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Alec Chrystal joined City University in 1988 after being Professor of Economics at Sheffield University. During 1997-2001 he was working as a senior adviser in the monetary analysis wing of the Bank of England. Duties during this time included drafting the Bank's quarterly Inflation Report, editing the Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, editing the Bank's working paper series and writing briefing material for the Monetary Policy Committee. Alec returned to Cass in September 2001 to become Head of a newly merged Finance Faculty. He has research interests in monetary economics, international finance, political economy and household debt. Several books have been authored or co-authored, including the last four editions of a famous economics textbook with Richard G. Lipsey, and Controversies in British Macroeconomics (with Simon Price). He is a committee member of the Money, Macro and Finance Study Group, and a Vice-President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science Section F (Economics).
BA (Exeter), MA and PhD (Essex).
Lipsey, R. and Chrystal, A. (2015). Economics. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-967683-5.
Lipsey, R.G. and Chrystal, A. (2011). Economics. Chapman, and Spon, (Eds.), OUP Oxford ISBN 978-0-19-956338-8.
Chrystal, A. and Mizen, P. (Eds.), (2009). Recent Developments in Monetary Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Chrystal, A.K. and Lipsey, R.G. (2007). Economics. Oxford: OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-928641-6.
Lipsey, R.G. and Chrystal, A. (2004). Economics. Oxford: OUP Oxford. ISBN 0-19-925784-1.
Chrystal, A. and Pennant-Rea, R. (Eds.), (2000). Public Choice Analysis of Economic Policy. Proceedings of the 1995 meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-71161-3.
Chrystal, A. (1999). Government Debt Structure and Monetary Conditions: A Conference Organised by the Bank of England, 18-19 June 1998. Bruce, I. (Ed.), London: Bank of England. ISBN 978-1-85730-152-6.
Lipsey, R.G. and Chrystal, A. (1997). Economics for Business and Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-877538-6.
Lipsey, R.G. and Chrystal, A. (1995). Introduction to Positive Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-877424-2.
Chrystal, A. and Price, S. (1994). Controversies in Macroeconomics. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-7450-1315-5.
Chrystal, A. (1990). Monetarism. Rider, B. and Ashe, M. (Eds.), Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 1-85278-081-9.
Chrystal, A. (1983). Controversies in Macroeconomics. Hemel Hempstead: P. Allan. ISBN 0-86003-053-9.
Chrystal, A. and Alt, J. (1983). Political Economics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04934-9.
Chrystal, A. (2012). Debt and monetary policy: comments on Jagjit S Chadha, Luisa Corrado and Jack Meaning's paper "Reserves, liquidity and money: an assessment of balance sheet policies", and further thoughts. Are central bank balance sheets in Asia too large? Basel: Bank for International Settlements.
Chrystal, A.K. and Mizen, P. (2011). Monetary aggregates restored? Capie and Webber revisited. In Wood, G., Mill, T. and Crafts, N. (Eds.), Monetary and banking history: essays in honour of Forrest Capie (pp. 178–192). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-45146-8.
Lipsey, R.G. and Chrystal, A. (2006). Economia. (pp. 1–786). Bologna: Zanichelli. ISBN 88-08-19317-9.
Mizen, P. and Chrystal, A. (2003). Goodhart's Law: its origins, meaning and implications for monetary policy. In Paul Mizen, (Ed.), Central Banking, Monetary Theory and Practice: Essays in honour of Charles Goodhart (pp. 221–243). Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84064-614-6.
Chrystal, A. and Mizen, P. (2002). Empirical evidence for credit effects in the transmission mechanism of the United Kingdom. In Mahadeva, L. and Sinclair, P. (Eds.), Monetary Transmissions in Diverse Economies, (pp. 167–190). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81346-8.
Dowd, K. and Chrystal, A. (2001). Two Arguments for Exchange Controls. In Dowd, K. (Ed.), Money and the Market: Essays in Free Banking (pp. 131–141). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24212-6.
Drake, L., Binner, J. and Chrystal, A. (2000). Weighted Monetary Aggregates for the UK. In Belongia, M. and Binner, J. (Eds.), Divisia Monetary Aggregates: Theory and Practice (pp. 47–48). Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-230-28823-2.
Lipsey, R.G. and Chrystal, A. (1999). Principles of Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (OUP). ISBN 0-19-877588-1.
Chrystal, A. and Lipsey, R.G. (1999). (Italian, Romanian and Spanish translations). In Corvese, C.G. and Santoro, V. (Eds.), Oxford University Press.
Chrystal, A. (1997). The Political Business Cycle. In David Glasner, (Ed.), Business Cycles and Depressions: an Encyclopedia (pp. 536–8). New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4.
Chrystal, A. (1996). The SDR and its Characteristics as an Asset: an Appraisal. In Mussa, M., Boughton, J.M. and Isard, P. (Eds.), The future of the SDR in Light of Changes in the International Financial System (pp. 289–304). Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. ISBN 1-55775-604-X.
Chrystal, A., Faini, R. and Guiso, L. (1993). Teorie Macroeconomiche. Milano: Ulrico Hoepli. ISBN 88-203-1861-X.
Hatton, T.J. and Chrystal, A. (1991). The budget and fiscal policy. In Crafts, N.F.R. and Woodward, N. (Eds.), The British Economy Since 1945 (pp. 52–88). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-877274-2.
Chrystal, A. (1990). International reserves and international money: a solution in search of a problem. In Graham Bird, (Ed.), The International Financial Regime (pp. 9–28). London: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-099745-2.
Chrystal, A. (1989). Overshooting models of the exchange rate. In David Greenaway, (Ed.), Current Issues in Macroeconomics (pp. 214–230). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-45344-1.
Chrystal, A.K. and Sedgwick, R. (1987). Exchange rates and the open economy. Brighton and New York: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-7450-0323-0.
Chrystal, A. (1987). Changing perceptions of international money and international reserves in the world economy. In Aliber, R.Z. (Ed.), The Reconstruction of International Monetary Arrangements (pp. 127–150). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-39680-4.
Chrystal, A. (1987). Dutch disease or monetarist medicine?: The British economy under Mrs Thatcher. In Ben Bernanke, (Ed.), Readings and Cases in Macroeconomics (pp. 431–444). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-017779-1.
Chrystal, A. (1979). Controversies in British Macroeconomics. (pp. 1–196). Deddington: Philip Allan. ISBN 0-86003-022-9.
Chrystal, A. (2007). Discussion of paper by Prof J Hamilton. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Monetary Policy Conference St Louis, USA.
Chrystal, A. (2007). Major financial trends and their implication for European companies: what the CFO needs to know in order to exploit opportunities and mitigate threats. KPMG conference for CFOs Athens, Greece.
Chrystal, A. (2007). Monetary Policy Independence of the Bank of England: the first ten years. 4th International Conference on Applied Financial Economics Samos, Greece.
Thomas, P. and Chrystal, A. (2013). Generalized Demand Densities for Retail Price Investigation. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 03(03), pp. 279–294. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2013.33034 .
Thomas, P. and Chrystal, A. (2013). Retail Price Optimization from Sparse Demand Data. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 03(03), pp. 295–306. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2013.33035 .
Thomas, P. and Chrystal, A. (2013). Explaining the “Buy One Get One Free” Promotion: The Golden Ratio as a Marketing Tool. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 03(08), pp. 655–673. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2013.38075 .
Thomas, P. and Chrystal, A. (2013). Using Relative Utility Pricing to Explain Multibuy Prices in Supermarkets and on the Internet. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 03(08), pp. 687–699. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2013.38078 .
Chrystal, A. (2008). Assessing monetary policy effects using daily federal funds futures contracts: Commentary. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 90(4), pp. 395–397.
Chrystal, A. (2008). Commentary on "Assessing monetary policy effects using daily federal funds futures contracts". Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 90(4), pp. 395–397.
Chrystal, A. (2008). Monetary Policy Independence: The First Ten Years of the UK Monetary Policy Committee....and the first year of the "not-nice" decade.. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis in Social Science, 2(2), pp. 1–24.
Chrystal, A. and Mizen, P. (2005). Other Financial Corporations: Cinderella or ugly sister of empirical monetary economics. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 10(1), pp. 63–80. doi:10.1002/ijfe.258 .
Chrystal, A. and Mizen, P. (2005). Consumption, Money, and Lending: A Joint Model for the UK Household Sector. The Journal of Money Credit and Banking, 37(1), pp. 119–144.
Chrystal, A. and Mizen, P. (2003). Goodhart's Law and UK Long-Run Money Demand. CLM.Economia, 3, pp. 195–232.
Chrystal, A. and Mizen, P. (2002). Modelling credit in the transmission mechanism of the United Kingdom. Journal of Banking and Finance, 26(11), pp. 2131–2154. doi:10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00203-0 .
Chrystal, A. (2002). Commentary on "Central bank structure, policy efficiency and macroeconomic performance: exploring empirical relationships". Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 84(4).
Brigden, A., Mizen, P. and Chrystal, A. (2000). Money, Lending and Spending: A Study of the UK Non-Financial Corporate Sector and Households. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 40(2), pp. 159–167.
Chrystal, A., Haldane, A. and Proudman, J. (1999). Government Debt Structure and Monetary Conditions. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 39 (1999)(4 (Q4)), pp. 393–396.
Chrystal, A. and Hoggarth, G. (1998). The UK Personal and Corporate Sectors During the 1980s and 1990s: A Comparison of Key Financial Indicators. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 38 (1998)(3 (Q3)), pp. 220–232.
Chrystal, A.K. and Drake, L. (1997). Personal Sector Money Demand in the UK. Oxford Economic Papers, 49(2), pp. 188–206.
MacDonald, R. and Chrystal, A. (1995). Exchange Rates, Financial Innovation and Divisia Money. Journal of International Money and Finance, 14, pp. 493–513.
Chrystal, A. and Drake, L. (1994). Company Sector Money Demand: New Evidence on the Existence of a Stable Long-run Relationship for the UK. Journal of Money Credit and Banking, 26(3), pp. 479–494.
Chrystal, A. and MacDonald, R. (1994). Empirical Evidence on the Recent Behaviour and Usefulness of Simple Sum and Weighted Measures of the Money Stock. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 76(2), pp. 73–109.
Chrystal, A. (1992). The Fall and Rise of Saving. National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review, February, pp. 24–40.
Chrystal, A. (1992). Don't Shoot the Messenger: Do Banks Deserve the Recent Adverse Publicity? National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review, May, pp. 44–54.
Chrystal, A. (1992). How the 1992 Legislation Will Affect European Financial Services. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 74(2), pp. 62–77.
Belongia, M. and Chrystal, A. (1991). An admissable monetary aggregate for the UK. Review of Economics and Statistics, LXXIII(3), pp. 497–503.
CHRYSTAL, A. (1990). LIMITING EXCHANGE-RATE FLEXIBILITY - THE EUROPEAN MONETARY-SYSTEM - GIAVAZZI,F, GIOVANNINI,A. ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 100(402), pp. 1004–1005. doi:10.2307/2233698 .
Belongia, M. and Chrystal, A. (1990). Pitfalls in exchange rate targeting: a case study from the United Kingdom. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 72(5), pp. 15–24.
Allsopp, C. and Chrystal, A. (1989). Exchange rate policy in the 1990s. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 5(3), pp. 1–23.
Thornton, D. and Chrystal, A. (1988). On the informational content of spot and forward exchange rates. Journal of International Money and Finance, 7(3), pp. 321–330.
Coughlin, C., Wood, G. and Chrystal, A. (1988). Protectionist trade policies: a survey of theory, evidence and rationale. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 70, p. 29.
Thornton, D. and Chrystal, A. (1988). The macroeconomic effects of deficit spending: a review. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 70(6), pp. 48–60.
Wood, G. and Chrystal, A. (1988). Are trade deficits a problem? Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 70(1), pp. 3–11.
Alec Chrystal, K. and Chatterji, M. (1987). Money and disaggregate supply in the United States, 1950–1982. European Economic Review, 31(6), pp. 1211–1228. doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(87)80014-4 .
CHRYSTAL, A. (1987). WORLD MONETARY EQUILIBRIUM - INTERNATIONAL MONETARY-THEORY IN AN HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT - FLOYD,JE. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D ECONOMIQUE, 20(2), pp. 427–428. doi:10.2307/135378 .
Dowd, K. and Chrystal, A. (1987). Would a higher fiscal deficit stimulate the economy? Fiscal Studies, 8(1), pp. 17–23.
Peel, D. and Chrystal, A. (1985). What can economics learn from political science and vice versa. American Economic Review, 1985(May), pp. 62–65.
Chrystal, A. (1984). A guide to foreign exchange markets. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 1984(March), pp. 5–18.
Chrystal, A. (1984). Dutch Disease or Monetarist Medicine? The British Economy under Mrs Thatcher. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 1984(May), pp. 27–37.
Chrystal, A. (1984). International Banking Facilities. Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 1984(April 1984), p. 5.
Alec Chrystal, K., Wilson, N.D. and Quinn, P. (1983). Demand for international money 1962–1977. European Economic Review, 21(3), pp. 287–298. doi:10.1016/0014-2921(83)90093-4 .
CHRYSTAL, A. (1982). A NEOCLASSICAL ANALYSIS OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY - BEENSTOCK,M. ECONOMICA, 49(196), pp. 471–471. doi:10.2307/2552966 .
Chrystal, A. (1981). Some problems in formulating and testing a politico-economic model of the UK. Economic Journal, 91(363, September), pp. 730–736. doi:10.2307/2232838 .
Chrystal, A. (1981). The 'New Cambridge' aggregate expenditure function: the emperor's old clothes. Journal of Monetary Economics, 7(3), pp. 395–402.
Chrystal, A. (1981). Electoral cycles, budget controls and public expenditure. Journal of Public Policy, 1(1), pp. 37–59.
CHRYSTAL, A. (1981). PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS - CHACHOLIADES,M. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, 11(4), pp. 605–606. doi:10.1016/0022-1996(81)90038-6 .
CHRYSTAL, A. (1980). A MODEL OF THE UNITED-STATES BALANCE OF PAYMENTS - KENEN,PB. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, 10(1), pp. 140–141. doi:10.1016/0022-1996(80)90047-1 .
CHRYSTAL, A. (1980). BALANCE OF PAYMENTS THEORY AND THE UNITED-KINGDOM EXPERIENCE - THIRLWALL,AP. WORLD ECONOMY, 3(2), pp. 270–271.
CHRYSTAL, A. (1980). SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS, SPECULATION AND EXCHANGE-RATE STABILITY - MINFORD,P. WORLD ECONOMY, 3(2), pp. 272–273.
CHRYSTAL, A. (1978). NEW INTERNATIONAL MONETARY-SYSTEM - MUNDELL,RA, POLAK,JJ. ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 88(352), pp. 851–852. doi:10.2307/2231990 .
CHRYSTAL, A. (1978). NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL RESERVES AND CREDIT FACILITIES - WIJNHOLDS,JAH. WORLD ECONOMY, 1(4), pp. 455–456.
Chrystal, A. (1977). Demand For International Media of Exchange. American Economic Review, 67(5), pp. 840–850.
Stojanovic, A., Crossan, P. and Chrystal, A. (2002). The impact on the City of UK eurozone membership: the banking industry. City of London Corporation.
Mizen, P. and Chrystal, A. (2001). Consumption, Money, and Lending: A Joint Model for the UK Household Sector. Bank of England.
Chrystal, K.A. and Mizen, P. (2001). Other financial corporations: Cinderella or ugly sister of empirical monetary economics? Bank of England.
Chrystal, A. (1978). International Money and the Future of the SDR. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Review of Financial Economics, Member of Editorial Board, 1994 – 2007.
Bank for International Settlements conference on Debt and Monetary Policy. (Conference) Chiang Mai, Thailand (2011). Invited speaker.
KPMG conference for CFOs. (Conference) Athens, Greece (2007). Invited speaker.
Paper: Major financial trends and their implication for European companies: what the CFO needs to know in order to exploit opportunities and mitigate threats.
Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Monetary Policy Conference. (Conference) St Louis, USA (2007). Invited speaker.
4th International Conference on Applied Financial Economics. (Conference) Samos, Greece (2007). Invited speaker.
MMF 2004: Money, Macro and Finance Research Group 36th Annual Conference. (Conference) Cass (2004). Chair.
Economics slowdown 'exaggerated'. (2008) Credit Today.
Wage increases falling further behind soaring cost of living. (2008) Times (newspaper).
Wage Increases falling further behind soaring cost of living. (2008) www.timesonline.co.uk (website).
Overhaul adds power at the Bank of England. (2008) International Herald Tribune (newspaper).
UK financial oversight is overhauled. (2008) www.iht.com (website).
Les mesures prises restent a la surface de la crise. (2008) La Croix.
Les turbulences financieres vues de la City. (2008) La Croix.
Les turbulences financieres vues de la City. (2008) www.la-croix.com (website).

lowercased:
alec chrystal joined city university in 1988 after being professor of economics at sheffield university. during 1997-2001 he was working as a senior adviser in the monetary analysis wing of the bank of england. duties during this time included drafting the bank's quarterly inflation report, editing the bank of england quarterly bulletin, editing the bank's working paper series and writing briefing material for the monetary policy committee. alec returned to cass in september 2001 to become head of a newly merged finance faculty. he has research interests in monetary economics, international finance, political economy and household debt. several books have been authored or co-authored, including the last four editions of a famous economics textbook with richard g. lipsey, and controversies in british macroeconomics (with simon price). he is a committee member of the money, macro and finance study group, and a vice-president of the british association for the advancement of science section f (economics).
ba (exeter), ma and phd (essex).
lipsey, r. and chrystal, a. (2015). economics. oup oxford. isbn 978-0-19-967683-5.
lipsey, r.g. and chrystal, a. (2011). economics. chapman, and spon, (eds.), oup oxford isbn 978-0-19-956338-8.
chrystal, a. and mizen, p. (eds.), (2009). recent developments in monetary policy. edward elgar publishing.
chrystal, a.k. and lipsey, r.g. (2007). economics. oxford: oup oxford. isbn 978-0-19-928641-6.
lipsey, r.g. and chrystal, a. (2004). economics. oxford: oup oxford. isbn 0-19-925784-1.
chrystal, a. and pennant-rea, r. (eds.), (2000). public choice analysis of economic policy. proceedings of the 1995 meetings of the british association for the advancement of science. palgrave macmillan. isbn 978-0-333-71161-3.
chrystal, a. (1999). government debt structure and monetary conditions: a conference organised by the bank of england, 18-19 june 1998. bruce, i. (ed.), london: bank of england. isbn 978-1-85730-152-6.
lipsey, r.g. and chrystal, a. (1997). economics for business and management. oxford: oxford university press. isbn 978-0-19-877538-6.
lipsey, r.g. and chrystal, a. (1995). introduction to positive economics. oxford: oxford university press. isbn 978-0-19-877424-2.
chrystal, a. and price, s. (1994). controversies in macroeconomics. financial times/prentice hall. isbn 0-7450-1315-5.
chrystal, a. (1990). monetarism. rider, b. and ashe, m. (eds.), aldershot: edward elgar publishing. isbn 1-85278-081-9.
chrystal, a. (1983). controversies in macroeconomics. hemel hempstead: p. allan. isbn 0-86003-053-9.
chrystal, a. and alt, j. (1983). political economics. berkeley and los angeles: university of california press. isbn 0-520-04934-9.
chrystal, a. (2012). debt and monetary policy: comments on jagjit s chadha, luisa corrado and jack meaning's paper "reserves, liquidity and money: an assessment of balance sheet policies", and further thoughts. are central bank balance sheets in asia too large? basel: bank for international settlements.
chrystal, a.k. and mizen, p. (2011). monetary aggregates restored? capie and webber revisited. in wood, g., mill, t. and crafts, n. (eds.), monetary and banking history: essays in honour of forrest capie (pp. 178–192). london and new york: routledge. isbn 978-0-415-45146-8.
lipsey, r.g. and chrystal, a. (2006). economia. (pp. 1–786). bologna: zanichelli. isbn 88-08-19317-9.
mizen, p. and chrystal, a. (2003). goodhart's law: its origins, meaning and implications for monetary policy. in paul mizen, (ed.), central banking, monetary theory and practice: essays in honour of charles goodhart (pp. 221–243). edward elgar. isbn 978-1-84064-614-6.
chrystal, a. and mizen, p. (2002). empirical evidence for credit effects in the transmission mechanism of the united kingdom. in mahadeva, l. and sinclair, p. (eds.), monetary transmissions in diverse economies, (pp. 167–190). cambridge university press. isbn 0-521-81346-8.
dowd, k. and chrystal, a. (2001). two arguments for exchange controls. in dowd, k. (ed.), money and the market: essays in free banking (pp. 131–141). routledge. isbn 0-415-24212-6.
drake, l., binner, j. and chrystal, a. (2000). weighted monetary aggregates for the uk. in belongia, m. and binner, j. (eds.), divisia monetary aggregates: theory and practice (pp. 47–48). palgrave. isbn 978-0-230-28823-2.
lipsey, r.g. and chrystal, a. (1999). principles of economics. oxford: oxford university press (oup). isbn 0-19-877588-1.
chrystal, a. and lipsey, r.g. (1999). (italian, romanian and spanish translations). in corvese, c.g. and santoro, v. (eds.), oxford university press.
chrystal, a. (1997). the political business cycle. in david glasner, (ed.), business cycles and depressions: an encyclopedia (pp. 536–8). new york and london: routledge. isbn 0-8240-0944-4.
chrystal, a. (1996). the sdr and its characteristics as an asset: an appraisal. in mussa, m., boughton, j.m. and isard, p. (eds.), the future of the sdr in light of changes in the international financial system (pp. 289–304). washington dc: international monetary fund. isbn 1-55775-604-x.
chrystal, a., faini, r. and guiso, l. (1993). teorie macroeconomiche. milano: ulrico hoepli. isbn 88-203-1861-x.
hatton, t.j. and chrystal, a. (1991). the budget and fiscal policy. in crafts, n.f.r. and woodward, n. (eds.), the british economy since 1945 (pp. 52–88). oxford: oxford university press. isbn 0-19-877274-2.
chrystal, a. (1990). international reserves and international money: a solution in search of a problem. in graham bird, (ed.), the international financial regime (pp. 9–28). london: academic press. isbn 0-12-099745-2.
chrystal, a. (1989). overshooting models of the exchange rate. in david greenaway, (ed.), current issues in macroeconomics (pp. 214–230). basingstoke: palgrave macmillan. isbn 0-333-45344-1.
chrystal, a.k. and sedgwick, r. (1987). exchange rates and the open economy. brighton and new york: prentice-hall. isbn 0-7450-0323-0.
chrystal, a. (1987). changing perceptions of international money and international reserves in the world economy. in aliber, r.z. (ed.), the reconstruction of international monetary arrangements (pp. 127–150). basingstoke: palgrave macmillan. isbn 0-333-39680-4.
chrystal, a. (1987). dutch disease or monetarist medicine?: the british economy under mrs thatcher. in ben bernanke, (ed.), readings and cases in macroeconomics (pp. 431–444). new york: mcgraw-hill. isbn 0-07-017779-1.
chrystal, a. (1979). controversies in british macroeconomics. (pp. 1–196). deddington: philip allan. isbn 0-86003-022-9.
chrystal, a. (2007). discussion of paper by prof j hamilton. federal reserve bank of st louis monetary policy conference st louis, usa.
chrystal, a. (2007). major financial trends and their implication for european companies: what the cfo needs to know in order to exploit opportunities and mitigate threats. kpmg conference for cfos athens, greece.
chrystal, a. (2007). monetary policy independence of the bank of england: the first ten years. 4th international conference on applied financial economics samos, greece.
thomas, p. and chrystal, a. (2013). generalized demand densities for retail price investigation. american journal of industrial and business management, 03(03), pp. 279–294. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2013.33034 .
thomas, p. and chrystal, a. (2013). retail price optimization from sparse demand data. american journal of industrial and business management, 03(03), pp. 295–306. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2013.33035 .
thomas, p. and chrystal, a. (2013). explaining the “buy one get one free” promotion: the golden ratio as a marketing tool. american journal of industrial and business management, 03(08), pp. 655–673. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2013.38075 .
thomas, p. and chrystal, a. (2013). using relative utility pricing to explain multibuy prices in supermarkets and on the internet. american journal of industrial and business management, 03(08), pp. 687–699. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2013.38078 .
chrystal, a. (2008). assessing monetary policy effects using daily federal funds futures contracts: commentary. federal reserve bank of st. louis review, 90(4), pp. 395–397.
chrystal, a. (2008). commentary on "assessing monetary policy effects using daily federal funds futures contracts". federal reserve bank of st louis review, 90(4), pp. 395–397.
chrystal, a. (2008). monetary policy independence: the first ten years of the uk monetary policy committee....and the first year of the "not-nice" decade.. quantitative and qualitative analysis in social science, 2(2), pp. 1–24.
chrystal, a. and mizen, p. (2005). other financial corporations: cinderella or ugly sister of empirical monetary economics. international journal of finance and economics, 10(1), pp. 63–80. doi:10.1002/ijfe.258 .
chrystal, a. and mizen, p. (2005). consumption, money, and lending: a joint model for the uk household sector. the journal of money credit and banking, 37(1), pp. 119–144.
chrystal, a. and mizen, p. (2003). goodhart's law and uk long-run money demand. clm.economia, 3, pp. 195–232.
chrystal, a. and mizen, p. (2002). modelling credit in the transmission mechanism of the united kingdom. journal of banking and finance, 26(11), pp. 2131–2154. doi:10.1016/s0378-4266(02)00203-0 .
chrystal, a. (2002). commentary on "central bank structure, policy efficiency and macroeconomic performance: exploring empirical relationships". federal reserve bank of st louis review, 84(4).
brigden, a., mizen, p. and chrystal, a. (2000). money, lending and spending: a study of the uk non-financial corporate sector and households. bank of england quarterly bulletin, 40(2), pp. 159–167.
chrystal, a., haldane, a. and proudman, j. (1999). government debt structure and monetary conditions. bank of england quarterly bulletin, 39 (1999)(4 (q4)), pp. 393–396.
chrystal, a. and hoggarth, g. (1998). the uk personal and corporate sectors during the 1980s and 1990s: a comparison of key financial indicators. bank of england quarterly bulletin, 38 (1998)(3 (q3)), pp. 220–232.
chrystal, a.k. and drake, l. (1997). personal sector money demand in the uk. oxford economic papers, 49(2), pp. 188–206.
macdonald, r. and chrystal, a. (1995). exchange rates, financial innovation and divisia money. journal of international money and finance, 14, pp. 493–513.
chrystal, a. and drake, l. (1994). company sector money demand: new evidence on the existence of a stable long-run relationship for the uk. journal of money credit and banking, 26(3), pp. 479–494.
chrystal, a. and macdonald, r. (1994). empirical evidence on the recent behaviour and usefulness of simple sum and weighted measures of the money stock. federal reserve bank of st louis review, 76(2), pp. 73–109.
chrystal, a. (1992). the fall and rise of saving. national westminster bank quarterly review, february, pp. 24–40.
chrystal, a. (1992). don't shoot the messenger: do banks deserve the recent adverse publicity? national westminster bank quarterly review, may, pp. 44–54.
chrystal, a. (1992). how the 1992 legislation will affect european financial services. federal reserve bank of st louis review, 74(2), pp. 62–77.
belongia, m. and chrystal, a. (1991). an admissable monetary aggregate for the uk. review of economics and statistics, lxxiii(3), pp. 497–503.
chrystal, a. (1990). limiting exchange-rate flexibility - the european monetary-system - giavazzi,f, giovannini,a. economic journal, 100(402), pp. 1004–1005. doi:10.2307/2233698 .
belongia, m. and chrystal, a. (1990). pitfalls in exchange rate targeting: a case study from the united kingdom. federal reserve bank of st louis review, 72(5), pp. 15–24.
allsopp, c. and chrystal, a. (1989). exchange rate policy in the 1990s. oxford review of economic policy, 5(3), pp. 1–23.
thornton, d. and chrystal, a. (1988). on the informational content of spot and forward exchange rates. journal of international money and finance, 7(3), pp. 321–330.
coughlin, c., wood, g. and chrystal, a. (1988). protectionist trade policies: a survey of theory, evidence and rationale. federal reserve bank of st louis review, 70, p. 29.
thornton, d. and chrystal, a. (1988). the macroeconomic effects of deficit spending: a review. federal reserve bank of st louis review, 70(6), pp. 48–60.
wood, g. and chrystal, a. (1988). are trade deficits a problem? federal reserve bank of st louis review, 70(1), pp. 3–11.
alec chrystal, k. and chatterji, m. (1987). money and disaggregate supply in the united states, 1950–1982. european economic review, 31(6), pp. 1211–1228. doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(87)80014-4 .
chrystal, a. (1987). world monetary equilibrium - international monetary-theory in an historical institutional context - floyd,je. canadian journal of economics-revue canadienne d economique, 20(2), pp. 427–428. doi:10.2307/135378 .
dowd, k. and chrystal, a. (1987). would a higher fiscal deficit stimulate the economy? fiscal studies, 8(1), pp. 17–23.
peel, d. and chrystal, a. (1985). what can economics learn from political science and vice versa. american economic review, 1985(may), pp. 62–65.
chrystal, a. (1984). a guide to foreign exchange markets. federal reserve bank of st louis review, 1984(march), pp. 5–18.
chrystal, a. (1984). dutch disease or monetarist medicine? the british economy under mrs thatcher. federal reserve bank of st louis review, 1984(may), pp. 27–37.
chrystal, a. (1984). international banking facilities. federal reserve bank of st louis review, 1984(april 1984), p. 5.
alec chrystal, k., wilson, n.d. and quinn, p. (1983). demand for international money 1962–1977. european economic review, 21(3), pp. 287–298. doi:10.1016/0014-2921(83)90093-4 .
chrystal, a. (1982). a neoclassical analysis of macroeconomic policy - beenstock,m. economica, 49(196), pp. 471–471. doi:10.2307/2552966 .
chrystal, a. (1981). some problems in formulating and testing a politico-economic model of the uk. economic journal, 91(363, september), pp. 730–736. doi:10.2307/2232838 .
chrystal, a. (1981). the 'new cambridge' aggregate expenditure function: the emperor's old clothes. journal of monetary economics, 7(3), pp. 395–402.
chrystal, a. (1981). electoral cycles, budget controls and public expenditure. journal of public policy, 1(1), pp. 37–59.
chrystal, a. (1981). principles of international economics - chacholiades,m. journal of international economics, 11(4), pp. 605–606. doi:10.1016/0022-1996(81)90038-6 .
chrystal, a. (1980). a model of the united-states balance of payments - kenen,pb. journal of international economics, 10(1), pp. 140–141. doi:10.1016/0022-1996(80)90047-1 .
chrystal, a. (1980). balance of payments theory and the united-kingdom experience - thirlwall,ap. world economy, 3(2), pp. 270–271.
chrystal, a. (1980). substitution effects, speculation and exchange-rate stability - minford,p. world economy, 3(2), pp. 272–273.
chrystal, a. (1978). new international monetary-system - mundell,ra, polak,jj. economic journal, 88(352), pp. 851–852. doi:10.2307/2231990 .
chrystal, a. (1978). need for international reserves and credit facilities - wijnholds,jah. world economy, 1(4), pp. 455–456.
chrystal, a. (1977). demand for international media of exchange. american economic review, 67(5), pp. 840–850.
stojanovic, a., crossan, p. and chrystal, a. (2002). the impact on the city of uk eurozone membership: the banking industry. city of london corporation.
mizen, p. and chrystal, a. (2001). consumption, money, and lending: a joint model for the uk household sector. bank of england.
chrystal, k.a. and mizen, p. (2001). other financial corporations: cinderella or ugly sister of empirical monetary economics? bank of england.
chrystal, a. (1978). international money and the future of the sdr. princeton, nj: princeton university press.
review of financial economics, member of editorial board, 1994 – 2007.
bank for international settlements conference on debt and monetary policy. (conference) chiang mai, thailand (2011). invited speaker.
kpmg conference for cfos. (conference) athens, greece (2007). invited speaker.
paper: major financial trends and their implication for european companies: what the cfo needs to know in order to exploit opportunities and mitigate threats.
federal reserve bank of st louis monetary policy conference. (conference) st louis, usa (2007). invited speaker.
4th international conference on applied financial economics. (conference) samos, greece (2007). invited speaker.
mmf 2004: money, macro and finance research group 36th annual conference. (conference) cass (2004). chair.
economics slowdown 'exaggerated'. (2008) credit today.
wage increases falling further behind soaring cost of living. (2008) times (newspaper).
wage increases falling further behind soaring cost of living. (2008) www.timesonline.co.uk (website).
overhaul adds power at the bank of england. (2008) international herald tribune (newspaper).
uk financial oversight is overhauled. (2008) www.iht.com (website).
les mesures prises restent a la surface de la crise. (2008) la croix.
les turbulences financieres vues de la city. (2008) la croix.
les turbulences financieres vues de la city. (2008) www.la-croix.com (website).


text: Our BA13 delivery florist has a wide selection of wonderful flowers at really excellent prices. Not only are the flowers superbly priced but we offer free delivery BA13 and anywhere in the UK. We are very proud of the quality of our flowers, so when we say they are cheap, we only mean in terms of the cost to you! Our flower delivery BA13 business can ensure your flowers are dispatched as quickly as possible to BA13. We are a great alternative if you're looking for a local BA13 florist but don't want to take the risk with an unknown small supplier. Our pricing is super competitive and which makes us a leading flower service with free delivery. Flowers for delivery from Flowers 4 Delivery!

lowercased: our ba13 delivery florist has a wide selection of wonderful flowers at really excellent prices. not only are the flowers superbly priced but we offer free delivery ba13 and anywhere in the uk. we are very proud of the quality of our flowers, so when we say they are cheap, we only mean in terms of the cost to you! our flower delivery ba13 business can ensure your flowers are dispatched as quickly as possible to ba13. we are a great alternative if you're looking for a local ba13 florist but don't want to take the risk with an unknown small supplier. our pricing is super competitive and which makes us a leading flower service with free delivery. flowers for delivery from flowers 4 delivery!


text:
Today's Amazing Race 7 took place in London. Wow, seeing Sherlock Holmes Museum, London Eye, Buckingham Palace and the Underground brought back memories of my trip back in 2002. I love London... probably as much as I love Melbourne. It's really a great city. So much things to do and see. And the park, boy, do they have one of the most beautiful parks in the world.
I miss you, London. I hope to visit you again someday.
Aiiii, by right at this time, we could be in London !

lowercased:
today's amazing race 7 took place in london. wow, seeing sherlock holmes museum, london eye, buckingham palace and the underground brought back memories of my trip back in 2002. i love london... probably as much as i love melbourne. it's really a great city. so much things to do and see. and the park, boy, do they have one of the most beautiful parks in the world.
i miss you, london. i hope to visit you again someday.
aiiii, by right at this time, we could be in london !


text:
I have been using RTC my throats and neck don’t look any different yet. It has been three weeks and I use it 2x’s daily. I’m not sure if it’s worth it. I might just but a vitamin C cream that isn’t so expensive.. if anything changes I will be excited and post it!
I used it for a couple of years & loved it. Then my face developed dry patches that later became red. This occurred mainly in the creases around my mouth and sometimes under the eyes. Dermatologist said it could have been the vit c some skin can’t take it. I stopped using it & cleared up. Actually I think menopause had something to do with it because I had used it for quite awhile before any problems. I would wait til Oct when they offer returns til Jan you have a few months to see how you like it.

lowercased:
i have been using rtc my throats and neck don’t look any different yet. it has been three weeks and i use it 2x’s daily. i’m not sure if it’s worth it. i might just but a vitamin c cream that isn’t so expensive.. if anything changes i will be excited and post it!
i used it for a couple of years & loved it. then my face developed dry patches that later became red. this occurred mainly in the creases around my mouth and sometimes under the eyes. dermatologist said it could have been the vit c some skin can’t take it. i stopped using it & cleared up. actually i think menopause had something to do with it because i had used it for quite awhile before any problems. i would wait til oct when they offer returns til jan you have a few months to see how you like it.


text:
Our existing monetary policy strategy is laid out in the Committee's Statement on Longer-Run Goals and Monetary Policy Strategy.14 First adopted in January 2012, the statement has been reaffirmed at the start of each subsequent year, including earlier this year with unanimous support from all 17 FOMC participants. The statement indicates that the Committee seeks to mitigate deviations of inflation from 2 percent and deviations of employment from assessments of its maximum level. In doing so, the FOMC recognizes that these assessments of maximum employment are necessarily uncertain and subject to revision. According to the Federal Reserve Act, the employment objective is on an equal footing with the inflation objective.
As a practical matter, our current strategy shares many elements with the policy framework known in the research literature as "flexible inflation targeting."15 However, the Fed's mandate is much more explicit about the role of employment than those of most flexible inflation-targeting central banks, and our statement reflects this by stating that when the two sides of the mandate are in conflict, neither one takes precedent over the other. We believe this transparency about the balanced approach the FOMC takes has served us well over the past decade when high unemployment called for extraordinary policies that entailed some risk of inflation.
The first question is, "Can the Federal Reserve best meet its statutory objectives with its existing monetary policy strategy, or should it consider strategies that aim to reverse past misses of the inflation objective?"
The benefits of the makeup strategies rest heavily on households and firms believing in advance that the makeup will, in fact, be delivered when the time comes--for example, that a persistent inflation shortfall will be met by future inflation above 2 percent. As is well known from the research literature, makeup strategies, in general, are not time consistent because when the time comes to push inflation above 2 percent, conditions at that time will not warrant doing so. Because of this time inconsistency, the public would have to see a makeup strategy as a credible commitment for it to be successful. That important real-world consideration is often neglected in the academic literature, in which central bank "commitment devices" are simply assumed to exist and be instantly credible on decree. Thus, one of the most challenging questions is whether central banks could, in practice, attain the benefits of makeup strategies that are possible in models.
As part of the review, we will assess the Committee's current and past communications and additional forms of communication that could be helpful. For example, there might be ways to improve communication about the coordination of policy tools or the interplay between monetary policy and financial stability.
The review will have several components.24 The Board and the Reserve Banks are currently conducting town hall-style Fed Listens events, in which we are hearing from a broad range of interested individuals and groups, including business and labor leaders, community development advocates, and academics. The conference here at the Minneapolis Fed is one of these events, as was the "Community Listening Session" hosted by the Dallas Fed in February. Several more Fed Listens events will follow in May.
In addition, we are holding a System research conference on June 4-5, 2019, at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, with speakers and panelists from outside the Fed. The program includes overviews by academic experts of themes that are central to the review: the FOMC's monetary policy since the financial crisis, assessments of the maximum sustainable level of employment, alternative policy frameworks and strategies to achieve the dual mandate, policy tools, global considerations, financial stability considerations, and central bank communications. Two sessions will feature panels of community leaders who will share their perspectives on the labor market and the effects of interest rates on their constituencies.
Aaronson, Stephanie R., Mary C. Daly, William Wascher, and David W. Wilcox (2019). "Okun Revisited: Who Benefits Most from a Strong Economy? (PDF)" paper presented at the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Conference, held at the Brookings Institution, Washington, March 7-8.
Adam, Klaus, and Roberto M. Billi (2007). "Discretionary Monetary Policy and the Zero Lower Bound on Nominal Interest Rates," Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 54 (April), pp. 728-52.
Bank for International Settlements (2017). 87th Annual Report (PDF). Basel, Switzerland: BIS, June.
Bauer, Michael D., and Glenn D. Rudebusch (2014). "The Signaling Channel for Federal Reserve Bond Purchases (PDF)," International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 10 (September), pp. 233-89.
Baumeister, Christiane, and Luca Benati (2013). "Unconventional Monetary Policy and the Great Recession: Estimating the Macroeconomic Effects of a Spread Compression at the Zero Lower Bound (PDF)," International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 9 (June), pp. 165-212.
Berg, Claes, and Lars Jonung (1999). "Pioneering Price Level Targeting: The Swedish Experience 1931-1937," Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 43 (June), pp. 525‑51.
-------- (2017). "Temporary Price-Level Targeting: An Alternative Framework for Monetary Policy," Ben Bernanke's Blog, October 12.
Blanchard, Olivier, Eugenio Cerutti, and Lawrence Summers (2015). "Inflation and Activity--Two Explorations and their Monetary Policy Implications (PDF)," IMF Working Paper WP/5/230. Washington: International Monetary Fund, November.
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2018a). Monetary Policy Report. Washington: Board of Governors, February.
-------- (2018b). Monetary Policy Report. Washington: Board of Governors, July.
-------- (2019). Monetary Policy Report. Washington: Board of Governors, February.
Boivin, Jean, Michael T. Kiley, and Frederic S. Mishkin (2010). "How Has the Monetary Transmission Mechanism Evolved over Time?" in Benjamin M. Friedman and Michael Woodford, eds., Handbook of Monetary Economics, vol. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 369-422.
Brand, Claus, Marcin Bielecki, and Adrian Penalver (2018). "The Natural Rate of Interest: Estimates, Drivers, and Challenges to Monetary Policy (PDF)," Occasional Paper Series 217. Frankfurt: European Central Bank, December.
Bullard, James (2018). "The Case of the Disappearing Phillips Curve (PDF)," speech delivered at the 2018 ECB Forum on Central Banking, Sintra, Portugal, June 19.
Cajner, Tomaz, Tyler Radler, David Ratner, and Ivan Vidangos (2017). "Racial Gaps in Labor Market Outcomes in the Last Four Decades and over the Business Cycle (PDF)," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2017-071. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, June.
Campbell, Jeffrey R., Charles L. Evans, Jonas D.M. Fisher, and Alejandro Justiniano (2012). "Macroeconomic Effects of Federal Reserve Forward Guidance (PDF)," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring, pp. 1-80.
Campbell, Jeffrey R., Jonas D.M. Fisher, Alejandro Justiniano, and Leonardo Melosi (2017). "Forward Guidance and Macroeconomic Outcomes since the Financial Crisis," in Martin Eichenbaum and Jonathan A. Parker, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2016, vol. 31. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 283-357.
Cecchetti, Stephen G., Michael E. Feroli, Peter Hooper, Anil K. Kashyap, and Kermit L. Schoenholtz (2017). Deflating Inflation Expectations: The Implications of Inflation's Simple Dynamics (PDF), report prepared for the 2017 U.S. Monetary Policy Forum, sponsored by the Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, held in New York, March 3.
Chen, Han, Vasco Cúrdia, and Andrea Ferrero (2012). "The Macroeconomic Effects of Large‐Scale Asset Purchase Programmes," Economic Journal, vol. 122 (November), pp. F289-315.
Chung, Hess, Etienne Gagnon, Taisuke Nakata, Matthias Paustian, Bernd Schlusche, James Trevino, Diego Vilán, and Wei Zheng (2019). "Monetary Policy Options at the Effective Lower Bound: Assessing the Federal Reserve's Current Policy Toolkit (PDF)," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2019-003. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, January.
Clarida, Richard H. (2012). "What Has--and Has Not--Been Learned about Monetary Policy in a Low‐Inflation Environment? A Review of the 2000s," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol. 44, s1 (February), pp. 123-40.
Clarida, Richard, Jordi Galí, and Mark Gertler (2000). "Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Evidence and Some Theory," Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 115 (February), pp. 147-80.
Clinton, Kevin, Charles Freedman, Michel Juillard, Ondra Kamenik, Douglas Laxton, and Hou Wang (2015). "Inflation-Forecast Targeting: Applying the Principle of Transparency (PDF)," IMF Working Paper WP/15/132. Washington: International Monetary Fund, June.
D'Amico, Stefania, William English, David López‐Salido, and Edward Nelson (2012). "The Federal Reserve's Large‐Scale Asset Purchase Programmes: Rationale and Effects," Economic Journal, vol. 122 (November), pp. F415-46.
D'Amico, Stefania, and Thomas B. King (2013). "Flow and Stock Effects of Large‐Scale Treasury Purchases: Evidence on the Importance of Local Supply," Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 108 (May), pp. 425-48.
Economic Policy Institute (2019). State of Working America Data Library. Washington: EPI, March.
Eggertsson, Gauti B., and Michael Woodford (2003). "The Zero Bound on Interest Rates and Optimal Monetary Policy (PDF)," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, no. 1, pp. 139-235.
Engen, Eric M., Thomas Laubach, and David Reifschneider (2015). "The Macroeconomic Effects of the Federal Reserve's Unconventional Monetary Policies (PDF)," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2015-005. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, January.
English, William B., David López-Salido, and Robert Tetlow (2015). "The Federal Reserve's Framework for Monetary Policy: Recent Changes and New Questions," IMF Economic Review, vol. 63 (May), pp. 22-70.
Erceg, Christopher, James Hebden, Michael Kiley, David López-Salido, and Robert Tetlow (2018). "Some Implications of Uncertainty and Misperception for Monetary Policy (PDF)," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2018-059. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, August.
Faust, Jon, and Jonathan H. Wright (2013). "Forecasting Inflation," in Graham Elliott, Clive Grander, and Allan Timmermann, eds., Handbook of Economic Forecasting, vol. 2A. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 2-56.
Fuhrer, Jeffrey, Giovanni Olivei, Eric Rosengren, and Geoffrey Tootell (2018). "Should the Fed Regularly Evaluate Its Monetary Policy Framework? (PDF)" paper presented at the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Conference, Fall, held at the Brookings Institution, Washington, September 13-14.
Gagnon, Joseph, Matthew Raskin, Julie Remache, and Brian P. Sack (2011). "Large-Scale Asset Purchases by the Federal Reserve: Did They Work? (PDF)" FRBNY Economic Policy Review, vol. 17 (May), pp. 41-59.
Hamilton, James D., and Jing Cynthia Wu (2012). "The Effectiveness of Alternative Monetary Policy Tools in a Zero Lower Bound Environment," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol. 44, s1 (February), pp. 3-46.
Hebden, James, and David López-Salido (2018). "From Taylor's Rule to Bernanke's Temporary Price Level Targeting (PDF)," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2018-051. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, July.
Hills, Timothy S., Taisuke Nakata, and Sebastian Schmidt (2016). "The Risky Steady State and the Interest Rate Lower Bound (PDF)," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-009. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, January.
Holston, Kathryn, Thomas Laubach, and John C. Williams (2017). "Measuring the Natural Rate of Interest: International Trends and Determinants," Journal of International Economics, vol. 108, Supplement 1 (May), pp. S59-75.
Joyce, Michael, Ana Lasaosa, Ibrahim Stevens, and Matthew Tong (2011). "The Financial Market Impact of Quantitative Easing in the United Kingdom (PDF)," International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 7 (September), pp. 113-61.
Joyce, Michael, David Miles, Andrew Scott, and Dimitri Vayanos (2012). "Quantitative Easing and Unconventional Monetary Policy--An Introduction," Economic Journal, vol. 122 (November), pp. F271-88.
Kiley, Michael T., and John M. Roberts (2017). "Monetary Policy in a Low Interest Rate World (PDF)," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring, pp. 317-96.
King, Mervyn, and David Low (2014). "Measuring the 'World' Real Interest Rate (PDF)," NBER Working Paper Series 19887. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, February.
Nakov, Anton (2008). "Optimal and Simple Monetary Policy Rules with Zero Floor on the Nominal Interest Rate (PDF)," International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 4 (June), pp. 73-127.
Nessén, Marianne, and David Vestin (2005). "Average Inflation Targeting," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol. 37 (October), pp. 837-63.
Rachel, Lukasz, and Thomas D. Smith (2017). "Are Low Real Interest Rates Here to Stay? (PDF)" International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 13 (September), pp. 1-42.
Reifschneider, David L., and John C. Williams (2000). "Three Lessons for Monetary Policy in a Low-Inflation Era," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol. 32 (November), pp. 936-66.
Roberts, John M. (2006). "Monetary Policy and Inflation Dynamics," International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 2 (September), pp. 193-230.
Romer, David (2010). "A New Data Set on Monetary Policy: The Economic Forecasts of Individual Members of the FOMC," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, vol. 42 (August), pp. 951-57.
Ruge-Murcia, Francisco (2014). "Do Inflation-Targeting Central Banks Implicitly Target the Price Level? (PDF)" International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 10 (June), pp. 301-26.
Simon, John, Troy Matheson, and Damiano Sandri (2013). "The Dog That Didn't Bark: Has Inflation Been Muzzled or Was it Just Sleeping? (PDF)" in World Economic Outlook: Hopes, Realities, Risks. Washington: International Monetary Fund, April, pp. 79-95.
Swanson, Eric T. (2017). "Measuring the Effects of Federal Reserve Forward Guidance and Asset Purchases on Financial Markets," NBER Working Paper Series 23311. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, April (revised August 2018).
-------- (2018). "The Federal Reserve Is Not Very Constrained by the Lower Bound on Nominal Interest Rates," NBER Working Paper Series 25123. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, October.
Weingarden, Alison (2017). "Labor Market Outcomes in Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Areas: Signs of Growing Disparities," FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, September 25.
Woodford, Michael (2012). "Methods of Policy Accommodation at the Interest-Rate Lower Bound (PDF)," paper presented at "The Changing Policy Landscape," a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, held in Jackson Hole, Wyo., August 30-September 1.
Yellen, Janet (2015). "Inflation Dynamics and Monetary Policy," speech delivered at the Philip Gamble Memorial Lecture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, September 24.
-------- (2017). "The Economic Outlook and the Conduct of Monetary Policy," speech delivered at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., January 19.

lowercased:
our existing monetary policy strategy is laid out in the committee's statement on longer-run goals and monetary policy strategy.14 first adopted in january 2012, the statement has been reaffirmed at the start of each subsequent year, including earlier this year with unanimous support from all 17 fomc participants. the statement indicates that the committee seeks to mitigate deviations of inflation from 2 percent and deviations of employment from assessments of its maximum level. in doing so, the fomc recognizes that these assessments of maximum employment are necessarily uncertain and subject to revision. according to the federal reserve act, the employment objective is on an equal footing with the inflation objective.
as a practical matter, our current strategy shares many elements with the policy framework known in the research literature as "flexible inflation targeting."15 however, the fed's mandate is much more explicit about the role of employment than those of most flexible inflation-targeting central banks, and our statement reflects this by stating that when the two sides of the mandate are in conflict, neither one takes precedent over the other. we believe this transparency about the balanced approach the fomc takes has served us well over the past decade when high unemployment called for extraordinary policies that entailed some risk of inflation.
the first question is, "can the federal reserve best meet its statutory objectives with its existing monetary policy strategy, or should it consider strategies that aim to reverse past misses of the inflation objective?"
the benefits of the makeup strategies rest heavily on households and firms believing in advance that the makeup will, in fact, be delivered when the time comes--for example, that a persistent inflation shortfall will be met by future inflation above 2 percent. as is well known from the research literature, makeup strategies, in general, are not time consistent because when the time comes to push inflation above 2 percent, conditions at that time will not warrant doing so. because of this time inconsistency, the public would have to see a makeup strategy as a credible commitment for it to be successful. that important real-world consideration is often neglected in the academic literature, in which central bank "commitment devices" are simply assumed to exist and be instantly credible on decree. thus, one of the most challenging questions is whether central banks could, in practice, attain the benefits of makeup strategies that are possible in models.
as part of the review, we will assess the committee's current and past communications and additional forms of communication that could be helpful. for example, there might be ways to improve communication about the coordination of policy tools or the interplay between monetary policy and financial stability.
the review will have several components.24 the board and the reserve banks are currently conducting town hall-style fed listens events, in which we are hearing from a broad range of interested individuals and groups, including business and labor leaders, community development advocates, and academics. the conference here at the minneapolis fed is one of these events, as was the "community listening session" hosted by the dallas fed in february. several more fed listens events will follow in may.
in addition, we are holding a system research conference on june 4-5, 2019, at the federal reserve bank of chicago, with speakers and panelists from outside the fed. the program includes overviews by academic experts of themes that are central to the review: the fomc's monetary policy since the financial crisis, assessments of the maximum sustainable level of employment, alternative policy frameworks and strategies to achieve the dual mandate, policy tools, global considerations, financial stability considerations, and central bank communications. two sessions will feature panels of community leaders who will share their perspectives on the labor market and the effects of interest rates on their constituencies.
aaronson, stephanie r., mary c. daly, william wascher, and david w. wilcox (2019). "okun revisited: who benefits most from a strong economy? (pdf)" paper presented at the brookings papers on economic activity conference, held at the brookings institution, washington, march 7-8.
adam, klaus, and roberto m. billi (2007). "discretionary monetary policy and the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates," journal of monetary economics, vol. 54 (april), pp. 728-52.
bank for international settlements (2017). 87th annual report (pdf). basel, switzerland: bis, june.
bauer, michael d., and glenn d. rudebusch (2014). "the signaling channel for federal reserve bond purchases (pdf)," international journal of central banking, vol. 10 (september), pp. 233-89.
baumeister, christiane, and luca benati (2013). "unconventional monetary policy and the great recession: estimating the macroeconomic effects of a spread compression at the zero lower bound (pdf)," international journal of central banking, vol. 9 (june), pp. 165-212.
berg, claes, and lars jonung (1999). "pioneering price level targeting: the swedish experience 1931-1937," journal of monetary economics, vol. 43 (june), pp. 525‑51.
-------- (2017). "temporary price-level targeting: an alternative framework for monetary policy," ben bernanke's blog, october 12.
blanchard, olivier, eugenio cerutti, and lawrence summers (2015). "inflation and activity--two explorations and their monetary policy implications (pdf)," imf working paper wp/5/230. washington: international monetary fund, november.
board of governors of the federal reserve system (2018a). monetary policy report. washington: board of governors, february.
-------- (2018b). monetary policy report. washington: board of governors, july.
-------- (2019). monetary policy report. washington: board of governors, february.
boivin, jean, michael t. kiley, and frederic s. mishkin (2010). "how has the monetary transmission mechanism evolved over time?" in benjamin m. friedman and michael woodford, eds., handbook of monetary economics, vol. 3. amsterdam: elsevier, pp. 369-422.
brand, claus, marcin bielecki, and adrian penalver (2018). "the natural rate of interest: estimates, drivers, and challenges to monetary policy (pdf)," occasional paper series 217. frankfurt: european central bank, december.
bullard, james (2018). "the case of the disappearing phillips curve (pdf)," speech delivered at the 2018 ecb forum on central banking, sintra, portugal, june 19.
cajner, tomaz, tyler radler, david ratner, and ivan vidangos (2017). "racial gaps in labor market outcomes in the last four decades and over the business cycle (pdf)," finance and economics discussion series 2017-071. washington: board of governors of the federal reserve system, june.
campbell, jeffrey r., charles l. evans, jonas d.m. fisher, and alejandro justiniano (2012). "macroeconomic effects of federal reserve forward guidance (pdf)," brookings papers on economic activity, spring, pp. 1-80.
campbell, jeffrey r., jonas d.m. fisher, alejandro justiniano, and leonardo melosi (2017). "forward guidance and macroeconomic outcomes since the financial crisis," in martin eichenbaum and jonathan a. parker, eds., nber macroeconomics annual 2016, vol. 31. chicago: university of chicago press, pp. 283-357.
cecchetti, stephen g., michael e. feroli, peter hooper, anil k. kashyap, and kermit l. schoenholtz (2017). deflating inflation expectations: the implications of inflation's simple dynamics (pdf), report prepared for the 2017 u.s. monetary policy forum, sponsored by the initiative on global markets at the university of chicago booth school of business, held in new york, march 3.
chen, han, vasco cúrdia, and andrea ferrero (2012). "the macroeconomic effects of large‐scale asset purchase programmes," economic journal, vol. 122 (november), pp. f289-315.
chung, hess, etienne gagnon, taisuke nakata, matthias paustian, bernd schlusche, james trevino, diego vilán, and wei zheng (2019). "monetary policy options at the effective lower bound: assessing the federal reserve's current policy toolkit (pdf)," finance and economics discussion series 2019-003. washington: board of governors of the federal reserve system, january.
clarida, richard h. (2012). "what has--and has not--been learned about monetary policy in a low‐inflation environment? a review of the 2000s," journal of money, credit and banking, vol. 44, s1 (february), pp. 123-40.
clarida, richard, jordi galí, and mark gertler (2000). "monetary policy rules and macroeconomic stability: evidence and some theory," quarterly journal of economics, vol. 115 (february), pp. 147-80.
clinton, kevin, charles freedman, michel juillard, ondra kamenik, douglas laxton, and hou wang (2015). "inflation-forecast targeting: applying the principle of transparency (pdf)," imf working paper wp/15/132. washington: international monetary fund, june.
d'amico, stefania, william english, david lópez‐salido, and edward nelson (2012). "the federal reserve's large‐scale asset purchase programmes: rationale and effects," economic journal, vol. 122 (november), pp. f415-46.
d'amico, stefania, and thomas b. king (2013). "flow and stock effects of large‐scale treasury purchases: evidence on the importance of local supply," journal of financial economics, vol. 108 (may), pp. 425-48.
economic policy institute (2019). state of working america data library. washington: epi, march.
eggertsson, gauti b., and michael woodford (2003). "the zero bound on interest rates and optimal monetary policy (pdf)," brookings papers on economic activity, no. 1, pp. 139-235.
engen, eric m., thomas laubach, and david reifschneider (2015). "the macroeconomic effects of the federal reserve's unconventional monetary policies (pdf)," finance and economics discussion series 2015-005. washington: board of governors of the federal reserve system, january.
english, william b., david lópez-salido, and robert tetlow (2015). "the federal reserve's framework for monetary policy: recent changes and new questions," imf economic review, vol. 63 (may), pp. 22-70.
erceg, christopher, james hebden, michael kiley, david lópez-salido, and robert tetlow (2018). "some implications of uncertainty and misperception for monetary policy (pdf)," finance and economics discussion series 2018-059. washington: board of governors of the federal reserve system, august.
faust, jon, and jonathan h. wright (2013). "forecasting inflation," in graham elliott, clive grander, and allan timmermann, eds., handbook of economic forecasting, vol. 2a. amsterdam: elsevier, pp. 2-56.
fuhrer, jeffrey, giovanni olivei, eric rosengren, and geoffrey tootell (2018). "should the fed regularly evaluate its monetary policy framework? (pdf)" paper presented at the brookings papers on economic activity conference, fall, held at the brookings institution, washington, september 13-14.
gagnon, joseph, matthew raskin, julie remache, and brian p. sack (2011). "large-scale asset purchases by the federal reserve: did they work? (pdf)" frbny economic policy review, vol. 17 (may), pp. 41-59.
hamilton, james d., and jing cynthia wu (2012). "the effectiveness of alternative monetary policy tools in a zero lower bound environment," journal of money, credit and banking, vol. 44, s1 (february), pp. 3-46.
hebden, james, and david lópez-salido (2018). "from taylor's rule to bernanke's temporary price level targeting (pdf)," finance and economics discussion series 2018-051. washington: board of governors of the federal reserve system, july.
hills, timothy s., taisuke nakata, and sebastian schmidt (2016). "the risky steady state and the interest rate lower bound (pdf)," finance and economics discussion series 2016-009. washington: board of governors of the federal reserve system, january.
holston, kathryn, thomas laubach, and john c. williams (2017). "measuring the natural rate of interest: international trends and determinants," journal of international economics, vol. 108, supplement 1 (may), pp. s59-75.
joyce, michael, ana lasaosa, ibrahim stevens, and matthew tong (2011). "the financial market impact of quantitative easing in the united kingdom (pdf)," international journal of central banking, vol. 7 (september), pp. 113-61.
joyce, michael, david miles, andrew scott, and dimitri vayanos (2012). "quantitative easing and unconventional monetary policy--an introduction," economic journal, vol. 122 (november), pp. f271-88.
kiley, michael t., and john m. roberts (2017). "monetary policy in a low interest rate world (pdf)," brookings papers on economic activity, spring, pp. 317-96.
king, mervyn, and david low (2014). "measuring the 'world' real interest rate (pdf)," nber working paper series 19887. cambridge, mass.: national bureau of economic research, february.
nakov, anton (2008). "optimal and simple monetary policy rules with zero floor on the nominal interest rate (pdf)," international journal of central banking, vol. 4 (june), pp. 73-127.
nessén, marianne, and david vestin (2005). "average inflation targeting," journal of money, credit and banking, vol. 37 (october), pp. 837-63.
rachel, lukasz, and thomas d. smith (2017). "are low real interest rates here to stay? (pdf)" international journal of central banking, vol. 13 (september), pp. 1-42.
reifschneider, david l., and john c. williams (2000). "three lessons for monetary policy in a low-inflation era," journal of money, credit and banking, vol. 32 (november), pp. 936-66.
roberts, john m. (2006). "monetary policy and inflation dynamics," international journal of central banking, vol. 2 (september), pp. 193-230.
romer, david (2010). "a new data set on monetary policy: the economic forecasts of individual members of the fomc," journal of money, credit and banking, vol. 42 (august), pp. 951-57.
ruge-murcia, francisco (2014). "do inflation-targeting central banks implicitly target the price level? (pdf)" international journal of central banking, vol. 10 (june), pp. 301-26.
simon, john, troy matheson, and damiano sandri (2013). "the dog that didn't bark: has inflation been muzzled or was it just sleeping? (pdf)" in world economic outlook: hopes, realities, risks. washington: international monetary fund, april, pp. 79-95.
swanson, eric t. (2017). "measuring the effects of federal reserve forward guidance and asset purchases on financial markets," nber working paper series 23311. cambridge, mass.: national bureau of economic research, april (revised august 2018).
-------- (2018). "the federal reserve is not very constrained by the lower bound on nominal interest rates," nber working paper series 25123. cambridge, mass.: national bureau of economic research, october.
weingarden, alison (2017). "labor market outcomes in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas: signs of growing disparities," feds notes. washington: board of governors of the federal reserve system, september 25.
woodford, michael (2012). "methods of policy accommodation at the interest-rate lower bound (pdf)," paper presented at "the changing policy landscape," a symposium sponsored by the federal reserve bank of kansas city, held in jackson hole, wyo., august 30-september 1.
yellen, janet (2015). "inflation dynamics and monetary policy," speech delivered at the philip gamble memorial lecture, university of massachusetts, amherst, september 24.
-------- (2017). "the economic outlook and the conduct of monetary policy," speech delivered at the stanford institute for economic policy research, stanford university, stanford, calif., january 19.


text:
To manage Traps functions from the command line on Windows endpoints, use Cytool.
Cytool is a command-line interface (CLI) that is integrated into Traps and enables you to query and manage both basic and advanced functions of Traps. Any changes you make using Cytool are active until Traps receives the next heartbeat communication from the Traps management service.
On Windows endpoints, you can access Cytool using a Microsoft MS-DOS command prompt that you run as an administrator. Cytool is located in the C:\Program Files\Palo Alto Networks\Traps folder on the endpoint.
The following table displays the Cytool options available on Windows endpoints.
Enable or disable a protection feature.
<action>—Changes protection for a Traps feature. Options are: enable, disable, policy, and query. The query option displays the protection status for each feature.
<feature>—Specifies the feature for which you want to change the protection status. Options are process for Traps core processes, registry for Traps registry keys, file for Traps files, and service for Traps services.
Enable, disable, or query the startup state of Traps components.
<action>—Changes startup action for a Traps component. Options are: enable, disable, and query. The query option displays the startup status for each component.
<component>—Specifies the component for which you want to change the startup action. To change the startup action for multiple components, list them with spaces separating each component. Options are: cyverak, cyvrmtgn, cyvrfsfd, cyserver, tlaservice, CyveraService, and twdservice.
Stop or start product components.
<action>—Changes startup runtime action for a Traps component. Options are: start, stop, and query. The query option displays the startup status for each component.
<component>—Specifies the component for which you want to change the runtime action, or you can specify all components by not including any in this command. To change the runtime action for a subset of components, list them with spaces separating each component. Options are: cyverak, cyvrmtgn, cyvrfsfd, cyserver, tlaservice, CyveraService, and twdservice.
Query or compare the applied policy for a process.
<action>—Options are: query and compare. The query option displays the current applied policy for the process; the compare option enables you to compare the policy against the policy for another process or against the default policy.
<process>—Either the process name or process ID (PID).
cytool trace start <log size>—Starts the trace session and logs the results to a file with a maximum <log size> in MB (up to 25MB).
cytool trace stop—Stops the trace session.
cytool trace reset—Resets all tracing configurations to their default values. If an active logging session exists, Cytool will restart the session.
<component> can be either all (set the log level for all components) or one of the following individual components: cyvrlpc, cyvrfsfd, cyverak, cyvrmtgn, cyreport, cyserver, cyapi, cylnk, cyrprtui, cytray, tlaservice, tlaworker, tlacore, cytool, cyverau, cyinjct, cyvrtrap, cyvera, ntnativeapi, winutils, or panwd.
<level> can be one of the following log levels: NONE, CRITICAL, ERROR, WARNING, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, or ALL.
<flag> is the mask (hex) of one or more trace flags (a maximum of 31) separated by spaces that Traps assigns to each trace when a program runs on the endpoint (for example 0x7FFFFFFF, or 0x5). The trace flag is a property of a trace provider (in this case, Traps) and determines which events Traps generates. You can use the trace flag to filter events that Traps traces.
cytool trace convert <etl_file> [<tmf_file>]—Extract the encoded event trace log (ETL) file using a trace message format (TMF) file as a key to a file with the same name and store the result in %ProgramData%\Cyvera\Logs\Log.txt. When a TMF file is not supplied, Cytool uses the default TMF file stored in the %ProgramData\Cyvera\Logs\ folder to convert the ETL file.
This command is not supported on Windows XP SP3.
quarantine View and restore quarantined files.
cytool quarantine list—List all quarantined files.
cytool restore <ID> [<path>]—Restore files to their original location or to a path, if specified, by specifying the file ID.
stat Query Traps statistics from a running process.
where <pid> is the process ID (PID).
tla View the history of the Traps local analysis module.
info Display general Traps information.
imageprep Prepare a golden image by submitting files for cloud analysis and generate a threats report.
<scan timeout>—The number of hours the scan is permitted to run before reporting an error.
<upload timeout>—The number of minutes Traps can take to upload unknown files to the Traps management service before reporting an error.
<full path>—Path to store the scan report. If no path is specified, Cytool saves the scan report to the local Cytool directory. To save files to this folder, you must disable service protection using the cytool protect disable command.
start—Scans the endpoint for malware.
query—Displays the progress if a system scan is active.
Traps stores policy and security event information, such as the list of trusted signers, local verdicts, and one-time actions in local databases on the endpoint. To troubleshoot policy issues and security events, you can use cytool persist operations to import, export, and view information stored in the local database.
list—Lists the local databases on the endpoint.
export [<database name> | <database path>]—Exports the database table to a file in the C:\Users\<user>\Documents\PaloAltoNetworks\Traps\cytool directory.
import [<database name> | <database path>] <file name>—Adds the records in a JSON file to the database.
print <database name> | <database path> [csv]—Prints the records in the database to a CSV file.
To view a list of all local databases, use the cytool persist list command.
log Set log level for the desired process.
<components> can be all or it can be one or more of the following Traps components: trapsd, authorized, pmd, or traps_agent.
Then use the cytool log collect command to generate a support file archive of all logs in a TGZ file.
checkin Initiate check-in to the server.
To verify the checkin, view the check-in time on the Traps console.

lowercased:
to manage traps functions from the command line on windows endpoints, use cytool.
cytool is a command-line interface (cli) that is integrated into traps and enables you to query and manage both basic and advanced functions of traps. any changes you make using cytool are active until traps receives the next heartbeat communication from the traps management service.
on windows endpoints, you can access cytool using a microsoft ms-dos command prompt that you run as an administrator. cytool is located in the c:\program files\palo alto networks\traps folder on the endpoint.
the following table displays the cytool options available on windows endpoints.
enable or disable a protection feature.
<action>—changes protection for a traps feature. options are: enable, disable, policy, and query. the query option displays the protection status for each feature.
<feature>—specifies the feature for which you want to change the protection status. options are process for traps core processes, registry for traps registry keys, file for traps files, and service for traps services.
enable, disable, or query the startup state of traps components.
<action>—changes startup action for a traps component. options are: enable, disable, and query. the query option displays the startup status for each component.
<component>—specifies the component for which you want to change the startup action. to change the startup action for multiple components, list them with spaces separating each component. options are: cyverak, cyvrmtgn, cyvrfsfd, cyserver, tlaservice, cyveraservice, and twdservice.
stop or start product components.
<action>—changes startup runtime action for a traps component. options are: start, stop, and query. the query option displays the startup status for each component.
<component>—specifies the component for which you want to change the runtime action, or you can specify all components by not including any in this command. to change the runtime action for a subset of components, list them with spaces separating each component. options are: cyverak, cyvrmtgn, cyvrfsfd, cyserver, tlaservice, cyveraservice, and twdservice.
query or compare the applied policy for a process.
<action>—options are: query and compare. the query option displays the current applied policy for the process; the compare option enables you to compare the policy against the policy for another process or against the default policy.
<process>—either the process name or process id (pid).
cytool trace start <log size>—starts the trace session and logs the results to a file with a maximum <log size> in mb (up to 25mb).
cytool trace stop—stops the trace session.
cytool trace reset—resets all tracing configurations to their default values. if an active logging session exists, cytool will restart the session.
<component> can be either all (set the log level for all components) or one of the following individual components: cyvrlpc, cyvrfsfd, cyverak, cyvrmtgn, cyreport, cyserver, cyapi, cylnk, cyrprtui, cytray, tlaservice, tlaworker, tlacore, cytool, cyverau, cyinjct, cyvrtrap, cyvera, ntnativeapi, winutils, or panwd.
<level> can be one of the following log levels: none, critical, error, warning, info, verbose, debug, or all.
<flag> is the mask (hex) of one or more trace flags (a maximum of 31) separated by spaces that traps assigns to each trace when a program runs on the endpoint (for example 0x7fffffff, or 0x5). the trace flag is a property of a trace provider (in this case, traps) and determines which events traps generates. you can use the trace flag to filter events that traps traces.
cytool trace convert <etl_file> [<tmf_file>]—extract the encoded event trace log (etl) file using a trace message format (tmf) file as a key to a file with the same name and store the result in %programdata%\cyvera\logs\log.txt. when a tmf file is not supplied, cytool uses the default tmf file stored in the %programdata\cyvera\logs\ folder to convert the etl file.
this command is not supported on windows xp sp3.
quarantine view and restore quarantined files.
cytool quarantine list—list all quarantined files.
cytool restore <id> [<path>]—restore files to their original location or to a path, if specified, by specifying the file id.
stat query traps statistics from a running process.
where <pid> is the process id (pid).
tla view the history of the traps local analysis module.
info display general traps information.
imageprep prepare a golden image by submitting files for cloud analysis and generate a threats report.
<scan timeout>—the number of hours the scan is permitted to run before reporting an error.
<upload timeout>—the number of minutes traps can take to upload unknown files to the traps management service before reporting an error.
<full path>—path to store the scan report. if no path is specified, cytool saves the scan report to the local cytool directory. to save files to this folder, you must disable service protection using the cytool protect disable command.
start—scans the endpoint for malware.
query—displays the progress if a system scan is active.
traps stores policy and security event information, such as the list of trusted signers, local verdicts, and one-time actions in local databases on the endpoint. to troubleshoot policy issues and security events, you can use cytool persist operations to import, export, and view information stored in the local database.
list—lists the local databases on the endpoint.
export [<database name> | <database path>]—exports the database table to a file in the c:\users\<user>\documents\paloaltonetworks\traps\cytool directory.
import [<database name> | <database path>] <file name>—adds the records in a json file to the database.
print <database name> | <database path> [csv]—prints the records in the database to a csv file.
to view a list of all local databases, use the cytool persist list command.
log set log level for the desired process.
<components> can be all or it can be one or more of the following traps components: trapsd, authorized, pmd, or traps_agent.
then use the cytool log collect command to generate a support file archive of all logs in a tgz file.
checkin initiate check-in to the server.
to verify the checkin, view the check-in time on the traps console.


text:
Migos returns to Drai’s this weekend.
DAVID GUETTA AT XS “Mr. Steal Your Girl” is rumored to be working on new music with another R&B star and Drai’s Live resident, Chris Brown.
MIGOS AT DRAI'S Speaking of in-house team-ups, Floss and another Wynn mainstay—Dillon Francis—dropped new trap anthem “Tern It Up” last month.
HATIRAS & SPACEBYRDZ AT MARQUEE DAYCLUB House producer Hatiras (“Spaced Invader”) teams with Vegas duo Alex Clark and Oscar Molina. 11 a.m., $23-$33. The Cosmopolitan, 702-333-9000.

lowercased:
migos returns to drai’s this weekend.
david guetta at xs “mr. steal your girl” is rumored to be working on new music with another r&b star and drai’s live resident, chris brown.
migos at drai's speaking of in-house team-ups, floss and another wynn mainstay—dillon francis—dropped new trap anthem “tern it up” last month.
hatiras & spacebyrdz at marquee dayclub house producer hatiras (“spaced invader”) teams with vegas duo alex clark and oscar molina. 11 a.m., $23-$33. the cosmopolitan, 702-333-9000.


text:
We're back with another edition of 'Design in 9' -- our series on the d.school fellows and their response to five questions around their experience. Since we've started the series, we've accumulated the songs, as promised, in a playlist on Spotify. We will continue to add to this as we publish the remaining pieces in the series.
1. What is the most important thing you have learned about design thinking?
Prototype to learn. Never stop prototyping. My motto is BAB (be always in beta).
2. What is your favorite song to play when leading a design workshop?
3. What is the best way you have found to achieve flow in your work?
If i need to deliver: Start with a deadline.
4. What is your top tip for empathy interviewing ?
Start with a joke, and find the right moment to share a very personal story.
5. What is the hardest part of the design-thinking process?
Make sense of scattered data (define).

lowercased:
we're back with another edition of 'design in 9' -- our series on the d.school fellows and their response to five questions around their experience. since we've started the series, we've accumulated the songs, as promised, in a playlist on spotify. we will continue to add to this as we publish the remaining pieces in the series.
1. what is the most important thing you have learned about design thinking?
prototype to learn. never stop prototyping. my motto is bab (be always in beta).
2. what is your favorite song to play when leading a design workshop?
3. what is the best way you have found to achieve flow in your work?
if i need to deliver: start with a deadline.
4. what is your top tip for empathy interviewing ?
start with a joke, and find the right moment to share a very personal story.
5. what is the hardest part of the design-thinking process?
make sense of scattered data (define).


text:
This part will teach you, how to compare values and control the flow of your program. It will also teach you, how to repeat a part of your program for a defined number of times, which is very useful for tasks like processing user input or printing out data.
This is a very long article. I didn’t plan to make it this long, but I ended up writing a lot about this topic. I recommend you to split it into half after the ‘Large choices’ section and take a break. However, let’s get started!
So far you’ve learnt what methods and variables are and how to use them. In the case of variables you have also seen, how to get a user’s input and store it. If you want to store multiple inputs of the same type, for example numbers for a calculator, you’ll have to create different variables for each input, right?

lowercased:
this part will teach you, how to compare values and control the flow of your program. it will also teach you, how to repeat a part of your program for a defined number of times, which is very useful for tasks like processing user input or printing out data.
this is a very long article. i didn’t plan to make it this long, but i ended up writing a lot about this topic. i recommend you to split it into half after the ‘large choices’ section and take a break. however, let’s get started!
so far you’ve learnt what methods and variables are and how to use them. in the case of variables you have also seen, how to get a user’s input and store it. if you want to store multiple inputs of the same type, for example numbers for a calculator, you’ll have to create different variables for each input, right?


text:
In January 2018, the Chicken Little Portfolio lost 1.66% while the Dow Jones Industrial Average gained an amazing 5.74%.
Chicken Little lost 1.66% in January 2018. Chicken Little was hurt by a decline in the price of Treasury bonds. The US stock market soared with the Dow up almost 6% in the month!
When I was a professor at the Harvard Business School, I described the MBA students as, "frequently wrong, never in doubt." Similarly, Chicken Little has made the rash decision to call a market top for the US stock market on January 25, 2018.
January was a typical blow-off top with extremely high returns in stock markets around the world. Only US Treasuries and Bitcoin were negative in January 2018.
Chicken Little is long US Treasuries with a good amount of cash. The only change in the portfolio in January was selling the remaining stub of crypto positions. Chicken Little remains ready to begin Bear Market Operations, but is waiting for stock prices to go lower to confirm that the top is behind us.

lowercased:
in january 2018, the chicken little portfolio lost 1.66% while the dow jones industrial average gained an amazing 5.74%.
chicken little lost 1.66% in january 2018. chicken little was hurt by a decline in the price of treasury bonds. the us stock market soared with the dow up almost 6% in the month!
when i was a professor at the harvard business school, i described the mba students as, "frequently wrong, never in doubt." similarly, chicken little has made the rash decision to call a market top for the us stock market on january 25, 2018.
january was a typical blow-off top with extremely high returns in stock markets around the world. only us treasuries and bitcoin were negative in january 2018.
chicken little is long us treasuries with a good amount of cash. the only change in the portfolio in january was selling the remaining stub of crypto positions. chicken little remains ready to begin bear market operations, but is waiting for stock prices to go lower to confirm that the top is behind us.


text:
John McLintock and Mike Caputo met some 40 years ago when they were training as Articled Clerks in the Chester office of the international firm of Chartered Accountants, Harmood Banner, which later became part of Deloittes. John, aged 18, and Mike, 17, both ex-grammar school pupils both succeeded in their studies and became Chartered Accountants at the age of 22.
They then made their separate ways until they joined up with each other in 1983 in the firm which John had set up in Chester and not long thereafter Mike and John became business partners and through various different guises have remained so to today; a total period of some 28 years.
Although with very similar backgrounds, and both having married the boss’s secretary (different ones that is!), their respective outlooks on life and business generally are very diverse. John is the optimist and Mike, maybe not a pessimist, is certainly the more cautious one of the pair. This has served them well over the years and although their differences manifest themselves in some heated discussion they have never really had a cross word and are more likely to fall out over football clubs supported than business decisions.
Following the de-merger the practice took stock of its situation and re-grouped. With a staff of ten people the practice recruited two senior accountants from local firms. These two, namely Caroline Blake and Tim Mitchell, were both promoted to Partner in 2006, which reflected their efforts on steadily growing the practice.
On 1 October 2009 the Chester based sole practitioner, Alastair Jeffcott of Jeffcott’s joined McLintocks to establish the largest independent Chester based Chartered Accountancy practice and in October 2010 sustained growth resulted in the recruitment of Paul McGerty to the partnership team. He had previously been an associate with a large North West Chartered Accountants practice and he now has specific responsibility for the Birkenhead office. Both of these additions brought additional professional skills to the partnership.

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john mclintock and mike caputo met some 40 years ago when they were training as articled clerks in the chester office of the international firm of chartered accountants, harmood banner, which later became part of deloittes. john, aged 18, and mike, 17, both ex-grammar school pupils both succeeded in their studies and became chartered accountants at the age of 22.
they then made their separate ways until they joined up with each other in 1983 in the firm which john had set up in chester and not long thereafter mike and john became business partners and through various different guises have remained so to today; a total period of some 28 years.
although with very similar backgrounds, and both having married the boss’s secretary (different ones that is!), their respective outlooks on life and business generally are very diverse. john is the optimist and mike, maybe not a pessimist, is certainly the more cautious one of the pair. this has served them well over the years and although their differences manifest themselves in some heated discussion they have never really had a cross word and are more likely to fall out over football clubs supported than business decisions.
following the de-merger the practice took stock of its situation and re-grouped. with a staff of ten people the practice recruited two senior accountants from local firms. these two, namely caroline blake and tim mitchell, were both promoted to partner in 2006, which reflected their efforts on steadily growing the practice.
on 1 october 2009 the chester based sole practitioner, alastair jeffcott of jeffcott’s joined mclintocks to establish the largest independent chester based chartered accountancy practice and in october 2010 sustained growth resulted in the recruitment of paul mcgerty to the partnership team. he had previously been an associate with a large north west chartered accountants practice and he now has specific responsibility for the birkenhead office. both of these additions brought additional professional skills to the partnership.


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Big Mountain (band) is the Reggae band that holds the international crown as the King of Reggae. Lead singer Quino has one of the most recognized voices in Reggae and pop music.
Their fame spread quickly when they recorded a reggae version of Peter Frampton’s song “Baby I Love Your Way,” which was featured on the soundtrack of the Ben Stiller and Wynona Ryder movie Reality Bites. Featuring Quino’s unique vocals, this hit single reached #1 on the U.S. charts and dominated the Top 5 in Europe and Japan for nearly a year! The hit remains a favorite among people around the world, including new listeners alike.

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big mountain (band) is the reggae band that holds the international crown as the king of reggae. lead singer quino has one of the most recognized voices in reggae and pop music.
their fame spread quickly when they recorded a reggae version of peter frampton’s song “baby i love your way,” which was featured on the soundtrack of the ben stiller and wynona ryder movie reality bites. featuring quino’s unique vocals, this hit single reached #1 on the u.s. charts and dominated the top 5 in europe and japan for nearly a year! the hit remains a favorite among people around the world, including new listeners alike.


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Adding funny music to a project is one of the quickest and most universal ways for creating an engaging connection with people over the internet. It has become a highly desired genre of popular music, illustrated by the fact that funny music gets a lot of appreciation everywhere. If you want to drive the pace of your comedy video and boost the fun factor of your project, knowing how to perfectly choose the funny background music for videos serves as an art.
Are you in search of good sources to find the best funny background music in one convenient place? If yes, PlayOnLoop is your destination. Bring your creative project to life with our diverse collection of funny royalty free music for videos, trailers, animations and cartoons, bloopers, advertising, and so much more.
We have a passion for making no copyright funny music that never fails to entertain people. Although our funny instrumental music is often light-hearted and happy, it can also be an extreme exaggeration of any genre, which makes your production hilariously enjoyable.

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adding funny music to a project is one of the quickest and most universal ways for creating an engaging connection with people over the internet. it has become a highly desired genre of popular music, illustrated by the fact that funny music gets a lot of appreciation everywhere. if you want to drive the pace of your comedy video and boost the fun factor of your project, knowing how to perfectly choose the funny background music for videos serves as an art.
are you in search of good sources to find the best funny background music in one convenient place? if yes, playonloop is your destination. bring your creative project to life with our diverse collection of funny royalty free music for videos, trailers, animations and cartoons, bloopers, advertising, and so much more.
we have a passion for making no copyright funny music that never fails to entertain people. although our funny instrumental music is often light-hearted and happy, it can also be an extreme exaggeration of any genre, which makes your production hilariously enjoyable.


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Join us for a beachside party inspired by the beloved American TV series which will lend Bali a bit of West Coast glam. Featuring some of our favorite DJs such as Rafa Lambert, Dan Cook, Luciano Nieto and Folila Percussion, Karma Beach Bali will turn into a place full of energy, positive vibes and, of course, lifeguards!
NB: Admission free when you come in a Baywatch outfit.
Exciting prizes will be awarded to the best-dressed!

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join us for a beachside party inspired by the beloved american tv series which will lend bali a bit of west coast glam. featuring some of our favorite djs such as rafa lambert, dan cook, luciano nieto and folila percussion, karma beach bali will turn into a place full of energy, positive vibes and, of course, lifeguards!
nb: admission free when you come in a baywatch outfit.
exciting prizes will be awarded to the best-dressed!


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His Divine Holiness Acharya Swamishree launched the new website of Shree Swaminarayan Temple New Jersey on 5th August 2006.
Shree Swaminarayan Temple New Jersey site was launched by Acharya Swamishree on 5th August 2006.
Visit Shree Swaminarayan Gadi Baal Mandir website for latest updates.
His Holiness Swami Ramdevji Maharaj came for the blessings of His Divine Holiness Acharya Swamishree in Bolton, UK on 28th July 2006.

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his divine holiness acharya swamishree launched the new website of shree swaminarayan temple new jersey on 5th august 2006.
shree swaminarayan temple new jersey site was launched by acharya swamishree on 5th august 2006.
visit shree swaminarayan gadi baal mandir website for latest updates.
his holiness swami ramdevji maharaj came for the blessings of his divine holiness acharya swamishree in bolton, uk on 28th july 2006.


text: Great and Awesome God, your Scripture is powerful and life-giving. Just the reading of the Book of the Law of Moses by Ezra melted the people’s hearts and turned them to you in repentance. They had rebuilt Jerusalem’s walls against the opposition, and then you rebuilt their faith just by their hearing the Book of the Law and understanding. It was a holy day, and one in which to rejoice. May we read your Scripture for ourselves. May we repent and grow in our faith. May we be strengthened for our daily tasks by what we understand there. May your joy fill and equip us for this day’s work. I ask these things in the name and authority of Jesus, according to your good and perfect will. Amen.

lowercased: great and awesome god, your scripture is powerful and life-giving. just the reading of the book of the law of moses by ezra melted the people’s hearts and turned them to you in repentance. they had rebuilt jerusalem’s walls against the opposition, and then you rebuilt their faith just by their hearing the book of the law and understanding. it was a holy day, and one in which to rejoice. may we read your scripture for ourselves. may we repent and grow in our faith. may we be strengthened for our daily tasks by what we understand there. may your joy fill and equip us for this day’s work. i ask these things in the name and authority of jesus, according to your good and perfect will. amen.