvare tumpa urvarit deshanshi aapale pahile thet railway jodani midvel aanee jacksonville yetheel prakalp pranalila sanford yetheel dakshin florida railwayshey jodel. hii line nantar 1899 madhye prakalp pranaline vikat ghetali.
guteirres samudra margane newyorkla paratala, tyacha mitra vicent martinez yabor yala bhetanyasathi floridachya qee westmadheel tyachya gharee vatet thambla. yabor haah eka sahkari spanish hota jyane tyachya 'ell principe dii gails' (prince auph wells) brandver aadharit havanah, kyuba yethe eka samruddha sigar banavanyache kaam kele hote. tathapi, yaborne spanish vasahatvadi rajvativiruddha rajvativiruddha cuban krantikarkansathi sarvajanik pathbal aanee khajgi aarthik sahayya pradan kele hote aanee spanish spanish tyala atak karane kinwa thaar marane talhanyasathi 1868 madhye too tyachya kutumbasah cubahoon paloon gela hota.
yaborne qee westmadhye eka yashasvi vyavasay punha ubharala. tathapi, 1880 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, uchch kharch, kamgar sangharsh aanee vahatukiche prashna (paradeshi jameen jodani ajunahi anek dashake door hotee) yamule teey punha ekada sthalantar paryayancha shodh gheu lagale. dakshin americetil anek bandar shaharanmadhye, jase qee bhramandhvani, alabama; pensacola, florida; aanee galveston, texas yanni yaborche karkhane tyanchya shaharat aakarshit karnyasathi jameen aanee itar savalati deu kelya hotya, parantu tyapaiki konatahi prastav samadhankarak navhata.
yaborchya yojanambaddal jaanun ghetalyanantar, gutirrez yanni thamba heey sthalantarasathiche aanakhi eka sambhavya thikan asalyache namood kele. newyorkmadheel bhet denara spanish sigar utpadak ignacio hayahi, joou naveen karkhanyache thikan shodhat hota, yaborla dekhil utsukata lagali.
hayaa aanee yabor heey tampasathi pudhil upalabdh vafechya jahajavar chadhale aanee aahet divashi pohochale. tamba heey sigar utpadanasathi eka utkrusht thikan aahe yavar tyanni sahmati darshavalih kyubachya jawalach samudramarge cuban tambakhu aayat karane jalad aanee swast hoil; hawaman ubdar aanee damat hote, jyamule tambakhuchi paaney taji aanee vyavharya rahtil; aanee karkhanyachya naveen railway margamule tayar sigar sampoorn americet pathvane sope hoil. tathapi, jameen aanee itar pralobhane surakshit karnyasathi tampachya vyapar mandalashi charcha suru kartana yaborne itar shaharanshi vataghati suru thevalya.
sauda qaraa.
kahee mahinyanantar, september 1885 madhye, yabor aanee hayane sarvat aashadayak sthalantar sthalanvar 'tathya-shodh mohime' varr kooch kele, kararala antim roop denyachya aanee tyanantar lavkarach tyanche karya halavanyas suruvat karnyachya aashene. tyanchi pahili bhet tampala hotee, jithe yaborla johnn tii. kadoon kharedi karnyat swarasya asalelya jaminichya bhagachi kimmat adakoon padali hotee. leslila $9000 midale, parantu yabor fakt $5000 denyas tayar hota. yaborla aasha hotee qee samorasamor vataghati kelyas karar sulabh hoil, parantu donhi bajunni maghar ghenyas tayar navhate.
eka pechprasangat asalyache disat asatana, yabor aanee hayane tyanchya pudhil sambhavya thikani jaanyachi tayari keleeh galveston, texas. pann 5 aktoobar 1885 roji, jevha purush aksharshah nighanar hote, tevha doubleu. saha tumpa vyapar mandal. see. tapkiri aanee doubleu. buub. hendersonne, yaborla kharedi karayachi asalelya jaminichya kimmatitil kimmatitil farkala anudan denyacha prastav deela. yaborne lagech hokar deela aanee lagechach aanakhi 50 shejaril ekar jameen kharedi karnyasathi pudhe sarkala. hayane swatacha chhota rasta vikat ghetala.
tyanchya sigarchya halchali halavanyachi tayari lagech suru jhaali. 8 aktoobar roji, sthavar malmatteche saude kelyanantar keval teen divasanni, yaborkade jameen saaf karnyache kaam karnare karmchari hote aanee tyane gavino guteerezla naveen shaharasathi rastyavaril jaali tayar karnyasathi aamantrit kele hote, jyala yabor shahar asey naav dile jaanar hote.
todga kadhayala suruvat honyapurvi jawaljawal eka mothe sankat hote. tyaveli tampamadhil ekmev banq hii jacksonville sthit pahilya rashtriy bankechi shakha hotee. shaharatil vyavsayik vyavasayachi thapp sthitee asalyamule banq vyavasthapanane heey thikan bund karnyacha nirnay ghetala hota. jevha ignacio hayane hii batami aikali, tevha tyane bankechya karyalayala bhet dilee aanee jacksonvilla parat pathvanyasathi sanchayit kelya vaparlya vastoo aanee upkarane shodhali. hayane shakha vyavasthapak tii. laa samajavun sangitale.see. tyanna aanee yaborla tyanche kamkaj chalvanyasathi sthanik bankechya sevanchi aavashyakta bhasel asey aashvasan dett, prarambhik pagarpatrak kiman $10,000 yeil asey vachan dile. tyanchya swatachya ichchhenusar, taliaferone petty ughadanyas suruvat kelee. shakha khulee rahili aanee sankat talale.
company shahar.
sigar banavane heey 'tabakeros' sathee (shabdasha, 'tambakhu kamgar') keval eka kaam navhate. tayar cigaret gundalanare 'torcidor', visheshtah, swatahla 'kamgarapeksha eka kalakar mhanoon adhik' manat asat."junya europemadhil karagiranchya sanghanchi aathvan karoon bhet paddhatine" "tabakeros" "dware yaa vyaparache barkaine niyaman kele jaat hote". eka divas eka sanmananiy (aanee changla pagar milanara) guru "torsader" honyachya aashene navshikyanni pradirgh shikshakanchya madhyamatoon prashikshan ghetale.
1885 saalee qee westmadhye hajaro prashikshit "tabakeros" hote. yaulat, tumpa heey sumare 3,000 loksankhya asalele eka chhote shahar hote aanee tethe rahivasi sigar kamgar navhate. simavarti vasahat ubharanyat madat karnyasathi viberla sambhavya aaplya pramukh pashchimekadil (aanee kyuba aanee newyork) sthapit samudayanna sodanyasathi patvoon dyave lagel. kyuba libre' laa dilelya tyachya suprasiddha pathimbyamule tyala anek cuban 'tabakeros' chee sadbhavna labhali, parantu teey purese navhate.
eka sudharit company shahar bandhane hii yaborchi kalpana hotee. asha itar samudayanpramane, jyamadhye kampanikade aksharshah serve ghare aanee vyavasay (jase qee pullman, eleanoy) hote, yaborne asha jaagechi kalpana kelee, jyamadhye karmchari tyanchi ghare gheu shaktil aanee khajgi udhyojak vyavasay ubharanyasathi jameen kharedi karoo shaktil. yamule adhik rahivashanna yabor shaharat adhik changlya prakare aakarshit karnyasathi eka sukhad vatavaran nirman hoil ashee tyanna aasha hotee.
udar honyasathi yaborkade changli vyavsayik karanehi hotee. rahivashanna keval shaharat aakarshit karane heey tyache uddisht navhate, tarr tyanna rahnyasathi prerit karane heey tyache uddisht hote. mukhya pashchimekadil tyache karmchari anekada sarvottam pagar aanee atinchya shodhat florida aanee kyuba darmyan pudhe-mage pravas karat asat. jameen aanee ghar malkicha aadhar deu karoon-jeey bahutek "tabakeros" neey kadhihi anubhavale navhate, visheshtah jaminichya durmil pashchimekadil bhagat-yaborne tyachya kamgaranna aajubajoola rahnyas protsahit kele. suruvatichya kalat kamgarvarg tulanene pravahi asala taree, sigar karkhanyanmadhye purn karmchari thevanyasathi aanee varshbhar chalvanyasathi purese kamgar tampamadhye rahile.
yabor aanee hayane ghaighaine bandhalelya lakadi karkhanyansah, yabor shaharatil kahee pahilya sanrachana sambhavya sambhavya 50 lahan ghare ("casitas") hotya. hii bandukichya shailitil arund ghare (jyanna asey mhanatat qee samorchya daratoon fekalela golibar saiddhantikdrushtya sanrekhit mageel darvajatoon nirupadravipane baher padato) lakadi chhotya sanrachana hotya, parantu tyaa changlya prakare bandhalya gelya hotya aanee tulanene aaramdayak hotya. yaborne teey bandhanyasathi tyachya kharchapeksha (suruvatila $400) thodya jaast kimmatit vikrisathi deu kele, jeey tyachya sigar karkhanyatil kamgaranchya pagaratoon lahan kapatimadhye dile jaau shakate.
company tauun modelmadhye yaborne kelelya aanakhi eka badal mhanje tyacha samuday eka (kinwa done) company shahar navhate. itarnchee sankhya vadhavanyasathi (aanee asha prakare upalabdh kamgarancha samooh), yaborne itar sigar utpadakanna swast jameen aanee jarr teey kahee rojgar-nirmiti kota purn karnyas tayar asateel tarr vinamulya karkhana imarat deu karoon tyanchya naveen vasahatit jaanyas protsahit kele. yaa preranannantarhi, sigar kamgar aanee itar sigar utpadak ajunahi eka adim vasahat asalelya thikani yenyas santh hote-kahee jann kadachit tikanar naheet asha naveen thikani ghar halavanyachi aanee kharedi karanyachi jokhim ghenyas tayar hote.
13 april 1886 roji, hayachya karkhanyane yabor ciity sigarche pahile utpadan kele. kahee divasannantar yaborchya karkhanyanehi tech kele. tyaveli tyanchyat ajunahi 100 peksha qamee karmchari hote.
tyach mahinyachya uttaradhat, qee westla lagalelya aagine shaharacha barachsa bhag uddhvast keela. yaborchya ajunahi karyarat asalelya mukhya thikanasah shekado ghare aanee anek sigar karkhane uddhvast jhaale. nokarichi garaj hotee aanee tyanchi ghare aanee kamachya thikananchi punarbandhani honyachi pratiksha karnyas tayar naan jhalyane, anek 'tabakeros' neey tyanche uralele saman bharoon takanyache aanee tampasathi vafevar chadhanyache tharavale. yaa aagine anek pramukh paschim sigar utpadakanna ektar yabor shaharat shakha karkhana bandhanyas kinwa purnapane sthalantarit honyas protsahit kele. newyork aanee kyuba yetheel sigar utpadakannihi yachee dakhal ghetali aanee naveen varshant anekanni tyache anusaran kele.
sigar udhyogat adhik upalabdh upalabdh adhik rahivashanna aakarshit kele. sigar kamgaranna mothya karkhanyanchya aanee dukananchya samoril chhotya dukananmadhye ('buckies') satat vegane sankhyet tayar rojgar midala aanee teey satat vadhat asalelya sankhyet aale. adhik sthalantar mhanje vyavasayanchi vistrut shreni aanee samajik aanee sanskrutik karyakramansathi adhik sandhee yasarkhya adhik suvidha, jyamule adhik naveen rahivasi aakarshit jhaale, jyamule adhik vyavasay aakarshit jhaale. vadhiche heey chakr 1920 chya dashakachya uttaradhaparyant chalale, toparyant yabor shahar heey shekado sigar banavanyachya vyavasayanche aanee hajaro kayamswarupi rahivashanche ghar hote aanee tethe eka samruddha sanskrutik drushya hote.
hote akheris, yabor aanee hayanchya karkhanyanni miloon keval sahaa mahinyantach hatane gundallelya 1,000,000 sigarche utpadan kele. naveen kalat hii sankhya qamee hoil.
prarambhik yabor shaharah 1886-1901.
simavarti shaharapasun gardichya shejarparyant.
1888 madhye, yaborne eka bhavya 3 majali vitanchi imarat purn kelee jee tyaa velee jagatil sarvat motha sigar karkhana hota aanee 1897 madhye tyane florida madyanirmiti companychi imarat ughadali jee 1913 paryant tampamadhil sarvat unch imarat hotee. parantu bahutek bhagasathi, pahilya aagmanache swagat karnare yabor shahar pracheen hote.
naveen shaharatil sanrachana pramukhyane lakadi hotya aanee patkan bandhalya gelya hotya. daat valuchya farasbandi nasalelya rastyanmule pravas karane katheen jhaale, visheshtah wagonne. tethe padpath kinwa pathadive navhate aanee ratrichya velee pravasi anekada tyancha marg shodhanyasathi kandil aanee aaspaschya daldalichya, jangalatoon aanee zudupanchya maidanatoon shaharat shaharat mugger, aswal, chitte kinwa itar vanyajeevanpasun sanrakshanasathi bandook gheuun jaat asat. eka suruvatichya rahivashane nirikshan kele qee, "aamhi pochalo tevha aamhala jeey aadhalale teey sarvatra daldali aanee mahamari asalele durgandhiyukt chhidra hote."
tejichya shaharanmadhye jase vaishishtyapurn aahe, yabor shaharatil anek pahile rahivasi ektar avivahit purush kinwa purush hote jyanni kaam bharpur hote parantu rahniman khadatar hote asha thikani nokri karnyasathi (jarr tatpurte asel tarr) tyanchi kutumbe mage sodali hotee. yaa agraganyanni samudayachya vikasachi prakriya suru kelee. aanakhi eka prarambhik rahivasi spasht karato, "[pahile sthalantarit] jyaa shaharat tyanna kaam midale tyaa shaharat aale naheet; tyanni kelelya kamatoon tyanni eka shahar tayar kele."
1887 paryant, tumpa shaharachya netyanni vegane vegane "jangali simavarti shaharat" prashikshit polis dalachya kamataratebaddal chinta vyakt kelee hotee. shaharachya maryadebaher achanak ugavalelya samruddha samudayache niyantran midvat tyanni shaharachya karpatratet mothya pramanat vaadh karanyachi kshamata dekhil pahili. tyamule 2 juuna 1887 roji, tampane swatah yaborchya nishedhamule yabor shahar tabyat ghetale, jyala vatale qee nagri adhikar sodalyane tyachya companychya shaharat naveen niyam aanee laal fiti vagalata kahihi honar nahee.
shaharatil shahar" mhanoon tyacha naveen darja asoonahi (kinwa karanastav), 20 vya shatkachya akheris, yabor shaharat anek uttam vitanchya imarati, pathadive asalele mokalya raste, tyala tumpa aanee itar jawalchya samudayanshi jodanara rastyavaril gadicha marg aanee satat vistarat asalelya sanskrutik aanee samajik sandhee hotya.
yabor shaharachya tampachya mahasulavar jhalelya parinamamule nagri sudharana shakya jhalya. 1885 saalee, tampachya bandaravar gola kelele varshik niryat-aayat shulk ekoon $683 hote. 1895 saalee, teey ekoon $625,000 peksha jaast hote, jawaljawal purnapane kyubachya tambakhuchya aayat aanee tumpa-nirmit sigarchya niryatimule.
jalad vaadh aanee vaividhya.
yabor shaharachya vilinikaranantar prachand vaadh jhaleli tampa shaharachi arthsankalpiy tartud hii ekmev sankhya navhati. 1880 madhye 800 peksha qamee rahivashyanvarun, 1890 madhye tampachi loksankhya 5000 hoon adhik aanee 1900 madhye jawaljawal 16,000 paryant vadhali hotee. yaa naveen rahivashanpaiki bahusankhya sthalantarit hote jeey yabor shaharat sthayik jhaale hote.
tyaa kalatil amerikeche sthalantar dhoran haah eka ghatak hota jyane shaharachya vikasala gatee dilee. sann franciscomadhil engel eyeland aanee newyork shaharatil ellis eyeland yasarkhya pramukh sthalantarit prakriya kendranvar jagbharatil hajaro sthalantaritanchi kaljipurvak tapasani kelee jaat asatana, kyubamadhun sthalantar karnyavar kahee nirbandh hote aanee astitvat asalele nirbandh tumpa bandaravar shithilpane lagoo kele gele.
kahee adthalyansah, cuban aanee spanish kamgar aanee tyanchi kutumbe florida aanee kyuba darmyan pudhe-mage vahane heey donhi lakshaniy aanee mothya pramanat kagadpatra nasalele hote. tarihi vhee.emm. yaborne aaplya aaplya gharamalakatvadvare tampamadhye adakavoon thevanyachya kelelya prayatnanmule, yabor shaharatil anek sigar kamgar 1890 chya dashakat changle vetan aanee paristhiti shodhanyasathi kyubala parat jaanyasathi ajunahi tayar hote. yaa vibhajit rashtriy nishthemule, yabor shaharatil suruvatiche anek rahivasi american nagrik bananyas anek varshe lagali asateel aanee anekanna arj karnyache kaaran kadhich disale nahee. mothya pramanat dweepkalpiy samudayamadhye, sthalantarit tyanchya swatachya sanskratine vedhalele rahoo shakat hote, tyamule tyanchya mool deshanshi, visheshtah pahilya pidhimadhye, jawalik jaast rahili.
vaividhya.
1880 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1890 chya dashakachya suruvatila yabor shaharachi loksankhya vaividhyapurn jhaali kaaran italian sthalantaritancha ogh yeu lagla. jaree anekanni pahilyanda nyu orleans, newyork shahar kinwa kisimmi/sentchya oos shetat kaam shodhanyacha prayatna keela asala, taree jawaljawal teey serve moolatah alessandria della rokka aanee santo stephano quiskina yaa garibeene grast asalelya cicilian shaharantil hote. tampamadhye sthalantar karnyapurvi madhya floridatil dhaganche kshetra. tyach kalat, dharmik chhalatun sutka karoon aarthik sandhinchya shodhat asalele, pramukhyane roman aanee german asey, alpasankhyak jyoo sthalantarit aale hote.
sigar banavanyacha anubhav naslyamule, teey konatyahi sankhyene kadakpane swayam-niyantrit udhyogat pravesh karoo shakale naheet. tyanni spanish (yabor shaharachi bhasha) aanee ingraji (urvarit tampachi bhasha) shikanyacha prayatna keela, tevha suruvatila tyanna jeey kaam miloo shakat hote teey tyanni ghetale. akheris, anekanni sigar karkhane aanee tyanchya kamgaranna seva denare vyavasay ughadale. yapaiki sarvat ullekhaneey mhanje kirana, kapade aanee samanya vastunchi yashasvi dukane; sigar boxes aanee sigar boxes aart kampanya; aanee shaharachya poorves kahee mail grameen bhagat sthapan keleli bhajipala aanee dugdhashala.
"kyuba libre".
1900 purvi, suruvatichya yabor shaharatil bahusankhya rahivasi swatahla cuban manat asat, jyat spaniardscha dusra sarvat motha gut hota. parinami, spanish vasahatvadi rajvatipasun swatantryasathi suru asalela kyubacha sangharsh haah sthalantarit samudayamadhye tivra swarsyacha aanee satat tanavacha vishay hota.
yaa muddyavar suruvatipasunach vaad nirman jhaala hota. 1886 madhye, vicent martinez-yaborcha sigar karkhana bandhala gelela aanee susajj kelela pahila karkhana hota. tathapi, tyachya cuban kamgaranni, jyane pashchimekadil pramukh deshanmadhye kyubanvirodhi pratishtha midavali hotee, asha spanish formansathi kaam karnyas nakar dilyane nirmiti suru honyas vilamb jhaala. ullanghan kaam paryavekshakachi jaaga ghetlyanantarach (aanee ignacio hayachya karkhanyane aadhich yabor ciity sigar gundallyanantar) wii.emm. yaborche kamgar tyanchya bakanvar paratatat.
1890 chya dashakachya suruvatila jevha kyuba punha udrek karnyas tayar asalyache disale, tevha yabor shahar swatantrya-shodhkansathi nidhi, upkarane aanee preranecha eka mahattvacha srot banale. "ell diya paa laa petriya" ("matrubhumisathi eka divas")-kyubachya karanasathi darr aathvadyala eka divasacha pagar daan karane-heey tampachya kyubachya loksankhyesathi deshbhaktipar kartavya banale, tyanchya kahee italian, jyoo aanee agadi spanish shejaridekhil tyat sahbhagi jhaale.
kyubachya swatantryache preshit" jose marty yanni hajaro prekshakansamor anek utkat bhashane dett anek vela yabor shahar aanee west tampala bhet dilee. yaborchya karkhanyachya karkhanyachya 1893 madheel bhashan sampoorn yuu. ess. aanee kyubachya vartmanpatranmadhye punarmudran karnyat aale aanee thet yuddhala karanibhoot tharale. kahee tumpa rahivashanni swechhene kyubamadhye martisobat ladhanyasathi swechhene pudhakar ghetala aanee 1895 madhye tyach chakmakit anekanna aapala jeev gamvava lagla, jyat tyanchya preranadayi netyacha mrutyu jhaala.
1898 paryant tampachya lattin loksankhyemadhye dengya aanee sanghatan chaloo rahile, jevha americene chaloo asalelya sangharshat pravesh keela aanee teey mothya spanish-american yuddhat vadhale. heinry plantney yuddh vibhagatil aaplya samparkancha vapar karoon sangharshakade vaparlya americi sainyasathi tumpa heey mukhya bandar banavale, jyamule tyachya railway margala aanee sampoorn tumpa yaa donhi marganna prachand aarthik chalana midali. 30, 000 hoon adhik sainik (tyaa velee tampachi ekoon loksankhya sumare duppat) aanee purvathyane bharalelya hajaro railwaygadya pathvanyachya aadeshanchi vaat pahanyasathi aalya, jyamule sthanik vyavasayanna achanak samruddhi midali parantu chhotya shaharachya sansadhanancha maryadeparyant vistar jhaala.
kyuba libre' shevati pohochanyachya aat aahe assa andaj andaj cuban lokanni yabor shaharat sainyache visheshtah swagat kele. teey barobar hote. heey yuddh keval kahee mahine chalale aanee spenne tichi urvarit vasahatvadi malmatta gamavalyane teey sampale.
tyanchya dirghkal ladhalelya krantichya falancha anand ghenyasathi utsuk asalele kahee cuban anandane tumpa sodoon tyanchya mayadeshi gele. matra, yapaiki bahutansh akheris parat yeteel. tyanchya nirnayatil mukhya ghatak mhanje aarthik sandhincha abhav aanee anek varshanchya sangharshamule jhalelya sarvasadharan vidhvans aanee spanish vasahatvadi niyantranachi jaaga american nava-vasahatvadi niyantranane ghetali aahe yachee jaaniv. eka gut mhanoon, jaree kutumb aanee kamachya karananmule kahee sthalantar chaloo rahile, taree teey mothya pramanat mule todane aanee dirghkal yabor shaharat sthayik hone nivadatat.
suvarnayug": 1902-1929.
ghetali shatkachya akheris, yabor shaharatil rahivashanchi dharana vikasit jhaali hotee. purvi, anek rahivashanni tampala kaam karnyasathi aanee rahnyasathi tatpurte thikan manale hote; tyanchya matrubhoomitil rajkiy aanee/kinwa aarthik samasyanpasun aashray. matra, matra dashakachya suruvatiparyant, drushtikon badalale hote. yabor shahar heey kayamswarupi ghar banale hote.
eka pramukh ghatak mhanje shejarchya lokanchi uchch darjachi jivanshaili. tyaa kalatil bahutek sthalantarit samudayanpramanech, yabor shaharakade alikadchya aagmanala aavashyak asalelya serve goshti hotyah kaam, dukane, shaala, church aanee sarvat mahattvache mhanje, junya deshachi bhasha aanee ritirivaj samayik karnare itar sthalantarit. pann bahutek yuu chya ulat.ess. tyaa kalatil sthalantarit antakshetra, yabor shahar hii zopadpatti navhati.
yabor shaharatil 'lattin' rahivashanni eka gajbajalela samuday nirman keela jyane cuban, spanish, italian aanee jyoo sanskratila eka adviteey mishranat ekatra kele. "yabor shahar heey tampacha spanish bharat aahe", asey tyaa bhagala bhet bhet eka vyaktine nirikshan kele, "kitee rangiberangi, aardaorda karnare, khadatar aanee ashant jug aahe."dusht khekade yasarkhya vishisht laal vitanchya aanee lokhandi balkanitil sthapatyashailichya pakakrutincha uday jhaala. pann valoone bharalelya adim gavache bharbharatichya parisarat rupantar karane abhimanapeksha jaast aavashyak hote; tyane samruddha udhyogachi aarthik sansadhane ghetali.
ghetali shatkachya pahilya dashakanmadhye, bandar shulk aanee tampachya sigar utpadakanche vetan heey engine hote jyamule shaharachi vaadh aanee bharbharat jhaali. sigar kamgar, visheshtah sookshm sigar prakaranche anubhavi rollers, changle vetan midvat asat aanee downtown tumpa aanee 7 vya avenuever ("laa septima") kendrit asalelya yabor shaharachya vyavsayik jilhyatil anek dukananmadhye varanvar vikri karane parvadat asey. tabakero" sanskratine vyavsayiktevar bharr deela aanee "jivanatil utkrusht goshtinche chavdar kautuk" karnyas protsahan dile, jyamule tampachya dukandaranche kautuk jhaale.
darvarshi kotyavadhi hatane gundallelya sigaranchi udhalpatti karoon (1929 madhye, mahamandichya agadi aadhi, sarvoch patali 500,000,000 hotee), yabor shaharatil sigar kamgaranni keval swatache changle jivanach jagale nahee tarr sthanik vyavasay aanee shahar sarkarchya tijorit lakho dollars takale.
paraspar sahayya sanstha (samajik sangh).
yabor shaharatil rahivashanche jivanman sudharanyasathi paraspar sahayya sanstha aanee samajik sanghancha vapar keela jaat asey aanee tyanna yabor shaharache 'hriday' mhatale jaate. yaa sansthanpaiki sarvat jaast kaal hatane sanstha mhanje german-american club, laal 'union italiana (italian club), laa union marty-massio, circulo cubano (cuban club), ell centro espanol aanee ell centro esturiano. yaa clubchi sthapana yabor shaharachya suruvatichya kalat (1891 madhye pahila centro espanol hota) asha thikani karnyat aalee hotee jithe naveen naveen lokanna tyanchya mool deshatil itar lokanmadhye pathimba aanee samuday miloo shakato. jasjasa kaal jaat gela, tasatase tyanni samajik aanee karamanukichya sandhinchi vistrut shreni deu kelee. 
sthalantarit ghatak asoonahi, yabor shaharachya paraspar madat mandalache, laabh sanstha aanee bhratru sanghatananchya tulanet, patghar aanee itar vasahati sansthansarkhya madat sanghatananshi qamee samya hote. yabor shaharatil samajik club sthalantaritanchya fayadhyasathi sthalantaritanni sthapan kele hote-mothya aanee bhagatdaa samruddha clubhouses bandhanyasathi aanee sanstha chalvanyasathi nidhi sadasyankadun gola kelelya thakbakitun yeto, samanyatah sadasyachya pagarachya sumare 5 takke.
clubney samajik honyasathi jaaga puravali, parantu tyanchya sadasyanna moolbhut vaidyakeey seva puravine heey tyanchya sthapaneche mukhya kaaran hote. saptahik dey rakmesathi yabor shahar chikitsalayanmadhil vaidyakeey sevecha samavesh karnyat aala aanee done club (ell centro esturiano aanee ell centro espanol) yanni dekhil rugnalaye sthapan kelee. vaidyakeey vimyachya aadhichya kalat, rahivashanna sameel honyache heey eka anivarya kaaran hote.
vaidyakeey sevevyatirikt, club anek samajik upkram deu karat asat. clubchya imaratinmadhye vyayamshala, cantinus (sadasyansathi lahan cafey) aanee maifilisathi mothe sabhagruh aanee anekada vistrut natya sadarikaran hote. tyanni nrutya aanee sahalisarkhe karyakram dekhil aayojit kele, kadhikadhi ballast point park, clearwater beach kinwa yabor shaharabaheril itar thikani firanyasathi bus bhadyane ghetalya. eka sakriy clubney kutumbache samajik dindarshika bharali aanee ektritpane, tyanni yabor shaharatil rahivashanchya pidhyansathi vistarit kutumbe aanee samudayik melavyachi thikane mhanoon kaam kele.
club vishisht vanshachya lokansathi khule hoteh italian lokansathi italian club, spaniaradsasathi ell centro espanoal aanee asech. done ullekhaneey paristhiti mhanje kyubansathi done bhinn clubche astitva aanee uttar spaniards, ell centro esturiano yanni sthapan kelela spinoff club.
yabor shaharatil rahivashanmadhye varnabhed haah samanyapane eka muddah nasla taree, too jiim kavalyachya yugat amerikechya dakshinekadil khol bhagat hota, mhanoon tyachya sanghatananna tampachya pruthakkaranvadi kayadyanche palan karave lagale. yaborche cuban sthalantarit anekada vanshikdrushtya mishra hote aanee kutumbanmadhil tvachecha rung manvi ranganchya vividh shrenila aachchhadit karoo shakato. tathapi, sthanik kayadyanusar, gadad-tvachechya aanee halakya-tvachechya lokanni sarvajanikaritya samajikaran naan karane aavashyak hote.
yabor shaharachya cuban samudayane done mukhya club aayojit keleh gadad tvachechya kyubansathi laa union marty-massio aanee halakya tvachechya lokansathi circulo cubano. jevha ekach kutumbatil sadasyanchya tvachechya vegvegalya chhata asatat aanee tyanna vegvegalya klabmadhye sameel hone aavashyak asate tevha heey visheshtah vichitra hote, parantu tyaa velee haah kayada hota. tyaa yugat, 'marty-massio' chya sadasyanna tyanchya tyanchya cuban samakakshanpeksha mothya anglo samudayat sweekruti aanee varchya dishene gatishilata prapt karane katheen vatale yaat aashchary nahee. aanee jevha 1960 chya dashkatil federal shahari nutanikaran karyakramane yabor shaharacha punarvikas karnyacha prayatna keela, tevha tyanchi club imarat padali gelee.
ell centro esturianochi sthapana uttar spainchya esturious prantatil sthalantaritanni kelee hotee, jeey centro espenolpasoon vegale jhaale aanee tyanni havanachya ell centro esturiano clubchi tumpa shakha tayar kelee. tathapi, itar clubchya ulat, lavkarach pravesh gheu gheu lattin vanshachya serve lokansathi sadasyatva khule karnyat aale. yamule aanee clubney eka sanmananiy rugnalay bandhale, tyamule serve klabpaiki tyache sarvat mothe sadasyatva satatyane hote.
shikshak.
kyubatil sigar karkhanyanmadhun "tabakeros" tyanchyabarobar aanaleli eka parampara hotee tee ell lectorchi (vachak). sigar nantar sigar gundalanyache kaam neeras houu shakat asalyane kamgaranna kahitari havey hote jeey munn vyapoon thewel aanee uttejit karel. asha prakare 'dharmaguru' chee parampara udayas aalee, jeey sigar karkhanyat unch vyaspithavar basoon kamgaranna vachan karayache.
samanyatah, shikshak divasachi suruvat sthanik spanish vruttapatre aanee pranay kinwa sahsi kadambari yasarkhya kahee kalpanik katha vachoon karatat. yaborchya bahutansh rahivashanna rajkaranat khoop rus asalyane, nantar shikshak sahasa kyuba kinwa spain kinwa itar deshanmadhil sadhyachya ghatanambaddal rajkiy grunth kinwa lekhankade valat asat. duparchya velee, nivad hii bahudha 'donn quixot' kinwa abhijat sahityatil itar kamansarkhi sahityik kadambari hotee. (yabor shaharatil 'annah inn daad tropics' yaa nilo cruzechya pulitzer puraskar vijetya natkat, tolstoyche 'annah carenina' vachale jaate.) shikshak paddhatimule, jeey sigar kamgar vachoo shakat navhate, tyannahi abhijat sahityacha parichay jhaala aanee teey rajkiy tattvadnyan aanee sadhyachya ghatananshi parichit hote. 
yabor shahar aanee jagbharatil.
shikshakanna khoop aadar hota aanee teey anekada uchch shikshit asat. bahutekjan ingraji kinwa italian bhashet lihilela majkoor pahoo shakat hote aanee karkhanyanchi bhasha asalelya spanishmadhye too mothyane vachoo shakat hote. karkhanyachya malakanni navhe tarr "tabakeros" yanni dharmaguru niyukt kele aanee tyanna kadhoon takale. kamgaranni pratyekachya saptahik kamaitoon eka chhotishi kapat karoon tyancha pagar thet deela. kharch asoonahi, "tabakeros" neey utsahane dharmopadeshak parampara kayam thewali.
bahutansh karkhanyanchya malakanni qamee pathimba deela. tyanna vatale qee dharmgurunni "moolbhut kalpana" vikasit karoon tyanchya kamgaranna uttejit kele. kamgaranchi paristhiti kinwa itar thikanchya samasyanchya batmyanmule, visheshtah, anek prasangi kamgaranche sabhatyag aanee nidarshane jhaali. ekapeksha jaast malakanni tyanchya karkhanyachya majalyavarun dharmgurunna bandee ghalanyacha prayatna keela, jyamule karmchari dharmgurunchya hakkasathi ladhale, tyamule tivra sump jhaale.
1921 paryant heey shikshak tampachya sigar karkhanyanmadhyech rahile, jevha anek malakanni kamgar sump sump sampavanyachya kararacha bhag mhanoon heey shikshak hatavanyasathi vataghati kelya. 1931 madheel visheshtah tivra sump sampanantar, serve yabor shahar aanee west tumpa sigar karkhanyanmadhil kamgaranna shikshak hatavanyas sahmati darshavinyas bhag padale gele
kahee dharmaguru sigar kamgaranshi itar marganni bolat rahile. udaharanarth, victoriano mantegane laa gaseta yaa tribhashik (ingraji, spanish aanee italian) vruttapatrachi sthapana kelee, jeey ajunahi tyacha natoo tumpa yethe prakashit karato. kahinni itar itar ghetalya, shikshak kinwa niyamit 'tabakeros' banale. kahijan karkhanyanmadhye shikshikechi padey midvanyasathi kyubala gele, jyamule ajunahi hii pratha suru hotee.
sanghatit gunhegari.
bolita haah sanghatit gunhegarandware chalavala jaanara eka bekaydeshir lottery khel hota joou 20 vya shatkachya purvardhat tumpa, visheshtah yabor shaharat khoop lokpriy hota. pramukh sthanik rajkarani aanee kayadyachi amalbajavani kaam karananya niyamit laach aanee lafe dilyamule haah khel ughadpane aanee aabhasi muktatesah khelala gela. charley wall, eka pramukh "anglo" tumpa kutumbacha sadasya aanee majee mahapourancha mulga, yane 1920 chya uttaradhat bolitala atyant fayadeshir vyavasayat sanghatit kele aanee tyachi sanstha lavkarach yabor shaharatil tyachya kamkajachya talavarun avaidh vyapar, casino jugar, veshyavyavasay aanee itar bekaydeshir upkramanmadhye vaividhyapurn jhaali.
jhaali dashak haah tampamadhye mothya pramanavar bhrashtacharacha kaal hota, jyat choree jhalelya nivadanuka aanee pratispardhi sanghatit gunhegari gatanchya pagaravar mahapouranche anek aarop hote. sthanik patalivar 'raktache yug' mhanoon olakhalya vaparlya eka kalanantar, jyamadhye sthanik gunhegari hitsambandh niyantranasathi ladhale, ess. aar. bhint bajula dhakalali aanee 1940 chya dashakat tumpa aanee yabor shaharacha pramukh gunhegari pramukh mhanoon udayas aala. nantar, tyacha mulga santo trafficant, junier. kutumbacha prabhav tyaa bhagachya palikade pasaravala gela assa aarop aahe.
1950 chya dashakat suru jhalelya federal kayadyachi amalbajavani karnyachya vadhatya prayatnanmule mothya pramanavar bhrashtacharache heey yug sampushtat aale. parinami jhalelya kahee khatalyanmule doshasiddhi jhaali aanee jamav-sambandhit kahee halchali suru rahilya, taree yabor shahar aanee sarvasadharanpane tumpa yetheel arajakatechi bhavna haloohaloo qamee jhaali.
ghat.
nairashyache yug.
yug mahamandichya kalat sigarchi magani lakshaniyaritya qamee jhalyamule yabor shaharavar gambhir parinam jhaale. anek dhoomrapan dhoomrapan swatahla alishan vastoo parvadat nasalya aanee tyanni swast sigaretkade valale, jyamule shejarcha pramukh udyog kamkuvat jhaala aanee yaa kshetrachi suruvat mand aarthik aanee samajik ghasaranivar jhaali.
itaratra ghadalyapramane, anek vyavasayanni kamgaranna kamavarun kadhoon takale kinwa purnapane bund kele aanee anek banka ayashasvi tharalya. katheen kalat tablower ann thevanyasathi madat karnyasathi, yabor shaharatil anek rahivashanni tyanchya yardakhali kinwa rikt jaaget bhajipala lavnyasathi nangarani kelee aanee kutumbala dudh, undy aanee maans puravanyasathi gayee, gayee aanee kombadya kharedi kelya, aanee shaharbhar vikri kelee jaanari konatihi atirikt rakkam. tyaa kombadyanche vanshaj ajunahi yaa bhagat firatat.
tumpa aanee spanish gruhyuddha.
1936-1939 chya spanish yadavi yuddhadarmyan, "noow pasaran!"kyuba libre" chya karanane 40 varshanpurvi jevadhe kele hote, tevadhech urjavan yabor shahar. general francochya netrutvakhalil facist uthavaviruddhachya ladhait spainchya lokshahi paddhatine nivadoon aalelya sarkarla samudayane prachand pathimba deela aanee anek rahivashanni tyanchya pagarachya 10 takke aanee tanbhar june kapade prajasattakasathi daan kele. yuddhadarmyan yabor shaharat united statesmadhil aahet kramankachi sarvat mothee republican samarthak spanish bhashik loksankhya hotee. eka sigar kamgarane prajasattakanchi ghoshana firavali, "nahee pasaran!"(teey jaanar naheet!), eka gaane jeey tumpa aanee spain yaa donhi deshantil melyanmadhye gayale gele. tampamadhye prajasattakansathi kiman done dozen svayamsevakanchi bharati karnyat aalee. linken bataliyanche bahutek spanish bhashik sadasya, yabor shaharatoon kinwa newyork shaharatoon aale hote. tumpa svayamsevakanpaiki eka trutiyanshahun adhik cuban hote aanee antonio guiterraschya netrutvakhalil companyche sadasya banale.
1939 madhye francochya sainyane vijay midavala ashee batami yabor shaharatil dhakkadayak batami hotee. tivra samarthan asalelya karyachya apayshabaddalchya nirashevyatirikt, yuddhachya samaptine yabor shaharatil spanish rahivasi aanee spainmadhil tyanchi bahutek prajasattak kutumbe yanchyatil anek sambandh todale. kahee prakarananmadhye, ektar yuddhadarmyan kinwa francochya yuddhanantarchya rajkiy virodhkanchya shuddhisathi tyanche natevaik marle gele hote. itar prakarananmadhye, francoche kadak niyantran aanee dusare mahayuddha yenyane sanvad sadhane katheen kinwa ashakya jhaale. donhi babatit, yabor shaharatil rahivashanchya aahet pidhiche vay vadhalyane qamee hott asalelya matrubhoomishi asalele sambandh aanakhi kamkuvat jhaale.
aahet mahayuddhanantar.
aahet mahayuddhanantar, 1930 chya dashakachya suruvatila suru jhalelya shejarchya haloohaloo ghasaranila gatee midali, kaaran sevetoon gharee prashasanane diggajanna qamee aarthik sandhee aanee sudharanechya qamee shakyata asalela parisar sapadala, jyamule anekanna yabor shaharabaher sthalantar karave lagale. tyaa prakriyet anek ghatakanchi bhoomika hotee.
eka mhanje, sigaretchi jagbharatil magani mandipurvichya patalivar parat aaleli navhati aanee 1930 chya dashakat bund jhalele anek karkhane bund aanee rikame rahile. 1945 paryant, 1935 chya tulanet tampamadhil sigar udhyogane nimmyahoon qamee kamgaranna rojgar deela, jevha nairashyane aadhich 1929 chya shikhar patalivarun kamgaranchi sankhya qamee kelee hotee.
tampachya utpadakanni yantrikaranakade jawaljawal sarvatrik badal ghadavun aanalyamule sigar udhyogatil itarnchey praman aanee gunavatta qamee hotach raheel. hatane gundallelya paramparik sigaranchya jaagi yantranirmit prakarchya sigar companyanna qamee kamgaranna kamavar thevanyas aanee tyanna qamee vetan denyas parvanagi midali. amerikechya yuddhottar bharbharatadarmyan magani zapatyane vikrami patalivar pohochali, tarihi adhik karyaksham yantranmule yabor shaharachya karkhanyanmadhye kaam kaam kamgaranchi sankhya qamee hott rahili. toparyant, nauvahan aanee paryatan yasarkhya itar udhyoganni tampachya arthvyavasthela chalana dilee hotee. tathapi, yabor shaharatil sigar utpadanachi jaaga thodyasha naveen upkramanni ghetali hotee aanee nokri nokri anekada rojgarasathi itaratra shodhave lagat asey.
aahet mahayuddhanantar yabor shaharatil aanakhi eka samasya mhanje tyaa bhagatil gharanchya sathyache vruddhatva. mandee aanee yuddhadarmyan naveen bandhkam thambale hote aanee 1900 chya aaspas shejarchya vegwan vadhichya yugat bandhaleli hajaro ghare ajunahi vaparat hotee. yaa junya lakadi sanrachana modkalis yet hotya aanee tyamule prashasanane majee sainikansarkhya pahilyandach ghar kharedi kharedi tyaa visheshtah aakarshak navhatya, jyancha paschim tumpa kinwa tampachya bharbharatichya upnagarankade valanyacha cull hota.
nivrutt prashasanane prashasanane pashuvaidhyanna atishay anukool darane naveen gharanvar gahan thevanyache karj deuun yaa pravruttila protsahan dile. yabor shaharat naveen bandhkamasathi kahee naveen ghare kinwa rikame loat upalabdh asalyane, jyanna vah karj havey hote asha majee sainikannahi anyatra kharedi karnyasathi dhakalanyat aale.
shevati, jee.aay. bilmule yabor shaharat janmalelya anek diggajanna mahavidhyalayin shikshan ghene aanee aanee sthanik sigar udyogabaher karkird suru karane shakya jhaale. yapaiki barech jann shaala sampalyanantar akheris tampamadhye parat sthayik jhaale, tarr kahee lokanna tyanchya junya parisarat yogya rojgar miloo shakala aanee sthalantaritahi jhaale. yaa serve karananmule, 1885 madhye vicente martinez-yaborne pahilyanda zudupanchi jameen saaf kelyanantar mothya sankhyene haah parisar sodanari yabor shaharachi shaharachi mahayuddhachi pidhi pahili hotee.
shahari nutanikaran.
nutanikaran dashakachya uttaradhapasun uttaradhapasun dashakachya suruvatiparyantchya kalat yabor shaharachya itihasat done parasparvirodhi pravrutti disun aalya. shejarcha bhag maran pavala asatana, nick nyusio aanee dick grico heey tyache done mool mulge, tampache mahapour mhanoon kaam karnare pahile 'lattin' banale. haah navyane aadhalalela rajkiy prabhav asoonahi, yabor shahar thapp jhaale aanee ghatale. tyachya sigar udhyogane kamgaranche ektrikaran, yantrikikaran aanee kapat karane suru thevalyamule, tyachi loksankhya satatyane tampachya itar bhaganmadhye (visheshtah west tumpa) kinwa purnapane tumpa kshetrabaher gelee.
1960 chya dashkatil federal shahari nutanikaran karyakramamule paryatakanna "tampachya lattin quarter" (nyu orlinsmadhil french quarterla manyata) aakarshit karnyasathi tayar kelelya naveen nivassthane aanee vyavsayansah yabor shaharala punarujjivit karane apekshit hote. junie ghare, vyavasay aanee sigar karkhane yanche sampoorn gut uddhvast jhalyamule urvarit hajaro rahivashanna sthalantar karnyas bhag padale gele. matra, nidhi aanee rajkiy ichchhashaktichya abhavamule, badaliche bandhkam kadhich jhaale nahee aanee junya imaratinchya jaagi rikamya jaaga taknyat aalya.
aanakhi eka dhakka mhanje aantarrajya 4 chey bandhkam, jeey purv-paschimela shejarchya andaje madhyabhagatun kapoon takte. aanakhi ghare aanee itar sanrachana padnyavyatirikt, mahamargamule yaa bhagatil bahutek uttar-dakshin marg bund padale.
kyuba bandee.
1960 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant yabor shaharacha sigar udyog anek varshanpasun qamee hott hota, parantu sarvat gambhir dhakka februwari 1962 madhye basala, jevha fidel castroche cuban sarkar aanee united states yanchyatil vadhatya tanavamule tambakhusah kyubamadhun rahdarit serve aayativar bandee ghalanyat aalee. bhagat kalapasoon bahutansh tampa sigar banavanyasathi vaparlya vaparlya "havanah saaf" tambakhuchya panancha puravatha achanak sampushtat aalyane, anek sigar utpadan karye bund jhaali, jyamule yabor shaharachya arthvyavasthela aanakhi nuksan jhaale aanee adhik rahivashanna parisar sodanyas pravrutt kele. eka yug sampushtat aale hote aanee parisar haah rikame sigar karkhane, rikame dukan aanee nirjan padapathancha sangrah banala hota.
paraspar sahayya sansthanchi ghat.
1950 aanee 1960 chya dashakat yabor shahar rikame jhalyamule aanee sthalantaritanchya pahilya pidhyanchya nidhanane, yabor shaharachya paraspar sahayyak sansthanmadhil sadasyatva qamee jhaale aanee tyanusar clubche prastav aanee suvidha qamee jhalya. jhalya shatkaparyant, bahutanshi qamee sadasya kinwa seva asalele sangrahit prakalp mhanoon bahutansh tikoon aahet.
aahet mahayuddhapurvi german-american club germanvirodhi bhavnanmule bund jhaala. tyachi imarat anek dashake young mains hibru associationdware vaparali jaat hotee aanee tyanantar 1990 chya dashakachya uttaradhat shahar karyalayasathi tampa shaharane tee vikat ghetali aanee punarnirmit kelee. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat ell centro espenolne bahutansh kaame bund kelee. anek varshe rikt rahilyanantar, tyachi imarat 7 vya pavlavar aahe. teey punarsanchayit karnyat aale aanee aata teey centro yabor shopping/karamanook sankulacha bhag aahe aanee paschim tampamadhil tyachya shakha klabahausache anshatah punarsanchayit karoon hillsboro education foundation ubharanyat aale. marty-massio clubche mool ghar 1965 madhye shahari nutanikaranadware padnyat aale (tyachya sadasyanni tyala 'shahari kadhoon takane' mhanoon sambodhale) aanee club aata 7 vya avenuvaril purvichya agnishamakgruhat thevanyat aala aahe.
urvarit sanghanni tyanche fayade mothya pramanat qamee kele aahet aanee tyanchi bahutansh sansadhane tyancha itihas aanee imarati jatan karnyavar kendrit kelee aahet. clubchi thakbaki, vividh nidhi ubharani, tyanchya ballroom aanee chitrapatgruhanvaril bhade shulk aanee sanrakshn anudan vaparoon cuban club, centro esturiano aanee italian clubchya imarati kiman anshatah punarsanchayit kelya gelya aahet.
rikamya jaaga, rikamya yojana.
sthanik sigar udyog kosalalyane aanee 1960 chya dashakachya uttaradhat federal punarvikas nidhi sukalyamule, sthanik netyanna aitihasik yabor shaharachya parisarala punarujjivit karnyache marg shodhanyasathi sangharsh karava lagla. rikt jameen aanee imaratinche shahari nivassthane, kharedichi kshetre kinwa paryatan aakarshananmadhye rupantar karnyacha anek prastav mandanyat aala. udaharanarth, mahapour dick grico yanni kalve khodanyachi aanee gondola aayat karanyachi soochana kelee, jenekarun italitil venisache anukaran karnare aakarshan nirman hoil. dusari kalpana mhanje shejarchya madhyabhagache madhyayugeen 'tatbandi asalelya shaharat' vedhalelya 'junya spain'-sankalpanetil aakarshanachya swarupat rupantar karanyachi aanee 'raktaheen' bailanchya ladhyache vaishishtya asaleli 1967 chee yojana. aayojakanni pradarshan bail ladhai aayojit kelee, parantu bail paloon gela aanee tyala eka sherifchya pratinidhine uchch-shaktichya raifalne thaar marave lagale. theem parkcha prastav bailasah maran pavala. paishachya kamataratemule aanee lokpriy pathimbyamule, yapaiki konatyahi kalpana niyojanachya tappyanhun pudhe gelya naheet.
1970 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, 7 vya avenyuchya aaspaschya yabor shaharachya purvichya gajbajalelya vyavsayik kendramadhye phaar qamee vyavasay aanee rahivasi rahile, visheshtah shejarchya uttarekadil bhagatil kolambiya restaurant (aata vhee. mhanoon olakhale jaate.emm. vibor), jeey aay-4 neey vegale kele hote, ajunahi tyanchi loksankhya lakshaniy hotee, parantu eka spasht jansankhyikiy badal jhaala hota. haah parisar pramukhyane madhyamvargiy latino shejaryapasun mukhyatve garib aanee african american kamgar asalelya parisarat badalala. shahari nutanikaranane uttarekadil yabor shaharala sparsh keela navhata aanee bahusankhya rahivasi 1900 chya dashakachya suruvatila naveen sthalantaritansathi bandhanyat aalelya sadalelya chhotya gharanmadhye rahat hote.
punarvikas.
1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, manoranjak aanee swast studio nivassthananchya shodhat asalelya kalakaranchya oghane 7 vya margavaril lamb rikamya dukananchya samoril bhaganche studio aanee gallerychya jaaget rupantar karnyas suruvat kelee, jyamule vyavsayik saumyatecha kaal suru jhaala.
1990 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, 7 vya margavaril hyach junya vitanchya anek imarati baar, restaurants, nite club aanee itar nite life aakarshananmadhye rupantarit jhalya hotya. junya shejarcha kahee bhag ratrichya velee, visheshtah aathvadyachya shevati, utsav hoiparyant gardi vadhali. shaharane parking garrage bandhale aanee 7 vee ev bund kelee. abhyagatanchya vadhila samore jaanyasathi rahdari.
sakaratmak pailu asoonahi, kahee rahivasi aanee nete yaa utsavat aanee rahdarit rahdarit vyatyayabaddal chintet padale. 2000 salapasoon, tumpa shaharane vikasavar vyapak bharr denyas protsahan dile aahe. purvichya centro espanoal samajik klabmadhye eka kutumb-kendrit kharedi sankul aanee chitrapatgruh (centro yabor) ughadale gele aahe. rikamya jaganvar naveen sadnika, condominium aanee hottel bandhanyat aale aahet, tasech aata punarsthapit imaratinvar nivassthane aanee hotels aahet. 2009 madhye, aay. keey. eae. aii. neey selman drutagati margachya agadi uttares uttares rastyavar floridache sarvat mothe aay. keey. eae. aii. dukan ughadale. anek varshant prathamach lock ekada vibrant asalelya 7 vya avenyuchya aaspaschya bhagat parat jaat hote.
punarprapticha aitihasik yabor shaharachya vegvegalya bhaganvar samaan pramanat kinwa samaan darane parinam jhalela nahee. 1990 chya dashakat aantarrajyiy 4 chya dakshinekadil ekekali sodoon dilelya vyavsayik jilhyacha, aay-4 chya uttares aanee 22 vya shatkachya poorves asalelya loksankhyechya bhagancha, khoop punarvikas jhaala. kele nahee. aarthik vikasala chalana denyasathi anek varshe sarvajanik aanee khajgi prayatna karoonahi, shahari kshay aanee uchch garibi yaa bhagat bhagat kalapasoon vyapak aahe, anek rahivasi ajunahi jawaljawal eka shatkapurvi bandhalelya purvichya sigar kamgaranchya gharanmadhye rahatat.
2000 teey 2009 yaa kalat, saumyikaran aanee punarvikas haloohaloo sadhyachya v. paryant pasaru lagla.emm. yabor shaharacha aitihasik jilha yabor shaharachya uttar aanee paschimela aahe. yaa kalat yaa bhagatil garibeecha darr 40 takkyanhun qamee houn sumare 13 takke jhaala.
bahutek tumpa sigar karkhane lakadapasoon banavalele hote aanee 2018 paryant, asha keval done sanrachana shillak rahilyah olive karkhana, purnapane nutanikaran karoon sadanikanmadhye rupantarit kelela aanee salvador rodrigues company. 22 vya. ess. palmeto samudrakinara parisarat, aata eka karyalayin imarat aahe.
sthanik sangrahalay heey 9 vya avenuvaril purvichya ferlita bekari imaratitil (moolatah laa joven francesca) yabor shahar sangrahalay rajya udyan aahe. baganchi sahal aanee 'casitas' (sigar companychya kamgaranchi chhoti ghare) renjardware puravali jaatat. pradarshane, kalavadhitil chhayachitre aanee video yabor shaharachi sthapana aanee sigar nirmiti udhyogacha samavesh karatat.
julai 2018 madhye tumpa beey rene yabor shaharat tyanche naveen stadium bandhanyachya tyanchya yojanechi ghoshana kelee. december 2018 madhye sanghane jaheer kele qee yabor shaharache sthan aata vyavharya rahilele nahee.
2023 paryant, yabor shahar, jeey. madhye eka sigar karkhana ajunahi karyarat hota. see. neuman sigar company, jee 1954 madhye ohayohoon tampala gelee aanee purvicha regensberg sigar karkhana tabyat ghetala. 1930 chya dashakapasun company kahee pracheen, hatane hatane aareko aanee american machine aanee foundry sigar banavanyachya machinecha vapar karat hotee.

