
polish aktoobar

polish aktoobar (), jyala aktoobar 1956, polish thow kinwa gomulkacha fatt asehi mhanatat, yane 1956 chya uttaradhat polandachya rajkaranat badal ghadavun aanala. kahee samajik shastradnya yala polish aktoobar kranti mhanatat, jee 1956 chya hungarian krantipeksha qamee natyamay hotee, parantu purv gatavar aanee madhya aanee purv europemadhil tyachya upgrah rajyanshi soviet unionchya sambandhanvar tyacha aanakhi khol parinam jhaala asava.
polish peaples republicsathi, 1956 heey sankramanache varsh hote. visheshtah marchmadhye polandacha samyavadi neta bolslav bierut yachya nidhananantar, aantarrashtriy paristhitine polandmadhil kattarpanthi gatala lakshaniyaritya kamkuvat kele. joseph stallinchya mrutyunantar teen varshe ulatali hotee aanee soviet unionchya adhipatyakhalil tyacha uttaradhikari, pratham sachiv nikita khrushchev yane februvarimadhye tyacha nishedh keela. junmadhye pozn kamgaranni kelelya nidarshananni tyanchya paristhitibaddal lokanchi naraji adhorekhit kelee hotee. octobermadhye, yaa ghatananmule vladislav gomulka yanchya netrutvakhalil sudharkanchya gatachi satta vadhali. sankshipt parantu tanavpurn vataghatinantar, soviet sanghane gomulkala niyantranat rahanyachi parvanagi dilee aanee itar anek savalati dilya, parinami polish sarkarla adhik svayatta midali.
polandsathi, yacha arth tatpurte udarikaran hota, parantu akheris, sampoorn udarikaranasathichya aasha khotya siddha jhalya, kaaran gomulkache shasson haloohaloo adhik dadapshahiche jhaale. tathapi, polandmadhil stalinismche yug sampale hote.
parshvabhoomi.
gomulka vitalane heey anek karananmule jhaale hote. 1953 madhye joseph stallincha mrutyu aanee parinami jhalele vinash aanee khrushchev vitalanyamule sampoorn purvekadil gatamadhye moolbhut muddyanvar vadavivad suru jhaale.
1955chya unhalyat, yuva aanee vidyarthyancha 5vaa jaagtik mahotsav warsau yethe aayojit karnyat aala hota. purv europeey communist aanee paschim europe, ashiya, africa aanee dakshin americetil tyanchya sahkanyansathi eka vishal prachar sarav aanee baithakiche thikan mhanoon tayar kelelya yaa karyakramamule lakho polish prekshak paach divasansathi nrutya, natya aanee itar aakarshane pahanyasathi warsomadhye aale. tathapi, polish lokansathi kharee aakarshane paradeshi hotee, jyapaiki barech jann paschim europemadhil hote aanee sthanik khambanshi agadi bhinn hote kaaran tyanchi sanskruti samaan hotee parantu teey adhik shrimant aanee adhik khule hote. eka dashakapasun pashchimatyavirodhi vaktrutva khote asalyache anek dhruvanna jaanavale. pole, german, hungarian, check aanee communist gatatil itar lock sakriyapane ekmekanshi samajik jhaale. adhik videshi paryatkansah, khamb dekhil sampoorn shaharatil khajgi sadanikanmadhye samayik jhaale. mahavidhyalayin vidyarthyanni paradeshi lokanshi vadavivad baithka dekhil ghetalya, jyapaiki barech jann communist nasalyache nishpann jhaale.
februwari 1956 madhye, soviet unionchya communist pakshachya 20 vya kongresanantar, communist pakshachya pahilya sachiv nikita khrushchev yanni soviet union aanee itar communist deshanvar vyapak parinam karnare gupt bhashan (adhikrutpane 'vyaktimatva panth aanee tyache parinam' yaa shirshakakhali) kele. polandmadhye vyaktimatvachya panthavar teeka karnyavyatirikt, charcheche lokpriy vishay pratyek tapashilat soviet modelche anusaran karnyaivaji "sthanik, rashtriy samajvad" chya adhik swatantra margala chalana denyachya adhikaravar kendrit hote. udaharanarth, polish united workers partychya (pii. jeey. pii. aar.) anek sadasyanni mahan shuddikaranachya kalat stallinne junya polish communistanna fashi dilyavar teeka kelee. polandachya asthiratemadhye itar anek ghatakancha haat hota, udaharanarth 1953 madhye polandacha uchch darjacha guptachar agent jozef sviyatlo yane mothya pramanavar prachar kelela pakshantar, jyacha parinam polandache sarvajanik suraksha mantralay, gupt polis kamkuvat honyat jhaala. yavyatirikt, 1956 madhye moscomadhye pii. jeey. pii. aar. chey pratham sachiv (polandache stallin mhanoon olakhale jaanare) bolslav bierut yanchya anpekshit mrutyumule polandachya communistanchya vividh gatanmadhil shatrutva vadhale aanee polandachya samajat vadhata tanav nirman jhaala, jyacha shevat 1956 chya pozna nidarshananmadhye jhaala (jyala juuna '56 asehi mhanatat).
pii. zed. pii. aar. sachivalayane nirnay ghetala qee krushevche bhashan polandmadhye vyapak prasarit jhaale pahije, joou purvekadil gatatil eka anokha nirnay aahe. bayrutchya uttaradhikanyanni, tyanchi sudharanavadi lokshahi olakh aanee stallinwadi varsa todanyachi tyanchi tayari siddha karanyachi sandhee mhanoon krushevne stallinwadi dhoranacha nishedh keela.
nidarshane aanee dangli.
marchchya akheris aanee april 1956chya suruvatila polit beuro aanee sachivalay yanchya aashirvadane sampoorn polandmadhye pakshachya hajaro baithka ghenyat aalya. asha baithakanmadhye hajaro lokanni bhag ghetala. sachivalayachi yojana tyachya apekshepeksha jaast yashasvi jhaali. polandmadhil rajkiy vatavaran badalale kaaran polandmadhil communistanchi vaidhata, stallinchya gunhyanchi jababdari, vadhatya pramanat lokpriy asalelya vladislav gomulkala atak aanee polandmadhil soviet lashkari upasthiti, molotov-rebentrop karar, katin hatyakand aanee yuddhashogachya uthawala pathimba denyat soviet apayashi tharalyabaddal prashna vicharale jaat hote. pakshachya navya congresschi magani karnyat aalee, tasech sejamsathi mothee bhoomika aanee vaiyaktik swatantryachi hummy hotee. yaa prakriyemule chintet jhalelya pakshachya sachivalayane samanya janateche bhashan rokhanyacha nirnay ghetala.
junmadhye, poznanmadhye bandkhori jhaali. ann aanee grahakopayogi vastunchi kamatarata, kharab ghare, vastavik utpannat ghat, soviet unionshi vyapari sambandh aanee arthvyavastheche kharab vyavasthapan yanchya virodhat kamgaranni dangal kelee. polland sarkarne suruvatila dangalkhoranna "chithavanikhor, prati-krantikari aanee samrajyavadi agent" asey sambodhun pratyuttar dile. 57 teey 78 lock, mukhytah nidarshak, marle gele aanee shekado jakhami jhaale aanee tyanna atak karnyat aalee. matra, lavkarach, dangalimule rashtravadi chalval jagrut jhaali aahe heey pakshachya padanukramane olakhale aanee tyanche mutt ulatale. vetanat 50 takkyanni vaadh karnyat aalee aanee aarthik aanee rajkiy badalache aashvasan denyat aale.
poznan nidarshane, jaree sarvat mothee asali taree, polandmadhye adviteey navhati, jithe samajik nishedhane sharad rututil aapala rosh punha suru keela. 18 november roji dangalkhoranni bidegoszmadhil nagri sainyache mukhyalay aanee redio jamming upkarane nasht kelee aanee 10 december roji zazesinmadhil jamavane turung, rajya abhiyojak karyalay, nagri sainyache mukhyalay aanee soviet vanijya dutavasasaha sarvajanik imaratinvar hallah keela. deshbharatil lokanni suraksha polisanvar teeka kelee aanee sarvajanik suraksha samitee visarjit karanyachi aanee tyateel sarvat doshi karyakartyanna shiksha denyachi magani kelee. gupt police sahakanyancha pardafash karnyachya maganya karnyat aalya aanee sanshayit sahkanyanvar varanvar halle kele jaat hote. anek thikani, gupt police mukhyalayabaher jamav jamala, shatrutvapurna ghoshana dilya aanee khidakya fodalya. polandmadhil shekado shaharanmadhye sarvajanik sabha, nidarshane aanee rastyavar morcha kadhanyat aala. baithka sahasa sthanik paksh kaksh, sthanik adhikari aanee kamgar sanghatanandware aayojit kelya jaat asat. tathapi, rajkiy aashay tyanchya mool ajendyapeksha jaast asalyamule adhikrut aayojakanche niyantran sutale. jamavane anekada aamulagra karvai kelee, jyamule anekada rastyavar ashantata nirman jhaali aanee police aanee itar kayada amalbajavani sansthanshi sangharsh jhaala. pii. jeey. pii. aar. chya kendriya samitichya 19-21 octoberchya "viiii purn adhiveshan" darmyan aanee tyanantar lagechach rastyavaril kriyakalap shikharavar pohochale parantu teey varshachya akherparyant suru rahile. dharmik aanee dharmgurunchya bhavna ekach velee vadhalya. stifan wissinskichi sutka aanee dadapalelya bishapanchi punarsthapana karanyachi magani kelee gelee. rashtravad haah jansamuh jamvanyacha aadhar hota aanee sarvajanik sabhanvar tyache varchasva hote, jyamadhye lokanni rashtragit aanee itar deshbhaktipar ganee gayali, pandhya garudala dhwaj aanee paramparik lashkari ganveshat parat karanyachi magani kelee aanee polandachya soviet union aanee tyachya sainyavar avalambun rahnyavar hallah keela. tyanni purvekadil pradesh parat karanyachi, katin hatyakandasathi spashtikaran denyachi aanee shaikshanik abhyaskramatun russian bhasha kadhoon takanyachi magani kelee. octoberchya shevatchya daha divasant, khambanmule tiraskar kelya jaananya laal sainyachya smarkanvar halle karnyat aale; ghare, karkhane aanee shalanchya chhatavarun laal taare khalee khechale gele; laal zende nasht karnyat aale; aanee nazi german sainyala polandmadhun hakaloon denanya mohimanche prabhari lashkari commander constantin rokosovsky yanchi chitre vikrut karnyat aalee. anek soviet sainyache ghar asalelya, mukhytah khalchya sileshiyatil, soviet nagarikanchya gharanmadhye jabardastine pravesh karnyache prayatna karnyat aale. tathapi, hangeri aanee poznanmadhil nidarshakanpramane, karyakartyanni tyanchya rajkiy maganya aanee vartan maryadit kele, jeey purnapane samyavadi vyavasthechya virodhat navhate. junmadhye jase samyavadi adhikanyanna khulepanane aanee spashtapane aavhan dile gele navhate aanee junachya uthavat prachalit asalelya samyavadivirodhi ghoshana, jase qee "aamhala mukt nivadanuka havya aahet", "samyavadi hukumshahichya khalee" kinwa "pakshasah khalee", tyaa khoopach qamee prachalit hotya. tasech, pakshachya samityanvarhi halle jhaale naheet.
rajkiy netrutvat badal.
octobermadhye, pakshache pahile sachiv aanee polandache pantpradhan edward ochab yanni 8vya purn adhiveshan baithakit pakshachya pahilya sachivasathichya nivadanukisathi vladislav gomulka yancha prastav mandala. gomulka heey eka madhyamvargiy hote, jeey 1943 teey 1948 paryant pakshache pahile sachiv hote aanee tyanna padchyut karnyat aale hote aanee 1951 madhye bairats kattarpanthi kattarpanthi lokanni tyanchyavar 'ujavya vicharsaranichya rashtravadi vichalanacha' aarop kelyanantar turungat takale hote. polish communistanchya donhi gatanna gomulka swikararh asalyache siddha jhaleh sudharkarte, jeey vyavasthechya udarikaranasathi vaad ghalat hote aanee kattarpanthi, jyanna samajale qee tyanni tadjod karane aavashyak aahe. sudharananchi amalbajavani karnyasathi aaplyala vastavik adhikar denyat yavet, assa aagrah gomulkane dharala. tyane eka vishisht aut thewali tee mhanje poznan kamgaranviruddha sainya jamvana soviet marshal constantin rokosovskila polish politburo aanee sanrakshn mantralayatun kadhoon takale jaave, jyavar ochab sahmat jhaala. lashkar aanee antargat suraksha dall yaa donhinchya pathimbyane bahuparyayi polish netrutvane gomulka aanee anek sahakanyanna politbyuromadhye aanale aanee gomulkala pratham sachiv mhanoon niyukt kele. stalinismchya ghotalyanpasun achhoote, gomulka heey polish janatela manya hote parantu suruvatila moscone tyanchyakade khoop sanshayane pahile.
soviet netrutvane polandmadhil ghatanankade dhokyachya najarene pahile. soviet unionmadhyehi vinash suru hota, parantu polandachya janatela havey asalelya lokshahi sudharanankade soviet netrutvane sweekarya upay mhanoon pahile nahee. moscomadhye, assa vishvas hota qee konatyahi eka deshatil udarikaranamule samyavadacha naash houu shakato aanee sampoorn pradeshatil soviet prabhav nasht houu shakato. soviet unionla keval sudharananchya rajkiy parinamanchich navhe tarr tyachya aarthik parinamanchihi chinta hotee. aarthikdrushtya, soviet unionne purvekadil gatatil bahutansh bhagamadhye mothya pramanat guntavanuk kelee aanee aaplya arthvyavasthanchya ektrikaranasathi prayatna karat hote. soviet unionne polish udyogala arthsahayya kele hote aanee too polandacha mukhya vyapari bhagidar hota. polandane utpadit kelelya utpadananche, utpadane kharedi kelelya aanee polandmadhye utpadit naan jhalelya vastunchi niryat karananya utpadananche nirdesh soviet unionne dile. ekatmatecha arth assa hota qee konatyahi sudharana, mug tyaa rajkiy asot kinwa aarthik, eka deshacha dusya deshavar motha parinam hoil. polandacha aarthikdrushtya soviet unionshi avibhajya sambandh asalyamule swatantra polland arthvyavasthecha vichar avastav hota. deshala itakya dirghkal sovietvar avalambun rahnyas bhag padale gele hote qee, tyache purnapane vighatan hone vinashkari tharel. asha prakare, donhi deshankade vegvegalya pailunmadhye mahattvapoorn satta hotee. polland purv europemadhil soviet shakti aanee sattela rajkiy dhoka nirman karoo shakato aanee soviet union moolatah polandachi arthvyavastha nasht karoo shakate. tyamule, polandachya sarkarmadhil konatyahi sudharananna soviet sanghachya kahee maganya manya karavya lagtil, parantu sovietla ekach velee eka mahattvachya bhagidarala manya karave lagel.
politburochya soviet samarthak sadasyanna, pramukhyane soviet aanee polish marshal constantin rokosovsky yanna hatavanyachya prayatnanna adthala aananyachya prayatnat soviet kendriya samitiche eka uchchastariy shishtmandal polandala gele. soviet shishtamandalache netrutva nikita khrushchev yanni kele aanee tyat anastas mikoyan, nikolai bulganin, vyacheslav molotov, lazar kaganovich aanee ivan conave yancha samavesh hota. vataghati tanavpurn hotya; polland aanee soviet donhi sainyanna satark karnyat aale aanee teey 'yuktivad' madhye guntalele hote, jyacha vapar qamee padada ghatalelya dhamkya mhanoon keela jaat asey. soviet shishtmandal yenyapurvich, polandmadhye tainat asalelya soviet sashastr dalanni (done bakhtarband vibhagansah) tyanche tall sodale aanee warsauchya dishene vatchal karnyas suruvat kelee. jevha tyanna tyanchi aagekuch thambavanyache aadesh denyat aale, tevha teey polandachya rashtriy rajdhanipasun keval 100 kiimii antaravar hote.
polandachya netrutvane heey spasht kele qee samyavadacha chehara adhik rashtriyikrut karava lagel aanee soviet yapudhe polandachya lokanvar thet niyantran thevu shakanar naheet.
khrushchevche bhashan tyachya virodhat gele. stalinismchya kalat, soviet unionne mosco-snehi khamb kinwa russian lokanna polandmadhil mahattvachya rajkiy padanvar thewale hote. aaplya bhashanat stalinismcha itka jordar nishedh kelyanantar, crushave adhik russiananna polish netrutvat bhag ghenyas bhag padoon stallinist sthanakade parat jaau shakala nahee. janateche aardaorda olakhanyasathi, khambanvar sovietla thet niyantranapasun door thevane aavashyak hote, parantu tyanchya maganya asha tappyaparyant vadhavu shakale naheet qee jyamule gatatil tyanche sambandh dhokyat aale. gomulkane svayatta vadhavanyachi aanee kahee sudharana karnyasathi parvanagichi magani kelee, parantu sudharana hii antargat baab asalyache aanee polandacha samyavad kinwa soviet unionshi asalele karar sodoon denyacha konatahi hetu nasalyache aashvasanahi sovietla dile. polandachya maganya manya karnyasathi chiinii lokannihi sovietanvar dabav aanala aanee hangeritil ghatananmule tyanche adhikadhik laksh vichalit hott gele.
akheris, jevha khrushchevala khatri patali qee gomulka polish samyavadachya moolbhut paya badalanar nahee, tevha tyane aakramanacha dhoka mage ghetala aanee tadjod karnyas sahmati darshavali aanee gomulka tyachya naveen padavar nishchit jhaala. khrushchevne aaplya aatmacharitrat dilelya vruttanusar, khrushchevchya matey, aatmadrohagrast asalelya gomulkacha vaiyaktikaritya samna jhalyanantar tyane soviet sainyala tyaa jaagi thambanyache aadesh dile aanee sainikanni tyanchya talanvar parat yave, kinwa kahitari bhayanak aanee aparivartaniy ghadel ashee magani kelee."khrushchev dawa karato qee too gomulachi pii. jeey. pii. aar. chya pramukhpadi niyukti karnyachya virodhat kadhich navhata aanee turungatoon sutka jhalyapasun tyala sarvoch padavar badhati milel ashee apeksha hotee.
netrutvachya bhoomikemule octobermadhye samajik nishedhachya tulanene madhyam rajkiy parimanat yogdan midale. rashtravad aanee rashtravadi bhavananche parinam dekhil mahattvache hote. tyanni junmadhye samajik nishedhala chalana dilee parantu octobermadhye teey qamee kele, jevha gomulka aanee tyachya samarthkanviruddha soviet sainyachya aakramanachya dhokyane polish communistanchi samajik pratima badalali. junmadhye, tyanna ajunahi bahulya aanee parkeey, polandvirodhi hitsambandhanche sevak mhanoon vagavale jaat hote aanee rashtriy samudayatoon vagalale jaat hote. octobermadhye teey soviet varchaswala virodh karananya rashtracha eka bhag banale. gomulkala samajacha bahusankhya sadasyanni pramukhyane samyavadi neta mhanoon navhe tarr, soviet magnyancha pratikar karoon swatantrya aanee sarvbhaumatvachi rashtriy utkat ichcha sakarnanya rashtracha neta mhanoon utsahane pathimba deela. hajaro baithakanmadhye sovhietvirodhi ghoshanansah tyache naav uchcharale geleh "gharee jaa rokosovsky", "russian lokambarobar khalee jaa", "dirghayushya gamulka" aanee "aamhala mukt polland havah aahe".
gomulkachi sovhietvirodhi pratima atishayoktipurna hotee, parantu 1948 madheel tyachya stallinwadi virodhi reshet aanee tyanantarchya najarkaidetlya varshanmadhye lokpriy kalpanet nyayya tharvanyat aalee. asha prakare, polandache communist anpekshitpane rashtriy mukti chalvaliche pramukh banale. gomulkala denyat aalelya utsahi sarvajanik pathimbyamule polandmadhil samyavadi rajvatila kayadeshir manyata midali, jyat prachalit sattechya sanrachanet mothya pramanat rashtravadi, sovhietvirodhi bhavna samavisht kelya gelya. hangerimadhye samajik nishedhane rajkiy vyavastha uddhvast kelee, parantu polandmadhye tee tyat villin jhaali.
parinam.
polandmadhil ghatananchi mahitee 19 aktoobar teey 22 aktoobar 1956 darmyan redio free europechya batamya aanee bhashya sevandware hangerichya lokanparyant pohochali. gomulkachya samarthanarth budapest yethe vidyarthi nidarshan, hangerimadhye ashach prakarchya sudharananchi magani, 1956 chya hungarian krantila chalana denanya ghatananpaiki eka hotee. hungarian novemberchya ghatananmule soviet lokanche laksh vichalit honyas aanee polish octoberche yash sunishchit karnyas madat jhaali.
gomulkane aaplya sarvajanik bhashananmadhye stalinismchya adchaninvar teeka kelee aanee deshache lokshahikaran karnyasathi sudharananche aashvasan dile; heey polish samajane khoop utsahane sweekarle. novemberchya madhyaparyant, gomulkala sovietbarobarchya vataghatimadhye thos laabh midala hotah polandachi vidyaman karje radd karane, naveen pradhanyachya vyapar atty, polandachya shetiche soviet-ladalele alokpriy samuhikikaran sodoon dene aanee roman catholic charchchya dhoranala udarikrut karanyachi parvanagi. decembermadhye, polandmadhil soviet sainyachi sthitee, sainyacha uttarekadil gut, shevati niyantrit karnyat aala.
octoberchya ghatanannantar, rokosovsky aanee itar anek soviet sallagaranni polland sodale, jeey soochit karate qee mosco polish communistanna thode adhik swatantrya denyas tayar aahe. polland sarkarne stallinwadi kalatil anek piditanche punarvasan kele aanee anek rajkiy kaidyanchi sutka kelee. tyanchyamadhye cardinal stephen visinsky hota. pashchimatya mankannusar mukt manali jaat nasali taree, 1957chee polandachi vidhimandalachi nivadanuk 1952chya tulanet adhik udarmatvadi hotee.
gomulka matra samyavad kinwa soviet varchasva nakaru shakala nahee aanee tyala nakohi hota; too keval polandala vadhiv swatantryachya aanee "rashtriy samyavadala polish karnyachya" dishene neuu shakala. soviet sanghane manyata dilelya yaa maryadit mahattvakankshanmule, kattarpanthi hungarian kranti jithe yashasvi jhaali nahee, tithe maryadit polish kranti yashasvi jhaali. norman davies polandache kathputalichya rajyatoon grahak rajyat jhalele parivartan mhanoon parinamacha saransh detat; raymond pearson ashach prakare sangato qee polland soviet vasahatitoon eka adhipatyat badalale.
rashtriy parampara aanee pradhanyanshi adhik susanvad sadhun 'samajvadachya polish margache' anusaran karnyachya gomulkachya pratidnyemule anek dhruvanni 1956 chya natyamay sangharshacha arth hukumshahicha ant najares yet asalyache sanket mhanoon lavala. suruvatila tyanchya sudharanansathi khoop lokpriy, jyanna tyaveli aashavadipane 'gomulkacha vitalane' mhanoon sambodhale jaat hote, gomulkane haloohaloo soviet dabawala virodh saumya keela aanee 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat polandmadhil mothya rajkiy badalachya aasha 1960 chya dashakat vadhatya mohbhangane badalalya. akheris, gomulka polandmadhil samyavad kinwa samajvad vachavanyache tyache dhyey sadhya karnyat ayashasvi jhaala.
samaj adhik udarmatvadi jhaala (udaharanarth, polish chitrapat shalechya kamgirimadhye aanee 'rakh aanee hire' sarkhya vadgrast chitrapatanchya nirmitimadhye) aanee nagri samaj vikasit houu lagla, parantu ardhahrudayache lokshahikaran polish janatela santusht karnyasathi purese navhate. march 1968chya ghatananchya veleparyant, gomulkacha vitalane khoop kaal sampale asel aanee vadhatya aarthik samasya aanee lokpriy asantoshamule 1970 madhye gomulka sattevarun hatvale jaatil-vidamban mhanje, ekekali tyala sattevar aanalelya nidarshanansarkhya paristhitit.
tathapi, zbignave brezinsky aanee phrank gibni yanchyasarkhe kahee samajik shastradnya yaa badalanna eka kranti mhanoon sambodhatat, jeey hungarian samakakshanpeksha qamee natyamay hote parantu jyacha purvekadil gatavar aanakhi khol parinam jhaala asava. timothi garton eshh yanni octoberla polandachya yuddhottar itihasatil ekjutichya udayaparyantchi sarvat mahattvachi ghatana mhatale aahe. itihasache pradhyapak ivan tii. polandachya purvekadil gatavar octoberchya parinamanvar jaree vaad asala taree, polandachya peaples republickmadhye samyavadachya akheris padzadicha marg nishchit jhaala assa dawa sereendne keela aahe.
chinmadhye, kahee netyanni hungarian nidarshanansah polandmadhil ghatanankade lokanchya upajivikekade apuri laksh detana avjad udhyogavar jaast bharr denyacha dhoka darshavitana pahile.