sambandhvad

jodanivad (swatah edward thorandikene 1930 chya dashakat tayar kelela shabd) heey anek 'lahari' asalelya manvi mansik prakriyanchya abhyasachya drushtikonache naav aahe. pahila 1950 chya dashakat, aupcharik aanee ganiteey drushtikonatun majjatantu circuitary samajoon ghenyavar laksh kendrit varnan warren sturges mcculloach aanee walter pits aanee 1958 madhye 'daad perceptronh aii probabilistic model phaur information storage andd organization inn daad brain' heey pustak prakashit varnan phrank rosenblatt yanni cornell aeronautical laboratorymadhye kaam kartana, 'psychological review' madhye, pahila disala.
marvin minsky aanee peppert yanni lihilelya mool perceptron kalpanechya maryadanvishayichya 1969 chya pustakane pahili laat sampali, jyane americetil pramukh nidhi sansthanna jodanivadi sanshodhanat guntavanuk karnyapasoon paravrutt karnyat yogdan dile. kahee lakshaniy vichalanansah, bahutek jodanivadi sanshodhan 1980 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant nishkriyatechya kalat dakhal jhaale.
james ell. yanni samantar vitarit prakriyebaddal lihilelya 1987 chya pustakanantar 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat dusari laat suru jhaali. mcclelland, david eae. rumelhart aanee itar., jyane input aanee output unitschya sobat madhyavarti processor (aata 'lapalele thurr' mhanoon olakhale jaanare) aanee junya 'aul-aur-nuthing' functionaivaji sigmoid sakriyan functionsarkhya sadhya perceptron kalpanet kahee sudharana kelya. tyanchya karyane, tyaa badalyat, johnn hopfieldver aadhar ghetala aahe, joou sigmoid sakriyan karyanchya ganiteey vaishishtyancha tapas karnara eka pramukh vyakti hota. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun 1990 chya dashakachya madhyaparyant, jevha snider, terrence horgan aanee tienson yanni manasshastra aanee gofaimadhye jodanivad haah moolbhut badal darshavato qaa assa prashna upasthit keela tevha jodanivadane jawaljawal krantikari suur ghetala. hota laharichya jodanivadi drushtikonachya kahee fayadhyanmadhye karyanchya vistrut shrenisathi tyachi upayuktata, jaivik neuronsasathi sanrachanatmak andaj, janmajat sanrachanesathi qamee aavashyakta aanee aakarshak aakarshak kshamata yancha samavesh hota. hota laharichya jodanivadi drushtikonachya kahee tota mhanje enus mahitivar kashee prakriya karate heey samajoon ghenyat adchan, kinwa mansik pratinidhitvanchya rachanecha hishob aanee parinami uchch staravar ghatana spasht karnyat adchan.
sadhyachya sadhyachya latet sakhol shikshanatil pragati lakshaniy aahe jyamule mothya bhashechya pratimanchi nirmiti houu shakate. gelya dashkatil sakhol shikshan jaalyanchya yashamule yaa drushtikonachi lokpriyata mothya pramanat vadhali aahe, parantu asha jaalyanchi jatilata aanee praman yamule tyanchyabarobar vyakhyatmakatechya samasya vadhalya aahet. 
moolbhut tattva.
madhyavarti jodani tattva asey aahe qee mansik ghatananche varnan sadhya aanee anekada eksaman ekkanchya ekmekanshi jodalelya jaalyandvare kele jaau shakate. jodaniche swaroop aanee ekake modelnusar badaloo shakatat. udaharanarth, jaalyatil ekak neuronsche pratinidhitva karoo shakatat aanee manvi mendupramane jodanya synapsche pratinidhitva karoo shakatat. heey tattva gofai aanee pratikatmak gananevar aadharit manachya shastriy siddhantanna paryay mhanoon pahile gele aahe, parantu donhi drushtikon kitee pramanat susangat aahet haah tyanchya sthapanepasun barach vadacha vishay aahe.
sakriy karya.
feedforward networkchya babatit neuronschya pudhil tharala kinwa punaravrutti networkchya babatit mageel tharala sanket sanket neuronsamule konatyahi networkchya antargat sthitee kalantarane badaltat. naun-linier sakriyan karyanchya shodhamule jodanichi dusari laat saksham jhaali aahe.
smaran aanee shikshan.
majjatantu jaale done moolbhut tattvanche palan karateh
modelmadhil bahutek vividhata khalilpramane aaheh
jaivik vastavad.
sarvasadharanpane jodaniche kaam jaivikdrushtya vastavadi asanyachi garaj nahee. eka kshetra jethe jodanivadi namune jaivikdrushtya avishvasaniy manale jaatat teey mhanje truti-prasar jaalyanchya sandarbhat jeey shikanyas samarthan denyasathi aavashyak aahet, parantu truti prasaramule prasaramule aanee pii 600 sarkhya ghatana-sambandhit sambhavyatemadhye talhuvar talhuvar kahee jaivik-nirmit vidyut kriyakalapanche spashtikaran miloo shakate aanee heey jodanivadi shikshan prakriyechya pramukh gruhitakanpaiki ekachya kahee jaivik samarthan pradan karate. anek varanvar jodanivadi modelsmadhye gatishil pranali siddhant dekhil samavisht keela jaato. jodanivadi paul smolensky yanchyasarkhya anek sanshodhakanni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee jodanivadi model purnapane nirantar, uchch-aayami, gair-rekheey, gatishil pranali drushtikonanchya dishene vikasit hotil. 
purvavarti.
villium jemsasarkhya manasshastratil suruvatichya karyat jodani tattvanche purvgami shodhale jaau shakatat. manvi mendubaddalachya dnyanavar aadharit manasshastriy siddhant 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhat prachalit hote. 1869 salapasoon, neurologist johnn hugglings jackson yanni bahu-stariy, vitarit pranalinsathi yuktivad keela. yaa aaghadichya pathopath, herbert spensorchi 'manasshastrachi tattve', tisari aavrutti (1872) aanee sigmund friedcha 'vaidnyanik manasshastrasathicha prakalp' (1895 madhye tayar kelela) yanni jodanivadi kinwa aadya-jodanivadi siddhant mandale. heey anumanatmak siddhant hote. parantu 20 vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, edward thorandike heey eka jodanivadi prakarche jaale tayar karnare shikshan ghenyavar prayog karat hote. 
1920 madhye sadar kelelya eka peparmadhye friedrich heyekne swatantrapane hebian synapse shikshan modelchi kalpana kelee aanee hebian cinepschya jaalyane tayar kelele jaagtik mendu siddhant mhanoon teey model vikasit kele, jeey nakashe aanee smrutee jaalyachya mothya pranalinmadhye tayar hote. phrank rosenblatt yanni tyanchya perceptron peparmadhye hayekchya yashasvi karyacha ullekh keela aahe.
pahili laat.
pahili laat 1950 chya dashakat warren sturges mcculloach aanee walter yaa doghanni aupcharik aanee ganiteey drushtikonatun majjatantu circuitary samajoon ghenyavar laksh kendrit kele aanee 1958 madhye 'daad perceptronh aii probabilistic model phaur information storage andd organization inn daad brain' heey pustak prakashit karnare phrank rosenblatt yanni cornell aeronautical laboratorymadhye kaam kartana 'psychological review' madhye prakashit kele. mccullock aanee pits yanni majjasanstha pratham shrenichya tarkshastrachi amalbajavani kashee karoo shakatat heey dakhavun dileh tyancha abhijat pepper "majjasansthetil kriyakalapanmadhye kayamswarupi kalpananche tarkik ganan" (1943) yethe yaa vikasat mahattvache aahe. 1930 chya dashkatil nicolaus rashevskichya mahattvachya kamacha tyanchyavar prabhav hota. hebbane majjatantuchya karyapranalibaddalachya andajanmadhye mothe yogdan dile aanee hebbian shikshan heey shikanyache tattva prastavit kele, jeey aajahi vaparale jaate. anek varshanchya jakhamechya prayoganmadhye sthanik engramsarkhe kahihi shodhanyat apayashi tharalyamule lashleyne vitarit pratinidhitvasathi yuktivad keela. 1960 chya dashakat bhashashastradnya sidney lamb yanni vikasit keleli sambandhatmak jaale rachana haah jodanivadi pratikruticha aanakhi eka prakar hota. 
dusari laat.
james ell. yanni samantar vitarit prakriyebaddal lihilelya 1987 chya pustakanantar 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat dusari laat suru jhaali. mcclelland, david eae. rumelhart aanee itar., jyane sopya perceptron kalpanet kahee sudharana kelya aahet, jase qee input aanee output unitschya sobat madhyavarti processor (aata 'lapalele thurr' mhanoon olakhale jaatat) aanee junya 'aul-aur-nuthing' functionaivaji sigmoid sakriyan functioncha vapar karane. tyanchya karyat, tyaa badalyat, johnn hopfieldver bharr padali aahe, joou sigmoid sakriyan karyanchya ganiteey vaishishtyancha tapas karnara eka pramukh vyakti hota. jaree 'jodanivad' haah shabd vaparla gela nasla taree, pii. dii. pii. chaa vikas ghadavun aananare barech sanshodhan 1970 chya dashakat karnyat aale. pahila sakhol shikshan emm. ell. pii. alexey grigorevich ivakhnenko aanee valentin lapane 1965 madhye yuu. ess. ess. (ukrainean soviet samajvadi prajasattak) madhye deta hatalanichi gut paddhat mhanoon prakashit keela hota. hii paddhat pratigaman vishleshanavar aadharit star prashikshanadvare vadhiv thurr vaparte, jithe lapalelya tharanmadhil nirupayogi ekkanna pramanikaran sanchadvare chhatani kelee jaate. punaravrutti majjatantu jaalyancha (aar. aine. aine. ess.) itihas 1920 chya dashkaparyant mage jaato. wilheim lenz (1920) aanee ernst icing (1925) yanni icing model tayar kele aanee tyache vishleshan kele jeey moolatah neuronsarkhya threshold ghatakancha samavesh asalele eka naun-learning rnn aahe. 1972 madhye, shunichi amarine hii vastukala anukool kelee. yadruchchik pravan vanshadvare prashikshit kelele pahile sakhol shikshan emm. ell. pii. 1967 madhye shunaichi amari yanni prakashit kele. amarichya vidyarthi cytone kelelya sanganakeey prayoganmadhye, done badalnyayogya staransah paach thurr emm. ell. pii. neey naun-linearly sepperable pattern varganche vargikaran karnyasathi upayukt antargat pratinidhitva shikale.
sambandhvad viruddha. sanganakeey vadavivad.
1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat jodanivad adhikadhik lokpriy hott asatana, kahee sanshodhakanni (jairie fodder, steven pinker aanee itaransah) tyachya virodhat pratikriya dilee. tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee, jasjase pudhe jaat hote tasatase, sangankiyatechya shastriy drushtikonatun sandnyanatmak vidnyan aanee manasshastra yaa kshetrat hott asaleli pragati nasht karnyacha dhoka tyanni nirman keela. sangankiyavad haah sandnyanatmakatecha eka vishisht prakar aahe joou assa yuktivad karato qee mansik kriyakalap heey sanganakeey aahe, mhanje munn heey turing machinesarkhya chinhanvar purnapane aupcharik karye karoon karya karate. kahee sanshodhakanni assa yuktivad keela qee sambandhvadatil cull haah sanghavadakade valanyacha aanee vicharanchya bhashechya kalpanecha tyag karnyache pratinidhitva karato, jeey tyanna chukiche vatale. yaulat, tyaa pravruttinnich itar sanshodhkansathi jodanivad aakarshak banavala.
jodanivad aanee sangankiyavad yanchyat matbhed asanyachi garaj nahee, parantu 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatila jhalelya vadavivadamule donhi drushtikonanmadhye virodh jhaala. yaa sampoorn vadavivadadarmyan, kahee sanshodhakanni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee yaa muddyavar purn ekmat jhaale nasale taree, jodanivad aanee sangankiyavad purnapane susangat aahet. done paddhatinmadhil farkanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
heey farak asoonahi, kahee siddhantkaranni assa prastav mandala aahe qee jodanivadi rachana hii keval sendriya mendudware chinh-hatalani pranalichi amalbajavani karanyachi paddhat aahe. heey tarkikdrushtya shakya aahe, kaaran heey sarvashrut aahe qee jodanivadi models sanganakeey modelsmadhye vaparlya jaanarya prakarchya chinh-hatalani pranali amalat aanoo shakatat, kaaran jarr tyanna chinh-hatalani karye karanyachi manvi kshamata spasht karayachi asel tarr teey kharokhar saksham asane aavashyak aahe. chinh-hatalani aanee jodanivadi rachana yaa donhicha samavesh karnare anek sandnyanatmak namune prastavit kele gele aahet. tyapaiki paul smolenskychi ekatmik jodanivadi/pratikatmak sandnyanatmak rachana (aay. see. ess.) aahe. aanee ronn sanacha clarian (sandnyanatmak vastukala). parantu haah chinhacha vapar sarvasadharanpane aakalanshakticha paya aahe qee nahee yavar vadavivad aahe, mhanoon heey sanganakiyateche sambhavya samarthan nahee. tathapi, udaharanarth, sanganakeey varnane tarkshastrachya aakalanshaktiche uchch-stariy varnan upayukt asoo shakatat.
yaa prakarchya tarkamadhye aadhalanari vakyarachana rachana jodanivadi jaale tayar karoo shakate qee nahee yabaddalacha vaad mukhyatve tarkik yuktivadanvar kendrit hota. jodanivadi pratimanmadhye pramanitpane gruheet dharalelya kshamatechya baher jalad-badalnyayogya bandhan kshamata vaparoon heey nantar sadhya kele gele.
sanganakeey varnananchya aavahanacha eka bhag mhanje tyancha arth lavane tulanene sope aahe aanee tyamule vishisht mansik prakriyambaddalachya aaplya samajutimadhye yogdan mhanoon pahile jaau shakate, tarr jodanivadi models sarvasadharanpane adhik apardarshak asatat, tyaa maryadeparyant qee tyanche varnan keval agadi samanya shabdat kele jaau shakate (jase qee shikshan algoridam, ekkanchi sankhya ii. nirdisht karane).), kinwa nirupyogipane khalchya patalichya drushtine. yaa arthane, jodanivadi pratikruti twarit siddha karoo shakatat aanee tyadvare aakalanshaktichya vyapak siddhantasathi purava puravu shakatat (i.eae., jodanivad), jyaa vishisht prakriyeche pratirupan kele jaat aahe tyachya upayukt siddhantache pratinidhitva naan karata. yaa arthane, vishisht siddhant jyaa staravar tayar kele jaatat tyaa vishleshanachya patalitil keval farak pratibimbit karnara haah vadavivad kahee pramanat manla jaau shakato. kahee sanshodhak asey suchavatat qee vishleshanatil antar heey sanganakeey drushtine varnan karnyayogya asalelya udayonmukh ghatananna janm janm jodanivadi yantranecha parinam aahe.
2000 chya dashakat, manachya tattvadnyanatil gatishil pranalinchya lokpriyatemule vadavivadavar eka naveen drushtikon jodala gela aahe; kahee lekhak aata assa yuktivad karatat qee jodanivad aanee sangankiyavad yanchyatil konatehi vibhajan heey sangankiyavad aanee gatishil pranalinmadhil vibhajan mhanoon adhik nirnayakpane darshavile jaate.
2014 madhye, elex graves aanee deep mindmadhil itaranni, tepavareel chinhe vachanyas aanee smrutimadhye chinhe sathavanyas saksham asalelya neural turing machine navachya naveen khol neural network sanrachaneche varnan varnan kagadpatranchi malika prakashit kelee. deepmindne prakashit kelele aanakhi eka sakhol jaale module, relational networks, objectsarkhi pratinidhye tayar karnyas aanee guntaguntichya prashnanchi uttare denyasathi tyanna hatalanyas saksham aahet. sambandhatmak jaale aanee majjatantu turing machines heey aanakhi purave aahet qee jodanivad aanee sangankiyavad yanchyat matbhed asanyachi garaj nahee.
pratikatmakata viruddha. sambandhvadavaril vaad.
smolenskichya up-pratikatmak pratimanala aadhunik sambandhvadatil aakalanshaktichya vishvasarh siddhantasathi shastriy prateek siddhantane tayar kelelya fodder-pilician aavhanachi purtata karavi lagate. sandnyanatmakatecha puresa paryayi siddhant honyasathi, smolenskichya up-pratikatmak pratimanala sandnyanatmak prakriya mansik pratinidhitvanchya shastriy ghatak sanrachanesathi karanastav sanvedanshil aahet yaa gruhitkashivay bhasha sandnyanatil paddhatshirpana kinwa paddhatshir sambandhanche astitva spasht karave lagel. asha prakare, up-pratikatmak pratiman kinwa sarvasadharanpane jodanivadala, shastriy sandnyanatmak sanrachanechya keval amalbajavanivar avalambun naan rahata paddhatshirpana aanee rachnashilateche astitva spasht karave lagel. heey aavhan eka duvidha soochit karateh jarr up-pratikatmak pratiman mansik pratinidhitvanchi paddhatshirata aanee rachnakshamtemadhye kahihi yogdan deu shakat nasel, tarr sandnyanatmakatechya paryayi siddhantasathi aadhar mhanoon teey apurate tharel. tathapi, jarr up-pratikatmak pratimanane paddhatshiratemadhye dilelya yogdanachi aavashyakta mansik pratinidhitvanchya shastriy ghatak sanrachanet aadharit mansik prakriyanchi asel, tarr tyacha vikasit honara aaklan siddhant, sarvottam, prateek siddhantachya shastriy pratikrutichi amalbajavani rachana asel aanee tyamule aakalanshakticha kharaa paryayi (jodanara) siddhant nasel. pratikatmakatechya shastriy pratimeche vaishishtya mhanje (1) mansik pratinidhitvanche sanyukt vakyarachana aanee shabdarth aanee (2) mansik karye hii rachana-sanvedanshil prakriya mhanoon, mansik pratinidhitvanchya vakyarachana aanee shabdarth ghatak sanrachanechya moolbhut tattvavar aadharit aahet, jee foderchya 'vicharanchi bhasha (lott)' madhye vaparali jaate. yacha vapar manvi aakalanshaktichya khaleel jawalun sambandhit gunadharmanche spashtikaran denyasathi keela jaau shakato, mhanje tyachi (1) utpadakta, (2) paddhatshirata, (3) rachnakshamta aanee (4) anumanatmak susangatata.
aadhunik jodanivadamadhye heey aavhan keval smolenskichya "ekatmik jodanivadi/pratikatmak (aay. see. ess.) sandnyanatmak sanrachanedvare" navhe tarr verning aanee meichya "ausilatory networkdware" dekhil pelale gele aahe. yache vihangavalokan udaharanarth bechtel aanee abrahamsen, marcus aanee morror yanni dile aahe.

