shevgyachi

sheval hii vargikaran vibhag bryophyta (,) "sensu stricto" madheel lahan, raktavahinyanvina fulanchi vanaspati aahe. bryophyta ("sensu latto", shimp. 1879) haah mool gut bryophyteschahi sandarbh gheu shakato, jyamadhye yakrutvarts, sheval aanee shingwarts yancha samavesh asato. sheval samanyatah daat hiravya guthalya kinwa chataya tayar karatat, bahutekda olsar kinwa chhayadar thikani. pratyek vanaspati samanyatah sadhya pananni banaleli asate jee samanyatah keval eka peshichi jaad asate, jyaa fandya asalelya kinwa fandya nasalelya khodala jodalelya asatat aanee paanee aanee poshak tatvanche sanchalan karnyat tyanchi bhoomika maryadit asate. jaree kahee prajatinmadhye vahak ootee asot, taree tyaa samanyatah qamee vikasit asatat aanee raktavahinyanchya vanaspatinmadhye vanaspatinmadhye samaan uutinpeksha sanrachanatmakdrushtya bhinn asatat. shevgyala biya nasatat aanee garbhadhananantar sporophytes tayar hotat, jyanchya fandyanchya fandya nasalelya asatat aanee tyanchya varchya bajula bijkan asalele eka capsule asate. kahee prajati khoop mothya asalya taree tyaa samanyatah unch asatat. "dosonia" haah jagatil sarvat unch sheval unchiparyant vadhu shakato. sumare 12,000 prajati aahet.
shevgyancha samanyatah yakrutkrumi, shingkrumi aanee likenshee gondhal hoto. jaree anekada raktavahinyambahya vanaspati mhanoon varnan kele gele asale, taree anek shevgyanmadhye pragat raktavahinya pranali asatat. yakrutvrund aanee shingvrundanpramanech, shevgyachi haploid gametophyte nirmiti haah jivanchakracha pramukh tappa aahe. heey serve raktavahinyanchya vanaspatinmadhil (biyane vanaspati aanee terridophytes) namunyashi virodhabhas aahe, jithe dvigunit sporophyte nirmiti prabal aahe. liken varvarche shevalasarkhe asoo shakatat aanee kahivela tyanchi samanya nave asatat jyat 'sheval' (udaa.jee., "raindear moss" kinwa "eyesland moss"), parantu teey burshijanya sahajeevi aahet aanee mosshey sambandhit naheet.
shevgyache mukhya vyavsayik mahatva pitcha mukhya ghatak mhanoon aahe (mukhytah 'sphagnum' vansh), jaree teey baganmadhye aanee fulanchya vyaparat sajavatichya karanansathi dekhil vaparale jaatat. shevgyachya paramparik vaparanmadhye insulation mhanoon aanee tyanchya vajanachya 20 putt drav shoshanyachya kshamatesathi samavisht kele jaate.
sharirik vaishishtye.
varnan.
vanaspatishastriyadrushtya, sheval hii bhoo-vanaspati vibhag bryophytamadhil raktavahinyambahya vanaspati aahet. teey sahasa lahan (kahee centimeter unch) vanaushadhiyukt (lakud nasaleli) vanaspati asatat, jee pramukhyane tyanchya panandware paanee aanee poshakdravye shoshun ghetat aanee prakashsanshleshanadvare ann tayar karnyasathi carbon dioxide aanee suryaprakashachi kapani karatat. pracheen gut takakiyopsida vagalata, konatehi dnyat sheval micorrhiza tayar karat naheet, parantu bryophilus burshi shevgyat aanee itar bryofitesmadhye vyapak aahe, jithe teey sapprotrophs, parjivi, rogjanke aanee parasparvadi mhanoon rahatat, tyapaiki kahee endophytes aahet. paanee vahoon vahoon zylem shwasanalikanchya kinwa vahinyanchya kamataratemadhye teey raktavahinyanchya vanaspatinpeksha vegale asatat. yakrutvrund aanee shingvrundanpramanech, haploid gametophyte nirmiti haah jivanchakracha pramukh tappa aahe. heey serve raktavahinyanchya vanaspatinmadhil (biyane vanaspati aanee terridophytes) namunyashi virodhabhas aahe, jithe dvigunit sporophyte nirmiti prabal aahe. shevale bijanshinaivaji bijkanancha vapar karoon punarutpadan karatat aanee tyanna phule nasatat.
moss gametophytes deth sadhe kinwa shakhayukt aanee saral kinwa prostate asoo shakatat. suruvatichya bhinn varganmadhye takakiyopsida, sphagnopsida, andreopsida aanee andreobriopsidamadhy ektar stomata nasato kinwa seudostomata asato joou chhidre tayar karat nahee. urvarit varganmadhye, stomata 60 peksha jaast vela haravala aahe. tyanchi paaney sadhee asatat, sahasa peshincha fakt ekach thurr jyamadhye antargat havechi jaaga nasate, bahutekda jaad madhyabhag asatat. tyanna yogya mule nasatat, parantu tyanchya tharala aadhar aadhar dhagyasarkhya prakand asatat. sheval tyanchya prakandadware tyanchya tharatoon paanee kinwa poshakdravye shoshat naheet. tyanchya bahu-koshikeey prakandandware tyanna yakrutvruntanpasun (marchansiophyta kinwa yakrut) vegale kele jaau shakate. bijkan-vahak capsule kinwa shevgyachi sporangia lamb, shakhavihin dethanvar ektyane janmatat, jyamule tyanna polysporangiophytesphonete vegale karatat, jyat serve raktavahinyanchya vanaspatincha samavesh asato. bijkan-utpadak sporophytes (i.eae. dvidhruviy bahukoshikiy nirmiti) alpakalin aanee sahasa prakashsanshleshan karnyas saksham asatat, parantu paanee puravatha aanee tyateel bahutek kinwa serve poshak tattvansathi gametofitever avalambun asatat. tasech, bahutek shevyanmadhye, bijkan-vahak capsule tyachya danda vadhalyanantar vadhate aanee paripakv hote, tarr yakrut-kavchamadhye capsule tyache danda vadhanyapurvich mothe aanee paripakv hote. itar farak serve sheval aanee serve yakrutkruminsathi sarvatrik nasatat, parantu teen shreneet mandani naan kelelya sadhya aakarachya, raktavahinyambaheril panansah spashtapane bhinn asalelya khodachi upasthiti, vanaspati shelee asalyache darshavate.
jivanchakra.
raktavahinyanchya vanaspatinmadhye tyanchya vanaspati peshinmadhye gunasutranche done sanch asatat aanee teey dvigunit, i asey mhatale jaate.eae. pratyek gunasutrat eka bhagidar asato jyamadhye samaan kinwa tatsam anuvanshik mahitee asate. yaulat, sheval aanee itar bryofitesmadhye gunasutrancha keval ekach sanch asato aanee tyamule teey haploid (i.eae. pratyek gunasutra peshichya aat eka adviteey pratimadhye astitvat asate). shevalichya jivanchakrat eka kaal asato jevha tyanchyat jodidar gunasutrancha duheri sanch asato, parantu heey keval sporophyte tappyatach ghadate.
shevgyache jivanchakra haployed bijkanapasun suru hote jeey protonema ("pl."protonemata"), jeey ektar dhagyasarkhe tantu kinwa thalloid (sapat aanee thalassarkhe) chey vastuman asate. massed moss protonemata samanyatah patal hiravya rangachya bhavnesarkha disato aanee olsar maatee, zadachi saal, khadak, concrete kinwa jawaljawal konatyahi itar vajvi sthir prushthbhagavar vadhu shakato. shevalichya aayushyatil haah eka tatpurata tappa aahe, parantu protonemapasun gametophore ('gamet-vahak') vadhato joou sanrachanatmakdrushtya khod aanee pananmadhye vegala asato. protonmatyachya ekach chataimadhye anek gametophore ankur vikasit houu shakatat, parinami shevgyacha guchch tayar hoto.
gametophorechya tokanpasoon kinwa shakhanmadhun shevgyache laingik avyav vikasit hotat. mahilanchya avyavanna archaegonia ("sing") mhanoon olakhale jaate."archaegonium) aanee perichetam (bahuvachan, pericheta) mhanoon olakhalya jaanarya sudharit pananchya gatadware sanrakshit kele jaatat. archaegonia heey khulya manesah (ventor) peshinche lahan flask aakarache guchch aahet, jyachya khalee purush shukranu pohatat. purushanchya avyavanna antheridia ("sing") mhanatat."entheridium) aanee teey perigonium (" "pl".) navachya sudharit pananni vedhalele asatat "."perigoniya). kahee shevgyanmadhil sabhovatalachi paaney splash cup tayar karatat, jyamule kapmadhye asalele shukranu panyache themb padoon shejarchya fandyanvar shimpadale jaau shakatat.
burshijanya chittinmule gametophorechya tokavaril vadhis adthala yeto. galoto "aanee itar.", 2020 madhye chitooctose lagoo kele aanee asey aadhalale qee tipa shodhalya gelya aanee januk abhivyakti badaloon yaa chittin vyutpannala pratisad deela. tyanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee haah sanrakshn pratisad kadachit bryophytes aanee tracophytes sarvat alikadil samanya purvajankadun sanrakshit keela gela hota. or "aanee itar."2020 madhye asey aadhalun aale qee bhagat toke peshinchya sukshmanalikanmadhye sanrachanatmakdrushtya eff-actinsarkhech hote aanee tyancha samaan uddesh hota.
sheval ektar ekalingi (biyanyanchya vanaspatinmadhil ekalingichi tulana qaraa) kinwa ekalingi (ekalingichi tulana qaraa) asoo shakatat. dioicus shevgyanmadhye, narr aanee maadee laingik avyav vegvegalya gametophyte vanaspatinvar janmatat. monoicus (jyala autoicus dekhil mhanatat) shevalanmadhye, donhi ekach vanaspativar janmatat. panyachya upasthitit, antheridiamadhun shukranu aarkegoniyamadhye pohatat aanee garbhadhan hote, jyamule dvigunit sporophyte utpadan hote. shevgyache shukranu biflagelet, i aahet.eae. tyanchyakade done flagele aahet jeey pranodanas madat karatat. shukranunna aarkegoniyammadhye pohanyas aavashyak asalyane, panyashivay garbhadhan houu shakat nahee. kahee prajati (udaharanarth, 'minium hornum' kinwa 'polytricham' chya anek prajati) tyanchya antheridiache tathakathit 'splash cup' madhye, ankuranchya tokanvar vadgyasarkhya sanrachananmadhye thevatat, jeey panyache themb yeuun shukranunna anek decimeterparyant pudhe dhakaltat, jyamule garbhashayache antar vadhate.
garbhadhananantar, aparipakv sporophyte archaegonial ventormadhun baher padanyacha marg dhakalato. sporophyte paripakv honyasathi anek mahine lagatat. sporophytechya shariramadhye eka lamb danda asato, jyala seta mhanatat aanee operculum navachya topine jhakalela capsule asato. capsule aanee operculum heey haploid calyptradware jhakalele asatat jeey archaegonial ventorche avashesh aahet. capsule paripakv jhalyavar calyptra sahasa khalee padato. capsulemadhye, bijkan tayar tapas peshinche ardhasutran houn haploid bijkan tayar hotat, jyavar chakr punha suru houu shakate. capsulechya tondala sahasa peristome navachya datanchya sanchane ring lavale jaate. heey kahee shevgyanmadhye anupasthit asoo shakate.
bahutek sheval bijkananna vikhuranyasathi vikhuranyasathi avalambun asatat. sphegnum" yaa vanshamadhye, bijkananna capsulemadhye asalelya sankuchit havedware jaminipasoon door prakshepit kele jaate; bijkananna pruthvichya gurutvakarshanachya praveg "jee" chya sumare 36,000 patinni gatee dilee jaate.
alikade asey aadhalun aale aahe qee springtail aanee sukshmajiv yasarkhe sookshm arthropods shevgyachya nishedhacha parinam karoo shakatat aanee hii prakriya shevgyapasun utsarjit ankurit sugandhadvare madhyasthi kelee jaate. udaharanarth, narr aanee maadee agni shimplay vegvegale aanee guntaguntiche asthir sendriya sugandh utsarjit karatat. maadee vanaspati purush vanaspatinpeksha jaast sanyuge utsarjit karatat. springtail heey maadee vanaspatinchi pradhanyane nivad kartana aadhalun aale aanee eka abhyasat asey aadhalun aale qee springtail shevgyachya garbhadhanat vaadh karatat, jeey anek biyanyanchya vanaspatinmadhye vanaspatinmadhye vanaspati-paragan sambandhasarkhe sugandh-madhyasth sambandh suchavatat. durgandhiyukt moss prajati 'splatchnum sphericum', kshayachya tivra vasasah masha tyachya sporangiamadhye aakarshit karoon aanee pratyek bijanu capsulechya khalee laal rangachya sujalelya collarchya swarupat eka majboot drushya sanket pradan karoon keetak paragan vikasit karate. shevalakade aakarshit jhalele mashe tyache bijkan tajya shakahari shenakade gheuun jaatat, jeey yaa jaatichya prajatinche aavadate nivassthan aahe.
anek shevgyanmadhye, udaa.jee.eulota philantha", jamme navachya hiravya vanaspati sanrachanechi nirmiti paaney kinwa fandyanvar kelee jaate, jee garbhadhan chakratoon naan jaata tutu shakatat aanee naveen vanaspati tayar karoo shakatat. heey alaingik punarutpadanache eka sadhan aahe aanee anuvanshikdrushtya samaan ghatak clonal loksankhyechi nirmiti karoo shakatat.
butke purush.
moss dwarf narr (jyala nanandry kinwa phylodiocy asehi mhanatat) heey heey pasarlelya narr bijkananpasun udbhavtat jeey maadee ankuravar sthayik hotat aanee ankurit hotat jithe tyanchi vaadh kahee millimeterparyant maryadit asate. kahee prajatinmadhye, kubjapana haah anuvanshikdrushtya nirdharit keela jaato, jyamadhye serve narr bijkan kubj hotat. sangrah, heey paryavarandrushtya nirdharit kele jaate qee madivar utarnare narr bijkan butke hotat, tarr itaratra utarnare mothya, maadee aakarachya naranmadhye vikasit hotat. nantarchya prakaranat, madipasoon madipasoon tharat pratyaropit kelele butke narr mothya ankuranmadhye vikasit hotat, jeey soochit karatat qee maadee eka padarth utsarjit karatat joou ankurit ankurit naranchya vadhis pratibandh karato aanee kadachit tyanchya laingik paripakvatachi suruvat dekhil vegwan karato. asha padarthache swaroop adnyat aahe, parantu phytohermone auxincha tyat samavesh asoo shakato.
narr aanee maadee prajnan avayavanmadhil antar qamee karoon, narr heey madivar butke mhanoon vadhalyane garbhadhan karyakshamta vadhane apekshit aahe. tyanusar, asey disun aale aahe qee garbhadhan varanvarta anek phylodiocus prajatinmadhye butkya naranchya upasthitishi sakaratmakpane sambandhit aahe.
butke narr anek asambandhit vanshanmadhye aadhaltat aanee purvichya vicharapeksha adhik samanya asoo shakatat. udaharanarth, assa andaj aahe qee serve diocus pleurocarpspacky eka chaturthansh teey nimmya darmyan butke narr asatat.
dii. aine. aii. durusti.
vanaspati tyanchya dii. aine. aii. chey nuksan kase sudharatat yacha abhyas karnyasathi, visheshtah homologous recombination mhanoon olakhali jaanari durusti yantrana, moss 'physcometrela paytons' chaa eka aadarsh jeev mhanoon vapar keela gela aahe. jarr vanaspati dii. aine. aii. chey nuksan durust karoo shakat nasel, udaa.jee.duheri-pattya tutatat, tyanchya sharirik peshinmadhye, peshi samanya karye gamavoo shakatat kinwa maroo shakatat. jarr heey ardhasutranadarmyan (laingik punarutpadanacha bhag) ghadale tarr teey vandhyatvas patra tharoo shakatat. pii" chey genome. paytonschee kramvari lavali gelee aahe, jyamule dii. aine. aii. durustimadhye guntaleli anek januke olakhata aalee aahet. "pii. homologous punarsanyojananchya pramukh pramukh sadosh asalele paytonsche utparivartak vanaspatinmadhye durusti yantrana kashee karya karate heey shodhanyasathi vaparale gele aahet. udaharanarth, 'pii.' chaa abhyas. punarsanyojit durusti pratikriyechya kendrasthani asalelya prathinanna sanket denare januk, 'aar. pii.' reed 51 madhye sadosh asalele paytons 'utparivartak, asey soochit karatat qee yaa vanaspatitil dii. aine. aii. duheri-strand break durust karnyasathi samaroop punarsanyojan aavashyak aahe. tyachpramane, tyachpramane kinwa kinwa (mrn complexchya mukhya prathinanna encode karnare, dna double-strand breakche pramukh sensor) madheel sadosh utparivartananchya abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee hii januke dnachya hanichya durustisathi tasech samanya vaadh aanee vikasasathi aavashyak aahet.
vargikaran.
agadi alikade, shevgyanche bryophyta (bryophytes kinwa bryophyta "sensu latto") vibhagat yakrutvarts aanee hornwarts gatbaddh kele gele aahe. bryophyte vibhagat swatach teen (purviche) vibhag aaheth bryophyta (sheval), marchantiophyta (yakrutvrund) aanee anthocerotophyta (hornwart); asey prastavit kele gele aahe qee heey nantarche vibhag anukrame bryopsida, marchantiopsida aanee anthocerotopsida yaa varganmadhye shrenibaddha naheet. sheval aanee yakrutvrund aata setafita navachya vanshatil manale jaatat.
sheval (bryophyta sensu stricto) aath varganmadhye vibhagale gele aaheth
aathpaiki sahaa varganmadhye pratyeki fakt eka kinwa done vansh aahet. polytricopsidamadhye 23 vanshancha samavesh aahe aanee yaa vargachya 95 takkyanhun adhik shevgyachya prajatinsah bahutek shevgyachya vividhatecha samavesh aahe.
spagnopsida, piit-moss, yaa done jiwant vansh "ambuchaniya" aanee "sphagnum" tasech jivashma vargikaran yancha samavesh aahe. "sphagnum' haah vaividhyapurn, vyapak aanee aarthikdrushtya mahattvacha aahe. heey mothe sheval pitchya daldalimadhye vyapak amleey khadde tayar karatat. sphegnum' chya pananmadhye jiwant prakashsanshleshi pesheensah pesheensah mothya mrut peshi asatat. mrut peshi paanee sathavanyas madat karatat. yaa varnavyatirikt, adviteey fandya, thalos (sapat aanee vistarit) protonema aanee sphotatmakpane futanare sporengium tyala itar shevyanpasun vegale thevatat.
andriopsida aanee andreobriopsida heey biceriate (peshinchya done ranga) prakand, multiceriate (peshinchya anek ranga) protonema aanee sporangiumdware vegale kele jaatat jeey rekhansh reshanvar vibhajit hotat. bahutek shevgyanmadhye shirshasthani ughade asalele capsule asatat.
polytricopsidamadhye samantar lamelchya sanch asaleli paaney asatat, chloroplast asalelya peshinche flap asatat jeey ushma sinkvareel pankhansarkhe disatat. heey prakashsanshleshan karatat aanee vayoo vinimay prushthbhag anshatah vedhoon aadrata rakhanyas madat karoo shakatat. polytricopsida itar shevalanpeksha tyanchya vikasachya aanee shareer rachnashastrachya itar tapashilanmadhye dekhil bhinn aahe aanee eae saha itar bahutek shelyapeksha mothe dekhil houu shakate.jee., "polytricham commune" unchaparyant usha tayar karate. sarvat unch jaminivaril sheval, polytrichidecha eka sadasya, bahudha 'dosonia superba' aahe, joou newzealand aanee austreliyachya itar bhagancha mool rahivasi aahe.
bhuvaidnyanik itihas.
mauu bhinti aanee najuk swarupamule shevgyachi jivashma nond viral aahe. antarctica aanee russiachya permianchya suruvatipasunach spasht moss jivashma sapadale aahet aanee carboniferous mosasathi eka cases tayar karnyat aalee aahe. pudhe assa dawa keela gela aahe qee silurianmadhil nalisarkhe jivashma heey moss calyptreche masserated avashesh aahet. sheval dekhil furn, gymnosperm aanee angiospermpeksha 2-3 putt haloo vikasit hott asalyache disate.
alikadil sanshodhan asey darshavite qee pracheen sheval heey ordovician himyug qaa ghadale heey spasht karoo shakate. 47 kotee varshanpurvi jevha aajchya shevgyache purvaj jaminivar pasaru lagale, tevha tyanni vatavaranatun carbon dioxide shoshun ghetale aanee sendriya aaml sravit karoon khanije kadhali, jyamule teey vadhat asalele khadak virghalale. yaa rasayanikaritya badalalelya khadakanmule vatavaranatil karbanaday oxideshee pratikriya jhaali aanee silicate khadakanmadhun calcium aanee magneshiyam aayanchya havamanadvare samudrat naveen carbonate khadak tayar jhaale. vatavaranatil khadakanmule dekhil lakshaniy pramanat phosphorus aanee loh sodale gele jeey mahasagaranmadhye sampale, jithe teey mothya pramanat shaiwal fulanyas karanibhoot tharale, parinami sendriya carbon daphan jhaala, jyamule vatavaranatun adhik carbon dioxide baher kadhala gela. poshak tatve khanare lahan jeev pranyanmule oxygenshivay mothe kshetra tayar jhaale, jyamule sagari prajati mothya pramanat namshesh jhalya, tarr karbanaday oxidechi patali jagbharat qamee jhaali, jyamule dhruvanvar barfache aachchadan tayar jhaale.
paryavaran.
adhivas.
moss gamatophytes heey autotrophic asatat aanee prakashsanshleshan karnyasathi suryaprakashachi aavashyakta asate. uchch vanaspatinpramanech prajatinusar chhaya sahanshilata badalate. bahutek bhagat, sheval pramukhyane ardra, chhayankit bhagat, jase qee jungle kshetra aanee pravahanchya kathanvar vadhatat, parantu teey thund, damat, dhagal havamanat kuthehi vadhu shakatat aanee kahee prajati suryaprakash, alpine khadak kinwa sthir valuchya tekdyansarkhya hangami koradya bhaganshi julavun ghetat.
tharanchi nivad dekhil prajatinnusar badalate. shinganchya prajatinche vargikaran asha prakare kele jaau shakateh khadak, ughad khanije asaleli maatee, ashant maatee, aaml maatee, chunkhadichi maatee, kadyanvaril galatee aanee dhabdhabyachya favaranichi kshetre, pravahanchya bajoo, chhayankit ardra maatee, khalee padaleli lakud, jalalele dande, vrukshanchya khodanche tall, varchya zadanchya khod aanee zadanchya fandya kinwa bogmadhye vadhanari. zadanvar kinwa zadakhali bhagat shevgyachya prajati sangrah teey konatya zadanvar vadhatat yabaddal vishisht asatat, jase qee rund pananchya zadanvar shankuchya aakarala pradhanya dene, oxla chadhavapeksha pradhanya dene kinwa tyaulat. sheval anekada zadanvar epiphytes mhanoon vadhatat, parantu teey zadavar kadhihi parjivi nasatat.
shaharatil olsar rastyanvar aanee chhapparanvar farasbandichya dagadanmadhil farkanmadhye dekhil sheval aadhaltat. ashant, suryaprakash asalelya bhaganshi julavun ghetalelya kahee prajati shahari paristhitishi changlya prakare julavun ghetat aanee samanyatah shaharanmadhye aadhaltat. udaharanadakhal, vancouver aanee seatle bhagatil eka baag tann 'rhytidiadelphus squarosus'; 'brium argentaim', cosmopolitan footpath moss aanee 'seratodon perpurious', laal chhappar moss, hii aanakhi eka cosmopolitan prajati. kahee prajati purnapane jalchar aahet, jase qee "fontinalis antipyratica", samanya panyache sheval; aanee itar jase qee "sphagnum" heey bog, daldaliche bhag aanee atishay santh gatine chalanare jalmarg yethe rahatat. asha jalchar kinwa ardh-jalchar sheval heey sthaliy shevalanmadhye shevalanmadhye lambichya samanya shrenipeksha mothya pramanat jaast asoo shakatat. udaharanarth, 'sphagnum' prajatinmadhye vaiyaktik vanaspati kinwa adhik lamb vanaspati samanya aahet. parantu sheval aanee itar bryophytes jalchar prajatinna dekhil punarutpadan karnyas saksham honyasathi tyanchi paripakv capsulechi panyachi patali vadhavun kinwa hangami qamee karoon havechya samparkat yene aavashyak aahe.
teey jithe kuthe aadhaltat, tithe shevgyala garbhadhan purn karnyasathi varshatil kiman kahee bhagasathi drav panyachi aavashyakta asate. anek sheval nirjalikaranapasun, kadhikadhi mahinyabhar, jiwant rahoo shakatat, punarbharanantar kahee tasanchya aat punha jiwant houu shakatat.
samanyatah asey manale jaate qee uttar golardhat, zaade aanee khadakanchya uttar bajula samanyatah itar bajunchya tulanet sarasarine adhik samruddha shevgyachi vaadh hoil. yache kaaran dakshin bajuchya suryaprakashamule korade vatavaran nirman hote asey manale jaate. dakshin golardhat yachya ulat hoil. kahee nisargshastradnyanna asey vatate qee sheval zaade aanee khadakanchya kharab jhalelya bajula vadhatat. kahee prakarananmadhye, udaharanarth samshitoshna uttar akshanshatil suryaprakashayukt hawaman, hii zadachya kinwa khadakachya uttar bajuchi chhayankit bajoo asel. unch utaranvar, tee chadhanyachi bajoo asoo shakate. zadachya fandyanvar bhagat shevalansathi, hii samanyatah aadvya bhagat bhaganvar kinwa krochjavalil fandichi varchi bajoo asate. thund, damat, dhagal havamanat, zadachya khodanchya serve bajoo aanee khadak heey shevgyachya vadhisathi purese olsar asoo shakatat. shevalichya pratyek prajatila vishisht pramanat aadrata aanee suryaprakashachi aavashyakta asate aanee tyamule tee tyach zaad kinwa khadakachya vishisht bhaganvar vadhel.
kahee sheval panyakhali vadhatat kinwa purnapane panyakhali jaatat. anekjan changlya nichara asalelya thikananna pradhanya detat. vividh rasayanshastranchya khadkanvar aanee zadanchya thadyanvar pradhanyakramane vadhanare sheval aahet.
cyanobacteriashi sambandh.
boriyal jangalanmadhye, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteriashi asalelya sambandhanmule mosschya kahee prajati parisansthesathi nitrogen puravanyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavtat. cyanobacteria shevalavar vasahat karatat aanee nishchit nitrogen puravinyachya badalyat aashray ghetat. sheval itar poshak tattvansah sthir nitrogen jamineet "korade karane-punha ole karane aanee aagichya ghatanansarkhya adthalyannantar" sodato, jyamule too sampoorn parisansthemadhye upalabdh hoto.
lagwad.
shevalala anekada gavatachya gavatal pradeshat tann manale jaate, parantu japani bagkamadware udaharanadakhal darshavilelya saundarya tattvannusar vadhanyas jaanunbujun protsahit kele jaate. junya mandiranchya baganmadhye, sheval jangalatil drushyavar galicha lavu shakato. sheval bagechya drushyat shantata, vay aanee nishchalata yanchi bhavna vadhavato asey manale jaate. maatee jhakanyasathi aanee vayachi chhap vadhavanyasathi bonsaimadhye sheval dekhil vaparla jaato. lagvadiche niyam mothya pramanat sthapit kelele naheet. sheval sangrah sangrah jangalatoon paanee paanee pishavit pratyaropit kelelya namunyancha vapar karoon suru keela jaato. prakash, aadrata, thurr rasayanshastra, rasayanshastra aashray ityadichya sanyoganchya adviteey aavashyaktanmule shevgyachya kahee prajati tyanchya naisargik sthalanpasun door thevane atyant katheen asoo shakate.
bijkananpasun vadhanare sheval aanakhi qamee niyantrit kele jaate. shevgyachi bijkan satat pavasat ughadya prushthbhagavar padatat; jeey prushthbhag shevgyachya vishisht prajatila aadaratithya karatat teey samanyatah vaara aanee pavasachya samparkat aalyanantar kahee varshant tyaa shevgyane vasahat kele jaatil. viit, lakud aanee kahee khadbadit concreetche mishran yasarkhe sachchidra aanee aadrata tikavoon thevanare sahitya shevalasathi aatithyashil asatat. taak, dahee, mootra aanee shingeche namune, paanee aanee ericasius compost yanche haluvarpane shuddha kelele mishran yasah amleey padarthansah prushthbhag tayar kele jaau shakatat.
thund, damat, dhagal prashant vayavya bhagat, kadhikadhi shevalala naisargikaritya shevgyachya lonn mhanoon vadhu dile jaate, jyala qamee kinwa qamee kapani, khat kinwa paanee denyachi aavashyakta asate. yaa prakaranat, gavat heey tann manale jaate. seatle bhagatil landscapers kadhikadhi baganmadhye aanee bhupradeshanmadhye basavanyasathi dagad aanee khalee padalele sheval vadhavnare lakud gola karatat. jagachya anek bhagantil jangalatil baganmadhye naisargik shevgyancha galicha asoo shakato. washington rajyatil benbridge betavaril bloadel rakheev kshetra tyachya shevgyachya bagesathi prasiddha aahe. zadidar underbrush aanee vanaushadhiyukt groundcovers kadhoon, zaade patal karoon aanee shevgyanna naisargikaritya bharoon deuun shevgyachi baag tayar karnyat aalee hotee.
hiravya chhappar aanee bhinti.
kadhikadhi hiravya chhapparanmadhye sheval vaparale jaatat. hiravya chhatanvaril unch vanaspatinpeksha shevalichya fayadhyanmadhye vajanacha bhaar qamee hone, paanee shoshane vadhane, khatanchi aavashyakta naan asane aanee uchch dushkal sahanshilata yancha samavesh hoto. shevgyala kharee mule naslyamule, tyanna vistrut mull pranali asalelya uchch vanaspatinpeksha qamee lagwad madhyamachi aavashyakta asate. sthanik havamanasathi yogya prajatinchya nivadimule, hiravya chhatanvaril shevalanna ekada sthapit jhalyanantar sinchanachi aavashyakta nasate aanee tyanchi dekhbhal qamee asate. hiravya bhintinvar dekhil sheval vaparale jaatat.
shevgyachi.
shevgyachi shatkachya uttaradhat sheval gola karnyachya satatchya pravruttimule anek british aanee american baganmadhye shevalanchi sthapana jhaali. sheval samanyatah sapat chhapparasah, uttar bajus ughade (savali rakhane) asalelya slatted lakadapasoon bandhala jaato. lakadachya pattyanmadhil farkanmadhye shevgyache namune basavanyat aale hote. tyanantar vaadh kayam thevanyasathi sampoorn sheval niyamitpane olsar keela jaeel.
jalchar.
jalchar aachchadan anek jalchar sheval vaparte. teey qamee poshak, prakash aanee ushnatechya patalivar sarvottam kamgiri karatat aanee aanee sahajpane pasaratat. teey matsyalayatil mashansathi yogya asalele jaal rasayan rakhanyas madat karatat. teey anek matsyalay vanaspatinpeksha adhik haloohaloo vadhatat aanee baryapaiki kadak asatat.
vaadh pratibandh.
containeryukt nursory operations aanee haritgruhanmadhye sheval heey eka trasdayak tann asoo shakate. shevgyachi jordar vaadh ropanchya ugavanukeela aanee vanaspatichya mulanmadhye paanee aanee khatanchya praveshala pratibandh karoo shakate.
shevgyachi vaadh anek paddhatinni rokhali jaau shakateh
lohyukt sulfate kinwa lohyukt amonium sulfate asalelya utpadanancha vapar kelyane sheval nasht hoil; heey ghatak samanyatah vyavsayik sheval niyantran utpadane aanee khatanmadhye asatat. gavatasarkhya kahee pratispardhi vanaspatinsathi gandhak aanee loh hii aavashyak poshakdravye aahet. joparyant tyanchya vadhisathi anukool paristhiti badalat nahee toparyant moss marlyane tyanchi punha vaadh rokhata yenar nahee.
vapar.
paramparik.
purv-audhyogik samaj tyanchya bhagat bhagat shevalancha vapar karat asat.
saamee lock, uttar american jamati aanee itar vartulakar lock bichhanyasathi sheval vaparat asat. shevgyancha vapar gharansathi aanee kapadyanmadhye dekhil insulation mhanoon keela gela aahe. paramparikpane, kahee nordic deshanmadhye aanee russiamadhye valalelya shevalancha vapar logg kebinmadhil logg darmyan avahak mhanoon keela jaat asey aanee ishanya united states aanee aagney canadachya jamatinni lakadi lamb gharanmadhye shinka bharnyasathi sheval vaparla. circumpolar aanee alpine lokanni boot aanee hatmoje yanmadhye insulationsathi sheval vaparale aahet. icemanchya hatala shevalane bharalele boot hote.
valalelya shevgyachya drav shoshanyachya kshamatemule tyancha vapar vaidyakeey aanee pakakala asha donhi prakarchya vaparat vyavharik jhaala aahe. uttar americetil aadivasi lock diaper, jakhameche kapade ghalane aanee masik palitil drav shoshanyasathi sheval vaparat asat. america aanee canadatil vayavya prashant pradeshatil jamatinni salmon sukavanyapurvi teey swachchh karnyasathi sheval vaparale aanee camache kand vafavanyasathi olya shevalala pitt ovhanmadhye gundalale. ann sathavanukichya topalya aanee ukalatya topalya dekhil shevalanni bharalelya hotya.
ell sydronkadoon sapadalelya neanderthalchya avasheshancha tapas tapas alikadil sanshodhanane purava deela aahe qee tyanchya aaharat pramukhyane pine nuts, moss aanee mashroomcha samavesh asava. itar european thikananchya puravyandvare yachya ulat aahe jeey adhik mansahari aaharakade nirdesh karatat.
finlandmadhye, dushkaladarmyan bhakari tayar karnyasathi piit mosscha vapar keela jaato.
vyavsayik.
jangalatoon gola kelelya shevgyanchi mothee bajarpeth aahe. akhand shevgyacha vapar pramukhyane fulanchya vyaparat aanee ghar sajavat karnyasathi keela jaato. sphegnum' vanshatil kshay hott asalele sheval haah pitcha pramukh ghatak dekhil aahe, joou indhan mhanoon, bagayati matiche padarth mhanoon aanee scotch viskeechya utpadanat smoking maltmadhye vaparnyasathi 'khaan' keela jaato.
"sphagnum" sheval, samanyatah prajati. christom aanee ess. subnitance, "ajunahi vadhat asatana kapali jaate aanee ropavatika aanee falotpadanamadhye vanaspati vadhavanyache madhyam mhanoon vaparnyasathi valavali jaate.
kahee 'sphegnum' sheval tyanchya swatachya vajanachya 20 putt panyat shoshun gheu shakatat. pahilya mahayuddhat, "sphegnum" shevgyancha vapar sainikanchya jakhmanvar prathamik upchar mhanoon keela jaat asey, kaaran heey shevge kapasapeksha tippat vegane drav shoshun ghetat, drav changle rakhoon thevatat, dravpadarthanche sarvatra eksarkhe vitaran karatat aanee thund, mauu aanee qamee trasdayak asatat. tyat jivanurodhi gunadharm asalyacha dekhil dawa keela jaato. diaper aanee napkinsasathi 'sphagnum' vaparnare mool american lock eka hote, jeey ajunahi canadamadhye kele jaate.
grameen yuu. keey. madhye, 'fontinalis antipyratica' chaa vapar paramparikpane aag vizavanyasathi keela jaat asey kaaran tee haloohaloo haloohaloo nadyanmadhye mothya pramanat aadhalu shakate aanee shevalane mothya pramanat paanee rakhoon thewale jyamule jwala vizavanyas madat jhaali. haah aitihasik vapar tyachya vishisht lattin/greek navat pratibimbit hoto, jyacha andaje arth 'agniviruddha' assa aahe.
mexicomadhye, moss haah khrisamasachi sajavat mhanoon vaparla jaato.
"jaivtantradnyanat 'physcometrela paytons' chaa vapar vadhat aahe. moss janukanchi olakh hii pramukh udaharane aahet.
pick sudharana kinwa manvi aarogyavar parinam aanee ralf resky aanee tyachya tyachya vikasit kelelya moss bioreactormadhil jatil biopharmaceuticals surakshit utpadanavar parinam.
londonne 'ciity trease' navachya anek sanrachana sthapit kelyah shevalane bharalelya bhinti, jyapaiki pratyekamadhye nitrogen auxides aanee itar prakarchya vayoo pradushanacha vapar karoon aanee auxigen tayar karoon '275 niyamit zadanchi havah swachchh karanyachi kshamata' asalyacha dawa keela jaato.
pudhe vacha.
kimmer, robbin wall (2003). "sheval gola karaneh shevyancha naisargik aanee sanskrutik itihas". oregon steet university press. .

