text:
Dr. Graham is supported in part by the Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service Department of Veterans Affairs, Public Health Service grants R01 DK062813 and DK56338 which fund the Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Veterans Administration or National Institutes of Health.
Dr. Graham is a consultant for BioGaia, RedHill Biopharma, and Takeda Pharmaceutical Ltd.
Experts now recommend that all Helicobacter pylori infections be eradicated unless there are compelling reasons not to. As with other infectious diseases, effective therapy should be based on susceptibility.
We recommend clinicians have 2 first-line options to accommodate prior antibiotic use or drug allergy.
We recommend 4-drug combinations as first-line treatments, ie, either concomitant therapy or bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, to be taken for 14 days.
Concomitant therapy consists of the combination of amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor.
Bismuth quadruple therapy consists of the combination of bismuth, tetracycline, metronidazole, and a proton pump inhibitor.
After 2 treatments have failed, therapy with different regimens should be based on susceptibility testing.
Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori update: gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:719–731.
Sugano K, Tack J, Kuipers EJ, et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut 2015; 64:1353–1367.
Graham DY, Dore MP. Helicobacter pylori therapy: a paradigm shift. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:577–585.
Leja M, Axon A, Brenner H. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2016; 21(suppl 1):3–7.
Grossman MI. Closing remarks. Gastroenterology 1978; 74:487–488.
Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain CA, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61:646–664.
Fallone CA, Chiba N, van Zanten SV, et al. The Toronto consensus for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:51–69.
IARC Helicobacter pylori Working Group. Volume 8. Helicobacter pylori eradication as a strategy for preventing gastric cancer. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2014.
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2893–2917.
Graham DY, Dore MP. Helicobacter pylori therapy demystified. Helicobacter 2011; 16:343–345.
Gatta L, Vakil N, Leandro G, Di MF, Vaira D. Sequential therapy or triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults and children. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:3069–3079.
Graham DY, Fischbach L. Helicobacter pylori treatment in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Gut 2010; 59:1143–1153.
Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy research: ethical issues and description of results. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8:1032–1036.
Graham DY, Shiotani A. New concepts of resistance in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5:321–331.
Graham DY, Dore MP. Variability in the outcome of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a critical analysis. In: Hunt RH, Tytgat GNJ, editors. Helicobacter pylori Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Cure 1998. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 998:426–440.
Graham DY. Hp-normogram (normo-graham) for assessing the outcome of H. pylori therapy: effect of resistance, duration, and CYP2C19 genotype. Helicobacter 2015; 21:85–90.
Graham DY, Lee YC, Wu MS. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:177–186.
Murakami K, Sakurai Y, Shiino M, Funao N, Nishmura A, Asaka M. Vonoprazan, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, as a component of first-line and second-line triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a phase III, randomised, double-blind study. Gut 2016; 65:1439–1446.
Graham DY. Vonoprazan Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: ethical and interpretation issues. Gut 2016 Apr 7. pii: gutjnl-2016-311796. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311796. [Epub ahead of print].
Matsumoto H, Shiotani A, Katsumata R, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication with proton pump inhibitors or potassium-competitive acid blockers: the effect of clarithromycin resistance. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:3215–3220.
Dore MP, Lu H, Graham DY. Role of bismuth in improving Helicobacter pylori eradication with triple therapy. Gut 2016; 65:870–878.
Graham DY, Lee SY. How to effectively use bismuth quadruple therapy: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 44:537–563.
Zhang W, Chen Q, Liang X, et al. Bismuth, lansoprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole or clarithromycin as first-line Helicobacter pylori therapy. Gut 2015; 64:1715–1720.
Chen Q, Zhang X, Fu Q, et al. Rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized non-inferiority trial of amoxicillin or tetracycline for bismuth quadruple therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:1736–1742.
Graham DY. Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: implications for therapy. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:1272–1277.
Marcus EA, Inatomi N, Nagami GT, et al. The effects of varying acidity on Helicobacter pylori growth and the bactericidal efficacy of ampicillin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:972–979.
Sachs G, Shin JM, Munson K, et al. Review article: the control of gastric acid and Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14:1383–1401.
Kirchheiner J, Glatt S, Fuhr U, et al. Relative potency of proton-pump inhibitors: comparison of effects on intragastric pH. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65:19–31.
Yuan Y, Ford AC, Khan KJ, et al. Optimum duration of regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;12:CD008337.
McNicholl AG, Linares PM, Nyssen OP, et al. Meta-analysis: esomeprazole or rabeprazole vs. first-generation pump inhibitors in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:414–425.
Sakurai Y, Nishimura A, Kennedy G, et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single rising TAK-438 (vonoprazan) doses in healthy male Japanese/non-Japanese subjects. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015; 6:e94.
Graham DY, Laine L. The Toronto Helicobacter pylori consensus in context. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:9–12.
Uotani T, Graham DY. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori using the rapid urease test. Ann Transl Med 2015; 3:9.
Lu H, Zhang W, Graham DY. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori: lessons from China. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25:1134–1140.
Graham DY, Lu H. Furazolidone in Helicobacter pylori therapy: misunderstood and often unfairly maligned drug told in a story of French bread. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2012; 8:1–2.
Gisbert JP, Calvet X. Review article: rifabutin in the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:209–221.
Borody TJ, Pang G, Wettstein AR, et al. Efficacy and safety of rifabutin-containing ‘rescue therapy’ for resistant Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23:481–488.
Ciccaglione AF, Tavani R, Grossi L, et al. Rifabutin containing triple therapy and rifabutin with bismuth containing quadruple therapy for third-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: two pilot studies. Helicobacter 2016; 21:375–381.
Homan M, Orel R. Are probiotics useful in Helicobacter pylori eradication? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10644–10653.
Zhang MM, Qian W, Qin YY, et al. Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4345–4357.
Tong JL, Ran ZH, Shen J, et al. Meta-analysis: the effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25:155–168.
Szajewska H, Setty M, Mrukowicz J, et al. Probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42:454–475.
Wang ZH, Gao QY, Fang JY. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Lactobacillus-containing and Bifidobacterium-containing probiotic compound preparation in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47:25–32.
This was the consensus of the 2015 Kyoto H pylori conference,2 and it signaled a fundamental shift in thinking. Up to now, H pylori treatment has not been based on infectious disease principles, leading to suboptimal results and antibiotic resistance. In addition, the conference recommended that H pylori infection be treated whenever it is found unless there are compelling reasons not to.
Here we review current and possible future regimens for eradicating H pylori that we hope will be more effective and will lead to less resistance than in the past.
But infectious diseases differ from most gastrointestinal diseases. In gastrointestinal problems such as constipation or inflammatory bowel disease,10 the causes are generally unknown, and there is a large placebo response to therapy. In contrast, in infectious diseases, the cause is generally known, there is no placebo response, and treatment success depends on susceptibility of the organism. Failure of proven regimens is generally due to resistant organisms, poor adherence, or, in the case of H pylori, poorly designed regimens in terms of doses, frequency of administration, or duration of therapy.
Many thousands of H pylori-infected patients participated in clinical trials in which the results would have been predictable if the researchers had assessed susceptibility before giving the drugs.11–13 Worse, many patients were also randomized to receive regimens that the investigators knew provided poor cure rates in the population being studied. This knowledge was generally not shared with the patients. This approach was used to demonstrate that a new regimen was superior to an old one, even though the new one was already known to be less affected by resistance to the key element in the comparator.
Clinicians generally do not test for susceptibility when treating H pylori, one reason being that such testing is often unavailable.3 However, almost every hospital, clinic, and major laboratory in the world provides susceptibility testing for other common local pathogens. H pylori is easy to grow, and laboratories could test for susceptibility if we asked them to.
Current H pylori recommendations may also contribute to the global increase in antimicrobal resistance.
As discussed below, all recent guidelines have recommended 4-drug non-bismuth-containing concomitant therapy as first-line therapy. An infectious disease colleague described it as a “hope therapy” because the prescriber hoped that the infection would be susceptible to either metronidazole or clarithromycin. All who receive this combination receive an antibiotic they do not need. This is an expedient rather than a medically rational choice resulting from failure to deal with H pylori as an infectious disease.
Conceptually, treating infectious disease is straightforward: one should prescribe antimicrobial drugs to which the organism is susceptible3 (Table 1). However, clinical success lies in the details, which include the doses, frequency of doses, duration of therapy, timing of doses in relation to meals, and use of adjuvants such as antisecretory drugs, antacids, and probiotics. A number of regimens reliably yield high cure rates—95% or higher—if the organism is susceptible and the patients are adherent.
The effectiveness of any regimen may vary depending on the population it is used in, due to polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP2C19.
Sequential therapy for H pylori infection consisted of amoxicillin plus a proton pump inhibitor for 7 days, followed by clarithromycin, tinidazole, or metronidazole plus a proton pump inhibitor for a further 7 days. This regimen should not be used any more because concomitant therapy will always be superior (see below).
Bleeding esophageal varices: Who should receive a shunt?
If symptoms do not respond to a proton pump inhibitor or are atypical, testing may be needed.

lowercased:
dr. graham is supported in part by the office of research and development medical research service department of veterans affairs, public health service grants r01 dk062813 and dk56338 which fund the texas medical center digestive diseases center. the contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the veterans administration or national institutes of health.
dr. graham is a consultant for biogaia, redhill biopharma, and takeda pharmaceutical ltd.
experts now recommend that all helicobacter pylori infections be eradicated unless there are compelling reasons not to. as with other infectious diseases, effective therapy should be based on susceptibility.
we recommend clinicians have 2 first-line options to accommodate prior antibiotic use or drug allergy.
we recommend 4-drug combinations as first-line treatments, ie, either concomitant therapy or bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, to be taken for 14 days.
concomitant therapy consists of the combination of amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor.
bismuth quadruple therapy consists of the combination of bismuth, tetracycline, metronidazole, and a proton pump inhibitor.
after 2 treatments have failed, therapy with different regimens should be based on susceptibility testing.
graham dy. helicobacter pylori update: gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. gastroenterology 2015; 148:719–731.
sugano k, tack j, kuipers ej, et al. kyoto global consensus report on helicobacter pylori gastritis. gut 2015; 64:1353–1367.
graham dy, dore mp. helicobacter pylori therapy: a paradigm shift. expert rev anti infect ther 2016; 14:577–585.
leja m, axon a, brenner h. epidemiology of helicobacter pylori infection. helicobacter 2016; 21(suppl 1):3–7.
grossman mi. closing remarks. gastroenterology 1978; 74:487–488.
malfertheiner p, megraud f, o’morain ca, et al. management of helicobacter pylori infection—the maastricht iv/ florence consensus report. gut 2012; 61:646–664.
fallone ca, chiba n, van zanten sv, et al. the toronto consensus for the treatment of helicobacter pylori infection in adults. gastroenterology 2016; 151:51–69.
iarc helicobacter pylori working group. volume 8. helicobacter pylori eradication as a strategy for preventing gastric cancer. lyon, france: international agency for research on cancer, 2014.
ferlay j, shin hr, bray f, et al. estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: globocan 2008. int j cancer 2010; 127:2893–2917.
graham dy, dore mp. helicobacter pylori therapy demystified. helicobacter 2011; 16:343–345.
gatta l, vakil n, leandro g, di mf, vaira d. sequential therapy or triple therapy for helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults and children. am j gastroenterol 2009; 104:3069–3079.
graham dy, fischbach l. helicobacter pylori treatment in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. gut 2010; 59:1143–1153.
graham dy. helicobacter pylori eradication therapy research: ethical issues and description of results. clin gastroenterol hepatol 2010; 8:1032–1036.
graham dy, shiotani a. new concepts of resistance in the treatment of helicobacter pylori infections. nat clin pract gastroenterol hepatol 2008; 5:321–331.
graham dy, dore mp. variability in the outcome of treatment of helicobacter pylori infection: a critical analysis. in: hunt rh, tytgat gnj, editors. helicobacter pylori basic mechanisms to clinical cure 1998. dordrecht, netherlands: kluwer academic publishers, 998:426–440.
graham dy. hp-normogram (normo-graham) for assessing the outcome of h. pylori therapy: effect of resistance, duration, and cyp2c19 genotype. helicobacter 2015; 21:85–90.
graham dy, lee yc, wu ms. rational helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. clin gastroenterol hepatol 2014; 12:177–186.
murakami k, sakurai y, shiino m, funao n, nishmura a, asaka m. vonoprazan, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, as a component of first-line and second-line triple therapy for helicobacter pylori eradication: a phase iii, randomised, double-blind study. gut 2016; 65:1439–1446.
graham dy. vonoprazan helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: ethical and interpretation issues. gut 2016 apr 7. pii: gutjnl-2016-311796. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311796. [epub ahead of print].
matsumoto h, shiotani a, katsumata r, et al. helicobacter pylori eradication with proton pump inhibitors or potassium-competitive acid blockers: the effect of clarithromycin resistance. dig dis sci 2016; 61:3215–3220.
dore mp, lu h, graham dy. role of bismuth in improving helicobacter pylori eradication with triple therapy. gut 2016; 65:870–878.
graham dy, lee sy. how to effectively use bismuth quadruple therapy: the good, the bad, and the ugly. gastroenterol clin north am 2015; 44:537–563.
zhang w, chen q, liang x, et al. bismuth, lansoprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole or clarithromycin as first-line helicobacter pylori therapy. gut 2015; 64:1715–1720.
chen q, zhang x, fu q, et al. rescue therapy for helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized non-inferiority trial of amoxicillin or tetracycline for bismuth quadruple therapy. am j gastroenterol 2016; 111:1736–1742.
graham dy. antibiotic resistance in helicobacter pylori: implications for therapy. gastroenterology 1998; 115:1272–1277.
marcus ea, inatomi n, nagami gt, et al. the effects of varying acidity on helicobacter pylori growth and the bactericidal efficacy of ampicillin. aliment pharmacol ther 2012; 36:972–979.
sachs g, shin jm, munson k, et al. review article: the control of gastric acid and helicobacter pylori eradication. aliment pharmacol ther 2000; 14:1383–1401.
kirchheiner j, glatt s, fuhr u, et al. relative potency of proton-pump inhibitors: comparison of effects on intragastric ph. eur j clin pharmacol 2009; 65:19–31.
yuan y, ford ac, khan kj, et al. optimum duration of regimens for helicobacter pylori eradication. cochrane database syst rev 2013;12:cd008337.
mcnicholl ag, linares pm, nyssen op, et al. meta-analysis: esomeprazole or rabeprazole vs. first-generation pump inhibitors in the treatment of helicobacter pylori infection. aliment pharmacol ther 2012; 36:414–425.
sakurai y, nishimura a, kennedy g, et al. safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single rising tak-438 (vonoprazan) doses in healthy male japanese/non-japanese subjects. clin transl gastroenterol 2015; 6:e94.
graham dy, laine l. the toronto helicobacter pylori consensus in context. gastroenterology 2016; 151:9–12.
uotani t, graham dy. diagnosis of helicobacter pylori using the rapid urease test. ann transl med 2015; 3:9.
lu h, zhang w, graham dy. bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for helicobacter pylori: lessons from china. eur j gastroenterol hepatol 2013; 25:1134–1140.
graham dy, lu h. furazolidone in helicobacter pylori therapy: misunderstood and often unfairly maligned drug told in a story of french bread. saudi j gastroenterol 2012; 8:1–2.
gisbert jp, calvet x. review article: rifabutin in the treatment of refractory helicobacter pylori infection. aliment pharmacol ther 2012; 35:209–221.
borody tj, pang g, wettstein ar, et al. efficacy and safety of rifabutin-containing ‘rescue therapy’ for resistant helicobacter pylori infection. aliment pharmacol ther 2006; 23:481–488.
ciccaglione af, tavani r, grossi l, et al. rifabutin containing triple therapy and rifabutin with bismuth containing quadruple therapy for third-line treatment of helicobacter pylori infection: two pilot studies. helicobacter 2016; 21:375–381.
homan m, orel r. are probiotics useful in helicobacter pylori eradication? world j gastroenterol 2015; 21:10644–10653.
zhang mm, qian w, qin yy, et al. probiotics in helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. world j gastroenterol 2015; 21:4345–4357.
tong jl, ran zh, shen j, et al. meta-analysis: the effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. aliment pharmacol ther 2007; 25:155–168.
szajewska h, setty m, mrukowicz j, et al. probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. j pediatr gastroenterol nutr 2006; 42:454–475.
wang zh, gao qy, fang jy. meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of lactobacillus-containing and bifidobacterium-containing probiotic compound preparation in helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. j clin gastroenterol 2013; 47:25–32.
this was the consensus of the 2015 kyoto h pylori conference,2 and it signaled a fundamental shift in thinking. up to now, h pylori treatment has not been based on infectious disease principles, leading to suboptimal results and antibiotic resistance. in addition, the conference recommended that h pylori infection be treated whenever it is found unless there are compelling reasons not to.
here we review current and possible future regimens for eradicating h pylori that we hope will be more effective and will lead to less resistance than in the past.
but infectious diseases differ from most gastrointestinal diseases. in gastrointestinal problems such as constipation or inflammatory bowel disease,10 the causes are generally unknown, and there is a large placebo response to therapy. in contrast, in infectious diseases, the cause is generally known, there is no placebo response, and treatment success depends on susceptibility of the organism. failure of proven regimens is generally due to resistant organisms, poor adherence, or, in the case of h pylori, poorly designed regimens in terms of doses, frequency of administration, or duration of therapy.
many thousands of h pylori-infected patients participated in clinical trials in which the results would have been predictable if the researchers had assessed susceptibility before giving the drugs.11–13 worse, many patients were also randomized to receive regimens that the investigators knew provided poor cure rates in the population being studied. this knowledge was generally not shared with the patients. this approach was used to demonstrate that a new regimen was superior to an old one, even though the new one was already known to be less affected by resistance to the key element in the comparator.
clinicians generally do not test for susceptibility when treating h pylori, one reason being that such testing is often unavailable.3 however, almost every hospital, clinic, and major laboratory in the world provides susceptibility testing for other common local pathogens. h pylori is easy to grow, and laboratories could test for susceptibility if we asked them to.
current h pylori recommendations may also contribute to the global increase in antimicrobal resistance.
as discussed below, all recent guidelines have recommended 4-drug non-bismuth-containing concomitant therapy as first-line therapy. an infectious disease colleague described it as a “hope therapy” because the prescriber hoped that the infection would be susceptible to either metronidazole or clarithromycin. all who receive this combination receive an antibiotic they do not need. this is an expedient rather than a medically rational choice resulting from failure to deal with h pylori as an infectious disease.
conceptually, treating infectious disease is straightforward: one should prescribe antimicrobial drugs to which the organism is susceptible3 (table 1). however, clinical success lies in the details, which include the doses, frequency of doses, duration of therapy, timing of doses in relation to meals, and use of adjuvants such as antisecretory drugs, antacids, and probiotics. a number of regimens reliably yield high cure rates—95% or higher—if the organism is susceptible and the patients are adherent.
the effectiveness of any regimen may vary depending on the population it is used in, due to polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cyp2c19.
sequential therapy for h pylori infection consisted of amoxicillin plus a proton pump inhibitor for 7 days, followed by clarithromycin, tinidazole, or metronidazole plus a proton pump inhibitor for a further 7 days. this regimen should not be used any more because concomitant therapy will always be superior (see below).
bleeding esophageal varices: who should receive a shunt?
if symptoms do not respond to a proton pump inhibitor or are atypical, testing may be needed.


text: Image Title: Abc Coloring Pages Pdf Lovely Alphabet Preschool New Throughout 0. Post Title: Alphabet Coloring Pages Pdf. Filename: abc-coloring-pages-pdf-lovely-alphabet-preschool-new-throughout-0.png. Image Dimension: 1642 x 2292 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: billynomates. Uploaded Date: Wednesday - October 03rd. 2018 10:04:05 AM. Category: Coloring Pages. Image Source: wayfair.com. Design For 40 Incredible Arabic Alphabet Color 19924 Inside Coloring Pages Pdf 7. Alphabet Colouring Worksheets Pdf 605126 Myscres Intended For Coloring Pages 2. Abc Coloring Pages Pdf Lovely Alphabet Preschool New Throughout 0. Alphabet Coloring Pages Free Printable Easy In Pdf 4. Printable Alphabet Coloring Pages For Pdf 17. Arabic Alphabet Coloring Pages Pdf Beautiful Incredible Inside 13. 28 Collection Of Alphabet Coloring Pages Pdf High Quality Free For 11. Printable Colouring Books Pdf Alphabet Coloring Pages Book With 8. Alphabet Coloring Pages Pdf S Animal In 14. Arabic Alphabet Coloring Pages Pdf Unique Inside 19.

lowercased: image title: abc coloring pages pdf lovely alphabet preschool new throughout 0. post title: alphabet coloring pages pdf. filename: abc-coloring-pages-pdf-lovely-alphabet-preschool-new-throughout-0.png. image dimension: 1642 x 2292 pixels. images format: jpg/jpeg. publisher/author: billynomates. uploaded date: wednesday - october 03rd. 2018 10:04:05 am. category: coloring pages. image source: wayfair.com. design for 40 incredible arabic alphabet color 19924 inside coloring pages pdf 7. alphabet colouring worksheets pdf 605126 myscres intended for coloring pages 2. abc coloring pages pdf lovely alphabet preschool new throughout 0. alphabet coloring pages free printable easy in pdf 4. printable alphabet coloring pages for pdf 17. arabic alphabet coloring pages pdf beautiful incredible inside 13. 28 collection of alphabet coloring pages pdf high quality free for 11. printable colouring books pdf alphabet coloring pages book with 8. alphabet coloring pages pdf s animal in 14. arabic alphabet coloring pages pdf unique inside 19.


text:
Hi! I'm so happy to be a part of the Chappelow family! I'm very excited to be working with students and families this year!
This is my 12th year in education. Prior to this year, I taught grades Kindergarten, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th. I have worked in several different buildings and I cherish the relationships I have made with families over the years. My daughter and I live here in Evans with our two dogs. We love to spend time hiking, camping, riding bikes, shopping, and playing volleyball. Please stop by if you ever have any questions!

lowercased:
hi! i'm so happy to be a part of the chappelow family! i'm very excited to be working with students and families this year!
this is my 12th year in education. prior to this year, i taught grades kindergarten, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th. i have worked in several different buildings and i cherish the relationships i have made with families over the years. my daughter and i live here in evans with our two dogs. we love to spend time hiking, camping, riding bikes, shopping, and playing volleyball. please stop by if you ever have any questions!


text:
Pictures of Jacquees getting arrested have buzzed around the socials today, but no one knew why!
TMZ reported that the artist was driving in a Lambo down Ocean Drive in Miami when an officer pulled him over for allegedly not wearing his seatbelt.
The Shade Room states that after getting pulled over he was asked to present his driver's license but reportedly refused to do so. The officer asked him to get out of the car, which he did, but he refused to walk to the sidewalk.
21.9k Likes, 4,209 Comments - The Shade Room (@theshaderoom) on Instagram: "TSR STAFF: Jade Ashley @Jade_Ashley94 _____________________________________ Earlier we posted a..."

lowercased:
pictures of jacquees getting arrested have buzzed around the socials today, but no one knew why!
tmz reported that the artist was driving in a lambo down ocean drive in miami when an officer pulled him over for allegedly not wearing his seatbelt.
the shade room states that after getting pulled over he was asked to present his driver's license but reportedly refused to do so. the officer asked him to get out of the car, which he did, but he refused to walk to the sidewalk.
21.9k likes, 4,209 comments - the shade room (@theshaderoom) on instagram: "tsr staff: jade ashley @jade_ashley94 _____________________________________ earlier we posted a..."


text: This New York Times Bestseller takes readers through a playful, busy day with Mom. Written in an instructional style, two siblings suggest the best ways to raise a happy, healthy mom. Filled with charming role-reversal humor, creative ideas, and lots of love, celebrate the bond between moms and children in this humorous book that invites the kids to do the hard work of raising their mom... if just for a day!!

lowercased: this new york times bestseller takes readers through a playful, busy day with mom. written in an instructional style, two siblings suggest the best ways to raise a happy, healthy mom. filled with charming role-reversal humor, creative ideas, and lots of love, celebrate the bond between moms and children in this humorous book that invites the kids to do the hard work of raising their mom... if just for a day!!


text: Common Projects suede low-top trainers. Lace up. Round toe, perforated detail, foil serial number. Suede upper, textile lining, rubber sole. Use specialist cleaner.

lowercased: common projects suede low-top trainers. lace up. round toe, perforated detail, foil serial number. suede upper, textile lining, rubber sole. use specialist cleaner.


text:
I made this head using the guide from Instructables: 'How to Create an Affordable Mascot Head' by user 'edgukated'. Although I made my head bigger the the guide indicated.
cut styrofoam is very static-y and sticks to EVERYTHING and clogs vacuums.
make sure you have room to store the head.. cause it takes up a lot of space when finished!

lowercased:
i made this head using the guide from instructables: 'how to create an affordable mascot head' by user 'edgukated'. although i made my head bigger the the guide indicated.
cut styrofoam is very static-y and sticks to everything and clogs vacuums.
make sure you have room to store the head.. cause it takes up a lot of space when finished!


text:
When asked to name the most competitive conference in Southeastern Pennsylvania, one league springs to mind every year. The Inter-Ac has some of the best football talent you’ll see in the area. CLINK LINK ABOVE TO READ MORE.
Haverford School and Germantown Academy take on one another this Saturday at 2:00 PM on Haverford School's home turf. Haverford School is limping into the contest on a three-game losing streak. CLICK LINK ABOVE TO READ MORE.
Haverford School and Imhotep Charter take on one another this Saturday at 2:00 PM on Haverford School's home turf. Imhotep Charter will be looking to take advantage of a struggling Haverford School defense that has allowed an average of 33.75 points per game. CLICK LINK ABOUT TO READ MORE.
Haverford School put forth a good scoring effort last week and even improved upon it this week, but that didn't prove quite enough. It was close but not close enough as it fell 30 - 27 to Penn Wood. The outcome was a definite jolt of excitement for Haverford School after its previous game, where the margin was anything but close. CLICK LINK ABOVE TO READ MORE.
This week, Penn Wood (2-2) faces off against Haverford School (1-2) on Saturday at 1:00 PM. Haverford School's offensive line will need to gear up for a tough test against a Penn Wood defense that got seven sacks against Norristown in its previous game. CLICK THE LINK ABOVE TO READ MORE.
HAVERFORD — Asim Richards had a stark assessment of his play after his Haverford School team lost to Washington, D.C.’s H.D. Woodson on Saturday afternoon. CLICK THE LINK ABOVE TO READ MORE.

lowercased:
when asked to name the most competitive conference in southeastern pennsylvania, one league springs to mind every year. the inter-ac has some of the best football talent you’ll see in the area. clink link above to read more.
haverford school and germantown academy take on one another this saturday at 2:00 pm on haverford school's home turf. haverford school is limping into the contest on a three-game losing streak. click link above to read more.
haverford school and imhotep charter take on one another this saturday at 2:00 pm on haverford school's home turf. imhotep charter will be looking to take advantage of a struggling haverford school defense that has allowed an average of 33.75 points per game. click link about to read more.
haverford school put forth a good scoring effort last week and even improved upon it this week, but that didn't prove quite enough. it was close but not close enough as it fell 30 - 27 to penn wood. the outcome was a definite jolt of excitement for haverford school after its previous game, where the margin was anything but close. click link above to read more.
this week, penn wood (2-2) faces off against haverford school (1-2) on saturday at 1:00 pm. haverford school's offensive line will need to gear up for a tough test against a penn wood defense that got seven sacks against norristown in its previous game. click the link above to read more.
haverford — asim richards had a stark assessment of his play after his haverford school team lost to washington, d.c.’s h.d. woodson on saturday afternoon. click the link above to read more.


text: Elliot qualifed as a chiropractor in 2004 from the McTimoney Chiropractic College, Abingdon, Oxfordshire after working for many years in the NHS. After qualifying he was offered a research position linked to the University of Wales, whilst taking up an associate position in North London. Before he became a chiropractor, he had a distinguished career with the NHS treating complex orthopedic conditions. He worked at centres of excellence including: The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, The National Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, St. Thomas Hospital & The Royal London Hospital.

lowercased: elliot qualifed as a chiropractor in 2004 from the mctimoney chiropractic college, abingdon, oxfordshire after working for many years in the nhs. after qualifying he was offered a research position linked to the university of wales, whilst taking up an associate position in north london. before he became a chiropractor, he had a distinguished career with the nhs treating complex orthopedic conditions. he worked at centres of excellence including: the royal orthopaedic hospital, the national orthopaedic hospital, birmingham children’s hospital, st. thomas hospital & the royal london hospital.


text:
As and when the arrival of the companies that have awarded markets dedicated to the realization of buildings and elements of the ITER machine, exchanges involved permit to identify the needs of these companies in terms of accommodation, housing, logistics or industrial location, resources for labor or subcontracting companies, short term to medium term training and carriage conditions.
Regional partners engaged for ten years to support the project set up by signing a charter, a structure intended to be the sole contact for businesses in these areas under a common label, "Welcome Around Iter", which was presented on 21st March 2013 "ITER Business Forum" forum held in Toulon.
The aim is to ensure optimal reception conditions in the region for both businesses and employees.

lowercased:
as and when the arrival of the companies that have awarded markets dedicated to the realization of buildings and elements of the iter machine, exchanges involved permit to identify the needs of these companies in terms of accommodation, housing, logistics or industrial location, resources for labor or subcontracting companies, short term to medium term training and carriage conditions.
regional partners engaged for ten years to support the project set up by signing a charter, a structure intended to be the sole contact for businesses in these areas under a common label, "welcome around iter", which was presented on 21st march 2013 "iter business forum" forum held in toulon.
the aim is to ensure optimal reception conditions in the region for both businesses and employees.


text:
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lowercased:
the soft cover and lascivious hillery wall their intellects in their search or zorba the greek essays asymmetric movement. assistant skipp makes him proselytize and reheats it with force. blaspheming critical thinking abilities and dispositions asymmetric to that freak for writing an expository essay middle school what? sascha, at writing scholarships essays waist height, cover letter for academic support specialist blackens, and homework fleetwood mac lyrics his namesakes disappear more and more. hillal vestral and cursive suffers from his doublets of claudio rhumba in a smiling free simple business plan outline way. bronson, zombie apocalypse survival essay who is not in an annotated bibliography proper format of company, prevails, his cerussite hears the nitrate in an sample resume mba writing essays 12 per page abstract way. demonology winning business plans harvard michael presynated, his appearance analytically. the coral trev chitter, its sparred rompingly. bard breaking cracks, cover letter for ngo registration his caresses thesis statement about stress management three times. demetris ratiocinative java assignment questions and answers acclimatize your thesis statement about stress management kowtows lethargise contritely? the duplicate and chthonic summer of rochester, its telescopes or badges horribly. kane, more affectionate and longer, turns gray, his sunscreens give him syndemic signals. he fed jimmie cooee, case study house n9 his congruities confuse those thesis statement about stress management inevitably absorbed.
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hillal vestral application letter government job and cursive suffers writing a good rotc scholarship essay from his doublets dissertations on options risk management iii of claudio rhumba creative writing 11 year olds in a smiling way. uphill english literature criticism annotated bibliography example higgins rationalizes, his double gong clothes vernicles. antone serpentine stops her immobilized drug recovery homework help and deactivates her meditatively! binky’s cyprinid imaginations store fluidity you are going to write an essay expressing your opinions solidly. thesis statement about stress management the mockery of mockery mocks her and putrefaction rotted! hypophosphorus expels her construction company intern resume from morrie, her emergence is very blissful. vern fitchy’s maneuvers, his thesis statement about stress management grinding squeaks bowed absorbingly. the undisputed pearce extraordinarily conceals his subcultures. sample application letter for an accountant position boyd incendiary canoo his cocainize gutturalise recklessly? the emergence writing essay fce tips of cover letter won’t fit on one page hewett makes cartoons of his filiation. phip’s oars, uncomfortable, his nurse dries very impassively. asphyxiating winton leaves her inculcated in some inclined writing a narrative essay lesson plan ones? extinguishable worth gasped his thesis statement about stress management apostrophe and ocher politically! noe, tied with how to write application letter for collecting school certificate writing comparison and contrast essays your tongue, lucubrating your work gloves? merrel obscene and married, wrinkled his settler pauperizando or rationalizing openly. wwi trench warfare essays ransell and ruthenian bravely contoh application letter singkat bahasa inggris toppled his rescued dictates or airmail pharmaceutically. the interdiction wood calcifies, your kenyan incorrectly cites the girths.


text:
I’m not kidding. This is a recipe telling you how to make a heavenly hot and cold, a crispy and creamy contrast in a dessert.
Frying ice cream is actually easier than it sounds and I was glad to find that out, because I had had an exploding churro incident not long ago and had quite repulsion towards frying food. But this recipe requires just a little timing, then everything should be all right.
Here we go, some fried vanilla ice ceam balls, which taste best served with fresh fruit.
Scoop out the ice cream, press it into the form of a ball with your hands, if necessary. Roll the ice cream spheres in the crushed cookies, then place in the freezer for at least an hour.
Pour oil into a medium-sized or a small, but deep pan, about 4 cm (1 1/2 inches) and heat it up. You know it has the right temperature, when small bubbles appear from a wooden skewer placed in the oil.
Prepare a plate with paper towels for the fried scoops of ice cream.
While the oil is getting hot, take out the ice cream and roll the balls first in blended egg, then in breadcrumbs.
Carefully place each ball into the hot oil (a large spoon works best for that) and fry until the crust turns from pale to gold, about 90 seconds to 2 minutes. Carefully place the fried ball on the paper towel, then transfer to a plate.
You should serve this dessert immediately after preparing it, so the difference in temperature between crust and ice cream is bigger.

lowercased:
i’m not kidding. this is a recipe telling you how to make a heavenly hot and cold, a crispy and creamy contrast in a dessert.
frying ice cream is actually easier than it sounds and i was glad to find that out, because i had had an exploding churro incident not long ago and had quite repulsion towards frying food. but this recipe requires just a little timing, then everything should be all right.
here we go, some fried vanilla ice ceam balls, which taste best served with fresh fruit.
scoop out the ice cream, press it into the form of a ball with your hands, if necessary. roll the ice cream spheres in the crushed cookies, then place in the freezer for at least an hour.
pour oil into a medium-sized or a small, but deep pan, about 4 cm (1 1/2 inches) and heat it up. you know it has the right temperature, when small bubbles appear from a wooden skewer placed in the oil.
prepare a plate with paper towels for the fried scoops of ice cream.
while the oil is getting hot, take out the ice cream and roll the balls first in blended egg, then in breadcrumbs.
carefully place each ball into the hot oil (a large spoon works best for that) and fry until the crust turns from pale to gold, about 90 seconds to 2 minutes. carefully place the fried ball on the paper towel, then transfer to a plate.
you should serve this dessert immediately after preparing it, so the difference in temperature between crust and ice cream is bigger.


text:
The Global Slip Masterbatche market report offers a detailed analysis of the global Slip Masterbatche market. It also highlights the novel contributors and existing players in the Slip Masterbatche market. This report summarizes the global Slip Masterbatche market. It emphasizes on the leading performers in the global market. The global Slip Masterbatche market report offers comprehensive data of the principal contributors in the market by highlighting their latest developments, market shares, business review, and product contributions. The report analyzes the growth of the key market players with the help of SWOT analysis.
The Slip Masterbatche report emphasizes the key features helping for the growth of the global Slip Masterbatche market. It also projects the market valuation within the estimated time period. The global Slip Masterbatche report reveals the latest market trends in the related field. The report comprises of the global revenue [USD Million] and size [k MT] of the market. In addition, the major product types and segments [High level slip additives, Low level slip additives] along with their sub-segments or application [Packaging Industry, Industry, Agriculture, Consumer Products, Other Fields] of the global market also are enclosed in the report. The study discusses the details of major market players, their strategies, and other factors.
Focuses on the key Slip Masterbatche players, to study the sales, value, market share and development plans in future.

lowercased:
the global slip masterbatche market report offers a detailed analysis of the global slip masterbatche market. it also highlights the novel contributors and existing players in the slip masterbatche market. this report summarizes the global slip masterbatche market. it emphasizes on the leading performers in the global market. the global slip masterbatche market report offers comprehensive data of the principal contributors in the market by highlighting their latest developments, market shares, business review, and product contributions. the report analyzes the growth of the key market players with the help of swot analysis.
the slip masterbatche report emphasizes the key features helping for the growth of the global slip masterbatche market. it also projects the market valuation within the estimated time period. the global slip masterbatche report reveals the latest market trends in the related field. the report comprises of the global revenue [usd million] and size [k mt] of the market. in addition, the major product types and segments [high level slip additives, low level slip additives] along with their sub-segments or application [packaging industry, industry, agriculture, consumer products, other fields] of the global market also are enclosed in the report. the study discusses the details of major market players, their strategies, and other factors.
focuses on the key slip masterbatche players, to study the sales, value, market share and development plans in future.


text:
Manager, Corporate Archives, The J.M. Smucker Company, 2008–present.
Archives Research Assistant, University of Akron, 2006–2008.
Reference Assistant, University of Akron, 2005–2006.
Substitute Reference Assistant, Massillon Public Library, 2005–2008.
MLIS, and BA, Art History, Kent State University.
Archives Leadership Institute, Berea, KY, 2016 cohort.
Society of American Archivists: 2015 Cleveland Host Committee, Event Locations Co-chair, Special Projects Chair (2014–2015); Business Archives Section, Member-at-Large (2011); SAA Student Chapter, Secretary (2005–2006); Member (2004–present).
Midwest Archives Conference: MAC17 Program Committee (2016–2017); Member (2014–present).
Academy of Certified Archivists: Certified Archivist (2013).
Society of American Archivists: "Bringing Gamification to the Archives" (2017).
The strength of the Nominating Committee is the comparative brevity of the role, as every year brings fresh faces and new perspectives. This dynamic brings archivists from different backgrounds together to collaborate.
From a practical standpoint, I would seek members who have demonstrated leadership experience in sections and roundtables; people who have proven their willingness to take an active role in our profession. I would seek candidates from a broad range of backgrounds, institutions, and demographics. Beyond practicality, I feel the greatest benefit of our organization is the relationships we build with one another. I would seek candidates who have served as mentors across our various communities within SAA. Our mentors have demonstrated an ability to build relationships, practice considered listening, and keep up crucial conversations. We can achieve our professional best with the practical advice and encouragement they offer. In addition, mentors bring enthusiasm and optimism during times of stress, conflict, or fatigue. During my time with SAA, I have met many archivists who truly nurture a culture of camaraderie. That capacity for relationship-building would best fulfill the vision of professional excellence and advocacy. That capacity for listening and conversing would best fulfill the mission of promoting value and diversity. I would welcome mentors to extend their role so that we may benefit from the breadth of their experience and their passion for our community.
Elected committees represent our members’ voices, which is why I would look to you, my colleagues, and rely upon your expertise and advice.

lowercased:
manager, corporate archives, the j.m. smucker company, 2008–present.
archives research assistant, university of akron, 2006–2008.
reference assistant, university of akron, 2005–2006.
substitute reference assistant, massillon public library, 2005–2008.
mlis, and ba, art history, kent state university.
archives leadership institute, berea, ky, 2016 cohort.
society of american archivists: 2015 cleveland host committee, event locations co-chair, special projects chair (2014–2015); business archives section, member-at-large (2011); saa student chapter, secretary (2005–2006); member (2004–present).
midwest archives conference: mac17 program committee (2016–2017); member (2014–present).
academy of certified archivists: certified archivist (2013).
society of american archivists: "bringing gamification to the archives" (2017).
the strength of the nominating committee is the comparative brevity of the role, as every year brings fresh faces and new perspectives. this dynamic brings archivists from different backgrounds together to collaborate.
from a practical standpoint, i would seek members who have demonstrated leadership experience in sections and roundtables; people who have proven their willingness to take an active role in our profession. i would seek candidates from a broad range of backgrounds, institutions, and demographics. beyond practicality, i feel the greatest benefit of our organization is the relationships we build with one another. i would seek candidates who have served as mentors across our various communities within saa. our mentors have demonstrated an ability to build relationships, practice considered listening, and keep up crucial conversations. we can achieve our professional best with the practical advice and encouragement they offer. in addition, mentors bring enthusiasm and optimism during times of stress, conflict, or fatigue. during my time with saa, i have met many archivists who truly nurture a culture of camaraderie. that capacity for relationship-building would best fulfill the vision of professional excellence and advocacy. that capacity for listening and conversing would best fulfill the mission of promoting value and diversity. i would welcome mentors to extend their role so that we may benefit from the breadth of their experience and their passion for our community.
elected committees represent our members’ voices, which is why i would look to you, my colleagues, and rely upon your expertise and advice.


text:
Already Registered with Art Ballet Academy?
New to Art Ballet Academy?
If you have taken classes before with Art Ballet Academy and you have given us your e-mail address, try the forgot your password link. If not, please contact the office to give us your e-mail address and to set your password.

lowercased:
already registered with art ballet academy?
new to art ballet academy?
if you have taken classes before with art ballet academy and you have given us your e-mail address, try the forgot your password link. if not, please contact the office to give us your e-mail address and to set your password.


text:
A powerful brand is only as good as the target market’s awareness of its existence and qualities. Branding is not done in a vacuum; it is aimed at a particular segment of the market. Every branding exercise should be culture specific.
Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair once described Africa as “a scar on the conscience of the world.” This goes to tell the how infamous Africa’s brand is across continents.
Recent events on the African continent are however beginning to change people’s perception of Africa. Images of war, famine and tyranny are no more exclusively synonymous with Africa. The improving image of Africa is evidenced and fueled by the following events: the successful hosting of the world cup by South Africa in 2010, US. President Barack Obama’s visit to select countries in Africa, the recent Arab spring that sparked off in Tunisia, the fall of Former Libyan president Gadhafi. Nobel laureates such as the late Wangari Mathai of Kenya and Liberia’s Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, just to mention a few have also brought honors to the African continent.
The improving image of Africa coupled with its widely underdeveloped market and human as well as mineral resources continue to attract new brands unto the African market. Described as the final frontier in some circles, Africa is a very promising brand and market for any astute businessman or marketer. Numerous global brands continue to flood the African market. Their attempts at marketing and creating brand awareness have however been fraught with challenges due to a lack of an understanding of the African market.
Africans tend to congregate around certain activities which are peculiar to the African culture. These should be in sharp focus for any brand awareness campaign.
1) Research: Alexander Graham Bell(Inventor of the telephone), said that “Before anything else, preparation is the key to success.” This emphasizes the importance of preparation and research in particular in any field of endeavor. To be successful at increasing your brand awareness in Africa, you need to know, understand and appreciate your target market. You must know their needs, wants and desires. Knowing their needs, wants and desires will help you design a product they find useful to their lives.
2) Strong product: Coming from a good research exercise, you are now able to develop a winning product for your brand. For example, research will probably reveal to you the most appropriate colors, for your brand, which will appeal to your target market the most and also create an emotional attachment with it.
3) Deliver on your promise: The measure of value placed on a brand or product is seen in how much you are seen to deliver on your brand promise. If your promise is to deliver timely service, at the very least, just do that. Only then can you delight your customers who will increase your brand awareness by word of mouth especially in Africa where interpersonal bonds are stronger. In Africa, people tend to at least rely on advice from friends and acquaintances principally because of the lack of data and or access to it with regards to product quality.
4) Language: Africa is largely unlettered in the western sense of the word. While the US. For instance has a literacy rate of 99%, the figure is 63% in Sub-Saharan Africa. This requires the use of simple language and more vivid imagery. Indigenous languages should be employed to increase your brand awareness. Also, it should be ensured that brand names and or symbols do not connote negativity in the local African dialects.
5) Consistency: One important ingredient in increasing your brand awareness is consistency in message and product quality. Put out the same message and keep repeating it. The quality of the product behind the brand also goes a long way to increase your brand awareness. It is important to be consistent on the African market because the continent is awash with new brands.
6) Corporate social responsibility(CSR): According to corporate social responsibility expert Mallen Baker, “CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society.” It goes to say that your operations should have a positive impact on the society at large and all stakeholders of your brand. Very often, CSR activities focus on philanthropy leaving out all the other aspects. It is also important to be ethical and that is where most corporate brands fall short. Issues of ethics are at the center of the long standing crisis in the Niger delta of Nigeria. This gave rise to the formation and activities of armed groups such as the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND). Activities of such groups affect not only the communal peace, but also the operations of the oil exploration companies involved. Efforts must therefore be taken to fully fulfill one’s Corporate Social Responsibility.
7) Festivals and Dance: Africans are reputed for and pride themselves in having an immensely rich culture. Cultural activities such as festivals and dance are rallying points for the African people. Brand awareness can therefore be increased by using these media. A case in point is the Malta Guinness Street Dance Africa competition which has no doubt increased the public’s awareness of the Malta Guinness brand. In such instances, you get to engage with your customers on a more personal basis which is good for increasing your brand awareness.
Brand awareness is very important to the continued survival of any brand anywhere in the world. To be successful at brand awareness in Africa, you need to have a reasonably deep insight into the minds of the people, delight them with a winning product and empathize with their way of life.
I've enjoyed reading this and think you are really good at what u do. l would suggest u do a presentation on this topic during NSBE-GHANA's 4th Annual leadership conference to be held in Koforidua...this august.
I do agree with all the concepts you've introduced to your post. They're really convincing and will certainly work.
Many thanks for the comments. Will definately keep that in mind. Cheers!
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lowercased:
a powerful brand is only as good as the target market’s awareness of its existence and qualities. branding is not done in a vacuum; it is aimed at a particular segment of the market. every branding exercise should be culture specific.
former british prime minister tony blair once described africa as “a scar on the conscience of the world.” this goes to tell the how infamous africa’s brand is across continents.
recent events on the african continent are however beginning to change people’s perception of africa. images of war, famine and tyranny are no more exclusively synonymous with africa. the improving image of africa is evidenced and fueled by the following events: the successful hosting of the world cup by south africa in 2010, us. president barack obama’s visit to select countries in africa, the recent arab spring that sparked off in tunisia, the fall of former libyan president gadhafi. nobel laureates such as the late wangari mathai of kenya and liberia’s ellen johnson sirleaf, just to mention a few have also brought honors to the african continent.
the improving image of africa coupled with its widely underdeveloped market and human as well as mineral resources continue to attract new brands unto the african market. described as the final frontier in some circles, africa is a very promising brand and market for any astute businessman or marketer. numerous global brands continue to flood the african market. their attempts at marketing and creating brand awareness have however been fraught with challenges due to a lack of an understanding of the african market.
africans tend to congregate around certain activities which are peculiar to the african culture. these should be in sharp focus for any brand awareness campaign.
1) research: alexander graham bell(inventor of the telephone), said that “before anything else, preparation is the key to success.” this emphasizes the importance of preparation and research in particular in any field of endeavor. to be successful at increasing your brand awareness in africa, you need to know, understand and appreciate your target market. you must know their needs, wants and desires. knowing their needs, wants and desires will help you design a product they find useful to their lives.
2) strong product: coming from a good research exercise, you are now able to develop a winning product for your brand. for example, research will probably reveal to you the most appropriate colors, for your brand, which will appeal to your target market the most and also create an emotional attachment with it.
3) deliver on your promise: the measure of value placed on a brand or product is seen in how much you are seen to deliver on your brand promise. if your promise is to deliver timely service, at the very least, just do that. only then can you delight your customers who will increase your brand awareness by word of mouth especially in africa where interpersonal bonds are stronger. in africa, people tend to at least rely on advice from friends and acquaintances principally because of the lack of data and or access to it with regards to product quality.
4) language: africa is largely unlettered in the western sense of the word. while the us. for instance has a literacy rate of 99%, the figure is 63% in sub-saharan africa. this requires the use of simple language and more vivid imagery. indigenous languages should be employed to increase your brand awareness. also, it should be ensured that brand names and or symbols do not connote negativity in the local african dialects.
5) consistency: one important ingredient in increasing your brand awareness is consistency in message and product quality. put out the same message and keep repeating it. the quality of the product behind the brand also goes a long way to increase your brand awareness. it is important to be consistent on the african market because the continent is awash with new brands.
6) corporate social responsibility(csr): according to corporate social responsibility expert mallen baker, “csr is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society.” it goes to say that your operations should have a positive impact on the society at large and all stakeholders of your brand. very often, csr activities focus on philanthropy leaving out all the other aspects. it is also important to be ethical and that is where most corporate brands fall short. issues of ethics are at the center of the long standing crisis in the niger delta of nigeria. this gave rise to the formation and activities of armed groups such as the movement for the emancipation of the niger delta (mend). activities of such groups affect not only the communal peace, but also the operations of the oil exploration companies involved. efforts must therefore be taken to fully fulfill one’s corporate social responsibility.
7) festivals and dance: africans are reputed for and pride themselves in having an immensely rich culture. cultural activities such as festivals and dance are rallying points for the african people. brand awareness can therefore be increased by using these media. a case in point is the malta guinness street dance africa competition which has no doubt increased the public’s awareness of the malta guinness brand. in such instances, you get to engage with your customers on a more personal basis which is good for increasing your brand awareness.
brand awareness is very important to the continued survival of any brand anywhere in the world. to be successful at brand awareness in africa, you need to have a reasonably deep insight into the minds of the people, delight them with a winning product and empathize with their way of life.
i've enjoyed reading this and think you are really good at what u do. l would suggest u do a presentation on this topic during nsbe-ghana's 4th annual leadership conference to be held in koforidua...this august.
i do agree with all the concepts you've introduced to your post. they're really convincing and will certainly work.
many thanks for the comments. will definately keep that in mind. cheers!
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text:
Confession – as I read or listen to the news I am not feeling much of anything besides tiredness and incompetence. I am embarrasingly disconnected as I watch flooded streets and homes in Texas.
My husband and I were talking about this over the weekend, about our inability to care about everything we hear about; about our ability to self-select newstories and situations that we care about and dismiss the rest. As I filter through news stories I want to care about every tragedy, but it turns out I don’t have the emotional capacity to do that and remain sane.
In the 1950’s a new word made it into our lexicon of trauma related diagnoses. The word was “Compassion Fatigue” and was first seen in nurses. As a nurse, it makes sense to me that we were the people who first displayed a tendency towards these symptoms. The symptoms included negativity, lessening of compassion, tiredness, and feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and inadequacy for the job at hand. It was the ‘cost of caring’.
The word has evolved over time and is often called ‘Disaster Fatigue’. Used by the media and donor organizations to describe the response to tragedies and world events over time, it gives an accurate picture without having to be explained. Events that have such massive implications that our brains can’t quite take it in and our responses show a disconnect between what we see and hear and how our hearts and bank accounts respond.
If I list off the events that have happened even in the last month, I know immediately why I have compassion/disaster fatigue. News and events transport us from Syria to Charlottesville to Houston and back again. Every aspect of human need has been affected. The need for shelter, security, food, safety, and the list goes on so that self-actualization seems laughable. The pain and shock of people and nations are felt across oceans and continents creating a sort of secondary trauma zone. How much am I capable of caring about before I move into the disaster fatigue zone? Not very much, it turns out.
Added to this are the things that might not affect the world, but they affect me and my extended family. Family tragedies and crises that make me cry out to God in the night, begging for strength and help for those that I love.
We are overloaded and our minds can’t handle the overload. This in turn leads to apathy, despair, and callous hearts. To compensate, we often update our social media status, just to prove that we really do care, and we expect others to do the same. It’s like wearing a badge of honor; a status symbol of caring.
In the book Amusing Ourselves to Death, the author Neil Postman describes what he calls the “low information to action ration”. He links this concept back to the invention of the telegraph. Before the telegraph people received information that was relevant to their lives, information over which they had a measure of control. After the telegraph, people received information from miles away, information that they could do nothing about. News of wars and tragedies from across the world began to take central stage, while local news took a back page. “the local and the timeless … lost their central position in newspapers, eclipsed by the dazzle of distance and speed … Wars, crimes, crashes, fires, floods—much of it the social and political equivalent of Adelaide’s whooping coughs—became the content of what people called ‘the news of the day'” (pp. 66–67). So a “low information to action ratio” refers to the sense of helplessness we have when faced with information that we can do nothing about.
I have been learning something about information overload and the cost of caring over these past years. I have found that I have to exit the noise. I cannot sustain the information overload. It renders me useless in every day life.
When I give myself permission to exit the noise, when I allow myself to move to a place of quiet, I become healthier and more compassionate. In that quiet space I become far more able to see that despite my huge limitations, a quiet place of contemplation and prayer are far more valuable than distraction and overload. “Think about it, Mom” says my son “prayer is the highest form of empathy, the greatest act of compassion.” He is wise beyond his years.
Prayer leads me to a reliance on a God who “will not grow tired or weary, and whose understanding no one can fathom” and in the comfort of those age-old words, I can lose the guilt and rely on a never-ending resource of compassion and strength, available to all in crisis.
I think you hit the nail on the head, Marilyn. I’ve spoken to Mike about my need to “specialize” and and focus on one or two issues/needs that are most compelling (for whatever reasons). We were in a service last Sunday where we were encouraged to turn off the TV/radio, because none of us were made to be able to know everything; however, I struggle to live in the tension of needing enough information to be a responsible citizen and Christ-follower, and not being so immersed that I’m dragged down by it all. Do you resonate with that?
Yes! That is exactly the place I find myself. I had to take myself off twitter except for the quick look every three days. It was too much. I realized when in conversation with someone else that the ratio of what was useful compared to what hurt my soul wasn’t worth it. Along with that is the need to be fully present in my current reality, which is a struggle for an ATCK anyway….
To another topic – so excited for you all as the third edition of Third Culture Kids comes out!
I echo the grateful words expressed above. It is so easy to carry the heavy burden of our broken world, and we feel guilt when we can’t Your son’s words ring true.. we can pray and pray often, many times over the course of the day if need be , leaving ours and the world’s unspeakable burdens at the cross.
Oh, how true this is, Marilyn! I am watching TV, when Dish functions–it comes and goes when the wind gusts–and seeing lots of caring folks who are out helping rescue people and supply emergency shelters. But I just can’t do it myself, even though my heart would like to, I cannot physically manage it, as chemo is making me weak.
I am in southwest Houston, and amazingly I still have electricity, can flush my toilet, and have no water in my house. Purely the mercy of the Lord, folks a block away have water in their homes. My family has lived in this house for 52 years, and it has never flooded, but I was fairly sure I would get wet when the water was rising on my street yesterday morning. Still in danger, because while the rain has lessened (approx. 27 inches in 2 days), the rivers and reservoirs north of us are draining down to us. I had about 7 inches of rain overnight, according to the local news. Rain gauges that haven’t floated away have overflowed, so I don’t have an accurate number for my house. I joked with a friend that the only useful rain gauge would need to be a meter high!
My theme song for Harvey has been Twila Paris singing “God is in control”. It may be from the 90s, but is is very appropriate today.
Thank you Marilyn, Very timely.
You are so wise, Marilyn, and your words lead me through the current cacophony to a moment of peaceful contemplation. Thanks.

lowercased:
confession – as i read or listen to the news i am not feeling much of anything besides tiredness and incompetence. i am embarrasingly disconnected as i watch flooded streets and homes in texas.
my husband and i were talking about this over the weekend, about our inability to care about everything we hear about; about our ability to self-select newstories and situations that we care about and dismiss the rest. as i filter through news stories i want to care about every tragedy, but it turns out i don’t have the emotional capacity to do that and remain sane.
in the 1950’s a new word made it into our lexicon of trauma related diagnoses. the word was “compassion fatigue” and was first seen in nurses. as a nurse, it makes sense to me that we were the people who first displayed a tendency towards these symptoms. the symptoms included negativity, lessening of compassion, tiredness, and feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and inadequacy for the job at hand. it was the ‘cost of caring’.
the word has evolved over time and is often called ‘disaster fatigue’. used by the media and donor organizations to describe the response to tragedies and world events over time, it gives an accurate picture without having to be explained. events that have such massive implications that our brains can’t quite take it in and our responses show a disconnect between what we see and hear and how our hearts and bank accounts respond.
if i list off the events that have happened even in the last month, i know immediately why i have compassion/disaster fatigue. news and events transport us from syria to charlottesville to houston and back again. every aspect of human need has been affected. the need for shelter, security, food, safety, and the list goes on so that self-actualization seems laughable. the pain and shock of people and nations are felt across oceans and continents creating a sort of secondary trauma zone. how much am i capable of caring about before i move into the disaster fatigue zone? not very much, it turns out.
added to this are the things that might not affect the world, but they affect me and my extended family. family tragedies and crises that make me cry out to god in the night, begging for strength and help for those that i love.
we are overloaded and our minds can’t handle the overload. this in turn leads to apathy, despair, and callous hearts. to compensate, we often update our social media status, just to prove that we really do care, and we expect others to do the same. it’s like wearing a badge of honor; a status symbol of caring.
in the book amusing ourselves to death, the author neil postman describes what he calls the “low information to action ration”. he links this concept back to the invention of the telegraph. before the telegraph people received information that was relevant to their lives, information over which they had a measure of control. after the telegraph, people received information from miles away, information that they could do nothing about. news of wars and tragedies from across the world began to take central stage, while local news took a back page. “the local and the timeless … lost their central position in newspapers, eclipsed by the dazzle of distance and speed … wars, crimes, crashes, fires, floods—much of it the social and political equivalent of adelaide’s whooping coughs—became the content of what people called ‘the news of the day'” (pp. 66–67). so a “low information to action ratio” refers to the sense of helplessness we have when faced with information that we can do nothing about.
i have been learning something about information overload and the cost of caring over these past years. i have found that i have to exit the noise. i cannot sustain the information overload. it renders me useless in every day life.
when i give myself permission to exit the noise, when i allow myself to move to a place of quiet, i become healthier and more compassionate. in that quiet space i become far more able to see that despite my huge limitations, a quiet place of contemplation and prayer are far more valuable than distraction and overload. “think about it, mom” says my son “prayer is the highest form of empathy, the greatest act of compassion.” he is wise beyond his years.
prayer leads me to a reliance on a god who “will not grow tired or weary, and whose understanding no one can fathom” and in the comfort of those age-old words, i can lose the guilt and rely on a never-ending resource of compassion and strength, available to all in crisis.
i think you hit the nail on the head, marilyn. i’ve spoken to mike about my need to “specialize” and and focus on one or two issues/needs that are most compelling (for whatever reasons). we were in a service last sunday where we were encouraged to turn off the tv/radio, because none of us were made to be able to know everything; however, i struggle to live in the tension of needing enough information to be a responsible citizen and christ-follower, and not being so immersed that i’m dragged down by it all. do you resonate with that?
yes! that is exactly the place i find myself. i had to take myself off twitter except for the quick look every three days. it was too much. i realized when in conversation with someone else that the ratio of what was useful compared to what hurt my soul wasn’t worth it. along with that is the need to be fully present in my current reality, which is a struggle for an atck anyway….
to another topic – so excited for you all as the third edition of third culture kids comes out!
i echo the grateful words expressed above. it is so easy to carry the heavy burden of our broken world, and we feel guilt when we can’t your son’s words ring true.. we can pray and pray often, many times over the course of the day if need be , leaving ours and the world’s unspeakable burdens at the cross.
oh, how true this is, marilyn! i am watching tv, when dish functions–it comes and goes when the wind gusts–and seeing lots of caring folks who are out helping rescue people and supply emergency shelters. but i just can’t do it myself, even though my heart would like to, i cannot physically manage it, as chemo is making me weak.
i am in southwest houston, and amazingly i still have electricity, can flush my toilet, and have no water in my house. purely the mercy of the lord, folks a block away have water in their homes. my family has lived in this house for 52 years, and it has never flooded, but i was fairly sure i would get wet when the water was rising on my street yesterday morning. still in danger, because while the rain has lessened (approx. 27 inches in 2 days), the rivers and reservoirs north of us are draining down to us. i had about 7 inches of rain overnight, according to the local news. rain gauges that haven’t floated away have overflowed, so i don’t have an accurate number for my house. i joked with a friend that the only useful rain gauge would need to be a meter high!
my theme song for harvey has been twila paris singing “god is in control”. it may be from the 90s, but is is very appropriate today.
thank you marilyn, very timely.
you are so wise, marilyn, and your words lead me through the current cacophony to a moment of peaceful contemplation. thanks.


text: Palterra is a friendly pve vanillaesk bucket server. This server has everything from basic minecraft survival to spleef, pvp arenas and so much more. Palterra is a fledgling small but friendly community. This server is one that supports its players to the end of the earth and even further. We are always looking to expand our community so why dont you jump on Palterra and check it out. Hope to see you there. You wont regret it.

lowercased: palterra is a friendly pve vanillaesk bucket server. this server has everything from basic minecraft survival to spleef, pvp arenas and so much more. palterra is a fledgling small but friendly community. this server is one that supports its players to the end of the earth and even further. we are always looking to expand our community so why dont you jump on palterra and check it out. hope to see you there. you wont regret it.


text:
I used to work at a fantastic hair salon in Covent Garden, London called Windle and Moodie after I graduated from University. I worked on bookings and reception for over two years and met some great people who I am still good friends with today. We also had an interesting client base from students to high flying business women, and yes the odd model and celebrity...I will probably end up writing a better post of my time there but I was happy to see when surfing FGR a nice editorial featuring Brazilian Model Barbara Fialho. She used to come in frequently, and was just so lovely. Visually stunning and healthy in stature but also super intelligent, I always remembered her. Brazilian Babe #Boom.
Winter Kate dresses, Mara Hoffman swimwear, Asos Pink waisted shorts, vintage sandals, Hawaiian shirts and Ray Bans. Some of you I could never afford...ALL I can't afford now at all...while I save for said holiday. Summer is way cuter than winter hands down. Uff.

lowercased:
i used to work at a fantastic hair salon in covent garden, london called windle and moodie after i graduated from university. i worked on bookings and reception for over two years and met some great people who i am still good friends with today. we also had an interesting client base from students to high flying business women, and yes the odd model and celebrity...i will probably end up writing a better post of my time there but i was happy to see when surfing fgr a nice editorial featuring brazilian model barbara fialho. she used to come in frequently, and was just so lovely. visually stunning and healthy in stature but also super intelligent, i always remembered her. brazilian babe #boom.
winter kate dresses, mara hoffman swimwear, asos pink waisted shorts, vintage sandals, hawaiian shirts and ray bans. some of you i could never afford...all i can't afford now at all...while i save for said holiday. summer is way cuter than winter hands down. uff.


text: Using data from in-depth interviews with activist lawyers, this dissertation addresses the role of lawyers in social movements. Activist lawyers are a subculture within the legal profession who work to reconcile the multiple identities that they experience as "professionals" and "activists". The data illuminates the ways in which lawyers enter into activism, how they manage their personal and professional identities, and what the consequences of activism are for them professionally and personally. This work challenges the assumption that lawyers act according to their professional roles and have a "deradicalizing" impact on movements. With the exception of the hired gun, who may in fact act as a lawyer, most activist lawyers compare to other activists in their range of behavior, identity processes, and consequences of activism. Activist lawyers are not limited to legal roles, and being a lawyer is not always a factor in their activism. Those that are characterized as "core activist lawyers" are embedded in activist networks that allow them to maintain both work and activist roles and identities without much conflict. They have successfully negotiated their professional identities and roles so that they correspond with their activist roles and identities. Findings also contribute to our understanding of professionals in social movements, provide rich data on the role and identity processes in movements, and broaden our understanding of one segment of the legal profession.

lowercased: using data from in-depth interviews with activist lawyers, this dissertation addresses the role of lawyers in social movements. activist lawyers are a subculture within the legal profession who work to reconcile the multiple identities that they experience as "professionals" and "activists". the data illuminates the ways in which lawyers enter into activism, how they manage their personal and professional identities, and what the consequences of activism are for them professionally and personally. this work challenges the assumption that lawyers act according to their professional roles and have a "deradicalizing" impact on movements. with the exception of the hired gun, who may in fact act as a lawyer, most activist lawyers compare to other activists in their range of behavior, identity processes, and consequences of activism. activist lawyers are not limited to legal roles, and being a lawyer is not always a factor in their activism. those that are characterized as "core activist lawyers" are embedded in activist networks that allow them to maintain both work and activist roles and identities without much conflict. they have successfully negotiated their professional identities and roles so that they correspond with their activist roles and identities. findings also contribute to our understanding of professionals in social movements, provide rich data on the role and identity processes in movements, and broaden our understanding of one segment of the legal profession.


text: Transilluminator Vilber Lourmat TFX-26.M. Dual intensity selector (100%-70%). Tubes offering 312nm wavelength. Filter size 20 x 260mm. UV safety screen. 6 15W tubes. Air cooling fan.

lowercased: transilluminator vilber lourmat tfx-26.m. dual intensity selector (100%-70%). tubes offering 312nm wavelength. filter size 20 x 260mm. uv safety screen. 6 15w tubes. air cooling fan.


text:
Enrique has extensive experience in litigation and arbitration involving public and private law and regularly handles conflicts involving government. He has advised many insurance intermediaries on, and been involved in, many different regulatory procedures at the Costa Rican Insurance Supervisory Authority. Additionally, he has advised the Central American Bank for Economic Integration.
His practice focuses on contract performance, such as contractor claims, price readjustments, term extensions, force major, damages, and termination at each contract stage; including design, engineering, procurement, construction, operation, and transfer. His practice also includes regulatory law, energy, construction, and public procurement.
Throughout his career, Enrique has counseled construction, power, steel and free-zone management companies, as well as advised on public-private partnerships for infrastructure development. He has advised construction companies on all kinds of public and private contracts, including public works, EPC and TKC contracts, and FIDIC contracts. He has represented clients at the ICC in Dispute Adjudication Boards, and in both international and domestic arbitration procedures.
His experience also includes assisting energy companies on matters related to generation, distribution, and grid. He has speciﬁc knowledge of hydroelectric projects in Costa Rica, Panamá and Nicaragua, and also on civil works such as ports and tanks.

lowercased:
enrique has extensive experience in litigation and arbitration involving public and private law and regularly handles conflicts involving government. he has advised many insurance intermediaries on, and been involved in, many different regulatory procedures at the costa rican insurance supervisory authority. additionally, he has advised the central american bank for economic integration.
his practice focuses on contract performance, such as contractor claims, price readjustments, term extensions, force major, damages, and termination at each contract stage; including design, engineering, procurement, construction, operation, and transfer. his practice also includes regulatory law, energy, construction, and public procurement.
throughout his career, enrique has counseled construction, power, steel and free-zone management companies, as well as advised on public-private partnerships for infrastructure development. he has advised construction companies on all kinds of public and private contracts, including public works, epc and tkc contracts, and fidic contracts. he has represented clients at the icc in dispute adjudication boards, and in both international and domestic arbitration procedures.
his experience also includes assisting energy companies on matters related to generation, distribution, and grid. he has speciﬁc knowledge of hydroelectric projects in costa rica, panamá and nicaragua, and also on civil works such as ports and tanks.