
david swinny

david swinny (21 april 1946-14 april 2006) heey eka pramukh manasshastradnya hote. bhasha samajoon ghenyavar kelelya tyanchya sanshodhanane tyanchya kshetratil paddhatshir pragatila hatbhar lavala.
charitra.
swinnyne 1968 madhye indiana vidyapithatun manasshastrat bii. aii., bhasha vikar, bhashan vikarshastra aanee shravanshastra (1969) madhye emm. aii. aanee austin yetheel texas vidyapithatun (1974) manasshastriy aanee sandnyanatmak manasshastrat ph. dii. prapt kelee.
swinnichya pradhyapakanchya padanmadhye tufts vidyapith (manasshastra vibhag), rutgers vidyapith (manasshastra aanee sandnyanatmak vidnyan vibhag), newyork shahar vidyapith (bhashashastra, manasshastra, bhashan aanee shravan vidnyanatil karyakram) aanee california vidyapith, sann diego (adhyaksh, manasshastra vibhag) yancha samavesh hota.
manasshastriy kshetratil yogdan.
cross-model priming karya. david swinnyne vikasit kelele cross-model priming task (see. emm. pii. tii.) heey vakya samajoon ghetana shabdik aanee vakyarachanavishayak mahitee sakriy asalyache shodhanyasathi vaparale jaanare eka online upay aahe.
swinnyne hii karyapaddhati suru karnyapurvi, shabdashastriy praveshacha abhyas mothya pramanat phonum-dekhrekh karyasarkhya offline upayayojanandvare keela jaat asey. yaa upayayojananmadhye, abhyasatil sahbhaginna sampoorn vakya samajale gelyanantarach vakyatil vakyarachana kinwa shabdik sandigdhatela pratisad denyas sangitale gele. swinyne sandigdhata sodavanyachi pranali hii eka swayatt, vegwan aanee anivarya prakriya manali asalyane, tyanni suchavale qee uttejana aanee pratisad yanchyatil "downstream" tatpurata vilamb parinam dooshit karoo shakato. tyamule, see. emm. pii. tii. heey pratyaksh velet shabdik praveshachi tapasani karnyasathi tayar kele gele.
yaa karyadarmyan, abhyasatil sahbhaginni sanganakachya padadyasamor basoon shabdik kinwa vakyarachana sandigdhata asaleli nond keleli vakye aikali. tyach kshani jevha sandigdha shabd kinwa vakyansh uchcharla jaat asey, tyach velee aksharanchi eka string-ektar eka shabd kinwa eka shabd nasalela-sanganakachya screenver chamkali jaat asey aanee sahbhaginna sanganakachya kalfalkavaril done batnanpaiki eka daboon too shabd aahe qee nahee heey darshavine aavashyak hote.
uchcharlelya shabdancha arth sandigdha hota kinwa teey eka sandigdha vakyansh hote (udaharanarth, 'maus'-jeey prani mhanoon kinwa sanganakache input upkaran mhanoon samajale jaau shakate).
padadyavar dakhavalele shabd-jevha teey vastavik shabdik shabd hote (aanee shabd nasalele), tevha uchcharit shabd kinwa vakyanshachya arthanpaiki ekashi sambandhit asoo shakatat (udaharanarth, padadyavar likhit shabd 'prani' kinwa 'sanganak' asoo shakato), kinwa padadyavar lihilela shabd haah eka niyantran shabd kinwa vakyansh asoo shakato, joou uchcharit shabd kinwa vakyanshashi sambandhit nahee (udaharanarth, 'surya').
abhyasatil sahbhaginna nantar probever prakriya jhalyanantar shakya titkya lavkar pratisad denyas sangitale gele (mhanje.eae. ekada tyanna samajale). chachanine asey gruheet dharale qee eka vakyat sandigdhata aadhalate tyaa kshani anek arth sakriy hotat, jeey sambandhit sankalpananche avibhajya ghatak aahet. sakriy naan jhalelya shabdanchya ulat, swinyne sankalpananchi apekshit jalad olakh, ekada sambandhit sankalpana prathamik aanee asha prakare sakriy kelya gelya.
nivadalele sanshodhan.
jyaa prakriyedvare lock shabdik sandigdhata sodavtat, tyaa prakriyecha tapas karnyasathi yaa abhyasat see. emm. pii. tii. chaa vapar karnyat aala. visheshtah, asha kshani lokanna shabdanche serve arth midatat qaa, qee fakt ekach arth? vishayanni purv-nond kelelya vakyanchi malika aikali jyat sandigdha shabd hote. heey shabd samatulya hote-yacha arth assa qee pratyek sandigdha shabdache done sambhavya arth hote aanee samanya bolanyat eka arthala dusya arthapeksha pasanti navhati. yaa vakyanchya tyanchya aakalananusar tyanchi chachani kelee jaeel ashee mahitee vishayanna denyat aalee.
udaharanarth, vishayanna asey vidhan sadar kele geleh "sarkari imarat anek varshanpasun samasyanni grasslelli hotee ashee afava hotee. kholichya kopyat anek keetak sapadlyanantar tyaa vyaktila aashchary vatale nahee."yethe," "bugs" "haah shabd sandigdha asalyache nishchit kele gele aanee ekikade ektar" "keetak" "kinwa dusarikade" "palat thevane" "yaa arthashi susangat hota". vaktavyachya kshani... mungi' kinwa 'hergiri' kinwa 'shivan' kinwa 'shabd nasalela' yasarkhya asambandhit shabdatil bugg screenver jhalakale. abhyasatil sahbhaginna aksharanchi string shabd aahe qee nahee heey shakya titkya lavkar tharvanyas sangitale gele.
yavyatirikt, sandarbh paristhiti badalat gelee qee kahinna varilpramane konatahi pakshapati sandarbh navhata kinwa tyanni shrotyala eka kinwa dusya arthakade jordar pakshapati kele. udaharanarth, "ashee afava hotee qee, anek varshanpasun sarkari imarat samasyanni grasslelli hotee. kholichya kopyat anek kolee, kombadya aanee itar keetak sapadale tevha tyaa mansala aashchary vatale nahee."
swinyne assa dawa keela qee jarr ekhadi vyakti ekach velee samatulya sandigdha shabdache donhi arth sakriy karat asel, tarr uttejanadvare konata arth nirdharit keela gela aahe yachee parva naan karata pratisadachi vel samaan asavi. tathapi, jarr eka kinwa dusra arth sakriy asel, tarr tyaa arthachya prathmikatesathi pratisad vel jalad asavi.
parinamanni asey soochit kele qee shrotyanna, jaree ekach arth darshavina tivra pakshapati sandarbhanna tond dyave lagale tarihi, sandigdha shabdansathi anek arth midale. yacha arth assa qee, "kholichya kopyat anek keetak sapadlyanantar tyaa mansala aashchary vatale nahee" kinwa "kholichya kopyat anek kolee, roches aanee itar keetak sapadlyanantar tyaa mansala aashchary vatale nahee", asey uchcharale gele, hergiri (dusya vakyasathi sandarbhanusar ayogya) aanee mungi (sandarbhanusar yogya) donhi samanpane prathamik asalyache disate, tarr shivankam aanee shabd nasalele navhate.
yaa abhyasat, prem, maas aanee swinny yanni see. emm. pii. tii. chaa vapar karoon, ingraji praveen vyaktinchya teen vegvegalya shreninmadhye, ekbhashik mool ingraji bolananya (nauu), mool ingraji naan bolananya (aine. aine. eae. ess.) aanee dvibhashik mool ingraji bolananya (bii. aine. eae. ess.) yanchyat shabdik praveshacha shodh ghetala. visheshtah, yaa vegvegalya gatanni, eka majboot pakshapati sandarbhasah eka sandigdha sandnya asalelya gair-pramanik vastoo-sambandhit rachana kasha sodavalya yabaddal tyanna swarasya hote. udaharanarth, purvichya prayogat khaleel vakya vaparale geleh
"pradhyapakanni pariksha shaine purn karnyacha aagrah dharala, mhanoon jimmine naveen paine (probe sthitee 1) vaparale, jeey tyachya sasoone alikade (probe sthitee 2) vikat ghetale (probe sthitee 3) kaaran anek ranganmule adhik sarjansheelata milate."
hii object-relative rachana naun-canonical manali jaate kaaran thet object 'paine' tyachya sambandhit kriyapad 'kharedi' karnyapurvi udbhavate. tyamule, tee 'samorchi thet vastoo' manali jaau shakate. haah yuktivad 'paine' yaa shabdachya sandigdhatevar avalambun aahe, jyacha arth ektar lekhan sadhan kinwa turung kaksh assa asoo shakato. vareel vakyat darshavileli tapasachi 1,2 aanee 3 hii sthitee, abhyasatil sahbhaginna varr varnan kelelya samaan cross-model nirnay karyat, sanganakachya padadyavar eka shabd konatya binduvar sadar karnyat aala hota teey darshavate. shivay, shodhanibandh heey ektar ('pencil') kinwa 'paine' yaa sandnyecha dusra arth ('jail') darshavitat kinwa gair-sambandhit niyantrane ('jackett' kinwa 'tail') kinwa samatulya lambicha shabd nasalela hota.
bhashechya purv-chachanyanmadhye patrata midvalyanantar aanee bhasheche pravinya, parshvabhoomi aanee dviteey bhasha sampadanache vay yabaddal swa-ahwal prashnavali purn kelyanantar, vishayanche vargikaran ektar bii. aine. eae. ess. kinwa aine. aine. eae. ess. asey karnyat aale. olakhalya gelelya bigger-ingraji bhasha vividh prakarchya hotya (udaa.jee. russian, cantonese, greek, mandarin, vhietnami, spanish, corian) aanee sanshodhakanni yavar jore deela qee bahutek bhashanche pratinidhitva ingraji bhashepeksha shabd kramanusar qamee mahatva dete. abhyasache vishay eka see. emm. pii. tii. madhye sahbhagi jhaale jyat vareel vakyansarkhi object-relative vakye kinwa samatulya lambi aanee guntaguntiche purak vakya vaparale gele. pratisad vel mojali gelee aanee tulana kelee gelee.
ekandarit, chachani kelelya serve ingraji-praveen vyaktinni, jordar pakshapati sandarbh asoonahi, aspasht thet vastoo sadar kelyachya lagechach tyache donhi arth sakriy kele. tyanantar, nauu gatamadhye, sakriyakaran 700 ms downstream (peepi 2) nasht jhaale hote, joparyant kriyapadanantar, probe sthitee 3 varr prathamik arth punha sakriy keela jaat nahee. tathapi, sandarbhanusar yogya arth lavnyasathi, nauu nasalelya lokanni probe sthitee 3 madheel samoril thet vastoo punha sakriy kelee nahee. sanshodhakanni yaa farkache shrey nauu nasalelya gatatil anekanchya bhashanchya purvichya samparkala dile jeey samajoon ghenyasathi shabd kramanusar qamee spashtapane avalambun hote.
yaa prayogat, zurif, swinny aanee garrett yanni broka aanee varnikchya afacia rugnanmadhil bhasha prakriyetil chukanvaril vidyaman sanshodhanavar aadhar ghetala. purvichya abhyasatoon asey soochit hote qee, samanyatah, brokachya afeshiyache rugna niyantrananpeksha samanya velepeksha qamee vel ghenara lexical sakriyatecha abhyaskram darshavtat; tarr, varnikchya afeshikmadhye lexical sakriyan tulanene qamee asate. yaa abhyasane antar bharnya navachya prakriyedvare vishay-sambandhit rachana sodavanyasathi nivadak rugnanchya kshamatechi tulana aanee tulana kelee. udaharanarth,
"gymnastla uttarekadil shaharatil pradhyapak * aavadayache, jyane kharab kaufibaddal * (tii) * takrar kelee."
visthapit 'kona' haah yaa vakyatil 'pradhyapak' madhye badal karnyacha hetu asalyane, 'kona' yethe purvavarti 'pradhyapak' punha sakriy hone mhanje antar bharnyachi prakriya hoy. yethe, vishay sandnya vakyansh aanee sapeksh sarvanam yanchyatil antar vakyachya sanrachanatmak ghatakanchya mansik punarrachanedware aavashyakpane sodavale jaate.
cerebrovascular apghatanna balee padalelya rugnanna-4 varnikche affaciac aanee 4 brokache affaciac-eka anubhavichya prashasakeey rugnalayatun bharati karnyat aale hote. rugnanni aadhi nondavaleli vishay-sambandhit vakye headphonever aikali aanee dilelya vakyat (* dware soochit) purv-antar kinwa antaranantarchya sthiteet eka swar aikoo yeil aanee ektar eka shabd kinwa aksharanchi string sanganak screenver chamakatana disel. tyanantar abhyasatil sahbhaginna sanganakachya padadyavaril uttejana haah vastavik shabd hota qee nahee yavar avalambun ektar 'hoy' kinwa 'nahee' button daboon shakya titkya lavkar pratisad denyas sangitale gele. sanganakachya padadyavar dakhavalele shabd ektar 'pradhyapak' shhee shabdarthadrushtya sambandhit hote, vareel vakyachya babatitah 'shikshak' kinwa gair-sambandhit niyantran, 'patta'. uttejan aanee pratisad yanchyatil vel vishleshanasathi nondavala gela.
nishkarshanni asey soochit kele qee, gruhitkala samarthan mhanoon, vernick afacia asalelya rugnanna yogya antar bharnyasathi upalabdh asaleli kshamata aanee sansadhane abadhit rahatat. hii prakriya jaree jatan keleli disat asali taree, uchch-stariy vakyachi samaj yasarkhya itar sambandhit prakriya bighadu shakatat asey sanshodhakanni nidarshanas aanoon dile aahe.
dusarikade, brokachya rugnanmadhil antar bharnyachi prakriya lakshaniyaritya bighadaleli hotee. parinamanvarun asey disun aale qee konatyahi tapasachya thikani prathamik tapasani sakriy kelee gelee navhati-jeey asha vishay-sambandhit bandhkamanvar pratyaksh-velevar prakriya karnyasathi yaa rugnanna upalabdh asalelya sansadhananchi kamatarata darshavate. yaa parinamanchya aadhare, sanshodhak assa yuktivad karatat qee davya agravarti aachchhadanala jhalelya majjasanstheche nuksan haah vakyachya aaklan darmyan antar bharnyachya karyanche nirakaran karnyasathi yaa pradeshavar parinam karato.