
nuksan bharpai (jyoo kayada)

jyoo kayadyat, nuksan bharpai (hibruh حور) madhye nyayshastrachya anek vishayancha samavesh aahe jeey dharmnirpeksh kayadyat atyacharanshi andaje julatat. nuksan bharpaivaril jyoo kayada anshatah likhit torah, hibru baybalvar aanee anshatah maukhik torahvar aadharit aahe, joou pramukhyane "nezikin" chya mishnayik kramane kendrit aahe. kiman mishnachya kalapasoon, rabbi sanskratine jaatiy nyayalaye, nyayadhish aanee amalbajavanidware nuksan bharpaichya kayadyancha vikas aanee arth lavala. jyoo samudayanni diasporamadhye faujdari kayadyavar tulanene qamee adhikar vaparale asale taree, nuksan bharpaivar (atyachar kayada) ardh-swayatt sampradayik dekhrekh aadhunik yugaparyant vyapak rahili. jyoo lock aajahi rabbi nyayadhish aanee nyayalayanchya (beit deane) nukasanbharpaichya vadanchya nirnayasathi swechhene swatahla sadar karatat. rudhivadi jyoodvadacha sweekar karananya samudayanmadhye hii pratha aaj adhik prachalit aahe. yavyatirikt, israyalmadhye rabbi kayadyache pailu atyachar kayadyat samavisht kele gele aahet.
nukasanamadhye konatihi chukichi krutee, durlaksh kinwa chook samavisht aahe jyamadhye vyakti, malmatta kinwa dusyachya pratishthela kayadeshir haanee pohochavali jaate. jaree kahee apavadatmak nukasananna dayitva naan deta pratibandhit (kinwa keval raddabatal) kele jaau shakate, taree teey sahasa bharpaichya dayitwala janm detat. rabbi kayadyanusar, vyaktinmule kinwa malmattemule honanya nukasanimadhye aanee pratyaksh aanee apratyaksh karvaimadhye mahattvapoorn farak aahet. jevha lock thet nuksan karatat, tevha teey dusya vyaktivar hallah aanee battery, kinwa dusyachya malmattevar atikraman yasarkhya rabbi samatulya sanrakshanadvare sanrakshit kele jaatat. jevha aekhadyachya malmatteche nuksan hote, tevha apghat, nishkaljipana, chook kinwa jaanunbujun fasavanuk yasarkhya ghatakanmule honanya atyacharanmadhye jyoo kayada farak karoo shakato.
dharmik kayada mhanoon, jyoo kayada kinwa halkhah vividh krutinna nuksan mhanoon darshavtat, jaree tyaa dharmnirpeksh kayadeshir sankalpananshi sambandhit nastil. visheshtah, yahudi kayada haah dharmik kayadyachya palikade jaaun, vednadayak bhashan, upman, vishvasaghat aanee aatm-dukhapatichya krutyanna pratibandhit kinwa niyantrit karato.
itihas aanee sahitya.
rabbi sahityat, nuksan bharpai kayada pramukhyane nezikin yaa yogya navachya orderchya tractate bava kamma madhye spasht keela jaato. bava kamma madhye, mishnah aanee talmud yanni nuksan kayadyachi chaukat tayar kelee aanee asankhya niyam aanee pramukh tattve tayar kelee. yavyatirikt, nuksan sambandhit kayada bava metzia, sanhedrin aanee itar talmudik marganmadhye disun yeto. bhaugolik kalat aanakhi abhivyakti jhalyanantar, madhyayugeen aanee prarambhik aadhunik kalatil jyoo kayadyachya sanhitanmadhye nuksan bharpai kayada samavisht karnyat aala. shulchan aachar (16weey shatak) madhye, haah vishay pramukhyane hoshen mispatmadhye sanhitabaddha keela aahe, haah vibhag ("tur") aadhunik nagri kaydyasarkhach aahe. european jyoo samuday rashtriy kayadeshir vyavasthanchya adhikarkshetrat yet asalyane 19 vya shatkat natakiyaritya qamee hott, nukasanicha kayada haah rabbi pratisad sahityachya sampoorn itihasat eka lokpriy aanee mahattvacha vishay rahila.
apghat.
dainandin jeevanat, apghat mhanje ekhadya vyaktila kinwa malmattela, sahasa kaljichya abhavamule honare anpekshit nuksan. jakhami jhaleli vyakti kinwa nasht kinwa avmoolyan jhalelya vastooncha malak nuksanbharpai midvanyacha aanee aavashyak asalyas diwani nyayalayat khatalyachya madhyamatoon nivaran magnyacha hakkadar aahe, jeey nyayshastrachya pratyek pranalimadhye vishesh kayadyandvare niyantrit kele jaate.
nukasanichya chaar "pityachya shreni".
torahmadhye manushya kinwa pashoola bailane marane, eka ughada, asurakshit khadda, shejanyachya malmattevar aag pasarane, tasech kahee pramanat guranche atikraman karane, yaa babatit nishkaljipanachya kayadyanshi sambandhit aahe. nuksan kinwa nashasathi dusyachya vastoo kayadeshiraritya asalelya vyaktichya dayitvasandarbhat asalelya niyamansathi, jameen pahaa. mishnachya bhashet, adhik vyapakpane lagoo honanya kayadyasathi torahmadhye dileli pramukh udaharane, jase qee goring bail kinwa asamanya haanee pohochavna konatyahi pranyashi sambandhit kinwa khulya khaddyashi kinwa tatsam konatyahi nirjiv vastushi sambandhit, tyanna 'pita' mhanatat; hyatoon midavalelya itar udaharananna 'vanshaj' kinwa 'vyutpann' mhanoon olakhale jaate.
mishnah" aanee tosefta heey baav kamma, 1-6 madheel nishkaljipanachya parinamansathi nukasanbharpaichya kayadyavar upchar karatat, jyavar babylonian talmud, 2-62 bii aanee jerusalem talmud, 2-5 see madhye tippani kelee aahe. mammonides tyachya mishneh torahmadhye malmatteche nuksan ("nizkei maman") yaa shirshakakhali yaa vishayavar charcha karato.
goring bail" tyachya vyutpannansah bajula thewala jaato, kaaran tyachya krutyansathi sampoorn nuksanbharpaichi magani tevhach kelee jaau shakate jevha malkala purvasoochana dilee gelee asel aanee sampoorn nukasanbharpaisathi pudhil chaar "pita" saha, "bail", "khadda", "cheuer" aanee "kindling" yaa tantrik navankhali haah grunth ughadato. yethe 'bail' mhanje ekhadya anolakhi vyaktichya jaminivar atikraman karoo shakanara aanee tyachya payala ija karoo shakanara prani; 'cheuer' haah tyachya datanna haanee pohochavanara prani aahe. donhi udaharane yatoon ghetali aahet. kelele nuksan pranyachya malkachya fayadhyapeksha barech jaast asoo shakate. pitt' mhanje 'kindling'. babylonemadhil eka pramukh adhikari asalelya ravla, 'vadilanmadhye' asalela bail paay aanee daat donhi alingan karnyasathi samajala aanee yethe 'cheuer' haah shabd 'manus' mhanoon vaparla jaato; kaaran jevha ekhada manus swatah dukhapat karato tevha tyala nehmich sampoorn nuksan hote.
vyutpann shreni.
shejanyachya jaminivar jaanunbujun kinwa nishkaljipane jaanyachi parvanagi asalela konatahi shant prani, aanee joou aaplya sharirane vastoo thothavun, kinwa tyachya kesanni, shepatine, hatodyane, lagam kinwa judware tyanna odhoon gheuun, kinwa too vahoon nenanya ozene kinwa khamb kinwa bhintivar ghasoon, too 'bail' chaa vyutpann aahe, tarr ekhada prani khamb kinwa bhint todun tyavar cholato kinwa dhanya kinwa gavat tyachya maladware ashuddha karato, too 'cheuer' chaa vyutpann aahe. parantu shariravar marane, kinwa ghatakpane chavane, kinwa ekhadya goshtivar kurkur karane kinwa laath marane, yala 'goring' sarkhyach tattvavar manale jaate. jyaa pranyansathi malak jababdar asato, tyamadhye kombadya, kutre, manjar aanee agadi dukaranchi navehi aahet. dagad, chakoo, oze kinwa dheeg heey 'khadda' chey vyutpann aahet; thodakyat, ekhadi gosht jyavar ekhadi vyakti adkhalu shakate kinwa ughadyavar, mhanje mahamargavar kinwa samanya jaminivar thevalyas ekhadyala dukhapat houu shakate. kindling' chey vyutpann mhanje malkane tyachya chhatavar thevalelya vastoo, jithun vaara tyanna gheuun jaato aanee vyakti kinwa malmattechi haanee karato. apratyakshapane jeey kahee nuksan hote, tyasathi antim lekhak keval ardhya nukasanbharpaichya maryadeparyant jababdar asato. asha prakare, jevha paay jaminivar aadaltana, dagadanna laath marto aanee tyamule dukhapat hote, kinwa jevha prani konatihi avajare kharab karato, jee itar avajyanvar padate aanee tyanna todate, tevha nuksan durastha manale jaate aanee keval ardhi bharpai dilee jaate. jevha pranyanmule hii durastha haanee hote, tevha samanyatah 'kankananchi sthitee' ('tzrorot') mhanoon olakhali jaate.
hallah aanee battery.
"hallah aanee battery" hii vyaktila dukhapat karnyasathichi ingraji kayadyachi sandnya aahe (hibruh <unk>). pracheen kayadyat, shariravaril jakhamanche nivaran heey rajyachya navakhali shiksha naan deta, anyay jhalelya vyaktila bharpaiche roop ghete aanee heey tattva sampoorn talmudik nyayshastrat aadhalate. pracheen kalatil anek rashtre aanee purvichya madhyayugaparyantchya german jamatinni khunachya gunhyache prayashchitt dekhil hatya kelelya varshanna yuddhanaukene (shabdasha 'manushya-vetan') deuun karanyachi parvanagi dilee. jyoo kayadyachi eka vegali bhoomika aahe, "tumhi narghatkachya jivanasathi khandani gheu naye" ().
badala ghenara kayada.
jyaa shastratil bhagatoon hallah aanee batterycha niyam tayar keela gela aahe teey aahet; (apratyakshapane), aanee. shabdik arthanusar, heey parichhed badalacha niyam shikavtatah dolhyasathi dolha, datasathi daat, angachhed kinwa tantrikdrushtya sangtana, gondhalasathiche nivaran; jakhamesathi jakham, kodee marane ii., vedna denyakartache nivaran aanee hinsak margane dusaryacha upman kelyabaddalchi shiksha mhanoon gunhegarancha haat kapane. sadooki, sattet asatana, kayadyachya patravar laksh kendrit kelelya tyanchya vyakhyanche anusaran karoon, yaa parichhedache aksharshah palan kele. megilat tanit (chaa. 4) yaa prathecha shrey 'boithus maine' laa deto, jyanchyashi sadooki anekada olakhale jaatat; aanee tyanchya swatachya siddhantasathi changli shastrokt aadhar denyasathi anek rabbini kelelya vividh prayatnanvarun asey soochit hote qee asey kahee lock hote jeey faricic vyakhyepasun asahmat hote.
jababdarichi paach karane.
ekhadya vyaktila dukhapat jhalyas, talmudic kayada nukasananchya paach shreni olakhatoh
yaa shreninshi vyavhar kartana, dolhyasathi dolhyacha shabdasha niyam paishatil nuksan bharpaichya kayadyala qaa adheen asava yavar gemara pratham charcha karato. leviticus 24:17-22 madheel parichhedacha sandarbh detana, jethe ekhadya vyaktichya hatyesobatach ekhadya pranyachya hatyechi charcha kelee jaate, assa yuktivad keela jaato qee, jase nantarchya vyaktisathi paise dile jaatat, tase pahilya vyaktisathi paise dile pahijet, apavad mhanoon jyaa vishesh prakaranat tyaa vyakticha mrutyu jhaala aahe, kaaran kayada denara mhanato (sankhya 35:31), "tumhi narghatkachya jivanasathi khandani ghenar nahee"; jeey darshavate qee marekyasathi khandani kinwa samadhan nahee, parantu tyachyasathi khandani aahe jee jivapeksha qamee kahihi ghete, udaharanarth, mukhya avyav, jeey kadhoon takale jaate, teey punha kadhihi vadhat naheet. punha, jarr ekhadya andhane drushti asalelya manasache dolhe baher kadhale, tarr badala ghenyachya margane aparadhiche kaay kele jaau shakate? tarisuddha, kayada mhanato, "tumchyakade kayadyachi eka paddhat asel" (leviticus 24:22); mhanoon nivaran sarvanviruddha samanpane paishat kele gele pahije. pudhe, 'takht' (kaaran, tyaeivaji) yaa shabdavar bharr deela jaato, joou pranyanna lagoo hoto, 'too bailasathi bail nishchitpane deil' (nirgaman 21:36), aanee punha 'dolhyasathi dolha' (nirgaman 21:24) yaa vakyanshamadhye; tarihi kriyapadavar adhik jore deela jaato, joou nirgaman 21:22 madhye vaparla jaato, jithe paishachya bakshisavyatirikt kahihi vaparale jaau shakat nahee, aanee punha leviticus 24:20 madheel niyamat vaparale jaate, jyache shabdasha bhashantar asey aahe, 'too mansavar dosh aanato, mhanoon too tyachyavar keela jaeel'.
dolhyasathi dolha' haah arth aarthik nuksan bharpai mhanoon sthapit keela jaat asalyane, 'jakhamesathi jakham' mhanje jhalelya vedanesathi paise assa arth aahe aanee yacha arth samaan vedna dene assa nahee, yabaddal tyanna shanka ghenyache konatehi kaaran nahee. tathapi, anuvad 22:28,29 madheel parichhedanusar hii sthitee majboot hote, jyamadhye joou konee jabardastine vivahanishchay naan jhalelya muleela tabyat gheto aanee tichyabarobar zopato, tyala pannas shekelchya rakmecha dand thothavanyat yeto, kaaran ('takht asher') 'tyane teela namr kele aahe.
nuksan yogya aanee tyache moolyankan.
dukhapatinsathi ekhadya vyaktila kitee bharpai dilee pahije? dukhapat honyapurvi jakhami vyaktichi bajarat gulam mhanoon kitee kimmat hotee aanee jakhami vyaktichi nantar kitee kimmat hotee, yaa done mulyanpaiki bhinn mulyancha hishob karoon nukasaniche moolyankan kele jaate, asey mishnah mhanate. haah farak yogya hanisathiche dayitva darshavito. parantu jarr dukhapatimule pidit mulgi bahiri jhaali asel tarr tyala kahihi parvadanar nahee asey manale jaate aanee tyanusar nuksan tyachya sampoorn purvichya mulyachya barobariche asate.
vedna.
vedna ", jase qee jevha tyane tyala thunkun kinwa spikene gayale aahe, agadi tyachya botanchya nakhevar, jithe konatihi khuna shillak nahee."yethe prashna udbhavato, nyayadhishanni swatahla vicharale pahije qaa (aaa) 'assa manus' (mhanje, jakhami mansasarkha balwan kinwa najuk) vedanela balee padnyasathi kitee paise ghenyas tayar asel, kinwa tyaeivaji (buub) too vedna sodanyasathi kitee paise denyas tayar asel? pahilya upayala, jaree mishnamadhye naav dile gele asale taree, too asvikarya manalya jaananya ratnamadhye aahe; kaaran anek lock jagatil serve paise gheuun swechhene vedanela sharan jaat nasatah nantarcha upay adhik vajvi manla jaato. jithe vedna hii angachhedamule jhaleli ghatana asel, tithe nyayadhishanni asey mhatale pahijeh "samaja jakhami vyaktila tyacha haat kapanyachi shiksha sunavanyat aalee asel, tarr too murkhpane hack karnyaivaji, bhool deuun too kadhoon taknyasathi kitee paise dyayala tayar asel; aanee hii rakkam nuksan darshavinyas madat karel".
kaam thambavane.
mishnah jakhami vyaktila tyache vetan keval "kakadicha paharekari" mhanoon dete-mhanje, tyachya apang sthiteet too midvu shakel asey vetan-"kaaran tyala aadhich tyachya dolhyache moolya kinwa tyachya hatache moolya dile gele aahe"; kaaran dukhapat jhalyavar karvai lagech kelee jaau shakate aanee nyayadhish velechya hanicha andaj aadhich lavtil. jaree jakhami vyakti apekshepeksha lavkar barah jhaala asala taree haah andaj purn bharala pahije.
eka udaharan dile jaate, jethe hinsacharamule angachhed kinwa vedna naan hota kinwa upcharachi aavashyakta naan hota ektyane kaam thambavata yeteh heey bekaydeshir turungvasachya babatit aahe.
jemara nirdisht karato qee jethe dukhapat tatpurati asate aanee purnapane burry hone apekshit asate, tethe jakhami vyaktila tyachya vyavasayat midavalele vetan dile jaate. jevha dukhapat kayamswarupi asate tevha asate, tasha 'nuksani' sathichya deykat hyancha samavesh keela jaat nahee.
upcharancha kharch.
talmudik kayadyane eka prakarche aarogya kharch sanrakshn pradan kele aahe, jeey konee dukhapat karato tyachyavar ladalele dayitva aahe.
shastrat mhatalyapramane, too "tyala purnapane barey karel" (), assa nishkarsh aahe qee doshi paksh doctoranchya sevansathi paise deil. tyache kaushalya kahihi asso, too kadachit tyachya swatachya seva deu shakanar nahee; kinwa upchar karya vinamulya karnara doctor shodhun too paishacha kharch talhu shakat nahee. jakhamechya parinami vran nirman jhalyas, asey vran barey karnyacha kharchahi hallekhoravar padato; parantu itar karananmule vran udbhavalyas-udaharanarth, jakhami manus tyachya doctoranchya aadeshakade durlaksh karato mhanoon-heey barey karnyachya kharchache moolyankan kele jaau shakat nahee. jakham nahishi houu shakate aanee punha punha phutu shakateh upcharacha kharch ajunahi hallekhoravar avalambun asel; parantu jarr tee ekada purnapane burry jhaali (shabdasha, "tyachya purn garajenusar"), tarr jababdari sampate. upcharacha kharch haah nuksan jhalelya itar konatyahi ghatkanshivay astitvat asoo shakato; udaharanarth, jevha ekhadyane dusyavar jabardastine rasayne fekali aahet, jyamule tyachya tvachela kushtharogacha pandhara rung midato, tevha tvachecha rung nirogi karnyasathi lagnara kharch uchalane heey tyache kartavya aahe.
laaj kinwa upman.
hrushinsathi, dusya vyaktila lajavane talhane atyant mahattvache manale jaat asey. tyamule, dukhapatichya sharirik parinamanchi parva naan karata, tyanni vaiyaktik dukhapatichya apmanasathi jababdari ladanyacha prayatna keela.
yethe kathor aanee jalad niyam tharvane ashakya aahe; kaaran, mishnah mhanate tyapramane, "heey serve kona lajate aanee kona lajavate yavar avalambun aahe."parantu atishay qamee vedna aanee kayamswarupi apangatva nasalelya, parantu pramukhyane apmanaspad asha kahee hinsacharachya krutyansathi hrishinni nukasanbharpaiche praman nishchit kele, mhanjeh muthine marlyabaddal, eka sela kinwa shekel, khulya hatane thappad marlyabaddal, donashe zuzin, magchya hatane thappad marlyabaddal, kinwa purushache qaan kinwa cases odhalyabaddal, kinwa tyacha poshakh kinwa striche shirastran fadlyabaddal kinwa thunki tyachya mansaparyant pohochalyas ekhadya vyaktivar thunkalyabaddal, charshe zuzin. gudghyala marnyasathi teen selas lagatat; paay paach selassah; gadhav kathee tera asalela stroke. maimonaidsanusar, pratyek thappad, laath kinwa stroke swatantrapane mojala jaato. parantu too asehi mhanato (bava kamma 36bii nantar) qee yaa rakma purn vajanachya kinwa tyrean nanyansathi nasoon, tarr 'deshi chalan' sathee aahet, jyachi kimmat tyreanchya keval aathvya bhagachi aahe.
yaa nasht jhalelya nukasanimadhye keval vedna aanee laaj samavisht aaheh jarr aajarpan aale tarr thambavane aanee upcharansathi swatantrapane paise dyave lagtil.
israyali lokanna mukt vyakti mhanoon vagavale jaave.
serve israyali lokanna 'abraham, isaq aanee jekabche vanshaj' mhanoon swatantra aanee swatantra mahila mhanoon vagavale pahije aanee tyamule tyanna apmanasathi samaan nuksanbharpai milanyacha haqq aahe, asey rabbi miir yanche mutt asale taree, samanyatah sweekarle gele nahee, tarihi varr darshavilyapramane, hrushijinni rakkam nishchit kelee aahe, tethe garibi kinwa nimn patalimule kinwa pakshachya aatmasanmanachya abhavamule dekhil konatihi kapat kelee jaat nahee.
eka sahava ghatak aahe (joou udbhavato, parantu kvachitach); mhanje, "mulanchi kimmat" (nirgaman 21:22): "jarr purush ekatra prayatna karatat aanee ekhadya strila dukhavat asateel, jenekarun tichi fale nighun jaatil, aanee tarihi konatihi dushtai honar nahee, tarr... nyayadhish tharvatil tyapramane too paise deil."nuksan, vedna ii. chya palikade kahitari dene aavashyak aahe., jeey nishchit karane katheen aahe; kaaran tichya balacha janm jhaleli stree, sarvasadharanpane sangayache tarr, tyamule white hott nahee; jaree vishesh prakaranat tee khoop durbal asoo shakate. tiche aarogya aanee shakti gamavane heey yogya hanichya dokyakhali yeil.
tathapi, aanakhi eka mutt mishnamadhye vyakt kele gele aahe qee, 'demi weldot' (garbhpatamule nasht jhalelya mulachi kinwa mulanchi kimmat) nuksan karananya purushane strichya patila dyavi. manak adhikari yaa vishayavar jawaljawal gup aahet.
manwala 'purvasoochana' dilee jaate.
mansala nehmich 'purvasoochana' dilee jaate; mhanje, too 'purvasoochana dilelya bailasarkha', jaage asso kinwa zopalela, ichchuk asso kinwa anichchhuk, purn nukasanasathi jababdar asato. parantu jarr zopet kinwa anichhene (chhatavarun padalyamule) ekhadya vyaktine dusya vyaktila dukhavale tarr, asey samaja, jarr asha vyaktiche kapade tyachyakadun fadale gele tarr, aanee jarr ekhadya vyaktila nivval apghatane dukhapat jhaali asel-udaharanarth, achanak vaayachya zotane chhatavarun tyachyavar fekale gele tarr too keval nukasanasathi jababdar asato, parantu vedna, barey hone kinwa thambane yasathi nahee.
lokanna 'bhetane white' aahe.
mook-bahire, vede vyakti aanee mule 'pegiaatan raah' (bhetane white) aahet; joou tyanna dukhavato too sampoorn nukasanbharpaisathi jababdar asato; parantu jarr tyanni hallah keela tarr teey ajibat jababdar nasatat. matra, vedepanachi laaj vatanari konatihi bharpai dilee jaat nahee. jevha ekhadya muleela dukhapat hote, tevha "nuksan" aanee vel vaya gelyachi bharpai tichya vadilanna dilee jaate.
vivahit stree kinwa gulam yanna bhetane dekhil white asate, kaaran tyanchyapaiki konalahi jhalelya konatyahi dukhapatisathi sampoorn nuksanbharpai dilee jaane aavashyak aahe. changlya matanusar, gulamachya hallekhorane tyachyavar kelelya apmanasathi dekhil paise mojale pahijet. vivahit strila dukhapat, vedna aanee laaj, yasathi teela bharpai dilee jaate; kaam gamavalyabaddal aanee barey jhalyabaddal, tichya patila; eka matanusar, teela, dusya matanusar, tichya patila jhalelya yogya nukasanasathi. gulamachya dukhapatisathi sampoorn nuksanbharpai malkakade jaate. jevha vadilanchya mandalat ajunahi asalelya purushala dukhapat hote, tevha nuksanbharpai jaminimadhye guntavali pahije, jyapaiki mulala 13 varshancha hoiparyant vadilanna bhade aanee napha milel. jevha vadil aaplya muleela dukhavtat, tevha too teela ekach velee vedna, upchar aanee laaj deto, parantu nuksan kinwa vel gamavat nahee. vivahit strila tichya swatachya niyantranakhali konatihi malmatta naslyamule paise denyas maaf kele jaate; gulam, kaaran too malmattecha malak asoo shakat naheeh mhanoon, jevha stree avivahit hote (ghatasfotane kinwa tichya patichya mrutyunantar), kinwa jevha gulam mukt hoto, tevha apangatva asatana kelelya dukhapatisathi tichyavar kinwa tyachyavar khatala dakhal keela jaau shakato.
jevha ekhada purush swatachya patnila dukhapat karato, tevha too teela ekach velee tichya nukasanasathi, vedna aanee lajisathi asha prakare paise denyas bandhil asato qee teela paishanchi mukt vyavastha milel. tyala kaam gamavanyasathi paise mojanyachi garaj nahee; aanee tichya barey honyasathi too ticha patee mhanoon bandhala gela aahe. jarr patnine tichya patila dukhapat kelee tarr tee sampoorn nukasanbharpaisathi jababdar asate. tee kashee gola karayachi yache varnan ketubamadhye aahe.
malak tyachya purush kinwa stree gulamane kelelya hallyansathi kinwa tyanni dusyachya malmattevar kelelya jakhmansathi jababdar nasato. ibri sevkala jakhami karnara malak kaam thambavane vagalata, keval tyache nuksan honyamule honanya serve hanisathi jababdar asato.
samarthan mhanoon swasanrakshan.
garaj sampushtat aalyanantarhi suru nasalelya hallyache sampoorn samarthan mhanje swasanrakshan hoy. parantu jarr done purush ekach velee ekmekanna maratat, tarr pratyekjan dusyala jababdar asato aanee atirikt nuksan bharpai dene aavashyak asate.
jarr konee tyachya parvangishivay dusyachya jagevar pravesh karato, tarr jaminicha malak tyala baher kadhanyacha aadesh deu shakato aanee tyala baljabarine dekhil kadhoon takoo shakato, parantu jarr tyane tyala jabardastine door jaanyaivaji tyachyavar hallah keela kinwa tyala ija kelee tarr too itar konatyahi hallekhorapramanech jababdar aahe.
jarr jakhami paksh hallyacha nikal milanyapurvich maran pavala tarr tyachya varsanvar karvaicha adhikar takala jaato aanee tyach prakare jarr hallekhor samadhan honyapurvi kinwa nirnay honyapurvi maran pavala tarr kelelya chukisathi karvai varsanvar kelee jaau shakate aanee tee malmattetun asha varasanna samadhankarak tharoo shakate.
yaa niyamala eka atishay durmil apavad aahe, mhanje, jithe ekhadi vyakti zopalelya vyakticha upman karate (udaharanarth, tyanche nagna shareer ughad karoon) aanee zopanara too naan shodhata marto, tarr apmanasathichi karvai tyachya varasanna hott nahee.
samanya kayadyachi mhan, qee gunhegari nagri upay villin karate, heey dekhil rabbi lokanna maheet hote. jevha ekhada manus tyachya vadilanna kinwa aaeela chhap padnyasathi marto ("habbura"), kinwa jevha too shabbath divashi konalahi jakhami karato, tevha tyachyavar nukasanbharpaisathi khatala dakhal keela jaau shakat nahee; kaaran too mrutyula patra aahe. jaree gunhegarala fashi dilee jaanyachi shakyata phaar qamee hotee-mosack kayadyantargat mishnah fashichi shiksha thambanyachya byanch aadhiparyant-tarihi mothya vyaktine qamee gunhyache heey kaaran changle manale gele. parantu jethe heey krutya keval kopare marane, jase qee yom kippurvar vyaktila jakhami karane, asha shiksharh asel, tethe nagri upay upalabdh aahe.
nuksan aanee vedanesathiche paise dandachya swarupache asatat aanee keval sakshidaranchya puravyavar nirnay ghetala jaau shakato. parantu sakshidaranchya anupasthitit, hallekhorala tyachya swatachya kabulijbabavar, kamache nuksan aanee upcharacha kharch-jeey ghatak karjachya swarupache aahet-aanee jyaa apmanala tond dyave lagale aahe, tyaa karanasathi, tyachya swatachya kabulijbabane too tyachya piditecha upman prakashit karato.
hallyachya prakarananmadhye prakriya.
varr namood kelelya niyamannusar, keval niyukt nyayadhishanche nyayalayach tyaa vyaktila dukhapat jhalyabaddal karvai karoo shakate aanee nishchit rakmesathi nirnay deu shakate. nyayadhishanna keval israyalachya deshatach kayadeshiraritya niyukt kele jaau shakat asalyane, nuksan aanee vedanesathiche nirnay gola kele jaau shakat navhate, agadi babyloniamadhyehi. parantu, garaj bhasalyas, eka pranali tayar karnyat aalee jee lavkarach serve deshanmadhye pasarali jyamadhye jyoo lokanna konatyahi prakarchi svayatta labhali. jevha pakshanni dukhapatinchi takrar kelee, tevha nyayadhishanni tyanche aarop aanee sakshidaranchi saksh aikalyanantar, tyanchya matey hallekhorane kitee rakkam dyavi asey soochit kele aanee tyachya nakaranantar, tyala bahishkarachi dhamki dilee ("") aanee yaa margacha samanyatah ichchit parinam hoil. parantu velecha aanee upcharacha kharch qamee hone, jeey paishat dhwani karnare ghatak aahet, aanee dandachya swarupache naheet, heey keval niyukt nyayadhishandvare nirdharit kele jaau shakate.
hallyancha upay jaree purnapane aarthik asala taree, saha israyali vyaktila marane hii nehmich pappurn aanee nishiddha krutee manali jaat asey. doshi gunhegarala kayadeshir sankhyechya palikade ekach fatka denyas kayada katekorpane manai karato. hrushijinni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee kayadyachya adhikaravyatirikt konalahi marane shastradvare nishiddha hote; aanee tyanche asey mutt hote qee, jaree hallekhorane serve nuksanbharpai dilee asali taree tyane jakhami pakshakadoon kshama magavi aanee jevha manapasoon vinanti kelee jaate tevha jakhaminche kartavya hote, tyachi kshama rokhane heey sudbuddhine nahee.
jevha jakhami vyaktichya sharirashi pratyaksh sampark naan karata, udaharanarth, ekhadi vyakti tyachya shejanyala ghabaravat asel kinwa tyala bahira karoo shakel asha prakare oradat asel kinwa anyatha aajari padel asha prakare oradat asel, tevha samanyatah marhaninantar honare nuksan udbhavate, tevha chukiche karnara 'manvi nirnayapasun mukt' asato, parantu too swargachya shikshes patra asato.
pararashtriy aanee striya.
baybalsambandhi kayadyachya madhyavartiy vyakhyemule, hallah aanee batteryche kayade jyaa prakarananmadhye konatahi paksh pararashtriy hota tyanna lagoo kele gele naheet. visheshtah, torah vyakti aanee tyanchya sahkanyanmadhil parasparsanvadache niyaman karato, jyanna sahkari jyoo mhanoon samajale jaate. yahoodi nyayalayanni pararashtriyanchya prakarananmadhye jeey kahee nivaran dile hote teey keval nyayniwada hote, kinwa rabbi mhanatat tyapramane, "shantatechya margansathi" ("").
nukasanbharpaichya kayadyat mahila, firyadi aanee prativadi asha donhi prakarchya mahilanna samavisht kele aahe.
srot.
hallah aanee batteriever yethe gola kelela jawaljawal serve talmudik kayada baba kammachya (83bii teey 93aii) aathvya adhyayat aadhalato. yaa vishayavar mammonides yanni mishneh torah, howell yuu-mazik; turmadhye; aanee shulchan aruch, choshen mishpatmadhye, chowell baa-chavero (chaa. 420-424).
aatm-ija aanee aatm-dhoka.
mukhyatve jyoo dharmik tattvanmule, halkhah itaranna dukhapat tasech swatahla dukhapat karnyas manai karate.
swatah laa dukhapat honyas bandee qaa aahe? rabbiy jyoodvadat, manavanna tyanchya shariravar aanee krutinvar akhand svayatta dilee jaat nahee; tyaeivaji, dewala nirmata aanee malak manale jaate, tarr pratyek manushya tyanchya jivanasathi karbhari mhanoon kaam karato. yavyatirikt, rabbi judevad manvi jivanas, jiwant manvi sharirachya sanrakshanasah, sarvoch mahatva deto aanee heey moolya swatachya jababdarila lagoo hote. tyach chinhadware, jyoo kayada aatmahatya karnyas aanee sarvasadharanpane, aatm-angachhed karnyas manai karato. yavyatirikt, jyapramane halkhahmadhye ekhadi vyakti dusya vyaktila kinwa tyanchi malmatta kitee dhokyat ghaloo shakate yavar maryada ghatalya jaatat, tyachpramane kayada aatm-dhokyavar nirbandh ghalato.
aatm-dukhapatichi tattve keval swatachya swatachyapeksha adhik goshtinna lagoo kelee jaatat. heey lakshat ghenyasarkhe aahe qee ekhadi vyakti swatahla dukhavanyasathi ekhadya agentchi vinanti kinwa nemanook karoo shakat naheeh swatahun dukhapat honyaviruddha kinwa swatachya sharirala swatahun dukhapat honyas pravrutt karnyasathi niyam maaf karane nishiddha aahe. mishnamadhye mhatale aaheh "jarr ekhadi vyakti 'majha dolha aandhala', kinwa 'majha haat kapoon takane' kinwa 'majha paay todane' asey vicharte, tarr joou konee asey karato too (dukhapat kayadyache ullanghan kelyabaddal) jababdar aahe-jaree jakhami honyas sangana vyaktine asey mhatale asale taree joou konee asey karel tyala suut dilee jaeel, tarihi joou dukhapat karato too jababdar asel. tyachpramane, jarr ekhadi vyakti 'majhe kapade fada' kinwa majhe ghagra foda 'asey vicharte, tarr joou konee asey karato too jababdar aahe; tathapi, jarr ekhadya vyaktine tyanchi malmatta nuksan bharpai mhanoon magitali tarr asey namood kele qee asey karananya konalahi suut dilee jaeel, tarr suut vaidh aahe."(" "bava kamma" "8:7)
swayam-dukhapatikade jyoo lokanni durlaksh kele aahe heey lakshat gheta, rabbi kayada dekhil lock swatahla sambhavya dhokyachya paristhitit kitee pramanat taktat heey qamee karnyacha prayatna karato. tathapi, jevha hanichi shakyata ektar khoop qamee asate, moolyankan karane katheen asate kinwa samanyatah sweekarli jaate tevha aatm-dhokyache niyaman karane katheen asate. madhyayugeen kalat, raktapat kinwa sunta yasarkhya upkramanvar ashubh (kinwa andhavishvas) kalat nirbandh ghalavet qee nahee yabaddal rabbi adhikari bhinn hote. rabbi lokanni akheris asha sanshayaspad aatm-dhokyachya purvavarti goshti ulatavalya, jase qee jevha tyanni ekapeksha jaast purvichya paticha mrutyu jhalelya strishi (eesha cuttlenit) lagn karnyas parvanagi dilee. 20 vya shatkat, rabbi moshe fenstein aanee itar poskim yanni jyoo kayadyane cigaret odhanyas manai aahe qee nahee kinwa dhoomrapan karnyachya jokhami itakya samanya aahet qee nahee heey tapasale qee 'prabhu sadhya lokanche sanrakshn karato' yaa tattvanusar parvanagi dilee jaau shakate.
tathapi, swayam-dukhapatiche kayade guntaguntiche aahet kaaran halkhamadhye lokanna kahee vishisht paristhitinmadhye swatahla haanee pohochavanyachi kinwa dhokyat aananyachi parvanagi asate. jyoo kayadyat, aatm-dukhapatiche samarthan karnyasathi anek bhinn mulyanchi magani kelee jaau shakate. visheshtah, kahee prakarananmadhye, jeev vachavanyasathi lokanna swatahla dhokyat ghalanyachi parvanagi dilee jaate kinwa agadi aavashyak asate. leviticus 19:16 madhye sangitalyapramane, jevha aekhadyacha sahkari hanichya margavar asato tevha "aalshipane ubhe rahoo nakaa". tyachpramane, yahudi vaidyakeey nitishastranusar, rugnanni vedna aanee jokhim asoonahi pureshi vaidyakeey seva midvinyasathi prayatna karave ashee apeksha asate. shivay, halkhah heey manya karate qee mofat duparche jevan nahee-upajivikesathi ("") lokanni vyavsayik dhokyanna tond dyave lagate. udaharanarth, baybalmadhye dhokadayak kamacha ullekh aahe aanee talmudik sahitya asha kamanvar bandee ghalate jyasathi dhokadayak samudra olandane kinwa karvanchya pravasachi aavashyakta asate. aadhunik yugat, rabbi ezekil landau yanna upajivikesathi vanya pranyanchya shikarila maryadit manyata dilyabaddal uddhrut kele jaate. shevati, khrishchan aanee islampramanech, dharamshastriy kinwa jaatiy sankatachya babatit, agadi hautatmyachya tappyaparyant, swayam-dukhapatisathi jyoodavad apavad tharato.
vividh atyachar aanee nuksan.
mesane nafah mishnah aanee talmudmadhye.
malkakade bekaydeshirpane asalelya jaminivarun milanare utpann, jyasathi too khyan malkala jababdar asato, jevha malak nyayalayachya nirnayadvare tyachyakadun jameen parat midvato. talmud adhikar nasalelya jaminichya malkabaddal "jaminicha darodekhor" (ingraji kayadyat, "japti karnara") mhanoon bolato; aanee too, kinwa asha prakare khyan malkachya tabyat asalelya jaminitun fale kinwa fandya ghenari tisari vyakti dekhil, lutmarisathi naitikdrushtya doshi manali jaate (israyali vaparavar bandee pahaa, chaar prajatinmadhye, sukotsathi, eka lulav kinwa etrog joou japti karnanyachya tabyat asalelya jaminivarun ghetala jaato). mesane napha bharnyachi jababdari antarbhut aahe aanee tyaeivaji durvaroon mishnamadhye darshavili aahe. hamisah jameen vikanara keval tyala milananya jaminichya kimmatisathich navhe tarr kharee malkala bedkhal kelyanantar kharedidarala bharava lagananya nivval nafyasathihi jababdar aahe asey gruheet dharoon, yethe asey shikavale jaate qee sarvajanik dhoranachya hetunmule, jaree rokhechya swarupachi asali taree, vikri patrat samavisht keleli hummy, kharedidarala yaa dayitvaviruddha surakshit karate toparyant, keval "vinamulya malmatta" varr, "adheen malmatta" varr nahee, mhanje.eae., jyaa jamini darmyan denyat aalya aahet, vikalya gelya aahet kinwa bharalelya aahet. guaranteechya prakashat, bekaydeshir malkichya jababdarila halakya arthane ghetale jaat asatana, gemara yaa vishayavar purnapane charcha karato.
nirjantukikaran.
nirgaman 22:4 dware sampoorn nukasanichi jababdari ladali gelee aaheh "jarr ekhada manus shetat kinwa drakshmalyamadhye kurane khato aanee tyachya guranna dusyachya shetat kuranasathi pathavato, tarr tyane tyachya shetatil sarvottam aanee tyachya drakshamalyatil sarvottam bhag changla karava."jevha too asha prakare hetupurassar kurane ghalato, tevha too kharokharach eka atikraman asato, parantu jevha prani dusyachya kshetrat jaatat tevha" paay kinwa daat "chee jababdari anekada titakich purn asate. asha prakarchya apghati jakhamancha apghat mhanoon ullekh karnyat aala aahe. pann jevha ekhada prani shejanyache utpadan khato, tevha kelelya hanisathi malak jababdar asato qee keval tyachya khanyamule honanya fayadhyasathi? shastrat dilelya prakaranat too arthat pahilyashi bandhil aahe. asha prakare itar prakarane maimonaidsdware nondavali jaatat.
janivpurvak aanee aakasmik.
apghati haanee apekshit aahe qee nahee yavar nukasanasathiche dayitva badalate. khaleel udaharane bodhprad aahet aanee purvavarti mhanoon kaam karatat.
jevha, garajenusar, aekhadyacha prani asamanya ann khato, udaa.jee.jevha gadhav maase khato, tevha malak sampoorn nuksan bharato. (jababdarya jakhami pakshachya aadharavar lagoo hotat, parantu mahamargavar asalyas, malak keval tyala laabh jhalelya rakmechi rakkam deto). jethe shikari prani jakhami pakshachya maidanavar pravesh karato aanee paliv pranyala ashru deto kinwa khaun takto, tethe tyaa pranyacha malak sampoorn nukasanasathi jababdar asato, kaaran tyane kelyapramane vagane haah tyacha swabhav aahe. yaulat, jarr kutryane atikraman karoon kokru kinwa manjarane vadhaleli kombadya khallya tarr keval ardhe nuksan hote kaaran heey asamanya aahe. jevha gadhav topalit bhakari shodhato, bhakari khato aanee topali todato, tevha malak doghanchehi purn nuksan karato. jithe ekhada prani, too chaalat asso kinwa ubha, chaukatichya madhomadhun gavat khato, malak tyala jeey milate teey deto, jithe too bajula khato tithe too purn nuksan karato. dukanachya daratoon jeey kahee teey khato, tyasathi tyachya malkane tyachyadvare joou napha jhaala aahe tyachya barobarine dene aavashyak aahe; dukanachya aateel bhagatoon, sampoorn nuksan. jarr, rastyane chaalat jaatana, ekhada prani dusya pranyachya pathitoon khalla tarr keval charyachya bachtisathi paise dile jaatat. jarr tyane tyachya thikanahun udee marley tarr sampoorn nuksan hote. jarr eka prani dusyachya baget udya marat kinwa adkhalat aanee khaat asel, ityadi.jaree too prani antharunavar jaaun zopala kinwa divasbhar baget rahila taree malak keval tyachya fayadhyasathi runee asato. tyaeivaji jarr too niyamitpane baget shirala tarr sampoorn nukasanichi jababdari asate. mhanoon, jarr ekhadya sathidarane too baget dhakalala tarr malkane tyachya kalpala ekach filemadhye netrutva kele pahije.
anavdhanane jhaleli dukhapat.
jaree "mansala nehmi purvasoochana dilee jaate", mhanje tyachya krutisathi jababdar, zopalela kinwa jagrut, jaanunbujun kinwa nakalat (pahaa), niyamala eka vyapak apavad aahe, visheshtah jevha jakhami pakshachya aadharavar dushtagiri kelee jaate. ekhada manus tyachya swatachya karyakshetrat jeey kahee karato, teey jaanunbujun kele tarach too nuksan bharpaisathi jababdar asato; parantu anavdhanane kinwa saktine kele tarr too jababdar nasato. jithe ekhada manus sheedy chadhato aanee eka payari tyachya khalee padate aanee dusya payarivar aadalate, tithe payari pureshi majboot nasel kinwa vyavasthit seet nasel tarr too jababdar asato; parantu jarr tee majboot aanee vyavasthit seet keleli asel tarr keleli haanee bhavishyasuchak manali jaate aanee jaree tee jakhami pakshachya karyakshetrat jhaali asali taree too spasht hoto; tyachya swatachya jaminivar too donhi babatit spasht hoil.
vishvasaghatah mahitee denare.
hinsecha manus ("annas", samanyatah pararashtriy rajyacha manmani kinwa kroor adhikari darshavito) yacha ullekh anekada talmud aanee sanhitanmadhye keela jaato. saha israyali vyaktichya vyakticha kinwa malmattecha anaa ("mesirah") chya haatee vishvasaghat karane haah atyacharanpaiki sarvat ghrunaspad hota. shulchan aarukmadhye asey mhatale aaheh "joou konee (mahitee deuun) annachya haatee malmatta sopavato, mug too pararashtriy asso kinwa jyoo, too annanni jeey kahee ghetale aahe, jaree tyane teey ajibat hatalale nasale taree, parantu keval marg dakhavala aahe; aanee jarr too maran pavala tarr tyachya malmattetun tyache nuksan tyachya varasdaranchya haatee dile jaate."jarr mahitee denanya vyaktine sharirik dabavakhali mahitee dilee asel tarr tyala maaf kele jaate; parantu jarr tyane swatah malmatta hatalali asel tarr too tarihi jababdar aahe; kaaran dusyachya kimmativar swatahla vachavanyacha mansala konatahi adhikar nahee. pudhe, yaa nagri dayitwala dharmik manjuri dilee jaateh "joou konee israyali vyaktila, ektar tyachya sharirat kinwa tyachya malmattet, pararashtriyanna sopavato, tyacha yenanya jagaat konatahi vaataa nahee."bava batra 116aii madhye nondavalelya eka prakaranachya balavar asehi mhatale jaate qee, tyacha khalnayak vyapar thambavanyasathi mahitee denanya vyaktila marane keval parvanagi nahee tarr gunakari aahe.
badnami aanee apmanah vadildhanyanna "laaj vatel".
samanya hallah aanee apmanamadhye, aakasmik upman kinwa apmanasathi swatantrapane paise mojane aavashyak aahe. tathapi, jevha keval upman hoto aanee sharirik hallah hott nahee, jase qee eka vyakti dusya vyaktivar shariraparyant naan pohochata thunkate (jaree teey kapadyaparyant pohochale taree), tevha punarpraptisathi konatahi aadhar nasato. yaa dhartivar, eka palestini amora yaa parampareche varnan karato qee "joou shabdanni dusyala lajavato too serve goshtinpasun mukt asato."parantu jerusalem talmud yala apavad mhanoon" "vadildhadhyachya" "bajoone sangato, jyacha arth rabbi aahe". asha prakareh "joou ekhadya vadildhanyala lajavato, tyala tyachya lajachi kimmat milate. eka meshullam aar samore ubha hota. juda baine haninah heey prakaran aar. chya aadhi aale. shimone baine lakish; aanee tyane meshullamla eka litter sonyacha dand thothavala."haah purvavarti halkhamadhye nenyat aala aanee serve geonym tyache anusaran karat hote. tyanni teey pratyek vidwanala lagoo kele aanee asha prakare niyam maimonideschya sanhitet disun yeto. jethe dand 35 dinari sonyacha asato; parantu too pudhe mhanato qee spainmadhye anek vidwan tyancha visheshadhikar maaf karatat. vidvananvyatirikt itarankade upman kinwa badnamisathi konatahi nagri upay nasla taree, 'sarvajanik thikani ekhadya manasacha chehara dhudkavane' kinwa 'aaplya shejanyala topananav jodane' hii krutee, ona 'hyat pahilyapramane, bhavishyatil jagaat dandaniy asalelya akshamya papanpaiki eka aahe. asehi aadhalun aale aahe qee, 'white ahwal' (badnami) aananyache paap purnapane olakhale jaate, parantu kelelya chukivar konatahi kayadeshir upay nahee.