
hugo grotius

hugo grotius (; 10 april 1583-28 august 1645), jyala hyoog dii groot () aanee hugo dii groot () mhanoonahi olakhale jaate, haah dutch manavtavadi, mutsaddi, vakeel, dharamshastradnya, nyayshastradnya, rajkarani, kavee aanee natakkar hota. eka kishoravayin vilakshan, too delftmadhye janmala aanee leiden vidyapithat shikala. dutch prajasattakachya dharmik dhoranavaril vadat sahbhagi asalyabaddal tyala lovestein killyat qaid karnyat aale hote, parantu gorinchemala nenyat aalelya pustakanchya peteet lapvoon too paloon gela. grotiusne tyachi bahutansh pramukh kaame francemadhil nirvasana kalat lihili.
16vya aanee 17vya shatkat grotius heey tatvadnyan, rajkiy siddhant aanee kayada yaa kshetratil pramukh vyaktimatva hote. francisco dii vittoriya aanee alberico gentily yanchya purvichya kamansah, tyanchya likhananni tyachya protestant bajus naisargik kayadyavar aadharit aantarrashtriy kayadyacha paya rachala. tyachya done pustakancha aantarrashtriy kayadyachya kshetrat kayamswarupi prabhav padala aaheh francechya lui sahavya laa samarpit 'dii jeur bellie essie passis' ('yuddh aanee shantatechya kayadyavar') aanee 'meer librum' ('mukt samudra') jyasathi grotiusla 'aantarrashtriy kayadyache janak' mhatale gele aahe. haqq' yaa sankalpanechya utkrantimadhye grotiusne dekhil mahattvapoorn yogdan dile aahe. tyachya aadhi, adhikar heey sarvanpeksha varchevar vastunshi jodalele manale jaat hote; tyachya nantar, teey vyaktinche aahet, krutee karnyachya kshamatechi abhivyakti mhanoon kinwa kahitari sadhya karnyache sadhan mhanoon pahile jaatat.
pieter borshberg suchavatat qee grotiusver francisco dii vittoriya aanee spainmadhil salamanka shalecha lakshaniy prabhav hota, jyanni yaa kalpanela pathimba deela qee rashtrache sarvbhaumatva keval devachya ichchhedvare shaskamadhye nasate, tarr tyachya lokanmadhye ugam pavte, jeey asha adhikarala shaskala denyas sahmat asatat. asehi manale jaate qee grotius haah aantarrashtriy samajacha siddhant tayar karnara pahila vyakti navhata, parantu too rajyanchya eka samajachi kalpana spashtapane paribhashit karananya pahilya lokanpaiki eka hota, joou balacha kinwa yuddhacha navhe tarr vastavik kayadyandvare aanee tyaa kayadyanchi amalbajavani karnyasathi paraspar kararadvare shasit hota. 1990 madhye headley bailane ghoshit kelyapramaneh "grotiusne jee aantarrashtriy samajachi kalpana mandali hotee, tee westfeliyachya shantatet thos abhivyakti denyat aalee hotee aanee grotiusla aadhunik kalatil yaa pahilya samanya shantata tadjodiche bauddhik janak manale jaau shakate." "yavyatirikt, arminian dharamshastratil tyachya yogdanamule nantarchya arminian-aadharit chalvalinsathi biyane pradan karnyas madat jhaali, jase qee paddhatvad aanee pentecostalism; grotiusla arminian-calvinvadi vadavivadat eka mahattvapoorn vyakti mhanoon manyata dilee jaate. mukt vyaparachya tyachya dharmik aadharamule, tyala "aarthik dharamshastradnya" dekhil manale jaate.
kalantarane lupt jhalyanantar, pahilya mahayuddhanantar 20 vya shatkat grotiuschya kalpanancha prabhav punha jiwant jhaala.
prarambhik jeevan.
dutch bandachya velee delftmadhye janmalela grotius haah zaan cornet dii groot aanee alida vanne overshee yancha pahila mulga hota. tyanche vadil eka vidwan hote, tyanni ekekali leiden vidyapithat prakhyat justus lipsius yanchyasobat shikshan ghetale hote, tasech rajkiyadrushtya teey vegale hote. 13 vya shatkapasoon tyachya purvajanni sthanik sarkarmadhye mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali asalyane tyachya kutumbala delft patrician manale jaat asey.
zaan dii groot heey archimediesche anuvadak aanee ludolph vanne seulenche mitra dekhil hote. tyane lahanpanapasunach aaplya mulala paramparik manavtavadi aanee abhijat shikshanat vikasit kele. eka vilakshan vidyarthi, grotiusne vayachya avaghya akaravya varshi leiden vidyapithat pravesh ghetala. tethe tyane uttar europemadhil kahee sarvat prashansit vicharvantansobat abhyas keela, jyat franciscus junious, joseph justus scaliger aanee rudolph snelius yancha samavesh hota. vayachya 16 vya varshi (1599), tyanni tyanche pahile pustak prakashit keleh divangat pracheen lekhak martianus capella yanchya saat udarmatvadi kalanvaril karyachi vidvattapoorn aavrutti, 'martiani miinii felicis capellis carthagininsis viri proconsularis satrican." "anek shatake too eka sandarbh rahila.
1598 madhye, vayachya 15 vya varshi, too johann vanne oldenburnveltsobat parismadhil rajnaitik mohimet gela. yaa prasangi, francecha raja heinry chautha yane grotiusla tyachya darbarat 'hollandcha chamatkar' mhanoon sadar kele asate. francemadhil vastavyadarmyan tyanni orleans vidyapithatun kayadyachi padvi prapt kelee kinwa kharedi kelee. hollandmadhye, grotiusla 1599 madhye hegche vakeel mhanoon aanee nantar 1601 madhye hollandchya rajyansathi adhikrut itihaskar mhanoon niyukti midali. yach tarkhela hollandchya rajyanni grotiyaskadoon spenviruddhachya sanyukt prantanchya bandacha tapasheel magitala; grotius kharokharach spain aanee netherlands yanchyatil ainshi varshanchya yuddhacha samkalin aahe. 1559 teey 1609 yaa kalavadhiche varnan karnare 'analys ett historiye dii ribus belgisis' heey shirshak asalele heey pustak roman itihaskar tacituschya shailit lihile gele aanee teey pahilyanda 1612 madhye purn jhaale. rajyanni matra teey prakashit kele nahee, bahudha dutch prajasattakatil rajkiy-dharmik tanavashi jyaa prakare kaam guntalele hote (khalee pahaa).
aantarrashtriy nyayachya mudyanvar paddhatshirpane lihinyachi tyanchi pahili sandhee 1604 madhye aalee, jevha dutch vyapanyanni portugij carac aanee singapur samudradhunitil tyacha maal japt kelyanantar teey kayadeshir karvait sameel jhaale. grotiusne aaplya sampoorn aayushyat vividh bhashavidnyan, dharamshastriy aanee rajkiy-dharamshastriy kaame lihili.
1608 madhye tyane maria vanne reigersberchshee vivah keela; tyanna teen mulee aanee chaar mule hotee.
nyayshastrachi karkird.
dutch spenshee yuddh karat hote; jaree portugalcha spenshee jawalcha sambandh hota, taree teey adyap duchshee yuddhat navhate. yuddhachya suruvatichya sumaras, grotiuscha chulat bhau capton jacob vanne himskarkne 1603 madhye sadhyachya singapurjaval eka bharalele portugij carac vyapari jahaj, "santa catarina" tabyat ghetale. heamscurk united amsterdam companymadhye (dutch east india companycha bhag) karyarat hota aanee jaree tyala kampanikadoon kinwa sarkarkadoon balacha vapar suru karnyacha adhikar nasla, taree anek bhagdharak tyane tyanchyakade parat aanaleli sampatti swikaranyas utsuk hote.
dutch kayadyanusar bakshis kayadeshir thevanyachi vaidhata keval sanshayaspadach navhati, tarr companychya bhagdharkanchya eka gatane (bahutek menonite) naitik aadharavar jabardastine japt karnyavar aakshep ghetala aanee arthatach portugijanni tyancha maal parat karanyachi magani kelee. yaa ghotalyamule sarvajanik nyayalayin sunavani jhaali aanee sarvajanik (aanee aantarrashtriy) matala prabhavit karnyasathi vyapak moheem suru jhaali. yach vyapak sandarbhat companychya pratinidhinni grotiusla japtichya vadgrast sanrakshanacha masuda tayar karnyache aavahan kele.
1604/05 madheel grotiuschya prayatnancha parinam haah eka dirgh, siddhantane bharalela grunth hota, jyache tyane tatpurte shirshak 'dii indis' ('aun daad indies') asey thewale hote. grotiusne nyayachya naisargik tattvanchya sandarbhat japticha bachav karnyacha prayatna keela. yamadhye, tyane hatat asalelya khatalyapeksha barech vyapak jaale takale hote; tyacha swarasya sarvasadharanpane yuddhachya kayadeshiratechya strotat aanee karanamadhye hota. grotiuschya aayushyat haah grunth kadhihi purn prakashit jhaala nahee, kadachit kaaran nyayalayachya companychya bajoone dilelya nikalamule janatecha pathimba midvanyachi garaj purvavat jhaali.
mukt samudra' ('meer librum', 1609 madhye prakashit) madhye grotiusne samudra haah aantarrashtriy pradesh aahe aanee serve desh tyacha vapar sagari vyaparasathi karnyas mukt aahet heey naveen tattva tayar kele. grotiusne 'mukt samudra' (samudranche swatantrya) assa dawa karoon dachanna tyanchya prachand naudal samarthyachya madhyamatoon vividh vyapar maktedari todanyasathi yogya vaicharik samarthan dile. jaagtik vyaparachya varchasvasathi dutch lokanshi tivra spardha karananya englandne yaa kalpanela virodh keela aanee johnn seldonchya 'mayer clausem' (bund samudra) madhye dawa keela qee, 'british samudrache kinwa gret brittonchya betala naan jumananare rajya, tyaa betachya samrajyacha eka bhag aahe aanee nehmich rahile aahe." "" "" "
samanyatah asey manale jaate qee grotiusne pahilyanda samudra swatantryache tattva mandale, jaree bharatiy mahasagar aanee itar ashiyai samudratil serve deshanni 1604 saalee grotiusne tyacha 'dii jeur prede' ('lootmarichya kayadyavar') lihinyachya khoop aadhi akhand nauvahan adhikar swikarla. yavyatirikt, 16 vya shatkatil spanish dharamshastradnya francisco dii vittoriyane 'jus gentium' chya tattvannusar samudra swatantryachi kalpana adhik prathamik paddhatine mandali hotee. grotiuschi samudrachya swatantryachi kalpana 20 vya shatkachya madhyaparyant kayam rahili aanee tee aajahi bahutek uchch samudransathi lagoo kelee jaat aahe, jaree yaa sankalpanecha vapar aanee tyachya vyaptichi vyapti badalat aahe.
arminian vaad, atak aanee haddapar.
vanne oldenburn ruzveltchya satatchya sahvasamule grotiusne aaplya rajkiy karkirdit lakshaniy pragati kelee, 1605 madhye oldenburn ruzveltcha nivasi sallagar, 1607 madhye holland, zealand aanee freeslandchya vittiy mahasanghacha mahadhivakta aanee nantar 1613 madhye rotterdamcha nivruttivetandharak (mahapour karyalayashi samatulya) mhanoon kayam thevanyat aala. 1613 madhye dekhil, britishanni done dutch jahaje tabyat ghetalyanantar, tyala londonla missionvar pathvanyat aale, 1609 madhye 'meer librum' ['mukt samudra'] lihinanya eka vyaktinusar mission. tathapi, ingrajanni balacha virodh keela aanee tyala boaty parat midalya naheet.
yaa varshanmadhye leiden jacobus arminius yetheel dharamshastrache adhyaksh aanee tyanche anuyayi (jyanna arminian kinwa remantraints mhanatat) aanee prabal calvanist dharamshastradnya, franciscus gomaras, jyanchya samarthakanna gomerist kinwa prati-virodhak mhatale jaate, yanchyat eka motha dharmik vaad nirman jhaala.
leiden vidyapith heey hollandchya rajyanchya adhikarakhali hote-itar goshtimbarobarach, yaa sansthetil niyuktinsambandhichya dhoranasathi teey jababdar hote, jeey tyanchya navane sanchalak mandaladvare niyantrit kele jaat hote-aanee, antim udaharanat, pradhyapkanmadhil konatyahi vipareet paddhatichi prakarane hatalanyasathi rajye jababdar hotee." "arminiuschya pradhyapakachya padavarun nirman jhalelya deshantargat matbhedavar spenberober suru asalelya yuddhane padada padala aanee baaraa varshanchya yuddhaviramachya purvasandhyela 1609 madhye pradhyapak maran pavale. naveen shantata lokanche laksh vaad aanee arminiuschya anuyayankade valvel. virodhak, dharmik sahishnuteche samarthak aanee rudhivadi calvinvadi kinwa virodhi aandolak yanchyatil yaa rajkiy-dharmik sangharshat grotiusne nirnayak bhoomika bajavali.
dutch protestantvadatil vaad.
jevha jacobus arminiuschya jaagi, lyden yethe dharamshastrache adhyaksh mhanoon, nishedh karnara dharamshastradnya conrad vorstius yachee niyukti karnyat aalee, tevha haah vaad vadhala. virodhi virodhakanni lavkarach worstiyaskade arminiuschya shikavanukinchya palikade samajvadakade valatana pahile aanee tyachyavar dharmaniras shikavanyacha aarop karnyat aala. vorstiuschya hakalpattichya aavahanache netrutva dharamshastrache pradhyapak cibrandus luberts yanni kele. dusarikade, johannes watenbogart (eka nishedh karnara neta) aanee hollandche bhavya nivruttivetandharak johann vanne oldenburnwelt yanni vorstiuschya niyuktila jordar protsahan dile hote aanee tyanchya krutiche samarthan karnyas suruvat kelee hotee. vorstiusla hatvale gele nahee, yaa nishedharth gomarasne leyden yetheel pradhyapakpadacha rajinama deela. englandcha raja james pahila yanehi tyanchya virodhamadhye prati-andolakanna pathimba deela, jyane leddonchya namanknaviruddha mothyane aavaj uthavala aanee vorstiusla eka bhayanak vidharmi mhanoon abhimanane chitrit kele. tyane tyachi pustake london, cambridge aanee oxfordmadhye sarvajanikaritya jaalanyache aadesh dile aanee tyane hegmadhil tyacha rajdoot ralf winwood yachyadvare niyukti radd karnyasathi satat dabav aanala." "jamesney tyacha aatmavishvas oldenberneveltpasoon mauriskade valavanyas suruvat kelee.
grotius yanni vidyapithachya pradhyapakanchya ichchhenusar (dharmik adhikadhyanchya ichchhenusar) jyanna niyukt karave asey nagri adhikadhyanchya adhikaranche samarthan karoon vadat sameel jhaale. tyane 'ordinum pietas' hii eka pustika lihoon heey kele...calvanist franker pradhyapak luberts yaa pratispardhyachya virodhat nirdeshit; grotiuschya masters auph hollandne tyacha aadesh deela hota aanee asha prakare tyaa prasangasathi lihile hote-jaree grotiuschya asha pustakachya yojana aadhich asoo shakatat." "
heey kaam sattavis pananche aahe, "vadgrast aanee katu" aahe aanee tyateel keval done trutiyansh thet charchchya rajkaranabaddal (pramukhyane dharamsabha aanee karyalaye) bolatat. yaa karyala prati-aandolkankadun hinsak pratikriya midali aanee "asey mhatale jaau shakate qee 1618 madhye tyachya atkeparyantchya serve grotiuschya pudhil karyanmadhye yaa pustakane kelelya nukasanichi durusti karnyacha vyarth prayatna keela gela." "grotius nantar" "daad satispatition" "lihito jyacha uddesh heey siddha karane aahe qee arminian heey samajshastradnya honyapasoon door aahet".
sahishnutecha aadesh.
oldenburnezweltchya netrutvakhali, hollandchya rajyanni nishedhkartyanprati aanee virodhi aandolakanprati dharmik sahishnuteche adhikrut sthan ghetale. grotius (jyane vadadarmyan pratham hollandche mahadhivakta mhanoon aanee nantar sallagar samiticha sadasya mhanoon kaam kele) yanna akheris sahishnuteche dhoran vyakt karnyasathi eka aadeshacha masuda tayar karnyas sanganyat aale. haah shilalekh, "decretum pro paces acclessiurum" 1613 chya uttaradhat kinwa 1614 chya suruvatila purn jhaala. yaa aadeshane assa drushtikon amalat aanala qee grotius church aanee rajyavaril tyachya likhanat vikasit hott hota (aerastianism pahaa): qee nagri vyavasthela aadhar denyasathi aavashyak asalele fakt moolbhut siddhant (udaa.jee.devache astitva aanee tyacha adhivas) lagoo keela gela pahije, tarr aspasht dharmik siddhantanvaril matbhed khajgi vivekavar sodale gele pahijet.
sevakaryavar sanyam aanee sahishnuta ladane" yaa aadeshala grotiusne "ektis pananchya uddharanansah, pramukhyane paach nishedhatmak lekhanshi sambandhit samarthan dile hote." "grotiuschya" "ordinum pietas" "laa pratisad mhanoon, pradhyapak lubertsney 1614 madhye" "responsio edd piettem hugonis grotai" "prakashit kele. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat grotiusne lubertschya pratisadat anamikpane" "boona fides sibrandi lubert" "prakashit kele".
jyakobas triglandne luberdusla shikavanichya babinmadhye sahishnuta swikararh nahee heey mutt vyakt karnyat sameel kele aanee tyachya 1615 chya 'dayne rect-gematigden christonh aufte vande ware moderaty' aanee 'advise over aine sankalpana vanne moderaty' yaa granthanmadhye triglandne grotiuschya bhoomikecha nishedh keela.
1615chya uttaradhat, jevha middlebergche pradhyapak antonius valius yanni 'hett ampt dair kerkendienren' (johannes watenbogertchya 1610 madheel 'tractate vanne' tauu ampt end authoritite einer hooger chrystelic overhyde inn kerkelijke zaken 'laa pratisad) prakashit keela, tevha tyanni grotiusla maitrichi eka prat pathavali. heey madhyam virodhi drushtikonatun "dharmik aanee dharmnirpeksh sarkarmadhil sambandhanvar" eka kaam hote. 1616 chya suruvatila grotiusla tyacha mitra gerards vosiyaskadoon 'recers ecclesiesticismadhil dii aayre magistrates' yaa nishedhatmak drushtikonache samarthan karnare 36 pananche patra dekhil midale.
heey patra "sahishnutevar (inn) eka samanya parichay hota, pramukhyane purvaniyojan aanee sanskar yaa vishayavar...[aanee] pracheen aanee aadhunik adhikadhyanchya sandarbhanni bharalelya valiyaschya 'empt' chey vistrut, tapshilvar aanee samanyatah pratikool punaravalokan." "jevha grotiusne kahee nondi magat lihile", tevha tyala charchchya itihasacha khajina midala. ...grotiusla darugola arpan karane, jyane too krutadnyatene swikarla ". yach sumaras (april 1616) grotius tyachya adhikrut kartvyancha eka bhag mhanoon emsterdamla gela, tethil nagri adhikanyanna charchchya rajkaranabaddal hollandchya bahusankhyanchya drushtikonat sameel honyasathi patvoon denyacha prayatna keela.
1617 chya suruvatila grotiusne virodhi-virodhakanna bund kelelya hegmadhye cluesterkemadhye prachar karanyachi sandhee denyachya prashnavar charcha kelee. yaa kalat, prati-pratyakshik mantryanni hollandchya rajyanviruddha khatale dakhal kele aanee amsterdammadhe vadavar dangli usalalya.
atak aanee haddapar.
nagri aanee dharmik adhikadhyanmadhil sangharsh vadhat asatana, nagri suvyavastha rakhanyasathi, oldenberneveltne akheris sthanik adhikanyanna sainya vadhavanyacha adhikar deela jaava (4 august 1617 chaa tivra tharav) assa prastav mandala. asha upayamule prajasattakachya lashkari dalachi ekata kamkuvat jhaali, tyach karanamule spain 1580 chya dashakat itka haravalela pradesh parat midvanyat yashasvi jhaala hota, jyachi prajasattakcha capton-general, nasaucha mauris, narangicha rajkumar, karar sampanyachya jawal asatana parvanagi deu shakala nahee. mauricene, jyala tyane pathimba deela hota, tyaa gomeristschee pramukhata majboot karnyasathi aanee oldenberneveltmadhye tyala jaanavalela upadrav door karnyasathi (mauricechya ichcheviruddha 1609 madhye spenberober baaraa varshanchya yuddhaviramasathi tyane yapurvi madhyasthi kelee hotee) maurisne yaa sandhicha fayda ghetala. yaa kalat grotiusne dharmik aanee dharmnirpeksh adhikadhyanmadhil sambandhanvar 'daad imperio samaram potestatum sarka sacra' purn karoon charchchya rajkaranavar bhashya karnyacha aanakhi eka prayatna keela...yaa pustakachya prakashanamule laat usalel aanee church aanee rajyat shantata parat yeil ashee aasha dekhil grotiusne balgali hotee.
morris aanee hollandchi rajye yanchyatil sangharsh, oldenburnavelt aanee grotius yanchya netrutvakhali, tikshna tharav aanee hollandne rashtriy dharamsabhela parvanagi denyas nakar dilyabaddal, julai 1619 madhye samore aala jevha rajyachya generalmadhil bahusankhyanni mauricela utractmadhil sahayak sainya visarjit karnyas adhikrut kele. yaa halchaliviruddhacha tyancha pratikar kathor karnyasathi grotius utrectchya rajyanmadhye mohimevar gela, parantu mauricecha vijay jhaala. tyanantar rajyanchya mahasanchalakanni tyanna 29 august 1618 roji oldenbernavelt, grotius aanee rombout hoggerbeats yanna atak karnyacha adhikar deela. rajyanchya mahasanchalakanni niyukt kelelya nyayadhishanchya nyayalayane tyanchyavar khatala chalavala. vanne oldenberneveltla fashichi shiksha sunavanyat aalee aanee 1619 madhye tyacha shirachhed karnyat aala. grotiusla janmathepechi shiksha sunavanyat aalee aanee lovestein killyat halavanyat aale.
lovesteinmadhil turungvasapasun, grotiusne tyachya bhoomikeche lekhee samarthan kele "dharmik babinmadhye khrishchan [nagri] adhikadhyanchya samarthyabaddalachya majhya matambaddal, mea majhya matacha sandarbh deto...daad pietet ordinum hollandia' hii pustika aanee visheshtah 'daad imperio samaram potestatum sarka sacra' yaa aprakashit pustakasathi, jithe mea yaa prakaranachi adhik tapshilvar charcha kelee aahe...mea majhya bhavanancha saransh asha prakare sangu shakatoh qee [nagri] adhikaanyaanee devachya vachanachi itaki sakhol chhanani kelee pahije qee tyaviruddha kahihi ladale jaanar nahee yachee khatri hoil; jarr tyanni asey kele tarr tyanche sarvajanik church aanee sarvajanik upasanevar changlya vivekane niyantran asel-parantu jeey yogya margane chukatat tyancha chhal naan karata." "kaaran yamule charchchya adhikaanyaanche konatehi adhikar hiravoon ghetale gele, tyanchya kahee sadasyanni (jase qee johannes althusius yanni lubertsla lihilelya patrat) grotiuschya kalpana dusht ghoshit kelya.
1621 madhye, tyachi patni aanee tyachi dasee, elje vanne houveningchya madatine, grotius eka pustakachya peteet killyatoon paloon jaanyat yashasvi jhaala aanee parisla paloon gela. aaj netherlandsmadhye, too pramukhyane yaa dhadsi palayanasathi prasiddha aahe. amsterdammadhil rejuxmusium aanee delftmadhil hett prinsonhoff heey donhi sangrahalay tyanchya sangrahat mool pustakachi chhati asalyacha dawa karatat.
parismadhil jeevan.
tyanantar grotius parisla paloon gela, jithe adhikaanyaanee tyala varshik shahee nivruttivetan dile. grotius 1621 teey 1644 paryant jawaljawal satatyane francemadhye rahila. tyacha mukkam tyaa kalavadhishi (1624-1642) julato, jyaa darmyan cardinal richelioone lui XIII chya adhikarakhali franceche netrutva kele. francemadhye 1625 madhye grotiusne tyache sarvat prasiddha pustak, 'daad jeur bellie essie passis' [yuddh aanee shantatechya kayadyavar] francechya lui sahavya laa samarpit kele.
parismadhye asatana, grotiusne lattin gadyat eka kaam sadar karnyas suruvat kelee, jeey tyane moolatah turungat dutch shlok mhanoon lihile hote, jeey khrishchan dharmachya satyasathi prathamik parantu paddhatshir yuktivad pradan karate. dutch kavita, "bevij vanne dayne warren goddienst", 1622 madhye prakashit jhaali, lattin grunth 1627 madhye, "dii veritate religiomis khrishchan" yaa shirshakakhali prakashit jhaala.
1631 madhye tyane hollandla paratanyacha prayatna keela, parantu adhikari tyachya virodhat rahile. too 1632 madhye hambergla gela. parantu 1634 chya suruvatilach, sweeden-eka european mahasatta-neey tyala parisla rajdoot mhanoon pathavale. too daha varshe yaa padavar rahila, jithe tees varshanchya yuddhala tond denyasathi vataghati karnyache tyache dhyey hote. yaa kalat, tyanna khrishchananchya ektet rus hota aanee tyanni anek grunth prakashit kele jeey 'opera aumniya theologica' yaa shirshakakhali gatbaddh kele jaatil.
prayashchittacha sarkari siddhant.
grotiusne khristachya prayashchittabaddal eka vishisht drushtikon dekhil vikasit keela jyala "prayashchittacha sarkari siddhant" mhanoon olakhale jaate. tyane siddhant mandala qee yeshucha yadnyamay mrutyu haah pityane vishvavar tyache nyayya rajya kayam thevat kshama karnyasathi jhaala. johnn milisarkhya dharmashastradnyanni pudhe vikasit keleli hii kalpana, paddhatvadi arminionismmadhil prayashchittachya pramukh matanpaiki eka bunley.
" "nyayya bellie essie passis".
spain aanee netherlands yanchyatil ainshi varshanchya yuddhat aanee catholic aanee protestant european rashtranmadhil tees varshanchya yuddhat (catholic france anyatha protestant chhavanit asalyane), grotius rashtra aanee dharm yanchyatil sangharshanchya babimbabat kholvar chintit hota yaat aashchary nahee. turungat suru jhalele aanee parismadhil vanavasadarmyan prakashit jhalele tyanche sarvat chirsthayi karya, vyapak naitik sahmatichya aadhare asha sangharshanna rokhanyacha eka motha prayatna hota. grotiusne lihileh
purnapane khatri patali...rashtranmadhye eka samaan kayada aahe, joou yuddh aanee yuddhasathi samaan vaidh aahe, yaa vishayavar lihinyache vachan denyasathi majhyakade anek aanee mahattvachi karane aahet. sampoorn khristi jagaat mea yuddhachya sandarbhat sanyamacha abhav pahila, jase qee pashvi vanshannahi laaj vatali pahije; mea pahile qee purush kirkol karanansathi kinwa konatyahi karanastav shastrastrankade dhaav ghetat aanee jevha ekada shastre uchalali jaatat tevha kayadyabaddal konatahi aadar nasato, daivi kinwa manvi; asey disate qee, eka samanya aadeshanusar, serve gunhe kelyabaddal unmad ughadpane sodala gela hota.
" "daad jeur bellie essie passis libri trace" ("yuddh aanee shantatechya kayadyabaddalah teen pustake") pratham 1625 madhye prakashit jhaali, jee grotiuschya sadhyachya snrakshak lui XIII laa samarpit hotee. yaa granthat naisargik kayadyachya tattvanchi eka pranali vikasit kelee aahe, jee sthanik prathechi parva naan karata serve lokansathi aanee rashtransathi bandhankarak manali jaate. heey kaam teen pustakanmadhye vibhagale aaheh
naisargik kayada.
17vya aanee 18vya shatkatil tatvik aanee dharmik vadavivad aanee rajkiy ghadamodinvar grotiuschya naisargik kayadyachya sankalpanecha motha parinam jhaala. jyavar tyanni prabhav padala, tyapaiki samuel puffendorff aanee johnn loke heey hote aanee yaa tattvadnyanchya madhyamatoon tyanche vichar englandmadhil gauravshali kranti aanee american krantichya sanskrutik parshvabhoomicha bhag banale. grotiuschya samajanusar, nisarg haah swatamadhye eka astitva navhata, tarr devachi nirmiti hotee. tyamule, tyanchya naisargik kayadyachya sankalpanela dharamshastriy paya hota. junya kararat naitik niyam hote (udaa.jee. dashansh), jyala khristane pushti dilee aanee mhanunach teey ajunahi vaidh hote. naisargik kayadyachya aashayancha arth lavnyasathi teey upayukt tharale. baybalmadhil prakatikaran aanee naisargik niyam yaa donhicha ugam devamadhye jhaala aanee tyamule teey ekmekanchya virodhat asoo shakale naheet.
nantarchi varshe.
1625 madhye rajkumar mauricechya mrutyunantar anek nirvasit aandolak netherlandsmadhye parat yeu lagale, jevha tyanna sahishnuta denyat aalee. 1630 madhye tyanna church aanee shaala bandhanyache aanee chalavanyache aanee hollandmadhye kuthehi rahanyache purn swatantrya denyat aale. johannes watenbogart yanchya margdarshanakhali nishedhkartyanni presbyterian sansthechi sthapana kelee. tyanni amsterdam yethe eka dharamshastriy seminary sthapan kelee jithe grotius episcopius, vanne limbork, dii coursessels aanee leclerk yanchyabarobar shikavanyasathi aala.
1634 madhye grotiusla francemadhil sweedencha rajdoot mhanoon kaam karanyachi sandhee denyat aalee. alikadech mrut jhalelya swedish raja gustavas edolphuschya uttaradhikanyacha karbhari excel auxenstierna, tyachya nokarit grotius asanyas utsuk hota. grotiusne haah prastav swikarla aanee parismadhye rajnaitik nivas swikarla, jeey 1645 madhye tyachya padavarun mukt hoiparyant tyache ghar rahile.
1644 madhye, sweedenchi ranee christine, jee praudh jhaali hotee, tine aapali kartavye paar padnyas suruvat kelee aanee tyala stockholm parat aanale. 1644-1645 chya hivalyat too katheen paristhitit sweedenla gela, joou tyane 1645 chya unhalyat sodanyacha nirnay ghetala.
tyachya sweedenchya shevatchya bhetitun nighatana, grotius samudraparyatanadarmyan jahajala tadaa gela. too rostockchya kinanyavar vahoon gela, aajari aanee havamanane marhan jhalela aanee 28 august 1645 roji tyacha mrutyu jhaala; akheris tyache shareer tyachya tarunyachya deshat paratale, jyala delftmadhil neway kerakmadhye daphan karnyat aale.
vaiyaktik jeevan.
grotiusche vaiyaktik bodhvakya 'ruit horah' ('vel palat aahe') hote; tyache shevatche shabd kathitpane hote, 'anek goshti samajoon ghetalyane, mea kahihi sadhya kelele nahee' ('door vheel teey begrijpen, heb iqa neats sooriikt'). tyachya mahattvapoorn mitra aanee parichitanmadhye dharamshastradnya franciscus junious, kavee daniele hensius, bhashashastradnya gerhard johann vosius, itihaskar johannes murasius, abhiyanta sayman stevin, itihaskar jackus auguste dii thau, prachyavadi aanee arabi vidwan erapinius aanee dutch prajasattakatil french rajdoot benjamin aubery duu maurier yancha samavesh hota, jyanni tyachya haddapar honyachya pahilya varshant tyala french rajnaitik patracha vapar karanyachi parvanagi dilee. brabantian jesuit andreas skotsashihi tyachi maitri hotee.
grotius heey rajpratinidhi aanee mutsaddi pieter dii groot yanche vadil hote.
grotiuscha prabhav.
grotiusne keval rajyannach navhe tarr shasak aanee sarvasadharanpane kayadyachya vishayannahi lagoo honyasathi tyacha siddhant tayar keela. asha prakare grotiuschi utkrusht krutee 'dii jeur bellie essie passis' khajgi aanee faujdari kayadyachya siddhantanchya nantarchya vikasat upayukt tharali.
tyachya kalapasoon teey 17vya shatkachya shevataparyant.
sweedencha raja gustavas adolphus yane aaplya sainyache netrutva kartana nehmi tyachya katheet 'dii jeur bellie essie passis' chee prat balgali asey mhatale jaate. yaulat, gret brittoncha raja james sahava aanee pahila yane mutsaddi mohimedarmyan grotiuschya pustakachya sadarikaranavar atishay nakaratmak pratikriya dilee.
kahee tattvadnya, visheshtah piyare bail, goatfried wilheim libniz yasarkhe protestant aanee scottish dnyanoday francis hutchson, addam smith, david humey, thomas reed yanche mukhya pratinidhi tyala uchch sanman dett asat. dusarikade, french dnyanprapti adhik gambhir hotee. voltairne yala kantalvane mhatale aanee rusone manvi swabhavachi paryayi sankalpana vikasit kelee. naisargik kayadyachya sankalpaneche aanakhi eka siddhantkar pufendorff dekhil sanshayvadi hote.
18 vya shatkatil bhashya.
andreau dixon whiteney lihileh
yaa serve dushtanchya madhyabhagi, eka tappyavar serve nirash disanyachya eka tappyavar, avkashatil eka tappyavar, jyaa rashtrat pratyek purush, stree aanee mool tyachya sarvbhaumatvamule mrutyudandachya shikshekhali hote, asha rashtrat, jyacha janm asha purushane jhaala jyane tyaa serve dukkhachya mukhya karanapasoon sanskratichya sutkesathi itar konihi naan kelyapramane kaam kele; jyane europesathi aantarrashtriy kayadyatil yogya karananche niyam vicharat ghetale; jyane tyanna aikavale; jyane manvi babinchya margat udatt badal keela; jyache vichar, tark, soochana aanee apilanni eka asey vatavaran nirman kele jyamadhye manavatechi utkranti jhaali jee ajunahi suru aahe.
yaulat, robbert aaa. henlenne 'methuselachya mulanmadhye' dharmashastraprati asalelya sarkari drushtikonavar vyang keleh 'eka dharmashastradnyabaddal eka junie, junie katha aahe jyala daivi dayechya siddhantala arbhakanchya shikshechya siddhantasaha samet karnyas sangitale gele hote. 'sarvashaktimanala,' tyane spasht kele, 'tyachya adhikrut aanee sarvajanik kshamatene goshti karane aavashyak vatate, jyachi too tyachya khajgi aanee vaiyaktik kshamatene ninda karato.'" "
20 vya shatkat punha swarasya.
aantarrashtriy kayadyachya kshetrat sakaratmakatecha uday aanee tattvadnyanatil naisargik kayadyachya ghasaraninantar grotiuscha prabhav qamee jhaala. tarihi pahilya mahayuddhanantar karnegi foundation 'yuddh aanee shantatechya kayadyavar' punha jaaree kele aanee tyache punha bhashantar kele. 20vya shatkachya akheris, tyanchya naitik karyachya maulikatevar vaad nirman jhalyane tyanchya karyane naveen ruchi nirman kelee. irvingsathi, grotius keval thomas aquinas aanee francisco suerez yanchya yogdanachi punaravrutti karnar hota. yaulat, sneevind assa yuktivad karato qee grotiusne hii kalpana mandali qee "sangharshache nirmulan kele jaau shakat nahee aanee tattvatah dekhil, jagachi nirmiti kashee hote yabaddalachya sarvat vyapak aadhyatmik dnyanadvare nakarle jaau shakat nahee".
rajkaranacha vichar keela tarr, grotiusla bahutek vela naveen kalpana aananyaitake navhe, tarr rajkiy samasyankade jaanyacha naveen marg parichay karoon denara manla jaato. kingsbury aanee robertsasathi, "[yuddh aanee shantatechya kayadyavar] sarvat mahattvache thet yogdan heey jyaa prakare teey" jus bellie "chya paramparik parantu moolbhut vishayavaril pratha aanee adhikanyanna paddhatshirpane ekatra aanate, jeey teey prathamach nisargachya kayadyat rujalelya tattvanchya samoohatoon aayojit karatat".
granthasuchi (nivad).
hegmadhil shantata rajvadyachya granthalayat grotius sangrah aahe, jyamadhye grotiuschya aanee tyavishayichya pustakanchi sankhya mothee aahe. haah sangrah 'dii jeur bellie essie passis libri trace' chya 55 aavrutyanchya martinus nizofchya dengivar aadharit hota.
maranottar kinwa pradirgh vilambanantar prakashit jhalelya kamancha apavad vagalata (rachanechya andaje tarkha dilya aahet), kamanchi yadee prakashanachya kramane kelee jaate. jethe ingraji bhashantar upalabdh aahe, tethe sarvat alikade prakashit jhalela anuvad shirshakachya khalee soochibaddha aahe.
pudhe vacha.
dictionary auph seventath century dutch philosophers' (thomes press 2003) madheel 'catalog auph daad grotius collection' (peace palace library, daad hegg) aanee 'grotius, hugo' pahaa.
bahya duve.
sangrah
grotiuschi vaiyaktik kaame
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