text:
When people try to lose weight, there are lots of challenges and there aren’t many approaches. I remember once I interviewed a physician who said that he had about 2,000 books in his library, and each one had the best cure, the best way to lose weight. Obviously, there’s not 1 answer and there are not 2,000 answers, but there are certain things we should have that are consistent as we approach this. I’m Dr. Brian McDonough, and welcome to Primary Care Today on ReachMD. I have a very special guest today, Dr. Lou Aronne. He is the Director of the Comprehensive Weight Control Center at Cornell Medicine New York Presbyterian, and he’s been kind enough to join us. First of all, welcome to the program.
Let’s talk a little bit about obesity and weight loss. We know it’s a major health problem. The physicians in our audience are dealing with patients every day. What’s your approach, and what do you think we need to know?
Well, one of the key things I think that physicians need to understand is that obesity is a disease. So, now you’re going to ask, “What’s the disease?” And what research is showing is that hypothalamic neurons, the nerves that carry signals from the stomach, the fat cell, the intestine to the rest of the brain telling the brain how much fat is stored, how much has been eaten, the evidence is they’re damaged in the process of weight gain, so what we believe happens is that bad habits and the environment of too many calories, too much food, not enough exercise, causes a physical change in signaling pathways, and that’s what makes it so hard for people to lose weight. They have these physical changes whereby the neurons become less sensitive to hormonal signals. And so, when you look at how you can approach this, in the past we’ve used reducing calorie intake and increasing energy expenditure, but that hasn’t been completely successful. If it were, I would not have this job. I love telling people that. If all those diet books worked, we would not have the Comprehensive Weight Control Center at Weill Cornell. And so something more is going on, and that something is a shift in the set point. How do we manage it? Well, in addition to reducing calorie intake and in addition to increasing physical activity, we have more sophisticated strategies. Surgery has proven its health benefit, but we have on one side diet and physical activity and then do nothing until we do bariatric surgery, and I believe that we are coming to an era where using rationally designed medical therapies and some old therapies that are now being used in a more medically rational way are going to become increasingly common.
When you look at it and you look at your approach to dealing with this, what advice do you have for doctors? We’re dealing with patients all the time. In many cases we ourselves are fighting issues with weight. What do you suggest?
Well, one of the things we find commonly is that medicine that we as physicians prescribe can cause weight gain. And I can’t tell you how many cases we see. We’ve estimated that about 15% of serious problems with obesity are related to drugs that we prescribe. So, for example, today we were meeting with colleagues from Memorial Sloan Kettering, across the street from us, and they have and it’s been recognized that in the treatment of breast cancer, weight gain is very common because of the use of aromatase inhibitors as well as some of the antinausea medicines, steroids, strong antihistamines like diphenhydramine. So, what happens in the treatment of breast cancer is women gain weight, but the evidence is that a 5 to 10% weight gain increases the risk of recurrence, and so we’re seeing many physicians in very specific areas looking for strategies to manage weight. And so the first thing we always look for when we manage someone are medicines that could be causing weight gain and which we could change to something else that would encourage weight loss, and that’s a topic, perhaps, for another day. The second thing we do is look for problems like sleep apnea, which make it hard for patients to comply. Sleep apnea is a common comorbid condition. Patients have difficulty focusing when they develop it, and often they look depressed and wind up getting treated with antidepressants that can cause further weight gain. And then, of course, we look for the typical behavioral issues as far as eating, stress, lifestyle, and how we can change those. So, we take a very problem-solving approach where we look for the issues, some of which are very concrete and some not, and try to help the patient to solve those problems. Now, if that works that’s great, we’re thrilled, but if it doesn’t we don’t give up. We go to the next step, and we believe that the use of pharmacotherapy would be the next step in this process.
You know, it’s funny how it’s evolved. I remember how people used to say, “Well, just some people are overweight, and you gotta cut down the calories.” We’ve really learned, well, sure, diet plays a very important, maybe the most important part, but there are so many other things we can do, and I think a lot of us as physicians are kind of late to the party because we keep saying, “Watch your diet, cut the calories,” but that may not always be the answer, and I think you’re alluding to that.
I am, but when it comes to those kinds of recommendations, “push away from the table” and things like that, there are very concrete recommendations that we make for patients. So, one of the things that has been recognized over the past few years is that no diet works for everybody, so we have a number of different approaches that we utilize. For most of our patients, but certainly not all, a lower carbohydrate or a low glycemic diet seems to be quite effective. It allows people to reduce their calorie intake by changing the macronutrient composition of their diet. Other people, on the other hand, like to count calories, so they can eat virtually anything, but they count the exact number of calories. Two new techniques are intermittent fasting. One technique is where someone cuts their calorie intake to 800 calories or even less 2 days per week. That’s been shown to be as effective as dieting every single day. And then time-restricted fasting where you eat for a period of 8 hours a day or 12 hours a day and then don’t eat for the other 16 to 12 hours, that, too, has been shown to be effective. So, we don’t just give vague advice. We give very specific advice which we… We kind of negotiate with the patient to see what they can do in their lifestyle. You know, “Can you do it?” That’s the kind of discussion we have with patients where we ask them what can they do. If they’re on board, then we’ll try something.
I’m Dr. Brian McDonough. You’re listening to Primary Care Today on ReachMD. My guest is Dr. Louis Aronne. We’re talking about weight loss, and I really like the fact that you’re bringing the patient into the conversation, because you’re right, I think a lot of us more or less say, “Okay, this is what you need to do. Read this. Follow this diet,” whatever. You’re making them a partner. And, I mean, I’ve been practicing so many years, I’m realizing the more I make patients a partner the better shot I have.
I agree completely, especially when it comes to these behavioral changes. It’s easy for me to tell someone, “Don’t eat any carbs and you’re gonna lose weight.” That will happen every time. But, can someone actually do that on a regular basis? Now, you’ll find 1 person who can do it and they wind up in an article in the newspaper that they lost 100 pounds doing this, but I promise you that 99 other people do the exact same thing and it doesn’t work, so it really has to be customized to the patient and their needs and what they can do within their life.
I teach young residents. As I say, I don’t know if this is good or bad, but as I move through life, I tend to, when I talk to patients, say, “Well, I tried this and it didn’t work,” or, “I tried that and it didn’t work.” What about that approach? Do you find yourself sometimes saying, “Look, this is what most people do,” and do you ever use yourself as the so-called foil to try to help them along?
Sometimes we do that. Generally, we’ll give them examples of patients who’ve succeeded and we tried this and this worked in this patient or that patient, so teaching by example can work, but when it comes to something like weight, it’s so individualized. I mean, when you look at a lot of the diet books that are written by celebrities, it’s basically, “I lost weight, and everyone in the world should lose weight doing the exact same thing.” It doesn’t work that way, so we don’t tell people, “I lost weight doing this. You should do it.” But we will give them examples as we move forward. In certain situations, if someone has prediabetes or they have early type 2, it’s pretty clear what we need to do in a situation like that. We try to reduce their carb intake, we give them metformin, those kinds of things, but in more sophisticated situations, we will use examples.
It’s so funny, because having worked in television, I remember one time I went on this diet to show you can lose weight, but they also paid for the trainer, they paid for the workouts, they paid for things that most people are not going to have access to, and they’re certainly not going to get the top people helping them, and that was one of the points of the story, which I remember it frustrated people. I said, “Well, I was given this, this and this, but what do we do without it?” and that really became the most important part of the story. What does the average person do? And I think a lot of things you’re talking about fall into that category of what is realistic and what can you individually do. You mentioned metformin and you mentioned prediabetes, and a lot of what at least I’m reading and learning about is initiating medical treatment a little earlier than we did in the past. What about that?
—but much lower doses than have been previously prescribed are effective, and we use the equivalent of a quarter of a phentermine tablet to start in most of our patients. We published a phase 2 trial a number of years ago showing that a quarter of a phentermine, half of a phentermine, you’re starting to hit the plateau of weight loss. So, when it comes to the side effect profile that we associate with weight loss medicines, one of the reasons that we’ve been seeing it is lack of understanding of the mechanisms of weight regulations, so we have been overdosing people by trying to get more weight loss by using too much medicine, by just pushing the dose. What our research has shown and the research of other people has shown is that combining medicines is what can really today, with the medicines we have right now, break through the plateau phenomenon. So, we have a medicine that’s a combination of 2, phentermine and topiramate, topiramate which is used most widely for migraine headaches and seizures. When you add those, we’ve shown that you can get additive weight loss between those 2 agents, and phentermine topiramate is approved for obesity treatment. And there are others. The combination of bupropion, which is used as an antidepressant, used for smoking cessation, along with naltrexone, which is used for alcoholism and narcotic treatment, those 2 together can produce greater weight loss. And finally, as an individual agent, there’s liraglutide. It was originally approved for type 2 diabetes. In a higher dose it’s turned out to be effective, probably the most effective single agent for weight loss. There’s a new agent that’s a more lipid-soluble version that’s coming on the market for diabetes, produces even greater weight loss. And finally, there’s lorcaserin. Lorcaserin is a serotonin agonist that produces significant weight loss, very few side effects, very well tolerated, just had an outcome study which came out today—the results of which we first heard about today—showing no increase in risk, and we hope that with further analysis we’ll see a decrease in risk in people who lose weight. If you look at some of the agents that we’re studying now, we’re seeing significantly greater weight loss than even these. We’re seeing 10, 15, even the potential for 20% weight loss in agents that are currently in development.
Dr. Louis Aronne, I want to thank you for joining us. I have to tell you, I had the opportunity with a colleague of mine to give a lecture at the American Academy of Family Physicians conference on obesity, spent months on it. We got a 1-hour lecture. You, in 15 minutes, summarized so effectively what I probably spent 40 hours on. I really appreciate what you did, and I think a lot of people listening appreciate what you did, because you have a good knowledge of it, and you can express it really rapidly and effectively. So, thanks so much for joining us on the program.
Thanks for having me, Brian.
This is Dr. Brian McDonough. If you missed any of this discussion, please visit ReachMD.com/primarycaretoday. You can download the podcast. You can learn about the series. Thank you for listening and Being a Part of the Knowledge.
Many patients face the challenges of obesity and weight loss. With no one-size-fits-all treatment, emerging strategies bring new possibilities.
Obesity rates have been rising for years, resulting in a constant influx of books claiming to have the cure for this newly classified disease. However, it's not just our patients who are dealing with issues of weight. Introducing innovative techniques and approaches is Dr. Lou Aronne, Director of the Comprehensive Weight Control Center at Cornell Medicine.

lowercased:
when people try to lose weight, there are lots of challenges and there aren’t many approaches. i remember once i interviewed a physician who said that he had about 2,000 books in his library, and each one had the best cure, the best way to lose weight. obviously, there’s not 1 answer and there are not 2,000 answers, but there are certain things we should have that are consistent as we approach this. i’m dr. brian mcdonough, and welcome to primary care today on reachmd. i have a very special guest today, dr. lou aronne. he is the director of the comprehensive weight control center at cornell medicine new york presbyterian, and he’s been kind enough to join us. first of all, welcome to the program.
let’s talk a little bit about obesity and weight loss. we know it’s a major health problem. the physicians in our audience are dealing with patients every day. what’s your approach, and what do you think we need to know?
well, one of the key things i think that physicians need to understand is that obesity is a disease. so, now you’re going to ask, “what’s the disease?” and what research is showing is that hypothalamic neurons, the nerves that carry signals from the stomach, the fat cell, the intestine to the rest of the brain telling the brain how much fat is stored, how much has been eaten, the evidence is they’re damaged in the process of weight gain, so what we believe happens is that bad habits and the environment of too many calories, too much food, not enough exercise, causes a physical change in signaling pathways, and that’s what makes it so hard for people to lose weight. they have these physical changes whereby the neurons become less sensitive to hormonal signals. and so, when you look at how you can approach this, in the past we’ve used reducing calorie intake and increasing energy expenditure, but that hasn’t been completely successful. if it were, i would not have this job. i love telling people that. if all those diet books worked, we would not have the comprehensive weight control center at weill cornell. and so something more is going on, and that something is a shift in the set point. how do we manage it? well, in addition to reducing calorie intake and in addition to increasing physical activity, we have more sophisticated strategies. surgery has proven its health benefit, but we have on one side diet and physical activity and then do nothing until we do bariatric surgery, and i believe that we are coming to an era where using rationally designed medical therapies and some old therapies that are now being used in a more medically rational way are going to become increasingly common.
when you look at it and you look at your approach to dealing with this, what advice do you have for doctors? we’re dealing with patients all the time. in many cases we ourselves are fighting issues with weight. what do you suggest?
well, one of the things we find commonly is that medicine that we as physicians prescribe can cause weight gain. and i can’t tell you how many cases we see. we’ve estimated that about 15% of serious problems with obesity are related to drugs that we prescribe. so, for example, today we were meeting with colleagues from memorial sloan kettering, across the street from us, and they have and it’s been recognized that in the treatment of breast cancer, weight gain is very common because of the use of aromatase inhibitors as well as some of the antinausea medicines, steroids, strong antihistamines like diphenhydramine. so, what happens in the treatment of breast cancer is women gain weight, but the evidence is that a 5 to 10% weight gain increases the risk of recurrence, and so we’re seeing many physicians in very specific areas looking for strategies to manage weight. and so the first thing we always look for when we manage someone are medicines that could be causing weight gain and which we could change to something else that would encourage weight loss, and that’s a topic, perhaps, for another day. the second thing we do is look for problems like sleep apnea, which make it hard for patients to comply. sleep apnea is a common comorbid condition. patients have difficulty focusing when they develop it, and often they look depressed and wind up getting treated with antidepressants that can cause further weight gain. and then, of course, we look for the typical behavioral issues as far as eating, stress, lifestyle, and how we can change those. so, we take a very problem-solving approach where we look for the issues, some of which are very concrete and some not, and try to help the patient to solve those problems. now, if that works that’s great, we’re thrilled, but if it doesn’t we don’t give up. we go to the next step, and we believe that the use of pharmacotherapy would be the next step in this process.
you know, it’s funny how it’s evolved. i remember how people used to say, “well, just some people are overweight, and you gotta cut down the calories.” we’ve really learned, well, sure, diet plays a very important, maybe the most important part, but there are so many other things we can do, and i think a lot of us as physicians are kind of late to the party because we keep saying, “watch your diet, cut the calories,” but that may not always be the answer, and i think you’re alluding to that.
i am, but when it comes to those kinds of recommendations, “push away from the table” and things like that, there are very concrete recommendations that we make for patients. so, one of the things that has been recognized over the past few years is that no diet works for everybody, so we have a number of different approaches that we utilize. for most of our patients, but certainly not all, a lower carbohydrate or a low glycemic diet seems to be quite effective. it allows people to reduce their calorie intake by changing the macronutrient composition of their diet. other people, on the other hand, like to count calories, so they can eat virtually anything, but they count the exact number of calories. two new techniques are intermittent fasting. one technique is where someone cuts their calorie intake to 800 calories or even less 2 days per week. that’s been shown to be as effective as dieting every single day. and then time-restricted fasting where you eat for a period of 8 hours a day or 12 hours a day and then don’t eat for the other 16 to 12 hours, that, too, has been shown to be effective. so, we don’t just give vague advice. we give very specific advice which we… we kind of negotiate with the patient to see what they can do in their lifestyle. you know, “can you do it?” that’s the kind of discussion we have with patients where we ask them what can they do. if they’re on board, then we’ll try something.
i’m dr. brian mcdonough. you’re listening to primary care today on reachmd. my guest is dr. louis aronne. we’re talking about weight loss, and i really like the fact that you’re bringing the patient into the conversation, because you’re right, i think a lot of us more or less say, “okay, this is what you need to do. read this. follow this diet,” whatever. you’re making them a partner. and, i mean, i’ve been practicing so many years, i’m realizing the more i make patients a partner the better shot i have.
i agree completely, especially when it comes to these behavioral changes. it’s easy for me to tell someone, “don’t eat any carbs and you’re gonna lose weight.” that will happen every time. but, can someone actually do that on a regular basis? now, you’ll find 1 person who can do it and they wind up in an article in the newspaper that they lost 100 pounds doing this, but i promise you that 99 other people do the exact same thing and it doesn’t work, so it really has to be customized to the patient and their needs and what they can do within their life.
i teach young residents. as i say, i don’t know if this is good or bad, but as i move through life, i tend to, when i talk to patients, say, “well, i tried this and it didn’t work,” or, “i tried that and it didn’t work.” what about that approach? do you find yourself sometimes saying, “look, this is what most people do,” and do you ever use yourself as the so-called foil to try to help them along?
sometimes we do that. generally, we’ll give them examples of patients who’ve succeeded and we tried this and this worked in this patient or that patient, so teaching by example can work, but when it comes to something like weight, it’s so individualized. i mean, when you look at a lot of the diet books that are written by celebrities, it’s basically, “i lost weight, and everyone in the world should lose weight doing the exact same thing.” it doesn’t work that way, so we don’t tell people, “i lost weight doing this. you should do it.” but we will give them examples as we move forward. in certain situations, if someone has prediabetes or they have early type 2, it’s pretty clear what we need to do in a situation like that. we try to reduce their carb intake, we give them metformin, those kinds of things, but in more sophisticated situations, we will use examples.
it’s so funny, because having worked in television, i remember one time i went on this diet to show you can lose weight, but they also paid for the trainer, they paid for the workouts, they paid for things that most people are not going to have access to, and they’re certainly not going to get the top people helping them, and that was one of the points of the story, which i remember it frustrated people. i said, “well, i was given this, this and this, but what do we do without it?” and that really became the most important part of the story. what does the average person do? and i think a lot of things you’re talking about fall into that category of what is realistic and what can you individually do. you mentioned metformin and you mentioned prediabetes, and a lot of what at least i’m reading and learning about is initiating medical treatment a little earlier than we did in the past. what about that?
—but much lower doses than have been previously prescribed are effective, and we use the equivalent of a quarter of a phentermine tablet to start in most of our patients. we published a phase 2 trial a number of years ago showing that a quarter of a phentermine, half of a phentermine, you’re starting to hit the plateau of weight loss. so, when it comes to the side effect profile that we associate with weight loss medicines, one of the reasons that we’ve been seeing it is lack of understanding of the mechanisms of weight regulations, so we have been overdosing people by trying to get more weight loss by using too much medicine, by just pushing the dose. what our research has shown and the research of other people has shown is that combining medicines is what can really today, with the medicines we have right now, break through the plateau phenomenon. so, we have a medicine that’s a combination of 2, phentermine and topiramate, topiramate which is used most widely for migraine headaches and seizures. when you add those, we’ve shown that you can get additive weight loss between those 2 agents, and phentermine topiramate is approved for obesity treatment. and there are others. the combination of bupropion, which is used as an antidepressant, used for smoking cessation, along with naltrexone, which is used for alcoholism and narcotic treatment, those 2 together can produce greater weight loss. and finally, as an individual agent, there’s liraglutide. it was originally approved for type 2 diabetes. in a higher dose it’s turned out to be effective, probably the most effective single agent for weight loss. there’s a new agent that’s a more lipid-soluble version that’s coming on the market for diabetes, produces even greater weight loss. and finally, there’s lorcaserin. lorcaserin is a serotonin agonist that produces significant weight loss, very few side effects, very well tolerated, just had an outcome study which came out today—the results of which we first heard about today—showing no increase in risk, and we hope that with further analysis we’ll see a decrease in risk in people who lose weight. if you look at some of the agents that we’re studying now, we’re seeing significantly greater weight loss than even these. we’re seeing 10, 15, even the potential for 20% weight loss in agents that are currently in development.
dr. louis aronne, i want to thank you for joining us. i have to tell you, i had the opportunity with a colleague of mine to give a lecture at the american academy of family physicians conference on obesity, spent months on it. we got a 1-hour lecture. you, in 15 minutes, summarized so effectively what i probably spent 40 hours on. i really appreciate what you did, and i think a lot of people listening appreciate what you did, because you have a good knowledge of it, and you can express it really rapidly and effectively. so, thanks so much for joining us on the program.
thanks for having me, brian.
this is dr. brian mcdonough. if you missed any of this discussion, please visit reachmd.com/primarycaretoday. you can download the podcast. you can learn about the series. thank you for listening and being a part of the knowledge.
many patients face the challenges of obesity and weight loss. with no one-size-fits-all treatment, emerging strategies bring new possibilities.
obesity rates have been rising for years, resulting in a constant influx of books claiming to have the cure for this newly classified disease. however, it's not just our patients who are dealing with issues of weight. introducing innovative techniques and approaches is dr. lou aronne, director of the comprehensive weight control center at cornell medicine.


text:
TIG-160DC is a rectifier adopting the most advanced inverter technology. Welding power source can offer stronger, more concentrated and more stable arc. When stick and work piece get short, its response will be quicker. It means that it is easier to design into welding machine with different dynamic characteristics, and it even can be adjusted for specialty to make arc softer or harder. The machine can be for multi-use, and can weld stainless steel, carbon steel, copper and other color metal, and also can use for traditional electric welding. Specification • Processes: TIG (GTAW), STICK, ARC, MMA • Input Power: 110/230V/1phase/60Hz • Output Range: DC 20-160 Amps • Input Current: 37A(110V) & 25.8A(230V) • Rated Output: 25.2V & 26.4V • Duty Cycle: AC 230V/160A@60% & AC 110V/130A@60% • Dimensions: 16.6 x 7.5 x 11.8 inch • Product Weight: 14.5 Pounds What’s Included • TIG-160DC TIG/Stick/ARC Machine • Professional TIG Torch Gun and Assembly 13 feet • Electrode Holder and cable10 feet • Work Clamp and cable10 feet • 110V and 230V Transfer Plug • 2 pieces of Electrode 1/8 in. • 2 pieces of Electrode 3/32 in. • 2 pieces of Tungsten 1/16 in. • Instruction Manual.
Ac Dc Tig 140 Amp Welder.
TIG-205 can weld Steel, Stainless steel, Alloy steel, Mild steel, Nickel alloys, Copper, Brass, Bronze, Cast Iron and Chrome etc. TIG-205 is a rectifier adopting the most advanced inverter technology. welding power source can offer stronger, more concentrated and more stable arc. when stick and work piece get short, its response will be quicker. it means that it is easier to design into welding machine with different dynamic characteristics, and it even can be adjusted for specialty to make arc softer or harder. Processes is TIG (GTAW), Stick, Arc, Input Power is 115/230V/1phase/50-60Hz, Rated Input Power is AC 230V/7.5KVA/33Amps and AC 115V/4.6KVA/40A, TIG Current Range is AC 230V/DC 18.0V/15-200A and AC 115V/DC 15.8V/15-145A, Stick Current Range is AC 230V/DC 18.0V/15-180A and AC 115V/DC 15.8V/15-130A, 60% Duty Cycle at 200A, Forced Air Fan Cooling, HF& High Voltage Start, Usable Electrode: Ф1/16″-3/16″, 93% Power Factor, Size: 16×6.5×12 in. Weight: 16 Lbs. Packaging Size: 19×10.2×13.6 in. Packaging Weight: 27 Lbs.Included:TIG-205 TIG & Stick Welding Machine, 13 Feet Professional TIG Torch Gun, 10 Feet Electrode Holder and Cable, 10 Feet Work Clamp and Cable, 8 Feet Argon Gas Hose, 115V & 230V Power Cord Adapter.
As the latest addition to the analog line of inverter TIG welders from Everlast, the PowerTIG 200DV features all of the same dynamic performance of the PowerTIG 200DX, but expands its versatility by adding dual voltage and a digitally controlled IGBT inverter. Able to operate on 120V or 240V single phase 50/60Hz, the unit offers maximum go anywhere performance. The unit is definitely portable, and can be used with any generator that is rated for a sustained 3500 watts (120V) and is certified by the manufacturer as “clean power”. If you need a reliable, TIG welder that you can carry with you and make quality welds day-in and day-out, the PowerTIG 200DV is definitely one to consider. Includes: 12 ft. Everlast 26 Series TIG torch with 35 series DINSE stle connectors and torch switch for 2T/4T operation Stick electrode holder with 10 ft. cable and 35 series DINSE style connectors Work clamp with 10 ft. cable and DINSE style connectors Foot pedal Everlast regulator made from billet brass 240/120V Pigtail Adapter 6 ft. Power input cable Consumable Starter Kit (Tungsten not included) Minimum/Maximum: TIG: Weld steel to a maximum of 5/16″ single pass (240V) Weld steel to a maximum of 3/16″ single pass (120V) Weld steel to a maximum of 1/2″ multi-pass(240V) Weld steel to a maximum of 3/8″ multi-pass (120V) Weld aluminum to a maximum of 1/4″ single pass (240V) Weld aluminum to a maximum of 1/8″ single pass (120V) Weld aluminum to a maximum of 3/8″ multi-pass (240V) Weld aluminum to a maximum of 1/4″ multi-pass (120V) Weld to a minimum of .007″ Steel Weld to a minimum of .020″ Aluminum Stick: Weld with a minimum of 1/16″ diameter electrode Weld with a maximum of 1/8″ diameter electrode (240V) Weld with maximum of 3/32″-1/8″ diameter electrode (120V) TIG limits are recommended based off of practical limits and industry recommended standards for single and multi-pass welds.

lowercased:
tig-160dc is a rectifier adopting the most advanced inverter technology. welding power source can offer stronger, more concentrated and more stable arc. when stick and work piece get short, its response will be quicker. it means that it is easier to design into welding machine with different dynamic characteristics, and it even can be adjusted for specialty to make arc softer or harder. the machine can be for multi-use, and can weld stainless steel, carbon steel, copper and other color metal, and also can use for traditional electric welding. specification • processes: tig (gtaw), stick, arc, mma • input power: 110/230v/1phase/60hz • output range: dc 20-160 amps • input current: 37a(110v) & 25.8a(230v) • rated output: 25.2v & 26.4v • duty cycle: ac 230v/160a@60% & ac 110v/130a@60% • dimensions: 16.6 x 7.5 x 11.8 inch • product weight: 14.5 pounds what’s included • tig-160dc tig/stick/arc machine • professional tig torch gun and assembly 13 feet • electrode holder and cable10 feet • work clamp and cable10 feet • 110v and 230v transfer plug • 2 pieces of electrode 1/8 in. • 2 pieces of electrode 3/32 in. • 2 pieces of tungsten 1/16 in. • instruction manual.
ac dc tig 140 amp welder.
tig-205 can weld steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, mild steel, nickel alloys, copper, brass, bronze, cast iron and chrome etc. tig-205 is a rectifier adopting the most advanced inverter technology. welding power source can offer stronger, more concentrated and more stable arc. when stick and work piece get short, its response will be quicker. it means that it is easier to design into welding machine with different dynamic characteristics, and it even can be adjusted for specialty to make arc softer or harder. processes is tig (gtaw), stick, arc, input power is 115/230v/1phase/50-60hz, rated input power is ac 230v/7.5kva/33amps and ac 115v/4.6kva/40a, tig current range is ac 230v/dc 18.0v/15-200a and ac 115v/dc 15.8v/15-145a, stick current range is ac 230v/dc 18.0v/15-180a and ac 115v/dc 15.8v/15-130a, 60% duty cycle at 200a, forced air fan cooling, hf& high voltage start, usable electrode: ф1/16″-3/16″, 93% power factor, size: 16×6.5×12 in. weight: 16 lbs. packaging size: 19×10.2×13.6 in. packaging weight: 27 lbs.included:tig-205 tig & stick welding machine, 13 feet professional tig torch gun, 10 feet electrode holder and cable, 10 feet work clamp and cable, 8 feet argon gas hose, 115v & 230v power cord adapter.
as the latest addition to the analog line of inverter tig welders from everlast, the powertig 200dv features all of the same dynamic performance of the powertig 200dx, but expands its versatility by adding dual voltage and a digitally controlled igbt inverter. able to operate on 120v or 240v single phase 50/60hz, the unit offers maximum go anywhere performance. the unit is definitely portable, and can be used with any generator that is rated for a sustained 3500 watts (120v) and is certified by the manufacturer as “clean power”. if you need a reliable, tig welder that you can carry with you and make quality welds day-in and day-out, the powertig 200dv is definitely one to consider. includes: 12 ft. everlast 26 series tig torch with 35 series dinse stle connectors and torch switch for 2t/4t operation stick electrode holder with 10 ft. cable and 35 series dinse style connectors work clamp with 10 ft. cable and dinse style connectors foot pedal everlast regulator made from billet brass 240/120v pigtail adapter 6 ft. power input cable consumable starter kit (tungsten not included) minimum/maximum: tig: weld steel to a maximum of 5/16″ single pass (240v) weld steel to a maximum of 3/16″ single pass (120v) weld steel to a maximum of 1/2″ multi-pass(240v) weld steel to a maximum of 3/8″ multi-pass (120v) weld aluminum to a maximum of 1/4″ single pass (240v) weld aluminum to a maximum of 1/8″ single pass (120v) weld aluminum to a maximum of 3/8″ multi-pass (240v) weld aluminum to a maximum of 1/4″ multi-pass (120v) weld to a minimum of .007″ steel weld to a minimum of .020″ aluminum stick: weld with a minimum of 1/16″ diameter electrode weld with a maximum of 1/8″ diameter electrode (240v) weld with maximum of 3/32″-1/8″ diameter electrode (120v) tig limits are recommended based off of practical limits and industry recommended standards for single and multi-pass welds.


text:
In an example of stunningly bad timing, I fired off an email to my publishers last week to find out why I’d heard nothing for several weeks about the editing on my novel. If I mention that they are based in New York, you’ll probably see immediately what I failed to take into account.
I was politely notified that things would get moving soon, but that they’d had a visit from something called ‘Hurricane Sandy‘ which had caused a bit of disruption in the area (i.e. the whole of the East Coast), and that some staff had gone over a week without power. The fact that the event has had round-the-clock news coverage here had totally escaped me.
This entry was posted in Writing and tagged Hurricane Sandy. Bookmark the permalink.

lowercased:
in an example of stunningly bad timing, i fired off an email to my publishers last week to find out why i’d heard nothing for several weeks about the editing on my novel. if i mention that they are based in new york, you’ll probably see immediately what i failed to take into account.
i was politely notified that things would get moving soon, but that they’d had a visit from something called ‘hurricane sandy‘ which had caused a bit of disruption in the area (i.e. the whole of the east coast), and that some staff had gone over a week without power. the fact that the event has had round-the-clock news coverage here had totally escaped me.
this entry was posted in writing and tagged hurricane sandy. bookmark the permalink.


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Bilberry, known to science as actinium myrtillus, is a member of the blueberry family, and it is known for producing sweet blue colored berries. The bilberry bush is found both in North America and Europe, and it grows best in damp, acidic soils. The blue to black bilberries are used for many medicinal purposes, while the leaves have additional healing properties.
One of the most significant properties of the bilberry is its ability to enhance night vision. From at least as far back as the sixteenth century, the bilberry was mixed with honey in order to create a syrup known as rob. This syrup was traditionally used to treat diarrhea, but today the fruits of the bilberry bush are being used to promote good vision, particularly night vision. In World War II, those pilots who ate large quantities of bilberries claimed to enjoy more accurate night vision, and many scientific studies have shown that bilberry is able to slow down the degeneration of sight, and may even improve visual acuity. In addition, bilberry has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of indigestion and diabetes, among other conditions.
The bilberry contains large numbers of phytochemicals, which are thought to help lower blood pressure, inhibit the formation of clots and enhance the supply of blood to the nervous system. Some studies have shown that the antioxidants found in the fruit of the bilberry bush are up to fifty times as powerful as vitamin E and ten times as powerful as vitamin C.
Bilberry also seems to show great effectiveness at reducing vascular insufficiency and other related conditions. Bilberry seems to work in much the same way as ginkgo biloba and horse chestnut, and the circulatory effects it produces are thought to be quite effective at increasing circulation and the health of the eyes and organs.
Bilberry can be consumed in several forms, including fresh bilberry, extract and capsule forms. When shopping for bilberry, either the fresh bilberry or the bilberry supplement, it is important to buy only the highest quality products.
The manner in which the fruit of the bilberry tree is harvested can make significant difference in its effectiveness as a health booster. It is important for the bilberry to be harvested at the peak of ripeness, and it is just as important that it be processed into supplements and capsules in facilities that use the best manufacturing equipment. Problems can be caused by contaminated manufacturing equipment, and buying bilberry from the most highly respected sources is the best way to ensure you get all the important benefits of the bilberry bush in your daily diet.
The bilberry, like the blueberry and other related berries, is among the best and highest quality foods on the market. Whether you buy your bilberry fresh at the supermarket or health food store, or opt for the stability and ease of bilberry supplements, it is important to incorporate this valuable food into a healthy diet, for the health of your eyes, circulatory system and nervous system.

lowercased:
bilberry, known to science as actinium myrtillus, is a member of the blueberry family, and it is known for producing sweet blue colored berries. the bilberry bush is found both in north america and europe, and it grows best in damp, acidic soils. the blue to black bilberries are used for many medicinal purposes, while the leaves have additional healing properties.
one of the most significant properties of the bilberry is its ability to enhance night vision. from at least as far back as the sixteenth century, the bilberry was mixed with honey in order to create a syrup known as rob. this syrup was traditionally used to treat diarrhea, but today the fruits of the bilberry bush are being used to promote good vision, particularly night vision. in world war ii, those pilots who ate large quantities of bilberries claimed to enjoy more accurate night vision, and many scientific studies have shown that bilberry is able to slow down the degeneration of sight, and may even improve visual acuity. in addition, bilberry has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of indigestion and diabetes, among other conditions.
the bilberry contains large numbers of phytochemicals, which are thought to help lower blood pressure, inhibit the formation of clots and enhance the supply of blood to the nervous system. some studies have shown that the antioxidants found in the fruit of the bilberry bush are up to fifty times as powerful as vitamin e and ten times as powerful as vitamin c.
bilberry also seems to show great effectiveness at reducing vascular insufficiency and other related conditions. bilberry seems to work in much the same way as ginkgo biloba and horse chestnut, and the circulatory effects it produces are thought to be quite effective at increasing circulation and the health of the eyes and organs.
bilberry can be consumed in several forms, including fresh bilberry, extract and capsule forms. when shopping for bilberry, either the fresh bilberry or the bilberry supplement, it is important to buy only the highest quality products.
the manner in which the fruit of the bilberry tree is harvested can make significant difference in its effectiveness as a health booster. it is important for the bilberry to be harvested at the peak of ripeness, and it is just as important that it be processed into supplements and capsules in facilities that use the best manufacturing equipment. problems can be caused by contaminated manufacturing equipment, and buying bilberry from the most highly respected sources is the best way to ensure you get all the important benefits of the bilberry bush in your daily diet.
the bilberry, like the blueberry and other related berries, is among the best and highest quality foods on the market. whether you buy your bilberry fresh at the supermarket or health food store, or opt for the stability and ease of bilberry supplements, it is important to incorporate this valuable food into a healthy diet, for the health of your eyes, circulatory system and nervous system.


text: This listing is for an original painting. This is a handmade watercolor painting that is adorned with 18k gold leaf, glass, and mica. My handmade watercolors are completely unique. This one is extra special, because it is made with a handmade watercolor that is completely unique to this piece. It also has an extra bit of detail.

lowercased: this listing is for an original painting. this is a handmade watercolor painting that is adorned with 18k gold leaf, glass, and mica. my handmade watercolors are completely unique. this one is extra special, because it is made with a handmade watercolor that is completely unique to this piece. it also has an extra bit of detail.


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You've watched the members of your family die from a disease they cannot name. One they cannot stop. Then, when no one is left for you to turn to, the disease catches up with you. Do you stay at the hospital knowing they can't help? Knowing there is no hope? Or, do you follow your instincts and do what you want? It is a lonely world when you are alone.
Hello. My name is Shannon L. Buck and I’m the author of many short stories, including the #CampSeries published on Amazon: Rascal, A Trip to the Outhouse, Auntie’s Boyfriend, and Hidden Camp. I love to write, and plan to publish more stories this year. I’ve written since childhood, and truly enjoy creating short stories. While these stories are often based around dreams I’ve had, some just seem to pop into my mind randomly. Join me as I share stories of darkness and magick, and whatever else my mind clings to. Living in a small town in the state of Maine, I have two young adult daughters, one son-in-law, and a blessing of a grandson whom I call Little Man. Scrapbooking, reading, walking, and photography are my hobbies, and I plans to begin traveling in the near future.

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you've watched the members of your family die from a disease they cannot name. one they cannot stop. then, when no one is left for you to turn to, the disease catches up with you. do you stay at the hospital knowing they can't help? knowing there is no hope? or, do you follow your instincts and do what you want? it is a lonely world when you are alone.
hello. my name is shannon l. buck and i’m the author of many short stories, including the #campseries published on amazon: rascal, a trip to the outhouse, auntie’s boyfriend, and hidden camp. i love to write, and plan to publish more stories this year. i’ve written since childhood, and truly enjoy creating short stories. while these stories are often based around dreams i’ve had, some just seem to pop into my mind randomly. join me as i share stories of darkness and magick, and whatever else my mind clings to. living in a small town in the state of maine, i have two young adult daughters, one son-in-law, and a blessing of a grandson whom i call little man. scrapbooking, reading, walking, and photography are my hobbies, and i plans to begin traveling in the near future.


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This article on engagement ring statistics was last updated on December 18, 2018. This article will hopefully help couple’s make more informed decisions when purchasing their engagement ring.
Here are some of the statistics that we compiled based on our research. See below for sources and techniques of how we gathered our data.
From the 10,000’s of couples who we surveyed in 2018, 24.4% of them said that they have allocated a High Budget towards their engagement ring. 54.8% of those surveyed said that they have allocated a Medium Budget towards their engagement ring. Only 21.8% of the people asked said that they allocated a low budget towards their engagement ring.
Of course, this data only represents a relative figure that can only be understood based on each couple’s personal budget. This statistic, however, belays the importance that couples in 2018 are placing on their engagement rings.
Part of our questionnaire asks the couple’s to gauge their lifestyle. The options were between modest, average, upper class, and luxury. This graph represents their answers and also give insight into the self-projection of where people think that they are holding when in the search for an engagement ring. The overwhelming majority of couples felt that their lifestyle was average.
Like some of the earlier graphs, this statistical chart gives relative data instead of numerical data. The amount of debt isn’t a set amount but rather a relative amount as defined by the survey-takers expectations and opinion.
Only 28.4% of the couple’s surveyed had no debt. The remaining 71.6% of people looking for engagement ring already had existing debt.
This data chart is interesting. It shows the popularity of the keyword “engagement ring” over the years. It starts from 2004 and runs until 2018. The popularity of the keyword has stayed more-or-less in the same place. There was a rise between 2009 – 2012. The keyword has slowly been decreasing since 2012.
Important Note: It could be that the searches have gotten smarter and more people are typing more complicated searches into google instead of the simple catch-all “engagement ring”. Couples are probably typing something like “3-carat vintage engagement rings” into Google instead.
Estate Diamond Jewelry has been in business since 1981 and has a large network of buyers. Because we focus on ethical jewelry and vintage engagement rings, our niche is limited and our personal data doesn’t reflect the market as a whole. It is for that reason that we discarded our own data and began collecting data from a fresh angle.
In 2016, we created an online engagement ring budget calculator that has so far quizzed 10,000’s of potential engagement ring buyers. The form helps couples discover an appropriate budget when shopping for their engagement ring. After discounting the outlying and erroneous data, we have managed to discover fantastic data that sheds a lot of light on the engagement ring.
In 2017, we created another form called the engagement ring finder. This form helps couples find their dream ring. They input what type of ring they are looking for and we search for them. We always encourage our potential customers to buy vintage, but the results aren’t limited to the niche.
Some of our data is also collected from other jewelry stores and websites.
We used Google Trends to determine our search-based statistics.

lowercased:
this article on engagement ring statistics was last updated on december 18, 2018. this article will hopefully help couple’s make more informed decisions when purchasing their engagement ring.
here are some of the statistics that we compiled based on our research. see below for sources and techniques of how we gathered our data.
from the 10,000’s of couples who we surveyed in 2018, 24.4% of them said that they have allocated a high budget towards their engagement ring. 54.8% of those surveyed said that they have allocated a medium budget towards their engagement ring. only 21.8% of the people asked said that they allocated a low budget towards their engagement ring.
of course, this data only represents a relative figure that can only be understood based on each couple’s personal budget. this statistic, however, belays the importance that couples in 2018 are placing on their engagement rings.
part of our questionnaire asks the couple’s to gauge their lifestyle. the options were between modest, average, upper class, and luxury. this graph represents their answers and also give insight into the self-projection of where people think that they are holding when in the search for an engagement ring. the overwhelming majority of couples felt that their lifestyle was average.
like some of the earlier graphs, this statistical chart gives relative data instead of numerical data. the amount of debt isn’t a set amount but rather a relative amount as defined by the survey-takers expectations and opinion.
only 28.4% of the couple’s surveyed had no debt. the remaining 71.6% of people looking for engagement ring already had existing debt.
this data chart is interesting. it shows the popularity of the keyword “engagement ring” over the years. it starts from 2004 and runs until 2018. the popularity of the keyword has stayed more-or-less in the same place. there was a rise between 2009 – 2012. the keyword has slowly been decreasing since 2012.
important note: it could be that the searches have gotten smarter and more people are typing more complicated searches into google instead of the simple catch-all “engagement ring”. couples are probably typing something like “3-carat vintage engagement rings” into google instead.
estate diamond jewelry has been in business since 1981 and has a large network of buyers. because we focus on ethical jewelry and vintage engagement rings, our niche is limited and our personal data doesn’t reflect the market as a whole. it is for that reason that we discarded our own data and began collecting data from a fresh angle.
in 2016, we created an online engagement ring budget calculator that has so far quizzed 10,000’s of potential engagement ring buyers. the form helps couples discover an appropriate budget when shopping for their engagement ring. after discounting the outlying and erroneous data, we have managed to discover fantastic data that sheds a lot of light on the engagement ring.
in 2017, we created another form called the engagement ring finder. this form helps couples find their dream ring. they input what type of ring they are looking for and we search for them. we always encourage our potential customers to buy vintage, but the results aren’t limited to the niche.
some of our data is also collected from other jewelry stores and websites.
we used google trends to determine our search-based statistics.


text:
The political approach of the anti-gun people has been badly flawed from the beginning of their latest efforts. They don't seem capable of understanding that there are many parts of the US where increased control of firearms is not wanted and that the US is a federal republic in which legislators respond to the will of the electorate on a local level.
- Increased input of mental health data in the background checks system.
- Universal background checks so long as data is not retained on positive results and there are the right exceptions in the bill.
According to what is being reported by the Connecticutt State Police today the Lanza house contained a gun safe. if that is true then Lanza'a mother made a fatal error in letting him have access to it. Why would she do a stupid thing like that?

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the political approach of the anti-gun people has been badly flawed from the beginning of their latest efforts. they don't seem capable of understanding that there are many parts of the us where increased control of firearms is not wanted and that the us is a federal republic in which legislators respond to the will of the electorate on a local level.
- increased input of mental health data in the background checks system.
- universal background checks so long as data is not retained on positive results and there are the right exceptions in the bill.
according to what is being reported by the connecticutt state police today the lanza house contained a gun safe. if that is true then lanza'a mother made a fatal error in letting him have access to it. why would she do a stupid thing like that?


text:
FrameMaker course for beginners at Adobe Authorised Training Centre.
FrameMaker training course for beginners, teaching how to use the powerful page layout and text features available to generate print documentation of a high standard.
Adobe FrameMaker has long been the authoring tool of choice for many technical authors. Its template-based authoring environment offers unparalleled options for publishing long documents reliably and consistently throughout your organisation.
Introduction to FrameMaker provides newcomers with a thorough grounding in standard FrameMaker (unstructured mode), teaching how to generate high-quality print documentation. Sessions cover master pages, graphics, tables and FrameMaker’s document revision features.
This course is ideal for newcomers to FrameMaker, and those with limited FrameMaker experience. At the end of the course, will be able to confidently create and modify FrameMaker documents.
Scheduled (public) FrameMaker training courses are available at Newbury only. For details, see Newbury training centre.
Armada is an Adobe Authorised Training Centre (AATC), accredited by Adobe to provide FrameMaker training.
FrameMaker training is hosted by Adobe Certified Instructors, who are Adobe Certified Experts in the application, with over 20 years’ experience working as a technical authoring professional. For further details, see Expert trainers.
FrameMaker training is hands-on and practical.
Our trainers teach the necessary theory then demonstrate techniques step-by-step. You then practice the techniques taught on a computer running FrameMaker.
A comprehensive training guide for FrameMaker, to refer to throughout the course, and to use as a refresher afterwards.
An e-certificate confirming successful completion of an Adobe‑accredited FrameMaker training course. Click here to see an example of the certificate you receive.
Following FrameMaker training, delegates are entitled to 30 days’ email support from their FrameMaker trainer to help with any post-course issues. For further details, see Support.
No prior FrameMaker knowledge is necessary.
Training is based primarily on FrameMaker 2017, as contained in Adobe Technical Communication Suite 2019. The techniques taught are relevant to all recent releases of FrameMaker.
As well as our scheduled courses, Introduction to FrameMaker training is also available on-request, i.e. one-to-one training or a ‘closed’ course for your group, hosted at one of our centres, or your venue.
On-request training can be tailored to take into account any existing knowledge you have, and the work you’re going to be doing in FrameMaker. Please contact us for a quote.
Payment for FrameMaker training can be made bank transfer or card. View training course payment options.
If a company or delegate cancels an FrameMaker training course booking giving less than 10 working days’ notice, a cancellation fee is payable. View cancellation terms.
Introduction to FrameMaker courses are hosted by Philip Odell and Lynne Telfer.
Philip is Adobe Certified Instructor (ACI) and an Adobe Certified Expert (ACE) in Adobe FrameMaker. He also has expert knowledge of InDesign, Photoshop and Illustrator (for which he has an ACE credential) and Adobe Acrobat.
Philip was first introduced to FrameMaker when working at Texas Instruments. He joined Adobe in 1995, shortly after they acquired Frame Technologies, in a role that involved supporting and promoting FrameMaker business within Europe and worldwide. Philip still has links with Adobe, and is called on to man their stands and carry out presentations on their behalf from time to time, when they’re exhibiting in the UK.
All in all, Philip has been involved with FrameMaker, as both a user and a trainer, for over 20 years. He has also assisted with the implementation of FrameMaker in numerous companies.
Using Change Bars to indicate modifications made to a document.
Comparing two versions of a document.
Understanding the important role the Master Pages play in a FrameMaker document.
Creating, modifying and applying master pages to control a document’s layout.
Discover one of the roles the reference pages play by creating referenced art and linking to a Paragraph Format.
Consolidate all the knowledge gained over the two days and build a template from scratch.
17/06/2018 FrameMaker – Structured or Unstructured?
23/07/2018 Digital vs print: are the days of printed materials numbered?

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framemaker course for beginners at adobe authorised training centre.
framemaker training course for beginners, teaching how to use the powerful page layout and text features available to generate print documentation of a high standard.
adobe framemaker has long been the authoring tool of choice for many technical authors. its template-based authoring environment offers unparalleled options for publishing long documents reliably and consistently throughout your organisation.
introduction to framemaker provides newcomers with a thorough grounding in standard framemaker (unstructured mode), teaching how to generate high-quality print documentation. sessions cover master pages, graphics, tables and framemaker’s document revision features.
this course is ideal for newcomers to framemaker, and those with limited framemaker experience. at the end of the course, will be able to confidently create and modify framemaker documents.
scheduled (public) framemaker training courses are available at newbury only. for details, see newbury training centre.
armada is an adobe authorised training centre (aatc), accredited by adobe to provide framemaker training.
framemaker training is hosted by adobe certified instructors, who are adobe certified experts in the application, with over 20 years’ experience working as a technical authoring professional. for further details, see expert trainers.
framemaker training is hands-on and practical.
our trainers teach the necessary theory then demonstrate techniques step-by-step. you then practice the techniques taught on a computer running framemaker.
a comprehensive training guide for framemaker, to refer to throughout the course, and to use as a refresher afterwards.
an e-certificate confirming successful completion of an adobe‑accredited framemaker training course. click here to see an example of the certificate you receive.
following framemaker training, delegates are entitled to 30 days’ email support from their framemaker trainer to help with any post-course issues. for further details, see support.
no prior framemaker knowledge is necessary.
training is based primarily on framemaker 2017, as contained in adobe technical communication suite 2019. the techniques taught are relevant to all recent releases of framemaker.
as well as our scheduled courses, introduction to framemaker training is also available on-request, i.e. one-to-one training or a ‘closed’ course for your group, hosted at one of our centres, or your venue.
on-request training can be tailored to take into account any existing knowledge you have, and the work you’re going to be doing in framemaker. please contact us for a quote.
payment for framemaker training can be made bank transfer or card. view training course payment options.
if a company or delegate cancels an framemaker training course booking giving less than 10 working days’ notice, a cancellation fee is payable. view cancellation terms.
introduction to framemaker courses are hosted by philip odell and lynne telfer.
philip is adobe certified instructor (aci) and an adobe certified expert (ace) in adobe framemaker. he also has expert knowledge of indesign, photoshop and illustrator (for which he has an ace credential) and adobe acrobat.
philip was first introduced to framemaker when working at texas instruments. he joined adobe in 1995, shortly after they acquired frame technologies, in a role that involved supporting and promoting framemaker business within europe and worldwide. philip still has links with adobe, and is called on to man their stands and carry out presentations on their behalf from time to time, when they’re exhibiting in the uk.
all in all, philip has been involved with framemaker, as both a user and a trainer, for over 20 years. he has also assisted with the implementation of framemaker in numerous companies.
using change bars to indicate modifications made to a document.
comparing two versions of a document.
understanding the important role the master pages play in a framemaker document.
creating, modifying and applying master pages to control a document’s layout.
discover one of the roles the reference pages play by creating referenced art and linking to a paragraph format.
consolidate all the knowledge gained over the two days and build a template from scratch.
17/06/2018 framemaker – structured or unstructured?
23/07/2018 digital vs print: are the days of printed materials numbered?


text:
The dentists at Q Dental Manly are passionate about improving the dental health of every member of your family. We want to take away any financial worry involved with your dental care, and the Q Dental Manly membership plan can save you up to 38%!
Family discounts are also available, and you can still take advantage of your health fund coverage under this plan. Get started on achieving and maintaining your oral health. Contact us today!

lowercased:
the dentists at q dental manly are passionate about improving the dental health of every member of your family. we want to take away any financial worry involved with your dental care, and the q dental manly membership plan can save you up to 38%!
family discounts are also available, and you can still take advantage of your health fund coverage under this plan. get started on achieving and maintaining your oral health. contact us today!


text:
in the full power of the Holy Spirit so that people can come to know, love and serve God.
the charisms of the Holy Spirit for the up building of the Church of Michigan.
Greetings from the Michigan Service Committee of the AMCCC!
The Lord is bringing changes to the All Michigan Catholic Charismatic Conference (AMCCC), and He has encouraged us to be patient and to trust in what He is doing. At our last MSC meeting, we discerned that He is taking us in a new direction and that we must wait on Him and get ahead of ourselves.
Jesus encouraged us to continue working within our individual dioceses and assisting each other.
If you have any questions for the MSC, please contact us at amccc@acd.net or call us at 517-372-6222.
Renew your heart. Experience the Lord's joy.

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in the full power of the holy spirit so that people can come to know, love and serve god.
the charisms of the holy spirit for the up building of the church of michigan.
greetings from the michigan service committee of the amccc!
the lord is bringing changes to the all michigan catholic charismatic conference (amccc), and he has encouraged us to be patient and to trust in what he is doing. at our last msc meeting, we discerned that he is taking us in a new direction and that we must wait on him and get ahead of ourselves.
jesus encouraged us to continue working within our individual dioceses and assisting each other.
if you have any questions for the msc, please contact us at amccc@acd.net or call us at 517-372-6222.
renew your heart. experience the lord's joy.


text:
Rhubarb Month on October, 2019: Can I freeze rhubarb?
October, 2019 is Rhubarb Month 2019. Burpee® Rhubarb Plants Order Direct Sow Plants Today. Spring is Here - Shop Now & Save!
* Be sure to use only fresh, good quality rhubarb. They should be fresh looking, crisp and blemish free. If the stalks are fibrous, be sure to remove the stringy fibers.
* Clean the rhubarb thoroughly and cut into the size pieces you desire for the end product.
* Be sure to use airtight freezer safe containers. If using freezer bags, be sure to remove as much air from the bag as possible before sealing.
* Allow enough headspace in the freezing containers or bags before sealing to allow for expansion when the rhubarb freezes. Allow approximately 1/2 inch for pint size containers and 3/4 to 1 inch for quart size containers.
* Place the rhubarb in the coldest part of the freezer so that they will freeze as quickly as possible. Store for up to 9 months.
Rhubarb and Strawberry Pie -- not enough flour is why.
2.In a large bowl, mix flour and sugar. Add strawberries and chopped rhubarb. Toss with sugar and flour and let stand for 30 minutes.
3.Pour filling into pie crust. Dot top with butter, and cover with top crust. Seal edges of top and bottom crust with water.
4.Apply yolk to top of pie, using a pastry brush. Sprinkle with sugar. Cut small holes in top to let steam escape.
5.Bake at 400 degrees F (200 degrees C), for 35 to 40 minutes, or until bubbly and brown. Cool on rack.
is rhubarb poison to eat with an R in the month,like september etc.?
You can eat rhubarb stalks at any time. And not all rhubarb stalks turn red, so you don't need to be concerned about the color of the stalks, either.
You shouldn't eat the leaves because of the potential for oxalic acid poisoning. You'd have to eat a lot of rhubarb leaves to do serious harm to yourself, however. Cabbage, spinach, potatoes and peas all contain oxalic acid and most people never ingest enough to harm themselves.
Right Brainers Rule Month - is there any books that have all holidays?
Christmas Seal Campaign - do you think that the Neo-Cons would be low enough to set it up so it looks as though McCain~?
Employee Ownership Month - Employee Involvement Program.?

lowercased:
rhubarb month on october, 2019: can i freeze rhubarb?
october, 2019 is rhubarb month 2019. burpee® rhubarb plants order direct sow plants today. spring is here - shop now & save!
* be sure to use only fresh, good quality rhubarb. they should be fresh looking, crisp and blemish free. if the stalks are fibrous, be sure to remove the stringy fibers.
* clean the rhubarb thoroughly and cut into the size pieces you desire for the end product.
* be sure to use airtight freezer safe containers. if using freezer bags, be sure to remove as much air from the bag as possible before sealing.
* allow enough headspace in the freezing containers or bags before sealing to allow for expansion when the rhubarb freezes. allow approximately 1/2 inch for pint size containers and 3/4 to 1 inch for quart size containers.
* place the rhubarb in the coldest part of the freezer so that they will freeze as quickly as possible. store for up to 9 months.
rhubarb and strawberry pie -- not enough flour is why.
2.in a large bowl, mix flour and sugar. add strawberries and chopped rhubarb. toss with sugar and flour and let stand for 30 minutes.
3.pour filling into pie crust. dot top with butter, and cover with top crust. seal edges of top and bottom crust with water.
4.apply yolk to top of pie, using a pastry brush. sprinkle with sugar. cut small holes in top to let steam escape.
5.bake at 400 degrees f (200 degrees c), for 35 to 40 minutes, or until bubbly and brown. cool on rack.
is rhubarb poison to eat with an r in the month,like september etc.?
you can eat rhubarb stalks at any time. and not all rhubarb stalks turn red, so you don't need to be concerned about the color of the stalks, either.
you shouldn't eat the leaves because of the potential for oxalic acid poisoning. you'd have to eat a lot of rhubarb leaves to do serious harm to yourself, however. cabbage, spinach, potatoes and peas all contain oxalic acid and most people never ingest enough to harm themselves.
right brainers rule month - is there any books that have all holidays?
christmas seal campaign - do you think that the neo-cons would be low enough to set it up so it looks as though mccain~?
employee ownership month - employee involvement program.?


text:
This Blueberry Banana Bundt Cake is a morning breakfast pleaser. Enjoy this flavorful morning pastry, on a patio; along with a latte, cappuccino or espresso.
The post Blueberry Banana Bundt Cake appeared first on About Time.

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this blueberry banana bundt cake is a morning breakfast pleaser. enjoy this flavorful morning pastry, on a patio; along with a latte, cappuccino or espresso.
the post blueberry banana bundt cake appeared first on about time.


text: Seller Description: SUNBIRD 22 FT BOAT 1 Owner cuddy cab, 5.8 liter engine, OMC outdrive, fresh water cooled, travel top, full top, V-Baw Berth, compass, AM/Fm radio with tape deck, port-a-potty, tandom trailer. $10,500. 509-763-0410.

lowercased: seller description: sunbird 22 ft boat 1 owner cuddy cab, 5.8 liter engine, omc outdrive, fresh water cooled, travel top, full top, v-baw berth, compass, am/fm radio with tape deck, port-a-potty, tandom trailer. $10,500. 509-763-0410.


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Lithuania Travel | Adventure Travel with O.A.T.
Search for amber along the Curonian Spit, discover the Hill of Witches, and share a meal with a Lithuanian family.
In winter, Lithuania becomes a snow-lover’s paradise. The lakes, rivers, and vast forests of the countryside become a wide expanse of wintry beauty, encased in a fairy-tale covering of white. While temperatures often can reach below freezing through March, the country’s outdoors become an idyllic picture for the season.
The medieval charm of Vilnius’ Old Town is also encased in winter charm. Amid its cobblestone streets and warmly-lit boulevards, you’ll find mainly locals trudging through the streets. As Lithuania this time of year is far from a popular tourist destination, you will be able to experience life as Lithuanians do, without throngs of visitors. Expect your tourism dollar to also go farther at this time.
End of November through December: The Christmas Market in Vilnius brings a giant Christmas tree and street side vendors into the Old Town.
January 1: Flag Day commemorates the first time Lithuania’s tri-color flag was raised atop Gediminas’ Tower, the last remaining part of the Upper Castle in Vilnius, in 1919.
In December, Vilnius’ Old Town basks in the warm glow of the Christmas Market. Along with a Christmas tree—decorated differently from year to year—dozens of vendors in small wooden stalls pitch all types of wares. This is a great time to pick up classic holiday trinkets such as wooden dolls, hand-crafted ornaments, and more.
Delve into the mindset of the Lithuanian men’s Paralympic goalball team.
While cold temperatures will last through March, April’s mild climate will thaw the chill of winter, revealing at first the muddy signs of revived life. Then, the countryside blooms as plots of farmland, ensconced in lush forests, color the terrain in vibrant colors by May. The crocus, which buds in vibrant lavender and sunny yellow brings color to Lithuania’s country roads.
Lithuania’s elegant state bird, the white stork, returns in spring from its long winter migration. With the world’s highest stork nesting density, it’s not uncommon for their peculiar tapping sound—made by rapidly clicking the parts of their beak together—to fill the air.
As peak tourism season takes place in summer, spring is a great time to enjoy both Lithuania’s stunning natural beauty, and to wander its city streets in search of traditional fare. Though prices have risen since winter, your travel dollar will still catch a fair price for such delicacies as potato dumplings and sakotis, a butter cake made on a rotating spit that resembles an evergreen tree.
March: One of the most anticipated annual events in Lithuania, the Vilnius International Film Festival brings more than 250 films, and thousands of spectators, to celebrate independent cinema.
March 25: For Stork Day, children receive gifts allegedly delivered by the elegant bird, including chocolates, fruits, and dyed eggs, all hung on tree branches.
April: The Kaunas Jazz Festival takes over the town of Kaunas annually, inviting such industry giants as John Abercrombie and John Scofield—and players from more than 20 countries—to open air stages.
April 1: Užupis Independence Day is celebrated by the Independent Republic of Užupis, a small neighborhood in Vilnius. A largely bohemian artist community, the day is celebrated with film showings, art exhibits, and performances.
May 19: Street Music Day brings more than 5,000 musicians to nearly all cities and towns in Lithuania, turning their streets into lively parties of sound.
The Kaziukas Festival celebrates Saint Casimir Jagiellon (“Kaziukas” being a Lithuanian version of the saint’s name), who was son to famed Polish King Casimir IV. An arts and crafts fair, this event—held on the Sunday closest to March 4—turns Vilnius into a major destination for finding handmade clothing, toys, jewelry, and other goods.
Lithuania’s summer, while short, is generally hot and humid. July is the rainiest month of the year, so thunderstorms should be expected. Many Lithuanians and tourists will take to breezy Baltic Sea beaches. They will be crowded, but at dusk, the sky lights up in brilliant orange and purple hues, as if out of a painting.
With longer days and shorter nights, this is a great time to absorb Lithuania’s natural splendor. As in spring, much of the countryside is blooming with flowers, and covered in lush forests. Also, the country comes alive, as summer is packed with holidays and festivals, such as the Feast of Saint John, the GAIDA Music Festival in Vilnius, and more.
June 1: The Klaipeda Castle Jazz Festival brings mainstream and independent jazz musicians to a stage near the ruined Klaipeda Castle. The festival usually ends with an all-night jam session with the performers.
June 7-10: ARTVILNIUS is a contemporary fine arts fair, featuring modern painting, sculpture, mixed-media, and more.
June 16: Culture Night celebrates the works of Vilnius’ artist community. Walk the streets and stroll open galleries viewing the fruits of their work.
June 24: Midsummer Day, also known as the Feast of Saint John, is a Christian holiday infused with traditions from pagan beliefs. Celebrated by singing songs, jumping over bonfires, and floating flower wreaths down the river, this a great day to discover Lithuanian folk traditions.
July 6: Statehood Day is a public holiday celebrating the coronation of King Mindaugas in 1253, who was the only native monarch of Lithuania.
July and August: The Christopher Festival is one of the largest music festivals in the Baltics, featuring over 40 performances in Vilnius and the surrounding area. Performers include artists from virtually any music genre.
Early August: Held near Zarasas Lake in northeastern Lithuania, the Rock Nights Festival attracts musical acts from Europe and beyond to an outdoor venue. For two days the once-tranquil area turns into a continuous concert full of young people enjoying rock and heavy metal music.
Usually held in the beginning of August, the Klaipeda Sea Festival brings thousands of people to the small seaside town of Klaipeda. A carnival, street concerts, and vendors offering local food and crafts—as well as bars and restaurants that stay open late—turn the town into an outdoor party.
As temperatures quickly decline in September, blazing orange, golden brown, and fiery red ignite the countryside in brilliant fall colors. Yet, snow often begins falling in October, so it’s important to get outside as much as you can before the quickly-advancing cold. It’s also a great time to watch white storks as they migrate south for the winter. They fill the sky with chaotic flying patterns, creating a dizzying display of nature’s grandeur.
Fewer tourists mean your travel dollar will be more valuable this time of year. Vilnius especially is beautiful, as the medieval charm of the old town—mixed with fall colors—creates a rustic scene worthy of a stroll or two.
Mid-October to November: The GAIDA Music Festival makes Vilnius host to leading acts in contemporary classical and avant-garde music, and is arguably one of the largest celebrations in Europe for the art form.
November 15: The Mama Jazz Festival in Vilnius is one of the premiere festivals for the genre in Europe. Major performers such as pianist Chick Corea and guitarist John McLaughlin—among many others—make this gathering a world-class event for jazz lovers.
In mid-October, the Festival of Lights turns the Neris River in Vilnius into a pathway of luminescence. Street vendors and performers fill the streets, but the true spectacle is in the artistic light displays covering the foliage, glowing sculptures, and hidden installations in the surrounding forest.
For centuries, Vilnius has been a truly diverse city, with Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Greek Orthodox, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Muslims all sharing the city before World War I. To stroll its cobblestone lanes is to witness both the pride and pain of its many cultures. Pride fills the traditional artists’ workshops and the family-owned restaurants that line the streets. Painful reminders of the past are found in historic KGB torture cells and the ghettos where Nazis forced the Jews to assemble. Happily, visitors today find a thriving city small enough to boast a village feel, and the chance to walk the lanes of Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, or ascend the TV Tower, with its rotating observation deck. One of the city’s crown jewels is Vilnius University, founded in 1579. Home of the nation’s first printing press and its oldest library (housing millions of books), the university draws students from around the globe to join a student body now numbering 21,000.
In Northern Lithuania, a powerful testament to the endurance of Catholicism has covered a country hillside for nearly 200 years. Locals began erecting crosses here after the 1831 uprising that deposed the Russian tsar. The upright crosses were soon joined by small crucifixes and rosaries, often strung like garlands on the larger models. Some are plain, some lettered with the names of lost loved ones, and others decorated in folk-art style. In the 20th century, the Soviets put up barbed wire to keep locals out. That failed, so they added soldiers—which failed too. Even periodically bulldozing the crosses didn’t help, as locals would immediately replace the icons. Today, an estimated 200,000 crosses cover the hillside, in a tangle that seems to grow out of the earth like shrubbery, and when the wind blows, it makes an eerie tinkling wood-and-metal music.
The crown jewel of Lake Galvė is an island topped with a red-turreted Gothic Castle straight out of a fairy tale. Trakai Island Castle was started in the 14th century and finished in the 15th, originally to guard against incursions by German knights, but it eventually settled into a more regal role as the residence of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. It was known for its early version of forced-air heating, its secret passages, and an interior that was lush with murals, stained glass, and wood carvings. Over the course of its history, it kept changing personality, at one point used as a (very elegant) prison and then even abandoned for a time. Fortunately, the local population of Karaims, descendants of Turks who came here from Crimea in the 14th century to guard Trakai, have kept its history alive, and its splendor has been restored. Lithuanian concerts and festivals are held on the grounds and visitors comes from all over to see one of the nations’ most beloved buildings.
The Genocide Museum is a sobering entryway into the darker side of Lithuania history. In rooms that served in turn as quarters for Tsars, Polish occupiers, the Gestapo, and the KBG, memorials detail the imprisonment, suffering, and death of Lithuanians swept up in the Soviet genocide and the Holocaust. The basement contains cells and an execution chamber where more than a thousand civilians were killed by the Soviets. Across several floors, the personal effects, stories, and photographs of victims bring the story close to home. There is also a collection of documents highlighting the efforts of the resistance movement known as the Forest Brothers. The museum’s holdings continue to grow as locals come forward with their own donations of relevant personal objects they want to preserve, a reminder that their story is still being told.
A wooden church built here in the 15th-century burned down in the 16th and was rebuilt at the dawn of the 17th—only to burn down once more 20 years later. The third building was begun in 1668 and took eight years of constant labor to finish. Its funder, a military leader named Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas, thought of it as a monument to (and future mausoleum for) himself, more than as a grand religious edifice. But grand it is: With 2,000 stucco figures, 13 Baroque chapels, a crystal chandelier resembling a ship, and countless frescoes and paintings, its holdings could compete with many a museum. Now considered a national treasure, it also serves Pacas’ wishes: he was buried under the threshold, and his family coat of arms greets you as you enter the church.

lowercased:
lithuania travel | adventure travel with o.a.t.
search for amber along the curonian spit, discover the hill of witches, and share a meal with a lithuanian family.
in winter, lithuania becomes a snow-lover’s paradise. the lakes, rivers, and vast forests of the countryside become a wide expanse of wintry beauty, encased in a fairy-tale covering of white. while temperatures often can reach below freezing through march, the country’s outdoors become an idyllic picture for the season.
the medieval charm of vilnius’ old town is also encased in winter charm. amid its cobblestone streets and warmly-lit boulevards, you’ll find mainly locals trudging through the streets. as lithuania this time of year is far from a popular tourist destination, you will be able to experience life as lithuanians do, without throngs of visitors. expect your tourism dollar to also go farther at this time.
end of november through december: the christmas market in vilnius brings a giant christmas tree and street side vendors into the old town.
january 1: flag day commemorates the first time lithuania’s tri-color flag was raised atop gediminas’ tower, the last remaining part of the upper castle in vilnius, in 1919.
in december, vilnius’ old town basks in the warm glow of the christmas market. along with a christmas tree—decorated differently from year to year—dozens of vendors in small wooden stalls pitch all types of wares. this is a great time to pick up classic holiday trinkets such as wooden dolls, hand-crafted ornaments, and more.
delve into the mindset of the lithuanian men’s paralympic goalball team.
while cold temperatures will last through march, april’s mild climate will thaw the chill of winter, revealing at first the muddy signs of revived life. then, the countryside blooms as plots of farmland, ensconced in lush forests, color the terrain in vibrant colors by may. the crocus, which buds in vibrant lavender and sunny yellow brings color to lithuania’s country roads.
lithuania’s elegant state bird, the white stork, returns in spring from its long winter migration. with the world’s highest stork nesting density, it’s not uncommon for their peculiar tapping sound—made by rapidly clicking the parts of their beak together—to fill the air.
as peak tourism season takes place in summer, spring is a great time to enjoy both lithuania’s stunning natural beauty, and to wander its city streets in search of traditional fare. though prices have risen since winter, your travel dollar will still catch a fair price for such delicacies as potato dumplings and sakotis, a butter cake made on a rotating spit that resembles an evergreen tree.
march: one of the most anticipated annual events in lithuania, the vilnius international film festival brings more than 250 films, and thousands of spectators, to celebrate independent cinema.
march 25: for stork day, children receive gifts allegedly delivered by the elegant bird, including chocolates, fruits, and dyed eggs, all hung on tree branches.
april: the kaunas jazz festival takes over the town of kaunas annually, inviting such industry giants as john abercrombie and john scofield—and players from more than 20 countries—to open air stages.
april 1: užupis independence day is celebrated by the independent republic of užupis, a small neighborhood in vilnius. a largely bohemian artist community, the day is celebrated with film showings, art exhibits, and performances.
may 19: street music day brings more than 5,000 musicians to nearly all cities and towns in lithuania, turning their streets into lively parties of sound.
the kaziukas festival celebrates saint casimir jagiellon (“kaziukas” being a lithuanian version of the saint’s name), who was son to famed polish king casimir iv. an arts and crafts fair, this event—held on the sunday closest to march 4—turns vilnius into a major destination for finding handmade clothing, toys, jewelry, and other goods.
lithuania’s summer, while short, is generally hot and humid. july is the rainiest month of the year, so thunderstorms should be expected. many lithuanians and tourists will take to breezy baltic sea beaches. they will be crowded, but at dusk, the sky lights up in brilliant orange and purple hues, as if out of a painting.
with longer days and shorter nights, this is a great time to absorb lithuania’s natural splendor. as in spring, much of the countryside is blooming with flowers, and covered in lush forests. also, the country comes alive, as summer is packed with holidays and festivals, such as the feast of saint john, the gaida music festival in vilnius, and more.
june 1: the klaipeda castle jazz festival brings mainstream and independent jazz musicians to a stage near the ruined klaipeda castle. the festival usually ends with an all-night jam session with the performers.
june 7-10: artvilnius is a contemporary fine arts fair, featuring modern painting, sculpture, mixed-media, and more.
june 16: culture night celebrates the works of vilnius’ artist community. walk the streets and stroll open galleries viewing the fruits of their work.
june 24: midsummer day, also known as the feast of saint john, is a christian holiday infused with traditions from pagan beliefs. celebrated by singing songs, jumping over bonfires, and floating flower wreaths down the river, this a great day to discover lithuanian folk traditions.
july 6: statehood day is a public holiday celebrating the coronation of king mindaugas in 1253, who was the only native monarch of lithuania.
july and august: the christopher festival is one of the largest music festivals in the baltics, featuring over 40 performances in vilnius and the surrounding area. performers include artists from virtually any music genre.
early august: held near zarasas lake in northeastern lithuania, the rock nights festival attracts musical acts from europe and beyond to an outdoor venue. for two days the once-tranquil area turns into a continuous concert full of young people enjoying rock and heavy metal music.
usually held in the beginning of august, the klaipeda sea festival brings thousands of people to the small seaside town of klaipeda. a carnival, street concerts, and vendors offering local food and crafts—as well as bars and restaurants that stay open late—turn the town into an outdoor party.
as temperatures quickly decline in september, blazing orange, golden brown, and fiery red ignite the countryside in brilliant fall colors. yet, snow often begins falling in october, so it’s important to get outside as much as you can before the quickly-advancing cold. it’s also a great time to watch white storks as they migrate south for the winter. they fill the sky with chaotic flying patterns, creating a dizzying display of nature’s grandeur.
fewer tourists mean your travel dollar will be more valuable this time of year. vilnius especially is beautiful, as the medieval charm of the old town—mixed with fall colors—creates a rustic scene worthy of a stroll or two.
mid-october to november: the gaida music festival makes vilnius host to leading acts in contemporary classical and avant-garde music, and is arguably one of the largest celebrations in europe for the art form.
november 15: the mama jazz festival in vilnius is one of the premiere festivals for the genre in europe. major performers such as pianist chick corea and guitarist john mclaughlin—among many others—make this gathering a world-class event for jazz lovers.
in mid-october, the festival of lights turns the neris river in vilnius into a pathway of luminescence. street vendors and performers fill the streets, but the true spectacle is in the artistic light displays covering the foliage, glowing sculptures, and hidden installations in the surrounding forest.
for centuries, vilnius has been a truly diverse city, with catholics, jews, protestants, greek orthodox, lutherans, calvinists, and muslims all sharing the city before world war i. to stroll its cobblestone lanes is to witness both the pride and pain of its many cultures. pride fills the traditional artists’ workshops and the family-owned restaurants that line the streets. painful reminders of the past are found in historic kgb torture cells and the ghettos where nazis forced the jews to assemble. happily, visitors today find a thriving city small enough to boast a village feel, and the chance to walk the lanes of old town, a unesco world heritage site, or ascend the tv tower, with its rotating observation deck. one of the city’s crown jewels is vilnius university, founded in 1579. home of the nation’s first printing press and its oldest library (housing millions of books), the university draws students from around the globe to join a student body now numbering 21,000.
in northern lithuania, a powerful testament to the endurance of catholicism has covered a country hillside for nearly 200 years. locals began erecting crosses here after the 1831 uprising that deposed the russian tsar. the upright crosses were soon joined by small crucifixes and rosaries, often strung like garlands on the larger models. some are plain, some lettered with the names of lost loved ones, and others decorated in folk-art style. in the 20th century, the soviets put up barbed wire to keep locals out. that failed, so they added soldiers—which failed too. even periodically bulldozing the crosses didn’t help, as locals would immediately replace the icons. today, an estimated 200,000 crosses cover the hillside, in a tangle that seems to grow out of the earth like shrubbery, and when the wind blows, it makes an eerie tinkling wood-and-metal music.
the crown jewel of lake galvė is an island topped with a red-turreted gothic castle straight out of a fairy tale. trakai island castle was started in the 14th century and finished in the 15th, originally to guard against incursions by german knights, but it eventually settled into a more regal role as the residence of the grand dukes of lithuania. it was known for its early version of forced-air heating, its secret passages, and an interior that was lush with murals, stained glass, and wood carvings. over the course of its history, it kept changing personality, at one point used as a (very elegant) prison and then even abandoned for a time. fortunately, the local population of karaims, descendants of turks who came here from crimea in the 14th century to guard trakai, have kept its history alive, and its splendor has been restored. lithuanian concerts and festivals are held on the grounds and visitors comes from all over to see one of the nations’ most beloved buildings.
the genocide museum is a sobering entryway into the darker side of lithuania history. in rooms that served in turn as quarters for tsars, polish occupiers, the gestapo, and the kbg, memorials detail the imprisonment, suffering, and death of lithuanians swept up in the soviet genocide and the holocaust. the basement contains cells and an execution chamber where more than a thousand civilians were killed by the soviets. across several floors, the personal effects, stories, and photographs of victims bring the story close to home. there is also a collection of documents highlighting the efforts of the resistance movement known as the forest brothers. the museum’s holdings continue to grow as locals come forward with their own donations of relevant personal objects they want to preserve, a reminder that their story is still being told.
a wooden church built here in the 15th-century burned down in the 16th and was rebuilt at the dawn of the 17th—only to burn down once more 20 years later. the third building was begun in 1668 and took eight years of constant labor to finish. its funder, a military leader named mykolas kazimieras pacas, thought of it as a monument to (and future mausoleum for) himself, more than as a grand religious edifice. but grand it is: with 2,000 stucco figures, 13 baroque chapels, a crystal chandelier resembling a ship, and countless frescoes and paintings, its holdings could compete with many a museum. now considered a national treasure, it also serves pacas’ wishes: he was buried under the threshold, and his family coat of arms greets you as you enter the church.