text:
Extract from Escott Reid’s new book Strengthening the World Bank being published in September by the Adlai Stevenson Institute, Chicago, III., U.S.A., $7.50, £3, or Rs. 40. Mr. Reid was director of the South Asia and Middle East Department of the World Bank from 1962 to 1965.
“There is general agreement that the purpose of aid from the World Bank Group and other agencies is to make it easier for the governments of developing countries to pursue sensible development policies. The disagreement is over who is to be the arbiter of what are and what are not sensible development policies. There are two extreme theoretical positions. One is that the government of the poorer country should be the sole arbiter; that it alone can be considered by an international agency or by another government as the interpreter of the country’s system of values and development priorities, its social goals, and the aspirations of its people; that aid agencies must not question that government’s decisions but must assist it to carry them out expeditiously and efficiently. The other extreme position is that the aid agencies know what is best.
“Neither of these two positions will come within the scope of practical politics in the foreseeable future. Both of them are non-starters. Until aid on concessional terms can be financed largely from sources other than taxes imposed by the governments of rich countries on their citizens, these governments will be compelled by the realities of the domestic political process to adopt policies on aid which will enable them to convince the taxpayers that they are making reasonable efforts to ensure that the aid financed out of their taxes is being well used. This applies to their own bilateral aid programs and to the multilateral agencies they contribute to, such as the World Bank Group, the regional banks, and the UN Development Program. As for the other extreme position, sentiment in the poorer countries limits both the willingness and the ability of their governments to accept intervention by aid agencies in their affairs. They are compelled by the realities of their domestic political processes to adopt policies which enable them to assure their citizens that they are not sacrificing the independence of their country in return for aid.
“Proponents of all the schools of thought on international aid are compelled to accept, however reluctantly, the need to apply some system of rationing to the flow of aid money, since this money is scarce, and the softer it is the scarcer it is….
“What is at issue is not the need to establish a rationing system but the nature of the rationing system and, in particular, the extent of intervention in the affairs of aid-receiving countries which it entails. Those, both in the poorer countries and in the rich countries, who favor a relatively high level of intervention… believe, however, that aid agencies should limit their intervention to broad and central aspects of development policy, and express opinions on these only after penetrating investigation. Aid agencies, in striving to come to agreement with the poorer country, should make all reasonable concessions to reach agreement. If a reasonable compromise cannot be reached, the agencies should, in the interest of the poorer country, substantially reduce the flow of aid. Those who favor intervention ask whether it is to the advantage of the people of an aid-receiving country that aid agencies accept the development priorities of the government even when it is obvious that the government is assigning high priority to prestige projects which promise less economic and social returns than other, less ostentatious, projects….
“Many who would most vehemently deny that they are interventionists believe that since international efforts to help developing countries will be of no avail unless those countries make major changes in their political, social, and economic policies and institutions, aid should depend on the extent to which a country meets such performance criteria as equitable income distribution, land and tax reforms, effective trade and exchange rate policies, limitation of military expenditures, and the promotion of social justice….
Excerpts from a speech by Richard H. Demuth. Chairman of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, to the Association of Directors of International Agriculture Programs in Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A., June 14, 1973.
“In the early days of the postwar development assistance effort, it was the conventional wisdom that what the developing countries needed to modernize their agriculture was not so much additional research as the organization of adequate extension services which could deliver to the farmers of the Third World the scientific expertise already available in the developed world. It was assumed that appropriate technology already existed that could be readily transferred from north to south. Experience has shown that, to a large extent, this was a false assumption—in other words, that appropriate agricultural production technologies for the poorer countries must for the most part be developed within and not outside the ecological zones in which those countries lie.
“This meant emphasizing research and training within the Third World. A good deal of effort was then put, and is still being put, into the development of strong national research programs—and in a few countries notable progress has been made: Mexico, Colombia, Chile, India, and Thailand are outstanding examples. But moving on a country-by-country basis, particularly with the limited human and financial resources available, promised to be a slow procedure, wholly inadequate to the urgency of the world’s food production needs.
“So, under the leadership of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, an alternative strategy was developed: namely, to assemble a critical mass of scientific talent in a few places within the Third World to launch a multidisciplinary attack sharply focused upon the most urgent technological problems facing agricultural production in the developin countries. The international agricultural research and training center was the means devised to implement this alternative strategy.
“The family of international centers now numbers six, with one associate member. The full members of the family are the International Rica Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines; the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico; the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), for the lowland tropics of Africa, in Nigeria; the International Center of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), for the lowland tropics of Latin America, in Colombia; the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru; and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), with special responsibility for sorghums, millets, chick peas, and pigeon peas, in India. The “associate” member of the family is the Asian Vegetable Research Center located in Taiwan.
“The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research was formed in 1971, when it became clear that the base of both financial and technical support for the centers need to be broadened beyond the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations and the U.S. and Canadian Governments which, up to then, had provided almost all the finance and back-stopping. The basic purpose of the Consultative Group, which is co-sponsored by the FAO, IBRD, and UNDP, is to mobilize such broadened support. Essentially, it seeks agreement among its members as to what agricultural research programs should be considered as having priority in the allocation of scarce development assistance funds, on the extent of the funds which should be provided each year, and on how the burden of financing might be shared. As a result of invitations issued by the three co-sponsors, some 13 donor governments, 7 international and regional development assistance agencies, and 4 private and public foundations have become members of the Group. The Group also has as members 10 developing countries, representing the 5 major developing regions of the world; these 10 LDC’s among them occupy 5 seats at the Consultative Group table. In its mixed composition of public and private organizations, of donor and recipient countries, and of regional and international agencies, the Consultative Group is a unique institution.
“The Consultative Group has no funds of its own nor has it any authority to make decisions binding on its members. Yet, despite these limitations and despite the size and diversity of its membership, the Group has thus far succeeded in reaching very general agreement on the issues with which it has grappled. Perhaps the best indication of this is that funding for the international centers rose from $9 million for 1971 to $15 million for 1972 and to about $24 million for 1973. In addition, ICRISAT was created in 1972 under the aegis of the Consultative Group and this year is likely to see the addition of a seventh member of the family—ILRAD—an International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, to be located near Nairobi in Kenya.
“To the extent that the Consultative Group has been successful thus far, it is due, in my judgment, principally to two factors. The first is the existence of an excellent Technical Advisory Committee, popularly known as TAC, composed of six scientists from the developed countries and six from the developing countries, who meet under the chairmanship of Sir John Crawford of Australia. The TAC, the Secretariat for which is provided by FAO, considers the technical merits and priority of all proposals put forward for Consultative Group financing, and advises the Group on the principal research gaps which it believes need to be filled. The second factor is more elusive to define—but essentially it is that almost all the members of the Group are enthusiastic about the international center approach. The Group’s meeting are therefore singularly free of debate for the sake of debate, and are instead devoted to a common effort to find practical and constructive solutions. Agreement has been reached on such matters as having a single review conducted on behalf of the donors by the Consultative Group staff of the progress of each center in carrying out its approved program and in living within its budget; arranging for each center to have its program of research reviewed periodically by external panels of outstanding scientistis; helping the centers to present their budgets in a more or less uniform manner, so that meaningful comparisons can be made; and arranging for an appropriate division of labor as among the centers, so that there will be no unnecessary or undesirable duplication of work.
Most importantly, of course, the Consultative Group, with the assistance of TAC, must seek agreement on what new or expanded programs should be supported. In addition to the agreement to set up an animal disease laboratory (ILRAD) in Kenya, there is near-agreement on setting up an overall International Livestock Center for Africa (ILCA), probably to be headquartered in Ethiopia, which, if established, would eventually absorb ILRAD as an integral part of its operations. The problems of the Middle East are also receiving attention; a mission organized by TAC has just returned from an investigation of the major constraints on agricultural production in that area and will shortly be reporting to TAC its view on whether an international research center would be an effective way of seeking to remove those constraints. The TAC also has under review, among other things, the desirability of promoting additional research on upland (rainfed) rice, probably as an extension of IRRI’S activities; of establishing relay stations for ICRISAT in the semi-arid zones of Africa; of expanding the research work now being done on food legumes; and of the possible utility of an intenational research center on aquaculture.
Let me conclude with a few words of speculation as to the future. My firm belief is that we are only at the beginning of a very considerable effort. The Chairman of TAC made an informed estimate in 1972 that, by the late 1970’s, total financial requirements for programs which should be supported by the Group might well reach a level of about $70 million a year: $50 million for the core and capital requirements of the centers themselves and another $20 million for outreach. (Outreach is primarily working with national research programs in adapting to local conditions the research findings of a center.) This estimate envisages an international effort about twice its present size. I am inclined to think that, if anything, the estimate may be on the low side, particularly for outreach.
Excerpts from an address, given by Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, Managing Director of the Fund, to the American Philosophical Society, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on April 19.
“In a situation in which there are conflicts of views between major countries, the power of an institution like the Fund to deal with such conflicts quickly and flexibly depends to a large extent on the nature of its decision-making process. In an institution which confers financial rights and responsibilities, it is almost inevitable that there will be weighted voting. Not to acknowledge relative economic strength would be patently unrealistic. It is also probably essential to have qualified majorities for certain important categories of decision. The creation of special drawing rights, for example, needs a majority of eighty-five percent.
“The reluctance of countries to accept limitations on sovereignty is not, of course, peculiar to the monetary sphere. Nearly all international institutions find difficulty in preserving their authority in situations where their rules and procedures come into conflict with what their members regard as vital national interests. In the field of international financial relations, the types of problems which began to present themselves in recent years were simply not adequately catered for in the Articles of Agreement. For a while, of course, inappropriate rules can be made to work by constitutional interpretation. But there comes a point when rules cannot be patched up any more, and then they simply stop being observed.
“However, as experience is demonstrating, the vulnerability of a system without clear and accepted rules makes it uncomfortable to live with for any extended length of time. There is always the worrying feeling that unwise policies on the part of individual countries might spark a retaliatory move that could trigger off a vicious spiral of restrictions and declining world trade.
“The desire to have an internationally agreed and accepted new set of rules has been widely voiced, and has found expression in a number of resolutions of international bodies, particularly of the Fund itself. The world community, through the Fund, is presently engaged in what will certainly be the difficult task of drawing up this new set of rules.
“It is possible to see in general terms the conditions, both economic and political, which will have to be met, if the new system is to be successful.
“From an economic point of view it is important to promote the objective of a free trading environment. This means that countries must eschew placing restrictions on certain kinds of trade and payments by unilateral action. Although we cannot expect to move immediately to a world free of all restrictions, whatever restrictions are imposed should be justified on the basis of some internationally accepted criteria, subject to the scrutiny of the international community, and approved by some international regulatory authority.
“The next prerequisite is that traders and investors should be able to use resources which they earn in one currency to make payments or investments in another currency. This is sometimes referred to as the convertibility of currencies. Convertibility is a term that is used with two somewhat different meanings. In a general sense, it means that there should exist a network of markets where traders can exchange currencies, free of administrative restrictions on the currencies or the amounts in which they deal. In the more technical sense in which it is usually used by monetary experts, it means that governments should establish an agreed value for their national currency and stand ready to buy and sell it at the fixed price against some agreed international reserve asset. Now clearly, convertibility in the general sense does not depend directly on convertibility in the technical sense. And since it is convertibility in the general sense that is important for international trade and investment, it could well be asked whether we could not live without convertibility in the technical sense.
“Many economists, it must be admitted, believe we can, and indeed many major currencies are inconvertible in the technical sense at the present time. But if such inconvertibility should be prolonged and should give rise to additional uncertainties and risks, private traders and investors would probably be less willing to engage in international transactions. The monetary system would then have failed in its objective to create the best environment for the international interchange of resources. And if individual countries, having no fixed par value for their currency to which they are committed, try to influence their exchange rates in mutually incompatible ways, we run the risk of sliding back into a destructive spiral of measures which would not only hamper the growth of world trade, but could produce political frictions as well.
“Acceptance of official convertibility as an objective implies the next prerequisite of a new monetary order: agreement on the form in which the international reserves which give effect to convertibility should be created and held. The important initial step of delegating to an international body authority over the creation of purchasing power has already been taken in the establishment of the special drawing right facility within the Fund. This is one area in which there is a strong consensus that there should be international decision making. It is widely agreed that reserve creation should be under deliberate international control, and not subject to haphazard influences such as the supply of gold or the state of the balance of payments of the United States or any other major country.
“Increases and reductions in international reserve assets are the means whereby countries can meet deficits and surpluses in their balance of payments without imposing restrictions or abandoning convertibility. But international reserves cannot be expected to be unlimited. Another prerequisite for the international monetary system, therefore, is that it should have some mechanism to ensure that the relative values of currencies do not get out of line with basic or underlying forces of supply and demand. Since no country can influence the value of its currency in world markets without simultaneously affecting the currencies of its trading partners, this is another area in which international rules or understandings must qualify national discretion.
“We have learned a number of lessons from postwar experience which at least point to the broad lines of how responsibility should be divided in this matter. We know that countries will not accept a system that, in the name of international balance, requires them to follow policies that are seriously at odds with their domestic objectives in the realm of employment or price stability. We know that, by and large, they find it easier to live with some agreed conception of what relative exchange rates should be, rather than to allow currencies to float in an uncoordinated way. And we know that a system in which the burden of adjustment is not equitably shared between surplus and deficit countries produces strains and frictions which may be political as well as economic.
“It is tempting, of course, to make precise rules which specify that if a country experiences such and such a development, e.g., a prescribed deficit or surplus, in its balance of payments, such and such a consequence should follow. The difficulty is that such a system would almost certainly be too inflexible in operation to be either acceptable or appropriate. Given this, I expect that the new rules will provide for a greater degree of consultation and cooperation in the framing of what I have called adjustment policies, with mandatory provision being invoked only after continued failure to reach agreed solutions.
“It should be apparent from what I have already said that a successful reform of the international monetary system will inevitably mean that countries will have to submerge a considerable amount of national sovereignty in an internationally agreed and administered system of rules. But we have reached a stage in our understanding of the nature of economic interdependence where I believe countries are prepared to take a significant step forward in internationalizing decision taking.
“There is a willingness to acknowledge international authority provided it is not exercised in such a way as to come into direct conflict with what individual nations regard as their vital interests. For example, simply to outlaw exchange restrictions would risk being counterproductive unless action is also taken to remove the circumstances in which countries might wish to introduce restrictions. This means that the range of policies permitted to members to deal with balance of payments difficulties must be wide enough to ensure success without recourse to restrictions.
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Vol. 1: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), and Gabon, 1968, xxiv + 365 pp.
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tokenized:
Extract from Escott Reid ’s new book Strengthening the World Bank being published in September by the Adlai Stevenson Institute , Chicago , III . , U.S.A. , $ 7.50 , £ 3 , or Rs . 40 . Mr. Reid was director of the South Asia and Middle East Department of the World Bank from 1962 to 1965 .
 “ There is general agreement that the purpose of aid from the World Bank Group and other agencies is to make it easier for the governments of developing countries to pursue sensible development policies . The disagreement is over who is to be the arbiter of what are and what are not sensible development policies . There are two extreme theoretical positions . One is that the government of the poorer country should be the sole arbiter ; that it alone can be considered by an international agency or by another government as the interpreter of the country ’s system of values and development priorities , its social goals , and the aspirations of its people ; that aid agencies must not question that government ’s decisions but must assist it to carry them out expeditiously and efficiently . The other extreme position is that the aid agencies know what is best .
 “ Neither of these two positions will come within the scope of practical politics in the foreseeable future . Both of them are non - starters . Until aid on concessional terms can be financed largely from sources other than taxes imposed by the governments of rich countries on their citizens , these governments will be compelled by the realities of the domestic political process to adopt policies on aid which will enable them to convince the taxpayers that they are making reasonable efforts to ensure that the aid financed out of their taxes is being well used . This applies to their own bilateral aid programs and to the multilateral agencies they contribute to , such as the World Bank Group , the regional banks , and the UN Development Program . As for the other extreme position , sentiment in the poorer countries limits both the willingness and the ability of their governments to accept intervention by aid agencies in their affairs . They are compelled by the realities of their domestic political processes to adopt policies which enable them to assure their citizens that they are not sacrificing the independence of their country in return for aid .
 “ Proponents of all the schools of thought on international aid are compelled to accept , however reluctantly , the need to apply some system of rationing to the flow of aid money , since this money is scarce , and the softer it is the scarcer it is … .
 “ What is at issue is not the need to establish a rationing system but the nature of the rationing system and , in particular , the extent of intervention in the affairs of aid - receiving countries which it entails . Those , both in the poorer countries and in the rich countries , who favor a relatively high level of intervention … believe , however , that aid agencies should limit their intervention to broad and central aspects of development policy , and express opinions on these only after penetrating investigation . Aid agencies , in striving to come to agreement with the poorer country , should make all reasonable concessions to reach agreement . If a reasonable compromise can not be reached , the agencies should , in the interest of the poorer country , substantially reduce the flow of aid . Those who favor intervention ask whether it is to the advantage of the people of an aid - receiving country that aid agencies accept the development priorities of the government even when it is obvious that the government is assigning high priority to prestige projects which promise less economic and social returns than other , less ostentatious , projects … .
 “ Many who would most vehemently deny that they are interventionists believe that since international efforts to help developing countries will be of no avail unless those countries make major changes in their political , social , and economic policies and institutions , aid should depend on the extent to which a country meets such performance criteria as equitable income distribution , land and tax reforms , effective trade and exchange rate policies , limitation of military expenditures , and the promotion of social justice … .
 Excerpts from a speech by Richard H. Demuth . Chairman of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research , to the Association of Directors of International Agriculture Programs in Raleigh , N.C. , U.S.A. , June 14 , 1973 .
 “ In the early days of the postwar development assistance effort , it was the conventional wisdom that what the developing countries needed to modernize their agriculture was not so much additional research as the organization of adequate extension services which could deliver to the farmers of the Third World the scientific expertise already available in the developed world . It was assumed that appropriate technology already existed that could be readily transferred from north to south . Experience has shown that , to a large extent , this was a false assumption — in other words , that appropriate agricultural production technologies for the poorer countries must for the most part be developed within and not outside the ecological zones in which those countries lie .
 “ This meant emphasizing research and training within the Third World . A good deal of effort was then put , and is still being put , into the development of strong national research programs — and in a few countries notable progress has been made : Mexico , Colombia , Chile , India , and Thailand are outstanding examples . But moving on a country - by - country basis , particularly with the limited human and financial resources available , promised to be a slow procedure , wholly inadequate to the urgency of the world ’s food production needs .
 “ So , under the leadership of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations , an alternative strategy was developed : namely , to assemble a critical mass of scientific talent in a few places within the Third World to launch a multidisciplinary attack sharply focused upon the most urgent technological problems facing agricultural production in the developin countries . The international agricultural research and training center was the means devised to implement this alternative strategy .
 “ The family of international centers now numbers six , with one associate member . The full members of the family are the International Rica Research Institute ( IRRI ) in the Philippines ; the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ( CIMMYT ) in Mexico ; the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ( IITA ) , for the lowland tropics of Africa , in Nigeria ; the International Center of Tropical Agriculture ( CIAT ) , for the lowland tropics of Latin America , in Colombia ; the International Potato Center ( CIP ) in Peru ; and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi - Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) , with special responsibility for sorghums , millets , chick peas , and pigeon peas , in India . The “ associate ” member of the family is the Asian Vegetable Research Center located in Taiwan .
 “ The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research was formed in 1971 , when it became clear that the base of both financial and technical support for the centers need to be broadened beyond the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations and the U.S. and Canadian Governments which , up to then , had provided almost all the finance and back - stopping . The basic purpose of the Consultative Group , which is co - sponsored by the FAO , IBRD , and UNDP , is to mobilize such broadened support . Essentially , it seeks agreement among its members as to what agricultural research programs should be considered as having priority in the allocation of scarce development assistance funds , on the extent of the funds which should be provided each year , and on how the burden of financing might be shared . As a result of invitations issued by the three co - sponsors , some 13 donor governments , 7 international and regional development assistance agencies , and 4 private and public foundations have become members of the Group . The Group also has as members 10 developing countries , representing the 5 major developing regions of the world ; these 10 LDC ’s among them occupy 5 seats at the Consultative Group table . In its mixed composition of public and private organizations , of donor and recipient countries , and of regional and international agencies , the Consultative Group is a unique institution .
 “ The Consultative Group has no funds of its own nor has it any authority to make decisions binding on its members . Yet , despite these limitations and despite the size and diversity of its membership , the Group has thus far succeeded in reaching very general agreement on the issues with which it has grappled . Perhaps the best indication of this is that funding for the international centers rose from $ 9 million for 1971 to $ 15 million for 1972 and to about $ 24 million for 1973 . In addition , ICRISAT was created in 1972 under the aegis of the Consultative Group and this year is likely to see the addition of a seventh member of the family — ILRAD — an International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases , to be located near Nairobi in Kenya .
 “ To the extent that the Consultative Group has been successful thus far , it is due , in my judgment , principally to two factors . The first is the existence of an excellent Technical Advisory Committee , popularly known as TAC , composed of six scientists from the developed countries and six from the developing countries , who meet under the chairmanship of Sir John Crawford of Australia . The TAC , the Secretariat for which is provided by FAO , considers the technical merits and priority of all proposals put forward for Consultative Group financing , and advises the Group on the principal research gaps which it believes need to be filled . The second factor is more elusive to define — but essentially it is that almost all the members of the Group are enthusiastic about the international center approach . The Group ’s meeting are therefore singularly free of debate for the sake of debate , and are instead devoted to a common effort to find practical and constructive solutions . Agreement has been reached on such matters as having a single review conducted on behalf of the donors by the Consultative Group staff of the progress of each center in carrying out its approved program and in living within its budget ; arranging for each center to have its program of research reviewed periodically by external panels of outstanding scientistis ; helping the centers to present their budgets in a more or less uniform manner , so that meaningful comparisons can be made ; and arranging for an appropriate division of labor as among the centers , so that there will be no unnecessary or undesirable duplication of work .
 Most importantly , of course , the Consultative Group , with the assistance of TAC , must seek agreement on what new or expanded programs should be supported . In addition to the agreement to set up an animal disease laboratory ( ILRAD ) in Kenya , there is near - agreement on setting up an overall International Livestock Center for Africa ( ILCA ) , probably to be headquartered in Ethiopia , which , if established , would eventually absorb ILRAD as an integral part of its operations . The problems of the Middle East are also receiving attention ; a mission organized by TAC has just returned from an investigation of the major constraints on agricultural production in that area and will shortly be reporting to TAC its view on whether an international research center would be an effective way of seeking to remove those constraints . The TAC also has under review , among other things , the desirability of promoting additional research on upland ( rainfed ) rice , probably as an extension of IRRI ’S activities ; of establishing relay stations for ICRISAT in the semi - arid zones of Africa ; of expanding the research work now being done on food legumes ; and of the possible utility of an intenational research center on aquaculture .
 Let me conclude with a few words of speculation as to the future . My firm belief is that we are only at the beginning of a very considerable effort . The Chairman of TAC made an informed estimate in 1972 that , by the late 1970 ’s , total financial requirements for programs which should be supported by the Group might well reach a level of about $ 70 million a year : $ 50 million for the core and capital requirements of the centers themselves and another $ 20 million for outreach . ( Outreach is primarily working with national research programs in adapting to local conditions the research findings of a center . ) This estimate envisages an international effort about twice its present size . I am inclined to think that , if anything , the estimate may be on the low side , particularly for outreach .
 Excerpts from an address , given by Pierre - Paul Schweitzer , Managing Director of the Fund , to the American Philosophical Society , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S.A. , on April 19 .
 “ In a situation in which there are conflicts of views between major countries , the power of an institution like the Fund to deal with such conflicts quickly and flexibly depends to a large extent on the nature of its decision - making process . In an institution which confers financial rights and responsibilities , it is almost inevitable that there will be weighted voting . Not to acknowledge relative economic strength would be patently unrealistic . It is also probably essential to have qualified majorities for certain important categories of decision . The creation of special drawing rights , for example , needs a majority of eighty - five percent .
 “ The reluctance of countries to accept limitations on sovereignty is not , of course , peculiar to the monetary sphere . Nearly all international institutions find difficulty in preserving their authority in situations where their rules and procedures come into conflict with what their members regard as vital national interests . In the field of international financial relations , the types of problems which began to present themselves in recent years were simply not adequately catered for in the Articles of Agreement . For a while , of course , inappropriate rules can be made to work by constitutional interpretation . But there comes a point when rules can not be patched up any more , and then they simply stop being observed .
 “ However , as experience is demonstrating , the vulnerability of a system without clear and accepted rules makes it uncomfortable to live with for any extended length of time . There is always the worrying feeling that unwise policies on the part of individual countries might spark a retaliatory move that could trigger off a vicious spiral of restrictions and declining world trade .
 “ The desire to have an internationally agreed and accepted new set of rules has been widely voiced , and has found expression in a number of resolutions of international bodies , particularly of the Fund itself . The world community , through the Fund , is presently engaged in what will certainly be the difficult task of drawing up this new set of rules .
 “ It is possible to see in general terms the conditions , both economic and political , which will have to be met , if the new system is to be successful .
 “ From an economic point of view it is important to promote the objective of a free trading environment . This means that countries must eschew placing restrictions on certain kinds of trade and payments by unilateral action . Although we can not expect to move immediately to a world free of all restrictions , whatever restrictions are imposed should be justified on the basis of some internationally accepted criteria , subject to the scrutiny of the international community , and approved by some international regulatory authority .
 “ The next prerequisite is that traders and investors should be able to use resources which they earn in one currency to make payments or investments in another currency . This is sometimes referred to as the convertibility of currencies . Convertibility is a term that is used with two somewhat different meanings . In a general sense , it means that there should exist a network of markets where traders can exchange currencies , free of administrative restrictions on the currencies or the amounts in which they deal . In the more technical sense in which it is usually used by monetary experts , it means that governments should establish an agreed value for their national currency and stand ready to buy and sell it at the fixed price against some agreed international reserve asset . Now clearly , convertibility in the general sense does not depend directly on convertibility in the technical sense . And since it is convertibility in the general sense that is important for international trade and investment , it could well be asked whether we could not live without convertibility in the technical sense .
 “ Many economists , it must be admitted , believe we can , and indeed many major currencies are inconvertible in the technical sense at the present time . But if such inconvertibility should be prolonged and should give rise to additional uncertainties and risks , private traders and investors would probably be less willing to engage in international transactions . The monetary system would then have failed in its objective to create the best environment for the international interchange of resources . And if individual countries , having no fixed par value for their currency to which they are committed , try to influence their exchange rates in mutually incompatible ways , we run the risk of sliding back into a destructive spiral of measures which would not only hamper the growth of world trade , but could produce political frictions as well .
 “ Acceptance of official convertibility as an objective implies the next prerequisite of a new monetary order : agreement on the form in which the international reserves which give effect to convertibility should be created and held . The important initial step of delegating to an international body authority over the creation of purchasing power has already been taken in the establishment of the special drawing right facility within the Fund . This is one area in which there is a strong consensus that there should be international decision making . It is widely agreed that reserve creation should be under deliberate international control , and not subject to haphazard influences such as the supply of gold or the state of the balance of payments of the United States or any other major country .
 “ Increases and reductions in international reserve assets are the means whereby countries can meet deficits and surpluses in their balance of payments without imposing restrictions or abandoning convertibility . But international reserves can not be expected to be unlimited . Another prerequisite for the international monetary system , therefore , is that it should have some mechanism to ensure that the relative values of currencies do not get out of line with basic or underlying forces of supply and demand . Since no country can influence the value of its currency in world markets without simultaneously affecting the currencies of its trading partners , this is another area in which international rules or understandings must qualify national discretion .
 “ We have learned a number of lessons from postwar experience which at least point to the broad lines of how responsibility should be divided in this matter . We know that countries will not accept a system that , in the name of international balance , requires them to follow policies that are seriously at odds with their domestic objectives in the realm of employment or price stability . We know that , by and large , they find it easier to live with some agreed conception of what relative exchange rates should be , rather than to allow currencies to float in an uncoordinated way . And we know that a system in which the burden of adjustment is not equitably shared between surplus and deficit countries produces strains and frictions which may be political as well as economic .
 “ It is tempting , of course , to make precise rules which specify that if a country experiences such and such a development , e.g. , a prescribed deficit or surplus , in its balance of payments , such and such a consequence should follow . The difficulty is that such a system would almost certainly be too inflexible in operation to be either acceptable or appropriate . Given this , I expect that the new rules will provide for a greater degree of consultation and cooperation in the framing of what I have called adjustment policies , with mandatory provision being invoked only after continued failure to reach agreed solutions .
 “ It should be apparent from what I have already said that a successful reform of the international monetary system will inevitably mean that countries will have to submerge a considerable amount of national sovereignty in an internationally agreed and administered system of rules . But we have reached a stage in our understanding of the nature of economic interdependence where I believe countries are prepared to take a significant step forward in internationalizing decision taking .
 “ There is a willingness to acknowledge international authority provided it is not exercised in such a way as to come into direct conflict with what individual nations regard as their vital interests . For example , simply to outlaw exchange restrictions would risk being counterproductive unless action is also taken to remove the circumstances in which countries might wish to introduce restrictions . This means that the range of policies permitted to members to deal with balance of payments difficulties must be wide enough to ensure success without recourse to restrictions .
 Fund Activities covers member countries ’ use of Fund facilities , actions of the Executive Directors , and efforts toward reform of the international monetary system .
 Brief Notes , from a variety of official and unofficial sources , places the Fund ’s activities in the wider context of world economic and financial developments .
 National Economies draws on work of the Fund ’s area departments to describe economic developments in member countries .
 Selected Topics carries general articles from the Fund staff and other sources . Subjects include exchange rates and restrictions , international liquidity , monetary reform , activities of regional financial institutions , trade , and taxes .
 To subscribe , mail the coupon below .
 The Fund publishes statistics on the international transactions of about 100 countries in the Balance of Payments Yearbook . Each volume of the Yearbook is first available in loose - leaf form , issued in monthly parts , at an annual cost of US$ 11.00 including binder , or US$ 7.50 without binder . The volumes are then published in bound form in hard covers at a price of US$ 6.00 .
 The bound edition of Volume 24 covering 1967 - 71 will become available in October 1973 , and the loose - leaf version of Volume 25 ( covering 1968 - 72 ) will begin publication at that time .
 University libraries , faculty members , and students may purchase the current volume in loose - leaf form or earlier bound volumes at a special price of US$ 3.00 .
 EACH VOLUME surveys the structure of the economies of a selected group of countries and describes any common institutional or regional arrangements that may exist . The chapters relating to the specific countries provide detailed information on production , prices , wages , economic development and planning , taxation and public finance , money and banking , foreign trade and payments , and external debt . Three - color maps and an index supplement each volume , and there are numerous statistical tables for each country .
 Vol . 1 : Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Congo ( Brazzaville ) , and Gabon , 1968 , xxiv + 365 pp .
 Vol . 2 : Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , and Somalia.1969 . xxiv + 448 pp .
 Vol . 3 : Dahomey , Ivory Coast , Mauritania , Niger , Senegal , Togo , and Upper Volta . 1970 . xxxviii + 786 pp .
 Vol . 4 : Democratic Republic of Congo ( Zaire ) , Malagasy Republic , Malawi , Mauritius , and Zambia . 1971 . xxvi + 477 pp .
 Vol . 5 : Botswana , Lesotho , Swaziland , Burundi , Equatorial Guinea , and Rwanda . 1973 . xxiv + 471 pp .
 All volumes are clothbound . Volumes 1 - 4 are available in English and in French . Volume 5 is available now in English and is in preparation in French .
 Prices : US$ 5.00 a volume ; US$ 2.50 to libraries , faculty members , and students of universities . Payment in currencies other than the U.S. dollar will be accepted .
 The Secretary , International Monetary Fund , Washington , D.C. 20431 , U.S.A.


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Fabulous Fyst Double Review Disclaimer! - I watched the Blu-Ray version of this season, and the TV version of the second. Also, I wrote the first review before watching the second season. I just didn't post it, because school things, ok? ok. Here we go.
The Introduction - Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai is a show about a boy Kodaka who has naturally blond hair, and a mean looking face transferring to a new school. His appearance and inability to socialize because of it keeps him from making a single friend. One day he overhears a girl talking to herself, and finds himself stumbling into the Neighbors club a club with the sole goal of making new friends! The Neighbors Club becomes a fun collection of misfits whose activities make up this show.
The Fabulous - The humor and character interaction elevate this show from just a regular harem styled anime to another level. It levies the social inadequacies that the members of this club have for some great laughs, but importantly it doesn't ever make you feel like you're laughing at these people which is great. The relationship between Yozora and Sena in particular is great and rich with material that the show exploits. The other thing that this show does well is it's side characters, especially Sena's father who's used for quite a few good laughs. Nice variation of tropes and some light deconstruction of the genre, makes for a pretty good watch.
The Meh - The fan service in the version I watched was pretty out of control in a few episodes. It was only a couple of episodes, but when it showed up boy was I surprised! Maria the club's advisor is given almost nothing to do throughout this season other than eat and say "poop" or "poopy vampire" or something else poop related. which had it's moments, but meh.
The Unfabulous - Kodaka is dense. Like seriously dense. It's almost as if it's intentional. Oh and sometimes I have a disconnect with the characters, I find myself thinking "you don't need to be popular or have friends to do this, you guys are just being stupid." The ending didn't feel satisfying at all. They must have known they were going to be getting a second season, but if I were watching this live I would have been so pissed.
The Introduction - Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai Next continues the adventures of The Neighbors Club. More craziness comes to light and we learn some revealing backstory for some of the cast. This season dips it's toes into a little more serious tone, but only slightly. The change is nice for some of the subtext that was placed into the first season. The big highlight of the season is that the club is making a movie for their cultural festival.
The Fabulous - The humor and character interaction are still the highlights of the show, but this time it's not Yozora and Sena that steal the show, it's Rika. She is now one of my favorite characters in a rom-com ever. It was good to see a character behave like a real person would (Rika, act normal, what are you talking about?) Rika puts on a mask, and behaves differently around everyone else, except for when she's alone with Kodaka in order to protect herself. And she's brutally honest with him, which because he's dense is a good thing. Too bad she's not one of the main two heroines, I think she should be the one he ends up with. Some of the other characters do well in this season as well. Sena and Yukimura (Who I don't think I mentioned at all in the previous review, but I don't want to spoil anything) get great parts.
The Meh - Maria is still one dimensional, while one of the main two heroines feels under used this season, Yozora felt stagnant for as big of a role as she had in season one. Some of the episodes felt rehashed from the previous season with tweaks to what was going on. Where I could see them saying the differences highlight the differences in the characters as they grow, it felt recycled more than once.
The Unfabulous - Again the ending didn't feel satisfying at all. This is becoming a trend with this show, but I must say it's better than the first one, but it clearly isn't the end this series deserves. I wonder if a third season is coming?
The Conclusion - This was a somewhat more serious season and some of the revelations in the final few episodes seriously surprised me. (Rika, looking at you) I think I enjoyed the humor more in season one and the characters more in season two. I give this season 4/5 trains as well.

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Fabulous Fyst Double Review Disclaimer ! - I watched the Blu - Ray version of this season , and the TV version of the second . Also , I wrote the first review before watching the second season . I just did n't post it , because school things , ok ? ok . Here we go .
 The Introduction - Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai is a show about a boy Kodaka who has naturally blond hair , and a mean looking face transferring to a new school . His appearance and inability to socialize because of it keeps him from making a single friend . One day he overhears a girl talking to herself , and finds himself stumbling into the Neighbors club a club with the sole goal of making new friends ! The Neighbors Club becomes a fun collection of misfits whose activities make up this show .
 The Fabulous - The humor and character interaction elevate this show from just a regular harem styled anime to another level . It levies the social inadequacies that the members of this club have for some great laughs , but importantly it does n't ever make you feel like you 're laughing at these people which is great . The relationship between Yozora and Sena in particular is great and rich with material that the show exploits . The other thing that this show does well is it 's side characters , especially Sena 's father who 's used for quite a few good laughs . Nice variation of tropes and some light deconstruction of the genre , makes for a pretty good watch .
 The Meh - The fan service in the version I watched was pretty out of control in a few episodes . It was only a couple of episodes , but when it showed up boy was I surprised ! Maria the club 's advisor is given almost nothing to do throughout this season other than eat and say " poop " or " poopy vampire " or something else poop related . which had it 's moments , but meh .
 The Unfabulous - Kodaka is dense . Like seriously dense . It 's almost as if it 's intentional . Oh and sometimes I have a disconnect with the characters , I find myself thinking " you do n't need to be popular or have friends to do this , you guys are just being stupid . " The ending did n't feel satisfying at all . They must have known they were going to be getting a second season , but if I were watching this live I would have been so pissed .
 The Introduction - Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai Next continues the adventures of The Neighbors Club . More craziness comes to light and we learn some revealing backstory for some of the cast . This season dips it 's toes into a little more serious tone , but only slightly . The change is nice for some of the subtext that was placed into the first season . The big highlight of the season is that the club is making a movie for their cultural festival .
 The Fabulous - The humor and character interaction are still the highlights of the show , but this time it 's not Yozora and Sena that steal the show , it 's Rika . She is now one of my favorite characters in a rom - com ever . It was good to see a character behave like a real person would ( Rika , act normal , what are you talking about ? ) Rika puts on a mask , and behaves differently around everyone else , except for when she 's alone with Kodaka in order to protect herself . And she 's brutally honest with him , which because he 's dense is a good thing . Too bad she 's not one of the main two heroines , I think she should be the one he ends up with . Some of the other characters do well in this season as well . Sena and Yukimura ( Who I do n't think I mentioned at all in the previous review , but I do n't want to spoil anything ) get great parts .
 The Meh - Maria is still one dimensional , while one of the main two heroines feels under used this season , Yozora felt stagnant for as big of a role as she had in season one . Some of the episodes felt rehashed from the previous season with tweaks to what was going on . Where I could see them saying the differences highlight the differences in the characters as they grow , it felt recycled more than once .
 The Unfabulous - Again the ending did n't feel satisfying at all . This is becoming a trend with this show , but I must say it 's better than the first one , but it clearly is n't the end this series deserves . I wonder if a third season is coming ?
 The Conclusion - This was a somewhat more serious season and some of the revelations in the final few episodes seriously surprised me . ( Rika , looking at you ) I think I enjoyed the humor more in season one and the characters more in season two . I give this season 4/5 trains as well .


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You desire to attract bird to your yard and you know a bird feeder will help. What type of feeder do you get? You dependence to respond a couple of questions. What type of wild birds winter in my area? What type of wild birds do I want to attract? Let’s look at the product of bird feeders within reach and the wild birds they attract.
Maybe no spill bird feeder is one of kind do you want. There are few things more delightful than sitting in your house or your yard watching wild birds flock to your bird feeders. The variety of bird is so totally engaging and knowing that you have made them satisfactory in your yard brings a sense of contentment. So make your no spill bird feeder as soon as possible or buy it on online store.

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You desire to attract bird to your yard and you know a bird feeder will help . What type of feeder do you get ? You dependence to respond a couple of questions . What type of wild birds winter in my area ? What type of wild birds do I want to attract ? Let ’s look at the product of bird feeders within reach and the wild birds they attract .
 Maybe no spill bird feeder is one of kind do you want . There are few things more delightful than sitting in your house or your yard watching wild birds flock to your bird feeders . The variety of bird is so totally engaging and knowing that you have made them satisfactory in your yard brings a sense of contentment . So make your no spill bird feeder as soon as possible or buy it on online store .


text:
Security for irreplaceable memories and more. With shared space for up to 10 devices, ProtectCELL SafeStore™ from Fortegra offers your precious data a safe place to stay.
From anti-theft protection to location monitoring, ProtectCELL family security guarantees your loved ones are always within reach.
Shared storage for the whole family. With data capacity for up to 10 devices, our cloud backup feature is roomy and inviting.
ProtectCELL SafeStore conveniently combines data security, cloud backup, and family protection all in one, little mobile app.
Can’t find your device? We can.
Are you ready to offer these great benefits to your customers?
How do I get SafeStore?
SafeStore is only available at authorized Fortegra ProtectCELL retailers and is sold both in standalone form or bundled with other services.
Is 50GB a lot of storage?
You bet. Most cloud backup plans offer just 5GB; SafeStore is 10 times that (roughly 25,000 selfies)!
Just download the free SafeStore app from the Google Play or iTunes store and log in using the account information emailed to you after purchase.

tokenized:
Security for irreplaceable memories and more . With shared space for up to 10 devices , ProtectCELL SafeStore ™ from Fortegra offers your precious data a safe place to stay .
 From anti - theft protection to location monitoring , ProtectCELL family security guarantees your loved ones are always within reach .
 Shared storage for the whole family . With data capacity for up to 10 devices , our cloud backup feature is roomy and inviting .
 ProtectCELL SafeStore conveniently combines data security , cloud backup , and family protection all in one , little mobile app .
 Ca n’t find your device ? We can .
 Are you ready to offer these great benefits to your customers ?
 How do I get SafeStore ?
 SafeStore is only available at authorized Fortegra ProtectCELL retailers and is sold both in standalone form or bundled with other services .
 Is 50 GB a lot of storage ?
 You bet . Most cloud backup plans offer just 5 GB ; SafeStore is 10 times that ( roughly 25,000 selfies ) !
 Just download the free SafeStore app from the Google Play or iTunes store and log in using the account information emailed to you after purchase .


text:
This is your direct communication channel for FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions).
In case you don’t find a FAQ that suits your questions, kindly feel free to contact us and enable us to extend our FAQ.
QUESTION ON PAYMENTS: Besides the site service payment for inventors to register an «inventoo ad», as for seekers to «seek inventoo» and acquire the inventor contact, are there any fees or success fees due to inventoo on the potential business?
No. This is a clean model. There are no hidden or success fees due by the inventor or the seeker to inventoo.
QUESTION FROM INVENTORS: Will I be contacted by a company seeking innovation?
You can expect to be contacted, yes. It mostly depends on your inventoo quality ad and on the invention potential/opportunity that you are promoting.
QUESTION FROM SEEKER: After I buy one or multiple inventors’ contacts, am I expected to contact them and are they expecting to be contacted?
Buying a contact is your decision to access the person behind the invention to establish contact and potentially make business. You contact who you want, if you want and when you want.

tokenized:
This is your direct communication channel for FAQ ( Frequently Asked Questions ) .
 In case you do n’t find a FAQ that suits your questions , kindly feel free to contact us and enable us to extend our FAQ .
 QUESTION ON PAYMENTS : Besides the site service payment for inventors to register an « inventoo ad » , as for seekers to « seek inventoo » and acquire the inventor contact , are there any fees or success fees due to inventoo on the potential business ?
 No . This is a clean model . There are no hidden or success fees due by the inventor or the seeker to inventoo .
 QUESTION FROM INVENTORS : Will I be contacted by a company seeking innovation ?
 You can expect to be contacted , yes . It mostly depends on your inventoo quality ad and on the invention potential / opportunity that you are promoting .
 QUESTION FROM SEEKER : After I buy one or multiple inventors ’ contacts , am I expected to contact them and are they expecting to be contacted ?
 Buying a contact is your decision to access the person behind the invention to establish contact and potentially make business . You contact who you want , if you want and when you want .


text:
Harrison Consulting has been providing high-quality data, analysis and advisory services to the container industry since 2002.
Its services are supported by a unique proprietary database of historical market information, expert research capabilities, and an extensive network of associates with many years of industry experience who provide market intelligence and pricing data from major trade centres around the world.
Harrison Consulting is run from London by Jonathan Harrison who has thirty years’ experience of container leasing, finance, asset management and shipping. The business has associate offices in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and the USA.
Customers include major European and Asian banks, specialist container-asset investment companies and insurers, container manufacturers, lessors and managers, industry consultants and software-solution providers.
Monthly briefing and analysis of container trade, shipping, finance, leasing and related infrastructure and regulatory developments.
Quarterly update of current and historical prices for new and used dry-freight, reefer and tank containers.
Quarterly update of container prices, lease margins, lease rates, utilisation rates and operating costs. Available only in conjunction with the Container Price Data Quarterly.

tokenized:
Harrison Consulting has been providing high - quality data , analysis and advisory services to the container industry since 2002 .
 Its services are supported by a unique proprietary database of historical market information , expert research capabilities , and an extensive network of associates with many years of industry experience who provide market intelligence and pricing data from major trade centres around the world .
 Harrison Consulting is run from London by Jonathan Harrison who has thirty years ’ experience of container leasing , finance , asset management and shipping . The business has associate offices in Europe , the Middle East , Asia and the USA .
 Customers include major European and Asian banks , specialist container - asset investment companies and insurers , container manufacturers , lessors and managers , industry consultants and software - solution providers .
 Monthly briefing and analysis of container trade , shipping , finance , leasing and related infrastructure and regulatory developments .
 Quarterly update of current and historical prices for new and used dry - freight , reefer and tank containers .
 Quarterly update of container prices , lease margins , lease rates , utilisation rates and operating costs . Available only in conjunction with the Container Price Data Quarterly .


text:
The Harvey Gillingham Salvers were played for at East Devon Golf Club, writes Paul Willoughby.
Played in fours, this was a pairs, better-ball Stableford from the white tees with 90 per cent handicap allowance. Wossat?
You play in pairs and the better ball is scored. OK? For some, the extra ingredient of playing with a partner adds a spark to the game and the leading sparkling exponents of the competition were father and son team, Paul and Robin Murray, who won the Salvers with a stunning net 60.
Well done, Murrays. Second was the team of Tony Beck and Robert Barnes with a net score of 62 and third were Julian Turnbull and Bill Peaker with 63. Also in the prizes were Donald Peek and Alastair Mackenzie-Ross, also with 63. There were 53 pairs and twelve had twos; Guy Peters and David Blick both has two of them at the fourth and the 10th. Well done all.

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The Harvey Gillingham Salvers were played for at East Devon Golf Club , writes Paul Willoughby .
 Played in fours , this was a pairs , better - ball Stableford from the white tees with 90 per cent handicap allowance . Wossat ?
 You play in pairs and the better ball is scored . OK ? For some , the extra ingredient of playing with a partner adds a spark to the game and the leading sparkling exponents of the competition were father and son team , Paul and Robin Murray , who won the Salvers with a stunning net 60 .
 Well done , Murrays . Second was the team of Tony Beck and Robert Barnes with a net score of 62 and third were Julian Turnbull and Bill Peaker with 63 . Also in the prizes were Donald Peek and Alastair Mackenzie - Ross , also with 63 . There were 53 pairs and twelve had twos ; Guy Peters and David Blick both has two of them at the fourth and the 10th . Well done all .


text:
A really special gift from Tyrol: Fiery, strong and hot!
We packed 4 bottles of the unique Tyrolean ice and fire-liqueurs in this giftbox. Your friends will be really pleased!
1 bottle of Hexenfeuer - Witch Fire Liqueur 0.50 lt.
You will earn 47 points for buying this product.
Tip for connoisseurs: The fire liqueurs are also ideal for flambéing!
This Fire Liqueur Box is a perfect gift idea for your friends and family.

tokenized:
A really special gift from Tyrol : Fiery , strong and hot !
 We packed 4 bottles of the unique Tyrolean ice and fire - liqueurs in this giftbox . Your friends will be really pleased !
 1 bottle of Hexenfeuer - Witch Fire Liqueur 0.50 lt .
 You will earn 47 points for buying this product .
 Tip for connoisseurs : The fire liqueurs are also ideal for flambéing !
 This Fire Liqueur Box is a perfect gift idea for your friends and family .


text:
Video, Tel-Rumeida, Hebron. Jan. 5, 2014. By Youth Against Settlements.
The plundering of Palestine continues. Under the guise of archaeological digs, what the Defense Ministry’s Civil Administration cynically calls “rescue evacuations,” Israel is expanding its settlement in the heart of Hebron to include the ancient site of Tel Rumeida.
The settlers depict the dig as free of any political influence. But like any project carried out in the territories in general and Hebron in particular, the dig is above all a political act. It is an expansion of the Jewish hold on the heart of the West Bank’s most explosive Palestinian city and it follows Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s declaration of opposition to the relocation of its Jewish settlement.
In recent years the West Bank settlers have discovered the hidden benefits of archaeology. This ostensibly neutral discipline allows them to expropriate not only territory but also its historical narrative, fixing it in place from the Jewish perspective while disregarding other archaeological strata and cultures. The authorities – from the Israel Antiquities Authority to the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, from the Israel Defense Forces to the Prime Minister’s Office – happily cooperate.
….. Israeli authorities have declared as archaeological sites places that have served the Palestinian residents for years.
The political use of finds is not new to Israeli archaeology, which to a great extent owes its beginnings to the need for physical proof of the Jewish claim to the land. But over the years, with the strengthening of the state, archaeology has shed its political dictates and become more professional.
The right’s political exploitation of archaeology not only jeopardizes U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry’s efforts to forge a peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians but also threatens to turn the discipline itself from a scientific tool into a mouthpiece for propaganda.
The excavations began last Sunday. The video above was recorded by Youth Against Settlements and downloaded on YouTube the same day. Titled “new settlements in Hebron” and the location is Tel-Rumieda. See the soldiers arresting and dragging people away, with settlers ready and waiting.
Hebron is so pointless. It’s like iron age Judaism.
“I continued to feel helpless, but I also felt I had to do something. I started carrying boxes of produce out of the way of the bulldozers. I saved maybe 12 crates of produce from being crushed.
I began confronting soldiers. In a loud voice, I asked them if they were proud of what they were doing, if this is peace, if this is what they want Israel to become. I shouted, “Baruch hashem Adonai” (Blessed be the name of the Lord).
The soldiers tried their best to ignore me, but I am sure they heard me. I ignored their commands for me to leave. One soldier spit at me, so I walked right up to him and invited him to spit on me. He declined the offer.
Three soldiers aimed their guns at and moved toward a group of Palestinian bystanders. It looked to me like they were going to shoot. I quickly jumped in front of the soldiers, raised my hands in the air and shouted, “Shoot me, shoot me, go ahead and shoot me.” The soldiers immediately left.
A tank came roaring toward me, its big gun barrel aimed at me. I raised my hands in the air in prayer, and shouted, “Shoot, shoot, Baruch hashem adonai.” The tank stopped within inches of me.
I then knelt in the street in prayer, with my hands raised. I felt alone, weak, helpless. I could only cry out to God.
Later this afternoon I went back to Al Manara and watched shop owners dig through the huge piles of rubble, trying to salvage what they could. What could I say?
The Israeli military had put all of Hebron under total curfew today, saying they were looking for terrorists. Now I wonder if there really were terrorists hidden among the apples and oranges. Or, are the Israeli soldiers committing acts of terrorism against the civilian population of Hebron?
‘The petals of trying to achieve peace’ – Kerry does have that faded look sometimes.

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Video , Tel - Rumeida , Hebron . Jan. 5 , 2014 . By Youth Against Settlements .
 The plundering of Palestine continues . Under the guise of archaeological digs , what the Defense Ministry ’s Civil Administration cynically calls “ rescue evacuations , ” Israel is expanding its settlement in the heart of Hebron to include the ancient site of Tel Rumeida .
 The settlers depict the dig as free of any political influence . But like any project carried out in the territories in general and Hebron in particular , the dig is above all a political act . It is an expansion of the Jewish hold on the heart of the West Bank ’s most explosive Palestinian city and it follows Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ’s declaration of opposition to the relocation of its Jewish settlement .
 In recent years the West Bank settlers have discovered the hidden benefits of archaeology . This ostensibly neutral discipline allows them to expropriate not only territory but also its historical narrative , fixing it in place from the Jewish perspective while disregarding other archaeological strata and cultures . The authorities – from the Israel Antiquities Authority to the Israel Nature and Parks Authority , from the Israel Defense Forces to the Prime Minister ’s Office – happily cooperate .
 … .. Israeli authorities have declared as archaeological sites places that have served the Palestinian residents for years .
 The political use of finds is not new to Israeli archaeology , which to a great extent owes its beginnings to the need for physical proof of the Jewish claim to the land . But over the years , with the strengthening of the state , archaeology has shed its political dictates and become more professional .
 The right ’s political exploitation of archaeology not only jeopardizes U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry ’s efforts to forge a peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians but also threatens to turn the discipline itself from a scientific tool into a mouthpiece for propaganda .
 The excavations began last Sunday . The video above was recorded by Youth Against Settlements and downloaded on YouTube the same day . Titled “ new settlements in Hebron ” and the location is Tel - Rumieda . See the soldiers arresting and dragging people away , with settlers ready and waiting .
 Hebron is so pointless . It ’s like iron age Judaism .
 “ I continued to feel helpless , but I also felt I had to do something . I started carrying boxes of produce out of the way of the bulldozers . I saved maybe 12 crates of produce from being crushed .
 I began confronting soldiers . In a loud voice , I asked them if they were proud of what they were doing , if this is peace , if this is what they want Israel to become . I shouted , “ Baruch hashem Adonai ” ( Blessed be the name of the Lord ) .
 The soldiers tried their best to ignore me , but I am sure they heard me . I ignored their commands for me to leave . One soldier spit at me , so I walked right up to him and invited him to spit on me . He declined the offer .
 Three soldiers aimed their guns at and moved toward a group of Palestinian bystanders . It looked to me like they were going to shoot . I quickly jumped in front of the soldiers , raised my hands in the air and shouted , “ Shoot me , shoot me , go ahead and shoot me . ” The soldiers immediately left .
 A tank came roaring toward me , its big gun barrel aimed at me . I raised my hands in the air in prayer , and shouted , “ Shoot , shoot , Baruch hashem adonai . ” The tank stopped within inches of me .
 I then knelt in the street in prayer , with my hands raised . I felt alone , weak , helpless . I could only cry out to God .
 Later this afternoon I went back to Al Manara and watched shop owners dig through the huge piles of rubble , trying to salvage what they could . What could I say ?
 The Israeli military had put all of Hebron under total curfew today , saying they were looking for terrorists . Now I wonder if there really were terrorists hidden among the apples and oranges . Or , are the Israeli soldiers committing acts of terrorism against the civilian population of Hebron ?
 ‘ The petals of trying to achieve peace ’ – Kerry does have that faded look sometimes .


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Take a journey through the human body and learn medical terminology related to all 11 of its organ systems. This course addresses diseases of the cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, nervous, skeletal, muscular, integumentary (skin), urinary, digestive, and male and female reproductive systems. You will also go over different diagnostic and treatment procedures for each system. As you progress through the course, you will learn the meaning of many prefixes, root words, and suffixes, and you will greatly increase your medical terminology vocabulary!
Each lesson starts with a brief overview of the organs in that lesson's organ system. From there, it moves on to terminology related to several different diseases, diagnostic procedures, and treatment techniques. For each term, you will learn the meaning of its word parts, as well as the term's definition. There's also a pronunciation guide for the term, an example of its correct usage, and important information you should know related to the disorder, diagnostic procedure, or treatment. Most of the terms include a graphic to help you visualize the material.
Each lesson also comes with an alphabetized glossary that summarizes all of the medical terms used, so you can have them at your fingertips, as well as a course index so you can quickly locate a term anywhere in the course.
To reinforce your learning, the lessons include activities and assignments designed to give you additional practice in understanding and remembering the medical terminology taught in this course. By the end of this course, you will find that you have greatly increased your knowledge of medical terminology as well as broadened your understanding of human disease!

tokenized:
Take a journey through the human body and learn medical terminology related to all 11 of its organ systems . This course addresses diseases of the cardiovascular , lymphatic , respiratory , nervous , skeletal , muscular , integumentary ( skin ) , urinary , digestive , and male and female reproductive systems . You will also go over different diagnostic and treatment procedures for each system . As you progress through the course , you will learn the meaning of many prefixes , root words , and suffixes , and you will greatly increase your medical terminology vocabulary !
 Each lesson starts with a brief overview of the organs in that lesson 's organ system . From there , it moves on to terminology related to several different diseases , diagnostic procedures , and treatment techniques . For each term , you will learn the meaning of its word parts , as well as the term 's definition . There 's also a pronunciation guide for the term , an example of its correct usage , and important information you should know related to the disorder , diagnostic procedure , or treatment . Most of the terms include a graphic to help you visualize the material .
 Each lesson also comes with an alphabetized glossary that summarizes all of the medical terms used , so you can have them at your fingertips , as well as a course index so you can quickly locate a term anywhere in the course .
 To reinforce your learning , the lessons include activities and assignments designed to give you additional practice in understanding and remembering the medical terminology taught in this course . By the end of this course , you will find that you have greatly increased your knowledge of medical terminology as well as broadened your understanding of human disease !


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Our highly-trained team of experienced and licensed acupuncturists in Toronto has the knowledge and skill needed to understand and practise the intricacies of treating patients with acupuncture.
Treating symptoms is easy, but it’s not just what you want. Successful and long-lasting effects come only from fixing problems from within. At Sam, Ingrid & Ting Acupuncture in Toronto, our committed professional team will work with you to develop a unique, holistic approach that takes the entire body into consideration, not just a specific problem.
We believe that our body has immense healing powers and acupuncture is simply the facilitator in the entire healing process. No medication, supplements or herbs will be prescribed at our clinic. Our knowledgeable practitioners listen carefully to your needs. Even with the same condition, each of you is different. Thus, reaching the correct diagnosis and executing fine needling technique are both critical in getting the best treatment outcome.
Trust our experienced practitioners to deliver the best patient care.

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Our highly - trained team of experienced and licensed acupuncturists in Toronto has the knowledge and skill needed to understand and practise the intricacies of treating patients with acupuncture .
 Treating symptoms is easy , but it ’s not just what you want . Successful and long - lasting effects come only from fixing problems from within . At Sam , Ingrid & Ting Acupuncture in Toronto , our committed professional team will work with you to develop a unique , holistic approach that takes the entire body into consideration , not just a specific problem .
 We believe that our body has immense healing powers and acupuncture is simply the facilitator in the entire healing process . No medication , supplements or herbs will be prescribed at our clinic . Our knowledgeable practitioners listen carefully to your needs . Even with the same condition , each of you is different . Thus , reaching the correct diagnosis and executing fine needling technique are both critical in getting the best treatment outcome .
 Trust our experienced practitioners to deliver the best patient care .


text: [Mix engineer] Anyone who records and mixes professionally has done this at least once in their career—you tweak a snare or vocal track to perfection only to discover later that the EQ was bypassed the whole time. Or you were tweaking a different track. And if you’ve been mixing and playing around with … whether you’re a professional or just a hobbyist, if you’ve been doing this for a few years and you haven’t done that, then you’re lying. Yet you were certain you heard a change! Human auditory memory and perception are extremely fragile, and expectation bias and placebo effect are much stronger than people care to admit.

tokenized: [ Mix engineer ] Anyone who records and mixes professionally has done this at least once in their career — you tweak a snare or vocal track to perfection only to discover later that the EQ was bypassed the whole time . Or you were tweaking a different track . And if you ’ve been mixing and playing around with … whether you ’re a professional or just a hobbyist , if you ’ve been doing this for a few years and you have n’t done that , then you ’re lying . Yet you were certain you heard a change ! Human auditory memory and perception are extremely fragile , and expectation bias and placebo effect are much stronger than people care to admit .


text:
Overlooking its obvious flaw, Samsung’s Galaxy Note 7 was one heck of a smartphone with a terrific display. At the time, renowned smartphone display expert and DisplayMate President Dr. Raymond M. Soneira found the flagship to have the most innovative and high performance display of any handset.
That’s some stiff competition to tackle but according to Soneira, Samsung has done just that with the Note 7’s successor.
In a report on the matter, Soneira notes that the Galaxy S8 steals the crown as the most innovative and high performance smartphone display they’ve ever tested in the lab.
Soneira found that the Galaxy S8 matches or sets new smartphone display records for highest peak brightness (1,020 nits), largest native color gamut (113 percent DCI-P3 and 142 percent sRGB / Rec.709), highest contrast rating in ambient light (227), highest (infinite) contrast ratio and lowest screen reflectance (4.5 percent), just to name a few.
The screen expert recalls that the first notable OLED smartphone they looked at, the Google Nexus One, came in last place in their 2010 smartphone display shootout. In the span of just seven years, mobile OLED technology now has a commanding first place lead on the industry and continues forging ahead.
The culmination of that is the Galaxy S8, the first in a new generation of OLED smartphones. Samsung is setting the stage for 2017 flagships as they’ll all likely use full screen display designs with flexible OLED technology.
Samsung’s Galaxy S8 and S8+ smartphones go on sale April 21.

tokenized:
Overlooking its obvious flaw , Samsung ’s Galaxy Note 7 was one heck of a smartphone with a terrific display . At the time , renowned smartphone display expert and DisplayMate President Dr. Raymond M. Soneira found the flagship to have the most innovative and high performance display of any handset .
 That ’s some stiff competition to tackle but according to Soneira , Samsung has done just that with the Note 7 ’s successor .
 In a report on the matter , Soneira notes that the Galaxy S8 steals the crown as the most innovative and high performance smartphone display they ’ve ever tested in the lab .
 Soneira found that the Galaxy S8 matches or sets new smartphone display records for highest peak brightness ( 1,020 nits ) , largest native color gamut ( 113 percent DCI - P3 and 142 percent sRGB / Rec.709 ) , highest contrast rating in ambient light ( 227 ) , highest ( infinite ) contrast ratio and lowest screen reflectance ( 4.5 percent ) , just to name a few .
 The screen expert recalls that the first notable OLED smartphone they looked at , the Google Nexus One , came in last place in their 2010 smartphone display shootout . In the span of just seven years , mobile OLED technology now has a commanding first place lead on the industry and continues forging ahead .
 The culmination of that is the Galaxy S8 , the first in a new generation of OLED smartphones . Samsung is setting the stage for 2017 flagships as they ’ll all likely use full screen display designs with flexible OLED technology .
 Samsung ’s Galaxy S8 and S8 + smartphones go on sale April 21 .


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1. India has been ranked 58th in World Economic Forum's 2018 Global competitiveness index.
2. South Korea and India have agreed to build a Korean War memorial in New Delhi.
3. 12th Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM) summit will be held in Brussels, Belgium.
6. The foundation stone for the Museum on Prime Ministers of India was laid down at the Teen Murti Estate in New Delhi.
7. Government has launched Youth Road Safety Learners Licence programme which will help to achieve the target of reducing road accidents by 50 per cent by 2020.
9. Sri Lanka has set up a committee to formulate a strategy to help Sri Lankan businesses invest more into the Indian market.
11. China has successfully tested the world’s largest unmanned transport drone which can carry a payload of 1.5 tonnes.

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1 . India has been ranked 58th in World Economic Forum 's 2018 Global competitiveness index .
 2 . South Korea and India have agreed to build a Korean War memorial in New Delhi .
 3 . 12th Asia Europe Meeting ( ASEM ) summit will be held in Brussels , Belgium .
 6 . The foundation stone for the Museum on Prime Ministers of India was laid down at the Teen Murti Estate in New Delhi .
 7 . Government has launched Youth Road Safety Learners Licence programme which will help to achieve the target of reducing road accidents by 50 per cent by 2020 .
 9 . Sri Lanka has set up a committee to formulate a strategy to help Sri Lankan businesses invest more into the Indian market .
 11 . China has successfully tested the world ’s largest unmanned transport drone which can carry a payload of 1.5 tonnes .