
sanvad vahini

sampreshan vahini mhanje ektar tarasarkhe bhautik pareshan madhyam kinwa dursanchar aanee sanganak networkingmadhil redio vahinisarkhya bahuayami madhyamavaril tarkik jodani hoy. udaharanarth, eka kinwa anek 'preshak' pasoon eka kinwa anek 'praptakartyanmadhye' digital biit pravah mahitichya hastantaranasathi vahinicha vapar keela jaato. vahinichi mahitee prasarit karanyachi eka vishisht kshamata asate, jee anekada tichya bandwidthdware echzedmadhye kinwa tichya deta daradvare prati sekand bitmadhye mojali jaate.
antar olandun mahiticha sanket sampreshit karnyasathi kahee prakarcha marg kinwa madhyam aavashyak asate. heey marg, jyanna sampreshan marg mhanatat, teey done prakarche madhyam vapartatah pareshan marg (udaa.jee. valalelee jodee, samakshiy aanee fiber-optic kebal) aanee prasaran (udaa.jee. microwave, upgrah, redio aanee infrared).
mahitee siddhantat, vahini mhanje vishisht truti vaishishtyansah saiddhantik "vahini pratikruti" hoy. yaa adhik samanya drushtikonatun, sathavan sadhan heey eka sanvadache madhyam dekhil aahe, jeey (lekhee) pathvile jaau shakate aanee (vachan) dware prapt kele jaau shakate aanee kalantarane mahitee sanketacha sanvad sadhanyas anumati dete.
udaharane.
dalanvalan vahinyanchya udaharananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
yaa serve sampreshan vahinya jyaa malmattechi mahitee hastantarit karatat tee samayik karatat. signaldware vahinidvare mahitee vahoon nellie jaate.
channell models.
input (prasarit signal) output (prapt signal) madhye kase mapp kele jaate yache varnan karnyasathi vahiniche ganiteey model tayar kele jaau shakatat. sanvad kshetrasathi vishisht channell modelche anek prakar aanee upayog aahet. visheshtah, sanvad pranalichya pratyek tharache varnan karnyasathi swatantra namune tayar kele jaatat.
prasarit signalmadhye badal karananya bhautik prakriyanchi ganana karnyacha prayatna karoon vahiniche bhautik swaroop tayar kele jaau shakate. udaharanarth, wireless sampreshanamadhye, vatavaranatil pratyek vastoochya paravartan ganana karoon vahiniche pratirupan kele jaau shakate. praptakartyamadhye bahya hastakshep kinwa electronic aavajache anukaran karnyasathi yadruchchik sankhyancha kram dekhil jodala jaau shakato.
sankhyikidrushtya, sanvad vahiniche samanyatah input varnamala, output varnamala aanee input aanee output ghatakanchya pratyek jodisathi (i, o), sankraman sambhavyata "p (i, o)" asalele tupal mhanoon pratirupan kele jaate. shabdarthadrushtya, sankraman sambhavyata mhanje 'i' heey vahinivar prasarit jhaale aahe heey lakshat gheta 'o' heey chinh prapt honyachi sambhavyata aahe.
sankhyikeey aanee bhautik pratirupan ekatra kele jaau shakate. udaharanarth, wireless sampreshanat vahiniche model anekada prasarit sanketachya yadruchchik kshinatedvare (jyala fedding mhanatat), tyanantar yojak aavajadvare kele jaate. ksheenata hii sandnya antarnihit bhautik prakriyanche saralikaran aahe aanee sankramanachya darmyan signal powermadhil badal tipate. modelmadhil aavaj receivermadhil bahya hastakshep kinwa electronic aavaj tipato. jarr ksheenata hii sandnya guntaguntichi asel tarr tee vahinitoon signalla jaanyasathi lagananya sapeksh veleche varnan karate. pratimanatil kshinateche sankhyikeey gunadharm mageel mojmap kinwa bhautik anukaranandware nirdharit kele jaatat.
sanvad vahinyancha abhyas swatantra-varnamala modulation yojnanmadhye dekhil keela jaato. ganiteey pratimanamadhye sankraman sambhavyata asate jee vahinichya inputchya pratyek sambhavya kramasathi utpadan vitaran nirdisht karate. mahitee siddhantat, smrutiheen vahinyanpasun suruvat karane samanya aahe jyamadhye utpadan sambhavyata vitaran keval vartaman vahinyanchya inputvar avalambun asate.
vahiniche pratikruti ektar digital kinwa analogue asoo shakate.
digital channell models.
digital vahinichya pratikrutimadhye, prasarit sandesh eka vishisht protocol staravar digital sanket mhanoon tayar keela jaato. moolbhut protocol star, jase qee bhautik thurr prasaran tantra, eka sopya pratimane badalale jaate. modelmadhye biit rait, biit earers, latensey/dealey, dealey gitter ityadi channell performance upay pratibimbit houu shakatat. digital vahini modelchi udaharane pudhilpramane aaheth
analogue channell models.
analogue channell modelmadhye, prasarit sandesh analogue signal mhanoon tayar keela jaato. heey model resheey kinwa resheey nasalele, kaal-satat kinwa kaal-swatantra (namunedar), smrutiheen kinwa gatishil (parinami sphot truti), vel-bhinn kinwa vel-bhinn (parinami sphot truti dekhil hotat), baseband, passband (aar. eff. signal model), vastavik-moolya kinwa jatil-moolya asalele signal model asoo shakate. model khaleel vahini dosh pratibimbit karoo shakateh
vahini kamgiriche upay.
samanyatah vaparlya jaanarya vahinichi kshamata aanee kamgirichya upayanchi hii udaharane aaheth
cellular pranalinvar lagoo honanya bahu-terminal vahinya.
networkmadhye, bindu-teey-bindu sampreshanachya ulat, sampreshan madhyam anek sampreshan antim bindunmadhye (terminal) samayik kele jaate. sampreshanachya prakaranusar, vegvegale terminal ekmekanna sahkarya karoo shakatat kinwa hastakshep karoo shakatat. sarvasadharanpane, konatehi jatil bahu-terminal jaale heey saralikrut bahu-terminal vahinyanche sanyojan manale jaau shakate. khaleel vahinya pramukh bahu-antim vahinya aahet jyaa mahitee siddhant kshetrat pahilyanda sadar karnyat aalyah
vareel 4 moolbhut bahu-terminal vahinyanpaiki, ekadhik pravesh vahinya ekmev aahet jyanche kshamata kshetra dnyat aahe. gausi paristhitichya vishesh babatitahi, prasaran vahini vagalata itar 3 vahinyanchya kshamateche kshetra sarvasadharanpane adnyat aahe.