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Disclosed herein are methods and apparatus for providing markings upon objects, including the read side of an optical information media, where the markings do not substantially interfere with object, including the use of the optical information media. This invention discloses use of a coating, marking schemes, printing of markings with UV light, as well as methods and apparatus for reading and deciphering said marking. Included is an authentication scheme, where the marking may be used as a lock to limit access to information contained in an optical information media.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/296,308, filed Jun. 6, 2001; United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/310,914, filed Aug. 8, 2001; and, United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/311,160, filed Aug. 9, 2001.
Aspects of the invention include application of the coating and the marking upon the read side of the optical media, without loss of the functionality of the media. Furthermore, said invention allows the utilization of the read side of the optical media for advertising, branding, and other markings normally associated with the label side of the media.
FIGS.  7A-B, collectively referred to as FIG. 7, are schematic diagrams of a coating and fluorescent material applied over a substrate.
FIG. 15 is an example of a readout mechanism used to detect markings and authenticate marked optical media.
FIG. 1 shows an article  420, such as an optical information medium. The article 420 includes a coating 450 with an information bearing marking 432. The information bearing marking 432 includes a digital watermark 435. The information bearing marking 432 may be, but is not necessarily, unique in form and/or information content for each article 420 so marked. For example, in one embodiment, the information bearing marking 432 encodes, at least in part, a unique serial number. In another embodiment, the information bearing marking 432 may encode only the manufacturer's name, place of manufacture and date of manufacture.
The coating  450 does not interfere, or substantially interfere, with the functionality of the article 420. That is, in the case of the preferred embodiment, the coating 450 does not appreciably absorb or scatter light at the readout wavelength of the optical media readout laser. Likewise, the thickness of the coating 450 does not interfere with the readout mechanism. The coating 450 may be applied to the “play” or “non-play” side of the optical information media 420. Although material used for retention of a marking 432 is referred to as a coating 450, some articles 420 may inherently include materials that are suited for practice of this invention. Where these materials are present, and it is desirable to imbed a marking into the inherently included materials, these materials are likewise referred to herein as a “coating,” for convenience.
Techniques for applying the coating  450 may include, but are not limited to, printing, spraying, rolling, spin coating, painting or any other technique suitable for applying a coating, such as the coating 450 described herein.
The coating  450 preferably contains at least one material that is sensitive to NV light. Upon irradiation to appropriate levels of UV light, the photosensitive materials are modified and undergo changes in optical characteristics. Thus, the reflection and/or absorption wavelengths of the materials can be modified. The coating 450 may include, but is not limited to, compounds such as photoacid or photobase generators, acid or base sensitive dyes, leucodyes, metal chelates, fluorescent dyes, or laser dyes. In other embodiments, the coating 450 may include organic phosphors or inorganic phosphors. In the case where the coating 450 includes an inorganic phosphor, the coating 450 may contain silver doped zinc sulfide (Ag:ZnS). The coating 450 may be colored or colorless to the eye, and may be fluorescent under certain electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescent emission wavelengths may include, but are not limited to, a wavelength in the visible region.
Commonly used readout light wavelengths for the optical information media  420 include 400 nm, 440 nm, 630 nm, 650 nm, and 780 nm, while other readout wavelengths are possible. The coating produced or selected for use does not appreciably absorb light at the wavelength used by the readout system.
As an example of one technique for application of the coating  450, the coating 450 was applied to a series of optical media 420. The coatings 450 were applied by spin-coating, and a Xenon RC-747 UV flash-lamp unit running at 10 pulses per second was used to cure the samples. In order to avoid photoinduced color formation during the curing, the lamp output was filtered through a long pass filter with the cut-off wavelength of approximately 380 nm. The spectrum of the curing lamp is shown in FIG. 2. The total power density in the spectral region below 400 nm delivered to the samples with the filter in place was approximately 100 mW/cm2. The coating 450 hardened after a minimum exposure time of two seconds, however, complete curing required an exposure time of approximately five to six seconds at this power density. No visibly noticeable color formation took place for exposure times of up to ten seconds.
An information bearing marking  432 is formed using a convention that may include, but is not limited to, incorporation of text information, such as alphanumeric characters, symbols, graphic information, such as a logo, a barcode, or any other information or symbols that may be suitable for including in the marking 432. The marking 432 may further include embedded information and authentication signatures, and can be a digital watermark 435.
The information bearing marking  432 may convey any desired information. For example, the information bearing marking 432 may present content that includes identification information (such as a serial number), authentication information, and/or instructional information. The content may also include advertising, branding, or promotional information, referred to collectively herein as “promotional information.” The information included in the information bearing marking may include, but is not limited to, any of the foregoing types of information, or combinations. For convenience, the term “content” as used herein refers to content of the information bearing marking 432, and can be an image, alphanumeric text and other symbols, graphics, and combinations of images and symbols.
This invention may be used in any optical information media  420 where a coating may be applied. In one embodiment, a datacode symbology is applied so as to include the digital watermark 435. FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of a datacode symbology where the digital watermark 435 is incorporated into a bar code 437. The datacode symbology may be implemented using any suitable symbology including, without limitation, 3 of 9, I 2 of 5, Code 128, UPC, 2-D and 3-D symbologies. The digital watermark 435 may be incorporated as a digitally embedded imprint in the bit pattern or noise of a digital image of the datacode 437. The digital watermark 435 may be applied such that it is recoverable using software, or other automated or manual techniques. The digital watermark 435, and the other information which may be embedded in the digital watermark 435, is robust to image deformations, rotations, copying, multiple renderings, conversions, and other manipulations.
The information included in the digital watermark  435 is dependent upon, among other things, the needs of the user. For example, the features of CD and DVD optical information media 420 provide opportunities for manufacturers to include diverse information such as described below. Although the information is described in terms of CD and DVD media, it is considered illustrative only, and not limiting of the invention.
In one embodiment, the invention provides for the use of one or more physical characteristics or attributes of the article  420 as at least one input for creating the digital watermark 435. For example, the digital watermark 435 may include information regarding the size of data files, or the date recorded. The physical characteristics may be directly or indirectly observable.
In another embodiment, the digital watermark  435 contains distribution chain information. For example, the digital watermark 435 may include attributes of the information recorded on the article 420, including but not limited to, date of manufacture, country of origin, authorized distribution channel.
In a further embodiment, the digital watermark  435 contains information regarding the attributes of the optical information media 420. For example, the digital watermark 435 may include attributes of the information recorded on the article 420, including but not limited to, the number of recorded titles, the author, the playtime of the CD or DVD, copyright dates, a serial number, an indication of the content owner, etc.
In another embodiment, the digital watermark  435 may also carry additional information that may not be discemable without knowledge of the digital watermark 435 and the ability to read the information included therein. This indiscernible information, may be useful for various applications, for instance, to impede the diversion of branded products.
In a further embodiment, generation of the digital watermark  435 includes use of an algorithm where information, such as, but not limited to, information derived from media attributes is entered. The algorithm may include, but is not limited to, a discrete cosine transform, a seed for a pseudo-random number generator, where the random number is used as a hash, or some other one-way function for generating the digital watermark 435.
In one embodiment, the digital watermark  435 appears as one unified image. In other embodiments, the digital watermark 435 appears as multiple unified images. In further embodiments, the digital watermark 435 appears in fragments scattered over the article 420. In other embodiments, the digital watermark 435 is effectively layered, through use of varied materials in the coating 450, and through appropriate control of the marking process. In this embodiment, it is possible to make use of distinct wavelengths associated with the various layers of the marking 432 during the readout process.
U.S. patent application “Authentication Using a Digital Watermark” , Ser. No. 09/801,445, filed Mar. 8, 2001 by Lawandy, Nabil M., and commonly assigned, is herein incorporated by reference. Application Ser. No. 09/801,445 discloses, among other things, use of a digital watermark  435 for authentication purposes. Application Ser. No. 09/801,445 discloses methods that include the use of security features, or taggants, such as, but not limited to, fibers or particles, disposed on the article 420 upon which the digital watermark 435 appears. FIG. 4 provides an example of an optical media 420 that includes taggants 470 as an additional security feature.
The use of the taggants  470 is a further aid to the authentication of an article 420. Specifically, certain physical attributes of the taggants 470 disposed upon an article 420 offered for authentication may be evaluated, and compared against the same physical attributes for taggants 470 associated with an authentic article 420.
Taggants  470 may appear in a variety of forms, including but not limited to, fibers, particles or deposits of ink. Material used for formation of a taggant 470 is selected on the basis of, but not limited to, durability, detectability, cost and limitations of the application process. For example, suitable material for formation of a taggant 470 may include, but is not limited to, metal, plastic, ink, and fiber. The taggants 470 do not interfere, or substantially interfere, with the functionality of the optical media 420.
Physical attributes of the taggants  470 that may be evaluated include, but are not limited to, magnetic properties, radio frequency properties, size and shape, loading factor, color and wavelength emission, and positioning on the article 420. Information derived from evaluation of the taggants is used to further establish the unique character of the digital watermark 435.
The technique for forming a marking  432 disclosed herein is based on the property that some materials become substantially absorbing of UV light due to prior exposure to UV light. This property is referred to as photoabsorption, and is applied in a manner consistent with the teachings herein to create a latent contrast in the coating 450.
Methods for exposure of the coating  450 of the optical information media 420, also referred to as “substrate” 420 to UV light include, but are not limited to, use of a UV laser, or use of a UV source in combination with a positive or negative photomask. In one embodiment, a UV laser is controlled by a preprogrammed system, which has the ability to control positioning, power levels, and other factors. In other embodiments, selective irradiation of the coating 450 involves use of a photomask that includes features to provide for special effects, such as those needed to create the perception of shading.
In practice, various factors will determine the degree of absorption, and characteristics of the UV sources used to expose the substrate  420. Such factors include, but are not limited to, contrast requirements, response of the material in the coating 450, characteristics of the lighting fixture and application constraints such as character and detail of the image being inscribed. Various embodiments are disclosed herein for UV based inscription of optical information media 420.
In FIG. 5, the transmission spectrum of a polycarbonate coating  450 before and after exposure to UV light is shown. The light was produced by a Xenon RC-747™ pulsed lamp, which has a peak power of 1,811 watts per cm . FIG. 5 reveals that the transmission spectrum for the exposed polycarbonate coating 450 is distinct from the transmission spectrum for the unexposed coating 450. The distinction is most apparent in the upper portion of the UV spectrum, between about 300 nm and about 400 nm. This property is exhibited by a number of glasses and polymers, where photogeneration of defects contribute to the absorption in the UV region. In other embodiments, glasses, other polymers, or other materials are used as a substrate material.
FIG. 6 is an example of a second arrangement where polymerization of a monomeric coating  450 is used to modify the photoabsorption by the coating 450 of UV light. In this arrangement, a UV curable polymer is subjected to UV exposure. FIG. 6 shows the transmission spectrum of a 19-μm-thick layer 450 of Sony Chemicals adhesive SK640™ designed for use in DVD format optical media. The adhesive is UV curable, and is characterized by being a clear, spin-coatable, free radical, acrylic adhesive designed to offer fast cure speed, low shrinkage, excellent bond integrity, dimensional stability, and high optical clarity.
In other embodiments involving UV curable polymers, other polymers are used, including but not limited to, other adhesives and specialty coatings suited for use in manufacture of other formats of optical media  420. Further embodiments use polymers suited for inscription of information bearing markings in items such as, but not limited to, automobile windshield glass, safety equipment, driver's licenses, passports, immigration cards, smart cards, credit cards, and other valuable items and documents.
In the two arrangements above, the selective exposure of some areas of the coating  450 results in the formation of a latent contrast between the exposed and less exposed or unexposed regions of the coating 450S. FIG. 7A-B, collectively referred to as FIG. 7, provides a schematic diagram of embodiments of invention. These embodiments are considered illustrative, and are not intended to be limiting of this invention. In FIG. 7A the coating 450 is shown applied over the substrate 420. Sandwiched between the coating 450 and the substrate 420 is a fluorescent layer 414, which collectively create a sandwich 501. Wavelengths of UV light directed to the sandwich 501 are absorbed in the previously exposed regions 451 of the coating 450. The wavelengths of light that are not absorbed in the coating 450 excite materials in the fluorescent layer 414, which emits light at a characteristic wavelength. FIG. 7B shows an alternate embodiment, where fluorescent material is incorporated into the coating 450. A third embodiment is shown in FIG. 8, where fluorescent material is foreign to the assembly, and introduced to the substrate 420 for viewing.
FIG. 8 is an illustration of an embodiment where information has been transferred onto an optical media  420. In FIG. 8, the optical media 420 is a CD or DVD, which has a central clamping area 422 that is not used for the storage of data. The central clamping area 422 is substantially transparent. In this embodiment, an information bearing marking 432 is transferred in the clamping area 422 through use of a photomask. The information bearing marking 432 was previously transferred in a predetermined pattern according to the needs of the user. In this embodiment, viewing of the information bearing marking 432 involves placing the optical media 420 over a fluorescent background 414. The fluorescent background 414 is independent of the optical media 420, and is supplied to provide contrast when exposed to low intensity UV light. Low intensity UV light is supplied by a low intensity UV light supply 415. Once the optical media 420 is placed over the fluorescent background 414 and exposed to UV light from the low intensity UV light supply 415, the latent contrast from the UV transfer becomes apparent and the information bearing marking 432 becomes visible.
In a third arrangement, known as photobleaching, irradiation with UV light induces modification of the coating  450. In one embodiment, this includes molecules of a fluorescent additive dispersed in a polymeric matrix. In this embodiment, the fluorescent additive dispersed in the polymeric matrix is susceptible to UV radiation, while the polymeric matrix may or may not be susceptible to UV. An information bearing marking 432 is imprinted into the matrix using an adequate exposure of UV, through use of a photomask, a UV laser, or other suitable means. Once exposed to adequate quantities of UV, the additive molecules are modified by the UV photons and no longer produce fluorescence with the same intensity as before exposure to UV radiation. The information bearing marking 432 in this embodiment may also be viewed by illuminating the substrate 420 with low intensity UV light.
In each of the arrangements, the selective irradiation of substrate  420 with UV is used to inscribe images or information bearing markings 423 into the substrate 420. The selective irradiation may be used to provide for varying degrees of contrast with the unexposed, or lesser exposed, regions of the substrate. That is, varying shades within an image may be created. For example, increased UV exposure and therefore increased polymerization in one part of a coating 450 will cause greater absorption than exhibited in another part of the coating 450. Shading effects may be achieved with a positive or negative photomask, through laser writing techniques or other techniques. The shading effects may, among other things, be incorporated into information bearing markings containing a digital watermark.
An example of a technique for varying the contrast in a transferred image includes engaging the same techniques used in grayscale printing. That is, using a collection of properly sized colored shapes or patterns, on uncolored background, or alternatively, uncolored shapes or patterns on fully colored background. Regulating the size and density of the shapes or patterns provides for control over the visual perception of color intensity in any specific region of the marking  432.
The covert and overt marking of materials with UV light inscribed information bearing markings  432 may be realized in various embodiments. The following are examples where the invention is employed, however, these embodiments should not be considered limiting of the invention. These embodiments are considered illustrative of aspects of the invention.
In one embodiment of covert marking, a fluorescent material is applied between the layers of a media  420, including, but not limited to, a DVD. In a version of this embodiment, the fluorescent material is a polymeric material. The fluorescent material is applied on the readout side, the non-readout side or both sides. The fluorescent material may be applied through means including but not limited to, spin coating. The DVD 420 is then exposed to intense UV light. The UV exposure is adequate to create the desired quantity of photoabsorption of UV in a layer of material in the DVD 420. The UV exposure may be completed by methods that include, but are not limited to, use of a photomask or a laser. Subsequent illumination with low intensity UV light generates a visible contrast fluorescence pattern. In this embodiment, the fluorescent material used as a contrasting background is integrated into the DVD 420, and subsequent introduction of an independent fluorescent background is not necessary for viewing of the otherwise invisible pattern, image, or information bearing marking 432. In the embodiment where the image is imprinted on the readout side of the DVD 420, the UV wavelengths associated with the imprinted image do not substantially interfere with the readout mechanism, and data contained in the DVD 420 may be retrieved with substantial reliability. In another embodiment, a CD is used as an optical media 420.
In a further embodiment, a layer of a polymeric material containing a fluorescent dye is applied to the media  420. The polymeric material is applied to the read-out surface, the non-readout surface, or both sides. The polymeric material may be applied by spin-coating or other suitable methods, and subsequently cured. The coating 450 is uniform and transparent in the visible and near-IR regions of spectrum and therefore does not produce interference with the read-out laser beam. That is, the interference does not have a substantial effect on the operation of the readout system. Uniform fluorescence can be observed over the coated area at this point in the manufacturing process. An information bearing marking 432 is then transferred into the coating 450 by exposure to UV. The UV may be used to imprint an image through a mechanism that includes, but is not limited to, photogeneration of defects in the polymeric material containing fluorescent materials, or modification of the fluorescent pigment through photobleaching. The UV exposure may be completed by methods that include, but are not limited to, use of a photomask or direct writing with a laser. Subsequent illumination with low intensity UV light generates a visible contrast fluorescence pattern.
In a further embodiment of an overt marking, a layer of UV curable material containing a photoacid generator, an acid sensitive color former, was applied to the media  420 via spin coating. The coating was subsequently cured through use of a long pass UV filter that excluded wavelengths less than about 350 nm. The coating 450 used was a suitable combination of the Quinoline Yellow and Europium (III) tris(napthyltrifluromethyl acetonate) formulation, containing 1.5% Copikem 16 Red, 1.5% (tert-butoxycarbonyl methoxynapthyl) diphenyl sulfonium triflate, 0.5% Quinoline Yellow, 0.5% Europium (III) tris(napthyltrifluromethyl acetonate), and 96% SR-238 with 10% KTO/46.
To produce a visible image in the cured coating  450, first a black-and-white negative of the image was laser printed onto a 60-μm-thick plastic transparency sheet. The transmission spectrum of the transparency sheet is shown in FIG. 10. In order to transfer the image onto the cured coating 450 on the CD 420, the transparency sheet was placed on top of the CD and illuminated with light from Xenon RC-747 flashlamp. This exposure caused the areas of the coating 450 below clear parts of the transparency to undergo color formation, while the areas of the coating 450 covered by black parts of the transparency remained uncolored. Total power density in the spectral region between about 300 nm and 400 nm delivered to the sample with transparency in place was approximately 240 mW/cm2.
In this example, the exposed portion of the coating  450 became red colored by the reaction of the color former with the photogenerated acid, thus producing a CD 420 characterized by a yellow background with red information bearing markings 432 when properly illuminated. Under UV illumination, the red markings appear dark over a bright red fluorescent background. For demonstration purposes, the information bearing markings 432 included text, a bar code, a logo, and a digital watermark 435.
The markings  432 recorded in the coating 450 are preferably visible to the unaided human eye when illuminated with suitable light. Therefore, the marking 432 can provide for clear identification of the article 420 by means of display of information that may be interpreted by a user, such as a logo. In another embodiment, such as in the case of optical media 420, a marking 432 provided on the read side can be used to display identity information, such as a digital watermark 435, wherein other necessary information, such as an instruction for a user, may remain intact on the non-read side of the optical media 420.
Although in some embodiments, the markings  432 may be viewed by the unaided human eye, detection systems may be used as an aid, for among other things, to detect subtle features of the markings 432, and to decipher the marking 432 information. For example, in the case of a marking 432 that appears as a bar code, a bar code reader may be used to decode the information contained within the marking 432.
An example of a detection system  400 in accordance with the invention is shown in FIG. 11. In this embodiment, a source of radiation 410 is directed on the article 420 to be examined, such as a CD ROM, a DVD, or another suitable type of optically encoded medium 420. The source 410 preferably generates UV radiation, but may generate any type of radiation that is suitable for detecting the coating 450 included on the article 420 and/or the marking 432, such as the digital watermark 435, or any appropriate attributes of the article 420. The article 420 may be mounted on a positioning device 425 in order to locate the article 420 for irradiation. The positioning device 425 may include a conveyor or any other type of device suitable for transporting or locating the article for irradiation. A detector array 430, such as a CCD, a camera that may be fixed, moveable or handheld, or any other suitable detection device, with appropriate support circuitry 440 detects an image of the article 420, the taggants as may be present, and the digital watermark 435. The source 410 and detector array 430 may also comprise positioning devices (not shown) for locating these devices for optimum performance. The detector array 430 is preferably capable of detecting the spectral content of any emissions, in addition to any other physical characteristics of the digital watermark 435, the taggants 470, or the article 420 for identification and authentication of the article 420. Control circuitry 460 directs the activity of the overall system 400, and in particular controls the source 410, positioning device 425, detector array 430 and support circuitry 440. Alternatively, the marking 432 of the article 420 may be read and decoded when inserted into the detection system 400, and only if the article 420 is authenticated is the readout process started or completed.
As shown in FIG. 12, the detector array  430 is preferably comprised of an optical section 475 for focusing received emissions within the detector array 430, an array of sensors 480 for detecting the emissions, and a filter section 490 for allowing only the frequencies of interest to impinge on the sensors 480. The optical section 475 may include a microscope system or any other system suitable for magnifying or otherwise focusing the image of the article 420 and/or any emissions from the item 420 within the detector array 430. The sensor array 480 may comprise any array of sensors suitable for detecting the emissions and/or physical characteristics of the article 420, for example, a diode array, a CCD array, etc. Using this technique the output of the detector array 430 is analyzed to detect the characteristics of the digital watermark 435 and/or the coating 450 so as to identify and authenticate the article 420, such as by obtaining plural bit data.
It is also within the scope of the invention to use a handheld reader, such as a handheld reader with a self contained UV source, such as a xenon flash source. The reader may also include a CCD pixel array and a display. One suitable type of hand-held reader  600 is known as a VERICAM , available from Spectra Systems Corporation of Providence, R.I., as shown in FIG. 13. FIG. 14 provides an overview of the hand-held reader 600.
Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14, the hand-held reader  600 includes a CPU 10, such as an embedded microprocessor, an internal read/write memory 15 and optional, preferably non-volatile mass storage 18. Also included is a digital camera lens/CCD system 20, at least one illumination source 30 and a user interface 45 that includes a display (LCD) 40 and a keypad or keyboard 50. The illumination source 30 can be a variable intensity source controlled by an operator, and it can also include a flash source. However, in some embodiments the illumination source 30 may not be necessary, depending on the ambient illumination conditions.
The lens/CCD system  20 and illumination source 30 can be located on a surface opposite that of the display and keyboard 50, enabling the operator to view the image being captured on the display 40, and to manipulate the keys of the keyboard 50 such as to make appropriate adjustments, initiate readout operations, and perform other functions, such as initiating a transfer of data to a remote location via a wireless network link 60 having, for an RF embodiment, an antenna 60A. The lens/CCD system 20 includes a digital camera of adequate resolution (e.g., 1.45 mega pixels or greater), with appropriate support circuitry providing auto-focus and other typically found features.
An optional microphone  25 can be provided for use with the presently preferred embodiment that includes a wireless transceiver. In another embodiment, a global positioning system locator (GPS) 70 can be used to identify the location of the hand-held reader 600.
The hand-held reader  600 may be battery powered, or powered by an external power supply. The hand-held reader 600 is sized so that the operator can readily manipulate it with one hand, in much the same manner that a user can manipulate a digital camera or a wireless communications device.
For the purposes of this invention, the CPU  10 and memory 15, 18 are assumed to be suitably programmed and operated so as to image and decode the marking or markings 432, such as the digital watermark 435, appearing on the optical information media 420. It is within the scope of these teachings for the hand-held reader 600 to also ascertain the presence and characteristics of the other subsidiary information that may be present in or on the coating 450, such as embedded particles 470, or other structures, as was discussed above. To this end, the hand-held reader 600 may include magnification optics, as was discussed above.
Information contained in the marking  432 may be obtained through a variety of means. A first method for obtaining information contained in the marking 432 is through visual interpretation, such as in the case of a logo. In other embodiments, detection systems, such as the foregoing exemplary systems are used to interpret the marking 432.
In one embodiment, one or more of the various inputs to the digital watermarking algorithm may be used as a “key” to “unlock” or otherwise obtain information included in the digital watermark  435. For example, data file size information could be used as a key, wherein file size information is compared to a known component of the digital watermark 435, providing the correct key enables a readout mechanism to obtain remaining information contained in the digital watermark 435.
In other embodiments, input information is used to unlock other information contained in various forms. For example, a key is used to unlock, a second digital watermark  435, or other information such as the data contained in the optical media 420.
In one embodiment, a second digital watermark  435 is readout at a different wavelength. In this embodiment, the second digital watermark 435 could be included as a visible marking 432, or an invisible marking 432, applied through means other than described herein. In a further embodiment, a second digital watermark 435, or other marking 432, could be applied as an overlay over the first digital watermark 435. As a further embodiment, if a properly designed readout system does not detect a genuine digital watermark 435, the optical information media 420 will not be read.
In a further embodiment, the taggants  470 are used as a security feature. For example, in one embodiment, special fibers may be disposed upon the optical information media 420 as taggants 470. These fibers may be substantially transparent at the readout wavelength, or located on a portion of the optical information media so as not to interfere with the readout process, such as the backside of a CD or in the clamping area 422. In this instance, the color and/or width and/or shape and/or emission wavelength of the fibers are evaluated against the known color, width, shape and/or emission wavelength of fibers appearing in an authentic article 420. In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 4, precise quantities of specifically sized micro-particles 470 that do not interfere with the readout process are disposed upon or in the coating 450 of the optical information media 420. In this embodiment, the authentication process may evaluate the quantity of micro-particles 470 per unit area and/or by particle size, or some other distinct physical attribute of the micro particles 470, prior to proceeding with the deciphering of the digital watermark 435. Another embodiment contemplates the use of magnetic materials in the coating 450, which are characterized by a known magnetic signature. A further embodiment comprises use of materials, including but not limited to, micro-particles 470 that emit characteristics wavelengths when illuminated. An additional embodiment contemplates distribution of the taggants in a pattern, such as, but not limited to, a visible logo. In these embodiments, one or more characteristics of the coating 450 are employed to read and decode the marking 432.
Additional embodiments of the invention disclosed herein may be realized in accordance with U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 09/801,445. These embodiments may be used, among other things, as keys, described above, and to provide for authentication of the optical information media  420.
FIG. 15 provides an overview of another embodiment of this invention. In FIG. 15, the marking  432 is read by an appropriate detection system to obtain a decryption key. In one example of this embodiment, the optical information media 420 is introduced into a reader 550, that contains a marking detection system 580. The marking detection system 580 is devised to detect markings, which may exhibit, but are not limited to, magnetic, optical, or radio frequency properties. The marking detection system 580 is used to verify the authenticity or some other characteristic of the media 420, thereby enabling the optical information media 420 to be read (ENABLE READ signal is asserted). In another embodiment, the marking detection system 580 is used to compare physical attributes of the taggants (if present) to the known physical attributes of an authentic copy of the optical information media 420. Once the taggants indicate an authentic copy of the optical information media 420, the marking 432, such as the digital watermark 435, is read. Likewise, the once the digital watermark 435 has been used to authenticate the optical information media 420, a decryption key can be obtained from the digital watermark 435. The decryption key is loaded into the reader 550, which is then equipped to decipher the encrypted data contained in the optical information media 420. The process of authentication and/or decryption may occur, but is not limited to, automatically as the media 420 is inserted into a reader 550, it may be initiated manually after the media 420 is inserted into the reader 550, or through remote control with an external computer system 590.
exposing a surface of said optical media to UV light in a pattern derived from said image; and, modifying an exposed area of said optical media with the UV light to reproduce said information bearing marking upon said optical media.
2. A method as in claim 1, wherein said optical media comprises said information bearing marking on a readout side.
3. A method as in claim 1, wherein said optical media comprises said information bearing marking on a non-readout side.
4. A method as in claim 1, wherein said exposing comprises use of at least one of a laser, a positive photomask, and a negative photomask.
5. A method as in claim 1, wherein said optical media comprises at least one of a compact disc and a digital versatile disc.
6. A method as in claim 1, wherein readout wavelengths for said optical media comprise wavelengths of at least one of about 400 nm, about 440 nm, about 630 nm, about 650 nm and about 780 nm.
7. A method as in claim 1, wherein said surface comprises a coating comprised of a material having radiation induced UV absorptive properties.
8. A method as in claim 7, wherein said coating comprises at least one of a laser dye, a fluorescent dye, a metal chelate, an organic phosphor, and an inorganic phosphor.
9. A method as in claim 7, wherein said coating comprises a color former, a photo-acid generator, a diacrylate, and a photoinitiator.
10. A method as in claim 7, wherein said coating is applied through means comprising at least one of printing, spraying, rolling, spin coating and painting.
11. A method as in claim 1, wherein said modifying comprises photobleaching of at least one of a laser dye, a fluorescent dye, a metal chelate, an organic phosphor, and an inorganic phosphor.
12. A method as in claim 1, wherein said convention comprises at least one of text, alphanumeric characters, graphic information, a logo, a data code symbology, and a digital watermark.
13. A method as in claim 1, wherein the content of said information bearing marking comprises content relating to at least one of identification, authentication, instruction, advertising, branding and promotion.
a readout area comprising an optically modified portion having a UV responsive information bearing marking disposed in said optically modified portion.
15. An optical media as in claim 14, wherein said optically modified portion is more absorptive of UV light than a non-optically modified portion of said readout area.
16. An optical media as in claim 14, further comprising at least one fluorescent material.
17. An optical media as in claim 16, wherein said fluorescent materials have been modified by photobleaching with UV light.
18. An optical media as in claim 14, wherein said information bearing marking comprises at least one of text, alphanumeric characters, graphic information, a logo, a data code symbology, and a digital watermark.
19. An optical media as in claim 14, comprising a UV responsive coating disposed upon said readout area.
20. An optical media as in claim 19, wherein said UV responsive coating comprises at least one of a laser dye, a fluorescent dye, a metal chelate, an organic phosphor, and an inorganic phosphor.
21. An optical media as in claim 19, wherein said UV responsive coating comprises a color former, a photo-acid generator, a diacrylate, and a photoinitiator.
22. An optical media as in claim 19, wherein said UV responsive coating is applied through means comprising at least one of printing, spraying, rolling, spin coating and painting.
deciphering said information bearing marking.
24. The method as in claim 23, wherein said information bearing marking comprises at least one of text, alphanumeric characters, graphic information, a logo, a data code symbology further comprising a bar code, and a digital watermark.
25. The method as in claim 23, wherein said detecting comprises viewing of said information bearing marking relative to a fluorescent background.
verifying authenticity of said optical media.
27. The method as in claim 26, further comprising the enabling of readout of information contained in said optical media for an authentic optical media.
a monolithic spectrometer, a CCD array, and a hand held detection system comprising a CCD camera.
using information deciphered from said information bearing marking to enable access to further information, wherein said further information is included in at least one of another information bearing marking and said article.
using information deciphered from said information bearing marking as a decryption key.
a coating thereon, said coating comprising an optically modified portion having a ultraviolet responsive information bearing marking disposed in said optically modified portion.
32. An object as in claim 31, wherein said coating comprises at least one of a laser dye, a fluorescent dye, a metal chelate, an organic phosphor, and an inorganic phosphor.
33. An object as in claim 31, wherein said coating comprises a color former, a photo-acid generator, a diacrylate, and a photoinitiator.
34. An object as in claim 31, wherein said information bearing marking comprises at least one of text, alphanumeric characters, graphic information, a logo, a data code symbology, and a digital watermark.
35. An object as in claim 31, wherein said coating comprises taggants.
a readout area comprising an optically modified portion having a UV responsive information bearing marking disposed in said optically modified portion, said information bearing marking comprising promotional information.

lowercased:
disclosed herein are methods and apparatus for providing markings upon objects, including the read side of an optical information media, where the markings do not substantially interfere with object, including the use of the optical information media. this invention discloses use of a coating, marking schemes, printing of markings with uv light, as well as methods and apparatus for reading and deciphering said marking. included is an authentication scheme, where the marking may be used as a lock to limit access to information contained in an optical information media.
this application claims priority under 35 u.s.c. §119(e) to united states provisional patent application serial no. 60/296,308, filed jun. 6, 2001; united states provisional patent application serial no. 60/310,914, filed aug. 8, 2001; and, united states provisional patent application serial no. 60/311,160, filed aug. 9, 2001.
aspects of the invention include application of the coating and the marking upon the read side of the optical media, without loss of the functionality of the media. furthermore, said invention allows the utilization of the read side of the optical media for advertising, branding, and other markings normally associated with the label side of the media.
figs.  7a-b, collectively referred to as fig. 7, are schematic diagrams of a coating and fluorescent material applied over a substrate.
fig. 15 is an example of a readout mechanism used to detect markings and authenticate marked optical media.
fig. 1 shows an article  420, such as an optical information medium. the article 420 includes a coating 450 with an information bearing marking 432. the information bearing marking 432 includes a digital watermark 435. the information bearing marking 432 may be, but is not necessarily, unique in form and/or information content for each article 420 so marked. for example, in one embodiment, the information bearing marking 432 encodes, at least in part, a unique serial number. in another embodiment, the information bearing marking 432 may encode only the manufacturer's name, place of manufacture and date of manufacture.
the coating  450 does not interfere, or substantially interfere, with the functionality of the article 420. that is, in the case of the preferred embodiment, the coating 450 does not appreciably absorb or scatter light at the readout wavelength of the optical media readout laser. likewise, the thickness of the coating 450 does not interfere with the readout mechanism. the coating 450 may be applied to the “play” or “non-play” side of the optical information media 420. although material used for retention of a marking 432 is referred to as a coating 450, some articles 420 may inherently include materials that are suited for practice of this invention. where these materials are present, and it is desirable to imbed a marking into the inherently included materials, these materials are likewise referred to herein as a “coating,” for convenience.
techniques for applying the coating  450 may include, but are not limited to, printing, spraying, rolling, spin coating, painting or any other technique suitable for applying a coating, such as the coating 450 described herein.
the coating  450 preferably contains at least one material that is sensitive to nv light. upon irradiation to appropriate levels of uv light, the photosensitive materials are modified and undergo changes in optical characteristics. thus, the reflection and/or absorption wavelengths of the materials can be modified. the coating 450 may include, but is not limited to, compounds such as photoacid or photobase generators, acid or base sensitive dyes, leucodyes, metal chelates, fluorescent dyes, or laser dyes. in other embodiments, the coating 450 may include organic phosphors or inorganic phosphors. in the case where the coating 450 includes an inorganic phosphor, the coating 450 may contain silver doped zinc sulfide (ag:zns). the coating 450 may be colored or colorless to the eye, and may be fluorescent under certain electromagnetic radiation. fluorescent emission wavelengths may include, but are not limited to, a wavelength in the visible region.
commonly used readout light wavelengths for the optical information media  420 include 400 nm, 440 nm, 630 nm, 650 nm, and 780 nm, while other readout wavelengths are possible. the coating produced or selected for use does not appreciably absorb light at the wavelength used by the readout system.
as an example of one technique for application of the coating  450, the coating 450 was applied to a series of optical media 420. the coatings 450 were applied by spin-coating, and a xenon rc-747 uv flash-lamp unit running at 10 pulses per second was used to cure the samples. in order to avoid photoinduced color formation during the curing, the lamp output was filtered through a long pass filter with the cut-off wavelength of approximately 380 nm. the spectrum of the curing lamp is shown in fig. 2. the total power density in the spectral region below 400 nm delivered to the samples with the filter in place was approximately 100 mw/cm2. the coating 450 hardened after a minimum exposure time of two seconds, however, complete curing required an exposure time of approximately five to six seconds at this power density. no visibly noticeable color formation took place for exposure times of up to ten seconds.
an information bearing marking  432 is formed using a convention that may include, but is not limited to, incorporation of text information, such as alphanumeric characters, symbols, graphic information, such as a logo, a barcode, or any other information or symbols that may be suitable for including in the marking 432. the marking 432 may further include embedded information and authentication signatures, and can be a digital watermark 435.
the information bearing marking  432 may convey any desired information. for example, the information bearing marking 432 may present content that includes identification information (such as a serial number), authentication information, and/or instructional information. the content may also include advertising, branding, or promotional information, referred to collectively herein as “promotional information.” the information included in the information bearing marking may include, but is not limited to, any of the foregoing types of information, or combinations. for convenience, the term “content” as used herein refers to content of the information bearing marking 432, and can be an image, alphanumeric text and other symbols, graphics, and combinations of images and symbols.
this invention may be used in any optical information media  420 where a coating may be applied. in one embodiment, a datacode symbology is applied so as to include the digital watermark 435. fig. 3 shows one embodiment of a datacode symbology where the digital watermark 435 is incorporated into a bar code 437. the datacode symbology may be implemented using any suitable symbology including, without limitation, 3 of 9, i 2 of 5, code 128, upc, 2-d and 3-d symbologies. the digital watermark 435 may be incorporated as a digitally embedded imprint in the bit pattern or noise of a digital image of the datacode 437. the digital watermark 435 may be applied such that it is recoverable using software, or other automated or manual techniques. the digital watermark 435, and the other information which may be embedded in the digital watermark 435, is robust to image deformations, rotations, copying, multiple renderings, conversions, and other manipulations.
the information included in the digital watermark  435 is dependent upon, among other things, the needs of the user. for example, the features of cd and dvd optical information media 420 provide opportunities for manufacturers to include diverse information such as described below. although the information is described in terms of cd and dvd media, it is considered illustrative only, and not limiting of the invention.
in one embodiment, the invention provides for the use of one or more physical characteristics or attributes of the article  420 as at least one input for creating the digital watermark 435. for example, the digital watermark 435 may include information regarding the size of data files, or the date recorded. the physical characteristics may be directly or indirectly observable.
in another embodiment, the digital watermark  435 contains distribution chain information. for example, the digital watermark 435 may include attributes of the information recorded on the article 420, including but not limited to, date of manufacture, country of origin, authorized distribution channel.
in a further embodiment, the digital watermark  435 contains information regarding the attributes of the optical information media 420. for example, the digital watermark 435 may include attributes of the information recorded on the article 420, including but not limited to, the number of recorded titles, the author, the playtime of the cd or dvd, copyright dates, a serial number, an indication of the content owner, etc.
in another embodiment, the digital watermark  435 may also carry additional information that may not be discemable without knowledge of the digital watermark 435 and the ability to read the information included therein. this indiscernible information, may be useful for various applications, for instance, to impede the diversion of branded products.
in a further embodiment, generation of the digital watermark  435 includes use of an algorithm where information, such as, but not limited to, information derived from media attributes is entered. the algorithm may include, but is not limited to, a discrete cosine transform, a seed for a pseudo-random number generator, where the random number is used as a hash, or some other one-way function for generating the digital watermark 435.
in one embodiment, the digital watermark  435 appears as one unified image. in other embodiments, the digital watermark 435 appears as multiple unified images. in further embodiments, the digital watermark 435 appears in fragments scattered over the article 420. in other embodiments, the digital watermark 435 is effectively layered, through use of varied materials in the coating 450, and through appropriate control of the marking process. in this embodiment, it is possible to make use of distinct wavelengths associated with the various layers of the marking 432 during the readout process.
u.s. patent application “authentication using a digital watermark” , ser. no. 09/801,445, filed mar. 8, 2001 by lawandy, nabil m., and commonly assigned, is herein incorporated by reference. application ser. no. 09/801,445 discloses, among other things, use of a digital watermark  435 for authentication purposes. application ser. no. 09/801,445 discloses methods that include the use of security features, or taggants, such as, but not limited to, fibers or particles, disposed on the article 420 upon which the digital watermark 435 appears. fig. 4 provides an example of an optical media 420 that includes taggants 470 as an additional security feature.
the use of the taggants  470 is a further aid to the authentication of an article 420. specifically, certain physical attributes of the taggants 470 disposed upon an article 420 offered for authentication may be evaluated, and compared against the same physical attributes for taggants 470 associated with an authentic article 420.
taggants  470 may appear in a variety of forms, including but not limited to, fibers, particles or deposits of ink. material used for formation of a taggant 470 is selected on the basis of, but not limited to, durability, detectability, cost and limitations of the application process. for example, suitable material for formation of a taggant 470 may include, but is not limited to, metal, plastic, ink, and fiber. the taggants 470 do not interfere, or substantially interfere, with the functionality of the optical media 420.
physical attributes of the taggants  470 that may be evaluated include, but are not limited to, magnetic properties, radio frequency properties, size and shape, loading factor, color and wavelength emission, and positioning on the article 420. information derived from evaluation of the taggants is used to further establish the unique character of the digital watermark 435.
the technique for forming a marking  432 disclosed herein is based on the property that some materials become substantially absorbing of uv light due to prior exposure to uv light. this property is referred to as photoabsorption, and is applied in a manner consistent with the teachings herein to create a latent contrast in the coating 450.
methods for exposure of the coating  450 of the optical information media 420, also referred to as “substrate” 420 to uv light include, but are not limited to, use of a uv laser, or use of a uv source in combination with a positive or negative photomask. in one embodiment, a uv laser is controlled by a preprogrammed system, which has the ability to control positioning, power levels, and other factors. in other embodiments, selective irradiation of the coating 450 involves use of a photomask that includes features to provide for special effects, such as those needed to create the perception of shading.
in practice, various factors will determine the degree of absorption, and characteristics of the uv sources used to expose the substrate  420. such factors include, but are not limited to, contrast requirements, response of the material in the coating 450, characteristics of the lighting fixture and application constraints such as character and detail of the image being inscribed. various embodiments are disclosed herein for uv based inscription of optical information media 420.
in fig. 5, the transmission spectrum of a polycarbonate coating  450 before and after exposure to uv light is shown. the light was produced by a xenon rc-747™ pulsed lamp, which has a peak power of 1,811 watts per cm . fig. 5 reveals that the transmission spectrum for the exposed polycarbonate coating 450 is distinct from the transmission spectrum for the unexposed coating 450. the distinction is most apparent in the upper portion of the uv spectrum, between about 300 nm and about 400 nm. this property is exhibited by a number of glasses and polymers, where photogeneration of defects contribute to the absorption in the uv region. in other embodiments, glasses, other polymers, or other materials are used as a substrate material.
fig. 6 is an example of a second arrangement where polymerization of a monomeric coating  450 is used to modify the photoabsorption by the coating 450 of uv light. in this arrangement, a uv curable polymer is subjected to uv exposure. fig. 6 shows the transmission spectrum of a 19-μm-thick layer 450 of sony chemicals adhesive sk640™ designed for use in dvd format optical media. the adhesive is uv curable, and is characterized by being a clear, spin-coatable, free radical, acrylic adhesive designed to offer fast cure speed, low shrinkage, excellent bond integrity, dimensional stability, and high optical clarity.
in other embodiments involving uv curable polymers, other polymers are used, including but not limited to, other adhesives and specialty coatings suited for use in manufacture of other formats of optical media  420. further embodiments use polymers suited for inscription of information bearing markings in items such as, but not limited to, automobile windshield glass, safety equipment, driver's licenses, passports, immigration cards, smart cards, credit cards, and other valuable items and documents.
in the two arrangements above, the selective exposure of some areas of the coating  450 results in the formation of a latent contrast between the exposed and less exposed or unexposed regions of the coating 450s. fig. 7a-b, collectively referred to as fig. 7, provides a schematic diagram of embodiments of invention. these embodiments are considered illustrative, and are not intended to be limiting of this invention. in fig. 7a the coating 450 is shown applied over the substrate 420. sandwiched between the coating 450 and the substrate 420 is a fluorescent layer 414, which collectively create a sandwich 501. wavelengths of uv light directed to the sandwich 501 are absorbed in the previously exposed regions 451 of the coating 450. the wavelengths of light that are not absorbed in the coating 450 excite materials in the fluorescent layer 414, which emits light at a characteristic wavelength. fig. 7b shows an alternate embodiment, where fluorescent material is incorporated into the coating 450. a third embodiment is shown in fig. 8, where fluorescent material is foreign to the assembly, and introduced to the substrate 420 for viewing.
fig. 8 is an illustration of an embodiment where information has been transferred onto an optical media  420. in fig. 8, the optical media 420 is a cd or dvd, which has a central clamping area 422 that is not used for the storage of data. the central clamping area 422 is substantially transparent. in this embodiment, an information bearing marking 432 is transferred in the clamping area 422 through use of a photomask. the information bearing marking 432 was previously transferred in a predetermined pattern according to the needs of the user. in this embodiment, viewing of the information bearing marking 432 involves placing the optical media 420 over a fluorescent background 414. the fluorescent background 414 is independent of the optical media 420, and is supplied to provide contrast when exposed to low intensity uv light. low intensity uv light is supplied by a low intensity uv light supply 415. once the optical media 420 is placed over the fluorescent background 414 and exposed to uv light from the low intensity uv light supply 415, the latent contrast from the uv transfer becomes apparent and the information bearing marking 432 becomes visible.
in a third arrangement, known as photobleaching, irradiation with uv light induces modification of the coating  450. in one embodiment, this includes molecules of a fluorescent additive dispersed in a polymeric matrix. in this embodiment, the fluorescent additive dispersed in the polymeric matrix is susceptible to uv radiation, while the polymeric matrix may or may not be susceptible to uv. an information bearing marking 432 is imprinted into the matrix using an adequate exposure of uv, through use of a photomask, a uv laser, or other suitable means. once exposed to adequate quantities of uv, the additive molecules are modified by the uv photons and no longer produce fluorescence with the same intensity as before exposure to uv radiation. the information bearing marking 432 in this embodiment may also be viewed by illuminating the substrate 420 with low intensity uv light.
in each of the arrangements, the selective irradiation of substrate  420 with uv is used to inscribe images or information bearing markings 423 into the substrate 420. the selective irradiation may be used to provide for varying degrees of contrast with the unexposed, or lesser exposed, regions of the substrate. that is, varying shades within an image may be created. for example, increased uv exposure and therefore increased polymerization in one part of a coating 450 will cause greater absorption than exhibited in another part of the coating 450. shading effects may be achieved with a positive or negative photomask, through laser writing techniques or other techniques. the shading effects may, among other things, be incorporated into information bearing markings containing a digital watermark.
an example of a technique for varying the contrast in a transferred image includes engaging the same techniques used in grayscale printing. that is, using a collection of properly sized colored shapes or patterns, on uncolored background, or alternatively, uncolored shapes or patterns on fully colored background. regulating the size and density of the shapes or patterns provides for control over the visual perception of color intensity in any specific region of the marking  432.
the covert and overt marking of materials with uv light inscribed information bearing markings  432 may be realized in various embodiments. the following are examples where the invention is employed, however, these embodiments should not be considered limiting of the invention. these embodiments are considered illustrative of aspects of the invention.
in one embodiment of covert marking, a fluorescent material is applied between the layers of a media  420, including, but not limited to, a dvd. in a version of this embodiment, the fluorescent material is a polymeric material. the fluorescent material is applied on the readout side, the non-readout side or both sides. the fluorescent material may be applied through means including but not limited to, spin coating. the dvd 420 is then exposed to intense uv light. the uv exposure is adequate to create the desired quantity of photoabsorption of uv in a layer of material in the dvd 420. the uv exposure may be completed by methods that include, but are not limited to, use of a photomask or a laser. subsequent illumination with low intensity uv light generates a visible contrast fluorescence pattern. in this embodiment, the fluorescent material used as a contrasting background is integrated into the dvd 420, and subsequent introduction of an independent fluorescent background is not necessary for viewing of the otherwise invisible pattern, image, or information bearing marking 432. in the embodiment where the image is imprinted on the readout side of the dvd 420, the uv wavelengths associated with the imprinted image do not substantially interfere with the readout mechanism, and data contained in the dvd 420 may be retrieved with substantial reliability. in another embodiment, a cd is used as an optical media 420.
in a further embodiment, a layer of a polymeric material containing a fluorescent dye is applied to the media  420. the polymeric material is applied to the read-out surface, the non-readout surface, or both sides. the polymeric material may be applied by spin-coating or other suitable methods, and subsequently cured. the coating 450 is uniform and transparent in the visible and near-ir regions of spectrum and therefore does not produce interference with the read-out laser beam. that is, the interference does not have a substantial effect on the operation of the readout system. uniform fluorescence can be observed over the coated area at this point in the manufacturing process. an information bearing marking 432 is then transferred into the coating 450 by exposure to uv. the uv may be used to imprint an image through a mechanism that includes, but is not limited to, photogeneration of defects in the polymeric material containing fluorescent materials, or modification of the fluorescent pigment through photobleaching. the uv exposure may be completed by methods that include, but are not limited to, use of a photomask or direct writing with a laser. subsequent illumination with low intensity uv light generates a visible contrast fluorescence pattern.
in a further embodiment of an overt marking, a layer of uv curable material containing a photoacid generator, an acid sensitive color former, was applied to the media  420 via spin coating. the coating was subsequently cured through use of a long pass uv filter that excluded wavelengths less than about 350 nm. the coating 450 used was a suitable combination of the quinoline yellow and europium (iii) tris(napthyltrifluromethyl acetonate) formulation, containing 1.5% copikem 16 red, 1.5% (tert-butoxycarbonyl methoxynapthyl) diphenyl sulfonium triflate, 0.5% quinoline yellow, 0.5% europium (iii) tris(napthyltrifluromethyl acetonate), and 96% sr-238 with 10% kto/46.
to produce a visible image in the cured coating  450, first a black-and-white negative of the image was laser printed onto a 60-μm-thick plastic transparency sheet. the transmission spectrum of the transparency sheet is shown in fig. 10. in order to transfer the image onto the cured coating 450 on the cd 420, the transparency sheet was placed on top of the cd and illuminated with light from xenon rc-747 flashlamp. this exposure caused the areas of the coating 450 below clear parts of the transparency to undergo color formation, while the areas of the coating 450 covered by black parts of the transparency remained uncolored. total power density in the spectral region between about 300 nm and 400 nm delivered to the sample with transparency in place was approximately 240 mw/cm2.
in this example, the exposed portion of the coating  450 became red colored by the reaction of the color former with the photogenerated acid, thus producing a cd 420 characterized by a yellow background with red information bearing markings 432 when properly illuminated. under uv illumination, the red markings appear dark over a bright red fluorescent background. for demonstration purposes, the information bearing markings 432 included text, a bar code, a logo, and a digital watermark 435.
the markings  432 recorded in the coating 450 are preferably visible to the unaided human eye when illuminated with suitable light. therefore, the marking 432 can provide for clear identification of the article 420 by means of display of information that may be interpreted by a user, such as a logo. in another embodiment, such as in the case of optical media 420, a marking 432 provided on the read side can be used to display identity information, such as a digital watermark 435, wherein other necessary information, such as an instruction for a user, may remain intact on the non-read side of the optical media 420.
although in some embodiments, the markings  432 may be viewed by the unaided human eye, detection systems may be used as an aid, for among other things, to detect subtle features of the markings 432, and to decipher the marking 432 information. for example, in the case of a marking 432 that appears as a bar code, a bar code reader may be used to decode the information contained within the marking 432.
an example of a detection system  400 in accordance with the invention is shown in fig. 11. in this embodiment, a source of radiation 410 is directed on the article 420 to be examined, such as a cd rom, a dvd, or another suitable type of optically encoded medium 420. the source 410 preferably generates uv radiation, but may generate any type of radiation that is suitable for detecting the coating 450 included on the article 420 and/or the marking 432, such as the digital watermark 435, or any appropriate attributes of the article 420. the article 420 may be mounted on a positioning device 425 in order to locate the article 420 for irradiation. the positioning device 425 may include a conveyor or any other type of device suitable for transporting or locating the article for irradiation. a detector array 430, such as a ccd, a camera that may be fixed, moveable or handheld, or any other suitable detection device, with appropriate support circuitry 440 detects an image of the article 420, the taggants as may be present, and the digital watermark 435. the source 410 and detector array 430 may also comprise positioning devices (not shown) for locating these devices for optimum performance. the detector array 430 is preferably capable of detecting the spectral content of any emissions, in addition to any other physical characteristics of the digital watermark 435, the taggants 470, or the article 420 for identification and authentication of the article 420. control circuitry 460 directs the activity of the overall system 400, and in particular controls the source 410, positioning device 425, detector array 430 and support circuitry 440. alternatively, the marking 432 of the article 420 may be read and decoded when inserted into the detection system 400, and only if the article 420 is authenticated is the readout process started or completed.
as shown in fig. 12, the detector array  430 is preferably comprised of an optical section 475 for focusing received emissions within the detector array 430, an array of sensors 480 for detecting the emissions, and a filter section 490 for allowing only the frequencies of interest to impinge on the sensors 480. the optical section 475 may include a microscope system or any other system suitable for magnifying or otherwise focusing the image of the article 420 and/or any emissions from the item 420 within the detector array 430. the sensor array 480 may comprise any array of sensors suitable for detecting the emissions and/or physical characteristics of the article 420, for example, a diode array, a ccd array, etc. using this technique the output of the detector array 430 is analyzed to detect the characteristics of the digital watermark 435 and/or the coating 450 so as to identify and authenticate the article 420, such as by obtaining plural bit data.
it is also within the scope of the invention to use a handheld reader, such as a handheld reader with a self contained uv source, such as a xenon flash source. the reader may also include a ccd pixel array and a display. one suitable type of hand-held reader  600 is known as a vericam , available from spectra systems corporation of providence, r.i., as shown in fig. 13. fig. 14 provides an overview of the hand-held reader 600.
referring to figs. 13 and 14, the hand-held reader  600 includes a cpu 10, such as an embedded microprocessor, an internal read/write memory 15 and optional, preferably non-volatile mass storage 18. also included is a digital camera lens/ccd system 20, at least one illumination source 30 and a user interface 45 that includes a display (lcd) 40 and a keypad or keyboard 50. the illumination source 30 can be a variable intensity source controlled by an operator, and it can also include a flash source. however, in some embodiments the illumination source 30 may not be necessary, depending on the ambient illumination conditions.
the lens/ccd system  20 and illumination source 30 can be located on a surface opposite that of the display and keyboard 50, enabling the operator to view the image being captured on the display 40, and to manipulate the keys of the keyboard 50 such as to make appropriate adjustments, initiate readout operations, and perform other functions, such as initiating a transfer of data to a remote location via a wireless network link 60 having, for an rf embodiment, an antenna 60a. the lens/ccd system 20 includes a digital camera of adequate resolution (e.g., 1.45 mega pixels or greater), with appropriate support circuitry providing auto-focus and other typically found features.
an optional microphone  25 can be provided for use with the presently preferred embodiment that includes a wireless transceiver. in another embodiment, a global positioning system locator (gps) 70 can be used to identify the location of the hand-held reader 600.
the hand-held reader  600 may be battery powered, or powered by an external power supply. the hand-held reader 600 is sized so that the operator can readily manipulate it with one hand, in much the same manner that a user can manipulate a digital camera or a wireless communications device.
for the purposes of this invention, the cpu  10 and memory 15, 18 are assumed to be suitably programmed and operated so as to image and decode the marking or markings 432, such as the digital watermark 435, appearing on the optical information media 420. it is within the scope of these teachings for the hand-held reader 600 to also ascertain the presence and characteristics of the other subsidiary information that may be present in or on the coating 450, such as embedded particles 470, or other structures, as was discussed above. to this end, the hand-held reader 600 may include magnification optics, as was discussed above.
information contained in the marking  432 may be obtained through a variety of means. a first method for obtaining information contained in the marking 432 is through visual interpretation, such as in the case of a logo. in other embodiments, detection systems, such as the foregoing exemplary systems are used to interpret the marking 432.
in one embodiment, one or more of the various inputs to the digital watermarking algorithm may be used as a “key” to “unlock” or otherwise obtain information included in the digital watermark  435. for example, data file size information could be used as a key, wherein file size information is compared to a known component of the digital watermark 435, providing the correct key enables a readout mechanism to obtain remaining information contained in the digital watermark 435.
in other embodiments, input information is used to unlock other information contained in various forms. for example, a key is used to unlock, a second digital watermark  435, or other information such as the data contained in the optical media 420.
in one embodiment, a second digital watermark  435 is readout at a different wavelength. in this embodiment, the second digital watermark 435 could be included as a visible marking 432, or an invisible marking 432, applied through means other than described herein. in a further embodiment, a second digital watermark 435, or other marking 432, could be applied as an overlay over the first digital watermark 435. as a further embodiment, if a properly designed readout system does not detect a genuine digital watermark 435, the optical information media 420 will not be read.
in a further embodiment, the taggants  470 are used as a security feature. for example, in one embodiment, special fibers may be disposed upon the optical information media 420 as taggants 470. these fibers may be substantially transparent at the readout wavelength, or located on a portion of the optical information media so as not to interfere with the readout process, such as the backside of a cd or in the clamping area 422. in this instance, the color and/or width and/or shape and/or emission wavelength of the fibers are evaluated against the known color, width, shape and/or emission wavelength of fibers appearing in an authentic article 420. in another embodiment, shown in fig. 4, precise quantities of specifically sized micro-particles 470 that do not interfere with the readout process are disposed upon or in the coating 450 of the optical information media 420. in this embodiment, the authentication process may evaluate the quantity of micro-particles 470 per unit area and/or by particle size, or some other distinct physical attribute of the micro particles 470, prior to proceeding with the deciphering of the digital watermark 435. another embodiment contemplates the use of magnetic materials in the coating 450, which are characterized by a known magnetic signature. a further embodiment comprises use of materials, including but not limited to, micro-particles 470 that emit characteristics wavelengths when illuminated. an additional embodiment contemplates distribution of the taggants in a pattern, such as, but not limited to, a visible logo. in these embodiments, one or more characteristics of the coating 450 are employed to read and decode the marking 432.
additional embodiments of the invention disclosed herein may be realized in accordance with u.s. patent application, ser. no. 09/801,445. these embodiments may be used, among other things, as keys, described above, and to provide for authentication of the optical information media  420.
fig. 15 provides an overview of another embodiment of this invention. in fig. 15, the marking  432 is read by an appropriate detection system to obtain a decryption key. in one example of this embodiment, the optical information media 420 is introduced into a reader 550, that contains a marking detection system 580. the marking detection system 580 is devised to detect markings, which may exhibit, but are not limited to, magnetic, optical, or radio frequency properties. the marking detection system 580 is used to verify the authenticity or some other characteristic of the media 420, thereby enabling the optical information media 420 to be read (enable read signal is asserted). in another embodiment, the marking detection system 580 is used to compare physical attributes of the taggants (if present) to the known physical attributes of an authentic copy of the optical information media 420. once the taggants indicate an authentic copy of the optical information media 420, the marking 432, such as the digital watermark 435, is read. likewise, the once the digital watermark 435 has been used to authenticate the optical information media 420, a decryption key can be obtained from the digital watermark 435. the decryption key is loaded into the reader 550, which is then equipped to decipher the encrypted data contained in the optical information media 420. the process of authentication and/or decryption may occur, but is not limited to, automatically as the media 420 is inserted into a reader 550, it may be initiated manually after the media 420 is inserted into the reader 550, or through remote control with an external computer system 590.
exposing a surface of said optical media to uv light in a pattern derived from said image; and, modifying an exposed area of said optical media with the uv light to reproduce said information bearing marking upon said optical media.
2. a method as in claim 1, wherein said optical media comprises said information bearing marking on a readout side.
3. a method as in claim 1, wherein said optical media comprises said information bearing marking on a non-readout side.
4. a method as in claim 1, wherein said exposing comprises use of at least one of a laser, a positive photomask, and a negative photomask.
5. a method as in claim 1, wherein said optical media comprises at least one of a compact disc and a digital versatile disc.
6. a method as in claim 1, wherein readout wavelengths for said optical media comprise wavelengths of at least one of about 400 nm, about 440 nm, about 630 nm, about 650 nm and about 780 nm.
7. a method as in claim 1, wherein said surface comprises a coating comprised of a material having radiation induced uv absorptive properties.
8. a method as in claim 7, wherein said coating comprises at least one of a laser dye, a fluorescent dye, a metal chelate, an organic phosphor, and an inorganic phosphor.
9. a method as in claim 7, wherein said coating comprises a color former, a photo-acid generator, a diacrylate, and a photoinitiator.
10. a method as in claim 7, wherein said coating is applied through means comprising at least one of printing, spraying, rolling, spin coating and painting.
11. a method as in claim 1, wherein said modifying comprises photobleaching of at least one of a laser dye, a fluorescent dye, a metal chelate, an organic phosphor, and an inorganic phosphor.
12. a method as in claim 1, wherein said convention comprises at least one of text, alphanumeric characters, graphic information, a logo, a data code symbology, and a digital watermark.
13. a method as in claim 1, wherein the content of said information bearing marking comprises content relating to at least one of identification, authentication, instruction, advertising, branding and promotion.
a readout area comprising an optically modified portion having a uv responsive information bearing marking disposed in said optically modified portion.
15. an optical media as in claim 14, wherein said optically modified portion is more absorptive of uv light than a non-optically modified portion of said readout area.
16. an optical media as in claim 14, further comprising at least one fluorescent material.
17. an optical media as in claim 16, wherein said fluorescent materials have been modified by photobleaching with uv light.
18. an optical media as in claim 14, wherein said information bearing marking comprises at least one of text, alphanumeric characters, graphic information, a logo, a data code symbology, and a digital watermark.
19. an optical media as in claim 14, comprising a uv responsive coating disposed upon said readout area.
20. an optical media as in claim 19, wherein said uv responsive coating comprises at least one of a laser dye, a fluorescent dye, a metal chelate, an organic phosphor, and an inorganic phosphor.
21. an optical media as in claim 19, wherein said uv responsive coating comprises a color former, a photo-acid generator, a diacrylate, and a photoinitiator.
22. an optical media as in claim 19, wherein said uv responsive coating is applied through means comprising at least one of printing, spraying, rolling, spin coating and painting.
deciphering said information bearing marking.
24. the method as in claim 23, wherein said information bearing marking comprises at least one of text, alphanumeric characters, graphic information, a logo, a data code symbology further comprising a bar code, and a digital watermark.
25. the method as in claim 23, wherein said detecting comprises viewing of said information bearing marking relative to a fluorescent background.
verifying authenticity of said optical media.
27. the method as in claim 26, further comprising the enabling of readout of information contained in said optical media for an authentic optical media.
a monolithic spectrometer, a ccd array, and a hand held detection system comprising a ccd camera.
using information deciphered from said information bearing marking to enable access to further information, wherein said further information is included in at least one of another information bearing marking and said article.
using information deciphered from said information bearing marking as a decryption key.
a coating thereon, said coating comprising an optically modified portion having a ultraviolet responsive information bearing marking disposed in said optically modified portion.
32. an object as in claim 31, wherein said coating comprises at least one of a laser dye, a fluorescent dye, a metal chelate, an organic phosphor, and an inorganic phosphor.
33. an object as in claim 31, wherein said coating comprises a color former, a photo-acid generator, a diacrylate, and a photoinitiator.
34. an object as in claim 31, wherein said information bearing marking comprises at least one of text, alphanumeric characters, graphic information, a logo, a data code symbology, and a digital watermark.
35. an object as in claim 31, wherein said coating comprises taggants.
a readout area comprising an optically modified portion having a uv responsive information bearing marking disposed in said optically modified portion, said information bearing marking comprising promotional information.


text:
This week we are looking at an article review covering a brilliant paper that has recently been published out of Hong Kong. I have been waiting for a paper like this for some time now, that looks systematically at all the literature behind the current approach to pain management education that we are encouraged to provide to our patients about lower back pain and medical imaging. As I read through this article I kept thinking to myself yes, this is the concept I have been taught but I can’t recall which literature supports it.
Now we have an excellent summary to help advance our understanding of pain management further. It is a must-read and very well written and thoroughly research paper about the role of medical imaging for lower back pain. They touch on all the research we all currently know but pull it together in a compelling argument with many great key phrases we can use to educate patients better about the role that imaging will play in their recovery.
Below are the key take away messages that caught my attention.
Lower back pain is a symptom, not a disease.
"For most patients presenting with LBP, the specific nociceptive source cannot be identified, and those affected are classified as having “nonspecific LBP” (Wang, et al., 2018, p.22). Here the authors summarise the key components of the history and physical exam that aid in our distinction between specific and non-specific causes of LBP. Clinical reasoning is a very important component in the assessment and treatment of LBP and therapists need to understand how different conditions are likely to present, what red flags are important to consider and then form a decision about the role of medical imaging and how it assists with the patient’s recovery.
What value is there in a name?
One challenge that clinicians continually face is the incredibly high importance patients place on being able to label or name their problem. Labelling can often lead to negative beliefs around recovery and prognosis and in reality might not change the treatment path followed.
Despite clinical guidelines being available that discourage routine medical imaging, referral for scans continues to be incredibly high. Wang et al (2018, p. 22) state that "to be effective, efforts to reduce imaging overuse should be multifactorial and address clinician behaviours, patient expectations and education and financial incentives”.
Degenerative spinal changes are commonly found in patients with and without LBP. Here is a previous blog explaining how frequently degenerative changes are found on imaging and the discussion about the natural process of aging.
Wang et al (2018) cover the current discussion about the reporting of Modic changes in the spine - so read this section if you are wanting to improve your knowledge about the meaning of Modic changes and the impact they have on pain and recovery.
Current guidelines recommend to refer for imaging if the patient has severe or worsening neurological symptoms or signs of a serious or specific underlying condition (which occurs in <1% of cases).
"The presence of imaging abnormalities does not mean that the abnormalities are responsible for symptoms."
"No evidence suggests that selecting therapies on the basis of the presence of the most common imaging findings improves outcomes compared with a generalised approach."
Most patients present with a benign condition - which means that most presentations of LBP, although may be very painful in the initial stages, are self-limiting and medical imaging will not speed up the recovery process. So the question you need to ask yourself is whether or not routine imaging will change/improve the treatment, prognosis and course of recovery? You also need to consider what harm patients are exposed to during medical imaging.
"In summary, there is strong evidence that routine imaging for LBP by using radiography or CT/MRI is not associated with a clinically meaningful benefit on patient outcomes. Unnecessary imaging exposes patients to preventable harms, which may lead to additional unnecessary interventions. Diagnostic imaging studies should be performed only in selected, higher-risk patients who have severe or progressive neurologic deficits or are suspected of having a serious or specific underlying condition. A thorough history and physical examination are necessary to guide imaging decision.” (Wang et al., 2018, p. 31).
Again, I’d love to recommend that clinicians refresh or expand their knowledge by reading this article. What a treat it was more me and I hope you enjoy it too.
Wáng, Y. X. J., Wu, A. M., Santiago, F. R., & Nogueira-Barbosa, M. H. (2018). Informed appropriate imaging for low back pain management: A narrative review. Journal of orthopaedic translation.

lowercased:
this week we are looking at an article review covering a brilliant paper that has recently been published out of hong kong. i have been waiting for a paper like this for some time now, that looks systematically at all the literature behind the current approach to pain management education that we are encouraged to provide to our patients about lower back pain and medical imaging. as i read through this article i kept thinking to myself yes, this is the concept i have been taught but i can’t recall which literature supports it.
now we have an excellent summary to help advance our understanding of pain management further. it is a must-read and very well written and thoroughly research paper about the role of medical imaging for lower back pain. they touch on all the research we all currently know but pull it together in a compelling argument with many great key phrases we can use to educate patients better about the role that imaging will play in their recovery.
below are the key take away messages that caught my attention.
lower back pain is a symptom, not a disease.
"for most patients presenting with lbp, the specific nociceptive source cannot be identified, and those affected are classified as having “nonspecific lbp” (wang, et al., 2018, p.22). here the authors summarise the key components of the history and physical exam that aid in our distinction between specific and non-specific causes of lbp. clinical reasoning is a very important component in the assessment and treatment of lbp and therapists need to understand how different conditions are likely to present, what red flags are important to consider and then form a decision about the role of medical imaging and how it assists with the patient’s recovery.
what value is there in a name?
one challenge that clinicians continually face is the incredibly high importance patients place on being able to label or name their problem. labelling can often lead to negative beliefs around recovery and prognosis and in reality might not change the treatment path followed.
despite clinical guidelines being available that discourage routine medical imaging, referral for scans continues to be incredibly high. wang et al (2018, p. 22) state that "to be effective, efforts to reduce imaging overuse should be multifactorial and address clinician behaviours, patient expectations and education and financial incentives”.
degenerative spinal changes are commonly found in patients with and without lbp. here is a previous blog explaining how frequently degenerative changes are found on imaging and the discussion about the natural process of aging.
wang et al (2018) cover the current discussion about the reporting of modic changes in the spine - so read this section if you are wanting to improve your knowledge about the meaning of modic changes and the impact they have on pain and recovery.
current guidelines recommend to refer for imaging if the patient has severe or worsening neurological symptoms or signs of a serious or specific underlying condition (which occurs in <1% of cases).
"the presence of imaging abnormalities does not mean that the abnormalities are responsible for symptoms."
"no evidence suggests that selecting therapies on the basis of the presence of the most common imaging findings improves outcomes compared with a generalised approach."
most patients present with a benign condition - which means that most presentations of lbp, although may be very painful in the initial stages, are self-limiting and medical imaging will not speed up the recovery process. so the question you need to ask yourself is whether or not routine imaging will change/improve the treatment, prognosis and course of recovery? you also need to consider what harm patients are exposed to during medical imaging.
"in summary, there is strong evidence that routine imaging for lbp by using radiography or ct/mri is not associated with a clinically meaningful benefit on patient outcomes. unnecessary imaging exposes patients to preventable harms, which may lead to additional unnecessary interventions. diagnostic imaging studies should be performed only in selected, higher-risk patients who have severe or progressive neurologic deficits or are suspected of having a serious or specific underlying condition. a thorough history and physical examination are necessary to guide imaging decision.” (wang et al., 2018, p. 31).
again, i’d love to recommend that clinicians refresh or expand their knowledge by reading this article. what a treat it was more me and i hope you enjoy it too.
wáng, y. x. j., wu, a. m., santiago, f. r., & nogueira-barbosa, m. h. (2018). informed appropriate imaging for low back pain management: a narrative review. journal of orthopaedic translation.