text:
Metal-semiconducting or cell photovoltaic of the joint of Schottky.
Hybrid solar cell of the Polymer-semiconducting.
Solar cell sensitized point of Quantum.
The flexion of the excessive control as large as the energies of the bandage proposes new methods to the photo-answer of the regulator and the effectiveness of the photo-conversion of the solar cell. Several policies to maximize the photo-induced processes of the transference of the separation and the electron of the load to refine the global effectiveness of the slight conversion of the energy are available. To indicate the efforts of the investigation that come in the way to the use from nanostructures adapted will be a significant challenge for the progress in solar cells 36 of the following generation .
These last years the solar cells of the colloidal points of the quantum have been the subject of the extensive investigation. A promising alternative existing the solar silicon cells, solar cells of the point of the quantum is between the candidates for the devices photovoltaic of the following generation. The colloidal points of the quantum are attractive in the investigation photovoltaic due to their capacity of the process of the solution that is useful for their integration in the several solar cells. Here, we reviewed the recent one we progressed in the solar cells of I vary point of the quantum that are prepared of colloidal points of the quantum. We discussed the methods of the preparation, the work concepts, the advantages and the disadvantages of the architectures event of the device of I gave ﬀ. The discussed important subjects in this revision include the integration of the colloidal points of the quantum in: The solar cells of Schottky, the exhausted solar cells of heterojunction, the solar cells of the extremely fine shock absorber, the solar cells organic-inorganic hybrids, the solar cells of heterojunction in bulk and the point of the quantum sensitized the solar cells. The revision organizes according to the principle of work and the architecture of the devices photovoltaic .
These last years, the inorganic crystals of semiconducting Nano of the (also known like puntea Quantum, QDs) have been to sees promising it pave cell [3, 4] of the following generation. QDs have been explored due to its size and competitive dependent absorption [5-9].
The colloidal points of the quantum have been used in solar cells of heterojunction in bulk also. [10, 11] hand reposed recent progress in this field. Due to the great research interests in one-dimensional (1D) structures highlighted integration of colloidal nanoparticles in Nano rods and nanowires based to pave cells In addition , has reviewed a wide range of applications of quantum dots in optoelectronic devices such as photo detectors, light emitting diodes and briefly about quantum dot solar cells.
CdSe quanta dots have been prepared with diﬀerent sizes and exploited as inorganic dye to sensitize a wide band gap TiO2 thin films for QDs solar cells. The synthesis is based on the pyrolysis of organometallic reagents by injection into a hot coordinating solvent. This provides temporally discrete nucleation and permits controlled growth of macroscopic quantities of Nano crystallites. XRD, HRTEM, UV-visible, and PL were used to characterize the synthesized quantum dots. The results showed CdSe quantum dots with sizes ranging from 3 nm to 6 nm which enabled the control of the optical properties and consequently the solar cell performance. Solar cell of 0.08% performance under solar irradiation with a light intensity of 100 mW/cm2 has been obtained. CdSe/TiO2 solar cells without and with using Mercator propionic acid (MPA) as a linker between CdSe and TiO2 particles despite a Voc of 428 mV, Jsc of 0.184 mAcm−2, FF of 0.57, and η of 0.05% but with linker despite a Voc of 543 mV, Jsc of 0.318 mAcm−2, FF of 0.48, and η of 0.08%, respectively .
A high surface area pn-heterojunction between TiO2 and an organic p-type charge transport material (spiro-OMeTAD) was sensitized to visible light using lead sulphide (PbS) quantum dots. PbS quantum dots were formed in situ on a Nano crystalline TiO2 electrode using chemical bath deposition techniques. The organic whole conductor was applied from solution to form the sensitized heterojunction. The structure of the quantum dots was analysed using HRTEM technique. Ultrafast laser photolysis experiments suggested the initial charge separation to proceed in the sub picosecond time range. Transient absorption laser spectroscopy revealed that interfacial charge recombination of the initially formed charge carriers is much faster than in comparable dye-sensitized systems. The sensitized heterojunction showed incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies (IPCE) of up to 45% and energy conversion efficiencies under simulated sunlight AM1.5 (10 mW/cm2) of 0.49% .
Quantum dot (QD) solar cells have the potential to increase the maximum attainable thermodynamic conversion efficiency of solar photon conversion up to about 66% by utilizing hot photo-generated carriers to produce higher photo-voltages or higher photocurrents. The former effect is based on mini band transport and collection of hot carriers in QD array photo electrodes before they relax to the band edges through phonon emission. The latter effect is based on utilizing hot carriers in QD solar cells to generate and collect additional electron–hole pairs through enhanced impact ionization processes. Three QD solar cell configurations are described: (1) photo=electrodes comprising QD arrays, (2) QD-sensitized Nano-crystalline TiO2, and (3) QDs dispersed in a blend of electron- and hole-conducting polymers. These high-efficiency configurations require slow hot carrier cooling times .
Finally, in recent years it has been proposed and experimentally verified in some cases , that the relaxation dynamics of photo-generated carriers may be markedly affected by quantization effects in the semiconductor (i.e., in semiconductor quantum wells, quantum wires, QDs, superlatives, and nanostructures). That is, when the carriers in the semiconductor are confined by potential barriers to regions of space that are smaller than or comparable to their de-Broglie wavelength or to the Bohr radius of exactions in the semiconductor bulk, the relaxation dynamics can be dramatically altered; specifically the hot carrier cooling rates may be dramatically reduced, and the rate of impact ionization could be-come competitive with the rate of carrier cooling.
Semiconductors such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, CuInS2, Cu2S, PbS, PbSe, InP, InAs, Ag2S, Bi2S3 and Sb2S3 have been synthesized as QDs and deposited onto wide-band gap nanostructures as sensitizers. Depending on their size, these materials can absorb photons over a broad spectral range or within a confined window of the solar spectrum. Especially CdS, CdSe and PbS have been used to investigate the operating principles of QDSCs. The limited number of materials listed indicates that much room remains for materials scientists to identify new semiconductors which can be applied as QD sensitizers. Table 1 lists the most common material compositions used for QDSCs. Due to the many publications in later years, the table only includes a fraction of the work done in this field, in order to highlight articles that contain a detailed description of QD deposition and methods for solar-cell fabrication.
CdSe quantum dots (QDs) with different organic linker molecules are attached to ZnO nanowires (NWs) to study the luminescence dynamics and the electron tunnelling from the QDs to the nanowires in time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) and photoconductivity measurements. The PL transients of the QD luminescence indicate two different recombination channels: the direct recombination inside the QD core and the recombination via QD surface defect states. After linking the QDs to the ZnO NW surface, photo-induced electron tunnelling from an excited state of the QD into the conduction band of the nanowire becomes visible by a clear decrease of the PL decay time. Efficient electron tunnelling is confirmed by a strong enhancement of the photocurrent through the functionalized nanowires in which the tunnelling rate can be controlled by using different organic linker molecules .
During the decade last colloidal QDs they have been integrated in the types event of I gave ﬀ of solar cells for example: The exhausted solar cells of heterojunction of the solar cells of Schottky extremely rarefy the solar cells of hybrid polymer of the cells of the shock absorber, the solar cells of hetero-junction inorganic-organic and the solar cells sensitized point of the quantum (QDSSCs) [54-62]. Figure 1.4 demonstrations used the typical architectures of the device in the solar cells of QDs.
Fig. 1.4: Comparison of various QDs based photovoltaic cells. (a) Schottky cell; (b) depleted heterojunction cell; (c) hybrid polymer solar cells and d) QDs sensitized solar cell. Adapted from .
CdSe QDs, capsuled with trioctylphosphine (COVER), was prepared by a solvo-thermal route that allows control of the size. Briefly, the selenium reacts with microstate of cadmium in toluene in the presence of acid oleic and of the COVER. The reaction happens in ◦C 180 in a sealed sterilizer. Changing the time of reaction, diverse sizes of the points of the quantum were obtained. The like-prepared colloidal solutions were characterized by a PC of Shimadzu UV-2401. In the case of electrochemical measures of the photo, the points of the quantum of CdSe were purified previously by the ethanol precipitation, the isolation by the centrifugalization and the movement, three times. Picture 1.5 demonstrates the phantoms of absorption of the three dispersions of QD with diverse sizes of QD used in this study. The QDs was synthesized on 2, 5, 5 and 15 H. The changes in the wavelength of the absorption limit reflect the confinement of quantization of the size, the tip that it changes of position to lower wavelengths whereas the size of QD diminishes. Comparing the maximum of the absorption limit (495, 517 and 536 nanometre) corresponding to the first transition exciton with the curves disclosed by Peng and the fellow workers, the diameters of QD could be obtained (2, 3, 2, 5 and 2, 8 nanometre, respectively) [18, 19].
Figure 1.5: UV–vies absorption spectrum of colloidal CdSe QDs, informed with three diverse reaction periods, 15, 5 and 2.5 h, and dissimilar quantum dot sizes. Adapted from .
Slowed hot electron freezing in InP QDs has been practical by the research exploration assembly at NREL . For QDs, one mechanism for breaking the phonon bottleneck that is predicted to slow carrier cooling in QDs and hence allow fast cooling is an Auger process. Here a hot electron can give its excess kinetic energy to a thermalized hole via an Auger process, and then the hole can then cool quickly because of its higher effective mass and more closely spaced quantized states. This effect was first shown for CdSe QDs; it has now also been shown for InP QDs, where a fast hole trapping species (Na biphenyl) was found to slow the electron cooling to about 7 ps. This is to be compared to the electron cooling time of 0:3 PS for passivized InP QDs without a whole trap present and thus where the holes are in the QD core and able to undergo an Auger process with the electrons [21-23].
QDs are very trifling semiconductor Nano crystals with a size analogous to the Bohr radius of an exciton. For utmost semiconductors, the Bohr radius of an exciton is in the series of 1-10 nm: for instance, it is 4.2 nm for Si, 3.1 nm for CdS, 6.1 nm for CdSe, and 2.2 nm for ZnO. Yet, the Bohr radius of the exciton is actually huge for more or less semiconductors: it is 20.4 nm for PbS, 46 nm for PbSe, and 67.5 nm for InSb. Owing to the facet effect, the performance of electrons in QDs varies from that in the agreeing bulk substantial, which is baptised as the ‘quantum confinement effect’. A semiconductor with a bigger exciton Bohr radius means that the QDs made from the factual may reach a strong quarantine effect more simply. For the reason that the quantum confinement effect, the band gap energy (Eg) of QD rises with the reduction of particle dimensions. Eg can be explained by Eg 8 1/r2, wherever r is the radius of QD. The surge of Eg earnings that additional energy will be desired so as to be engrossed by the QD. So the variety of optical fascination wavelengths of QD can be altered by governing the size of QD. Such a piece of QDs with tuneable Eg has directed to their submissions in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for full-colour presentations, and in QD-sensitized solar cells for the group of optical absorption at favourite wavelengths [23-30].
Ref. (36) has established that the conduction band energy (Ecb) of QD would go up to the in height energy level by lessening particle size because of the quantum confinement effect, which is very important to solar cells. Fig. 1.6 (a) shows the Ecb of bulk PbS is 4.74 eV, which is inferior than that of TiO2 (4.21 eV). The electrons in the conduction band of bulk PbS is hard to hedge into the conduction band of TiO2. The Eg of PbS can be enlarged by dropping its particle size, as shown in Fig. 1.6 (b), chief to the conduction band minimum move to higher energy. Once the conduction band energy of PbS ties that of TiO2, the electrons separated from exciton couples by photons can simply handover from the conduction band in PbS interested in the conduction band in TiO2. So the quantum confinement effect is the essential ailment for the building of QDSCs. For QDSCs, smaller QDs are favourite so as to attain more QDs adsorbed on the photo electrode film. Smaller QDs have also established an advanced electron injection degree than their larger matching part.
Fig. 1.6 (a) Schematic sketch of energy levels of PbS; and (b) association among the PbS Eg and particle size, as described in Refs [31, 32].
Fig. 1.7: (a) The requirement of the electron transfer rate on the energy and (b) an outline exemplifying the attitude of electron transmission from two dissimilar CdSe quantum dots hooked on a TiO2 nanoparticle .
Figure 1.7: demonstrate the necessity of the electron transmission rate fixed on the energy alteration among the conduction bands and the cipher of electron transmission from two altered-sized CdSe QDs into a TiO2 nanoparticle . It can be realised that the electron allocation rate obviously surges with lessening QD size in the CdSe TiO2 system. For QDs, the surge of band gap would be predictable to consume constructive conduction band energies for vaccinating electrons obsessed by a photo electrode.
Fig. 1.8: Absorption bands of CdSe quantum dots in toluene; Adapted from Ref. .
But, the rise of Eg directs that single extraordinary energy photons can be engrossed by the QD, foremost to the absorption wavelength control of the QD blue swing as exposed in Fig. 1.8: Too minor QDs will pointer to too much stumpy the optical absorption on behalf of the photo electrodes, which has bad influences on the solar cells. Thus, the top solar-to-electricity alteration effectiveness can be gotten by improving the band energy assembly of QDs to contest the oxide film and find an extensive optical raptness wavelength .
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lowercased:
metal-semiconducting or cell photovoltaic of the joint of schottky.
hybrid solar cell of the polymer-semiconducting.
solar cell sensitized point of quantum.
the flexion of the excessive control as large as the energies of the bandage proposes new methods to the photo-answer of the regulator and the effectiveness of the photo-conversion of the solar cell. several policies to maximize the photo-induced processes of the transference of the separation and the electron of the load to refine the global effectiveness of the slight conversion of the energy are available. to indicate the efforts of the investigation that come in the way to the use from nanostructures adapted will be a significant challenge for the progress in solar cells 36 of the following generation .
these last years the solar cells of the colloidal points of the quantum have been the subject of the extensive investigation. a promising alternative existing the solar silicon cells, solar cells of the point of the quantum is between the candidates for the devices photovoltaic of the following generation. the colloidal points of the quantum are attractive in the investigation photovoltaic due to their capacity of the process of the solution that is useful for their integration in the several solar cells. here, we reviewed the recent one we progressed in the solar cells of i vary point of the quantum that are prepared of colloidal points of the quantum. we discussed the methods of the preparation, the work concepts, the advantages and the disadvantages of the architectures event of the device of i gave ﬀ. the discussed important subjects in this revision include the integration of the colloidal points of the quantum in: the solar cells of schottky, the exhausted solar cells of heterojunction, the solar cells of the extremely fine shock absorber, the solar cells organic-inorganic hybrids, the solar cells of heterojunction in bulk and the point of the quantum sensitized the solar cells. the revision organizes according to the principle of work and the architecture of the devices photovoltaic .
these last years, the inorganic crystals of semiconducting nano of the (also known like puntea quantum, qds) have been to sees promising it pave cell [3, 4] of the following generation. qds have been explored due to its size and competitive dependent absorption [5-9].
the colloidal points of the quantum have been used in solar cells of heterojunction in bulk also. [10, 11] hand reposed recent progress in this field. due to the great research interests in one-dimensional (1d) structures highlighted integration of colloidal nanoparticles in nano rods and nanowires based to pave cells in addition , has reviewed a wide range of applications of quantum dots in optoelectronic devices such as photo detectors, light emitting diodes and briefly about quantum dot solar cells.
cdse quanta dots have been prepared with diﬀerent sizes and exploited as inorganic dye to sensitize a wide band gap tio2 thin films for qds solar cells. the synthesis is based on the pyrolysis of organometallic reagents by injection into a hot coordinating solvent. this provides temporally discrete nucleation and permits controlled growth of macroscopic quantities of nano crystallites. xrd, hrtem, uv-visible, and pl were used to characterize the synthesized quantum dots. the results showed cdse quantum dots with sizes ranging from 3 nm to 6 nm which enabled the control of the optical properties and consequently the solar cell performance. solar cell of 0.08% performance under solar irradiation with a light intensity of 100 mw/cm2 has been obtained. cdse/tio2 solar cells without and with using mercator propionic acid (mpa) as a linker between cdse and tio2 particles despite a voc of 428 mv, jsc of 0.184 macm−2, ff of 0.57, and η of 0.05% but with linker despite a voc of 543 mv, jsc of 0.318 macm−2, ff of 0.48, and η of 0.08%, respectively .
a high surface area pn-heterojunction between tio2 and an organic p-type charge transport material (spiro-ometad) was sensitized to visible light using lead sulphide (pbs) quantum dots. pbs quantum dots were formed in situ on a nano crystalline tio2 electrode using chemical bath deposition techniques. the organic whole conductor was applied from solution to form the sensitized heterojunction. the structure of the quantum dots was analysed using hrtem technique. ultrafast laser photolysis experiments suggested the initial charge separation to proceed in the sub picosecond time range. transient absorption laser spectroscopy revealed that interfacial charge recombination of the initially formed charge carriers is much faster than in comparable dye-sensitized systems. the sensitized heterojunction showed incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies (ipce) of up to 45% and energy conversion efficiencies under simulated sunlight am1.5 (10 mw/cm2) of 0.49% .
quantum dot (qd) solar cells have the potential to increase the maximum attainable thermodynamic conversion efficiency of solar photon conversion up to about 66% by utilizing hot photo-generated carriers to produce higher photo-voltages or higher photocurrents. the former effect is based on mini band transport and collection of hot carriers in qd array photo electrodes before they relax to the band edges through phonon emission. the latter effect is based on utilizing hot carriers in qd solar cells to generate and collect additional electron–hole pairs through enhanced impact ionization processes. three qd solar cell configurations are described: (1) photo=electrodes comprising qd arrays, (2) qd-sensitized nano-crystalline tio2, and (3) qds dispersed in a blend of electron- and hole-conducting polymers. these high-efficiency configurations require slow hot carrier cooling times .
finally, in recent years it has been proposed and experimentally verified in some cases , that the relaxation dynamics of photo-generated carriers may be markedly affected by quantization effects in the semiconductor (i.e., in semiconductor quantum wells, quantum wires, qds, superlatives, and nanostructures). that is, when the carriers in the semiconductor are confined by potential barriers to regions of space that are smaller than or comparable to their de-broglie wavelength or to the bohr radius of exactions in the semiconductor bulk, the relaxation dynamics can be dramatically altered; specifically the hot carrier cooling rates may be dramatically reduced, and the rate of impact ionization could be-come competitive with the rate of carrier cooling.
semiconductors such as cds, cdse, cdte, cuins2, cu2s, pbs, pbse, inp, inas, ag2s, bi2s3 and sb2s3 have been synthesized as qds and deposited onto wide-band gap nanostructures as sensitizers. depending on their size, these materials can absorb photons over a broad spectral range or within a confined window of the solar spectrum. especially cds, cdse and pbs have been used to investigate the operating principles of qdscs. the limited number of materials listed indicates that much room remains for materials scientists to identify new semiconductors which can be applied as qd sensitizers. table 1 lists the most common material compositions used for qdscs. due to the many publications in later years, the table only includes a fraction of the work done in this field, in order to highlight articles that contain a detailed description of qd deposition and methods for solar-cell fabrication.
cdse quantum dots (qds) with different organic linker molecules are attached to zno nanowires (nws) to study the luminescence dynamics and the electron tunnelling from the qds to the nanowires in time-resolved photoluminescence (pl) and photoconductivity measurements. the pl transients of the qd luminescence indicate two different recombination channels: the direct recombination inside the qd core and the recombination via qd surface defect states. after linking the qds to the zno nw surface, photo-induced electron tunnelling from an excited state of the qd into the conduction band of the nanowire becomes visible by a clear decrease of the pl decay time. efficient electron tunnelling is confirmed by a strong enhancement of the photocurrent through the functionalized nanowires in which the tunnelling rate can be controlled by using different organic linker molecules .
during the decade last colloidal qds they have been integrated in the types event of i gave ﬀ of solar cells for example: the exhausted solar cells of heterojunction of the solar cells of schottky extremely rarefy the solar cells of hybrid polymer of the cells of the shock absorber, the solar cells of hetero-junction inorganic-organic and the solar cells sensitized point of the quantum (qdsscs) [54-62]. figure 1.4 demonstrations used the typical architectures of the device in the solar cells of qds.
fig. 1.4: comparison of various qds based photovoltaic cells. (a) schottky cell; (b) depleted heterojunction cell; (c) hybrid polymer solar cells and d) qds sensitized solar cell. adapted from .
cdse qds, capsuled with trioctylphosphine (cover), was prepared by a solvo-thermal route that allows control of the size. briefly, the selenium reacts with microstate of cadmium in toluene in the presence of acid oleic and of the cover. the reaction happens in ◦c 180 in a sealed sterilizer. changing the time of reaction, diverse sizes of the points of the quantum were obtained. the like-prepared colloidal solutions were characterized by a pc of shimadzu uv-2401. in the case of electrochemical measures of the photo, the points of the quantum of cdse were purified previously by the ethanol precipitation, the isolation by the centrifugalization and the movement, three times. picture 1.5 demonstrates the phantoms of absorption of the three dispersions of qd with diverse sizes of qd used in this study. the qds was synthesized on 2, 5, 5 and 15 h. the changes in the wavelength of the absorption limit reflect the confinement of quantization of the size, the tip that it changes of position to lower wavelengths whereas the size of qd diminishes. comparing the maximum of the absorption limit (495, 517 and 536 nanometre) corresponding to the first transition exciton with the curves disclosed by peng and the fellow workers, the diameters of qd could be obtained (2, 3, 2, 5 and 2, 8 nanometre, respectively) [18, 19].
figure 1.5: uv–vies absorption spectrum of colloidal cdse qds, informed with three diverse reaction periods, 15, 5 and 2.5 h, and dissimilar quantum dot sizes. adapted from .
slowed hot electron freezing in inp qds has been practical by the research exploration assembly at nrel . for qds, one mechanism for breaking the phonon bottleneck that is predicted to slow carrier cooling in qds and hence allow fast cooling is an auger process. here a hot electron can give its excess kinetic energy to a thermalized hole via an auger process, and then the hole can then cool quickly because of its higher effective mass and more closely spaced quantized states. this effect was first shown for cdse qds; it has now also been shown for inp qds, where a fast hole trapping species (na biphenyl) was found to slow the electron cooling to about 7 ps. this is to be compared to the electron cooling time of 0:3 ps for passivized inp qds without a whole trap present and thus where the holes are in the qd core and able to undergo an auger process with the electrons [21-23].
qds are very trifling semiconductor nano crystals with a size analogous to the bohr radius of an exciton. for utmost semiconductors, the bohr radius of an exciton is in the series of 1-10 nm: for instance, it is 4.2 nm for si, 3.1 nm for cds, 6.1 nm for cdse, and 2.2 nm for zno. yet, the bohr radius of the exciton is actually huge for more or less semiconductors: it is 20.4 nm for pbs, 46 nm for pbse, and 67.5 nm for insb. owing to the facet effect, the performance of electrons in qds varies from that in the agreeing bulk substantial, which is baptised as the ‘quantum confinement effect’. a semiconductor with a bigger exciton bohr radius means that the qds made from the factual may reach a strong quarantine effect more simply. for the reason that the quantum confinement effect, the band gap energy (eg) of qd rises with the reduction of particle dimensions. eg can be explained by eg 8 1/r2, wherever r is the radius of qd. the surge of eg earnings that additional energy will be desired so as to be engrossed by the qd. so the variety of optical fascination wavelengths of qd can be altered by governing the size of qd. such a piece of qds with tuneable eg has directed to their submissions in light-emitting diodes (leds) for full-colour presentations, and in qd-sensitized solar cells for the group of optical absorption at favourite wavelengths [23-30].
ref. (36) has established that the conduction band energy (ecb) of qd would go up to the in height energy level by lessening particle size because of the quantum confinement effect, which is very important to solar cells. fig. 1.6 (a) shows the ecb of bulk pbs is 4.74 ev, which is inferior than that of tio2 (4.21 ev). the electrons in the conduction band of bulk pbs is hard to hedge into the conduction band of tio2. the eg of pbs can be enlarged by dropping its particle size, as shown in fig. 1.6 (b), chief to the conduction band minimum move to higher energy. once the conduction band energy of pbs ties that of tio2, the electrons separated from exciton couples by photons can simply handover from the conduction band in pbs interested in the conduction band in tio2. so the quantum confinement effect is the essential ailment for the building of qdscs. for qdscs, smaller qds are favourite so as to attain more qds adsorbed on the photo electrode film. smaller qds have also established an advanced electron injection degree than their larger matching part.
fig. 1.6 (a) schematic sketch of energy levels of pbs; and (b) association among the pbs eg and particle size, as described in refs [31, 32].
fig. 1.7: (a) the requirement of the electron transfer rate on the energy and (b) an outline exemplifying the attitude of electron transmission from two dissimilar cdse quantum dots hooked on a tio2 nanoparticle .
figure 1.7: demonstrate the necessity of the electron transmission rate fixed on the energy alteration among the conduction bands and the cipher of electron transmission from two altered-sized cdse qds into a tio2 nanoparticle . it can be realised that the electron allocation rate obviously surges with lessening qd size in the cdse tio2 system. for qds, the surge of band gap would be predictable to consume constructive conduction band energies for vaccinating electrons obsessed by a photo electrode.
fig. 1.8: absorption bands of cdse quantum dots in toluene; adapted from ref. .
but, the rise of eg directs that single extraordinary energy photons can be engrossed by the qd, foremost to the absorption wavelength control of the qd blue swing as exposed in fig. 1.8: too minor qds will pointer to too much stumpy the optical absorption on behalf of the photo electrodes, which has bad influences on the solar cells. thus, the top solar-to-electricity alteration effectiveness can be gotten by improving the band energy assembly of qds to contest the oxide film and find an extensive optical raptness wavelength .
robel, i., subramanian, v., kuno, m., kamat, p., 2006. quantum dot solar cells. harvesting light energy with cdse nanocrystals molecularly linked to mesoscopic tio2 j. am. chem. soc. 128, 2385–2393.
kamat, p.v., 2007. meeting the clean energy demand: nanostructure architectures for solar energy conversion. j. phys. chem. c 111, 2834– 2860.).
peng, x., manna, l., yang, w., wickham, j., scher, e., kadavanich, e.j., alivisatos, a.p., 2000. shape control of cdse nanocrystals. nature 404, 59–61.
vomeyer, t., katsikas, l., giersig, m., popovic, i.g., diesner, k., chemseddine, a., eychmu¨ller, a., weller, h., 1994. cds nanoclusters: synthesis, characterization, size dependent oscillator strength, temper-ature shift of the excitonic transition energy, and reversible absorbance shift. j. phys. chem. 98, 7665.
emin, s.m., sogoshi, n., nakabayashi, s., fujihara, t., dushkin, c.d., 2009a. kinetics of photochromic induced energy transfer between manganese-doped zinc–selenide quantum dots and spiropyrans. j. phys. chem. c 113, 3998–4007.
emin, s., sogoshi, n., nakabayashi, s., villeneuve, m., dushkin, c., 2009b. growth kinetics of cds quantum dots and synthesis of their polymer nano-composites in ctab reverse micelles. j. photochem. photobiol. a 207, 173–180.
emin, s., loukanov, a., wakasa, m., nakabayashi, s., kaneko, y., 2010. photostability of water-dispersible cdte quantum dots: capping ligands and oxygen. chem. lett. 39, 654–656..,).
kamat, p.v., 2008. quantum dot solar cells. semiconductor nanocrystals as light harvester. j. phys. chem. c 112, 18737–18753.
hodes, g., 2008. coparison of dye- and semiconductor-sensitized porous nanocrystalline liquid junction solar cells. j. phys. chem. c 112, 17778–17787.
ru¨hle, s., shalom, m., zaban, a., 2010. quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. chem. phys. chem. 11, 2290–2304.
arici, e., sariciftci, n.s., 2004. hybrid solar cells. in: nalwa, h.s. (ed.), . in: encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology, vol. 3. amer-ican scientific publishing, pp. 929–944.
kumar, s., scholes, g.d., 2008. colloidal nanocrystal solar cells. microchim. acta 160, 315–325.
talapin, d.v., lee, j.-s., kovalenko, m.v., shevchenko, e.v., 2010. prospects of colloidal nanocrystals for electronic and optoelectronic applications. chem. rev. 110, 389–458.
johnston, k.w., pattanthyus-abraham, a.g., cliﬀord, j.p., myrskog, s.h., macneil, d.d., levina, l., sargent, e.h., 2008. schottky-quantum dot photovoltaics for eﬃcient infrared power conversion. appl. phys. lett. 92, 151115.
koleilat, g.i., levina, l., shukla, h., myrskog, s.h., hinds, s., pattantyus-abraham, a.g., sargent, e.h., 2008. eﬃcient, stable infrared photovoltaics based on solution-cast colloidal quantum dots. acs nano 2, 833–840.
pattantyus-abraham, a.g., kramer, i.j., barkhouse, a.r., wang, x., konstantatos, g., debnath, r., levina, l., raabe, i., nazeeruddin, m.k., gra¨tzel, m., sargent, e.h., 2010. depleted-heterojunction colloidal quantum dot solar cells. acs nano 4, 3374–3380.
chang, j.a., rhee, j.h., im, s.h., lee, y.h., kim, h.-j., seok ii, s., nazeeruddin, m.k., gra¨tzel, m., 2010. high-performance nanostruc-tured inorganic–organic heterojunction solar cells. nano lett. 10, 2609–2612.
leschkies, k.s., divakar, r., basu, j., enache-pommer, e., boercker, j.e., carter, c.b., kortshagen, u.r., norris, d.j., aydil, e.s., 2007. photosensitization of zno nanowires with cdse quantum dots for photovoltaic devices. nano lett. 7, 1793–1798.
lee, y.-l., huang, b.-m., chien, h.-t., 2008a. highly eﬃcient cdse-sensitized tio2 photoelectrode for quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell applications. chem. mater. 20, 6903–6905.
kongkanand, a., tvrdy, k., takechi, k., kuno, m., kamat, p.v., 2008. quantum dot solar cells. tuning photoresponse through size and shape control of cdse tio2 j. am. chem. soc. 130, 4007–4015.
j. ellingson, o.i. micic, j. blackburn, p. yu, g. rumbles, a.j. nozik, 2002, to be published.
guyot-sionnest, m. shim, c. matranga, m. hines, phys. rev. b 60 (1999) r2181.
i. klimov, a.a. mikhailovsky, d.w. mcbranch, c.a. leatherdale, m.g. bawendi, phys. rev. b 61 (2000) r13349.
zhang q, uchaker e, candelaria sl, cao g. nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage. chem soc rev 2013; 42: 3127 71.
baskoutas s, terzis af. size-dependent band gap of colloidal quantum dots. j appl phys 2006; 99: 013708.
segets d, lucas jm, taylor rnk, scheele m, zheng h, alivisatos ap, et al. determination of the quantum dot band gap dependence on particle size from optical absorbance and transmission electron microscopy measurements. acs nano 2012; 6: 9021 32.


text:
Measurements: 3 x 4.62 inches; or 75 x 118 millimeters.
Back of card: Intricate blue on white pattern.
Booklet included: Yes, 16 pages, 2.75 x 4.25 inches; or 68 x 117 millimeters.
Publisher: U.S. Games. Printed in Belgium.
Comments: One of the most famous & beautifully stylized of tarot decks. For fans of the designer, see his more recent New Palladini Tarot Deck.

lowercased:
measurements: 3 x 4.62 inches; or 75 x 118 millimeters.
back of card: intricate blue on white pattern.
booklet included: yes, 16 pages, 2.75 x 4.25 inches; or 68 x 117 millimeters.
publisher: u.s. games. printed in belgium.
comments: one of the most famous & beautifully stylized of tarot decks. for fans of the designer, see his more recent new palladini tarot deck.


text:
Here you'll find all the factory slow stick parts. Many useful items for many different projects.
For all our special parts, Direct Link Back To: Slow Sticks and Hop Ups.
.400 wide by 8 5/8" long section of double sided tape. Used to mount Slow Stick vertical stab to side of boom. Many other uses possible. Genuine factory replacement part.
10mm x 24" Square Bass Slow Stick Boom Material. Compatible with all GWS Slow Stick and Radical RC Hop Up Kits. Please note, the nature of wood is it''s "natural" and it''s generally less straight than other boom options. Advantages are ease of repair, light weight, easiliy modified and inexpensive. Accepts fasteners readily. Lots of postive aspects to flying woody booms. Price is per pair of sticks. Custom machined for our application. A stock boom is 800mm long and made up of two sections, one 600mm and one 200mm. 48" of material is included, sometimes it's nice to extend the boom an inch or two. Note, this is the wood only, no joiner is included. If you want to purchase a single length or an extra lenth, check our Multi Rotor kit area for individual booms.
Decal Set, use to freshen up an old model or get your new wing looking stock.
Contains, foam safe GWS glue, rubber bands, doubler sticky foam tape, spru with horns, clevis's, pushrod guide, wheel retainers and other misc parts. Useful for the above kits and your scratch builds.
All the nuts, bolts & washers found in a GWS Slow Stick kit in one package. Temporarily out of stock, Factory Back Order.

lowercased:
here you'll find all the factory slow stick parts. many useful items for many different projects.
for all our special parts, direct link back to: slow sticks and hop ups.
.400 wide by 8 5/8" long section of double sided tape. used to mount slow stick vertical stab to side of boom. many other uses possible. genuine factory replacement part.
10mm x 24" square bass slow stick boom material. compatible with all gws slow stick and radical rc hop up kits. please note, the nature of wood is it''s "natural" and it''s generally less straight than other boom options. advantages are ease of repair, light weight, easiliy modified and inexpensive. accepts fasteners readily. lots of postive aspects to flying woody booms. price is per pair of sticks. custom machined for our application. a stock boom is 800mm long and made up of two sections, one 600mm and one 200mm. 48" of material is included, sometimes it's nice to extend the boom an inch or two. note, this is the wood only, no joiner is included. if you want to purchase a single length or an extra lenth, check our multi rotor kit area for individual booms.
decal set, use to freshen up an old model or get your new wing looking stock.
contains, foam safe gws glue, rubber bands, doubler sticky foam tape, spru with horns, clevis's, pushrod guide, wheel retainers and other misc parts. useful for the above kits and your scratch builds.
all the nuts, bolts & washers found in a gws slow stick kit in one package. temporarily out of stock, factory back order.


text:
Minnesota is one of the more progressive states in the United States when it comes to marijuana policy, and continues to make positive adjustments to its cannabis laws.
The state of Minnesota still characterizes all recreational marijuana possession a misdemeanor or felony, but has put policies in place to decriminalize possession of small amounts. Those found in possession of up to 42.5 grams of marijuana may only be punished by a fine of up to $200. Additionally, there is a conditional release policy in place for first time offenders, who can have the offense removed from their record. Offenders may also be required to complete a drug education course.
Those caught in possession of more than 42.5 grams of marijuana face more serious penalties. These crimes are prosecuted as felonies, which can be punished by 5 years or more in jail, and fines of $10,000 or more.
Medical marijuana was legalized in Minnesota with the passing of Senate File 2470 in May 2014. Under the law, the Minnesota Commissioner of Health is tasked with regulating the patient registry and the production and distribution of medical cannabis.
The law allows for the creation of two in-state manufacturers of medical cannabis, each of which opened four dispensaries. There are currently eight operational dispensaries in Minnesota. Home cultivation is not allowed.
A licensed healthcare practitioner must certify qualified patients before they can receive medical cannabis in the state.
Any terminal illness with life expectancy under one year, where the illness or treatment leads to one of the following: Severe, intractable or chronic pain, nausea or severe vomiting, cachexia or severe wasting.
As of July 2018, there are 1,234 approved health care practitioners who can certify medical marijuana patients, and 10,738 patients actively enrolled in Minnesota’s medical marijuana program.
Minnesota did pass “The Industrial Hemp Development Act” in 2015, which categorizes hemp as an “agricultural crop” and empowers the Commission of Agriculture to set up a pilot program to grow industrial hemp at institutions of higher education. The hemp is designated to be grown for research or agricultural purposes only.

lowercased:
minnesota is one of the more progressive states in the united states when it comes to marijuana policy, and continues to make positive adjustments to its cannabis laws.
the state of minnesota still characterizes all recreational marijuana possession a misdemeanor or felony, but has put policies in place to decriminalize possession of small amounts. those found in possession of up to 42.5 grams of marijuana may only be punished by a fine of up to $200. additionally, there is a conditional release policy in place for first time offenders, who can have the offense removed from their record. offenders may also be required to complete a drug education course.
those caught in possession of more than 42.5 grams of marijuana face more serious penalties. these crimes are prosecuted as felonies, which can be punished by 5 years or more in jail, and fines of $10,000 or more.
medical marijuana was legalized in minnesota with the passing of senate file 2470 in may 2014. under the law, the minnesota commissioner of health is tasked with regulating the patient registry and the production and distribution of medical cannabis.
the law allows for the creation of two in-state manufacturers of medical cannabis, each of which opened four dispensaries. there are currently eight operational dispensaries in minnesota. home cultivation is not allowed.
a licensed healthcare practitioner must certify qualified patients before they can receive medical cannabis in the state.
any terminal illness with life expectancy under one year, where the illness or treatment leads to one of the following: severe, intractable or chronic pain, nausea or severe vomiting, cachexia or severe wasting.
as of july 2018, there are 1,234 approved health care practitioners who can certify medical marijuana patients, and 10,738 patients actively enrolled in minnesota’s medical marijuana program.
minnesota did pass “the industrial hemp development act” in 2015, which categorizes hemp as an “agricultural crop” and empowers the commission of agriculture to set up a pilot program to grow industrial hemp at institutions of higher education. the hemp is designated to be grown for research or agricultural purposes only.


text:
Since 1975 , Total Contracting and Landscaping has serviced the entire Niagara Peninsula including St. Catharines, Niagara Falls, Welland, Thorold, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Fort Erie and has been providing the best landscaping services, with superior results. Total Contracting and Landscaping received awards for its designs and workmanship and has gained the respect of other Landscapers, Material providers and its Customers. We have kept up with the trends and new marketplace materials to offer our customers their Total Landscaping dreams and make them real. For these reasons we were awarded “Authorized UniLock Installer“. Total Contracting and Landscaping has the Knowledge Experience and Equipment to handle your Landscaping job. We stands behind our work with a written warranty and can also provide reference clients to speak on our behalf. We specialize in the following: Landscape design and consultation Walkways , Patios, Driveways, Entrances , Poolscapes and Decks Retaining Wall Systems , Armour Stone Wall Systems and Garden walls Fencing Grading , sod work and tree placement If you have a Landscaping project in mind and want a estimate or want to get started on a Landscaping project please click here.
From installation to repair, Concord, ON driveway contractors are responsible for a variety of planning, installation, construction and driveway maintenance services.
Driveway materials. While most driveway contractors in Concord, ON primarily work with asphalt, they are also experts on the wide range of available driveway materials. If you are looking for something different than a standard asphalt driveway, your pro can help you select driveway pavers or customize a brick driveway design.
A driveway installation and maintenance professional may work closely with a Concord, ON builder, landscape professional or various manufacturers and suppliers.
Find a Concord, ON driveway installation and maintenance professional on Houzz. Narrow your search in the Professionals section of the website to Concord, ON driveway installation and maintenance. You may also look through Concord, ON photos to find examples of driveways that you like, then contact the professional or contractor who worked on them.

lowercased:
since 1975 , total contracting and landscaping has serviced the entire niagara peninsula including st. catharines, niagara falls, welland, thorold, niagara-on-the-lake, fort erie and has been providing the best landscaping services, with superior results. total contracting and landscaping received awards for its designs and workmanship and has gained the respect of other landscapers, material providers and its customers. we have kept up with the trends and new marketplace materials to offer our customers their total landscaping dreams and make them real. for these reasons we were awarded “authorized unilock installer“. total contracting and landscaping has the knowledge experience and equipment to handle your landscaping job. we stands behind our work with a written warranty and can also provide reference clients to speak on our behalf. we specialize in the following: landscape design and consultation walkways , patios, driveways, entrances , poolscapes and decks retaining wall systems , armour stone wall systems and garden walls fencing grading , sod work and tree placement if you have a landscaping project in mind and want a estimate or want to get started on a landscaping project please click here.
from installation to repair, concord, on driveway contractors are responsible for a variety of planning, installation, construction and driveway maintenance services.
driveway materials. while most driveway contractors in concord, on primarily work with asphalt, they are also experts on the wide range of available driveway materials. if you are looking for something different than a standard asphalt driveway, your pro can help you select driveway pavers or customize a brick driveway design.
a driveway installation and maintenance professional may work closely with a concord, on builder, landscape professional or various manufacturers and suppliers.
find a concord, on driveway installation and maintenance professional on houzz. narrow your search in the professionals section of the website to concord, on driveway installation and maintenance. you may also look through concord, on photos to find examples of driveways that you like, then contact the professional or contractor who worked on them.


text:
Today, Activision Blizzard is one of the world’s largest video game publishers.
It is known for producing legendary video games for several gaming consoles, mobile gadgets, and computers.
Below is a brief Activision Blizzard history.
Activision Blizzard is an American entertainment company with its headquarters located in Santa Monica, California.
First, the company was known as Activision. It was formed in 1979 and it’s known for developing several video games for the Atari 2600.
For several years, Activision has been evolving in different ways. As it expanded, Activision merged with several companies leading to a massive expansion.
However, the most significant change for the company happened in 2008 when the company merged with Vivendi Games.
The merger was important because Vivendi Games owned a studio known as Blizzard Entertainment.
After the merger of the two companies, both changed their names to Activision Blizzard.
However, Vivendi Games was the main shareholder, with a stake of 52 percent.
The company is divided into several units that include Blizzard Entertainment, Activision, King Digital Entertainment, Activision Blizzard studios, and Major League gaming.
• Activision – develops, distributes and also circulates immersive interactive-entertainment for video game consoles, PC’s tablets and mobile devices.
This includes bestseller franchises such as “Destiny” and “Call of Duty”.
• Blizzard Entertainment – also develops, distributes and circulates several iconic entertainment experiences that include “StarCraft”, “Diablo”, “Warcraft”, “Heroes of the Storm”, “Hearthstone”, and many others.
• King Digital Entertainment – is tasked in creating leading interactive-entertainment for the mobile world.
Since there are more than two hundred fun titles, the King Digital Entertainment franchises include “Candy Crush”, “Bubble Witch”, “Per-Rescue” and “Farm Heroes”.
• Major League Gaming – creates new strategy platforms for Activision Blizzard in order to deliver the best player experiences across all the platforms, games and geographies.
• Activision Blizzard Studios – creates original films and television content based on their unique library of iconic media.
At the moment, there are many popular video games that have been released by the company.
Some of them include Call of Duty, Destiny, World of Warcraft, Candy Crush Saga and Guitar Hero among many others.
In 2015, Activision Blizzard joined the S&P 500 stock market. Since that year, the stock price of the company has risen dramatically.
* Destiny is one of Activation Blizzard new franchises. It is reported that Activision Blizzard invested more than a billion dollars to design and develop it.
Happily, destiny made more than 500 million dollars on the day of its release.
* Guitar Hero III is Activation’s 1st video game to reach a gigantic milestone.
Some reports claimed that Guitar Hero III is the third-largest game after the Madden series and Mario.
* Activision Blizzard has already sold more than 300 million Sky-landers toys.
* Activision Blizzard is among the first independent video game software developer. Some of its first games included “River Raid”, “Kaboom”, and “Pitfall”.
* Activision owns an e-Sport organization. It bought Major League Gaming for around 46 million dollars.
* Today, Activision Blizzard owns around 18 game studios. Some studios owned include Raven Software, Infinity Ward, Toys for Bobs, and Sierra among many others.
Activision Blizzard is one of the most successful interactive-entertainment companies.
As of 2017, it was the largest video game company in the United States and Europe both in revenue and market capitalization.

lowercased:
today, activision blizzard is one of the world’s largest video game publishers.
it is known for producing legendary video games for several gaming consoles, mobile gadgets, and computers.
below is a brief activision blizzard history.
activision blizzard is an american entertainment company with its headquarters located in santa monica, california.
first, the company was known as activision. it was formed in 1979 and it’s known for developing several video games for the atari 2600.
for several years, activision has been evolving in different ways. as it expanded, activision merged with several companies leading to a massive expansion.
however, the most significant change for the company happened in 2008 when the company merged with vivendi games.
the merger was important because vivendi games owned a studio known as blizzard entertainment.
after the merger of the two companies, both changed their names to activision blizzard.
however, vivendi games was the main shareholder, with a stake of 52 percent.
the company is divided into several units that include blizzard entertainment, activision, king digital entertainment, activision blizzard studios, and major league gaming.
• activision – develops, distributes and also circulates immersive interactive-entertainment for video game consoles, pc’s tablets and mobile devices.
this includes bestseller franchises such as “destiny” and “call of duty”.
• blizzard entertainment – also develops, distributes and circulates several iconic entertainment experiences that include “starcraft”, “diablo”, “warcraft”, “heroes of the storm”, “hearthstone”, and many others.
• king digital entertainment – is tasked in creating leading interactive-entertainment for the mobile world.
since there are more than two hundred fun titles, the king digital entertainment franchises include “candy crush”, “bubble witch”, “per-rescue” and “farm heroes”.
• major league gaming – creates new strategy platforms for activision blizzard in order to deliver the best player experiences across all the platforms, games and geographies.
• activision blizzard studios – creates original films and television content based on their unique library of iconic media.
at the moment, there are many popular video games that have been released by the company.
some of them include call of duty, destiny, world of warcraft, candy crush saga and guitar hero among many others.
in 2015, activision blizzard joined the s&p 500 stock market. since that year, the stock price of the company has risen dramatically.
* destiny is one of activation blizzard new franchises. it is reported that activision blizzard invested more than a billion dollars to design and develop it.
happily, destiny made more than 500 million dollars on the day of its release.
* guitar hero iii is activation’s 1st video game to reach a gigantic milestone.
some reports claimed that guitar hero iii is the third-largest game after the madden series and mario.
* activision blizzard has already sold more than 300 million sky-landers toys.
* activision blizzard is among the first independent video game software developer. some of its first games included “river raid”, “kaboom”, and “pitfall”.
* activision owns an e-sport organization. it bought major league gaming for around 46 million dollars.
* today, activision blizzard owns around 18 game studios. some studios owned include raven software, infinity ward, toys for bobs, and sierra among many others.
activision blizzard is one of the most successful interactive-entertainment companies.
as of 2017, it was the largest video game company in the united states and europe both in revenue and market capitalization.


text: With the scary season coming up, thoughts naturally turn to bats, and what better bat than the Caped Crusader himself, Batman? Everybody knows the symbol of the Dark Knight, but would you know Tim Burton’s Logo from Christopher Nolan’s? Here’s a video that traces the evolution of Batman’s symbol over his 60 year history.

lowercased: with the scary season coming up, thoughts naturally turn to bats, and what better bat than the caped crusader himself, batman? everybody knows the symbol of the dark knight, but would you know tim burton’s logo from christopher nolan’s? here’s a video that traces the evolution of batman’s symbol over his 60 year history.


text:
Gorman-Rupp sets the industry standard in heavy duty solids-handling trash pumps for all your construction and rental needs. These pumps feature a removable cover plate that provides easy access to the impeller for inspection or service. Every pump is factory-tested for long lasting, trouble free operation.
Gorman-Rupp Priming-Assisted pumps are the perfect solution for applications where intermittent flow can be a problem. These pumps feature our positive priming system that allows the pumps to run dry continuously without causing damage. The priming system virtually eliminates leaks, reducing environmental concerns and giving the unique capability to operate under flooded-suction staging conditions.
Gorman-Rupp submersible pumps are designed for efficient operation in both dewatering and solids-handling applications, while remaining out-of-sight, beneath the fluid’s surface. Available with both electric and hydraulic-driven motors and including versions rated for standard and hazardous locations, there are models available to meet most pumping requirements.

lowercased:
gorman-rupp sets the industry standard in heavy duty solids-handling trash pumps for all your construction and rental needs. these pumps feature a removable cover plate that provides easy access to the impeller for inspection or service. every pump is factory-tested for long lasting, trouble free operation.
gorman-rupp priming-assisted pumps are the perfect solution for applications where intermittent flow can be a problem. these pumps feature our positive priming system that allows the pumps to run dry continuously without causing damage. the priming system virtually eliminates leaks, reducing environmental concerns and giving the unique capability to operate under flooded-suction staging conditions.
gorman-rupp submersible pumps are designed for efficient operation in both dewatering and solids-handling applications, while remaining out-of-sight, beneath the fluid’s surface. available with both electric and hydraulic-driven motors and including versions rated for standard and hazardous locations, there are models available to meet most pumping requirements.


text:
Links and subcategories within the Buttrio section are provided below.
Specialises in mechanical constructions and machining. Includes company presentation, products and contact information.

lowercased:
links and subcategories within the buttrio section are provided below.
specialises in mechanical constructions and machining. includes company presentation, products and contact information.


text:
See other types of restaurants & cuisines in Oak Park, including area Grill and Ribs.
In nearby Berwyn, take a look at a number of other restaurants, including Café Palermo and Majorette Restaurant.
Don't forget to check out the many restaurants located in and around Riverside, IL and Elmwood Park, IL.

lowercased:
see other types of restaurants & cuisines in oak park, including area grill and ribs.
in nearby berwyn, take a look at a number of other restaurants, including café palermo and majorette restaurant.
don't forget to check out the many restaurants located in and around riverside, il and elmwood park, il.


text:
C Corp Conversion – Most startups are LLCs (or should be) and as part of raising institutional capital have to convert to a C Corp (essentially can never be converted back). A C Corp has more complexity, double taxation on profits, and more annual paperwork but doesn’t pass through profits or losses (required by institutional investors for a variety of reasons).
Quarterly Board Meetings – Most entrepreneurs don’t have a formal board or board meetings until after raising institutional capital. Board meetings, and the process of preparing for board meetings, are useful exercises for entrepreneurs when the business is scaling.
Constantly Raising Money – Once the first round is done, the entrepreneur has entered the fundraising race track and can’t get off until the race is won or the keys have been handed over to a hired CEO. The entrepreneur is expected to raise money every 18-24 months (if not sooner).
Focus on Growth Above All Else – Growth, growth, growth. Other aspects of the business are still important but every strategic conversation includes how to grow faster.
Exit Timeline – The clock is ticking. Investors need to see a return in 3-5 years (and absolutely no later than 7-10 years). An exit isn’t required tomorrow but it’s somewhere in the mid-range future.
Raising venture capital changes a startup by heightening the focus and sense of urgency to create value. These are five basic ways the business is changed.
What else? What are some more ways raising venture capital changes a business?

lowercased:
c corp conversion – most startups are llcs (or should be) and as part of raising institutional capital have to convert to a c corp (essentially can never be converted back). a c corp has more complexity, double taxation on profits, and more annual paperwork but doesn’t pass through profits or losses (required by institutional investors for a variety of reasons).
quarterly board meetings – most entrepreneurs don’t have a formal board or board meetings until after raising institutional capital. board meetings, and the process of preparing for board meetings, are useful exercises for entrepreneurs when the business is scaling.
constantly raising money – once the first round is done, the entrepreneur has entered the fundraising race track and can’t get off until the race is won or the keys have been handed over to a hired ceo. the entrepreneur is expected to raise money every 18-24 months (if not sooner).
focus on growth above all else – growth, growth, growth. other aspects of the business are still important but every strategic conversation includes how to grow faster.
exit timeline – the clock is ticking. investors need to see a return in 3-5 years (and absolutely no later than 7-10 years). an exit isn’t required tomorrow but it’s somewhere in the mid-range future.
raising venture capital changes a startup by heightening the focus and sense of urgency to create value. these are five basic ways the business is changed.
what else? what are some more ways raising venture capital changes a business?


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Our On Top of Tax series is designed to help senior finance professionals keep up to date with the latest changes in UK business tax.
Join us for our next Thames Valley On Top of Tax breakfast seminar which will be held on Thursday 16 May at the Holiday Inn, High Wycombe.
We are now approaching the sharp edge of BREXIT, with rapid change and significant risk to business – we will update you on the very latest position, possible outcomes and the actions that business should be taking now to protect themselves in a post BREXIT environment.
Following recent changes to the Entrepreneurs' Relief rules, where are we now?
We will be looking at current hot issues with this valuable relief and also how a company’s approach to R&D work can impact on its intellectual property strategy. Who directs the R&D, where the activity is carried out and who bears the costs will all influence where intellectual property created will be recognised for tax purposes. This can have a consequential impact on a group’s transfer pricing policies and tax strategy.
Tax is increasingly on the Board agenda and of strategic and business importance. There is increased regulation and transparency around tax, with associated legislation to comply with and reputational risks to manage. It is therefore more important than ever that companies are effectively and proactively managing their tax position and are aware of their obligations and risks. We will provide an update on the tax risk and governance environment and explore certain topical aspects in detail.
Please register below to join us at this event or contact us with any tax enquiries you may have.

lowercased:
our on top of tax series is designed to help senior finance professionals keep up to date with the latest changes in uk business tax.
join us for our next thames valley on top of tax breakfast seminar which will be held on thursday 16 may at the holiday inn, high wycombe.
we are now approaching the sharp edge of brexit, with rapid change and significant risk to business – we will update you on the very latest position, possible outcomes and the actions that business should be taking now to protect themselves in a post brexit environment.
following recent changes to the entrepreneurs' relief rules, where are we now?
we will be looking at current hot issues with this valuable relief and also how a company’s approach to r&d work can impact on its intellectual property strategy. who directs the r&d, where the activity is carried out and who bears the costs will all influence where intellectual property created will be recognised for tax purposes. this can have a consequential impact on a group’s transfer pricing policies and tax strategy.
tax is increasingly on the board agenda and of strategic and business importance. there is increased regulation and transparency around tax, with associated legislation to comply with and reputational risks to manage. it is therefore more important than ever that companies are effectively and proactively managing their tax position and are aware of their obligations and risks. we will provide an update on the tax risk and governance environment and explore certain topical aspects in detail.
please register below to join us at this event or contact us with any tax enquiries you may have.


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By far the largest portion of the results are taken up by Health Informatics, which are not always elaborated upon or refined further in the abstracts. These range from designing virtual services for Older People (Mcloughlin, Ian, et al. (2008)), to the use of artificial intelligence to improve health communication (Neuhauser, L., et al. (2013)), as examples.
Second is the application of the Telehealth/care/med code. Telehealth, Telecare and Telemedicine have different focuses in their application. Telehealth and Telemedicine are counted as the same thing in the United Kingdom (RCN, 2015)*, and are concerned with the remote monitoring of physiological data for use by health professionals. Telecare technologies involve the use of alarms, sensors and other equipment to monitor domestic environments and provide local feedback of a person’s condition, with the ability to reach others with pertinent information about the person’s health condition. The application of this code under Digital Artefacts denotes research that had as it’s primary focus the development of the intangible aspects of these systems. A sister code under the Physical Products outputs denotes articles chiefly concerned with the tangible aspects of these technologies.
As with the code for Telehealth/care/med, the Games code has a sister code under Physical Products, with the same criteria defining it’s application.
The abstracts that are coded as Not Specified include Macdonald A, Loudon D, (2011) & Storni, C (2013), with both of these abstracts having a focus more on the project methodology, setting and population than the specifics of the output.
There is a strong drive in health and social care to leverage the power offered by the digital revolution, and whilst health informatics is a long standing companion to heath care provision, the use of design, and specifically user-centred design, offers the possibility of how informatics interacts with the multiple stakeholders in healthcare to deliver services that support clinical practice rather than dictate it. Telehealth is often seen as a panacea for delivering cost effective healthcare, but an argument might be that this ideal will only be released if it is well designed, with the necessary attention to the lived experience of those who might use it.

lowercased:
by far the largest portion of the results are taken up by health informatics, which are not always elaborated upon or refined further in the abstracts. these range from designing virtual services for older people (mcloughlin, ian, et al. (2008)), to the use of artificial intelligence to improve health communication (neuhauser, l., et al. (2013)), as examples.
second is the application of the telehealth/care/med code. telehealth, telecare and telemedicine have different focuses in their application. telehealth and telemedicine are counted as the same thing in the united kingdom (rcn, 2015)*, and are concerned with the remote monitoring of physiological data for use by health professionals. telecare technologies involve the use of alarms, sensors and other equipment to monitor domestic environments and provide local feedback of a person’s condition, with the ability to reach others with pertinent information about the person’s health condition. the application of this code under digital artefacts denotes research that had as it’s primary focus the development of the intangible aspects of these systems. a sister code under the physical products outputs denotes articles chiefly concerned with the tangible aspects of these technologies.
as with the code for telehealth/care/med, the games code has a sister code under physical products, with the same criteria defining it’s application.
the abstracts that are coded as not specified include macdonald a, loudon d, (2011) & storni, c (2013), with both of these abstracts having a focus more on the project methodology, setting and population than the specifics of the output.
there is a strong drive in health and social care to leverage the power offered by the digital revolution, and whilst health informatics is a long standing companion to heath care provision, the use of design, and specifically user-centred design, offers the possibility of how informatics interacts with the multiple stakeholders in healthcare to deliver services that support clinical practice rather than dictate it. telehealth is often seen as a panacea for delivering cost effective healthcare, but an argument might be that this ideal will only be released if it is well designed, with the necessary attention to the lived experience of those who might use it.


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Looking for the verb phrase soñar con ser instead?
A Pedro le gustaba mucho cantar. Soñaba con ser un cantante famoso y actuar en grandes estadios.Pedro liked singing a lot. He dreamed of being a famous singer and performing in big stadiums.
Celia estaba harta de su día a día. Soñaba con ser libre en algún lugar lejos de allí.Celia was fed up with her daily life. She dreamed of being free somewhere far away from there.
Pamela soñaba con ser abogada o doctora.Pamela dreamed of being a lawyer or a doctor.
Ha dicho en diversas entrevistas que cuando empezó soñaba con ser una autora de prestigio.You've said in different interviews that when you started you dreamed of being a prestigious author.

lowercased:
looking for the verb phrase soñar con ser instead?
a pedro le gustaba mucho cantar. soñaba con ser un cantante famoso y actuar en grandes estadios.pedro liked singing a lot. he dreamed of being a famous singer and performing in big stadiums.
celia estaba harta de su día a día. soñaba con ser libre en algún lugar lejos de allí.celia was fed up with her daily life. she dreamed of being free somewhere far away from there.
pamela soñaba con ser abogada o doctora.pamela dreamed of being a lawyer or a doctor.
ha dicho en diversas entrevistas que cuando empezó soñaba con ser una autora de prestigio.you've said in different interviews that when you started you dreamed of being a prestigious author.


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One of the coolest character designs of the early G.I. Joe era was Destro. Destro, while often grouped with Cobra, was actually an independent arms dealer who sold weapons to Cobra but maintained his own independence and actually had his own army in the Iron Grenadiers. The vac-metal mask of the Destro figure really set it apart from other figures in the line and still to this day is one of the most visually striking action figures.
Destro's backpack opened up to reveal other weapons molded inside.
Destro came with a small pistol and a square backpack that opened up to reveal more guns inside (though sadly molded in and not removable). Destro also stood slightly taller than the other circa 1982-83 G.I. Joe figures.
I loved the figure as a kid. I don't remember the day I actually bought him but I do remember having him in my collection very early on so I probably bought him sometime in 1983.
A better view of the HINGED backpack.
1983 Destro beside a circa 25th Anniversary Destro figure. I really hate the black mask destro and I'm not sure why he's in my collection. i think he came in a multi-pack or something.
Please consider supporting us at Patreon. In addition to helping us build a bigger and better WhenItWasCool.com you will get tons of cool member perks. Thank you and take a look!

lowercased:
one of the coolest character designs of the early g.i. joe era was destro. destro, while often grouped with cobra, was actually an independent arms dealer who sold weapons to cobra but maintained his own independence and actually had his own army in the iron grenadiers. the vac-metal mask of the destro figure really set it apart from other figures in the line and still to this day is one of the most visually striking action figures.
destro's backpack opened up to reveal other weapons molded inside.
destro came with a small pistol and a square backpack that opened up to reveal more guns inside (though sadly molded in and not removable). destro also stood slightly taller than the other circa 1982-83 g.i. joe figures.
i loved the figure as a kid. i don't remember the day i actually bought him but i do remember having him in my collection very early on so i probably bought him sometime in 1983.
a better view of the hinged backpack.
1983 destro beside a circa 25th anniversary destro figure. i really hate the black mask destro and i'm not sure why he's in my collection. i think he came in a multi-pack or something.
please consider supporting us at patreon. in addition to helping us build a bigger and better whenitwascool.com you will get tons of cool member perks. thank you and take a look!


text:
A few of the icons at the top of the page (FAQ and onward) have incorrect links. The FAQ icon links to an IRC portal, while the Rules icon links to the FAQ. The Search icon links to the Rules page, and the Credits icon links to the Search page. Site, Forums and User CP work as intended though.
Either they've been fixed, or it's only you having this problem, because all the icons are working just fine for me.
it could be cause by using a specific theme. Vanilla is messed up, I think.
Yeah, it's the Vanilla theme.
Hm. Seems like False Dawn is messed up, but Morning is fine. Still, the icons should be fixed in the former, seeing as it's the forum default.
Not usre about the others.
Not sure how this happened, but it's fixed. Thanks for reporting.

lowercased:
a few of the icons at the top of the page (faq and onward) have incorrect links. the faq icon links to an irc portal, while the rules icon links to the faq. the search icon links to the rules page, and the credits icon links to the search page. site, forums and user cp work as intended though.
either they've been fixed, or it's only you having this problem, because all the icons are working just fine for me.
it could be cause by using a specific theme. vanilla is messed up, i think.
yeah, it's the vanilla theme.
hm. seems like false dawn is messed up, but morning is fine. still, the icons should be fixed in the former, seeing as it's the forum default.
not usre about the others.
not sure how this happened, but it's fixed. thanks for reporting.


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Another well made wallpaper! I really like the idea of donating half the revenue, so I purchased it right away (and come on, let's be honest, I was going to any way)!
I've enjoyed a lot of your work. I think, if you had the time, it would be nice to have a work-in-progress page to see what to look forward to, and/or a place to leave suggestions!

lowercased:
another well made wallpaper! i really like the idea of donating half the revenue, so i purchased it right away (and come on, let's be honest, i was going to any way)!
i've enjoyed a lot of your work. i think, if you had the time, it would be nice to have a work-in-progress page to see what to look forward to, and/or a place to leave suggestions!


text:
Are you interested in a quick quote for part number 109-0342-41-109? Part number 109-0342-41-109 is a Channel manufactured by Agusta Helicopter. In less than 15 minutes, we can get you the most competitive quote on the market.
Are you interested in learning more about part number 109-0342-41-109? If so, feel free to call us at our toll-free number, +1-714-705-4780, or email us at sales@aviationsourcingsolutions.com. We’re always available and ready to help, 24/7x365.

lowercased:
are you interested in a quick quote for part number 109-0342-41-109? part number 109-0342-41-109 is a channel manufactured by agusta helicopter. in less than 15 minutes, we can get you the most competitive quote on the market.
are you interested in learning more about part number 109-0342-41-109? if so, feel free to call us at our toll-free number, +1-714-705-4780, or email us at sales@aviationsourcingsolutions.com. we’re always available and ready to help, 24/7x365.


text:
Over the last few decades, the sport of mixed martial arts has become one of the most beloved sports in the world. From its origins as being a seldom-covered niche sport, to its current status as one of the premier combat sports in the world, MMA is showing no signs of slowing down.
The sport has been fueled not only by the artistic and technical brutality of it, but also by its tremendous champions. These stars have become household names, both because of their superiority in the Octagon and their larger-than-life personalities. Here are some of the most decorated MMA fighters.
Already decorated in the world of judo (she won the bronze at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing), Ronda Rousey made her mixed martial arts debut in 2010. She turned pro in 2011 and proceeded to run roughshod through the sport in a way no other female fighter has done before or since.
Rousey would earn the distinction of being the first female fighter to join the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). She would defend her bantamweight belt six times in the UFC from 2013 to 2015, only once going past the first round. A master in the area of striking, grappling and submission, nine of her 12 professional victories were accomplished in under a minute.
Rousey did much more for the sport of MMA than simply dominate in the cage. Her star power grew beyond the Octagon, as she appeared in several blockbuster films and is currently in the WWE. She is a huge reason the women’s division of the UFC has grown to what it is today.
Georges St-Pierre is a French-Canadian mixed martial artist who has dominated the welterweight division for over a decade. A black belt in several different forms of martial arts, St-Pierre is a master tactician able to adapt to any style and wear an opponent down with his enormous array of moves. Many of his fights have been won as a result of a unanimous decision by the judges, proving that he is playing chess while his opponents are playing checkers.
The UFC record books are filled with Georges St-Pierre’s name. He is currently tied with Michael Bisping for the most victories in UFC history. He is also the all-time leader in takedowns, wins by decision, bantamweight title defenses and consecutive bantamweight title defenses. Due to the technical nature of his fighting style, he has aged gracefully in the Octagon, seemingly never losing a step. The 36-year-old is open to fighting again if the right opportunity presents itself. Hopefully, we will get the opportunity to see this all-time great in action again.
This Brazilian mixed martial artist, nicknamed “The Spider,” is one of the greatest ever both for his dominance and his longevity. He currently holds the UFC records for most knockdowns, most title victories and longest winnings streak. He has been a mainstay in the middleweight and light heavyweight division for over a decade.
Silva is one of the most versatile fighters MMA has ever seen. Unlike some champions, whose victories usually occur in a specific fashion, Silva has won fights in a variety of ways throughout his career. He is an elite striker and counter-striker and has a developed ground game. He also has the ability to switch from fighting orthodox to southpaw, without it compromising his performance. Simply put, “The Spider” can beat you in many different ways and continues to hold his own in the Octagon at the age of 42.
It is because of iconic fighters like these that the sport of mixed martial arts continues to grow in popularity. Today, boys and girls everywhere can look up to the likes of Ronda Rousey, Georges St-Pierre or Anderson Silva for inspiration to become a combat athlete themselves (hopefully they have mouthguards and athletic cups to protect themselves in the ring). These champions transcended the confines of their sport, becoming heroes in their countries for their tremendous accomplishments.
Somewhere out there, the next Ronda Rousey is watching YouTube clips of her dominating an opponent in under a minute. At the same time, a young boy is studying the flawless techniques of Georges St-Pierre and Anderson Silva, trying to understand what made them so great. MMA has been fortunate enough to feature these tremendous athletes. Who knows what the next generation of stars will accomplish in this incredible sport?

lowercased:
over the last few decades, the sport of mixed martial arts has become one of the most beloved sports in the world. from its origins as being a seldom-covered niche sport, to its current status as one of the premier combat sports in the world, mma is showing no signs of slowing down.
the sport has been fueled not only by the artistic and technical brutality of it, but also by its tremendous champions. these stars have become household names, both because of their superiority in the octagon and their larger-than-life personalities. here are some of the most decorated mma fighters.
already decorated in the world of judo (she won the bronze at the 2008 summer olympics in beijing), ronda rousey made her mixed martial arts debut in 2010. she turned pro in 2011 and proceeded to run roughshod through the sport in a way no other female fighter has done before or since.
rousey would earn the distinction of being the first female fighter to join the ultimate fighting championship (ufc). she would defend her bantamweight belt six times in the ufc from 2013 to 2015, only once going past the first round. a master in the area of striking, grappling and submission, nine of her 12 professional victories were accomplished in under a minute.
rousey did much more for the sport of mma than simply dominate in the cage. her star power grew beyond the octagon, as she appeared in several blockbuster films and is currently in the wwe. she is a huge reason the women’s division of the ufc has grown to what it is today.
georges st-pierre is a french-canadian mixed martial artist who has dominated the welterweight division for over a decade. a black belt in several different forms of martial arts, st-pierre is a master tactician able to adapt to any style and wear an opponent down with his enormous array of moves. many of his fights have been won as a result of a unanimous decision by the judges, proving that he is playing chess while his opponents are playing checkers.
the ufc record books are filled with georges st-pierre’s name. he is currently tied with michael bisping for the most victories in ufc history. he is also the all-time leader in takedowns, wins by decision, bantamweight title defenses and consecutive bantamweight title defenses. due to the technical nature of his fighting style, he has aged gracefully in the octagon, seemingly never losing a step. the 36-year-old is open to fighting again if the right opportunity presents itself. hopefully, we will get the opportunity to see this all-time great in action again.
this brazilian mixed martial artist, nicknamed “the spider,” is one of the greatest ever both for his dominance and his longevity. he currently holds the ufc records for most knockdowns, most title victories and longest winnings streak. he has been a mainstay in the middleweight and light heavyweight division for over a decade.
silva is one of the most versatile fighters mma has ever seen. unlike some champions, whose victories usually occur in a specific fashion, silva has won fights in a variety of ways throughout his career. he is an elite striker and counter-striker and has a developed ground game. he also has the ability to switch from fighting orthodox to southpaw, without it compromising his performance. simply put, “the spider” can beat you in many different ways and continues to hold his own in the octagon at the age of 42.
it is because of iconic fighters like these that the sport of mixed martial arts continues to grow in popularity. today, boys and girls everywhere can look up to the likes of ronda rousey, georges st-pierre or anderson silva for inspiration to become a combat athlete themselves (hopefully they have mouthguards and athletic cups to protect themselves in the ring). these champions transcended the confines of their sport, becoming heroes in their countries for their tremendous accomplishments.
somewhere out there, the next ronda rousey is watching youtube clips of her dominating an opponent in under a minute. at the same time, a young boy is studying the flawless techniques of georges st-pierre and anderson silva, trying to understand what made them so great. mma has been fortunate enough to feature these tremendous athletes. who knows what the next generation of stars will accomplish in this incredible sport?