
yuan rajvansh

yuan rajvansh (<unk>), adhikrutpane mahan yuan (; mangolianah <unk>, shabdasha "mahan yuan rajya"), haah cheencha mangol netrutvakhalil shahee rajvansh hota aanee tyachya vibhajananantar mangol samrajyacha uttaradhikari rajya hota. borjigin kulatil mangol samrajyacha pachva khagan-samrat kublai (samrat shizu kinwa setsen khaan) yane yachee sthapana kelee hotee aanee too 1271 teey 1368 paryant tikala. chiinii itihaslekhananusar, yuan rajvanshane ganyachya rajvanshache anusaran kele aanee ming rajvanshachya aadhi.
jaree 1206 madhye change khaan hahn-shailichya samratachya padvine sinhasanavar virajman jhaale hote aanee mangol samrajyane anek dashake aadhunik kalatil uttar chins pradeshanvar rajya kele hote, taree 1271 paryant kublai khanane paramparik hahn shailit rajvanshachi adhikrut ghoshana kelee navhati aanee 1279 paryant vijay purn jhaala navhata jevha dakshinekadil geet rajvanshacha yamenchya ladhait parabhav jhaala. toparyant tyache rajya itar mangolanchya netrutvakhalil khanatepasun vegale jhaale hote aanee aadhunik kalatil chean aanee tyachya aaspaschya bahutek bhaganvar, aadhunik kalatil mangoliasah, tyache niyantran hote. sampoorn chinavar rajya karnare heey naan-hahn vanshane sthapan kelele pahile rajvansh hote. 1368 madhye, ming rajgharanyane yuan sainyacha parabhav kelyanantar, changezid shasak mangolian patharavar mage hutley aanee 1635 paryant rajya karat rahile, jevha tyanni nantarchya jiin rajgharanyala (jeey nantar king rajgharanyat vikasit jhaale) sharanagati patkarali. rump rajyala itihaslekhanat uttar yuan rajvansh mhanoon olakhale jaate.
kahee yuan samratanna chiinii bhashevar prabhutva hote, tarr itaranni keval tyanchi mool mangolian bhasha aanee 'fags-paa' lipi vaparali.
mangol samrajyachya falaninantar, yuan rajvansh haah mongkechya uttaradhikanyanche rajya asalela khanate hota. adhikrut chiinii itihasat, yuan rajvanshala swargacha adhikar hota. kublai khanane rajvanshachi sthapana kelee hotee, tarihi tyane tyache aajoba changej khaan yanna rajvanshacha adhikrut sansthapak mhanoon shahee nondinvar thewale aanee tyanna mandirache naav taiju dile. 1271 madhye jaaree kelelya 'rajvanshachya navachi ghoshana' yaa shirshakachya aadeshat, kublaine naveen rajvanshache naav mahan yuan mhanoon ghoshit kele aanee teen sarvbhoum aanee paach samratanpasun tang rajvanshachya purvichya chiinii rajvanshachya varshacha dawa keela.
cheencha samrat asanyavyatirikt, kublaine chagatai, suvarn jamav aanee ilkhanet yaa itar uttaradhikari khantepeksha sarvoch asalelya mahan khaan yaa padvichahi dawa keela. tyamule yuanla kadhikadhi mahan khanche samrajya asehi sambodhale jaat asey. tathapi, yuan samratanchya varchasvachya davyala kahee vela pashchatya khananni manyata dilee asali taree, tyanchi adhinata nammatra hotee aanee pratyekane swatacha vegala vikas suru thewala.
naav.
1271 madhye kublai khanane yuan rajvanshachi sthapana karoon gret yuan () heey naav lagoo kele. "daa yuan" () heey pahilya shatkon kian () shhee sambandhit "badalanchya abhijat bhashananvaril bhashya" vibhagatil "()" yaa khandatoon aahe. mangolian bhashetil pratirup "daee one ulas" hote, jyache bhashantar "ikh yuan ulas" kinwa "yekhe yuan ulas" asehi kele jaate. mangolian bhashet, "daee one" (chiinii "daa yuan" chey madhya mangol lipyantaran) bahutekda "yeke mongghul ulas" (; lii. "mahan mangol rajya"), jyacha parinam mhanoon (;), mhanje "mahan yuan mahan mangol rajya" () asey jhaale.
samkalin aitihasik niyamanusar, yuan rajvansh samanyatah dadoo (aadhunik beijing) yethe mukhya rajdhani asalelya rajyacha sandarbh deto. tathapi, hahn-shailitil rajvansh naav 'gret yuan' aanee chiinii rajkiy rudhivadipanacha dawa haah sampoorn mangol samrajyasathi hota. yuan rajvanshachya kalat tayar kelelya bigger-chiinii granthansah likhananmadhye yacha vapar disun yeto. asey asoonahi, mangol samrajyachya 'vastavik' vighatit swarupamule aadhunik vidvananni vyakhyechya vyapak arthane 'yuan rajvansh' kvachitach vaparla aahe.
yuan rajvanshala pashchimatya lock 'mangol rajvansh' kinwa 'cheencha mangol rajvansh' mhanoon dekhil olakhatat, jeey 'manchu rajvansh' kinwa 'cheencha manchu rajvansh' yaa navanpramanech aahe, jeey pashchimatya lock king rajvanshasathi vaparat asat. yavyatirikt, yuanla kadhikadhi "mahan khanche samrajya" kinwa "mahan khanche khanate" mhanoon olakhale jaate, jeey visheshtah kahee yuan nakashanvar disun aale, kaaran yuan samratanna mahan khanchi nammatra padvi hotee. tathapi, donhi sandnya 1271 madhye kublai khanane yuan rajvanshachi pratyaksh sthapana karnyapurvi thet mahan khananni rajya kelelya mangol samrajyatil khanatecha dekhil sandarbh deu shakatat.
itihas.
parshvabhoomi.
changej khanane maidanatil mangol jamatinna ekatra aanale aanee 1206 madhye too mahan khaan banala. tyane aanee tyachya uttaradhikaryanni mangol samrajyacha vistar ashiyabhar keela. changejcha tisra mulga ogedei khaan yachya karkirdit, mangolanni 1234 madhye kamkuvat jiin rajvanshacha naash keela aanee uttarekadil cheencha bahutansh bhag jinkla. ogedeine tyacha putanya kublaila hebeichya zingzou yethe nokri deu kelee. kublaila chiinii bhasha vachata yet navhati, parantu tyachya suruvatichya kalapasoon tyachi aaee sorghaghatanine tyala anek hahn shikshak dile hote. tyane chiinii bauddha aanee confucian sallagarancha sallah ghetala. 1251 madhye mogke khaan haah ogedeicha mulga gyuk yachya jaagi mahan khaan banala. tyane tyachya bhawala chinmadhil mangolanchya tabyat asalelya pradeshanvar kubalaiche niyantran dile. kublaine confucian vidvanansathi shaala bandhalya, kagadi paise jaaree kele, chiinii vidhee punarujjivit kele aanee krishi aanee vyavsayik vikasala chalana denanya dhorananna manyata dilee. tyane mangoliyachya aateel bhagat capping heey rajdhaniche shahar mhanoon sweekarle, nantar tyache naav badaloon shangadu asey thewale.
anek hahn chiinii aanee khitan yanni jinviruddha ladhanyasathi mangolankade pakshantar kele. done hahn chiinii nete, shhee tianze, lioo hema (urf lioo nee) aanee khitan zio jhaala (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> lioo hema aanee shhee tianze yanni ogodei khanchi seva kelee. lioo hema aanee shhee tianshiang yanni mangolansathi paschim shiyaviruddha sainyache netrutva kele. 4 hahn tumen aanee 3 khitan tumen hote, pratyek tumenmadhye 10,000 sainik hote. teen khitan senapati shimobeidiyar (), tabuir () aanee ziongshi, ziaozachicha mulga () yanni teen khitan tumenche netrutva kele aanee chaar hahn senapati zhang ruu, yaan shhee, shhee tianz aanee lioo hema yanni ogodei khanchya antargat chaar hahn tumenche netrutva kele.
monke khanane dakshin chinmadhil chiinii geet rajvanshachya virodhat lashkari moheem suru kelee. dakshin chinavar aakraman karnare mangol sainya 1256 madhye madhyapurvevar aakraman karnyasathi pathavalelya sainyapeksha khoop mothe hote. 1259 madhye uttaradhikarishivay tyacha mrutyu jhaala. kublai 1260 madhye yaa ganyashi ladhoon paratala jevha tyala kalale qee tyacha bhau, arik boke, sinhasanavar tyachya davyala aavhan dett aahe. kublaine kaipingmadhye eka kurulatai bolavale jyane tyala mahan khaan mhanoon nivadle. mangoliyamadhil pratispardhi kurulataine arik boke gret khaan ghoshit kele, yadavi yuddh suru kele. kublai tyachya sainyala pureshi sansadhane midatil heey sunishchit karnyasathi tyachya chiinii prajechya sahkaryavar avalambun hota. paramparik chiinii rajvanshachya nokarshahivar aapale sarkar tayar karoon aanee chiinii kalatil zongtong heey naav swikaroon tyane aaplya prajanmadhye aapali lokpriyata vadhavali. apuya puravathyamule arik bokela adthala aala aanee 1264 madhye tyane aatmasamarpan kele. tinhi pashchimi khanete (suvarn jamav, chagatai khanete aanee ilkhanet) karyatmak swayatt jhaale aanee keval ilkhanannich kublaila kharokhar mahan khaan mhanoon manyata dilee. nagri sangharshane mangol samrajyache kayamswarupi vibhajan kele hote.
kublai khanche rajya.
suruvatichi varshe.
kublai khanchya rajvatichya suruvatichya varshanmadhye asthiratene tras deela. ogedeicha natoo kaidu yane kublaila sharan jaanyas nakar deela aanee kublaichya rajyachya paschim simevar dhoka nirman keela. shatruvadi parantu kamkuvat gaane rajvansh dakshinet eka adthala rahila. kublaine 1259 madhye bandiwan rajkumar vonjongla gorio (koria) rajyacha shasak mhanoon sthapit karoon ishanya seema surakshit kelee, jyamule teey mangol upanadi rajya banale. kublaila gharguti ashantatecha dekhil dhoka hota. eka shaktishali adhikadhyacha javai lii taan yane 1262 madhye mangol rajvativiruddha bund pukarle. bund yashasviritya dadpalyanantar kublaine tyachya darbaratil hahn sallagaranchya prabhavavar ankush thewala. chiinii adhikadhyanvar avalambun rahilyane bhavishyat honanya bund aanee yaa ganyat pakshantar honyachi shakyata tyala bhedasavat asalyachi bheeti tyala hotee.
1262 nantar kublaiche sarkar chinmadhil mangol hitsambandhanche rakshan karane aanee tyachya chiinii prajechya maganya purn karane yanchyatil tadjod hotee. nokarshahiche kendrikaran karoon, kagadi paishachya prasarala vistar deuun aanee meeth aanee lokhandavar paramparik maktedari kayam thevun tyane aaplya chiinii sallagaranni prastavit kelelya sudharananchi sthapana kelee. tyane shahee sachivalay punarsanchayit kele aanee purvichya chiinii rajvanshachi sthanik prashasakeey rachana aparivartit thewali. tathapi, kublaine confucian samrajya parikshanche punarujjivan karnyachya yojana nakarlya aanee yuan samajache teen, nantar chaar varganmadhye vibhajan kele, jyat hahn sarvat khalchya kramankavar hota. kubalaichya chiinii sallagarankade ajunahi sarkarmadhye lakshaniy satta hotee, parantu tyanchi adhikrut padvi aspasht hotee.
rajvanshachi sthapana kelee.
kublaine 1264 madhye mangoliyachi rajdhani karakoram yethoon khanbalikmadhye halavanyachi tayari kelee, 1266 madhye purvichi jurchan rajdhani zongadu, jee aata aadhunik beijing aahe, tichyajaval eka naveen shahar bandhale. 1271 madhye, kublaine aupcharikpane swargachya aadeshavar dawa keela aanee ghoshit kele qee 1272 heey paramparik chiinii rajvanshachya shailit mahan yuanche pahile varsh hote. rajvanshache naav 'aay ching' pasoon udbhavale aahe aanee teey 'vishvache mool' kinwa 'prathamik shakti' chey varnan karate. kublaine khanbalikla rajvanshacha daidu () ghoshit kele. chiinii itihasachya naveen yugachi ghoshana karnyasathi yaa yugache naav badaloon ziuan karnyat aale. rajvanshvadi navacha sweekar kelyane paramparik chiinii rajkiy uttaradhikarachya varnanat sarkarla ektrit karoon mangol rajvat vaidh tharali. kublaine confucian malki aanee purvajanchya pujechya vidhiche palan karoon hrishee samrat mhanoon aapali sarvajanik pratima jagrut kelee, tyach velee maidanatil neta mhanoon aapali mule kayam thewali.
kublai khanane vyavsayik, vaidnyanik aanee sanskrutik vikasala chalana dilee. tyanni mangol tapal vyavastheche sanrakshn karoon, payabhoot suvidha nirman karoon, vyapari kafilyanna aarthik madat karnare karj puravun aanee kagadi nota chalanat aananyasathi protsahan deuun resheem raste vyapar jaalyachya vyapanyanna pathimba deela. yuan rajvanshachya suruvatichya kalat, mangolanni nanee jaaree karane suru thewale; tathapi, kulug khanchya kalat nanee purnapane kagadi paishanni badalali gelee. toghon temurchya karkirdiparyant yuan rajvanshache sarkar tamr nanee punha prachalit karnyacha prayatna karnar navhate. packs mangolika" yaa mangol shantatemule chean aanee pashchimekadil deshanmadhye tantradnyan, vastoo aanee sanskraticha prasar jhaala. kublaine dakshin chinpasoon uttarekadil diadooparyant bhavya kalvyacha vistar keela. kublai khanchya netrutvakhali mangol rajvat sarvadeshi hotee. tyane tyachya darbarat paradeshi pahunyanche swagat kele, jase qee venesian vyapari marco pooloo, jyane yuan cheencha sarvat prabhavshali european vruttant lihila. marco polochya pravasamule nantar khristofar kolambasasarkhya itar anekanna tyachya pauranik sampattichya shodhat sudur purvekade jaanyacha marg tayar karanyachi prerana midali.
lashkari vijay aanee mohima.
uttar chinmadhye aapale sarkar balkat kelyanantar kublaine mangol aanee chiinii samrajyavadachya paramparenusar vistarvadi dhoran avalambale. tyane dakshinekadil geet rajvanshachya virodhat eka prachand moheem punha suru kelee. kublaine 1268 teey 1273 darmyan ziangyangla vedha ghatala, joou samruddha yangzi nadiche khore tabyat ghenyachya tyachya margatil shevatcha adthala hota. 1274 madhye japanviruddha eka ayashasvi naudal moheem haatee ghenyat aalee. yunnanmadhil dally rajyavar rajya karananya duan kutumbane yuan rajvanshala samant mhanoon sharanagati patkarali aanee dakshin chinmadhil song rajvanshaviruddha yuan rajvanshala lashkari madat karat tyanna tyanche simhasana rakhanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. 
yuan rajvanshachya kalat duan kutumbane ajunahi dalivar tulanene swatantrapane rajya kele. tusi sardar aanee sthanik jamatiche nete aanee yunnan, guizou aanee sichuaanmadhil rajye yuan rajvatichya adheen jhaali aanee tyanna tyanchi padvi thevanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. sang rajvansh aanee tang rajvanshane manyata dilelya bozouchya sardarpadavar rajya karananya hahn chiinii yang kutumbala yuan rajvanshatil mangol aanee nantar ming rajvanshane manyata dilee. aahuachya netrutvakhalil shuiksimadhil luo kulala yuan samratanni manyata dilee hotee, kaaran jevha pugui aanee tang samratanni netrutva kele tevha teey ganyachya samratanni kele hote. teey shhu hahn kalatil raja hujiche vanshaj hote, jyane meng huoviruddha jhuge liangla madat kelee. tyanna ming rajgharanyane dekhil manyata dilee hotee.
dakshinatil 'hahn chiinii samrat gong auph song' yaa ganyachya sharanagatinantar kublaine 1276 madhye chinmadhil sarvat shrimant shahar, hangzouchi ganyachi rajdhani tabyat ghetali. samrat gong auph song (vaiyaktik naav zao zian) chaa vivah yuan rajvanshachya shahee borjigin kutumbatil eka mangol rajkumarishi jhaala hota. ganyache nishthavant rajdhanitun paloon gele aanee eka lahan mulala samrat bing auph song mhanoon sinhasanavar basavale, joou samrat gongcha dhakata bhau hota. 1279 madhye, hahn chiinii general zhang hangfanchya netrutvakhalil yuan sainyane, pramukhyane hahn naudalache netrutva karoon, yamenchya ladhait ganyachya nishthavantanna parabhoot kele. shevatcha ganyacha samrat budala, jyamule ganyachya rajvanshacha ant jhaala. yaa ganyacha vijay teenshe varshant prathamach uttar aanee dakshin chinala punha ekatra aanat hota.
yuan rajvanshane pakshantar kelelya jiin sainyatoon aanee pakshantar jhalelya song sainyachya sainyatoon 'hahn sainya' () tayar kele jyala 'navyane sadar kelele sainya' () mhanatat.
1279 nantar kublaichya sarkarla aarthik adchaninna samore jaave lagale. yuddh aanee bandhkam prakalpanmule mangolancha khajina nichara jhaala hota. curr mahasool vadhavanyasathi aanee gola karnyasathiche prayatna bhrashtachar aanee rajkiy ghotalyanni trast hote. chukichya lashkari mohimanmule aarthik samasya nirman jhalya. 1281 madhye kublaiche japanvaril dusare aakraman ashubh chakrivadalamule ayashasvi jhaale. kublaine annam, champa aanee jaava yanchyaviruddhachya tyachya mohimanmadhye apayashi tharale, parantu barmaviruddha pyric vijay midavala. rog, durgam hawaman aanee mangolanchya ghodchuk kelelya yuddhasathi ayogya ushnakatibandhiy bhoobhagamule mohimanmadhye adthala aala. annamvar rajya karananya tran rajvanshane (high viate) bachongchya ladhait (1288) mangolancha parabhav keela. annam, berma aanee champa yanni mangol varchaswala manyata dilee aanee yuan rajvanshashi upanadi sambandh prasthapit kele.
antargat sangharshamule kublaila tyachya samrajyatil dhoka nirman jhaala. kublai khanane tibet aanee ishanyekadil tyachya rajyala aavhan denanya bandanna dadapun takale. 1281 madhye tyachya aavadatya patniche nidhan jhaale aanee 1285 madhye tyacha nivadalela varasahi. kublai nirash jhaala aanee samrat mhanoon tyachya kartvyanpasun mage hutla. 1293 madhye teey aajari padale aanee 18 februwari 1294 roji tyanche nidhan jhaale.
kublai nantarche uttaradhikari.
taimur khaan.
1253 madhye dalivar vijay midvalyanantar, purvichya sattadhari duan kutumbachi nete mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee. sthanik sardaranchi niyukti tusi mhanoon kelee jaat asey, jyanna yuan, ming aanee king-yugatil sarkaranni, pramukhyane yunnan prantat, shahee adhikari mhanoon manyata dilee. yuan rajvanshacha varsa hii matra eka nirakaran naan karata yenari samasya hotee, jyamule nantar barech sangharsh aanee antargat sangharsh jhaala. kublaichya rajvatichya akheris heey udayas aale. kublaine moolatah aaplya jyeshth mulache, zenjinche naav yuvraj mhanoon thewale, parantu 1285 madhye kublaichya aadhi tyacha mrutyu jhaala. asha prakare, zenjincha tisra mulga, tyachi aaee kokejin aanee mantri bayan yanchya pathimbyane, sinhasanavar basala aanee 1294 teey 1307 paryant temur khaan kinwa samrat chengzhong mhanoon rajya kele. temur khanane tyachya aajobanni suru kelelya bahutek kamanchi dekhbhal aanee chaloo thevanyacha nirnay ghetala. tyane pashchimekadil mangol khanate tasech vhietanamsarkhya shejari deshanshihi shantata prasthapit kelee, jyanni tyache nammatra varchasva olakhale aanee kahee dashkansathi shraddhanjali vahili. tathapi, yuan rajvanshatil bhrashtachar taimur khanchya karkirdit suru jhaala.
kulug khaan.
kulug khaan (samrat wuzong) taimur khanchya mrutyunantar sinhasanavar basala. tyachya purvavartinpramane, tyane kublaiche kaam chaloo thewale nahee, mukhytah tyachi uddishte nakarli. sarvat mahattvache mhanje tyanni aarthik sudharananvar laksh kendrit karnare 'naveen saude' navache dhoran sadar kele. tyachya alpakalin karkirdit (1307-11), kulegne ghetalelya chukichya nirnayanmule sarkar aarthik adchaninmadhye padale. tyachya mrutyuparyant chean mothya karjat budala hota aanee yuan darbarala lokanchya asantoshala samore jaave lagale.
ayurbarwada bayantu khaan.
chautha yuan samrat, bayantu khaan (janm ayurbarwada), haah eka saksham samrat hota. kublaichya rajvatinantar kahee mangol abhijat vargatil asantoshasathi mukhya pravahatil chiinii sanskratila sakriyapane pathimba denara aanee swikaranara too pahila yuan samrat hota. tyanna lii meng yaa confucian shikshikene margadarshan kele hote. tyanni anek sudharana kelya, jyat rajya vyavhar vibhag (dii. aii. eff.) chya diwalkhoricha samavesh hota, jyacha parinam mhanoon paach sarvoch darjachya adhikanyanna fashi denyat aalee. 1313 pasoon, sambhavya adhikadhyansathi paramparik shahee pariksha punha suru karnyat aalya, jyat mahattvapoorn aitihasik kamanvaril tyanchya dnyanachi chachani ghenyat aalee. tasech, tyanni bahutansh kayade sanhitabaddha kele, tasech anek chiinii pustake aanee kaame prakashit kinwa anuvadit kelee.
geggin khaan aanee yesu temur.
samrat geggin khaan, joou ayurbarwadacha mulga aanee uttaradhikari hota, tyane 1321 teey 1323 yaa kalat keval done varshe rajya kele. tyane tyachya navyane niyukt jhalelya grand chanceller baijoochya madatine confucian tattvanvar aadharit sarkar sudharanyasathi tyachya vadilanchi dhorane chaloo thewali. tyachya karkirdit, tyachya vadilanni suru kelelya yuan rajvanshachya sanhita aanee niyamancha eka motha sangrah, 'daa yuan tong zee' (), aupcharikpane ghoshit karnyat aala. geginchi eka bandkhor gatatil paach rajkumarancha samavesh asalelya, kadachit confucian sudharananna virodh karananya step abhijat vargatil, eka uthavat hatya karnyat aalee. tyanni yesun temur (kinwa taidingadi) yanna sinhasanavar basavale aanee rajkumaranna shant karnyachya ayashasvi prayatnannantar, tyanehi raaj hatyecha balee ghetala.
yesu temurchya karkirdipurvi, kublaichya rajvatinantar chean lokpriy bandanpasoon tulanene mukt hota. matra, vanshik alpasankhyak lock rahana pradeshanmadhye yuanche niyantran tutu lagale. yaa bandanchya ghatanemule aanee tyanantarchya dadapshahimule yuan sarkarchya aarthik adachani vadhalya. mahasool vadhavanyasathi sarkarla karyalaye vikane, tasech kahee vastunvaril kharch qamee karane yasarkhe kahee upay karave lagale.
jayatu khaan tugh timur.
1328 madhye jevha yesu temer shangadumadhye maran pavala, tevha tugh temurla kipchak commander all temurne khanbalikla parat bolavale. tyala khanbalikmadhye samrat (samrat venzong) mhanoon sthapit karnyat aale, tarr yesun temurcha mulga ragibagh haah yesun temurchya aavadatya snrakshak daulat shahchya pathimbyane shangadumadhye sinhasanavar basala. uttar chinmadhil rajkumar aanee adhikadhyancha aanee rajvanshachya itar kahee bhagancha pathimba midvat, khanbaliksthit tugh temurne akheris done rajdhanyanche yuddh mhanoon olakhale jaanare ragibagviruddhache gruhyuddha jinkale. tyanantar, tugh temurne tyacha bhau kusal yachya bajoone tyag keela, jyala chagatai khaan eljigidecha pathimba hota aanee khanbalikcha tyache swagat karnyacha hetu jaheer keela. tathapi, tugh temursobatchya mejavaninantar keval chaar divasanni kusalcha achanak mrutyu jhaala. tyala ell temurne vishane thaar marle aanee tugh temurne nantar sinhasanachi punha sthapana kelee. mangol jagacha adhipati mhanoon sweekarle jaanyasathi tugh temurne suvarn jamav aanee ilkhanet yasarkhya pashchimi mangol khanatanna pratinidhi pathvanyatahi yash midavale. tathapi, tyachya nantarchya teen varshanchya karkirdit too pramukhyane shaktishali adhikari ell temerchi kathputali hota. ell temurne kusal samarthak adhikanyanna shuddha kele aanee sardarankade satta aanali, jyanchya nirankush rajvatine rajvanshacha hasad spashtapane chinhankit keela.
nokarshahivar ell temurche varchasva asalyamule, tugh temur tyachya sanskrutik yogdanasathi olakhale jaatat. tyanni confucianismcha sanman karnyasathi aanee chiinii sanskrutik moolyanna protsahan denyasathi anek upayayojana swikarlya. chiinii shikshanala aashray denyacha tyancha sarvat thos prayatna mhanje 1329 chya vasant rutumadhye pratham sthapan jhalelya aanee 'confucian uchch sanskratichya mangolian samrajyavadi aasthapaneparyant sankramanashi sambandhit anek kaame' haatee ghenyasathi tayar kelelya 'starr auph literature' chya pavillionchya akadamichi sthapana karane. akadami anek pustakanche sankalan aanee prakashan karnyasathi jababdar hotee, parantu tyachi sarvat mahattvachi kamgiri mhanje 'jingshi dadian' () navachya vishal sansthatmak sankalanache sankalan. tugh temur yanni jhu zee yanchya nava-confucianismla pathimba deela aanee swatahla bauddha dharmat samarpit kele.
togon turr.
1332 madhye tugh temurcha mrutyu jhalyanantar aanee tyach varshi rinchinable (samrat ningzong) chya mrutyunantar, kublai khanchya nauu uttaradhikaryanpaiki shevatcha 13 varshiy togon temur (samrat huizong) yala gwangxi yethoon parat bolavale gele aanee too sinhasanavar basala. ell temerchya mrutyunantar, bayan tyachya pradirgh rajvatichya suruvatila ell temer jevadha shaktishali adhikari hota, titkach shaktishali jhaala. jasjasa togon temur vadhat gela, tasatase tyane bayanchya nirankush rajvatila nakar deela. 1340 madhye tyane bayancha putanya toktoashi yutee kelee, jyacha bayanashi matbhed hota aanee tyane bund karoon bionla haddapar kele. bayanchya badtarfinantar, toktone nyayalayacha adhikar kabij keela. tyanchya pahilya prashasanane navyane utsah dakhavalyache spashtapane disun aale. kendra sarkarmadhye naveen aanee sakaratmak dishene vatchal karanyachi kahee suruvatichi chinhehi tyanni dilee. liavo, jiin aanee geet rajvanshacha dirghkalapasun adakalela adhikrut itihas purn karane haah tyacha eka yashasvi prakalp hota, joou akheris 1345 madhye purn jhaala. tarihi, toktoane tyachya pahilya prashasanacha ant mhanoon, togon temerchya manyatesah aaplya padacha rajinama deela aanee tyala 1349 paryant parat bolavanyat aale nahee.
samrajyacha hasad.
yuan rajvanshachi shevatchi varshe lokanmadhye sangharsh, dushkal aanee katuta yanni chinhankit kelee hotee. kalantarane, kublai khanchya uttaradhikanyanni aashiyatil itar mangol bhoomivaril serve prabhav gamavala, tarr madhya samrajyachya palikade mangol lock tyanchyakade khoop chiinii mhanoon pahat hote. haloohaloo, tyanni chinmadhyehi prabhav gamavala. nantarchya yuan samratanche rajyakal alpakalache hote aanee teey karsthan aanee shatrutvanni chinhankit hote. prashasanat rus naan balgata, teey sainya aanee janata yaa donhinpasoon vegale jhaale aanee matbhed aanee ashantatemule chean fatala. kamkuvat yuan sainyachya hastakshepashivay bekaydeshiranni desh uddhvast keela.
1340chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun grameen bhagatil lokanna dushkal, puur aanee parinami yenanya dushkalasarkhya varanvar yenanya naisargik aapattincha samna karava lagla aanee sarkarchya prabhavi dhoranachya abhavamule lokancha pathimba gamvava lagla. 1351 madhye, ganyachya nishthavantanchya netrutvakhali laal pagadi bund suru jhaale aanee teey deshvyapi uthavat vadhale aanee ganyachya nishthavantanni 1351 madhye kaifeng yethe rajdhanisah naveen ganyache rajvansh sthapan kele. 1354 madhye, jevha toghtoghane laal pagadi bandkhoranna chiradanyasathi mothya sainyache netrutva kele, tevha toghon temurne vishvasghatachya bhitine tyala achanak barkhast kele. yamule ekikade tohan temurchi satta punha prasthapit jhaali aanee dusarikade kendra sarkar zapatyane kamkuvat jhaale. sthanik sardaranchya lashkari samarthyavar avalambun rahnyashivay tyachyakade paryay navhata aanee haloohaloo rajkaranatil rus gamavala aanee rajkiy sangharshanmadhye hastakshep karane bund kele. dakshinet jhu yuanzangne sthapan kelelya ming rajvanshachya (1368-1644) sainyachya madatinantar 1368 madhye too khanbalik (sadhyache beijing) yethoon uttarekade shangdula paloon gela. jhu yuanzang haah laal pagadi ganyachya rajvanshachya sainyatil majee duke aanee commander hota aanee tyane laal pagadi ganyacha samrat hahn linner yachya mrutyunantar samrat mhanoon satta sweekarli, jyane khanbalik parat midvanyacha prayatna keela hota, joou akheris ayashasvi jhaala aanee done varshannantar (1370) yingchangmadhye (sadhyachya aateel mangoliyamadhye sthit) maran pavala. tyachya mrutyunantar lagechach mingne yingchangla tabyat ghetale. rajgharanyatil kahee sadasya aajahi henanmadhye rahatat.
liangcha rajkumar, basalavarmi yane yunnan aanee guizou yethe mingchya virodhat pratikarasathi swatantra jaaga sthapan kelee, parantu 1381 madhye tyachya sainyacha mingne nirnayak parabhav keela. 1387 paryant naghachuchya netrutvakhali manchuria yetheel urvarit yuan sainyane dekhil ming rajvanshasamor aatmasamarpan kele hote. 1370 madhye mingmadhye yingchangchya patananantar yuanche avashesh mangoliyala paratale, jithe gret yuan (δι) heey naav aupcharikpane pudhe nele gele aanee tyala uttar yuan rajvansh mhanoon olakhale jaate.
prabhav.
yuan rajvanshachya kalat eka samruddha sanskrutik vividhata vikasit jhaali. natak aanee kadambaricha vikas aanee likhit sthanik bhashecha vadhata vapar hii pramukh sanskrutik kamgiri hotee. yuan rajvanshachya kalat qalaa aanee sanskraticha dekhil mothya pramanat vikas jhaala aanee tyachi bharbharat jhaali. nilya aanee pandhya rangachya rangeet pinganichi vyapak olakh jhaali, tasech chiinii chitrakalet eka motha badal jhaala. chean aanee madhya aashiyatil bahutansh bhagachya rajkiy ektemule purv aanee paschim yanchyatil vyaparala chalana midali. mangolanchya vyapak paschim ashiyai aanee european samparkanmule yogya pramanat sanskrutik devanghevan jhaali. mangol samrajyatil itar sanskruti aanee lokanchahi chinavar khoop prabhav padala. tyacha hasad hoiparyant tyane aashiyatil vyapar aanee vanijya lakshaniyaritya sulabh kele hote; yuan rajvansh aanee tyacha mitra aanee parshiyatil adhinastha ilkhanet yanchyatil sanvadamule yaa vikasala protsahan midale. yuan sarkarmadhye bauddha dharmacha motha prabhav hota aanee yaa kalat tibetian-rait tantrik bauddha dharmacha chinavar lakshaniy prabhav padala hota. yuan rajvanshachya muslimanni purv ashiyamadhye madhya purvekadil nakashalekhan, khagolshastra, aushadh, kapade aanee aahar yancha parichay karoon deela. gajar, shalgam, limbu, vangi aanee kharbooj, uchch darjachi dandar sakhar aanee kapus yasarkhi purvekadil pike yuan rajvanshachya kalat ektar sadar karnyat aalee kinwa yashasviritya lokpriy karnyat aalee.
chiinii sadarikaran kalanna samruddha karnyasathi pashchatya vadye sadar karnyat aalee. yaa kalapasoon, vayavya aanee nairutya dishela chiinii lokanchi vadhati sankhya, madhya aashiyatil muslimandware islammadhye dharmantarit jhaali. nestorianism aanee roman kaithalikvadane dekhil sahishnutecha kaal anubhavala. bauddha dharmachi (visheshtah tibeti bauddha dharmachi) bharbharat jhaali, jaree taovadane yuan sarkarchya buddh dharmachya bajoone kahee chhal sahan kele. anaikyatechya kalat uttar chinmadhye gairavaparat padalelya abhijat paddhati aanee parikshanvar aadharit confucian sarkari paddhati aanee pariksha yuan nyayalayane kadachit hahn samajavar suvyavastha rakhanyachya aashene punha suru kelya. pravas sahitya, nakshilekhan, bhoogol aanee vaidnyanik shikshan yaa kshetrat pragati jhaali.
shuddha kelele meethpetar, mudran tantre, porcillain, patte khelane aanee vaidyakeey sahitya yasarkhya kahee chiinii navkalpana aanee utpadananchi europe aanee paschim aashiyat niryat kelee gelee, tarr patal kaach aanee cloysonche utpadan chinmadhye lokpriy jhaale. yuancha chiinii ming rajvanshavar kholvar prabhav hota. ming samrat jhu yuanzangne (1368-97) mangolanchya chinchya ektrikaranache kautuk kele aanee tyachi chhawani pranali sweekarli.
pracheen roman dutavasanvyatirikt, europeanancha cheencha pahila pravas aanee yaa velepasooncha paratava nondavala gela aahe. tyaa kalatil sarvat prasiddha pravasi venesian marco pooloo hota, jyachya mahan khanchi rajdhani asalelya "cambalook" chya pravasachya aanee tethil jivanachya vruttane europechya lokanna aashcharyachakit kele. tyachya pravasacha vruttant, "ill million" (kinwa, "daad million", jyala ingerjit "marco polocha pravas" mhanoon olakhale jaate), sumare 1299 saalee prakashit jhaala. kahinna marco polochya vruttantanchya achukatevar shanka hotee kaaran cheenchi mothee bhint, chahachi ghare yancha ullekh naan kelyamule, jeey europeanni adyap chahachi sanskruti sweekarli naslyamule tasech mahan khanchya rajdhanitil mahilanni paay bandhanyachi pratha palalyamule eka pramukh drushya tharale asate. tathapi, alikadil abhyas asey darshavtat qee poloche khaate barechase achook aanee adviteey aahe.
yuanne vyapak sarvajanik kaame haatee ghetali. kublai khanche sarvoch abhiyante aanee shastradnyanmadhye khagolshastradnya guo shoujing hote, jyanna anek sarvajanik bandhkam prakalpanche kaam sopavanyat aale hote aanee jyane yuanla varshatil 365.2425 divasanchi achookata pradan karnyasathi chandrasaur dindarshikemadhye sudharana karnyas madat kelee, jeey aadhunik gregory dindarshikechya mojamapachya keval 26 sekandanchya antaravar hote. raste aanee jalsanvadachi punarrachana karnyat aalee aanee tyat sudharana karnyat aalee. sambhavya dushkal talhanyasathi, sampoorn samrajyat dhanye bandhanyache aadesh denyat aale. naveen rajvadyachya maidanansah beijing shaharachi punarbandhani karnyat aalee jyat krutrim talav, tekadya aanee parvat aanee udyane samavisht hotee. yuan kalat, beijing heey chinchya bhavya kalvyache antim sthan banale, jyache purnapane nutanikaran karnyat aale. yaa vyavsayikdrushtya kendrit sudharananmule sampoorn ashiyamadhye bhupradesh aanee sagari vyaparala protsahan midale aanee europashi thet chiinii sampark sulabh jhaala. pashchimekadil chiinii pravasi hydraulic abhiyantrikisarkhya kshetranmadhye madat karoo shakale. pashchimatya deshanshi jhalelya samparkamule chinmadhye jwari, tasech itar paradeshi ann utpadane aanee tayar karnyachya paddhatincha pramukh annadhanya peak mhanoon parichay jhaala.
yuan rajvansh haah naan-hahn vanshane sthapan kelela pahila rajvansh hota, jyane sampoorn chinavar rajya kele. mangoliyachya itihaslekhanat, too samanyatah mangol samrajyacha satatya manla jaato. mangol lock shashvat swargachi pooja karnyasathi mothya pramanavar olakhale jaatat aanee paramparik mangolian vichardharenusar yuan hii "anant sankhyechya pranyanchi suruvat, shantata aanee aanandacha paya, rajya shakti, anek lokanche swapna, yashivay kahihi mothe kinwa maulyavan nahee" asey manale jaate."dusarikade, chinchya paramparik itihaslekhanat, yuan rajvansh haah sahasa song rajvansh aanee ming rajvansh yanchyatil vaidh rajvansh manla jaato. tathapi, kublai khanane 1271 madhye yuanchi aupcharik sthapana karnyapurvi yuan rajvanshacha paramparik vistar mangol samrajyacha samavesh karnyasathi keela gela hota, anshatah kaaran kublaine mangol samrajyachya purvichya shasakanna yuan samrat mhanoon adhikrutpane sanmanit kele aanee tyanna maranottar nave aanee mandiranchi nave dilee. paramparik itihaslekhan tasech adhikrut matey (yuan rajvanshacha padav karananya ming rajvanshachya sarkarsah) asoonahi, asey chiinii lock dekhil astitvat aahet jeey yuan rajvanshala chinache vaidh rajvansh manat navhate, tarr paradeshi varchasvacha kaal manat hote. nantarche manatat qee hansana duyyam darjache nagrik manale jaat hote aanee chean aarthik aanee vaidnyanikdrushtya thapp jhaala hota.
rajvanshane aapala shahee rung mhanoon pandhara rung nivadala, joou paach ghatakanchya (wooksing) siddhantanusar dhatuchya ghatkashi sambandhit aahe. paach ghatakanchya nirmiti kramamadhye ganyachya paach rajvansh ghatakatoon dhatoo ghatak anusarat nahee heey lakshat ghya. tyaeivaji, teey jiin rajvanshachya pruthvi yaa vanshavadi ghatakache anusaran karate. yuanne jaree tyachi ughadpane ghoshana kelee nasali taree tyacha shahee rung mhanoon pandhya rangachi nivad soochit karate qee tyane hahn-chiinii geet rajvanshaivaji jiin yaa aanakhi eka vijay rajvanshala tyacha yogya purvavarti manale.
shahee chinache dragon kapade ilkhani lock vaparat asat, chiinii huangadi (samrat) hii padvi ilkhani lock vaparat asat kaaran chiinii rajkaranatil mangolanvar tyancha motha prabhav hota. yuan rajvanshakadun midalelya shikkyanvyatirikt, chiinii varn asalele shikke swatah ilkhani lokanni tayar kele hote, jyat chiinii sarkari sanstheche sandarbh aahet.
sarkar.
yuan sarkarchi rachana kublai khanchya (1260-1294) karkirdit aakaras aalee. kahee sansthanchya karye yasarkhe kahee badal jhaale asale taree, sarkari nokarshahiche aavashyak ghatak 1368 madhye rajvanshachya suruvatipasun shevatparyant abadhit rahile.
kublai khanane nirman kelelya nokarshahichya vyavasthet huns, khitan, nyaydhish, mangol aanee tibeti bauddhansah samrajyatil vividh sanskruti pratibimbit jhalya. sansthanchya adhikrut shabdavalivarun asey soochit houu shakate qee sarkari rachana jawaljawal purnapane mool chiinii rajvanshachi hotee, yuan nokarshahimadhye pratyakshat vegvegalya sanskratinmadhil ghatakanche mishran hote. nokarshahiche chiinii shailiche ghatak pramukhyane sthanik tang, geet, tasech khitan liao aanee jurchen jiin rajvanshatun aale. lioo bingzong aanee yao shhoo yansarkhya chiinii sallagaranni kublaichya suruvatichya darbaravar motha prabhav padala aanee kublaichya karkirdichya pahilya dashakat kendra sarkarche prashasana sthapan jhaale. nagri vyavhar vyavasthapit karnyasathi kendriya sachivalay (zhongshu sheng), lashkari vyavhar vyavasthapit karnyasathi prevy council () aanee antargat palat thevanyasathi aanee tapasani karnyasathi sensorrates nagri, lashkari aanee sensoriyal karyalayanmadhye adhikaranchi paramparik chiinii tripakshiy vibhagani yaa sarkarne sweekarli. tathapi, shasanacha gabha mhanoon lashkari sanstha aanee karyalayanvar mangol paramparik avalambitva asalyamule, kendra aanee sthanik sarkari sansthanchi pratyaksh karye nagri aanee lashkari adhikarkshetranmadhye eka motha parasparsambandh darshavitat. tathapi, ashee nagri nokarshahi, jyat kendriya sachivalay hii sarvoch sanstha hotee, jee (pratyaksh kinwa apratyakshapane) itar bahutek sarkari sansthansathi (jase qee paramparik chiinii shailitil sahaa mantralaye) jababdar hotee, tee chinmadhye tayar karnyat aalee. vividh velee, pramukhyane vitt vyavhar hatalanari rajya vyavhar vibhag (shangshu sheng) navachi aanakhi eka kendra sarkari sanstha sthapan karnyat aalee (udaharanarth, kulug khaan kinwa samrat wuzong yanchya karkirdit), parantu nantar kahee kalatach tee sodoon denyat aalee.
kendra sarkarchya yaa vibhaganchya aanee sahaa mantralayanchya (jeey suee aanee tang rajvanshanpasun suru karnyat aale hote) astitvamule yuan prashasanat eka shuddha pratima nirman jhaali, tarr yaa mantralayanchya vastavik karyanmadhye mangolian pradhanye aanee dhoranancha tyaa sansthanna kassa aakar deela gela aanee tyaa punarnirdeshit kelya gelya heey dekhil pratibimbit hote. udaharanarth, yuan kayadeshir pranalicha adhikar, nyay mantralay, mangol aanee semuren yancha samavesh asalelya kayadeshir prakarananparyant vistarla gela nahee, jyanchyakade swatantra nyayalaye hotee. ekapeksha jaast vanshik gatachya sadasyancha samavesh asalelya prakaranancha nirnay chiinii aanee mangolancha samavesh asalelya mishra mandaladvare ghetala gela. aanakhi eka udaharan mhanje sthanik chiinii rajvanshachya tulanet yuddh mantralayache mahatva qamee hote, kaaran yuan kalatil vastavik lashkari adhikar prevy kaunsilmadhye rahat hote.
kochoche rajya, daliche rajya, bozouche sardar, itar tusi rajye aanee goriyovar yuan shahee gharanyachya adheen asalelya aanee kahee prakarananmadhye tyachyashi sambandhit shasakanni rajya kele.
vidnyan aanee tantradnyan.
ganeet.
yuan yugat ganitshastradnyanni bahupadi bijganitat pragati kelee. ganitshastradnya jhu shiji (1249-1314) yanni aadhunik matrixchya samatulya gunankanchya aayatakruti shrenicha vapar karoon chaar adnyatansah ekach velee samikarane sodavali. zoone ekach velee samikarane keval eka adnyat samikaranat qamee karnyasathi nirmulan paddhat vaparali. 1303 madhye lihilelya 'chaar adnyatanchya jaid aarshat' tyachya paddhatiche varnan kele aahe. suruvatichya prushthanvar pascalchya trikonachi aakruti aahe. maryadit ankganitiy malikechi berries dekhil yaa pustakat samavisht aahe.
guo shaujingne dindarshikechya nirmitisathi ganitacha vapar keela. golakar trikonamitivar kaam karananya chinmadhil pahilya ganitshastradnyanpaiki teey eka hote. gaune tyachya khagolshastriy gananesathi ghan antarveshan sootra kadhale. tyache dindarshika, 'shaushi lii' (), 1281 madhye yuan rajvanshache adhikrut dindarshika mhanoon prasarit karnyat aale. dindarshikevar keval sang rajvanshatil khagolshastradnya shhein kuo yanchya karyane kinwa kadachit arab khagolshastradnyanchya karyane prabhav padala asava. shaushi dindarshiket muslim prabhavachi konatihi spasht chinhe naheet, parantu mangol shasakanna muslim dindarshikanmadhye rus asalyache dnyat hote. madhyapurvetil ganiteey dnyanachi chinmadhye mangolanchya kalat olakh jhaali aanee muslim khagolshastradnyanni 13vya shatkat chinmadhye arabi anke aanali.
aushadh.
yuan darbaratil doctor vividh sanskratinpasun aale hote. upchar karnanyanna 'otachi' aanee paramparik mangol shammon navachya bigger-mangol vaidyanmadhye vibhagale gele hote. mangolanni 'otachi' doctoranna tyanchya vanaushadhi upcharanchya vaparadvare vaishishtyikrut kele, jeey mangol shamanvadachya aadhyatmik upcharanpeksha vegale hote. doctoranna yuan sarkarkadoon adhikrut pathbal midale aanee tyanna vishesh kayadeshir visheshadhikar denyat aale. vaidyakeey grunth aanee naveen doctoranchya shikshanache vyavasthapan karnyasathi kublai yanni imperial academy auph medicinechi nirmiti kelee. confucian vidwan vaidyakeey vyavasayakade aakarshit jhaale kaaran tyamule uchch utpann sunishchit jhaale aanee vaidyakeey naitikta confucian gunanshi susangat hotee.
yuaanchya chiinii vaidyakeey paramparet 'chaar mahan shaala' hotya jyaa yuanla jiin rajgharanyakadun varshane midalya hotya. charahi shaala ekach bauddhik payavar aadharit hotya, parantu tyanni vaidyakshastrakade pahanyachya vegvegalya saiddhantik drushtikonanche samarthan kele. mangolanchya kalat chiinii aushadhanchi pratha samrajyachya itar bhaganmadhye pasarali. paschimekade vistar karat asatana chiinii doctoranna mangolanni lashkari mohimansah aanale. acupuncture, moxibtion, nadiche nidan aanee vividh vanaushadhi aushadhe aanee amrut yasarkhi chiinii vaidyakeey tantre paschimekade madhya purv aanee urvarit samrajyat prasarit jhaali. yuan kalat anek vaidyakeey pragati karnyat aalya. doctor wei yillin (1277-1347) yanni visthapit sandhe qamee karnyasathi nilamban paddhaticha shodh lavala, jee tyanni bhool deuun kelee. mangol vaidya huu sihui yanni 1330 chya vaidyakeey granthat nirogi aaharache mahatva sangitale.
chinmadhye yuan darbaratil nestorian khrishchan lock pashchatya vaidyakshastracha dekhil sarav karat asat, jithe tyala kadhikadhi 'huihui' kinwa muslim aushadh asey sambodhale jaat asey. nestorian vaidya yeshu daad interpretor yane kublaichya karkirdit 1263 madhye pashchatya aushadhanchya karyalayachi sthapana kelee. done shahee rugnalayanmadhye karyarat asalele huihui doctor shahee kutumb aanee darbaratil sadasyanvar upchar karnyasathi jababdar hote. chiinii vaidyanni pashchatya aushadhanna virodh keela kaaran tyachi vinodi pranali paramparik chiinii aushadhanmadhye antarbhut asalelya yinn-yang aanee wooksing tattvadnyanachya viruddha hotee. pashchatya vaidyakeey kamanche konatehi chiinii bhashantar dnyat nahee, parantu heey shakya aahe qee chiinii lokanna evisennachya 'daad cannon auph medicine' madhye pravesh hota.
mudran aanee prakashan.
mangol shasakanni yuan mudran udyogala aashray deela. kocho aanee tibeti madhyasthanchya madhyamatoon chiinii mudran tantradnyan mangolanna hastantarit karnyat aale. wang zenchya 'nong shhoo' sarkhya kahee yuan dastaivajanchi chhap 12vya shatkat shodhanyat aalelya matichya bhandyanchya chull prakarane chhapali gelee hotee. tathapi, bahutek prakashit kaame ajunahi paramparik block printing tantradvare tayar kelee jaat hotee. ogedeichi patni, torrigain khatoonchya navane koralelya taovadi granthache prakashan heey mangolanni prayojit kelelya pahilya chhapil kamanpaiki eka aahe. 1273 madhye, mangolanni shahee granthalay sanchalanalay, sarkar puraskrut mudran karyalay tayar kele. yuan sarkarne sampoorn chinmadhye chhapaisathi kendre sthapan kelee. pustakanchya prakashanala pathbal denyasathi sthanik shaala aanee sarkari sansthanna nidhi denyat aala.
yuaanchya kalat khajgi mudran vyavasayahi bharbharatila aala. tyanni vividh prakarchya granthanche prakashan kele aanee shaikshanik, sahityik, vaidyakeey, dharmik aanee aitihasik grunth chhapale. chhapil sahityache praman prachand hote. 1312 madhye, kosgi odisarne tippani kelelya bauddha granthachya 1,000 pratee fakt bijingmadhyech chhapalya gelya. 1328 paryant, yuan rajgharanyat mudrit dindarshika aanee panchanganchi varshik vikri 30 lakhanhun adhik jhaali.
mudran tantradnyanachya adhik ullekhaneey upayoganpaiki eka mhanje "giaochao", yuanche kagadi paise. tutichya zadanchya salapasoon giaochao banavale jaat asey. yuan sarkarne kagadi paishachi chhapai karnyasathi lakudbandicha vapar keela, parantu 1275 madhye teey kansyapatinkade valale. mangolanni chinbaheril mangol-niyantrit pradeshanmadhye chiinii shailitil kagadi chalanpranali sthapan karnyacha prayog keela. yuan mantri boladala iranala pathvanyat aale, jithe tyane gekhatoochya ill-khanet darbarala yuan kagadi paise samajavun sangitale. ill-khanate sarkarne 1294 madhye kagadi paise jaaree kele, parantu videshi naveen chalanabaddalchya lokanchya avishvasane haah prayog nasht jhaala.
paradeshi nirikshakanni yuan mudran tantradnyanachi dakhal ghetali. marco polone kagadi paishachi yuan chhapai aanee "taquini" navachya panchangachya patrakanche dastaivajikaran kele. vajir rasheed-all-deenane mudran hii eka maulyavan tantrik pragati asalyache olakhale aanee kagadi paishachi chhapai karnyacha mangol prayog muslim jagaat ayashasvi jhaala yabaddal khed vyakt keela. rasheed-all-deenche mutt madhyapurvetil itar itihaskaranni mandale nahee, jyanni ill-khantevar prayogacha vighatankari prabhavavar teeka kelee hotee.
syramics.
chiinii matichya bhandyanmadhye haah kaal vistarancha hota, jyat mothya navinyapurnatesaha jingdezenchya underglays rangavalelya nilya aanee pandhya matichya bhandyanchya bhandyatil vikas hota. yachee suruvat 14 vya shatkachya suruvatichya dashakanmadhye jhaali asey disate aanee rajvanshachya akheris teey paripakv aanee susthapit jhaale hote. itar pramukh prakarchya vastoo tyanchya vikasat tivra vyatyay naan aanata chaloo rahilya, parantu kahee mothya aakarachya vastoo aanee adhik sajavaticha samanya cull hota. heey byavachada ganyachya parishkaranatil ghat mhanoon pahile jaate. niryatit lakshaniy vaadh jhaali, visheshtah islami jagaat.
samaj.
shahee jivanshaili.
1269 madhye tyacha shodh laglyapasoon, 'fags-paa lipi' hii mangolian, tibeti aanee chiinii bhashanchya shabdalekhanasathichi eka ekikrut lipi rajvanshachya shevataparyant darbarat jatan kelee gelee. bahutek samratanna likhit chiinii bhashet prabhutva midavata yet navhate, parantu teey samanyatah tyaa bhashet changle bolu shakat hote. mangol kula, ongirat aanee ekeres yanchyashi dirghkalapasun asalelya kuda/vivah yutichi mangol pratha tugh temur (samrat venzong), jyachi aaee eka tangut upapatni hotee, tyachya karkirdiparyant shahee rakt purnapane mangol thevat asey. mangol samratanni mothe rajwade aanee mandap bandhale hote, parantu kahijan ajunahi kahee vela bhatkya mhanoon rahat rahile. tugh temur heey yuan samratache eka udaharan hote, jyane tyachya shahee kshamtesah aanee kavita lihine, chitrakala, chiinii shastriy grunth vachane aanee pustakanchya sankalanache aadesh dene yasarkhya tyachya vaiyaktik upkramansah sanskrutik upkramanna sakriyapane prayojit kele.
yuan rajvanshachya sarasari mangol chhawani kutumbane grameen vishrantiche jeevan jagat asalyache disate, tyanchya chiinii bhadekarunchya kapanitoon milanare utpann tyanchya kartavya dauyansathi purushanna susajj karane aanee pathvane yaa kharchane khalavale. mangolanni karjachi gulamgiri palali aanee 1290 paryant mangol samrajyachya serve bhaganmadhye samanya lock tyanchya mulanna gulamgirit vikoo lagale. heey mangol rashtrasathi hanikarak asalyache pahoon, 1291 madhye kublaine paradeshat mangolanchya vikrivar bandee ghatali. kublaila chiinii lokanna patvoon dyayache hote qee, swatachya lokansobat aapali mangolian olakh kayam thevat too adhikadhik papmukt hott aahe. tyane rajya karnyasathi nagri prashasanachi sthapana kelee, chinmadhye rajdhani bandhali, chiinii dharm aanee sanskratila pathimba deela aanee nyayalayasathi yogya aarthik aanee rajkiy sanstha tayar kelya. pann tyach velee tyane aapala mangolian varsa kadhihi sodala nahee.
sanskruti.
yuan rajvanshachya kalat, tyanchya vikasat chitrakala, ganeet, sulekhan, kavita aanee rangbhumi yaa kshetransah kalanmadhil vividh mahattvachya ghadamodi ghadalya kinwa chaloo rahilya, jyat aaj anek mahan kalakar aanee lekhak prasiddha aahet. yaa velee chitrakala, kavita aanee sulekhan ekatra aalyane yaa vegvegalya upkramancha sarav karnare anek kalakar samaan vyakti hote, jaree kadachit tyanchya kamgirichya eka kshetrasathi itaranpeksha adhik prasiddha hote. byavachada landscape pentingchya pudhil vikasachya drushtine tasech chitrakala, kavita aanee sulekhan yaa kalanchya shastriy sanyogachya drushtine, geet rajvansh aanee yuan rajvansh ekatra jodalele aahet.
yuan rajvanshachya kalat chiinii chitranmadhye asey hote. sulekhan kshetrat anek mahan sulekhankar yuan rajvanshachya kalatil hote. yuan kavitemadhye, mukhya vikas 'kyu' hota, joou itar kavyatmak prakaranmadhye bahutansh lokanni vaparla hota. yaa kalat anek kavee rangbhumitil pramukh ghadamodinmadhye sahbhagi jhaale hote aanee dusarikade, rangbhumitil mahattvache lock 'kyu' chya 'saank' prakarchya vikasadvare prasiddha jhaale. jhaju vaividhyapurn karyakram' chya mishranatil eka pramukh ghatak mhanje shastriy aanee naveen 'kyu' asha donhi prakarchya kavitecha samavesh. yuan yugatil eka mahattvachi sanskrutik pragati mhanje kavita, chitrakala aanee sulekhan yanche ekatmik swarupat ekikaran karane, jeey lock shastriy chiinii kalecha vichar karatat tevha lakshat yete. yuan kalacha aanakhi eka mahattvacha pailu mhanje tatkalin sadhyachya, sthanik bhashetil chiinii bhashecha 'kyu' yaa kavitechya prakarat aanee 'jhaju' yaa vividh prakarchya pradarshanat samavesh vadhane. yuan rajvanshachya qalaa aanee sanskratibabatcha aanakhi eka mahattvacha vichar mhanje tyacha barachsa bhag chinmadhye tikoon aahe, tulanene tang rajvansh aanee geet rajvanshachya kamanshi, jeey anekada japanmadhil shosoinsarkhya thikani adhik changlya prakare jatan kele gele aahet.
dharm.
yuan rajvanshachya kalat bauddha, islam, khrishchan aanee manichaism asey anek dharm prachalit hote. yuan rajvanshachya sthapanemule chinmadhil muslimanchi sankhya lakshaniyaritya vadhali hotee. tathapi, pashchatya khanatanchya vipareet, yuan rajvanshache kadhihi islammadhye rupantar jhaale nahee. tyaeivaji, yuan rajvanshacha sansthapak kublai khaan yane bauddha dharmala, visheshtah tibeti prakaranna pasanti dilee. parinami, tibeti bauddha dharm haah "vastavik" rajya dharm mhanoon sthapit jhaala. bauddha aanee tibeti vyavhar vibhag (juanzheng yuan) mhanoon olakhala jaanara uchch-stariy vibhag aanee sarkari sanstha khanbalik (aadhunik beijing) yethe sampoorn samrajyatil bauddha bhikshunchya dekharekhisathi sthapan karnyat aalee hotee. kublai khaan keval tibeti bauddha dharmachya shakya panthacha aadar karat asalyane itar dharmanche mahatva qamee jhaale. tyane aanee tyachya uttaradhikaryanni darbarat eka shakya shahee guru (dishi) thewala. yuan rajvanshachya samaptipurvi, shakya panthachya 14 netyanni shahee guruche padd dharan kele hote, jyamule tyanna vishesh satta labhali hotee. shivay, bauddha dharmachya mangol aashrayamule bauddha kalechi anek smarke nirman jhaali. mangolian bauddha anuvad, jawaljawal serve mool tibeti bhashetil, 1300 nantar mothya pramanavar suru jhaale. uchch vargache anek mangol jase qee jalayir aanee oronar kuleen tasech samratannihi confucian vidwan aanee sansthanna aashray deela. mothya sankhyene confucian aanee chiinii aitihasik granthanche mangolian bhashet bhashantar karnyat aale.
tyach velee mangolanni chinmadhye prashasak mhanoon kaam karnyasathi madhya ashiyai muslimanna aayat kele, mangolanni madhya aashiyatil bukhara yetheel muslim loksankhyevar prashasak mhanoon kaam karnyasathi chinmadhun hahn aanee khitan dekhil pathavale, donhi deshantil sthanik lokanchi shakti qamee karnyasathi paradeshi lokancha vapar keela.
changej khaan aanee tyanantarchya yuan samratanni halal kasai, muslimanvar pranyanchi kasai karnyachya mangol paddhatinna sakti karane yasarkhya islami paddhatinna manai kelee aanee itar nirbandhatmak praman chaloo thewale. muslimanna mendhyanchi guptapane kattal karavi lagat asey. changej khaan yanni thet muslim aanee jyoo lokanna 'gulam' mhatale aanee tyanni halal paddhatiaivaji khanyachya mangol paddhatiche palan karave ashee magani kelee. sunta karnyasahi manai hotee. mangolanni jyoo lokannahi kosher khanyas manai kelee hotee aanee prabhavit kele hote.
serve [vishay] parkeey lokanmadhye fakt hui-hui mhanatat qee "aamhi mangolche ann khaat nahee". [singis kanane uttar dileh] "swargachya madatine aamhi tumhala shant kele aahe; tumhi aamche gulam aahat. tarihi tumhi aamche ann kinwa pey khaat nahee. heey kase yogya asoo shakate?"tyanantar tyane tyanna khayala lavale. "jarr tumhi mendhyanchi kattal kelee, tarr tumhi gunhyasathi doshi manale jaal."tyanni tyaa sandarbhat eka niyam jaaree keela... [kabilaichya antargat <id1] serve muslim mhanatatah "jarr konee dusyachi [pranyachi] hatya kelee tarr aamhi khaat nahee". kaaran garib lock hyamule naraj aahet, aatapasoon muslim [muslim] huihui aanee zuhu [jyoo] huihui, konihi [pranyala] marle taree teey khanar aanee tyanni swatah mendhyanchi kattal karane thambavave aanee sunta sanskar thambavave.
semu vargatil musalmananni ispah bandkhorimadhye yuan rajvanshachya virodhat bund kele, parantu bund chiradoon takale gele aanee yuan nishthavant senapati cheen udingne muslimanchi kattal kelee. kahee muslim samudayanna chiinii bhashet 'barreck' asey naav hote aanee tyacha arth 'dhanyavad' assa dekhil hoto; anek hui musalman assa dawa karatat qee tyanni mangolanna ulthavoon taknyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali aanee tyanna madat kelyabaddal hananni tyache naav aabhar manoon thewale.
mingchya yunnanvaril vijayadarmyan, muslim senapati muu ying aanee laan yuu yanni yuan rajvanshachya nishthavan mangol aanee muslim sainyachya virodhat ming rajvanshachya nishthavan muslim sainyache netrutva kele.
kwanzaumadhye yuan kalatil hindu moorti sapadalya.
samajik varg.
rajkiyadrushtya, kublai khanane nirman keleli shasson vyavastha hii mangolian vanshparamparagat saranjamshahi aanee paramparik chiinii nirankush-nokarshahi pranali yanchyatil tadjodiche utpadan hotee. tathapi, samajikdrushtya sushikshit chiinii abhijat vargala purvi sthanik chiinii rajvanshachya kalat jitka aadar deela jaat hota titka aadar sarvasadharanpane deela jaat navhata. jaree paramparik chiinii abhijat vargala tyancha vaataa deela gela nasla taree mangol aanee semu lock (madhya ashiya aanee samrajyachya paschim tokavaril vividh sahyogi gut) mukhya pravahatil chiinii sanskratisathi mothya pramanat anolakhi rahile aanee yaa dvibhajana yuan rajyala kahisa majboot "vasahatvadi" rung deela. tyanchya rajvatikhalil vanshik chiinii lokanna satta hastantarit karnyachya bhitimule kadachit asman vaganuk dilee gelee asavi. mangol aanee semuren yanna rajvanshat kahee fayade denyat aale hote aanee 14 vya shatkachya suruvatila shahee pariksha punarsanchayit jhalyanantarhi heey tikale. ilkhanetmadhye pertian lokanni tase kele asanyachi shakyata asalelya tulanet sarvasadharanpane uttar chiinii kinwa dakshinekadil lock sarkarmadhil sarvoch padavar pohochanare phaar qamee hote. nantar ming rajvanshachya yongle samratane yuan rajvanshachya kalat astitvat asalelya bhedbhavacha dekhil ullekh keela. tyachya sarkarmadhye 'berber' lokanchya vaparavar aakshep ghetalyavar, yongle samratane uttar dileh.. yuan rajvanshachya kalat mangolanni bhedbhav keela, jyanni keval "mangol aanee tatar" vaparale aanee uttar aanee dakshin chiinii lokanna sodoon dile aanee hetch tyanchyavar aapatti aananyache nemke kaaran hote. tathapi, mangolia aanee chean yaa donhi deshanmadhye samanya mangol kutumbe atyant garibeet padali aanee uchchabhru padanvar vanshik hahn lock adhikadhik ghusale.
yuan rajvanshacha sansthapak kublai khaan yachya karkirdichya khoop aadhi mangolanni paradeshi lokanna nokarivar thewale hote. parantu kublaichya karkirdit chinmadhye vishvasarhatecha eka padanukram suru karnyat aala. loksankhya khaleel varganmadhye vibhagali gelee hotih
bhagidar vyapari aanee bigger-mangol paryavekshak heey sahasa ektar sthalantarit kinwa sthanik vanshik gut asat. tyamule chinmadhye teey uighur bauddha, turkestan aanee pertian muslim aanee khrishchan hote. pooloo kutumbasarkhya purnapane mangol samrajyachya bahereel paradeshi lokanche sarvatra swagat kele jaat asey.
tyach velee mangolanni chinmadhye prashasak mhanoon kaam karnyasathi madhya ashiyai muslimanna aayat kele, mangolanni madhya aashiyatil bukhara yetheel muslim loksankhyevar prashasak mhanoon kaam karnyasathi chinmadhun hahn aanee khitan dekhil pathavale, donhi deshantil sthanik lokanchi shakti qamee karnyasathi paradeshi lokancha vapar keela. mangoli lock beshh balik, almalik aanee samarkand yasarkhya madhya ashiyai bhagat kombadyanna halwat asat, jithe teey karagir aanee shetkari mhanoon kaam karat asat. mangol sainyat 'rait alaan guard' navachya eka tukadisah alananchi bharati karnyat aalee, jee 'alikadech aatmasamarpan kelele' sainik, mangol aanee purvichya kocho rajyachya bhagat tainat asalelya chiinii sainikansah ektrit kelee gelee aanee beshh balikhmadhye mangolanni chiinii general qee gongzi (chee kung-chih) yanchya netrutvakhali chiinii lashkari vasahat sthapan kelee. change khanane madhya aashiyavar mangolanchya vijayanantar, paradeshi lokanchi prashasak mhanoon nivad karnyat aalee aanee chiinii aanee samarkandmadhil kaara-khitey (khitan) baganche saha-vyavasthapan musalmananvar anivarya mhanoon thewale gele kaaran muslimanna tyanchyashivay vyavasthapan karanyachi parvanagi navhati. samarkandacha yuan-niyukt rajyapal haah kaara khitaicha khitan hota, tyala taishi hii padvi hotee, too chiinii sanskratishi parichit hota, tyache naav ahai hote.
hahn adhikari aanee vasahatvadyanna yuan rajgharanyane lingbei prantachya bhaganmadhye pathavale hote.
muslimanna uchch sthan denyat aale asale taree, yuan samratanchya kahee dhorananmadhye tyanchyaviruddha gambhir bhedbhav keela gela, halal kattal aanee sunta yasarkhya itar islami pratha tasech jyoo lokansathi kosher kasaivar nirbandh ghalanyat aale, jyamule tyanna mangol paddhatine ann khane bhag padale. akheris, bhrashtachar aanee chhal itka tivra jhaala qee muslim senapati hunschya madatine mangolanchya virodhat bandkhori karoo lagale. mingcha sansthapak jhu yuanzang yachyakade laan yusarkhe muslim senapati hote, jyanni mangolanchya virodhat bund kele aanee tyanna ladhait parabhoot kele. kahee muslim samudayanna chiinii aadnav hote jyacha arth 'barreck' assa hoto aanee tyacha arth 'dhanyavad' assa dekhil asoo shakato. anek hui musalman assa dawa karatat qee tyanni mangolancha padav karnyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali aanee tyanna madat kelyabaddal hansani tyanche aabhar manale. mangolanshi ladhatana, ming samrat jhu yuanzangchya sainyat hui muslim feng sheng hota. semu vargatil musalmanannihi ispah bandat yuan rajvanshachya virodhat bund kele parantu bund chiradoon takale gele aanee yuan nishthavant senapati cheen udingne muslimanchi kattal kelee.
yuan rajgharanyane muslimavirodhi aanee semuvirodhi kayade parit karnyas suruvat kelee aanee yuan rajvanshachya akheris semu muslim visheshadhikaranpasun muktata midavali, 1340 madhye tyanna vivah niyamanmadhil confucian tattvanche palan karnyas bhag padale, 1329 madhye muslimansah serve paradeshi pavitra purushanna curr savalat radd karnyat aalee, 1328 madhye muslim kadiche sthan 1311 madhye tyache adhikar maryadit jhalyanantar radd karnyat aale. 14 vya shatkachya madhyat yamule muslimanni mangol yuan rajvativiruddha bund suru kele aanee bandkhor gatanmadhye sameel jhaale. ycbuxy muslim pertian chhavanine kwanzou aanee dakshin fujianmadhye yuan rajvanshachya virodhat bund suru kele. pertian vyapari ameen uda-deane (amileading) aanee saif uda-deane saifuding yanni bandkhoriche netrutva kele. pertian adhikari yavunane 1362 madhye ameen uda-deane aanee saif uda-deane yaa doghanchihi hatya kelee aanee muslim bandkhor sainyavar taba midavala. muslim bandkhoranni uttarekade hallah karnyacha prayatna keela aanee zinguacha kahee bhag tabyat ghetala parantu fuzou yethe tyancha done vela parabhav jhaala aanee teey tabyat ghenyat teey ayashasvi tharale. 1367 madhye jinji navachya eka muslim bandkhor adhikaone yavunamadhun pakshantar kelyanantar fuzouchya yuan prantiy nishthavant sainyane muslim bandkhorancha parabhav keela.
sagari vyaparat guntalelya kwanzoumadhil muslim vyapanyanni tyanchi kutumbe samruddha kelee, jyat tyanche rajkiy aanee vyapari upkram kutumb mhanoon samavisht hote. yuan rajvanshachya shevati muslim aanee semoochya sampattiviruddha ghadaleli hinsak chiinii pratikriya apariharya asalyache itihaskar manatat, matra yuan rajvanshachya kalat muslimavirodhi aanee semuvirodhi kayade aadhich manjur jhaale hote. 1340 madhye serve vivahanna confucian niyamanche palan karave lagale, 1329 madhye muslimansah serve paradeshi pavitra purush aanee maulavyanna aata karmuktata denyat aalee nahee, 1328 madhye 1311 madhye maryadit rahilyanantar kaadee (muslim pramukh) radd karnyat aalee. yamule muslimanmadhye mangolvirodhi bhavna nirman jhalya aanee 14 vya shatkachya madhyat kahee mangol virodhi bandkhoranna musalmananni sameel kele. 1357 madhye uda-deane (amileading) aanee saif uda-deane (saifuding) yanchya darmyan, done pertian lashkari adhikaanyaanee dakshin fujian aanee kwanzoumadhye 1357 teey 1367 darmyan mangolanviruddha bund kele, aanee pertian chhavaniche (ispah) netrutva kele, tyanni fuzou aanee zinguasathi 5 varshe ladha deela. 1362 madhye navah navachya aanakhi eka musalmanane seyfooding aanee amileading yaa donhi goshtinchi hatya kelee, mhanoon yuankadoon parabhav hoiparyant tyane aanakhi 5 varshansathi kwanzou aanee ispah chhavanivar taba midavala.
itihaskar fredrick doubleu. mote yanni lihile qee yaa vyavasthesathi 'samajik varg' yaa shabdacha vapar dishabhul karnara hota aanee chaar-varg vyavasthetil lokanchi sthitee hii tyanchya vastavik samajik shakti aanee sampattiche sanket navhati, tarr keval 'visheshadhikaranchya pramanat' hotee, jyasathi teey sansthatmak aanee kayadeshiraritya patra hote, tyamule varganmadhye ekhadya vyaktichi sthitee tyanchya sthitichi hummy navhati, kaaran shrimant aanee samajikdrushtya changle ubhe asalele chiinii hote, tarr tethe qamee shrimant mangol aanee semu hote, jeey garibeet rahat hote aanee tyanna white vaganuk dilee jaat hotee.
varganchya kramache kaaran aanee lokanna eka vishisht vargat thevanyache kaaran mhanje tyanni mangolanna sharanagati patkarali tee tarikh aanee tyancha tyanchya vanshikteshi kahihi sambandh navhata. tyanni jitkya lavkar mangolankade sharanagati patkarali, titke tyanna uchch sthan denyat aale, jitke teey pudhe rahile, titke tyanna khalchya sthanavar sthan denyat aale. uttar chiinii uchch kramankavar hote aanee dakshin chiinii khalchya kramankavar hote kaaran dakshin chean mage hatnyapurvi shevatchya tappyaparyant ladhala aanee tikala. yaa yugatil pramukh vyaparamule dakshinekadil khajgi chiinii utpadak aanee vyapanyansathi anukool paristhiti nirman jhaali.
jevha mangolanni kocho samrajyachya uighuranna darbarat corian lokanvar sopavale tevha corian rajane aakshep ghetala, tevha mangol samrat kublai khanane corian rajala fatkarat mhatale qee, kochocha uighur raja karluk kaara-khaneed shaskapeksha uchch kramankavar hota, joou tyaa badalyat shevatchya kramankavar hota, kaaran uighuranni pratham mangolanna sharanagati patkarali, karlukanni uighurannantar sharanagati patkarali aanee corian lokanni shevati sharanagati patkarali aanee uighuranni hinsak pratikar naan karata shantatet sharanagati patkarali. 
uematsu, sugiyama aanee morita sarkhya japani itihaskaranni mangol rajvatit chaar-varg pranali astitvat aahe yaa samajavar teeka kelee aanee phunada yoshiyukine eka varg mhanoon semoochya astitvavarach prashnachinh upasthit kele.
kuleen.
mangol aakramananpurvi astitvat asalelya nairutya chinmadhil anek tusi sardar aanee rajyanna sharanagati patkarlyanantar yuan rajvanshache samant mhanoon tyanchi akhandata tikavoon thevanyachi parvanagi denyat aalee, jyat daliche rajya, hahn chiinii yang kutumb, bozouchya sardarpadavar rajya karat hote, jyache sthan killyachya helongtun, lijiangche sardarpad,
shuidongche sardarpad, sizouche sardarpad, yaoaanche sardarpad, yongening aanee muegeche sardarpad. mangol rajvatikhalil koria aanee kochoche rajya.
hahn chiinii kuleen duke yansheng aanee aakashiy swami yanni mageel rajvanshanpasun yuan rajvanshat tyanchi padvi dharan karane suru thewale.
prashasakeey vibhag.
yuan rajvanshacha pradesh kendriya sachivalayadvare shasit madhya pradesh () aanee vividh prantanchya () kinwa shakha sachivalayanchya () niyantranakhalil thikane, tasech bauddha aanee tibeti vyavhar vibhagachya antargat asalela pradesh asha vibhaganmadhye vibhagala gela hota.
sadhyachya hebei, shandong, shanxi, sadhyachya aateel mangoliyacha aagney bhag aanee pivalya nadichya uttares henan bhagancha samavesh asalela madhya pradesh haah rajvanshacha sarvat mahattvacha pradesh manla jaat asey aanee khanbalik (aadhunik beijing) yetheel kendriya sachivalayadvare (kinwa zhongshu sheng) thet shasit keela jaat asey; tyachpramane, bauddha aanee tibeti vyavhar vibhag (kinwa zuanzheng yuan) navachya aanakhi eka uchch-stariy prashasakeey vibhagache sampoorn aadhunik tibetvar aanee sichuan, kinghai aanee kashmircha eka bhag yavar prashasakeey rajya hote.
shakha sachivalay kinwa fakt prant, jaree aadhunik arthane nemke prant nasale taree tyaa prantiy-stariy prashasakeey sanstha kinwa sanstha hotya. yuan rajvanshat 11 "niyamit" prant hote aanee tyanche prashasana kendriya sachivalayachya adheen hote.
prantanchya patalichya khalee, sarvat motha rajkiy vibhag circuit () hota, tyanantar lyu (), fue () aanee zau () hote. heey teen prakarche prantasarkhe vibhag aahet. sarvat qamee rajkiy vibhagani hii county () hotee.
mulat, lyu heey fu peksha jaast aahe aanee fu heey jhaupeksha jaast aahe. tathapi, tyanchyamadhil vastavik sambandh khoop guntaguntiche asoo shakatat. lyu, fue aanee zau heey donhi parganyanche prashasana karoo shakat hote. kahee eff. yuu. aanee zau. thet prantadvare prashasit kele jaatat, tarr kahee ell. yuu. madhye astitvat asatat. eka luu sahasa anek phau aanee zovsah anek parganyanche prashasana karate aanee phau kinwa zov swatah tyanchya swatachya parganyanche prashasana dekhil karoo shakatat. parinami, eka prantachya antargat vibhaganchya kitee star aahet heey nemkepane paribhashit karane ashakya aahe.
prantiy patalivaril hii sarkari rachana nantar ming aanee king rajvanshanna varshane midali aanee tyat badal karnyat aale.