
dainandin itihas

daad delly chronicle heey eka british vruttpatra hote jeey 1872 teey 1930 paryant prakashit jhaale jevha teey 'dainik batmyanmadhye' villin houn 'vrutt vruttant' banale.
paya.
1855 madhye ardhapeni 4 pananche saptahik mhanoon sthapan karnyat aalelya 'clerkenwell news andd domestic intelligencer' mhanoon jeevan suru karananya sthanik vruttapatratun edward lloyd yanni 'dainik itihas' vikasit keela hota.
1853 madhye jahirat aanee prakashit batmyanvaril kartavye radd kelyanantar aanee julai 1855 madhye suru karnyat aalelya yaa sthanik vruttapatrane chhotya vaiyaktik jahiratinmadhye vishesh kaushalya prapt kele. suruvatila, tyat sthanik batmyanpeksha sumare tippat jahirati hotya.
heey sootra lokpriy hott asatana, tyacha aakar aanee varanvarta vadhat gelee aanee anekada tyache naav julanyasathi badalale. 1872 madhye, shevati teey 'london delly chronicle andd clerkenwell news' varoon 'delly chronicle' madhye badalale. tyanantar too darroj aath pananmadhye prakashit hott hota, jyapaiki ardhi batami aanee ardhi jahirat hotee.
edward lloyd yanna jahiratinmadhye khoop rus hota. tyat lakshaniy utpann nirman karanyachi kshamata hotee aanee tyamule kagadachi sanrakshn kimmat qamee thewali jaau shakate. kalantarane, tyane "kalkramanusar" milananya mahasulat sumare 40 takke yogdan dile. magani itaki majboot hotee qee pratyek olisathi changli kimmat aakarli jaau shakat hotee, parantu tarihi jahirat ardhyahun adhik kagdaparyant maryadit nasavi. 81 fleet streetvaril lobbyne anaupacharik kamgar vinimay mhanoon kaam kele jethe jahiratdar aanee lakshya vyaktishah ekmekancha shodh ghetil.
suruvatichi varshe.
lloydne 1876 madhye haah kagad vikat ghetala, malkala shirshakasathi 30,000 pound dile aanee too ubharanyasathi aanakhi 150,000 pound kharch kele (aadhunik paishat sumare 19 dashalaksh pound). kahee varshannantar tafyachya rastyavaril karyalayachi kimmat aanakhi 40,000 paund jhaali.
keval eka chhotya vartulala tyachya yojnebaddal mahitee hotee aanee 28 meey 1877 roji jevha tee rashtriy dainik swarupat prakashit jhaali tevha janatela aashchary vatale. tyanni jeey vachale teey tyanna spashtapane aavadale aanee naveen vruttpatra suruvatipasunach yashasvi jhaale. 1877 madhye tyala sumare 40,000 chee abhisaran varsa mhanoon midali hotee aanee eka varshat tee 200,000 paryant vadhali. 1914 madhye yuddh suru jhalyanantar teey 4,00,000 paryant vadhale hote aanee yuddhadarmyan teey duppat jhaale hote. 1890 chya dashakat heey sarvadhik vikri honare dainik mhanoon prasiddha hote aanee yuddhadarmyan, 'times', 'telegraph', 'morning poost', 'evening standard' aanee 'delly graphik' yanchya ektrit pratinpeksha adhik pratee vikalya gelya.
lloyd yancha batmyanvar motha vishvas hota-tathyanchya vastunishtha ahavalavar, tippani kinwa andajane alankrut. chronicle' chya ahavalachi vyapti aanee gunavattene tyachi lokpriyata surakshit kelee. audhyogik vivadancha paddhatshir ahwal denara haah pahila pathpatrikacha tafa hota. yamule vruttapatrachya rajkiy bhoomikecha pratidhvani jhaala, parantu tyaa velee naveen kayadeshir vyavastha kaay hotee-kamgar sanghatanet sameel honyache swatantrya aanee kamachya thikani dharane hii vachakanchi garaj dekhil purn jhaali.
yaa vruttapatrane london county council aanee 1889 madheel tyachya pahilya nivadanukinantar dharm aanee charchchya babincha samavesh keela. 1880 chya dashakat, tyanni 'grater britton day buy day' yaa shirshakakhali vasahatvadi batmyansathi eka vishesh vibhag tayar keela. yamule tadnya sanvadadyancha vapar karnyacha margahi mokala jhaala. pustake, sahityik sahitya aanee natyagruhasathi pureshi jaaga upalabdh karoon denyat aalee.
rajkiyadrushtya vruttpatra kendrakade sodale gele. tyanni udarmatvadi pakshachya kattarpanthi shakhela pathimba deela, parantu 1877 madhye astitvat asata tarr tyanni kamgar pakshala pathimba deela asata. 1892 pasoon tyanni ayrish swashasanala pathimba deela. johnn oo 'connor power, ayrish khasdar aanee shaktishali vakta, heey tyanchya sarvat jiwant nete lekhakanpaiki eka hote.
chronicle' chey swaroop london upnagarancha vistar aanee tyachyasobat jaananya railwayne pravas karnyashi julale. tyaa bajarpethesathi aanee jyanna vatale qee 'kaal' sarkhya abhijat vartmanpatransathi teey 'telegraph' shhee spardha karat hote. tyachya batmyanchya vyaptiche anekanni swagat kele kaaran tee janivpurvak durvar pasarleli hotee-tyaa velee fleet streetwar varchasva gajavana westminsterchya babinchya palikade.
madhyavarshe.
lloydchya aayushyat, sampadak robbert boyley heey eka sahityik ayrish patrakar hote, jyanni lloydla vruttapatrache rupantar karnyat madat kelee hotee. clerkenwell vruttapatrakadun varshane midalele sthanik vruttankan tyanni kayam thewale, parantu nantar teey vagalanyat aale. lloydchya done mahine aadhi februwari 1890 madhye tyanche nidhan jhaale.
pudhcha sampadak, alfried fletcher, boylecha sahayyak hota aanee tyacha davikade adhik spasht drushtikon hota. itihas' sodalyanantar teey donada sansadesathi udarmatvadi umedvar mhanoon ubhe rahile parantu nivadoon aale naheet. tyanche nantarche anek lekhan shikshanavar hote.
1894 madhye, heinry massingham yanchi sampadak mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee. sattechya margikanmadhye prabhav asalelya tyaa kalatil aaghadichya patrakaranpaiki eka mhanoon samanyatah olakhale jaanare teey eka vruttpatra tayar karoo shakale, jyala teey khoop mahatva dett hote.
jaree tyanni eka dashkaparyant 'chronicle' sathee kaam kele asale, taree massingham keval paach varshe sampadak hote. pararashtra dhoranavar tyancha mutsaddegirichya samarthyavar motha vishvas hota aanee tyanni boar yuddhala kahee pramanat tivratene virodh vyakt keela. heey vachakanna white vatale, jyapaiki anekanche kutumb kinwa mitra tyaa karanasathi aapala jeev dhokyat ghalat hote aanee gamavat hote. vikri gamavalyamule, edward lloydcha mulga aanee vruttapatrachya malkichya companyche vyavasthapakiy sanchalak phrank lloyd yanni tyanna rajinama denyas sangitale.
rajkiyadrushtya, massingham haah udarmatvadi pakshacha kattarpanthi shevat hota. tyanni 'daad starr' yaa kattarpanthi sandhyakalchya vartmanpatrache sampadan 'id1' madhye kele hote. teey pudhe 'rashtra' chey sampadak jhaale, jithe tyanni yuddhadarmyan kamgar pakshaprati nishtha hastantarit kelee. 1923 madhye johnn menard keynes yaa udarmatvadi vyaktine padbhar swikarla tevha tyanni rajinama deela.
1899 madhye, 'chronicle' chey majee paradeshi sampadak, william fisher, sampadak jhaale aanee 1904 madhye robbert donald yanchyakade supurd kele.
donaldne 'chronicle' sathee vruttasampadak mhanoon kaam kele hote, parantu hotelcha prachar karananya asambandhit vyavasayacha anubhav ghenyasathi patrakaritetun vel kadhala hota. 1906 pasoon tyanni lloyd kutumbachya malkichya 'lloyds veekali news' yaa ravivarchya vartmanpatrachehi sampadan kele.
vastunishtha ahwal aanee sampadakiy swatantryavar drudh vishvas thevun teey vicharshil aanee tattvanishth hote. tyanchya nirdeshanusar, haah pepper david lloyd george yanchya netrutvakhalil udarmatvadi pakshachya kattarpanthi shakhela vyapakpane pathimba dett hota. too kadhihi yuddhavirodhi navhata, parantu lashkari dhoranatil rajkiy hastakshepachi tee teeka karat asey.
kharedi qaraa.
donald lloyd georgela changlya prakare olakhat hota, jaree nyayya asel tarr apayshakade laksh vedhanyas too kadhihi sankoch karat navhata. 1916 chya akheris teey pantpradhan jhalyanantar, lloyd george yanni 'chronicle' chya nihpakshapati aanee vastunishtha kavharejache kautuk kele aanee teey gair-puranmatvadi kagadpatranpaiki sarvat swikararh asalyache aadhalale. 1917 madhye adhikrut prachar prayatnanvar tyanna sallah denyachya aanee nantar "tatasth deshanmadhil prachar sanchalak" yaa adhikrut padacha sweekar karnyachya donaldchya ichchhechi pushti karoon, donald haah eka gair-tikatmak samarthak aahe assa vichar karoon tyane swatachi dishabhul kelee.
kharey tarr, donald aanee lloyd george yanchyatil sambandh, jeey donaldchya najaret nehmich hatanchya lambiitkech hote, 1917 madheel lokanna maheet nasalelya vyavharanmule pranghatkaritya bighadale hote. lloyd georgene aaplya rajkiy mitranchya madhyamatoon 'itihas' vikat ghenyacha prayatna keela hota. malak mhanoon phrank lloydne tyachya kimmatila naav dile. jaree vastavadi moolyankan asale taree, suruvatichya samarthak, udarmatvadi samvayask laurd liverhulmsathi £900,000 khoop jaast hote. laurd beaverbrook, eka puranmatvadi press barren jyane lloyd georgela paach varshe pathimba denyache vachan dile hote, nantar sambhavya samarthak mhanoon sameel jhaala.
puranmatvadi malkala vikane hii shapkarak gosht asalyane, donaldne kagad kharedi karnyasathi pratispardhi sangh sthapan karnyacha prayatna keela. heey ayashasvi tharale parantu pantpradhananchya vataghatitil gairprakaramule tyanche aanee lloyd george yanchyatil vyavhar aparivartaniyapane kalankit jhaale.
1918 madhye, anpekshitpane ghadamodinni lloyd georgecha marg badalala, jaree too aswasth karnara hota. marchmadhye german hallyala tond denanya british sainyachi sankhya qamee jhaleli nahee, asey aashvasan tyanni 9 april roji sansadela dile hote. paschim aaghadivaril sankhyikiche prabhari general fredrick mauris yanna yaa vidhanachya chukichi khoop chinta hotee. tyanni naveen karmchari pramukhanna patra lihoon teey ughad karoo naye qaa asey vicharale, parantu tyanna konatehi uttar midale nahee. kahee divasanni tyachya vivekala tapasoon pahilyanantar tyane serve pramukh vruttapatranna patra lihinyache tharavale.
tyapaiki chaar jananni 7 meey roji heey patra prakashit kele. mauricela rajinama denyas bhag padale gele aanee 9 meey roji sansadene yaa vishayavar charcha kelee. lloyd georgene mauricechya aakadyanvar anshatah hallah karoon matdan jinkale, parantu mukhyatve kaaran tethe konatahi spasht uttaradhikari navhata aanee yuddh heey sarkari sankatacha dhoka patkarnyasathi itake sanvedanshil hote. chronicle' neey yaa charchecha tathyatmak ahwal deela.
matra, kahee divasannantar tyanni mauris yanchi lashkari pratinidhi mhanoon bharati kelee. yaa nirnayamule pantpradhan santapt jhaale. lloyd georgene aata kagad vikat ghenyacha nirdhar keela hota aanee pakshachya mitrankadun aanee pearges vikoon aarthik ubharani karnyacha nirnay ghetala hota. beaverbrookla vagalanyat aale, tasech sanlagn vruttapatranchya berry bandhunna vagalanyat aale. surr heinry dalzial heey pramukh pravartak hote, jyanchyakade aadhich 'reynoldchya batamya' hotya. 1918 madhye tyanna nite aanee 1921 madhye peearaj hii padvi denyat aalee.
yuddhakalin chalanvadhine phrank lloydchi kimmat 900,000 paundavarun 1.1 dashalaksh paundparyant vadhavali hotee. akheris, lloyd georgene 1.60 laakh paund dile-bahudha twarit vikrisathi. yuddhaviramanantar lagechach jaheer jhalelya sarvatrik nivadanukiche teey aadhich niyojan karat hote (teey jinkale).
donald aanee 'itihas' yanna yaa vataghatibaddal kahihi mahitee navhati. 3 aktoobar 1918 roji tyane aanee mauricene eka afava aikali aanee dusya divashi phrank lloydne vikri jhaali asalyachi pushti kelee. sandhyakali 6 vajata eka naveen vyavastha lagoo honar hotee.5 aktoobar roji emm. doghannahi rajinama dene bandhankarak hote.
nantarchi varshe.
naveen sampadak ernest peris hote, jeey purvi vruttasampadak hote. lloyd georgechya vataghatimadhye tyacha sahbhag asalyacha kahinna sanshay hota. donald aanee mauris yanna pasaravalelya afavancha too srot hota, parantu too sandeshvahak hota qee titkech aashcharyachakit jhaale heey yatoon soochit hott nahee. 1924 madhye teey 'lloyds veekali' chey sampadakahi jhaale.
swatantryachya hanimule 'itihas' chya vishvasarhatevar jeey kahee parinam jhaale, naveen vyavasthapanakhali tyachya vikrila konatahi fatka basala nahee. sampadakiy karmchanyanmadhye anavashyak hastakshep karnyat aalela nahee, asey disate. tyaeivaji, corporate vittapurvathyamule vruttapatrala fatka basala.
1922 madhye lloyd george pantpradhan rahilyanantar, teey urvarit 1920 paryant rajkaranat sakriy rahile. tyanchya sattevarun padalyamule udarmatvadi pakshache bahumat sarkar mhanoon ant jhaala, parantu tyaveli teey spasht navhate. umedvaranna pathimba denyasathi tyanna paishanchi garaj hotee, parantu yaveli sanman (gairvartan pratibandh) kayada 1925 dware sanman vikanyachi tyanchi kalpana hanoon padali gelee.
sanyukt vruttapatranchya rupat, 'chronicle' aanee lloydchya itar prakashan swarsyanchya malak mhanoon tyanchyakade maulyavan sampatti hotee. tyanni 1922 aanee 1926 madhye, bahudha 1918 chya mulyankananusar kinwa tyaa aaspas, tyanchya sahkari guntavanukdaranna vikat ghetale hote. vikri kararat too ekmev malak hota. pakshala fayda houu naye qaa yaa prashnane dekhil tyaveli kahee vaad nirman jhaala.
11 julai 1927 roji lloyd georgene hii company teen guntavanukdaranna vikali, jeey shrimant hote parantu vruttapatranchi eka gosht sodoon dya, tyanna prakashanacha anubhav navhata. tyanni tyala 2.9 laakh paund dile. 17 julai 1928 roji, eka varsh aanee eka aathvadyanantar, yaa tighanni company 15 laakh paundanna vikali.
yaa vikripaiki pahilya vibhagat eka vichitra kalam hote, jyat lloyd jorgeche sampadakiy niyantran tyachya jababdanyansathi jababdar naan rahata jatan kele hote. jarr 'chronicle' kinwa 'lloyds veekali' heey pragatishil udarmatvadi dhorananche palan karnyat ayashasvi tharale kinwa pratikriyavadi kinwa samyavadi drushtikonanna protsahan dile tarr tyanna sambhag parat kharedi karnyacha 10 varshancha paryay denyat aala.
puranmatvadi pakshaprati nishtha asoonahi pudhil malkane yala manyata dilee. too william harrison haah eka udhyojak hota, jyane anek masike aanee prantiy vruttapatre midavali hotee. tyanni inversk pepper kampanidware kagad nirmitihi suru kelee hotee aanee aata tyaa purvichya lloyd vruttapatranchya malkichya hotya. 1929chya crashmadhye inverskchya sambhagachya kimmatit 80 takke ghat jhaali.
harrison ghatanasthalavarun nighun gela. tyanantar eka lekhaparikshanat asey disun aale qee 'itihas' varr 3 dashalaksh paund karj aanee vachanbaddhata aahet, tyachyakade rokh rakkam nahee aanee vikriche lakshaniy nuksan hott aahe. teey uddhvast jhalele disat hote. tathapi, news aanee westminster limited yaa cadbury companyne 'vruttant' chaloo karnyacha aanee 'vruttant' tayar karnyasathi 'dainik batmyanmadhye' villin karnyacha prastav deela. tyanchi vikri ektrit houn 1,400,000 banavali jaeel, jeey vyavharya bhavishya deu karat asalyache disate. tathapi, heey samatulyanche vilinikaran navhate aanee nokya gamavane heey 'itihas' dware sahan kele gele.
vruttant' 1956 paryant samruddha jhaala, jevha suez sankatat brittonchya sahbhagala virodh kelyane tyache vachak haravale. punha bund padnyachya sthiteet, madaticha ekmev prastav sambandhit vruttapatrankadun aala, jyanche 'dainik patra' 1896 madhye suru jhalyapasun 'itihas' chey virodhak hote.
jarr company nafyat parat aalee nahee tarr sambandhitanni tee vikat ghenyacha paryay ghetala. 1960 chya unhalyaparyant jevha teey tase karnyat ayashasvi tharale, tevha sambandhitanni 'vruttant' chey prakalp, malmatta aanee sadbhavna tabyat ghetali. kagad gayab jhaala aanee tyachyasobat 'dainik itihas' chee shevatchi khuna.