
nucleotide

nucleotides heey sendriya renu aahet jeey nitrogenyukt kshar, pentose sakhar aanee phosphatene banalele asatat. teey nuclic acid polymerche monomeric unit mhanoon kaam karatat-deoxyribonucleic acid (dii. aine. aii.) aanee ribonucleic acid (aar. aine. aii.), jeey donhi pruthvivaril serve jeevan-rupanmadhye aavashyak jaiv renu aahet. nucleotides aaharat prapt hotat aanee yakrutadvare samanya poshak tattvanpasun sanshleshit dekhil kele jaatat.
nucleotides teen up-ekak renunni banalele asatatah eka nucleobase, paach-carbon sakhar (raiboj kinwa deoxyribose) aanee eka teey teen phosphatecha samavesh asalela phosphet gut. dii. aine. aii. madheel chaar nucleobase mhanje gwannin, edenine, cytosine aanee thymine; aar. aine. aii. madhye thyminechya jaagi eurasilcha vapar keela jaato.
moolbhut, pesheey staravar chayapchayamadhye dekhil nucleotides madhyavarti bhoomika bajavtat. teey rasayanik urja puravatat-nucleoside triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate (aii. tii. pii.), gwanosin triphosphate (jee. tii. pii.), cytidine triphosphate (see. tii. pii.) aanee uridine triphosphate (yuu. tii. pii.) chya swarupat-sampoorn peshimadhye anek pesheey karyansathi, jyat urjechi magani asate, jyat emino acid, prathine aanee peshi puttle sanshleshan, peshi aanee peshi bhag (antargat aanee aantarkoshik donhi) halavane, peshi vibhajan ii. samavisht aahe. yavyatirikt, nucleotides peshi sanketan (chakriy gwanosin monofosphate kinwa see. jee. emm. pii. aanee chakriy adenosine monofosphate kinwa camp) madhye sahbhagi hotat aanee teey utsechak pratikriyanchya mahattvachya sahghatkanmadhye samavisht kele jaatat (udaa.jee. saha-utsechak aaa, phaid, eff. emm. aine., nad aanee nadp +).
prayogik jaivarsayanshastrat, radionucleotides tayar karnyasathi radionuclidescha vapar karoon nucleotides radiolabel kele jaau shakate.
5-nucleotidescha vapar chav vadhavnanyanmadhye dekhil keela jaato, annatil padarth mhanoon, umichi chav vadhavanyasathi, bahutekda yeast ark swarupat.
rachana.
nucleotide teen vishisht rasayanik up-ekkanpasoon banalele asateh paach-carbon sakhar renu, eka nucleobase (jyapaiki doghanna ektritpane nucleoside mhanatat) aanee eka phosphet gut. phosphet gut kitee phosphatecha banalela aahe yavar avalambun, tinhi jodale gelyas, nucleotidela 'nucleoside' mono 'phosphet,' nucleoside 'dye' phosphet 'kinwa' nucleoside 'trie' phosphet 'asehi mhanatat.
nuclic aesidmadhye, nucleotidesmadhye ektar purin kinwa pyrimedine bases-i asato.eae.nucleobase renu, jyala nitrogenyukt kshar asehi mhanatat-aanee jarr sakhar raiboj asel tarr tyala "raibo" nucleotides kinwa sakhar deoxyribose asel tarr tyala "deoxyribe" nucleotides mhanatat. phosphateche swatantra renu sakharechya ringche renu done sanlagn nucleotide monomersmadhye varanvar jodatat, jyamule nuclic aesidchya nucleotide monomersla shevat teey shevatparyant lamb sakhalimadhye jodatat. sakhar aanee phosphet renunche heey sakhali-sandhe eka kinwa duheri heliksasathi 'kanaa' strand tayar karatat. konatyahi eka strandmadhye, sakhali-sandhyanchi rasayanik abhimukhata (disha) 5 '-end teey 3'-endparyant ('reed': 5 prime-end teey 3 prime-end) jaate-joou shejarchya nucleotidesmadhil sakharechya renunvaril paach carbon sitescha sandarbh deto. duheri heliksmadhye, done dhage viruddha dishene nirdeshit asatat, jeey aadhar jodyanna aadhar jodani aanee purakata detat, jeey serve dii. aine. aii. madhye aadhalanaya encoded mahitichi pratikruti tayar karnyasathi kinwa lipyantar karnyasathi aavashyak aahe.
nucleic acid nantar nucleotidespasoon ekatra kelele polymeric macromolecules asatat, jeey nucleic acidche monomer-unit asatat. purin kshar edenine aanee gwannin aanee pyrimedine kshar cytosine heey dii. aine. aii. aanee aar. aine. aii. yaa donhimadhye aadhaltat, tarr pyrimedine kshar thymine (dii. aine. aii. madhye) aanee euracil (aar. aine. aii. madhye) heey fakt eka madhye aadhaltat. edenine done hydrogen bandhansah thymines bases jodee tayar karate, tarr teen hydrogen bandhansah cytosines gwannin jodya tayar karate.
nuclic acid polymerchya nirmitisathi aadharstambh asanyavyatirikt, ekvachani nucleotides peshi urja sathavan aanee tartud, pesheey sanket, prathine aanee itar sanket renunchya kriyakalapanna niyantrit karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya phosphet gatancha srot mhanoon aanee utsechak sahghatak mhanoon, anekada redox pratikriya paar padnyat bhoomika bajavtat. phosphet gatala ekach sakharechya renushi donada jodoon, sakharechya 5 '-aanee 3'-hydroxyl gatanna jodoon sanket denare chakriy nucleotides tayar hotat. sakharevar vegvegalya sthananshi jodalele anek phosphet gut asanyamadhye, kahee sanket denare nucleotides manak ekal-phosphet gut sanrachanepeksha bhinn asatat. nucleotide sahghatkanmadhye glycosidic bandhadvare sakhareshi jodalelya rasayanik gatanchi vistrut shreni samavisht asate, jyat nicotinamide aanee flavin yancha samavesh hoto aanee nantarchya prakaranat, raiboj sakhar itar nucleotidemadhye disanari ring tayar karnyaivaji resheey asate.
sanshleshan.
inn vitro aanee inn vivo asha donhi prakare nucleotides sanshleshan kele jaau shakate.
inn vitro, nucleotides prayogshaletil utpadanat sanrakshn gut vaparale jaau shakatat. shuddha kelele nucleoside phosphoramidite tayar karnyasathi sanrakshit kele jaate, jeey nantar nisargat naan aadhalanare pratirup prapt karnyasathi aanee/kinwa oligonucleotide sanshleshit karnyasathi vaparale jaau shakate.
vhivomadhye, nucleotides naveen paddhatine sanshleshan kele jaau shakate kinwa bachav margandware punarvapar keela jaau shakato. dii novo nucleotide sanshleshanat vaparale jaanare ghatak carbohydrate aanee amino acid chayapachayachya jaivasanshleshak purvavartinpasun aanee amonia aanee carbon dioxidepasoon tayar kele jaatat. alikade heey dekhil dakhavun denyat aale aahe qee cellular bicarbonate chayapachay emm. tii. aar. see. 1 signalingdware niyantrit kele jaau shakate. yakrut haah serve charahi nucleotides naveen sanshleshanacha pramukh avyav aahe. pyrimedine aanee purinceche naveen sanshleshan done bhinn marganche anusaran karate. pyrimedineche sanshleshan pratham peshidravyatil espartate aanee carbamoil-phosphatepasoon samanya purvavarti ring structure aurotic esidparyant kele jaate, jyavar phosphorylated ribosyl unit sahasanyojakpane jodalele asate. tathapi, purins pratham sakharechya namunyatoon sanshleshit kele jaatat jyavar ring sanshleshan hote. sandarbhasathi, purin aanee pyrimedine nucleotides sanshleshan peshinchya peshidravyatil anek enzymesdware kele jaate, vishisht organelmadhye nahee. nucleotides asha prakare tutatat qee naveen nucleotides tayar karnyasathi upayukt bhagancha sanshleshan pratikriyanmadhye punha vapar keela jaau shakato.
pyrimedine ribonucleotide sanshleshan.
pyrimedine see. tii. pii. aanee yuu. tii. pii. chey sanshleshan cytoplasma hote aanee glutamine aanee see. oo. 2 pasoon carbamoil phosphatechya nirmitipasoon suru hote. tyanantar, espartate carbamoiltransferase espartate aanee carbamoil phosphet yanchyatil ghanikaran pratikriyes utprerit karate aanee carbamoil espartic acid tayar karate, jeey dihydrorotezdware 4,5-dihydrorotic aesidmadhye chakrakar hote. dihydrorotate auxidesdware nantarche orotatmadhye rupantarit kele jaate. nivval pratikriya ashee aaheh
orotate heey phosphorylated ribosyl unitshee sahasanyojakpane jodalele asate. raiboj aanee pyrimedine yanchyatil sahsanyojak sambandh raiboj unitchya see 1 sthanavar hoto, jyamadhye pyrophosphate aanee pyrimedine ringcha aine 1 asato. orotate phosphoribosyltrancepharage (pii. aar. pii. pii. transfer) hii orotidine monofosphate (oo. emm. pii.) midvinari nivval pratikriya utprerit karateh
orotidine 5 '-monofosphate heey orotidine-5'-phosphet decarboxylesdware decarboxylated kele jaate aanee uridine monofosphate (aii. emm. pii.) tayar hote. pii. aar. pii. pii. hastantaran ribosylation aanee decarboxylation yaa donhi pratikriyanna utprerit karate, pii. aar. pii. pii. chya upasthitit aurotic esidmadhun aii. emm. pii. tayar karate. itar pyrimedine nucleotides heey empimadhunach tayar kele jaatat. aii. tii. pii. saha done anukramik pratikriyandware done kayanesesdware euridine trifosphatemadhye (yuu. tii. pii.) aii. pii. emm. pii. chey phosphorylation kele jaate. pratham, yuu. dii. pii. pasoon diaphosphate tayar hote, jeey phosphorylated houn yuu. tii. pii. hote. donhi payya aii. tii. pii. jalvichhedanadvare balkat hotatah
tyanantar see. tii. pii. syntheteschya utprerak kriyakalapandware yuu. tii. pii. chya aminishandware see. tii. pii. tayar hote. glutamine haah aine. etch. 3 daata aahe aanee aii. tii. pii. hydrolysisdware dekhil pratikriya uttejit hoteh
cytidine monofosphate (see. emm. pii.) heey cytidine triphosphatepasoon (see. tii. pii.) tayar kele jaate aanee tyanantar done phosphet nasht hotat.
purin ribonucleotide sanshleshan.
purin nucleotides tayar karnyasathi vaparale jaanare anoo vividh strotanmadhun yetatah
purin nucleotides dii novo sanshleshan jyadvare heey purvavarti purin ringmadhye samavisht kele jaatat, teey bases hypoxanthine shakha-bindu madhyavarti imp, nucleotideparyant 10-charananchya margadvare pudhe jaate. tyanantar yaa madhyavarti bhagatoon swatantra, done-charaniy margandware aii. emm. pii. aanee jee. emm. pii. yanche sanshleshan kele jaate. asha prakare, purin moaties suruvatila mukt ksharanaivaji ribonucleotides bhag mhanoon tayar hotat.
imp sanshleshanat sahaa enzymes bhag ghetat. tyapaiki teen bahukriyashil aaheth
marg pii. aar. pii. pii. chya nirmitipasoon suru hoto. pii. aar. pii. ess. 1 heey eka enzyme aahe jeey aar. 5. pii. sakriy karate, jeey pramukhyane pentose phosphet margadvare tayar hote, aanee pii. aar. pii. pii. laa aii. tii. pii. saha pratikriya deuun. hii pratikriya asamanya aahe kaaran pyrophosphoryl gut thet aar5pichya etipipasoon see1 madhye hastantarit keela jaato aanee utpadanat see1 baddal α sanrachana aahe. hii pratikriya trp, tyache aanee pyrimedine nucleotides sanshleshanasathichya margansah dekhil samayik kelee jaate. chayapachayasathichya eka mothya chauras margavar asalyane aanee tyasathi khoop urja lagate, tyamule hii pratikriya atyant niyantrit asate.
purin nucleotide jaivasanshleshanasathi adviteey asalelya pahilya abhikriyemadhye, pii. pii. pii. pii. chya pyrophosphate samoohache (pii. pii. aay.) visthapan glutamine (aine), glycine (aine. andd. see.), espartate (aine.), follick acid (see. 1) kinwa see. oo. 2. pasoon daan kelelya emide nayatrojandware utprerit karate. hii purin sanshleshanatil vachanbaddha payari aahe. raiboj see1 chya sanrachanechya ulatya prakarasah pratikriya udbhavate, jyamule β-5-phosphoribocylamine (5-praa) tayar hote aanee bhavishyatil nucleotide anomeric swaroop sthapit hote.
pudhe, aii. tii. pii. jalvishleshanadvare indhanyukt glycine samavisht kele jaate aanee carboxyl gut purvi sadar kelelya aine. etch. 2shhee amine bandh tayar karato. follick acid coenzyme aine10-formill-thfche eka-carbon unit nantar pratisthapit glycinechya amino gatamadhye jodale jaate aanee tyanantar imidazole ring bund kelee jaate. tyanantar, dusra aine. etch. 2 gut glutaminepasoon glycine unitchya pahilya karbanmadhye hastantarit keela jaato. glycine unitchya dusya carbonche carboxylation sahavartipane jodale jaate. yaa naveen karbanmadhye tisya aine. etch. 2 unitchya jodanidware badal keela jaato, yaveli espartate avasheshatun hastantarit keela jaato. shevati, formill-tii. etch. eff. madheel dusare eka-carbon ekak nitrogen gatamadhye jodale jaate aanee samanya purin purvavarti innocin monofosphate (imp) tayar karnyasathi ring sahasanyojakpane bund kelee jaate.
innocin monophosphate done tappyanmadhye adenosine monophosphatemadhe rupantar hote. pratham, jee. tii. pii. jalvishleshanamule adenylosucinate synthesdware imp karnyasathi espartate bharr padate, nitrogensathi carbonyl oxygenchi jaaga ghete aanee madhyavarti adenylosucinate tayar hote. tyanantar fumerateche vibhajan karoon adenosine monofosphate tayar kele jaate. hii payari adenylosukinate layasdware utprerit kelee jaate.
ionosine monofosphate heey imp tayar karananya zanthiletchya oxidationdware gwanosin monophosphatemadhe rupantarit hote, tyanantar see 2 varr amino gut samavisht keela jaato. nadd + haah auxidation pratikriyetil electron swikaranara aahe. glutaminemadhun honare emide gut hastantaran aii. tii. pii. jalvichhedanadvare uttejit hote.
pyrimedine aanee purineche vighatan.
manavanmadhye, pyrimedine rings (see, tii, yuu) purnapane carbon dioxide aanee aine. etch. 3 (euria utsarjan) madhye kharab houu shakatat. asey mhatale gele aahe qee, purin rings (jee, aii) karoo shakat naheet. tyaeivaji, teey chayapachaydrushtya nishkriy euric aamlat rupantarit kele jaatat jeey nantar shariratoon utsarjit kele jaatat. jevha jee. emm. pii. heey bases gwannin aanee raybojmadhye vibhagale jaate tevha euric acid tayar hote. gwanninche zanthinmadhye nirjantukikaran kele jaate jeey tyaa badalyat euric aesidmadhye auxidise hote. hii shevatchi pratikriya aparivartaniy aahe. tyachpramane, jevha ampche nirjantukikaran karoon imp kele jaate, jyatoon raiboj unit kadhoon hypoxanthine tayar kele jaate, tevha euric acid tayar houu shakate. hypoxanthine auksidikaran zanthinmadhye aanee shevati euric aesidmadhye hote. euric acid srav aivaji, gwannin aanee impcha vapar punarvapar karnyachya uddeshane aanee pii. aar. pii. pii. aanee espartate (aine. etch. 3 daata) yanchya upasthitit nuclic acid sanshleshanasathi keela jaau shakato.
nucleotides prebiotic sanshleshan.
jivanachya utpattibaddalachya siddhantansathi rasayanik marganche dnyan aavashyak aahe jeey sambhavya prebiotic paristhitit jivanache pramukh aadhar tayar karnyas anumati detat. aar. aine. aii. jaagtik gruhitak asey manate qee adim soopmadhye mukt-taranganare ribonucleotides astitvat hote, jeey moolbhut renu aar. aine. aii. tayar karnyasathi maliket ekatra yetat. aar. aine. aii. sarkhe jatil renu lahan renunmadhun nirman jhaale asavet, jyanchi pratikriyashilata bhautik-rasayanik prakriyandvare niyantrit kelee jaat asey. aar. aine. aii. heey purin aanee pyrimedine nucleotidesne banalele aahe, jeey donhi vishvasarh mahitee hastantaranasathi aavashyak aahet aanee asha prakare darwinian utkranti. bekar aanee itar. keval ole-korade chakr chalavun, lahan renu aanee raybojpasoon pyrimedine nucleosides sanshleshan kase kele jaau shakate heey dakhavale. purin nucleosides sanshleshan ashach margane kele jaau shakate. phosphateukt khanijanpasun 5 '-mono-aanee dye-phosphet dekhil nivadakpane tayar hotat, jyamule purin aanee pyrimedine yaa donhi ksharansah polyribonucleotichide samvarti nirmiti hote. asha prakare sadhya vatavaraniy kinwa jwalamukhiy renunpasoon suru houn purin aanee pyrimedine aar. aine. aii. building bloxchya dishene pratikriya jaale sthapit kele jaau shakate.
anaisargik aadhar jodee (yuu. bii. pii.).
anaisargikaritya tayar keleli bases payer (yuu. bii. pii.) hii dii. aine. aii. chee rachana keleli upghatak (kinwa nucleobase) aahe jee prayogshalet tayar kelee jaate aanee nisargat udbhavat nahee. udaharananmadhye dii5six aanee dii. aine. aii. emm. yancha samavesh aahe. hydrophobic nucleobase asalele heey krutrim nucleotides, done fuse kelelya sugandhi rings darshavtat jeey dii. aine. aii. madhye (dii5six-dii. aine. aii. emm.) complexes kinwa bases payer tayar karatat. "eae. kolaila anek pidhyanmadhun yuu. bii. pii. ess. asalelya plasmidchi pratikruti tayar karnyasathi prerit kele gele aahe. vistarlelya anuvanshik sanketansah pudhe yenanya pidhyanparyant jaananya sajivanche heey pahile dnyat udaharan aahe.
krutrim nucleotides vaidyakeey anuprayog.
anek nucleotide derivatives heptitis aanee etch. aay. vhee. viruddha antiviral mhanoon vaparale gele aahet. tenofovir disoproxyl, tenofovir alaphenamide aanee sofosbuvir hii hipatitieschya virodhat vaparlya jaanarya aine. aar. tii. chee udaharane aahet. udaharanarth, mericitabin, lamywoodin, entekavir aanee telbiwoodin yasarkhi kahee aushadhe nucleosides aahet, parantu phosphorylationdware tyanche jaiv sakriy nucleotide swarupat chayapachay kele jaate.
lambi ekak.
nucleotide (sankshipt "aine. tii.") heey ekeri-stranded nuclic esidsathi lambiche eka samanya ekak aahe, jeey duheri-stranded nuclic esidsathi bases payer heey lambiche ekak aahe.
degenerate besasathi sankshipt sanket.
iupackne nucleotidesathy chinhe niyukt kelee aahet. paach (aaa, jee, see, tii/yuu) payanchya vyatirikt, visheshtah pii. see. aar. primerchya rachnesathi anekada adhogatiche paay vaparale jaatat. heey nucleotide code yethe soochibaddha aahet. kahee primer anukramanmadhye 'aay' heey akshar dekhil samavisht asoo shakate, jeey manak nasalelya nucleotide innocinesathi code karate. innocin heey tranamadhye aadhalate aanee teey edenine, cytosine kinwa thymineshy jodale jaate. tathapi, heey akshar pudhil taktyat disat nahee, kaaran teey adhogatiche pratinidhitva karat nahee. ionosine heey 'dii' mhanoon adhogatisarkhech karya karoo shakate, parantu aavashyak asalelya pratyek sambhavya jodila samavisht karananya nucleotides mishranache pratinidhitva karnyaivaji teey eka vastavik nucleotide aahe.