
sthalantar

sthalantar mhanje itaratra sthayik honyachya (kayamswarupi desh sodanyachya) hetune rahivasi desh kinwa nivassthan sodanyachi krutee. yaulat, sthalantar mhanje eka deshatoon dusya deshat lokanchi (kayamswarupi eka deshat sthalantar karnyasathi) halchal. eka sthalantarit tyanchya junya deshatoon "sthalantarit" hoto aanee tyanchya naveen deshat "sthalantarit" hoto. asha prakare, sthalantar aanee sthalantar heey donhi sthalantar varnan karatat, parantu vegvegalya deshanchya drushtikonatun. 
lokanna eka thikanahun baher dhakaloon dusyakade aakarshit karnyasathi loksankhyashastradnya dabav aanee odh ghatakanche parikshan karatat. jameen kinwa nokyanchi kamatarata kinwa anyaykarak vaganuk yasarkhya nakaratmak paristhitinpasun vachanyachi ichcha asoo shakate. lokanna itaratra upalabdh asalelya sandhinkade aakarshit kele jaau shakate. dadapshahichya paristhititun paloon jaane, nirvasit asane aanee paradeshat nirvasit darja midvanyasathi aashray ghene, yamule kayamswarupi sthalantar houu shakate.
saktiche visthapan mhanje, saktiche loksankhya hastantaran kinwa vanshik shuddikaranacha dhoka yasarkhya tyanchya mool deshacha tyag karnyas bhag padale jaanare gut. yaa arthane nirvasit aanee aashray shodhanare hii sthalantar karanyachi sarvat upekshit tokachi prakarane aahet, jyanna tyanchya pravasat aanee naveen vyavasthanmadhye samakalit honyachya prayatnanmadhye anek adthalyanna tond dyave lagate. yaa arthane vidvananni vyavasay, bigger sarkari sanstha, shaikshanik sanstha aanee prapt karananya samudayanmadhil itar bhagdharkankadun vividh kshetranmadhye sahbhag ghenyache aavahan kele aahe.
itihas.
gelya kahee shambhar varshant jagbharatil asankhya aarthik, samajik aanee rajkiy badalanmule deshantar karnyachya paddhatinna aakar midala aahe. udaharanarth, 18vya, 19vya aanee 20vya shatkat lakho lock europemadhil garibi, hinsachar aanee rajkiy ashantatetun paloon america aanee oshaniyamadhye sthayik jhaale. tyachpramane, 19vya aanee 20vya shatkachya suruvatila lakho lokanni chiinii diasporamadhye dakshin chean sodala.
"dhakalane" aanee "khechane" heey ghatak.
loksankhyavid lokanna baher kadhana mool ghatakanmadhye, tyanna aat odhana gantvyasthanavaril ghatakanmadhye farak karatat. sthalantar karnyache hetu ektar lokanna door aakarshit karnyasathi protsahan asoo shakatat, jyanna 'pull' ghatak mhanatat kinwa ekhadya vyaktila baher jaanyas protsahit karnari paristhiti asoo shakate. sthalantaritanchi halchal samajoon ghenyachya tyanchya prayatnanmadhye, push aanee pull ghatakanchi vividhata vyavasthapan shishyavruttichi mahitee dete.
teeka.
kahee vidwan aantarrashtriy sthalantar samajoon ghenyachya 'push-pull' drushtikonavar teeka karatat. ekhadya thikanabaddal sakaratmak kinwa nakaratmak ghatakanchya yadyababat, jose see. moya lihitat, "sthalantar naan jhalelya kalkhandasathi aanee thikanansathi ekhadi vyakti sahajpane samaan yadya sankalit karoo shakat hotee."
aakadevari.
sthalantarapeksha, anek deshanmadhye tatpuratya kinwa kayamswarupi aadharavar desh sodananya vyaktinchya sandarbhat kahee nondi nondavalya gelya kinwa rakhalya gelya aahet. tyamule, sthalantaravaril andaj duyyam strotankadun ghene aavashyak aahe, jase qee prapt karananya deshachya sthalantar nondi kinwa itar prashasakeey sansthankadun nondi.
deshantar honyacha darr vadhatach rahila asoon 2017 madhye too 280 dashalkshanparyant pohochala aahe.
udaharanarth, aarmeniyamadhye, viman, railway, railway kinwa vahatukichya itar madhyamandvare deshat yenanya kinwa desh sodoon jaananya lokanchi ganana karoon sthalantarachi ganana kelee jaate. yethe, sthalantar nirdeshank jaast aaheh 1.5% loksankhya darvarshi desh sodoon jaate. kharey tarr, 20 vya shatkapasoon sthalantar haah sanskraticha bhag banalelya deshanpaiki haah eka desh aahe. udaharanarth, 1990 teey 2005 darmyan andaje 3,00,000 armeniyan lokanni desh sodala. sthalantaritanchi zapatyane vadhanari sankhya hii deshachya samajik-rajkiy aanee aarthik kshetranna thet pratisad aahe. antargat sthalantar (deshatil sthalantar) mothe aahe (28.7%), tarr aantarrashtriy sthalantar heey 15 varshe aanee tyahoon adhik vayachya lokanchya ekoon sthalantarapaiki 71.3% aahe. sthalantar aanee paryayanchi upalabdhata yaa donhi prakaranchi karane samajoon ghene mahatvache aahe. udaharanarth, aarmeniyamadhye, rajdhani yerevanmadhye serve kahee sthanik aahe, asha prakare, antargat sthalantar gavanmadhun aanee lahan shaharanmadhun deshatil sarvat mothya shaharat hote. sthalantar honyache kaaran kaam kinwa abhyas asoo shakato. aantarrashtriy sthalantar heey kaam kinwa abhyas yaa sthalantaritanchya samaan tarkanche anusaran karate. russia, france aanee us hii tyachi mukhya thikane aahet.
sthalantar nirbandh.
kahee desh tyanchya nagarikanchya itar deshanmadhye sthalantar karnyachya kshamatevar nirbandh ghalatat. 1668 nantar, king samratane hahn chiinii lokanchya manchuria yetheel sthalantaravar bandee ghatali. 1681 madhye, samratane vilo paliced bandhanyache aadesh dile, jyachya palikade chiinii lokanna manchu aanee mangol jamininvar atikraman karnyas manai hotee.
nantarchya soviet unionchya soviet samajvadi prajasattakanni 1918 madhye asey nirbandh suru kele, kayade aanee seema kadak kelya aanee 1928 paryant bekaydeshir sthalantar karane jawaljawal ashakya hoiparyant. heey majboot karnyasathi, tyanni antargat parpatra niyantran aanee vaiyaktik shahar propisca (nivassthan) parvane sthapan kele, tyachbarobar 101 vya kilometer navachya antargat swatantrya nirbandhansah, niyam jeey agadi lahan bhagatahi halchalinvar mothya pramanat nirbandh ladatat.
1945 madhye dusya mahayuddhachya shevati, soviet unionne anek madhya european deshanvar kabja keela, jyanna ektritpane purv gut mhanatat, jyat navyane adhigrahit kelelya bhagat rahana bahusankhya lock swatantryachi aakanksha balgat hote aanee sovietanni baher padave ashee tyanchi ichcha hotee. 1950 purvi, soviet-vyapt purv europeey deshanmadhun 1.5 kotinhoon adhik lock sthalantarit jhaale aanee dusya mahayuddhanantarchya paach varshant lagechach paschimekade sthalantarit jhaale. 1950 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, rashtriy chalvalivar niyantran thevanyachya soviet drushtikonache anukaran urvarit purvekadil gatane kele. purv gatamadhye lagoo karnyat aalelya nirbandhanmule bahutek purv-paschim sthalantar thambale, 1950 teey 1990 darmyan keval 13.3 laakh sthalantar paschimekade jhaale. tathapi, purv aanee paschim berlin darmyan astitvat asalelya vyavasthetil "truti" dware darvarshi lakho purv german paschim germanyt sthalantarit jhaale, jithe chaar kabja kelelya mahayuddhatil shaktinni chalval niyantrit kelee. sthalantaramule purv germanytun paschim germanykade tarun sushikshit vyavsayikancha mothya pramanat 'mendu nichara' jhaala, jyadvare purv germanychya loksankhyepaiki sumare 20 takke lock 1961 paryant paschim germanyt sthalantarit jhaale hote. 1961 madhye, purv germanyne kateri tarancha adthala ubharala joou akheris berlinchya bhintivar bandhkam karoon vistarla gela, jyamule truti prabhavipane bund jhalya. 1989 madhye berlinchi bhint padali, tyanantar german ekikaran jhaale aanee done varshant soviet unionche vighatan jhaale.
1950 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant, aantarrashtriy halchalinvar niyantran thevanyachya soviet drushtikonache anukaran chean, mangolia aanee uttar koreane dekhil kele. uttar koria ajunahi sthalantaravar kadak nirbandh ghalato aanee jagatil sarvat kathor sthalantar bandipaiki eka kayam thevato, jaree kahee uttar koriyache lock ajunahi bekaydeshirpane chinmadhye sthalantar karnyas saksham aahet. ekekali kinwa dusya velee kadak sthalantar nirbandh asalelya itar deshanmadhye angola, egypt, ethiopia, mosambic, somalia, afghanistan, berma, lokshahi campuchia (1975 teey 1979 paryant kambodiya), laos, uttar vietnam, iraq, dakshin yaman aanee kyuba yancha samavesh hota.