
hawaman badalache shetivar honare parinam

hawaman badalache shetivar honare parinam dushkal, ushnatechya laata aanee puur yamule pikanche utpadan aanee poshan gunavatta qamee karoo shakatat tasech keetak aanee vanaspatinche rog vadhu shakatat. hawaman badalachya parinamanmule shetichya kamanna manvi garja purn karane katheen hott aahe. yache parinam jagbharat asamanpane pasarlele aahet aanee jaagtik hawaman badalamule tapman, parjanyaman aanee vatavaranatil carbon dioxidechya patalitil badalanmule hotat. 2019 madhye, hawaman badalamule lakho lock aadhich ann asurakshitatecha samna karat hote. pudhe, jaagtik peak utpadanat pratyek dashakat 2%-6% ashee andajit ghat hote. 2019 madhye assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota qee 2050 paryant annadhanyachya kimmati 80 takkyanni vadhatil. yamule ann asurakshitata vadhel aanee garib samudayanvar asman parinam hoil. 2021 chya abhyasat assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe qee europemadhye gelya 50 varshant ushnatechi laat aanee dushkalamule pikanchya utpadanavar honare parinam tippat jhaale aahet-1964-1990 darmyan 2.2 takke tota teey 1991-2015 madhye 7.3 takke tota.
badalatya havamanachya namunyanche thet parinam vadhatya tapmanamule, ushnatechya laata aanee pavasachya badalanmule (dushkal aanee purasah) hotat. vatavaranatil vadhiv patalimule pikache utpadan vadhale aahe (fertilisationmule) parantu parinami pikanche poshan moolya dekhil qamee jhaale aahe (sookshm poshak tatvanchi patali qamee jhaali aahe). keetak, vanaspatinche rog aanee tann yanmadhil havamanavar aadharit badalanmulehi pikanche utpadan aanee poshan moolya qamee houu shakate. samudraspatitil vadhimule shetichya jaminiche nuksan hone haah hawaman badalacha apratyaksh parinam aahe. matra, gothaleli jameen vitalalyane adhik shetiyogya jameen upalabdh houu shakate, jaree vitalananya himanadyanmule sinchanache paanee qamee upalabdh houu shakate. itar parinamanmadhye dhoop aanee matichya supikatemadhye honare badal aanee vadhichya hangamancha kalavadhi yancha samavesh hoto. annasurkshevar nakaratmak parinam aanee burshimule honare nuksan, jyamule mycotoxin aanee salmonela sarkhya jivanunmadhye vaadh hote, hawaman garam hott asatana; parinami atirikt aarthik oze vadhate. hawaman badalamule udbhavananya kinwa bighadana panyachya tanchaicha shetivar lakshaniy nakaratmak parinam houu shakato.
hawaman badalashi julavun ghenyasathi anek upayayojana kelyane hawaman badalache shetivar honare nakaratmak parinam honyacha dhoka qamee houu shakato. tyaa upayayojananmadhye vyavasthapan paddhatinmadhil badal, krishi navkalpana, sansthatmak badal aanee hawaman-smart shetee yancha samavesh aahe. shashvat ann vyavastha tayar karnyasathi, sarvasadharanpane jaagtik tapmanwadh qamee karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya badalanpramanech heey upay aavashyak manale jaatat.
badalatya havamanachya namunyanmule honare thet parinam.
tapmanat vaadh.
tapman aanee havamanachya namunyatil badalanmule shetisathi yogya asaleli kshetre badaltil. sadhyacha andaj assa aahe qee shushk aanee ardh-shushk pradeshanmadhye (madhya purv, africa, austreliya, nairutya united states aanee dakshin europe) tapman vadhel aanee parjanyaman qamee hoil. yavyatirikt, shatkachya purvardhat tapmanat (1-2 ansh seey.) apekshit madhyam vaadh jhalyamule ushnakatibandhiy pradeshantil pikanchya utpannavar nakaratmak parinam hoil. shatkachya uttaradhat, aanakhi tapmanwadh jhalyas canada aanee uttar united states serve pradeshanmadhye pikanche utpadan qamee hoil assa andaj aahe. anek mukhya pike ushnatesathi atyant sanvedanshil asatat aanee jevha tapman 36 ansh selsiaspeksha jaast vadhate, tevha soyabeanchi rope nasht hotat aanee makyache paragkan tyachi jome gamavate.
tathapi, kahee pradeshanmadhye hivalyatil uchch tapman aanee adhik danvmukt divasanmule vadhiche hangam dirgh hotil. udaharanarth, 2014 chya abhyasat asey aadhalun aale aahe qee vadhatya tapmanamule chinchya heilongjiang pradeshatil makyache utpadan darr dashkala 7 teey 17 takkyanni vadhale.
ushnatechya laata.
2018 chya unhalyat, hawaman badalashi sambandhit ushnatechya latanni kadachit jagachya anek bhaganmadhye, visheshtah europemadhye sarasari utpadan mothya pramanat qamee kele. august mahinyat, pikanchya adhik apayshanmule jaagtik annadhanyachya kimmatit vaadh jhaali. gahoo, tandul aanee makyache utpadan magani purn karnyat ayashasvi tharale, jyamule sarkar aanee ann companyanna sathavanukitun satha sodane bhag padale.
pashudhanacha ushnatecha taana.
ushnatechya tanavacha pranyanchya vadhivar aanee punrutpadanavar tasech tyanchya aaharachya sevanavar parinam hoto. parinami, dugdhajanya padarth aanee mansachya utpadanavar parinam hoto. annache sevan qamee hone, kriyakalapancha qamee darr aanee vajan qamee hone heey serve ushnatechya tanavache parinam aahet. pashudhanachya utpadaktet honari ghat sudharanyasathi, pranyanna paanee sahaj upalabdh hone aanee annachi vel divasatil thund velet badalane aavashyak aahe. changlya havechya parisancharanasaha aashray dekhil ushnatechya tanavacha samna karnyas madat karato. vividh prajatinche pashudhan ushnatechya tanavacha samna karnyachya tyanchya kshamatet bhinn aahet.
pavasache badal (dushkal aanee purasah).
dushkal aanee puur yamule pikanche utpadan qamee hote. havamanachya tivra ghatana adhik samanya aanee tivra hott asatana, puur aanee dushkal pikancha naash karoo shakatat aanee annapuravatha nasht karoo shakatat, tarr krishi karyat vyatyay aanoo shakatat aanee kamgaranna berojgar karoo shakatat. vikasansheel deshanmadhil dushkalamule aadhipasoonchi garibi vadhate aanee dushkal aanee kuposhan hote.
pikanche sinchan heey sthanik shitalikaranadvare qamee paus aanee uchch tapmanachya utpannavaril parinam qamee karnyas kinwa door karnyas saksham aahe.  matra, sinchanasathi jalsrotancha vapar karnyache dushparinam aahet aanee teey mahag aahe. tasech, paanee kuthoon taree aale pahije aanee jarr haah bhag byanch kalapasoon dushkalat asel tarr nadya koradya asoo shakatat aanee sinchanache paanee aanakhi durvaroon vahoon nene aavashyak aahe.
jaagtik tapmanvadhimule dushkal adhik varanvar hott aahe aanee africa, dakshin europe, madhya purv, bahutek america, austreliya, dakshin aanee aagney ashiyamadhye teey adhik varanvar aanee tivra honyachi apeksha aahe. panyachi vadhati magani, loksankhya vaadh, anek bhagatil shahari vistar yamule tyanche parinam adhik tivra hott aahet. dushkalamule peak nasht hote aanee pashudhanasathi kuran charaichi jameen nasht hote. kahee shetkari dushkalgrast bhagat shetee kayamswarupi thambavoon anyatra jaane nivadu shakatat.
21vya shatkachya suruvatila, hawaman badalashi sambandhit puramule kadachit united statesmadhil madhyapashchim pradeshatil lagvadicha hangam qamee jhaala, jyamule krishi kshetrache nuksan jhaale. meey 2019 madhye puramule makyache andajit utpadan 15 abj bushelvarun 14.2 paryant qamee jhaale. 2021 chya european puradarmyan, andajanusar, bhuskhalanasarkhya dirghakalin parinamansah, purane sarvadhik fatka basalelya deshanpaiki eka asalelya belgiumchya krishi kshetrache gambhir nuksan jhaale.
garpitichya aakarat badal.
uttar united statesmadhye, hawaman badalamule ekoon garpitiche divas qamee hotil, parantu mothya garpitis vadale adhik samanya houu shakatat. 1.6-inch peksha mothe garpeat agadi sahajpane kaach todu shakate, jyamule haritgruhanvar parinam hoto.
vatavaranatil karbanaday oxidechya vadhalelya pataliche thet parinam.
karbanaday oxidechya fertilisationmule peak, gavat aanee vanikaranat jaast utpadan milate.
vatavaranatil carbon dioxideche praman vadhalyane vanaspatinvar vividh prakare parinam hoto. uchch karbanaday auxide prakashsanshleshi darr vadhavun pikanche utpadan aanee vaadh vadhavate aanee tyamule pooat bund jhalyamule paanee qamee hote.
pikanche poshan moolya qamee karane.
vatavaranatil carbon dioxidemadhil badalanmule kahee pikanchi poshan gunavatta qamee houu shakate, udaharanarth gahumadhye qamee prathine aanee kahee khanije qamee asatat. see3 vanaspatinchi poshan gunavatta (udaa.jee. gahoo, oats, tandul) visheshtah dhokyat aaheh prathine tasech khanije (udaharanarth zink aanee loh) qamee pramanat asane apekshit aahe. annadhanyachya pikanmadhye prathine, loh aanee jast yanche praman 3 teey 17 takkyanni qamee houu shakate. 2050 chya apekshit vatavaraniy carbon-dioxide patalikhali pikavalelya annacha haah andajit parinam aahe. sanyukt rashtranchya ann aanee krishi sanghatanechya tasech itar sarvajanik strotanchya aakadevaricha vapar karoon, lekhakanni gahoo, tandul, makaa, bhajya, mule aanee fale yasarkhya 225 vegvegalya mukhya khadyapadarthanche vishleshan kele. 
vatavaranatil carbon dioxidechya vadhalelya patalicha vanaspatinchya poshan gunavattevar honara parinam keval varr namood kelelya pikanchya shreni aanee poshak tattvanpurta maryadit nahee. 2014 chya meta-vishleshanatun asey disun aale aahe qee vividh akshanshanvar carbon dioxidechya vadhiv patalichya samparkat yenari pike aanee jangali vanaspatinmadhye magneshiyam, loh, jast aanee potassium yasarkhya anek khanijanchi ghanata qamee asate.
mukt-havetil ekagrata sanwardhan vaparoon kelelya abhyasatoon asehi disun aale aahe qee karbanaday oxidechya vadhimule peak aanee bigger-peak vanaspatinmadhye sookshm poshak tatvanchi sankhya qamee hote aanee tandalatil buub jivansatve qamee honyasah manvi poshanavar nakaratmak parinam hoto. paryavaranachya itar bhaganvar yacha parinam houu shakato kaaran shakahari pranyanna samaan pramanat prathine midvanyasathi adhik ann khane aavashyak aahe.
aafriket hawaman badalamule nirman jhalelya dushkalachya tanavamule samanya shengdanyachya poshan gunavattet ghat honyachi shakyata aahe. adhik annapadarth khane, adhik vaividhyapurn aahar ghene kinwa purak aahar ghene yamule bharpai karnyas saksham nasalelya garib deshantil loksankhyevar yacha pramukhyane parinam hoil.
anubhavjanya purave darshavtat qee vadhiv patalimule vanaspatichya uutinmadhye anek khanijanchi sandrata qamee hote. duppat patalimule khanijanchya sandratet sarasari 8 takke ghat hote. pikanmadhye magneshiyam, calcium, potassium, loh, jast aanee itar khanijanmadhye ghat jhalyamule manvi poshanacha darja khalavu shakato. 21vya shatkachya uttaradhat apekshit patali gahoo, tandul, vatane aanee soyabinmadhil jast, loh aanee prathinanchi patali qamee karel asey sanshodhakanni sangitale aahe. sumare done abj lock asha deshanmadhye rahatat jithe nagarikanna tyanchya jast kinwa lohachya 60 takkyanhun adhik rakkam yaa prakarchya pikanmadhun milate. yaa poshak tattvanchya kamataratemule aadhich varshik andaje 63 dashalaksh jeevan-varshanche nuksan hote.
khanije qamee honyabarobarach, dutappipattichya sthiteet vanaspatinmadhye 6 takke jaast carbon, 15 takke qamee nitrogen, 9 takke qamee phosphorus aanee 9 takke qamee sulfur asate, asey purave darshavtat. karbanmadhye vaadh honyache shrey mukhytah vanaspatinmadhye sanrachanatmak bhoomika nasalelya karbodkanmadhe dile jaate-manav pachavu shakanare, ushmank pradan karnare starch aanee sadhya sakhare. nitrogenmadhye ghat jhalyamule thet prathinanche praman qamee hote. parinami, uchch patali keval vanaspatichya sookshm poshak tatvanmadhyech navhe tarr tyachya sthool poshak tatvanchya sanyojanachi gunavatta dekhil qamee karate.
keetak, vanaspatijanya rog aanee tann (apratyaksh parinam) yanmadhil havamanavar aadharit badal.
jaagtik tapmanvadhimule keetak, vanaspati rog aanee tann vitaranat badal hoil, jyamule gahoo, soyabean aanee makaa yasarkhya mukhya picansah pikanche utpadan qamee honyachi shakyata aahe.
keetak keetak.
sadhya, rogjanke jaagtik kapanicha 10-16% ghetat aanee hii patali vadhanyachi shakyata aahe kaaran vanaspatinna keetak aanee rogjankanchya samparkat yenyacha satat vadhata dhoka aahe. ushna tapmanamule chayapachay darr aanee kitkanchya sankhyechya prajnan chakranchi sankhya vadhu shakate. purvi varshala keval done prajnan chakr asalele keetak jarr ubdar vadhicha hangam vistarla tarr atirikt chakr midvu shakatat, jyamule loksankhyet vaadh hote. samshitoshna thikani aanee uchch akshanshanmadhye kitkanchya sankhyet natyamay badal honyachi shakyata jaast asate. kahee kitkanchya prajati adhik vegane prajnan kartil kaaran tyaa paristhititil asha badalancha adhik changlya prakare fayda ghenyas saksham asatat.
abhyasatoon asey disun aale aahe qee jevha patali vadhate tevha soyabeanchi paaney qamee paushtik asatat; mhanoon vanaspati khanare bhrunganna tyanchi aavashyak poshak tattve midvanyasathi adhik khane aavashyak asate. yavyatirikt, soyabean heey uchch patalivaril shikari kitkanpasoon swatache sanrakshn karnyas qamee saksham asatat. vanaspatiche jasmonic aaml utpadan qamee hote, keetak-marnare vish jeey vanaspativar hallah hott asalyache lakshat aalyavar utsarjit hote. yaa sanrakshanashivay, bhring soyabeanchi paaney muktapane khau shakatat, parinami pikache utpadan qamee hote. hii ekmev samasya soyabinsathi nahee aanee anek vanaspatinchya prajatinchi sanrakshn yantrana uchch vatavaranat bighadaleli asate.
aitihasikdrushtya, ratri aanee hivalyachya mahinyant thund tapman keetak, jivanu aanee burshi nasht karate. ubdar, ardra hiwala gavhache ganj (patte aanee tapkiri/paaney) aanee soyabeanche ganj yasarkhya burshijanya vanaspatinchya roganna uttarekade jaanyasathi protsahan dett aahe. soyabeancha ganj haah vanaspatincha eka dusht rogkarak aahe joou kahee divasantach sampoorn shete nasht karoo shakato, shetkyancha naash karoo shakato aanee kotyavadhi rupayanche shetiche nuksan karoo shakato. aanakhi eka udaharan mhanje canadatil british kolambiyamadhil mounton pine beatle mahamari, jyane lakho pinechi zaade marley kaaran hivalyat vadhatya beatle alya qamee karnyasathi kinwa nasht karnyasathi pureshi thandi navhati.
puur aanee musaldhar pavasachya vadhatya ghatananmule itar vividh vanaspati keetak aanee roganchya vadhis dekhil chalana milate. yaa varnpatanchya viruddha tokavar, dushkalachi paristhiti ephids, whitefly aanee toldhad yasarkhya vividh prakarchya kitakanna anukool asate.
toldhad.
jevha hawaman badalamule ushna hawaman aanee ardra paristhiti nirman hote, tevha yamule toldhadinche adhik nuksan houu shakate. udaharanarth, purv aafriketil kahee deshanmadhye 2020 chya suruvatila heey ghadale.
sainyache kide padatat.
sharad rututil sainyakrumi, "spodoptera frugiparda", hii eka atyant aakramak vanaspati keetak aahe jee alikadachya varshant up-sahara aafriketil deshanmadhye pasarali aahe. yaa vanaspati kitkancha prasar hawaman badalashi sambandhit aahe kaaran tadnya pushti karatat qee hawaman badal aafriket adhik peak keetak aanat aahe aanee ashee apeksha aahe qee yaa atyant aakramak peak kitkancha grahachya itar bhaganmadhye prasar hoil kaaran tyanchi kshamata jaast aahe. sainyachya kidichya padnyane pikanche, visheshtah makyache mothe nuksan houu shakate, jyamule krishi utpadaktevar parinam hoto.
tann, aakramak prajati aanee vanaspati rogjanke.
lagvaditil pikanpramanech tananna chakranchya pravegatoon jaave lagate aanee karbanaday oxidechya fertilisation dekhil fayda hoto. bahutek tann heey see3 vanaspati asalyane, teey makyachya sarkhya see4 pikanviruddha aatapeksha adhik spardha karanyachi shakyata aahe. tathapi, tapmanat vaadh hott asatana tananashakanchi parinamkarakta vadhu shakate.
jaagtik tapmanvadhimule kahee bhagat paus vadhel, jyamule vatavaranatil aadrata aanee olsar hangamancha kalavadhi vadhel. uchch tapmanasah, heey burshijanya roganchya vikasas anukool asoo shakatat. tyachpramane, uchch tapman aanee aardratemule, keetak aanee rog vahak yancha daab vadhu shakato. hawaman badalamadhye rogjankanchya aanee yajmananchya parasparsanvadat, visheshtah rogjankanchya sansargache darr aanee yazman vanaspatichya pratikarshaktimadhye badal karanyachi kshamata aahe. vanaspati rogamule dekhil prabhavit honare aarthik kharch heey vegvegalya vanaspatinchya vadhishi sambandhit aahet, jyamule qamee napha houu shakato tasech aadhich roggrast asalelya pikanvar upchar aanee vyavasthapan kele jaate.
sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee hawaman badalamule vanaspatinchya rogjankanchya vikasachya tappyanmadhye badal houu shakato jeey pikanvar parinam karoo shakatat. hawaman badalamule havamanachya namunyanmadhye aanee tapmanat honanya badalamule vanaspatinche rogjanke pasaratat kaaran yazman adhik anukool paristhiti asalelya bhagat sthalantar karatat. yamule roganmule pikanche nuksan vadhate.
badalatya havamanamule bahutek shetanmadhye asalelya eka pikanpeksha adhik jaivikdrushtya vaividhyapurn tananna anukulata miloo shakate. tyanchi anuvanshik vividhata, paraspar prajnan kshamata aanee jalad vadhiche praman yasarkhi tananchi vaishishtye badalatya havamanat tyanna fayadeshir tharatat kaaran hii vaishishtye tyanna bahutek shetachya eksaman pikanchya tulanet sahajpane julavun ghenyas aanee tyanna jaivik fayda denyas anumati detat.
vadhalelya patalinusar, vanaushadhi tyanchi karyakshamta gamavatil jyamule vanaushadhishi tananchi sahishnuta vadhate.
keetak aanee tanasathi tantrik upay.
kitakanchi vadhati sankhya (keetak niyantran) yaa samasyevar kahee prastavit upay aahet. pikanvar vaparlya jaananya kitakanashakanchi sankhya vadhavane haah eka prastavit upay aahe. yacha tulanene kifayatshir aanee sopa asanyacha fayda aahe, parantu too aprabhavi asoo shakato. anek keetak keetak kitaknashak pratirodhak tayar karat aahet. jaivik niyantran ghatakancha vapar karane haah aanakhi eka prastavit upay aahe. yamadhye pikanchya ranganchya darmyan sthanik vanaspatinchya ranga lavnyasarkhya goshtincha samavesh aahe. haah upay tyachya ekoon paryavaraniy prabhavasathi fayadeshir aahe. keval sthanik vanaspatich rovali jaat naheet, tarr kitkanashkanviruddha keetak kitakanchi pratikarshakti vadhat nahee. tathapi, atirikt deshi vanaspati lavnyasathi adhik jaaga aavashyak aahe.
badalalelya paristhitiche itar apratyaksh parinam.
ann suraksha, kuposhan aanee annadhanyache darr.
hawaman badalacha vaparavar honara parinam (annache kharab honyapasoon sanrakshn karane, poshakdravye shoshun ghenyasathi purese aarogyadayi asane ii.) andaj lavane katheen aahe.) aanee annadhanyachya kimmatinchya asthiratevar. bhavishyacha andaj lavnare bahutek models soochit karatat qee kimmati adhik asthir hotil. 2019 madhye hawaman badalamule lakho lokanna ann asurakshitatecha samna karava lagla. 2019 paryant, andaje 83.1 kotee lock kuposhit aahet. hawaman badalache parinam bhavishyatil andajit samajik aanee aarthik vikasavar jordarpane avalambun asatat.
2019 madheel eka abhyasat asey disun aale aahe qee hawaman badalamule anek ann asurakshit deshanmadhye ann asurakshitatecha dhoka aadhich vadhala aahe. hawaman badalache kuposhan aanee sookshm poshak tattvanchya kamatartevar honare parinam yamule bhavishyat 'purn aarogyachi varshe' gamavatil.
annadhanyachya kimmati vadhalya.
aay. pii. see. see. chya hawaman badal aanee jaminivaril vishesh ahavalanusar, 2050 paryant annadhanyachya kimmati 80 takkyanni vadhatil jyamule annadhanyachi tanchai honyachi shakyata aahe. annadhanyachya kamataratemule jagatil garib bhaganvar shrimant bhaganpeksha jaast parinam hoil.
uchch utsarjan paristhitimadhye (rcp6.0), 2050 madhye samajik-aarthik marganusar, visheshtah qamee utpann asalelya grahakanvar parinam karananya annadhanye adhik mahag honyacha andaj aahe. hawaman badal naan honyachya paristhitichya tulanet, yamule 1-181 dashalaksh atirikt lokanna upasamaricha dhoka asel.
annadhanyachya utpadanacha kharch jaast.
shetkyanna adhik kharch yet asalyane, kahinna shetee karane aarthikdrushtya vyavharya rahnar nahee. bahutansh qamee utpann asalelya deshanmadhye shetimule bahusankhya loksankhyela rojgar midato aanee vadhiv kharchamule kamgaranchi chhatani houu shakate kinwa pagarat kapat houu shakate. itar shetkari tyanchya annadhanyachya kimmati vadhavun pratisad deteel; eka assa kharch joou thet grahakanparyant pohochato aanee annadhanyachya parvadananya kshamatevar parinam karato. kahee shete tyanche utpadan vikat naheet, tarr tyaeivaji kutumb kinwa samudayala ann puravatat; tyaa annashivay lokanna purese ann milanar nahee. yamule utpadan qamee hote, annadhanyachya kimmati vadhatat aanee jagachya kahee bhaganmadhye upasamarichi shakyata asate.
samudraspatichya vadhimule shetichya jaminiche nuksan hote.
samudrachya patalit vaadh jhalyas visheshtah aagney aashiyasarkhya bhagat shetichya jaminiche nuksan hoil. dhoop, kinarpatti budane, samudrachya vadhatya patalimule panyachya patalitil kharatpana, sakhal bhaganchya panyakhalil jaminimule shetivar pramukhyane parinam houu shakato.
yaa shatkachya akheris samudrachya patalit apekshit vaadh jhalyas bangladesh, bharat aanee vhietanamsarkhya sakhal bhaganmadhye tandalachya pikanche mothe nuksan hoil. udaharanarth, vietnam tandalachya lagvadisathi tyachya dakshin tokavar, jethe maycong tribhuj pradesh aahe, mothya pramanat avalambun aahe. samudrasapatichi eka meater vaadh jhalyas vhietanammadhil anek chauras kilometres bhatsheti vyapatil.
gothaleli jameen qamee asalyamule adhik lagvadiyogya jameen.
gothalelya jaminiche praman qamee karoon hawaman badalamule lagvadiyogya jaminiche praman vadhu shakate. 2005 chya abhyasat asey mhatale aahe qee cyberiamadhil tapmanat 1960 pasoon sarasari teen ansh celsius vaadh jhaali aahe (urvarit jagachya tulanet barech jaast). tathapi, jaagtik tapmanvadhicha russian shetivar honara parinam parasparvirodhi sambhavya parinam darshavitoho jaree teey shetiyogya jamini uttarekade vadhavanyachi apeksha karat asale, taree teey sambhavya utpadakta nuksan aanee dushkalachya vadhiv jokhamicha dekhil ishara detat.
krishi aanee vanikaranasathichya vadhiv sandhincha arctic pradeshala fayda hone apekshit aahe.
vitalananya himanadyanmule sinchanachya panyachi upalabdhata qamee hote.
kahee pradesh unhalyachya ushna mahinyant vitalananya himanadyanchya panyachya pravahavar mothya pramanat avalambun asatat. tyamule, sadhya himanadyanche mage hatane chaloo rahilyane akheris himanadyancha burf qamee hoil aanee pravah qamee hoil kinwa nasht hoil. ogh qamee jhalyas pikanchya sinchanachya kshamatevar parinam hoil aanee dharane aanee jalashayanchi punha bharr padnyasathi aavashyak asalelya unhalyatil pravahacha pravah qamee hoil.
ashiyamadhye, 1.5°seey. chya jaagtik tapmanvadhimule aashiyatil unch parvatanchya barfache praman sumare 29-43% neey qamee hoil, jyacha parinam tyanchya upajivikesathi himnadi aanee burf vitalananya panyavar avalambun asalelya samudayanvar hoil. sindhu nadichya panlot kshetrat, hii parvatiy jalsroti pavsalyachya baher 60 takkyanparyant sinchanat yogdan detat aanee ekoon peak utpadanat atirikt 11 takke yogdan detat. himalayin nadyanchya jalnissaran khonyat andaje 2.4 abj lock rahatat. ektya bharatat, ganga nadee 50 kotinhoon adhik lokanna pinyasathi aanee shetisathi paanee puravate.
matichi dhoop aanee supikata.
gelya dashakanmadhye havamanat aadhalalelya ushna tapmanamule adhik tivra jalshastriy chakr ghadanyachi apeksha aahe, jyat adhik tivra parjanyamanasah ghatana samavisht aahet. dhoop aanee matiche avakshay honyachi shakyata jaast asate. jaagtik tapmanvadhimule matichya supikatevarhi parinam hoil. manavvanshjanya ghatakanmule krishi kshetrachi vadhiv dhoop houn 50 varshant matitil carbonchya 22 takkyanparyant nuksan houu shakate.
hawaman badalamule matihi ubdar hoil. parinami, yamule matitil sukshmajivanchya loksankhyecha aakar 40-150% madhye lakshaniy vaadh houu shakate. ushna paristhiti jivanunchya vishisht prajatinchya vadhila anukool tharel, jivanunchya samudayachi rachana badalel. carbon dioxide vadhalyane vanaspati aanee matichya sukshmajivanchya vadhicha darr vadhel, matiche carbon chakr mandavel aanee oligotrophsna anukool tharel, jeey copyotrophspecsha haloo vadhanare aanee adhik sansadhan karyaksham aahet.
lavkar phule yene aanee vadhichya kalavadhivar honare parinam.
jaagtik tapmanvadhicha parinam mhanoon, fulancha kaal lavkar aala aahe aanee lavkar phulane vanaspatinche astitva aanee punarutpadan dhokyat aanoo shakate. lavkar fulanmule kahee vanaspatinchya prajatinmadhye danvache nuksan honyacha dhoka vadhato aanee tyamule vanaspatinchi phule aanee paragkananchya parasparsanvadamadhye 'visangati' nirman hote. "jagatil sarvadhik utpadan honanya pikanchya prajatinpaiki sumare 70 takke prajati kahee pramanat keetak paraganavar avalambun aahet, jee jaagtik arthvyavasthet andaje €153 abj yogdan dete aanee krishi utpadanat andaje 9 takke yogdan dete. yavyatirikt, hivalyat ushna tapmanamule anek fulanchya vanaspati fulanyas pravrutt hotat, kaaran vanaspatinna fulanyasathi uttejan aavashyak asate, jeey samanyatah hivalyatil lamb thund asate. aanee jarr ekhadya vanaspatila phule yet nastil tarr tee punarutpadan karoo shakat nahee. "parantu hiwala jarr saumya hott rahila tarr vasant rututil ushna tapman suru jhalyavar farak lakshat yenyaitka vanaspati kadachit thund honar naheet".
pikanchya vadhichya chakrancha kalavadhi haah sarvat varcha asato, too tapmanashi sambandhit asato. tapmanat vaadh jhalyas vikasala gatee milel. varshik pikachya babatit, perani aanee kapani yanchyatil kalavadhi qamee hoil (udaharanarth, makyachi kapani karnyacha kalavadhi eka teey chaar aathvadyanchya darmyan qamee houu shakato). asey chakr qamee jhalyas utpadaktevar pratikool parinam houu shakato kaaran vruddhatva lavkar yeil.
peak phenologymadhil badal alikadil pradeshik hawaman badalala midalelya pratisadache mahattvache purave detat. phenology mhanje veloveli punaravrutti honanya naisargik ghatanancha aanee yaa ghatanancha hawaman aanee hangami badalanshi kassa sambandh aahe yacha abhyas. uttar golardhatil mothya bhagat shetee aanee vanikaranasathi phenologymadhye lakshaniy pragati disun aalee aahe.
ann suraksha aanee nuksan.
ashee apeksha aahe qee annasuraksheche adhik prashna aanee burshimule honare nuksan, jyamule mycotoxin aanee salmonela sarkhya jivanunmadhye vaadh hoil, jeey hawaman tapmanvadhinusar vadhatil.
ozonchya prushthbhagachya patalicha pikanvar honara parinam.
ozon haah prushthbhagavaril vayoo pradushak aahe. yamule sharirik karye qamee hotat aanee tyamule pikanche utpadan aanee gunavatta qamee hote. 19vya shatkachya uttaradhapasun tyat lakshaniy vaadh jhaali aahe. heey mithen utsarjanat vaadh jhalyamule aaheh mithen haah prushthbhagavaril ozoncha purvavarti aahe.
aarthik bhaar.
andajit hawaman paristhiti anek mothya aarthik oze soochit karatat. udaharanarth, 2003 madhye europemadhun gelelya ushnatechya latemule 13 abj euroche vima nasalelya shetiche nuksan jhaale. yavyatirikt, all nino havamanat, austreliyan shetakanyache utpann sarasaripeksha qamee honyachi shakyata 75 takkyanni vadhali, jyacha deshachya jee. dii. pii. varr motha parinam jhaala. bharatatil krishi udyog tyanchya rojgarapaiki 52 takke aahe aanee canadachya gavatal pradeshatoon 51 takke canadachya sheticha puravatha hoto; yaa bhagatil annadhanyachya pikanchya utpadanat konatehi badal jhalyas arthvyavasthevar khol parinam houu shakato. yamule annachi parvadanari kimmat aanee tyanantarchya loksankhyechya aarogyavar nakaratmak parinam houu shakato.
peak utpannasathi jaagtik ekoon andaj.
haritgruh vayoo vadhalyamule udbhavnara hawaman badal pike aanee deshanmadhye bhinn asanyachi shakyata aahe. 2019 madhye jaagtik peak utpadanat dashakbharat 2%-6% chee ghat honyacha andaj vartavanyat aala hota. 2021 chya abhyasacha andaj aahe qee europemadhye gelya 50 varshant ushnatechi laat aanee dushkalamule peak utpadanavar honare parinam tippat jhaale aahet-1964-1990 darmyan 2.2 takke tota teey 1991-2015 madhye 7.3 takke tota.
2019 paryant, qamee-akshanshatil kahee pikanvar (makaa aanee gahoo) nakaratmak parinam disun aale aahet, tarr uchch-akshanshatil kahee pikanmadhye (makaa, gahoo aanee sakhar beat) hawaman badalache sakaratmak parinam disun aale aahet. bhavishyatil pikanche utpadan andajit karnyasathi vividh paddhatincha vapar karoon, utpadanat jaagtik ghat honyache satatyapurn chitra samore yete. konatyahi tapmanvadhisaha makaa aanee soyabean qamee hotat, tarr tandul aanee gavhache utpadan tapmanwadh 3 ansh celsiasparyant pohochu shakate.
2019 madheel abhyasat 10 pikansathi (makaa, tandul, gahoo, soyabean, barley, kasava, paam teel, rapeseed, jwari aanee oos) jaagtik staravar 20,000 rajkiy ghatakancha magova ghetala gela, jyat sthanik sankalp aanee purvichya abhyasapeksha mothya sankhyene pikancha tapasheel deela gela. hawaman badalamule (2004-2008 sarasari aakadevarichya aadharbhut mulyachya tulanet) europe, up-sahara africa aanee austreliyatil pikanche utpadan sarvasadharanpane qamee jhaale hote, asey tyat aadhalun aale, jaree apavad astitvat aahet. havamanatil kalanusar vividh pikanchya utpannavar jaagtik hawaman badalacha parinam-13.4% (paam teel) teey 3.5% (soyabean) assa hota. lattin americet parinam samanyatah sakaratmak asatat asehi abhyasatoon disun aale. ashiya aanee uttar aanee madhya americetil parinam sammishra aahet.
purviche andaj (2014 purviche).
2007 madhye assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota qee yaa shatkachya pahilya kahee dashkant, madhyam hawaman badalamule paus-aadharit shetichya ekoon utpannat 5-20% vaadh hoil, parantu pradeshanmadhye mahattvapoorn badal hotil. tyach velee andajanni asehi suchavale qee 2006 chya (tatkalin-vartaman) patalichya tulanet 2080 paryant jaagtik staravar upasamarit mothee ghat houu shakate. upasamaritil ghat hii andajit samajik aanee aarthik vikasamule jhaali. andajanni upasamarichya jaagtik vitaranat pradeshik badalahi suchavale. 2080 paryant, up-sahara africa ashiyachya pudhe jaaun jagatil sarvat asurakshit ann pradesh banoo shakel. heey pramukhyane hawaman badalapeksha andajit samajik aanee aarthik badalanmule aahe.
jyaa pikanchi vyapti yogya aahe kinwa jyaa pikanchi vyapti jaast aahe, kinwa jyaa pikanchi vyapti jaast aahe, asha pikansathi mothee aavhane prastavit kelee gelee hotee. qamee teey madhyam aatmavishvasane, tyanni assa nishkarsh kadhala qee sumare 1 teey 3 ansh seey. jaagtik sarasari tapman vadhisathi (2100 paryant, 1990-2000 sarasari patalichya tulanet) qamee akshanshanmadhye kahee trundhanyanchi utpadakta qamee hoil aanee uchch akshanshanmadhye utpadakta vadhel. ahavalat, "qamee aatmavishvas" mhanje tadnyanchya nirnayachya aadhare, vishisht nishkarshat 10 paiki 2 achook asanyachi shakyata asate. "madhyam aatmavishvas" madhye 10 paiki 5 barobar asanyachi shakyata asate. yach kalavadhit, madhyam aatmavishvasasah, jaagtik utpadan kshamata sumare 3°seey. paryant vadhanyacha aanee sumare 3°seey. peksha qamee honyacha andaj vartavanyat aala hota.
2014 madhye, assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota qee bhavishyatil hawaman badalanmule qamee akshansh asalelya deshanmadhil peak utpadanavar nakaratmak parinam honyachi shakyata aahe, tarr uttar akshanshatil parinam sakaratmak kinwa nakaratmak asoo shakatat.
amerikechya rashtriy sanshodhan parishadene 2011 madhye pikanchya utpannavar hawaman badalachya parinamanvaril sahityache moolyankan kele. pikanchya utpannatil badalanche tyanche kendriya andaj khalee darshavile aahet. utpannatil vastavik badal yaa kendriya andajanpeksha jaast kinwa qamee asoo shakatat. 2014 madheel meta-vishleshanatun ekmat disun aale qee shatkachya uttaradhat utpadan qamee hone apekshit aahe aanee samshitoshna pradeshanpeksha ushnakatibandhiy pradeshat tyacha adhik parinam hoil.
hawaman badalashivaychya teen paristhitinni (ess. aar. eae. ess. aii. 1, bii. 1, bii. 2) 2080 salaparyant <aay. dii. 1> dashalaksh lock kuposhit asalyacha andaj vartavala, tarr hawaman badalashivaychya aanakhi eka paristhitine (ess. aar. eae. ess. aii. 2) 77 kotee lock kuposhit asalyacha andaj vartavala. serve puravyanchya tadnya mulyankanachya aadhare, heey andaj barobar asanyachi shakyata 10 paiki 5 ashee hotee asey manale jaat hote. hawaman badalachya parinamancha samavesh asalelya andajanmadhye haritgruh vayoo aanee samajik-aarthik paristhiticha samaan sanch dekhil vaparla gela. "hawaman badalasah, teen paristhiti (ess. aar. eae. ess. aii. 1, bii. 1, bii. 2) 2080 salaparyant <aay. dii. 1> dashalaksh kuposhit asalyacha andaj vartavtat, tarr hawaman badal (ess. aar. eae. ess. aii. 2) saha aanakhi eka paristhiti <aay. dii. 2> dashalaksh kuposhit asalyacha andaj vartavate. heey andaj 2-inn-10 aanee 5-inn-10 darmyan yogya asanyachi shakyata asalyache manale jaat hote.
anukulan.
vyavasthapan paddhatinmadhye badal.
shetitil anukulan heey anekada dhoranatmak nasate, parantu shetkari tyanna bhedasavana paristhitila pratisad mhanoon tyanche swatache nirnay ghetat. vyavasthapan paddhatinmadhil badal haah sarvat mahattvacha anukulan paryay asoo shakato.shetichya thikananmadhil badal aanee annadhanyachya aantarrashtriy vyaparamulehi anukulan prayatnanmadhye yogdan miloo shakate.
krishi navkalpana.
hawaman badalachya sambhavya samasyanche nirakaran karnyasathi krishi navkalpana aavashyak aahe. yamadhye matiche changle vyavasthapan, paanee-bachat tantradnyan, pikanchi vatavaranashi julvajulav, vividh pikanche prakar, peak ferrerchna, yogya fertilisation vapar aanee samuday-aadharit anukulan dhorananna pathimba dene yancha samavesh aahe. sarkar aanee jaagtik staravar, krishi utpadakta aanee payabhoot suvidhanmadhye sanshodhan aanee guntavanuk kelee gelee pahije jenekarun tyat samavisht asalelya samasyanche aanee tyanche nirakaran karnyachya sarvottam paddhatinche changle chitra miloo shakel. sarkari dhorane aanee karyakramanmadhye paryavaranas sanvedanshil asalele sarkari anudan, shaikshanik mohima aanee aarthik protsahan tasech asurakshit loksankhyesathi nidhi, vima aanee suraksha jaale pradan karane aavashyak aahe. yavyatirikt, purvasoochana pranali aanee garib kinwa durgam bhaganna havamanacha achook andaj dilyane adhik changli tayari karata yeil.
sansthatmak badal.
keval krishi tantradnyanavar laksh kendrit karane purese tharnar nahee. sansthatmak badal saksham karnyasathi aanee nidhi puravanyasathi aanee krishi kshetrat hawaman badalachya dirghakalin anukulatesathi gatishil dhorane vikasit karnyasathi kaam suru aahe.
2013 saalee, aantarrashtriy peak sanshodhan sansthene kelelya ardh-shushk ushnakatibandhiy abhyasacha uddesh vidnyan-aadharit, garib samarthak drushtikon aanee tantre shodhane haah hota, jyamule aashiyatil krishi pranali hawaman badalacha samna karoo shaktil, tarr garib aanee asurakshit shetkyanna fayda hoil. sthanik niyojanat hawaman mahiticha vapar sudharane aanee hawaman-aadharit krishi-sallagar seva balkat karane, grameen gharguti utpannachya vaividhyikaranala chalana dene aanee vann aachchadan vadhavanyasathi, bhujal punha bharnyasathi aanee akshay urjecha vapar karnyasathi naisargik sansadhan sanvardhanachya upayayojanancha avalamb karnyasathi shetkyanna protsahan dene, yaa abhyasachya shifarshinmadhye samavisht aahet.
vishisht pikansathi anukool udaharane.
batatyachya utpadanacha sweekar karane.
hawaman badalamule udbhavananya badalatya paristhitinusar batatyachya shetichya paddhati aanee batatyachya jaatinche anukulan kelyane pikanche utpadan rakhanyas madat houu shakate aanee sadhyachya vyavsayik batatyachya lagvadishi ayogya asalelya andajit paristhiti asalelya bhagat batatyachi lagwad houu shakate. hawaman badalashi batatyache julavun ghenyachya paddhatinmadhye utpadan kshetra badalane, panyacha vapar sudharane aanee naveen sahishnu batatyachya jaatinche prajnan karane yancha samavesh hoto.
kahee bhagat batatyache utpadan qamee honyacha andaj vartavanyat aala aahe (udaa.jee. up-sahara africa) itaranmadhye vadhat asatana (udaa.jee. uttar russia), mukhytah paanee aanee tapman vyavasthetil badalanmule. tyach velee, jyaa bhagat purvi himamule nuksan jhaale asate, tyaa uchch unchichya aanee akshansh bhagat batatyache utpadan shakya hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. pikanchya utpannatil yaa badalanmule batatyachya pikanche utpadan jyaa bhagat shakya aahe tyaa bhagat badal hotil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe.
kahee deshanmadhye tapmanat vaadh aanee panyachi upalabdhata qamee jhalyamule utpadanat honari ghat batatyache utpadan kshetra badaloon mothya pramanat talhata yeu shakate.
batatyache utpadan badalanyatil sambhavya samasya mhanje batatyachi pike aanee itar pike aanee itar jaminicha vapar yanchyatil jaminisathi spardha.
batatyache naveen prakar tayar karnyasathi done mukhya paddhati vaparlya jaatatah 'paramparik' vanaspati prajnan tantre aanee anuvanshik badal. hawaman badalamule nirman jhalelya tanavachya kalat utpadan tikavoon thevanyas saksham naveen sanvardhit jaatee tayar karnyat hii tantre mahattvachi bhoomika bajavu shakatat.
batatyachya utpadanavar havamanache nakaratmak parinam qamee karnyat madat houu shakananya vaishishtyanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotoh
madya utpadanacha sweekar karane.
drakshanchya tapmanat ferfar karnyasathi pranali vikasit karnyat aalya aahet. yamadhye eka kakshamukt pranali samavisht aahe jithe havah garam kinwa thund kelee jaau shakate aanee nantar 10-degree celsius farak midvanyasathi drakshanchya guchchanvar udavali jaau shakate. tapman aanee vikiran hatalanyasathi chhaya kapad aanee paravartak foils ektrit kelelya chhotya kakshancha dekhil vapar keela gela aahe. corden aanee vans jhakanyasathi polyethylene sleevecha vapar kelyane kamal tapmanat 5-8 ansh celsius vaadh hote aanee kiman tapmanat 1-2 ansh celsius ghat hote.
pikanchi udaharane.
gahoo.
pradesh aanee sthanik hawaman paristhitinusar pavasachya bharavshavar asalelya gahoovar hawaman badalache parinam badaltil. 1981 teey 2008 yaa kalavadhit, jaagtik tapmanvadhicha visheshtah ushnakatibandhiy pradeshantil gavhachya utpadanavar nakaratmak parinam jhaala aahe, sarasari jaagtik utpadanat 5.5 takkyanni ghat jhaali aahe. 
hawaman paristhitichi vistrut shreni astitvat asalyane tapman aanee parjanyamanatil badalanchya aaspasche iranmadhil abhyas jagachya anek vegvegalya bhagansathi pratinidhik aahet. teey samshitoshna teey garam-shushk teey thund ardh-shushk asatat. tapmanat 2.5 ansh celsiasparyant vaadh aanee 25 takkyanparyant paus qamee honyavar aadharit paristhiti darshavate qee gavhachya dhanyachya utpadanat lakshaniy nuksan houu shakate. samshitoshna bhagat 45 takkyanparyant aanee ushna-shushk bhagat 50 takkyanhun adhik nuksan houu shakate. parantu thund ardh-shushk bhagat utpadan kahee pramanat (sumare 15 takke) vadhavta yete. biyane lavnyachya tarkhanchya aaspas sarvat aashadayak kendrasah anukulan dhorane. november teey janewari yaa kalavadhit ushira lagwad kelyas pavasachya hangami sthitimule utpannavar lakshaniy sakaratmak parinam houu shakato.
bharatachya indo-gangechya maidani bhagat ushnatecha taana aanee panyachi upalabdhata yamule gavhachya utpadanavar lakshaniy nakaratmak parinam hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. vadhalelya sarasari aanee kamal tapmanachya thet parinamanmule gavhache utpadan 10 takkyanparyant qamee hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. sinchanasathi panyachi qamee upalabdhata yacha parinam adhik lakshaniy aahe, joou 35 takkyanparyant utpadan nuksanasah chalato.  
samshitoshna kshetransathi, udaharanarth canadatil vasant gavhachya babatit vadhicha andaj vartavala jaato (vasant gavhachi lagwad vasant rutumadhye kelee jaate). yukrensathi jethe varshbhar tapman vadhat aahe aanee parjanyaman vadhanyacha andaj aahe, 2010 chya tulanet 2050 paryant uttar aanee vayavya bhagat hivalyatil gavhache utpadan (hivalyat peralela gahoo) 20-40% neey vadhu shakate.
drakshanchya biya (madya utpadan).
drakshanchya biya ("vitis vinifera") tyanchya sabhovatalachya vatavaranala khoop pratisad detat aanee 32.5% chya utpannat hangami farak asato. draksh aanee draksh utpadanat hawaman haah eka pramukh niyantran ghatak aahe, joou vishisht pradeshasathi vishisht drakshanchya jaatinchya yogyatevar tasech utpadit drakshanchya prakaravar aanee gunavattevar parinam karato. madya rachana hii mukhyatve madhya-hawaman aanee sookshm-havamanavar avalambun asate aanee yacha arth uchch darjachya madyanchya nirmitisathi hawaman-maatee-vividhateche santulan rakhane aavashyak aahe. hawaman-maatee-vividhatemadhil parasparsanvad kahee prakarananmadhye hawaman badalachya parinamamule dhokyat yeil. drakshanmadhil phenological bhinnatemadhye antarbhut asalelya janukanchi olakh bhavishyatil havamanat vishisht jaatinche satatyapurn utpadan rakhanyas madat karoo shakate.
serve paryavaraniy ghatakanpaiki, tapmanacha viticulturevar sarvat khol parinam hott asalyache disate kaaran hivalyat suptavasthetil tapman pudhil vadhichya hangamasathi ugavanyavar parinam karate. dirghkal uchch tapmanamule drakshe aanee drakshanchya gunavattevar nakaratmak parinam houu shakato kaaran tyacha rung, sugandh, sakhareche sanchay, shvasochchhavasadvare aaml qamee hone tasech drakshanna tyanchi vishisht vaishishtye denari itar chav sanyuge yanchya upasthitivar parinam hoto. vadhichya aanee pikanyachya kalat satatyapurn madhyavarti tapman aanee kiman dainandin badal anukool aahet. drakshanchya varshik vadhiche chakr vasant rutumadhye 10 ansh celsiuschya satatyapurn divasachya tapmanane suru jhalelya kalichya viramane suru hote. hawaman badalache anpekshit swaroop nehamichya hivalyachya kalavadhichya baher ghadu shakananya danvachya ghatana dekhil aanoo shakate. danvamule utpadan qamee hote aanee kalichi faldrupata qamee jhalyamule drakshanchya gunavattevar parinam hoto aanee tyamule drakshanchya utpadanacha laabh danvmukt masik palimule hoto.
winechya gunvattesathi sendriya aaml aavashyak aahet. anthocyanins aanee tannins sarkhya phenolic sanyuge winela tyacha rung, katuta, sankochan aanee anty-auxidant kshamata denyas madat karatat. sanshodhanatun asey disun aale aahe qee 30 ansh celsiuschya aaspaschya tapmanat satat samparkat asalelya drakshanchya drakshanmadhye 20 ansh celsiuschya aaspaschya tapmanat satat samparkat asalelya drakshanchya tulanet anthocyaninchi sandrata lakshaniyaritya qamee hotee. 35 ansh celsiuschya aaspas kinwa tyapeksha jaast tapman anthocyaninche utpadan thambavate tasech utpadit honanya anthocyaninche avmoolyan karate. yavyatirikt, anthocyaninscha veraysanpasoon (bereejcha rung badalane) kapaniparyant 16-22 ansh celsius tapmanat sakaratmak parasparsambandh asalyache aadhalun aale. tanninsmule winechi tikshnata aanee "tondat korade hone" hii chav milate aanee adhik sthir aanvik renu denyasathi anthocyaninshi dekhil bandhale jaate jeey junya laal winemadhye dirghakalin rung denyasathi mahatvache aahet.
winemadheel phenolic sanyuganchya upasthitivar tapmanamule motha parinam hoto, sarasari tapmanat vaadh jhalyamule winechya bhagat tyanchya upasthitivar parinam hoil aanee tyamule drakshanchya gunavattevar parinam hoil.
pavasache praman aanee varanvarta badalat asatana, pavasachya badalalelya namunyanchi (varshik aanee hangami donhi) apeksha kelee jaate. pavasachya pramanat vaadh jhalyamule matichi dhoop vadhanyachi shakyata aahe; tarr adhunmadhun paus naan padalyane, sahasa paus padato tevha, dushkal paristhiti udbhavu shakate jyamule drakshanchya velanvar taana yeu shakato. vaadh aanee fulanchya vadhisathi vadhichya hangamachya suruvatila paus mahattvacha asato, tarr fulanchya aanee pikanyachya kalavadhisathi satatyapurn korade kalavadhi mahatvache asatat.
karbanaday oxidechya vadhalelya patalicha drakshanchya drakshanmadhil prakashsanshleshi kriyakalapanvar parinam honyachi shakyata aahe kaaran karbanaday oxidechya vadhimule prakashsanshleshan uttejit hote aanee tyamule pananche kshetrafal aanee vanaspatijanya korade vajan dekhil vadhate. vadhalelya vatavaraniy karbanaday oxidemule aanshik stomatal bund hote asey manale jaate jyamule apratyakshapane pananche tapman vadhate. pananchya tapmanat vaadh jhalyas carbon dioxide aanee oxygenshee asalelya ribulose 1,5-bisfosphate carboxylase/auxigen (rubisk) sambandhat badal houu shakato, jyacha vanaspatinchya prakashsanshleshan kshamatevarhi parinam hoil. vadhalela vatavaraniy carbon dioxide kahee drakshanchya jaatinchi asthimajja ghanata qamee karnyasathi dekhil olakhala jaato.
lagvaditil vividhata.
haloohaloo vadhana tapmanamule yogya vadhana pradeshanmadhye badal hoil. assa andaj aahe qee 2020 aanee 2050 darmyan andajit yaa daratil duppatees 2020 paryant europeey viticulturechi uttarekadil seema darr dashkala uttarekade sarkel. yache sakaratmak aanee nakaratmak parinam aahet, kaaran yamule kahee pradeshanmadhye vadhana naveen lagvadisathi darvaje ughadatat parantu itar lagvadichi yogyata qamee hote aanee utpadanachi gunavatta aanee praman dekhil samanyatah dhokyat yeu shakate.
batate.
hawaman badalacha jaagtik batatyachya utpadanavar lakshaniy parinam hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. anek pikanpramanech, vatavaranatil carbon dioxide, tapman aanee parjanyamanatil badal tasech yaa ghatakanmadhil parasparsanvadamule batatyavar parinam honyachi shakyata asate. batatyavar thet parinam karnyabarobarach hawaman badalamule batatyache anek rog aanee kitkanchya vitarnavar aanee loksankhyevarhi parinam hoil. batata heey jagatil sarvat mahattvachya annadhanyanpaiki eka aahe. joparyant shetkari aanee batatyachi lagwad karnare naveen vatavaranashi julavun gheu shakat naheet, toparyant jagbharatil batatyache utpadan sadhyachya tulanet 18-32% qamee asel.
vatavaranatil carbon dioxidechya vadhatya sandratemule batatyachya ropanna aanee batatyachya pikanchya utpannas fayda hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe.
batatyasathi (aanee itar vanaspatinsathi) vadhalelya vatavaraniy carbon dioxidecha pramukh fayda mhanje tyanchya prakashsanshleshi daranmadhye vaadh, jyamule tyanchya vadhicha darr vadhu shakato. batatyachya pikanchya utpannacha dekhil fayda hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe kaaran carbon dioxidechya vadhatya patalikhali batatyache khadya kandanmadhye adhik starche vibhajan hote.
vatavaranatil carbon dioxidechya uchch patalimule batatyanna prakashsanshleshanasathi carbon dioxideche samaan praman ghenyasathi tyanche stomata qamee ughadave lagate, jyacha arth stomatamadhun bashpibhavnadvare qamee paanee qamee hote. parinami, batatyachya vanaspatinchi paanee vaparachi karyakshamta (gamavalelya prati ekak panyamadhye aatmasat jhalelya carbonche praman) vadhanyacha andaj aahe.
batate samshitoshna paristhitit sarvat changle vadhatat. 5-30 sase. chya baher tapmanat chadh-utaar jhalyamule kandanchi vaadh aanee utpadan gambhirpane qamee kele jaau shakate. vishisht bhagatil batatyachya utpadanavar vadhalelya tapmanacha parinam tyaa bhagatil sadhyachya tapmanavar anshatah avalambun asel. 30°seey. peksha jaast tapmanamule batatyavar anek nakaratmak parinam houu shakatat, jyat khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh 
yaa parinamanmule pikanche utpadan aanee kandanchi sankhya aanee vajan qamee houu shakate. parinami, jyaa bhagat sadhyache tapman batatyachya tapmanachya maryadechya jawal aahe (udaa.jee. up-sahara aafrikechya bahutansh bhagala) bhavishyat batatyachya pikanchya utpadanat mothya pramanat ghat honyachi shakyata aahe.
qamee tapmanat batatyala danvache nuksan honyacha dhoka asato, jyamule vaadh qamee houu shakate aanee kandanche white nuksan houu shakate. jyaa bhagat sadhya batatyachi vaadh maryadit kinwa ashakya aahe, tyaa bhagat danvachya hanichya jokhamimule (udaa.jee. uchch unchivar aanee russia aanee canadasarkhya uchch akshansh deshanmadhye), vadhatya tapmanamule batatyachya pikanna vadhicha hangam vadhavun aanee sambhavya batate pikavanyachya jaminicha vistar karoon fayda honyachi shakyata aahe.
gahusarkhya itar pikanchya tulanet batate matichya panyachya kamataratebaddal sanvedanshil asatat aanee visheshtah kand vadhat asatana tyanna varanvar sinchanachi aavashyakta asate. anek bhagat qamee paus padalyane batatyachya pikanchya sinchanachi garaj vadhel assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. udaharanarth, brittenmadhye pavasachya panyane honanya batatyachya utpadanasathi yogya asalelya lagvadiyogya jaminiche praman kiman 75 takkyanni qamee hone apekshit aahe.
ekoon paus qamee honyasah batatyachya pikanna badalatya hangami pavasachya paddhatimule dekhil aavhanancha samna karava lagato. udaharanarth, boliviamadhye alikadachya dashakanmadhye pavsala qamee jhaala aahe, parinami batatyachya vadhicha hangam qamee jhaala aahe.
batatyachya pikansathi keetak aanee roganmadhye honare badal.
hawaman badalamule batatyachya anek kitkanvar aanee roganvar parinam hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. yamadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh
pradeshik parinam.
ashiya.
purv aanee aagney aashiyasathi, 2007 madheel eka andajanusar 21vya shatkachya madhyaparyant pikanche utpadan 20 takkyanparyant vadhu shakate. madhya aanee dakshin ashiyamadhye, yach kalavadhit utpadan 30 takkyanparyant qamee houu shakate asey andaj suchavale. ektritpane pahile tarr, anek vikasansheel deshanmadhye upasamaricha dhoka khoop jaast rahanyacha andaj vartavanyat aala hota.
vividh ashiyai deshanna hawaman badalamule vividh parinam hotat. udaharanarth, carbon fertilisations 1.5 ansh celsius tapman vadhichya paristhiticha chinala fayda hoto aanee tyamule darvarshi 18 abj americi dollarscha 3 takke fayda hoto; tathapi, bharatala shetivaril ekoon nukasanichya done trutiyansh bhagala samore jaave lagel kaaran tyachya uchch nivval mahasulacha fatka vasant rututil uchch tapmanamule basato.
hawaman badalamule, rog, charyachi kamatarata, ushnatecha taana aanee prajnan dhorananmule bangladeshmadhye pashudhan utpadan qamee hoil.
austreliya aanee newzealand.
hawaman badalashi pudhil julavun naan gheta, andajit parinam lakshaniy asanyachi shakyata aahe. 2030 paryant, dakshin aanee purv austreliyachya bahutansh bhagat aanee purv newzealandchya kahee bhaganmadhye shetee aanee vanikaranatil utpadan qamee honyacha andaj hota. newzealandmadhye, pramukh nadyanchya jawal aanee paschim aanee dakshin bhagat prarambhik laabh apekshit hote.
europe.
dakshin europesathi, 2007 madhye hawaman badalamule pikanchi utpadakta qamee hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala hota. madhya aanee purv europemadhye vann utpadakta qamee hone apekshit hote. uttar europemadhye hawaman badalachya suruvatichya parinamamule pikanche utpadan vadhanyacha andaj vartavanyat aala hota. 2019 chya european paryavaran sansthechya ahavalane 'europemadhil krishi kshetratil hawaman badalache anukulan' punha yachee pushti kelee. 2019 chya yaa ahavalanusar, andaj asey darshavtat qee gahoo, makaa aanee chukander yasarkhya bigger-sinchit pikanche utpadan 2050 paryant dakshin europemadhye 50 takkyanparyant qamee hoil (uchch-utsarjan paristhitinusar). yamule tyaa tarkheparyant shetichya utpannat lakshaniy ghat houu shakate. tasech 2100 paryant dakshin europechya kahee bhaganmadhye shetjaminichi kimmat 80 takkyanhun adhik qamee honyacha andaj aahe, jyamule jameen sodoon dilee jaau shakate. vyapar paddhativarhi parinam hott asalyache mhatale jaate, jyamule krishi utpannavar parinam hoto. tasech, jagbharatil annadhanyachi vadhati magani, yenanya dashakanmadhye annadhanyachya kimmatinvar dabav aanoo shakate.
lattin america.
lattin americetil pramukh krishi utpadananmadhye pashudhan aanee dhanye yancha samavesh hoto; jase qee makaa, gahoo, soyabean aanee tandul. vadhalele tapman aanee badalalelya jalshastriy chakranmule vadhicha hangam qamee hoil, ekoon jaivbhar utpadan qamee hoil aanee dhanya utpadan qamee hoil assa andaj vartavanyat aala aahe. lattin americetil ekoon krishi utpadanat ekte brazil, mexico aanee argentine yanche yogdan aahe. yaa aanee itar koradya pradeshanmadhye makyache utpadan qamee honyachi apeksha aahe. lattin americetil shetivar hawaman badalachya anek parinamanchya abhyasacha saransh denanya abhyasat asey soochit kele gele aahe qee brazil, argentine aanee urugvemadhye gahoo qamee honyachi apeksha aahe. argentine, urugue, dakshin brazil, venezuela aanee kolambiyachya kahee bhagansathi mukhya krishi utpadan asalelya pashudhanat ghat honyachi shakyata aahe. lattin amerikechya vividh pradeshanmadhye utpadanachya pramanat ghat honyachi shakyata aahe. udaharanarth, 2003 chya eka abhyasat, jyane lattin americetil bhavishyatil makyachya utpadanacha andaj vartavala hota, assa andaj vartavala hota qee 2055 paryant purv brazilmadhye makyamadhye madhyam badal hotil tarr venezuelamadhye mothya pramanat ghat honyachi apeksha aahe.
madhya america aanee mexicomadhye hawaman badalachya sarvat vinashkari parinamanpaiki eka mhanje pavasachya vadhatya badalancha parinam aahe. 2009 teey 2019 yaa kalat, sarasaripeksha qamee parjanyaman asalelya varshanmadhye yaa pradeshat musaldhar paus padala. meey aanee junmadhil vasant rututil paus visheshtah aniyamit rahila aahe, jyamule vasant rututil pavasachya suruvatila shetkyanna tyanchi makyachi pike lavnyas samasya nirman hotat. yaa bhagatil bahutansh nirvahak shetkyankade sinchan nahee aanee tyamule tyanchi pike vadhanyasathi teey pavsavar avalambun asatat. mexicomadhye keval 21 takke shete sinchit aahet, urvarit 79 takke shete pavsavar avalambun aahet.
lattin americetil shetivar jaagtik tapmanvadhiche parinam qamee karnyasathi suchavalelya sambhavya anukulan dhorananmadhye vanaspati prajnan tantradnyanacha vapar aanee sinchan payabhoot suvidha sthapit karane samavisht aahe.
uttar america.
ushnatemadhye vaadh hott asalyane, vasant rututil burf vitalananya purachi vel aanee pariman vadhalyane aanee unhalyat nadichya pravahache praman qamee hott asalyane, koradya aanee nimshushk paschim uttar americet dushkal adhik varanvar aanee tivra hott aahe. hawaman badalachya thet parinamanmadhye ushnata aanee panyacha taana vadhane, pikachya badalalelya sthitishastra aanee badhit sahajeevi parasparsanvad yancha samavesh hoto. nadyanchya pravahatil hawaman badalanmule heey parinam aanakhi tivra houu shakatat aanee ektrit parinamamule sthanik vanaspati nasalelya aanee dushkal-sahishnu spardhkanchya bajoone sthanik zadanchi vipulata qamee honyachi shakyata aahe, anek sthanik pranyanchya adhivasatil gunavatta qamee hoil aanee kachara sankaran aanee poshak chakranche praman qamee hoil. manvi panyachi magani aanee sinchanavar hawaman badalache parinam heey parinam tivra karoo shakatat.