
ardag-johnson line

ardag-johnson resha hii kashmirchi ishanya seema aahe jee sarvekshak william johnsonne kadhali aahe aanee johnn charles ardag yanni bharatachi adhikrut seema mhanoon shifaras kelee aahe. teey chinchya shinjiang aanee tibet swayatt pradeshanna lagoon aahe.
aardag-johnson resha hii british bharatiy sarkarne vicharat ghetalelya teen seema reshanpaiki eka aahe, itar done mhanje mccartney-mcdonald resha aanee karakoram parvatarangela lagoon asaleli eka resha. teen paryayanmadhil britishanchi pasanti kalantarane bharatatil tyanchya dhoranatmak hitsambandhanchya aakalnavar aadharit hotee. ardag-johnson resha hii 'forward school' chey pratinidhitva karat hotee, jee vadhatya russian samrajyachya virodhat sanrakshn mhanoon seema shakya titkya pudhe neuu ichchit hotee. adhik puranmatvadi mccartney-mcdonald reshela manyata denyas chiinii anichhenantar, british akheris aksai chiin bhagatil aaghadichya reshet paratale, jee nantar swatantra prajasattakala varshane midali.
vyutpatti.
doubleu. etch. johnson heey bharatiy sarvekshanane sthapan kelelya kashmir sarvekshan pathkamadhye ladakhche pramukh sarvekshak hote. tyanni 1865 madhye aata akshai chiin mhanoon olakhalya jaananya pradeshache sarvekshan kele. sarvekshanache parinam 1868 madhye kashmir etalasmadhye prakashit karnyat aale. tyat darshavilelya seema 1947 paryantchya british rajvatichya serve british aanee aantarrashtriy nakashanmadhye punarutpadit kelya gelya aahet. (nakashe 2-4 pahaa.)
mejar general johnn charles ardag heey londonmadhil british lashkari guptachar vibhagache pramukh hote, jyanni 1897 madhye johnsonne bharatachi seema mhanoon kadhaleli sanrekhan british bharatiy sarkarla aupcharikpane prastavit kelee.
itihaskar alastair lamb yanni tyanchya 'daad chayana-india border' (1964) yaa pustakat 'johnson boundry' aanee patrakar neville maxwell yanni 'johnson line' yaa shabdancha vapar keela hota. yaa lekhakanpurvi kashmirchya ishanyekadil seema reshansathi konatihi nave vaparali jaat navhati. vidwan steven hoffman yanni nantar samanyatah british nakashanvar darshavilelya reshecha sandarbh denyasathi 'ardag-johnson resha' vaparali, jee tyachya uttarekadil simevaril 'johnson reshe' peksha vegali aahe.
prarambhik sarvekshan.
meey 1865 madhye, doubleu. etch. kashmir malikecha eka bhag mhanoon, 'chang chenmo khonyachya palikade aanee uttares' sarvekshan karnyasathi bharatiy sarvekshanache johnson yanna niyukt karnyat aale hote. tyanusar, too mukhya vyapar margache anusaran karat, aataparyant shodhalya gelelya akshai hanuvatiche ghaighaine uttar-dakshin pravas sarvekshan karat hota-darroj sarasari sumare tees mail. 
parinami 1867 madhye nakasha prakashit jhaala. johnsonne namood kele qee khotanchi seema kunlun parvatanmadhil brinjja yethe hotee aanee sampoorn karakash khore kashmirchya haddit hote. sanju khindipasoon teey kunlun parvatanchya bajoone chang chenmo khonyachya purvekadil kathaparyant pasarlelya kashmirchya seames 'johnson resha' asey sambodhale jaate.
1893 madhye, seent yethe eka varishtha chiinii adhikari, tang taa-cheen. pietersbergne eka nakasha pradan keela joou ardag-johnson resheshi vistrut tapashilat julala. tyane zinjiangchi seema raskamparyant darshavili. purvekade, teey ardag-johnson reshesarkhech hote, jyamule kashmir pradeshat aksai chean hotee.
aardagh prastav.
1800 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun, sthanik sarkari adhikari asha paar-nakashanchya achukatebaddal adhikadhik naraj hote aanee parinami, naveen sarvekshane (seema aayogansah) varanvar sthapan kelee jaat hotee. tathapi, ishanya kashmirchi atyant durgam bhoogarbhiy paristhiti aanee aksai chinavar panyache khadde nishchit karnyat adchan yacha arth yaa pradeshacha samavesh asalelya achook sarvekshanancha satat abhav hota. 
1888 madhye ladakhchya sanyukt aayuktanni bharatachya pararashtra vibhagala uttar aanee purv kashmirchya simanche spasht seemankan karanyachi vinanti kelee. pudhe aanee pudhe byanch kalanantar, vibhagane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee johnson (aanee jeey tyanche anusaran karat hote) yanna indus panlot kshetrabaddal avishvasaniy drushtikon hota aanee tyanche paar-nakashe pradeshik simancha nirnay ghenyacha uddesh purn karnyasathi itake achook (aanee tapashilancha abhav) hote.
1897 madhye surr johnn ardag yaa british lashkari adhikaone yarkand nadichya uttarekadil kunaloon parvatanchya shikharavar seema resha prastavit kelee. chean kamkuvat jhalyamule tyaa velee brittenla russian vistarachya dhokyachi chinta hotee aanee ardagne yuktivad keela qee tyachi resha adhik sanrakshanatmak hotee. ardag resha hii prabhavipane johnson reshecha badal hotee aanee tee 'ardag-johnson resha' mhanoon olakhali jaau lagali.
parinam.
1911 madhye zinhai krantimule chinmadhye satta badalali aanee pahilya mahayuddhachya akheris britishanni adhikrutpane ardag-johnson resha vaparali. 1917 teey 1933 paryant, chean sarkarne peckingmadhye prakashit kelelya 'postal atlus auph chayana' madhye, kunlun parvatanvar chalana ardag-johnson reshenusar aksai chinmadhil seema darshavili gelee. 1925 madhye prakashit jhalelya 'paking university atlus' neey dekhil akshai hanuvati bharatat aanali.
swatantra bharatachi seema.
1947 madhye swatantrya midalyanantar, bharat sarkarne paschimes aapali adhikrut seema nishchit kelee, jyat aksai cheencha samavesh hota, jee ardag-johnson resheshi julanari hotee. seema paribhashit karnyacha bharatacha aadhar 'pramukhyane dirghkal vapar aanee prathenusar' hota.. johnson reshechya ulat, bharatane shahidullah aanee khotanjavalachya uttarekadil bhaganvar dawa keela nahee.