text:
Johnson I*, Liu H. A Study on Factors Affecting the Degradation of Magnesium and A Magnesium-Yttrium Alloy for Biomedical Applications. PLOS ONE. 8(6): e65603, 2013.
Abstract - Controlling degradation of magnesium or its alloys in physiological saline solutions is essential for their potential applications in clinically viable implants. Rapid degradation of magnesium-based materials reduces the mechanical properties of implants prematurely and severely increases alkalinity of the local environment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of three interactive factors on magnesium degradation, specifically, the addition of yttrium to form a magnesium-yttrium alloy versus pure magnesium, the metallic versus oxide surfaces, and the presence versus absence of physiological salt ions in the immersion solution. In the immersion solution of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded the slowest, followed by pure magnesium with metallic or oxide surfaces, and the magnesium-yttrium alloy with oxide surface degraded the fastest. However, in deionized (DI) water, the degradation rate showed a different trend. Specifically, pure magnesium with metallic or oxide surfaces degraded the slowest, followed by the magnesium-yttrium alloy with oxide surface, and the magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded the fastest. Interestingly, only magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded slower in PBS than in DI water, while all the other samples degraded faster in PBS than in DI water. Clearly, the results showed that the alloy composition, presence or absence of surface oxide layer, and presence or absence of physiological salt ions in the immersion solution all influenced the degradation rate and mode. Moreover, these three factors showed statistically significant interactions. This study revealed the complex interrelationships among these factors and their respective contributions to degradation for the first time. The results of this study not only improved our understanding of magnesium degradation in physiological environment, but also presented the key factors to consider in order to satisfy the degradation requirements for next-generation biodegradable implants and devices.

lowercased:
johnson i*, liu h. a study on factors affecting the degradation of magnesium and a magnesium-yttrium alloy for biomedical applications. plos one. 8(6): e65603, 2013.
abstract - controlling degradation of magnesium or its alloys in physiological saline solutions is essential for their potential applications in clinically viable implants. rapid degradation of magnesium-based materials reduces the mechanical properties of implants prematurely and severely increases alkalinity of the local environment. therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of three interactive factors on magnesium degradation, specifically, the addition of yttrium to form a magnesium-yttrium alloy versus pure magnesium, the metallic versus oxide surfaces, and the presence versus absence of physiological salt ions in the immersion solution. in the immersion solution of phosphate buffered saline (pbs), the magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded the slowest, followed by pure magnesium with metallic or oxide surfaces, and the magnesium-yttrium alloy with oxide surface degraded the fastest. however, in deionized (di) water, the degradation rate showed a different trend. specifically, pure magnesium with metallic or oxide surfaces degraded the slowest, followed by the magnesium-yttrium alloy with oxide surface, and the magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded the fastest. interestingly, only magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded slower in pbs than in di water, while all the other samples degraded faster in pbs than in di water. clearly, the results showed that the alloy composition, presence or absence of surface oxide layer, and presence or absence of physiological salt ions in the immersion solution all influenced the degradation rate and mode. moreover, these three factors showed statistically significant interactions. this study revealed the complex interrelationships among these factors and their respective contributions to degradation for the first time. the results of this study not only improved our understanding of magnesium degradation in physiological environment, but also presented the key factors to consider in order to satisfy the degradation requirements for next-generation biodegradable implants and devices.


text:
Pharmacists may soon be extended prescribing rights if all goes to plan, and PSA National President Dr Shane Jackson is positive it will.
“In my view, pharmacist prescribing is imminent. There’s no reason we can’t have pharmacists prescribing,” he told AJP at APP2018.
“Most likely the first step would be collaborative prescribing, so in partnership with medical practitioners and within hospital institutions and others, by 2020. So prescribing by 2020 is absolutely achievable.
“We see that the Pharmacy Board is going to conduct a consultation forum in the middle of the year.
This includes opportunities for S3s with certain conditions attached, for example, the oral contraceptive pill, medications for erectile dysfunction and triptans for migraine, he said.
As medicines experts, “it’s actually a travesty that pharmacists haven’t had prescribing rights,” he added.
The Pharmacy Practitioner Development Committee says it is currently working with the Pharmacy Board of Australia to canvass options for prescribing by pharmacists, which are consistent with the Health Professionals Prescribing Pathway and taking into account the Prescribing Competencies Framework.
Consultation with interested stakeholders is expected to take place in the first half of 2018.
A 2017 study on pharmacist prescribing showed that a clinical expert panel comprising GPs, general medicine doctors and doctors specialising in hypertension management, rated the vast majority of pharmacotherapy recommendations by pharmacists to be “appropriate”.
The Australian study concluded that there was potential for pharmacist prescribing with the necessary training and within the appropriate context, especially for health scenarios that were not complex.
It also identified the potential for pharmacist prescribing to provide seamless care, particularly around continuation of maintenance therapy or therapeutic adjustment (e.g. adjustment of doses).
“With an ageing population and under-resourced health system (GP shortages), the absence of a prescribing function is a contributor to poor patient management and specifically poor medication adherence,” said the authors, Associate Professor Beata Bajorek and Professor Ines Krass from UTS and the University of Sydney.
Dr Jackson thinks the decision just makes sense.
“Pharmacists are the most trained of any healthcare professional around medicines, so why shouldn’t we have pharmacists prescribing?” he says.
“We have optometrists prescribing, we have physiotherapists prescribing, and other groups.
“It’s a matter of showing the policymakers and the key decision makers around why having pharmacists prescribing will improve access to care and actually improve the quality of care.

lowercased:
pharmacists may soon be extended prescribing rights if all goes to plan, and psa national president dr shane jackson is positive it will.
“in my view, pharmacist prescribing is imminent. there’s no reason we can’t have pharmacists prescribing,” he told ajp at app2018.
“most likely the first step would be collaborative prescribing, so in partnership with medical practitioners and within hospital institutions and others, by 2020. so prescribing by 2020 is absolutely achievable.
“we see that the pharmacy board is going to conduct a consultation forum in the middle of the year.
this includes opportunities for s3s with certain conditions attached, for example, the oral contraceptive pill, medications for erectile dysfunction and triptans for migraine, he said.
as medicines experts, “it’s actually a travesty that pharmacists haven’t had prescribing rights,” he added.
the pharmacy practitioner development committee says it is currently working with the pharmacy board of australia to canvass options for prescribing by pharmacists, which are consistent with the health professionals prescribing pathway and taking into account the prescribing competencies framework.
consultation with interested stakeholders is expected to take place in the first half of 2018.
a 2017 study on pharmacist prescribing showed that a clinical expert panel comprising gps, general medicine doctors and doctors specialising in hypertension management, rated the vast majority of pharmacotherapy recommendations by pharmacists to be “appropriate”.
the australian study concluded that there was potential for pharmacist prescribing with the necessary training and within the appropriate context, especially for health scenarios that were not complex.
it also identified the potential for pharmacist prescribing to provide seamless care, particularly around continuation of maintenance therapy or therapeutic adjustment (e.g. adjustment of doses).
“with an ageing population and under-resourced health system (gp shortages), the absence of a prescribing function is a contributor to poor patient management and specifically poor medication adherence,” said the authors, associate professor beata bajorek and professor ines krass from uts and the university of sydney.
dr jackson thinks the decision just makes sense.
“pharmacists are the most trained of any healthcare professional around medicines, so why shouldn’t we have pharmacists prescribing?” he says.
“we have optometrists prescribing, we have physiotherapists prescribing, and other groups.
“it’s a matter of showing the policymakers and the key decision makers around why having pharmacists prescribing will improve access to care and actually improve the quality of care.


text:
In November, Dubai won its bid to host the World Expo 2020. The city beat competition from Ekaterinburg in Russia, Izmir in Turkey and Sao Paolo in Brazil. Although the decision wasn't widely reported around the world, here in Dubai, the city went crazy.
The announcement was made late evening our time, and within minutes, the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa, was lit up by fireworks. Shortly after that, the ruler, Sheikh Mohammad bin Rashid Al-Matktoum, announced that all schools were to be given the day off in celebration.
The last-minute decision created a flurry of activity, as schools desperately tried to contact parents letting them know; messages flew around on email and text from schools, but in reality, the children were way ahead of the adults, and already contacting their mates with the news over BBM, text, and Skype.
So what does this mean for Dubai and the UAE? Well, the emirate will spend $7bn on the direct infrastructure it needs for Expo 2020 and it is likely to create around 277,000 jobs between now and 2021, when the six-month exhibition finishes.
It means more people coming here to live and work, more visas being processed, more companies bidding for work or supplying services and as this business activity increases, quietly in the background, it means data. Lots of data. Data on spending, on new residents, on schemes to prepare for the Expo, on the utility needs this sudden growth creates and so on.
For the IT industry, the surge in the data that companies want to analyse means more demand for software, hardware and services.
Dubai and the wider UAE recovered pretty quickly from the economic downturn. It kept spending on big infrastructure schemes and benefited economically from some of the tragedy happening elsewhere in the Arab world, as people fled conflict to set up home here. So, in big data terms, technology companies were already highlighting the UAE as among the fastest growing in the region.
Expats, for instance, have to send their children to private schools over here, as state schools are open only to locals. The emirate's Knowledge and Human Development Authority, which oversees education, says there are 153 private schools in Dubai, educating more than 225,000 students across 15 curricula (such as the English, American or Indian national curriculum).
Private schools cater to almost 89 percent of Dubai's population and due to their reputation, around 43 percent of local students also attend private schools.
So, as the emirate's companies employ more people, you can guarantee that those who run the private schools are crunching the numbers as they try and estimate how many extra places will be needed over the next seven years, in which curricula they are likely to enrol and seeking trends in educational practices that can be adopted as they accommodate the rising student population. And so it will be for every other industry.
Analyst firm IDC recently predicted before the win that investment in business analytics in the Middle East is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate of more than 20 percent over the next five years. Just over 40 percent of CIOs in the Middle East, it said, are considering investments in analytics and big data technologies.
The UAE, it added, "has been at the forefront of business analytics and big data adoption across the Middle East".
The company said 58 percent of CIOs cited governance, regulation and compliance requirements, transparency, and reporting as key reasons for investing in big data and analytics technologies.
EMC research also points to growing awareness of data analytics in the UAE. Its survey among 237 IT decision makers in the country found that 87 percent of respondents thought decision making within their company could be improved through better use of data, with 67 percent saying that senior managers trust the insights such analysis provides when making important business decisions.
Further, 45 percent felt they had gained a competitive edge over a rival through big data analytics, with 67 percent stating that organisations that use such tools will be the ones that succeed. However, 27 percent of those surveyed said they have no plans to use big data technology and 57 percent said the lack of a clear business case or proven return on investment was the most common reason for not adopting it.
So, while a quarter of companies are yet to be convinced, big data has the attention of the region's IT heads. It is more a case of coming, rather than arrived, but is still good news for all those involved in the industry. Third-party data centres for instance, are still an emerging industry in the Middle East, albeit now in the latter stages (and in the UAE, established).
UAE neighbour Saudi Arabia, for instance, is also investing heavily. It has some pretty strict rules about where data can be held and as the region's engine of growth, datacentres could become big business. IDC reports that by the end of this year, the kingdom's IT spending will have reached $1.09bn, up 15.1 percent on 2012. Much of that is going into datacentres and IT as a service business models.
So a growing economy is positive for future business, but it is likely to quickly uncover the fact that while data sets grow, the skills to analyse it, at least initially, won't keep pace. Big data analytics isn't all about the technology; it requires the human touch too. It is humans that set up the analysis and humans that through cognition, interpret the data.
While the regional big data industry is firmly fledgling at the moment, it is expected to see high percentage growth in the next few years. And that also means a period of opportunity for the analysts, particularly those who can quickly adapt their skills.
There is, I think, a measure of overconfidence around big data in the region, highlighted to a degree by the EMC's survey, where 79 percent of UAE-based respondents said their company had the right skills and knowledge to complete business priorities successfully and an equal number said it would be a challenge for skills to keep pace with IT innovation over the next three years.
But expect Dubai and the wider UAE, and in its wake the richer industrialised countries, to be able to attract the people who can take big data and turn it into intelligence.

lowercased:
in november, dubai won its bid to host the world expo 2020. the city beat competition from ekaterinburg in russia, izmir in turkey and sao paolo in brazil. although the decision wasn't widely reported around the world, here in dubai, the city went crazy.
the announcement was made late evening our time, and within minutes, the world's tallest building, burj khalifa, was lit up by fireworks. shortly after that, the ruler, sheikh mohammad bin rashid al-matktoum, announced that all schools were to be given the day off in celebration.
the last-minute decision created a flurry of activity, as schools desperately tried to contact parents letting them know; messages flew around on email and text from schools, but in reality, the children were way ahead of the adults, and already contacting their mates with the news over bbm, text, and skype.
so what does this mean for dubai and the uae? well, the emirate will spend $7bn on the direct infrastructure it needs for expo 2020 and it is likely to create around 277,000 jobs between now and 2021, when the six-month exhibition finishes.
it means more people coming here to live and work, more visas being processed, more companies bidding for work or supplying services and as this business activity increases, quietly in the background, it means data. lots of data. data on spending, on new residents, on schemes to prepare for the expo, on the utility needs this sudden growth creates and so on.
for the it industry, the surge in the data that companies want to analyse means more demand for software, hardware and services.
dubai and the wider uae recovered pretty quickly from the economic downturn. it kept spending on big infrastructure schemes and benefited economically from some of the tragedy happening elsewhere in the arab world, as people fled conflict to set up home here. so, in big data terms, technology companies were already highlighting the uae as among the fastest growing in the region.
expats, for instance, have to send their children to private schools over here, as state schools are open only to locals. the emirate's knowledge and human development authority, which oversees education, says there are 153 private schools in dubai, educating more than 225,000 students across 15 curricula (such as the english, american or indian national curriculum).
private schools cater to almost 89 percent of dubai's population and due to their reputation, around 43 percent of local students also attend private schools.
so, as the emirate's companies employ more people, you can guarantee that those who run the private schools are crunching the numbers as they try and estimate how many extra places will be needed over the next seven years, in which curricula they are likely to enrol and seeking trends in educational practices that can be adopted as they accommodate the rising student population. and so it will be for every other industry.
analyst firm idc recently predicted before the win that investment in business analytics in the middle east is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate of more than 20 percent over the next five years. just over 40 percent of cios in the middle east, it said, are considering investments in analytics and big data technologies.
the uae, it added, "has been at the forefront of business analytics and big data adoption across the middle east".
the company said 58 percent of cios cited governance, regulation and compliance requirements, transparency, and reporting as key reasons for investing in big data and analytics technologies.
emc research also points to growing awareness of data analytics in the uae. its survey among 237 it decision makers in the country found that 87 percent of respondents thought decision making within their company could be improved through better use of data, with 67 percent saying that senior managers trust the insights such analysis provides when making important business decisions.
further, 45 percent felt they had gained a competitive edge over a rival through big data analytics, with 67 percent stating that organisations that use such tools will be the ones that succeed. however, 27 percent of those surveyed said they have no plans to use big data technology and 57 percent said the lack of a clear business case or proven return on investment was the most common reason for not adopting it.
so, while a quarter of companies are yet to be convinced, big data has the attention of the region's it heads. it is more a case of coming, rather than arrived, but is still good news for all those involved in the industry. third-party data centres for instance, are still an emerging industry in the middle east, albeit now in the latter stages (and in the uae, established).
uae neighbour saudi arabia, for instance, is also investing heavily. it has some pretty strict rules about where data can be held and as the region's engine of growth, datacentres could become big business. idc reports that by the end of this year, the kingdom's it spending will have reached $1.09bn, up 15.1 percent on 2012. much of that is going into datacentres and it as a service business models.
so a growing economy is positive for future business, but it is likely to quickly uncover the fact that while data sets grow, the skills to analyse it, at least initially, won't keep pace. big data analytics isn't all about the technology; it requires the human touch too. it is humans that set up the analysis and humans that through cognition, interpret the data.
while the regional big data industry is firmly fledgling at the moment, it is expected to see high percentage growth in the next few years. and that also means a period of opportunity for the analysts, particularly those who can quickly adapt their skills.
there is, i think, a measure of overconfidence around big data in the region, highlighted to a degree by the emc's survey, where 79 percent of uae-based respondents said their company had the right skills and knowledge to complete business priorities successfully and an equal number said it would be a challenge for skills to keep pace with it innovation over the next three years.
but expect dubai and the wider uae, and in its wake the richer industrialised countries, to be able to attract the people who can take big data and turn it into intelligence.


text:
All our deliveries, services and offers are based exclusively on these general terms of sales and delivery (Hereinafter referred to as "Terms and Conditions"). The Terms and Conditions are an integral part of all contracts concluded between us and our contractual partners (hereinafter referred to as "the Purchaser") in relation to our deliveries. The same applies to orders placed and confirmed via telephone, facsimile or email.
None of the Purchaser’s terms or conditions that are in conflict with our Terms and Conditions or contain supplementary terms will under any circumstances become an integral part of the contract. This will apply even if we carry out the order without any reservations and are fully aware of the conflicting or supplementary terms of the Purchaser. Particularly, any acknowledgement is explicitly denied if we refer to a letter containing terms and conditions of the Purchaser or any third party, or which makes reference to such terms and conditions.
These Terms and Conditions also apply to all future contracts concluded between us and the Purchaser with regards to our deliveries, even if not separately agreed upon anew. They replace any terms and conditions that may have formerly been agreed upon between such Purchaser and us.
Special arrangements and subsidiary agreements will only become valid if we confirm them in writing.
Orders are binding only upon acceptance by Biontex. Orders can be given via our online shop (www.biontex.com), in written form (facsimile or email) or by telephone. The contract is completed when confirmed in writing (facsimile or email), or through shipping the merchandise by Biontex.
Prices will be as publicated on our online shop www.biontex.com according to the country or territory of the Purchaser on the day of ordering. In case of from Biontex stated Quotation, the price for any product or service (hereinafter "Product") shall be the price stated in Biontex' Quotation for Product ("Biontex' Quotation"). Biontex' Quotations are valid for 30 days unless otherwise stated in Biontex' Quotation.
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Unless otherwise agreed, our invoices have to be due for payment within 30 days of the date of invoice, net without any discounts.
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Customers cannot take their own charges (e.g. bank fees) into account when paying invoices.
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The Purchaser may only set off counterclaims if they are non-appealable or undisputed or have been accepted by us.
The Purchaser may only invoke a right of retention based on counterclaims of his own if the counterclaims arise from the same contractual relationship. If the Purchaser is a merchant the right of retention based on counterclaims of his own is excluded.
make shipments under reservation of a security interest and demand payment against tender of title documents.
Terms of delivery and delivery dates are not binding and are only approximate, unless a binding term or date is explicitly agreed upon. As far as shipment is agreed upon, the terms of delivery and delivery dates refer to the time of handing over to the forwarding agent, the carrier or any other company entrusted with the transport. In all other cases, the timely readiness to deliver suffices for the fulfillment of the terms of delivery and delivery dates on condition that the Purchaser is notified thereof.
As far as there are circumstances on our side for which we cannot be held responsible and which materially hinder our delivery or performance or make delivery or performance impossible, we are entitled to withdraw from the contract if the hindrance is not temporary. If our performance becomes impossible, we will notify immediately the Purchaser thereof as well as immediately refund any consideration that may already have been obtained. In the event of a temporary hindrance the term of delivery and the term of performance are extended by the period of the hindrance plus a reasonable additional period of time.
If acceptance of the delivery is no longer feasible for the Purchaser due to the delay, he is entitled to withdraw from the contract with respect to that part of the contract that is being delayed. A prerequisite of the Purchaser’s withdrawal is that he has set us a reasonable extension of time in writing. Claims for damages on grounds of breach of obligations are excluded according to Section 9 below, even if such claims have arisen before withdrawal from the contract.
All purchase orders are shipped, unless otherwise stated, EXW regarding INCOTERMS 2000.
If the Purchaser is a merchant, the risk of accidental loss and/or accidental damage to the goods is transferred to the Purchaser upon delivery of the consignment to the forwarding agent, carrier or any other company entrusted with the transport. This is also applies to partial deliveries.
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In case of the Purchaser’s default of acceptance the goods, they will nevertheless be deemed as having been handed over.
A purchase order is not subject to cancellation by buyer. However, unless otherwise stated in Biontex' quotation, buyer may defer the shipment date one time 30 days for reagents, consumables, by giving written notice to Biontex at least 10 days before the scheduled shipment date for other products.
Any claims for damaged, missing or defective Product must be reported in writing by buyer within 7 days from the date of receipt of Product. In addition and unless otherwise agreed upon, buyer must promptly return a rejected Product to Biontex, accompanied by a valid written notice obtained from Biontex. Biontex may refuse any Product not timely rejected or sought to be returned without, except otherwise agreed upon, a valid return written notice. For any valid claim timely made, Biontex, at its option, may repair Product or replace Product with an identical or substantially similar product. These are buyer's sole andexclusive remedies for damaged or missing product, and, except for express warranty rights, for defective product.
In case of contracts with consumers we retain title to goods delivered by us, including packaging, until the purchase price has been paid in full.
In case of contracts with merchants we retain title to any products delivered by us, including packaging, until all claims against the Purchaser arising from the ongoing business relation have been satisfied in full.
In the event of third parties attaching goods the title in which has been reserved by us, the Purchaser must inform such parties of our title and notify us immediately. The Purchaser is jointly and severally liable with the third party for the judicial and extrajudicial expenses of a lawsuit as per Section 771 of the German Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO).
If the value of the sureties due to us from retention of title exceeds our overall claim against the Purchaser by more than 20%, we are obliged upon request of the Purchaser to release such sureties arising from the agreement at our own choice up to the said limit.
The Purchaser may only assert any claim based on defects of the goods delivered if he has properly fulfilled his duties of inspection and notification of defects as per Section 377 of the German Commercial Code (HGB).
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Upon our discretion, Biontex will replace defective products free of charge. If after a free replacement, quality specifications are still not met, the customer can ask for a reduction in price, or cancellation of the contract. Any further claims of the customer, of any kind, especially for damages or compensation are excluded. This exempts eventual rights according to section “Intellectual Property Indemnity” of these Terms and Conditions.
Biontex does not warrant products that have been mixed or contaminated or otherwise combined with other chemical product by the customer. Biontex states explicitly that all products are for research and laboratory use only. Biontex delivers only to public institutions of research, diagnosis, and teaching, and to technical businesses and companies. Biontex declines any warranty for faults in product (like chemical impurity), which originate from improper handling or storage, for application in the household or to humans or animals. No products from Biontex may be transferred to private persons. The customer is responsible for compliance with state, national and international laws and regulations governing the shipping, storage, processing, and trade of products. Biontex will not warrant damages to the product arising from non-compliance with such laws and regulations.
Subject to the restrictions set forth in this Article and provided buyer complies with its obligations in this Article, Biontex agrees to defend buyer, and indemnify buyer from and against any infringement damages finally awarded, in any legal action or proceeding brought by a third party against buyer to the extent that such action is based on a claim that the manufacture and sale of Product by Biontex infringes any European or foreign patent, copyright, trademark or other intellectual property right of such third party.
Buyer's Obligations. Buyer must notify Biontex in writing of any claim for which it may seek defense and indemnity from Biontex hereunder promptly after becoming aware of such claim, and shall cooperate with and provide all reasonable assistance to Biontex, at Biontex' expense, in the defense or settlement of such claim. Biontex shall have sole authority to defend and/or settle any claim under this Article.
Substitute for the infringing Product other suitable, non-infringing products.
Any modification, marking or branding applied to Product by Biontex at the request of the buyer.
The foregoing states the entire liability of Biontex, and the exclusive remedy of buyer, for any infringement or claimed infringement of patent, copyright, trade secret or any other intellectual property right by product or any part thereof or use thereof.
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Claims for damages of the Purchaser become statute-barred after one year from the date of the delivery of the goods. The statute of limitation of claims based on tortuous acts remains unaffected.
Any further liability - whatever the legal nature of the claim - is excluded. This applies in particular to claims for damages on grounds of culpable behavior in connection with the conclusion of the contract, other violations of obligations or claims for damages based on tortuous acts relating to material damages in terms Section 823 of the German Civil Code (BGB).
As far as our liability for damages is excluded or limited, the same applies to the personal liability for damages of our employees, co-operators, representatives and vicarious agents.
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In case that one of these Terms and Conditions above is invalid or incomplete, the validity of all other Terms and Conditions shall remain untouched.
These Terms and Conditions are subject to the law of the Federal Republic of Germany. Application of the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods is excluded.
If the Purchaser is a merchant, a legal person under public law or a separate fund under public law, the place of jurisdiction for all disputes arising from or in connection with this agreement is our place of business. The same applies if the Purchaser does not have a general place of jurisdiction in Germany or if his place of residence or his regular domicile is not known at the time of the lawsuit. We are free to bring an action against the Purchaser at his place of residence or at his registered offices or the premises of a branch.
The reselling of our products to third parties is not allowed without prior explicit agreement of Biontex.
The information, data and recommendations contained in all published Material Safety Data Sheets are based upon information believed by Biontex, after reasonable investigation and research, to be accurate; however, Biontex does not warrant the accuracy of this information. All materials and mixtures may present unknown hazards and should be used with caution. When necessary or appropriate, independent opinions regarding the risk of handling or exposure should be obtained from trained professionals. Biontex disclaims any warranty against patent infringement and the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Customer's sole and exclusive remedy shall be replacement of the product or return of the product and refund of the purchase price, at Biontex option. In no case shall Biontex be liable for incidental or consequential damages, including lost profits.
These Terms and Conditions of Biontex Laboratories GmbH are valid as of January 01, 2017 and prevail all previous versions.
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lowercased:
all our deliveries, services and offers are based exclusively on these general terms of sales and delivery (hereinafter referred to as "terms and conditions"). the terms and conditions are an integral part of all contracts concluded between us and our contractual partners (hereinafter referred to as "the purchaser") in relation to our deliveries. the same applies to orders placed and confirmed via telephone, facsimile or email.
none of the purchaser’s terms or conditions that are in conflict with our terms and conditions or contain supplementary terms will under any circumstances become an integral part of the contract. this will apply even if we carry out the order without any reservations and are fully aware of the conflicting or supplementary terms of the purchaser. particularly, any acknowledgement is explicitly denied if we refer to a letter containing terms and conditions of the purchaser or any third party, or which makes reference to such terms and conditions.
these terms and conditions also apply to all future contracts concluded between us and the purchaser with regards to our deliveries, even if not separately agreed upon anew. they replace any terms and conditions that may have formerly been agreed upon between such purchaser and us.
special arrangements and subsidiary agreements will only become valid if we confirm them in writing.
orders are binding only upon acceptance by biontex. orders can be given via our online shop (www.biontex.com), in written form (facsimile or email) or by telephone. the contract is completed when confirmed in writing (facsimile or email), or through shipping the merchandise by biontex.
prices will be as publicated on our online shop www.biontex.com according to the country or territory of the purchaser on the day of ordering. in case of from biontex stated quotation, the price for any product or service (hereinafter "product") shall be the price stated in biontex' quotation for product ("biontex' quotation"). biontex' quotations are valid for 30 days unless otherwise stated in biontex' quotation.
prices of products are in euro or us dollar, exclusive of all taxes, fees, licenses, duties or levies ("taxes") and, unless otherwise stated in biontex' quotation, transportation charges, freight and insurance. all taxes related to product shall be paid by buyer (other than taxes assessed against biontex' net income), or in lieu thereof, buyer shall provide a tax exemption certificate acceptable to the relevant taxing authorities. taxes and other charges payable by buyer may be billed as separate items on biontex' invoice.
unless otherwise agreed, our invoices have to be due for payment within 30 days of the date of invoice, net without any discounts.
if biontex deems a customer to have become uncreditworthy, biontex reserves the right to require alternative payment terms, including without limitation sight draft, letter of credit, or payment in advance. payment for partial shipments shall be based on unit or prorated prices.
customers cannot take their own charges (e.g. bank fees) into account when paying invoices.
if the purchaser is in default of payment he must pay interest on the outstanding amount according to legal regulation during the default period.
the purchaser may only set off counterclaims if they are non-appealable or undisputed or have been accepted by us.
the purchaser may only invoke a right of retention based on counterclaims of his own if the counterclaims arise from the same contractual relationship. if the purchaser is a merchant the right of retention based on counterclaims of his own is excluded.
make shipments under reservation of a security interest and demand payment against tender of title documents.
terms of delivery and delivery dates are not binding and are only approximate, unless a binding term or date is explicitly agreed upon. as far as shipment is agreed upon, the terms of delivery and delivery dates refer to the time of handing over to the forwarding agent, the carrier or any other company entrusted with the transport. in all other cases, the timely readiness to deliver suffices for the fulfillment of the terms of delivery and delivery dates on condition that the purchaser is notified thereof.
as far as there are circumstances on our side for which we cannot be held responsible and which materially hinder our delivery or performance or make delivery or performance impossible, we are entitled to withdraw from the contract if the hindrance is not temporary. if our performance becomes impossible, we will notify immediately the purchaser thereof as well as immediately refund any consideration that may already have been obtained. in the event of a temporary hindrance the term of delivery and the term of performance are extended by the period of the hindrance plus a reasonable additional period of time.
if acceptance of the delivery is no longer feasible for the purchaser due to the delay, he is entitled to withdraw from the contract with respect to that part of the contract that is being delayed. a prerequisite of the purchaser’s withdrawal is that he has set us a reasonable extension of time in writing. claims for damages on grounds of breach of obligations are excluded according to section 9 below, even if such claims have arisen before withdrawal from the contract.
all purchase orders are shipped, unless otherwise stated, exw regarding incoterms 2000.
if the purchaser is a merchant, the risk of accidental loss and/or accidental damage to the goods is transferred to the purchaser upon delivery of the consignment to the forwarding agent, carrier or any other company entrusted with the transport. this is also applies to partial deliveries.
if the purchaser is a consumer, the risk of accidental loss and/or accidental damage to the sold item is transferred to the purchaser upon handing over the item to the consumer or to a person or agency (e.g. central receiving) entrusted from the consumer to receipt the goods.
in case of the purchaser’s default of acceptance the goods, they will nevertheless be deemed as having been handed over.
a purchase order is not subject to cancellation by buyer. however, unless otherwise stated in biontex' quotation, buyer may defer the shipment date one time 30 days for reagents, consumables, by giving written notice to biontex at least 10 days before the scheduled shipment date for other products.
any claims for damaged, missing or defective product must be reported in writing by buyer within 7 days from the date of receipt of product. in addition and unless otherwise agreed upon, buyer must promptly return a rejected product to biontex, accompanied by a valid written notice obtained from biontex. biontex may refuse any product not timely rejected or sought to be returned without, except otherwise agreed upon, a valid return written notice. for any valid claim timely made, biontex, at its option, may repair product or replace product with an identical or substantially similar product. these are buyer's sole andexclusive remedies for damaged or missing product, and, except for express warranty rights, for defective product.
in case of contracts with consumers we retain title to goods delivered by us, including packaging, until the purchase price has been paid in full.
in case of contracts with merchants we retain title to any products delivered by us, including packaging, until all claims against the purchaser arising from the ongoing business relation have been satisfied in full.
in the event of third parties attaching goods the title in which has been reserved by us, the purchaser must inform such parties of our title and notify us immediately. the purchaser is jointly and severally liable with the third party for the judicial and extrajudicial expenses of a lawsuit as per section 771 of the german code of civil procedure (zpo).
if the value of the sureties due to us from retention of title exceeds our overall claim against the purchaser by more than 20%, we are obliged upon request of the purchaser to release such sureties arising from the agreement at our own choice up to the said limit.
the purchaser may only assert any claim based on defects of the goods delivered if he has properly fulfilled his duties of inspection and notification of defects as per section 377 of the german commercial code (hgb).
biontex warrants all products to meet the specification on the analysis certificate at the time of the transfer of risk to the customer. the warranty period is dependent on goods and printed on label of goods as expiry date.
upon our discretion, biontex will replace defective products free of charge. if after a free replacement, quality specifications are still not met, the customer can ask for a reduction in price, or cancellation of the contract. any further claims of the customer, of any kind, especially for damages or compensation are excluded. this exempts eventual rights according to section “intellectual property indemnity” of these terms and conditions.
biontex does not warrant products that have been mixed or contaminated or otherwise combined with other chemical product by the customer. biontex states explicitly that all products are for research and laboratory use only. biontex delivers only to public institutions of research, diagnosis, and teaching, and to technical businesses and companies. biontex declines any warranty for faults in product (like chemical impurity), which originate from improper handling or storage, for application in the household or to humans or animals. no products from biontex may be transferred to private persons. the customer is responsible for compliance with state, national and international laws and regulations governing the shipping, storage, processing, and trade of products. biontex will not warrant damages to the product arising from non-compliance with such laws and regulations.
subject to the restrictions set forth in this article and provided buyer complies with its obligations in this article, biontex agrees to defend buyer, and indemnify buyer from and against any infringement damages finally awarded, in any legal action or proceeding brought by a third party against buyer to the extent that such action is based on a claim that the manufacture and sale of product by biontex infringes any european or foreign patent, copyright, trademark or other intellectual property right of such third party.
buyer's obligations. buyer must notify biontex in writing of any claim for which it may seek defense and indemnity from biontex hereunder promptly after becoming aware of such claim, and shall cooperate with and provide all reasonable assistance to biontex, at biontex' expense, in the defense or settlement of such claim. biontex shall have sole authority to defend and/or settle any claim under this article.
substitute for the infringing product other suitable, non-infringing products.
any modification, marking or branding applied to product by biontex at the request of the buyer.
the foregoing states the entire liability of biontex, and the exclusive remedy of buyer, for any infringement or claimed infringement of patent, copyright, trade secret or any other intellectual property right by product or any part thereof or use thereof.
we are liable according to statutory law subject to the purchaser asserting claims for damages due to intent or gross negligence, including intent and gross negligence by our representatives or vicarious agents. this liability for damages is limited to the reasonably foreseeable at time of conclusion of the contract and typically occurring damage, unless we are accused of intentional breach of contract.
we are liable according to statutory law for any culpable violation of a material contractual obligation by us; however, also in this case, liability for damages is limited to reasonably foreseeable at time of conclusion of the contract and typically occurring damage. the delivery of a defective product does not by itself constitute the breach of such material contractual obligation.
where the purchaser may claim compensation instead of performance, our liability is limited to damage reasonably foreseeable at time of conclusion of the contract and typically occurring. we will not compensate for consequential and indirect damages or loss of profit. the parties to the contract agree that the damage volume reasonably foreseeable at the time of the conclusion of the contract is in no case higher than the value of the order.
claims for damages of the purchaser become statute-barred after one year from the date of the delivery of the goods. the statute of limitation of claims based on tortuous acts remains unaffected.
any further liability - whatever the legal nature of the claim - is excluded. this applies in particular to claims for damages on grounds of culpable behavior in connection with the conclusion of the contract, other violations of obligations or claims for damages based on tortuous acts relating to material damages in terms section 823 of the german civil code (bgb).
as far as our liability for damages is excluded or limited, the same applies to the personal liability for damages of our employees, co-operators, representatives and vicarious agents.
biontex will ensure that any customer data will be processed, stored, transmitted, and used only in accordance with the german data protection act.
in case that one of these terms and conditions above is invalid or incomplete, the validity of all other terms and conditions shall remain untouched.
these terms and conditions are subject to the law of the federal republic of germany. application of the united nations convention on the international sale of goods is excluded.
if the purchaser is a merchant, a legal person under public law or a separate fund under public law, the place of jurisdiction for all disputes arising from or in connection with this agreement is our place of business. the same applies if the purchaser does not have a general place of jurisdiction in germany or if his place of residence or his regular domicile is not known at the time of the lawsuit. we are free to bring an action against the purchaser at his place of residence or at his registered offices or the premises of a branch.
the reselling of our products to third parties is not allowed without prior explicit agreement of biontex.
the information, data and recommendations contained in all published material safety data sheets are based upon information believed by biontex, after reasonable investigation and research, to be accurate; however, biontex does not warrant the accuracy of this information. all materials and mixtures may present unknown hazards and should be used with caution. when necessary or appropriate, independent opinions regarding the risk of handling or exposure should be obtained from trained professionals. biontex disclaims any warranty against patent infringement and the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. customer's sole and exclusive remedy shall be replacement of the product or return of the product and refund of the purchase price, at biontex option. in no case shall biontex be liable for incidental or consequential damages, including lost profits.
these terms and conditions of biontex laboratories gmbh are valid as of january 01, 2017 and prevail all previous versions.
to view the correct product and freight prices, please select your region.
find the right product for your application here.
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PowerMatcher as an independent control mechanism was used to predict the local production and consumption and to gear them towards each other, taking into account the influence of the energy flows on the distribution network and the desires of the residents. This mechanism is further embedded in the simulation tool for energy flows in intelligent networks.
The capacity issue will become increasingly important in the future, for example by the rise of electric cars: The national government’s aim is to have 1 million electric cars in the Netherlands by 2025. The delivery of electricity has become more complex due to new (small) sources of energy generation and various methods of energy storage.
The test in Lochem shows that a serious problem will arise if a group of residents return home with an empty battery and want to charge the car while simultaneously wanting to cook on their induction stove.
This requires that we, in the future, need to facilitate a better match between supply and demand at a local level. An excellent example is the smart car chargers that adjust to the supply and available transport capacity of the network, and also take into the account the time at which the car will once again have to be used. Such examples of demand-side management will become increasingly relevant as is our solution: the PowerMatcher.

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powermatcher as an independent control mechanism was used to predict the local production and consumption and to gear them towards each other, taking into account the influence of the energy flows on the distribution network and the desires of the residents. this mechanism is further embedded in the simulation tool for energy flows in intelligent networks.
the capacity issue will become increasingly important in the future, for example by the rise of electric cars: the national government’s aim is to have 1 million electric cars in the netherlands by 2025. the delivery of electricity has become more complex due to new (small) sources of energy generation and various methods of energy storage.
the test in lochem shows that a serious problem will arise if a group of residents return home with an empty battery and want to charge the car while simultaneously wanting to cook on their induction stove.
this requires that we, in the future, need to facilitate a better match between supply and demand at a local level. an excellent example is the smart car chargers that adjust to the supply and available transport capacity of the network, and also take into the account the time at which the car will once again have to be used. such examples of demand-side management will become increasingly relevant as is our solution: the powermatcher.


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IHS Academic : Jeffrey Rogers Hummel on the 2nd Edition of 'Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men'.
Jeffrey Rogers Hummel on the 2nd Edition of 'Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men'.
Jeffrey Hummel, professor of economics at San Jose State University, talks about the release of the 2nd edition of his book - "Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War."

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ihs academic : jeffrey rogers hummel on the 2nd edition of 'emancipating slaves, enslaving free men'.
jeffrey rogers hummel on the 2nd edition of 'emancipating slaves, enslaving free men'.
jeffrey hummel, professor of economics at san jose state university, talks about the release of the 2nd edition of his book - "emancipating slaves, enslaving free men: a history of the american civil war."


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Some might think that the city of Lawrence, Massachusetts took the "path less traveled" to paraphrase poet Robert Frost, who lived in Lawrence throughout his school years. Near the state's northeast border with New Hampshire, what was once a thriving industrial city specializing in textiles and populated by immigrants has veered from the path to become a cesspool of crime, corruption and drugs with a population of over 77,000 who want change.
There are a number of factors leading up to its troubles, including the mid-1900s southbound exit of textile mills searching for a less expensive labor force. However, no factor is more blatant than the mistrusted city and school leaders who themselves are part of the corruption. From the former Mayor William Lantigua to former school superintendents and at least one teacher (a drug dealer) to a former deputy police chief, corruption abounds in high places making change difficult.
Yet, change is coming. Tired of corrupt officials perpetuating a poor school system with over 50 percent dropout rate, high unemployment, continually declining home values and high crime from a drug trade run rampant for lack of police funds, Lawrence's residents are working hard to upgrade their once-proud city. Elected Mayor Dan Rivera just took office in January providing a ray of hope to citizens. Organizations have sprung up in recent years to promote change and bring new lifeblood to a city fueled by darkness. These and other organizations are key to setting Lawrence down the path to rebuilding.
Since 1999, the non-profit Lawrence CommunityWorks is committed to revitalizing Lawrence. With the primary target area being the North Common neighborhood, CommunityWorks projects include an affordable homeownership and playground development; first-time homeownership an education program; a youth network bringing performing arts, design technology and academic success to 140 young people a week and an old mill conversion into affordable housing units with "green" features and commercial space. The organization partnered with Groundwork Lawrence to reclaim nearly three acres of land for the development of Reviviendo Playground and Scarito Park. LCW have even been instrumental in fighting corruption by starting the Lawrence City Budget Reform Campaign to keep accountability and transparency in city fiscal planning. Become one of their nearly 6,000 volunteer members and be part of the change.
In 2001, a non-profit called Groundwork Lawrence was formed. GWL often partners with LCW on projects. GWL describes itself as working toward "developing community-based partnerships which empower people, businesses and organizations to promote environmental, economic and social well-being." GWL manages school garden programs, farmers' markets, community gardens and the forward-thinking Fruit and Veggie Prescription Program, which is a partnership with the Greater Lawrence Family Health Center where clinic healthcare participants can get an actual prescription for free fresh fruits and vegetables from a local farmers' market to decrease diet-related illnesses. Training for certain "green" jobs and healthy living workshops are also part of the GWL plan to improve the lives of Lawrence residents.

lowercased:
some might think that the city of lawrence, massachusetts took the "path less traveled" to paraphrase poet robert frost, who lived in lawrence throughout his school years. near the state's northeast border with new hampshire, what was once a thriving industrial city specializing in textiles and populated by immigrants has veered from the path to become a cesspool of crime, corruption and drugs with a population of over 77,000 who want change.
there are a number of factors leading up to its troubles, including the mid-1900s southbound exit of textile mills searching for a less expensive labor force. however, no factor is more blatant than the mistrusted city and school leaders who themselves are part of the corruption. from the former mayor william lantigua to former school superintendents and at least one teacher (a drug dealer) to a former deputy police chief, corruption abounds in high places making change difficult.
yet, change is coming. tired of corrupt officials perpetuating a poor school system with over 50 percent dropout rate, high unemployment, continually declining home values and high crime from a drug trade run rampant for lack of police funds, lawrence's residents are working hard to upgrade their once-proud city. elected mayor dan rivera just took office in january providing a ray of hope to citizens. organizations have sprung up in recent years to promote change and bring new lifeblood to a city fueled by darkness. these and other organizations are key to setting lawrence down the path to rebuilding.
since 1999, the non-profit lawrence communityworks is committed to revitalizing lawrence. with the primary target area being the north common neighborhood, communityworks projects include an affordable homeownership and playground development; first-time homeownership an education program; a youth network bringing performing arts, design technology and academic success to 140 young people a week and an old mill conversion into affordable housing units with "green" features and commercial space. the organization partnered with groundwork lawrence to reclaim nearly three acres of land for the development of reviviendo playground and scarito park. lcw have even been instrumental in fighting corruption by starting the lawrence city budget reform campaign to keep accountability and transparency in city fiscal planning. become one of their nearly 6,000 volunteer members and be part of the change.
in 2001, a non-profit called groundwork lawrence was formed. gwl often partners with lcw on projects. gwl describes itself as working toward "developing community-based partnerships which empower people, businesses and organizations to promote environmental, economic and social well-being." gwl manages school garden programs, farmers' markets, community gardens and the forward-thinking fruit and veggie prescription program, which is a partnership with the greater lawrence family health center where clinic healthcare participants can get an actual prescription for free fresh fruits and vegetables from a local farmers' market to decrease diet-related illnesses. training for certain "green" jobs and healthy living workshops are also part of the gwl plan to improve the lives of lawrence residents.


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Typerbole: Jaguar has used “everything we know about precision engineering, performance and design” to create its mightiest F-Type yet.
JAGUAR will give Australian fans that missed out on the ultra-exclusive F-Type Project 7 a second chance to experience the ultimate in F-Type performance, with the first series production Jaguar to emerge from its SVR skunkworks coming Down Under in the third quarter of 2016.
Available as either Convertible or Coupe, the F-Type SVR will introduce a “lighter, faster and more powerful” variant of the two-seater Jag, positioned above the current F-Type R flagship, with a dizzying maximum speed of 322km/h.
Little information and only a handful of images have been released ahead of the SVR's official public debut at the Geneva motor show in early March, but Jaguar Land Rover special operations manager John Edwards has hinted at its potency.
“The result is a 200mph, all-weather supercar that you can drive every day – we even made a Convertible version so that enthusiasts can revel in the sound from the new titanium exhaust system,” he said.
With that capability, the SVR smashes the F-Type R's top end by 22km/h, suggesting it has significantly more poke than the 'standard' 404kW 5.0-litre supercharged V8, and could even trump the Project 7 power, which also tops out at 300km/h.
Just 10 of the 250 strictly limited Project 7s came to Australia, but Jaguar Land Rover Australia senior public affairs executive James Scrimshaw told GoAuto that the new F-Type range-topper would not be built in such limited numbers.
“From day one with Project 7, they were only going to make so many cars, but this will be an ongoing model like Range Rover Sport SVR,” he said.
Mr Scrimshaw explained that exact local timing, pricing and specification were still being finalised, and that availability here would be dictated by global demand.
“Every single market, no matter what car company around the world works on a market equation based on what each market delivers,” he said. “The same will be for us.
“It all depends on supply and demand around the world so that question is too early to answer. Until it goes round the motor shows and people put in their global requests, that's when they can work out how many they can make.
But with increasing demand for both the Jaguar and Land Rover brands in Australia, Mr Scrimshaw said JLR is gaining bartering power for global supply.
“With Land Rover we are one of the top 10 markets in the world, so we do have a lot more sway than we ever did,” he said. “The combined JLR business is around 13,000 units a year but we were around 4000 to 5000 five years ago, so the growth is huge.
Despite the SVR's supercar performance, Jaguar says it “retains its day-to-day usability” with the same “comfort and duality of character inherent to all jaguar cars,” according to the company.
The British car-maker originally had planned to reveal the F-Type SVR in a surprise Geneva show unveiling, but had decided to issue a handful of official images and statement, following leaked images and information from brochures printed in preparation for the launch.

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typerbole: jaguar has used “everything we know about precision engineering, performance and design” to create its mightiest f-type yet.
jaguar will give australian fans that missed out on the ultra-exclusive f-type project 7 a second chance to experience the ultimate in f-type performance, with the first series production jaguar to emerge from its svr skunkworks coming down under in the third quarter of 2016.
available as either convertible or coupe, the f-type svr will introduce a “lighter, faster and more powerful” variant of the two-seater jag, positioned above the current f-type r flagship, with a dizzying maximum speed of 322km/h.
little information and only a handful of images have been released ahead of the svr's official public debut at the geneva motor show in early march, but jaguar land rover special operations manager john edwards has hinted at its potency.
“the result is a 200mph, all-weather supercar that you can drive every day – we even made a convertible version so that enthusiasts can revel in the sound from the new titanium exhaust system,” he said.
with that capability, the svr smashes the f-type r's top end by 22km/h, suggesting it has significantly more poke than the 'standard' 404kw 5.0-litre supercharged v8, and could even trump the project 7 power, which also tops out at 300km/h.
just 10 of the 250 strictly limited project 7s came to australia, but jaguar land rover australia senior public affairs executive james scrimshaw told goauto that the new f-type range-topper would not be built in such limited numbers.
“from day one with project 7, they were only going to make so many cars, but this will be an ongoing model like range rover sport svr,” he said.
mr scrimshaw explained that exact local timing, pricing and specification were still being finalised, and that availability here would be dictated by global demand.
“every single market, no matter what car company around the world works on a market equation based on what each market delivers,” he said. “the same will be for us.
“it all depends on supply and demand around the world so that question is too early to answer. until it goes round the motor shows and people put in their global requests, that's when they can work out how many they can make.
but with increasing demand for both the jaguar and land rover brands in australia, mr scrimshaw said jlr is gaining bartering power for global supply.
“with land rover we are one of the top 10 markets in the world, so we do have a lot more sway than we ever did,” he said. “the combined jlr business is around 13,000 units a year but we were around 4000 to 5000 five years ago, so the growth is huge.
despite the svr's supercar performance, jaguar says it “retains its day-to-day usability” with the same “comfort and duality of character inherent to all jaguar cars,” according to the company.
the british car-maker originally had planned to reveal the f-type svr in a surprise geneva show unveiling, but had decided to issue a handful of official images and statement, following leaked images and information from brochures printed in preparation for the launch.


text:
Innovations in Continuing Education. 1982 Award-Winning New Programs.
National Univ. Continuing Education Association, Washington, DC.; American Coll. Testing Program, Iowa City, IA.
Authoring Institution: National Univ. Continuing Education Association, Washington, DC.; American Coll. Testing Program, Iowa City, IA.
Note: For related documents, see ED 147 575, ED 173 566, ED 189 292, ED 237 816, and CE 039 116.

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innovations in continuing education. 1982 award-winning new programs.
national univ. continuing education association, washington, dc.; american coll. testing program, iowa city, ia.
authoring institution: national univ. continuing education association, washington, dc.; american coll. testing program, iowa city, ia.
note: for related documents, see ed 147 575, ed 173 566, ed 189 292, ed 237 816, and ce 039 116.


text:
The landscape of development finance is changing rapidly. Traditionally, international financial flows moved from developed countries to developing countries. In the last decade, however, major emerging economies such as China and Brazil have fueled a growing trend of South-South development flows by increasingly channeling their overseas investments to other developing countries.
China and Brazil are surfacing as major international investors through nationally owned financial institutions such as the Export-Import Bank of China, the China Development Bank and the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES). These “emerging actors” are financing major initiatives to acquire natural resources, open markets, and forge strategic political ties. They are increasingly financing large-scale, high impact projects beyond their borders—such as hydropower plants and gas pipelines—which may pose new challenges for environmental and social sustainability.
This preliminary research focuses on Chinese and Brazilian overseas investments and begins to look at the growth drivers and geographic trends of those investments.
Expanding South-South trade and investment provides welcome and needed sources of capital for countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. At the same time, these financial flows – coupled with the emergence of powerful financial actors from China, India, Brazil, and other economies – may pose new challenges for environmental and social sustainability.
Trends indicate that developing economies will “account for 57% of world GDP [Gross Domestic Product] by 2030.”3 Despite sharp differences among members, the G-20 is supplanting the G-8 as the primary vehicle for global economic policy coordination.4 Large emerging market economies are defining their own approaches to development cooperation, governance issues, and environmental and social sustainability outside of many existing normative frameworks.
In 2001, China’s tenth Five-Year Plan (2001-2005) formalized the directive for Chinese companies to “Go Global,” a strategy to gain access to needed resources, stimulate the export of goods, and grow China’s multinational businesses and brands. Beijing has provided diplomatic support, favorable tax exemptions, insurance, and, critically, access to low-cost finance.
Chinese authorities have simplified regulations to facilitate investment abroad. Three governmental bodies – MOFCOM, SAFE, and the NDRC – have primary but not sole oversight of China’s overseas investment (separate from foreign assistance) regime. MOFCOM is responsible for developing regulations for outbound investment and for coordinating activities with commercial counselors posted at Chinese embassies. SAFE issued new regulations in 2009 that reduced qualification requirements for offshore foreign currency lending and expanded the sources of funds for lending (including access to government foreign exchange reserves).11 The NDRC reviews large outbound investments to ensure they align with the country’s political interest and overall economic development policy.
In addition, CBRC and SASAC also play an oversight role. Risk management guidelines issued by the CBRC in 2008 opened the door for Chinese banks to provide loans for merger and acquisition purposes (previously forbidden under a 1996 regulation.) They require “banks to perform due diligence regarding compliance, operational, and commercial risks relating to the parties and the transaction.”12 There is no mention of social and environmental risks.
Rather than seeking financing primarily through the capital markets, Chinese companies obtain 80-90% of their funding from Chinese banks.13 As part of the Go Global strategy, China’s state-owned policy banks, largely the Export-Import Bank of China (China Exim) and the China Development Bank (CDB), were mobilized to facilitate international capital flows and support mergers and acquisitions of foreign companies. Although not the largest in terms of total assets and domestic investment, China Exim Bank and CDB play the leading role in overseas investment. Other state-owned banks, such as the export and credit insurance company (Sinosure), have also contributed on a lesser scale.
The Export-Import Bank of China (China Exim) was formed in 1994 along with two other “policy banks,” the China Development Bank and the Agricultural Development Bank of China, “as tools of the government, allowing Beijing to allocate preferential or targeted finance through a hybrid of planning and market means.”14 As a policy bank, China Exim finances and implements the government’s trade and overseas investment policies.15 The Bank is under the direct leadership of the State Council.
China Exim has exhibited phenomenal growth over the past decade. It has increased lending volumes by 30% to 40% year-on-year – an indicator of the accelerating nature of the "Go Global" strategy. China Exim is by far the largest export credit agency in the world. It approved over $70 billion in new lending in 2009, more than U.S. Exim, JBIC, and BNDES Exim combined.
Why is China Going Global?
Increasing demand for energy and natural resources is a major driver behind China’s foreign direct investments. In 2010, China was the world's leading consumer of several major commodities including copper, steel, coal, lead and iron ore. As China’s economy experiences unprecedented growth, there is a growing need for new markets, technology, and brands.
The bulk of China’s imports from Africa originate from relatively few countries. While investments are spread across 48 African countries, over 70% of Chinese OFDI stock in 2008 was concentrated in five resource rich countries: South Africa, Nigeria, Zambia, Sudan, and Algeria.
However, by international comparison, China’s investments in Africa’s natural resources match well-established patterns. 50%-80% percent of all FDI to Africa goes to natural resource exploitation.21 Despite the rapid scale-up in Chinese investment in Africa, most foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa originates from OECD countries – 91.6% of total inward FDI stock in Africa in 2008.22 Similarly, the bulk of U.S. imports from Africa are sourced from relatively few resource rich countries; 77% of total imports in 2009 came from five countries: Nigeria (30.5%), Algeria (17.3%), Angola (15%,) South Africa (9.2%), and Congo-B. (4.9%).23 The top three African oil exporters – Nigeria, Angola, Algeria for the U.S. and Angola, Sudan, Libya for China – provided a quarter of each country’s total imports (27.6% or the U.S., 25.1% for China).
China has executed a number of resources-for-infrastructure deals in Africa in recent years, backed not just by oil but also bauxite, chromium, iron ore, and even cocoa. In these deals, China provides loans for infrastructure development, which are repaid by delivery or sales of the borrowing country’s natural resources. This structure is used most commonly when a country does not have the financial capacity to guarantee and/or service a loan commitment but has a natural resource (such as oil) to offer as repayment. This approach follows a long history of natural resource-based transactions and is far from unique to China.
BNDES – originally Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico e Social (National Bank for Economic and Social Development) but rebranded as “El banco de desarrollo de Brasil,” ("The Brazilian Development Bank”) – is a wholly owned federal government company.26 It is the largest provider of funding for capital investment in Brazil. As a key source for long-term financing and subsidized interest rates, the bank is normally responsible for almost 20% of total credit granted by Brazilian banks to the private sector.
In 2009, BNDES estimates that it provided nearly 40% of financing for all investments in Brazilian manufacturing and infrastructure.27 BNDES provides direct credit, fund distribution through financial intermediaries, and equity investment. It also provides grants for social, cultural, and technological development. With total assets of $285 billion (as of September 2010), BNDES is Brazil’s fourth largest bank.
Not only did China displace the U.S. as Brazil’s biggest trade partner in 2009, but it was also Brazil’s largest foreign investor, investing in a wide range of areas, from iron ore mines to vast tracts of farmland and the electricity grid.
China and Brazil: A Strategic Partnership?
China and Brazil seek similar relationships with Africa, sharing a strong proclivity to oil and mining activities. China’s trade and investment relationship with Africa, however, is far more diverse than Brazil’s, encompassing energy, manufacturing, retail and agriculture in addition to oil and mining. This makes it less likely that the two countries will compete over investment opportunities. A key challenge is to ensure these trade flows result in clear benefits to the host government and local communities, and safeguard the environment.
With our record of independent research, our experience convening a wide range of stakeholders, and our close partnerships with organizations in China, Brazil, and several host countries in Africa and Asia, WRI's International Financial Flows and the Environment (IFFE) initiative supports efforts by both investors and host countries to move towards environmentally and socially responsible development.
IFFE works to help these countries to apply the highest climate change, environmental and social standards to their investment overseas, report publicly on these standards, and respond to the concerns of NGOs and local communities.
For additional information on WRI’s Emerging Actors in Development Finance work, contact WRI Senior Associate Xiaomei Tan xtan@wri.org.
Note: All currencies are quotes in U.S. dollars unless otherwise stated.
This collection of figures and charts is based on preliminary research conducted by Bruce Jenkins, WRI consultant, and Xiaomei Tan, WRI Senior Associate. The scoping research concluded in April 2011 and includes data from various sources that are updated frequently. The data is circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback and to influence ongoing debate on emerging issues. WRI has not verified the data, and figures and charts are meant to be used for illustrative purposes. WRI will continue to update the data as our research moves forward.

lowercased:
the landscape of development finance is changing rapidly. traditionally, international financial flows moved from developed countries to developing countries. in the last decade, however, major emerging economies such as china and brazil have fueled a growing trend of south-south development flows by increasingly channeling their overseas investments to other developing countries.
china and brazil are surfacing as major international investors through nationally owned financial institutions such as the export-import bank of china, the china development bank and the brazilian development bank (bndes). these “emerging actors” are financing major initiatives to acquire natural resources, open markets, and forge strategic political ties. they are increasingly financing large-scale, high impact projects beyond their borders—such as hydropower plants and gas pipelines—which may pose new challenges for environmental and social sustainability.
this preliminary research focuses on chinese and brazilian overseas investments and begins to look at the growth drivers and geographic trends of those investments.
expanding south-south trade and investment provides welcome and needed sources of capital for countries in africa, asia, and latin america. at the same time, these financial flows – coupled with the emergence of powerful financial actors from china, india, brazil, and other economies – may pose new challenges for environmental and social sustainability.
trends indicate that developing economies will “account for 57% of world gdp [gross domestic product] by 2030.”3 despite sharp differences among members, the g-20 is supplanting the g-8 as the primary vehicle for global economic policy coordination.4 large emerging market economies are defining their own approaches to development cooperation, governance issues, and environmental and social sustainability outside of many existing normative frameworks.
in 2001, china’s tenth five-year plan (2001-2005) formalized the directive for chinese companies to “go global,” a strategy to gain access to needed resources, stimulate the export of goods, and grow china’s multinational businesses and brands. beijing has provided diplomatic support, favorable tax exemptions, insurance, and, critically, access to low-cost finance.
chinese authorities have simplified regulations to facilitate investment abroad. three governmental bodies – mofcom, safe, and the ndrc – have primary but not sole oversight of china’s overseas investment (separate from foreign assistance) regime. mofcom is responsible for developing regulations for outbound investment and for coordinating activities with commercial counselors posted at chinese embassies. safe issued new regulations in 2009 that reduced qualification requirements for offshore foreign currency lending and expanded the sources of funds for lending (including access to government foreign exchange reserves).11 the ndrc reviews large outbound investments to ensure they align with the country’s political interest and overall economic development policy.
in addition, cbrc and sasac also play an oversight role. risk management guidelines issued by the cbrc in 2008 opened the door for chinese banks to provide loans for merger and acquisition purposes (previously forbidden under a 1996 regulation.) they require “banks to perform due diligence regarding compliance, operational, and commercial risks relating to the parties and the transaction.”12 there is no mention of social and environmental risks.
rather than seeking financing primarily through the capital markets, chinese companies obtain 80-90% of their funding from chinese banks.13 as part of the go global strategy, china’s state-owned policy banks, largely the export-import bank of china (china exim) and the china development bank (cdb), were mobilized to facilitate international capital flows and support mergers and acquisitions of foreign companies. although not the largest in terms of total assets and domestic investment, china exim bank and cdb play the leading role in overseas investment. other state-owned banks, such as the export and credit insurance company (sinosure), have also contributed on a lesser scale.
the export-import bank of china (china exim) was formed in 1994 along with two other “policy banks,” the china development bank and the agricultural development bank of china, “as tools of the government, allowing beijing to allocate preferential or targeted finance through a hybrid of planning and market means.”14 as a policy bank, china exim finances and implements the government’s trade and overseas investment policies.15 the bank is under the direct leadership of the state council.
china exim has exhibited phenomenal growth over the past decade. it has increased lending volumes by 30% to 40% year-on-year – an indicator of the accelerating nature of the "go global" strategy. china exim is by far the largest export credit agency in the world. it approved over $70 billion in new lending in 2009, more than u.s. exim, jbic, and bndes exim combined.
why is china going global?
increasing demand for energy and natural resources is a major driver behind china’s foreign direct investments. in 2010, china was the world's leading consumer of several major commodities including copper, steel, coal, lead and iron ore. as china’s economy experiences unprecedented growth, there is a growing need for new markets, technology, and brands.
the bulk of china’s imports from africa originate from relatively few countries. while investments are spread across 48 african countries, over 70% of chinese ofdi stock in 2008 was concentrated in five resource rich countries: south africa, nigeria, zambia, sudan, and algeria.
however, by international comparison, china’s investments in africa’s natural resources match well-established patterns. 50%-80% percent of all fdi to africa goes to natural resource exploitation.21 despite the rapid scale-up in chinese investment in africa, most foreign direct investment (fdi) in africa originates from oecd countries – 91.6% of total inward fdi stock in africa in 2008.22 similarly, the bulk of u.s. imports from africa are sourced from relatively few resource rich countries; 77% of total imports in 2009 came from five countries: nigeria (30.5%), algeria (17.3%), angola (15%,) south africa (9.2%), and congo-b. (4.9%).23 the top three african oil exporters – nigeria, angola, algeria for the u.s. and angola, sudan, libya for china – provided a quarter of each country’s total imports (27.6% or the u.s., 25.1% for china).
china has executed a number of resources-for-infrastructure deals in africa in recent years, backed not just by oil but also bauxite, chromium, iron ore, and even cocoa. in these deals, china provides loans for infrastructure development, which are repaid by delivery or sales of the borrowing country’s natural resources. this structure is used most commonly when a country does not have the financial capacity to guarantee and/or service a loan commitment but has a natural resource (such as oil) to offer as repayment. this approach follows a long history of natural resource-based transactions and is far from unique to china.
bndes – originally banco nacional de desenvolvimento economico e social (national bank for economic and social development) but rebranded as “el banco de desarrollo de brasil,” ("the brazilian development bank”) – is a wholly owned federal government company.26 it is the largest provider of funding for capital investment in brazil. as a key source for long-term financing and subsidized interest rates, the bank is normally responsible for almost 20% of total credit granted by brazilian banks to the private sector.
in 2009, bndes estimates that it provided nearly 40% of financing for all investments in brazilian manufacturing and infrastructure.27 bndes provides direct credit, fund distribution through financial intermediaries, and equity investment. it also provides grants for social, cultural, and technological development. with total assets of $285 billion (as of september 2010), bndes is brazil’s fourth largest bank.
not only did china displace the u.s. as brazil’s biggest trade partner in 2009, but it was also brazil’s largest foreign investor, investing in a wide range of areas, from iron ore mines to vast tracts of farmland and the electricity grid.
china and brazil: a strategic partnership?
china and brazil seek similar relationships with africa, sharing a strong proclivity to oil and mining activities. china’s trade and investment relationship with africa, however, is far more diverse than brazil’s, encompassing energy, manufacturing, retail and agriculture in addition to oil and mining. this makes it less likely that the two countries will compete over investment opportunities. a key challenge is to ensure these trade flows result in clear benefits to the host government and local communities, and safeguard the environment.
with our record of independent research, our experience convening a wide range of stakeholders, and our close partnerships with organizations in china, brazil, and several host countries in africa and asia, wri's international financial flows and the environment (iffe) initiative supports efforts by both investors and host countries to move towards environmentally and socially responsible development.
iffe works to help these countries to apply the highest climate change, environmental and social standards to their investment overseas, report publicly on these standards, and respond to the concerns of ngos and local communities.
for additional information on wri’s emerging actors in development finance work, contact wri senior associate xiaomei tan xtan@wri.org.
note: all currencies are quotes in u.s. dollars unless otherwise stated.
this collection of figures and charts is based on preliminary research conducted by bruce jenkins, wri consultant, and xiaomei tan, wri senior associate. the scoping research concluded in april 2011 and includes data from various sources that are updated frequently. the data is circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback and to influence ongoing debate on emerging issues. wri has not verified the data, and figures and charts are meant to be used for illustrative purposes. wri will continue to update the data as our research moves forward.


text:
Best collaboration for best product.
Due to our long collaboration with innovative manufacturers of spectroscopic thin film and laser products, our sales engineers can quickly appraise your application and offer the most appropriate solution. In some cases, the standard products we provide can be customised by our engineering R&D team to meet your specific needs.
IDIL Fibres Optiques is the official distributor for Ocean Optics in France. Ocean Optics manufactures a wide range of miniature spectrometers, fibre optics, light sources and accessories, for both industrial and research purposes. With 140 000 systems sold, Ocean Optics is the market leader for miniature spectrometers. Our experienced team of application engineers will be pleased to help you with application advice, installation, training and after sales service.
IDIL Fibres Optiques represent Femtonics Advanced Microscopy for France. Femtonics is a research-based company in the field of Two-Photon Imaging with offices located across the US and Europe, supporting modern disciplines such as neuroscience and many other imaging-based applications.
IDIL Fibres Optiques promotes the German company Sacher Lasertechnik, specialists in high-power tunable laser diodes (external Littrow or Littman-Metcalf configuration), and laser diodes (FP, DFB, DBR, pulsed).
Zolix is the Professional R&D and manufacturer of spectrograph instruments from 1999. Zolix Spectrograph instrument is an excellent choice to integrate in your experimental setup, include Spectrographs, Monochromators: 150mm / 300mm / 500mm / 750mm / SGM100, and ancillary components including a variety of different light sources for UV-VIS-NIR-FIR operation, such as Tungsten-Halogen Light Source, Xenon Light Source, SiC infrared light source and Data Collection Systems.
IDIL Fibres Optiques represents Safibra, Ltd. Safibra is a private engineering company bringing advanced photonic and fiber optical products as well as sensing systems to its customers.
IDIL Fibres Optiques expands its product portfolio with the innovative multispectral sensing and imaging solutions provided by Pixelteq. These solutions complete IDIL Fibres Optiques and Ocean Optics’ existing lines of modular spectroscopy products and optical sensors.

lowercased:
best collaboration for best product.
due to our long collaboration with innovative manufacturers of spectroscopic thin film and laser products, our sales engineers can quickly appraise your application and offer the most appropriate solution. in some cases, the standard products we provide can be customised by our engineering r&d team to meet your specific needs.
idil fibres optiques is the official distributor for ocean optics in france. ocean optics manufactures a wide range of miniature spectrometers, fibre optics, light sources and accessories, for both industrial and research purposes. with 140 000 systems sold, ocean optics is the market leader for miniature spectrometers. our experienced team of application engineers will be pleased to help you with application advice, installation, training and after sales service.
idil fibres optiques represent femtonics advanced microscopy for france. femtonics is a research-based company in the field of two-photon imaging with offices located across the us and europe, supporting modern disciplines such as neuroscience and many other imaging-based applications.
idil fibres optiques promotes the german company sacher lasertechnik, specialists in high-power tunable laser diodes (external littrow or littman-metcalf configuration), and laser diodes (fp, dfb, dbr, pulsed).
zolix is the professional r&d and manufacturer of spectrograph instruments from 1999. zolix spectrograph instrument is an excellent choice to integrate in your experimental setup, include spectrographs, monochromators: 150mm / 300mm / 500mm / 750mm / sgm100, and ancillary components including a variety of different light sources for uv-vis-nir-fir operation, such as tungsten-halogen light source, xenon light source, sic infrared light source and data collection systems.
idil fibres optiques represents safibra, ltd. safibra is a private engineering company bringing advanced photonic and fiber optical products as well as sensing systems to its customers.
idil fibres optiques expands its product portfolio with the innovative multispectral sensing and imaging solutions provided by pixelteq. these solutions complete idil fibres optiques and ocean optics’ existing lines of modular spectroscopy products and optical sensors.


text:
Eek! Bear with me, I am having problems with my blog site domain name.
Having worked for nearly 10 years in IT, I am now finding myself unable to negotiate simple instructions.
I thought it would be great to have my own domain name, so I bought mine and have been trying to attach it to my blog. So far with the help of several wonderfully patient WordPress support staff on the end of live chat, and I thought I had got it sorted. I may have but the problem is, now I cannot access my own site! After having cleared my ‘cache’ still no go. So I have no idea if anyone else can see it!
In case you can: Normal service will be resumed shortly (when I can find a 7 year old child to help me).
So, if I don’t respond, it is because I am the only one not to be able to access the gubbins of my own blog. Sorry.

lowercased:
eek! bear with me, i am having problems with my blog site domain name.
having worked for nearly 10 years in it, i am now finding myself unable to negotiate simple instructions.
i thought it would be great to have my own domain name, so i bought mine and have been trying to attach it to my blog. so far with the help of several wonderfully patient wordpress support staff on the end of live chat, and i thought i had got it sorted. i may have but the problem is, now i cannot access my own site! after having cleared my ‘cache’ still no go. so i have no idea if anyone else can see it!
in case you can: normal service will be resumed shortly (when i can find a 7 year old child to help me).
so, if i don’t respond, it is because i am the only one not to be able to access the gubbins of my own blog. sorry.


text:
If you are seeking representation, please send a query letter and ten sample pages to submissions@thebookgroup.com.
Please include the first and last name of the agent you are querying in the subject line.
All material must be in the body of the email, as we do not open attachments.
While we represent a broad range of fiction and nonfiction at The Book Group, we do not represent theatrical & screenplays.
We only accept electronic queries sent to the email address above. We do not accept paper queries or queries by phone.
Your submission is important to us, but due to the volume of queries we receive, we cannot respond individually to each one. If we are interested in reading more, we will get in touch with you as soon as possible.

lowercased:
if you are seeking representation, please send a query letter and ten sample pages to submissions@thebookgroup.com.
please include the first and last name of the agent you are querying in the subject line.
all material must be in the body of the email, as we do not open attachments.
while we represent a broad range of fiction and nonfiction at the book group, we do not represent theatrical & screenplays.
we only accept electronic queries sent to the email address above. we do not accept paper queries or queries by phone.
your submission is important to us, but due to the volume of queries we receive, we cannot respond individually to each one. if we are interested in reading more, we will get in touch with you as soon as possible.