bauddha naitikta

bauddha nitishastra heey paramparikpane bauddhancha buddhancha prabuddh drushtikon mhanoon kaay pahatat yavar aadharit aahe. bauddha dharmat naitikta kinwa naitikatesathi vaparleli sandnya 'sheel' kinwa 'sheel' (paali) aahe. "bauddha dharmatil 'sheel' haah udatt aath putt margatil teen vibhaganpaiki eka aahe aanee hii eka aachar sanhita aahe jee ahinsa kinwa haanee karnyapasoon swatantrya hii mukhya prerana asalelya susanvad aanee aatmasanyamasathi vachanbaddhatecha sweekar karate. tyache sadgun, naitik shist aanee niyam asey vividh prakare varnan kele gele aahe.
"sheela' heey muktichya margaprati asalelya aaplya vachanbaddhatenusar eka antargat, jagruk aanee hetupurassar naitik vartan aahe. ingraji shabd 'naitikta' shhee sambandhit asanyaivaji, too swatamadhye aanee natesambandhanmadhye eka naitik dishabhul aahe.eae.aadnyadharakpana, kartvyachi bhavna aanee bahya nirbandh).
"sheel" hii bauddha aanee asampradayik vipashyana chalvalicha paya asalelya teen paddhatinpaiki eka aahe; "sheel", "samadhi" aanee "paanaa" tasech "sheel", "daan" aanee "bhavna" yaa thervadinchya paya aahet. haah dusra 'parmeet' dekhil aahe. "sheela" mhanje jeey aarogyadayi aahe tyabaddal manapasoon bandhilaki asane. prashikshanasathi 'sheel' chey done pailu aavashyak aaheth yogya 'kamgiri' ('caritta') aanee yogya 'talhane' ('varitta'). sheel' chya tattvancha sanman karane hii itaransathi eka 'mahan bhet' (mahadan) manali jaate, kaaran tyamule vishvas, aadar aanee surakshitateche vatavaran nirman hote. yacha arth assa qee vyavsayik darr vyaktichya jiwala, malmattela, kutumbala, adhikaranna kinwa kalyanala konatahi dhoka nirman karat nahee.
naitik soochana bauddha dharmgranthanmadhye samavisht kelya jaatat kinwa paramparedvare dilya jaatat. asha prakare bauddha naitikateche bahutek vidwan bauddha dharmgranthanchya tapasanivar aanee bauddha naitikatechya swarupabaddalachya davyanche samarthan karnyasathi paramparik bauddha samajankadun manavvanshashastriy puravyanchya vaparavar avalambun asatat.
paya.
buddh, dharm aanee sangh yaa teen ratnanmule jagbharatil bauddhanchya naitikateche srot aahet. buddhakade mukt dnyanacha shodhak aanee mhanunach pramukh shikshak mhanoon pahile jaate. dharm hii buddhanchya margachi shikavan aanee yaa shikavaninchi satyata donhi aahe. sangh haah udatt vyaktincha (aria) samuday aahe, jeey dhamm palatat aanee kahee dnyan prapt karatat aanee asha prakare margadarshan deu shakatat aanee shikavaninche jatan karoo shakatat. yogya naitik vartanasathi shikavaninchi yogya samaj asane mahatvache aahe. buddhane shikavale qee yogya drushtikon hii yogya vartanasathi aavashyak purvat asate, jyala kadhikadhi yogya hetu asehi mhanatat.
karm aanee punarjanm.
bauddha naitikatecha madhyavarti paya mhanje karm aanee punarjanm. buddhane asey mhatale aahe qee yogya drushtikon haah vishvas thevanyamadhye samavisht aahe (itar goshtimbarobarach): 'changlya kinwa chukichya krutinchi fale aanee pakwata aahe': ekhadi vyakti kaay karate heey mahattvache aahe aanee aekhadyachya bhavishyavar parinam karate; 'heey jug aahe, tyapalikade eka jug aahe': heey jug avastav nahee, aanee eka vyakti mrutyunantar darr jagaat jaate '(emm. aine. 117, mahaa-kattarisaka sutt).
karm haah shabd jyacha shabdasha arth 'krutee' assa aahe aanee tyachyakade vishvacha naisargik niyam mhanoon pahile jaate joou kaaran aanee parinam mhanoon prakat hoto. bauddha sankalpanet, karm hii eka vishisht prakarchi naitik krutee aahe jyache abhinetyavar naitik parinam hotat. karmacha gabha mansik hetu aahe aanee mhanunach buddhane mhatale aahe qee 'heey hetu (setan) aahe, heey bhikshu, jyala mea karm mhanato; ichcha karoon shareer, vanee kinwa manadware karya karate' (aaa. 6.63). tyamule, chukun ekhadyala dukhavane heey white karm nahee, parantu vednadayak vichar asane heey white karm aahe. bauddha nitishastra yaa hetu aanee krutinchya namunyankade bhavishyatil krutee aanee paristhitichi sthitee-aekhadyachya sadhyachya krutinche phal (phala), jyat abhinetyachya bhavishyatil jivanatil paristhitichi sthitee aanee sthan samavisht aahe (jaree heey itar yadruchchik ghatkandware dekhil prabhavit houu shakatat) asey pahate. aekhadyachya bhootkalatil krutee aekhadyachya chetanela aakar detat aanee biya (beej) sodatat jeey nantar pudhchya aayushyat pikatat asey mhatale jaate. jaree ekhadi vyakti changlya krutindware changlya sthiteet punarjanmasathi dekhil kaam karoo shakate, taree bauddha pratheche uddisht samanyatah chakr modane heey asate.
ekhadi krutee changli kinwa white asavi yasathi kaay atty aahet heey aekhadyachya hetuche mool aahe. teen changli mule (anasakti, paropkar aanee samajootdarpana) aanee teen nakaratmak mule (lobh, dvesh aanee bhram) aahet. changlya parinamanchi nirmiti paribhashit krutinna 'guna' (puna-faldayi, shubh) mhanatat aanee guna (changle karm) midvane heey samanya bauddha pratheche eka mahattvache uddisht aahe. suruvatichya bauddha granthanmadhye teen 'karm faldayita prabhav padnyasathi aadhar' ('punna-kiria-vattus') chaa ullekh aaheh dene (daan), naitik sadgun (siil) aanee dhyan (bhavna). changli krutee kartana aekhadyachi manachi sthitee krutipeksha adhik mahattvachi manali jaate. bauddha sanghakade sarvat gunwan "gunvatteche kshetra" mhanoon pahile jaate. nakaratmak krutimule white karm parinam jamaa hotat, jaree aekhadyacha pashchatap aanee tyachi bharpai karnyacha prayatna heey parinam sudharu shakatat.
chaar udatt satye.
chaar udatt satye ashee aaheth
chaar udatt satye madhyavarti bauddha jaagtik drushtikonapaiki eka vyakt karatat, jeey sansarik astitwala moolbhootpane asantoshkarak aanee tanavpurn ('dukh') mhanoon pahatat. "dukh" hii ichchhashaktimule udbhavate asey disate aanee bhook sampavalyane mukti (nirvan) houu shakate. bhook sampavanyacha marg mhanje buddhane shikavalelya udatt aath putt marganche anusaran karane, jyamadhye yogya bhashan, yogya krutee aanee yogya upajivikeche naitik ghatak samavisht aahet. chaar udatt satyanchya drushtikonatun, ekhadi krutee jarr 'dukh' chya nirmulanasathi vahak asel tarr tee naitik mhanoon pahili jaate. jivanatil 'dukh' chey satya samajoon ghetalyane ekhadyala tyachya tyachya ghatakanche, mhanje trushneche vishleshan karata yete aanee aaplyala itarambaddal karuna aanee sahanubhooti jaanvu milate. swatachi itaranshi tulana karane aanee nantar suvarn niyam lagoo karane heey 'dukh' chya yaa kautukatoon hote asey mhatale jaate. bauddha drushtikonatun, jarr ekhadi krutee aathvya margache palan karoon aanee nirvanakade neuun aadhyatmik vikasala chalana dete tarr tee dekhil naitik aahe. mahayan bauddha dharmat serve pranyanchya muktatevar bharr deela jaato aanee 'bodhisatva' sarvanchya muktatesathi athak parishram ghetat asey manale jaate.
niyam.
samanya lokansathi bauddha naitikatecha paya mhanje paach niyam jeey serve bauddha shalanmadhye samaan aahet. aadnya kinwa "paach naitik guna" ("punch-silani") yaa aadnya nasoon aichchhik vachanbaddhata kinwa margdarshak tattvancha eka sanch aahet, jyamadhye ekhadyala anandi, chinta naan karata aanee changle dhyan karnyas saksham asalele jeevan jaganyas madat hote. aadnya dukkh rokhatat aanee lobh, dvesh aanee bhramache parinam kamkuvat karatat asey manale jaate. tyaa moolbhut naitik soochana hotya jyaa buddhanni samanya lokanna aanee bhikshunna samanpane dilya hotya. laingik vartanashi sambandhit aekhadyachi sheela todalyane aekhadyachya saravasathi kinwa jarr tyat akhand sambandhancha samavesh asel tarr darr vyaktichya saravasathi hanikarakpana yeto. jevha ekhadi vyakti buddhachya shikavanukila "aashray ghete" tevha tee aupcharikpane paach aadnya ghete, jee ashee aaheth
bauddha bahutekda aupcharik samarambhanmadhye mathsanghachya sadasyansobat aadnya ghetat, jaree tyaa khajgi vaiyaktik vaiyaktik mhanoon dekhil haatee ghetalya jaau shakatat. pratyek aadnya palalyane tyache viruddha sakaratmak guna vikasit hotat asey mhatale jaate. udaharanarth, hatyepasoon door rahilyane dayalupana aanee karuna vikasit hote, tarr choripasoon door rahilyane anasakti vikasit hote. heey niyam upayogitavadi, devshastriy aanee naitikatechya sadgun drushtikonashi jodalele aahet. tyanchya sarvatrik swarupamule tyanchi tulana manavadhikaranshi kelee gelee aahe aanee kahee vidvanancha assa yuktivad aahe qee teey manavadhikaranchya sankalpanela purak tharoo shakatat.
paach aadnya swikarane aanee tyanche palan karane heey haanee naan karnyachya (paali aanee) tattvavar aadharit aahe. paali siddhant ekhadyane swatachi tulana itaranshi karanyachi aanee tyaa aadhare itaranna dukhavu naye ashee shifaras karato. karuna aanee karm badala ghenyavarcha vishvas haah upadeshancha paya tharato.
pahilya niyamat manav aanee serve prani yaa doghannahi marnyavar bandee aahe. vidvananni yaa tattvambaddalachya bauddha granthancha arth fashichi shiksha, aatmahatya, garbhpat aanee ichchamrutyula virodh aanee pratibandh assa lavala aahe. dusra niyam chorila pratibandh karato. tisra niyam vyabhicharala tyachya serve rupanmadhye sandarbhit karato aanee aadhunik shikshakanni tyachi vyakhya 'laingik jababdari' aanee 'dirghakalin bandhilaki' yasarkhya sandnyansah kelee aahe. chauthya niyamat krutidvare bolalya gelelya kinwa vachanbaddha kelelya khotya bolnyabarobarach durbhavanapurna bhashan, kathor bhashan aanee gupshup yancha samavesh aahe. pachva niyam daroo, amali padarth kinwa itar madhyamandvare amali padarth ghenyas pratibandh karato. suruvatichya bauddha granthanmadhye jawaljawal nehmich darucha nishedh keela jaato aanee tyachpramane chiinii bauddha dharm-vidhananantarchya granthanmadhye dekhil. tathapi, vyavharat, anek samanya bauddha yaa tattvache palan karat naheet aanee anek bauddha bahusankhya deshanmadhye madyapan karane samanya aahe. dhoomrapanabaddalchya bauddhanchya manovrutti pratyek velee aanee pradeshanusar bhinn asatat, parantu samanyatah tyaa anumati detat. aadhunik kalat, paramparik bauddha deshanni paach tattvanna protsahan denyasathi punarujjivan chalvali pahilya aahet. pashchimatya deshanpramane, bauddha sanghatananmadhye niyam pramukh bhoomika bajavtat.
aath aadnya mhanoon olakhalya marlya aadnyancha eka adhik kadak sanch dekhil aahe, jeey vishisht dharmik divashi kinwa dharmik vishrantichya velee ghetale jaatat. aath niyam pudhil shistala protsahan detat aanee mathanchya sanhitanvar aadharit aahet. aath aadnyanmadhye, laingik gairvartanukivaril tisra niyam adhik kathor keela jaato aanee brahmacharyacha niyam banato. aath aadnyanche teen atirikt niyam pudhilpramane aaheth
navshikya-bhikshu daha aadnya vapartat, tarr purnapane niyukt bauddha bhikshunkade dekhil mathanchya aadnyancha eka motha sanch asato, jyala pratimoksh (theravadin punaruktimadhye bhikshunsathi 227 niyam) mhanatat. bhikshu brahmachari asavet asey manale jaate aanee tyanna paramparikaritya paishala sparsh karanyachi parvanagi dekhil nahee. bhikshu aanee nansathiche niyam aanee aacharsanhitechi ruparesha vinaymadhye dilee aahe. vinay' ('vinaypitak') vareel shastravachanancha achook aashay vegvegalya shalannusar thoda vegala aahe aanee vegvegalya shaala kinwa up vidyalaye 'vinay' chya palanichya pramanasathi bhinn manke nishchit karatat.
mahayan bauddha dharmat, bodhisatva vrat aanee bodhisatva upadesh kinwa "daha mahan niyam" haah naitik margdarshak tattvancha aanakhi eka samanya sanch aahe. mahayan brahmajal sutratoon vyutpann jhalelya bodhisatva tattvanmadhye buddhanchya shikavnukivar badnami karnyachya viruddhachya aadnyesarkhya itar kahee jodyansah paach tattvancha samavesh aahe. heey vidyaman mathsanhitechya varr aanee palikade kinwa samanya anuyayi niyam astitvat aahet. brahmajal sutramadhye 48 kirkol tattvanchi yadee dekhil samavisht aahe jyat maans khane, shastre sathavane, fayadhyasathi shikavane, mahayan shikavan sodoon dene aanee gair-mahayan dharm shikavane pratibandhit aahe. yaa aadnyanna thervad bauddha dharmat samantar nahee.
daha aarogyadayi krutee.
suruvatichya bauddha granthanmadhil bauddha naitik krutiche aanakhi eka samanya sootra mhanje 'daha changlya krutincha marg' kinwa 'daha kushal karm marg' ('daas kusal kammapath') jeey 'dharmanusar' aahet. yaa teen sharirik kriya ("kaay kamma"), chaar maukhik kriya ("vacky kamma") aanee teen mansik kriya ("mano kamma") madhye vibhagalya gelya aahet, yaa sarvanmule "kaushalyapurn guna vadhat asatana akushal guna qamee hotat" asey mhatale jaate. majjima nikaya mn 41 ("salayak sutt") aanee mn 114 yasarkhya sutranmadhye yaa daha marganchi charcha kelee aaheh
sharirik kriyah
maukhik kruteeh
mansik kruteeh
gunakari krutinche aadhar.
paali paramparetil aanakhi eka samanya naitik yadee mhanje "gunakari krutiche daha aadhar" ("daas punna-kiria vattu"). nyanatiloka therane namood kelyapramane, kahee granthanmadhye (itivuttak 60) yapaiki keval teenach ullekh aahet, parantu nantar paali bhashananmadhye tyancha vistar dahaparyant jhaala aanee dahanchi yadee thervad deshanmadhil lokpriy yadee aahe. ittivuttak #60 mhanatoh "bhikshu, yogyata midvinyasathi hii teen karane aahet. konate teen? guna nirman karnyasathicha aadhar jyamadhye dene samavisht aahe, guna nirman karnyasathicha aadhar jyamadhye sadgun samavisht aahet aanee guna nirman karnyasathicha aadhar jyamadhye munn-vikas samavisht aahe. heey tighe aahet.ekhadyane gunvattechya krutinmadhye prashikshan ghetale pahije, jyamule dirghakalin anand midatoh udarata, santulit jeevan, premal munn vikasit karane. yaa teen goshti, anand denari krutee, jopasoon, dnyani vyakti aanandat, eka abadhit anandi jagaat punarjanm ghete.nyanatilokachya matey, digha nikaya 30 madhye anek sambandhit gunwan vartanancha dekhil ullekh aahe. dii.aine. 30 madhye buddhane kelelya vividh anukaraneey gunakari krutincha ullekh aahe, jase keeh..shareer, bolani, dene aanee vatoon ghene, aadnya ghene, shabbath palane, aaee aanee vadil, tapasvi aanee brahmananna yogya aadar dene, kutumbatil kutumbatil sanman karane aanee kushal vartanashi sambandhit itar vividh goshtindware changle aacharan karane."satya, tattva, aatmasanyam aanee sanyam; dene, nirupadravipana, ahinsecha anand ghene..."itaranna dene aanee madat karane, dayalu bhashan aanee samaan vaganuk, asha krutee aanee aacharanane lokanna ekatra aanale..."daha talanchi nantarchi vistarit yadee khalilpramane aaheh
mukhya moolye aanee guna.
tattvanche palan karane haah bauddha naitikatecha ekmev pailu nahee, tarr anek mahattvache guna, prerana aanee savayi dekhil aahet jyanna bauddha grunth aanee paramparanni mothya pramanat protsahan dile aahe. yaa gunanchya kendrasthani anasakti (arga), paropkar (upadesh) aanee samajootdarpana (amoh) hii teen mule aahet.
bauddha dharmat jyaa gunanna mothya pramanavar protsahan dile jaate, tyanchi eka yadee mhanje parmeet (paripoornata)-daan (udarata), sheel (yogya aacharan), nekhamma (tyag), paan (shahanpan), veeriya (urja), khanti (dhairya), sakka (pramanikpana), adhittan (drudhnishchay), metta (sadbhavna), upekha (samata).
chaar daivi palan (brahmavihar) bauddha naitikta, manasshastra aanee dhyandharanemadhye kendriya guna aanee hetu mhanoon pahile jaatat. ichchhashakti, karuna, sahanubhootipurn anand aanee samata hii chaar daivi dharana aahet. dhyan aanee yogya krutidvare heey guna vikasit kelyane anand vadhato, changli yogyata nirman hote aanee naitik krutisathi munn prashikshit hote.
yogya kruteela aadhar denara eka mahattvacha guna mhanje savadhgiri (appamda), urja/prayatna (viriya) aanee savdhantecha sanyog. savdhanta hii manachi eka satark upasthiti aahe jee ekhadyala tyachya hetupurassar avasthanmadhye kaay ghadat aahe yabaddal adhik jagruk honyas anumati dete. savadhgirila 'spasht aaklan' kinwa 'bhedbhav' (sampajana) dware madat hote, jyamule kaay karave yabaddal naitik dnyan nirman hote. bauddha naitikatecha aanakhi eka mahattvacha aadhar guna mhanje buddhanchya shikavaninvar vishvas kinwa aatmavishvas aanee tyaa pratyakshat aananyachya swatachya kshamatevar vishvas. naitikdrushtya vagnyasathi shahanpan aanee samajootdarpana hii purvat mhanoon pahili jaate. vastavikatechya vastavikatechya swarupachi samaj asane heey naitik krutinkade nett asalyache manale jaate. udaharanarth, swatahbaddalache satya samajoon ghetalyane, ekhadyala swarthi prerananpasun door jaata yete aanee tyamule ekhadyala adhik paropkari honyas madat hote. manachya karyapaddhatichi aanee karmachya niyamachi samaj asanyamule anaitik krutee karanyachi shakyata dekhil qamee hote.
buddhanni 'aatmasanman' (hree) aanee parinamancha (apatrap) aadar, heey mahattvache guna mhanoon protsahan dile. aatmasanmanamulech ekhadya vyaktine asha krutee talhalya jyaa aekhadyachya sachotila haanee pohochavtat asey disun aale aanee ottappa mhanje aekhadyachya krutichya parinamanchi jaaniv aanee itaransamor lajirwani bhavna.
daan (daan) hii thervad bauddha dharmat sadgunachi suruvat aanee margavar pudhe vikasacha aadhar mhanoon pahili jaate. bauddha deshanmadhye, heey bauddha mathanna daan denyamadhye disun yete parantu sarvasadharanpane (kutumb, mitra, sahkari, atithi, prani) udarateparyant dekhil vistarte. asey mhatale jaate qee dene ekhadyala anandi karate, changli gunavatta nirman karate tasech anasakti vikasit karate, mhanoon teey keval changle nahee kaaran teey changli karm fale tayar karate, tarr teey aekhadyache aadhyatmik guna dekhil vikasit karate. bauddha vicharanmadhye, daan aanee naitik aacharan yanchi lagwad swatach chetana asha patalivar sudharel qee, pudhe bauddha pratha nasali tarihi, khalchya narakanpaiki eka narkat punarjanm honyachi shakyata qamee aahe. aekhadyachi uddishte yaa pataliparyant maryadit karnyat kahihi ayogya kinwa gair-bauddha nahee.
bauddha naitikatemadhye eka mahattvache moolya mhanje sarvat qamee kitkanpasoon teey manavanparyant serve sajivanna haanee naan pohochavane kinwa ahinsa (ahinsa) jee naan marnyachya pahilya niyamashi sambandhit aahe. bauddha dharmat hii pratha jaine dharmane darshavalelya atirekanparyant vistarat nahee (bauddha dharmat, nakalat hatya karane heey karmadrushtya white nahee), parantu bauddha aanee jaine yaa donhi drushtikonatun, ahinsa serve sajivanshi jawalcha sambandh aanee sambandh soochit karate.
buddhane yavarhi bharr deela qee 'changli maitri (kalyan-mitata), changli sangad, changli jawalik' heey sampoorn aahe, pavitra jivanache ardhe nahee (ess. aine. 45.2). aadhyatmik margavar changlya lokanshi ghatt maitri vikasit karane haah bauddha dharmacha eka mahattvacha pailu aanee aekhadyachya sarawala pathimba denyacha aanee vadhanyacha eka mahattvacha marg mhanoon pahila jaato.
mahayan bauddha dharmat, naitik kruticha aanakhi eka mahattvacha paya mhanje bodhisatva aadarsh. bodhisatva heey asey prani aahet jyanni serve sajivanchya taranachya dishene kaam karane nivadle aahe. mahayan bauddha granthanmadhye, mahan karunecha haah marg arhatapeksha shreshth asalyache mhatale jaate kaaran bodhisatva serve pranyanchya fayadhyasathi kaam karat asalyache manale jaate. bodhisatva mhanje joou bodhisatva (dnyanacha munn) navachya shaktishali bhavna jagrut karato, jeey munn swatachya aanee serve pranyanchya jagrutikade kendrit aahe.
prashna.
marane.
pahila niyam mhanje jeev ghenyapasun door rahane aanee manav kinwa pranyanche jeevan ghenyane nakaratmak karm parinam hotil aanee teey muktisathi vahak navhate asey buddhane spashtapane sangitale. yogya upajivikemadhye shastrancha vyapar naan karane kinwa pranyanchi shikar aanee kattal naan karane samavisht aahe. vividh sutranmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee, pratyek vyaktiche munn serve pranyanprati karuna aanee premal dayalupane sadaiv asale pahije, heey khooni angulimalachya babatit jase jase, dusht lokanparyant aanee pratyek prakarchya pranyanparyant, agadi kitkanparyant aanee kitkanparyant (bhikshunna konatyahi karanastav konatyahi pranyala maranyachi parvanagi nahee) vistarle pahije. tyamule bauddha shikavan aanee sanstha sangharshachya velee surakshit aashraysthan mhanoon kaam karoon shantata aanee karunes protsahan detat. asey asoonahi, japani yoddha bhikshunsarkhya mathvasiyansaha kahee bauddhanni aitihasikdrushtya hinsacharachya ghatana ghadavalya aahet. chinmadhye, shaolin mathane hallyapasoon swatache rakshan karnyasathi marshal artchi parampara vikasit kelee.
mahayan bauddha dharmat, kahee paristhitinmadhye kushal sadhananchi (upaya) sankalpana, jarr teey dayalu karanansathi kele jaat asel tarr, hatyechya krutyala maaf karnyasathi vaparali gelee aahe. dayalu hatya' yaa prakarala 'upaya-kausalya sootra' aanee 'mahaa-upaya-kausalya sootra' dware tevhach parvanagi dilee jaate jevha teey 'sadguni vicharanche anusaran karate."kahee grunth hatyeche nakaratmak karm parinam manya karatat aanee tarihi karunemule tyacha prachar karatat. bodhisatva-bhoomi' yaa mukhya mahayan granthmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee jarr ekhadya bodhisatvala konee itar bodhisatvanna thaar martana disale tarr teey yaa yaa maranyachi jababdari swatahvar gheu shakatat, yaa vicharane keeh
"jarr mea yaa sanvedanshil jivanacha jeev ghetala, tarr mea swatah narkatil eka prani mhanoon punarjanm gheu shakato. yaa sajivane tatkal sudbuddhiche krutya karoon thet narkat jaanyapeksha mea narkatil prani mhanoon punarjanm ghene changle."
jarr, hetu keval itaranna vaitapasoon vachavanyacha asel, tarr hatya karane heey kahivela gunakari manale jaate.
yuddh.
sangharshache bauddha vishleshan lobh, dvesh aanee bhram yaa 'teen vishanni' suru hote. dukkhache kaaran asaleli bhook aanee moh heey dekhil sangharshache kaaran aahe. bauddha tatvadnyani shantidev aaplya 'sixasmukkaya' madhye mhanatoh "jithe jithe sajivanmadhye sangharsh nirman hoto, tithe malkichi bhavna kaaran asate". bhautik sansadhananchi utkat ichcha tasech rajkiy kinwa dharmik matey samajoon ghene haah yuddhacha eka pramukh srot mhanoon pahila jaato. swatachi olakh aanee jamati, rashtra kinwa dharmashi asaleli olakh heey dekhil bauddha dharmanusar manvi sangharshache aanakhi eka mool aahe.
buddhane vividh prakare ahinsela protsahan dile, tyane aaplya anuyayanna yuddhat naan ladhanyasathi aanee shastre vikanyasathi kinwa vyapar karnyasathi protsahit kele. buddhane mhatale aahe qee yuddhat, vijeta aanee parabhoot doghannahi tras hotoh "vijeta shatrutva nirman karato. parabhoot lock dukkhat rahatat. vijay aanee parabhav donhi sodoon shant vyakti anandane rahate "(dhammpad, 201). bauddha tatvadnya chandrakirti yanni lihile qee sainikatva haah eka aadaraniy vyavasay navhtah "yuddhatil jivanachya balidanacha aadar keela jaau naye, kaaran haah hanikarak krutincha aadhar aahe."mahayan brahmajal sutrat mhatale aahe qee jeey bodhisatva shapath ghetat tyanni yuddhat bhag gheu naye, yuddh pahoo naye, shastre kharedi karoo naye kinwa sathavu naye, naye stutee karoo naye kinwa tyanna manyata deu naye aanee itaranchya hatyela konatyahi prakare madat karoo naye. aaplya abhidharm-koshamadhye, vasubandhu lihito qee sainyatil serve sainik lashkarachya hatyesathi doshi asatat, keval pratyaksh hatya hatya nahee. aadhunik bauddha shantata karyakartyanmadhye 14 weey dalai lama, thitch nutt hahn, sulak shivaraksha, aaa. yancha samavesh aahe. tii. ariyaratne, preh mahaa ghosnand aanee nichidatsu fuji.
shantatavad haah bauddha aadarsh asala taree, bauddha rajye aanee rajyanni sampoorn itihasat yuddh pukarle aahe aanee bauddhanni yaa sangharshanche samarthan karnyache marg shodhale aahet. tibetvar oyarat aakramananantar (1635-1642) gushree khanane tibetmadhye bauddha dharmacha pramukh mhanoon sthapit kelelya kelelya dalai lamane khanchya krutyanchi prashansa kelee aanee sangitale qee too mahan bodhisatva vajrapanicha uday hota. panchvya dalai lama aanee shaktishali jelag rajpratinidhi, sonam chofel (1595-1657), gandan rajvadyacha khajindar yanchya netrutvakhali, tibeti rajyane bhutanvar aakraman kele (ii. sha. 1647, apayashi) aanee ladakh (ii. 1679, jyane purvi gamavalela tibeti pradesh parat midavala) mangolanchya madatine.
dusare udaharan mhanje saranjami japanmadhil bauddha yoddha bhikshunche, jyanni kadhikadhi sanghatit yuddh krutye kelee, tyanchya pradeshanche rakshan kele aanee pratispardhi bauddha panthanvar hallah keela. heyen kalkhandachya uttaradhat, tendai panth haah eka visheshtah shaktishali panth hota, jyache prabhavshali math bhikshunchya sainyacha vapar karoo shakat hote. yaa panthacha eka pramukh grunth mahayan mahaparinirvan sootra hota, jyamadhye dharmachya sanrakshanasathi hinsacharacha vapar karnyas anumati denare parichhed aahet. ashikaga kalat tendai shaala, jodo shinshu shaala aanee nichiren bauddha yanchyat lashkari sangharsh jhaala. samurai aanee tyanchya bushido kodmadhye zena bauddha dharm prabhavi hota.
darr mahayuddhachya kalat jawaljawal serve japani bauddha mandiranni (soka gakkai vagalata) japani samrajyavad aanee lashkarikaranala jordar pathimba deela. japani panne-bauddha samajane (myova kaee) chiinii bauddhanchi teeka fetalat mhatale qee, "aata 'anek jann jaganyasathi ekhadyala thaar marane' (isatsu tasho) yaa paropkari takadicha vapar karnyashivay aamchyakade paryay nahee aanee ashiyamadhye dharmachi amalbajavani karnyasathi yuddh atyant aavashyak hote.
garbhpat.
jaree paramparik bauddha dharm garbhpat nakarto, taree garbhpatasandarbhat ekahi bauddha drushtikon nahee, kaaran tyat manvi jivanacha janivpurvak naash karane samavisht aahe aanee manvi jeevan heey garbhadharanepasun suru hote asey manale jaate. pudhe, kahee bauddha matancha arth assa lavala jaau shakato qee jeevan kadhihi naan naan jivanchakramule garbhadharanepurvi jeevan astitvat aahe. punarjanmachya paramparik bauddha drushtikonatun garbhadharanechya velee garbhamadhye chetana asate, kalantarane vikasit hott nahee asey disate. vinay (thervad aanee sarvastivad) madhye, garbhpat honyache kaaran heey mathatil sanghatoon hakalpatti karoon dandaniy hatya mhanoon pahile jaate. abhidharm-koshat mhatale aahe qee 'jeevan garbhadharanechya kshanapasun aahe aanee tyat adthala aanoo naye kaaran tyala jaganyacha adhikar aahe'.
hyakade white krutya mhanoon pahanyache eka kaaran mhanje manvi punarjanmakade changli kaame karanyachi aanee mukti midvanyachi eka maulyavan aanee adviteey sandhee mhanoon pahile jaate. jaatak kathanmadhye asha mahilanchya katha aahet jyaa garbhpat karoon narkat punarjanm ghetat. aaichya jiwala dhoka asalyas, garbhpatas parvanagi aahe yavar anek paramparik bauddha sahmat aahet. shrilanketil garbhpatasathi heey ekmev kayadeshiraritya parvanagi asalele kaaran aahe aanee ganden tri rinpoche yanni yuktivad kelyapramane, tibeti paramparet dekhil heey eka mutt sweekarle gele aahe. matra, balatkarachya babatit, bahutek bauddha assa yuktivad karatat qee qee vyaktivar darr prakarcha hinsachar' karnyas parvanagi deuun hinsacharachya krutiche anusaran karane naitik nahee. bahutek bauddhankadun vikrut garbhadharana karane dekhil anaitik manale jaate.
japan aanee americet kaam karnare itaratra sansarat lokanpeksha garbhpatas adhik sahishnu asalyache mhatale jaate. japanmadhye, striya kadhikadhi mizuko kuyomadhye (<unk> <unk>-<unk>-lii.) bhag ghetat. navjat balachya smarak sevesathi) garbhpatanantar kinwa garbhpatanantar; ashach taiwani vidhila "yingling gongyang" mhanatat. chinmadhye garbhpat dekhil mothya pramanavar keela jaato, parantu tibetmadhye too khoop durmil aahe. asha prakare bahutek bauddha garbhpat karane chukiche aahe yavar sahmat asale taree, teey yaa prathevar bandee bandee kayadyanvar jore denyachi shakyata qamee aahe. garbhpat haah 'nakaratmak' aahe asey dalai lamane mhatale aahe, parantu yala apavad aahet. teey mhanale, "mallah vatate qee pratyek paristhitinusar garbhpatala manyata dilee pahije kinwa nakarle pahije."
bauddha dharmat garbhpat haah samasyapradhan asala taree garbhanirodhak haah samanyatah gair-muddah aahe.
aatmahatya aanee ichchamrutyu.
bauddha dharm jivanala dukhane vyapalele, asamadhankarak aanee tanavpurn mhanoon samajato. sadhyachya dukkhapasun vachanyasathi aekhadyache jeevan sampavane vyarth manale jaate kaaran ekhadyala punha punha punarjanm milel. trushnechya teen prakaranpaiki eka mhanje vinashachi (vibhav tanaha) trisha aanee hii trisha bhavishyatil dukkhache mool aahe. aswasth aanee uttejit manahsthitit marane heey white punarjanmakade nett asalyache manale jaate, mhanoon aatmahatyekade nakaratmak karm nirman karane mhanoon pahile jaate. aekhadyache jeevan sampavane mhanje sakaratmak karm nirman karanyachi maulyavan sandhee gamavane asehi manale jaate. aatmahatyecha arth pahilya tattvacha bhang (itar pranyanna naan marane) assa lavala jaat nasla taree, tyakade ajunahi eka gambhir aanee ayogya krutee mhanoon pahile jaate.
thervad bauddha dharmat, ekhadya bhikshula mrutyuchya fayadhyanchi stutee karane, jyat ekhadya vyaktila jivanache dukkh kinwa mrutyucha anand sangane aanee swargat jaane asha prakare sangane samavisht aahe qee tyala/teela aatmahatya karanyachi prerana milel kinwa fakt maranakade valane, heey jivanala haanee pohochavanyachya bandishi sambandhit sarvoch vinay sanhitanpaiki ekache ullanghan mhanoon spashtapane mhatale jaate, tyamule tyacha parinam sanghatoon svayanchalit nishkasana hoil.
bauddha dharm mrutyuchya anubhavakade aekhadyachya aadhyatmik jivanatil eka atishay sanvedanshil kshan mhanoon pahato, kaaran mrutyuchya velee aekhadyachya manacha darja aekhadyachya bhavishyatil punarjanmachi sthitee tharvato asey manale jaate. sodayala shikat asatana shant parantu janivpurvak mrutyu hone haah bauddha aadarsh aahe. nakaratmak vicharanshivay janivpurvak, pann changlya vicharanchya manat anandane marane heey pudhil jeevanat eka changle sankraman mhanoon pahile jaate. bauddha granthancha jup aanee pathan hii eka samanya pratha aahe; tibetmadhye maran pavalelya lokanna changlya punarjanmache margadarshan karnyasathi bardo thodolcha vapar keela jaato.
paramparik bauddha dharmat ichchamrutyucha samavesh asato, jyamadhye pahilya niyamache ullanghan mhanoon, aanakhi vedna talhanyasathi, ekhadya pidit rugnacha mrutyu hoto (tyanna heey havey asso vaa naso). ashee hatya hii karunechi krutee aahe kaaran tee dukkh rokhate haah yuktivad paramparik bauddha dharamshastrala asvikarya aahe kaaran tee bhramat kholvar rujaleli disate. yache kaaran asey qee jyaa dukkhacha janm ichchamrutyumule jhaala hota, too shevati punarjanm gheil aanee tyanchya karmamule (jaree serve dukkh karmamule hott nasale taree) dukkh sosave lagel aanee tyamule tyanna marlyane tyanna dukkhapasun vachanyas madat honar nahee. abhidharm-kosh spashtapane sangato qee aekhadyachya aajari aanee vruddha aaee-vadilanchi hatya karane hii eka bhramniras aahe. mrutyuchya prakriyet ekhadyala thaar maranyachi krutee dekhil tyanna janivpurvak vedna anubhavanyachi aanee shareer sodoon denyas shikanyachi sandhee nasht karate, mhanoon ichchamrutyuchi ichcha haah sharirik vedanebaddal tiraskar aanee naan honyachi ichcha yancha eka prakar asel. tathapi, kaloo rinpochechya matey, jivanrakshakatun kadhoon takanyachi nivad karane heey karmadrushtya tatasth aahe. joparyant jivanaviruddhachya dveshachya bhavnene too udbhavat nahee, toparyant ekhadi vyakti gambhirpane aajari asatana vaidyakeey upchar naan ghenyacha paryay naitikdrushtya nindaniy manla jaat nahee. heey ekhadya pranghatak rugnala punha jiwant naan karnyachya babatitahi lagoo hoil.
matra, aatmahatyeviruddhachya aadeshala apavad aahet. anek paali suttanmadhye asha katha aahet jyat buddhadvare aatm-ichchhamaran anaitik mhanoon pahile jaat nahee, jeey darshavate qee haah muddah adhik guntagunticha aahe. heey apavad, jase qee bhikshu channah aanee bhikshu vakkalichi katha, samanyatah pragat bauddha abhyaskanshi sambandhit aahet. yaa apavadatmak prakarananmadhye, chana aanee vakkali heey donhi prabuddh arhat asalyache mhatale jaate aanee shant aanee alipta manachya sthiteet swatahla ichchamrutyu detat.
purv-ashiyai aanee tibeti bauddha dharmat aatmadah karanyachi pratha vikasit jhaali. chinmadhye, nondavalelya aatmadahatil pahila prakar haah bhikshu fayu (aaa. 396). james aii. tathapi, samajik aanee rajkiy ashantata aanee bauddha chhalanchya kalat heey adhik samanya hote. yacha arth anekada bauddha bhashet viratapoorn tyagachi pratha assa keela jaat asey. vietnam yuddhadarmyan yaa prathechi mothya pramanavar jahirat jhaali aanee chiinii sarkarchya virodhat tibeti lokanni nishedh mhanoon dekhil tee suru thewali aahe.
fashichi shiksha.
bauddha dharm jivanachya pavitryavar khoop bharr deto aanee mhanunach siddhantanusar fashichi shiksha nakarto. tathapi, bahutek aitihasik bauddha rajyanmadhye fashichi shiksha vaparali gelee aahe. paach aadnyanpaiki (panka-sheela) pahila niyam mhanje jivanacha naash karnyapasoon door rahane. dhammapadachya 10 vya adhyayat mhatale aaheh
dhammapadacha shevatcha adhyay 26, mhanato, "mea tyala eka brahman mhanato jyane shastre bajula thewali aahet aanee serve pranyanvaril hinsacharacha tyag keela aahe. too itaranna marayala kinwa marayala madat karat nahee. yaa vakyancha arth anek bauddhanni (visheshtah pashchimekadil) mrutyudandas karanibhoot tharoo tharoo konatyahi kayadeshir upayala pathimba denyababatcha aadesh mhanoon lavala aahe. tathapi, jawaljawal sampoorn itihasat, jyaa deshanmadhye bauddha dharm haah adhikrut dharm rahila aahe (jyat bahutek sudur purv aanee indochincha samavesh aahe) tyaa deshanni fashichi shiksha palali aahe. eka apavad mhanje 818 madhye japanchya samratane dilelya mrutyudandachya shikshechi nirmulan. heey 1165 paryant chalale, jaree khajgi manormadhye sudbuddhicha eka prakar mhanoon fashichi shiksha suruch hotee.
prani aanee paryavaran.
bauddha dharm manavanna pranyanvaril vishesh naitik shreneet kinwa khrishchananpramane tyanchyavar konatyahi prakarche dev aadhipatya dett asalyache manat nahee. manavankade naitik nivadi karnyas adhik saksham mhanoon pahile jaate aanee yacha arth assa aahe qee tyanni pranyanche sanrakshn kele pahije aanee tyanchyashi dayalu asale pahije jeey sansarat sansarat pidit prani dekhil aahet. bauddha dharm dekhil manavanna nisargacha bhag mhanoon pahato, tyachyapasun vegala nahee. thitch nutt hahn heey nisargashi susanvad sadhanyachya bauddha drushtikonacha saransh asha prakare detatah
aapan itar prani aanee sajivanche nisarg mhanoon vargikaran karato, jase aapan swatah tyacha bhag nahee. mug aapan prashna vicharato qee 'aapan nisargashi kase vagave?aapan nisargala jyaa prakare samore jaave, tyach prakare swatashihi vagale pahije! aapan swatahla ija pohochavu naye; aapan nisargala ija pohochavu naye...manushya aanee nisarg heey avibhajya aahet.
suruvatichya bauddha mathanni jangalat barach vel ghalavala, jeey dhyanasathi eka utkrusht thikan mhanoon pahile jaat hote aanee thaee vann paramparechya bhikshundware hii parampara aajahi palali jaate.
shakaharipana.
shakaharipanachya garjebabat bauddha dharmat matbhed aahet, bauddha dharmachya kahee shakhanni ashee magani nakarli aahe aanee bahutansh bauddha pratyakshat maans khatat. anek mahayan bauddha-visheshtah chiinii, vhietnami aanee bahutek corian parampara-dharmgranthanchya aadharavar mansaharala tivra virodh karatat.
bauddha dharmacha pahila niyam pramukhyane jivanachya nashat thet sahbhag ghenyavar kendrit aahe. heey eka kaaran aahe qee buddhanni pranyanna marane aanee maans khane yaat farak keela aanee mathanchya prathet shakahar aananyas nakar deela. paali dharmgranthasarkhya suruvatichya bauddha granthanmadhye shikar, kasai, masemari aanee 'mansacha vyapar' (maans kinwa pashudhan) vyavasay mhanoon nakarle jaat asale taree, teey maans khanyachya krutivar bandee ghalat naheet. thet sahbhagamadhye tumchyasathi ekhadya pranyala marnyasathi ekhadyala aadesh dene kinwa protsahit karane dekhil samavisht aahe.
bauddha raja ashokane shakahari aaharala protsahan dile aanee varshabharat 'kattal naan karnyache divas' lagoo karoon tyachya rajyat annasathi marlya marlya pranyanchi sankhya qamee karnyacha prayatna keela. tyane shikarasathichya sahali sodoon dilya, vishisht pranyanchya hatyevar bandee ghatali aanee rajgharanyat mansacha vapar qamee keela. ashokane kahee keetak kinwa keetak marnyavarhi bandee ghatali. tyachya udaharananantar nantarche shrilankeche raje aale. ashokachya shilalekhanpaiki eka shilalekh mhanatoh
yethe (majhya karyakshetrat) konatyahi sajivanchi kattal kelee jaau naye kinwa tyanna yadnyat arpan kele jaau naye...purvi, devanche priy, raja piyadasichya svayampakgharat, darroj lakho prani kadhee banavanyasathi marle jaat asat. pann aata yaa dhamm aadnyapatrachya likhanane done morr aanee eka harran asey fakt teen prani marle jaatat aanee harane nehmich nahee. aanee kalantarane, heey teen pranihi marle jaanar naheet.
anek bauddha, visheshtah purv aashiyatil, asey manatat qee bauddha dharm shakaharala protsahan deto kinwa protsahan deto. bauddha siddhantat pranyanna marnyashi lokanna marnyashi tulana kelee jaate (aanee hatya karane kadhikadhi naitik asoo shakate assa nishkarsh talhato, udaa.jee. itarancha bachav), chiinii, corian, vhietnami aanee kahee japani mathanchya paramparanvyatirikt, bahutek bauddha aacharanat maans khatat; tathapi, uparokt paramparanmadhye bauddha samanya vyaktinchi eka lakshaniy alpasankhyak sankhya aahe jee eka nishchit velapatrakanusar shakaharipana rakhate aanee eka lahan alpasankhyak jeey purnavel bauddha shakahari aahet. buddh swatah asvachch dukarache maans khallyane maran pavale qee nahee yabaddal kahee vaad aahe. bahutek chiinii aanee vhietnami mathvasi shakahari aahet, tarr shakahari tibeti durmil aahet, kaaran kathor himalayin hawaman aahe. japani samanya lock maans khanyacha cull thevatat, parantu math shakahari asatat. hepatitis beecha sansarg jhalyanantar, dalai lamala doctoranni uchch prani-prathineyukt aaharakade jaanyacha sallah deela. dalai lama darr darr divashi shakahari khato, mhanoon too varshatil 6 mahine prabhavipane shakahari aahar gheto. pashchimatya deshanmadhye bauddhanmadhye shakaharipana dekhil samanya aahe.
tripitakchya paali aavruttit, asey anek prasang aahet jyat buddhane maans khalle tasech vaidyakeey paristhitivar upchar mhanoon vishisht prakarchya mansachi shifaras kelee aahe. ekekali, eka senapatine eka nokarala visheshtah buddhala khayala denyasathi maans kharedi karnyasathi pathavale. buddhane ghoshit kele keeh
buddhanche asey mutt hote qee ann datyane changlya hetune dile asalyane, joparyant teey yaa teen babatint shuddha aahe toparyant bhikshune heey sweekarle pahije. arpan karnyas nakar dilyas daata pradan paribhashit sakaratmak karmapasoon vanchit raheel. shivay, aata konate ann khayache teey teey bhikshunmadhye eka vishisht abhiman nirman hoil. tathapi, buddhane asey mhatale aahe qee daata ekhadya pranyala maroon swatahsathi white karm nirman karato. thervad bauddha deshanmadhye, tathapi, bahutek lock maans khatat.
paali tripitakatil kahee bhaganmadhye buddhanni shakaharala samarthan kinwa nakar dilyacha ullekh nasla taree aanee konatehi mahayan sootra spashtapane mansahar haah pahilya niyamacha bhang asalyache jaheer karat nasale taree kahee mahayan sutre mansaharala jordar aanee bindhastapane nishedh karatat, pramukhyane asha krutimule bodhisatvachya karuneche ullanghan hote. mansaharala virodh paribhashit sutranmadhye 'nirvan sootra', 'shurangam sootra', 'brahmajal sootra', 'angulimaliy sootra', 'mahamegh sootra' aanee 'lankavatar sootra' yaa mahayan aavrutticha samavesh aahe, tasech 'karm sootra' madheel maans sevanachya nakaratmak karmik parinamanvar buddhanni kelelya tippanya aahet. tyachya mrutyuchya agadi purvasandhyela buddhanchi antim spashtikaranatmak aanee nishchit mahayan shikavan mhanoon swatahla sadar paribhashit mahayan mahaparinirvan sutramadhye, buddh mhanato qee "maans khallyane mothya dayeche beej vizate", asey sangoon, serve prakarche maans aanee maase (aadhich mrut sapadalelya pranyanchehi) sevan karnyas tyane manai kelee aahe. jeey bhikshu baher bheek magayala jaatat aanee datyakadun maans ghetat tyanni teey khalle pahije hii kalpana too visheshtah nakaratoh  . . too nakarla pahije. . . mea mhanato qee maans, maase, khel, valalelya khurr aanee itaranni thevalelya mansache tukade heey dekhil ullanghan aahe. . . mansaharamule honare nuksan mea shikavato."yaa sutramadhye buddh asehi bhakit karato qee nantarche bhikshu" banavat likhananna assal dharm mhanoon dhartil "aanee tyanchi swatachi sutre tayar kartil aanee khotepanane dawa kartil qee buddh maans khanyas parvanagi deto, tarr pratyakshat teey asey mhanat naheet. lanketara sutratil eka lamb parichhed darshavito qee buddh mansaharaviruddha atishay jordarpane aanee nihsanshaypane shakaharasathi bolat aahe, kaaran saha-sanvedanshil pranyanche maans khane heey bodhisatvane jopasanyacha prayatna keela pahije tyaa karuneshi visangat asalyache tyane mhatale aahe. itar anek mahayan dharmgranthanmadhyehi (udaa.jee.(mahayan jaatak), mansahar haah avanchhaniy aanee karmadrushtya ayogya aahe heey darshavinyasathi buddh spashtapane disato.
paryavaran.
jangale aanee jangale heey suruvatichya bauddhansathi aadarsh nivassthan hote aanee anek grunth vanjeevan heey dhyandharanesathi upayukt asalyache kautuk karatat. vinayanusar bhikshunna zaade todanyachi parvanagi nahee aanee zaade aanee zaade lavane heey karmadrushtya faldayi manale jaate. yamule, bauddha math heey purv aashiyatil aadhunikikaran hott asalelya rajyanmadhye anekada lahan nisarg sanrakshit aahet. ficus religiosa prajatila shubh manale jaate, kaaran buddhane jyaa prakarchya zadakhali dnyan prapt kele tyach prakarche zaad aahe.
mahayan bauddha dharmat, kahee shikavaninmadhye asey mhatale aahe qee zaade aanee vanaspatinmadhye buddh swabhav asato. kukaiche asey mutt hote qee, khadak aanee itar serve goshtinsah vanaspati aanee zaade hii vairokanachya 'eka manachi' abhivyakti aahet aanee kutre asey manatat qee vanaspati jeevan 'buddh swabhav' aahe.
purv-aadhunik kalat, jaree ashokane jangale jaalanyavar bandee ghatali aanee tyachya shilalekhanmadhye zaade lavnyas protsahan dile, taree paryavaraniy samasyanvar mothya pramanat charcha jhaali nahee. bikkhu bodhi, eka american thervad sadhu, paryavaraniy sankatachya muddyavar spashtapane bolat aale aahet. aaplya bhautik aanee kamuk ichcha purn karnyasathi vadhalele utpadan aanee upbhog heey kalyanakade netat assa vishvas haah sadhyachya paryavaraniy sankatache mool aahe, asey bodhiche mutt aahe. nisargache adhinata heey haanee naan pohochavanyachya aanee nisargat rahnyachya bauddha drushtikonachya thet virodhat aahe. thayalandmadhil ajaan pongsuck aanee sarvoday shramdana chalvalisarkhya bauddha karyakartyanni punarvanikaran aanee paryavaran sanrakshanasathi kaam kele aahe. dalai lama dekhil manav aanee nisargachya jawalche naate asalyache kabool karatat, asey mhanatat qee manav nisargatoon aala asalyane tyachya virodhat jaanyat kahee arth nahee. swachchh paryavaran haah moolbhut manvi haqq manla pahije aanee aaplya nantar nantar lokanna nirogi jug denyasathi aapan sarvatopari prayatna karoo yachee khatri karane hii manav mhanoon aapali jababdari aahe, asey teey sangatat.
lingvishayak samasya.
bauddhapoorv bharatiy dharmat, striyankade purushanpeksha qamee darjachya aanee adheen mhanoon pahile jaat asey. purushanpramanech striyanmadhye aadhyatmik kshamata aahet asey buddhanche mutt asalyane buddhanchya shikavanukinmule laingik samanatela chalana midali. isaline blow hornerchya matey, bauddha bharatatil striyanna adhik aadar hota aanee tyanna vyakti mhanoon sthan dile gele. tyanna adhik swatantrya aanee tyanchya swatachya jivanache margadarshan aanee anusaran karnyache vyapak swatantrya labhale."buddhane donhi linganna samaan shikavan dilee, vividh samanya shishyanchi tyanchya shahanpanabaddal prashansa kelee aanee mahilanna mathvasi (bhikshuni) bananyachi parvanagi dilee, asha velee jevha bharatat heey nindaniy manale jaat hote, jithe purushanche aadhyatmik vyavasayanvar varchasva hote. buddhanchya done pramukh mahila shishya khema aanee upalavanna hotya. purushanpramanech striyanmadhye soteriological kshamata aahe aanee pratyekachya aadhyatmikdrushtya nirvanakade jaanyachya kshamatevar lingacha konatahi prabhav nahee, asey buddhane shikavale. suruvatichya bauddha granthanmadhye, stree prabuddh arhat samanya aahet. bauddha nun matra aath garudhamma navachya bauddha bhikshunna lagoo naan naan atirikt 8 aadnyanni bandhalya jaatat. yaa niyamanchya satyatevar jordar virodh aahe; buddhanchya kalat, striyansathi mathanchya kramachi "adhik sweekruti denyasathi" (bhikshuni) vinaymadhye teey jodale gele hote, parantu lingbhedacha eka prakar mhanoon tyacha arth lavala jaau shakato. alaan sponberg assa yuktivad karatat qee suruvatichya bauddha sanghane 'sansthatmak aanee kendrivad' chya madhyamatoon samajik sweekruti midvane apekshit hote kaaran teey samanya samajachya bhautik pathimbyavar avalambun hote. yaa sponbergchya nishkarshamuleh "saiddhantik staravar sarvasamaveshakateprati asalelya tyachya serve bandhilakisathi, sansthatmak bauddha dharm samajatil laingik bhoomikambaddal prachalit asalelya drushtikonanna aavhan deu shakala nahee (kinwa tyala konatehi kaaran disale nahee)."
mahayanpurv granthanmadhye asehi mhatale aahe qee jaree striya arhat banoo shakatat, taree tyaa 'samyaksambuddha' (eka buddh joou swatah marg shodhato), 'chakravartin' (chakr firavnara raja), swargacha shasak, 'maaraa saitan' kinwa 'brahm dev' banoo shakat naheet.
therigatha' haah jyeshth bauddha nanchya kavitancha sangrah aahe aanee mahila sahityatil sarvat suruvatichya granthanpaiki eka aahe. aanakhi eka mahattvacha grunth mhanje therry-apadan, joou prakhyat nanche charitra sankalit karato. ashach prakarchi eka shlok mhanje nun somchi, jicha jangalat pravas kartana maaraa teela mohat padat asey. maaraa mhanate qee striya dnyanpraptisathi puresha buddhiman nasatat, soma eka shlokane uttar dete jeey adhyatmachya lingala mahatva nasalyache darshavateh
mahayan bauddha dharmat, taara aanee gwanyin yasarkhe bodhisatva heey atishay lokpriy stree devata aahet. kahee bauddha tantrik granthanmadhye pratyek swargiy buddh kinwa bodhisatvasathi stree patnincha samavesh aahe. yaa tantrik jodpyanmadhye, stree shahanpanache (pradnyeche) prateek aahe aanee purush kushal sadhananche (upayache) prateek aahe. yaa done gunancha sangam anekada laingik sambandh mhanoon darshavila jaato, jyala yaab-yum (vadil-aaee) mhanatat.
purv ashiyamadhye, buddh nisarg serve pranyanmadhye antarbhut aahe yaa kalpanecha arth assa ghetala jaato qee, aadhyatmikdrushtya kiman ling samaan aahet aanee heey ranee srimala sootrachya sinhachya garjanadvare vyakt kele jaate. buddh swarupachya yaa aadarshavar aadharit, chiinii chaan (zena) shalene ling samanatevar bharr deela. chiinii linji shaletil dahui zhonggaon (1089-1163) yanni bauddha dharmatil mahilambaddal mhatleh "satyavar prabhutva midvanyasathi, ekhadi vyakti purush kinwa stree, udatt kinwa aadhar asso yane kahee farak padat nahee."soto zenche japani sansthapak doggen yanni lihileh" jarr tumhala dharm aikayacha asel aanee vedna aanee ashantata sampavayachi asel tarr purush aanee stree asha goshti visara. joparyant bhram door jhaale naheet, toparyant purush kinwa striya doghannihi teey door kele naheet; jevha teey serve door kele jaatat aanee kharey vastav anubhavale jaate, tevha purush aanee stree assa konatahi farak nasato."
bauddhanchi lingapratichi vrutti sampoorn itihasat vegvegali rahili aahe kaaran tee confucianism (jee mahilanna adheen manate) aanee hindu dharm yasarkhya pratyek vishisht sanskruti aanee vishvas pranaline prabhavit jhaali aahe. udaharanarth, therwadin bhashyakar buddhaghosa (ii. sha. sha shatak), haah tyachya brahman parshvabhoomine prabhavit jhalela disato, jyamadhye tyane mhatale aahe qee, stree mhanoon punarjanmapeksha purush mhanoon punarjanm haah motha asato. stree ling badalanyache sootra' aanee 'mulichya shuddha shraddheche prashna' yasarkhi kahee mahayan sutre dekhil yaa kalpanela pratidhvanit karatat. yuddhe aanee aakramane yasarkhya vividh aitihasik aanee sanskrutik karananmule, niyukt bauddha nanche aadesh aagney ashiya aanee tibetmadhye nahise jhaale kinwa kadhihi lagoo kele gele naheet, jaree tyaa haloohaloo aaya khema, dhammanand bhikkhuni, tenzin palmo aanee thubten chodron yasarkhya nandware punha suru houu lagalya. agadi alikadchya kalaparyant, chean, taiwan aanee koria hii ekmev ashee thikane hotee jithe ajunahi purnapane niyukt bhikshuni vansh astitvat hote. februwari 1987 madhye bodhgaya yethe bauddha nanchi aantarrashtriy parishad aayojit karnyat aalee hotee aanee bauddha mahilanchi aantarrashtriy sanghatana 'shakyadhita' (buddhanchya mulee) chee sthapana jhaali, jee jagbharatil bauddha nanana madat karnyavar laksh kendrit karate.
natesambandh.
aaplya aaee-vadilambaddal, jodidarabaddal, mitrambaddal aanee itar serve pranyambaddal sadbhavna aanee karuna nirman karnyala buddhane khoop mahatva dile. bauddha dharm kutumb aanee samudayatil susanvadala khoop mahatva deto. paach aadnya palane aanee udar vrutti (daan) asane haah yaa susanvadacha paya mhanoon pahila jaato. samanya janateche vinay (aachar sanhita) mhanoon pahanyat yenara eka mahattvacha grunth mhanje sigalowada sutt jyamadhye chukichya krutichi ruparesha dilee aahe aanee sampattichya apvyayaviruddha ishara deela aahe. sadguni vyakti sahaa dishanchi, mhanje aaee-vadil (purv), shikshak (dakshin), patni (paschim), mitra aanee sahkari (uttar) aanee done ubhya dishah tapasvi aanee brahman (varr) aanee sevak (khalee) yanchi pooja kashee karate, yachee ruparesha sigalovad suttat dilee aahe. tyancha aadar aanee pathimba kassa dyayacha aanee tyaa badalyat sahaa jann dayalupana aanee pathimba kassa parat kartil yabaddal majkoor tapshilvar sangato. natesambandh parasparsanvadavar aadharit asatat aanee joparyant konee tyachya bajoone changli krutye karat nahee toparyant ekhadyala itarankadun vartanachi apeksha karnyacha adhikar nahee heey samajale jaate.
udaharanarth, palakanni swatachi kalji ghetali pahije aanee tyanchyavar prem kele pahije, heey samajoon tyancha aadar keela pahije aanee tyanna pathimba deela pahije. vivahat, suttat asey mhatale aahe qee gruhsthane aaplya patnishi "tichyashi vinamrapane vaga, ticha tiraskar naan karata, tichyashi vishvasoo rahoon, teela adhikar deuun, teela alankar deuun vagale pahije."tyaa badalyat patni" tichi kartavye changlya prakare paar padate, tee natevaik aanee paricharanna aadaratithya karate, tee vishvasoo asate, too jeey aanato tyache tee rakshan karate, tee tichi kartavye paar padnyat kushal aanee mehanati asate."buddhane asehi mhatale aahe qee patni aanee patee ekmekanche sarvat changle mitra (param shakha) asavet. ekvivah haah vivahasathicha pramukh namuna asala taree bauddha samajannihi bahupatneetva aanee bahupatneetva palale aanee sweekarle aahe. bauddha dharm vivahakade pavitra mhanoon navhe tarr eka dharmnirpeksh bhagidari mhanoon pahato aanee tyamule ghatasfotas konatahi muddah nahee.
laingikta.
bauddha dharmachya paach tattvanpaiki tattvanpaiki (kinwa kadhikadhi chauthya) tattvat asey mhatale aahe qee, 'laingik gairvartanuki' pasoon door rahane, jyache vividh arth aahet, parantu samanyatah balatkar, vinaybhang aanee anekada vyabhichar yasarkhya itaransathi hanikarak asalelya konatyahi laingik vartanacha samavesh hoto, jaree heey sthanik vivah aanee natesambandhanchya prathanvar avalambun asate. bahutek paramparanmadhil bauddha bhikshu aanee nanani keval serve laingik kriyakalapanpasun door rahane apekshit nahee tarr brahmacharyachi shapath dekhil ghene apekshit aahe.
laingik abhimukhata.
bauddha paramparanmadhye samalaingikatebaddal aanee samanyatah 'laingik gairvartan' paribhashit paribhashit udaharanancha arth lavnyat matanchi prachand vividhata aahe. jaree bauddha sutranmadhye samalaingikatecha spasht nishedh keela jaat nasla taree, mug too thervad asso, mahayan asso kinwa mantrayan, samajik aanee samudayik drushtikon aanee abhyasakanchya aitihasik drushtikonatun purvavarti siddha jhaale aahet. kahee sangh heey paach aadnyanni nishiddha kelelya shastrokt laingik gairvartanashi samalaingikatechi tulana karatat. itar "sangh" asey manatat qee jarr laingikta dayalu aanee/kinwa sahmatichi asel aanee tee pratidnyanche ullanghan karat nasel, tarr tee samalingi asso kinwa naso, konatehi karm ullanghan hott nahee. pashchatya rajyanmadhil tasech japanmadhil bauddha samuday samanyatah samalaingikta swikaranyacha cull dakhavtat. japanmadhye, bauddha samurai aanee padrinmadhil samalingi sambandh pratyakshat agadi samanya hote. tantrik shingon shalet padrinmadhil purush samalaingikta visheshtah samanya hotee.
paali siddhant aanee aagam (suruvatiche bauddha dharmgranthan) nusar, samaan kinwa viruddha ling sambandhancha laingik gairvartanashi kahihi sambandh aahe asey konatehi mhanane nahee aanee kahee thervad bhikshu vyakt karatat qee laingik gairvartan talhanyasathi samalingi sambandh niyamanche ullanghan karat naheet, mhanje alpavayin vyaktishi (asha prakare tyanchya palakanni kinwa palakanni sanrakshit kelele), lagn nishchit kelelya kinwa vivahit vyaktishi aanee jyanni dharmik brahmacharyachi shapath ghetali aahe, tyanchyashi laingik sambandh thevu nakaa.
nantarchya kahee paramparanmadhye, jase qee shantidev aanee gampopa, yonimargatil laingik sambandhanvar (samalaingiktesaha) nirbandh aahet. digha nikayachya madhyayugeen bhashyat samajatil anaitikatechi udaharane dilee aahet aanee eka udaharan mhanje samalaingikta, tarr yala suttamadhye konatahi aadhar nahee. abhidharm-coses aanee jaatak kathansarkhya itar bauddha granthanmadhye yaa sandarbhat samalaingikatecha ullekh nahee. jose ignacio cabezone yanchya matey, bauddha sanskratinchi samalaingikatepratichi drushti samanyatah tatasth rahili aahe.
purush aanee striya doghannahi niyukt kele jaau shakate, tarr vinayadvare hermaphroditena parvanagi nahee. pracheen granthannusar, teey bhikshu kinwa nanana fasavatil yaa shakyatemule heey ghadale aahe.
vinay 'pandakan' laa mathvasi bananyapasun dekhil rokhato, jyanchi vyakhya 'andakoshanshivay' ashee kelee gelee aahe aanee samanyatah jyanna purushatvachi samanya (samanyatah sharirik) vaishishtye nasatat (kahee prakarananmadhye teey asha mahilancha sandarbh dete jyanna stritvachi samanya vaishishtye nasatat). pandakachya eka bhikshune itaranshi sambandh thevun vinay niyam modalyanantar buddhane haah niyam sthapan keela. tyamule, pandkans suruvatila sanghamadhye pravesh deela gela asey disate. milind panth aanee abhidharm-coses yasarkhya nantarchya bauddha granthanmadhye pandakankade tyanchya laingiktemule aanee mansik ashuddhatemule aadhyatmikdrushtya adthala aanalele asalyache pahile jaate.
aarthik naitikta.
samanya lokanna buddhanni dilelya shikavanukinmadhye tyanche udarnirvah kase karave aanee tyanchi sampatti kashee vaparavi yabaddalachya sallyancha samavesh hota. joparyant sampattichi nirmiti naitikdrushtya, yogya upajivikenusar kelee jaat aahe, toparyant buddhane sampattichi nirmiti prashansaneey manali, joou udatt aath putt margatil ghatakanpaiki eka aahe aanee jyacha arth ekhadyala marlyashivay jagane, itar pranyanchya dukkhat sahbhagi hone (shastre, vish, daroo kinwa maans vikoon) kinwa khote bolane, choree karane kinwa fasavanuk karane assa aahe.
sigalowada suttat mhatale aahe qee, gurunni sevak aanee aanee kalji asha prakare ghetali pahijeh "(1) tyanna tyanchya kshamatenusar kaam sopavoon, (2) tyanna ann aanee vetan puravun, (3) aajarpanat tyanchi kalji gheuun, (4) tyanna konatehi khadyapadarth vatoon deuun, (5) tyanna kadhikadhi sutty deuun" (digha nikaya 31). suruvatichya bauddha granthanmadhye kamachya yashakade aekhadyachya aadhyatmik aanee naitik gunanchi madat mhanoon pahile jaate.
aadi suttamadhye buddhane lock tyanchi 'nyayane midavaleli' sampatti vaparnyasathi anek marganchi ruparesha dekhil dilee aaheh
buddhane dene aanee vatoon ghenyachya sadgunavar khoop bharr deela aanee mhanunach daan aanee dandharm hii pratha bauddha aarthik naitikatechya kendrasthani aahe. garibannahi vatoon ghenyas protsahit kele jaate, kaaran yamule adhik aadhyatmik sampatti milateh "mallah maheet aahe qee, jarr pranyanna dene aanee vatoon ghenyache parinam mahit asateel, tarr teey dilyashivay khau shakanar naheet, kinwa swarthacha daag tyanchya manat maat karnar nahee. jaree too tyancha shevatcha dansh asala, tyancha shevatcha tondbharoon, jarr tyanchi bhetvastu ghenyasathi konee asel tarr teey vatoon ghetalyashivay khau shakanar naheet."guntalelya bauddha dharmachya aadhunik vadhimule samajik karya aanee dharmaday karyavar bharr denyat aala aahe. bauddha madat aanee karyakarte sanghatananmadhye bauddha jaagtik madat, kamalachi pohoch, bauddha shantata fellowship, piyara kutta, guntalelya bauddhanche aantarrashtriy jaale, tzu chee foundation, ahinsak shantata dall aanee zena shantata nirmate yancha samavesh aahe.
bauddha grunth sarvajanik kamanchya ubharanila protsahan detat jyamule samajala fayda hoto aanee ashokasarkhya bauddha rajanchya katha samanya lokanche udaharan mhanoon vaparlya jaatat jyanni lokansathi rugnalaye aanee udyane bandhun sarvajanik kalyanala chalana dilee. buddhache pramukh samanya shishya, shrimant vyapari anathpindika ('garibanche poshak') heey dekhil eka sadguni samanya vyaktiche aanakhi eka udaharan aahe, jyane aapali bahutansh sampatti itaranchya fayadhyasathi daan kelee aanee tyamule tyala 'udaratecha agraganya shishya' mhanoon olakhale gele. suruvatichya bauddha granthanmadhye granthanmadhye aanee vyaparacha upman keela jaat nahee, tarr tyaeivaji joparyant teey naitikdrushtya kele jaate aanee samajachya kalyanakade netat toparyant udhyoganna protsahan dile jaate. bauddha dharmatil shasakanna aadarsh chakr firavnara raja, chakravartin haah suvarnaman aahe. chakravartini nyayyapane rajya karate, garajoo lokanna dete aanee samajik ashantata rokhanyasathi garibishi ladhate asey mhatale jaate. chakravartin fayadhyasathi yuddhe ladhat nahee, tarr keval rajyachya sanrakshanasathi too sthalantarit aanee nirvasitanna swikarato aanee lock aanee pranyansathi rugnalaye, udyane, vasatigruhe, vihiri, kalve aanee vishrantigruhe bandhato. samanya bodhisatvanni itaranchya bhalyasathi aanee surakshitatesathi samajik kalyan karyat sahbhagi vhave, asey mahayan bauddha dharmache mhanane aahe. dakshinekadil bauddha dharmachya pradeshat, bauddha math anekada garib, niradhar, anath, vruddha lock aashray gheu shakatat ashee thikane bunley. math anekada shikshan dett asat aanee aajari lokanchi kalji ghet asat aanee mhanunach garibansathi samajik kalyanachi kendre dekhil aahet.
robbert therman yanni nagarjun yanchya 'maulyavan maalaa ratnavali' yaa charchemadhye mahayan bauddha paramparekade 'kalyankari rajya' laa rajkiy samarthan denari mhanoon pahile aahe...dayalu samajvadacha niyam '. pramukh bauddha samajvadinmadhye 14 weey dalai lama, buddhadas, bii. aar. ambedkar, yuu nuu, giro seno aanee lyne kivu. neville karunatilek, ii. yasarkhe itar. eff. schmuture, padmasiri deey silva, prayudh payutto aanee salak shivaraksh yanni bauddha arthshastrala protsahan dile aahe, jeey swatahla samajvadi mhanoon paribhashit karat nahee, parantu tarihi aadhunik grahak bhandavalshahivar teeka karate. eae. eff. scheumakerne tyachya 'bauddha arthshastra' (1973) madhye lihileh 'bauddha arthshastra aadhunik bhautikvadachya arthshastrapeksha khoop vegale asale pahije, kaaran bauddha sanskratiche saar manvi ichchechya gunakarat navhe tarr manvi charitryachya shuddikaranat pahato."
aadhunik arthshastra manvi ichcha purn karnyacha prayatna karat asatana, bauddha dharm aaplya ichcha qamee karnyacha prayatna karato aanee mhanunach bauddha arthshastra grahakvirodhi aanee sadhe jeevan jaganyachya bhavnela protsahan deil. bauddha arthshastrah bajarpethesathi eka madhyam marg' yaa tyanchya pustakat, prayudh payutto lihitat qee upbhog heey keval 'manvi kshamatecha vikas' aanee 'vyaktimadhye, samajat aanee vatavaranat kalyan' heey uddisht sadhya karnyache eka sadhan aahe. bauddha drushtikonatun, 'yogya upbhog' haah kalyanavar aadharit aahe tarr 'chukicha upbhog' mhanje 'aanandadayak sanvedana kinwa ahankar-truptichi ichcha purn karanyachi' garaj aahe. tyachpramane, 'upbhoktavadacha dharm lobh, dvesh aanee bhramavar bharr deto' jyamule chinta nirman hote aanee yacha samadhanachya naitikatene samna keela pahije, assa yuktivad 'sulak shivaraksh' yane keela aahe, joou sarvoday shramdan chalvalit aanee bhutanchya sthool rashtriy anandi arthshastrat bauddha arthshastracha sarav karnyache aadhunik prayatna pahata yetat.
bauddha dharm naitikdrushtya midavalelya sampattila protsahan dett asatana, lobh aanee sampattichi tahan hii nakaratmak manali jaate aanee samadhanachi 'sarvat mothee sampatti' mhanoon prashansa karato. garibi aanee karj heey dukkh, anaitikta aanee samajik ashantatechi karane mhanoon pahile jaatat, jarr teey ekhadyala moolbhut garja aanee manahshanti milanyapasun rokhatat. samanya lokansathi, bauddha dharm garibeeche jeevan aanee bhautikvadi kinwa upbhoktavadi jeevan, jyamadhye ekhadi vyakti nehmich swatahla samruddha karnyacha aanee adhik vastoo kharedi karnyacha prayatna karat asate, yamadhil madhyam margala protsahan deto. mug samanya bauddhansathi, bauddha asane mhanje serve bhautik goshti nakarane assa arth nahee, parantu sizmore aanee shapath shapath mateh "ekhadyala swatahla sapadalelya konatyahi bhautik sthiteet jopasanyachi aanee vyakt karanyachi vrutti tee nirdisht karate. naan jodalele asane mhanje bhautik vastoo asane aanee tyancha vapar karane parantu tyaa tyanchya tabyat kinwa vaparat nasane. tyamule, anasaktatechi kalpana serve bauddha samajat, samanya lokanna aanee bhikshunna samanpane lagoo hote."

