
chhayachitran

chhayachitran hii chhayachitran kagdasarkhya prakash-sanvedanshil samgrichya prushthbhagavar vastoo thet thevun aanee nantar prakashat aanoon chhayachitran naan karata banavaleli chhayachitran pratima aahe.
nehmicha parinam mhanje nakaratmak chhaya pratima jee vaparlelya vastoonchya pardarshaktevar avalambun asalelya swaratil bhinnata darshavate. kagadache jyaa bhaganna prakash midala nahee teey pandhare disatat; jeey qamee kalasathi kinwa pardarshak kinwa ardh-pardarshak vastundvare ughad hotat teey rakhadi disatat, tarr antim chhapit purnapane ughad jhalele bhag kaale asatat.
yaa tantrala kadhikadhi camerless photography mhanatat. tyacha vapar manav kirananni tyachya reyographmadhye keela hota. yaa tantracha prayog karananya itar kalakaranmadhye laslo moholi-naggy, khrishchan scad (jyanni tyanna 'scadographs' mhatale), immogen cunningham aanee pablo picaso yancha samavesh aahe.
tantradnyanachya vividhatecha vapar vaidnyanik hetunsathi, pardarshak madhyamanmadhil pravahachya chhayachitre abhyasat aanee uchch-gatichya schleiren chhayachitranat aanee vaidyakeey ksh-kiranat dekhil keela gela aahe.
chhayachitran" haah shabd pracheen greek (, "prakash") chya sanyojan rupatoon () aanee pracheen greek pratyay (), (γράμα, "likhit varn, akshar, jeey kadhale aahe"), pasoon (, "survatila, scrap karnyasathi, charnyasathi") pasoon aala aahe.
itihas.
pragaitihasik.
chhayachya ghatanene dirghkalapasun manvi jidnyasa aanee prerit kalatmak pratinidhitva nirman kele aahe, jase pliny daad elderne nondavale aahe aanee ii. sha. puu. pahilya sahasrakapasun chhaya khelache vividh prakar aahet. chhayachitran heey, thodakyat, eka asey sadhan aahe jyadvare prushthbhagavar prakash aanee savaliche padane aapoaap tipale jaau shakate aanee jatan kele jaau shakate. asey karnyasathi prakashala pratikriya denara padarth aavashyak hota. 17vya shatkapasoon, prakasharasayanik pratikriya haloohaloo chandi, loh, uranium aanee kromiyamchya ksharanmadhye disun aalya kinwa shodhalya gelya. 1725 madhye, johann heinrich schulz haah chandichya ksharanmadhye tatpurata chhayachitran prabhav darshavinara pahila hota, jyala 1777 madhye carl wilheim skillene pushti dilee, jyala aadhalale qee jambhalya prakashamule chandichya chloridemadhye sarvat mothee pratikriya hote. humphrey davy aanee thomas wayswood yanni nondavale qee tyanni photo-sanvedanshil samagrivar stancil/prakash srot thevun tatpuratya pratima tayar kelya hotya, parantu pratima durust karnyache (kayamswarupi) konatehi sadhan navhate.
ekonisavya shatkat.
pahile chhayachitran nakaratmak chhayachitran hote (jaree pahile kayamswarupi chhayachitra nicephore nieps yanni cameas banavale hote). william heinry fox talboatne yaa photogenic rekhachitranna 'photogenic droing' mhatale, jeey tyane sanvedanshil kagdavar paaney kinwa fitache tukade thevun banavale, nantar teey ughad karnyasathi unhat divas kadhanyasathi baher sodale. yamule thevalelya vastoochya pandhya chhaychitrasaha gadad parshvabhoomi tayar jhaali.
1843 madhye, eenaa etkinsne "british shaiwalah cyanotype impression" heey pustak haptyanmadhye tayar kele; chhayachitransaha chitrit kelele pahile pustak. yaa serve pratima vanaspatishastriy namunyanchi chhayachitranachitre hotee, mukhytah sagari biya, jee tine surr johnn hershell yanchya cyanotype prakriyecha vapar karoon tayar kelee hotee, jyamule nilya pratima tayar hotat.
aadhuniktavad.
chhayachitran aanee kalakar jyanni yaa madhyamasobat (madhye) kaam kele tyanni dada aanee rachnatmakta yasarkhya anek abhyasalelya/simankit aadhunik qalaa chalvalinmadhye aanee bauhausachya aupcharik vichchedananmadhye sthapatyakalet bhag ghetala aahe/yogdan dile aahe. 
pravesh karanyachi sapeksh sulabhata (camearyachi aavashyakta nahee aanee, madhyamavar avalambun, eka gadad kholee) aanee kadachit chhayachitran tayar karnyachya prasangik swarupachya bhavnik bhavnemule 1918 chya suruvatilach khrishchan scad, 1921 madhye mann reey aanee 1922 madhye moholi-naggy yanni dematerialization aanee vikrutee, rupanche vilinikaran aanee aantarpravesh aanee drushtikonache sapatkaran yadvare amurtata prayog saksham kele.
khrishchan scadche 'scadographs'.
1918 madhye khrishchan scadche chhayachitranavaril prayog dadakadun prerit hote, tyanni gola kelelya fataleli tikite, pavtya aanee chaddi yasarkhya takoon dilelya vastoonchya yadruchchik vyavasthetun chhayachitra tayar kele. kahee lokancha assa yuktivad aahe qee, mann reey aanee lazlo moholi-naggy yanchya kiman eka kinwa done varshanpurvi, haah eka qalaa prakar banavnara too pahila hota aanee eka march 1920 madhye 'dadaphone' yaa niyatkalikat tristan zaara yanni prakashit keela, jyanni tyanna 'scadographs' asey naav dile.
mann reche 'rayograph'.
20 vya shatkat anek chhayachitrakaranni, visheshtah mann reey yanni chhayachitrancha vapar keela, jyanchya 'reographs' laa dada nete zaara yannihi naav dile hote. reey yanni tyanchya 1963 chya aatmacharitrat yaa prakriyechya (punha) shodhache varnan kele aahe.
tyachya chhayachitranmadhye, manav kiranane vastunche sanyojan kele-eka kangwa, kapalelya kagadacha sarpil, vastuvishardacha french vakr-kahee olakhanyayogya, itar rupantarit, dadane 'shaili' nakarlyache darshavitat, sandhee aanee amurtatevar bharr detat. december 1922 madhye tyanni hya reyographsachi nivad 'champs delicius' mhanoon prakashit kelee, jyat zaara yanni eka parichay deela. 1923 saalee pradarshit jhalela tyacha 'leey ritor aii laa raisan' ('return too reason') haah chitrapat rayograph tantrache halchal karananya pratimanshi julavun gheto.
20 vya shatkatil itar kalakar.
1930 chya dashakat theodor rozak aanee piit zwart yanchyasah kalakarannihi chhayachitran kele. luigi veronessi yanni prakash-sanvedanshil canvas tayar karoon mothya pramanat rangeet pratimanmadhye canvasvaril telasah chhayachitran pratima ekatra kelee jyavar tyanni prakashasathi aanee nantar durust karnyasathi andharat vastoo thevalya. heey aakar eka amoort chitrasathiche matricks banale jyat tyanni rung lagoo kele aanee gatishilata vadhavanyasathi rekhatalelya bhaumitik resha jodalya, tyanna parismadhil gallery ell 'ikvipmadhye 1938-1939 madhye pradarshit kele. bronislau schlebs, julien kulomiyar, andrages pavlovsky aanee bexinki 1940 aanee 1950 chya dashakat chhayachitrakar kalakar hote; heinz hajek-halke aanee curt wendland 1960 chya dashakat tyanchya halakya graphixs; 1970 chya dashakat lina kolarova, rene mccler, dennis oppenheim aanee andreus mulas; aanee 1970 chya dashakat tommy sebalos, cair magnol, andreas mueller-pole aanee floris emm. 1980 chya dashakat.
samkalin.
addam phoos, susanne durges, khrishchan markley aanee carren emee finkel fishoff heey chhayachitran vaparnyasathi mothya pramanavar olakhale jaanare prasthapit samkalin kalakar aahet, jyanni aine. eff. tii. mhanoon tichi chhayachitranake digitize aanee tankit kelee aahet. jagbharatil tarun kalakar digital yugat tantrachya bhautikatela mahatva dett aahet. mauritiousche kalakar audry albert heey bhautik sanskratila chagos betavaril lokanchya samkalin olakhishi jodanyasathi camerless tantracha vapar karatat.
prakriya.
chhayachitran tayar karnyacha paramparik marg mhanje gadad kholee aanee mothe karane aanee paramparik mudran karnyasathi jase pudhe jayache tase pudhe jaane, parantu nakaratmak vaparnyaivaji, chhayachitranachya kagadachya tukadyachya varr vastunchi vyavastha karane, jeey mothe dive khalee exposuresathi kele jaate, jeey timer switch aanee aperture controlesdware niyantrit kele jaau shakate. teey davikadil pratimepramanech parinam deil; mothe karnare lenschya chhidradvare prakash utsarjit karat asalyane, kagdavar saral ubhya asalelya bikarsarkhya unch vastoonchya chhaya tikshna rahtil; lahan chhidranvar jitkya jaast.
tyanantar chhapanivar prakriya kelee jaate, dhuun aanee valavali jaate. 
yaa tappyavar pratima nakaratmaksarkhi disel, jyamadhye chhaya pandhya asatat. chhayachitranachya kagadachya tajya patrikevaril sampark-chhap adhik naisargik parinam ichchit asalyas swar ultel, jeey chitrapatavar prarambhik chhap karoon sulabh kele jaau shakate.
tathapi, chhayachitran karnyasathi itar vyavastha aahet aanee tyanchi rachana karane haah sarjansheel prakriyecha eka bhag aahe. ellis lakes-narlingerne tichya airbrushes kelelya stancil chitranvar badal mhanoon chhayachitran tayar karnyasathi paramparik gadad kholicha drushtikon vaparla, kaaran jyaa ardhpardarshak kagdatoon tine tichi chitre kapali hotee tyaa prakashatoon tee midvu shakat nasaleli vividharangi rachana chhapali jaat asey.
yaa madhyamacha aanakhi eka ghatak mhanje prakash srot kinwa strot. prakashacha eka vyapak srot chhayache barkave takel; sobatchya aakrutimadhye darshavilyapramane, ambra, penambra aanee antumbra.
chhayachitran payamallila parvanagi denyasathi pureshi mandata asalyas chhayachitran baher kele jaau shakate. thet suryaprakash haah prakashacha eka bindu-srot aahe (mothya karnyasarkha), tarr dhagal paristhiti prakashsanvedanshil prushthbhagavar thevalelya trimiteey vastumbhovati mauu dhaar asaleli chhaya dete. annah etkinsdware (varr pahaa) vaparali jaanari cyanotype prakriya ('blueprint') itaki santh aanee asanvedanshil aahe qee kagad, kapad, lakud kinwa itar aadharanvar chhap padane heey gharachya aatalya halakya prakashat kele jaau shakate. paristhitinusar baherchya pradarshanas anek minite lagoo shakatat aanee aavaran kaale padalyane tapasanidvare tyachya pragaticha andaj lavala jaau shakato. 'chhapil kagad' kinwa itar divasachya prakashatil chhapil sahitya jase qee gumm bicromate dekhil baherchya pradarshanas saksham karoo shakate. khristi scadney tyachya khidkyanchya khidakya ughadanyasathi kachekhali tramchi tikite aanee itar alpakalin vastoo chhapil kagdavar thevalya.
paramparik ekvarni kinwa rung kinwa thet-sakaratmak chhayachitran samagri flash unitcha vapar karoon andharat ughad kelee jaau shakate, tasech croll karananya balachi halchal capture karananya tyachya chhayachitranasathi kinwa uthal panyat ilsathi edam gondhal ghalato. susanne durge tyach prakare panyacha pravah pakadatat, tarr harry nankinne samudrachya kathavar monochrome photographic kagadachya mothya patrakanche visarjan kele aahe aanee kagadachya prushthbhagavar dhunanya laata aanee samudri shaivalanchi kriya pakadanyasathi tyachya varr vishesharitya bandhalelya mothya aakarachya tripodver flash basavala aahe. 1986 madhye floris nyusasane vijechya dhakkyane tyacha 'natchbuilder' ('nishachar chitre') suru keela.
itar prakaranmadhye durchitravani padada kinwa sanganakachya pradarshanacha prakash vaparane, prakashsanvedanshil kagad prushthbhagavar dabane yancha samavesh hoto. prakashatil anek srot kinwa prakashachya anek chamkyansah ughad hone, kinwa pradarshanadarmyan prakash srot halavane, qamee-koneey prakashatoon chhaya prakshepit karane aanee halvatana, kadhoon taktana kinwa chhaya jodatana salag pradarshanacha vapar kelyane vegvegalya gunvattechya anek chhaya nirman hotil.