text:
Background: This study was done to detect multidrug resistant (MDR) and extremely drug resistant (XDR) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa among strains isolated from patients in Tehran, Iran, due to importance of these phenotypes in treatment of human infections. Methods: Eighty eightP. aeruginosa were isolated from patients in Tehran, Iran, and identified by routine methods and PCR for oprL gene. Their antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents from 7 antimicrobial categories (aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins/ß-lactamase inhibitors, monobactams, polymyxins) were determined by disk diffusion method, according to recommendation of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Characterization of P. aeruginosa isolates as MDR and XDR was done according to standardized international terminology presented by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2011. MDR was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥3 antimicrobial categories and XDR was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥6 antimicrobial categories. Results: The rates of susceptibility to antimicrobials were as follows: gentamicin 27.3%, tobramycin 54.5%, amikacin 56.8%, netilmicin 36.4%, imipenem 55.7%, meropenem 55.7%, doripenem 60.2%, ceftazidime 63.6%, cefepime 56.8%, ciprofloxacin 59.1%, levofloxacin 60.2%, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid 37.5%, piperacillin-tazobactam 63.6%, aztreonam 43.2%, colistin 90.9%, polymyxin 95.5%. Altogether, 48 (54.5%) and 29 (33%) isolates were characterized as MDR and XDR, respectively. Discussion:The high frequency of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Iran makes epidemiological surveillance of susceptibility of this bacterium more essential for the best selection of empirical antibiotics.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen in human (1). The most worrisome characteristic of this bacterium is its low antibiotic susceptibility, which is attributable to low permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes and action of multidrug efflux pumps. In addition to this intrinsic resistance, P. aeruginosa can get resistance by mutation either in chromosomally encoded genes or by the horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants (2, 3). Unfortunately, rates of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa are increasing worldwide (1, 2). Besides, some of strains have shown resistance to multiple antibiotics, which could be mediated by several mechanisms including production of hydrolyzing enzyme, loss of outer membrane protein, efflux systems and target mutations (4). These isolates were named multidrug resistant (MDR), extremely drug resistant (XDR) and pandrug resistant (PDR), according the extreme of their resistance. Infections with these resistant isolates may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality, which can attributed to limited effective antimicrobial options (4, 5).
Review of literature on MDR P. aeruginosa has revealed considerably different definitions (6, 7). The absence of specific definitions for MDR in clinical study protocols makes difficult the comparison of data (8). In addition, the true prevalence of MDR isolatescannot well establish (4). However, in the majority of the published studies, multidrug resistance was defined as resistance to at least three drugs from a variety of antibiotic classes, mainly aminoglycosides, antipseudomonal penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones (4).
In 2011, a group of international experts came together to create a standardized international terminology with which to describe acquired resistance profiles in bacteria often responsible for healthcare-associated infections and prone to multidrug resistanceincluding P. aeruginosa. List of proposed antimicrobial categories for characterization of MDR, XDR and PDR in P. aeruginosa are shown in Table 1. MDR was defined as “acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories”, XDR was defined as “non-susceptibility to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial categories” (i.e. bacterial isolates remain susceptible to only one or two categories) and PDR was defined as “non-susceptibility to all agents in all antimicrobial categories” (8).
Since most studies performed in Iran about MDR P. aeruginosa do not include these criteria and there is a lack of study about presence of XDR P. aeruginosa, this research was designed to detect these phenotypes among P. aeruginosa isolated from patients in Tehran, Iran.
(5'-ATGGAAATGCTGAAATTCGGC-3' and 5'-CTTCTTCAGCTCGACGCGACG-3') was used for molecular identification of P.aeruginosa (9). Product length of amplicon was 504 base pair. Genomic DNA was extracted from overnight cultures of P. aeruginosa by boiling.
Disk diffusion method was used for detection of antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (10). The following antibiotics disks from MAST Categories Ltd., Merseyside, UK, were used: gentamicin (GM, 10µg), tobramycin (TN, 10µg), amikacin (AK, 30µg), netilmicin (NET, 30µg), imipenem (IMI, 10µg), meropenem (MEM, 10µg), doripenem (DOR, 10µg), ceftazidime (CAZ, 30µg), cefepime (CPM, 30µg), ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5µg), levofloxacin (LEV, 5µg), ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (TIM, 85 µg), piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ, 110µg), aztreonam (ATM, 30µg), colistin (CO, 10µg), and polymyxin B (PB, 300U). Control strain used for all antibiotics disks was P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, except for penicillins/ß-lactamase inhibitors, which was E. coli ATCC35218.
Defining of MDR and XDR in P. aeruginosa isolates were done according to new standardized international document (8), by the results of antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to all antimicrobial agents listed in Table 1 except fosfomycin, since interpretive criterion recommendation by CLSI and EUCAST for fosfomycin disk diffusion test of P. aeruginosa is not available yet (10, 11). Therefore, isolates of P. aeruginosa, which have shown non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥3 antimicrobial categories considered MDR, and isolates exhibit non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥6 antimicrobial categories known as XDR.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of 88P. aeruginosa isolates against 16 agents from 7 antimicrobial categories is shown in Table 2. The highest susceptibility was shown to polymyxins categories, which was >90%, and the lowest to gentamicin (27.3%), netilmicin (36.4%), ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (37.5%) and aztreonam (43.2%).
In three isolates (3.4%), there was not non-susceptibility to any tested antimicrobial categories. Non-susceptibility to one and two categories were seen in 21 (23.9%) and 16 (18.2%) isolates, respectively. In addition, non-susceptibility to three, four, five, six and seven categories were seen in 8 (9.1%), 4 (4.5%), 7 (8%), 26 (29.5%) and 3 (3.4%) isolates, respectively. Therefore, non-susceptibility to ≥3 antimicrobial categories was seen in 48 isolates (54.5%), which characterized as MDR P. aeruginosa, and non-susceptibility to ≥6 antimicrobial categories were seen in 29 isolates (33%), which characterized as XDR P. aeruginosa. Pandrug P. aeruginosa was not detected, because non-susceptibility to all used agents was not seen in any isolates.
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of studied P. aeruginosa isolates and their frequency were shown in Table 3. The most prevalent patterns were as follows and other patterns were seen in ≤3 isolates.
In XDR P. aeruginosa isolates, the two later were the most common pattern and P. aeruginosa to all 7 tested categories (patterns 35-37) was shown only in three isolates. All XDR isolates, except four isolates, exhibit susceptibility to polymyxin B and colistin.
In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 88P. aeruginosa isolates against 16 agents from 7 antimicrobial categories was determined. Altogether, the highest susceptibility was shown for polymyxin antimicrobials (90.9% and 95.5%, respectively, for colistin, and polymyxin B). Resistance of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates to all antibiotics except the polymyxins was shown in many medical centers (3). These agents may not be as effective as first-line agents and may be associated with more significant adverse effects (12, 13). The difference between the rates of susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates to different agents in aminoglycosides and penicillins/ß-lactamase inhibitors categories was also shown in this study. Susceptibility to gentamicin and netilmicin was low (27.3% and 36.4%, respectively) comparing susceptibility to amikacin and tobramycin (55% and 51%, respectively), while intermediate phenotype were high to gentamicin and netilmicin. In addition, susceptibility to ticarcillin-clavulanic acid was much less than piperacillin-tazobactam (37.5% and 63.6%, respectively), probably due to antagonism of the bactericidal activity of clavulanate with ticarcillin, which has been shown by other researches (14).
In this study, 48 isolates (54.5%) was recognized as MDR, 29 isolates (33%) as XDR and there was not PDR among 88 clinical isolatesof P. aeruginosa isolated from patients in Tehran, Iran. There is few published literature about multidrug resistanceinclinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Iran with proper definition of MDR, and the study with our used criteria was not found. However, high prevalence of MDR was reported in the studies defined MDR as resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antibiotics; 100% by Moazami-Goudarzi et al. and Ranjbar et al., 60% by Bayani et al., 45.3% by Nikokar et al. and 33.1% by Salimi et al.(15- 19). In the studies in other countries, lower prevalence was usually reported; Morales et al. 5.46%, De Francesco et al. 20% and Tacconelli et al. 14% (5, 20, 21). Geographic differences in antimicrobial resistance was shown in other studies and population demographics, access to medical care and illicit drug use are some of the variables explaining such differences (4, 22).
One limitation of our study was the absence fosfomycin susceptibility test results of isolates, because we used only disk diffusion test, which interpretive criterion of fosfomycin for P. aeruginosa recommended by CLSI and EUCAST is not available yet (10, 11). Since we used all antimicrobial agents listed in Table 1 except this antibiotic, some of MDR and XDR P. aeruginosa isolates were not detected in this study.
The observation that high percentage of studied clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Iran are multidrug and extremely drug resistant (46.6% and 33%, respectively), is worrisome and requires proper methods to prevent the spread of these strains.
This work was funded by grants from the Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. We thank Rahim Nosrati, Seyedeh Marzieh Moosavi and Fatemeh Rezaei for collaboration in this study.
Tenover FC. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am J Infect Control 2006; 34(5): S3-10, discussion S64–73.
Strateva T, Yordanov D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa a phenomenon of bacteria resistance. J Med Microb 2009; 58: 1133-48.
Bonomo RA, Szabo D. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43 (Suppl 2): S49-56.
Hirsch EB, Tam VH. Impact of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on patient outcomes. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2010; 10(4): 441-51.
Morales E, Cots F, Sala M, Comas M, Belvis F, Riu M, et al. Hospital costs of nosocomial multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa acquisition. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12: 122.
Falagas ME, Koletsi PK, Bliziotis IA. The diversity of definitions of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55 (Pt 12): 1619-29.
Obritsch MD, Fish DN, MacLaren R, Jung R. Nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: epidemiology and treatment options. Pharmacotherapy 2005; 25 (10): 1353-64.
Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 (3): 268-81.
De Vos D, Lim A Jr, Pirnay JP, Struelens M, Vandenvelde C, Duinslaeger L, et al. Direct detection and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical samples such as skin biopsy specimens and expectorations by multiplex PCR based on two outer membrane lipoprotein genes, oprI and oprL. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35 (6): 1295-9.
CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Third Informational Supplement.CLSI document M100–S23. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2013.
Lu CL, Liu CY, Huang YT, Liao CH, Teng LJ, Turnidge JD, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of commonly encountered bacterial isolates to fosfomycin determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55 (9): 4295-301.
Kim J, Lee KH, Yoo S, Pai H. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34 (5): 434-8.
Zavascki AP, Goldani LZ, Li J, Nation RL. Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: a critical review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60 (6): 1206-15.
Lister PD, Gardner VM, Sanders CC. Clavulanate induces expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa AmpC cephalosporinase at physiologically relevant concentrations and antagonizes the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 882-9.
Moazami-Goudarzi S, Eftekhar F. Assessment of Carbapenem Susceptibility and Multidrug-Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burn Isolates in Tehran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2013; 6 (2): 162-5.
Ranjbar R, Owlia P, Saderi H, Mansouri S, Jonaidi-Jafari N, Izadi M, et al. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burned patients hospitalized in a major burn center in Tehran, Iran. Acta Med Iran 2011; 49 (10): 675-9.
Bayani M, Siadati S, Rajabnia R, Taher AA. Drug Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae Isolated from ICU, Babol, Northern Iran. Int J Mol Cell Med 2013; 2 (4): 204-9.
Nikokar I, Tishayar A, Flakiyan Z, Alijani K, Rehana-Banisaeed S, Hossinpour M, et al. Antibiotic resistance and frequency of class 1 integrons among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from burn patients in Guilan, Iran. Iran J Microbiol 2013; 5 (1): 36-41.
Salimi H., Yakhchali B, Owlia P, Lari AR. Molecular Epidemiology and Drug Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Burn Patients. LabMedicine 2010; 41 (9): 540-4.
De Francesco MA, Ravizzola G, Peroni L, Bonfanti C, Manca N. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an Italian hospital. J Infect Public Health 2013; 6 (3): 179-85.
Tacconelli E, Tumbarello M, Bertagnolio S, Citton R, Spanu T, Fadda G, et al. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: analysis of trends in prevalence and epidemiology. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8(2): 220-1.
Croft AC, D'Antoni AV, Terzulli SL. Update on the antibacterial resistance crisis. Med Sci Monit 2007; 13 (6): RA103-18.

lowercased:
background: this study was done to detect multidrug resistant (mdr) and extremely drug resistant (xdr) of pseudomonas aeruginosa among strains isolated from patients in tehran, iran, due to importance of these phenotypes in treatment of human infections. methods: eighty eightp. aeruginosa were isolated from patients in tehran, iran, and identified by routine methods and pcr for oprl gene. their antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents from 7 antimicrobial categories (aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins/ß-lactamase inhibitors, monobactams, polymyxins) were determined by disk diffusion method, according to recommendation of clinical and laboratory standards institute. characterization of p. aeruginosa isolates as mdr and xdr was done according to standardized international terminology presented by european centre for disease prevention and control as well as the centers for disease control and prevention in 2011. mdr was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥3 antimicrobial categories and xdr was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥6 antimicrobial categories. results: the rates of susceptibility to antimicrobials were as follows: gentamicin 27.3%, tobramycin 54.5%, amikacin 56.8%, netilmicin 36.4%, imipenem 55.7%, meropenem 55.7%, doripenem 60.2%, ceftazidime 63.6%, cefepime 56.8%, ciprofloxacin 59.1%, levofloxacin 60.2%, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid 37.5%, piperacillin-tazobactam 63.6%, aztreonam 43.2%, colistin 90.9%, polymyxin 95.5%. altogether, 48 (54.5%) and 29 (33%) isolates were characterized as mdr and xdr, respectively. discussion:the high frequency of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of p. aeruginosa in iran makes epidemiological surveillance of susceptibility of this bacterium more essential for the best selection of empirical antibiotics.
pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen in human (1). the most worrisome characteristic of this bacterium is its low antibiotic susceptibility, which is attributable to low permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes and action of multidrug efflux pumps. in addition to this intrinsic resistance, p. aeruginosa can get resistance by mutation either in chromosomally encoded genes or by the horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants (2, 3). unfortunately, rates of antibiotic resistance in p. aeruginosa are increasing worldwide (1, 2). besides, some of strains have shown resistance to multiple antibiotics, which could be mediated by several mechanisms including production of hydrolyzing enzyme, loss of outer membrane protein, efflux systems and target mutations (4). these isolates were named multidrug resistant (mdr), extremely drug resistant (xdr) and pandrug resistant (pdr), according the extreme of their resistance. infections with these resistant isolates may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality, which can attributed to limited effective antimicrobial options (4, 5).
review of literature on mdr p. aeruginosa has revealed considerably different definitions (6, 7). the absence of specific definitions for mdr in clinical study protocols makes difficult the comparison of data (8). in addition, the true prevalence of mdr isolatescannot well establish (4). however, in the majority of the published studies, multidrug resistance was defined as resistance to at least three drugs from a variety of antibiotic classes, mainly aminoglycosides, antipseudomonal penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones (4).
in 2011, a group of international experts came together to create a standardized international terminology with which to describe acquired resistance profiles in bacteria often responsible for healthcare-associated infections and prone to multidrug resistanceincluding p. aeruginosa. list of proposed antimicrobial categories for characterization of mdr, xdr and pdr in p. aeruginosa are shown in table 1. mdr was defined as “acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories”, xdr was defined as “non-susceptibility to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial categories” (i.e. bacterial isolates remain susceptible to only one or two categories) and pdr was defined as “non-susceptibility to all agents in all antimicrobial categories” (8).
since most studies performed in iran about mdr p. aeruginosa do not include these criteria and there is a lack of study about presence of xdr p. aeruginosa, this research was designed to detect these phenotypes among p. aeruginosa isolated from patients in tehran, iran.
(5'-atggaaatgctgaaattcggc-3' and 5'-cttcttcagctcgacgcgacg-3') was used for molecular identification of p.aeruginosa (9). product length of amplicon was 504 base pair. genomic dna was extracted from overnight cultures of p. aeruginosa by boiling.
disk diffusion method was used for detection of antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical isolates of p. aeruginosa according to the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) guidelines (10). the following antibiotics disks from mast categories ltd., merseyside, uk, were used: gentamicin (gm, 10µg), tobramycin (tn, 10µg), amikacin (ak, 30µg), netilmicin (net, 30µg), imipenem (imi, 10µg), meropenem (mem, 10µg), doripenem (dor, 10µg), ceftazidime (caz, 30µg), cefepime (cpm, 30µg), ciprofloxacin (cip, 5µg), levofloxacin (lev, 5µg), ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (tim, 85 µg), piperacillin-tazobactam (ptz, 110µg), aztreonam (atm, 30µg), colistin (co, 10µg), and polymyxin b (pb, 300u). control strain used for all antibiotics disks was p. aeruginosa atcc27853, except for penicillins/ß-lactamase inhibitors, which was e. coli atcc35218.
defining of mdr and xdr in p. aeruginosa isolates were done according to new standardized international document (8), by the results of antimicrobial susceptibility of p. aeruginosa to all antimicrobial agents listed in table 1 except fosfomycin, since interpretive criterion recommendation by clsi and eucast for fosfomycin disk diffusion test of p. aeruginosa is not available yet (10, 11). therefore, isolates of p. aeruginosa, which have shown non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥3 antimicrobial categories considered mdr, and isolates exhibit non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥6 antimicrobial categories known as xdr.
antimicrobial susceptibility of 88p. aeruginosa isolates against 16 agents from 7 antimicrobial categories is shown in table 2. the highest susceptibility was shown to polymyxins categories, which was >90%, and the lowest to gentamicin (27.3%), netilmicin (36.4%), ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (37.5%) and aztreonam (43.2%).
in three isolates (3.4%), there was not non-susceptibility to any tested antimicrobial categories. non-susceptibility to one and two categories were seen in 21 (23.9%) and 16 (18.2%) isolates, respectively. in addition, non-susceptibility to three, four, five, six and seven categories were seen in 8 (9.1%), 4 (4.5%), 7 (8%), 26 (29.5%) and 3 (3.4%) isolates, respectively. therefore, non-susceptibility to ≥3 antimicrobial categories was seen in 48 isolates (54.5%), which characterized as mdr p. aeruginosa, and non-susceptibility to ≥6 antimicrobial categories were seen in 29 isolates (33%), which characterized as xdr p. aeruginosa. pandrug p. aeruginosa was not detected, because non-susceptibility to all used agents was not seen in any isolates.
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of studied p. aeruginosa isolates and their frequency were shown in table 3. the most prevalent patterns were as follows and other patterns were seen in ≤3 isolates.
in xdr p. aeruginosa isolates, the two later were the most common pattern and p. aeruginosa to all 7 tested categories (patterns 35-37) was shown only in three isolates. all xdr isolates, except four isolates, exhibit susceptibility to polymyxin b and colistin.
in this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 88p. aeruginosa isolates against 16 agents from 7 antimicrobial categories was determined. altogether, the highest susceptibility was shown for polymyxin antimicrobials (90.9% and 95.5%, respectively, for colistin, and polymyxin b). resistance of p. aeruginosa clinical isolates to all antibiotics except the polymyxins was shown in many medical centers (3). these agents may not be as effective as first-line agents and may be associated with more significant adverse effects (12, 13). the difference between the rates of susceptibility of p. aeruginosa isolates to different agents in aminoglycosides and penicillins/ß-lactamase inhibitors categories was also shown in this study. susceptibility to gentamicin and netilmicin was low (27.3% and 36.4%, respectively) comparing susceptibility to amikacin and tobramycin (55% and 51%, respectively), while intermediate phenotype were high to gentamicin and netilmicin. in addition, susceptibility to ticarcillin-clavulanic acid was much less than piperacillin-tazobactam (37.5% and 63.6%, respectively), probably due to antagonism of the bactericidal activity of clavulanate with ticarcillin, which has been shown by other researches (14).
in this study, 48 isolates (54.5%) was recognized as mdr, 29 isolates (33%) as xdr and there was not pdr among 88 clinical isolatesof p. aeruginosa isolated from patients in tehran, iran. there is few published literature about multidrug resistanceinclinical isolates of p. aeruginosa in iran with proper definition of mdr, and the study with our used criteria was not found. however, high prevalence of mdr was reported in the studies defined mdr as resistance to ≥ 3 classes of antibiotics; 100% by moazami-goudarzi et al. and ranjbar et al., 60% by bayani et al., 45.3% by nikokar et al. and 33.1% by salimi et al.(15- 19). in the studies in other countries, lower prevalence was usually reported; morales et al. 5.46%, de francesco et al. 20% and tacconelli et al. 14% (5, 20, 21). geographic differences in antimicrobial resistance was shown in other studies and population demographics, access to medical care and illicit drug use are some of the variables explaining such differences (4, 22).
one limitation of our study was the absence fosfomycin susceptibility test results of isolates, because we used only disk diffusion test, which interpretive criterion of fosfomycin for p. aeruginosa recommended by clsi and eucast is not available yet (10, 11). since we used all antimicrobial agents listed in table 1 except this antibiotic, some of mdr and xdr p. aeruginosa isolates were not detected in this study.
the observation that high percentage of studied clinical isolates of p. aeruginosa in iran are multidrug and extremely drug resistant (46.6% and 33%, respectively), is worrisome and requires proper methods to prevent the spread of these strains.
this work was funded by grants from the molecular microbiology research center, shahed university, tehran, iran. we thank rahim nosrati, seyedeh marzieh moosavi and fatemeh rezaei for collaboration in this study.
tenover fc. mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. am j infect control 2006; 34(5): s3-10, discussion s64–73.
strateva t, yordanov d. pseudomonas aeruginosa a phenomenon of bacteria resistance. j med microb 2009; 58: 1133-48.
bonomo ra, szabo d. mechanisms of multidrug resistance in acinetobacter species and pseudomonas aeruginosa. clin infect dis 2006; 43 (suppl 2): s49-56.
hirsch eb, tam vh. impact of multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on patient outcomes. expert rev pharmacoecon outcomes res 2010; 10(4): 441-51.
morales e, cots f, sala m, comas m, belvis f, riu m, et al. hospital costs of nosocomial multi-drug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa acquisition. bmc health serv res 2012; 12: 122.
falagas me, koletsi pk, bliziotis ia. the diversity of definitions of multidrug-resistant (mdr) and pandrug-resistant (pdr) acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa. j med microbiol 2006; 55 (pt 12): 1619-29.
obritsch md, fish dn, maclaren r, jung r. nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa: epidemiology and treatment options. pharmacotherapy 2005; 25 (10): 1353-64.
magiorakos ap, srinivasan a, carey rb, carmeli y, falagas me, giske cg, et al. multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. clin microbiol infect 2012; 18 (3): 268-81.
de vos d, lim a jr, pirnay jp, struelens m, vandenvelde c, duinslaeger l, et al. direct detection and identification of pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical samples such as skin biopsy specimens and expectorations by multiplex pcr based on two outer membrane lipoprotein genes, opri and oprl. j clin microbiol 1997; 35 (6): 1295-9.
clsi. performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-third informational supplement.clsi document m100–s23. wayne, pa: clinical and laboratory standards institute; 2013.
lu cl, liu cy, huang yt, liao ch, teng lj, turnidge jd, et al. antimicrobial susceptibilities of commonly encountered bacterial isolates to fosfomycin determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion methods. antimicrob agents chemother 2011; 55 (9): 4295-301.
kim j, lee kh, yoo s, pai h. clinical characteristics and risk factors of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. int j antimicrob agents 2009; 34 (5): 434-8.
zavascki ap, goldani lz, li j, nation rl. polymyxin b for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: a critical review. j antimicrob chemother 2007; 60 (6): 1206-15.
lister pd, gardner vm, sanders cc. clavulanate induces expression of the pseudomonas aeruginosa ampc cephalosporinase at physiologically relevant concentrations and antagonizes the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin. antimicrob agents chemother 1999; 43: 882-9.
moazami-goudarzi s, eftekhar f. assessment of carbapenem susceptibility and multidrug-resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa burn isolates in tehran. jundishapur journal of microbiology 2013; 6 (2): 162-5.
ranjbar r, owlia p, saderi h, mansouri s, jonaidi-jafari n, izadi m, et al. characterization of pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burned patients hospitalized in a major burn center in tehran, iran. acta med iran 2011; 49 (10): 675-9.
bayani m, siadati s, rajabnia r, taher aa. drug resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterobacter cloacae isolated from icu, babol, northern iran. int j mol cell med 2013; 2 (4): 204-9.
nikokar i, tishayar a, flakiyan z, alijani k, rehana-banisaeed s, hossinpour m, et al. antibiotic resistance and frequency of class 1 integrons among pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from burn patients in guilan, iran. iran j microbiol 2013; 5 (1): 36-41.
salimi h., yakhchali b, owlia p, lari ar. molecular epidemiology and drug susceptibility of pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients. labmedicine 2010; 41 (9): 540-4.
de francesco ma, ravizzola g, peroni l, bonfanti c, manca n. prevalence of multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa in an italian hospital. j infect public health 2013; 6 (3): 179-85.
tacconelli e, tumbarello m, bertagnolio s, citton r, spanu t, fadda g, et al. multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: analysis of trends in prevalence and epidemiology. emerg infect dis 2002; 8(2): 220-1.
croft ac, d'antoni av, terzulli sl. update on the antibacterial resistance crisis. med sci monit 2007; 13 (6): ra103-18.


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All food and beverage charges are subject to a 20% service charge and 8% Maine State Meals Tax. The final guarantee of persons attending the events is due 3 days prior to the start of the event. The final guarantee may not fall below 80% of the contracted number of attendees. Should the guaranteed number of attendees fall below 80% of the contracted number - a penalty equivalent to the difference of the final guarantee and 80% will be assessed as additional room rental. Should the client fail to communicate a final guaranteed number of guests 3 days prior to the above function(s), the above Agreed number of guests will be considered the final guaranteed number of guests. The Hotel reserves the right to renegotiate meeting room rental charges if planned food and beverage functions are cancelled. Any functions with food and beverage canceled within 30 days of the event, may incur charges equal to the loss of food and beverage revenue for the event.
We here at Seasons Event and Conference Center are ready to make your dream day come true! Take a look at our wedding packages for more information on pricing. Our menus are able to be customized to make sure that you get exactly what you want. Call our sales coordinators for more details! We look forward to hearing from you!
The Grand Ballroom consists of the Cumberland Room, Oxford Room & Kennebec Room. Audio/visual equipment available: LCD Projector, Podium & Microphone, Television, Screens, DVD, Blackboard, Slide Projector, Flip Chart & Markers, Piano, Center Piece Mirrors, Copies, Fax, and any other audio visual requirements can be rented off site.
Atmosphere/Decor: The Grand Ballroom has been recently renovated and has all new carpet, wall coverings, lighting and much more.
Atmosphere/Decor: Newly renovated. All new carpet, wall coverings, lighting and etc.
Great for small weddings, dinners, meetings or break out space.
Special Features: 20 x 40 foot heated indoor pool, hot tub, fitness center, pets welcome with no advance notice, and complimentary 24-hour transportation to Portland International Jetport.
A wedding, party and business center tucked away near the shores of Bauneg Beg Lake. Cater your own event or hire an outside caterer with the use of an optional commercial kitchen. Our tranquil lakefront grounds and wooded trails may be the perfect setting for your affair. A waterfront ceremony provides a beautiful backdrop for photos. Rustic lakefront cabins are also available for a weekend destination wedding.
At Spare Time Entertainment Portland, we are all about FUN and specialize in memorable events. We offer an experience unmatched in the Portland, Maine area, with not only fantastic catering plus entertainment for your guests. Now booking for our new dining room, lanes, laser tag, and game zone! You can even rent the entire venue for a private experience for large groups of 100+. Our venue features a state-of-the-art Laser Tag Adventure- Take on your friends, family or co-workers in this laser battle zone. Groups of up to 24 embark on a 15 minute mission into our Fallen City. Each mission is sure to be a memorable, exciting, and competitive experience. Looking for a private experience? Check out our laser tag room available to host up to 25 guests for birthdays or group outings. Game Zone- Win points for amazing prizes on over 50 of the newest and most interactive games available, including The Walking Dead and Jurassic Park. Party Bowling Lanes- Our 22 regulation lanes offer fun for all, with food and bar service available from the outstanding City Sports Grille or a customizable pre-planned catering menu. Watch your favorite sporting events and music videos on our all new drop down movie theater screens. Play fun and cool interactive games on our new scoring system! City Sports Grille-Enjoy delicious American Fare in our elevated dining room and try our signature cocktails at the bar featuring several local taps. New exclusive catering menus available for all parties featuring our premium, best-selling cheese boards. Vegan/Vegetarian/GF menus available upon request, to accommodate all of your guests' dietary needs. We have several event spaces including our beautiful lounge/bar area, available to reserve privately by December 2018! Corporate events, holiday parties, team building outings, camp outings, Project Graduations, and so many other special events have a place in our beautiful new facility! Located on Riverside Street next to Allagash Brewery in Portland, Maine, just off of exit 48.
Meeting and function space rentals are available for corporations, non-profits, government and public sector organizations, with preference given to those activities relating to the fishing industry. Our facilities are not available for religious or non-business related functions. Wireless internet is available at no extra cost. The board room is equipped with a state-of-the-art audio/visual projection system and teleconferencing equipment. There are sufficient tables and chairs in our conference room, but for larger events in the atria, rental of tables and chairs may be necessary. Restrooms are available on each of the three floors. Our building is equipped with an elevator, and all meeting and function spaces are wheelchair accessible.
Looking to book our function space for an upcoming event, birthday, or celebration? Our club is a spacious facility with a vibrant, fun and modern decor. Complete with multiple bar options and easily adaptable to any themed event. The club has a full stage, sound and entertainment system for any band or performance. With a seated capacity of approximately 150 seated or 200 standing we can accommodate most any event.
Portland's Italian Heritage Center is an elegant wedding and event venue. The Center is ideal for memory making and can accommodate almost any event from weddings and celebrations to school functions and business events. The beauty and functionality of our venue creates the ideal environment for your special occasion. Come and see the IHC Wedding & Events Center. We are conveniently located in Greater Portland, with ample free parking. Our rooms accommodate from 50 to 500 guests. Corporate, social and Wedding Receptions are our specialty.
Nestled on the shores of Casco Bay and Garrison Cove on Bailey Island, Cook's Lobster & Ale House has become one of mid-coast Maine's most sought after event venues. Amazing views of the world famous Cribstone Bridge, breathtaking sunsets, casual, fun and an authentic Maine experience. Cook's Lobster & Ale House...where all great things come together for one amazing experience.

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your wedding day is a beautiful and special day for your whole family. at seasons our professional and experienced wedding coordinator will work with you to plan the picture perfect custom wedding you've always dreamed of. with more than 12,000 square feet of recently renovated flexible reception space, gourmet catering and banquet facilities, and one of portland's largest ballrooms, seasons event & conference center is the perfect venue for weddings, banquets and receptions of all sizes.
looking for the perfect spot to hold a business event for a great deal? look no further... we pride ourselves on great food and outstanding service. we are conveniently located right off of the maine turnpike and have plenty of free parking. call one of our sales coordinators for more details! we look forward to hearing from you!
all food and beverage charges are subject to a 20% service charge and 8% maine state meals tax. the final guarantee of persons attending the events is due 3 days prior to the start of the event. the final guarantee may not fall below 80% of the contracted number of attendees. should the guaranteed number of attendees fall below 80% of the contracted number - a penalty equivalent to the difference of the final guarantee and 80% will be assessed as additional room rental. should the client fail to communicate a final guaranteed number of guests 3 days prior to the above function(s), the above agreed number of guests will be considered the final guaranteed number of guests. the hotel reserves the right to renegotiate meeting room rental charges if planned food and beverage functions are cancelled. any functions with food and beverage canceled within 30 days of the event, may incur charges equal to the loss of food and beverage revenue for the event.
we here at seasons event and conference center are ready to make your dream day come true! take a look at our wedding packages for more information on pricing. our menus are able to be customized to make sure that you get exactly what you want. call our sales coordinators for more details! we look forward to hearing from you!
the grand ballroom consists of the cumberland room, oxford room & kennebec room. audio/visual equipment available: lcd projector, podium & microphone, television, screens, dvd, blackboard, slide projector, flip chart & markers, piano, center piece mirrors, copies, fax, and any other audio visual requirements can be rented off site.
atmosphere/decor: the grand ballroom has been recently renovated and has all new carpet, wall coverings, lighting and much more.
atmosphere/decor: newly renovated. all new carpet, wall coverings, lighting and etc.
great for small weddings, dinners, meetings or break out space.
special features: 20 x 40 foot heated indoor pool, hot tub, fitness center, pets welcome with no advance notice, and complimentary 24-hour transportation to portland international jetport.
a wedding, party and business center tucked away near the shores of bauneg beg lake. cater your own event or hire an outside caterer with the use of an optional commercial kitchen. our tranquil lakefront grounds and wooded trails may be the perfect setting for your affair. a waterfront ceremony provides a beautiful backdrop for photos. rustic lakefront cabins are also available for a weekend destination wedding.
at spare time entertainment portland, we are all about fun and specialize in memorable events. we offer an experience unmatched in the portland, maine area, with not only fantastic catering plus entertainment for your guests. now booking for our new dining room, lanes, laser tag, and game zone! you can even rent the entire venue for a private experience for large groups of 100+. our venue features a state-of-the-art laser tag adventure- take on your friends, family or co-workers in this laser battle zone. groups of up to 24 embark on a 15 minute mission into our fallen city. each mission is sure to be a memorable, exciting, and competitive experience. looking for a private experience? check out our laser tag room available to host up to 25 guests for birthdays or group outings. game zone- win points for amazing prizes on over 50 of the newest and most interactive games available, including the walking dead and jurassic park. party bowling lanes- our 22 regulation lanes offer fun for all, with food and bar service available from the outstanding city sports grille or a customizable pre-planned catering menu. watch your favorite sporting events and music videos on our all new drop down movie theater screens. play fun and cool interactive games on our new scoring system! city sports grille-enjoy delicious american fare in our elevated dining room and try our signature cocktails at the bar featuring several local taps. new exclusive catering menus available for all parties featuring our premium, best-selling cheese boards. vegan/vegetarian/gf menus available upon request, to accommodate all of your guests' dietary needs. we have several event spaces including our beautiful lounge/bar area, available to reserve privately by december 2018! corporate events, holiday parties, team building outings, camp outings, project graduations, and so many other special events have a place in our beautiful new facility! located on riverside street next to allagash brewery in portland, maine, just off of exit 48.
meeting and function space rentals are available for corporations, non-profits, government and public sector organizations, with preference given to those activities relating to the fishing industry. our facilities are not available for religious or non-business related functions. wireless internet is available at no extra cost. the board room is equipped with a state-of-the-art audio/visual projection system and teleconferencing equipment. there are sufficient tables and chairs in our conference room, but for larger events in the atria, rental of tables and chairs may be necessary. restrooms are available on each of the three floors. our building is equipped with an elevator, and all meeting and function spaces are wheelchair accessible.
looking to book our function space for an upcoming event, birthday, or celebration? our club is a spacious facility with a vibrant, fun and modern decor. complete with multiple bar options and easily adaptable to any themed event. the club has a full stage, sound and entertainment system for any band or performance. with a seated capacity of approximately 150 seated or 200 standing we can accommodate most any event.
portland's italian heritage center is an elegant wedding and event venue. the center is ideal for memory making and can accommodate almost any event from weddings and celebrations to school functions and business events. the beauty and functionality of our venue creates the ideal environment for your special occasion. come and see the ihc wedding & events center. we are conveniently located in greater portland, with ample free parking. our rooms accommodate from 50 to 500 guests. corporate, social and wedding receptions are our specialty.
nestled on the shores of casco bay and garrison cove on bailey island, cook's lobster & ale house has become one of mid-coast maine's most sought after event venues. amazing views of the world famous cribstone bridge, breathtaking sunsets, casual, fun and an authentic maine experience. cook's lobster & ale house...where all great things come together for one amazing experience.


text: Piedmont Avenue's Baja Taqueria is best known for its baja-style fish tacos — which were reportedly the East Bay's first, and which are, indeed, excellent — and for its selection of inventive, usually fish-centric wraps and 'rritos. But lurking on the menu among the prawn tacos and lobster (!) burritos is one of the best and most interesting vegetarian burritos around, composed of a toothsome whole-wheat tortilla; hearty, perfectly cooked black beans and rice; spicy, rich molé sauce, a little sour cream to cut the spice; and — here's the most important part — a serving of sweet, starchy, sublimely caramelized plantains right inside with everything else. This is the kind of veggie burrito that'll make you forget all about Chipotle — even, possibly, those fish tacos.

lowercased: piedmont avenue's baja taqueria is best known for its baja-style fish tacos — which were reportedly the east bay's first, and which are, indeed, excellent — and for its selection of inventive, usually fish-centric wraps and 'rritos. but lurking on the menu among the prawn tacos and lobster (!) burritos is one of the best and most interesting vegetarian burritos around, composed of a toothsome whole-wheat tortilla; hearty, perfectly cooked black beans and rice; spicy, rich molé sauce, a little sour cream to cut the spice; and — here's the most important part — a serving of sweet, starchy, sublimely caramelized plantains right inside with everything else. this is the kind of veggie burrito that'll make you forget all about chipotle — even, possibly, those fish tacos.


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On January 8 and 9, farmers and fans of tractors in the UK had the chance to see ZETOR tractors and last year’s innovations. LAMMA is an exhibition of farming machinery which took place in Birmingham. At the show, the Brno tractor producer displayed Forterra HD, Proxima HS with ZETOR SYSTEM front loader, Major CL in the new design and Utilix HT. Crystal HD had its British premiere there.
‘We of course could not have missed the opportunity to participate in the LAMMA exhibition, the biggest farming exhibition in the UK. We receive there numbers of demands and contacts concluding sales with measurable positive results. Last year, the British market was very positive about PROXIMA tractors equipped with front loaders and MAJOR in the new design. We hope that we have matched British tastes also with CRYSTAL HD 170,’ says Nigel Wilson, National Sales Manager.
This year, the event took place in a new place and premises, on NEC exhibition ground in Birmingham, covering nearly 20,000 sq. meters. Just like in recent years, the exhibition was visited by about 40,000 visitors who were very much interested in the news in the area of farming and in innovations presented by ZETOR.

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on january 8 and 9, farmers and fans of tractors in the uk had the chance to see zetor tractors and last year’s innovations. lamma is an exhibition of farming machinery which took place in birmingham. at the show, the brno tractor producer displayed forterra hd, proxima hs with zetor system front loader, major cl in the new design and utilix ht. crystal hd had its british premiere there.
‘we of course could not have missed the opportunity to participate in the lamma exhibition, the biggest farming exhibition in the uk. we receive there numbers of demands and contacts concluding sales with measurable positive results. last year, the british market was very positive about proxima tractors equipped with front loaders and major in the new design. we hope that we have matched british tastes also with crystal hd 170,’ says nigel wilson, national sales manager.
this year, the event took place in a new place and premises, on nec exhibition ground in birmingham, covering nearly 20,000 sq. meters. just like in recent years, the exhibition was visited by about 40,000 visitors who were very much interested in the news in the area of farming and in innovations presented by zetor.


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Our attorneys have been assisting our clients for over three decades.
We represent clients in both Washington and Oregon, and have for years. In addition to personal injury, business, probate, estate planning and real estate, we also have experienced trial attorneys who handle all types of litigation, including commercial and workers’ compensation.
If you are the unfortunate victim of an injury, you can feel comfortable knowing that your attorney understands the law and complicated regulations that must be addressed so you can receive the compensation to which you are entitled.
Whether it is the purchase/sale of the business, the transitioning of it to the next generation, drafting contracts, shareholder agreements or forming a business enterprise, they have the experience necessary to assist you.
Our attorneys have experience in the acquisition, development and sale of commercial and residential property. This experience includes the purchase, sale or leasing of real property, or assisting you in each step along the way through the planning process with the local jurisdictions.
Our attorneys have years of experience in helping you prepare for the future through proper estate planning. We can craft the necessary estate planning documents such as wills, powers of attorney, living will and trusts to meet all of your estate planning goals.
If you are the unfortunate victim of a workplace injury, you can feel comfortable knowing that your attorney understands the law and complicated regulations that must be addressed so you can receive the compensation to which you are entitled.
Whether the lawsuit or claim involves commercial litigation, contracts, construction, products liability, employment, other business disputes or personal injury, our attorneys will provide you with straight forward counsel and strong advocacy.

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our attorneys have been assisting our clients for over three decades.
we represent clients in both washington and oregon, and have for years. in addition to personal injury, business, probate, estate planning and real estate, we also have experienced trial attorneys who handle all types of litigation, including commercial and workers’ compensation.
if you are the unfortunate victim of an injury, you can feel comfortable knowing that your attorney understands the law and complicated regulations that must be addressed so you can receive the compensation to which you are entitled.
whether it is the purchase/sale of the business, the transitioning of it to the next generation, drafting contracts, shareholder agreements or forming a business enterprise, they have the experience necessary to assist you.
our attorneys have experience in the acquisition, development and sale of commercial and residential property. this experience includes the purchase, sale or leasing of real property, or assisting you in each step along the way through the planning process with the local jurisdictions.
our attorneys have years of experience in helping you prepare for the future through proper estate planning. we can craft the necessary estate planning documents such as wills, powers of attorney, living will and trusts to meet all of your estate planning goals.
if you are the unfortunate victim of a workplace injury, you can feel comfortable knowing that your attorney understands the law and complicated regulations that must be addressed so you can receive the compensation to which you are entitled.
whether the lawsuit or claim involves commercial litigation, contracts, construction, products liability, employment, other business disputes or personal injury, our attorneys will provide you with straight forward counsel and strong advocacy.


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Gail is honored to have been a part of this work and is excited to be engaged in and leading the next stages of our development.
In the next term, the completion of our Transportation Masterplan and update to Official Community Plan are significant projects that will benefit from veteran knowledge and established relationships. As well, we will move into ImagineNext the implementation phase of ImagineKelowna, the most significant and comprehensive public consultation in Kelowna’s history!
It is through leadership experience and relationship building skills that Gail will ensure we fully leverage both current and future opportunities, maintain the trust and confidence of those investing in our community and effectively implement the numerous projects and strategies already under way.
What does Gail believe in?
Gail Given believes that a strong and vibrant community relies on a growing economy, a Council that is prepared and open for opportunity and community resources that are connected and aligned to meet the challenges of the future. Relationship building and collaboration are paramount to leveraging our finite city resources and providing the best possible services to the citizens of Kelowna.
Attractive and affordable housing options, increased availability of rental properties, city homes, and small lot developments.
Active Arts, Culture and Social scene.
Click here to read about Gail's commitment and why she is a great candidate for the next City Council.

lowercased:
gail is honored to have been a part of this work and is excited to be engaged in and leading the next stages of our development.
in the next term, the completion of our transportation masterplan and update to official community plan are significant projects that will benefit from veteran knowledge and established relationships. as well, we will move into imaginenext the implementation phase of imaginekelowna, the most significant and comprehensive public consultation in kelowna’s history!
it is through leadership experience and relationship building skills that gail will ensure we fully leverage both current and future opportunities, maintain the trust and confidence of those investing in our community and effectively implement the numerous projects and strategies already under way.
what does gail believe in?
gail given believes that a strong and vibrant community relies on a growing economy, a council that is prepared and open for opportunity and community resources that are connected and aligned to meet the challenges of the future. relationship building and collaboration are paramount to leveraging our finite city resources and providing the best possible services to the citizens of kelowna.
attractive and affordable housing options, increased availability of rental properties, city homes, and small lot developments.
active arts, culture and social scene.
click here to read about gail's commitment and why she is a great candidate for the next city council.


text:
Smoking is a cooking process, which use the application of steam for cooking the food. The cooking is done usually by burning wood. Fish and meat are the two most common foods, which are smoked. It is also healthier as it will not use any type of oil for cooking the foods. Most of the smoker manufacturers are also introducing the electric smokers in the market. Instead of burning the woods, this unit emits smoke or steam to cook food through electric power.
Most smokers have electric temperature adjustment and controls, which is vital for cooking chicken or meat to the perfection. Many smokers also have the automatic electric generators for heating the food. Some types of smokers available in the market are charcoal, electricity, gas and wood smokers.
Below listed are some of the different types if electric smokers available in the market today: The “Brinkmann Gourmet Electric Smoker” is completely painted in two different colors, such as black and red. There are one thousand five hundred watts to one thousand six hundred watts heating elements. It features a front hinged door for adding more water with ease and also a thermometer to measure the cooking counts.
The Old Smokey electric smoker is available in the shape of a drum. It is entirely made with aluminum. It also is also available with two water tanks as well as with a zipper. It is the cheapest electric smoker available in the market. It produces heat in the same way an oven does and has a thermostat as well as a flat top. As the meat juice will be dripped down, cooking food with these smokers will be very delicious.
The Charbroil electric water smoker is available with one thousand six hundred and fifty watts heating element, which will be controlled by a thermostat. These smokers have a wooden handle and can also become an electric brazier. Even though the smoking process with this apparatus is simple, this model can cook the meat tasty. It is one of the most affordable smokers you can find on the market.
The Electric Smoker Meco is made of the stainless steel. Cheapo smoker is a great starter. You can easily add chips, pieces as well as pellets along with their doors, which is one the side of the smokers. It has a 1650 watt heater and under the controls of upper and middle position with a thermostat base. However, if you are looking for an option to cook with charcoal, you just have to remove the heating element of this electric smoker and start cooking with charcoal.
The Cookshack electric smokers that are available in the market are obtainable with an adjustable temperature control from one hundred and fifty to three hundred degree Fahrenheit. The sealing design of the smoker is perfect to smoke chicken, meat or other foods ingredients, except the vegetables.
“The Masterbuilt electric smoker” also has digital control system, which will help you to make your culinary masterpiece dishes. Its resistance could be controlled from 100 degrees to 275oF.

lowercased:
smoking is a cooking process, which use the application of steam for cooking the food. the cooking is done usually by burning wood. fish and meat are the two most common foods, which are smoked. it is also healthier as it will not use any type of oil for cooking the foods. most of the smoker manufacturers are also introducing the electric smokers in the market. instead of burning the woods, this unit emits smoke or steam to cook food through electric power.
most smokers have electric temperature adjustment and controls, which is vital for cooking chicken or meat to the perfection. many smokers also have the automatic electric generators for heating the food. some types of smokers available in the market are charcoal, electricity, gas and wood smokers.
below listed are some of the different types if electric smokers available in the market today: the “brinkmann gourmet electric smoker” is completely painted in two different colors, such as black and red. there are one thousand five hundred watts to one thousand six hundred watts heating elements. it features a front hinged door for adding more water with ease and also a thermometer to measure the cooking counts.
the old smokey electric smoker is available in the shape of a drum. it is entirely made with aluminum. it also is also available with two water tanks as well as with a zipper. it is the cheapest electric smoker available in the market. it produces heat in the same way an oven does and has a thermostat as well as a flat top. as the meat juice will be dripped down, cooking food with these smokers will be very delicious.
the charbroil electric water smoker is available with one thousand six hundred and fifty watts heating element, which will be controlled by a thermostat. these smokers have a wooden handle and can also become an electric brazier. even though the smoking process with this apparatus is simple, this model can cook the meat tasty. it is one of the most affordable smokers you can find on the market.
the electric smoker meco is made of the stainless steel. cheapo smoker is a great starter. you can easily add chips, pieces as well as pellets along with their doors, which is one the side of the smokers. it has a 1650 watt heater and under the controls of upper and middle position with a thermostat base. however, if you are looking for an option to cook with charcoal, you just have to remove the heating element of this electric smoker and start cooking with charcoal.
the cookshack electric smokers that are available in the market are obtainable with an adjustable temperature control from one hundred and fifty to three hundred degree fahrenheit. the sealing design of the smoker is perfect to smoke chicken, meat or other foods ingredients, except the vegetables.
“the masterbuilt electric smoker” also has digital control system, which will help you to make your culinary masterpiece dishes. its resistance could be controlled from 100 degrees to 275of.


text: Find fishing tackle, live bait, fishing guides, fishing charters, campgrounds, and hotels near Blueberry Creek. After all, we all forget gear from time to time. Sometimes we need some expert advice, or we get caught out on the water later than expected. At HookandBullet, we make it easy for you to find the fishing related businesses in the area. Check out our Fishing Times tab to determine when the fish will be most active, and check out our Hot Spots tab to know where fish are being caught in the area.

lowercased: find fishing tackle, live bait, fishing guides, fishing charters, campgrounds, and hotels near blueberry creek. after all, we all forget gear from time to time. sometimes we need some expert advice, or we get caught out on the water later than expected. at hookandbullet, we make it easy for you to find the fishing related businesses in the area. check out our fishing times tab to determine when the fish will be most active, and check out our hot spots tab to know where fish are being caught in the area.


text: Bed And Breakfast Woodstock Va is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at April 20, 2019 upload by admin in .You can download it in your computer by clicking resolution image in Download by size:. Don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.

lowercased: bed and breakfast woodstock va is free hd wallpaper. this wallpaper was upload at april 20, 2019 upload by admin in .you can download it in your computer by clicking resolution image in download by size:. don't forget to rate and comment if you interest with this wallpaper.


text:
"From expertise," Green mentioned which a giggle. "We want just participate about three game titles acquire all this but with miscroscopic points, Aggies hinge a lot great hit gain operates. NMSU high fourteenth across crew slugging percent 501) eighteenth manage for every sport (one. august), that's next nation with 22 operates. With every person meeting currently playing against other witnessed criminal acts.
Rachel (Rodriguez) which a drawn Rodolph mentioned. "Amy is back, we are have ability manage what we will We constantly participate an aggressive type of ball. " Should You GO: WHO: several Fantastic Top seeded New CynAnd 5 CSU Bakersfield to. Boise State Broncos Express WHEN: night at ten a..
May possibly 25-28, Oxnard Levity Reside, 591 Selection Blvd. , Oxnard. 805-457-5550 oxnard. levitylive. com. Tradition Macdonald: The first kind "Weekend Night time Reside" solid associate and Ny Occasions best-selling publisher will perform his stay-up act. eight r. m. May possibly 11, Chumash Casino, 3400 CA-246, Finished Ynez. 805-686-0855 chumashcasino. com. Cameras drumming type: Malik Plant, an Cameras learn Bakersfield plays drummer from Senegal, and Solitary Soro from Off white Shoreline direct a regular type in Gulf Cameras drumming from 7:40-being unfaithful r. m. Monday at Fast Shape Display screen Producing, 4435 McGrath St. , Ventura. Expense is Bucks20 for every type and a drum can be booked for Bucks5. For data or to prepare a drum hire, phone 805-650-7455. .
Simply what does claim an intimate way too tacky go everything well later equally College, Prep Notebook efficiently right now and seems.
much less than before? It claims three decades of pictures come On stage 'Bakersfield "Over top" made romcom cheese new normal..

lowercased:
"from expertise," green mentioned which a giggle. "we want just participate about three game titles acquire all this but with miscroscopic points, aggies hinge a lot great hit gain operates. nmsu high fourteenth across crew slugging percent 501) eighteenth manage for every sport (one. august), that's next nation with 22 operates. with every person meeting currently playing against other witnessed criminal acts.
rachel (rodriguez) which a drawn rodolph mentioned. "amy is back, we are have ability manage what we will we constantly participate an aggressive type of ball. " should you go: who: several fantastic top seeded new cynand 5 csu bakersfield to. boise state broncos express when: night at ten a..
may possibly 25-28, oxnard levity reside, 591 selection blvd. , oxnard. 805-457-5550 oxnard. levitylive. com. tradition macdonald: the first kind "weekend night time reside" solid associate and ny occasions best-selling publisher will perform his stay-up act. eight r. m. may possibly 11, chumash casino, 3400 ca-246, finished ynez. 805-686-0855 chumashcasino. com. cameras drumming type: malik plant, an cameras learn bakersfield plays drummer from senegal, and solitary soro from off white shoreline direct a regular type in gulf cameras drumming from 7:40-being unfaithful r. m. monday at fast shape display screen producing, 4435 mcgrath st. , ventura. expense is bucks20 for every type and a drum can be booked for bucks5. for data or to prepare a drum hire, phone 805-650-7455. .
simply what does claim an intimate way too tacky go everything well later equally college, prep notebook efficiently right now and seems.
much less than before? it claims three decades of pictures come on stage 'bakersfield "over top" made romcom cheese new normal..


text:
Amgram Ltd, Shoreham based naval architects had a rather unusual job inclining HMS Caroline. The inclining experiment is the naval architects traditional route to determining the stability of a vessel. Amgram Ltd, who mainly specialise in small craft, were delighted to be awarded the contract to incline a full battleship!
Although now decommissioned, at the time of her inclining HMS Caroline was the second oldest ship in RN service- the oldest being the Victory. Launched and commissioned in 1914, she was the last remaining British World War One light cruiser in service, and the last survivor of the Battle of Jutland still afloat. Until her decommissioning she acted as a static headquarters for the Royal Naval Reserve, moored in Belfast.
The inclining experiment requires the ship to be heeled by a series of known weight and deflections measured, both to port and starboard to even out errors. Generally inclining experiments are carried out in shipyards, where there is a good availability of weights, craneage and access to all engineering facilities.
In the case of HMS Caroline, effectively a dead ship, the engineers had to find calibrated weights, up to 20 tonnes and mobile cranes with sufficient outreach to lift those weights over the ship to the outboard side. Since the condition of the decks was unknown, as a precaution props were put in place to prevent any distortion. Any doubts about the structure were proved unfounded as these props proved to be completely unnecessary!
Belfast provided a calm still day perfect for inclining and Amgram engineers worked to position cranes, load weights then shift weights and record the deflections. A necessary process of inclining is to assess the condition of the ships tanks and bilges, so as a bonus the team had to go through the whole vessel, giving modern naval architects a great opportunity to inspect shipbuilding of 100 years ago.

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amgram ltd, shoreham based naval architects had a rather unusual job inclining hms caroline. the inclining experiment is the naval architects traditional route to determining the stability of a vessel. amgram ltd, who mainly specialise in small craft, were delighted to be awarded the contract to incline a full battleship!
although now decommissioned, at the time of her inclining hms caroline was the second oldest ship in rn service- the oldest being the victory. launched and commissioned in 1914, she was the last remaining british world war one light cruiser in service, and the last survivor of the battle of jutland still afloat. until her decommissioning she acted as a static headquarters for the royal naval reserve, moored in belfast.
the inclining experiment requires the ship to be heeled by a series of known weight and deflections measured, both to port and starboard to even out errors. generally inclining experiments are carried out in shipyards, where there is a good availability of weights, craneage and access to all engineering facilities.
in the case of hms caroline, effectively a dead ship, the engineers had to find calibrated weights, up to 20 tonnes and mobile cranes with sufficient outreach to lift those weights over the ship to the outboard side. since the condition of the decks was unknown, as a precaution props were put in place to prevent any distortion. any doubts about the structure were proved unfounded as these props proved to be completely unnecessary!
belfast provided a calm still day perfect for inclining and amgram engineers worked to position cranes, load weights then shift weights and record the deflections. a necessary process of inclining is to assess the condition of the ships tanks and bilges, so as a bonus the team had to go through the whole vessel, giving modern naval architects a great opportunity to inspect shipbuilding of 100 years ago.


text:
This four-star property offers the highest standards of Accommodation, Dining and Conference and Meeting Facilities in a truly unique setting.
Overlooking two magnificent stretches of Blue Flag beach, just outside the pretty heritage town of Clonakilty in West Cork, Inchydoney Island Lodge & Spa is a warm, polished and welcoming waterside hotel. The property combines a stunning beach-side location, contemporary accommodation and sumptuous dining to create a most unique venue for your conference, event our meeting. Inchydoney Island Lodge & Spa has a dedicated team of organizers to ensure an impeccable event from inquiry to event day .

lowercased:
this four-star property offers the highest standards of accommodation, dining and conference and meeting facilities in a truly unique setting.
overlooking two magnificent stretches of blue flag beach, just outside the pretty heritage town of clonakilty in west cork, inchydoney island lodge & spa is a warm, polished and welcoming waterside hotel. the property combines a stunning beach-side location, contemporary accommodation and sumptuous dining to create a most unique venue for your conference, event our meeting. inchydoney island lodge & spa has a dedicated team of organizers to ensure an impeccable event from inquiry to event day .


text:
So till this day, I can run large projects and create solid project plans knowing only about 40% of the functionality in Microsoft Project. In this article, I want to show you the minimal steps you need to create a project plan in Microsoft Project.... So till this day, I can run large projects and create solid project plans knowing only about 40% of the functionality in Microsoft Project. In this article, I want to show you the minimal steps you need to create a project plan in Microsoft Project.
A project procurement plan describes and documents all of the purchases from outside suppliers that will be needed to support the needs of a particular project. A project may need computers, paper or other supplies depending on the nature of the project. Outlining the needs of the project and how the supplies will be procured allow for adequate budget and proper planning. A good procurement... Or you can develop a project plan, which outlines key management areas with plans for each area. A project plan can be very simple—outlining only the key management areas that are crucial to the project’s success.
The project plan is made up of activities, tasks and the resources needed to complete the project as outlined in the project business case. So, you want to have a description of the major phases of the project, a schedule of activities, tasks and their duration, dependencies, resources, timeframes, etc. Then list the assumptions and constraints in the planning process.
Or you can develop a project plan, which outlines key management areas with plans for each area. A project plan can be very simple—outlining only the key management areas that are crucial to the project’s success.
Most importantly, defining your project strategy means you can be sure your project is hitting the key business goals you want every time. Get our free ebook 3 Strategies to Plan Successful Marketing Projects for tips on establishing consistency, increasing visibility and tracking, and reducing rework.

lowercased:
so till this day, i can run large projects and create solid project plans knowing only about 40% of the functionality in microsoft project. in this article, i want to show you the minimal steps you need to create a project plan in microsoft project.... so till this day, i can run large projects and create solid project plans knowing only about 40% of the functionality in microsoft project. in this article, i want to show you the minimal steps you need to create a project plan in microsoft project.
a project procurement plan describes and documents all of the purchases from outside suppliers that will be needed to support the needs of a particular project. a project may need computers, paper or other supplies depending on the nature of the project. outlining the needs of the project and how the supplies will be procured allow for adequate budget and proper planning. a good procurement... or you can develop a project plan, which outlines key management areas with plans for each area. a project plan can be very simple—outlining only the key management areas that are crucial to the project’s success.
the project plan is made up of activities, tasks and the resources needed to complete the project as outlined in the project business case. so, you want to have a description of the major phases of the project, a schedule of activities, tasks and their duration, dependencies, resources, timeframes, etc. then list the assumptions and constraints in the planning process.
or you can develop a project plan, which outlines key management areas with plans for each area. a project plan can be very simple—outlining only the key management areas that are crucial to the project’s success.
most importantly, defining your project strategy means you can be sure your project is hitting the key business goals you want every time. get our free ebook 3 strategies to plan successful marketing projects for tips on establishing consistency, increasing visibility and tracking, and reducing rework.


text:
I am not sure what your products are. However, I have some channels which could help. Let' chat a bit and find out what we can do.
hi this is lee from shanghai China. What’s your business? I would like to know more about [login to view URL] contact me for details.
Sir/Madam, Could you please tell me what kind of products you are going to sell? I would like to discuss about more details.

lowercased:
i am not sure what your products are. however, i have some channels which could help. let' chat a bit and find out what we can do.
hi this is lee from shanghai china. what’s your business? i would like to know more about [login to view url] contact me for details.
sir/madam, could you please tell me what kind of products you are going to sell? i would like to discuss about more details.


text:
« MediaDefender Remix Contest Winners!
This entry was posted on November 10, 2007 at 4:17 am and is filed under archive, avant-garde, experimental, experimental music, filesharing, improvisation, ITDE, liveblog, noise, Radio.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.

lowercased:
« mediadefender remix contest winners!
this entry was posted on november 10, 2007 at 4:17 am and is filed under archive, avant-garde, experimental, experimental music, filesharing, improvisation, itde, liveblog, noise, radio.	you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2.0 feed. you can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
How does UMP detect what language to use?
During installation, we set Liferay?s default language based on the system, e.g., if your system is Swiss German, hence the default user?s language would be German.
You can change the configuration in Control Panel later. Each user can change his or her account whenever they want to as well.
Control Panel->Portal Settings->Display Settings->Available Languages.
The 'Default Language' setting will be used for NEW users. Note that users include any new 'Nimsoft users' or 'Account-Contacts', i.e., any new UMP user.
Users can set their own language under "My Account" (click on the userid->My Account->Display Settings). The navigation steps described in this Article applies to UMP version 7.5 or higher.

lowercased:
how does ump detect what language to use?
during installation, we set liferay?s default language based on the system, e.g., if your system is swiss german, hence the default user?s language would be german.
you can change the configuration in control panel later. each user can change his or her account whenever they want to as well.
control panel->portal settings->display settings->available languages.
the 'default language' setting will be used for new users. note that users include any new 'nimsoft users' or 'account-contacts', i.e., any new ump user.
users can set their own language under "my account" (click on the userid->my account->display settings). the navigation steps described in this article applies to ump version 7.5 or higher.


text:
Irfaan Ali’s one of the rising profiles in the PPP and showed his creativity by introducing a motion calling on the Government to re-open negotiations with Venezuela on the Petro-Caribe “oil for rice” deal. Some might say, why must there even be a motion? As the lawyers say, “res ipsa loquitur” – the thing speaks for itself.
When we were exporting rice and paddy to Venezuela – 200,000+ tonnes annually – we were smiling all the way to the bank. Coming and going. Here it was, we were getting oil on a long-term repayment plan – once the price was over US$50/barrel. But the sweetness didn’t stop there. We then shipped rice to them at US$780/ tonne – almost twice the world market price for the oil. Our farmers also grinned all the way to the bank.
But the good times didn’t stop there. We could then pay our farmers in Guyana dollars – which we can print at will – and not worry whether our money is plunging or anything. Can’t beat that, can you? Well, the APNU/AFC must’ve thought they could. Why else would they not even make an attempt to save that market for 30% of our exports of rice? Surely, it wasn’t because most rice farmers didn’t vote for them, was it? Naaaah!
They probably thought they could bag replacement markets with a snap of their fingers. Not long after, Moses Nagamootoo, in charge of Information, jetted out to Mexico to attend the “Open Government Partnership (OGP) Global Summit”. Pushing “transparency”, “no State control of Government media” and other such things Nagamootoo’s expert on. When he returned and announced he’d clinched mega contracts for our paddy in Mexico, farmers were ecstatic. It was like Nagamootoo put in his thumb and pulled out a plum!!
Well, farmers are presumably still waiting for the deal to be sealed – after all, since then, rice prices have continued to wallow in the doldrums. Those in the know (meaning those who know the “Bluff Master”) weren’t holding their breath. So Ali’s intervention comes like a breath of fresh air. Surely we can match Suriname’s prices – and then our shipping costs ought to be less, nuh?
The lone sticking point might be the Venezuelans raising the temperature on their border controversy in the wake of EXXON’s discovery of oil off Essequibo. But the old hands in the PNC would know Maduro has to play to the gallery so as not to be outflanked on that issue by his Opposition.
What’d we have to lose? If the Americans can resume trading with Cuba, without compensation for nationalisations why can’t we ship rice and save our farmers?
The bottom line is, it’s true there was crime in the country. But it’s also true that one of the major reasons the coalition pipped the PPP at the elections was they convinced folks they’d do better than what prevailed. Ramjattan went on and on and on about what a maven he was on security. So for him, who went out of his way to hound Rohee about “crime rates” – even moving a “no confidence motion” against him – to now harp and carp about “statistics” to excuse his ineptitude is just too much.
If Prezzie won’t listen to the PPP, can’t he at least take notice of his squaddie Col Gomes’ plea to dump Ramjattan?
With 500 vendors to shoehorn into 136 “spots” at the new, temporary location, why don’t the mandarins at City Hall take a stroll through Stabroek Market?
There’re at least 50 empty stalls that can be rented to those who had to vacate their pavement spots.

lowercased:
irfaan ali’s one of the rising profiles in the ppp and showed his creativity by introducing a motion calling on the government to re-open negotiations with venezuela on the petro-caribe “oil for rice” deal. some might say, why must there even be a motion? as the lawyers say, “res ipsa loquitur” – the thing speaks for itself.
when we were exporting rice and paddy to venezuela – 200,000+ tonnes annually – we were smiling all the way to the bank. coming and going. here it was, we were getting oil on a long-term repayment plan – once the price was over us$50/barrel. but the sweetness didn’t stop there. we then shipped rice to them at us$780/ tonne – almost twice the world market price for the oil. our farmers also grinned all the way to the bank.
but the good times didn’t stop there. we could then pay our farmers in guyana dollars – which we can print at will – and not worry whether our money is plunging or anything. can’t beat that, can you? well, the apnu/afc must’ve thought they could. why else would they not even make an attempt to save that market for 30% of our exports of rice? surely, it wasn’t because most rice farmers didn’t vote for them, was it? naaaah!
they probably thought they could bag replacement markets with a snap of their fingers. not long after, moses nagamootoo, in charge of information, jetted out to mexico to attend the “open government partnership (ogp) global summit”. pushing “transparency”, “no state control of government media” and other such things nagamootoo’s expert on. when he returned and announced he’d clinched mega contracts for our paddy in mexico, farmers were ecstatic. it was like nagamootoo put in his thumb and pulled out a plum!!
well, farmers are presumably still waiting for the deal to be sealed – after all, since then, rice prices have continued to wallow in the doldrums. those in the know (meaning those who know the “bluff master”) weren’t holding their breath. so ali’s intervention comes like a breath of fresh air. surely we can match suriname’s prices – and then our shipping costs ought to be less, nuh?
the lone sticking point might be the venezuelans raising the temperature on their border controversy in the wake of exxon’s discovery of oil off essequibo. but the old hands in the pnc would know maduro has to play to the gallery so as not to be outflanked on that issue by his opposition.
what’d we have to lose? if the americans can resume trading with cuba, without compensation for nationalisations why can’t we ship rice and save our farmers?
the bottom line is, it’s true there was crime in the country. but it’s also true that one of the major reasons the coalition pipped the ppp at the elections was they convinced folks they’d do better than what prevailed. ramjattan went on and on and on about what a maven he was on security. so for him, who went out of his way to hound rohee about “crime rates” – even moving a “no confidence motion” against him – to now harp and carp about “statistics” to excuse his ineptitude is just too much.
if prezzie won’t listen to the ppp, can’t he at least take notice of his squaddie col gomes’ plea to dump ramjattan?
with 500 vendors to shoehorn into 136 “spots” at the new, temporary location, why don’t the mandarins at city hall take a stroll through stabroek market?
there’re at least 50 empty stalls that can be rented to those who had to vacate their pavement spots.


text:
Awesome vibe. Friendly atmosphere. Stylish hotel. Hotel could use some updating. Pleasant entrance area. Luxurious Hotel. Great for a wellness holiday. Nice for romantic trips. Nice boutique hotel.
Reception and restaurant service are professional and friendly. Great concierge service. Room service could have been improved.
Great hotel buildings and entrance area. Unspectacular architecture.
Fairly clean, spacious rooms with great beds, but poorly rated bathrooms. Badly maintained rooms with no views to speak of. Shower can be a problem.

lowercased:
awesome vibe. friendly atmosphere. stylish hotel. hotel could use some updating. pleasant entrance area. luxurious hotel. great for a wellness holiday. nice for romantic trips. nice boutique hotel.
reception and restaurant service are professional and friendly. great concierge service. room service could have been improved.
great hotel buildings and entrance area. unspectacular architecture.
fairly clean, spacious rooms with great beds, but poorly rated bathrooms. badly maintained rooms with no views to speak of. shower can be a problem.


text:
When we talk about a secured loan, we are essentially referring to a type of loan secured against an asset (it can be your home, car, jewellery or anything that is valuable). This type of loan is especially instrumental for individuals with a poor credit score and who cannot get a loan from high street banks without collateral.
Who qualifies for a secured loan?
Basically, any person who is a citizen of the UK, has an asset that they can pledge as collateral, resides within the UK, earns a regular income and is an adult of sound mind qualifies to apply for a secured loan. In fact, the aforementioned are the basic requirements.
What is the maximum amount of money I can borrow under a secured loan?
The maximum amount you can borrow under a secured loan is dependent on the value of your collateral, your income and your ability to repay the loan on a monthly basis. In other words, even if you’ve put your home as collateral and therefore qualify to go for a loan of a million pounds, the lender might deny you if your income is not sufficient to meet monthly payments.
When should you consider going for a secured loan?
The best time to go for a secured loan is when you are grappling with credit problems and therefore cannot avail an unsecured loan. Secondly, secured loans are better if you are seeking to borrow a considerable amount of money for a prolonged period of time. With collateral, most lenders feel that the risks on their side are mitigated and therefore would not hesitate to approve your application.
Are there penalties for repaying a secured loan early?
In most cases, lenders encourage borrowers to repay their loans early. However, not all encourage this and there are a few lenders that might actually penalise you for clearing the loan earlier than agreed. It is therefore important to check with your lender in advance and get a clear picture as to whether early repayments attract a penalty.
Actually, the loan repayment period is informed by the amount of money you’ve borrowed, how long you’ve borrowed it for and the interest rate attached to the loan. The higher the amount of money borrowed, the longer it will take for you to repay the loan and vice versa.
Are interest rates for secured loans as high as for unsecured loans?
No. The reason why unsecured loans have high interest rates is because of the uncertainty and high risks on the side of the lender should the loan be defaulted. In fact, the main reason why lenders charge high interest rates for unsecured loans is because there is no fall back asset should things go awry. The same cannot be said of secured loans where the lender can auction the security and use the proceeds to recoup their money. As such, secured loans tend to have relatively low interest rates as compared to unsecured loans.
Basically, you can use the loan for anything you want. This could be to start a business, to inject more cash into an existing business, to buy furniture, to buy a new car, debt consolidation just to mention but a few. It is however important that you use the amount advanced wisely.
What happens in the unlikely event that I can’t repay the loan?
If you are facing financial problems, it is always important to approach your lender and work out a new repayment plan. However, you need to note that in the event you can’t repay your loan, you stand the chance of losing the asset you pledged as security. This is because the lenders will always dispose of the asset to recoup their money.

lowercased:
when we talk about a secured loan, we are essentially referring to a type of loan secured against an asset (it can be your home, car, jewellery or anything that is valuable). this type of loan is especially instrumental for individuals with a poor credit score and who cannot get a loan from high street banks without collateral.
who qualifies for a secured loan?
basically, any person who is a citizen of the uk, has an asset that they can pledge as collateral, resides within the uk, earns a regular income and is an adult of sound mind qualifies to apply for a secured loan. in fact, the aforementioned are the basic requirements.
what is the maximum amount of money i can borrow under a secured loan?
the maximum amount you can borrow under a secured loan is dependent on the value of your collateral, your income and your ability to repay the loan on a monthly basis. in other words, even if you’ve put your home as collateral and therefore qualify to go for a loan of a million pounds, the lender might deny you if your income is not sufficient to meet monthly payments.
when should you consider going for a secured loan?
the best time to go for a secured loan is when you are grappling with credit problems and therefore cannot avail an unsecured loan. secondly, secured loans are better if you are seeking to borrow a considerable amount of money for a prolonged period of time. with collateral, most lenders feel that the risks on their side are mitigated and therefore would not hesitate to approve your application.
are there penalties for repaying a secured loan early?
in most cases, lenders encourage borrowers to repay their loans early. however, not all encourage this and there are a few lenders that might actually penalise you for clearing the loan earlier than agreed. it is therefore important to check with your lender in advance and get a clear picture as to whether early repayments attract a penalty.
actually, the loan repayment period is informed by the amount of money you’ve borrowed, how long you’ve borrowed it for and the interest rate attached to the loan. the higher the amount of money borrowed, the longer it will take for you to repay the loan and vice versa.
are interest rates for secured loans as high as for unsecured loans?
no. the reason why unsecured loans have high interest rates is because of the uncertainty and high risks on the side of the lender should the loan be defaulted. in fact, the main reason why lenders charge high interest rates for unsecured loans is because there is no fall back asset should things go awry. the same cannot be said of secured loans where the lender can auction the security and use the proceeds to recoup their money. as such, secured loans tend to have relatively low interest rates as compared to unsecured loans.
basically, you can use the loan for anything you want. this could be to start a business, to inject more cash into an existing business, to buy furniture, to buy a new car, debt consolidation just to mention but a few. it is however important that you use the amount advanced wisely.
what happens in the unlikely event that i can’t repay the loan?
if you are facing financial problems, it is always important to approach your lender and work out a new repayment plan. however, you need to note that in the event you can’t repay your loan, you stand the chance of losing the asset you pledged as security. this is because the lenders will always dispose of the asset to recoup their money.


text: The performance across regions in the EU and Europe in general has differed and will differ significantly. They will all, however, be constrained by the common EU economic policy framework which is emerging as a response to the crisis. The study is a critical assessment of the macroeconomic situation and trends. It analyses reasons for diverse economic trends within the region, reviews economic policies adopted in response to the crisis, and gives policy recommendations for macroeconomic policy promoting sustainable economic development and job creation in the region.

lowercased: the performance across regions in the eu and europe in general has differed and will differ significantly. they will all, however, be constrained by the common eu economic policy framework which is emerging as a response to the crisis. the study is a critical assessment of the macroeconomic situation and trends. it analyses reasons for diverse economic trends within the region, reviews economic policies adopted in response to the crisis, and gives policy recommendations for macroeconomic policy promoting sustainable economic development and job creation in the region.


text:
Loved this product! I do have to add water to the shampoo to get it to lather but the conditioner is so thick! My hair feels healthy and voluminous. I like it better than the purple hydration one they make.
Love this flat iron. It’s just like my beautician has and it makes my fine thin naturally curly hair shiny and straight in one pass. Only con is that the housing is so thin that if you place your hand to close to the plate end the plastic gets really hot but it keeps the unit light weight so just stay away from the hot end.

lowercased:
loved this product! i do have to add water to the shampoo to get it to lather but the conditioner is so thick! my hair feels healthy and voluminous. i like it better than the purple hydration one they make.
love this flat iron. it’s just like my beautician has and it makes my fine thin naturally curly hair shiny and straight in one pass. only con is that the housing is so thin that if you place your hand to close to the plate end the plastic gets really hot but it keeps the unit light weight so just stay away from the hot end.


text:
Save on desk space without sacrificing style with the KG1 Series display?s three -prong glossy black stand.
Discover the joys of a seamless game experience with AMD® Freesync?1, a 144Hz1 refresh rate a response time of 1ms.
Screen tearing will be a thing of the past with AMD® FreeSync?1 which syncs your display?s framerate to the video card.

lowercased:
save on desk space without sacrificing style with the kg1 series display?s three -prong glossy black stand.
discover the joys of a seamless game experience with amd® freesync?1, a 144hz1 refresh rate a response time of 1ms.
screen tearing will be a thing of the past with amd® freesync?1 which syncs your display?s framerate to the video card.


text:
38.8 per cent of CIOs migrate their business to the cloud to achieve cost-savings – but over 53.2% cite cloud costs as their top pain point.
It’s crucial to understand why uncontrolled spend occurs – and why success depends on the maturity of management and governance practices than the nature of your workloads.
Download our free whitepaper to learn how to optimise your cloud adoption and control costs.

lowercased:
38.8 per cent of cios migrate their business to the cloud to achieve cost-savings – but over 53.2% cite cloud costs as their top pain point.
it’s crucial to understand why uncontrolled spend occurs – and why success depends on the maturity of management and governance practices than the nature of your workloads.
download our free whitepaper to learn how to optimise your cloud adoption and control costs.


text: [for a conveyance, usually a ship] to exit something under power. (Originally referred to steam engines, but now can be any sort of engine.) The huge diesel engines began to labor, and the ship steamed out of its berth. It shuddered a couple of times and steamed out.

lowercased: [for a conveyance, usually a ship] to exit something under power. (originally referred to steam engines, but now can be any sort of engine.) the huge diesel engines began to labor, and the ship steamed out of its berth. it shuddered a couple of times and steamed out.