
zamorin

samootiri (zamorin mhanoon ingrajikaran; malayalamah самори, arabih "samuri", portugijah "samorim", dutch "summorision", chinih "shamitihasi") haah bharatachya dakshin malbar pradeshatil kozhikode (kalikat) rajyacha vanshparamparagat nier raja aanee shasak hota. purvichya nediyiruppu swarupam yaa saranjami samrajyatun ugam pavalelya samudriri aanee nilambur kovilakam yetheel tyachya samant rajanni bharatachya nairutya kinanyavaril sarvat mahattvachya vyapari bandaranpaiki eka mhanoon kalikatchi sthapana kelee. nilambur kovilakam yetheel bharati thamburattishi vivah jhalela 147 vaa samuthiri raja, shree manavdan raja, haah rajvanshachya 682 varshanchya itihasatil guruvayur mandiravar satta midavanara shevatcha zamorin tharala. tyanchya karkirdichya shikharavar asatana, tyachya purvajanni kozhikode kollam (kollam) teey panthalayini kollam (koyilandi) chya jangalanchya simanparyant pasarlelya pradeshavar rajya kele. zamorin heey vasahatvadi keralchya samant nier samudayachya iradi jaatiche hote.
12vya shatkachya suruvatila kodungallurchya cheranchya samrajyachya vighatananantarach nediyiruppu (moolatah iranaduche swayatt pramukh) chya samanta nier nirmulanene "zamorin" yaa shirshakakhali tyanche rajkiy swatantrya pradarshit kele. madhyayugat malbar kinanyavaril prathamik masala vyapari asalelya hind mahasagaratil muslim madhya-purv navikanshi zamorinanni vistrut vyapari sambandh rakhale. kalikat haah tevha nairutya bharatatil eka mahattvacha udyog hota, jithe chean aanee paschim ashiyai vyaparane sahkarya kele hote.
kozhikode yetheel bandarala madhyayugeen keral kinarpattivar uchch aarthik aanee rajkiy sthan hote, tarr kannoor, kollam aanee kochee hii vyavsayikdrushtya mahattvachi duyyam bandare hotee, jithe jagachya vividh bhagantil vyapari ekatra yet asat. portugij navik vasco daad gama yane 1498 madhye quilandila bhet dilee, jyamule europe teey dakshin ashiya assa thet naukanayan marg khula jhaala. kozhikode yetheel bandarane arab, chiinii, portugij, dutch aanee shevati britishansathi madhyayugeen dakshin bharatiy kinanyache praveshdwar mhanoon kaam kele. eastado daa indiyacha paya ghalanyachya aanee vyaparache sampoorn niyantran ghenyachya portugijanchya prayatnanna kalikatchya zamorinchya sainyane varanvar adthala aanala. prasiddha muslim yoddhe, kunjali marakkar heey kalikatchya tafyache naudalpramukh hote. 16vya shatkachya akheris portugij-jeey aata malbar kinanyavaril masalyanchya vahatukiche netrutva karat hote-arabi samudratil muslim vyapadhyanchi jaaga ghenyat yashasvi jhaale hote. dachanni 17vya shatkat portugijanchi jaaga ghetali, jyanchi jaaga ingrajanni ghetali.
1755 madhye purakkadchya ladhait kozhikodechya shaktishali zamorincha parabhav karoon travancore heey keralmadhil sarvat prabhavi rajya banale. 1766 madhye, mysurchya hyder aline kalikatachya zamorincha parabhav keela aanee kalikatala aaplya rajyat villin kele. tisya anglo-mysur yuddhanantar (1790-1792), zamorinchya purvichya pradeshansah malbar jilha east india companychya niyantranakhali thevanyat aala. akheris, zamorincha darja qamee karoon companychya nivruttivetandharkacha (1806) karnyat aala.
vyutpatti.
zamorin heey shirshak pratham 1342 madhye ibn batootachya likhanat. portugij 'book auph duart barbosa' madhye (ii. 1516), kalikatchya shasakachi padvi 'sameedre' kinwa 'zomodari' mhanoon dilee jaate, jee sthanik malayalam 'samutiri' varoon ghetali gelee aahe. ii. sha. 16vya shatkat zainuddin makhdoom dusra yane lihilelya 'tuhfat ool mujahideen' madhye haah shabd 'samuri' mhanoon uchcharla jaato. ekekali heey sanskrut 'samudra' ('samudra') pasoon vyutpann jhaale aahe asey manale jaat hote aanee yacha arth 'samudracha swami' assa hoto. kharey tarr, hii sandnya sanskrut 'swami' aanee 'shree' (jeey ektrit swarupat 'tiree' banate) pasoon aalee aahe, jyala krishna ayyar 'samrat' mhanoon spasht karatat. too 'swami tiru tirumulpad' ('mahan samrat') hii sampoorn padvi deto.
zamorinanni 'panturacon' kinwa 'panturacon' (panturacha vijeta/swami?) see madheel shilalekhanmadhye. 1100, granthavari mhanoon olakhalya jaananya rajvadyachya nondinmadhye aanee ingraji aanee dutch lokanshi adhikrut kararanmadhye. konatyahi nondi shasakache kharey vaiyaktik naav darshavat naheet. punthura heey tyanche mool thikan, kinwa yuddhkshetra kinwa mothya prasiddhiche bandar asoo shakate. kunnalakkon" ("tekadya aanee latancha swami") hii padvi aanee tyache sanskrut swaroop "shailbhishwar" heey bahudha nantarchya sahityik krutinmadhye (jase qee manipravalam aanee sanskrut kavita) aadhaltat.
sattechi jaaga.
ponnanimadhil thrikkavil kovilakam heey kalikatchya zamorinsathi dusare ghar mhanoon kaam kele. kalikatchya zamorinchya itar duyyam jaaga, jyaa byanch nantarchya kalat sthapan jhalya, tyaa trichur (trissure) aanee crangnore (kodungallur) hotya.
15vya shatkachya uttaradhat, panchalayani kollam aanee kalikat hii zamorinchya niyantranakhalil keralchi pramukh bandare hotee. kalikatchya zamorinane tyachya bandarandware masalyanchya vyaparavar curr aakarun tyachya mahasulacha motha bhag midavala. puthupatnam (kottakkal), parappanangadi, tanoor (tanore), ponnani (ponani), chetuwa (chetwai) aanee kodungallur (crangnore) hii rajyatil lahan bandare hotee. bepur bandar jahaj bandhani kendra mhanoon kaam karat hote.
jaat aanee varshachi resha.
keey. nusar. vhee. kalikatmadhil darbari itihaskar krishna ayyar, zamorinchya shahee gharanyache sadasya nier abhijat vargatil iradi upajatiche hote. samantanni urvarit nayaranpeksha uchch darjacha dawa keela. shasak kshatriy varnache asavet heey hindu dharamshastriy sootra kodungallur cher rajachya samantansathi eka guntagunt asoo shakate. tyamule samantanni-aadhich eka vishisht samajik gut mhanoon, kahitari "upajat" mhanoon, swatahla "samant kshatriy" mhanoon shailibaddha karnyas suruvat kelee. samantanchya janm, vivah aanee mrutyuchya pratha itar nier samudayasarkhyach aahet.""
rajgharanyat, rajkanya 'thalee' sahasa kodungallur pramukhanchya kutumbatil kshatriyanni bandhalya asat, jyanna zamorin adhik pracheen aanee tyamule uchch darjache mhanoon olakhayache. mahilanche 'sambandam' bhagidar nambudiri brahman kinwa kshatriy hote. shahee purushanni samantan kinwa itar nier mahilanshi vivah keela. zamorinchi patni 'naittiyar' yaa upadhine pratishthit hotee.
purv-aadhunik keralmadhil rajyanvar rajya karananya sardaranchya kutumbala swarupam mhanoon olakhale jayache. kalikatache shasak 'nediyirippu swarupam' chey hote aanee tyanni matruvanshiy varsa paddhatiche palan kele. nediyirippu swarupamcha sarvat jyeshth purush sadasya kalikatcha zamorin banala. rajgharanyatil sthanamdware soochit kelelya uttaradhikaracha eka nishchit namuna hota. kalikatmadhye paach sthanam paribhashit kele gele. hii padey swarupamchya vegvegalya thavjhinmadhil padadhikanchya kalkramanusar jyeshthatevar aadharit hotee aanee nondinmadhye jyala "kuruvazacha" mhanatat, teey tayar hote. kochin (kochee) chya babatit, tyaulat, thawazinmadhye sthitiche konatehi paribhraman navhate. asha prakare konatyahi vishisht tavalila uttaradhikarachya babatit konatahi visheshadhikar kinwa pradhanya midale nahee, kaaran uttaradhikaracha ekmev nikash vayacha jyeshthata hota.
kalikatmadhye paach sthanam astitvat hote, pratyekachi swatachi swatantra malmatta hotee, jee kutumbatil teen kovilakammadhil varishtha sadasyankadun anukrame upbhogali jaat asey.
teen thawazi asey hoteh
sampoorn zamorin kutumbatil jyeshth mahila sadasya, valia tamburatti, yannahi ambadi kovilakam mhanoon olakhalya jaananya swatantra malmattesah sthanam midale. mahilanna kalikatcha shasak honyachi parvanagi navhati aanee sarvat vayovruddha purush sadasya, jyacha shodh ghetala, tee stree pudhil zamorin banate.
itihas.
keralolpati" sarkhya brahman dantkatha (tyachya antim swarupat sankalit see. 17 weey-18 weey shatak) aanee kalikat granthavarimadhye kalikat rajyachya sthapanesathi karanibhoot asalelya ghatananche varnan kele aahe.""
"nediyiruppu yethe iradi shasak kutumbatil done bhau hote. kodungallur cheranchya sainyatil sarvat vishvasoo yoddhe heey manichan aanee vikraman heey bhau hote. paradeshi lokanviruddhachya ladhayanmadhye tyanni swatahla vegale kele. tathapi, cher rajyachya falanichya kalat, cher samrat nediyiruppula konatihi jameen denyat ayashasvi jhaala. aparadhipanane bharalelya rajane nantar kozhikode navachya daldalichya jaminicha eka avanchhit tukada lahan bhau vikramanla (motha bhau yuddhat maran pavala) deela. rajane tyachi vaiyaktik talwar aanee tyacha aavadata prathna shankh-donhi tutalela-tyala bhet deela aanee tyala tyachya serve samarthyane shakya titkya jaminivar kabja karnyas sangitale. tyamule nirmulanane shejaril rajyanvar vijay midavala aanee swatahsathi eka mothe rajya tayar kele. cher rajachya aadarasathi tyanni done cross kelelya talvaricha logo swikarla, jyat madhyabhagi eka tutalela shankh aanee tyachya varr eka diwa prajvalit hota."
16vya shatkachya suruvatila durette barbosa, teen talwari aanee zamorinchya itar shahee chinhanmadhye cheraman talvaricha ullekh karato, jee sahasa aupcharik miravnukinmadhye kadhali jaate. zamorin tyanchya khajgi mandirat darroj aanee visheshtah rajyabhishekachya velee talvarichi pooja karat asat. zamorin velutha nambiyarsobat rahat asatana kodungallur (1670) yethe dachanni achanak kelelya hallyat cheraman talwar jaalanyat aalee. 1672 madhye junya tukadyanmadhun eka naveen talwar tayar karnyat aalee. 1672chya talvariche tutalele bhag, purnapane seelband kelelya tambyachya aavaranat thewale jaatat, ajunahi tiruvachira yetheel zamorinchya rajvadyas jodalelya bhagavati mandirat darroj tyanchi pooja kelee jaate.
iranaduche shasak.
kalikatchya zamorinchya utpattisambandhichya aitihasik nondi aspasht aahet. tathapi, itihaskaranmadhye samanyatah asey manya kele jaate qee nirmulan heey moolatah kodungallur cher samrajyachya eralnadu/eranadu pradeshache swayatt shasak hote. kodungallur cher rajya heey sthanik pramukhanchya netrutvakhalil sardaranche eka samooh hote. eranadcha (eralanadu utaya) pramukh/varishtha rajkumar heey padd vanshparamparagat manale jaate. ernadchya pramukh aanee sardarpadacha sarvat juna sandarbh kochin jyoo tamrapat aahe (ii. 1000). junya malayalam shilalekhanmadhye iranachya rajyakartyansathi done shirshakanchi nave dilee aahet-manavpal manaviyat (ii. 11weey shatak) aanee manavikram (ii. 12 weey shatak). nantarchya kalat, manavikram, manavved aanee viraray hii rajgharanyatil purush sadasyanna dileli nave hotee, zamorinla nehmich manavikram mhanoon olakhale jaat asey. itihaskaranche asey mutt aahe qee manavved haah junya malayalam shirshak 'manaviyat' chaa apbhransh asoo shakato. vidwan tatpurte manavyata aanee manavikram yanna prasiddha mool dantkathechya jyeshth aanee lahan bhavanchya shirshakansah olakhatat.
ernaduchya jyeshth rajkumaranchya 'shambhar sanghatane' chee takad 'sahashe' hotee. ramavalanadu, valluvanadu, kizmalnadu aanee venadu yethehi samaan kshamata asalelya shambhar sanstha aadhaltat. vidvananna pachshe purakizanadu, teenshe nantuzanadu ii. saha anek qamee jaree asale taree satshechya balasah kurumpuranadu heey eka majboot shakti asalele ekach nadu aadhalate., upalabdh aahet.
kodungallur cheranchya samaptichya aaspaschya prasiddha falanichya aakhyayikesathi (cheraman perumal parampara) konatahi thos aadhar nasla taree, ashee shakyata aahe qee shasakachya rahasyamay bepatta jhalyanantar, jaminichi "falani" jhaali aanee vegvegalya naduchya rajyapalanni shevatchya adhipatyakadun tyanchi "bhet" mhanoon ghoshit karoon swatantrya ghoshit kele.
kalikatvar, jeey tyanche nantarche sthan hote, iradiche rajya sthapan honyas karanibhoot tharananya ghatananchya achook margabaddal kahee sandigdhata aahe. kahee itihaskaranche asey mutt aahe qee iradi haah shevatcha kodungallur cher rajacha aavadata hota kaaran too dakshin keralmadhil chola-pandya sainyashi jhalelya ladhait aaghadivar hota. yugane chera sainyala vijay midvoon dilyache disate. tyamule rajane tyala tyachya aanuvanshik malmattevyatirikt (eralnadu prant) samudrakinaryavaril kalikatvar eka lahansa bhoobhag deela. nirmulankartyanni nantar tyanche sthan kinarpattivaril "daldalichya jamininmadhye" halavale aanee kalikat shaharachi sthapana kelee.
iradi rajkumar haah shevatcha cher raja raam kulasekhar (ii. sha.) yachya aateel vartulacha sadasya hota yaa tyachya davyala pushti denyasathi. 1089-1122), vidvananni kollam yetheel ramaswaram mandirachya anganat ubharalelya granite stambhavar sapadalelya junya malayalam shilalekhacha (1102) hawala deela aahe. shilalekhananusar, kurakkani kollam yetheel panayankavu rajvadyat rahana rajane, aary brahman, chaar brahman mantri, hazar nairancha neta, venaduchya sahashe nairancha neta, ernadcha pramukh punthurakkon manavikram aanee itar saranjamdaransah mandalat basoon, brahmananna darroj khayala denyasathi bhaat daan karoon aanee tyaa uddeshasathi venaducha pramukh kumaran uday varmala eka cherikkal bhadepattivar deuun aary brahmananviruddha (kahee) gunhyasathi prathanachittam kele.
madhya keralparyant vistar.
"keralolpati' madhye iradi rajkumarala kalikat bhet dilyanantarchya ghatananche varnan kele aahe.""
"kozhikode aanee tyache upnagar polarthirichya rajvatit polanaducha bhag banale. iradine aaplya nayransah panniyankarakade kooch kele aanee tyachya talavaril dhruviy tatala vedha ghatala, parinami 48 varshe sangharsh suru rahila. yug ayashasvi jhaala aanee nantar tyane bhagvatila prasann kele, polarthirichya anuyayanna aanee agadi polanaduchya shasakachya patnilahi laach dilee aanee tyanna aaplya bajoone jinkale. yaa vishvasghatakipanachi mahitee midalyanantar polarthiri kozhikodehoon paloon gela. iradi vijayi jhaala aanee tyane aapale aasan nediyirupupupasun kozhikode yethe halavale-jyala tevha 'trivikramapuram' asehi mhatale jaat asey. nirmulankartyanni tyanchya naveen hitsambandhanche rakshan karnyasathi 'velapuram' (bandar) navachya thikani eka killa (koyal kotta) bandhala."
kalikat yetheel bandar vikasit kelyamule keralmadhil sattecha samtol badalala. zamorin haah keralmadhil sarvat shaktishali sardaranpaiki eka banala. tyachya kahee lashkari mohimanmadhye-udaharanarth valluvanadumadhye-shaskala muslim madhyapurvechya navikankadun nihsanshay madat midali. asey disate qee kalikatchya muslim nyayadhishanni tirunavaya yethe hallah karnyasathi zamorinla "paise aanee sahitya" mhanoon serve madat deu kelee.
kalikatachya dakshinekadil lahan sardar-bepore, chaliyam, parappanadu aanee tanoor (vettam)-yanna lavkarach sharan jaave lagale aanee teey eka eka karoon tyanche saranjamdar banale. piormal, kurumbranadu aanee kalikatchya upnagaratil itar nier pramukhanchya shasakannihi kalikatche varchasva manya kele. payanadu navachya kinarpattichya pradeshasathi kalikat aanee kurumbranadu yanchyat ladhaya jhalya. payanadu haah suruvatichya kalat kurumbranaducha eka bhag hota aanee akheris kalikatla "shahee bhet mhanoon" denyat aala. kalikatne yuddhat kurumbranadu yoddhyanvar sahajpane maat kelee aanee kurumbranadula valiserila sharan gheuun shantatesathi dawa dakhal karava lagla.
tyanantar kalikatchya shaskane perarchya khonyakade aapale laksh vedhale. khonyachya mothya bhagavar tevha valluvanaducha pracheen vanshparamparagat pramukh valluvakkonathiri yache rajya hote. tirunavayachi pavitra vasahat tabyat ghene haah kalikatcha mukhya uddesh hota. lavkarach zamorinanni panniyurkur aanee chovarakoorchya nambudirinmadhil tathakathit "kurmatsaram" madhye hastakshep kelyache aadhalale. sarvat alikadchya ghatanet, tirumanassery nadu yetheel nambudirinni jawalchya pratispardhi gavavar hallah keela aanee aag lavali. valluvanadu aanee perumpadappuche shasak chovarmala madat karnyasathi aale aanee tyanni ekach velee panniyurvar hallah keela. dakshin aanee purvela asalelya tyachya shejanyanni tirumanassery naduvar kabja keela. tirumanassery nambudirine kalikatchya shaskala madatisathi aavahan kele aanee tyachya sanrakshanachi kimmat mhanoon ponnani bandar kalikatala denyache vachan dile. ashee sandhee shodhat asalelya kalikatne haah prastav anandane swikarla.
tyanchya adhinastha pramukhanchya (chaliyam, bepore, tanoor aanee kodungallur) yoddhyanchya aanee kalikatchya koya antargat asalelya muslim naudalachya tafyachya madatine, zamorinche ladhvayye jameen aanee samudra yaa donhi bajunni pudhe gele. zamorinchya netrutvakhalil mukhya sainyane swatah hallah keela aanee uttarekadun valluvanadu aanee perumpadappuchya tripangodu yaa mitra sainyadalavar tall thokala. darmyan, eralappaduchya netrutvakhalil aanakhi eka sainyane samudra olandun tafyache netrutva kele aanee ponnani yethe utarale aanee nantar tirumanassery brahmananchya yoddhyanchya madatine dakshinekadun tirunavayavar utaranyachya uddeshane tirumanasserila gele. perumpadappuchya yoddhyanna valluvanadu sainyat sameel honyasahi eralappadune pratibandh keela. ponnani yetheel muslim vyapari aanee senapatinni kalikatchya sainyala ann, vahtook aanee tartudinsah pathimba deela. eralappaduche yoddhe uttarekade sarkale aanee perar nadee olandali aanee nadichya uttarekadil bajula ubhe rahile. koyane eka mothya tukadichya mathyavar kooch kele aanee tirunavayavar hallah keela. valluvanaduchya yoddhyanna perumpadappuchi velevar madat midali nasali taree teey jordarpane ladhale aanee ladhai pudhe dhakalali gelee. darmyan, kalikatche mantri mangattachan yannahi kadanamanna ilavakayil vellody (kadannamannachi kanishth shakha) tyanchya bajoone aananyat yash aale. akheris, done valluvanadu rajkumar ladhait marle gele, nayaranni vasahat sodali aanee kalikatla tirunavayacha sansarg jhaala.
tirunavayacha taba haah kalikatchya valluvanadumadhil vistaracha shevat navhata. valluvanaduvar zamorinchi chadhai suruch rahili. malappuram, nilambur, vallappanattukara aanee manjeri sahajpane vyapale gele hote. tyala kahee thikani tivra pratikarala samore jaave lagale aanee ladhaya dirghkal aanee turalak paddhatine dirghkal chaloo rahilya. purvekadil valluvanaduvaril pudhil halle kalikatsathi dirghkal tikale naheet kinwa kathinahi navhate.
valluvanaduchya paschim simevaril ladhaya kadvya hotya, kaaran tyaa vishvasaghat aanee gunhegarine chinhankit hotya. panthalur aanee daha kalam pradirgh sangharshanantarach kalikatchya akhtyarit aale. valluvanadu yetheel venkatakkottala bhet detana valluvanaduchya mukhyamantryanni kalikatchya eka mantryachi hatya kelyane ladhaila suruvat jhaali, jee jawaljawal eka dashak chalali. shevati valluvanaduchya mantryala zamorinchya yoddhyanni pakadale aanee padapparambu yethe tyala fashi dilee aanee tyacha prant (kottakkal aanee pantalursah daha kalam) zamorinne vyapala. yaa mohimet agraganya bhag ghetalelya kizakke kovilakam munalappadula zamorinkadun navyane tabyat ghetalelya prantacha ardha bhag bhet mhanoon midala. yaa atyant nishthavan mukhyamantryache nidhan haah tirunavaya aanee ponnani yanchya nidhananantar valluvanadusathi sarvat motha dhakka hota.
kochiparyant vistar.
perumpadappu swarupamvaril tyanchya pudhil hallyat kalikatcha parabhav jhaala. perumpadappu aanee valluvanaduchya sanyukt sainyane kalikat yoddhyancha pratikar keela aanee teen divas eka dusht ladhai jhaali, jyachya shevati kalikatche sainya maghar ghet hote.
keralmadhil kahee kaal aswasth shantatenantar, kalikatne valluvanadu aanee palakkad (palghat) yanchyatil eka lahan rajyavyavastha, nedunganaduvar kabja keela. ekahi fatkyashivay nedunganaduvar maat karnyat aalee. nedunganaduchya pramukhane kodikuni navachya thikani kalikat sainyapudhe aatmasamarpan kele. tyanantar kalikat yoddhyanni valluvanaduhun tirunavayachya aaspaschi anek chhoti gave-jase qee thiruvegappuram-tabyat ghetali. valluvanaduchya rajyapalane kalikatchya rajkumarane kolakkadu yethe kelelya pragativar maat karnyacha prayatna keela. valluvanadumadhil karimpula jawal, asprushya-kottache cheruma aanee pananni pudhe jaananya kalikat sainyacha pratikar keela. bhetvastu aanee bhetvastunni kalikatne tyanche prem jinkale. kalikatchya rajkumarala valluvanaducha eka samant, kavlappara nier yacha purvaj karakkadu yethe bhetala. palakkadchya pramukhanni vengotri, nellayi aanee kakkathodu yethe kalikatala sharanagati patkarali. kalikatchya zamorinne yaa kalat eralappadula dakshin malbar pradeshacha shasak mhanoon niyukt kele. prantiy aasan karimpula yethe hote. talappilly (sadhyacha tyach navacha taluka aanee ponnani teey chetvaiparyantcha kinarpatticha pradesh) aanee chengazinadu yanni konatyahi pratikaravina kalikatala sharanagati patkarali.
tyanantar kalikatne valluvanadupasun ponnani talukyache varchasva purn kele aanee perumpadappupasun vannarinadu tabyat ghetale. perumpadappu shaskala tyancha tall aanakhi dakshinekade thiruvanchikkulam yethe halvinyas bhag padale gele. jevha tiruvanchikulamajavalil thrikkanamthilakam kalikatchya niyantranakhali aale aanee perumpadappu shaskane punha tyancha tall dakshinekade kochee (1405 madhye kochin) yethe halavala.
tyanantarchya varshant kalikatne kochee rajyacha motha bhag tabyat ghetala. kochichya sattadhari kutumbatil jyeshth aanee tarun shakhanmadhil kautumbik bhandanacha fayda kalikatchya zamorinane ghetala. sattadhari tarun shakhechya virodhat kalikatchi madat magnyat aalyane hastakshep suru karnyat aala. kodungallur, edapalli, erur, sarkara, patinjattedam [trissure] aanee chitturchya shasakanni kochichya yaa tabyat kalikatchya sainyala pathimba deela kinwa tyat sameel jhaale. yapaiki kahee kochiche samant hote. kochee pramukh trissur yetheel ladhait parabhoot jhaala aanee tyacha rajwada vyapala gela. parantu, parabhoot pramukh pudhe dakshinekade paloon gela. dakshinekade pramukhancha pathlag kartana, zamorinchya netrutvakhalil kalikat sainyane kochee shaharat ghusun kabja keela. hallyancha samna karnyat asamarth rahilelya kochine shevati kalikatche rajya sweekarle. kochichya sinhasanavar jyeshth shakhetil rajkumarala jagirdar mhanoon basavanyat aale.
kochiviruddhachya ladhayannantar palakkadviruddhachi ladhai aanee kalikatchya rajkumarane naduvattomparyant vistar keela. tyaa kalat venganadu nambaitische kollengode dekhil kalikatachya niyantranakhali thewale gele. kalikatchya valluvanadushi tivra aanee varanvar ladhaya suru rahilya. pann tyacha varishtha mitra kochee haravalyanantarhi valluvanadu kalikatchya adheen jhaala nahee. kalikatchya shaskane muslim kutumbe aanee tyachyashi nishtha asalelya itar hindu senapatinchya kutumbanna valluvanaduchya tabyat ghetalelya bhagat sthayik karanyachi pratha palali. kalikatne valluvanadu (aata attappadi khore, mannarkad, ottappalam aanee perinthalmannache kahee bhag) tabyat ghetale, parantu tyachya antarbhagat farshi pragati karoo shakale nahee.
kolthunaduche (cananor) rajya tyanchya niyantranakhali aananyatahi kalikat yashasvi tharale. tyachya vistaradarmyan, zamorinne kolathunadukade prathamik pragati mhanoon pantalayini kollam tabyat ghetale. kalikat jeey kahee niyam lagoo karel, tyaa manya karnyasathi kolathirine tabadtob rajdoot pathavale. kolathunadune aadhich vyapalele pradesh kalikat aanee kahee hindu mandiranche adhikar hastantarit kele. kadthanadu shasak kutumbachya (vatakar) utpattibaddalachya katha polanadumadhil nirmulan ladhaishi sambandhit aahet. jevha zamorinne polanadupramane gardi kelee, tevha tyane eka dhruviy rajkanyache nirvasana kele aanee zamorinchya pratispardhi rajyanpaiki eka asalelya kolathunadu (cananor) yethe tiche swagat karnyat aale. yaa rajkumarishi kolathu rajkumarane lagn kelyanantar kadthanadu shasak kutumbacha janm jhaala. kadthanadu heey naav kolathunadu aanee kalikat darmyancha marg mhanoon sandarbhit karate. kalikatchya eka shaskane kollamchya bhetidarmyan kahee jameen aanee hindu mandiranche adhikar kalikatla hastantarit kele hote.
vijaynagar vijay.
vijaynagar samrajyacha raja dev raay dusra (1424-1446) yane 15 vya shatkat sampoorn sadhyachya keral rajyavar vijay midavala. tyane venadu (kollam, quillon) tasech kalikatchya (1443) rajyakartyanna parabhoot kele. fernao nunes mhanatat qee pegu aanee tenasserim yethe rajya karananya zamorin aanee agadi barmachya rajannihi vijaynagar samrajyachya rajala khandani dilee. nantar kalikat aanee venadu yanni tyanchya vijaynagar adhipatinviruddha bund kele asey disate, parantu dev raay dusra yane bund shant kele.
pudhil pannas varshant vijaynagarchi shakti qamee hott gelee, tyamule kalikatchya zamorinla keralmadhye punha mahatva midale. zamorinne 1498 madhye ponnani yethe eka killa bandhala.
kalikatchya zamorincha eka dutavas, jyamadhye mukhya doot pertian bhashik muslim hota, too 15 vya shatkat herat yetheel mirza shaharukhchya taimuri darbarat aala. kahee varshanpurvi, kahee herat adhikari bangalchya saltanatitun paratanyachya pravasat kalikat bandarat adakale hote aanee yaa prasangi kalikatchya zamorinne tyanche swagat kele hote. taimuri prabhavachya varnanamule prabhavit houn, zamorinne tyacha swatacha dutavas heratala pathvanyacha nirnay ghetala.
shahrukhcha karmchari, abdur rajjak lavkarach kalikatchya mohimevar (november 1442-april 1443) ruju jhaala. tyane ghodyachi, pelisachi, shirastran aanee aupcharik poshakhansah heratmadhun bhetvastunchi malika ghetali. "[kalikatmadhye], chalisavya kramankavar aanee tidekhil, keval vikrivar, teey [pertian aakhatatil] harmonuzpeksha aanakhi qamee aahet", abdur rajjak mhanato.
kalikatmadhye asatana, vijaynagarcha shasak dev raay dusra yane rajjakala tyachya darbarat aamantrit kele hote. vijaynagar rajakadoon aalelya dutane zamorinla tyachya darbarat herat doot pathvanyas sangitale hote. too asehi mhanato qee vijaynagarchya rajala kalikat rajyavar "adhikarkshetra" nahee, parantu zamorinla "ajunahi vijaynagar rajachi khoop bheeti vatat hotee".
yuan aanee ming chinashi sambandh.
heey dnyat aahe qee tang chiinii jahaje masalyansathi (9vya-10vya shatkat) kollamsarkhya tatkalin pramukh keral bandaranna varanvar bhet dett asat. itihaskaranchya matey, ling daidat namood kelelya "nanpiraj" chee olakh kalikatashi karata yete.
13vya shatkapasoon, kalikat heey eka pramukh vyapari kendra mhanoon vikasit jhaale, jithe madhya-purv aanee chiinii khalashi tyanchya utpadananchi devanghevan karnyasathi bhetale. 1293 madhye kalikatala bhet denanya marco pooloo -
1294 madhye nond aahe qee keralmadhil vyaparavar chinache varchasva hote. ibn batootah mhanje kalikat yetheel vegwan chiinii vyapar. wang taa-yuan-yuan kalatil-tyachya 'taao-aii-chih' yaa pustakat kalikatmadhil mirchichya vyaparache varnan karate.
prasiddha ming chiinii naudalpramukh zheng heey (cheng hoow) yanni 15vya shatkachya suruvatila anek vela kalikatala bhet dilee. zheng bahudha 1433 madhye tyachya pashchimekadil satvya samudraparyatanadarmyan kalikat yethe maran pavala.
pahilya ming mohimecha (1405-1407) eka pramukh uddesh kalikatche rajya hota. itihaskaranche asey mutt aahe qee haah tafa december 1406 teey april 1407 paryant kalikat yethe rahila. itar rajyantil rajdutansah kalikatche rajdoot 1407 madhye nankingla "shraddhanjali" denanya vastoo gheuun paratanaya (pahilya mohimetil) tafyasah gele. dusya mohimevar, 1408-09 madhye, zheng yanni punha kalikatala bhet dilee-tasech "chochin" (kochee) madhye thambale. dusya mohimetil (1408-1409) rajdutanni kalikatchya zamorincha "maanaa pihchiyalman" haah aupcharik "abhishek" keela. yaa pratishthapan samarambhachya smaranarth kalikat yethe eka smarak shilalekh ubharanyat aala. chiinii rajdutanni zamorin aanee tyachya sahakanyanna chiinii padvi aanee bhetvastu (brocade aanee gaj) dilya. bahudha december 1408 teey april 1409 yaa kalavadhit sumare chaar mahine kalikat yethe mukkam karnyat aala asava. tisya mohimene (1409-1411)-bharatachya palikade jaanari pahili moheem-dekhil kalikatala bhet dilee. 1411 madhye haah tafa kaliktahoon srilankela ravana jhaala. chauthya (1413-1415), pachvya (1417-1419), sahavya (1421-22) aanee satvya (1431-33) tafyannihi kalikatala bhet dilee. 1421, 1423 aanee 1433 madhye itaransah anek khandani pratinidhimandalanna kalikatchya shasakanni nanking aanee peckingla pathavale hote. kalikatmadhun bhetvastunmadhye ghode aanee kalee miricha samavesh hota. kalikatchya kahee rajdutanna anek prakarchya brocade sadar karnyat aalya. maa huan yanni anek vela kalikatala bhet dilee aanee yaa pradeshatil vyaparache varnan kele. fei-sinadekhil kalikat yetheel vegwan vyaparakade laksh dete.
chiinii vyaparache kahee avashesh sadhyachya kalikat shaharat aanee tyachya aaspas disu shakatat. yamadhye resheem rasta, chiinii killa ('chinakotta'), chiinii vasahat (kappadmadhye 'chinacherry') aanee chiinii masheed (panthalayini kollammadhe 'chinapally') yancha samavesh aahe.
portugijanshi sambandh.
1498 madhye kalikatmadhye vasco daa gamache utaran hii ashiyai itihasatil eka naveen tappyachi suruvat manali jaate, jyaa darmyan bharatiy mahasagaratil masalyanchya vyaparache niyantran madhya purvekadil muslimankadun europechya lokanchya haatee gele. kalikatmadhye sthayik jhalelya paradeshi vyapadhyanchi majboot vasahat pratikool hotee, parantu zamorinne portugijanche swagat kele aanee tyanna jahajavar masale ghenyachi parvanagi dilee. portugalmadhye, daa gama bharatatoon aanalelya vastunchi ganana "sampoorn ashiya mohimechya saath putt kharchane" kelee jaat asey.
portugijanni suruvatila kalikatchya zamorin aanee kalikatmadhil madhya purvekadil (paradeshi) vyapanyanshi shatrutvapurna sangharsh keela. pudhil kahee dashkant, estado daa india dekhil keralchya anek pramukh mapila vyapari kutumbanshi (visheshtah. sastan pranyanchya netrutvakhalil kannoor mappila aanee motee matsyavyavasay kinanyavaril marakkar). portugijanni jyachya naukanayanala adhikadhik lutale hote, teey kalikat rajya, pratikar kendra mhanoon vikasit jhaale. portugijanni keral bandaranvar gast ghalana tukadya kayam thevalya aanee mool naudalachya nighachya thikani chhape suruch thewale. portugijanna virodh karnyasathi mappila aanee marakkar vyapari malbar kinarpatti aanee silon yaa rajyanmadhye sakriyapane kaam karat hote. konkon, malbar kinarpatti, dakshin tamilanadu aanee paschim srilanka yethe naudal ladhaya suru jhalya. marakkar heey kalikatche naudal adhikari mhanoon rupantarit jhaale aanee tyanni portugijanshi ladhanyasathi jahajancha prabhavi sangrah aayojit keela.
kunjali markkaranna bharatiy kinanyavaril pahile naudal sanrakshn aayojit karnyache shrey dile jaate. "16 vya shatkat ponnanicha zainuddin makhdoom dusra (janm 1532 chya sumaras) yane lihilele 'tuhfat ool mujahideen' heey keralchya itihasavar purnapane aadharit asalele pahile dnyat pustak aahe, jeey eka kerali vyaktine lihile aahe. too arabi bhashet lihila gela aahe aanee tyat 1498 teey 1583 yaa kalat malbar kinanyavar vasahat karnyachya portugijanchya prayatnanviruddha kalikatchya zamorinchya bajoone kunjali marakkarchya naudalane kelelya pratikarabaddal mahitiche tukade aahet. teey pratham lisbanmadhye chhapale aanee prakashit kele gele. yaa aavruttichi eka prat kairo yetheel all-azhar vidyapithachya granthalayat jatan karnyat aalee aahe.
francisco dii almeida (1505-1509) aanee afonso dii albuquerq (1509-1515), jeey daa gamala bharatat anusarale, tyanni ashiyamadhye imperio vasahati portugij sthapan karnyat mahattvachi bhoomika bajavali. 16vya shatkachya madhyaparyant portugijanna kalikat aanee madhyapurvetil mahattvapoorn vyapar qamee karnyat yash aale. yaa shatkachya akheris, kannoor aanee kalikat yaa donhi bandaranna mage takat, kochee heey keralmadhil pramukh bandar hote. portugijanni vinatian aanee egyptian lokanni aashiyabarobarchya vyaparat dirghkal upbhogali hotee tee maktedari modoon taknyas suruvat kelee. egyptian aanee ottoman turkanna dhokyachi jaaniv jhaali, parantu tyanchyatalya antargat guntaguntinmule portugijanna sandhee midali. ponnani muhammad kunjali marakkarla akheris 1600 madhye kalikat rajya aanee portugij rajyachya sanyukt prabhavane fashi denyat aalee.
dutch aanee ingraji lokanshi sambandh.
1602 madhye, zamorinne aachehala sandesh pathavale, jithe vernigde zyushe companycha karkhana hota, dachanna teey aale aanee tethe vyapar keela tarr kalikat yethe eka killa denyache vachan dile. hans dii wolf aanee leffer yaa done ghatakanna aacheh yethoon ashiyai jahajavar pathvanyat aale hote, parantu tyaa doghanna tanoorchya pramukhane pakadale aanee portugijanchya tabyat dile. yaa lokanna nantar govyat fashi denyat aalee.
edmiral steven vanne dair hegen yanchya netrutvakhalil dutch tafa november 1604 madhye kalikat yethe aala. yamule keralmadhil dutch upasthitichi suruvat jhaali aanee tyanni 11 november 1604 roji kalikatashi eka karar keela. toparyant kalikatche rajya aanee bandar yanche mahatva khoopach qamee jhaale hote, joou dutch east india companyne bharatiy shaskashi kelela pahila karar dekhil hota. yaa kararamule portugijanna malbarmadhun hakaloon denyasathi doghanmadhye paraspar yutichi tartud jhaali. tyaa badalyat dutch east india companyla kalikat aanee ponnani yethe vyaparachya suvidha denyat aalya, jyat prashast bhandarehi hotee.
zamorinne pahilyanda madat magitalyanantar sumare pandhra varshanni dachanni khoop kahee vachan dile hote aanee jawaljawal kahihi dile navhate. zamorin shevati ingerjit aala. september 1610 madhye, mocha yetheel ingraji ghatakanna tethil mapilachya pramukhanni portugij tafyatoon yaa pradeshatil tyanchya jahajasathi sampark sadhala.
1615 saalee capton william keelingchya netrutvakhali eka gut teen jahajancha vapar karoon kozhikode yethe aala tevha ingrajanche keralmadhye aagman jhalyache disun yete. surr thomas roow heey yaa jahajanmadhyech chauthya mughal samrat jahangirla british rajdoot mhanoon bhetayala gele hote. ingrajanni eka vyapar karar (1616) keela, jyaantargat itarambarobarach ingrajanni portugijanna kochee killa aanee crangnore killyatoon baher kadhanyat kalikatala madat karavi. ingrajanni kalikat yethe eka karkhana ubharala aanee george woolman yaa ghatkala bhetvastuncha satha gheuun tithe pathavale jaate. parantu zamorinla lavkarach dutch jitke vishvasarh navhate titkech ingraj lashkari madtishi sambandhit hote. march 1617 madhye karkhana bund karnyat aala.
nantar 1661 madhye, portugij aanee kochee yanna parabhoot karnyasathi kalikat dachanchya netrutvakhalil yutimadhye sameel jhaale aanee anek yashasvi mohima chalavalya. 1755 madhye purakkadchya ladhait kozhikodechya shaktishali zamorincha parabhav karoon travancore heey keralmadhil sarvat prabhavi rajya banale. kyu aksharancha parinam mhanoon, frenchanni tyanchyavar kabja karoo naye mhanoon 1795 madhye malbar kinanyavaril dutch vasahati britishankade sopavanyat aalya. 1814 chya anglo-dutch tahanantar dutch malbar britishankade rahila, jyane vasahatcha vyapar banka betasah keela.
mysurcha vyavasay aanee tadjod vataghati.
1732 madhye palakkadchya pramukhanchya nimantranavarun mysurchya sainyane pahilyandach keralkade kooch kele. 1735 madhye teey punha disu lagale aanee 1737 madhye tyanni zamorinchya seema chaukyanvar chhapa takala. 1745 madhye, mysurchya sainyane kalikat yoddhyanshi teen ladhaya ladhalya. 1756 madhye tyanni pachvyanda kalikatvar aakraman kele. palakkadchya pramukhane swatahla mysurchya rajachya sanrakshanakhali thewale hote aanee 12,000 'fanam' chee varshik khandani denyas sahmati darshavali hotee. dindigulchya faujdar hyder aline 2000 ghodadal, 5,000 payadal aanee 5 bandukansah mukhdam sahebanna keralala pathavale. palakkadacha chhal karnyapasoon door rahanyache aanee mohimechya kharchasathi 12 laakh rupaye denyache vachan (karar, 1756) deuun zamorinne shatrula vikat ghenyacha prayatna keela. matra, zamorinla uchchabhru vyaktila kahihi dene shakya jhaale nahee.
1766 madhye, hyder alichya netrutvakhali 12,000 mysur sainyane mangalorehoon malbarkade kooch kele. malbarmadhil muslimankadun midalelya madatimule mysurche hetu sope jhaale. uttar keralmadhil eka muslim shasak kannoorcha allie rajanehi aakraman karananya sainyala madat kelee. thiar haah kalikatchya zamorinchya sainyacha bhag hota, joou hyder allie aanee tipu sultan yanchyaviruddha ladhala. zamorinne cherai panikarchya thia sainyachya pramukhala pradan kele. mysurchya sainyane uttar keral teey kochiparyant sapeksh sahajatene jinkale. hadder aline kotta nadivaril perinkolam ferivar kalikat yoddhyanna motha dhakka deela. mysur kalikat shaharachya bahereel bhagachya jawal jaat asatana, zamorinane tyachya bahutek natevaikanna ponnanimadhil surakshit aashraysthanat pathavale aanee tethoon travankorla pathavale aanee sharanagaticha upman talhanyasathi mananchira (27 april) yetheel tyachya rajwadyala aag lavoon aatmadah keela. hyder aline malbar jilha aaplya rajyat villin keela.
pann hyder aline koyambaturkade kooch karatach malbarmadhye nier bandkhori suru jhaali. zamorin kutumbatil kahee sadasyanni muslim kabjadharkanchya virodhat bund kele. yamadhye iralpadu krishnavarma aanee tyacha putanya ravivarma yancha samavesh hota. rajkumaranna british east india companychi madat midali. 1768 madhye zamorin rajkumarala kalikatmadhye punarsthapit karnyat aale aanee tyane mysurla varshik khandani denyache manya kele. 1774 paryant jawaljawal sahaa varshe hyder alibaddal kahihi aikale gele nahee. 1774 madhye srinivas raav yanchya netrutvakhalil mysur sainyane kalikat shahar tabyat ghetale. rajkumar eka mool jahajatoon travankorla nivrutt jhaala. aata pratikar karanyachi kathee tyacha putanya ravee varmakade gelee. 1782 madhye ravee varmane companyla kalikat tabyat ghenyas madat kelee. 1784 madhye jhalelya mangalorechya tahadvare malbar mysurla parat denyat aale. 1785 madhye mahasool adhikadhyanchya dadapshahimule manjerichya mappilanni bund kele. bandkhoranna parabhoot karnyat madat kelyabaddalche bakshis mhanoon aanee anshatah protsahan mhanoon, tipu sultanane 1786 madhye ravee verma yanchyavar nivruttivetan aanee "jagir" nishchit kele. shantata lavkarach tutali aanee tipune monchya netrutvakhali 6,000 sainik pathavale. keralala laalee.
laurd cornwallisne 1790 madhye keralchya pramukhanna aaplyabarobar yenyache aamantran dile aanee bhavishyat tyanna mysurpasoon purnapane swatantra karnyache aanee companychya sanrakshanakhali vajvi atinvar tyanna kayam thevanyache aashvasan dile. rajkumar ravee verma yanni trichinopoly yethe samanya kurananna bhetale aanee kalikatchya sahkaryachya atty tyachyashi tharvalya. tisya mysur yuddhanantar (1790-1792), malbarla seringpattamchya tahadvare companychya niyantranakhali thevanyat aale.
1792 madhye sanyukt aayogashi jhalelya tadjodichya vataghatimadhye, zamorin betal tharala. tyachyavar dabav aananyasathi, tyachya purvichya pradeshancha (payanadu, piormla, kizhakkumpuram, vadakkampuram aanee pulavayi) eka bhag east india companyche vyavasthapak mhanoon kurumburanaduchya shaskala bhadepattivar denyat aala. akheris, pradirgh vataghatinantar, zamorincha vanshparamparagat pradesh, naane pudina aanee sagari ritirivajansaha tyala parat bhadepattivar denyat aala. tyala chhotya rajyakartyanvar tatpurte adhikarkshetra dekhil denyat aale hote aanee malbarmadhil zamorinchya apavadatmak sthitiche prateek mhanoon, bepur, parappanadu aanee vettattunadusathi nishchit kelela mahasool tyachyadvare bharayacha hota. purvi namood kelyapramane, hii curr-bharana aanee adhikarkshetratil vyavastha nantar sampushtat aanali gelee aanee kalikatcha zamorin haah keval "malikhana" midavanara nivruttivetandharak jamindar banala. 1 julai 1800 roji malbarchi madrasachya adhyakshapadi badali karnyat aalee. 15 november 1806 roji kalikatcha zamorin aanee ingraj yanchyatil bhavishyatil rajkiy sambandhanvar visamboon asalela karar amalat aanala gela.
prashasana.
itihaskar emm. jee. tyanchya karkirdichya shikharavar asatana, zamorinanni kollampasoon teey panthalayini kollam (koyilandi) paryantchya pradeshavar rajya kele. tyanchya pradeshat qamee-adhik pramanat swatantra asalelya aanuvanshik sthanik pramukhanni kalikatmadhil zamorinche adhipatyakhalil varchasva manya kele. zamorinne visheshadhikar aanee padvi deuun sanmanit kelele sthanik shrimant lock kalikatvar adhik avalambun hote. yuddhanchya velee pramukh aanee dhanadhyanni zamorinla yoddhe puravale aanee jevha shatrune tyanchya adhipatyache atikraman kele tevha tyanche sanrakshn kele gele.
kahee sthanik pramukhanni rajyabhishek samarambh keela, tyaeivaji kalikatchya zamorinpramanech, kahinni kshatriy darjacha dawa keela aanee tyanchyapaiki kahinni 'raja' hii padvi dekhil vaparali. vettam uday mootha kovil, tirumanasheri namboothiri, talappally punnathur nambadi, talappally kakkattu nambadi, vannilsherry padinjare nambadi, parappur karippuva kovil, chittur nambuthirippadu, manakkulathil mooppil, parappur valavil kovil, parappur kayavil kovil, venginnadu nambadi, kurumburanadu madampu yunithiri heey kalikat samrajyache kahee sthanik pramukh hote.
keey. vhee. kozhikode yetheel darbari itihaskar krishna ayyar spasht karatat;
"kurumburanadu, payayanadu, polanadu, ponnani, cheranadu, venkadakkotta, malappuram, kappul, mannarakkadu, karimpula, nedunganadu, naduvattom, kolangod, koduvayur aanee mankara yaa dakshinekadil ardhya bhagavyatirikt kozhikodechya rajyat upanadi rajya mhanoon khaleel pradeshancha samavesh hotah kottayam, payyormala, pulavayi, tanore, chaliyam, bepore, parappanadu, tirunavaya, talpalli-kakkad, talapalli-punnathur, chittur, chavakkad, kavlappara, edapalli, patinjat, crangan, collan, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu, kollu,"
18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat rajyane fakt khaleel pradeshancha samavesh kelah
"payanadu, polanadu, ponnani, chernadu, venkatkotta, malappuram, kappul, mannarkad, karimpula aanee nedunganadu. zamorinne-qamee-adhik prabhavasah-piormal, pulavayi, bepur, parappanadu, tanor, talpalli, chavakkadu aanee kavalappara yanchyavar sarvoch sarvbhoum asalyacha dawa keela. kozhikodene kollangod-venginnadu, koduvayur aanee mankara yanchyavar adhik purn aanee tatkal sarvbhaumatva dekhil tabyat ghetale hote."
sarvadhi karyakarta' navachya chaar vanshparamparagat mukhyamantryanni aanee 'karyakarta' aanee 'poulty' navachya anek mantryanni zamorinla kalikatmadhil sarkarchya kamat madat kelee. karyakartyanchi niyukti aanee tyanna zamorinane kadhoon takale. adhikarya, thalchennavar, achchanmar aanee mandiranche padadhikari dekhil poltinche hote. rajvadyanche hindu pujari, jyotishi ityadi vidhee tadnya hote. tasech doctor, vinkar aanee lashkari karmchari yasarkhe vividh vyavsayik gut, jeey serve shahee aasthapaneshi jodalele hote.
shahbandar koya.
jaree kalikatchya zamorinne tyachya mahasulacha motha bhag bharatiy mahasagaratil masalyanchya vyaparavar curr aakarun midavala, parantu tarihi tyane purnapane vikasit vyapari rajya chalavale nahee. zamorinanni vyapar paradeshi (madhya purv) aanee keralchya muslimanchya haatee sodala.
shahbandar koya (kadhikadhi khwaja, jyala kozhikodecha koya mhanoon olakhale jaate) heey kalikatmadhil eka visheshadhikarprapt prashasakeey padd hote. bahutek ashiyai rajyanmadhye shaskanantar shahbandar haah dusra sarvat mahattvacha adhikari hota. kalikat bandaratil vyapar yaa muslim vyapari-saha-bandar aayuktanchya niyantranakhali hota. tyane rajachya vatine simashulkanche nirikshan kele, vastoonchya kimmati nishchit kelya aanee khajinyat vaataa gola keela. simashulkacha shetkari mhanoon bandaravar dalali aanee nivadanuk curr vasool karnyacha adhikarhi tyanna hota.
paramparenusar, too muscut, omancha eka vyapari hota jyane zamorinla valluvanadu jinkanyasathi pravrutt kele. tyanantar kalikatchya zamorinane koyala 'shahbandar' mhanoon niyukt kele. tyala "nier pramukhanche serve visheshadhikar aanee pratishtha, kalikatchya bajarat rahana serve muslimanvar adhikarkshetra, ilavar (tiar), kammalar (suthar, sutar, dagad kamgar ii.) yanchyakadun bhetvastu midvanyacha adhikar dekhil deela jaato.) aanee jevha jevha zamorin tyanna aupcharik prasangi konatahi sanman pradan karato tevha mukkuwar.
mahasool aanee vyapar.
kalikat samrajyasathi mahasulache pramukh srot aseh
kalikatchya zamorinane masalyanchya vyaparavar curr ladoon tyachya mahasulacha motha bhag midavala. jaree jyoo, coromandal kinanyavaril chetty aanee gujaratmadhil vanya yaa sarvancha kalikatmadhye aanee tethoon vyapar hott asala, taree kinarpattivaril aanee paradeshatil vyaparavar muslimanche varchasva hote. muslim vyapadhyanmadhye sthanik (mappila aanee marakkar) tasech madhyapurvetil muslimancha samavesh hota. bharatiy mahasagaratil fayadeshir masalyanchya vyaparavar paradeshi lokanche varchasva hote.
arabi samudratoon vahoon nenyat yenanya vastunmadhye masale-mirpud, aale aanee veldode-aanee pathavalelya vastrodyog aanee naralachi utpadane yancha samavesh hota. kalikatmadhye aayat kelya jaananya vastunmadhye sone aanee tambe, chandi, ghode (visheshtah kannoor), resheem, vividh sugandhi aanee itar kirkol vastoo yancha samavesh hota. bharatiy kinarpattivaril vyapar jaalyamadhye naral, kathya, mirpud, veldode, dalchini aanee tandul yasarkhya vastooncha samavesh hota. canara aanee coromandal kinanyatoon kalikat rajyat tandul hii eka pramukh aayat vastoo hotee. mannarchya aakhatatun jaananya annadhanyacha qamee kimaticha pann mothya pramanat honara vyapar dekhil malbar kinanyavaril sthanik musalman hatalat asat. kozhikade bandaranmadhye sthanik lock vastunche puravathadar aanee grahak hote.
kalikatmadhye takalelya nanyanmadhye panam (sonyapasoon banavalelya), taram (chandipasoon banavalelya) aanee kasu (tambyapasoon banavalelya) yancha samavesh hota. pudinacha prabhari adhikari 'manavikramnacha suvarnakar' mhanoon olakhala jaat asey. 1766 madhye shahee pudina nasht karnyat aala.
portugijpurv kalikat rajyat prachalit asalelya nanyanmadhye pagoda/pratap navachi sonyachi nanee, gujaratche chandiche tanga, vijapurche, vijaynagarche aanee parshiyatil lerine, kairoche zerafin, venesian aanee genoan ducat yancha samavesh hota. kalikat rajyat prachalit asalelya itar nanyanmadhye-kahivelela-riyal ('erael'), darma ('natak'), rupaya ('uruppika'), rashee ('rachee') aanee venadu chakr yancha samavesh hota. venadu nanee-asey disate-mysorian madhyantaranantar prachalit jhaali.
russie nantar kaliyug rayan panamla marg deela. kaliyug rayan panamche done prakar hote. yapaiki eka (kannoorne jaaree kelele) nantar virarayan puteey panam navachya zamorinne anukaran kele, jenekarun teey kannoorchya nanyapasun vegale karata yeil, jeey nantar pazaya panam jhaale. chaar pazaya panam eka rupaya banavat asat tarr sadeteen puthia panam eka rupayachya barobariche.
lashkari.
parabhoot pramukh aanee european rajyapalanprati kalikatchi vrutti samanyatah sanyamane lakshaniy hotee. sampoorn jinkalelya bhagavar thet kalikatche rajya navhate, tarr kalikatchya adhikaanyaache (sarchitanis, mantri kinwa iradi rajkumar) rajya hote. kadhikadhi, tyachya purvichya shasakanna eka samant kinwa saranjamdar mhanoon rajya karanyachi parvanagi hotee.
kalikatchya sainyat pramukhyane saranjamdar shasak aanee pramukhanni aanalelya saranjamdar karancha samavesh hota. pahilyache paach varganmadhye vibhajan karnyat aale hote (paach hajaranche, hajaranche, pachsheche, teensheche aanee shambharche senapati). kalikat, ponnani, chavakkad, chunganadu ityadi mokyachya thikani ubhe sainya thevanyat aale hote. shastradhari prashikshak dharmottu panikkar yane yoddhyanna aadnya dilee. nammatra ghodadalache netrutva kuthiravattu nier karat asey. ghodadalachya tulanet nayarchi sainyadal santh gatine chaalat hotee aanee nehmi payee ladhaychi.dharmoth panikar, cherai panikar aanee teey samuthiri sainyatil mahattvache lashkarpramukh dekhil hote. 
portugijanchya aagmanapurvich banduka aanee chendu vaparanyachi mahitee hotee. mappilanni thenayancherry ilayathuchya netrutvakhali bandukdharyanche mukhya sainya tayar kele.
kunjali marakkar.
16 vya shatkat kunjali marakkaranni kalikat zamorinchya tafyache naudalpramukh mhanoon prabhavipane kaam kele. mapila navik tyanchya naudalatil chhapamar yuddhasathi aanee jahajavar hatmilavanichya ladhatisathi prasiddha hote. chhotya, halakya shastrasajj aanee atyant gatishil asalelya mappila jahaje, bharatachya paschim kinanyavaril portugij naukanayanasathi eka motha dhoka hotee. parantu mappila tofkhana nikrusht darjacha hota aanee jahaje mothya pramanat sanyukt/sanghatit mohimansathi asamarth hotee. vyapari mapila coursair kadhat aanee portugij nakabandichya palikade masalyanchi vahtook karnyasathi tyancha vapar karat.
itihaskarancha assa andaj aahe qee marakkar heey pramukhyane coromandal kinanyavaril bandaranmadhun khadyapadarth aanee keral aanee shrilankechya aateel bhagatil masalyanche puravathadar hote. portugijanshi vair suru honyapurvi marakkar heey konkanmadhil tandalache vyapari hote, asey kahinche mutt aahe. eka ismel marakkar haah kochimadhil eka pramukh tandul vyapari asalyache disate. keralmadhil portugijanchya upasthitichya suruvatichya varshanmadhye, kochiche mool muslim vyapari-jase qee cherina/kareene maker (kareem marakkar), mamale (muhammad) marakkar, mitos marakaram, nino marakkar, allie apule, koje mappila aanee abraham mappila ii. - tyanchyasathi masalyanche puravathadar mhanoon kaam kele. keralmadhil portugij vasahatinsathi marakkar lock khadyapadarthancha puravathahi karat asat. kochinche mamale marakkar heey deshatil sarvat shrimant vyakti hote. heey vyapari, itar mothya mappila aanee syrian khrishchan vyapanyansah, masalyanchi kharedi aanee europemadhun aanalelya vastoonchya vikrimadhye dalal aanee madhyasth mhanoonahi kaam karat asat.
kochinmadhil portugij khajgi vyapadhyanche vyavsayik hitsambandh heey mappila aanee (tamil) maraikkayar vyapanyanshi sangharshat aale. 1520 chya dashkaparyant, portugij aanee mappila yanchyatil, dakshin bharatat aanee paschim shrilanket ughad sangharsh hii eka samanya ghatana bunley. naudalatil ladhayanchya malikenantar, ekekali shaktishali asalelya chinna kutty alila 1540 madhye portugijambarobar shantatesathi khatala dakhal karnyas bhag padale gele. kannoor aboo bucker allie (1545) chya muslim nyayadhishachya hatyemule lavkarach shantata bhang jhaali aanee portugijanni punha mapilachya virodhat jordar hallah keela. 16vya shatkachya akheris portugijanna shevati 'mapila aavhan' hatalata aale. kunjali marakkar chautha yacha, zamorinchya madatine, see. madhye parabhav jhaala aanee tyala thaar maranyat aale. 1600. chauthya marakkarchya fashinantarhi, kunjali marakkar hii padvi jawaljawal shatakbhar astitvat rahili.
chaar pramukh kunjali marakkar asey hoteh
kalikat zamorinchi yadee.
aitihasik kagadpatranmadhye kalikatchya zamorinchya vaiyaktik navancha kvachitach ullekh aahe. rajgharanyatil purush sadasyanna maan vikram, manved aanee veer raay hii ekmev nave denyat aalee hotee, jamorinla nehmich manavikram mhanoon olakhale jaat asey. manved haah junya malayalam shirshak 'munn viyat' chaa apbhransh asoo shakato. portugij itihaskar diogo dii koto haah kalkramanusar yojana tayar karnyacha prayatna karnara pahila hota.
daad zamorin auph kalikat' (1938) buy keey. madheel kalikatchya shasakanchi yadee khalilpramane aahe. vhee. krishna ayyar. pahila stambh (nahee.) 1610 madhye zamorin rajya karnyapurvi 98 zamorin hote yaa dii. kautochya gruhitakachya aadhare, sattadhari kutumbachya sansthapkankadun mojalya gelelya zamorinchi sankhya dete.
pahila rajvansh.
abhijat vanshache mool sthan nediyiruppu hote aanee gharacha pramukh nediyiruppu mutta eradi mhanoon olakhala jaat asey, hii padvi zamorinchya padatil pachvya kramankacha hota. kodungallur cher shasakanchya netrutvakhali mutta iradine 'ernad utaiyar' yaa upadhine ernadvar rajya kele. nantar yaa kulane aapale purvajanche ghar sodoon dile aanee aapale nivassthan sadhyachya kozhikodmadhye hastantarit kele.
dusare rajvansh.
asey disate qee mool shasak kutumbacha ant kalikatchya 114 vya zamorines jhaala. 115vaa zamorin, dusya shasak kutumbatil pahila, 1706 madhye nileswaram yethoon dattak ghetalelya rajkumaranpaiki sarvat juna hota.
aaj zamorin kutumb.
1800 paryant kalikatche zamorin travankorhun kalikatala paratale. british rajvatit, malbarche mukhya mahatva mirchya utpadanat hote. companyne zamorinna 'maalee khana' navache varshik paise deuun tyanna 'nivruttivetan' milananya gharmalakachya padavar aanale. 1947 madhye swatantryanantar bharat sarkarne deyake (maalee khana) tabyat ghetali. rajgharane pannas varshanpasun vividh sarkarankadun nivruttivetan midvanyacha prayatna karat aahe. keral sarkarne 2013 madhye rajgharanyatil sadasyanna masik nivruttivetan denyacha nirnay ghetala.
sadhya kalikatcha zamorin 46 hindu mandirancha (malbar devaswom mandalachya antargat, madarsa etch. mhanoon) vishvast aahe. aar andd see. eae kayada 1956) uttar keralmadhye, jyat paach vishesh darjachya mandirancha samavesh aahe, jyamule lakshaniy mahasool midato. guruvayur shree krishna mandirachya vyavasthapan samitivar dekhil zamorinche kayamswarupi sthan aahe. zamorinchi madhyamik shaala-jee taalee mandirakade pahat aahe-1877 madhye sthapan karnyat aalee aanee heey kutumb zamorinchya guruvayurappan mahavidhyalayache vyavasthapan karate.
tyanchya khajgi sangrahat asalelya kalakruti jatan karnyasathi kutumbane sarkarchi madat magitali aahe. yaa sangrahat tadpatrachya hastalikhite, talwari, dhaal aanee itar maulyavan vastooncha samavesh aahe. malbar devaswom mandalachya aayuktanni alikadech keral rajya sarkarla prastav deela qee zamorinsarkhya aanuvanshik (khajgi) vishvastanchya akhtyarit asaleli mandire mandalala jodali jaavi.