united statesmadhil naun point soars jaal pradushan niyam

naun point soars (aine. pii. ess.) jaal pradushan niyam heey paryavaraniy niyam aahet jeey nadichya panlot kshetrantil krishi kshetratun dooshit honara pravah kinwa samudrat vahanara vahanara nighanara kachara yasarkhya pasarlelya kinwa naun point sandpanyachya strotanmadhun honare jaal pradushan pratibandhit kinwa maryadit karatat. americet, sarkaranni aine. pii. ess. sandpanyavar niyantran thevanyasathi anek kayadeshir aanee niyamak drushtikon sweekarle aahet. udaharanarth, adhobindu jaal pradushanachya strotanmadhye, bhoomigat sathavan takyanmadhun galatee, vadalachya panyacha ogh, vatavaranatil dooshit padarthanche sathavan aanee golph course, shetee aanee vanikaran pravah yancha samavesh hoto.
serve jaal pradushanachya jawaljawal nimmya bhagasathi jababdar asalele, aaa-bindu srot heey united statesmadhil jaal pradushanache sarvat mahattvache ekmev srot aahet aanee krishi pravah haah aaa-bindu srot jaal pradushanacha sarvat motha srot aahe. yaa jaal pradushanache manvi aarogya aanee paryavaranavar anek hanikarak parinam hotat. bindu srot pradushanachya ulat, nonpoint srot pradushan asankhya aanee vividh strotanmadhun udbhavate, jyamule olakh, dekhrekh aanee niyaman adhik jatil hote.
niyantran aanee niyamansathi aadhar.
aine. pii. ess. sandpanyatil pradushakanmule manvi aarogya aanee paryavaran yaa donhinvar honare nakaratmak pratyaksh aanee apratyaksh parinam haah aaa-bindu srot pradushan niyantranacha aadhar aahe.
manvi aarogya.
jevha pradushit paanee sharirat takale jaate tevha manvi aarogyavar sarvat jaast thet parinam hoto. aaa-bindu strot pradushanamadhye anekada panyat vishari dooshit padarth aanee rasayne asoo shakatat. yavyatirikt, panyat jivanu aanee vishanu (urf pathogens) donhi aadhalu shakatat.
vishari dooshit padarth aanee rasayne.
aaa-bindu strotanmadhun strotanmadhun sandpanyat vishari dooshit padarth aanee rasayanik sanyuge, jyat shise, paaraa, jast aanee cademium yasarkhya judd dhatuncha samavesh aahe, polychlorinated biphenyl (pii. see. bii. ess.) aanee polycyclic sugandhit hydrocarbons (piech.) sarkhya sendriya padarthancha aanee vighatanas pratirodhak itar padarthancha samavesh asoo shakato. yapaiki anek vishari padarthanshi sambandhit anek aarogya parinam aahet.
rogjanke.
rogjanke heey jivanu aanee vishanu aahet jeey panyat aadhaltat aanee manavanmadhye rog nirman karatat. dooshit pravahat pravahat rogjankanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh asoo shakatoh
paryavaran.
anek strotanmadhun gaal aanee poshakdravye thet jalvyavasthet takalyamule kriyakalapanmule aaa-bindu strotachya pradushanamule paryavaranavar parinam hoto.
vishari dooshit padarth aanee rasayne.
motar teel, indhan aanee audhyogik suvidhancha kachara yasarkhi vishari rasayne aanee dooshit padarth vadalachya panyachya pravahadvare jalvyavasthet pravesh karoo shakatat. hii rasayne, jyapaiki anekanmadhye judd dhatoo asoo shakatat, tee jalvyavasthet pravesh karoo shakatat aanee panyat asalelya prajatinvar aachchadan ghaloo shakatat. yamule jalchar jivancha mrutyu houu shakato jyamule kshay hott asalelya pranyanpasun pranalitil poshak tattvanchya pramanat vaadh houu shakate.
gaal.
panyatil gaal kinwa nilambit gaal hii ashee maatee asate jee samanyatah panyachya stambhat nasate. jevha gaal panyachya stambhat latkavala jaato, tevha too talachya nivasi vanaspatinna aavashyak asalela suryaprakash avarodhit karato. jarr hii zaade, jyanna panyakhalil jalchar vanaspati mhanatat, tyaa mothya pramanat suryaprakashapasun vanchit rahilyas tyaa martil. hii vanaspati anek jalchar jivansathi tasech auxigen aanee galasathi annacha eka mahattvapoorn srot aahe. jevha jalchar parisansthet parisansthet vanaspatinchi sankhya jaast asate, tevha tyamule jalsrotat eutophic kinwa hypoxic paristhiti nirman houu shakate.
poshak tatve.
khatanmadhun milanare nitrogen aanee phosphorus hii aaa-bindu strot pradushanamule panyat aadhalanari prathamik poshakdravye aahet. yaa poshak tattvanchya pravahamule panyat utrofication houu shakate. jevha panyat poshak tatvanchi vaadh hote, tevha shaivalanchya vadhimadhye sphot hoto. shaiwal talawala zaku shakatat aanee suryaprakashala khalchya jivanparyant pohochanyapasun rokhu shakatat, samanyatah tyancha mrutyu karatat.
kayadeshir chaukat.
aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanache kahee pailu sanghiy, rajya aanee sthanik staravar niyantrit kele jaatat, parantu bindu strotanpeksha qamee pramanat. anek panlot kshetranmadhye pradushan kayam aahe aanee eka mahattvachi samasya aahe. aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan heey asankhya aanee vividh strotanmadhun yete aanee niyantran upayanchi amalbajavani karane mahagade aahe. aine. pii. ess. niyamanchya amalbajavanisathi samanyatah rajya aanee sthanik sarkare jababdar asatat. sthanikanmadhye samanvay sadhane katheen asoo shakate aanee yavyatirikt, sthanikanmadhye anekada aine. pii. ess. niyamanchi katekorpane amalbajavani karnyasathi protsahanacha abhav asato kaaran tyanche aine. pii. ess. pradushan nadichya khalchya bajula niryat kele jaate, jithe itar shahare aanee shaharanna parinamanna samore jaave lagate.
federal kayade.
aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanavar parinam karnare done pramukh sanghiy kayade aaheth swachchh jaal kayada aanee kinarpatti kshetra vyavasthapan kayada. yavyatirikt, eae. pii. aii. chya 'swachchh jaal krutee aarakhadyat' (2009) see. doubleu. aii. aavashyaktanchi amalbajavani karnyasathi eka dhoran aakhale aahe, jyapaiki kahee nonpoint strotanna lagoo hotat.
swachchh paanee kayada.
swachchh jaal kayada (see. doubleu. aii.) haah jaal pradushanacha thet samna karnyasathi tayar kelela pahila sanghiy kayada hota. see. doubleu. aii. madhye anek vela sudharana karnyat aalya aahet, parantu 1972 chya durustimule bindu srot jaal pradushanachya niyamanasathi moolbhut vaidhanik aadhar upalabdh hoto aanee rashtriy pradushak visarjan nirmulan pranali (aine. pii. dii. ess.) parwana karyakram tayar keela jaato. 1972 chya durusti hii pahilich ghatana hotee, jyat congressne kalam 208 antargat rajyanna kshetra-vyapi jaal gunavatta vyavasthapan yojana tayar karanyachi aavashyakta ghaloon aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanachi samasya manya kelee. congressne 1987 madhye see. doubleu. aii. madhye atirikt sudharana manjur kelya, jyaa aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanala sambodhit karatat. haah vibhag kalkramanusar aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanache niyaman qamee see. doubleu. aii. chya bhaganna sambodhit karel.
see. doubleu. aii. madhye aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanachi vyakhya karane.
aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanachi vyakhya arth lavnyasathi khulee aahe. tathapi, see. doubleu. aii. antargat federal niyam yaa sandnyesathi vishisht kayadeshir vyakhya pradan karatat. see. doubleu. aii. kalam 502 (14) madhye paribhashit kelyapramane 'bindu srot' nasalela jaal pradushanacha konatahi srot mhanoon 'nonpoint soars' chee vyakhya kelee jaate. tyaa vyakhyet asey mhatale aaheh 'bindu srot' yaa shabdacha arth konatahi spasht, maryadit aanee swatantra vahtook assa aahe, jyamadhye konatyahi pipe, khandak, kalwa, bogda, vahinya, vihir, swatantra vighatana, container, rolling stock, kendrit prani aahar operation kinwa jahaj kinwa itar tarangatya jahajancha samavesh aahe parantu itakech maryadit nahee, jyatoon pradushak sodale jaatat kinwa sodale jaau shakatat. yaa sandnyemadhye shetitil vadalachya panyacha visarg aanee sinchit shetitoon parat yenyacha pravah yancha samavesh nahee."
bindu srot pradushan aanee aine. pii. ess. pradushan yaat mahattvache farak aahet. bindu strotanpeksha anek adhik gair-bindu srot aahet aanee bindu strotanpeksha gair-bindu srot qamee swatantra kinwa bhinn aahet. shivay, nonpoint soars discharge nehmich sahajpane pahile jaat naheet aanee nonpoint pradushanache nirikshan karane mahag asoo shakate. aine. pii. ess. pradushan heey hawaman aanee bhaugolik paristhitinusar kaal aanee jaganusar badalate. heey ghatak bindu nasalelya pradushanache niyaman bindu strotanpeksha adhik katheen banavtat.
kalam 208.
kalam 208 haah aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanacha samna karnyacha congresscha pahila prayatna hota aanee tyane rajya aanee sthanik sarkaranna bhavishyatil kachara prakriya garja garja aanee aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan olakhoon tyavar niyantran niyantran vyavasthapan yojana tayar karnyache nirdesh dile. yaa vibhagat namood kele aahe qee konatyahi kshetravyapi vyavasthapan yojnemadhye "shetee aanee sylviculturalshy sambandhit pradushanache aaa-bindu srot" aanee "khat vilhewat kshetratun honara ogh aanee pashudhan aanee peak utpadanasathi vaparlya jaanarya jaminicha kassa shodh ghyava yavar charcha kelee pahije."kalam 208 hii aine. pii. ess. pradushan niyantrit karnyacha prayatna qamee rajya karyakramansathi eka federal nidhi yantrana aahe, parantu 1980 paryant tyacha alp nidhi purnapane vaparla gela. kalam 208 heey mothya pramanavar ayashasvi manale gele kaaran tyane aine. pii. ess. pradushan qamee karnyasathi pratyakshat farse kahee kele nahee. niyamak niyantrane aavashyak aahet qee nahee yacha abhyas karnyasathi rajyanna nirdesh denari eka aichchhik tartud tyanni tayar kelee. aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanache niyaman karayache qee nahee yababatche nirnay kayadyane rajyanvar sodale. manke vikasit karnyasathi kinwa tyanchi amalbajavani karnyasathi konatihi prakriya kinwa yantrana navhati.
kalam 319.
aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan niyantrit karnyat kalam 208 apayashi tharalyanantar, 1987 madhye congressne jaal gunavatta kayada manjur keela, jyamadhye adhimul strotanchya samasyeche nirakaran karnyasathi naveen kalam 319 samavisht hote. hii tartud, jee niyamakahi nahee, tee eae. pii. aii. laa pratyakshik karyakramanna nidhi puravanyasathi aanee rajya aanee sthanik sarkaranna tantrik sahayya puravanyasathi adhikrut karate. kahee tikakaranni assa yuktivad keela aahe qee kalam 319 kalam 208 peksha thodi sudharana pradan karate. yaa vibhagat rajyanni asha jalsrotanchi olakh karane aavashyak aahe jeey aaa-bindu strotanchya niyantranashivay panyachya gunvattechya manakanchi purtata karoo shakat naheet. tyanantar rajyanni amalbajavani yojnesah sarvottam vyavasthapan paddhati (bii. emm. pii.) aanee tyaa badhit strotansathi upayayojana olakhalya pahijet. eae. pii. aii. yaa yojananna manyata dete aanee jarr ekhade rajya yojana vikasit karnyat ayashasvi tharale tarr eae. pii. aii. neey rajyasathi tase karane aavashyak aahe. matra, yaa taratudinmadhye anek samasya aahet. yojana vikasit karnyasathi nidhichi kamatarata aahe. haah vibhag pratyakshat aine. pii. ess. pradushanavar maryada thevat nahee aanee rajyanni tayar kelelya yojananchi amalbajavani karnyachihi aavashyakta nahee. 319 (aanee 208) madheel aanakhi eka samasya mhanje 'naisargik sansadhan sanrakshn parishad wii.' madhye amalbajavani yantrana nahee. eae. pii. aii. (1990), navvya sarkitsathichya united states court auph appealsney asey mhatale qee "kalam 319 madhye rajyanna sarvottam vyavasthapan paddhati swikaranyat ayashasvi tharalelya nonpoint soars pradushakanna dand denyachi aavashyakta nahee; tyaeivaji asha paddhatincha avalamb karnyas protsahit karnyasathi anudan pradan karate."
kalam 404.
see. doubleu. aii. chya kalam 404 madhye yuu. ess. kadoon parwana ghene aavashyak aahe.ess. vishisht vilhewat lavnyachya thikani jalvahatukyogya panyat drej kelele paanee sodanyasathi aanee sahitya bharnyasathi abhiyantyanche lashkari dall."404 parvanagi prakriya varanvar panthal jaganche sanrakshn karnyasathi vaparali jaate, jee adhobindu pradushanachya niyantranasathi aavashyak aahet kaaran tee prushthbhagavaril panyachya pravahacha darr qamee karatat aanee talav aanee pravahanparyant pohochanyapurvi gaal aanee itar pradushak kadhoon taktat. yaa parvanagi prakriyemule panthal pradeshanmadhye aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan qamee houu shakate, tarr jameen vikasak paryayi thikani prakalp tayar karanyachi nivad karoo shakato aanee tarihi aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan mukt houu shakate.
ekoon kamal dainandin bhaar.
see. doubleu. aii. kalam 303 (dii) (1) (see) madhye rajyanni bindu srot pradushanasathi tantradnyan-aadharit manakancha vapar kelyanantar panyachya gunvattechya manakanchi purtata naan karnare jalashay olakhane aavashyak aahe. tyanantar rajyanni tyaa jalsrotansathi ekoon kamal dainandin bhaar (tii. emm. dii. ell.) sthapit karane aavashyak aahe jenekarun teey panyachya gunvattechya manakanche palan kartil. manke manjurisathi eae. pii. aii. kadey sadar kelee jaatat. tii. emm. dii. ell. bhaar vahanyachya "ekoon" pramanakade pahat asalyane, vyakhyenusar yaat nonpoint strotancha samavesh aahe, mhanoon jarr nonpoint strot panyachya bhagala bighadat asateel tarr tii. emm. dii. ell. laa tyaa nonpoint strotanna qamee karnyacha marg shodhava lagel. jaree panyacha eka bhag, bindu nasalelya strotanmule purnapane gunavatta manakanchi purtata karnyat ayashasvi tharala tarihi tii. emm. dii. ell. chee aavashyakta asate.
kendrit pashukhadyachi karye.
ekhadya vishisht thikanavaril pranyanchya sankhyenusar, kendrit pashukhadyache karya (cafey) lakshaniy pramanat khat tayar karoo shakatat. khat kadhoon takanyachi eka paddhat mhanje teey fertilisationsathy jaminivar lavane. tathapi, qamee kharchat khat vilhewat lavnyachya prayatnat, kahee caffonni jaminichya bhagat atirikt pramanat khat lavale aahe. tyanantar atirikt pramanat khat pavsamule prushthbhagachya panyat vahoon jaau shakate. hii pratha 'jalrakshak yutee' aanee itaranmadhye eka pramukh vaishishtya hotee. vhee. eae. pii. aii. (2005). yojanechya circuitsathi united states court auph appealsney tharavalelya tyaa prakaranachya aadhare, eae. pii. aii. neey tyacha 2008 chaa cafey niyam tayar keela. niyamat asey mhatale aahe qee see. doubleu. aii. visheshtah shetichya vadalachya panyachya pravahala bindu srot manalya jaanyapasun suut dete, parantu "waterkeeper" prakaranatil nyayalayachya nirnayachya aadhare, eae. pii. aii. jaast pramanat khatachya jaminichya vaparas bindu srot mhanoon pahoo shakate. sarvasadharanpane shetimadhye caffonmadhun caffonmadhun vadalachya panyacha pravah haah eka aaa-bindu srot asala taree caffonna aine. pii. dii. eae. parvanyachi aavashyakta asoo shakate.
swachchh jaal krutee yojana.
aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanavar parinam qamee done "swachchh jaal krutee yojana" federal federal deu kelya aahet. teey donhi karyakari aadesh aahet, kongreskadoon kayade naheet. pahila 1998 madhye adhyaksh biil clinton yanni jaaree keela hota. dusra, aanee alikadil dhoran obama prashasanane 2009 madhye jaaree kele hote. donhi yojananni aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanachya samasyevar todga kadhanyasathi nidhi aanee margadarshan pradan kele.
kinarpatti kshetra vyavasthapan kayada.
kinarpatti kshetra vyavasthapan kayada (see. zed. emm. aii.) 1972 madhye manjur karnyat aala aanee too deshachya kinarpattichya jamini aanee mothya talavanche vyavasthapan karato. 1990 madhye jevha congressne czdmala punha adhikrut kele, tevha tyanni nps jaal pradushanala kinarpattichya panyachya panyachya eka mahattvapoorn ghatak mhanoon olakhale. kinarpattichya bhagatil aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanacha samna karnyasathi, see. zed. emm. aii. madheel 1990 chya sudharananni kinarpatti kshetra vaadhee anudan (see. zed. eae. jee.) karyakram tayar keela. rajyanni tyanchya karyakramanchi mahitee vanijya sachiv aanee eae. pii. aii. prashasak yanchyakade sadar kelee pahije, jeey yojanela manjuri denyache prabhari aahet. see. doubleu. aii. chya kalam 319 antargat aanee ekoon kinarpatti kshetra vyavasthapan karyakramat badal karoon rajyanchya aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan yojanechya sanyogane hii yojana rabavali jaanar aahe. jarr ekhadya rajyane manyataprapt karyakram sadar keela nahee, tarr rajya czdma antargat aanee seadbluechya kalam 319 antargat pradan kelelya anudanachya rakmechi takkewari gamavoo shakate. vyavasthapan upayayojananvaril rashtriy margdarshak tattvanchya prakashanadvare rajyanna tyanchya aine. pii. ess. kinarpatti vyavasthapan yojana vikasit karnyasathi kahee margadarshan dekhil eae. pii. aii. karnar aahe. heey vyavasthapan upay naveen aanee vidyaman aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanasathi aarthikdrushtya sadhya karnyayogya asale pahijet aanee sadhyachya bii. emm. pii. dware sadhya karata yenyajogya jastit jaast pramanat pradushan qamee kele pahije.
rajya aanee sthanik kayade.
aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan niyam lagoo karanyachi prathamik jababdari rajyanchi aahe. czdma aanee cwa donhi rajyanna nps yojanancha masuda tayar karnyache aanee tyanchi amalbajavani karnyache nirdesh detat aanee sanghiy sarkar maryadit bhoomika bajavate. federal niyamanvaril mageel vibhagat namood kelyapramane, see. doubleu. aii. aanee see. zed. emm. aii. rajyanna aine. pii. ess. karyakram rabavanyasathi vittapuravatha karatat aanee tyaa aine. pii. ess. karyakramanni vividh rupe ghetali aahet. aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan qamee karnyasathi rajyachya bahutansh yojana bii. emm. pii. chya vikasasah shikshan aanee tantrik sahayyavar avalambun aahet. aine. pii. ess. niyamanat sthanik sarkaranchihi mahattvachi bhoomika aahe. sthanik nagarpalika, jalsandharan jilhe aanee jameen vyavasthapanachi jababdari asalelya itar sanstha aine. pii. ess. pradushan niyantrit karnyasathi niyojan, kshetra aanee tantrik aanee mahitipurn sahayya pradan karatat. aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan niyantrit karnyasathi rajya aanee sthanik sarkaranni ghetalelya drushtikonanchi ganana karane kadachit khoop jaast asale taree, kahee rajya drushtikonanche sarvekshan samanya aine. pii. ess. amalbajavani yojananvar antardrushti pradan karoo shakate.
indiana.
aine. pii. ess. pradushanacha samna karnyasathi indiana eka samanya drushtikon vaparte jyala panlot drushtikon mhanatat. panlot kshetrat "vadalatil paanee (aanee pradushak) eka vishisht pravahat, talavat, jalbhrut kinwa itar jalsanchayamadhye vahoon nenare ekoon bhaugolik kshetra samavisht asate."aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanacha samna karnyasathi jalvibhajak drushtikon serve sambandhit jalsrotanna tyanchya jalvibhajak sandarbhat sarvasambandhitpane sambodhit karnyacha prayatna karato aanee jalvibhajkatil pradushanachya serve sambhavya strotancha vichar dekhil karato.
see. doubleu. aii. chya kalam 303 (dii) antargat, jyaa dooshit panyachi tii. emm. dii. ell. chee aavashyakta asel, tyanchi yadee tayar karnyasathi, indiana paryavaran vyavasthapan vibhagachi (aay. dii. eae. emm.) aavashyakta hotee. idemche aine. pii. ess. aanee panlot kshetrache prayatna yaa durbal jalsrotanvar laksh kendrit karatat. tii. emm. dii. ell. chee amalbajavani sthanik jalvibhajak sansthandvare vyavasthapit kelee jaate aanee aine. pii. ess. pradushan niyantrane keval aichchhik asatat. jalvibhajak gut bii. emm. pii. chya vaparasathi protsahan karyakram tayar karnyasathi tasech sarvajanik mahitee aanee shikshan pradan karnyasathi aay. dii. emm. pasoon nidhi vapartat. indianamadhil aine. pii. ess. pradushan niyamanasathichya nidhichya strotanmadhye see. doubleu. aii. 319 (etch) anudan; see. doubleu. aii. 205 (jeey) anudan; 2008 chya ann, sanwardhan aanee urja kayadyachya paryavaraniy gunavatta protsahan karyakramatun anudan; aanee vividh prakarche aadhar aanee vaiyaktik nidhi ubharani yancha samavesh aahe. aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan maryadit qamee prakare kshetra adhyadeshanchi rachana dekhil kelee jaau shakate.
california.
californiachya aine. pii. ess. yojnesathi 28 vegvegalya rajya sansthankadun samanvay aavashyak aahe, jyamule aine. pii. ess. niyamanala bhedasavu shakanari sansthatmak aavhane ughad hotat. california rajya jalsampada niyantran mandalache panyachya gunvatteche vibhajan aanee california kinarpatti aayogane (see. see. see.) 1990 chya see. doubleu. aii. aanee federal coastal zoan kayada punaraadhikrut sudharanannusar californiachi aine. pii. ess. yojana tayar kelee. 1998-2013 sathee californiachya aine. pii. ess. yojnet asey mhatale aahe qee california, indianapramane, aine. pii. ess. pradushan niyantrit karnyasathi panlot vyavasthapan drushtikon vaparte. see. doubleu. aii. kalam 303 (dii) antargat andaje 1,500 jalsrote-pradushak sanyojananchi olakh karoon gheuun yojanechi suruvat jhaali, jyasathi tii. emm. dii. ell. chee aavashyakta asel.
aine. pii. ess. pradushanasathi vyavasthapan upayayojananchi amalbajavani karnyasathi hii yojana teen stariy drushtikon ghete. pahilya staravar sarvottam vyavasthapan paddhatinchya swa-nirdharit amalbajavanicha vichar keela jaato."yaat moolatah swayamsevi karyakram, anudan aanee shikshan yancha vichar keela jaato. californiache paanee aanee jameen vapar bhagidari aanee aadarsh shahari pravah karyakram yasah aine. pii. ess. pradushanashi sambandhit samasyambaddal sthanik dhorankartyanna satark karnyat madat karnyasathi californiamadhye anek shaikshanik karyakram tayar kele aahet. yaa starantargat protsahan karyakramanmadhye see. doubleu. aii. kalam 319 chya anudanadvare sthanik panlot vyavasthapan prakalpansathi aarthik sahayya aanee amalbajavanisathi paryavaraniy gunavatta protsahan karyakramancha samavesh aahe. pahila star done kinwa teen staranpeksha qamee kadak asato. yojanechya yojanechya starala "vyavasthapan paddhatinche niyamak-aadharit protsahan" mhanatat."dusra star moolatah pradushakanchya vividh parvanagi prakriyetoon jaanyaivaji aine. pii. ess. pradushanala nirutsahit qamee kahee vyavasthapan upayayojanancha avalamb karanyachi parvanagi deuun karya karato. pradushakane kahee bii. emm. pii. swikarlyas, kachara sodanyachya aavashyaktancha (doubleu. dii. aar. ess.), eka prakarchi sandpanyachi maryada, swikaranyas suut denyasathi pradeshik jaal gunavatta niyantran mandale jamindar aanee sansadhan vyavasthapkansobat kaam karoo shakatat. shakatat starala "sandpanyachya maryada aanee amalbajavani" mhanatat."sandpanyachya maryada asha staravar nishchit kelya jaau shakatat jithe bii. emm. pii. chaa avalamb karane hii anupalanachi ekmev vastavadi paddhat aahe. yaa maryada kahee upkramansathi aadesh aanee niyantran aavashyakta aahet, udaharanarth vyavsayik narsarisathi doubleu. dii. aar., sann joaquin nadisathi seleniyamsathi doubleu. dii. aar., parvanagi asalele vadalachya panyache karyakram, talav tahosathi dhoop niyantran aanee dugdhavyavasayansathi doubleu. dii. aar.
yapaiki anek niyam californiachya "porter-collon kayadyatoon" tayar kele gele aahet, jyane rajya jalsampada niyantran mandalachi sthapana kelee, tasech nauu pradeshik mandalansah jyanna porter collon kayadyachi amalbajavani karnyache kaam sopavanyat aale aahe. yaa kayadyane rajya jaal gunavatta manke tayar kelee jee mandalanni amalat aanane aavashyak aahe. doubleu. dii. aar. heey eka thet niyaman aahe jeey californiachya sarkari sanstha aine. pii. ess. pradushanache niyaman karnyasathi yaa kayadyantargat vapartat. californiachya kinarpatti kayada aanee california paryavaran gunavatta kayada yasarkhe aine. pii. ess. pradushan hatalanare californiache itar anek kayade aahet.
dhoranatmak sadhane aanee niyamak drushtikon.
aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan niyamanat paach prathamik bhagdharak sahbhagi aaheth sarkari sanstha, paryavaran samarthan gut, sambhavya niyantrit sanstha aanee janata. aine. pii. ess. pradushanache niyaman karnyasathi jababdar asalelya sarkari sanstha yaa sarkari bhagdharak aahet. vaidnyanik parinamanvyatirikt, naveen niyam tyanchya nidhivar kassa parinam karoo shakatat yabaddal sanstha chintit aahet. paryavaraniy samarthan karnare bhagdharak yaa asha sanstha aahet jyanche uddisht paryavaraniy samasya sodavane aahe, jase qee naisargik sansadhan sanrakshn parishad. heey gut sambandhit nagarikanchya sahbhagavar laksh kendrit karatat. sambhavya niyantrit sanstha heey asey udyog aahet jyanche niyaman naveen niyamanantargat kele jaeel. janata haah eka pramukh bhagdharak gut aahe aanee aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanavar janatela guntavanyasathi vividh upayayojana karnyat aalya aahet, jyat aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushanavaril nagrik pustika aanee online mahitee prakashit karane samavisht aahe. gair-bindu strotansathiche paryavaraniy niyam nirdeshanmadhye vyakt kele jaane aavashyak aahe jeey niyamak lakshyadvare visheshtah samajanyayogya aahet aanee tyanantarchya sarkari hastakshepadvare amalbajavani karnyayogya aahet. vareel kayadeshir vibhagat aine. pii. ess. jaal pradushan niyantrit karnyasathi vaparlya gelelya anek dhoranatmak paryayanchi nond kelee aahe. kahee paryayanmadhye svayamsevakatva, aadesh aanee niyantran niyam, protsahan aadharit sadhane, rachana manke, utsarjan maryada, utpadan bandee, vyapar pranali, anudan, dayitva niyam aanee itar paryayancha samavesh aahe.
swayamseva.
svayamsevakata pramukhyane pradushakanchya naitik nirbandhanvar aanee samajik dabavavar avalambun asate. sarvajanik shikshan aanee aaa-bindu pradushanavishayichi mahitee niyantran yantrana pradan karate. itar niyamak paryayanshi tulana karata aine. pii. ess. niyamanasathi haah eka kamkuvat, parantu samanya paryay aahe. teey kamkuvat aahe kaaran tyasathi konatihi karvai karanyachi aavashyakta nahee; teey pradushkanvar swatah karvai karnyavar avalambun aahe.
aadesh aanee niyantran.
aadesh aanee niyantran dhorane heey thet sarkari niyam aahet. see. doubleu. aii. chee rachana bindu srot pradushanasathi asha prakarchya thet aadesh aanee niyantran niyamanasah kelee gelee aahe. tathapi, see. doubleu. aii. dware aadesh aanee niyantran niyam, aaa-bindu srot pradushanala qamee pramanat lagoo hotat. tii. emm. dii. ell. heey see. doubleu. aii. madheel eka sadhan aahe jeey thet aine. pii. ess. sandpanyache niyaman karate. aadhi namood kelyapramane, see. doubleu. aii. sathee rajya sarkaranni bindu srot aanee aine. pii. ess. sandapani yaa donhichya aadhare tii. emm. dii. ell. nishchit karane aavashyak aahe. tathapi, paramparik aadesh aanee niyantran dhorane udyog sanrachanevar sambhavya prabhav takoo shakatat aanee teey vyavasay diwalkhor houu shakatat asha paristhitit rajkiy anichha nirman karoo shakatat.
aarthik protsahan.
protsahan aadharit sadhananmadhye, aaa-bindu pradushan strotanvaril karansarkhe kamgiri protsahan, rachana protsahan, jase qee input aanee niyantran tantradnyanavaril anudan, vyapar aanee/kinwa kapat bhattyansarkhya bajar-aadharit drushtikonancha samavesh hoto. aine. pii. ess. pradushan niyantrit karnyasathi aarthik protsahanancha varanvar vapar keela jaato aanee tyat see. doubleu. aii. kalam 319 aanee 208 anudanasarkhya goshtincha samavesh hoto. khalee, spashtikaranansah aanee teey aine. pii. ess. pradushanala kase lagoo hotat yasah vividh aarthik protsahan soochibaddha kele aahet.
rachana manke kinwa tantradnyan vaishishtye.
yaa prakarche niyam vishisht prakalp, yantrasamagricha tukada kinwa pradushan niyantran upkaranachi rachana kashee karavi heey nirdisht karatat. vyavsayik suraksha aanee aarogya prashasana (osha) aanee united states paryavaran sanrakshn agency (eae. pii. aii.) yanni eka vishisht tantradnyan astitvat aahe jyachi kamgiri niyamanchi purtata karoo shakate yaa gruhitkavar anek rachana manke lihili aahet. niyamankari lakshya heey teey tantradnyan sthapit karane haah tyachya anupalanacha sarvat surakshit marg vivekpurnapane tharvu shakate.
rachana-aadharit manke krishi kshetrachya bigger-bindu strotanvar mothya pramanat lagoo kelee jaatat, jyat pikanchya jaminivaril bii. emm. pii. chaa samavesh aahe. udaharanarth, pikanchi jameen aanee shejarchya jalsrotanmadhye nadipatratil snrakshak pattyanchi anivarya sthapana asoo shakate. pikanvar krishi rasayne kuthe aanee konatya darane vaparali jaau shakatat yavarhi nirbandh aahet. rachana aadharit mankansathi bii. emm. pii. sarkhya prabhavi mapan drushtikonachi aavashyakta asate, tarr kamgiri manke pradushakanchya utsarjanas vishisht pramanat maryadit karatat.
kamgiri manke kinwa utsarjan maryada.
kamgiri manke kinwa utsarjan maryada heey niyamanche prakar aahet jeey niyamak uddisht purn karnyasathi uddisht kinwa kamgirichi patali nishchit karatat. yaa niyamak drushtikonanna jeey vegale banavate teey mhanje pradushakane manakanchi purtata kashee kelee pahije heey teey nirdisht karat naheet. yaa niyamanmadhye utsarjanachya maryadancha samavesh asoo shakato, jyat vishisht kalavadhit dilelya strotakadun utsarjit kriyakalapanmule pradushakanche praman, praman aanee prakar nirdisht kele jaatat. see. doubleu. aii. antargat jaal pradushanasathi eae. pii. aii. chya vividh sandpanyachya maryada, nammatra kamgiri manke asalelya anek paryavaraniy niyamanpaiki kahee aahet.
utpadanavar bandee aanee vapar maryada.
heey utpadan kinwa kriyakalap pratibandhit karatat kinwa tyacha vapar maryadit karatat. rasayne, kitakanashake aanee annapadarthanchya jodanisarkhya goshtinvar nirbandh ghaloon aine. pii. ess. pradushanavar utpadane bandee aanee maryada lagoo hotat. udaharanarth, 1972 madhye mhanje tyanchya pikansathi kitaknashak dii. dii. tii. vaparnyas bandee ghalanyat aalee kaaran teey manav aanee vanyajivansathi hanikarak asalyache aadhalun aale hote.
vipananyogya bhatte aanee vyapar pranali.
vipananksham bhatte haah eka niyamak drushtikon aahe joou companyanna pradushan adhikar kharedi aanee vikri karnyas anumati deto. pradushan kamitakami mahag paddhatine qamee hoil yachee khatri karnyasathi yaa prakarche niyaman bajar shaktincha vapar karate. vipananyogya bhatta pranaliantargat, ashee dharana aahe qee jyaa companyancha pradushan qamee karnyacha kharch sarvadhik aahe asha companyanna parvanyancha vyapar keela jaeel. yaa kampanya nantar tyanche bhatte itar companyanna vikatil, jyasathi asha savalati adhik mahag asateel.
sarvajanik pradushan niyantran kharchasarkhya sansadhananche prabhavipane vatap karnyasathi lilavamule spardha vadhu shakate aanee pradushan niyantranasathi khajgi bajarpethanmadhye jastit jaast mahasool miloo shakato. sarkari karyakramanchi karyakshamta aanee kharch-parinamkarakta sudharanyasathi dekhil yaa yantranecha vapar keela jaau shakato. hii yantrana qamee kharchat sansadhananche prabhavipane vatap karnyasathi bajarpeth-aadharit adhik changli mahitee pradan karate. ayashasvi pradushan niyantran prakalpansathi paise dene talhanyaivaji pradushan qamee karane heey samajik uddisht aahe. sarvajanik pradushan niyantran kharchasathicha lilav haah pradushanachya kahee sarvat katheen strotancha samna karnyacha eka marg asoo shakato, jyat aaa-bindu pradushan strotancha samavesh aahe. pradushan qamee jhalelya prati unit kharchachya ekkanchya aadhare sarkar nivida swikaru shakate aanee kamgirichya mojamapachya aadhare pradushanat vastavik ghat jhalyachya puravyachya aadhare teey paise deu shakate.
aine. pii. dii. eae. karyakramadvare vyapar karnyayogya parvanyansathi ishtatam kifayatshir vyapar gunottar, parvanyansah pradushkansathi sweekarya bharit rakkam paribhashit karoo shakate. pradushakanchi sankhya haah yaa upkaranasathi mukhya ghatak banato. nonpoint pradushanachya yadruchchik swarupavar aadharit, point strotansathi aine. pii. dii. eae. parvanagi pranali keval nonpoint strotanvar vaparali jaau shakat nahee. jaree anek sahitya samikshanmadhye bindu srot aanee gair-bindu srot yanchyatil vyapar karnyayogya parvanyancha ullekh keela gela asala, taree durdaivane, sadhyachya aarthik sahityat vyapar gunottar kase nishchit karave yabaddal farse margadarshan dile jaat nahee. paryavaraniy jokhim aanee sabhovatalachya pradushanatil sapeksh yogdan yasarkhe mahattvache ghatak yogya gunottar tayar karnyasathi mahattvapoorn aahet.
pradushan curr kinwa utsarjan shulk.
pigovian karansarkhe vishisht dhoranatmak upay, aaa-bindu srot pradushanachya samasyeche nirakaran karoo shakat naheet. asha dhoranansathi vaiyaktik pradushak staravar pradushanache thet nirikshan karane aavashyak aahe. pradushanacha bindu nasalela srot asalyane, heey ashakya aahe. tathapi, arthshastra sahityat anek paryayi dhoranatmak upay aahet. hii paryayi dhorane pradushak bharana tattva lagoo karnyacha prayatna karatat parantu kaay nirikshan kele jaau shakate yavar curr aadharit aahet. jyaa goshtinvar curr aadharit asoo shakato tyamadhye, ghanchya padarthancha vapar, vaiyaktik utsarjanasathi eka pratikruti kinwa sabhovatalachya pradushanachya pataliche kahee mojmap yancha samavesh aahe.
shetichya babatit, aine. pii. ess. niyantranacha eka aadhar mhanje mhanje kriyakalapanmule dhoopachya pramanavar aadharit curr aakarane. matra, dhoop aanee varchya matiche mojmap karane mahag aahe. dusra marg mhanje bii. emm. pii. naan naan kinwa aaa-bindu strot pradushan qamee karnyasathi paddhati vaparnar nasalelya shetjaminivar vishesh uddesh jilha malmatta curr ladane.
dusra paryay mhanje mhanje teey vaparat asalelya khate aanee kitkanashakanchya pramananusar curr aakarane. tathapi, kitkanashkanvaril curr haah aarthik parinam lakshat gheuun federal kitaknashak, burshinashak aanee kruntakanashak kayadyadvare (eff. aay. eff. aar. aii.) maryadit keela jaeel. tathapi, kitkanashkanvaril karamule krishi aine. pii. ess. pradushanacha keval eka srot qamee hoil aanee pashukhadyachya kendrit karyanmadhun (caffo) pashudhan kachara vahane yasarkhya itar mahattvachya strotankade durlaksh hoil.
segarsanane kelelya sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee sabhovatalachya panyachya gunavattevar curr-aadharit drushtikon, vishamata qamee qamee karananya yogya eksaman karasah, jevha pradushan qamee karnyache kirkol fayade sthir asatat tevhach, aaa-bindu pradushanachi karyaksham patali sadhya karoo shakatat."jevha pradushanamule honare kirkol nuksan anishchit asate, tevha kharch-prabhavi drushtikon hii bahutekda sarvat upayukt chaukat asate. dhoranatil kahee uddishte sadhya karnyasathi sarvat qamee vajan qamee karnare dhoran heey sarvat kifayatshir dhoran aahe. californiatil salina salina eka prakaran abhyasat asey disun aale aahe qee sumare $0.21/mm-ha itka keval paanee-curr 20 takke kapat sadhya karel, curr bharnyasathi andaje $138 kharch yeil; $79 chya curr bilasah sambandhit $0.76/kg itka nitrogen-fakt curr dekhil 20 takke kapat sadhya karoo shakato.
anudan.
anudan heey karanchya ulat aahe. asha upkramanna anudan denyasathi companyanna sarvajanik nidhi, curr savalat kinwa itar laabh deuun paryavaranasathi fayadeshir asalelya corporate guntavanukila protsahan dile jaau shakate. purvi, anudanamule varanvar paryavaranvirodhi upkramanna chalana milat asey. asha anudananche uchchatan heey paryavaran sanrakshanala protsahan denyache eka sadhan asoo shakate. matra, anudan karyakram samasyanpasun mukt naheet. teey anekada sudharit karane kinwa sodoon dene katheen asate, parinami mukt-pravas parinam houu shakato aanee anpekshit parinam houu shakatat jeey federal sarkarne rajya aine. pii. ess. karyakramanna anek anudan dile aahet asey kahee fayade nakartat. udaharanarth, czdma rajya kinarpatti nps karyakramansathi nidhi pradan karate.
jamaa paratava pranali.
kitkanashkansarkhya dooshit padarthansathi jamaa-paratava pranali, jee pey containersathichya sadhyachya karyakramansarkhich aahe, tee kitakanashakansathi aniyantrit vilhewat, ativapar aanee punarvapar qamee karoo shakate. udaharanarth, kirkol vikreta kitakanashake kharedi kartana thevi deu shakato aanee thevi grahakanna deu shakato, jyanna too kinwa tee container vikretyanna parat kelyavar paratava miloo shakato.
dayitva niyam aanee vima aavashyakta.
kahee kayade paryavaraniy hanisathi dayitva ladanare samanya kayadyache niyam majboot karatat. itar kayadyannusar jaaree kelelya niyamancha uddesh dhokadayak sahitya hatalanyasathi parvane parvane suvidhankade tyanchya kriyakalapanmule kriyakalapanmule sambhavya nukasanisathi puresa vima kinwa itar sansadhane asane aavashyak karoon dayitva niyamanchi parinamkarakta vadhavane haah aahe. pradushkanvar khatala chalavala jaato tevha dayitva nukasanbharpaisathi margadarshan karate. dayitva kathor asoo shakate (konatyahi nukasanisathi paise dyave lagtil) kinwa piditanshi vataghati karata yeteel. tathapi, khajgi khatale haah nonpoint soars pradushanache nirakaran karnyacha eka katheen marg aahe kaaran aine. pii. ess. pradushan heey nukasaniche jawalche kaaran hote heey siddha karane katheen aahe. aaa-bindu strotancha shodh ghenyat asamarthata dayitva parinamkarakta mothya pramanat kamkuvat karoo shakate. poshak tatve, gaal, kitakanashake aanee kshar ityadinsah aaa-bindu pradushan strotansathi shetee haah eka pramukh srot aahe. krishi kshetrasathi aapatti vima tyachya vaishishtyanchya aadhare aaa-bindu pradushan rokhanyasathi aavashyak asoo shakato. aaa-bindu pradushanashi sambandhit anishchitata panyachya gunvatteche rakshan karnyasathi "vima policy" chee magani karoo shakate.
mahitee aanee shikshan.
aine. pii. ess. sandpanyavar adhik changle niyantran kase thevata yeil yachee niyamakanna aanee khajgi nagarikanna mahitee denyachya uddeshane anek dhorane vikasit kelee gelee aahet. eka udaharan mhanje aadhi namood kelelya czdmache, epane nps kinarpattivaril pradushan niyantrit karnyasathi rajyanna bii. emm. pii. chee yadee pradan karane aavashyak aahe. bii. emm. pii. yaa aine. pii. ess. pradushanavar upchar karnyachya atyadhunik paddhati aahet. aine. pii. ess. pradushan qamee karnyasathi bii. emm. pii. chee kamatarata nahee. shetisathi, bii. emm. pii. chya udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh sanwardhan sulabhata, aachchadan pike, nichara vyavasthapan, jaaliche namune, khat injection, khat bharane, qamee nangarani paddhati, firati charai aanee done tappyanche khadde. tathapi, shaikshanik aanee mahitipurn sadhananchi spasht samasya mhanje tyanchi amalbajavani kelee jaeel yachee konatihi hummy nahee.
aaa-bindu pradushanasathi itar sambhavya dhoranatmak sadhane.
yaa sadhananchya kshamateche moolyankan karnyasathi, aarthik kamgiri, prashasana aanee amalbajavani kharch, lavchikta, navkalpana aanee rajkiy vyavharyatesathi protsahan yaa kahee aarthik, vitaranatmak aanee rajkiy vaishishtyancha vichar keela pahije. aavhan niyaman kinwa paryavaraniy karar dekhil lagoo kele jaau shakatat. aavhanatmak niyamanane, sarkar paryavaraniy kamgiriche spasht lakshya nishchit karoo shakate, tarr niyantrit samuday teey sadhya karnyasathi karyakramachi rachana aanee amalbajavani karoo shakato. paryavaraniy kararamadhye, utkrusht kamgiri sadhya karnyasathi amalbajavani karnyayogya vachanbaddhatechya badalyat kahee niyamak aavashyakta maaf karnyasathi sarkari sanstha aanee srot yanchyatil karar samavisht asato.
niyaman karnyasathi aavhane.
nonpoint soars niyantrananmadhye samanvay sadhane katheen aahe kaaran teey sahasa rajya sarkaraivaji sthanikankadun prashasit kele jaatat. sthanik sarkaranna nonpoint soars niyantrane swikaranyasathi protsahan nasate kaaran tyanche nonpoint pradushan sahasa itaratra niryat kele jaate. dusari samasya mhanje aaa-bindu pradushanachi vyapti. bii. emm. pii. chya vaparadvare prushthbhagavaril pravah qamee karoon eka pramukh dhoran strotatil aaa-bindu pradushan niyantrit karate. bii. emm. pii. heey khandit aahet aanee nonpoint strotanmadhil mothya vividhatemule aanee teey sthanik sarkarandware prashasit kele jaat asalyamule samanvay sadhane katheen aahe. nonpoint pradushan niyantrit karnyat aanakhi eka adthala mhanje nonpoint strot niyantranacha kharch antargat karnyat kinwa grahakanparyant pohochavanyat asamarth asoo shakato. yashivay, dhoranatmak sadhane aanee dhoran sanyojanamadhye vyavharanmadhye pardarshakta sunishchit karnyasathi aanee bajar aadharit sadhananmadhye apayash talhanyasathi dayitva yasarkhi majboot kayadeshir amalbajavani asavi.
aine. pii. ess. chee vaishishtye aanee bindu strotachya pradushanashi asalele farak, jeey soochit karatat, tee adhik kathor aanee shaktishali niyantran yantrana lagoo kelee pahije. bajar-aadharit drushtikon, rachana-aadharit drushtikon aanee aadesh aanee niyantran upayukt tharoo shakatat aanee dhoran sadhan sanyojan kinwa sarvottam suut sadhan vishisht samasya, sthanik sthitee aanee dhoran uddisht, tasech kharch aanee andajpatrak yavar avalambun asate. paryavaraniy laabh vadhavane, visheshtah kahee paryavaraniy sanvedanshil bhagat, kharab jhalelya bhagat, luptapray prajatinsathi mahattvapoorn adhivasanmadhye, heey aaa-bindu pradushan niyantrit karnyache antim uddisht aahe. aaa-bindu pradushan qamee karnyasathichi aadharrekha hii swikararh panyachya gunavattechi nond asane aavashyak aahe.
sansthanmadhye sahkarya aavashyak aahe. bigger bindu pradushan niyantranat sahbhagi asalelya sanghiy sansthanmadhye naisargik sansadhan sanwardhan seva, us vann seva, prushthbhagavaril khaan sudharana aanee amalbajavani karyalay, jameen vyavasthapan karyalay aanee abhiyantyanche lashkari dall yancha samavesh aahe. aine. pii. ess. pradushanachya prabhavi vyavasthapanasathi rajya, sangharajya, sthanik sanstha tasech khajgi hitsambandh aanee janata yanchyatil bhagidari aavashyak aahe. vidyaman karyakramanmadhil, visheshtah sarkari kharch karyakramanmadhil samanvay hii kamgirichi uddishte asali pahijet. samanvayachya udaharananmadhye see. doubleu. aii. aanee krishi vidheykantargat federal clean watter steet revolving fund aanee sarkari kharch karyakramancha samavesh aahe.

