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Celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. Therefore, people with celiac disease must eat a gluten-free diet. The disease affects 1 in 100 people worldwide, and one in 133 people in the United States. Two and one-half million Americans are undiagnosed and are at risk for long-term health complications.
Gluten, the culprit, is a family of dietary proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, oat, and other grains. It is the protein that makes dough elastic and gives bread its chewy texture. It is naturally poorly digested, and therefore more likely to engage the immune system than other proteins, even in people without celiac disease.
In people with celiac disease, it damages the intestinal villi, which are very small finger-like projections found along the wall of the small intestine. When the villi are injured, the small intestine can’t properly absorb nutrients from food. So, again, people with celiac disease must avoid foods that contain gluten. Sometimes, they may feel isolated, as they must eat differently than others.
And…. we have not only a new trend in college dining halls, but also new insight in what actually causes celiac disease. A new study (Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease), published last week (April 7, 2017) in the journal Science, shows that Infection with reovirus, a common but otherwise harmless virus, can trigger the immune system to react to gluten, leading to the development of celiac disease. How? Usually, a regulatory immune response blocks inflammation to dietary antigens. However, a reovirus infection at sites where dietary gluten is present results in the induction of danger signals that confuse the immune system and lead it to develop an aggressive inflammatory immune response against gluten—it is this aggressive inflammatory response that may induce celiac disease.
For the study, which was carried out in a mouse model, researchers used two different closely related but genetically different reovirus strains. They showed that genetic differences between viruses can change how they interact with the immune system. Both reovirus strains induced protective immunity and did not cause overt disease. However, one of the reovirus strains triggered an inflammatory immune response and the loss of oral tolerance to gluten, whereas the other strain did not.
The study also found that celiac disease patients produces much higher levels of antibodies against reoviruses than those without the disease. The celiac patients who had high levels of reovirus antibodies also had much higher levels of IRF1 gene expression, a transcriptional regulator that plays a key role in the loss of oral tolerance to gluten. This suggests that infection with a reovirus can leave a permanent mark on the immune system, a mark that sets the stage for a later autoimmune response to gluten.
in the United States, babies are usually weaned from breastfeeding and given their first solid foods—often containing gluten—around six months of age. Children with immature immune systems are more susceptible to viral infections at this stage, and for those genetically predisposed, the combination of an intestinal reovirus infection with the first exposure to gluten could create the right conditions for developing celiac disease.
I think this is a groundbreaking discovery as so many people are affected by celiac disease. Hopefully, this will help foster further research not only to prevent celiac disease but also to possibly cure those who already have it. After doing some research, I found that reoviruses are oncolytic and are being looked at as potential treatments for cancer. In a study done by Kim et al., it was found that an attenuated reovirus targeted cancer cells in severely immunodeficient mice without killing healthy stem cells. The attenuated reovirus also exhibited reduced toxicity compared to a wild-type reovirus . The study also implies that attenuated reoviruses could be used to treat cancer in pregnant women (1). With the recent connection of reoviruses to celiac disease, I cannot help but wonder whether this will influence their potential use for treating cancer. Could reovirus cancer treatments cause an individual to develop celiac disease? If children infected with reovirus are at a higher risk of celiac disease, are reoviruses really safe to use for cancer treatment in pregnant women?
I find all the points you discuss fascinating – thanks for sharing. I didn’t know that reovirus was being used as a treatment for cancer. Going off on your comment, I decided to investigate the specific cancers that use reovirus-based therapy. I found out that reovirus can be employed for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, and is more effective if used in combination with other drugs. (1) Reolysin (the drug name that uses reovirus) works by inducing stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, which eventually leads to apoptosis. Amazingly, Reolysin can selectively attack the cancerous cells due to reovirus’ ability to differentiate cells that express mutations in activated Ras signaling, specifically KRas. These mutations help facilitate viral uncoating and production of viral progeny in the cell. (2) I do share your concerns though about the potential side effects of using reovirus as a treatment – this should be thoroughly studied as the treatment looks quite promising.
Over the past couple of years, scientists are starting the discover the importance of gut microbial and its effects on food digestion and the immune system. In the case of Celiac Disease, a virus or maybe a bacterial infection can affect the intestinal tract leading to developing celiac disease. But what about other autoimmune diseases that deal with food absorption? According to a new study (1) gut, microbial metabolites protect against type 1 diabetes. In this study, they took mice that had type 1 diabetes and fed them a diet that would increase the amounts of acetate and butyrate released by gut microbial. It turns out that if your gut microbial produce increase levels of acetate it decreases the frequency of autoreactive T cells in lymphoid tissues. Acetate effects the B cell preventing them from activating more autoreactive T cells. Increased levels of butyrate increased the number and function of regulatory T cells. It appears that dietary changes for people with T cell-dependent autoimmune diseases may be an effective natural way of treatment. Another study (2) suggested that there might be a connection between an accumulation of autoreactive T cells in the gut-associated lymphatic tissue and other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. I think we often overlook our diet and how it affects our overall health and not just our waistline. These emerging studies could also lead to new noninvasive ways of treatment.
Shannon, it is so interesting that autoreactive T cells could do so much damage and contribute do a disease that is widely accepted as a genetic disorder. This post made me want to look up what else autoreactive T cells could do in the human body and I found that they are also a large part of development of Rheumatoid Arthritis (1). The autoreactive T cells actually reduce glycolysis and cause the CD4+T cells to hyperproliferate and attain the inflammatory symptoms we see as symptoms in Rheumatoid Arthritis. This made me wonder what dietary changes could these patients make to reduce their levels of autoreactive T cells? According to a new study (2), by taking a fish oil supplement can reduce the number of autoreactive T cells all together. They also showed in this study that the fish oil also promoted an increase in CD8+ T cells in mice. More supporting evidence was found in another study (3) that showed that fasting in regular intervals also decreases autoreactive T cells that contribute to multiple sclerosis symptoms. Seeing how diet can influence all of these major diseases is eye opening and definitely needs to be explored as alternative or combination treatments for patients.
Researchers are connecting the dots more and more everyday between autoimmune diseases and bacterial infections causing them. In a recent study, a connection was made between gut mycobacteria imbalance and the development of Chron’s disease as well as ulcerative colitis (1). There is a very particular balance of bacteria that are good for us and help digest our foods for us throughout our digestive tract, but when this balance is lost, some of the bacteria can grow exponentially, causing havoc in the gastrointestinal system. The bacteria is kept in check by our bodies by controlling the pH and temperature along the GI tube, when these checks are overridden the bacteria are allowed to have a field day and grow without being controlled by the host body. One study that was found recently, focuses on what happens to your gut microbiome when you starve the body of carbohydrates as in a ketogenic diet (2). As you starve your body from carbohydrates to try and lose weight the Bacteriodes that call your gut home and whose sole purpose is to digest carbs begin to die off. This pruning of the gut microbiota allows for more invasive species to overgrow and populate areas of the GI tract that they usually are not found in. This also promotes the growth of very harmful strains of bacteria to grow that are usually kept in check by the growth of the Bacteriodes, such as Clostridium difficule (2). The research on this topic is now pointing toward the overgrowth of some bacteria getting through the gut walls and into the abdominal cavity to elicit an immune response. After a prolonged period of bacteria entering the gut, the body starts to see the intestines as foreign cells, and it immune system shifts its focus to fighting off the ‘invader,’ that is actually the body’s own cells. This is what is supposedly causing the autoimmune diseases such as Chron’s.
With research coming out on how viruses and bacteria can cause autoimmune diseases it makes you wonder how strong a role genetics play. It seems like gut flora is the missing link for a lot of diseases. In “Does the Gut Microbiota Influence Immunity and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology?” their aim was to determine if gut microflora plays a role in developing MS (1). While it is unclear how exactly gut microflora contributes to the development of MS, there is a relationship. As you mentioned earlier a stable gut flora protects against inflammation. In another study, it was noted how there are gut microbiota-host interactions that play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases (2). Again, the pathophysiology is unclear but with immerging studies I imagine the relationship will soon be discovered. I think more research so go into the gut-immunity-brain axis.
This article was very interesting to me as it pertains to gluten and how reovirus plays a part in celiac disease. Many people suffer with gluten and have to take great measures to get by day by day. One thing I found interesting was the idea how reovirus, usually considered an inoffensive virus, can “trick” the immune system to believe that gluten is harmful and causes the immune system to have a belligerent response to gluten. This is dangerous not only to adults but the article also pointed out that it can be critical to children and infants. Studies have been done to test rotavirus vaccinations in children with celiac disease as well as type 1 diabetes (1). According to Outi, their studies suggest that this vaccination can be beneficial for children who have a high chance of contracting celiac disease or type 1 diabetes. This research is just the tip of the iceberg in learning more on the relationship of rotavirus and celiac disease.
Offering tastier gluten free foods should be a major matter in the upcoming years. Not only gluten free diet reduces the tragedy of celiac disease; but it also minimizes the symptoms associated with schizophrenia. A study that was published in April 2017 showed that schizophrenic patients who follow a gluten free diet suffer way less than those who have gluten included in their diet (1). Gluten could be associated with more diseases and some more studies on gluten effects on the human body should be done. Therefore, having tastier gluten free foods available in schools, hotels, hospitals, restaurants, ..etc. should be a major concern within the next years.
Your comment on how gluten-free options can reduce symptoms of schizophrenia is interesting. I do not know much about schizophrenia but I know people with this disorder suffer with the symptoms associated as well as the community surrounding them. I believe having a gluten-free diet benefits these individuals in more ways than one. I found an article stating how athletes who adhere to a gluten-free diet had better success in their goals as well as their body systems (1). Little is known on this study but it’s interesting how gluten-free diets can be beneficial for anyone.
Coeliac disease is a serious ailment affecting more and more children every year. Because of the rapid increase in coeliac disease diagnosis, it is important to diagnose exactly what type of gluten-related disease a person has. Depending on the severity of the coeliac disease, doctors can determine a patient’s ideal diet to decrease the negative effects of the disease and better the overall lifestyle of the patient. In a study done recently, it was reported that anti-glutaminase antibodies are specific for the diagnosis of coeliac disease and in determining specific symptoms . There are three specific gluten-related disorders: coeliac disease, wheat allergy, and noncoeliac gluten sensitivity. However, further research must be conducted to better understand noncoeliac gluten sensitivity as not much is known about this disease. It is important to conduct research on, not only coeliac disease but also, the other kinds of gluten-related ailments. These are important especially in relation to the health of young children. It is detrimental to the already fragile immune system of a child to develop coeliac disease. Like this blog post mentioned, this disease can affect all aspects of someone’s life and, as an aspiring pediatrician, I would like to see more emphasis on discovering how to aid children in preventing coeliac disease.
I had heard of celiac disease before but I was unaware that there were other gluten related disorders. After reading your post, I agree that there needs to be more research into these disorders as well. In a study by Unde et al., they attempted to identify markers for systemic immune activation in wheat sensitive individuals who did not have celiac disease. They determined that these individuals had higher levels of CD14 and LPS-binding protein in their serum. They noted that there was systemic immune activation because of antibody reactivity to bacterial LPS and flagellin. They also found levels of fatty acid-binding protein 2 which indicated damage to the intestinal epithelium (1). I think more research like this will bring other gluten sensitive disorders to light. It may also help us determine more distinctions between celiac disease and other gluten related sensitivity disorders.
I have always been interested in studying Celiac disease. I always wanted to learn why and how it affects so many people. I also would not mind trying to find a cure for the disease.
I remember I had a friend during my first year of college who was very strict about avoiding foods containing any gluten at all. At first, I thought that she was avoiding foods containing gluten due to some sort of a diet fad or something of that nature. However, I later discovered that she was allergic to gluten and had suffered complications earlier in her life due to damage in her small intestine. I remember some of our mutual friends would be annoyed whenever we would want to eat certain items but she would always have us change our plans to eat something that was gluten free instead. I can thus relate to the article in that people who are allergic to gluten or have Celiac disease oftentimes feel isolated with limited options and with friends who are not interested in sharing gluten free meals with them. I think there should be a bigger push across college campuses to include more gluten free options that are enjoyable for both those who are unable to eat gluten and for their friends as well.
I also found it fascinating that the Reovirus is involved with Celiac disease induction. Another study has also described an association between Celiac disease and chronic Hepatitis C caused by the HCV virus (1). It will be interesting to see what other pathogens contribute to Celiac disease and what preventative measures (such as vaccines) can be employed to prevent the development of Celiac disease in the first place.
I agree with your comment; the school should have more gluten free options for some people.I didn’t know much about gluten when I was growing up. I used to hear commercials talking about gluten-free products, and I thought it was just that product that had gluten. It turns out most of the stuff we eat have gluten. It must be a real pain to have that allergic reaction. However new studies have alternative ways for Celiac disease treatment without avoiding gluten products. In a study done by Marino and his colleagues shows that modification of gliadin peptides inhibits their ability to induce an immune system response. This is done by using microbial transglutaminase for the change of the gliadin peptide. This is a good alternative, but there are some side effects we know about and some we don’t. Since this is relatively new, we don’t know long-term side effects. Eating gluten free products is the best choice.
I find this article to be very informative since I was not so familiar with celiac disease and how exactly it effects the human body. I have noticed a change in the food diets of our country that now normalizes gluten-free products. Just as the article mentioned, I inferred that gluten was another fad diet that was avoided by the general public to lose weight or become healthier. Though this study initially mentions it is mainly the presence of gluten itself that damages that lining of the small intestine, multiple studies have also included reovirus as being the cause for the immune confusion and eventual self-attacking episodes. The article Celiac Disease: Reovirus, Inflammatory Response, and Dietary Antigens agrees with the correlation between the reovirus and celiac disease and wanted to take studies further with a vaccine. Since there has been a vaccine made for celiac, their job was to test out the vaccine and see if there may have been an increased risk of actually developing the disease in children. However, after testing out a large amount of subjects throughout a five-year study, they did not see an increase in children with the vaccination than children without the vaccine. Though more trials may still need to be done as for the effectiveness of the vaccine against the virus, a negative correlation is currently not found.
I, too, was not aware of celiac disease and how many people it affects. I’m glad i got a chance to read about it, it opened my eye to something I’ve been so unaware about for so long. It’s refreshing ti know our country is making more and more gluten-free diets as this condition affects more and more people each year. It’s never easy living with an autoimmune disease, and it is very informative to know more research are being done about the causes and the possible correlation this disease has with the reovirus virus. Even possibly a vaccine for the disease.
This post talk about how reovirus can trigger celiac disease by inducing the immune system to react to gluten. They also found out that there is higher level of reovirus antibody present in the patient with celiac disease compare with those who without the disease. Not all reovirus strains can trigger the autoimmune reaction. During their study, they found out that the ability of the strain to trigger the inflammatory immune response is depending on their genes since reovirus with different genes interact with the immune system differently. Autoimmune disease, especially inflammation of the digestive track, has been close linked to the viral or bacterial infection by many researches. Under normal condition, the intestinal mucosa is protected by the tight junction which limit the passage of the foreign antigen. Many of the research shows that certain kinds of virus or bacteria can modulate the intercellular tight junction and therefore, the intestinal mucosa permeability is increase. When the permeability is increase some foreign antigen such as gluten and other diary antigen can pass through the gut mucosal barrier and cause inflammation. The mechanism that those antigens trigger autoimmune reaction is called “molecular mimicry” which microbial antigens are postulated to resemble self-antigen (1). I think that the reovirus play an important role in the “molecular mimicry “mechanism of gluten. Once the autoimmune reaction is activated, it becomes independent of continue exposure to the environmental trigger and therefore self-perpetuating and irreversible (2) which means the autoimmune reaction cannot be shuttled off although the triggered antigen is being removed. Many of the inflammation bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is triggered by the incontrollable immune system. Many people may ask why gluten consumption is very susceptible in triggering autoimmune reaction? The reason for this is that gluten is made up of gliadin and glutenins which contains many toxic epitopes that can exerting cytotoxic and other gut permeating activities. Celiac disease also has close genetic association with HLA genes which is a highly specific humoral autoimmune response against tissue transglutaminase auto-antigen (2). The present of gluten in the GI track also lead to upregulation of the zonulin which is the only physiologic modulator of intercellular tight junctions described so far that is involved in trafficking of macromolecules and, therefore, in tolerance/immune response balance (2) and people with acute celiac disease have higher level of zonulin. Therefore, gluten is very susceptible in triggering the autoimmune disease and I think that future study can be conducted to investigate the relationship between the reovirus infection and the zonulin pathway.
Celiac disease is one of many severe autoimmune diseases known to cause cancer cells. The fact that 2.5 million Americans are undiagnosed and risk complications due to long term exposure, indicates the urgency for intervention and development of vaccination. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) is a cell surface protein receptor for MHC class II antigen presenting cells. Gluten proteins, in the small intestine mucosa of patients infected with reovirus, readily binds HLA antigen DQ (HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8) with high affinity and activates T cell specific for gluten proteins that cause destruction of intestinal vili (1). Addison’s disease, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and Type 1 diabetes are examples of endocrine disorders that exhibit genes for HLA autoimmune response. Therefore, gluten proteins in reovirus infected patient, will cause celiac disease and may induce other HLA-linked diseases that is detrimental to our health.
Celiac disease is a severe genetic autoimmune disorder in which the gluten digestion leads to the small intestine being damaged. When people with is disease take in food with gluten, the body sees this as a foreign invader and sends a signal to the immune system, which attacks the small intestine. The only treatment available for people with this disease is a strict gluten-free diet. With more awareness being brought forth by this disease, it should also start the discussions about the many other autoimmune disorder relating to food or not. For example, pernicious anemia, the autoimmune condition in which the body absorption of B12 is flipped, resulting in a B12 deficiency (1). Of course, more studies can be done to get to the bottom line of why autoimmune exists in the first place. But in the case of celiac disease, it is an enormous progress that society is more aware and understanding of the importance of a gluten-free diet and making it more available.

tokenized:
Celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine . Therefore , people with celiac disease must eat a gluten - free diet . The disease affects 1 in 100 people worldwide , and one in 133 people in the United States . Two and one - half million Americans are undiagnosed and are at risk for long - term health complications .
 Gluten , the culprit , is a family of dietary proteins found in wheat , barley , rye , oat , and other grains . It is the protein that makes dough elastic and gives bread its chewy texture . It is naturally poorly digested , and therefore more likely to engage the immune system than other proteins , even in people without celiac disease .
 In people with celiac disease , it damages the intestinal villi , which are very small finger - like projections found along the wall of the small intestine . When the villi are injured , the small intestine ca n’t properly absorb nutrients from food . So , again , people with celiac disease must avoid foods that contain gluten . Sometimes , they may feel isolated , as they must eat differently than others .
 And … . we have not only a new trend in college dining halls , but also new insight in what actually causes celiac disease . A new study ( Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease ) , published last week ( April 7 , 2017 ) in the journal Science , shows that Infection with reovirus , a common but otherwise harmless virus , can trigger the immune system to react to gluten , leading to the development of celiac disease . How ? Usually , a regulatory immune response blocks inflammation to dietary antigens . However , a reovirus infection at sites where dietary gluten is present results in the induction of danger signals that confuse the immune system and lead it to develop an aggressive inflammatory immune response against gluten — it is this aggressive inflammatory response that may induce celiac disease .
 For the study , which was carried out in a mouse model , researchers used two different closely related but genetically different reovirus strains . They showed that genetic differences between viruses can change how they interact with the immune system . Both reovirus strains induced protective immunity and did not cause overt disease . However , one of the reovirus strains triggered an inflammatory immune response and the loss of oral tolerance to gluten , whereas the other strain did not .
 The study also found that celiac disease patients produces much higher levels of antibodies against reoviruses than those without the disease . The celiac patients who had high levels of reovirus antibodies also had much higher levels of IRF1 gene expression , a transcriptional regulator that plays a key role in the loss of oral tolerance to gluten . This suggests that infection with a reovirus can leave a permanent mark on the immune system , a mark that sets the stage for a later autoimmune response to gluten .
 in the United States , babies are usually weaned from breastfeeding and given their first solid foods — often containing gluten — around six months of age . Children with immature immune systems are more susceptible to viral infections at this stage , and for those genetically predisposed , the combination of an intestinal reovirus infection with the first exposure to gluten could create the right conditions for developing celiac disease .
 I think this is a groundbreaking discovery as so many people are affected by celiac disease . Hopefully , this will help foster further research not only to prevent celiac disease but also to possibly cure those who already have it . After doing some research , I found that reoviruses are oncolytic and are being looked at as potential treatments for cancer . In a study done by Kim et al . , it was found that an attenuated reovirus targeted cancer cells in severely immunodeficient mice without killing healthy stem cells . The attenuated reovirus also exhibited reduced toxicity compared to a wild - type reovirus . The study also implies that attenuated reoviruses could be used to treat cancer in pregnant women ( 1 ) . With the recent connection of reoviruses to celiac disease , I can not help but wonder whether this will influence their potential use for treating cancer . Could reovirus cancer treatments cause an individual to develop celiac disease ? If children infected with reovirus are at a higher risk of celiac disease , are reoviruses really safe to use for cancer treatment in pregnant women ?
 I find all the points you discuss fascinating – thanks for sharing . I did n’t know that reovirus was being used as a treatment for cancer . Going off on your comment , I decided to investigate the specific cancers that use reovirus - based therapy . I found out that reovirus can be employed for the treatment of pancreatic cancer , and is more effective if used in combination with other drugs . ( 1 ) Reolysin ( the drug name that uses reovirus ) works by inducing stress in the endoplasmic reticulum , which eventually leads to apoptosis . Amazingly , Reolysin can selectively attack the cancerous cells due to reovirus ’ ability to differentiate cells that express mutations in activated Ras signaling , specifically KRas . These mutations help facilitate viral uncoating and production of viral progeny in the cell . ( 2 ) I do share your concerns though about the potential side effects of using reovirus as a treatment – this should be thoroughly studied as the treatment looks quite promising .
 Over the past couple of years , scientists are starting the discover the importance of gut microbial and its effects on food digestion and the immune system . In the case of Celiac Disease , a virus or maybe a bacterial infection can affect the intestinal tract leading to developing celiac disease . But what about other autoimmune diseases that deal with food absorption ? According to a new study ( 1 ) gut , microbial metabolites protect against type 1 diabetes . In this study , they took mice that had type 1 diabetes and fed them a diet that would increase the amounts of acetate and butyrate released by gut microbial . It turns out that if your gut microbial produce increase levels of acetate it decreases the frequency of autoreactive T cells in lymphoid tissues . Acetate effects the B cell preventing them from activating more autoreactive T cells . Increased levels of butyrate increased the number and function of regulatory T cells . It appears that dietary changes for people with T cell - dependent autoimmune diseases may be an effective natural way of treatment . Another study ( 2 ) suggested that there might be a connection between an accumulation of autoreactive T cells in the gut - associated lymphatic tissue and other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis . I think we often overlook our diet and how it affects our overall health and not just our waistline . These emerging studies could also lead to new noninvasive ways of treatment .
 Shannon , it is so interesting that autoreactive T cells could do so much damage and contribute do a disease that is widely accepted as a genetic disorder . This post made me want to look up what else autoreactive T cells could do in the human body and I found that they are also a large part of development of Rheumatoid Arthritis ( 1 ) . The autoreactive T cells actually reduce glycolysis and cause the CD4+T cells to hyperproliferate and attain the inflammatory symptoms we see as symptoms in Rheumatoid Arthritis . This made me wonder what dietary changes could these patients make to reduce their levels of autoreactive T cells ? According to a new study ( 2 ) , by taking a fish oil supplement can reduce the number of autoreactive T cells all together . They also showed in this study that the fish oil also promoted an increase in CD8 + T cells in mice . More supporting evidence was found in another study ( 3 ) that showed that fasting in regular intervals also decreases autoreactive T cells that contribute to multiple sclerosis symptoms . Seeing how diet can influence all of these major diseases is eye opening and definitely needs to be explored as alternative or combination treatments for patients .
 Researchers are connecting the dots more and more everyday between autoimmune diseases and bacterial infections causing them . In a recent study , a connection was made between gut mycobacteria imbalance and the development of Chron ’s disease as well as ulcerative colitis ( 1 ) . There is a very particular balance of bacteria that are good for us and help digest our foods for us throughout our digestive tract , but when this balance is lost , some of the bacteria can grow exponentially , causing havoc in the gastrointestinal system . The bacteria is kept in check by our bodies by controlling the pH and temperature along the GI tube , when these checks are overridden the bacteria are allowed to have a field day and grow without being controlled by the host body . One study that was found recently , focuses on what happens to your gut microbiome when you starve the body of carbohydrates as in a ketogenic diet ( 2 ) . As you starve your body from carbohydrates to try and lose weight the Bacteriodes that call your gut home and whose sole purpose is to digest carbs begin to die off . This pruning of the gut microbiota allows for more invasive species to overgrow and populate areas of the GI tract that they usually are not found in . This also promotes the growth of very harmful strains of bacteria to grow that are usually kept in check by the growth of the Bacteriodes , such as Clostridium difficule ( 2 ) . The research on this topic is now pointing toward the overgrowth of some bacteria getting through the gut walls and into the abdominal cavity to elicit an immune response . After a prolonged period of bacteria entering the gut , the body starts to see the intestines as foreign cells , and it immune system shifts its focus to fighting off the ‘ invader , ’ that is actually the body ’s own cells . This is what is supposedly causing the autoimmune diseases such as Chron ’s .
 With research coming out on how viruses and bacteria can cause autoimmune diseases it makes you wonder how strong a role genetics play . It seems like gut flora is the missing link for a lot of diseases . In “ Does the Gut Microbiota Influence Immunity and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology ? ” their aim was to determine if gut microflora plays a role in developing MS ( 1 ) . While it is unclear how exactly gut microflora contributes to the development of MS , there is a relationship . As you mentioned earlier a stable gut flora protects against inflammation . In another study , it was noted how there are gut microbiota - host interactions that play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases ( 2 ) . Again , the pathophysiology is unclear but with immerging studies I imagine the relationship will soon be discovered . I think more research so go into the gut - immunity - brain axis .
 This article was very interesting to me as it pertains to gluten and how reovirus plays a part in celiac disease . Many people suffer with gluten and have to take great measures to get by day by day . One thing I found interesting was the idea how reovirus , usually considered an inoffensive virus , can “ trick ” the immune system to believe that gluten is harmful and causes the immune system to have a belligerent response to gluten . This is dangerous not only to adults but the article also pointed out that it can be critical to children and infants . Studies have been done to test rotavirus vaccinations in children with celiac disease as well as type 1 diabetes ( 1 ) . According to Outi , their studies suggest that this vaccination can be beneficial for children who have a high chance of contracting celiac disease or type 1 diabetes . This research is just the tip of the iceberg in learning more on the relationship of rotavirus and celiac disease .
 Offering tastier gluten free foods should be a major matter in the upcoming years . Not only gluten free diet reduces the tragedy of celiac disease ; but it also minimizes the symptoms associated with schizophrenia . A study that was published in April 2017 showed that schizophrenic patients who follow a gluten free diet suffer way less than those who have gluten included in their diet ( 1 ) . Gluten could be associated with more diseases and some more studies on gluten effects on the human body should be done . Therefore , having tastier gluten free foods available in schools , hotels , hospitals , restaurants , .. etc . should be a major concern within the next years .
 Your comment on how gluten - free options can reduce symptoms of schizophrenia is interesting . I do not know much about schizophrenia but I know people with this disorder suffer with the symptoms associated as well as the community surrounding them . I believe having a gluten - free diet benefits these individuals in more ways than one . I found an article stating how athletes who adhere to a gluten - free diet had better success in their goals as well as their body systems ( 1 ) . Little is known on this study but it ’s interesting how gluten - free diets can be beneficial for anyone .
 Coeliac disease is a serious ailment affecting more and more children every year . Because of the rapid increase in coeliac disease diagnosis , it is important to diagnose exactly what type of gluten - related disease a person has . Depending on the severity of the coeliac disease , doctors can determine a patient ’s ideal diet to decrease the negative effects of the disease and better the overall lifestyle of the patient . In a study done recently , it was reported that anti - glutaminase antibodies are specific for the diagnosis of coeliac disease and in determining specific symptoms . There are three specific gluten - related disorders : coeliac disease , wheat allergy , and noncoeliac gluten sensitivity . However , further research must be conducted to better understand noncoeliac gluten sensitivity as not much is known about this disease . It is important to conduct research on , not only coeliac disease but also , the other kinds of gluten - related ailments . These are important especially in relation to the health of young children . It is detrimental to the already fragile immune system of a child to develop coeliac disease . Like this blog post mentioned , this disease can affect all aspects of someone ’s life and , as an aspiring pediatrician , I would like to see more emphasis on discovering how to aid children in preventing coeliac disease .
 I had heard of celiac disease before but I was unaware that there were other gluten related disorders . After reading your post , I agree that there needs to be more research into these disorders as well . In a study by Unde et al . , they attempted to identify markers for systemic immune activation in wheat sensitive individuals who did not have celiac disease . They determined that these individuals had higher levels of CD14 and LPS - binding protein in their serum . They noted that there was systemic immune activation because of antibody reactivity to bacterial LPS and flagellin . They also found levels of fatty acid - binding protein 2 which indicated damage to the intestinal epithelium ( 1 ) . I think more research like this will bring other gluten sensitive disorders to light . It may also help us determine more distinctions between celiac disease and other gluten related sensitivity disorders .
 I have always been interested in studying Celiac disease . I always wanted to learn why and how it affects so many people . I also would not mind trying to find a cure for the disease .
 I remember I had a friend during my first year of college who was very strict about avoiding foods containing any gluten at all . At first , I thought that she was avoiding foods containing gluten due to some sort of a diet fad or something of that nature . However , I later discovered that she was allergic to gluten and had suffered complications earlier in her life due to damage in her small intestine . I remember some of our mutual friends would be annoyed whenever we would want to eat certain items but she would always have us change our plans to eat something that was gluten free instead . I can thus relate to the article in that people who are allergic to gluten or have Celiac disease oftentimes feel isolated with limited options and with friends who are not interested in sharing gluten free meals with them . I think there should be a bigger push across college campuses to include more gluten free options that are enjoyable for both those who are unable to eat gluten and for their friends as well .
 I also found it fascinating that the Reovirus is involved with Celiac disease induction . Another study has also described an association between Celiac disease and chronic Hepatitis C caused by the HCV virus ( 1 ) . It will be interesting to see what other pathogens contribute to Celiac disease and what preventative measures ( such as vaccines ) can be employed to prevent the development of Celiac disease in the first place .
 I agree with your comment ; the school should have more gluten free options for some people . I did n’t know much about gluten when I was growing up . I used to hear commercials talking about gluten - free products , and I thought it was just that product that had gluten . It turns out most of the stuff we eat have gluten . It must be a real pain to have that allergic reaction . However new studies have alternative ways for Celiac disease treatment without avoiding gluten products . In a study done by Marino and his colleagues shows that modification of gliadin peptides inhibits their ability to induce an immune system response . This is done by using microbial transglutaminase for the change of the gliadin peptide . This is a good alternative , but there are some side effects we know about and some we do n’t . Since this is relatively new , we do n’t know long - term side effects . Eating gluten free products is the best choice .
 I find this article to be very informative since I was not so familiar with celiac disease and how exactly it effects the human body . I have noticed a change in the food diets of our country that now normalizes gluten - free products . Just as the article mentioned , I inferred that gluten was another fad diet that was avoided by the general public to lose weight or become healthier . Though this study initially mentions it is mainly the presence of gluten itself that damages that lining of the small intestine , multiple studies have also included reovirus as being the cause for the immune confusion and eventual self - attacking episodes . The article Celiac Disease : Reovirus , Inflammatory Response , and Dietary Antigens agrees with the correlation between the reovirus and celiac disease and wanted to take studies further with a vaccine . Since there has been a vaccine made for celiac , their job was to test out the vaccine and see if there may have been an increased risk of actually developing the disease in children . However , after testing out a large amount of subjects throughout a five - year study , they did not see an increase in children with the vaccination than children without the vaccine . Though more trials may still need to be done as for the effectiveness of the vaccine against the virus , a negative correlation is currently not found .
 I , too , was not aware of celiac disease and how many people it affects . I ’m glad i got a chance to read about it , it opened my eye to something I ’ve been so unaware about for so long . It ’s refreshing ti know our country is making more and more gluten - free diets as this condition affects more and more people each year . It ’s never easy living with an autoimmune disease , and it is very informative to know more research are being done about the causes and the possible correlation this disease has with the reovirus virus . Even possibly a vaccine for the disease .
 This post talk about how reovirus can trigger celiac disease by inducing the immune system to react to gluten . They also found out that there is higher level of reovirus antibody present in the patient with celiac disease compare with those who without the disease . Not all reovirus strains can trigger the autoimmune reaction . During their study , they found out that the ability of the strain to trigger the inflammatory immune response is depending on their genes since reovirus with different genes interact with the immune system differently . Autoimmune disease , especially inflammation of the digestive track , has been close linked to the viral or bacterial infection by many researches . Under normal condition , the intestinal mucosa is protected by the tight junction which limit the passage of the foreign antigen . Many of the research shows that certain kinds of virus or bacteria can modulate the intercellular tight junction and therefore , the intestinal mucosa permeability is increase . When the permeability is increase some foreign antigen such as gluten and other diary antigen can pass through the gut mucosal barrier and cause inflammation . The mechanism that those antigens trigger autoimmune reaction is called “ molecular mimicry ” which microbial antigens are postulated to resemble self - antigen ( 1 ) . I think that the reovirus play an important role in the “ molecular mimicry “ mechanism of gluten . Once the autoimmune reaction is activated , it becomes independent of continue exposure to the environmental trigger and therefore self - perpetuating and irreversible ( 2 ) which means the autoimmune reaction can not be shuttled off although the triggered antigen is being removed . Many of the inflammation bowel disease such as Crohn ’s disease and ulcerative colitis is triggered by the incontrollable immune system . Many people may ask why gluten consumption is very susceptible in triggering autoimmune reaction ? The reason for this is that gluten is made up of gliadin and glutenins which contains many toxic epitopes that can exerting cytotoxic and other gut permeating activities . Celiac disease also has close genetic association with HLA genes which is a highly specific humoral autoimmune response against tissue transglutaminase auto - antigen ( 2 ) . The present of gluten in the GI track also lead to upregulation of the zonulin which is the only physiologic modulator of intercellular tight junctions described so far that is involved in trafficking of macromolecules and , therefore , in tolerance / immune response balance ( 2 ) and people with acute celiac disease have higher level of zonulin . Therefore , gluten is very susceptible in triggering the autoimmune disease and I think that future study can be conducted to investigate the relationship between the reovirus infection and the zonulin pathway .
 Celiac disease is one of many severe autoimmune diseases known to cause cancer cells . The fact that 2.5 million Americans are undiagnosed and risk complications due to long term exposure , indicates the urgency for intervention and development of vaccination . Human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) is a cell surface protein receptor for MHC class II antigen presenting cells . Gluten proteins , in the small intestine mucosa of patients infected with reovirus , readily binds HLA antigen DQ ( HLA - DQ2 or -DQ8 ) with high affinity and activates T cell specific for gluten proteins that cause destruction of intestinal vili ( 1 ) . Addison ’s disease , autoimmune thyroid diseases , and Type 1 diabetes are examples of endocrine disorders that exhibit genes for HLA autoimmune response . Therefore , gluten proteins in reovirus infected patient , will cause celiac disease and may induce other HLA - linked diseases that is detrimental to our health .
 Celiac disease is a severe genetic autoimmune disorder in which the gluten digestion leads to the small intestine being damaged . When people with is disease take in food with gluten , the body sees this as a foreign invader and sends a signal to the immune system , which attacks the small intestine . The only treatment available for people with this disease is a strict gluten - free diet . With more awareness being brought forth by this disease , it should also start the discussions about the many other autoimmune disorder relating to food or not . For example , pernicious anemia , the autoimmune condition in which the body absorption of B12 is flipped , resulting in a B12 deficiency ( 1 ) . Of course , more studies can be done to get to the bottom line of why autoimmune exists in the first place . But in the case of celiac disease , it is an enormous progress that society is more aware and understanding of the importance of a gluten - free diet and making it more available .


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A group of mountain lovers from Valsesia, Piedmont, climbed up to an altitude of 5,000 metres, right at the foot of Mount Everest and visited the Pyramid Laboratory of the CNR (National Research Council). And someone, while snooping around inside the Laboratory-Observatory, which is dedicated to scientific research at high altitude, unexpectedly found one of our valves installed on a radiator and sent us a picture of it. If you think of it, being in such an unusual and wonderful place, surrounded by such a powerful, natural scenery, is not bad at all!
As stated on the website of the Ev-K2-CNR Association, the Pyramid is a one-of-a-kind resource, also with regard to energy efficiency, which is the aspect most relevant to our main activity: the laboratory is self-sufficient and is powered by a hybrid system consisting of a small hydroelectric power plant and a solar panel system.

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A group of mountain lovers from Valsesia , Piedmont , climbed up to an altitude of 5,000 metres , right at the foot of Mount Everest and visited the Pyramid Laboratory of the CNR ( National Research Council ) . And someone , while snooping around inside the Laboratory - Observatory , which is dedicated to scientific research at high altitude , unexpectedly found one of our valves installed on a radiator and sent us a picture of it . If you think of it , being in such an unusual and wonderful place , surrounded by such a powerful , natural scenery , is not bad at all !
 As stated on the website of the Ev - K2 - CNR Association , the Pyramid is a one - of - a - kind resource , also with regard to energy efficiency , which is the aspect most relevant to our main activity : the laboratory is self - sufficient and is powered by a hybrid system consisting of a small hydroelectric power plant and a solar panel system .


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AMES, Iowa - Violent crime rates are taking a nosedive across the nation, according to a data from the FBI, and Ames is one city topping the list.
Data from the FBI's Uniform Crime Report analyzed by 24/7 Wall St. shows violent crime fell to 355.5 incidents per 100,000 residents - the lowest it's been in decades. Violent crime peaked in the 1990s, but has steadily declined over the past 20 years. The data analyzed looks at a five-year span, from 2010 to 2014, and ranks Dubuque and Ames as the #1 and #2 cities in the U.S. where crime has plummeted the most.
In Dubuque, the five-year decrease in violent crime is 58 percent; Ames boasts a 56 percent drop in violent crime over that same five-year period. Officials with the Ames Police Department say having a low violent crime rate has helped officers focus energy on proactive measures to keep it that way.
"One of the tenants we have here at the police department is problem solving and relationship building," said Commander Jason Tuttle with Ames PD. "And so, when we can do that, and we have the time to do that, we can get into the neighborhoods, work with some of the community leaders, work with some of the neighborhood association leaders on trying to solve specific problems in our neighborhoods. And when we do that, we're working side by side with them to work through those issues, rather than policing over them and having more of a confrontational relationship with those citizens."
There was only one homicide reported in Ames in the five-year span of the study, with zero homicides from 2012-2014. Police say the study doesn't include 2015 data, where the city had just one homicide - classified as "justifiable" due to self-defense.
"I've lived here for 30 years in the same neighborhood, and generally I would say I've never had the perception that violent crime was ever a problem," said Debbie Lee, leader of the Oak to Riverside Neighborhood Association in Ames.
Lee credits the police department for being proactive, by forming close relationships with the city's neighborhood associations.
"Progress doesn't happen in a vacuum, and I would really credit - Ames has been fortunate to have an exceptional police chief who has been willing to be creative and try different approaches," Lee said.
Those different approaches include training landlords to keep crime out of their apartments, meeting with students every fall at Iowa State University, and providing resource officers to neighborhoods.
"I credit this very much to the leadership in the police department, that has - on the area of violent crime, on the area of mental health, on the area of alcohol abuse, on the areas of racial relations - been working very hard on being a proactive rather than a reactive situation," said Ames Mayor Ann Campbell.
Comm. Tuttle says it's a cycle: if you have a low violent crime rate, you can focus your energy on preventative measures to keep it that way.
"We don't pay a great amount of attention to these reports because we're working daily to build those relationships, and educate people in our community on how to have those safe neighborhoods," he said.
While violent crime is down in Ames - and especially in the category of homicides - it should be noted Ames' sexual assault rate was higher in the study's span than the national average. Ames officials note, however, the rate over the five-year span of the study is lower than it was for the city in the late 2000s.

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AMES , Iowa - Violent crime rates are taking a nosedive across the nation , according to a data from the FBI , and Ames is one city topping the list .
 Data from the FBI 's Uniform Crime Report analyzed by 24/7 Wall St. shows violent crime fell to 355.5 incidents per 100,000 residents - the lowest it 's been in decades . Violent crime peaked in the 1990s , but has steadily declined over the past 20 years . The data analyzed looks at a five - year span , from 2010 to 2014 , and ranks Dubuque and Ames as the # 1 and # 2 cities in the U.S. where crime has plummeted the most .
 In Dubuque , the five - year decrease in violent crime is 58 percent ; Ames boasts a 56 percent drop in violent crime over that same five - year period . Officials with the Ames Police Department say having a low violent crime rate has helped officers focus energy on proactive measures to keep it that way .
 " One of the tenants we have here at the police department is problem solving and relationship building , " said Commander Jason Tuttle with Ames PD . " And so , when we can do that , and we have the time to do that , we can get into the neighborhoods , work with some of the community leaders , work with some of the neighborhood association leaders on trying to solve specific problems in our neighborhoods . And when we do that , we 're working side by side with them to work through those issues , rather than policing over them and having more of a confrontational relationship with those citizens . "
 There was only one homicide reported in Ames in the five - year span of the study , with zero homicides from 2012 - 2014 . Police say the study does n't include 2015 data , where the city had just one homicide - classified as " justifiable " due to self - defense .
 " I 've lived here for 30 years in the same neighborhood , and generally I would say I 've never had the perception that violent crime was ever a problem , " said Debbie Lee , leader of the Oak to Riverside Neighborhood Association in Ames .
 Lee credits the police department for being proactive , by forming close relationships with the city 's neighborhood associations .
 " Progress does n't happen in a vacuum , and I would really credit - Ames has been fortunate to have an exceptional police chief who has been willing to be creative and try different approaches , " Lee said .
 Those different approaches include training landlords to keep crime out of their apartments , meeting with students every fall at Iowa State University , and providing resource officers to neighborhoods .
 " I credit this very much to the leadership in the police department , that has - on the area of violent crime , on the area of mental health , on the area of alcohol abuse , on the areas of racial relations - been working very hard on being a proactive rather than a reactive situation , " said Ames Mayor Ann Campbell .
 Comm . Tuttle says it 's a cycle : if you have a low violent crime rate , you can focus your energy on preventative measures to keep it that way .
 " We do n't pay a great amount of attention to these reports because we 're working daily to build those relationships , and educate people in our community on how to have those safe neighborhoods , " he said .
 While violent crime is down in Ames - and especially in the category of homicides - it should be noted Ames ' sexual assault rate was higher in the study 's span than the national average . Ames officials note , however , the rate over the five - year span of the study is lower than it was for the city in the late 2000s .


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Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling procedures for the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods, including services and related information.
The report segments the International Logistic Software Market on the basis of product, end users, and on the basis of topography. The product type segment includes the market’s division into basic, advanced, and professional versions. These sectors are primarily comprised of applications in IT, IoT, managed services, and more. The applications covered by the logistic software include automotive, government & defense, healthcare, telecommunication and it, industrial, engineering and manufacturing, oil & gas and others.
logistic software market is expected to reach approximately USD +16 billion by the end of 2023 with +8 % CAGR during forecast period 2017-2023.
Steady support to the IT & Telecom sector in developed regions is likely to enable their steady dominance in the Global Logistic Software Market in the coming years, but the growing acknowledgment of the high volume of unmet demand in emerging regions has driven the healthcare sector in countries such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa, notwithstanding other dynamic economies in the region such as South East Asia, Japan, and China.
Previous Previous post: Java vs Python – Which Programming Language is better for you?

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Logistics is the process of planning , implementing , and controlling procedures for the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods , including services and related information .
 The report segments the International Logistic Software Market on the basis of product , end users , and on the basis of topography . The product type segment includes the market ’s division into basic , advanced , and professional versions . These sectors are primarily comprised of applications in IT , IoT , managed services , and more . The applications covered by the logistic software include automotive , government & defense , healthcare , telecommunication and it , industrial , engineering and manufacturing , oil & gas and others .
 logistic software market is expected to reach approximately USD +16 billion by the end of 2023 with +8 % CAGR during forecast period 2017 - 2023 .
 Steady support to the IT & Telecom sector in developed regions is likely to enable their steady dominance in the Global Logistic Software Market in the coming years , but the growing acknowledgment of the high volume of unmet demand in emerging regions has driven the healthcare sector in countries such as North America , Europe , Asia - Pacific , Latin America , and the Middle East & Africa , notwithstanding other dynamic economies in the region such as South East Asia , Japan , and China .
 Previous Previous post : Java vs Python – Which Programming Language is better for you ?


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At Egress Windows Crew, we are ready to meet all of your needs for Egress Windows in Saint Anthony, ND. Our crew of well trained contractors can offer the products and services that you require with the most sophisticated technology in the industry. Our products are always of the finest quality and we know how to help you save cash. We're going to assist you to make choices for the task, answer the questions you have, and organize an appointment with our specialists when you contact us at 800-356-4092.
You have got a spending budget to follow, and you need to spend less money. But, conserving money shouldn't ever signify that you eliminate excellent quality for Egress Windows in Saint Anthony, ND. Our attempts to save a little money won't give up the high quality of our services. Whenever you do business with our company, you get the advantages of our own practical experience and high quality materials making sure that your project will last even while saving time and resources. It will be achievable because we know the way to save time and funds on supplies and work. If you need to spend less, Egress Windows Crew is the company to connect with. We'll be ready to answer your call at 800-356-4092.
You will need to be well informed with regards to Egress Windows in Saint Anthony, ND. We will never let you make ill advised decisions, since we understand what we are undertaking, and we ensure that you know very well what to be expecting with the work. That is why we make every effort to ensure you are familiar with the steps and are not confronted by any kind of unexpected surprises. Start off by contacting 800-356-4092 to go over your job. We'll review your questions and concerns whenever you call us and help you get organized with an appointment. We always get there at the arranged time, ready to work closely with you.
You've got lots of great reasons to turn to Egress Windows Crew for your needs involving Egress Windows in Saint Anthony, ND. We have the best customer service ratings, the best equipment, and the most effective and successful money saving solutions. We have got the experience you need to meet all your ambitions. Call 800-356-4092 to connect with Egress Windows Crew and go over your needs when it comes to Egress Windows in Saint Anthony.

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At Egress Windows Crew , we are ready to meet all of your needs for Egress Windows in Saint Anthony , ND . Our crew of well trained contractors can offer the products and services that you require with the most sophisticated technology in the industry . Our products are always of the finest quality and we know how to help you save cash . We 're going to assist you to make choices for the task , answer the questions you have , and organize an appointment with our specialists when you contact us at 800 - 356 - 4092 .
 You have got a spending budget to follow , and you need to spend less money . But , conserving money should n't ever signify that you eliminate excellent quality for Egress Windows in Saint Anthony , ND . Our attempts to save a little money wo n't give up the high quality of our services . Whenever you do business with our company , you get the advantages of our own practical experience and high quality materials making sure that your project will last even while saving time and resources . It will be achievable because we know the way to save time and funds on supplies and work . If you need to spend less , Egress Windows Crew is the company to connect with . We 'll be ready to answer your call at 800 - 356 - 4092 .
 You will need to be well informed with regards to Egress Windows in Saint Anthony , ND . We will never let you make ill advised decisions , since we understand what we are undertaking , and we ensure that you know very well what to be expecting with the work . That is why we make every effort to ensure you are familiar with the steps and are not confronted by any kind of unexpected surprises . Start off by contacting 800 - 356 - 4092 to go over your job . We 'll review your questions and concerns whenever you call us and help you get organized with an appointment . We always get there at the arranged time , ready to work closely with you .
 You 've got lots of great reasons to turn to Egress Windows Crew for your needs involving Egress Windows in Saint Anthony , ND . We have the best customer service ratings , the best equipment , and the most effective and successful money saving solutions . We have got the experience you need to meet all your ambitions . Call 800 - 356 - 4092 to connect with Egress Windows Crew and go over your needs when it comes to Egress Windows in Saint Anthony .


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After breakfast, you will be picked-up by a tour representative for transfer to Incheon Airport according to your flights schedule. Depart Seoul Incheon Airport.
Arrive at Tokyo Narita Airport.
Day 12 Transfer to Kansai International Airport by Airport Shuttle Van. Exact time of pick up will be notified to you on day 5. Depart Osaka Kansai International Airport.
• Customers are responsible for arranging visas and ensuring passport validity. UK passport holders do not need to arrange a tourist visa prior to departure for Japan and South Korea. Other passport holders should contact the nearest Japanese and South Korean Embassy. If your trip includes other countries, please contact the relevant embassy to • We strongly recommend that you take out travel insurance at the time of booking to ensure that you are covered for cancellation, should this be necessary, prior to your departure. • No vaccinations are currently required for visiting Japan or South Korea. However, we recommend that you confirm your suitability to travel to all countries included in your trip with your GP. • From 21st November 2007 new immigration procedures came into effect. On arrival in Japan, foreign nationals will now have fingerprints and a facial photograph taken by Japanese Immigration officials. Entry into Japan will be refused to anyone who refuses to submit to these procedures. • Visit the Foreign & Commonwealth Office website for up to the minute travel advice: www.fco.gov.uk. • The contents of any sightseeing tours or cultural activities are subject to change due to local circumstances and • It is common practice for hotels to charge for the use of gym & pool facilities in Japan. • The terms and conditions of air travel are governed by your airline. Please refer to the airline`s website for full details ViaJapan Holidays is a trading name of H.I.S. Europe Ltd. Registered Office: 35 Vine Street London EC2N 2AA. The ATOL held by H.I.S. Europe Ltd. (number 5484) protects you against financial loss in the event of its failure, but H.I.S. Europe Ltd does not provide cover for scheduled airline failure and your money will not be protected against that risk. Any airline ticket NOT purchased directly from H.I.S. Europe Ltd. will NOT be covered by H.I.S. Europe Ltd.'s ATOL license. H.I.S. Europe Ltd. is a member of ABTA (membership number J0629). As such we are fully bonded according to ABTA's rules and abide by ABTA's Code of Conduct. ABTA Protection applies to services supplied by H.I.S. Europe Ltd. Data Protection: You have a legal right to view the data we hold on you. Information you provide us will enable us to make your reservations with our various suppliers, which include airlines, hotels and sightseeing companies. With regard to marketing we only market to those who register with us for this service. We do not market to anyone who does not register for this service.

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After breakfast , you will be picked - up by a tour representative for transfer to Incheon Airport according to your flights schedule . Depart Seoul Incheon Airport .
 Arrive at Tokyo Narita Airport .
 Day 12 Transfer to Kansai International Airport by Airport Shuttle Van . Exact time of pick up will be notified to you on day 5 . Depart Osaka Kansai International Airport .
 • Customers are responsible for arranging visas and ensuring passport validity . UK passport holders do not need to arrange a tourist visa prior to departure for Japan and South Korea . Other passport holders should contact the nearest Japanese and South Korean Embassy . If your trip includes other countries , please contact the relevant embassy to • We strongly recommend that you take out travel insurance at the time of booking to ensure that you are covered for cancellation , should this be necessary , prior to your departure . • No vaccinations are currently required for visiting Japan or South Korea . However , we recommend that you confirm your suitability to travel to all countries included in your trip with your GP . • From 21st November 2007 new immigration procedures came into effect . On arrival in Japan , foreign nationals will now have fingerprints and a facial photograph taken by Japanese Immigration officials . Entry into Japan will be refused to anyone who refuses to submit to these procedures . • Visit the Foreign & Commonwealth Office website for up to the minute travel advice : www.fco.gov.uk . • The contents of any sightseeing tours or cultural activities are subject to change due to local circumstances and • It is common practice for hotels to charge for the use of gym & pool facilities in Japan . • The terms and conditions of air travel are governed by your airline . Please refer to the airline`s website for full details ViaJapan Holidays is a trading name of H.I.S. Europe Ltd. Registered Office : 35 Vine Street London EC2N 2AA . The ATOL held by H.I.S. Europe Ltd. ( number 5484 ) protects you against financial loss in the event of its failure , but H.I.S. Europe Ltd does not provide cover for scheduled airline failure and your money will not be protected against that risk . Any airline ticket NOT purchased directly from H.I.S. Europe Ltd. will NOT be covered by H.I.S. Europe Ltd. 's ATOL license . H.I.S. Europe Ltd. is a member of ABTA ( membership number J0629 ) . As such we are fully bonded according to ABTA 's rules and abide by ABTA 's Code of Conduct . ABTA Protection applies to services supplied by H.I.S. Europe Ltd. Data Protection : You have a legal right to view the data we hold on you . Information you provide us will enable us to make your reservations with our various suppliers , which include airlines , hotels and sightseeing companies . With regard to marketing we only market to those who register with us for this service . We do not market to anyone who does not register for this service .


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Google Play had more apps than the Apple iTunes Store at the end of 2014, marking a big change for app community, a new study from appFigures said on Tuesday.
It said Google surpassed Apple for total number of apps with 1.43 million compared to 1.21 million. The apps come from roughly 390,000 Android app developers and 280,000 iOS developers, those of which have to pay $99 a year to be a part of Apple’s Developer Center.
Apple has long bragged about having a larger amount of apps available for its platform than Google, however that seems not to be the case. Developers are taking advantage of both app marketplaces to be able to reach as many downloads as possible.
It’s worth nothing, that developers often release their apps on the App Store before Google Play. Furthermore, Google Play doesn’t have the stringent review process the App Store has, and developers on Google Play can release apps for free.
In its report, appFigures says iOS saw the most growth in the business and food & drink categories on its App Store in 2014.
Apple recently announced that the first week of January set a new record for billings from the App Store, with customers around the world spending nearly half a billion dollars on apps and in-app purchases. It also revealed New Year’s Day 2015 marked the single biggest day ever in App Store sales history, as customers presumably used gift cards and took advantage of App Store sales.
Furthermore, Apple launched a new website on Thursday, showing the jobs created by its ecosystem. It says more than one million jobs have been created to support Apple in the US.

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Google Play had more apps than the Apple iTunes Store at the end of 2014 , marking a big change for app community , a new study from appFigures said on Tuesday .
 It said Google surpassed Apple for total number of apps with 1.43 million compared to 1.21 million . The apps come from roughly 390,000 Android app developers and 280,000 iOS developers , those of which have to pay $ 99 a year to be a part of Apple ’s Developer Center .
 Apple has long bragged about having a larger amount of apps available for its platform than Google , however that seems not to be the case . Developers are taking advantage of both app marketplaces to be able to reach as many downloads as possible .
 It ’s worth nothing , that developers often release their apps on the App Store before Google Play . Furthermore , Google Play does n’t have the stringent review process the App Store has , and developers on Google Play can release apps for free .
 In its report , appFigures says iOS saw the most growth in the business and food & drink categories on its App Store in 2014 .
 Apple recently announced that the first week of January set a new record for billings from the App Store , with customers around the world spending nearly half a billion dollars on apps and in - app purchases . It also revealed New Year ’s Day 2015 marked the single biggest day ever in App Store sales history , as customers presumably used gift cards and took advantage of App Store sales .
 Furthermore , Apple launched a new website on Thursday , showing the jobs created by its ecosystem . It says more than one million jobs have been created to support Apple in the US .


text: New gear from the crew at Santa Cruz Skateboards. The Striker regular fit long sleeve rugby top features a set-in self-fabric collar, button front placket and a set-in contrast panel at the front chest with a Santa Cruz Strip screen print logo. Available in black.

tokenized: New gear from the crew at Santa Cruz Skateboards . The Striker regular fit long sleeve rugby top features a set - in self - fabric collar , button front placket and a set - in contrast panel at the front chest with a Santa Cruz Strip screen print logo . Available in black .