
chhayapratika

photocopier (jyala copier kinwa coppy machine asehi mhanatat, aanee purvi gerox machine, samanya trademark) heey eka asey yantra aahe jeey kagdavar kinwa plasticchya filmwar kagadpatranchya aanee itar drushya pratimanchya pratee jalad aanee swastat banavate. bahutek aadhunik chhayapratika 'zerography' navache tantradnyan vapartat, eka koradi prakriya jee prakash-sanvedanshil prakashgrahakanvar sthir vidyutbhar vaparte aanee pratham toner kananna (eka choorn) pratimechya swarupat kagdavar hastantarit karate. tyanantar toner ushnata, daab kinwa donhiche sanyojan vaparoon kagdavar jodale jaate. copyers inkjetsarkhe itar tantradnyan dekhil vaparu shakatat, parantu karyalayin nakkal karnyasathi zerography heey manak aahe.
vyavsayik zerographic karyalay chhayachitran aanee tyane haloohaloo padtalani, photostat, carbon pepper, mimograph machines aanee itar duplicating machinesdware banavalelya pratinchi jaaga ghetali.
vyavasay, shikshan aanee sarkari kshetranmadhye chhayapratincha mothya pramanavar vapar keela jaato. mahitee kamgar digital dastaivaj nirmiti, sathavan aanee vitaranacha vapar vadhavtat aanee kagadachya vastavik tukadyanchya vitarnavar qamee avalambun asatat, asey bhakit kele jaat asale taree 2015 paryant, photocopierscha mothya pramanat vapar suru aahe. 1980 chya dashakat, kahee uchch darjachya yantranmadhye bahu-karya printer mhanoon olakhalya jaananya dishene eka abhisaran suru jhaleh eka asey upkaran jyamadhye photocopier, facs machine, scanner aanee sanganak network-jodalelya printerchya bhoomika ektrit kelya gelya. rangeet pratee aanee mudran karoo shakanari qamee darjachi yantre, 1990 chya dashakat tyanchya kimmati satatyane ghasaralyamule gruh-karyalay bajarpethet adhikadhik varchasva gajavat aahet. hevi-duty hatalani chakr aanee mothya swarupachi chhapai karnyas saksham uchch darjache rangeet chhayapratika haah eka mahagada paryay aahe joou pramukhyane mudran aanee rachana dukananmadhye aadhalato.
itihas.
chhayapratincha shodh lavnare chester carlson (1906-1968) heey moolatah paytant vakeel tasech anshakalik sanshodhak aanee shodhak hote. newyorkmadheel paytant karyalayat tyanchya nokarisathi tyanna mahattvachya kagadpatranchya mothya sankhyene pratee banavane aavashyak hote. sandhivat asalelya carlsonla hii eka vednadayak aanee kantalvani prakriya vatali. yamule tyanna prakashavahakata prayog karnyas prerit kele. carlsonne tyachya 'electrophotography' prayogansathi tyachya svayampakgharat vaparale aanee 1938 madhye tyane yaa prakriyesathi petantsathi arj keela. tyane gandhakane jhakalelya zink platecha vapar karoon pahili chhayaprat tayar kelee. 10-22-38 estoriya' heey shabd sukshmadarshakachya slidever lihile gele hote, jeey adhik gandhkavar aanee tejaswi prakashakhali thewale gele hote. slide kadhoon taklyanantar, shabdanchi aarshachi pratima shillak rahili. carlsonne aapala shodh kahee companyanna vikanyacha prayatna keela parantu tee prakriya ajunahi avikasit asalyamule too ayashasvi jhaala. tyaa velee, carbon pepper kinwa hatane nakkal karnari yantre vaparoon dastaivajachya utpattichya tappyavar anek pratee tayar kelya jaat asat. lokanna electronic copyerchi garaj disali nahee. 1939 teey 1944 darmyan, carlsonla aay. bii. emm. aanee general electrics 20 hoon adhik kampanyanni nakarle hote-jyapaiki konatyahi companyla asey vatale nahee qee copyersasathi lakshaniy bajarpeth aahe.
1944 madhye, ohayochya columbus yetheel naa-napha sanstha battel memorial institutene carlsonshee tyachi naveen prakriya parishkrut karnyasathi karar keela. pudhil paach varshant, sansthene electrophotography prakriya sudharanyasathi prayog kele. 1947 madhye, haloid corporation (eka lahan rochester, newyork sthit utpadak aanee chhayachitran kagadacha vikreta) yaa tantradnyanavar aadharit nakkal yantra vikasit karnyasathi aanee tyache vipanan karnyasathi parwana midvanyasathi battelshee sampark sadhala.
haloidla vatale qee 'electrophotography' haah shabd khoop klisht aahe aanee tyache smaran moolya changle nahee. ohayo steet universitymadhil shastriy bhashechya pradhyapkashi sallamasalat kelyanantar, haloid aanee carlson yanni yaa prakriyeche naav badaloon 'gerography' asey kele, hii sandnya greek moodanpasoon tayar kelee gelee, jyacha arth 'korade lekhan' assa hoto."haloidla naveen copier machines" "zerox machines" "mhatale gele aanee 1948 madhye," "zerox" "haah shabd trademark karnyat aala". akheris 1961 madhye halloyd zerox corporation banale.
 1949 madhye, zerox corporation pahila zerographic copier sadar keela, jyala model aaa mhanatat. karyalayin nakkal bajarat sanganakeey-agrani aay. bii. emm. chee suruvat jhaali, zerox itka yashasvi jhaala qee, uttar americet, photocopy karane heey "zeroxing" mhanoon lokpriy jhaale. zeroxne 'zerox' laa samanyikrut vyaparchinh bananyapasun rokhanyasathi sakriyapane ladha deela aahe. jaree 'zerox' haah shabd kahee shabdakoshanmadhye chhayapratinchya samanarthi shabd mhanoon aadhalala aahe,
zerox corporation samanyatah asha nondinmadhye badal karanyachi vinanti karate aanee asha prakare 'zerox' yaa shabdacha vapar karnyas paravrutt karate.
1950 chya dashakachya suruvatila, redio corporation auph america (aar. see. aii.) neey electrophax navachya prakriyevar eka bhinnata aanali, jyadvare pratima thet vishesh lepit kagdavar tayar kelya jaatat aanee dravamadhye vikhuralelya tonerne prastut kelya jaatat.
1960 chya dashakat aanee 1980 chya dashakat, savin corporation liquid-toner copyerschee eka malika vikasit aanee vikali, jyane companychya patentver aadharit tantradnyanachi amalbajavani kelee.
zerographic copyerscha vyapakpane sweekar karnyapurvi, kodakchya verifaxasarkhya yantranni tayar kelelya chhayachitra-thet pratee (1947 chya patentver aadharit) vaparlya jaat hotya. purv-zerographic nakkal tantradnyanashi sambandhit eka prathamik adthala mhanje purvathyacha uchch kharch 1969 madhye verifax printsathi aamhala $0.15 kharch honara puravatha aavashyak hota, tarr zerox print kagad aanee shramasah $0.13 madhye karata yet asey. 1960 chya dashakachya uttaradhat kahee sarvajanik granthalayanmadhye ajunahi sapadalelya nanyandvare chalavalya jaananya photostat yantranni pratyeki $0.25 madhye akshar-aakarachya pratee banavalya, jevha american kamgarasathi kiman vetan $1.65 prati taas hote; tyanchi jaaga ghenanya zerox yantranni samanyatah $0.10 aakarle.
zerographic-copier utpadakanni 1960 aanee 1970 chya dashakachya suruvatila uchch moolya manalya jaananya nakkalincha fayda ghetala aanee zerographic outputsathi "vishesharitya design kelelya" kagadache vipanan kele. 1970 chya dashakachya akheris, kagad utpadakanni tyanchya bahutek karyalayin-kagadi brandsathi zerographic "chalanyayogyata" hii eka aavashyakta banavali.
photocopier mhanoon vikalya jaananya kahee upkarananni drum-aadharit prakriyechi jaaga inkjet kinwa transfer-philm tantradnyanane ghetali aahe.
purvichya nakkal tantradnyanachya tulanet photocopierschya pramukh fayadhyanpaiki tyanchi kshamata aaheh
rangeet chhayaprat.
jaree purn-rangeet pratikruti vyavsayikdrushtya 1968 paryant upalabdh navhati, taree rangeet toner 1950 chya dashakat upalabdh jhaale, jevha 3 mea neey 'rung-inn-rung' pratikruti jaaree kelee, jyat paramparik vidyutsthaitik tantradnyanapeksha rangeet utparivartan prakriya vaparali gelee. zeroxne 1973 madhye pahila sthir vidyut-vidyut rung-prat (6500) sadar keela. rung chhayaprat karane hii sarkaransathi chintechi baab aahe, kaaran yamule banavat chalan aanee itar kagadpatre sulabh hotatah adhik mahitisathi, banavat vibhag pahaa.
digital tantradnyan.
digital tantradnyanachi amalbajavani karnyasathi naveen photocopierscha cull vadhat aahe, jyamule junya analogue tantradnyanachi jaaga ghetali jaat aahe. digital nakkalisah, nakkalkartyamadhye prabhavipane ekatmik scanner aanee lesar printer asato. yaa rachaneche anek fayade aahet, jase qee svayanchalit pratima-gunavatta vadhavane aanee "kaame tayar karanyachi" kshamata (mhanje, prushth pratima swatantrapane scan karane). kahee digital copyers uchch-gatee scanner mhanoon kaam karoo shakatat; asha modelsmadhye samanyatah imeldware kagadpatre pathvanyachi kinwa file serverver upalabdh karoon denyachi kshamata asate.
digital copier tantradnyanacha eka mahattvacha fayda mhanje "svayanchalit digital sankalan". udaharanarth, 20 prushthanchya sanchala 20 vela coppy kartana, digital copier pratyek prushthala fakt ekdach scan karato, nantar sathavaleli mahitee vaparoon 20 sanch tayar karato. analogue copyermadhye, ektar pratyek prushth 20 vela scan kele jaate (ekoon 400 scan), eka velee eka sanch tayar keela jaato kinwa 20 sanchansathi 20 swatantra output tray vaparlya jaatat.
qamee darjache kapiyar digital tantradnyan dekhil vapartat, parantu tyat manak sanganak scanner aanee inkjet kinwa qamee darjache lesar printer asatat, jeey uchch darjachya kapiyarmadhil tyanchya samakakshanpeksha khoopach haloo asatat. tathapi, qamee-darjache scanner-inkjets qamee aagau kharedi-kimmativar rung nakkal pradan karoo shakatat parantu prati prat khoop jaast kharch karatat. ektrit digital scanner/printermadhye kadhikadhi antarnirmit facs machines asatat aanee eka prakarcha bahuuddeshiy printer mhanoon vargikrut kele jaau shakatat.
teey kase karya karate (zerography vaparoon).
photocopy tayar kartana nakaratmak photocopy dastaivajache rung ulatavte, parinami pandhya parshvabhumivar kalyaivaji kalya parshvabhumivar pandhari akshare disatat. junya kinwa lupt jhalelya kagadpatranchya nakaratmak chhayapratinmadhun kadhikadhi ashee kagadpatre tayar hotat, jyanvar adhik laksh kendrit kele jaate aanee tee vachanyas aanee abhyas karnyas sopee asatat.
copyriteche prashna.
copyritechya adheen asalelya (udaharanarth pustake kinwa vaidnyanik kagadpatre) chhayachitran samagrivar bahutansh deshanmadhye nirbandh aahet. hii eka samanya pratha aahe, kaaran eka lekhasathi kinwa kahee panansathi pustak kharedi karnyacha kharch jaast asoo shakato. nyayya vaparache tattva (united statesmadhye) kinwa nyayya vyavhar (itar burn convention deshanmadhye) vishisht vishisht hetunsathi nakkal karnyas parvanagi dete.
canadasarkhya kahee deshanmadhye, kahee vidyapithe vidyapithachya prat yantranmadhye banavalelya pratyek pratinmadhun aanee prat kendranmadhun copyrite samoohanna photocopymadhun milananya mahasulatoon royalty detat aanee heey samooh parinami nidhi vividh vidvattapoorn prakashakanna vitarit karatat. americet, lekh, hastalikhit, chitralekhan aanee 'vachak' navachya itar mahitichya chhayaprat sankalanasathi anekada mahavidhyalayin vargansathi majkurachi aavashyakta asate. ektar prashikshak kinwa prat kendra vachkatil pratyek lekhache copyrite saaf karnyasathi jababdar aahe aanee shrey denyachi mahitee vachkamadhye spashtapane samavisht keleli asane aavashyak aahe.
banavat.
kagadi chalanachya banavat pratee tayar karnyasathi lock rangeet pratincha vapar karnyachya dhokyacha samna karnyasathi, kahee deshanni tyanchya chalanat banavatvirodhi tantradnyan samavisht kele aahe. yamadhye watermark, microprinting, hologram, plastickpasoon (kinwa itar samagri) banavalelya chhotya suraksha pattya aanee chalan eka konatoon pahata yete tase rung badaltana disanari shaee yancha samavesh hoto. kahee chhayapratinchya yantranmadhye vishesh software asate jeey vishesh namuna asalelya chalanachi nakkal karnyapasoon rokhu shakate.
ranganchya nakkalinmule vahan chalavanyacha parwana aanee vidyapithachya padvi aanee pratilekhansarkhya itar kagadpatranchi nakkal aanee/kinwa banavat banavnyababatahi chinta nirman hote. kahee vahanchalak parvane antarbhut holograms tayar kele jaatat jenekarun police adhikari banavat prat shodhu shaktil. kahee vidyapith aanee mahavidhyalayin pratilekhanchya parshvabhumivar vishesh prati-nakkal watermark asatat. jarr ekhadi prat tayar kelee gelee tarr jalchinhe atyant drishyaman hotil, jyamule praptakartyala teey nirdharit karata yeil qee tyanchyakade kharee mool prataivaji prat aahe.
aarogyachya samasya.
atinil prakashachya samparkat yene hii chintechi baab aahe. photocopierschya suruvatichya kalat, prakashvahya prushthbhagachya ishtatam sanvedanshilateshi julanyasathi sanvedanshil prakash srot hirwa filter keela jaat asey. yaa galanane serve atinil sahajpane kadhoon takale. sadhya, prakashache vividh srot vaparale jaatat. kaach 325 teey 400 nanometer darmyan atinil kirananche prasaran karato, tarr fluorescent, tungsten halogen kinwa zenon flash sarkhya atinil-utpadak divyansah copyers kahee atinil prakashasathi dastaivaj ughad karatat.
seleniumcha vapar aanee ozonche utsarjan aanee garam tonermadhun nighanara dhoor yanchya sandarbhat chhayachitrit pratee yantranmadhun utsarjanabaddal kahinni chinta vyakt kelee aahe.
nyayvaidhyak olakh.
tanklekhan yantra, sanganak mudrak aanee pratikruti yasarkhya nyayvaidhyak olakh yantranpramanech tyanchya utpadanatil doshanmule tyancha shodh lavala jaau shakato. toner aanee kagadi feed yantranechya yantrik sahishnutemule banding hote, jeey vaiyaktik upkaranachya yantrik gunadharmambaddal mahitee ughad karoo shakate. utpadak aanee brand olakhane anekada shakya asate aanee kahee prakarananmadhye, dnyat mudrakanchya sanchatoon tyanchya utpadananchi tulana karoon vaiyaktik mudrak olakhala jaau shakato.
kahee uchch darjache rangeet mudrak aanee pratikruti tayar karnare tyanche olakh sanket mudrit prushthanmadhye pivalya thipkyanche sookshm aanee jawaljawal adrushya namune mhanoon steganographic paddhatine antarbhut karatat. kahee srot heey karananya kampanya mhanoon zerox aanee cananla olakhatat. electronic frontier foundation (eae. eff. eff.) yaa samasyecha tapas keela aahe aanee gerox docucolor printercha anukramik kramank, tasech printoutchi tarikh aanee vel, pivalya vahinimadhye punaravrutti honanya 8x15 bindu namunyat kashee encode kelee jaate yache dastaivajikaran kele aahe. atirikt mudrakanna ulatya engineer karnyasathi eae. eff. eff. kaam karat aahe. eff. eff. neey asehi ahwal dile aahe qee americi sarkarne yaa companyanna ashee magova yojana lagoo karnyas sangitale aahe, jenekarun banavat mahiticha shodh gheta yeil. yaa magova ghenyachya gopaniyatechya parinamanchi tapasani karnyasathi eff. eff. neey mahitee swatantrya kayadyachi vinanti dakhal kelee aahe.
ole chhayachitran.
drav vikasak vaparoon chhayachitran, 1952 madhye edelide yetheel sanrakshn manak prayogshalechya qeena metcaff aanee bobb rait yanni vikasit kele hote.
drav vikasak vaparoon chhayapratincha vapar 1967 madhye karnyat aala.
"ole chhayapratinchya' pratima koradya toner pratimanitka kaal tikat naheet, parantu heey aamlata mule nahee."