
ektrikaran kshetra

ekatmik goal (jyala albrict goal asehi mhanatat) haah eka optical ghatak aahe jyamadhye pokal golakar pokali asate aanee tyachya aateel bhagala pasarlelya pandhya paravartak aavaranane jhakalele asate, jyat pravesh aanee nirgaman bandaransathi lahan chhidre asatat. tyacha sambandhit gunadharm mhanje eksaman vikhurlela kinwa pasarnara parinam. aateel prushthbhagavaril konatyahi binduvar ghadanare prakashkirane, anek vikhuralelya paravartananni, itar serve bindunmadhye samanpane vitarit kelee jaatat. prakashachya mool disheche parinam qamee kele jaatat. ekatmik goal haah eka visarak manla jaau shakato joou shakti rakhoon thevato parantu avkashiy mahitee nasht karato. heey samanyatah prakash strotashi aanee optical power mojamapasathi detectors vaparale jaate. eka samaan sadhan mhanje foaksing kinwa coblentz goal, jeey vegale aahe kaaran tyat pasarlelya aateel prushthbhagapeksha aarshasarkha (specular) aateel prushthbhag aahe.
1892 madhye, doubleu. eae. sampnarne, bhinn pratibimbit honanya bhintinsah golakar aavaranachya nirgamanasathi eka abhivyakti prakashit kelee. aar. 1900 madhye prakashanacha vishay asalelya ekatmik kshetrachi vyavharik jaaniv albrictne vikasit kelee. teey photometry aanee radiometrymadhye eka manak sadhan banale aahe aanee goneophotometerpeksha tyacha fayda aahe qee eka strotakadoon tayar keleli ekoon shakti ekach mojamapatoon midavata yete. cubical boxsarkhya itar aakaranche dekhil saiddhantik vishleshan kele gele aahe.
agadi chhotya vyavsayik ektrikaran kshetransathihi hajaro dollars kharch yetat, parinami tyancha vapar anekada udyog aanee mothya shaikshanik sansthanparyant maryadit asato. tathapi, 3 dii printing aanee gharguti kotingsmadhye atishay qamee kharchat prayogikdrushtya achook dii. aay. aay. golakanche utpadan disun aale aahe.
siddhant.
golanche ektrikaran karnyacha siddhant yaa gruhitkanvar aadharit aaheh
yaa gruhitakancha vapar karoon goal gunak mojala jaau shakato. hii sankhya mhanje ekhada photon aavaranat shoshun ghenyapurvi kinwa bandaratoon baher padnyapurvi, too golamadhye kitee vela vikhurlela asato yachee sarasari sankhya aahe. hii sankhya goal kotingchya paravartaniyatesaha vadhate aanee bandaranche ekoon kshetrafal aanee itar shoshak vastoo aanee golyachya aateel kshetramadhil gunottaranusar qamee hote. uchch eksandhata midvanyasathi shifaras kelela goal gunak 10-25 aahe.
siddhant pudhe sangato qee jarr vareel nikash purn jhaale tarr golavareel konatyahi kshetra ghatkavaril vikiran heey golatil ekoon vikiran pravah inputchya pramanat asel. tyanantar dnyat prakash srot mojoon aanee hastantaran karya kinwa calibration vakr nishchit karoon, udaharanarth, tejaswi pravahache paripoorn mojmap kele jaau shakate.
ekoon nirgaman vikiran.
trijya r, paravartan gunank ρ aanee srot pravah φ asalelya golasathi, prarambhik paravartit vikiran yasarkhe aaheh
sootra _ 1
pratyek velee jevha vikiran paravartit hote, tevha paravartan gunank zapatyane vadhato. parinami samikaran asey aahe qee
sootra _ 2
ρ ≤1 asalyane, bhaumitik malika ekatra yete aanee ekoon nirgaman vikiran asey aaheh
sootra _ 3
anuprayog.
ektrikaran golancha vapar vividh optical, photometric kinwa radiometric mojmapansathi keela jaato. tyancha vapar divyapasoon serve dishanni utsarjit honara ekoon prakash mojanyasathi keela jaato. ekatmik goal tyacha golakar chhidratil serve sthananvar eksaman spasht tivratesah prakash srot tayar karnyasathi vaparla jaau shakato aanee aadarshpane pasarana vikiran prushthbhagansathi (lambertian prushthbhag) antarbhut cosine karya vagalata dishapasoon swatantra asoo shakato. ekatmik goal prushthbhagache pasarlele paravartan mojanyasathi vaparale jaau shakate, jeey prakash aanee nirikshanachya serve konanvar sarasari pradan karate. 
ekatmik golavar basavalelya chachani vastuche paripoorn paravartan mojanyasathi anek paddhati astitvat aahet. 1916 madhye, eae. buub. rosa aanee aaa. etch. tellarne ashee pahili paddhat prakashit kelee. aaa dware pudhil karya. etch. teller, phrank aaa. benford, see. etch. tikshna qaraa aanee doubleu. eff. little, enoch carror aanee leonard hanson aanee sayman caplan yanni poort-mounted chachani vastoo mojana adviteey paddhatinchi sankhya vadhavali. edwards aanee itar., courte aanee schmitt aanee vanne dayne akkar aanee itar. kendrasthani basavalelya chachani vastoo mojana paddhati vikasit kelya.
ektrikaran golakachya aateel bhagadvare vikhurlela prakash serve konanvar samaan ritine vitareet keela jaato. ektrikaran kshetra optical mojmapanmadhye vaparale jaate. prakashachya strotachi ekoon shakti (pravah) strotachya dishatmak vaishishtyanmule kinwa mapan upkarnamule honanya ashuddhateshivay mojali jaau shakate. namunyanche pratibimb aanee shoshan yancha abhyas keela jaau shakato. goal eka sandarbh kiranotsarg srot tayar karato jyacha vapar photometric manak pradan karnyasathi keela jaau shakato.
input portvaril serve prakash ghatana gola kelya jaat asalyane, ekatmik golyashi jodalela shodhak eka lahan golakar chhidravaril serve sabhovatalachya prakash ghatanechi berries achookpane moju shakato. lesar beemchi ekoon shakti beemcha aakar, aapatkalin disha aanee aapatkalin sthitee tasech dhruvikaranachya prabhavanpasun mukt mojali jaau shakate.
sahitya.
golakachya astaratil prakashik gunadharm tyachya achukatevar mothya pramanat parinam karatat. drishyaman, infrared aanee atinil tarangalambivar vegvegalya tharancha vapar karane aavashyak aahe. uchch-shaktiche prakash srot aavaran garam karoo shakatat kinwa nuksan karoo shakatat, mhanoon ekatmik golakache moolyankan jastit jaast patalichya aapatkalin shaktisathi kele jaeel. vividh thurr samagri vaparali jaate. drishyaman-varnapat prakashasathi, suruvatichya prayogkartyanni magneshiyam oxidecha satha vaparla aanee berrium sulfatemadhye drishyaman varnpatavar upayuktapane sapat paravartan dekhil asate. drishyaman prakashachya mojamapasathi vividh malkichi pii. tii. eff. eae. sanyuge dekhil vaparali jaatat. sookshmapane jamaa kelele sone infrared mojmapansathi vaparale jaate. 
pratidipti nasane hii aavaran samagrisathi eka mahattvachi aavashyakta aahe. pratideepi padarth alp-tarangalambicha prakash shoshun ghetat aanee dirgh tarangalambivar prakash punha utsarjit karatat. anek vikhuralelya karananmule haah parinam samanyatah vikiranit honanya samagripeksha ekatmik kshetrat adhik spasht hoto.
rachana.
ekatmik golakacha siddhant 100% chya jawal pohochnanya pasarlelya paravartaktasaha aateel prushthbhagavar eksaman gruheet dharato. detector aanee strotansathi vaparlya jaanarya prakash baher padoo kinwa aat jaau shakatat asha ughadyanna samanyatah poort mhanatat. saiddhantik gruhitak vaidh honyasathi serve bandaranche ekoon kshetrafal lahan asane aavashyak aahe, jeey golakachya prushthbhagachya kshetrafalachya sumare 5 takkyanpeksha qamee asave. tyamule naan vaparlelya bandaranmadhye julanare plug asavet, aanee plugchya aateel prushthbhagavar urvarit golapramanech samaan samagrichi lepan asavi.
ektrikaran karnare goal kahee centimeter vyasapasoon teey kahee meater vyasaparyant aakarane badaltat. lahan golancha vapar samanyatah yenanya kiranotsargacha prasar karnyasathi keela jaato, tarr mothya golakancha vapar divyacha chamakdar pravah kinwa prakashyojana yasarkhya ekatmik gunadharmanche mojmap karnyasathi keela jaato, jeey nantar golyachya aat thewale jaatat.
jarr pravesh karnara prakash visangat asel (lesar bimaivaji), tarr too samanyatah soars-poort bharato aanee soars-poort kshetra aanee detector-poort kshetrache gunottar sambandhit aahe.
yaa prakashache vitaran eksaman naslyamule, soars-portpasoon detector-portparyant prakashacha thet marg avarodhit karnyasathi samanyatah golamadhye adthale ghatale jaatat.