text:
1. Why choose shutters? Shutters bring style & sophistication to any window & are equally at home in both traditional & modern interiors. They last longer than curtains, as fabrics begin to break down as soon as they are exposed to sunlight, require periodic washing & harbour dust mites. Shutters offer a level of light control unmatched by any blind, as the louvres within each panel can be independently adjusted to temper the degree of light entering the room. If the sun is in your eye, you can simply close the louvres on one panel & let the light flood into the room though the others. On dark days, the panels can be folded back to expose the window & maximise the light.
2. Why choose Made for Shade? We're the Midlands' longest established, most trusted shutter company & have been fitting shutters since 1999, so we know shutters inside out. Experience has taught us that clients generally want three things - the best product, at the best price, with the best service. (John Ruskin famously said that this combination was not achievable & that one of the three had to give - We prove otherwise!). Additionally, for your added peace of mind, we're full members of the Guild of Master Craftsmen (membership number A121256) - your guarantee of a top-quality product & installation.
3. How does the quality of your shutters compare to that of your competitors? Our shutters are manufactured by the world-leader in shutter production, utilising a combination of state of the art manufacturing & hand-crafted finishing touches. The wood used for our hardwood shutters is stored for six months before kiln drying to allow the wood to settle before being treated. UNLIKE the majority of shutter manufacturers our wood is kiln dried twice in a computer controlled drying facility. The wood is specifically dried to take into account the climate of the country to which the shutters will be exported. This is very important as these shutters are manufactured for installation in climates as varied as Alaska & Australia. By utilising these methods, frame warping is greatly reduced. UNLIKE many other manufacturers we engineer our stiles (the vertical, side bars of the shutter panels), rather than producing these as solid profiles. We cut the wood into strips which are then bonded back together in opposing layers for greater strength. This has the effect of breaking the capillaries that run through the wood, through which moisture travels. This, together with the strength of the bonding agent, ensures our panels are unlikely to warp & will give customers years of enjoyment. UNLIKE many other manufacturers we use mortise & tenon joints between the cross rails and the side stiles. These are far stronger than dowel joints & minimise movement between profiles. Movement can result in cracking of the paint or stain finish, which will spoil the aesthetic appearance of the shutters. Again, just in case there is some movement, we engineer the panels with an additional grooved overlap that ensures any movement is handled by this expansion joint. UNLIKE many other manufacturers, we use a high quality, proprietary paint system developed specifically for our shutters. Cheaper shutters use cheaper paints & stains and have fewer coats. We apply six coats of paint or stain, the final layer of which is a clear lacquer with a UV additive to ensure that the shutters are less susceptible to fading and yellowing. UNLIKE other manufacturers we don't compromise on the thickness of our louvres as we believe thinner louvres, although less costly to produce, are much more susceptible to warping. UNLIKE other manufacturers, we use the best quality, marine-grade stainless steel staples to attach our tilt rods to our shutters. In addition, the tips of the staples are coated in a bonding agent to make sure they remain secure for years to come. UNLIKE many other manufacturers, we supply our shutters with a large choice of frames rather than attaching them to battens. Not only does this give you the choice of framing your window by selecting a frame design to co-ordinate with your decor, but it also offers a practical solution for awkward windows (inward opening, etc). UNLIKE many other manufacturers, we assemble our shutters prior to shipping to ensure that all the components fit together perfectly. Once photographed, the shutters are disassembled & packed into custom made packaging to ensure they arrive in perfect condition. When shipping by airfreight, we double pack the shutters for additional security. All this means we are able to provide a three-year warranty on all shutters built within our published specifications. There are inferior quality shutters available on the market, but why would you pay more to get less?
4. Which areas do you cover? We're based in Sutton Coldfield & cover the West Midlands, East Midlands, Staffordshire, Warwickshire & Herefordshire regions. We also cover the 'M1 corridor' (the area between the M1 & the M40 between London & Birmingham).
5. Do you actually make the shutters? Like 99% of UK shutter companies, the answer is 'no'. Made for Shade is the Midlands agent for our manufacturer S:Craft (based near Winchester), who are the shutter market leaders in terms of quality, choice & product innovation. Our expertise is in designing, surveying, specifying & installing shutters, not making them. This enables us to offer a far greater choice of materials, colours, louvre widths & framing options & guarantees clients a constant timeframe from ordering to installation. That said, we have joinery workshop facilities for customising special shutters & have been regular visitors to the factory where the shutters are manufactured. This means we can talk in detail about the production process & answer any questions you may have.
6. Who will measure & fit my shutters? Made for Shade is a family business & as such, we don't employ sales people or believe in pressure selling. We operate a he / she who surveys also fits policy whenever possible, to maintain continuity throughout the order process. Acurate dimensions will be taken at the time of the design consultation to save disturbing you further. Our aim is to make the process of buying shutters a pleasure from start to finish & our testimonials certainly bare this out as you may have already seen.
7. How long do I have to wait? Standard delivery time is between six & eight weeks. Special shapes take an additional two weeks, as CAD drawings need to be created & signed off before manufacture can commence. Custom coloured shutters also take an additional two weeks. However, if you need your shutters fitted sooner, we also offer an express service, which reduces the waiting time to between three & four weeks, but naturally costs a little more.
8. How long do they take to fit? This really depends upon the size & quantity of the shutters & what they're being fitted to (wooden window frames are quicker to fit to than plastered reveals), however most jobs are completed within half a day. Naturally, we can give you an accurate time frame before you place your order.
9. How are they fitted? All Made for Shade shutters are fitted using a three-sided or four-sided perimeter frame, from which the panels are then hinged. Frames can be fitted inside the recess, outside the recess or around the front edge of the recess, depending on how & where you want your panels to fold when open. Needless to say, there are different frame profiles for every eventuality. (The latter option is perfect for uneven recesses, as the run-out is hidden behind the frame moulding). Whichever framing option you choose, all screw-heads will be either hidden with insert strips or cap covers & in the case of stained finishes, screws will be fitted using brass or silver mounting cups. For wider installations such as patio doors & room dividers, tracking systems are used as they give constant support to the panels as they move. All panels are fitted within their frames using hinges with removable pins, which are perfect when it comes to decorating, as the panels can be simply removed & re-fitted in a matter of minutes.
10. How & when do I pay? Payment is made in two parts, 50% when the order is placed & the remaining 50% on completion of installation. Payment can be made by cash, cheque, debit card or credit card (all major cards accepted).
11. What are shutters made from? Made for Shade offer seven different shutter materials. The most economical option is Craftwood, which is a Polymer coated MDF product available in the six best selling white / cream shades & comes in a choice of four louvre widths. It's perfect for small to average sized installations & looked just like a wooden, painted shutter when fitted. We then have a variety of real timbers including Larchwood, Basswood & Cedarwood, each of which have their own unique grain patterns & characteristics. Using lighter weight timbers allows us to hinge more panels together to achieve greater widths with a single, conventional bi-folding shutter. Real timbers can have painted or stained finishes, but our Western Red Cedarwood can also be oiled to give it a beautifully natural finish, which brings out the individually different grain structure in each profile to give a truly rustic charm.
12. How much light do they cut out? There are no technical figures to quote here but we estimate that a shutter will cut out 90 - 95% of incoming light. Whilst there are no gaps to let in direct light, there will always be light glow around the edges of the panels, between the louvres & between the louvre edges where they meet the stile uprights. If actual blackout is required for bedrooms, we have the perfect solution whereby a cellular pleated blackout blind is built into the shutter frame & positioned behind the panels. The blind is raised / lowered by a simple cord mechanism & cannot be seen through the panels. The blinds are available in several, equally effective colours, the most popular being white.
13. Can they be fitted to any window? It's a rare day when we come across a window to which we can't fit shutters, but "never say never" as the saying goes. We need to ensure that the shutter will not inhibit the opening operation of the window & that we have suitably substantial fixing points to bare the weight, but this is all taken care of during the survey.
14. What if my window is out of square? This is usually no problem as most windows vary in width & height across the window. If you want your shutters fitted inside the recess, the tolerance gap between the outside edge of the shutter frame & the recess itself, will usually be filled with decorating caulk as this can be painted to match the walls or window frame when dry. It takes approximately half an hour to caulk an average sizes shutter to a high standard, but makes all the difference in the world to the final result. If the window it drastically out of square, we would fill the gaps by scribing insert strips (finished in the same colour as the shutters) to the desired shape & then caulking around them as described earlier. Alternatively, we have framing options which can either be surface mounted outside the recess or fitted to the front edge of the recess with a lip feature that disguises / hides the recess variance. It's simply a case of using the right frame for the right job, which is where our expertise comes into play.
15. What about shaped windows? No problem. We design & fit round shutters, arched shutters & angled shutters in various materials with either painted or stained finishes. The great thing about shaped shutters is that unlike blinds or curtains, they maintain the true shape of the window rather than "squaring it off" & the panels will still hinge open to give access to the window.
16. What about high-level windows? If shutters are fitted to an out-of-reach window, the tilting of the louvers can be done by remote control (both battery & solar powered units are available). Alternatively, if the shutter is simply to dress the window, the louvers can be simply set in the desired position & left.
17. How do I clean them? The easiest way is with either a feather duster or using a vacuum upholstery brush (the one with the bristles on). Marks can be removed using a damp cloth with, if necessary, a suitable soap solution.
18. What if they get damaged? We offer a full repair service whereby, for example, damaged louvers can simply be removed & replaced with new ones.
19. Does fitting make a mess? This depends on what we're fitting to as drilling into plaster / brick creates dust which drilling into wood doesn't. Whatever the case, we will always dust sheet the fitting area first & clean up thoroughly when we've finished. Installers also wear slippers in carpeted rooms. We are always mindful that we are in your home. We therefore treat your home as we would our own, with respect.
20. What's the most popular colour? About 75% of our orders are for a white painted finished & there are good reasons for this. (1) White reflects light in a way no other colour will. This means light within the room is maximised as it reflects off the louvres (tip ~ using the medium 64mm or larger 89mm wide louvres also creates more light as the gaps between each louvre increase with louvre size & larger louvre surfaces reflect more light. Food for thought if you have a North facing room with a big tree outside!) (2) White never dates & always looks fresh. (3) White offers endless colour possibilities when it's time to decorate, as white will work with any colour. (4) White will always be relevant as there will always be something else white in the room (window frames, doors, radiators, coving, ceilings, etc). (5) Shutters are an investment in your home & will appeal to prospective, aspirational home buyers if you decide to move on. Buyers can always visualise working their design schemes around white shutters, as it gives them an open book decoratively speaking in addition to the wow factor.
21. Are they guaranteed? Absolutely! All Made for Shade shutters are guarantee for a minimum of 3 years. This includes all aspect of the shutters (colour fastness & joinery) as well as the installation itself.
22. Are they suitable for bathrooms & swimming pool areas? This really depends on the level of moisture within the air. In a large, well-ventilated bathroom with no shower, a conventional painted or stain finished shutter will be fine. However, in high moisture rooms such as shower rooms, wet-rooms & swimming pools, we have a purpose made waterproof product called Permawood, which an ABS coated hardwood. Permawood shutters are fitted with marine-grade stainless steel hinges to resist moisture & prevent rusting.
23. How do I measure? To obtain an initial estimate, firstly decide whether you want your shutters to be fitted inside of outside the recess. Remember if they're fitted inside the recess, the panels will only fold back as far as the recess returns will allow (usually 90 degrees). If they're fitted outside the recess, the panels will fold back onto the walls (provided there is sufficient space for them to do so of course). For inside recess shutters, measure the width & drop in 3 places & tell us the largest dimension in each case. For outside recess shutters, take the same measurements & add 150mm to the recess width to allow for the overlap. If your window has a sill, add 75mm to the recess height or 150mm if it doesn't have a sill, to allow for the overlap. If you're looking to buy Café Style shutters (to cover the lower part of the window only), take the width dimension in the same way, but then measure from the sill up to where you'd like the top of the shutters to be. For inside recess shutters or outside recess shutters where the window has a sill, that's the height you need to give. For outside recess, Café Style shutters where the window has no sill, add 75mm to the recorded height. Naturally, we will take accurate dimensions at the point of survey but following this procedure will ensure there are no nasty surprises price-wise!
24. What are "Solid" shutters? These are simply shutters, which have solid panels rather than louvred panels. They were originally fitted into period homes, folding back into purpose made side-recesses when the owners were in residence. When the owners were overseas, the shutters were closed for privacy & security as part of the "closing up" of the house. These days, we tend to only install solid shutters when either a greater degree of darkness is required or when replacing original solid shutters in period properties. Naturally, the amount of light entering the room can't be adjusted in the way it can with louvred shutters.
25. Can I measure & fit my own shutters? Yes. We can measure & fit your shutters for you, we can measure but you can fit or you can measure & fit yourself. It really comes down to the complexity of the particular job & the surface to which the shutters will be fixed. If you're self-measuring, we suggest you e-mail a photograph of the window prior to finalising your order so we can try to spot any potential problems & help you overcome them.
26. Do operate a 'price promise' pledge? Whilst our aim is to provide shutters at the most competitive price & we constantly monitor the market to check price levels, there may be times when, due to a limited or special promotion, a competitor's price is lower. In such an eventuality, we guarantee to price match any like-for-like, written quotation.
If you have a question other than those above, please either call us on 0121-352-0747 or e-mail it to us via our contact page & we'll answer your question by return.

lowercased:
1. why choose shutters? shutters bring style & sophistication to any window & are equally at home in both traditional & modern interiors. they last longer than curtains, as fabrics begin to break down as soon as they are exposed to sunlight, require periodic washing & harbour dust mites. shutters offer a level of light control unmatched by any blind, as the louvres within each panel can be independently adjusted to temper the degree of light entering the room. if the sun is in your eye, you can simply close the louvres on one panel & let the light flood into the room though the others. on dark days, the panels can be folded back to expose the window & maximise the light.
2. why choose made for shade? we're the midlands' longest established, most trusted shutter company & have been fitting shutters since 1999, so we know shutters inside out. experience has taught us that clients generally want three things - the best product, at the best price, with the best service. (john ruskin famously said that this combination was not achievable & that one of the three had to give - we prove otherwise!). additionally, for your added peace of mind, we're full members of the guild of master craftsmen (membership number a121256) - your guarantee of a top-quality product & installation.
3. how does the quality of your shutters compare to that of your competitors? our shutters are manufactured by the world-leader in shutter production, utilising a combination of state of the art manufacturing & hand-crafted finishing touches. the wood used for our hardwood shutters is stored for six months before kiln drying to allow the wood to settle before being treated. unlike the majority of shutter manufacturers our wood is kiln dried twice in a computer controlled drying facility. the wood is specifically dried to take into account the climate of the country to which the shutters will be exported. this is very important as these shutters are manufactured for installation in climates as varied as alaska & australia. by utilising these methods, frame warping is greatly reduced. unlike many other manufacturers we engineer our stiles (the vertical, side bars of the shutter panels), rather than producing these as solid profiles. we cut the wood into strips which are then bonded back together in opposing layers for greater strength. this has the effect of breaking the capillaries that run through the wood, through which moisture travels. this, together with the strength of the bonding agent, ensures our panels are unlikely to warp & will give customers years of enjoyment. unlike many other manufacturers we use mortise & tenon joints between the cross rails and the side stiles. these are far stronger than dowel joints & minimise movement between profiles. movement can result in cracking of the paint or stain finish, which will spoil the aesthetic appearance of the shutters. again, just in case there is some movement, we engineer the panels with an additional grooved overlap that ensures any movement is handled by this expansion joint. unlike many other manufacturers, we use a high quality, proprietary paint system developed specifically for our shutters. cheaper shutters use cheaper paints & stains and have fewer coats. we apply six coats of paint or stain, the final layer of which is a clear lacquer with a uv additive to ensure that the shutters are less susceptible to fading and yellowing. unlike other manufacturers we don't compromise on the thickness of our louvres as we believe thinner louvres, although less costly to produce, are much more susceptible to warping. unlike other manufacturers, we use the best quality, marine-grade stainless steel staples to attach our tilt rods to our shutters. in addition, the tips of the staples are coated in a bonding agent to make sure they remain secure for years to come. unlike many other manufacturers, we supply our shutters with a large choice of frames rather than attaching them to battens. not only does this give you the choice of framing your window by selecting a frame design to co-ordinate with your decor, but it also offers a practical solution for awkward windows (inward opening, etc). unlike many other manufacturers, we assemble our shutters prior to shipping to ensure that all the components fit together perfectly. once photographed, the shutters are disassembled & packed into custom made packaging to ensure they arrive in perfect condition. when shipping by airfreight, we double pack the shutters for additional security. all this means we are able to provide a three-year warranty on all shutters built within our published specifications. there are inferior quality shutters available on the market, but why would you pay more to get less?
4. which areas do you cover? we're based in sutton coldfield & cover the west midlands, east midlands, staffordshire, warwickshire & herefordshire regions. we also cover the 'm1 corridor' (the area between the m1 & the m40 between london & birmingham).
5. do you actually make the shutters? like 99% of uk shutter companies, the answer is 'no'. made for shade is the midlands agent for our manufacturer s:craft (based near winchester), who are the shutter market leaders in terms of quality, choice & product innovation. our expertise is in designing, surveying, specifying & installing shutters, not making them. this enables us to offer a far greater choice of materials, colours, louvre widths & framing options & guarantees clients a constant timeframe from ordering to installation. that said, we have joinery workshop facilities for customising special shutters & have been regular visitors to the factory where the shutters are manufactured. this means we can talk in detail about the production process & answer any questions you may have.
6. who will measure & fit my shutters? made for shade is a family business & as such, we don't employ sales people or believe in pressure selling. we operate a he / she who surveys also fits policy whenever possible, to maintain continuity throughout the order process. acurate dimensions will be taken at the time of the design consultation to save disturbing you further. our aim is to make the process of buying shutters a pleasure from start to finish & our testimonials certainly bare this out as you may have already seen.
7. how long do i have to wait? standard delivery time is between six & eight weeks. special shapes take an additional two weeks, as cad drawings need to be created & signed off before manufacture can commence. custom coloured shutters also take an additional two weeks. however, if you need your shutters fitted sooner, we also offer an express service, which reduces the waiting time to between three & four weeks, but naturally costs a little more.
8. how long do they take to fit? this really depends upon the size & quantity of the shutters & what they're being fitted to (wooden window frames are quicker to fit to than plastered reveals), however most jobs are completed within half a day. naturally, we can give you an accurate time frame before you place your order.
9. how are they fitted? all made for shade shutters are fitted using a three-sided or four-sided perimeter frame, from which the panels are then hinged. frames can be fitted inside the recess, outside the recess or around the front edge of the recess, depending on how & where you want your panels to fold when open. needless to say, there are different frame profiles for every eventuality. (the latter option is perfect for uneven recesses, as the run-out is hidden behind the frame moulding). whichever framing option you choose, all screw-heads will be either hidden with insert strips or cap covers & in the case of stained finishes, screws will be fitted using brass or silver mounting cups. for wider installations such as patio doors & room dividers, tracking systems are used as they give constant support to the panels as they move. all panels are fitted within their frames using hinges with removable pins, which are perfect when it comes to decorating, as the panels can be simply removed & re-fitted in a matter of minutes.
10. how & when do i pay? payment is made in two parts, 50% when the order is placed & the remaining 50% on completion of installation. payment can be made by cash, cheque, debit card or credit card (all major cards accepted).
11. what are shutters made from? made for shade offer seven different shutter materials. the most economical option is craftwood, which is a polymer coated mdf product available in the six best selling white / cream shades & comes in a choice of four louvre widths. it's perfect for small to average sized installations & looked just like a wooden, painted shutter when fitted. we then have a variety of real timbers including larchwood, basswood & cedarwood, each of which have their own unique grain patterns & characteristics. using lighter weight timbers allows us to hinge more panels together to achieve greater widths with a single, conventional bi-folding shutter. real timbers can have painted or stained finishes, but our western red cedarwood can also be oiled to give it a beautifully natural finish, which brings out the individually different grain structure in each profile to give a truly rustic charm.
12. how much light do they cut out? there are no technical figures to quote here but we estimate that a shutter will cut out 90 - 95% of incoming light. whilst there are no gaps to let in direct light, there will always be light glow around the edges of the panels, between the louvres & between the louvre edges where they meet the stile uprights. if actual blackout is required for bedrooms, we have the perfect solution whereby a cellular pleated blackout blind is built into the shutter frame & positioned behind the panels. the blind is raised / lowered by a simple cord mechanism & cannot be seen through the panels. the blinds are available in several, equally effective colours, the most popular being white.
13. can they be fitted to any window? it's a rare day when we come across a window to which we can't fit shutters, but "never say never" as the saying goes. we need to ensure that the shutter will not inhibit the opening operation of the window & that we have suitably substantial fixing points to bare the weight, but this is all taken care of during the survey.
14. what if my window is out of square? this is usually no problem as most windows vary in width & height across the window. if you want your shutters fitted inside the recess, the tolerance gap between the outside edge of the shutter frame & the recess itself, will usually be filled with decorating caulk as this can be painted to match the walls or window frame when dry. it takes approximately half an hour to caulk an average sizes shutter to a high standard, but makes all the difference in the world to the final result. if the window it drastically out of square, we would fill the gaps by scribing insert strips (finished in the same colour as the shutters) to the desired shape & then caulking around them as described earlier. alternatively, we have framing options which can either be surface mounted outside the recess or fitted to the front edge of the recess with a lip feature that disguises / hides the recess variance. it's simply a case of using the right frame for the right job, which is where our expertise comes into play.
15. what about shaped windows? no problem. we design & fit round shutters, arched shutters & angled shutters in various materials with either painted or stained finishes. the great thing about shaped shutters is that unlike blinds or curtains, they maintain the true shape of the window rather than "squaring it off" & the panels will still hinge open to give access to the window.
16. what about high-level windows? if shutters are fitted to an out-of-reach window, the tilting of the louvers can be done by remote control (both battery & solar powered units are available). alternatively, if the shutter is simply to dress the window, the louvers can be simply set in the desired position & left.
17. how do i clean them? the easiest way is with either a feather duster or using a vacuum upholstery brush (the one with the bristles on). marks can be removed using a damp cloth with, if necessary, a suitable soap solution.
18. what if they get damaged? we offer a full repair service whereby, for example, damaged louvers can simply be removed & replaced with new ones.
19. does fitting make a mess? this depends on what we're fitting to as drilling into plaster / brick creates dust which drilling into wood doesn't. whatever the case, we will always dust sheet the fitting area first & clean up thoroughly when we've finished. installers also wear slippers in carpeted rooms. we are always mindful that we are in your home. we therefore treat your home as we would our own, with respect.
20. what's the most popular colour? about 75% of our orders are for a white painted finished & there are good reasons for this. (1) white reflects light in a way no other colour will. this means light within the room is maximised as it reflects off the louvres (tip ~ using the medium 64mm or larger 89mm wide louvres also creates more light as the gaps between each louvre increase with louvre size & larger louvre surfaces reflect more light. food for thought if you have a north facing room with a big tree outside!) (2) white never dates & always looks fresh. (3) white offers endless colour possibilities when it's time to decorate, as white will work with any colour. (4) white will always be relevant as there will always be something else white in the room (window frames, doors, radiators, coving, ceilings, etc). (5) shutters are an investment in your home & will appeal to prospective, aspirational home buyers if you decide to move on. buyers can always visualise working their design schemes around white shutters, as it gives them an open book decoratively speaking in addition to the wow factor.
21. are they guaranteed? absolutely! all made for shade shutters are guarantee for a minimum of 3 years. this includes all aspect of the shutters (colour fastness & joinery) as well as the installation itself.
22. are they suitable for bathrooms & swimming pool areas? this really depends on the level of moisture within the air. in a large, well-ventilated bathroom with no shower, a conventional painted or stain finished shutter will be fine. however, in high moisture rooms such as shower rooms, wet-rooms & swimming pools, we have a purpose made waterproof product called permawood, which an abs coated hardwood. permawood shutters are fitted with marine-grade stainless steel hinges to resist moisture & prevent rusting.
23. how do i measure? to obtain an initial estimate, firstly decide whether you want your shutters to be fitted inside of outside the recess. remember if they're fitted inside the recess, the panels will only fold back as far as the recess returns will allow (usually 90 degrees). if they're fitted outside the recess, the panels will fold back onto the walls (provided there is sufficient space for them to do so of course). for inside recess shutters, measure the width & drop in 3 places & tell us the largest dimension in each case. for outside recess shutters, take the same measurements & add 150mm to the recess width to allow for the overlap. if your window has a sill, add 75mm to the recess height or 150mm if it doesn't have a sill, to allow for the overlap. if you're looking to buy café style shutters (to cover the lower part of the window only), take the width dimension in the same way, but then measure from the sill up to where you'd like the top of the shutters to be. for inside recess shutters or outside recess shutters where the window has a sill, that's the height you need to give. for outside recess, café style shutters where the window has no sill, add 75mm to the recorded height. naturally, we will take accurate dimensions at the point of survey but following this procedure will ensure there are no nasty surprises price-wise!
24. what are "solid" shutters? these are simply shutters, which have solid panels rather than louvred panels. they were originally fitted into period homes, folding back into purpose made side-recesses when the owners were in residence. when the owners were overseas, the shutters were closed for privacy & security as part of the "closing up" of the house. these days, we tend to only install solid shutters when either a greater degree of darkness is required or when replacing original solid shutters in period properties. naturally, the amount of light entering the room can't be adjusted in the way it can with louvred shutters.
25. can i measure & fit my own shutters? yes. we can measure & fit your shutters for you, we can measure but you can fit or you can measure & fit yourself. it really comes down to the complexity of the particular job & the surface to which the shutters will be fixed. if you're self-measuring, we suggest you e-mail a photograph of the window prior to finalising your order so we can try to spot any potential problems & help you overcome them.
26. do operate a 'price promise' pledge? whilst our aim is to provide shutters at the most competitive price & we constantly monitor the market to check price levels, there may be times when, due to a limited or special promotion, a competitor's price is lower. in such an eventuality, we guarantee to price match any like-for-like, written quotation.
if you have a question other than those above, please either call us on 0121-352-0747 or e-mail it to us via our contact page & we'll answer your question by return.


text:
Reasons why You Ought To Compare Online Fax Services No matter the type of product or services you are in need of, it is usually important to make a comparison before you buy any. This is also true when it comes to online faxing. Before you decide to use any online fax services, you should, make your comparison. It is advisable to compare as these services will require to be paid for every month. Any person or company that is planning to use the online faxing services will benefit if they compare the different providers. This is because in most cases, there is always a slight difference in the rates and plans offered by the online fax service providers. It is therefore important to do examine closely the different services that they each offer. Selecting the right online fax provider would benefit any company for a long period of time. Many people mainly consider the prices that the providers charge per month. It is not only the affordable services that you should put your interest on but also the quality of services provided. You should focus mainly on the quality of service you will be offered. The good news is that some online fax providers will offer you some free days for trial. This gives their customers an opportunity to determine whether the services are what they expected or not.
Online fax involves using the mail and web system to check and send faxes. Following the fact that everything is done online, you will not need to have a fax machine and even a fax phone line. You won’t also experience the situation of messy inks all over your working place as everything will be paperless.
There are several reasons as to why online faxing have become widely known. First, it has been prove to very cheap compared to other means of faxing. It is also safe enough and portable. Additionally mobile phones and laptops can stand for the fax machine making it so convenient. For business owners, customers will be able to reach your business easily as the faxes will be available all the time. You must first sign up with an fax provider before you start using the online services. It is through the accounts that you will be given that you will be able to send and receive faxes. Beginners should use the various online comparison sites available in the in the internet. It is in such sites that you will be able to access the necessary information regarding the most suitable fax service for you. By comparing the different online fax providers, you will be saving yourself or your business from later regrets.

lowercased:
reasons why you ought to compare online fax services no matter the type of product or services you are in need of, it is usually important to make a comparison before you buy any. this is also true when it comes to online faxing. before you decide to use any online fax services, you should, make your comparison. it is advisable to compare as these services will require to be paid for every month. any person or company that is planning to use the online faxing services will benefit if they compare the different providers. this is because in most cases, there is always a slight difference in the rates and plans offered by the online fax service providers. it is therefore important to do examine closely the different services that they each offer. selecting the right online fax provider would benefit any company for a long period of time. many people mainly consider the prices that the providers charge per month. it is not only the affordable services that you should put your interest on but also the quality of services provided. you should focus mainly on the quality of service you will be offered. the good news is that some online fax providers will offer you some free days for trial. this gives their customers an opportunity to determine whether the services are what they expected or not.
online fax involves using the mail and web system to check and send faxes. following the fact that everything is done online, you will not need to have a fax machine and even a fax phone line. you won’t also experience the situation of messy inks all over your working place as everything will be paperless.
there are several reasons as to why online faxing have become widely known. first, it has been prove to very cheap compared to other means of faxing. it is also safe enough and portable. additionally mobile phones and laptops can stand for the fax machine making it so convenient. for business owners, customers will be able to reach your business easily as the faxes will be available all the time. you must first sign up with an fax provider before you start using the online services. it is through the accounts that you will be given that you will be able to send and receive faxes. beginners should use the various online comparison sites available in the in the internet. it is in such sites that you will be able to access the necessary information regarding the most suitable fax service for you. by comparing the different online fax providers, you will be saving yourself or your business from later regrets.


text: Say I Love You with this delicate charm depicting a hand signing ILY. Charm measures approximately 1 High x 3/4 Wide. Chain measures 18 long. Secure clasp. Gold tone.

lowercased: say i love you with this delicate charm depicting a hand signing ily. charm measures approximately 1 high x 3/4 wide. chain measures 18 long. secure clasp. gold tone.


text:
For each modeling standard, you will complete a Modeling Project Form. Find the appropriate standard/version on the Suggested Exercises site, then complete the version assigned to you below.
Completed projects should be uploaded to Gradescope.

lowercased:
for each modeling standard, you will complete a modeling project form. find the appropriate standard/version on the suggested exercises site, then complete the version assigned to you below.
completed projects should be uploaded to gradescope.


text:
here some maps we find super nice and inspirational!
> how people live: spanish source, but international visuals!
> 14 literary maps to explore: when words become drawings, that’s magic!
> stop-motion made using paper maps by piers faccini: so cool!
> geological maps, planets and our solar system: colorful!
> hand drawn map association: a lot of drawers for a lot of maps!
> radicalcartography: a huge collection!
if you want discover more you can check our own repository of maps on pinterest with a lot of nice and amazing maps!
Comments Off on maps, maps and maps!
here, a list of some image sources we found for you.
if you know any other good ones, please share them with us in the arena “tagging” Miri Esther, our responsible for keeping this list up-to-date!
> the commons (on flickr): from the world’s public photography archives.
> retronaut’s time capsules: see the past like you wouldn’t believe.
> the new york public library: digitalized original images from books, magazines and newspapers, mostly created before 1923.
> medieval and renaissance material culture: occupations, clothing, animals, tools, utensils, games, pastimes, crime, punishment… from the middle ages + renaissance!
> google art project: artworks, high-res + walk-through museums feature!
> world wonders project: explore historic sites as if you were there.
> historic moments: stories behind significant moments in human history.
> pixabay.com: free high res images, free videos as well!
> morguefile.com: high res stock photos by creatives for creatives!
> foter.com: free for non commercial use. “buildings” section is great.
> everystockphoto.com: a serch engine for free images or wirth a specific licence.
> im creator: some free, some not, but worth it!
#arc1o1exhibition goes to ural industrial biennial of contemporary art!
curator yana novoslugina for welcoming our matchboxes in such a beautifully curated way.
another very special thank you to our crew member dina neri for organizing the collaboration with okno gallery.
Comments Off on #arc1o1exhibition goes to ural industrial biennial of contemporary art!
we publish some as well!
in collages we really trust!
you like to write ?

lowercased:
here some maps we find super nice and inspirational!
> how people live: spanish source, but international visuals!
> 14 literary maps to explore: when words become drawings, that’s magic!
> stop-motion made using paper maps by piers faccini: so cool!
> geological maps, planets and our solar system: colorful!
> hand drawn map association: a lot of drawers for a lot of maps!
> radicalcartography: a huge collection!
if you want discover more you can check our own repository of maps on pinterest with a lot of nice and amazing maps!
comments off on maps, maps and maps!
here, a list of some image sources we found for you.
if you know any other good ones, please share them with us in the arena “tagging” miri esther, our responsible for keeping this list up-to-date!
> the commons (on flickr): from the world’s public photography archives.
> retronaut’s time capsules: see the past like you wouldn’t believe.
> the new york public library: digitalized original images from books, magazines and newspapers, mostly created before 1923.
> medieval and renaissance material culture: occupations, clothing, animals, tools, utensils, games, pastimes, crime, punishment… from the middle ages + renaissance!
> google art project: artworks, high-res + walk-through museums feature!
> world wonders project: explore historic sites as if you were there.
> historic moments: stories behind significant moments in human history.
> pixabay.com: free high res images, free videos as well!
> morguefile.com: high res stock photos by creatives for creatives!
> foter.com: free for non commercial use. “buildings” section is great.
> everystockphoto.com: a serch engine for free images or wirth a specific licence.
> im creator: some free, some not, but worth it!
#arc1o1exhibition goes to ural industrial biennial of contemporary art!
curator yana novoslugina for welcoming our matchboxes in such a beautifully curated way.
another very special thank you to our crew member dina neri for organizing the collaboration with okno gallery.
comments off on #arc1o1exhibition goes to ural industrial biennial of contemporary art!
we publish some as well!
in collages we really trust!
you like to write ?


text:
Traditionally, quantum theory has been viewed as a "difficult" topic, mainly because of the symbolic-mathematical content. For example, Francl notes that two semesters of calculus is usually required for physical chemistry (1), and this is certainly true for quantum theory. The traditional approach emphases the use of mathematical equations, derivations and calculations. How do we deal with non-chemistry majors who have a weak background in mathematics, but wish to study p-chem? Similarly, how do we deal with chemistry majors who have a weak background in mathematics?
Interestingly, the last 20-30 years has witnessed a paradigm shift in the practice of quantum chemistry. Leading up to the 1970s, quantum chemistry was monopolized by theoretical chemists, who were as much mathematicians as chemists. One had to be conversant with the mathematical methodology in order to perform a quantum calculation. More recently, the amazing increases in computing power have lead to graphical user interfaces, which has enabled a new group ofcomputational chemists. These computational chemists are interested only in the significance of the computed results, not in the details of the mathematical methods used. However, the same paradigm shift in the teaching of quantum chemistry has not occurred yet: students are still required to be competent mathematicians.
The "new calculus" in mathematics education (eg, 2) advocates the "rule of four" (numerical, graphical, symbolic and verbal descriptions) to deepen students' conceptual understanding (eg, 3). This "new calculus" acknowledges that a predominantly symbolic approach to mathematics is suitable for some, but not all, students. The greater emphasis on graphical and verbal descriptions of a "problem" enables students to focus on the qualitative results. The numerical approach can refer either to approximate numerical solutions (cf modern computational chemistry software) or to specific numerical examples of more general symbolic equations.
This paper describes the use of spreadsheets to generate approximate numerical solutions and visual (graphical) descriptions as a method of avoiding or minimizing symbolic manipulations, mathematical derivations and numerical computation. The aim here is to teach the qualitative results that arise from quantum theory, but with less "math". The specific example of the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation and some aspects of the educational pedagogy of spreadsheet usage are discussed.
Electrons (and atoms?) exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior.
Students are usually first introduced to quantum theory through the wavefunctions for the 1-dimensional Schrödinger equation. Exact solutions are derived for the particle-in-a-box (the Kuhn model (4)) and the simple harmonic oscillator model. The shapes of the potentials for these models are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Potential functions for the particle-in-a-box model (left) and the simple harmonic oscillator model (right).
where Hn(x) is the Hermite polynomial of order n. The novice learner sees the differences between Equation 1 and Equation 2 and concludes that every potential is treated as a special case!
Potentials such has the triangular and stepped-valley models, shown in Figure 2, have no closed-form (ie analytic) wavefunction solutions. Similarly, the quantized energies cannot be given by any analytic equation. Here, the novice learner concludes incorrectly either that quantum mechanics does not apply, or that many systems are not quantized!
Figure 2. Simple piecewise-continuous potential functions for which the wavefunction does not have any closed form: a triangular potential (left) and a stepped-valley potential (right).
In p-chem classes at Deakin University, the derivative is explained as the "slope of a function". The 2nd order differential Schrödinger equation for an electron-in-a-box (the Kuhn model (4)) is explained as "finding the slope of a slope". The 1st order Euler method for generating numerical solutions is explained. No calculus is required as the Euler method can be derived from the definition of average slope. More-able students can construct an appropriate spreadsheet (to find numerical solutions to the Schrödinger equation), but mostly, spreadsheet quantum_well.xls<http://www.deakin.edu.au/~lim/KFLim/papers/2003_Spreadsheet_CCEN/quantum_well.xls>, implementing the Schrödinger equation, is provided as a "black box" to weaker students. (The pros and cons of black box methods are discussed below.) Using the spreadsheet quantum_well.xls, students test how the shape of a trial "wavefunction" changes as the energy is varied (Figure 3). A copy of the instructions to students for this exercise can be found at<http://www.deakin.edu.au/~lim/KFLim/papers/2003_Spreadsheet_CCEN/Asgnt_1_6.pdf>. The wavefunction solutions are classed as "valid" or "invalid" depending on whether the boundary conditions are satisfied as energy is varied (the shooting method (6)).
Figure 3. Approximate trial wavefunctions for the triangular potential (Figure 2), arranged from high energy (top) to low energy (bottom). Shaded domains are the forbidden region: V(x) < E.
Students discover that energy determines the wavelength of the wavefunction, and that valid solutions require that only special ("allowed") wavelengths will fit the dimension of the potential (Figure 3). It is observed that, as wavelength decreases, the number of nodes (the zeroes or roots of the wavefunction) increases with energy. An extension of this exercise using a skipping rope easily verifies that it is more difficult (higher energy) to swing the rope with nodes present than without any nodes (lower energy). Since the sign of the wavefunction changes across a node, the qualitative shape of the wavefunction can be generated from the nodal pattern. (One strategy in de Bono's Lateral Thinking (7) is to concentrate on what is not present - ie the nodes or zeroes - in order to obtain what should be present - the wavefunction.) Wavefunctions can then be generated from nodal patterns in 2-dimensions and 3-dimensions.
For example, the molecular orbitals for cyclopentadienyl have, in increasing order of energy, no nodes, one node and two nodes respectively (Figure 4). Similarly, the rotational wavefunctions can be generated by considering nodal patterns on the surface of a sphere. Much of Schrödinger's original work was based on Hamilton's mathematical description of standing waves on a planet completely covered by ocean (ie water waves on a spherical surface). Note that these "spherical waves" correspond to combinations of the spherical harmonic functions, and can be obtained from the symmetry - "topology" - of the nodal patterns on the surface of a sphere.
Figure 4. molecular orbitals for cyclopentadienyl. Shading of the circles in the centre panels represent the sign (direction) of the pz orbitals. The pzorbitals change sign across nodal planes, which are shown as blue lines.
On further exploration with the spreadsheet quantum_well.xls, students discover that the shapes of the allowed one-dimensional wavefunctions are similar (Figure 5), even for different potential models: ie, the lowest-energy wavefunctions all have one "bump", with no nodes.
Figure 5. Lowest-energy approximate wavefunctions for the particle-in-a-box (top panel), simple harmonic oscillator (2nd panel), triangular (3rd panel) and stepped-valley (bottom panel) potentials of Figure 1 andFigure 2. Shaded domains are the forbidden region: V(x) < E.
the use of a series of square wells separated by barriers (extended Kronig-Penney model) illustrates that interactions between wells split energy levels. As the number of wells increases, the (single-well) energy splits into a quasi-continuous band of energies, giving rise to the band theory for conductors and semi-conductors.
Although there has been a substantial history in the use of spreadsheet and graphical applications in education (eg 9,10), the author believes that full utilization of the technology, especially in chemical education, has not been realized.
The aim of this paper is to teach the qualitative results that arise from applying mathematics to physical and chemical systems, but without the mathematical rigor: "teaching maths with minimal maths". The "new calculus" advocates the "rule of four" (numerical, graphical, symbolic and verbal descriptions) to deepen students' conceptual understanding (2). Students who have a weak background in mathematics do not have the knowledge of calculus required for the usual symbolic algebra approach to physical chemistry. This case study illustrates how a combination of numerical, graphical and verbal descriptions can be used to overcome the lack of symbolic knowledge or ability.
The Logical-Mathematical intelligence is only one of multiple "intelligences" (11). By changing the emphasis away from mathematical calculus, the numerical-experimental activity, can also cater to those students who favor Spatial or Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligences. A combination of this spreadsheet approach with the traditional calculus-based approach will enable more students (and students of more types of "intelligences") to study quantum theory.
This paper has focused on the use of spreadsheets but, in principle, the simulations can be done using symbolic mathematical packages such as Mathematica, Maple or MathCAD. This would only be feasible for students who already have a strong mathematical background. This author prefers the use of spreadsheets for weaker students for the following reasons. The symbolic mathematical packages depend on the use of a symbolic, quasi-programming language, which can present an additional learning obstacle for many students (12). Furthermore, the access to symbolic mathematical packages is usually more limited than that of spreadsheets, which are widely available in home, business and community settings. The "worldware" (13,14) (also called "application-software" (15)) nature of spreadsheets means that students will have greater opportunities to use and become familiar with spreadsheets than with (eg) symbolic mathematical packages, leading to greater utility and expertise: Software that isn't designed for instruction can still be good for learning (13). (A "straw poll" of physical chemistry faculty suggests that significantly more faculty use spreadsheets in teaching and learning activities than symbolic mathematical packages (16).
While weaker students will use the spreadsheets, discussed in this paper, as "black boxes", more able students can construct similar, appropriate spreadsheets (eg17-19). Instructors will need to be careful in deciding to use the "black box" approach or to require students construct their own. If successfully completed, the latter approach will promote deeper learning (19), but the greater complexity of the task (12) may mean that some students cannot complete the task, resulting in frustration and lack of learning.
The key feature of using spreadsheets is that students do "numerical experiments". (There is an interesting discussion of the use of numerical experiments in (20-22). Numerical experiments (eg 23) were also a key part of the development of chaos theory (20).) By playing with "what-if" scenarios, students can test the validity of their concepts and ideas: the success of using spreadsheets in this way is supported by cognitive constructivist models of learning (15,24,25). The use of spreadsheets is intended to give students a qualitative appreciation of quantum theory, and does not serve as a pre-requisite to more advanced studies in quantum theory, for which a reasonable knowledge of mathematics is required.
This paper is an expanded version of case studies to be published by LTSN Maths, Stats & OR Network <http://ltsn.mathstore.ac.uk/mathsteam> and by LTSN Physical Sciences <http://www.physsci.ltsn.ac.uk>.
KFL thanks Ms Jeanne Lee ( ) (Australian Catholic University) for encouraging and helpful discussions, Dr Paul Yates<http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/ch/staff/pcy/pcy.html> (Keele University, UK) for suggestions to improve the spreadsheet quantum_well.xls, and Associate Professor (Emeritus) Ian Johnston <http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/super/johnston.html> (Uniserve·Science, University of Sydney, Australia) <http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/SCH/> for a seminar on MUPPET (the Maryland University Project in Physics and Educational Technology) <http://www.physics.umd.edu/rgroups/ripe/computer.html> which introduced KFL to the possibilities of numerical experiments in teaching and learning.
All URLs checked on 7 March 2003.
Francl, M., Survival Guide for Physical Chemistry; Physics Curriculum and Instruction: Lakeville (MN), 2001.
Preparing for a New Calculus; Solow, A. E., ed. Mathematical Association of America: Washington (DC), 1994; Vol. 36.
Stewart, J., "Introduction" in Calculus; 4th Ed.; Brooks/Cole: Pacific Grove (CA), 1999.
Kuhn, H., "A quantum-mechanics theory of light absorption of organic dyes and similar compounds", J. Chem. Phys. 1949, 17, 1198.
Levine, I. N., Quantum Chemistry; 5th Ed.; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River (NJ), 2000.
Press, A. H.; Teukolsky, S. A.; Vetterling, W. T.; Flannery, B. P., Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77: The Art of Scientific Computing; 2nd Ed.; Cambridge University Press: New York, 1996; Vol. 1.
de Bono, E., Lateral Thinking: A textbook of creativity; Penguin: London, 1990.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry; 5th Ed.; Brooks/Cole: Pacific Grove (CA), 2000.
Bridges, R., "Graphical spreadsheets", Mathematics in Schools 1991, 20, 2.
Wood, J., "Utilizing the spreadsheet and charting capabilities of Microsoft Works in the the mathematics classroom", Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching 1990, 9, 65.
Gardner, H., Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences; 2nd Ed.; Fontana: London, 1993.
Galbraith, P.; Pemberton, M., "Convergence or divergence? Students, Maple, and mathematics learning", in Mathematics Education in the South Pacific; B. Barton, K. C. Irwin, M. Pfannkuch and M. O. J. Thomas, eds.; Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia: Pymble (NSW), 2002; Vol. 1; p 285.
Ehrmann, S. C., "Asking the right question: What does research tell us about technology and higher learning?" Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning1995, 27 (2), 20 <http://www.learner.org/edtech/rscheval/rightquestion.html>.
[supplementary material: Journal of Chemical Education: Webware, paper WW003 <http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/WebWare/WW003/index.html>].
Maddux, C. D.; Johnson, D. L.; Willis, J. W., Educational Computing: Learning with tomorrow's technologies; Allyn and Bacon: Needham Heights (MA), 1997.
Miles, D. G., Jr.; Francis, T. A., "A survey of computer use in undergraduate physical chemistry", J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 1477 <http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/2002/Dec/abs1477.html>.
de Levie, R., How to Use Excel in Analytical Chemistry and in General Scientific Data Analysis; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (UK), 1999.
Diamond, D.; Hanratty, V. C. A., Spreadsheet Applications in Chemistry Using Microsoft Excel; Wiley: New York, 1997.
Kaess, M.; Easter, J.; Cohn, K., "Visual Basic and Excel in chemical modeling", J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 642 <http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/1998/May/abs642.html>.
Gleick, J., Chaos; Viking: New York, 1987.
Redish, E. F.; Wilson, J. M., "Student programming in the introductory physics course: M.U.P.P.E.T." Am. J. Phys. 1993, 61, 222 <http://www2.physics.umd.edu/~redish/Papers/mupajp.html>.
Redish, E. F., University of Maryland, Published papers describing M.U.P.P.E.T. <http://www.physics.umd.edu/ripe/muppet/papers.html>, 1995 (accessed 20 December 2001).
Hénon, M.; Heiles, C., "The applicability of the third integral of motion: some numerical experiments", Astron. J. 1964, 69, 73.
Bee, H. L., The Developing Child; 8th Ed.; Longman: New York, 1997.
McInerney, D. M.; McInerney, V., Educational Psychology: Constructing knowledge; 2nd Ed.; Prentice Hall: Sydney, 1998.
Kieran F. Lim ( ) obtained his BSc (Hons) and PhD in theoretical chemistry from the University of Sydney. He was awarded an Archbishop Mannix Travelling Scholarship to Stanford University and been a faculty member at the University of New England, the University of Melbourne and Deakin University, where he is currently a Senior Lecturer in Chemical Sciences (equivalent to Associate Professor or Professor in North America). He is a Member (MRACI), Chartered Chemist( CChem) and Certified Practising Chemist (CPChem) of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, and a Member (MACS) and Practising Computer Professional (PCP) of the Australian Computer Society.
Dr Lim is a recipient of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute's Division of Chemical Education Citation for significant contributions to chemical education (2002) and the Faculty of Science and Technology's Excellence in Teaching Award (1996 and 2000).

lowercased:
traditionally, quantum theory has been viewed as a "difficult" topic, mainly because of the symbolic-mathematical content. for example, francl notes that two semesters of calculus is usually required for physical chemistry (1), and this is certainly true for quantum theory. the traditional approach emphases the use of mathematical equations, derivations and calculations. how do we deal with non-chemistry majors who have a weak background in mathematics, but wish to study p-chem? similarly, how do we deal with chemistry majors who have a weak background in mathematics?
interestingly, the last 20-30 years has witnessed a paradigm shift in the practice of quantum chemistry. leading up to the 1970s, quantum chemistry was monopolized by theoretical chemists, who were as much mathematicians as chemists. one had to be conversant with the mathematical methodology in order to perform a quantum calculation. more recently, the amazing increases in computing power have lead to graphical user interfaces, which has enabled a new group ofcomputational chemists. these computational chemists are interested only in the significance of the computed results, not in the details of the mathematical methods used. however, the same paradigm shift in the teaching of quantum chemistry has not occurred yet: students are still required to be competent mathematicians.
the "new calculus" in mathematics education (eg, 2) advocates the "rule of four" (numerical, graphical, symbolic and verbal descriptions) to deepen students' conceptual understanding (eg, 3). this "new calculus" acknowledges that a predominantly symbolic approach to mathematics is suitable for some, but not all, students. the greater emphasis on graphical and verbal descriptions of a "problem" enables students to focus on the qualitative results. the numerical approach can refer either to approximate numerical solutions (cf modern computational chemistry software) or to specific numerical examples of more general symbolic equations.
this paper describes the use of spreadsheets to generate approximate numerical solutions and visual (graphical) descriptions as a method of avoiding or minimizing symbolic manipulations, mathematical derivations and numerical computation. the aim here is to teach the qualitative results that arise from quantum theory, but with less "math". the specific example of the one-dimensional schrödinger equation and some aspects of the educational pedagogy of spreadsheet usage are discussed.
electrons (and atoms?) exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior.
students are usually first introduced to quantum theory through the wavefunctions for the 1-dimensional schrödinger equation. exact solutions are derived for the particle-in-a-box (the kuhn model (4)) and the simple harmonic oscillator model. the shapes of the potentials for these models are shown in figure 1.
figure 1. potential functions for the particle-in-a-box model (left) and the simple harmonic oscillator model (right).
where hn(x) is the hermite polynomial of order n. the novice learner sees the differences between equation 1 and equation 2 and concludes that every potential is treated as a special case!
potentials such has the triangular and stepped-valley models, shown in figure 2, have no closed-form (ie analytic) wavefunction solutions. similarly, the quantized energies cannot be given by any analytic equation. here, the novice learner concludes incorrectly either that quantum mechanics does not apply, or that many systems are not quantized!
figure 2. simple piecewise-continuous potential functions for which the wavefunction does not have any closed form: a triangular potential (left) and a stepped-valley potential (right).
in p-chem classes at deakin university, the derivative is explained as the "slope of a function". the 2nd order differential schrödinger equation for an electron-in-a-box (the kuhn model (4)) is explained as "finding the slope of a slope". the 1st order euler method for generating numerical solutions is explained. no calculus is required as the euler method can be derived from the definition of average slope. more-able students can construct an appropriate spreadsheet (to find numerical solutions to the schrödinger equation), but mostly, spreadsheet quantum_well.xls<http://www.deakin.edu.au/~lim/kflim/papers/2003_spreadsheet_ccen/quantum_well.xls>, implementing the schrödinger equation, is provided as a "black box" to weaker students. (the pros and cons of black box methods are discussed below.) using the spreadsheet quantum_well.xls, students test how the shape of a trial "wavefunction" changes as the energy is varied (figure 3). a copy of the instructions to students for this exercise can be found at<http://www.deakin.edu.au/~lim/kflim/papers/2003_spreadsheet_ccen/asgnt_1_6.pdf>. the wavefunction solutions are classed as "valid" or "invalid" depending on whether the boundary conditions are satisfied as energy is varied (the shooting method (6)).
figure 3. approximate trial wavefunctions for the triangular potential (figure 2), arranged from high energy (top) to low energy (bottom). shaded domains are the forbidden region: v(x) < e.
students discover that energy determines the wavelength of the wavefunction, and that valid solutions require that only special ("allowed") wavelengths will fit the dimension of the potential (figure 3). it is observed that, as wavelength decreases, the number of nodes (the zeroes or roots of the wavefunction) increases with energy. an extension of this exercise using a skipping rope easily verifies that it is more difficult (higher energy) to swing the rope with nodes present than without any nodes (lower energy). since the sign of the wavefunction changes across a node, the qualitative shape of the wavefunction can be generated from the nodal pattern. (one strategy in de bono's lateral thinking (7) is to concentrate on what is not present - ie the nodes or zeroes - in order to obtain what should be present - the wavefunction.) wavefunctions can then be generated from nodal patterns in 2-dimensions and 3-dimensions.
for example, the molecular orbitals for cyclopentadienyl have, in increasing order of energy, no nodes, one node and two nodes respectively (figure 4). similarly, the rotational wavefunctions can be generated by considering nodal patterns on the surface of a sphere. much of schrödinger's original work was based on hamilton's mathematical description of standing waves on a planet completely covered by ocean (ie water waves on a spherical surface). note that these "spherical waves" correspond to combinations of the spherical harmonic functions, and can be obtained from the symmetry - "topology" - of the nodal patterns on the surface of a sphere.
figure 4. molecular orbitals for cyclopentadienyl. shading of the circles in the centre panels represent the sign (direction) of the pz orbitals. the pzorbitals change sign across nodal planes, which are shown as blue lines.
on further exploration with the spreadsheet quantum_well.xls, students discover that the shapes of the allowed one-dimensional wavefunctions are similar (figure 5), even for different potential models: ie, the lowest-energy wavefunctions all have one "bump", with no nodes.
figure 5. lowest-energy approximate wavefunctions for the particle-in-a-box (top panel), simple harmonic oscillator (2nd panel), triangular (3rd panel) and stepped-valley (bottom panel) potentials of figure 1 andfigure 2. shaded domains are the forbidden region: v(x) < e.
the use of a series of square wells separated by barriers (extended kronig-penney model) illustrates that interactions between wells split energy levels. as the number of wells increases, the (single-well) energy splits into a quasi-continuous band of energies, giving rise to the band theory for conductors and semi-conductors.
although there has been a substantial history in the use of spreadsheet and graphical applications in education (eg 9,10), the author believes that full utilization of the technology, especially in chemical education, has not been realized.
the aim of this paper is to teach the qualitative results that arise from applying mathematics to physical and chemical systems, but without the mathematical rigor: "teaching maths with minimal maths". the "new calculus" advocates the "rule of four" (numerical, graphical, symbolic and verbal descriptions) to deepen students' conceptual understanding (2). students who have a weak background in mathematics do not have the knowledge of calculus required for the usual symbolic algebra approach to physical chemistry. this case study illustrates how a combination of numerical, graphical and verbal descriptions can be used to overcome the lack of symbolic knowledge or ability.
the logical-mathematical intelligence is only one of multiple "intelligences" (11). by changing the emphasis away from mathematical calculus, the numerical-experimental activity, can also cater to those students who favor spatial or bodily-kinesthetic intelligences. a combination of this spreadsheet approach with the traditional calculus-based approach will enable more students (and students of more types of "intelligences") to study quantum theory.
this paper has focused on the use of spreadsheets but, in principle, the simulations can be done using symbolic mathematical packages such as mathematica, maple or mathcad. this would only be feasible for students who already have a strong mathematical background. this author prefers the use of spreadsheets for weaker students for the following reasons. the symbolic mathematical packages depend on the use of a symbolic, quasi-programming language, which can present an additional learning obstacle for many students (12). furthermore, the access to symbolic mathematical packages is usually more limited than that of spreadsheets, which are widely available in home, business and community settings. the "worldware" (13,14) (also called "application-software" (15)) nature of spreadsheets means that students will have greater opportunities to use and become familiar with spreadsheets than with (eg) symbolic mathematical packages, leading to greater utility and expertise: software that isn't designed for instruction can still be good for learning (13). (a "straw poll" of physical chemistry faculty suggests that significantly more faculty use spreadsheets in teaching and learning activities than symbolic mathematical packages (16).
while weaker students will use the spreadsheets, discussed in this paper, as "black boxes", more able students can construct similar, appropriate spreadsheets (eg17-19). instructors will need to be careful in deciding to use the "black box" approach or to require students construct their own. if successfully completed, the latter approach will promote deeper learning (19), but the greater complexity of the task (12) may mean that some students cannot complete the task, resulting in frustration and lack of learning.
the key feature of using spreadsheets is that students do "numerical experiments". (there is an interesting discussion of the use of numerical experiments in (20-22). numerical experiments (eg 23) were also a key part of the development of chaos theory (20).) by playing with "what-if" scenarios, students can test the validity of their concepts and ideas: the success of using spreadsheets in this way is supported by cognitive constructivist models of learning (15,24,25). the use of spreadsheets is intended to give students a qualitative appreciation of quantum theory, and does not serve as a pre-requisite to more advanced studies in quantum theory, for which a reasonable knowledge of mathematics is required.
this paper is an expanded version of case studies to be published by ltsn maths, stats & or network <http://ltsn.mathstore.ac.uk/mathsteam> and by ltsn physical sciences <http://www.physsci.ltsn.ac.uk>.
kfl thanks ms jeanne lee ( ) (australian catholic university) for encouraging and helpful discussions, dr paul yates<http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/ch/staff/pcy/pcy.html> (keele university, uk) for suggestions to improve the spreadsheet quantum_well.xls, and associate professor (emeritus) ian johnston <http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/super/johnston.html> (uniserve·science, university of sydney, australia) <http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/sch/> for a seminar on muppet (the maryland university project in physics and educational technology) <http://www.physics.umd.edu/rgroups/ripe/computer.html> which introduced kfl to the possibilities of numerical experiments in teaching and learning.
all urls checked on 7 march 2003.
francl, m., survival guide for physical chemistry; physics curriculum and instruction: lakeville (mn), 2001.
preparing for a new calculus; solow, a. e., ed. mathematical association of america: washington (dc), 1994; vol. 36.
stewart, j., "introduction" in calculus; 4th ed.; brooks/cole: pacific grove (ca), 1999.
kuhn, h., "a quantum-mechanics theory of light absorption of organic dyes and similar compounds", j. chem. phys. 1949, 17, 1198.
levine, i. n., quantum chemistry; 5th ed.; prentice hall: upper saddle river (nj), 2000.
press, a. h.; teukolsky, s. a.; vetterling, w. t.; flannery, b. p., numerical recipes in fortran 77: the art of scientific computing; 2nd ed.; cambridge university press: new york, 1996; vol. 1.
de bono, e., lateral thinking: a textbook of creativity; penguin: london, 1990.
mcmurry, j., organic chemistry; 5th ed.; brooks/cole: pacific grove (ca), 2000.
bridges, r., "graphical spreadsheets", mathematics in schools 1991, 20, 2.
wood, j., "utilizing the spreadsheet and charting capabilities of microsoft works in the the mathematics classroom", journal of computers in mathematics and science teaching 1990, 9, 65.
gardner, h., frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences; 2nd ed.; fontana: london, 1993.
galbraith, p.; pemberton, m., "convergence or divergence? students, maple, and mathematics learning", in mathematics education in the south pacific; b. barton, k. c. irwin, m. pfannkuch and m. o. j. thomas, eds.; mathematics education research group of australasia: pymble (nsw), 2002; vol. 1; p 285.
ehrmann, s. c., "asking the right question: what does research tell us about technology and higher learning?" change: the magazine of higher learning1995, 27 (2), 20 <http://www.learner.org/edtech/rscheval/rightquestion.html>.
[supplementary material: journal of chemical education: webware, paper ww003 <http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/jcewww/features/webware/ww003/index.html>].
maddux, c. d.; johnson, d. l.; willis, j. w., educational computing: learning with tomorrow's technologies; allyn and bacon: needham heights (ma), 1997.
miles, d. g., jr.; francis, t. a., "a survey of computer use in undergraduate physical chemistry", j. chem. educ. 2002, 79, 1477 <http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/journal/issues/2002/dec/abs1477.html>.
de levie, r., how to use excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data analysis; cambridge university press: cambridge (uk), 1999.
diamond, d.; hanratty, v. c. a., spreadsheet applications in chemistry using microsoft excel; wiley: new york, 1997.
kaess, m.; easter, j.; cohn, k., "visual basic and excel in chemical modeling", j. chem. educ. 1998, 75, 642 <http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/journal/issues/1998/may/abs642.html>.
gleick, j., chaos; viking: new york, 1987.
redish, e. f.; wilson, j. m., "student programming in the introductory physics course: m.u.p.p.e.t." am. j. phys. 1993, 61, 222 <http://www2.physics.umd.edu/~redish/papers/mupajp.html>.
redish, e. f., university of maryland, published papers describing m.u.p.p.e.t. <http://www.physics.umd.edu/ripe/muppet/papers.html>, 1995 (accessed 20 december 2001).
hénon, m.; heiles, c., "the applicability of the third integral of motion: some numerical experiments", astron. j. 1964, 69, 73.
bee, h. l., the developing child; 8th ed.; longman: new york, 1997.
mcinerney, d. m.; mcinerney, v., educational psychology: constructing knowledge; 2nd ed.; prentice hall: sydney, 1998.
kieran f. lim ( ) obtained his bsc (hons) and phd in theoretical chemistry from the university of sydney. he was awarded an archbishop mannix travelling scholarship to stanford university and been a faculty member at the university of new england, the university of melbourne and deakin university, where he is currently a senior lecturer in chemical sciences (equivalent to associate professor or professor in north america). he is a member (mraci), chartered chemist( cchem) and certified practising chemist (cpchem) of the royal australian chemical institute, and a member (macs) and practising computer professional (pcp) of the australian computer society.
dr lim is a recipient of the royal australian chemical institute's division of chemical education citation for significant contributions to chemical education (2002) and the faculty of science and technology's excellence in teaching award (1996 and 2000).


text:
New materials pictured below are coming soon! We still have current materials on hand, so let us know what you need.
Two-sided information card. 2" x 3.5"
Agora can provide you with posters, brochures and cards to give out to your friends, family, neighbors, clients, students...or anyone else you can think of!

lowercased:
new materials pictured below are coming soon! we still have current materials on hand, so let us know what you need.
two-sided information card. 2" x 3.5"
agora can provide you with posters, brochures and cards to give out to your friends, family, neighbors, clients, students...or anyone else you can think of!


text:
The acclaimed British artist is having a moment.
David Hockney, Woldgate Woods, 24, 25 and 26 October, 2006(2006). The painting carries a $9 million–12 million estimate, which would set a new auction record for the artist. Courtesy of Sotheby’s New York.
Records could fall at Sotheby’s New York “Contemporary Art Evening Auction” on November 17, where the house is predicting a mammoth $9 million–12 million hammer price for Woldgate Woods, 24, 25 and 26, 2006, a massive 2006 landscape painting by David Hockney.
The acclaimed British artist is having a moment, riding off this summer’s international release of Randall Wright’s documentary Hockney, and looking ahead to the publication of his new book with art critic Martin Gayford, A History of Pictures: From the Cave to the Computer Screen, due out October 18.
Hockney, who will turn 80 next year, will also be the subject of a massive retrospective at Tate Britain, scheduled to run February 9–May 29, 2017. Billed as his most comprehensive exhibition to date, the show will include a number of never-before-seen works.
David Hockney, Beverly Hills Housewife(1966–67). Courtesy of Christie’s New York.
According to the artnet Price Database, Hockney’s current record at auction is $7.92 million, set in May 2009 at Christie’s New York with Beverly Hills Housewife. The 1966–67 diptych, from the “California Dreaming” series, is a portrait of the late art philanthropist and photographer Betty Freeman in front of her Los Angeles home.
The artist has had five other sales in excess of $5 million, all over the last 10 years.
This number appears to be somewhat of a sweet spot for Hockney, as none of those lots topped $5.5 million. The first sale at that price point came in 2006 at Sotheby’s London, for the iconic 1966 swimming pool painting, The Splash.
David Hockney, The Splash (1966). Courtesy of Sotheby’s London.
A Yorkshire native, Hockney took to the Woldgate Woods in 2006, painting en plein air throughout the seasons, documenting the changes in light and color over the course of the year. He wanted to work on a monumental scale, but the large canvases he had in mind wouldn’t fit up the stairs at his studio, so he combined a number of smaller ones.
David Hockney painting May 17th 2006, Woldgate Woods, East Yorkshire. Courtesy of Sotheby’s, photo © Jean-Pierra Goncalves de Lima, artwork © David Hockney.
Three prints of works depicting Woldgate have come to auction in recent years (two fetched under $1,000, the third went unsold), but the upcoming sale marks a first for one of the original canvases.
David Hockney, Woldgate Woods 2006(2006). Courtesy of Venator & Hanstein, Germany.
“With the opening of the Tate retrospective early next year, along with collectors’ tremendous appetite for quality, now is the perfect time to present one of the great accomplishments of the artist’s late career,” said Grégoire Billault, head of the contemporary art department, in a statement.
Ahead of the sale, Woldgate Woods will be on view at Sotheby’s London October 1–7, 2016, and at Sotheby’s New York November 4–17. Other potential big ticket items at the auction include a pair of Willem de Kooning canvases—Untitled (1976–77) and Untitled XXXIX (1983)—both of which could fetch $8 million–12 million.

lowercased:
the acclaimed british artist is having a moment.
david hockney, woldgate woods, 24, 25 and 26 october, 2006(2006). the painting carries a $9 million–12 million estimate, which would set a new auction record for the artist. courtesy of sotheby’s new york.
records could fall at sotheby’s new york “contemporary art evening auction” on november 17, where the house is predicting a mammoth $9 million–12 million hammer price for woldgate woods, 24, 25 and 26, 2006, a massive 2006 landscape painting by david hockney.
the acclaimed british artist is having a moment, riding off this summer’s international release of randall wright’s documentary hockney, and looking ahead to the publication of his new book with art critic martin gayford, a history of pictures: from the cave to the computer screen, due out october 18.
hockney, who will turn 80 next year, will also be the subject of a massive retrospective at tate britain, scheduled to run february 9–may 29, 2017. billed as his most comprehensive exhibition to date, the show will include a number of never-before-seen works.
david hockney, beverly hills housewife(1966–67). courtesy of christie’s new york.
according to the artnet price database, hockney’s current record at auction is $7.92 million, set in may 2009 at christie’s new york with beverly hills housewife. the 1966–67 diptych, from the “california dreaming” series, is a portrait of the late art philanthropist and photographer betty freeman in front of her los angeles home.
the artist has had five other sales in excess of $5 million, all over the last 10 years.
this number appears to be somewhat of a sweet spot for hockney, as none of those lots topped $5.5 million. the first sale at that price point came in 2006 at sotheby’s london, for the iconic 1966 swimming pool painting, the splash.
david hockney, the splash (1966). courtesy of sotheby’s london.
a yorkshire native, hockney took to the woldgate woods in 2006, painting en plein air throughout the seasons, documenting the changes in light and color over the course of the year. he wanted to work on a monumental scale, but the large canvases he had in mind wouldn’t fit up the stairs at his studio, so he combined a number of smaller ones.
david hockney painting may 17th 2006, woldgate woods, east yorkshire. courtesy of sotheby’s, photo © jean-pierra goncalves de lima, artwork © david hockney.
three prints of works depicting woldgate have come to auction in recent years (two fetched under $1,000, the third went unsold), but the upcoming sale marks a first for one of the original canvases.
david hockney, woldgate woods 2006(2006). courtesy of venator & hanstein, germany.
“with the opening of the tate retrospective early next year, along with collectors’ tremendous appetite for quality, now is the perfect time to present one of the great accomplishments of the artist’s late career,” said grégoire billault, head of the contemporary art department, in a statement.
ahead of the sale, woldgate woods will be on view at sotheby’s london october 1–7, 2016, and at sotheby’s new york november 4–17. other potential big ticket items at the auction include a pair of willem de kooning canvases—untitled (1976–77) and untitled xxxix (1983)—both of which could fetch $8 million–12 million.


text: Ciclesonide is used to prevent and reduce the symptoms (wheezing and shortness of breath) caused by asthma. Controlling asthma symptoms may decrease time lost from work or school. This medication belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. It works by reducing the swelling of the airways in the lungs to make breathing easier.This medication must be taken regularly to be effective. It does not work right away and should not be used to relieve sudden asthma attacks. If an asthma attack occurs, use your quick-relief inhaler as prescribed. Keep track of how often you need to use your quick-relief inhaler, and tell your doctor. If your quick-relief inhaler does not seem to work as well, if you need to use more than usual of your quick-relief inhaler for 2 or more days in a row, or if you need to use more than one full canister of your quick-relief inhaler over a 2-month period, seek immediate medical attention.

lowercased: ciclesonide is used to prevent and reduce the symptoms (wheezing and shortness of breath) caused by asthma. controlling asthma symptoms may decrease time lost from work or school. this medication belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. it works by reducing the swelling of the airways in the lungs to make breathing easier.this medication must be taken regularly to be effective. it does not work right away and should not be used to relieve sudden asthma attacks. if an asthma attack occurs, use your quick-relief inhaler as prescribed. keep track of how often you need to use your quick-relief inhaler, and tell your doctor. if your quick-relief inhaler does not seem to work as well, if you need to use more than usual of your quick-relief inhaler for 2 or more days in a row, or if you need to use more than one full canister of your quick-relief inhaler over a 2-month period, seek immediate medical attention.


text:
At the first European Forum Let’s Liberate Diversity! in Poitiers, France, the idea has emerged on the creation of a European network committed to the conservation and renewal of crop biodiversity in farms and gardens. First, an informal network has been established with the aim to organize exchanges among different countries / partners and develop joint strategies at the European level. The next meetings helped to crystallize the political foundations of the European network. The development of the charter containing the network?s political principles is underway.
Exchanging information and experiences between member organizations at the European level as well as partners outside of Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean region.
The 6th European forum “Let’s Liberate Diversity!” on agricultural biodiversity took place on February 25-26, 2011 in Szeged, Hungary.
The Let’s Liberate Diversity! forums are the annual gatherings of farmers’ organisations and associations working on agricultural biodiversity in Europe.
The 2011 edition of the forum will be held in Szeged, Hungary, during the Hungarian presidency of the European Union. Its central theme will be the question of Farmers’ Rights related to the conservation, sustainable use and development of agricultural biodiversity.
The forum is addressed to farmers, gardeners, seed artisans, bakers and processors of products derived from agricultural biodiversity, civil society organizations, researchers, breeders and representatives of gene banks as well as local communities implementing initiatives on agricultural biodiversity in Europe.
We are encouraging in particular the participation of initiatives from Central and Eastern Europe.

lowercased:
at the first european forum let’s liberate diversity! in poitiers, france, the idea has emerged on the creation of a european network committed to the conservation and renewal of crop biodiversity in farms and gardens. first, an informal network has been established with the aim to organize exchanges among different countries / partners and develop joint strategies at the european level. the next meetings helped to crystallize the political foundations of the european network. the development of the charter containing the network?s political principles is underway.
exchanging information and experiences between member organizations at the european level as well as partners outside of europe, particularly in the mediterranean region.
the 6th european forum “let’s liberate diversity!” on agricultural biodiversity took place on february 25-26, 2011 in szeged, hungary.
the let’s liberate diversity! forums are the annual gatherings of farmers’ organisations and associations working on agricultural biodiversity in europe.
the 2011 edition of the forum will be held in szeged, hungary, during the hungarian presidency of the european union. its central theme will be the question of farmers’ rights related to the conservation, sustainable use and development of agricultural biodiversity.
the forum is addressed to farmers, gardeners, seed artisans, bakers and processors of products derived from agricultural biodiversity, civil society organizations, researchers, breeders and representatives of gene banks as well as local communities implementing initiatives on agricultural biodiversity in europe.
we are encouraging in particular the participation of initiatives from central and eastern europe.


text: The Extron STP22-2 Serial Control/Audio Cables are reliable and high performance solutions for transmission and distribution of audio and control signals in a variety of AV applications. These cables comprise two twisted pair, 22 AWG, color-coded, tinned copper conductors wrapped in a foil shield, and are available in plenum and non-plenum jackets. Each cable includes a tinned copper drain wire on the inside of the foil shield.

lowercased: the extron stp22-2 serial control/audio cables are reliable and high performance solutions for transmission and distribution of audio and control signals in a variety of av applications. these cables comprise two twisted pair, 22 awg, color-coded, tinned copper conductors wrapped in a foil shield, and are available in plenum and non-plenum jackets. each cable includes a tinned copper drain wire on the inside of the foil shield.


text:
"In 1996, Van founded the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. Named for an unsung civil rights heroine, the Center promotes alternatives to violence and incarceration. As an advocate for the toughest urban constituencies and causes, Van has won many honors. These include the 1998 Reebok International Human Rights Award, the international Ashoka Fellowship, selection as a World Economic Forum "Young Global Leader," and the Rockefeller Foundation "Next Generation Leadership" Fellowship.
"Van is also a national environmental leader, having served on the boards the National Apollo Alliance, Social Ventures Network, Rainforest Action Network, Bioneers and Julia Butterfly Hill’s “Circle of Life” organization.
"Van’s dual roles have given him a unique perspective on the country’s problems – and its potential solutions. He is calling for green economic development for urban America. The City of Oakland has adopted the Ella Baker Center's "Green Jobs Corps" proposal, which will train youth for eco-friendly “green-collar jobs.” Now Van is pushing to create the first-ever Green Enterprise Zone, to attract environmentally-sound industry to Oakland.
↑ Leaders, Evolutionary Leaders Forum, accessed November 1, 2011.
↑ Van Jones, Ella Baker Center, accessed July 17, 2007.
↑ 1Sky Board, organizational web page, accessed April 5, 2012.
↑ Demos (US) Trustees, organizational web page, accessed January 4, 2014.
↑ Marion Institute Board, organizational web page, accessed February 12, 2013.
↑ Orion Magazine Advisors, organizational web page, accessed April 25, 2012.
↑ Directors, People-Centered Development Forum, accessed December 20, 2007.
↑ Circle of Life Foundation (from March 2005) Team, organizational web page, accessed May 7, 2012.
↑ Millennium Awards, Global Green, accessed August 3, 2008.
↑ Contributing Editors, YES! Magazine, accessed January 2, 2009.
↑ Bay Area Alliance for Sustainable Communities Steering Committee, organizational web page, accessed June 1, 2013.
↑ Institute of Noetic Sciences Fellows, organizational web page, accessed July 14, 2013.
This page was last edited on 4 January 2015, at 14:33.

lowercased:
"in 1996, van founded the ella baker center for human rights. named for an unsung civil rights heroine, the center promotes alternatives to violence and incarceration. as an advocate for the toughest urban constituencies and causes, van has won many honors. these include the 1998 reebok international human rights award, the international ashoka fellowship, selection as a world economic forum "young global leader," and the rockefeller foundation "next generation leadership" fellowship.
"van is also a national environmental leader, having served on the boards the national apollo alliance, social ventures network, rainforest action network, bioneers and julia butterfly hill’s “circle of life” organization.
"van’s dual roles have given him a unique perspective on the country’s problems – and its potential solutions. he is calling for green economic development for urban america. the city of oakland has adopted the ella baker center's "green jobs corps" proposal, which will train youth for eco-friendly “green-collar jobs.” now van is pushing to create the first-ever green enterprise zone, to attract environmentally-sound industry to oakland.
↑ leaders, evolutionary leaders forum, accessed november 1, 2011.
↑ van jones, ella baker center, accessed july 17, 2007.
↑ 1sky board, organizational web page, accessed april 5, 2012.
↑ demos (us) trustees, organizational web page, accessed january 4, 2014.
↑ marion institute board, organizational web page, accessed february 12, 2013.
↑ orion magazine advisors, organizational web page, accessed april 25, 2012.
↑ directors, people-centered development forum, accessed december 20, 2007.
↑ circle of life foundation (from march 2005) team, organizational web page, accessed may 7, 2012.
↑ millennium awards, global green, accessed august 3, 2008.
↑ contributing editors, yes! magazine, accessed january 2, 2009.
↑ bay area alliance for sustainable communities steering committee, organizational web page, accessed june 1, 2013.
↑ institute of noetic sciences fellows, organizational web page, accessed july 14, 2013.
this page was last edited on 4 january 2015, at 14:33.


text: This centuries old, highly specialised, time-consuming craft is regarded as one of the finest methods of shoe construction today. Goodyear welting utilises precision craftsmanship to painstakingly stitch and bond superior quality leathers to the soles of all our footwear. The result is some of the finest, most stylish and comfortable footwear available. Barker is proud to offer Goodyear welted footwear of distinction..

lowercased: this centuries old, highly specialised, time-consuming craft is regarded as one of the finest methods of shoe construction today. goodyear welting utilises precision craftsmanship to painstakingly stitch and bond superior quality leathers to the soles of all our footwear. the result is some of the finest, most stylish and comfortable footwear available. barker is proud to offer goodyear welted footwear of distinction..


text:
The Fog Linen Apron will easily slip over your child's head and it will nicely drape into a criss-cross fit along the back. Perfect for play-time or dress up, a sizable front pocket hold tools for creativity or random items found on a stroll.
Generally fits kids 33" to 43" tall.
W 45cm x L 62cm | 18" x 24"

lowercased:
the fog linen apron will easily slip over your child's head and it will nicely drape into a criss-cross fit along the back. perfect for play-time or dress up, a sizable front pocket hold tools for creativity or random items found on a stroll.
generally fits kids 33" to 43" tall.
w 45cm x l 62cm | 18" x 24"