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Every now and then I like to write up goal style posts and with December finally being with us, I thought i'd put together a festive style goals post of all of the things I want to do and experience this December. For the first time in a long time i'm really excited for Christmas and the time to just spend with my loved ones!
Putting up the Christmas tree - I mean of course this is top of the list because what else is as exciting other than Christmas day itself than decorating the Christmas tree! This year we're hosting Christmas day and i've made a point of demanding we have a real tree and by real, I mean a huge real tree! Every year I decorate the tree and every year I go for a different colour theme, so i'm excited to get experimenting!
Finishing my gift guides - If you've been following my blog for a while, then you'll know that every year I put up a few gift guides and this year the stress has been real! I finally posted my first gift guide this week, which you can read here but i'm very aware that my gift guides are a lot later than everyone else's and the stress is real! Having said that over the next two weeks you'll be getting gift guides left, right and centre from me so watch out for those.
Enjoying all of the Christmas parties/dinners - I like to think i'm very lucky to have the opportunity to celebrate Christmas more than once and this year I have four different celebrations planned. Our team at work are going for a cute Christmas meal next week at the local pub, and the following week we have our office Christmas party, which i'm so excited for (Give me all the prosecco, yass)! Also because my Dad lives in Plymouth we have a few things planned when I go to visit, and then of course Christmas day itself. I'm already accepting the fact i'm going to put back on all the weight i've lost these past few months!
Spending time with loved ones - I know Christmas isn't the only time to do this, but I love that Christmas brings everyone together. I have definitely taken for granted the years when I was younger when I was able to see family fairly often, whereas now being in a full time job it's not as easy so i'm really looking forward to seeing my family and friends over the festive period!
Giving gifts - There is nothing more that I love at Christmas than spoiling my family and friends. I'm one of those that loves giving and seeing everyone's faces beaming with happiness, as it makes me all warm and fuzzy inside!
Enjoying some down time - This kind of links into a few of these goals but I can't wait for some time off. Some time to myself to just recoup, chill and get myself geared up for the New Year!

lowercased:
every now and then i like to write up goal style posts and with december finally being with us, i thought i'd put together a festive style goals post of all of the things i want to do and experience this december. for the first time in a long time i'm really excited for christmas and the time to just spend with my loved ones!
putting up the christmas tree - i mean of course this is top of the list because what else is as exciting other than christmas day itself than decorating the christmas tree! this year we're hosting christmas day and i've made a point of demanding we have a real tree and by real, i mean a huge real tree! every year i decorate the tree and every year i go for a different colour theme, so i'm excited to get experimenting!
finishing my gift guides - if you've been following my blog for a while, then you'll know that every year i put up a few gift guides and this year the stress has been real! i finally posted my first gift guide this week, which you can read here but i'm very aware that my gift guides are a lot later than everyone else's and the stress is real! having said that over the next two weeks you'll be getting gift guides left, right and centre from me so watch out for those.
enjoying all of the christmas parties/dinners - i like to think i'm very lucky to have the opportunity to celebrate christmas more than once and this year i have four different celebrations planned. our team at work are going for a cute christmas meal next week at the local pub, and the following week we have our office christmas party, which i'm so excited for (give me all the prosecco, yass)! also because my dad lives in plymouth we have a few things planned when i go to visit, and then of course christmas day itself. i'm already accepting the fact i'm going to put back on all the weight i've lost these past few months!
spending time with loved ones - i know christmas isn't the only time to do this, but i love that christmas brings everyone together. i have definitely taken for granted the years when i was younger when i was able to see family fairly often, whereas now being in a full time job it's not as easy so i'm really looking forward to seeing my family and friends over the festive period!
giving gifts - there is nothing more that i love at christmas than spoiling my family and friends. i'm one of those that loves giving and seeing everyone's faces beaming with happiness, as it makes me all warm and fuzzy inside!
enjoying some down time - this kind of links into a few of these goals but i can't wait for some time off. some time to myself to just recoup, chill and get myself geared up for the new year!


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Find top travel influencers in Fortaleza. Identify the most popular Instagram accounts on Heepsy.
Want to discover the 66 travel influencers we've identified in Fortaleza in 2019?

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find top travel influencers in fortaleza. identify the most popular instagram accounts on heepsy.
want to discover the 66 travel influencers we've identified in fortaleza in 2019?


text: As the newest member of the Vertx Phantom line, OPS pants deliver world-class lightweight comfort along with bonus tactical capacity for everyday on- and off-duty wear. Made of mini Rip-Stop poly/cotton fabric treated with IntelliDry moisture-wicking and stain-repelling technology, Phantom OPS pants deliver optimal ease of movement with double-reinforced knees, gusseted crotch and stretch waistband. Extra storage is delivered through triple-bellowed cargo pockets, extra slim-line pockets and dual-zipper concealed pockets. MSRP $65.

lowercased: as the newest member of the vertx phantom line, ops pants deliver world-class lightweight comfort along with bonus tactical capacity for everyday on- and off-duty wear. made of mini rip-stop poly/cotton fabric treated with intellidry moisture-wicking and stain-repelling technology, phantom ops pants deliver optimal ease of movement with double-reinforced knees, gusseted crotch and stretch waistband. extra storage is delivered through triple-bellowed cargo pockets, extra slim-line pockets and dual-zipper concealed pockets. msrp $65.


text: Add 1 part Absolute New Orleans vodka, 1 part lemon juice and 2 part sour Apple Sourz to a cocktail shaker with ice. Shake well and strain into a cocktail glass. Garnish with a lemon curl.

lowercased: add 1 part absolute new orleans vodka, 1 part lemon juice and 2 part sour apple sourz to a cocktail shaker with ice. shake well and strain into a cocktail glass. garnish with a lemon curl.


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Rockstar 500 is a wear resistant quenched and tempered steel plate having an excellent combination of hardness, formability and weldability to meet fabrication requirements.
Rockstar 500 is used for application where the components are subjected to wear. It is a popular abrasion-resistant product for mining and other highly abrasive industrial applications.
Delivery Condition Quenched/Quenched and tempered. The plates are delivered with sheared or thermally cut edges. Untrimmed edges can also be delivered after agreement. Plates can be delivered in shot blasted and primer coated surface condition.

lowercased:
rockstar 500 is a wear resistant quenched and tempered steel plate having an excellent combination of hardness, formability and weldability to meet fabrication requirements.
rockstar 500 is used for application where the components are subjected to wear. it is a popular abrasion-resistant product for mining and other highly abrasive industrial applications.
delivery condition quenched/quenched and tempered. the plates are delivered with sheared or thermally cut edges. untrimmed edges can also be delivered after agreement. plates can be delivered in shot blasted and primer coated surface condition.


text: This is about the mess that we leave behind after leaving life and the people who have to deal with it or merely accept and tolerate it. Bohdan's father died and Vera lost a husband; bringing them to meet each other for the first time. In the process of the funeral they find out new hidden facts about the deceased Georgy, but it cannot help them find common ground.

lowercased: this is about the mess that we leave behind after leaving life and the people who have to deal with it or merely accept and tolerate it. bohdan's father died and vera lost a husband; bringing them to meet each other for the first time. in the process of the funeral they find out new hidden facts about the deceased georgy, but it cannot help them find common ground.


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BTROS Electronics has a large in-house custom electronics design, manufacture and service facility. Our design capability enables fully customised solutions, covering hardware and software.
Due to undertaking full projects in-house, we’re afforded the flexibility to deliver exactly what you need, when you need it, without compromise. We utilise our supply chain, in-house engineering team, including electronics, hardware, software and mechanical and also offer ECB layouts, done in-house – we don’t contract any of it out.
In terms of project management, you benefit from our full autonomy and control over your project, with just one contact who will always know the progress and status of your order, whenever you call.
Our depth of experience in the design for our own purposes, allows us to offer our knowledge in a service that we’ve rolled out to you. Utilising the latest electronics technology and best practice, we can custom make your electronics to the highest standards.

lowercased:
btros electronics has a large in-house custom electronics design, manufacture and service facility. our design capability enables fully customised solutions, covering hardware and software.
due to undertaking full projects in-house, we’re afforded the flexibility to deliver exactly what you need, when you need it, without compromise. we utilise our supply chain, in-house engineering team, including electronics, hardware, software and mechanical and also offer ecb layouts, done in-house – we don’t contract any of it out.
in terms of project management, you benefit from our full autonomy and control over your project, with just one contact who will always know the progress and status of your order, whenever you call.
our depth of experience in the design for our own purposes, allows us to offer our knowledge in a service that we’ve rolled out to you. utilising the latest electronics technology and best practice, we can custom make your electronics to the highest standards.


text:
Recent Examples on the Web. So, is London Fashion Week likely to be full of clothes designed for eating hoarded canned food by candlelight? — Sarah Mower, Vogue, "The Brexit Deadline Is Looming—Here’s How It Will Affect London Fashion Week," 14 Feb. 2019 Add canned tomatoes and their juices, breaking up whole tomatoes with your hands.
Welcome to FilStop Filipino Food, where you'll find one of the largest selections of authentic Filipino food online. We're passionate about sharing Filipino culture and food with the world, sourcing Filipino food straight from the Philippines and the rest of Asia. We ship internationally so you can order online and have your order shipped directly to your door.
Adapted from The New Enchanted Broccoli Forest Preparation time: 30 minutes Yield: 6 servings Tart and tangy, this easy pumpkin soup goes beautifully with fresh, warm tortillas and a spinach salad for a quick and cozy autumn dinner.
Crock-Pot 15 Bean and Ham Soup. The day before I made this super yummy recipe for Crock-Pot 15 Bean and Ham Soup I had cooked up a picnic ham in the crock-pot.Once we were done with the ham we were left with a huge ham bone with some yummy attached ham that can be sort of hard to get off.
Make sure this fits by entering your model number.; ORGANIZE YOUR FOOD PANTRY - Our patent designed FIFO Can Tracker keeps your kitchen organized by storing and rotating your canned goods on a First In First Out model saving you from expired food cost and waste!
Drain the chickpeas and combine with 2 quarts water in a large, heavy soup pot or Dutch oven. Bring to a boil, reduce the heat, cover and simmer 1 hour.
Our ready-to-eat fully cooked beef, pork, turkey and chicken premium canned meats make every meal easier. We add convenience to all of your family recipes.

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recent examples on the web. so, is london fashion week likely to be full of clothes designed for eating hoarded canned food by candlelight? — sarah mower, vogue, "the brexit deadline is looming—here’s how it will affect london fashion week," 14 feb. 2019 add canned tomatoes and their juices, breaking up whole tomatoes with your hands.
welcome to filstop filipino food, where you'll find one of the largest selections of authentic filipino food online. we're passionate about sharing filipino culture and food with the world, sourcing filipino food straight from the philippines and the rest of asia. we ship internationally so you can order online and have your order shipped directly to your door.
adapted from the new enchanted broccoli forest preparation time: 30 minutes yield: 6 servings tart and tangy, this easy pumpkin soup goes beautifully with fresh, warm tortillas and a spinach salad for a quick and cozy autumn dinner.
crock-pot 15 bean and ham soup. the day before i made this super yummy recipe for crock-pot 15 bean and ham soup i had cooked up a picnic ham in the crock-pot.once we were done with the ham we were left with a huge ham bone with some yummy attached ham that can be sort of hard to get off.
make sure this fits by entering your model number.; organize your food pantry - our patent designed fifo can tracker keeps your kitchen organized by storing and rotating your canned goods on a first in first out model saving you from expired food cost and waste!
drain the chickpeas and combine with 2 quarts water in a large, heavy soup pot or dutch oven. bring to a boil, reduce the heat, cover and simmer 1 hour.
our ready-to-eat fully cooked beef, pork, turkey and chicken premium canned meats make every meal easier. we add convenience to all of your family recipes.


text:
Welcome to Discover Gower 360 From places to stay to things to do when you're here, Discover Gower 360 is the website that really does give you the whole picture.
We are Gower’s oldest and most experienced holiday cottage agency and helping you choose where to stay and what to do when visiting the area is important to us. That’s why we’ve created this website of 360 degree images.
From beaches and restaurants to golf courses, castles and leisure centres, just click on the images for an all-the-way-round, clear view of what to expect before you book or set off.
When you've found your perfect place to stay, why not check out things to do in Gower and the surrounding area. There's plenty to make your holiday an unforgettable experience.
BOOK ONLINE. From apartments with sea views to cosy country cottages and spacious family houses – many dog-friendly - finding the perfect holiday home from home just got easier.
There’s so much to see and do in Swansea Bay, on Gower and in Mumbles. From breath taking beaches and castles to family days out and adventure activities, enjoy a 360-degree view of what you would like to do.
Our YouTube channel includes exclusive birds eye, aerial videos of Swansea Bay, Mumbles and Gower. Click ‘See All’ for some amazing ‘from the sky’ footage.

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welcome to discover gower 360 from places to stay to things to do when you're here, discover gower 360 is the website that really does give you the whole picture.
we are gower’s oldest and most experienced holiday cottage agency and helping you choose where to stay and what to do when visiting the area is important to us. that’s why we’ve created this website of 360 degree images.
from beaches and restaurants to golf courses, castles and leisure centres, just click on the images for an all-the-way-round, clear view of what to expect before you book or set off.
when you've found your perfect place to stay, why not check out things to do in gower and the surrounding area. there's plenty to make your holiday an unforgettable experience.
book online. from apartments with sea views to cosy country cottages and spacious family houses – many dog-friendly - finding the perfect holiday home from home just got easier.
there’s so much to see and do in swansea bay, on gower and in mumbles. from breath taking beaches and castles to family days out and adventure activities, enjoy a 360-degree view of what you would like to do.
our youtube channel includes exclusive birds eye, aerial videos of swansea bay, mumbles and gower. click ‘see all’ for some amazing ‘from the sky’ footage.


text:
Not a lot to report. I'm still trying to find the best times to get to the gym. I may stick with mornings, but it's hard to get any sparring then. No worries; I'll figure it out. Here's the update for the last two days.
Does your gym have later hours? If you have time in evening, I've found it's a really ideal time to get in there and build some quality muscle. Crowds are down, there's room to actually move around.

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not a lot to report. i'm still trying to find the best times to get to the gym. i may stick with mornings, but it's hard to get any sparring then. no worries; i'll figure it out. here's the update for the last two days.
does your gym have later hours? if you have time in evening, i've found it's a really ideal time to get in there and build some quality muscle. crowds are down, there's room to actually move around.


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The Chatham County Center of North Carolina Cooperative Extension will offer a pollinator conservation workshop and garden tour as part of its Enhancing Sustainability Series on Wednesday, September 23, 2015 AND Saturday September 26, 2015 from 2:00-5:00 p.m. starting in the auditorium of the Agriculture Building in Pittsboro. This is the same workshop offered on two different dates to accommodate participants’ schedules and keep class size small.
Chatham County Agricultural Extension Agent Debbie Roos will give an overview of North Carolina pollinators and discuss the role of native bees and managed bees in crop pollination. Participants will learn about the principles of planting a pollinator garden and how to select trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, herbs, vines, and grasses to attract a diversity of pollinators.
Debbie will emphasize native plants but also include a few other plants that provide good resources. The workshop will conclude with a tour of Cooperative Extension’s pollinator garden at Chatham Mills, about half a mile from the Agriculture Building. The garden is comprised of 160 different species, 85% of which are native to the piedmont of North Carolina.
A group of us from SCBA went to the Union County Beekeepers meeting Monday night in Monroe, NC. We at Stanly County Beekeepers are interested in pursuing the Bee City USA designation for Albemarle and Locust NC. Hearing Ms. Phillis Stiles talk about the program was helpful.
4) We need to reapply annually by sending in our year’s activities showing what we’ve done to promote pollinators throughout the community.
The way Ms. Stiles talked it seemed easy. Next we discuss how to approach/educate our city officials. I’ll keep you posted on our progress.

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the chatham county center of north carolina cooperative extension will offer a pollinator conservation workshop and garden tour as part of its enhancing sustainability series on wednesday, september 23, 2015 and saturday september 26, 2015 from 2:00-5:00 p.m. starting in the auditorium of the agriculture building in pittsboro. this is the same workshop offered on two different dates to accommodate participants’ schedules and keep class size small.
chatham county agricultural extension agent debbie roos will give an overview of north carolina pollinators and discuss the role of native bees and managed bees in crop pollination. participants will learn about the principles of planting a pollinator garden and how to select trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, herbs, vines, and grasses to attract a diversity of pollinators.
debbie will emphasize native plants but also include a few other plants that provide good resources. the workshop will conclude with a tour of cooperative extension’s pollinator garden at chatham mills, about half a mile from the agriculture building. the garden is comprised of 160 different species, 85% of which are native to the piedmont of north carolina.
a group of us from scba went to the union county beekeepers meeting monday night in monroe, nc. we at stanly county beekeepers are interested in pursuing the bee city usa designation for albemarle and locust nc. hearing ms. phillis stiles talk about the program was helpful.
4) we need to reapply annually by sending in our year’s activities showing what we’ve done to promote pollinators throughout the community.
the way ms. stiles talked it seemed easy. next we discuss how to approach/educate our city officials. i’ll keep you posted on our progress.


text: Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom With HAITRAL Lamp Set Of Desk Black Night Inspirations . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Inside Contemporary Large White Inspirations . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Throughout To Complete The Look Of Plan . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom In InStyle Decor Com Brown Designer Ideas . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Throughout Lamp Wood Base Cloth Lampshade Living Plan . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Throughout Best Image Of Inspirations . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Regarding Nightstand Bedside At Lumens Com Decorations . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Throughout Black Lampsholden Lamp In Hericus Antique With Prepare . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Within The Secrets To Jillian Harris S Sweet Yet Sophisticated Style Cool Idea . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom With Amazing Cheap Living Room And Prepare . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Throughout FUMAT Bedside Desk Lamp Simple Decor . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Pertaining To LIGHTING LAMPS In Pinterest Designs . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom In Cheap The Pictures WareHouse Plan . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Pertaining To Contemporary Galliard Home Design Pretty And Remodel . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Intended Creative Desk Cloth Art Lamp Black White Remodel . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom In Galliard Home Design Pretty And Designs . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom Intended Creative Design Spiral Light Acrylic Plan . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom With Regard To Bedside Lamp Decor . Modern Table Lamps For Bedroom With Decoration Inspirations .

lowercased: modern table lamps for bedroom with haitral lamp set of desk black night inspirations . modern table lamps for bedroom inside contemporary large white inspirations . modern table lamps for bedroom throughout to complete the look of plan . modern table lamps for bedroom in instyle decor com brown designer ideas . modern table lamps for bedroom throughout lamp wood base cloth lampshade living plan . modern table lamps for bedroom throughout best image of inspirations . modern table lamps for bedroom regarding nightstand bedside at lumens com decorations . modern table lamps for bedroom throughout black lampsholden lamp in hericus antique with prepare . modern table lamps for bedroom within the secrets to jillian harris s sweet yet sophisticated style cool idea . modern table lamps for bedroom with amazing cheap living room and prepare . modern table lamps for bedroom throughout fumat bedside desk lamp simple decor . modern table lamps for bedroom pertaining to lighting lamps in pinterest designs . modern table lamps for bedroom in cheap the pictures warehouse plan . modern table lamps for bedroom pertaining to contemporary galliard home design pretty and remodel . modern table lamps for bedroom intended creative desk cloth art lamp black white remodel . modern table lamps for bedroom in galliard home design pretty and designs . modern table lamps for bedroom intended creative design spiral light acrylic plan . modern table lamps for bedroom with regard to bedside lamp decor . modern table lamps for bedroom with decoration inspirations .


text:
Appeal from the District Court, Dodge County, Ancy Morse, J.
Robert H. Peahl, Faribault, for appellant (C8-85-282), respondent (C1-85-754).
David J. Rice, Rochester, for respondent.
Considered and decided by PARKER, P.J., and WOZNIAK and HUSPENI, JJ., with oral argument waived.
Appellants Michael N. Andersen and Hazel E. Andersen appeal from a judgment entered November 6, 1984, which the trial court attempted to amend on February 15, 1985, after this appeal was filed. The parties dispute the court's method of partitioning a jointly-owned farming operation and raise other issues such as unjust enrichment, tortious interference with contract relations, and general abuse of discretion.
We consolidated the appeals, and now affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for entry of judgment partitioning the property.
Hazel, Norman and Michael Andersen are joint owners of a farming operation near Rochester, Minnesota. This appeal follows a lawsuit resulting from the breakdown of that family farming operation. The problem among the parties brewed for a number of years and culminated when Norman moved from the farm in October 1980. Hostility among the parties is very evident.
For clarity, the parties will be referred to by first names. Appellant Michael is the son of Norman and Hazel who were divorced in 1983. Hazel is also appealing based on a judgment entered against her.
Michael, Norman and Hazel purchased the farm in 1966. They intended that each of them would have an undivided one-third interest. The 270-acre farm cost $26,500 and was financed by a Federal Land Bank mortgage. There was conflicting testimony whether Michael paid his share of the mortgage and what constituted payments. Michael did not receive any of the farm income from 1966 to 1977.
In 1975, Hazel and Norman sold their home and moved in with Michael on farm property he owned individually. They lived with him for about two years during construction of a new home on the jointly-owned farm. This home was to be used as Norman and Hazel's homestead. The parties dispute whether Michael paid a proportionate share of construction costs. Norman testified he paid for most of the construction with proceeds from the sale of another home, a $10,000 inheritance from his mother, and current income.
Hazel and Norman entered into a contract for deed in 1977 selling an additional one-third undivided interest to Michael. As a result, Michael now owns an undivided two-thirds interest, subject to the contract payments. Since Hazel and Norman were subsequently divorced, they now each own an undivided one-sixth interest, and their interest as vendors under the Contract for Deed with Michael. There is no evidence of any agreement among the parties relating to rent, expenses, mortgage, or capital improvements.
Norman left the farm in 1980. Michael claimed that when Norman left the heating system was defective, and he spent $3,000 to replace it. In addition, he claimed to have spent $7,500 on landscaping, septic system repair, and other miscellaneous improvements. Norman testified that the house needed only routine maintenance when he left and that he gave Michael money to repair the heating system.
Michael says his parents are responsible for Federal Land Bank payments and all real estate taxes. Norman claims that Michael was to pay his proportionate share of the expenses and taxes. All parties shared equally in farm income between 1977 and 1980, but Michael claims the farm has been operating at a loss since then.
In 1982, Michael built a grain storage shed on the jointly-owned farm. He testified that economic conditions dictated he should store, rather than sell, the 1982 harvest. Norman told Michael he did not agree with the construction of the storage facility. Nevertheless, construction began on October 11, 1982 and stopped the next day after Norman talked to the excavating contractor. Excavation resumed on October 16. According to Norman, the shed was completed November 2, 1982. Michael claims it was not complete until November 15, 1982.
Michael argues that Norman's interference resulted in a $3,269 loss. Norman denies his interference caused any damage or delays, but that delays were usual and normal harvesting problems.
The parties also contradicted one another's testimony regarding Norman's counterclaim against Michael for conversion of personal property. Hazel and Michael assert gift, while Norman denies it.
Norman's cross-claim against Hazel concerns a 1983 contract for deed check from Michael payable to Hazel or Norman. Hazel cashed the check and put the proceeds in her savings account. She did not pay Norman one-half the sum as provided for in the divorce decree. She now appeals from the $3,171.70 judgment against her.
A bifurcated trial was held in June 1984. The first part determined that the value of the jointly-owned farm was $245,000 and that an undivided one-sixth interest is valued at $40,416. The parties waived a jury trial and the court tried the remaining issues June 13-18, 1984.
The court held: (1) that neither party proved entitlement to reimbursement from any other party; (2) Norman was not responsible for any improvements after October 4, 1980, including the storage shed; (3) the 1982 corn harvest was not delayed by Norman's actions in halting site preparation for the shed and construction was completed without his consent; (4) there was no specific agreement covering rent on the farm property; (5) the 1977 contract for deed obligates Michael to pay Norman and Hazel $3,500 per year, plus seven percent interest; (6) the divorce decree between Hazel and Norman requires the contract for deed payment to be split equally between them; (7) that Hazel owes Norman one-half the 1983 payment plus interest; (8) that the farm cannot be physically partitioned without detriment to each party.
The court also held that the items Norman claims Michael converted were either gifts to him or farm property acquired with farm proceeds. Therefore, Michael did not convert them to his own use and is not liable to Norman for damages. The court awarded Norman $40,416 for his one-sixth interest in the farm and $2,970.17 for his share of the 1984 contract for deed payment.
On December 13, 1984, the court heard post-trial motions. On February 4, 1985, while the motions were still under advisement, Michael filed a notice of appeal from the November 6, 1984 judgment. On February 15, 1985, the trial court issued amended findings, conclusions of law, order for judgment and judgment and decree which reduced Norman's award to $2,970.17 and ordered appraisal of the jointly-owned farm. The court denied the motion for a new trial and all other motions.
Hazel appealed from the amended judgment on April 22, 1985. On May 2, 1985 Michael appealed from the amended judgment, and on June 26, 1985 the Court of Appeals denied his motion to consolidate the two appeals. The appeals court dismissed the May 2 appeal, and consolidated Hazel's appeal with Michael's February 4 appeal.
1. Did the trial court err in denying Michael's claim for contribution from Norman for expenses and improvements to jointly-owned property?
2. Did the trial court err in denying Michael's claim for interference with business relations?
3. Can the trial court issue a judgment ordering both money damages for a partial interest in realty and a partition by sale?
4. Is the post-appeal order of the trial court of any effect?
5. Is the judgment against Hazel Andersen supported by the evidence?
6. Does Hazel Andersen properly appeal from the motion in limine and partition of the farm?
This dispute was tried by the court since the parties waived their right to a jury trial. "On review by an appellate court, 'a finding of the trial court is not to be disturbed unless clearly erroneous, either upon a clear demonstration that it is without substantial evidentiary support or that it was induced by an erroneous view of the law.' " Cleys v. Cleys, 363 N.W.2d 65, 69 (Minn.Ct.App. 1985) (citations omitted).
1. Michael contends the court erred when it denied his claim for contribution from Norman for expenses and improvements to the jointly-owned property. He says the expenses were incurred after October 4, 1980, the date Norman left, for such items as landscaping, installation of a septic system, heating, and a grain storage facility. Norman claims that he is not required to share in the payment because he did not authorize the improvements.
Contribution is an equitable remedy and subject to equitable considerations. Hoverson v. Hoverson, 216 Minn. 228, 235, 12 N.W.2d 501, 505 (1943). There, a co-tenant farm manager was requesting contribution from another co-tenant. The supreme court held that, since plaintiff was in possession and managing the farm, profits must first be applied to improvements and taxes. Id. at 235, 12 N.W.2d at 505. Furthermore, contribution does not mature until the party owing a liability has paid for more than his fair share. Id. at 236, 12 N.W.2d at 506.
In considering a claim for contribution the court should balance the benefits flowing to the party who occupied the property and received the rents and profits against the burden of paying the necessary taxes.
Cleys, 363 N.W.2d at 71. Clearly, Michael, as two-thirds owner of the farm, receives the greater benefit and should carry a greater burden than Norman, a one-sixth owner.
In addition, the general rule is that a tenant in common, absent agreement or understanding with a co-tenant, may not make improvements upon common property at the expense of his co-tenant so as to enable him to recover any portion of the cost or value of the improvements. Hoverson, 216 Minn. at 236, 12 N.W.2d at 506. When the rule is applied to this situation, it is clear that Michael is not entitled to recover.
There is no evidence of any agreement between Norman and Michael. In fact, Michael was aware that Norman disapproved of his building plans. All of the items for which appellant claims reimbursement can be classified as improvements and are governed by this rule.
The facts support the trial court's findings that the improvements were done without Norman's approval or consent. Thus, the trial court's failure to award contribution was not clearly erroneous and is supported by the evidence.
2. Michael's next contention is that the trial court erred in denying his claims for tortious interference with contract. The trial court found that Norman's interference with construction of the grain storage facility did not unduly delay the grain harvest and that he was justified in his involvement.
Although there is no question that Norman disagreed with the location of the storage shed, there was conflicting testimony as to when the shed was complete and the reason for the delay. The trial court found that the third parties involved independently decided not to finish the work.
The claim for wrongful interference of contract is a tort action. See Royal Realty Co. v. Levin, 244 Minn. 288, 69 N.W.2d 667 (1955). The elements of this tort are: (1) existence of a contract; (2) the alleged wrongdoer's knowledge of the contract; (3) intentional procurement of its breach; (4) without justification; and (5) damages. Furley Sales and Associates, Inc. v. North American Automotive Warehouse, Inc., 325 N.W.2d 20, 25 (Minn. 1982). The dispute here is focused on elements four and five.
The applicable standard for justification is found in Potthoff v. Jefferson Lines, Inc., 363 N.W.2d 771 (Minn.Ct.App. 1985), as "reasonable conduct under all the circumstances of the case." Id., 363 N.W.2d at 776. Interference is not justified when it is done for the indirect purpose of injuring the plaintiff or benefitting the defendant, and the defendant has the burden of proving sufficient justification. Furley, 325 N.W.2d at 25.
The facts could reasonably lead to the conclusion that Norman was justified in discussing the shed with the contractors. The parties were already considering a partition, and Norman wanted a physical division awarding him the area around the old homesite, the site of the new storage shed. The court's findings support his contention that he was justified in his action.
The trial court further held that the damages Michael claims did not directly result from Norman's actions. The record shows that poor weather was largely responsible for the delay in the corn harvest. Therefore, there is sufficient evidentiary support for the court's conclusion that Norman was justified in the actions he took to stop construction of the storage shed and was not responsible for the harvesting delay.
3. Michael claims the trial court erred by ordering both money damages and a partition and sale for partial interest in realty. The November 6, 1984 judgment awards Norman $43,386.17; $40,416 for his interest in the property and $2,970.17 for his share of the 1984 contract for deed payment. In addition, the court noted in its findings that the sale to Michael would be an alternative to a partition and sale pursuant to Minn.Stat. § 558 (1984). Although this procedure is not found in Minn.Stat. § 558, the parties initially agreed to set the value of the farm and permit Michael to purchase Norman's one-sixth share.
It is appropriate for a trial court to permit alternative methods in fashioning a remedy.
Although the statutory procedure must be followed, once the court has taken jurisdiction of the case it may exercise its general equitable powers to effect the most advantageous plan which the particular nature of the case admits.
Carlson v. Olson, 256 N.W.2d 249, 255 (Minn. 1977).
In light of this decision and the parties' agreement, the court did not err in permitting alternative solutions. However, the court erred in entering judgment against Michael for the amount of Norman's share. The trial court correctly attempted to correct this error in an amended judgment on February 15, 1985, after the appeal to this court had been filed. Thus, the trial court did not err in fashioning the alternative solution, but erred in entering a money judgment against Michael for Norman's one-sixth share.
4. The next issue is whether the trial court's February 15, 1985 amended judgment has any effect since the appeal was filed on February 4, 1984. The general rule is that an appeal, when perfected, divests the trial court of jurisdiction. This appeal was perfected prior to the February 15, 1985 amended judgment. We have held that a post-appeal order of the trial court is null and void because the trial court lost its jurisdiction to this court once appellant filed a notice of appeal. Evans v. Blesi, 345 N.W.2d 775 (Minn.Ct.App. 1984), pet. for rev. denied (Minn. June 12, 1984). Thus, the February 15, 1985 amended judgment has no effect since jurisdiction shifted to this court at the time of filing of the notice of appeal. Id., 345 N.W.2d at 780.
Although the amended judgment is of no effect, the trial court was in a position to re-examine the judgment and properly rectified the error. Recognizing this, we order that the judgment against Michael be reduced from $43,386.17 to $2,970.17 and the property be partitioned, as the trial court attempted to do in its amended judgment.
5 and 6. Hazel claims to appeal from the February 15, 1985 amended judgment. If that is the case, her appeal is not proper because jurisdiction had already shifted to this court. In addition, her brief challenges: (1) the original judgment in favor of Norman; (2) the grant of a motion in limine prior to the 1984 trial; and (3) the property valuation established by the November 6, 1984 judgment. Her notice of appeal on these issues was filed on April 22, 1985.
Pursuant to Minn.R.Civ.App.P. 104.01, "An appeal may be taken from a judgment within 90 days after its entry * * *." Hazel's appeal from the November 6, 1984 judgment is not timely and is without merit. However, considering the record, there is no doubt that she owes Norman one-half of the 1983 contract for deed payment.
The trial court's decision is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for entry of judgment consistent with this opinion.

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appeal from the district court, dodge county, ancy morse, j.
robert h. peahl, faribault, for appellant (c8-85-282), respondent (c1-85-754).
david j. rice, rochester, for respondent.
considered and decided by parker, p.j., and wozniak and huspeni, jj., with oral argument waived.
appellants michael n. andersen and hazel e. andersen appeal from a judgment entered november 6, 1984, which the trial court attempted to amend on february 15, 1985, after this appeal was filed. the parties dispute the court's method of partitioning a jointly-owned farming operation and raise other issues such as unjust enrichment, tortious interference with contract relations, and general abuse of discretion.
we consolidated the appeals, and now affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for entry of judgment partitioning the property.
hazel, norman and michael andersen are joint owners of a farming operation near rochester, minnesota. this appeal follows a lawsuit resulting from the breakdown of that family farming operation. the problem among the parties brewed for a number of years and culminated when norman moved from the farm in october 1980. hostility among the parties is very evident.
for clarity, the parties will be referred to by first names. appellant michael is the son of norman and hazel who were divorced in 1983. hazel is also appealing based on a judgment entered against her.
michael, norman and hazel purchased the farm in 1966. they intended that each of them would have an undivided one-third interest. the 270-acre farm cost $26,500 and was financed by a federal land bank mortgage. there was conflicting testimony whether michael paid his share of the mortgage and what constituted payments. michael did not receive any of the farm income from 1966 to 1977.
in 1975, hazel and norman sold their home and moved in with michael on farm property he owned individually. they lived with him for about two years during construction of a new home on the jointly-owned farm. this home was to be used as norman and hazel's homestead. the parties dispute whether michael paid a proportionate share of construction costs. norman testified he paid for most of the construction with proceeds from the sale of another home, a $10,000 inheritance from his mother, and current income.
hazel and norman entered into a contract for deed in 1977 selling an additional one-third undivided interest to michael. as a result, michael now owns an undivided two-thirds interest, subject to the contract payments. since hazel and norman were subsequently divorced, they now each own an undivided one-sixth interest, and their interest as vendors under the contract for deed with michael. there is no evidence of any agreement among the parties relating to rent, expenses, mortgage, or capital improvements.
norman left the farm in 1980. michael claimed that when norman left the heating system was defective, and he spent $3,000 to replace it. in addition, he claimed to have spent $7,500 on landscaping, septic system repair, and other miscellaneous improvements. norman testified that the house needed only routine maintenance when he left and that he gave michael money to repair the heating system.
michael says his parents are responsible for federal land bank payments and all real estate taxes. norman claims that michael was to pay his proportionate share of the expenses and taxes. all parties shared equally in farm income between 1977 and 1980, but michael claims the farm has been operating at a loss since then.
in 1982, michael built a grain storage shed on the jointly-owned farm. he testified that economic conditions dictated he should store, rather than sell, the 1982 harvest. norman told michael he did not agree with the construction of the storage facility. nevertheless, construction began on october 11, 1982 and stopped the next day after norman talked to the excavating contractor. excavation resumed on october 16. according to norman, the shed was completed november 2, 1982. michael claims it was not complete until november 15, 1982.
michael argues that norman's interference resulted in a $3,269 loss. norman denies his interference caused any damage or delays, but that delays were usual and normal harvesting problems.
the parties also contradicted one another's testimony regarding norman's counterclaim against michael for conversion of personal property. hazel and michael assert gift, while norman denies it.
norman's cross-claim against hazel concerns a 1983 contract for deed check from michael payable to hazel or norman. hazel cashed the check and put the proceeds in her savings account. she did not pay norman one-half the sum as provided for in the divorce decree. she now appeals from the $3,171.70 judgment against her.
a bifurcated trial was held in june 1984. the first part determined that the value of the jointly-owned farm was $245,000 and that an undivided one-sixth interest is valued at $40,416. the parties waived a jury trial and the court tried the remaining issues june 13-18, 1984.
the court held: (1) that neither party proved entitlement to reimbursement from any other party; (2) norman was not responsible for any improvements after october 4, 1980, including the storage shed; (3) the 1982 corn harvest was not delayed by norman's actions in halting site preparation for the shed and construction was completed without his consent; (4) there was no specific agreement covering rent on the farm property; (5) the 1977 contract for deed obligates michael to pay norman and hazel $3,500 per year, plus seven percent interest; (6) the divorce decree between hazel and norman requires the contract for deed payment to be split equally between them; (7) that hazel owes norman one-half the 1983 payment plus interest; (8) that the farm cannot be physically partitioned without detriment to each party.
the court also held that the items norman claims michael converted were either gifts to him or farm property acquired with farm proceeds. therefore, michael did not convert them to his own use and is not liable to norman for damages. the court awarded norman $40,416 for his one-sixth interest in the farm and $2,970.17 for his share of the 1984 contract for deed payment.
on december 13, 1984, the court heard post-trial motions. on february 4, 1985, while the motions were still under advisement, michael filed a notice of appeal from the november 6, 1984 judgment. on february 15, 1985, the trial court issued amended findings, conclusions of law, order for judgment and judgment and decree which reduced norman's award to $2,970.17 and ordered appraisal of the jointly-owned farm. the court denied the motion for a new trial and all other motions.
hazel appealed from the amended judgment on april 22, 1985. on may 2, 1985 michael appealed from the amended judgment, and on june 26, 1985 the court of appeals denied his motion to consolidate the two appeals. the appeals court dismissed the may 2 appeal, and consolidated hazel's appeal with michael's february 4 appeal.
1. did the trial court err in denying michael's claim for contribution from norman for expenses and improvements to jointly-owned property?
2. did the trial court err in denying michael's claim for interference with business relations?
3. can the trial court issue a judgment ordering both money damages for a partial interest in realty and a partition by sale?
4. is the post-appeal order of the trial court of any effect?
5. is the judgment against hazel andersen supported by the evidence?
6. does hazel andersen properly appeal from the motion in limine and partition of the farm?
this dispute was tried by the court since the parties waived their right to a jury trial. "on review by an appellate court, 'a finding of the trial court is not to be disturbed unless clearly erroneous, either upon a clear demonstration that it is without substantial evidentiary support or that it was induced by an erroneous view of the law.' " cleys v. cleys, 363 n.w.2d 65, 69 (minn.ct.app. 1985) (citations omitted).
1. michael contends the court erred when it denied his claim for contribution from norman for expenses and improvements to the jointly-owned property. he says the expenses were incurred after october 4, 1980, the date norman left, for such items as landscaping, installation of a septic system, heating, and a grain storage facility. norman claims that he is not required to share in the payment because he did not authorize the improvements.
contribution is an equitable remedy and subject to equitable considerations. hoverson v. hoverson, 216 minn. 228, 235, 12 n.w.2d 501, 505 (1943). there, a co-tenant farm manager was requesting contribution from another co-tenant. the supreme court held that, since plaintiff was in possession and managing the farm, profits must first be applied to improvements and taxes. id. at 235, 12 n.w.2d at 505. furthermore, contribution does not mature until the party owing a liability has paid for more than his fair share. id. at 236, 12 n.w.2d at 506.
in considering a claim for contribution the court should balance the benefits flowing to the party who occupied the property and received the rents and profits against the burden of paying the necessary taxes.
cleys, 363 n.w.2d at 71. clearly, michael, as two-thirds owner of the farm, receives the greater benefit and should carry a greater burden than norman, a one-sixth owner.
in addition, the general rule is that a tenant in common, absent agreement or understanding with a co-tenant, may not make improvements upon common property at the expense of his co-tenant so as to enable him to recover any portion of the cost or value of the improvements. hoverson, 216 minn. at 236, 12 n.w.2d at 506. when the rule is applied to this situation, it is clear that michael is not entitled to recover.
there is no evidence of any agreement between norman and michael. in fact, michael was aware that norman disapproved of his building plans. all of the items for which appellant claims reimbursement can be classified as improvements and are governed by this rule.
the facts support the trial court's findings that the improvements were done without norman's approval or consent. thus, the trial court's failure to award contribution was not clearly erroneous and is supported by the evidence.
2. michael's next contention is that the trial court erred in denying his claims for tortious interference with contract. the trial court found that norman's interference with construction of the grain storage facility did not unduly delay the grain harvest and that he was justified in his involvement.
although there is no question that norman disagreed with the location of the storage shed, there was conflicting testimony as to when the shed was complete and the reason for the delay. the trial court found that the third parties involved independently decided not to finish the work.
the claim for wrongful interference of contract is a tort action. see royal realty co. v. levin, 244 minn. 288, 69 n.w.2d 667 (1955). the elements of this tort are: (1) existence of a contract; (2) the alleged wrongdoer's knowledge of the contract; (3) intentional procurement of its breach; (4) without justification; and (5) damages. furley sales and associates, inc. v. north american automotive warehouse, inc., 325 n.w.2d 20, 25 (minn. 1982). the dispute here is focused on elements four and five.
the applicable standard for justification is found in potthoff v. jefferson lines, inc., 363 n.w.2d 771 (minn.ct.app. 1985), as "reasonable conduct under all the circumstances of the case." id., 363 n.w.2d at 776. interference is not justified when it is done for the indirect purpose of injuring the plaintiff or benefitting the defendant, and the defendant has the burden of proving sufficient justification. furley, 325 n.w.2d at 25.
the facts could reasonably lead to the conclusion that norman was justified in discussing the shed with the contractors. the parties were already considering a partition, and norman wanted a physical division awarding him the area around the old homesite, the site of the new storage shed. the court's findings support his contention that he was justified in his action.
the trial court further held that the damages michael claims did not directly result from norman's actions. the record shows that poor weather was largely responsible for the delay in the corn harvest. therefore, there is sufficient evidentiary support for the court's conclusion that norman was justified in the actions he took to stop construction of the storage shed and was not responsible for the harvesting delay.
3. michael claims the trial court erred by ordering both money damages and a partition and sale for partial interest in realty. the november 6, 1984 judgment awards norman $43,386.17; $40,416 for his interest in the property and $2,970.17 for his share of the 1984 contract for deed payment. in addition, the court noted in its findings that the sale to michael would be an alternative to a partition and sale pursuant to minn.stat. § 558 (1984). although this procedure is not found in minn.stat. § 558, the parties initially agreed to set the value of the farm and permit michael to purchase norman's one-sixth share.
it is appropriate for a trial court to permit alternative methods in fashioning a remedy.
although the statutory procedure must be followed, once the court has taken jurisdiction of the case it may exercise its general equitable powers to effect the most advantageous plan which the particular nature of the case admits.
carlson v. olson, 256 n.w.2d 249, 255 (minn. 1977).
in light of this decision and the parties' agreement, the court did not err in permitting alternative solutions. however, the court erred in entering judgment against michael for the amount of norman's share. the trial court correctly attempted to correct this error in an amended judgment on february 15, 1985, after the appeal to this court had been filed. thus, the trial court did not err in fashioning the alternative solution, but erred in entering a money judgment against michael for norman's one-sixth share.
4. the next issue is whether the trial court's february 15, 1985 amended judgment has any effect since the appeal was filed on february 4, 1984. the general rule is that an appeal, when perfected, divests the trial court of jurisdiction. this appeal was perfected prior to the february 15, 1985 amended judgment. we have held that a post-appeal order of the trial court is null and void because the trial court lost its jurisdiction to this court once appellant filed a notice of appeal. evans v. blesi, 345 n.w.2d 775 (minn.ct.app. 1984), pet. for rev. denied (minn. june 12, 1984). thus, the february 15, 1985 amended judgment has no effect since jurisdiction shifted to this court at the time of filing of the notice of appeal. id., 345 n.w.2d at 780.
although the amended judgment is of no effect, the trial court was in a position to re-examine the judgment and properly rectified the error. recognizing this, we order that the judgment against michael be reduced from $43,386.17 to $2,970.17 and the property be partitioned, as the trial court attempted to do in its amended judgment.
5 and 6. hazel claims to appeal from the february 15, 1985 amended judgment. if that is the case, her appeal is not proper because jurisdiction had already shifted to this court. in addition, her brief challenges: (1) the original judgment in favor of norman; (2) the grant of a motion in limine prior to the 1984 trial; and (3) the property valuation established by the november 6, 1984 judgment. her notice of appeal on these issues was filed on april 22, 1985.
pursuant to minn.r.civ.app.p. 104.01, "an appeal may be taken from a judgment within 90 days after its entry * * *." hazel's appeal from the november 6, 1984 judgment is not timely and is without merit. however, considering the record, there is no doubt that she owes norman one-half of the 1983 contract for deed payment.
the trial court's decision is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for entry of judgment consistent with this opinion.


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Promote market readiness. Many agencies are incorporating market literacy and market readiness training into their programming with very poor populations. Practical Action, for instance, worked with male and particularly female hibiscus farmers in Southern Sudan to better engage with market opportunities. It recognized that in order to improve weak market relationships, significant capacity building and organization was required of isolated producers who lacked common membership organizations, effective risk mitigation strategies, and awareness of what services were available and how to access them. Activities to strengthen market readiness included the development of village development committees, which represented small groups of producers and facilitated their training. These committees were strengthened so as to legitimately represent even very poor farmers, and particularly women, who despite their role in the value chain were often excluded from decision making. Once organized, extensive exposure visits and training on negotiation skills and marketing helped the committees to engage with other market actors in a way that increased benefits for all market actors.
Support cross-cutting value chains. Another promising approach is to support access to cross-cutting value chains. Certain products and services, such as transport, packaging, irrigation technologies or agricultural inputs, support diversification and enhance choice because they can be broadly applied. CARE Zimbabwe, for instance, has supported small rural retailers of grocery products to become trained agro-dealers linked to regional wholesalers with finance accounts. The closer availability of inputs has improved access to inputs by farmers who only require a very small quantity and cannot afford the costs of travelling to larger provincial centers. Such approaches empower the poor by turning them into consumers rather than passive recipients of charity.
Promote local labor sharing. An innovative approach currently being tested is to support small, informal labor groups within communities. Building on the informal groups that exist in many parts of rural Africa, these groups may help to support engagement in value chain activities by providing the labor and motivation to engage in larger projects that are unfeasible for individuals. Save the Children in Mozambique is using such an approach with 'ajuda mutua' (mutual help) groups. Participants report that their participation has resulted in greater food production, diversification of activities, the accomplishment of tasks that were previously not possible without a hired labor force, and the development of stronger bonds with neighbors that can be leveraged in times of need.
Use community-managed microfinance methodologies. Upgrading trajectories that rely on self-financing will reduce risk levels and increase the ability of very poor populations to participate. Community-managed microfinance is oriented to facilitating the secure mobilization of people's own capital, particularly for those that are unable to access formal financial services. The figure below illustrates the capacity of community-managed microfinance to reach populations who are not served by formal institutions such as banks and microfinance institutions. For very poor populations, savings groups are often first used as a vehicle for income smoothing, and subsequently, as amounts grow, for small investments. Debt financing is better used as a subsequent intervention once very poor populations have developed their own capital and have more capacity to handle debt.
Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in Tanzania used this approach by encouraging chick pea farmers to first form small savings groups. These groups accumulated small amounts of capital that was then lent out among group members. Once these groups were well functioning, they were used as platforms for negotiating group sales contracts directly with exporters for higher prices and better terms. A case study of this project found that in comparison with conventional marketing groups that had been created by other NGOs, CRS’s strategy of integrating group asset mobilization into the marketing structure created greater group cohesion. It also increased the participation of poor community members, who had traditionally not participated in joint marketing structures given a need for immediately cash at harvest and an inability to delay sale to access better prices.
Encourage co-investment or co-financing with other value chain actors. Africare and Cardno’s Community-based Orphan Protection and Empowerment project cultivated linkages between lead firms and caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children across several East African countries. In Uganda, an exporter of dried fruit was willing to sign an MOU to purchase dried fruit for export from caregivers and older orphans and vulnerable children. By establishing and strengthening horizontal linkages through production groups, the caregivers were able to aggregate sufficient volumes to supply the buyer. Critically, this lead firm was willing to invest in its relationship with the groups by constructing and contributing to the cost of solar dryers. Ongoing follow-up and support are now being provided by the lead firm.
Support greater and better quality employment opportunities. Relative to self-employment, many vulnerable populations prefer the security, networking and other benefits of steady employment. In many cases, the decision to pursue self-employment is taken due to a lack of other options. Generating employment opportunities can therefore be an effective strategy for value chain initiatives to incorporate very poor populations. ACDI/VOCA’s GMED project in India, for instance, focused on developing opportunities for the marginalized within the solid waste management sector. Whereas engagement in this sector has traditionally attracted harassment and violence, particularly for women, it also provides an easy point of entry for the poorly educated urban poor. The GMED project worked with several municipalities in India to improve the performance and status of the sector by outsourcing to small enterprises. As a consequence, workers previously engaged in the informal sector are now receiving higher wages with greater job security and higher social status. Many of the project clients are also more empowered following the transition.
Use smart subsidies to buy down risk. It is recognized that the limited subsidies can be an effective tool to reduce the risk of adopting new behaviors or making unproven investments. This is particularly true when working with very poor populations, for whom upgrading may require unacceptably high levels of risk. The Mennonite Economic Development Associates (MEDA) faced strong adversion among farmers, wholesalers and retailers in Zambia to invest in a demonstrably profitable technology: manual water pumps for irrigation. Suppliers did not see a market among smallholders for the equipment and consequently were unwilling to invest in expanding their supply chains and building market demand. Conversely, very poor farmers would not invest in irrigation technologies given the cost and unproven returns. MEDA used a time-bound voucher to subsidize a portion of the cost of purchasing a new water pump from local retailers. Early signs indicate that both farmers and suppliers are beginning to recognize and respond to the potential of the technologies.
Sequence economic strengthening activities by level of vulnerability. Reflecting the need to build capacity to cope with adversity prior to generating new income opportunities, Family Health International's Regional Outreach Addressing HIV/AIDS through Development Strategies (ROADS) project, that includes economic development partner DAI, has developed a model that has four stages of economic strengthening, as illustrated below. Three of these (savings mobilization, business training, and market access) are available to participants sequentially. Once resilience is built through savings protection and mobilization, community participants are then supported to improve the performance of their microenterprises within existing markets. Focusing on current—usually local—markets is a risk-reduction strategy for vulnerable clients. As microentrepreneurs improve their skills and management capacity, they are assisted to identify and access higher potential markets. Recognizing the food security challenges confronting project participants, technical assistance is provided to savings group members and business training recipients to bolster the productivity of farm plots and kitchen gardens. Importantly, participants self-select their continued participation in the project based upon interest, capacity and other factors. ROADS anticipates variable individual and community progress and interest in upgrading and therefore will provide tailored trainings to groups based on the speed of their progress rather than project timeframes.
Improve food security. Food insecurity is a strong contributor to risk aversion. Households that face chronic or seasonal food shortages are often unwilling to make longer-term investments that they will need to liquidate in lean periods. Strategies to increase the food security of vulnerable populations are presented here.
Identify inefficiencies and market opportunities for social product and service value chains. As with other value chains, applying value chain analysis to social products and services facilitates the identification of constraints and opportunities. Unlike other approaches to benefiting very poor populations, however, the goal of the analysis is not to improve income but rather to improve access to social products and services. Action for Enterprise, for instance, conducted a value chain analysis in Bangladesh of several important health products with limited outreach to vulnerable populations and potential beneficial impacts. The study identified how existing firms could improve outreach of these products, and assessed the impacts of the enabling environment in shaping private sector behavior and incentives.
Develop alternative delivery mechanisms. Existing delivery channels for social products and services commonly fail to reach very poor populations, who are not prioritized by public service providers given remoteness, low purchasing power, weak political power and other factors. Some agencies have found that improving supply systems for basic services can create powerful impacts upon the capacity of the poor to become or remain economically active. The Mennonite Economic Development Associates (MEDA), for instance, applied the value chain approach to improve the efficiency of malaria net distributions in Tanzania. Mosquito nets that reduce the likelihood of malaria infection had traditionally been provided only through public clinics, with limited outreach and usage levels. MEDA implemented a voucher scheme that was redeemable at private-sector outlets. The voucher mechanism created a rapid response by private entrepreneurs to stock nets even in extremely remote villages that had never before been serviced. The project found that not only were health incomes improved - the total number of people owning a net, for instance, increased from 44% to 66% from 2005 to 2007 - but also that there were substantial economic impacts.
↑ S. Hashemi and R. Rosenberg, Graduating the Poorest into Microfinance: Linking Safety Nets and Financial Services, (2006), 2.
↑ Practical Action, Learning from Practice: Facilitating Hibiscus Market Systems For Marginalized Women Farmers in Sudan, (2006-2010), 11-12.
↑ B. Fowler and D. Panetta, CARE International in Zimbabwe: Improving access to basic financial services and agricultural input and output markets by small-holder farmers in Zimbabwe, (2010).
↑ Save the Children, STRIVE Mozambique Project Description and Activities, (2009), 2-3.
↑ Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India), Internal Document, (2010).
↑ J. Ledgerwood, Brief on Community-Based Savings Groups: Aga Khan Foundation, (2009), 2.
↑ B. Fowler and C. Nelson, Combining Savings Groups with Agricultural Marketing in Tanzania, (2011).
↑ Cardno, Early Lessons in Targeting Populations with a Value Chain Approach, (2009) 10-11.
↑ E. Dunn, N. Kalaitzandonakes, and C. Valdivia, Risk and the Impacts of Microenterprise Services, (2005), 22.
↑ S. Gupta and V. Tripathi, Report of the GMED Urban Services Program in India: A Micro Enterprise Approach, (undated), 14-18.
↑ A. Snelgrove and L. Manje, Catalysts of Agricultural Supply Markets: Case for Smart Subsidies in Zambia, (2010).
↑ FHI/DAI, LifeWorks Strategic Framework: Coupling Economic Assistance with HIV/AIDS Support on ROADS II, (2010), 11.
↑ D. Gollin and C. Zimmermann, Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences, (2007) 20.
↑ AFE, Final Report: Assessment of Commercial Private Sector for Health Care Products in Bangladesh, (2010).
↑ A Kilian et al, Review of delivery strategies for insecticide treated mosquito nets – are we ready for the next phase of malaria control efforts?, (2009) 10.

lowercased:
promote market readiness. many agencies are incorporating market literacy and market readiness training into their programming with very poor populations. practical action, for instance, worked with male and particularly female hibiscus farmers in southern sudan to better engage with market opportunities. it recognized that in order to improve weak market relationships, significant capacity building and organization was required of isolated producers who lacked common membership organizations, effective risk mitigation strategies, and awareness of what services were available and how to access them. activities to strengthen market readiness included the development of village development committees, which represented small groups of producers and facilitated their training. these committees were strengthened so as to legitimately represent even very poor farmers, and particularly women, who despite their role in the value chain were often excluded from decision making. once organized, extensive exposure visits and training on negotiation skills and marketing helped the committees to engage with other market actors in a way that increased benefits for all market actors.
support cross-cutting value chains. another promising approach is to support access to cross-cutting value chains. certain products and services, such as transport, packaging, irrigation technologies or agricultural inputs, support diversification and enhance choice because they can be broadly applied. care zimbabwe, for instance, has supported small rural retailers of grocery products to become trained agro-dealers linked to regional wholesalers with finance accounts. the closer availability of inputs has improved access to inputs by farmers who only require a very small quantity and cannot afford the costs of travelling to larger provincial centers. such approaches empower the poor by turning them into consumers rather than passive recipients of charity.
promote local labor sharing. an innovative approach currently being tested is to support small, informal labor groups within communities. building on the informal groups that exist in many parts of rural africa, these groups may help to support engagement in value chain activities by providing the labor and motivation to engage in larger projects that are unfeasible for individuals. save the children in mozambique is using such an approach with 'ajuda mutua' (mutual help) groups. participants report that their participation has resulted in greater food production, diversification of activities, the accomplishment of tasks that were previously not possible without a hired labor force, and the development of stronger bonds with neighbors that can be leveraged in times of need.
use community-managed microfinance methodologies. upgrading trajectories that rely on self-financing will reduce risk levels and increase the ability of very poor populations to participate. community-managed microfinance is oriented to facilitating the secure mobilization of people's own capital, particularly for those that are unable to access formal financial services. the figure below illustrates the capacity of community-managed microfinance to reach populations who are not served by formal institutions such as banks and microfinance institutions. for very poor populations, savings groups are often first used as a vehicle for income smoothing, and subsequently, as amounts grow, for small investments. debt financing is better used as a subsequent intervention once very poor populations have developed their own capital and have more capacity to handle debt.
catholic relief services (crs) in tanzania used this approach by encouraging chick pea farmers to first form small savings groups. these groups accumulated small amounts of capital that was then lent out among group members. once these groups were well functioning, they were used as platforms for negotiating group sales contracts directly with exporters for higher prices and better terms. a case study of this project found that in comparison with conventional marketing groups that had been created by other ngos, crs’s strategy of integrating group asset mobilization into the marketing structure created greater group cohesion. it also increased the participation of poor community members, who had traditionally not participated in joint marketing structures given a need for immediately cash at harvest and an inability to delay sale to access better prices.
encourage co-investment or co-financing with other value chain actors. africare and cardno’s community-based orphan protection and empowerment project cultivated linkages between lead firms and caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children across several east african countries. in uganda, an exporter of dried fruit was willing to sign an mou to purchase dried fruit for export from caregivers and older orphans and vulnerable children. by establishing and strengthening horizontal linkages through production groups, the caregivers were able to aggregate sufficient volumes to supply the buyer. critically, this lead firm was willing to invest in its relationship with the groups by constructing and contributing to the cost of solar dryers. ongoing follow-up and support are now being provided by the lead firm.
support greater and better quality employment opportunities. relative to self-employment, many vulnerable populations prefer the security, networking and other benefits of steady employment. in many cases, the decision to pursue self-employment is taken due to a lack of other options. generating employment opportunities can therefore be an effective strategy for value chain initiatives to incorporate very poor populations. acdi/voca’s gmed project in india, for instance, focused on developing opportunities for the marginalized within the solid waste management sector. whereas engagement in this sector has traditionally attracted harassment and violence, particularly for women, it also provides an easy point of entry for the poorly educated urban poor. the gmed project worked with several municipalities in india to improve the performance and status of the sector by outsourcing to small enterprises. as a consequence, workers previously engaged in the informal sector are now receiving higher wages with greater job security and higher social status. many of the project clients are also more empowered following the transition.
use smart subsidies to buy down risk. it is recognized that the limited subsidies can be an effective tool to reduce the risk of adopting new behaviors or making unproven investments. this is particularly true when working with very poor populations, for whom upgrading may require unacceptably high levels of risk. the mennonite economic development associates (meda) faced strong adversion among farmers, wholesalers and retailers in zambia to invest in a demonstrably profitable technology: manual water pumps for irrigation. suppliers did not see a market among smallholders for the equipment and consequently were unwilling to invest in expanding their supply chains and building market demand. conversely, very poor farmers would not invest in irrigation technologies given the cost and unproven returns. meda used a time-bound voucher to subsidize a portion of the cost of purchasing a new water pump from local retailers. early signs indicate that both farmers and suppliers are beginning to recognize and respond to the potential of the technologies.
sequence economic strengthening activities by level of vulnerability. reflecting the need to build capacity to cope with adversity prior to generating new income opportunities, family health international's regional outreach addressing hiv/aids through development strategies (roads) project, that includes economic development partner dai, has developed a model that has four stages of economic strengthening, as illustrated below. three of these (savings mobilization, business training, and market access) are available to participants sequentially. once resilience is built through savings protection and mobilization, community participants are then supported to improve the performance of their microenterprises within existing markets. focusing on current—usually local—markets is a risk-reduction strategy for vulnerable clients. as microentrepreneurs improve their skills and management capacity, they are assisted to identify and access higher potential markets. recognizing the food security challenges confronting project participants, technical assistance is provided to savings group members and business training recipients to bolster the productivity of farm plots and kitchen gardens. importantly, participants self-select their continued participation in the project based upon interest, capacity and other factors. roads anticipates variable individual and community progress and interest in upgrading and therefore will provide tailored trainings to groups based on the speed of their progress rather than project timeframes.
improve food security. food insecurity is a strong contributor to risk aversion. households that face chronic or seasonal food shortages are often unwilling to make longer-term investments that they will need to liquidate in lean periods. strategies to increase the food security of vulnerable populations are presented here.
identify inefficiencies and market opportunities for social product and service value chains. as with other value chains, applying value chain analysis to social products and services facilitates the identification of constraints and opportunities. unlike other approaches to benefiting very poor populations, however, the goal of the analysis is not to improve income but rather to improve access to social products and services. action for enterprise, for instance, conducted a value chain analysis in bangladesh of several important health products with limited outreach to vulnerable populations and potential beneficial impacts. the study identified how existing firms could improve outreach of these products, and assessed the impacts of the enabling environment in shaping private sector behavior and incentives.
develop alternative delivery mechanisms. existing delivery channels for social products and services commonly fail to reach very poor populations, who are not prioritized by public service providers given remoteness, low purchasing power, weak political power and other factors. some agencies have found that improving supply systems for basic services can create powerful impacts upon the capacity of the poor to become or remain economically active. the mennonite economic development associates (meda), for instance, applied the value chain approach to improve the efficiency of malaria net distributions in tanzania. mosquito nets that reduce the likelihood of malaria infection had traditionally been provided only through public clinics, with limited outreach and usage levels. meda implemented a voucher scheme that was redeemable at private-sector outlets. the voucher mechanism created a rapid response by private entrepreneurs to stock nets even in extremely remote villages that had never before been serviced. the project found that not only were health incomes improved - the total number of people owning a net, for instance, increased from 44% to 66% from 2005 to 2007 - but also that there were substantial economic impacts.
↑ s. hashemi and r. rosenberg, graduating the poorest into microfinance: linking safety nets and financial services, (2006), 2.
↑ practical action, learning from practice: facilitating hibiscus market systems for marginalized women farmers in sudan, (2006-2010), 11-12.
↑ b. fowler and d. panetta, care international in zimbabwe: improving access to basic financial services and agricultural input and output markets by small-holder farmers in zimbabwe, (2010).
↑ save the children, strive mozambique project description and activities, (2009), 2-3.
↑ aga khan rural support programme (india), internal document, (2010).
↑ j. ledgerwood, brief on community-based savings groups: aga khan foundation, (2009), 2.
↑ b. fowler and c. nelson, combining savings groups with agricultural marketing in tanzania, (2011).
↑ cardno, early lessons in targeting populations with a value chain approach, (2009) 10-11.
↑ e. dunn, n. kalaitzandonakes, and c. valdivia, risk and the impacts of microenterprise services, (2005), 22.
↑ s. gupta and v. tripathi, report of the gmed urban services program in india: a micro enterprise approach, (undated), 14-18.
↑ a. snelgrove and l. manje, catalysts of agricultural supply markets: case for smart subsidies in zambia, (2010).
↑ fhi/dai, lifeworks strategic framework: coupling economic assistance with hiv/aids support on roads ii, (2010), 11.
↑ d. gollin and c. zimmermann, malaria: disease impacts and long-run income differences, (2007) 20.
↑ afe, final report: assessment of commercial private sector for health care products in bangladesh, (2010).
↑ a kilian et al, review of delivery strategies for insecticide treated mosquito nets – are we ready for the next phase of malaria control efforts?, (2009) 10.


text:
SPACE rock the rafters – well they would if there were any - at St Luke's bombed out church this Saturday – and for the Female of the Species hit-makers, it's a milestone to cross of the bucket list.
The under-threat church is hosting the second Liverpool Calling, a one-day music fest that sees the likes of mod revivalists The Rifles, Twisted Wheel, The Repeat Offenders, The Sundowners and 50 more indie acts holding court at 10 venues across the city centre.
“Liverpool Calling is staking its claim to be one of the U.K’s finest new one day events,” it says here.
Despite Space's full-on-form revival in the past couple of years, a new album (single Falling In Love out this week) and chocker festival diaries this summer, Space say playing a gig at the Leece Street landmark is a big moment.
Keyboard player Franny Griffiths took to Facebook earlier this month, to tell fans: “Many moons ago, when me and Tommy (vocalist Tommy Scott) were teenagers, we started our first band, Hello Sunset.
"We would meet with friends in Liverpool town centre every Saturday, then make our way up Bold Street to the bombed out church to sit on the steps, like a lot of young dreamers did, and dreamt of being on Top of The Pops.
Zanzibar, Korova, Next to Nowhere and Sound Food and Drink are also making room for a plethora of talents big and small. Tickets range from £16-odd to see Space to £37 for a full-on pass.
Space, The Rifles, Twisted Wheel, Dexters, D/RU/G/S, The Rag n’ Bone Man, The Mono LP’s, GhostChant, The Jackobins, Southbound Attic Band, Low Winter Sun, Rufus Hok, Michael Bennett, Detuned Radio, Kusanagi, Polymath, Cleft, Sheepy, Enamel Animal, Mike Markey, SuperSprite, Stereo Electric Mistress, Gold Jacks & Filter Distortion, Delta Sleep, Jetta, The Sundowners, Cavalry, Reva, Colour, The Cheap Thrills, Sunday Star Club, You Must Not Sleep, The Mighty Ibex, Elmo & The Styx, In Evil Hour, Billy Kelly, Nadine McGhee, Rob Jones & Rob White, Matty H, Ryvers, Katy McGrath & Howlin Voodoo.

lowercased:
space rock the rafters – well they would if there were any - at st luke's bombed out church this saturday – and for the female of the species hit-makers, it's a milestone to cross of the bucket list.
the under-threat church is hosting the second liverpool calling, a one-day music fest that sees the likes of mod revivalists the rifles, twisted wheel, the repeat offenders, the sundowners and 50 more indie acts holding court at 10 venues across the city centre.
“liverpool calling is staking its claim to be one of the u.k’s finest new one day events,” it says here.
despite space's full-on-form revival in the past couple of years, a new album (single falling in love out this week) and chocker festival diaries this summer, space say playing a gig at the leece street landmark is a big moment.
keyboard player franny griffiths took to facebook earlier this month, to tell fans: “many moons ago, when me and tommy (vocalist tommy scott) were teenagers, we started our first band, hello sunset.
"we would meet with friends in liverpool town centre every saturday, then make our way up bold street to the bombed out church to sit on the steps, like a lot of young dreamers did, and dreamt of being on top of the pops.
zanzibar, korova, next to nowhere and sound food and drink are also making room for a plethora of talents big and small. tickets range from £16-odd to see space to £37 for a full-on pass.
space, the rifles, twisted wheel, dexters, d/ru/g/s, the rag n’ bone man, the mono lp’s, ghostchant, the jackobins, southbound attic band, low winter sun, rufus hok, michael bennett, detuned radio, kusanagi, polymath, cleft, sheepy, enamel animal, mike markey, supersprite, stereo electric mistress, gold jacks & filter distortion, delta sleep, jetta, the sundowners, cavalry, reva, colour, the cheap thrills, sunday star club, you must not sleep, the mighty ibex, elmo & the styx, in evil hour, billy kelly, nadine mcghee, rob jones & rob white, matty h, ryvers, katy mcgrath & howlin voodoo.


text:
15 Jan - 68 min - Uploaded by bso&soundtracks Link para descargar OST por Mega: cclarkestudios.com Lista de Canciones: Get the Door. 29 May - 3 min - Uploaded by DanteLanza The people who hate queens blade rebellion should stop. can be some sort of sheet music.
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lowercased:
15 jan - 68 min - uploaded by bso&soundtracks link para descargar ost por mega: cclarkestudios.com lista de canciones: get the door. 29 may - 3 min - uploaded by dantelanza the people who hate queens blade rebellion should stop. can be some sort of sheet music.
page 1 of page 1 of page 2 of page 2 of page 3 of head first php & mysql. by lynn beighley and michael morrison. copyright. there was a problem previewing this document. retrying download.
jam with your favorite stars from all 30 nba teams in over-the-top, high-flying, 2- on-2 arcade basketball just like you remember it – and like you've never seen. explore free android, android apps, and more. free download mod apk data games apps android. scribblenauts remix apk mod.
man ki awazz pratigya ringtones for mobile phones - by relevance - free download on zedge. pratigya-krishna the. in entertainment. search free pratigya ringtones and notifications on zedge and personalize your phone to suit you.
koplayer is an android emulator which allows you play android games and apps on how to get games on emerson tablet; download games for emerson tablet. there are two ways to put games and apps on your emerson tablet here`s how, • using app market. go to settings.
11 nov - 2 min - uploaded by matej matevski motorhead - bomber ain't a hope in hell, nothing's gonna bring us down, the way we fly. 1 dec - 37 min - uploaded by venenopeligro14 1. dead men tell no tales 2. lawman 3.
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text:
Financing arranged during the time a company is in Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Copies of the debtor in possession financing agreement and the form of investment agreement will be filed with the SEC shortly by Globalstar as exhibits to a Form 8-K.
The telecom companies previously announced debtor in possession financing from CFC in the amount of $7.
Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky has approved an order allowing the Company to use its cash collateral through April 15, 2002, by which time the Company believes it will be able to obtain debtor in possession financing.
The company has sufficient funds on hand to finance current operations and is working with its bank group to arrange for debtor in possession financing.
OTC BB:KAHA) (the "company"), Tuesday announced it has provided an additional $280,000 in debtor in possession financing to Ranch * 1 Inc.
Monday announced it has provided $220,000 in debtor in possession financing to Ranch * 1 Inc.
ACI has also agreed to provide debtor in possession financing to OAN in order to maintain an orderly transition of the business.
1 million in the aggregate as follows: (i) forgiveness of approximately $750,000 in debtor in possession financing previously provided to the subsidiaries and (ii) assumption of approximately $1.
today announced that it has received non-binding letters of intent for debtor in possession financing from strategic investors in excess of $225 million, the amount needed to finance the company's immediate cash needs.
The term sheet permits debtor in possession financing to be provided of up to US$100 million, which is currently being negotiated.

lowercased:
financing arranged during the time a company is in chapter 11 bankruptcy.
copies of the debtor in possession financing agreement and the form of investment agreement will be filed with the sec shortly by globalstar as exhibits to a form 8-k.
the telecom companies previously announced debtor in possession financing from cfc in the amount of $7.
bankruptcy court for the eastern district of kentucky has approved an order allowing the company to use its cash collateral through april 15, 2002, by which time the company believes it will be able to obtain debtor in possession financing.
the company has sufficient funds on hand to finance current operations and is working with its bank group to arrange for debtor in possession financing.
otc bb:kaha) (the "company"), tuesday announced it has provided an additional $280,000 in debtor in possession financing to ranch * 1 inc.
monday announced it has provided $220,000 in debtor in possession financing to ranch * 1 inc.
aci has also agreed to provide debtor in possession financing to oan in order to maintain an orderly transition of the business.
1 million in the aggregate as follows: (i) forgiveness of approximately $750,000 in debtor in possession financing previously provided to the subsidiaries and (ii) assumption of approximately $1.
today announced that it has received non-binding letters of intent for debtor in possession financing from strategic investors in excess of $225 million, the amount needed to finance the company's immediate cash needs.
the term sheet permits debtor in possession financing to be provided of up to us$100 million, which is currently being negotiated.