
gupt matdan

gupt matpatrika, jyala austreliyan matpatrika asehi mhanatat, hii eka matdan paddhat aahe jyamadhye nivadanuk kinwa sarvmatatil matdaranchi olakh anamik asate. heey forrestall dhamkavane, blackmail karane aanee sambhavya matey kharedi karoon matdaranvar prabhav padanyacha prayatna karatat. hii pranali rajkiy gopaniyateche uddisht sadhya karnyache eka sadhan aahe.
gupt matpatrika vividh matdan pranalinchya sanyogane vaparlya jaatat. gupt matpatrikecha sarvat moolbhut prakar mhanje kagadache rikame tukade, jyavar pratyek matdar tyanchi nivad lihito. konala matey naan sangata matdar matpatrika ardhyat dumadun seelband peteet thevato. hii petty nantar mojanisathi rikami kelee jaate. gupt matdanacha eka pailu mhanje matdanachya jaagechi tartud, jyamule matdaranna matpatrikevar kaay lihile jaat aahe heey itaranna naan pahata lihita yeil. aaj, umedvaranchi nave kinwa prashna aanee sambandhit dhanadeshpetisaha mudrit matpatrake sahasa dilee jaatat. matdaranni tyanchi pradhanye guptapane nondavanyasathi matdan sthali tartudi kelya jaatat aanee matpatrikechi rachana pakshapat door karnyasathi aanee matdaranna matpatrakashi jodanyapasun konihi rokhanyasathi kelee jaate.
tapal matdan aanee durastha electronic matdan suru karoon matdanachi karyakshamta sudharnyachya upayayojananmule gopaniyatechi samasya udbhavate. kahee desh apratyaksh matdanas parvanagi detat, parantu kahee lock assa yuktivad karatat qee heey matdanachya gopaniyateshi visangat aahe. matpatrikechya swahastechya lokpriyatemule pratyaksh matdanachya guptatela aavhan midale aahe.
gupt viruddha. sarvajanik paddhati.
20vya shatkachya uttaradhat jagbharatil udarmatvadi lokshahit 'vaiyaktik nagarikansathi' gupt matpatrika samanya jhaali.
nivadoon aalelya adhikaanyaanee" ghetaleli matey samanyatah sarvajanik asatat jenekarun nagrik bhavishyatil nivadnukanmadhye adhikadhyanchya aanee majee adhikadhyanchya matdanachya nondicha nyayniwada karoo shaktil. heey pratyaksh kinwa electronic vaiyaktik pranalidware kinwa roll coll matadvare kele jaau shakate. kahee jalad vidhimandal matdan paddhati, kona konatya margane matdan karat aahe yachee nond karat naheet, jaree vidhimandalachya sakshidaranna ajunahi dilelya vidhimandalache mutt lakshat yeu shakate. yamadhye aavaji matancha samavesh aahe, jyat samarthan kinwa virodhasathi oradanyache praman sankhyatmak pathimbyache mojmap mhanoon ghetale jaate aanee uchalalele haat mojale jaatat. kahee prakarananmadhye, gupt matpatrika vaparali jaate, udaharanarth, umedvar haravalyamule matdan karnanyanvar suud ugavanyachya bhitishivay pratinidhinna paksh netrutva nivadanyachi parvanagi denyasathi. matdanasathi sakti karane kinwa talhane yaa sansadiy yuktincha vapar pratinidhinna asha prakare matdan karnyas paravrutt karnyasathi kinwa protsahit karnyasathi keela jaau shakato joou matdaranmadhye rajkiyadrushtya apriy aahe (udaharanarth, jarr sarvajanik hitasathi manale jaanare dhoran spasht karane katheen asel kinwa apriy asel parantu adhik changlya paryayashivay, kinwa vishesh hitasathi prachar karane lapavanyasathi) kinwa rajkiy mohimansathi chaara tayar karnyasathi kinwa rokhanyasathi.
nagarikanchya matdanachya sarvajanik paddhatinmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
nagarikanchya matdanachya khajgi paddhatinmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
itihas.
pracheen.
pracheen greesmadhye, bahishkarachya anek paristhitinmadhye aanee upkar magna lokanpasoon lapoon rahnyasathi gupt matpatrika vaparlya jaat asat. ii. sha. puu. 5vya shatkachya suruvatila, ecclessiatil matpatrikechi gopaniyata hii prathamik chinta navhati, tarr matey achookpane mojanyasathi matpatrancha vapar kelyane adhik parinam jhaala. pachvya shatkachya uttaradhat ethanchya sarvajanik jeevanat gupt matpatrika sadar karnyat aalee.
pracheen rommadhye, 'tabelleria leges' (ingrajih 'matpatrikeche kayade') hii chaar kayadyanchi eka malika hotee, jyat roman prajasattakachya pratyek pramukh nivadoon aalelya vidhansabhesambandhi dilelya matansathi gupt matpatrika lagoo kelya jaat asat. charpaiki teen kayade tulanene jalad kramane lagoo karnyat aale, ii. sha. puu. 139, ii. sha. puu. 137 aanee ii. sha. puu. 131 yaa varshant pratyeki eka kayada, rajdrohache aarop tasech kayade parit karane vagalata dandadhikanyachya nivadanuka, nyayadhishanchya charchesathi anukrame lagoo jhaala. chaar kayadyanpaiki antim kayade done dashakanhun adhik kalanantar ii. sha. puu. 107 madhye lagoo karnyat aale aanee deshdrohasah serve jurie charchesathi gupt matpatrikechi aavashyakta bhasavi yasathi ii. sha. puu. 137 madhye manjur kelelya kayadyacha keval vistar karnyat madat jhaali.
yaa matpatrika kayadyanpurvi, matanchi mojani karnyasathi jababdar asalelya vyaktila tyanche mutt maukhikpane dene aavashyak hote, jyamule pratyek matdaranche mutt prabhavipane sarvajanikpane dnyat jhaale. gupt matpatrika anivarya kelyane roman kulinancha prabhav qamee jhaala, jeey laach aanee dhamkyanchya sanyojanadvare nivadanukanvar prabhav taknyas saksham hote. gupt matdanamule tyaa donhi chinta door honyas madat hote, kaaran keval aapale samvayaskach tumhi konatya margane matdan kele heey tharvu shakat naheet, tarr tumhi vishisht margane matdan kele yacha purava dekhil nahee, kadachit nirdeshanche ullanghan karnare.
france.
krantichya (1795) tisya varshachya sanvidhanachya kalam 31 madhye mhatale aahe qee, "serve nivadanuka gupt matpatrikedware ghetalya pahijet". 1848 chya sanvidhanachya babatitahi asech aaheh matdar tyanchya pasantichya umedvarache naav tyanchya matpatrikevar gharee hatane lihu shakat hote (keval shvetpatrikevar lihinyachi aut hotee) kinwa rastyavar vitarit kelele naav gheu shakat hote. itar lokanna tyateel majkoor vachanyapasun rokhanyasathi matpatrika dumadali gelee.
lui-napolean bonapartne 1851 chya sarvmatasathi gupt matpatrika radd karnyacha prayatna keela aanee matdaranna pratyekachya najarekhali 'hoy' kinwa 'nahee' (frenchmadhyeh 'oyu' kinwa 'naun') lihinyachi vinanti karnara nivadanuk aadesh deela. parantu tyanna tivra virodhala samore jaave lagale aanee shevati tyanni aapale mutt badalale, jyamule gupt matpatrika houu shakali.
assembly national' (french sansadeche kanishth sabhagruh) chya adhikrut sanketsthalanusar, matdan kendra 1913 madhye kayamswarupi sweekarle gele.
united kingdam.
gupt matdanachi magani haah chartismchya sahaa muddyanpaiki eka hota. tyaa kalatil british sansadene chartistchya magnyancha vichar karnyasahi nakar deela, parantu heey lakshat yete qee laurd mccaulay yanni 1842 chya tyanchya bhashanat chartismche ekoon sahaa mudde nakartana, gupt matpatrika haah teey samarthan karoo shakat asalelya done muddyanpaiki eka asalyache manya kele.
1870chee london shaala mandalachi nivadanuk hii gupt matpatrikedware brittenmadhil pahili mothya pramanavar jhaleli nivadanuk hotee.
anek ayashasvi prayatnannantar (tyapaiki anekanchya netrutvakhali george grot hote), gupt matpatrika akheris samanyatah matpatrika kayada 1872 madhye vadhavanyat aalee, jyamule pracharacha kharch lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaala (kaaran upchar karane aata vastavadidrushtya shakya navhate) aanee 15 august 1872 roji pratham vaparale gele, jyane duchy auph lankesterche kulpati mhanoon tyanchi niyukti jhalyanantar jhalelya mantri potnivadanukit, kagadi vastusathi khasdar mhanoon hugg childerschee punha nivad kelee. menane seal kelela mool matpeti, jyavar eka liquores shikko aahe, tee pontefract sangrahalayat thewali aahe.
tathapi, yuu. keey. heey nyayalayanna, durmil paristhitit, konatya umedvar matdaranni matdan kele heey olakhanyasathi hastakshep karanyachi parvanagi denyasathi kramankit matpatrika vaparte.
austreliya aanee newzealand.
austreliyamadhye, gupt matdan pahilyanda 7 februwari 1856 roji tasmaniyamadhye lagoo karnyat aale asey disate.
mool tasmanian "nivadanuk kayada 1856" alikadech "punha shodhala jaiparyant", gupt matpatrikechya pahilya amalbajavaniche shrey anekada victoriyala gele, jithe melburnche majee mahapour, william nicholson aanee tyach velee dakshin austreliya yanni tyacha pudhakar ghetala. 19 march 1856 roji victoriane gupt matpatrakansathi kayada keela aanee dakshin austreliyache nivadanuk aayukt william boothby yanna tyach varshi 2 april roji (pandharvadyanantar) dakshin austreliyamadhye shevati kayadyat adhiniyamit keleli pranali tayar karnyache shrey samanyatah milate. tyanantar austreliyatil itar british vasahatih nyu south wells (1858), queensland (1859) aanee paschim austreliya (1877).
gupt matpatrikesaha rajya nivadanuk kayade 1901 madhye austreliyan sansadechya pahilya nivadanukisathi lagoo jhaale aanee hii pranali sangharajyiy nivadanuka aanee sarvmatanche vaishishtya rahili aahe. 
rashtrakul nivadanuk kayada 1918 madhye gupt matpatrika spashtapane namood keleli nahee, parantu kayadyachya kalam 206,207,325,327 chey vachan kelyas tyache anuman soochit hoil. tathapi, kalam 323 aanee 226 (4) matdan karmcharyanna gupt matdanache tattva lagoo karatat aanee yaa gruhitakache samarthanahi kartil.
newzealandne 1870 madhye gupt matdan lagoo kele.
united states.
19vya shatkachya antim varshanpurvi, pakshapati vruttapatranni bharalelya matpatrika chhapalya jyaa pakshachya karyakartyanni nivadanukichya divashi vitarit kelya jenekarun matdar tyanna thet chaukatit takoo shaktil. 1884 chya rashtrapatipadachya nivadanukinantar lagechach swatantra rajye gupt matpatrikekade valali, 1891 madhye jevha tyanni tondi matpatrikecha vapar sodoon deela tevha teey kentkeys sampale.
tathapi, suruvatila, rajyachya naveen matpatrakat 'austreliyan matpatrike' chey charahi ghatak asane aavashyak navhteh
matpatrika taklyanantar aanee matdaranna olakhata naan aalyane, anek rajye matpatrika aanee tyanchya pratee janatela upalabdh karoon detat, jenekarun janata mojmap tapasu shakel aanee anamik matpatrakansah itar sanshodhan karoo shakel.
louisville, kentki heey austreliyan matpatrika swikaranare americetil pahile shahar hote. sarvoch nyayalayache bhavee sahyogi nyayadhish louis brandes yanche kaka aanee prerana asalele louis naftali dembitz yanni yacha masuda tayar keela hota. massatusetsne 1888 madhye sudharak richard heinry daana tisra yane lihilele pahile rajyavyapi austreliyan matpatrak sweekarle. parinami, teey 'massatusates matpatrika' mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaate. 20vya shatkaparyant saat rajyanmadhye sarkari mudrit matpatrake navhati. georgiane 1922 madhye tyancha vapar karnyas suruvat kelee. jevha dakshin carolina tyacha pathpurava keela, tevha 1950 madhye, yamule austreliyan matpatrakankade deshvyapi badal purn jhaala. 20 vya shatkat, 1925 madhye matey kharedi karnyavar pahili faujdari bandihi aanali gelee.
tarr yuu.ess. nivadanuka aata pramukhyane gupt matpatrikedware ghetalya jaatat, kahee apavad aaheth
aantarrashtriy kayada.
gupt matpatrikedware nivadanuka ghenyacha adhikar anek kararanmadhye aanee aantarrashtriy kararanmadhye samavisht aahe, jeey tyanchya swakshari karananya rajyanna bandhankarak karatatah
apang lock.
matpatrikechi rachana aanee matdansthalachi rachana hii bahudha apanganna guptapane matdan karanyachi shakyata nakartat. anek lokshahit apang vyakti matdan kendramadhye tyanchyabarobar sameel honyasathi aanee tyanchya navane matpatrika bharnyasathi parvanagi asalelya dusya vyaktichi niyukti karoon matdan karoo shakatat. yamule matdanachi gopaniyata sunishchit hott nahee.
2008 saalee lagoo jhalelya apang vyaktinchya hakkanvaril sanyukt rashtranchya kararat apang matdaransathi gupt matdanachi hummy denyat aalee aahe. adhiveshanachya kalam 29 madhye serve kararbaddha rajyanni "nivadanuka aanee sarvajanik janmatsangrahanmadhye gupt matpatrikedware matdan karnyachya apang vyaktichya adhikarache" sanrakshn karane aavashyak aahe. yaa tartudinusar, pratyek kararbaddha rajyane matdanachi upkarane puravali pahijet jyamule apang matdaranna swatantrapane aanee guptapane matdan karata yeil. kahee lokshahi, udaa.jee. america, netherlands, slovinia, albania kinwa bharat heey apang matdaranna electronic matdan yantre vaparanyachi parvanagi detat. itaranmadhye, tyapaiki azarbaijan, canada, ghaana, united kingdam aanee bahutek african aanee ashiyai deshanmadhye, drushtihin matdar brail kinwa kagadi matpatrikechya namunyanmadhye matpatrika vaparu shakatat. kalam 29 madhye asehi namood kele aahe qee, kararbaddha rajyanni heey sunishchit karave qee, matdanachi prakriya, suvidha aanee sahitya yogya, sulabh aanee samajoon ghenyas aanee vaparnyas sope aahe."kahee lokshahit, udaa.jee. united kingdam, sweeden aanee america, serve matdan sthale apang matdaransathi aadhich purnapane upalabdh aahet.
guptata apavad.
united kingdamchya gupt matpatrikechya vyavasthevar kadhikadhi teeka kelee jaate kaaran matpatrika jyaa matdarane takali tyachyashi tee jodane shakya aahe. pratyek matpatrika vaiyaktikaritya kramankit kelee jaate aanee pratyek matdarakade eka sankhya dekhil asate. jevha ekhadya matdarala matpatrika dilee jaate, tevha tyancha kramank matpatrikechya pratifalkavar nondavala jaato (jyamadhye matpatrika kramank dekhil asato). yacha arth, arthat, matpatrikechya chaukati ughadanyapurvi surakshitpane bund kelelya pratifayalmadhye konee pravesh karoo shakat asalyas matpatrikechya gopaniyatechi hummy nahee. tyamule nivadanuk tapaskartyanchya sanganamtane matdan kendra adhikari vaiyaktik matdaranni matdan kase kele heey tharvu shakatat.
haah upay suraksha vyavastha mhanoon nyayya manla jaato jenekarun fasavanukicha aarop asalyas khotee matpatrake olakhali jaau shaktil. matdaranshi matpatrika julvanyachya prakriyela aupcharik parvanagi keval nivadanuk nyayalayala aavashyak asel tarach aahe; kharey tarr 1872 madhye gupt matpatrika suru jhalyapasun nivadanuk nyayalayane kvachitach assa aadesh deela aahe. eka udaharan 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat richmond-aun-themsmadhye teen vadgrast matpatrake aanee done matanchya ghoshit bahumatasah jhalelya sthanik nivadanuk spardheche hote. 2008 saalee brittonchya turungatil kaidyanni matdaranchya matpatrikevaril matey olakhalyache aadhalun aale. yaa pranalisathi kayadeshir adhikar lock pratinidhitva kayada 1983 chya anusuchi 1 madhye sansadiy nivadanukanchya niyamanmadhye namood keela aahe.
americet bahutansh rajye gupt matdanachi hummy detat. parantu indiana aanee uttar carolinasah kahee rajyanna matdaranshi kahee matpatrika jodanyachi kshamata aavashyak aahe. udaharanarth, matdanachya divasachya aadhi matdar maran pavalyas mutt radd karanyachi kshamata tikavoon thevanyasathi anupasthit matdanat yacha vapar keela jaau shakato. kadhikadhi matpatrikevaril kramank chhidrit stubwer chhapala jaato joou fadoon matpatrikechya peteet taknyapurvi angathivar (shower padadyachya angathipramane) thewala jaato. matdarane matdan kele aahe heey stub siddha karatat aanee teey keval ekdach matdan karoo shakatat yachee khatri karatat, parantu matpatrake swatach gupt aanee anamik donhi asatat. matdanachya divasachya shevati, petitil matpatrakanchi sankhya ringvareel stubchya sankhyeshi julali pahije, jee pramanit karate qee pratyek matpatrika nondanikrut matdarane takali hotee aanee tyapaiki konatihi haravali nahee kinwa banavat navhati. kadhikadhi matpatrika swatach kramankit kelya jaatat, jyamule matancha magova gheta yeto. 2012 madhye coloradomadhye, federal jilha nyayadhish christine argelo yanni yaa prakriyes kayadeshir tharavale, jyanni tharavale qee yuu.ess. rajyaghatanene gupt matdanacha adhikar dilela nahee.