
kauboy

kauboy haah eka pashuchar aahe joou uttar americetil pashudhanachya thikani guranchi dekhbhal karato, paramparikaritya ghodyavar basoon, aanee anekada pashudhanashi sambandhit itar anek kaame karato. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhatil aitihasik american kauboy uttar meksikochya 'vacvero' paramparanmadhun udayas aala aanee vishesh mahatva aanee aakhyayika asalela eka vyakti banala. rangler navacha eka upprakar, visheshtah guranche kaam karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya ghodyanchi kalji gheto. pashudhanachya kamavyatirikt, kahee kauboy rodiosathi kaam karatat kinwa tyat bhag ghetat. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat pahilyanda asha prakare paribhashit kelelya gorakshinchi aitihasik bhoomika qamee-changlya prakare nondavali gelee hotee, parantu aadhunik jagaat samaan karye karatat aanee tyanchya kamgiribaddal tyanna lakshaniy aadar midala aahe. jagachya itar anek bhaganmadhye, visheshtah dakshin america aanee austreliyatil guranche hatalani karnare, charvyansarkhech kaam karatat.
yaa kauboychi mule spain aanee americetil sarvat suruvatichya european vasahatiparyant kholvar aitihasik aahet. shatkanushatke, bhupradesh aanee havamanatil farak aanee anek sanskratinmadhil gura palanyachya paramparanchya prabhavamule, upkarane, kapade aanee prani hatalanichya anek bhinn shaili nirman jhalya. aadhunik jagashi julavun ghenara nehmicha vyavharik charvastu mhanoon, jaree anek abhijat parampara jatan kelya gelya aahet, taree tyachi upkarane aanee tantre dekhil julavun ghetali.
vyutpattishastra aanee mukhya pravahatil vapar.
ingraji shabd 'kauboy' haah vay aanee guranche kinwa guranche sangopan yaa donhi goshtincha sandarbh denanya purvichya anek sandnyanpasun aala aahe.
kauboy' haah ingraji shabd 'vacvero' yaa spanish shabdavarun aala aahe, joou ghodyavar basoon guranche vyavasthapan karananya vyaktisathi aahe. "vacvero" haah shabd "vhaka" yaa shabdavarun aala aahe, jyacha arth "gaay" assa aahe, joou lattin shabd "vhaka" yaa shabdavarun aala aahe. "1725 madhye jonathan swiftney chhapil bhashet 'kauboy' chaa pratham vapar keela aanee 1820 teey 1850 yaa kalat british betanvar kutumb kinwa samudayik gayinchi kalji ghenanya tarun mulanche varnan karnyasathi tyacha vapar keela gela. mulat matra, 'gurakhi' haah ingraji shabd gurakhi palanyache varnan karnyasathi vaparla jaat asey ('mendhpal', mendhpalasarkhe) aanee anekada paugandavasthepurvichya kinwa paugandavasthechya suruvatichya mulacha sandarbh deela jaat asey, joou sahasa payee kaam karat asey. haah shabd ingraji bhashet khoop juna aahe, jyachi utpatti 1000 salapurvi jhaali hotee.
1849 paryant 'kauboy' haah shabd vaparla jaat hota, jaree too serve thikani vaparla jaat navhata. nairutyela udarnirvahasathi gurade chalavanaya purushanna sahasa gorkshak, ranti kinwa pashupalak asey mhatale jayache. 
yaa shabdavaril badal nantar disu lagale. "couhand" 1852 chya sumaras disu lagale aanee "kaupok" 1881 madhye disu lagale, jeey moolatah tyaa vyaktinparyant maryadit hote jeey lamb khamb asalelya guranna pathvanyasathi railwaychya gadyanvar chadhavanyasathi pravrutt karat asat. american ingrajimadhye kauboychya navanmadhye 'bakaru', 'kaupok', 'couhand' aanee 'coupunture' yancha samavesh aahe. bakaru' haah kauboysathicha aanakhi eka ingraji shabd, 'vacvero' () chey ingrajikaran aahe.
aaj, 'kauboy' haah shabd sampoorn paschimela aanee visheshtah mothya maidani aanee khadkal parvatanmadhye samanya aahe, 'bakaru' pramukhyane mothya khonyat aanee californiamadhye aanee 'coupunture' mukhytah texas aanee aaspaschya rajyanmadhye vaparla jaato.
jaree kahee sanskratinmadhye mule kuranat jaatana aanee jaatana gadhav chalvat asali, taree ghodeswarisathi kaushalye aanee kvachitach upalabdh asalelya kinwa mulala sopavalelya ghode aanee upkarnanmadhye guntavanuk aavashyak hotee. pracheen kalat mendhya, guredhore aanee bakya palane heey bahutekda alpavayin mulanche kaam hote aanee aajahi vividh vikasansheel jaagtik sanskratinmadhil tarunansathi heey eka kaam aahe.
aavashyak kaushalye vikasit karnyasathi aavashyak asalela vel aanee sharirik kshamata yamule, aitihasik aanee aadhunik asha donhi prakarchya kauboyani anekada kishoravayin mhanoon kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. aitihasikdrushtya, cauboyna kamavar thevanyasathi purese kaushalya vikasit hotach (anekada 12 kinwa 13 varshanitke lahan) tyanna vetan midale. dukhapatimule apangatva aale nasel tarr, charvyanche mull ayushyabhar gura kinwa ghode hatalu shakatat. 19vya shatkachya shevataparyant jaree 'cougerl' (khalee charcha keleli) mothya pramanavar olakhali gelee nahee kinwa manyata midali nahee, taree americet kahee mahilanni pashupalan karanyachi kamehi haatee ghetali aanee aavashyak kaushalye shikali.
aaj pashchimatya shetanmadhye, kaam karnara charvastu sahasa praudh asato. guranche kinwa itar guranche sangopan karanyachi jababdari aata mulansathi kinwa kishoravayin mulansathi yogya manali jaat nahee. shetjaminichya vatavaranat vadhanari mule aanee mulee anekada ghodeswari karnyas shikatat aanee sharirikdrushtya saksham hotach, samanyatah praudhanchya dekharekhikhali, moolbhut shetaki kaushalye sadar karatat. asha tarunanna, tyanchya kishoravayin vayaparyant, anekada shetmalavaril "kauboy" kamachi jababdari dilee jaate.
itar aitihasik shabd vaparale jaatat.
"american krantidarmyan swatantrya chalvalila virodh karananya american ladhvayyanche varnan karnyasathi 'kauboy' chaa vapar keela gela. vasahatinkadun bail, guredhore aanee ghode choroon britishanna denyachya tyachya pravruttimule nishthavant hetune olakhala jaanara eka bekaydeshir kayadadharak claudius smith yala 'ramposcha gayicha mulga' mhatale jaat asey. tyach kalat, westchester countymadhye anek chhapamar band karyarat hote, jyane british aanee american sainyatil vibhajanachi resha chinhankit kelee. heey gut sthanik shetmajuranni banalele hote jeey donhi bajunni hallabol karat aanee chhape takat asat. done vegvegale gut hoteh 'skinsers' swatantrya-samarthak pakshasathi ladhale, tarr 'kauboy' britishanna pathimba dett hote.
paschim texasmadhye 1880chya dashakat arizona yetheel thadgyachya dagadat goravancha ajunahi aadar keela jaat asatana, vividh gunhyanmadhye guntalelya purushanche varnan karnyasathi 'kauboy' kinwa 'kauboy' haah shabd apmanaspadpane vaparla jaat asey. eka shithilpane sanghatit jhalelya bandla 'daad kauboy' asey sambodhale gele aanee sampoorn yuu. ess. madhye gura, daroo aanee tambakhu taskari karoon tyacha fayda jhaala.ess.mexicochi seema. tombstone rahivasi george parsons yanni tyanchya dindarshiket lihile aahe qee, "kauboy haah kadhikadhi rustler asato aanee rustler haah hatashancha samanarthi shabd asato-daku, bekaydeshir aanee ghoda chor."sann francisco parikshakane" eka sampadakiyat lihile, "kauboy heey tyaa jangali deshatil gunhegarancha sarvat beparvaicha varg aahet... samanya darodekhorapeksha amaryad white."ekhadyala 'kauboy' mhanane haah tyaa bhagatil upman tharala, kaaran too ghoda chor, darodekhor kinwa bekaydeshir hota asey soochit hote. gurakhi samanyatah pashupalak kinwa pashupalak mhanoon olakhale jaat asat. jaree kartavye aanee pagar purnapane eksarkhe navhate, taree charvyanche itar samanarthi shabd 'ranch hand', 'rainz hand' kinwa 'trail hand' hote. oo. yetheel bandukichya chakmakimule shevati kauboychya kriyakalapanna aala ghalanyat aala.keey. coral aanee parinami earup vendetta ryde.
itihas.
madhyayugeen spainchya hassinda pranalipasoon suruvat houn, kauboy paramparechi utpatti spainmadhun jhaali aahe. guranchya sangopanachi hii shaili iberian dweepkalpachya bahutansh bhagat pasarali aanee nantar tee americet aayat karnyat aalee. donhi pradeshanmadhye viral gavatasah korade hawaman hote, tyamule guranchya mothya kalpanna puresa chaara midvanyasathi mothya pramanat jaminichi aavashyakta hotee. payee chalanari vyakti vyavasthapit karoo shakali tyapeksha jaast antar paar karanyachi garaj yamule ghodyavar basavalelya "vacvero" chya vikasala chalana midali.
spanish mule.
spanish ashwarohan parampareche vividh pailu spainmadhil islamik rajvatit shodhale jaau shakatat, jyat murish ghatak jase qee prachya-prakarchya ghodyancha vapar, "laa genetta" swari shaili jyamadhye lahan stirap, ghan-vruksh kathee aanee sperscha vapar, judd nakpatti kinwa hakkamore (arabi "sakima", spanish "jakima") aanee ghodyashi sambandhit itar upkarane aanee tantrancha samavesh aahe. arabi parampareche kahee pailu, jase qee hakmore, heey pracheen parshiyatil mulanmadhye shodhale jaau shakatat.
16 vya shatkat, vijete aanee itar spanish vasahati tyanchya gura palanyachya parampara tasech ghode aanee paliv gura donhi americet gheuun aale, jyachi suruvat aaj mexico aanee floridamadhye tyanchya aagamanane jhaali. naveen spainchya bhaugolik, paryavaraniy aanee sanskrutik paristhitimule spainchya paramparanmadhye badal jhaala, jeey nantar mexico aanee nairutya united states banale. tyaa badalyat, spanish prabhavamule jamini aanee americetil lokannihi natyamay badal pahile.
ghodyanche aagman visheshtah mahattvapoorn hote, kaaran pragaitihasik himyugachya samaptipasun americet ghode namshesh jhaale hote. americet ghode zapatyane vadhat gele aanee spanish aanee nantar itar deshantil vasahati yanchya yashasathi teey mahattvapoorn tharale. sarvat june ghode moolatah andalussian, barb aanee arabi vanshache hote, parantu nivadak prajnan aanee jangalat paloon gelelya pranyanchya naisargik nivadidvare uttar aanee dakshin americet anek adviteey american ghodyanchya jaatee vikasit jhalya. mastang aanee itar vasahatvadi ghodyanchya jaatinna aata 'jangali' mhatale jaate, parantu pratyakshat teey jangali ghode aahet-paliv pranyanche vanshaj.
vakeros.
jaree lokpriyapane american manale jaat asale taree, paramparik kauboychi suruvat spanish paramparepasun jhaali, jee aaj mexico aanee nairutya united statesmadhye uttar meksikochya "vakero" aanee jalisco aanee michoacan pradeshanchya "carro" madhye pudhe vikasit jhaali. bahutek 'handedo' (shetjameen malak) vanshikdrushtya spanish 'creolos' hote, tarr suruvatiche anek 'vackeros' heey mool american hote jyanna mission kalpanchi kalji ghenyasathi spanish missionsathi kaam karnyasathi prashikshan dile gele hote. "vackeros" pashudhanasah uttarekade gela. 1598 madhye donn juan dii onetane reo grand olandun nyu mexicomadhye eka moheem pathavali, jyat 7000 guranche doke sobat aanale gele. yaa suruvatipasun, 'vacurose' nyu mexico aanee nantar texasmadhun guredhore mexico shaharat gheuun gela. meksikochya parampara dakshin aanee uttar asha donhi bajunni pasarlya, jyacha argentine teey canada yaa ashwarohan paramparanvar prabhav padala.
american vikas.
ingraji bhashik vyapari aanee vasahati paschimekade vistarat asatana, ingraji aanee spanish parampara, bhasha aanee sanskruti kahee pramanat villin jhaali. 1848 madheel mexican-american yuddhapurvi, californiala jahajane pravas karananya nyu englandchya vyapanyanna 'handedo' aanee 'vacueros' yaa donhi goshtincha samna karava lagla, jeey mothya guranchya shetatoon tayar honanya chamadya aanee talosathi utpadit vastooncha vyapar karat hote. nantar santa phay trail mhanoon olakhalya jaananya american vyapadhyanche 'vacvero' jivanashi samaan sampark hote. yaa suruvatichya chakmakipasun suruvat karoon, 'vacvero' chee jivanshaili aanee bhasha eka parivartan suru kelee jee ingraji sanskrutik paramparanmadhye villin jhaali aanee american sanskratit 'kauboy' mhanoon olakhali gelee.
texasmadhye ingraji bhashik vasahatinche aagman 1821 madhye suru jhaale. riip fordney laredo aanee corpus christy darmyanchya deshache varnan kele qee tethe "asankhya mustang aanee mustangche samooh rahatat... jangali gura... general valentin canalizo yanni newses aanee reo grand darmyancha desh rikama karnyache aadesh dile tevha mexican lokanni tyanna sodoon dile... sodoon dilelya ghode aanee guranni yaa pradeshavar taxian lokanni kelelya chhapyanna aamantrit kele."dusarikade, californiamadhye, mexico-american yuddhanantarparyant united statesmadhun vasahati mothya pramanat yet nasalyache disale. thodya vegalya prakare, donhi kshetranni pratishthit american kauboychya utkrantimadhye yogdan dile. visheshtah railwaymarganche aagman aanee american yadavi yuddhachya parshvabhumivar gomansachi vadhati magani yamule, junya paramparansah, guranna shetatoon, jithe tyanna vadhavale jaat asey, tyaa jawalchya railwaychya shikharanvar, bahutekda shekado mail door nenyachi garaj bhasali.
1860 teey 1880 yaa dashakat, shreni-gura udhyogatil 25 takkyanparyant kamgar, andaje 6,000 teey 9,000 kamgar, amerikechya pashchimekadil kalya cauboymadhye hote. samanyatah majee gulam kinwa majee gulamanchi mule, anek krishnavarniy purushankade guranchi hatalani karnyache kaushalya hote aanee teey yadavi yuddhachya shevati paschimekade nighale.
1880 chya dashkaparyant, pashu udhyogachya vistaramule atirikt khulya shrenichi garaj bhasali. asha prakare anek pashupalak vayavyekade vistarle, jithe ajunahi asthir gavatal pradeshache mothe bhag hote. texaschya guranna uttarekade, pashchimekadil khadkal donger aanee dakotanmadhye palale jaat asey. kauboyne tyachya bahutek upkaranancha thund paristhitishi julavun ghetala aanee udhyogachya paschim dishechya halchalimule california teey texasparyantchya pradeshik paramparanche mishran jhaale, bahutekda kauboy pratyekache sarvat upayukt ghatak ghet asey.
mastang-dhavnare kinwa "mestenaro" heey kauboy aanee vacuro hote, jeey mexicomadhye aanee nantar aata uttar mexico, texas, nyu mexico aanee california yaa american pradeshanmadhye bajarat jaanyasathi mastang pakadatat, todatat aanee chalavatat. tyanni 18 vya shatkapasoon 20 vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant californiachya mothya maidani bhagat aanee sann joaquin khonyat aanee nantar mothya khonyat firnare mastang pakadale.
mothya sankhyene gurade khulya parvataranget ardh-jangali kinwa purnapane jangali sthiteet rahat asat aanee varshabharat bahutansh kaal tyanna, bahutek vela laksh naan deta, charnyasathi sodale jaat asey. anek prakarananmadhye, vegvegalya pashupalakanni "sanghatana" sthapan kelya aanee tyanchya guranna ekach shreneet ekatra charavale. vaiyaktik pranyanchi malki nishchit karnyasathi, tyanna eka vishisht brandney chinhankit kele gele hote, garam lokhandane lavale gele hote, sahasa guredhore ajunahi vasare asatana.
brandingsathi lahan vasare shodhanyasathi aanee vikrisathi tayar kelelya paripakv pranyanchi kramvari lavnyasathi, pashupalak sahasa vasant rutumadhye eka pherii kadhatat. eka ferisathi kauboy aanee ghode yaa doghanchya anek vishesh kaushalyanchi aavashyakta hotee. guredhore kalpapasoon vegale karananya vyaktinna sarvoch patalichya kaushalyachi aavashyakta asate aanee vishesh prashikshit 'cutting' ghodyanvar swar hone, guranchya halchalinche anusaran karnyasathi prashikshit, itar ghodyanpeksha vegane thambanyas aanee firanyas saksham asatat. ekada guranchi chhatani jhaali qee, bahutek charvandyanna lahan vasaranna dorkhandat bandhane aanee tyanna branded karnyasathi aanee (bahutek bail vasaranchya babatit) napunsakatvasathi pratibandhit karane aavashyak hote. kadhikadhi branding kinwa itar upcharansathi junya guranna pratibandhit karane dekhil aavashyak hote.
ferisathi mothya sankhyene ghodyanchi garaj hotee. pratyek charvyanna eka divasachya kamachya velee teen teey chaar tajya ghodyanchi aavashyakta asate. ghodyannahi pakadanyat aale. tarun makade heey shant ghodyanpasun janmala yene hii pashchimemadhye samanya pratha hotee, parantu khulya parvataranget ardh-jangali rajyat 'jangali' vadhanyachi parvanagi hotee. tethe 'jangali' kalpadekheel hote, jyanna anekada mastang mhanoon olakhale jaate. donhi prakaranchi aakhani kelee gelee aanee paripakv pranyanna vash kele gele, hii prakriya ghoda todane kinwa 'bronco-busting' mhanatat, jee sahasa ghode prashikshak mhanoon vishesh kaushalya asalelya kauboydware kelee jaate. kahee prakarananmadhye, ghodyanna vash karnyasathi atyant kroor paddhati vaparlya jaat asat aanee asey prani kadhihi purnapane vishvasarh nasatat. itar kauboyani pranyanna adhik manviy paddhatine vagavanyachi tyanchi garaj olakhali aanee tyanchya ghodyanchya prashikshan paddhatinmadhye badal kele, bahutekda "vacuro" dware, visheshtah "california" paramparenusar, vaparlelya tantranna punha shikane. saumya paddhatine prashikshit kelele ghode adhik vishvasarh aanee vividh prakarchya kamansathi upayukt hote.
tyanchya guranchi aanee ghodeswarichya kaushalyachi ekmekanviruddha chachani ghenyasathi pahunyanmadhye anaupacharik spardha nirman jhaali aanee asha prakare, kaam karananya palakanchya aavashyak kamanmule rodiocha khel vikasit jhaala.
guranchi gaadee chalavatat.
19vya shatkachya madhyapurvi, bahutek pashupalak pramukhyane tyanchya swatachya garjansathi aanee atirikt maans aanee chamade sthanik patalivar vikanyasathi guranche sangopan karat asat. vividh utpadan prakriyanmadhye chamade, shinge, khurr aanee talosathi maryadit bajarpeth dekhil hotee. texasmadhye bhatkya, muktapane pasarana guranche mothe kalap hote, jeey tyanna pakadu shakat hote, parantu 1865 purvi gomansachi magani qamee hotee. american yadavi yuddhachya shevati, phillip danforth aarmarne shikagomadhye maans packing prakalp ughadala, joou armer andd company mhanoon olakhala jaau lagla. maans packing udhyogachya vistaramule gomansachi magani lakshaniy vadhali. 1866 paryant, uttarekadil bajarpethanmadhye guranchi vikri prati vyakti 40 dollarparyant kelee jaau shakat hotee, jyamule guranna, visheshtah texasmadhil guranna, bajarpethet lamb pallyaparyant palane fayadeshir tharoo shakate.
texasahoon shikagola pathvanyasathi jawalchya railway sthankavar guranna nenyacha pahila mothya pramanavarcha prayatna 1866 madhye jhaala, jevha texaschya anek pashupalakanni tyanchya guranna railway rulaparyant pohochavanyasathi ekatra band kele, jeey tyaa velee sedalia, misaurimadhye hote. purvekadil cansassmadhil shetkari, lamb shinge sthanik pranyanmadhye gurancha taap sankramit kartil tasech pike chiradatil yaa bhitine, gut tayar kele jyanni tyanchya jaminivar sapadalelya guranna maranyachi kinwa golya ghalanyachi dhamki dilee. tyamule 1866chee gaadee relvemargaparyant pohochanyat ayashasvi tharali aanee guranche kalap qamee kimmatila vikale gele. 1867 madhye, abilin, cansas yetheel railwaychya mukhya bhagachya bhovati shetjaminichya pashchimekadil eka pashuvahatuk suvidha bandhanyat aalee aanee tyaa varshi 36,000 hoon adhik guranche maal vahoon gheuun tee pashuvahatukiche kendra bunley. texaspasoon abilinparyantcha marg, jessy chisholmachya navavarun chisholm trail mhanoon olakhala jaau lagla, jyane haah marg nishchit keela. too sadhyachya oklahomamadhun jaat asey, joou tyaveli bharatiy pradesh hota. nantar, itar marg vegvegalya railway sthankankade valale, jyat daaj ciity aanee vichita, cansas yetheel margancha samavesh aahe. 1877 paryant, pashu-pathvanichya tejichya shaharanpaiki sarvat mothee, dodge ciity, cances, 500,000 guranchi pramukh pathavali.
guranchya vahananna veg aanee guranche vajan yanchyat santulan rakhave lagat asey. guranna ekach divasat chalavata yet asale taree tyanche vajan itake qamee hoil qee teey margachya shevati pohochalyavar tyanchi vikri karane katheen hoil. sahasa tyanna darroj qamee antar ghetale jaat asey, duparchya aanee ratrichya velee vishranti aanee charanyachi parvanagi dilee jaat asey. sarasari, kalap darroj halchal karnare nirogi vajan rakhu shakat asey. asha gaticha arth assa hota qee gharchya shetjaminipasun railwaychya mathyaparyant pravas karnyasathi done mahinyanparyantcha kalavadhi lagel. udaharanarth, chisholamcha marg mailancha hota.
sarasari, eka mohimetil guranchya ekach kalapachi sankhya sumare 3,000 hotee. guranche sangopan karnyasathi, pratyek charvyachya teen ghodyansah kiman 10 charvyanchya chamoochi aavashyakta hotee. divasatoon 24 taas guranche nirikshan karnyasathi, chengarachengari talhanyasathi aanee choree rokhanyasathi, divasatoon yogya dishene guranche sangopan karnyasathi aanee ratri tyanchyakade laksh thevanyasathi, charvyanche karmchari palyanmadhye kaam karayache. yaa dalat eka swayampaki dekhil hota, joou sahasa bailanni odhalela chuck wagon chalavato aanee 'remuda' kinwa sute ghodyanchya kalapachi jababdari ghenyasathi ghoda rengler. guranchya vahan chalavanyacha gund haah anekada eka atishay tarun charvastu kinwa nimn samajik darjacha hota, parantu too swayampaki haah karmchanyancha eka vishesh sanmananiy sadasya hota, kaaran too keval annacha prabhari navhata, tarr vaidyakeey purvathyacha prabhari dekhil hota aanee tyala vyavharik aushadhache karyarat dnyan hote.
khulya shrenicha shevat.
kateri taar, 1880 chya dashkatil eka navkalpana, yamule guranna shrenichi aticharan talhanyasathi niyukt kshetranmadhye maryadit thevata aale. texas aanee aaspaschya bhagat, vadhatya loksankhyesathi pashupalakansathi tyanchya vaiyaktik jaminila kumpan lavane aavashyak hote. uttarekade, aticharanamule mokalya kshetravar taana aala, jyamule guransathi hivalyatil chaara apure padale aanee upasamar jhaala, visheshtah 1886-1887 chya kathor hivalyat, jevha vayavyekade lakho gurancha mrutyu jhaala, jyamule gurancha udyog kosalala. 1890 chya dashkaparyant, uttarekadil maidani bhagat kateri taranchi kumpan dekhil pramanit hotee, deshachya bahutansh bhagaparyant railwaymargancha vistar jhaala hota aanee maans packing prakalp pramukh pashudhanachya kshetranchya jawal bandhale gele hote, jyamule texaspasoon cansassmadhil railwaychya tokanparyant lamb guranchi chaal anavashyak jhaali. tyamule khulya parvataranganche yug gele aanee mothya guranchya mohima sampalya. aadhunik guranchya truckchya vikasapurvi, pashupalakanna ajunahi sthanik railway sthankanparyant guredhore gola karane aavashyak hote, tyamule sathavan aanee packing prakalpanmadhye vahtook karnyasathi kiman 1940 paryant lahan guranchya mohima suru rahilya. darmyan, sampoorn vikasansheel paschim bhagat shetjameen vadhali, jyamule gorakshakancha rojgar jaast rahila, jarr qamee pagar asel tarr, pann kahee pramanat adhik sthayikahi jhaala.
sanskruti.
jaatiyata.
american kauboy anek strotankadun ghetale gele hote. 1860 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, american yadavi yuddh aanee pashu udhyogachya vistaranantar, union aanee confederation yaa donhi sanghantil majee sainik kamachya shodhat paschimekade aale, tasech mothya sankhyene aswasth pandhare purushahi aale. african-american mukt purushanchi lakshaniy sankhya dekhil kauboychya jivanakade aakarshit jhaali hotee, kaaran tyaa velee american samajachya itar bhaganpramane pashchimatya deshanmadhye farsa vanshik bhedbhav navhata. aadhich yaa pradeshat rahana mexican aanee american bharatiyanchya lakshaniy sankhyene dekhil kauboy mhanoon kaam kele. nantar, visheshtah 1890 nantar, jevha american dhoranane bharatiy lokanchya 'ektrikaranala' protsahan dile, tevha kahee bharatiy boarding shalanmadhye pashupalan kaushalye dekhil shikavali gelee. aaj, paschim united statesmadhil kahee mool american lokankade guredhore aanee lahan shetjameen aahet aanee barech jann ajunahi charvahe mhanoon karyarat aahet, visheshtah bharatiy rakheev kshetrajaval asalelya shetjameenmadhye. bharatiy kauboy' dekhil rodio circuitcha bhag aahe.
tyaa kalatil samajik sanrachanet kauboyche sthan qamee asalyamule, vividh vanshanchya vastavik pramanavar thos aakadevari nahee. eka lekhakane sangitale qee, 'kauboy' heey done varganche hote-texas aanee purvekadil utaravaril itar rajyanmadhun bharati kelele; aanee mexican, nairutya bhagatil. jangananechya nondi suchavatat qee serve kauboypaiki sumare 15 takke african-american vanshache hote-texasmadhun baher padananya trail driver sumare 25 takkyanpasoon teey vayvyekadil phaar qamee. tyachpramane, mexican vanshache kauboy dekhil ekoon sumare 15 takke sarasarine hote, parantu texas aanee nairutya bhagat teey adhik samanya hote. kahee andaj asey suchavatat qee 19vya shatkachya uttaradhat, darr teen kauboypaiki eka mexican vacvero hota aanee 20 takke african-american asoo shakatat. itar andajanusar african-american kauboychi sankhya 25 takkyanparyant aahe.
vanshiktechi parva naan karata, bahutek kauboy khalchya samajik vargatoon aale hote aanee pagar qamee hota. sarasari charvyancha divasala andaje eka dollar, aanee ann aanee, jevha gharachya shetajaval, bankahausmadhil eka bedd, sahasa ekach khulee kholee asaleli barreksarkhi imarat kamavato.
samajik jug.
kalantarane, american westchya kauboyani tyanchi swatachi vaiyaktik sanskruti vikasit kelee, seema aanee victorian mulyanche mishran, jyane shauryache avashesh dekhil kayam thewale. ekaki paristhitit asha dhokadayak kamane vaiyaktik pramanikpanala khoop mahatva denanya swavlamban aanee vyaktivad yaa parampareche, jyache udaharan ganee aanee kavitanmadhye dile aahe, prajnan kele. haah charvastu anekada sampoorn purushanchya vatavaranat, visheshtah guranchya vahan chalavanyavar kaam karat asey aanee pashchimekadil simevar, purushanchi sankhya byavachada mahilanpeksha lakshaniy jaast asate.
kahee purushanna itar purushanni simekade aakarshit kele. kadhikadhi, jyaa pradeshat purushanchi sankhya mahilanpeksha jaast asate, asha pradeshat, samajik karyakramanna dekhil samanyatah donhi ling upasthit asat, kahee vela serve purush asat aanee purush nrutyasathi ekmekanshi bhagidari kartana aadhalu shakat asat. tarun, avivahit purushanmadhye samalingi krutye jhaali, parantu kauboy sanskruti swatach samalingitebaddal tivra bheeti hotee aanee aajahi aahe. jaree junya pashchimatya pradeshat sodomivirodhi kayade samanya hote, taree teey anekada keval nivadak paddhatine lagoo kele jaat asat.
lokpriy pratima.
1870 aanee 1880 chya dashkatil mool kauboy pratimechya rajkiy parimanasathi heather cocks richardson yuktivad karatatah guranchya udhyogachya vadhichya velecha arth assa hota qee kauboy pratimemadhe asadharan shakti vadhali. yuddhanantarchya varshatil dusht rajkaranat adakalelya lokshahivadyanni, visheshtah junya mahasanghatil lokanni, pashchimatya pradeshachi kalpana ashee kelee qee, too lokshahivadi rajkarnyanni sparsh kelela nahee, jyacha tyanna tiraskar hota. tyanni charvyanchi pratima ashee vikasit kelee qee, jeey kathor parishram ghetat, kathor parishram ghetat, sanmananiyamane jagatat, swatache sanrakshn karatat aanee sarkarkadoon kahihi magat naheet. lokshahi vruttpatra sampadakanchya hatat, charvyanchya aayushyatil vastav-garibi, dhoka, durbal karnare taas-pranayramya jhaale. kauboyne sadgunanche moort swaroop dharan kele, lokshahivadyancha assa vishvas hota qee, majee aalashi gulamanchi seva karnare eka mothe sarkar tayar karoon prajasattakvadi lock tyacha naash karat aahet. 1860 chya dashkaparyant, guranchya guranchya sharyati heey maidani bhupradeshache eka vaishishtya hote aanee lokshahivadyanni cauboyna khadatar vaiyaktik swatantryache prateek banavale hote, jyacha tyanni aagrah dharala qee prajasattak lock nasht karat aahet. 
19vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatila wilde west shochya vikasasah kaam karananya kauboychya parampara samanya lokanchya manat aanakhi koralya gelya, jyane kauboy aanee mool american yaa doghanchehi jeevan pradarshit kele aanee romantic kele. 1920 chya dashakachya suruvatis aanee aajahi chaloo asalelya pashchatya chitrapatanni charvyanchi jivanshaili lokpriy kelee, parantu satatyapurn rudhiprayogahi tayar kele. kahee prakarananmadhye, charvastu aanee hinsak bandukdhari heey anekada ekmekanshi sambandhit asatat. dusarikade, kauboychi bhoomika sakarnanya kahee kalakaranni januk autrichya 'kauboy code' sarkhya itar moolyanna protsahan dile, jyamule sanmananiy vartan, aadar aanee deshbhaktila protsahan midale. itihaskar robbert keey. qamee honyamule lokpriy pashchatya sanhita aanee rudhivadi raudi kauboy pratima aanee junya paschim texasmadhil draverschya "hinsacharachya upasanskruti" yanchyatil sambandh jodala jaato, jyavar dakshini sanhita duelocha prabhav hota.
tyachpramane, chitrapatanmadhil cauboyna anekada american bharatiyanshi ladhatana dakhavale gele. bahutansh sashastr sangharsh heey moolche lock aanee yuu. ess. chya ghodadal tukadyanmadhye jhaale.ess. lashkar. kauboy aanee mool american yanchyatil sambandh vegvegale hote parantu samanyatah teey maitripurna navhate. sthanik lokanni sahasa guranchya kalpanna eka dokyala daha seent darane jaanyachi parvanagi dilee, parantu sakriy pandhya-sthanik sangharshachya kinwa annachya kamataratechya velee guranchya vahananvar aanee shetavar chhape takale. udaharanarth, 1860 chya dashakat komanchane paschim texasmadhye samasya nirman kelya. apache, sheyen aanee utt bharatiyanvarhi asech halle jhaale. shikari aanee manvi chor yaa donhinviruddha gorkshak sashastr hote aanee guranna marhan karnyacha prayatna karananya konatyahi vanshatil lokanna door kadhanyasathi anekada tyanchya bandukincha vapar karat asat.
pratyakshat, bhootkalatil aanee vartamanatil shetjaminichya kamansathi, shetjaminichya dekhbhalisathi lagananya satatchya mehanativyatirikt itar konatyahi goshtisathi khoop qamee vel hota.
gorkalya.
pashchimekadil mahilancha aanee visheshtah guranchya shetat kaam karananya mahilancha itihas purushansarkha nondavalela nahee. aadhunik kalat rashtriy cougerl sangrahalay aanee holl auph femsarkhya sansthanni mahilanchya yogdanachi nond karnyacha prayatna keela aahe.
junya pashchimekadil guranchya payyanvar gurade chalvanyasathi kaam karananya mulee kinwa mahilancha ullekh karananya kahee nondi aahet. mahilanni pashudhanache lakshaniy kaam kele aanee kahee prakarananmadhye (visheshtah jevha purush yuddhala gele kinwa dirgh guranchya mohimela suruvat kelee) teey chalavale. jyaa striyankade lahan shetjameen hotee aanee jyanna mothya sankhyene bahereel majur kamavar thevayala parvadat navhate asha purushanchya bayka aanee mulee, asha striya, jyanna purushansobat ekatra kaam karayache hote aanee tyamule tyanna ghodyavar swar hone aanee sambandhit kaame karane aavashyak hote, yaat kahee shanka nahee. pashchimekadil mahilanchya mothya pramanat kagadpatra nasalelya yogdanachi kayadyat dakhal ghenyat aalee; 1869 madhye vyomingpasoon suruvat karoon, mahilanna matdanacha adhikar denyat pashchatya rajyanni amerikeche netrutva kele. evelin cameronsarkhya suruvatichya chhayachitrakaranni 19 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila kaam karananya shetjaminitil mahilanchya jivanache dastaivajikaran kele.
dainandin kamasathi avyavharik asale taree, bajuchi kathee heey eka asey sadhan hote jyamule mahilanna payee kinwa ghodyane dhavana vahananpurte maryadit rahnyaivaji sarvajanik thikani ghodeswari karanyachi kshamata midali. yadavi yuddhanantar, charles good nightne paramparik ingraji bajuchya katheet badal keela, jyamule pashchatya shailichi rachana tayar jhaali. meksikoche paramparik "charra" aaj simechya donhi bajunchya "charreda" pradarshananmadhye ashich parampara aanee bajuchya savariche sanch jatan karatat.
wilde west shochya aagmanaparyant 'cougerl' tyanchya swatachya gharat aalya navhatya. yaa praudh mahila kushal kalakar hotya, jyanni jagbharatil prekshakanche manoranjan karananya ghodeswari, kushal chinhankan aanee yuktibaddha kheliche pradarshan kele. enee okalesarkhya striya hii gharchya gharee nave banalya. 1900 paryant, ghodyavar swar honyasathi futalele scurt lokpriy jhaale aanee mahilanna purushanche kapade kinwa fulanare kapade ghaloon victorian kalatil prekshakanna badnam naan karata purushanshi spardha karanyachi parvanagi midali. 20vya shatkachya suruvatila suru jhalelya chitrapatanmadhye, lokpriy sanskratit gorakshakinchi bhoomika vistarli gelee aanee chitrapat sanch designersney pashchatya kathee chalvanyasathi yogya asey aakarshak kapade vikasit kele.
manoranjan udhyogapasun swatantrapane, rodiochya vadhimule rodio cougerl aalee. suruvatichya wilde west shhow aanee rodiomadhye, striya serve spardhanmadhye bhag ghet asat, kadhee itar mahilanviruddha, tarr kadhee purushansamvet. fanny sperry steelsarkhya gorakshakanni tyach "khadbadit ghodyavar" swar houn purushanpramanech jokhim patkarali (aanee purushanchya paygholipeksha jaast guntalela judd split scurt paridhan karat asatana) aanee calgary chengarachengari aanee sheyen frontier days sarkhya pramukh rodiomadhye spardha kelee.
1920 chya dashakat anek ghatakancha parinam mhanoon mahilansathi rodio spardha badalali. 1925 nantar, jevha purvekadil pravartakanni maddison square gardensarkhya thikani antargehi rodioche aayojan karnyas suruvat kelee, tevha mahilanna samanyatah purushanchya spardhanmadhun vagalanyat aale aanee mahilanchya anek spardha vagalanyat aalya. tasech, sarvajanik thikani anekanna mahilanna gambhir jakhami kinwa thaar jhalele pahanyat adachani aalya aanee visheshtah, 1929chya pendaletan raund-apmadhye boney mcrollchya mrutyumule rodio spardhetun mahilanchya bronk ryding uchchatan jhaale.
aajchya rodiomadhye, purush aanee mahila keval sanghik ropingchya babatit samanaritya ekatra spardha karatat, jaree mahila aata itar khulya spardhanmadhye pravesh karoo shakat hotya. serve mahila rodiomadhye, mahila bronk ryding, bail ryding aanee itar serve paramparik rodio spardhanmadhye bhag ghetat. khulya rodiomadhye, gorkshak mulee pramukhyane baryl sharyatisarkhya velevar chalavanyachya spardhanmadhye bhag ghetat aanee bahutek vyavsayik rodio purushanchya spardhanitake mahilanche spardhanmadhye bhag ghet naheet.
madhyamik shaletil rodio tasech oo-moke-see spardhetil serve spardhanmadhye ekmekanviruddha spardha karnyasathi mule aanee mulee adhik yogya asatat, jithe baryl sharyatisarkhya paramparikpane mahila swaranshi sambandhit spardhanmadhye mule pahili jaau shakatat. rodio jagatabaher, mahila olympics jawaljawal itar serve ghodeswari spardhanmadhye aanee cutting, raining aanee sahanshakti ryding yasarkhya pashchatya swari spardhanmadhye purushansobat samaan spardha karatat.
aajchya kaam karananya gorkshak mulee samanyatah rung aanee rachana vyatirikt purushanpeksha vegale karata naan yenare kapade, sadhane aanee upkarane vapartat, sahasa spardhet chamakdar disanyas pradhanya detat. bajuchi kathee keval pradarshananmadhye aanee maryadit sankhyene vishesh ghodyanchya pradarshanachya varganmadhye disate. eka aadhunik kaam karnari gorkshak mulgi geans, jawalche shirt, boot, topi aanee garaj bhasalyas chapala aanee hatmoje ghalate. jarr teey shetavar kaam karat asateel tarr teey charvyanchi teech kaame karatat aanee paristhitinusar kapade ghalatat.
pradeshik parampara.
bhoogol, hawaman aanee sanskrutik paramparanmule amerikechya eka bhagatoon dusya bhagat guranchya hatalanichya paddhati aanee upkarnanmadhye farak vikasit jhaala. 1840 teey 1870 yaa kalat, jevha ingraji aanee french vanshache lock mississippy nadichya paschimes sthayik houu lagale aanee tyanna meksikochya kahee bhaganmadhye sthayik jhalelya spanish vanshachya lokancha samna karava lagla, jeey nantar texas aanee california banale. aadhunik jagaat, done pramukh aanee vishisht kauboy paramparanche avashesh shillak aahet, jyanna aaj 'texas' parampara aanee 'spanish', 'vacvero' kinwa 'california' parampara mhanoon olakhale jaate. havai aanee floridamadhyehi qamee prasiddha parantu titkyach vegalya parampara vikasit jhalya. aaj, vividh pradeshik charvyanchya parampara kahee pramanat villin jhalya aahet, jaree upkarane aanee ghodeswarichya shailitil kahee pradeshik farak ajunahi aahet aanee kahee vyakti shuddha 'vekvero' kinwa 'bakaru' paramparechi adhik vel ghenari parantu atyant kushal tantre jaanunbujun jatan karane nivadatat. naisargik ghodeswarichi lokpriy "horse visper" shaili moolatah california aanee vayvyekadil rajyanmadhil vyavsayikanni vikasit kelee hotee, jyat california vacverochi manovrutti aanee tatvadnyan heey texaschya kauboychya upkaranansah aanee bahya swarupasah spashtapane jodale gele hote.
california aanee prashant pradesh.
tarun, aprashikshit ghodyansobat kaam karnara spanish kinwa mexican kauboy, vakero, 18 vya shatkat aala aanee spanish vasahatvadi kalat alta california aanee simavarti pradeshanmadhye tyachi bharbharat jhaali. mexican-american yuddhanantar united statesmadhil vasahati californiamadhye lakshaniy sankhyene pravesh karat navhate aanee suruvatiche bahutek vasahati pashudhan palananyanaivaji khaan kamgar hote, jyamule californiamadhye rahane pasant karananya spanish aanee mexican lokanvar pashudhan vadhavane mothya pramanat sodale gele. texaschya kauboychya ulat california vacvero kinwa bakaru haah eka atyant kushal kamgar manla jaat asey, joou sahasa tyach shetat rahila jithe tyacha janm jhaala hota kinwa too motha jhaala hota aanee tethe tyane swatache kutumb vadhavale. yavyatirikt, californiachya bahutansh bhagacha bhoogol aanee hawaman texaspeksha natakiyaritya vegale hote, jyamule qamee mokalya pallyasah adhik sakhol charai houu shakali, tasech californiatil guranche vipanan pramukhyane pradeshik staravar kele jaat asey, railway marganvar shekado mail chalavanyachi garaj navhati (kinwa, agadi nantarparyant, agadi vahtook shakyata dekhil). asha prakare, california aanee prashant vayavya bhagat ghode aanee pashudhan hatalanyachi sanskruti rahili, jyane texaspeksha adhik thet spanish prabhav kayam thewala. american ingrajitil 'vacvero' aanee 'bakaru' madheel aadhunik farak dekhil california aanee texaschya pashchimatya ghodeswarichya paramparanmadhil samantar farak pratibimbit karoo shakato.
bakro.
california paramparetil kahee cauboyna ingraji bhashik vasahati 'bakaru' mhanat asat. bakaru' aanee 'vacvero' heey shabd ajunahi mothya khonyat, californiachya kahee bhaganmadhye aanee qamee vela, prashant vayavya bhagat prasangi vaparale jaatat. itaratra, 'kauboy' haah shabd adhik samanya aahe.
bakaru' haah shabd samanyatah 'vacvero' chee ingraji aavrutti asalyache manale jaate aanee tyaa utpattishi susangat dhvanyatmak vaishishtye darshavito. "bakaru" haah shabd pahilyanda american ingerjit 1827 madhye disala. haah shabd ingraji shabd "buck" kinwa "bucking", mhanje tarun, aprashikshit ghodyanchya vartanachya prabhavane vikasit jhaala asava. 1960 madhye, eka vyutpattishastrednya suchavale qee 'bakaru' haah shabd 'ebbo' pasoon aala aahe aanee tyacha arth 'pandhara manus, guru, boss' assa aahe. jaree nantar teey vyutpann nakarle gele asale taree aanakhi eka shakyata pudhe aalee qee 'bakaru' heey spanish aanee african donhi strotanche mishran karnare 'vacvero' varr eka shlesh hote.
texaschi parampara.
18 vya shatkat, spanish texasmadhil lokanni kayadeshir aanee bekaydeshir asha donhi prakare louisianamadhye vikri karnyasathi ghodyavar swar houn guranche sangopan karnyas suruvat kelee. 19vya shatkachya suruvatiparyant, spanish mukut aanee nantar swatantra meksikone, amerikemadhil vasahatisarkhya bigger-nagarikanna nantar texasmadhye 'empressario' anudan dile. 1821 madhye, stephen eff. austinane eka gatache netrutva kele jeey pahile ingraji bhashik mexican nagrik banale. 1836 madhye texaschya swatantryanantar, aanakhi american texaschya "empressario" pashudhanachya bhagat sthalantarit jhaale. yethe sthayik jhalelya lokanvar mexican 'vacvero' sanskraticha motha prabhav hota, tyanni tyanchya samakakshankadun shabdasangrah aanee poshakh ghetale, parantu purv united states aanee gret brittonchya kahee pashudhan-hatalani parampara aanee sanskruti dekhil kayam thewali. texascha kauboy samanyatah eka avivahit hota, joou pratyek hangamat vegvegale poshakh paridhan karat asey.
american yadavi yuddhanantar, vasahatkar paschimekade sarkat asatana vikasit jhalelya aagney united stateschya gura palana aanee ranti paramparansah vacvero sanskruti ektrit jhaali. mahadvipiy vibhajanachya purvekadil mothya maidani aanee khadkal parvat aaghadivar pashudhanachya sandhee vadhavnyavyatirikt, cances aanee nebraskachya railway marganna samore jaanyasathi guranche marg tayar karnyat aale mhanoon texasmadhun atirikt prabhav vikasit jhaala. naveen vasahati lokanna adhik ghodyanchi garaj hotee, tyanna jalad prashikshan dile jayache aanee tyanchyabarobar eka motha aanee judd ghoda aanala jaava. yamule vacverodware vaparlya jaananya lagam aanee chawa ghenyachya paramparanmadhye badal jhaale. asha prakare, texaschya kauboy paramparecha uday sanskrutik prabhavanchya sanyogatoon jhaala, yashivay paschim texaschya bhoogol aanee havamanashi julavun ghenyachi garaj aanee pranyanna bajarat aananyasathi dirgh guranchya mohima aayojit karanyachi garaj hotee.
itihaskar terry jorden yanni 1982 madhye prastavit kele qee vikasit jhalelya kahee texas parampara-visheshtah yadavi yuddhanantar-vasahatvadi dakshin carolinamadhye aadhalu shakatat, kaaran texasmadhye bahutansh vasahatkarte aagney united statesmadhil hote. yaa siddhantanvar kahee samikshakanni prashna upasthit kele aahet. tyanantarchya eka pustakat, jordenne asehi namood kele qee sampoorn simavarti pashchimi kauboy paramparevar yuddhanantarchya texascha prabhav purvichya kalpanepeksha khoopach qamee hota.
florida aanee aagney america.
19vya aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatiche florida 'couhanter' kinwa 'cracker kauboy' heey texas aanee californiachya paramparanpeksha vegale hote. floridachya kauboyani guredhore pakadanyasathi kinwa kalap karnyasathi lasocha vapar keela nahee. bail aanee kutre hii tyanchi prathamik sadhane hotee. floridachya gorakshakala larietla langra denyasathi kathichya shingachi aavashyakta naslyamule, anekanni mcclellan kathiaivaji pashchatya kathicha vapar keela nahee. kahee lokanni sapanpasoon sanrakshanasathi gudghyanchya varr pohochanare boot ghatale hote, tarr itaranni brogan ghatale hote. teey sahasa swast lokar kinwa pendha topya ghalatat aanee pavasapasun sanrakshanasathi poncho vapartat.
16 vya shatkat spanish floridamadhye gura aanee ghode aanale gele aanee 17 vya shatkat tyanchi bharbharat jhaali. spanish lokanni aanaleli guredhore aaj done durmil jatinmadhye aadhaltatah florida fatake marnari guredhore aanee pinewoodchi guredhore. florida cracker horse, joou ajunahi kahee florida kauboy vapartat, too spanish lokanni aanalelya ghodyancha vanshaj aahe. 1565 nantar thodyach kalapasoon 17vya shatkachya akheriparyant, spanish adhikadhyanchya malakiche guranche shet aanee mission uttar floridamadhye seent pietersbergmadhil spanish chhavanicha puravatha karnyasathi karyarat hote. augustein aanee kyuba madheel bajarpetha. carolina prant aanee tyachya mool american mitrarashtranni spanish floridamadhye kelelya chhapyanmule, floridachya mool loksankhyecha naash jhaala, jyamule spanish mission aanee pashusangopan pranali kosalali.
18 vya shatkat, khadee, seminol aanee itar bharatiy lock floridachya nirjan bhagat gele aanee tyanni spanish shetatil guredhore palanyas suruvat kelee. 19vya shatkat, yaa bhagatil bahutek jamatinna tyanchi jameen aanee guredhore kadhoon taknyat aalee aanee pandhare vasahati aanee united states sarkarne tyanna dakshin kinwa paschimela dhakalale. 19vya shatkachya madhyaparyant pandhare pashupalak madhya aanee dakshin floridachya vistrut khulya shrenivar guranche mothe kalap chalvat hote. american yadavi yuddhadarmyan floridachya guranchya chamadya aanee maans hii mahasanghachi itaki mahattvachi puravatha vastoo bunley qee, tolhanna sanghavaril hallekhoranpasun vachavanyasathi aanee tyanche sanrakshn karnyasathi 'gaay ghodadalache' eka pathak tayar karnyat aale. yadavi yuddhanantar aanee 20 vya shatkat, floridachya guranna veloveli meksikochya aakhatatil bandaranvar nele jaat asey, jase qee phorta myers, florida jawalil punta rassa aanee kyubachya bajarpethet pathvile jaat asey.
florida couhanter kinwa fatake marnari kauboy parampara 20 vya shatkat haloohaloo pashchatya kauboy paramparet villin jhaali. texas tick taap aanee screw-verm 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila itar rajyanmadhun guredhore pravesh karoon floridamadhye aanale gele. yaa kitkanmule floridachya gurakhi kamgaranna upcharansathi varanvar antarane tyanchya kalpanpasoon vaiyaktik prani vegale karnyas bhag padale gele, jyamule akheris lasocha vyapak vapar jhaala. floridache kauboy guranvar niyantran thevanyasathi kutre aanee bailavahu jahajancha vapar karat rahatat.
havah.
hawaiyan kauboy, 'paniolo' haah dekhil california aanee meksikochya 'vacvero' chaa thet vanshaj aahe. hawaiyan vyutpattishastratil tadnyanche mutt aahe qee 'paniolo' haah 'espenol' chaa hawaiyan uchchar aahe. (hawaiyan bhashela dhwani nahee aanee serve shabdansh aanee shabd swarat sampale pahijet.) paniolo, uttar amerikechya mukhya bhoomivaril kauboypramanech, mexican "vacurose" kadoon tyanchi kaushalye shikala. shabd utpattiche itar siddhant asey suchavatat qee 'paniolo' haah shabd 'panuelo' (spanish bhashet rumal) kinwa kadachit havai bhashetil shabdatoon aala aahe jyacha arth 'ghattapane dharoon aanee aakarshakpane dhavalat rahaa' assa aahe.
capton george vancuver yane 1793 madhye hawaiyan rajyacha raja kamehameha pahila yala bhet mhanoon gura aanee mendhya aanalya. daha varshe, kamehamehane guranchya hatyela manai kelee aanee tyachya aadeshache ullanghan karananya konalahi fashichi shiksha thothavali. parinami, sankhya aashcharyakarakpane vadhali aanee sampoorn grameen bhagat kahar karat hotee. kamehameha III chya karkirdiparyant jangali guranchi sankhya eka samasya banat hotee, mhanoon 1832 madhye tyane californiala eka doot pathavala, joou ajunahi mexicocha eka bhag hota. too vacurochya kaushalyane prabhavit jhaala aanee tyane teen jananna havai lokanna guranche kaam kase karave heey shikavanyasathi havai yethe aamantrit kele.
pahile ghode 1803 madhye havai yethe aale. 1837 paryant nyu englandmadhil navik johnn parker, joou betanvar sthayik jhaala, tyala kamehameha tisra yanchyakadun mauna keya jawalchi shahee jameen bhadepattivar denyachi parvanagi midali, jithe tyane eka shet bandhale.
hawaiyan shailitil pashupalanamadhye moolatah jangali guranna jangalatil talmajalyavar khodalelya khaddyanmadhye fekoon tyanna pakadane samavisht hote. ekada bhook aanee tahan yamule kahee pramanat vash jhalyavar, tyanna eka unch ranget odhale gele aanee tyanchya shinganni eka vash jhalelya, junya ghodyachya (kinwa bail) shinganna bandhale gele, jyala ann aanee paanee asalela gadaa kuthe aahe heey maheet hote. kamehamehacha mulga liholiho (kamehameha dusra) yachya karkirdit haah udyog haloohaloo vadhala.
aajahi, paramparik paniolo poshakh, tasech hawaiyan aupcharik poshakhachya kahee shaili, vacverocha spanish varsa pratibimbit karatat. paramparik hawaiyan kathee, "noho lio" aanee kauboychya vyaparachi itar anek sadhane spashtapane mexican/spanish swarupachi asatat aanee anek hawaiyan pashupalak kutumbe ajunahi vhakerochi nave dharan karatat jyanni hawaiyan mahilanshi lagn kele aanee havaila tyanche ghar banavale.
virginia.
virginiachya purvekadil kinanyavar, "khaare panyache kauboy" heey esteg betavaril jangali chinkoteg tattu pakadanyasathi aanee varshik tattu lekhan darmyan chinkoteg betavaril esteg vahini olandun tyanna penmadhye chalvanyasathi olakhale jaatat.
canada.
canadatil pashudhanavar paramparikaritya alberta prantache varchasva aahe. prantatil sarvat yashasvi suruvatiche vasahatkar pashupalak hote, jyanna albertachya payathyashi guredhore vadhavanyasathi aadarsh asalyache vatale. albertache bahutansh pashupalak ingraji vasahati hote, parantu johnn vearsarkhe kauboy-jyanni 1876 madhye prantat pahili guredhore aanali-american hote. american shailitil khulya pallyachya koradya jaminichya shetiche 1880 chya dashkaparyant dakshin albertaver (aanee kahee pramanat nairutya sascatchwan) varchasva prasthapit houu lagale. jawalche calgariche shahar canadachya pashu udhyogache kendra banale, jyamule tyala 'coutown' asey topananav midale. albertasathi gurakhi udyog ajunahi atyant mahattvacha aahe aanee prantatil guranchi sankhya lokanpeksha jaast aahe. kateri taranchya kumpananni paribhashit kelelya guranchya shetatil jaaga tyanni americet kelyapramanech khulya shreneet ghetali, parantu charvyancha prabhav jaganyavar asato. canadacha pahila rodio, raymond chengarachengari 1902 madhye sthapan jhaala. 1912 madhye, calgary chengarachengari suru jhaali aanee aaj too jagatil sarvat shrimant rokh rodio aahe. darvarshi, calgaricha uttarekadil pratispardhi admonton, alberta canadian antim rodioche aayojan karato aanee dazanbhar pradeshik rodio prantatoon aayojit kele jaatat. british kolambiyamadhyehi pashudhanacha mahattvapoorn itihas aanee aateel bhagat charvyanchi sanskruti aahe aanee 1920 pasoon williams talavatil chengarachengariche teey ghar aahe.
uttar amerikechya baher.
gura, mendhya kinwa ghodyanchya kalpanche rakshan karananya ghodeswaranchi garaj sarvatra, jethe rund, tethe charaisathi mokali jameen asane samanya aahe. french camerguemadhye, swaranna "guardians" kalap gura aanee ghode mhatale jaat asey. hangerimadhye, sicau heey ghodyanche rakshan karatat aanee gulyas heey guranche rakshan karatat. tuscanymadhye (itali) maremma pradeshatil pashupalakanna butterney (ekvachanah "buttero") mhanatat. asturian pashupalak loksankhyela "vaciros dii alzada" asey sambodhale jaate.
spanish lokanni tyanchi ghodeswari aanee guranchya sangopanache dnyan tyanchya american vasahatinna niryat kele, jithe argentine, urugue, paraguay aanee (gaucho yaa aksharanshi) dakshin brazil, perumadhil "challan" aanee "morokuko", venezuela aanee colombiache "llenero" aanee chiliche "huaso" yasarkhya parampara vikasit jhalya.
austreliyamadhye, jethe shetjameen station mhanoon olakhali jaatat, tethe cauboyna stockman aanee ringers mhanoon olakhale jaate ("jackeroo" aanee "jilaru" jeey stockumwork dekhil karatat teey prashikshanarthi paryavekshak aanee malmatta vyavasthapak asatat). 19vya shatkat austreliyan droving paramparevar american lokancha prabhav hota aanee tasech spainmadhun thet aayat kelelya paddhatihi hotya. yaa donhi paramparanchya sthanik garjanshi julavun ghetalyane eka anokhi austreliyan parampara nirman jhaali, jyavar austreliyan sthanik lokancha dekhil jordar prabhav hota, jyanchya dnyanane austreliyachya havamanat gura palanyachya yashat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali.
aadhunik kaam.
pashudhanachya thikani, guranna khayala dene, branding karane aanee guranna (ghodyanna anek shetat branding dekhil kele jaate) nishchit karane, tasech pranyanchya jakhama aanee itar garajanchi kalji ghene yasathi charvyancha jababdar asato. kaam karnara charvastu sahasa ghodyanchya chhotya gatacha kinwa 'dori' chaa prabhari asato aanee tyala serve havamanat kharab jhalelya kumpananchi, shikaricha purava, panyachya samasya aanee chintecha itar konatyahi samasyanchi tapasani kartana niyamitpane rangelandver gast ghalane aavashyak asate.
teey pashudhanachi vividh kurananchya thikani vahtook karatat kinwa tyanna daldalichya thikani aanee vahatukisathi truckmadhye netat. yavyatirikt, 'poshakh' kinwa shetjaminicha aakar, bhoobhag aanee pashudhanachi sankhya yavar avalambun, charvyanche mulge itar anek kaame karoo shakatat. qamee kauboy asalelya chhotya shetamadhye-bahutekda fakt kutumbatil sadasya, kauboy heey samanyavadi asatat jeey anek sarvangin kaame karatat; teey kumpan durust karatat, pashukhadyachi upkarane sambhalatat aanee itar vichitra kaame karatat. eka khoop mothya shetavar (eka "motha poshakh"), anek karmchari asalele, charvastu keval gura aanee ghodyanshi sambandhit kamanmadhye tadnya houu shakatat. ghodyanna prashikshan denare kauboy anekada keval yaa kamat tadnya asatat aanee kahee jann ekapeksha jaast shetasathi tarun ghodyanna "todu" kinwa prashikshan deu shakatat.
united states beuro auph lebber statistics 'kauboy' sathee konatihi aakadevari gola karat nahee aanee vyakhya vyapak aahe, jyat rodio kalakaransathi shetjameen haat samavisht aahet, mhanoon kaam karananya kauboychi achook sankhya adnyat aahe. 2003 chya 'pashu utpadanasathi sahayyak upkram' yaa shreneet kaam karnare charvahe kinwa pashusangopanache haat samavisht aahet, jeey ekoon 9,730 kamgar aahet, jeey varshik sarasari $19,340 aahet. shetanchya shetat, sathyanchya aavarat aanee rodiomadhye karmchari kinwa pratispardhi mhanoon kaam karananya kauboy vyatirikt, yaa shrenimadhye itar prakarchya pashudhan (mendhya, bakya, dukkar, kombadya ii.) sobat kaam karananya farmhandcha samavesh aahe.). tyaa 9,730 kamgaranpaiki 3,290 kamgar 'prekshakanchya khelanchya' upashrenit soochibaddha aahet, jyat rodio, circus aanee pashusamvardhan hatalananyanchi aavashyakta asalelya natyagruhancha samavesh aahe.
poshakh.
bahutek kauboy poshakh, jyanna kadhikadhi 'western ware' mhanatat, teey vyavharik garaj aanee jyaa vatavaranat kauboy kaam karat hota tyatoon vadhale. bahutek vastoo mexican 'vacurose' pasoon swikarlya gelya hotya, jaree sthanik american aanee parvatiy purushansah itar sanskratinchya strotanni yogdan dile.
yapaiki anek vastoo lakshaniy pradeshik bhinnata darshavtat. kaam karananya cauboyna bhedasavana vividh paryavaraniy paristhitila samavoon ghenyasathi topichya kathachi rundi kinwa chaukoni lambi aanee sahitya yasarkhe mapdand samayojit kele gele.
ghode.
aadhunik yugatahi, charvyansathi vahatukiche paramparik sadhan ghodyane chalane aahe. jyaa pradeshat vahane jaau shakat naheet asha bhubhagatoon ghode pravas karoo shakatat. khachchar aanee burons ghode dekhil guthalya asalele prani mhanoon kaam karatat. rojche kaam karnara pashukhadyacha ghoda haah shetavaril sarvat mahattvacha ghoda aahe, joou vividh prakarchi kaame karoo shakato; roping kinwa katingsarkhya kaushalyanchya eka sanchamadhye vishesh kaushalya midvinyasathi prashikshit ghode shetat kvachitach vaparale jaatat. guranche kaam kartana ghodeswarala anekada eka haat mukt thevanyachi garaj asate, tyamule ghodyala manevar lagam lavane aavashyak aahe aanee tyala changli 'gayichi jaaniv' asane aavashyak aahe-tyala guranchi apeksha kashee karayachi aanee tyanchyavar kashee pratikriya dyavi heey sahajpane mahit asane aavashyak aahe.
eka changla ghoda lahan bajula asato, samanyatah valalyavar 15.2 hatanpeksha (62 inch) qamee unch aanee anekada 1000 paundanpeksha qamee unchicha, pathicha kanaa lahan, majboot paay aanee visheshtah mageel bhagat majboot snayuyukt asato. judd praudh gaay, bail kinwa ghodyala dorkhandavar thevanyasathi ghodyala ghodyavar chalavanara ghoda motha aanee vajanane adhik asane aavashyak asale taree, kapani kinwa vasarachya ghodyavar chalavanaya sarkhya charvyanchya kriyakalapansathi lahan, vegwan ghoda aavashyak asato. ghoda buddhiman, dabavakhali shant aanee kahee pramanat 'gayichi jaaniv' asane aavashyak aahe-guranchya halchali aanee vartanacha andaj lavnyachi kshamata.
ghodyanchya anek jaatee changle sangad ghode banavtat, parantu aaj uttar americet sarvat samanya mhanje american chaturthansh ghoda, joou pramukhyane texasmadhye mustang aanee itar iberian ghodyanchya vanshatil ghodyanvar paar kelelya sampoorn raktagatanchya sanyogatoon vikasit kelela ghodyacha eka vansh aahe, jyacha prabhav arabi ghoda aanee ghodyancha purv kinanyavar vikasit jhaala, jase qee morgan ghoda aanee aata lupt jhalelya jaatee jase qee chikasau aanee virginia chaturthansh-miller.
tack.
ghodyavar swar honyasathi vaparlya jaanarya upkarananna 'tack' asey mhanatat aanee tyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
vahane.
aadhunik shetjaminichya kamat chalavale jaanare sarvat samanya motoryukt vahan mhanje pickup truck. majboot aanee prashast, jaminivaril uchch safsafaisah aanee anekada chaar chakee vahan chalavanyachi kshamata asalelya yaa chaukatimadhye eka ughada boxes asato, jyala 'bedd' mhanatat aanee too shaharatoon kinwa shetatil khadbadit payyanvarun puravatha karoo shakato. guredhore aanee pashudhan eka bhagatoon dusya bhagat nenyasathi aanee bajarpethet nenyasathi yacha vapar keela jaato. ghodyachya ghodyala jodaleli tee ghodyanna durchya bhagat gheuun jaate jithe tyanchi garaj bhasu shakate. kahee kamansathi kadhikadhi ghodyanaivaji motorcyclecha vapar keela jaato, parantu sarvat samanya lahan vahan mhanje chaar chakee. chhotya chhotya kamansathi too ekach charvyanna shetat vegane gheuun jaeel. jordar barfavrushti asalelya bhagat, snomobiles dekhil samanya aahet. kahee kaame shillak aahet, visheshtah khadkal pradeshat kinwa jawalchya bhagat kaam karnari gura, jee ghodyavar swar asalele charvahe sarvottampane karatat.
rodio.
rodio' haah shabd spanish 'rodier' (firane) pasoon aala aahe, jyacha arth 'roundup' assa hoto. suruvatila kaam karnara kauboy aanee rodio cauboymadhye konatahi farak navhata aanee kharey tarr, 'kaam karnara kauboy' haah shabd 1950chya dashkaparyant vaparat aala navhata. tyapurvi asey manale jaat hote qee serve kauboy heey kaam karnare kauboy hote. suruvatichya kauboy doghannihi shetat kaam kele aanee raundapmadhye tyanche kaushalya dakhavale.
vyavsayik rodiochya aagamanane anek kheladunpramanech, cauboyna prekshakansamor tyanchi kaushalye sadar karoon udarnirvah karata aala. rodiomule anek kaam karananya cauboyna rojgarhi midala, jyanna pashudhan hatalanyasathi aavashyak hote. anek rodio kauboy heey kaam karnare kauboy dekhil aahet aanee bahutekanna kamacha kauboy anubhav aahe.
rodio kauboycha poshakh shaharat jaatana kaam karananya kauboypeksha farsa vegala nasato. kauboychya shirtwaryl batnanaivaji vaparlya jaanarya snapsmule, cauboyla steer kinwa bailanchya shinganni chikatalelya shirtpasoon sutka houu shakali. shaili byavachada suruvatichya chitrapat udhyogatoon rodiosathi swikarlya gelya. kahee rodio spardhak, visheshtah mahila, parampara aanee pradarshan yaa donhi goshtinna manyata dett tyanchya kapadyanmadhye rung, rung, chandi aanee lamb kadaa jodatat. kathichya khandyachya kinwa bailanchya savarisarkhya "khadbadit satha" spardhanmadhye aadhunik swaranmadhye kevler west kinwa neck brace yasarkhi suraksha upkarane samavisht kelee jaau shakatat, parantu satat dukhapat honyacha dhoka asoonahi, kauboy topichya badalyat suraksha helmetcha vapar adyap swikarla gelela nahee.
lokpriy sanskruti.
seema sampatach, charvyanche jeevan atyant premal jhaale. mhashi biil kodichya wilde west shosarkhya pradarshananmule parakramachya paramparecha aadarsh pratinidhi mhanoon kauboychi pratima lokpriy honyas madat jhaali.
aajchya samajat pratyaksh krishi jivanachya dainandin vastavanchi farshi samaj nahee. charvyanche kaam aanee guranchi dekhbhal yaa tyanchya vastavik jivanapeksha, teey bahudha bharatiy-ladhayashi (bahutek kalpanik) sambandhit asatat. marlboro mansanpasun teey gavatil lokanparyantchya pratimandware cauboyla eka mardani aadarsh mhanoon dekhil chitrit kele jaate. jaree pashchimatya chitrapat kvachitach khyan kauboy jivanashi farse samya dakhavtat, taree johnn wein yanchyasarkhya abhinetyanna kauboy aadarsh darshavnare manale jaate. vadatit, aadhunik rodio pratispardhi haah pratyaksh charvyancha mulga honyachya khoop jawal aahe, kaaran barech jann pratyakshat shetat aanee pashudhananchya aaspas vadhale hote aanee urvaritanna nokarivar pashudhan hatalanyachi kaushalye shikane aavashyak aahe.
united states, canadachya paschim aanee austreliyamadhye, atithi ranch lokanna ghodyanvar swar honyachi aanee pashchimatya jivanachi chav ghenyachi sandhee detat-jaree teey adhik aaramdayi asale taree. kahee shetjameen paryatakanna guranchya mohimanmadhye kinwa wagon gadyansah sahbhagi houn pratyakshat kauboychi kaame karanyachi sandhee dekhil detat. yaa prakarchya suttila 1991 madhye biilii chrystal abhineet 'ciity slickers' yaa chitrapatane lokpriy kele.
pratikatmakata.
2005 madhye, united states sinetane sinetchya tharavadvare julaicha chautha shaniwar haah 'american kauboycha rashtriy divas' mhanoon ghoshit keela aanee tyanantar darvarshi yaa tharavache nutanikaran kele, united states haus auph representatives veloveli samarthanachi vidhane jaaree karat asey.
lokpriy sanskratitil pashchimatyancha pradirgh itihas pashchimatya kapade paridhan karnanyanna teey kadhee ghodyavar basale asateel kinwa nastil, teey kauboy kinwa cougerl mhanoon paribhashit karato. heey visheshtah kharey aahe jevha manoranjan karnanyanna aanee sarvajanik kshetratil jyanna tyanchya vyaktimatvacha bhag mhanoon pashchatya poshakh paridhan karatat tyanna lagoo kele jaate. itar anek lock, visheshtah pashchimekadil, vakeel, banker aanee itar pandhya rangachya collar vyavsayikansah, jaree tyanchyakade itar nokya asalya taree formchi baab mhanoon pashchatya kapade, visheshtah kauboy boot kinwa topya ghalatat. yaulat, shetjaminit vadhalele kahee lock, tyanche prathamik kaam pashudhanasobat kaam karane kinwa teey rodiomadhye spardha karat asateel asey tyanna vatat nasel, toparyant teey swatahla kauboy kinwa cougerl mhanoon paribhashit karat naheet.
sanskratichi konatihi pratyaksh samaj naan thevata, fashion poses mhanoon kauboychya paddhaticha avalamb karananya vyaktinsathi pratyaksh cauboymadhye upahasatmak abhivyakti asatat. udaharanarth, 'aushadhanchya dukanatil charvyancha mulga' mhanje ashee vyakti jee kapade ghalate parantu pratyakshat aushadhanchya dukanachya soda karanjyachya-kinwa aadhunik kalat, barchya stoolchya-stoolshivay itar kashavarhi basat nahee. tyachpramane, 'serve topi aanee guredhore naheet' haah vakyansh, konatyahi vastavik kamgiripeksha khoop jaast, swatahbaddal abhiman balgananya vyaktiche (sahasa narr) varnan karnyasathi vaparla jaato. dude' (kinwa aatachi pracheen sandnya 'greenhorn') haah shabd, visheshtah joou itar prakare dhong karnyacha prayatna karat aahe, asha kauboy sanskratishi aparichit asalelya vyaktila soochit karato.
united stateschya baher, kauboy paradeshat american lokanchi eka pracheen pratima bunley aahe. 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, eka kangoli yuva upasanskruti, jee swatahla biil mhanate, tee tyanchi shaili aanee chitrapatanmadhil hollywoodchya kauboychya chitranavar aadharit hotee. 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila parisacha samaj haah bekaydeshir vyaktisathicha eka apshabd hota, asha 'apache' yaa shabdachya babatitahi asech ghadale.
shabd.
kauboy' haah shabd kadhikadhi apmanaspadpane vaparla jaato. mulat heey cansaschya boomtownmadhil kahee kauboychya vaganukivarun udbhavale, lamb guranchya pravasachya margachya shevati, jithe kauboyani mothya sankhyene kauboy, bahutek tarun avivahit purushanchya apariharya prabhavamule hinsachar aanee jangali vartanasathi pratishtha vikasit kelee, anek madyapan aanee jugar aasthapanansah samudayanmadhye aalyanantar tyanna mothya pramanat pagar midato.
"1920 chya dashakat 'beparvai' sathee eka visheshan mhanoon 'kauboy' vikasit jhaala. "aaj kadhikadhi 'kauboy' haah vapar, joou nishkalji aahe kinwa sambhavya jokhaminkade durlaksh karato, bejbabdar aahe kinwa joou laksh naan deta sanvedanshil kinwa dhokadayak kaam hatalato, tyache varnan karnyasathi apmanaspad arthane keela jaato. "time' masikane adhyaksh george doubleu. bushchya pararashtra dhoranache varnan 'kauboy mutsaddegiri' asey kele gele aahe aanee bushche varnan prasarmadhyamandhye, visheshtah europemadhye, 'kauboy' asey kele gele aahe, heey lakshat aale nahee qee heey eka kautuk navhate.
uttar americabaheril ingraji bhashik pradeshanmadhye, udaharanarth british bett aanee austreliya, 'kauboy' mhanje jyachya kamache moolya qamee aanee sanshayaspad aahe asha vyapanyacha sandarbh asoo shakato, udaa.jee., eka charvastu nalkar". haah shabd 1980 chya dashkatil british durchitravanivaril vinodi karyakram 'kauboy' laa dekhil deela gela. yogya prashikshan kinwa parvanyanshivay kaam karananya kushal vyavasayatil aekhadyache varnan karnyasathi united statesmadhye ashach prakarcha vapar disun yeto. purv united statesmadhye, 'kauboy' heey sandnya kadhikadhi mahamargavaril vegwan kinwa nishkalji chalakache varnan karnyasathi vaparale jaate.